Div, of Voc. Education The Economics of Manual Training A Complete Treatise Giving Just the Information Needed by All Interested in Manual Training, Covering the Cost of Equipping and Main- taining Hand Work in the Elementary and Secondary Schools By LOUIS ROUILLION, M. A. Adjunct Professor of Manual Training, Teachers College, Columbia University, Director Mechanics Institute, New York City SECOND EDITION FULLY ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK : THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO. 132 NASSAU STREET 1911 . z-dc^ i^ Copyright 1905 By LOUIS ROUILLION Copyright 1911 By THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY Economics of Manual Training. The William McKinley High School, St. Louis, Mo. The Economics of Manual Training. T T T The impetus given to the introduction of hand work popularly termed manual training in the schools of the United States during recent years has been little short of phenomenal. No school system making any pretension to completeness can now consistently ignore the claims of manual training to being an integral part of the curri- culum. So widespread has the recognition of these claims become that many of the largest school systems in the country have not only introduced hand work as a part of the regular class instruction in all the elementary grades, but extensive and specially equipped buildings have been erected for manual training in the secondary schools. Types of this class of school buildings views and plans of some of which may be found in the latter part of this book are, The William McKinley (Manual Training) High School, and The James E. Yearman (Manual Train- ing) High School of St. Louis, Mo., the Manual Training High Schools of Indianapolis, The Manual Training 672534 Economics of Manual Training. High School, Kansas City, Mo. ; Mechanic Arts High School, Boston, Mass., and the Rindge Manual Training School, Cambridge, Mass. These few names might be extended into a long list if the names of similar schools in almost every large city were added. The recent open- ing of the new manual training high school in the bor- ough of Brooklyn, New York City, with its accommoda- tions for 2,500 students, and for the building and equip- ing of which $800,000 was expended, is surely a striking commentary upon the position which manual training has attained. And this position is emphasized in this par- ticular case when the fact is recalled that the building in the borough of Brooklyn is but one of a series of such buildings destined to be a part of the school equipment of Greater New York. So rapidly has the acceptance of the manual training idea spread and found concrete expression that the supply of adequately trained teachers and supervisors of manual training has been far short of the demand. There has also been a lack of available and reliable data, ready at hand, dealing with the general subject of the cost of equiping and maintaining manual training in the various school grades and in the high school. It is a recognition of this latter demand, and a purpose to attempt to supply the desired data that seemingly justifies the issue of this book. It is proposed herein to give definite data, as far as is practicable, as to the cost of manual training in each of the grades and the four years of the high school. An endeavor will be made to make this information of a kind applicable to varying conditions of school work. It will be appreciated, however, that manual training in the grades is not a clearly defined quantity. It may almost be said to vary directly with the number of cities and towns 8 Economics of Manual Training. wherein manual training is a part of the curriculum. At present the practice of manual training is happily pro- gressing from the state of fixed self-contained courses in different media, aiming purely at proficiency in certain processes, to the freer use of hand work as an expression of the various school interests and needs. For such work it is evidently far more difficult to render an estimate of expense than for the older condi- tions, and the best that can be done is to analyze as far as possible the data of costs upon the basis of various materials and processes and leave to the reader the task of making the necessary deductions. The lack of uniformity in manual training 'practice, at the present time, is especially true in the lowest grades. In the later stages of the elementary school, and par- ticularly in the high school, the character of the work becomes more and more uniform, both as to processes and actual undertakings. This is in part due to the historic development of the subject in our country. Logical development and growth would seem to demand the primary introduction of such work in the kindergarten and its gradual incorporation in successively higher grades until the high school is reached. This, however, is almost the reverse of the actual fact. Hand work did indeed make an early appear- ance in the kindergarten, but its arrival in the public schools was in the high school field, and from this point it has worked gradually downwards in the grades, bear- ing generally strong evidences of the original influences. The character of the early work done in the high schools, which has persisted to the present time in only a slightly modified form, was very greatly influenced by the recently organized shop work courses of certain engineer- Economics of Manual Training. ing schools. In these courses a quite uniform school of instruction had been developed, involving joinery, turn- ing and pattern-making in wood, followed by forging and foundry work and finally by machine work. When the first manual training high schools were organized their manual training work was patterned in general character and even in detail upon these courses, and in the rapid spread of such schools this general scheme has remained substantially unchanged. The more recent introduction of manual training into the regular high school has, however, resulted in modi- fications in the general plan. This is partly traceable to the lesser proportion of the school time allotted to shop work, partly to the attitude maintained towards the sub- ject, and sometimes to the lack of sufficient funds to com- pletely equip a full set of shops. The plan in such schools is naturally to expand simpler elements over more time and to omit the later and more expensive branches. In the elementary school the practice of bench work in wood quite generally prevails in the eighth and seventh grades. This work is also of a quite definite character, and its acceptance as the best adapted branch of hand work for the boys of the two upper grades of the grammar school seems assured. Below the seventh grade the variations in practice begin to be marked. In some schools the inclina- tion is to begin bench work in the sixth and even in the fifth grade. The trend of the larger number of cases appears, however, to be to introduce into the sixth and fifth grades wood work not requiring benches and a sepa- rate laboratory equipment. This kind of work is very commonly known as knife work or whittling. Work in cardboard is often found in the next lower grades; say, the fourth and third. This work is actually carried on, in 10 i I \ Brooklm*. At+t \ 5 i \ I \ 1 I \ \ >c \ jj j j I 1 1 j 5 1 1 4 I i I 1 i \ I X 1 \ 1 3 1 3 1 i \ X X 1 X ) *i 1 -6 ^ c J 1 1 <0 1 s 1 Hacfcnsac^.Nj \ i FIRST GRADE. Cm Cn G, (f. { Ca f p P p s <^ h> ,0 / w ^ ,9 ^ ,s Cf, GRADE. Cm Cm ^- Lm ^/s Cwl Co P /- 1 >-> 'J> u> & 5 j> o> J> ^ 6 p ^> J A FOURTH GRADE Cf, Cr, U Cat 6^ Cm A $ /r K K 0> $ 6' 5 5 v5 6 i 6 J 5 >5 vS S s5 ,5 u> t^ J A 1 CJ> FIFTH GRADE: A A A A A A A A A A A ^ 6 vi 5 6 ^ o> vi ^ ^ 0> 6 6 ^> vj> j> ^> 0> i 0> 4> J .> J j u> u ft ^ 6 '.Jf > U SIXTH GRADC A A K A A A A- /c /r j> j> J) vi ^ ^5 6 vi> 6 ^ *> ,3 ^ ^) ^5 ,3 v5 6 3 5 3 vi vi 6 j J J J j j J J ^ J Ly J J j ft L* ti> iw 6r> Cm a U> (7- c* wr K \*- J J ^ ^ A - A A 7< j A- A - - ~^- ^ 6 5 5 5 6 5 5 ^ 5 ^ ^ ,jj ^ 5 ^ 3 5 a a Ck O: Ck c ( ^ (^ t^ Ml it, t> Or EIGHTH GRADE. J J j J J ^y J vy ^y j J j ^y J j J ^y J J j y J V J j J ^ $ 6 6 vi ^ s j 5 6 5 6 5' ^' $ $ Lk a C'A Ck a 5 Ck Wt c c C C A it (.> NINTH GRADE: J J 2 j J J j v y J J J a Lk (^ Lft 5 6 5 5 ^ Lm c FIRST HIGH SCHOOL 2 j j j j j j J J J J J J >y ,y j J j J j J J J j J J J j wt ftt Ht Ht A? ft irt Wt ft fm ^ C c C C c 5 b 5 $ s <-/<: IK iff ^ S ^ Cfr i* AT SECOND HIGH SCHOOL ty f-y ^ *1 t-? ^ l f <7 fkf S ire we Ift H* H( /^ "0 Ht tt fm K. H, H* A Hi | tt> fn /* h. J J j J J J J J v/ ^ J j J ^ J J /- I h f >- c C C c c C c * C* B 7 ! r -> H it b 6 5 THIRD HIGH SCHOOL tf ft *f f* >7 5 Ht ,r Ht Ht- J j j J J 2 J J J ^ ^ h{ f- h c C c * H O>. 'J u & \ 6 o 2 FOURTH HIGH SCHOOL JV W /H Af frl M g J 2 fn c o> \ 1 ^ a . Cm Clay ModelinR-^ Paper Work.-CA Cardboard Work If' Weaving. A- Knife l j in Pattern Making. M jlachine Shop Work. f-'g Forging. /' Found TABLE /^.MANUAL TRAINING SUBJECTS GIVEN IN TH /Wo/7/c/av-, At J. | Hlu/ork. MJ J ^ 56 V I 1 Possoic. M.J. >, S * 1 ") f j Ji : ;l *-* I 3i ^ 1 it 1 j 1 j Is -' ^ , *! Champa^*. ///. Ch,c09o. ] li- iii !!?{ ill Hi v\ ^ :i j I "*{ > j S 5 \ J S p p 5 S "3 vS 3 u ft A" A" C* i\ fa ^ ( ^7 y7^ \ 1 1/ /* VT ^ c*> p p p \ Cb /- 1 5 3 3 ft >5 rt ("- ^ sr 1 \ ^ ,m r^ p /y f-> 4 P 2 J> i _^Z2 ^ AT A ^ K A" (* ^r t ,/ A /f C M /f A A 3 5 .. ^ >5 3 S ^> /r ^ p I /- J) 3 j ^ (TiS 'A" A" A A /f S /I A A / 5 A /r A A A 1> .5 ^ ^ 0> ^ 6 3 ^ <5 3 6 / j (/* c J^" Ca i> ,U /^ c C6 S3 A 1 A A A A A / ' ft A A A $5 5 . 3 i5 3 v3 5 r y J J y J J 37 ^y /- Cm Cm ^> / C C j y ^/ y j J J ^y ^y J *. J -J J J J ^/ J J k^ j A A A 3 vi 5 ^j 35 \5 5 o> 6<: (A C Ck. (X Ct c c c c. c / "a Cm y j y j J J ^ ^y J *- j J -/ J -J J 37 ^y 37 J j ^ ^ 3 J 5 55 Ck Ut etc Ck C/ Of C{ > Wi 5 c c , c c c c I On 5 - Hf - w- m 7 ]r m~ m in HI /?? M fa p m X fa c c. c c c b 3 2 ~S ^ ^ s] / f^ /y -V f~9 fif fl %- 5. /T ^ ff 1^ ^ ^ IT iv- m ft A [ ^ ^ * ti fit /fit A / J j ^ y 37 J z J ^ A f- 7 f f f / / f- c c c c t - c C c c. LA /V c^ 25 Gi v 336 ^ 5 tr w /7 ^ Jm /s J ^/ ^ j J ^ 4 & & / f f * c c C CJ Gl Ci c* ^ /W-5 5 W ^ A//J M M J L c 3 ajzj c H 1 lc_5 Sewing. B Bent Iron Work. C Cooking. /Joinery. IVt Wood Turning. C Carving. C/ Chipping and Filing. Ml Millinery. T Tinsmithing. Economics of Manual Training. some schools, in any or all of the grades from the second to the seventh. Work in bent iron (often called Venetian iron work) is frequently used in the fifth and fourth grades. In the first three grades are found clay modeling, paper folding, weaving, and sewing, more or less corre- lated with the other studies of these grades. The accompanying Table A was compiled in 1900 chiefly from data furnished by the various schools in answer to requests made to them by letter. The table shows the manual training subjects given in each of the grades and in each of the high school years, in the schools enumerated. The division of the elementary school course differs in different parts of the country. Schools with seven, eight, and nine-year courses are represented in the table. In the high schools both three and four-year courses are represented. The table is arranged so as to show at a glance the prevailing subject taught in any one year and to afford an opportunity for comparison. In the subse- quent consideration of subjects taught in the various grades the basis assumed is that of an eight-year element- ary course and a four-year high school course. In selecting the illustrations for the text an attempt has been made to show a typical course in each of the materials used in manual training work in the grades, and also types of existing class room equipments. In the con- sideration of the secondary school equipment a further attempt has been made to incorporate such working draw- ings of special equipment as may prove suggestive and helpful. All such general items as teachers' desks, chairs, and blackboards have for convenience been omitted from the following schedules. ii Manual Training High School, Kansas Cityv Mo Plans shown on pp. 163, Fig. 65. Elementary School. T T T Manual training in the first three grades is generally carried on in the regular class room, under the instruction of the regular teacher, and at a nominal cost. The work customarily assumes some phase of modeling in clay, construction in paper, sewing, and weaving with various materials. This work is accomplished in many instances at an expenditure of but two cents per pupil. Some schools expend five times that amount and even more. Under competent and economical management the cost in these grades need be but slight. This work at the present time is greatly diversified in character and depends largely upon the ability, sympathy, and inventiveness of the teacher. Clay Modeling. Clay modeling is a form of manual training that may profitably be carried on in any of the classes from the 12 Economics of Manual Training. kindergarten through the high school. The abundance and cheapness of the material used, its adaptation to the muscular limitations of the child, as well as its possibili- ties for expression of the subtleties of form in the hands of the high school student, the rapidity of attainment of results, and certain of its physical qualities, make it a desirable and acceptable medium for manual training work. The disadvantages connected with its use are gener- ally negligible or surmountable. These disadvantages may be summed up in the necessity for keeping the clay constantly moist during the entire period of its manipula- tion, the difficulty attending its manipulation in bulk, which is generally too laborious for the class teacher and requires the service of the janitor or other assistant, and the mooted question of hygiene. On this last point Anna M. Holland* says : "Clay, being an entirely mineral sub- stance, affords no food for the growth of bacilli ; it can therefore be used many times with reasonable care. I have never had reason to believe that the least danger lurks in the use of clay, even to delicate children." Hermione Unwint says upon the same subject: "It has been charged against clay modeling that it is liable to spread infectious diseases in schools. No authentic case of such an occurrence has been found, and infection is far less likely to arise from clay than from books or from contact of clothes. It must be insisted on that the children come to the lesson with clean hands, and a child having anything the matter with its hands should not be allowed to touch the clay; or, if this is permitted, the clay used should not be mixed with the rest, but thrown away. If, however, stronger measures are desired, the clay may Clay Modeling by Miss Anna M. Holland. |A Manual of Clay Modeling by Hermione Unwin. 13 Economics of Manual Training. be sprinkled with Sanitas disinfectant, instead of water, and then well kneaded up, so that the Sanitas is thorough- ly incorporated with every part." Clay. Pure Clay results from the weathering of granite, a rock containing felspar, mica, and quartz. The alkalies are leached out by the weathering and the silicate of alumin is hydrated and washed out from the less finely divided quartz. Clays are fitted for their use in making pottery by two main properties : The ease with which they may be moulded and shaped when wet, and Their change of state to a hard unalterable condition when fired. According to their relative plasticity and refractori- ness clays are of three classes : Porcelain Clay. Approximately pure kaolin, poor in plasticity, refractory, and burning to a white or light cream color. Plastic Clay. Less pure than porcelain clay, more plastic and less refractory, burns to a yellow-red color, and used for ordinary earthenware and common bricks. Fire Clay. Highly refractory, dark in color, and used for furnace linings and crucibles. Plastic clay is that made use of in school work. It may be purchased, in dry form, from dealers, or, "worked- up," from potteries. If the models are to be fired in the school kiln, care must be exercised to select a clay that can be fired at the relatively low heat of the kiln. When the clay is purchased dry it must be worked up with water. This process entails considerable labor and 14 Economics of Manual Training. strength, and the good offices of the janitor should be enlisted. The dry clay, either as purchased or from old models, may be tied up in a strong cloth and soaked in water for about two hours. It should then be well kneaded before removing from the cloth. The kneading is continued until the required degree of plasticity is obtained. A teaspoonful of glycerine to five pounds of clay will render it less sticky and improve the exterior fin- ish of the product. Substitutes for Clay. Various substitutes for common clay for modeling purposes are offered by the trade. They are presumably composed of wax mixed with other substances and are trade secrets. They are placed upon the market under various names as Pastilina, Composite Clay, Composite Modeling Wax. The chief advantage over clay claimed for the substitutes is that the work can be left standing for almost any length of time, without drying, cracking, or shrinking, and requires no sprinkling with water or covering with damp cloths. The substitutes are furnished in two or three different colors and of varying con- sistencies. The disadvantages of the use of some of these sub- stitutes are : The very much greater cost as compared with clay, and The disagreeable odor emitted. Paper pulp has been used as a substitute. The following quotation, from the instructions issued by the Manual Training Department of the Elementary Public Schools of Chicago, may be of interest here: 'Taper pulp is a substance which any one can easily make and use in place of clay * * * for modeling. The 15 Economics of Manual Training. material costs nothing and is so clean and pleasant to work, it is surprising paper pulp has not been more gener- ally applied in constructive work. To make pulp of papier mache, tear any waste paper (newspaper or writ- ing paper will do) into pieces not more than one inch square. Fill a bucket with these bits of paper and pour over it about a gallon of hot water (boiling). Let the paper soak for five or six hours and then drain off the excess water. If now the mass of wet paper is worked vigorously with a stick, churning it and thus tearing the bits of paper very fine, you will have, at the end of a few minutes, an excellent quality of paper pulp. The pupils will enjoy the making as well as the using of this material." Equipment. Storage. Clay should be stored in a zinc-lined box, and a wooden scoop or small shovel provided for getting the clay out of the box. Storage for students' work in process of construc- tion must be provided. An ordinary cupboard or closet will suffice, or simply shelving. On account of the action of moisture it is desirable that cabinets used for the stor- age of clay work be zinc lined. A cabinet similar to that described below for the storage of drafting-boards in the mechanical drawing room will be found convenient. The slides at the side might be made by folding the zinc and riveting. Modeling Boards. Slates make excellent modeling boards. The slates may be either roofing slates or the common school slate with frame. They should be of uniform size to facilitate 16 Fig. i. Clay Modeling done by Children of 4th and sth Grades in Montclair, N. J. Fig, 2. Clay Modeling Room at Montclair, N. J. storage, either in cabinets, or by any other method chosen. In lieu of the slate, a piece of oil cloth, or even a piece of manilla paper may serve for the work in the lower grades. Work Tables. The school room desk will serve every purpose for 17 Economics of Manual Training. grade work. Where a special room is provided a simple table is required. The pattern used in Montclair, N. J., is shown in Fig. 2. By referring to the illustration it will be noticed that the work is being done on school slates and that individual shallow tin trays are furnished for the clay. In high school work it is desirable to have specially designed modeling benches. On the subject of equipment for clay modeling, Miss Holland says: "The room should be large enough for tables and chairs to accommodate a class of not more than twenty-five, cases for unfinished work, and tight boxes to hold the clay. "Wall space for models (which may be of fired clay or plaster) and drawings, is also needed. The tables may be very simple, but should be thirty inches long and at least sixteen inches wide, with a strip at the back to prevent the clay from falling off. The back should have a vertical board attached (16x6 inches), with a snap to hold drawings. Roofing slates (9 x 14 or 16 inches) are good to work on, and partitioned cases with glass doors, and as little wood to shrink and swell as possible, are best to keep the work. The necessary tools are rules, compasses, tri- angles, and little wooden modelling knives, such as are sold at kindergarten supply stores. These must be shaped slightly with a knife and serrated. A rubber sprinkler is convenient, or a watering-pot, for wetting the clay. A set of models and blue prints is also needed. The cost of the entire outfit need not exceed three dollars per pupil for a class of twenty-five, and may be much less if several classes use the same room, which can be of service for other manual work, like sewing, map-making, etc." Tools. The only tool required is a simple modeling tool. 18 Economics of Manual Training. Even this is dispensed with in the earlier work. For sup- plementing the scrutiny of the eye and testing the accur- acy of the work a rule and pair of calipers may be pro- vided. Models. In the earlier grade work natural models may be pro- vided, such as fruit, vegetables, shells, leaves, flowers, etc. If possible, individual models should be provided, or one model for two pupils. Conventional models and plaster casts may be provided for the more advanced work. The plaster casts may serve the additional purpose of room decoration. Much of the work now done makes little or no use of models, the modelling being more or less orig- inal on the part of the child. Kiln. If the product is to be fired a kiln must be provided. At Montclair, N. J., the students evinced much interest in the building of a kiln in the school yard. Such a pro- ject is not always possible of execution and it then be- comes necessary to provide a kiln to meet existing condi- tions. There are kilns on the market which meet school conditions. One of the best of these is known as the "Revelation" kiln. It uses kerosene oil as a fuel, and can be used for baking the clay and for glaze work. Four sizes of the kiln, suitable for school use, may be had at prices ranging from $50.00 to $95.00. Potter's Wheels. Much of the work in manual training serves the addi- tional educational purpose of enlarging the child's com- prehension of industrial processes. The purpose in clay modeling may be extended by introducing the potter's wheel. These wheels are of two general forms. One consists of a circular balanced board actuated by hand, 19 Economics of Manual Training. the other being propelled by the feet. A working drawing of the latter type is chosen in Fig. 3. A special form of hand-manipulated potter's wheel for children's use may be Fig. 3. Form of Potter's Wheel. had on the market for $2.50. This price includes tin dishes, knives, wire, and trial package of clay, and the plate may be had either of eight-inch or ten-inch diameter. Maintenance. Clay costs, in most large cities, about one cent a pound in 5oo-pound lots, and may be procured at a pot- tery "worked-up." In the dry form, procurable at deal- ers in potter's supplies, clay costs from i l / 2 to 2 cents per pound. A principal item of expense in the use of clay in the schools is the labor involved in either reworking the old or preparing new clay for use. By washing and re- using the clay the total amount needed per pupil may not exceed two pounds. If the children are permitted to retain their work the cost of material may increase to per- haps 15 cents per pupil and upwards. Substitutes for 20 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 4 Cardboard^Construction in Regular Grade Room, Buffalo, N. Y. clay cost about 25 cents per pound. If a kiln is used the cost of fuel must be added to the expense of maintenance. Construction in Paper and Cardboard. Construction in paper is a common form of manual training for the first three school years. The work is carried on in the regular class-room by the class teacher, and requires but a simple equipment (Fig. 4). No equip- ment is required at first, as the work is limited to folding. A pair of scissors for each pupil is all that is required for the next stage of the work. These may be had from $1.50 per dozen up. Scissors at $3.00 per dozen are advised, making the cost of equipment for a class of thirty pupils Economics of Manual Training. amount to $7.50. In the more advanced paper work an additional equipment of pencil and ruler is generally sup- plied, involving a further outlay of 90 cents estimating the pencils at 24 cents per dozen and the rulers at 12 cents per dozen making a total cost of equipment for a class of 30 pupils in paper work at this stage, $8.40. If the above equipment is used by but a single class, as in a private school, the cost per pupil is 26 cents. If, however, this same equipment is used by two or more classes, as in public school work, the cost per pupil for equipment is reduced to a much smaller figure. This meth- od of duplicating the use of a single equipment may be practiced with advantage on the score of economy even to the extent of having an entire manual training outfit car- ried from grade room to grade room. Varying practice in just such points as the above un- doubtedly accounts to a degree for the discrepancy in the cost of equipment and maintenance as furnished by differ- ent schools. Maintenance. The cost of supplies for paper construction is small. Thin paper, either plain or colored, cut to the required size, is generally used at first, the work being limited to simple folding into box forms. Later, heavier papers, such as Manilla and cover paper, are introduced. Papers are classified by wholesale paper houses according to the weight per ream ; the commercial ream being quite generally 500 sheets. The sizes of the sheets vary. A quite general size is 22" x 28", from which dimensions the sizes differ a few inches either way. The weights of papers used in paper construction work range from 30 pounds to 80 pounds. A popular paper is that known to the trade as "cover paper," and used commer- 22 Economics of Manual Training. dally for the cover of booklets, catalogues, etc. It comes in a variety of pleasing shades. Any paper dealer will furnish sample books of these and other papers, giving sizes, weights, and cost. Manilla paper ranges from less than one-half cent a sheet, for a 3O-pound paper, to about 1*4 cents a sheet (22" x 28") for an 8o-pound paper. Cover paper ranges from one cent a sheet to 3^ cents a sheet for corresponding weights and size. Bogus paper costs one cent a sheet (30" x4o"). White paste, obtainable in tubes, at five cents per tube, or, more cheaply, in glass jars, is used in joining thin paper, and liquid glue for thicker papers and card- board. Flour paste may be substituted for the paste supplied by dealers at a considerable saving in cost, and possesses the additional advantage of inculcating ideas of economy and self-dependence. On the method of preparing the paste, Mr. Arthur H. Chamberlin* says : 'Taste made from flour is much cheaper and is quite as good, if not superior, to that on the market. Mix a quantity of flour (sifted) with sufficient cold water to mold nicely ; see that no lumps remain. This may be done by running the paste through the hand. Place upon stove and pour in boiling water, stirring at the same time. When the paste is of the proper thickness, remove the mixture without allowing it to boil. Add a few drops of oil of cloves to give pleasant odor. To prevent the paste from spoiling, add one grain of bichloride of mercury mercuric chloride (Hg CL). Stir well. Hg CU is a poison, hence care should be exercised when stirring in. When mixed, however, there is not sufficient strength for danger. Paper and Cardboard work. 23 Economics of Manual Training. "The paste may be kept nicely in the small glass jars with screwed tops that are purchased with library paste. Each pupil should be provided with a jar, and the covers should be on when the paste is not in use. The small brushes that come with the library paste are cheap and handy. They should be kept in water when not in use." One or two boxes should be provided for the storage of scissors, and also for rulers and pencils. A paper cut- ter, costing from $3.00 to $7.00, will be found serviceable for cutting papers in quantity. Returns from schools aggregating over 20,000 pupils give an approximate cost of maintaining construction work in paper at six cents per pupil. Construction in Cardboard is a common type of work in the third, fourth and fifth grades, and is closely related in sequence with the work in paper. Papers weighing loo pounds or over may be termed cardboard ; i2O-pound cardboard is suitable for class work. A form of white cardboard is known as Bristol Board, and a variously col- ored cardboard frequently used bears the trade name of Studio Mounts. Under the term of "construction work in cardboard" is here understood to include work with var- ious substitutes for cardboard, such as Strawboard, Bind- er's Board, Jute Board, Manilla Tag, Press Board, Leath- erette, etc. These various materials are used in giving a somewhat wider scope to the work, as in some form of elementary bookbinding. The work generally consists of the making of boxes, miniature furniture, miniature houses, picture frames, etc. A somewhat more extensive equipment is required than for the work in paper. A suggested equipment for a class of thirty pupils is as follows : Economics of Manual Training. 30 Pairs scissors, at $3.00 per doz $7-5O 30 Compasses 3.17 30 Rulers 43 30 Triangles 175 2 Punches .80 Total cost of equipment $13.65 Fig. 5. Paper and Car Board Work, Buffalo, N. Y. Maintenance. Cardboard : 120 pounds to 500 sheets, 22x28, 90 cts. per 100 sheets. Cardboard: 140 pounds to 500 sheets, 22x28, $1.00 per 100 sheets. Cover-paper : 120 pounds 22x28, $2.64 per 100 sheets. Straw-board : 20x24, $2.00 per 100 sheets. Press-board (red) : 80 pounds to 144 sheets, 24x32, 65 cts. per doz. sheets. Binders' Board, 191^2x26, 8 cts. per sheet. Manilla Tag, 22x28, 120 lb., $1.50 per 100 sheets. Oil Board, from size No. oo, 19^x23^, at $11.50 per ream, to size 28, 20x32, at $15.00 per ream. Leatherette, 20x25, plain, 2 cts. per sheet, or in 32 in. rolls, 25 cts per yard. Embossed costs about one-half cent a sheet more than the plain, and may be had in a variety of colors and patterns. 25 Economics of Manual Training. Glue, in glass bottles, at 10 cts. each or 75 cts. per doz. Glue, in tubes, at 10 cts. each, or 88 cts. per doz. Glue, in tin cans, from l /4 pt. at $1.80 per doz, to 2 qts. at $14.00 per doz. The cost per pupil for cardboard work is but slightly higher than for paper work. When purchased in large quantities at wholesale there is a considerable discount from the prices quoted for all materials in this book. Examples of the range of prices paid for materials used in construction work in paper and cardboard in one of the largest school systems in this country are here quoted from the "General Sup- plies" list issued by the Superintendent of School Supplies : Board, straw, gx 12 in., 50 sheets to package, per package Cardboard, gray, 22 x 28 in., per sheet ..................... 02 Compasses, without pencils, No. i, per doz .............. i.oo Compasses, without pencils, No. 2, per doz ............... 1.44 Compasses, without pencils, No. 3, per doz ............... 84 Cover paper, assorted colors, 20xi2 l /> in., TOO sheets to package, per package ................................. 44 7 A Glue, liquid, LePage's, 4-oz. cans, per doz ................ 1.30 Leatherette, yellow, green, terra cotta and magenta, 10 x 12 in., 100 sheets to package, per package . f .............. 78 Paper, colored, 4x4 in., per package of TOO sheets ......... 06^5 Paper, colored, 3x9 in., per package of 100 sheets ......... II Paper colored, 5x5 in., per package of TOO sheets ......... n Paper, colored, 6x9 in., per package of 100 sheets ........ 21 Bogus, 7x12 in., per ream ............................. Cartridge, assorted, 14 x 18 in., 100 sheets to package, per package ........................................ Manilla, gray, 7x9 in., per ream Manilla, gray, 8 x io l /> in., per ream Manilla, gray, 9x11^ in., per ream ....................... 22 Manilla, gray, 19 x 24 in., per ream ....................... 99 Manilla, yellow, 7x9 in., per ream Manilla, yellow, 8 x io l / 2 in., per ream Manilla, yellow, 9 x 11^2 in., per ream Manilla, yellow, 19 x 24 in., per ream ..................... 98 26 Economics of Manual Training. Note. Basis of weight for gray and brown manilla drawing paper, 24 x 36, 65 Ibs., 480 sheets to ream. Oak tag, 7^/2 x 10 in., per ream 30^2 Note. Basis of weight for y l / 2 x 10 in., oak tag must be 24 x 36, 100 Ibs., 480 sheets to ream. Oak tag, 9 x 14 in., per ream 61% Oak tag, 24 x 36 in., per ream 4.05 Note. Basis of weight for gx 14 in. and 24x36 in. oak tag must be 24 x 36, 120 Ibs., 480 sheets to ream. Paper, folding, size 4x4 in., package of 100 sheets, per package 01 1 / 2 Paper, folding, 5x5 in., engine-colored, assorted, 1,000 sheets to package, per package 17^ Paper, folding, heavy, 7x7 in., assorted colors, 100 sheets to package, per package Paper, ^xp in., marginal strips, per package of TOO Paper, sheets, 24 x 28 in., assorted colors, per sheet 02^5 Paste, Higgins' liquid, in 14-0%. jars, per jar 28^ Rulers, 12 in., brass edge, per doz 40 Triangles, wood, medium, 30 x 60 degrees, each 03^ Triangles, wood, 45 degrees, each 02^2 Weaving. Weaving, in various forms typical of primitive tex- tile and basketry processes, is being introduced in many schools in the lower grades. The materials most used are strips .of colored paper, yarn, rags, raffia, grass, and reeds. The weaving of paper mats is a part of the paper work considered on pages 15-21. A "Bogus-Paper Weav- ing Mat" has been devised by Miss Wilhelmina Seeg- miller, Director of Art Instruction in the Indianapolis Public Schools, and may be had on the market, in pink, yellow, blue and gray, at $1.00 per hundred sheets. The following claims are made for these mats : "As compared with the flimsy and strongly colored paper weaving rhats in common use they have the follow- ing advantages : 27 Economics of Manual Training. "i. The material is so heavy and the strips so wide that the mats can be woven without the aid of a needle. "2. The material has a roughness of texture and a softness of tone that are very desirable. Fig 6. Basketry Class at Work Chicago Public Schools. Vaughn "3. It takes crayon, pencil, ink or water color, which permits of an infinite variety of designs of the child's own creation being worked upon the mat after it is woven. "4. The mat comes in one piece. The child first cuts the weft from the warp. The warp is then folded at right angles and cut along guide lines printed on the back. The weft strips are then cut apart and the mat is ready for weaving. "5. The child has work in paper cutting, paper folding, and ruling in preparing the mat. "6. In cutting his own strips the child leaves an ''accidental" edge which is more artistic than the mechan- ical edge cut by machinery. "/. The mat is large in size, being 8x8 in. 28 Economics of Manual Training. "8. The completed mat is an expression of the child's individuality and is substantial enough to be made into many simple objects such as baskets, popcorn hol- ders, card cases, etc." Yarn and Rags. In weaving with Germantown yarn, carpet warp, and rags, some form of simple loom is used. In its simp- lest form this may be merely a rectangle of cardboard with notches cut into either end to carry the warp threads, or it may be a small wooden frame with a row of brads at either end. The making of these looms may be a part of the school work. A simple form of loom, with a card- board heddle, may succeed the use of the above primitive devices, and may be made by the class in woodwork. There are a number of school looms upon the market, for which various claims are made. Faribault Loom $.20 Needle 05 Hammock attachment 15 Complete $.40 Todd Adjustable Hand Loom White wood, hammock attachment, with needle 35 Hard wood and metal attachment, No. 2, complete 75 Needle 05 Large adjustable loom, 20 x 32 3.00 Hooper Loom, with Needle i.oo Large size, 18^ x 18^2 (cherry) 5-OO Woolman Loom 1.50 Beadwork Loom 50 Toy Knitter, 5 cts. each ; per doz 5 Weaving materials for loom may be had in a large variety of colors. Cotton carpet warp, white, ^-lb. tubes 15 Cotton carpet warp, colored, }^-lb. tubes 18 Round chenille, per Ib 5 Jute, per Ib 25 Germantown wool, per skein 20 29 Economics of Manual Training. Shoe laces, black, per skein 20 Shoe laces, colored, per skein 25 Rug yarn, per Ib 60 One pound of rug yarn will make eight rugs, 7x10 inches. Raffia. is the skin or outer coating of the leaf of a palm tree that grows in Madagascar. On account of its pliability and resistance to rotting when moist, it has been in use for a number of years for tying bunches of asparagus and as a gardener's twine. In recent years it has found marked favor as a desirable weaving material for school use. It is imported in braided plaits of between one and three pounds in weight, the strands varying in length from one and one-half to three feet. The plaits should be unbraided, soaked in water for about fifteen minutes, then shaken out and dried. This process will take most of the twist out and put the raffia in a better condition for use. Dealers in school supplies, and also many seedmen, carry raffia in stock. It is sold in the natural state and also dyed, either with aniline or vegetable dyes. By the single pound, natural raffia retails at from 15 cts. to 25 cts. per Ib., and colored at from 40 cts. to 75 cts. A reasonable price would seem to be 50 cts. for the colored, and the following prices per Ib. for the natural raffia, varying according to the amount purchased : I Ib., 18 cts.; 5 Ibs., 15 cts.; 10 Ibs., 13 cts., and TOO Ibs., 12 cts. One large school system pays io l / 2 cts. per Ib. for natural raffia, and 28^ cts. per Ib. for the colored. Rattan. in the form of flat strips and circular reeds of varying diameters, has long been a favorite material for basket weaving. The reeds of commerce are of certain standard diameters, and designated as Nos. oo, i, 2, 3, etc. The following table of prices is compiled from the prices quoted by seven different dealers : 30 Economics of Manual Training. 6 i JL / Fig. 7. Basketry Work. Price per Ib. * T^fc .00 75 75 75 50 .50 .00 .85 .70 .60 55 .50 50 .00 .70 .65 .60 55 45 .25 1. 00 1. 00 95 75 .70 .25 95 75 75 .25 75 75 75 50 45 .40 .40 75 .60 .40 35 30 25 The last quotation is for lots of not less than five pounds of any one size. Reeds are furnished to the schools of one of the east- ern cities at the following prices per Ib. : No. I, 39 cts. ; No. 2, 34 cts. ; Nos. 3 and 4, 31 cts. 31 Economics of Manual Trainini Among other basketry materials that may be pur- chased on the market are willow, pine needles (the long Fig. 8. Basketry Materials. Vaughn. Southern variety), sweet grass, splints, palm, rush and braided straw. Prices quoted are as follows: Willow, selected, 8 to 12 cts. per Ib. Pine Needles, green and brown, 55 cts. per Ib. Sweet Grass, $1.00 per Ib. Splints, $1.00 per Ib. Palm, 35 cts. and 50 cts. per Ib. Rush, natural green, braided, 50 yds., 35 cts to 50 cts. Straw, natural, braided, 120 yds., 35 cts. to 50 cts. Straw, colored, braided, 120 yds., 60 cts. Linen Thread, black and colored, for warp in Raffia weaving, per skein of 40 yds., 5 cts. Many of the above materials may be gathered in the fields, as may also other grasses, stems, and leaves that are adaptable to basketry uses. Among these latter may be mentioned the bullrush, corn husks, the stem of the maiden-hair fern, and the numerous long grasses common to the fields and along the shores. The collecting and use of vegetable dyes is admirably 32 Economics of Manual Training. treated in George Wharton Jones' book on "How to Make Indian and Other Baskets." Bulletin No. 19, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Forestry, on "Osier Culture," gives detailed information on the cost of willow and also the cost of Fig. 9. Cord Work. making willow baskets. The bulletin is for free distribu- tion. The same department issues an illustrated book on "American Grasses," in three volumes, that will be found useful by a seeker for possible basketry materials. Cord Work. is somewhat allied to weaving and is sometimes intro- duced in the schools in the early grade work. Macrame cord costs from 25 cts. per pound upwards. 33 Economics of Manual Training. Sewing. Sewing is often represented in a number of the grade classes and also in the high school. The earlier work is done at the pupil's desk (Fig. 10). Work of a more advanced character may be carried on in specially equipped rooms (Fig. n). The equipment of a special sewing room is considered on pages 144-145. The equipment for each pupil may consist of a work- box containing scissors, thimble, thread, cushion and pins, needles, measure, and emery, and costing from 50 cts. to 75 cts. per set. Maintenance. Miss Jessie Patterson, in an article in the Outlook, after describing a course in sewing, writes as follows regarding the cost of maintenance : "It is very difficult to give an estimate of the cost per child for a course in sewing. The actual cost for materials required for the course in plain sewing, which is given above, is thirty cents, allowing nothing for waste. Pratt Institute allows about twenty cents for each pupil. This covers the course in hand sewing for six grades, twelve lessons in each grade of two hours in length, and includes all the materials used for the various exercises. Teachers College, five grades, ten cents a year, one lesson a week of one hour and twenty minutes. The allowance in the public schools of Brooklyn for ten months, one les- son of one hour each week (in addition to the plant of scissors, emeries, etc.), is twelve to fifteen cents per child. New York, six cents a year, in four grades, one hour each week. Philadelphia, six cents, where two lessons each week, of forty-five minutes each, are given in pri- mary schools, and one each week of one hour in grammar schools. Washington, fourteen and a half cents (includ- 34 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 10, Sewing in Regular Class Room, Washington, D. C. Fig. ii. Sewing in Specially Equipped Room, Public Schools, Washington, D. C. 35 Economics of Manual Training. ing implements, etc., as well as materials), one lesson a week of one hour and a half is given. Boston, two and a half cents are allowed, and the course of study requires that in three classes of the grammar grades instruction shall be given for two hours each week. Minneapolis, eleven and a half cents. Cleveland, five and a half cents. In Boston and Philadelphia, children bring material from home." The concluding line in the above paragraph suggests an important factor in the consideration of the cost per pupil for sewing. A very important question here, as in all other work, is whether the work consists in copying a set of models or in the use of sewing in natural relations to the school interests. A detailed statement of the kind, amount, and cost of the materials actually used in the work in sewing, cord work, and basketry by the pupils of the Horace Mann School, New York City, in the first, second, third, sixth, and seventh grades during the school year of 1900-01 is here given. This work was closely correlated with other studies, especially with nature study, reading and history. Burlap, 2^4 yards, at 75 cts. per yard $2.07 Java canvas, white, 3 yards, at 38 cts. per yard 1.14 Java canvas, colored, 3^ yards, at 45 cts. per yard 1.46 Unbleached muslin, 10 yards, at 8 cts. per yard 80 White muslin, 4 yards, at 9^ cts. per yard .41 Victoria lawn, 4 yards, at 20 cts. per yard 80 Linen lawn, I yard .90 Heavy lawn, ^ yard, at 75 cts. per yard 10 Long cloth, 12 yards, at 12 cts. per yard 1.44 Gingham, l /z yard, at 12 etc. per yard .06 Flannel, l / 2 yard, at 60 cts. per yard 30 Eider flannel, ^ yard, at 55 cts. per yard 28 Ribbon (different widths and different colors), i piece, at 45 cts 45 Worsted (different colors), 1*4 pounds, at $1.45 per pound 1.82 Cord, 10 pounds, at 16 cts. per pound 1.60 Iron rings, ^ gross, at 60 cts. per gross 30 36 Economics of Manual Training. Brass rings, ^ gross, at 15 cts. per gross 08 Raffia, 18 pounds, at 15 cts. per pound 2.70 Birch bark (Christmas), 20 square feet, at 12 cts. per square foot 2.40 Chamois skins penwipers and moccasins, 4, at 25 cts. each i.oo Rattan, 15 pounds, at 35 cts. per pound 5.25 Rattan, 10 pounds, at 60 cts. per pound 6.00 Bobbin, i l / 2 dozen, at 10 cts. per dozen .15 Pearl buttons, 3^ dozen, at 12 cts. per dozen 42 Lace torchon, 3 yards, at 10 cts. per yard 30 Lace, val., l /2 piece, at 25 cts per piece .13 Stockinet, I yard, at 8 cts. per yard 08 Darning cotton, j ball, at 3 cts. per ball 02 Diamond dye, 6 packages, at 10 cts. per package 60 Braid (dolls, different colors), I piece, at 5 cts. per piece .05 Braid (gold) , 7 yards, at 5 cts. per yard 35 Buttons (gold), i dozen, at 15 cts. per dozen 15 Cotton thread (approximate amount), I dozen spools, at 41 cts. per dozen .41 Silk thread (approximate amount), l / 2 dozen spools, 54 Needles, sharps, I dozen papers, at 48 cts. per dozen 48 Needles, tap, l / 2 dozen papers, at 48 cts. per dozen 24 $35-28 The above materials were used by 165 pupils, mak- ing the cost per pupil about twenty-five cents. The following data for the cost of sewing equipment and maintenance is furnished by the experience of the Indianapolis Public Schools : Equipment for 60 pupils $54.00 Maintenance, 656 pupils, I hour per week for 34 weeks 117.35 Cost per pupil .18 acuse Public Schools Report 1901: Sewing supplies for 581 pupils 13741 Cost per pupil .23 Bent Iron WorK. Bent iron work is adapted for the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh grades. It may be carried on in the regular class room, or in a special metal working room. In the former case a work bench, such as supplied for the wood- 37 Economics of Manual Training. working shop, or a table of strong construction, may be added to the regular class-room equipment. One or two anvil vises should be clamped to the bench or table, thus Fig. 12. Bent Iron Work in Special Room with Simple Equipment, Buffalo, N. Y. affording an opportunity for the heavier work in riveting and forming. The special metal-working room is the ideal equipment, and may be used for all forms of simple metal working in which tin, sheet copper, brass, lead, and iron are the materials used. The equipment of such a laboratory is given on pages 131-134. Venetian iron is a band iron of widths varying from %" to */%' and 1-32" thick. This thickness permits of ready bending with small pliers. A substitute may be made by cutting into strips No. 22 guage sheet iron. 38 Economics ot Manual Training. Strips when crossing each other may be fastened together either by riveting or tying with fine wire. A small nail-set may be used to punch rivet holes or a "uni- versal punch," cutting a hole to match the rivet. Strips, extending in the same direction, may be fastened by rivet- ing, but a better method for class work is to employ small U's of the iron, known as "binders." These binders are supplied by dealers in sizes to correspond with the vary- ing widths of strips. Metal Snips are used for cutting the strips into the required lengths. No. 9 is a serviceable size. One "Roll- ing-Cutter Shears" placed in a class-room will be found valuable for shearing purposes. Each child should be supplied with a pair of 5~in. round-nose pliers and a pair of 5-in. square-nose pliers. For riveting, one or more anvils should be provided, and a table or bench to clamp them to. An 8-oz. riveting hammer may be used. In the fourth and fifth grades work may be limited to bending and fastening with binders, and will call for a minimum equipment. Equipment for Class of Thirty Pupils. 30 Flat-nose pliers, No. 5, at $2.04 $5.10 30 Round-nose pliers, No. 5, at $2.04 5.10 i Cutting machine 4-75 30 Rulers 30 Total cost of equipment $i5- 2 5 Cost of Maintenance for Class of Thirty Pupils. (Horace Mann School, N. Y. City.) Binders, at 10 cts. per TOO $2.80 54-inch iron at 21 cts. per coil of 50 feet 2.10 Black paint at 25 cts. per tube .50 30 Pencils 60 Total cor.t of maintenance $6.00 Cost per pupil 20 39 Economics of Manual Training. For the work in the upper grades the cost of vises, hammers and snips must be added to the above equip- Fig. 13. Bent Iron Work. ment estimate. The prices may be obtained from the following price list of Venetian Iron supplies : Riveting hammer, 8 oz $ -35 Flat-nose pliers, No. 5 20 40 Economics of Manual Training. Round-nose pliers, No. 5 .20 Metal snips, No. 9 90 Clamp vises, from i l / 2 in. jaws, opening to i$4 in. at 30 cts., to 2 l /2 in. jaws, opening to 2^in., at 1.40 Roller-cutter shears, No. n; will cut No. 20 iron; each 4.75 Iron in strips, per coil of 50 feet, J/6-in .16 Iron in strips, per coil of 50 feet, 3-i6-in 18 Iron in strips, per coil of 50 feet, ^4-in .21 Iron in strips, per coil of 50 feet, J^-in 25 Binders, per 100 10 Black paint, per can .35 Black paint, per tube 25 The following quotation from an article on "Venetian Iron Work in the School*" by Daniel Upton, Supervisor of Manual Training, Buffalo, N. Y., is suggestive of a method for utilizing waste materials in increasing the pos- sibilities in Venetian iron work: Allied Materials. "Along with the iron, tin may be used as parts of various projects, and, of course, glasses, jardinieres, and other receptacles will be brought from home and will afford an opportunity for designing and making proper supports. Some of the most interesting exercises are those in which the class takes an object which has hitherto been considered useless, and by their handiwork create from it a thing of beauty and usefulness. Broken goblets, baking-powder cans and covers have been reclaimed from the garbage barrel and have emerged from the hands of our youthful workers as pansy glasses, flower-pots, or pin-trays an excellent training in thrift. In the Buffalo schools this work is done in the seventh grade. There has never been any lagging of interest in a class, and not one where the teacher could not notice marked improvement in the individual work and in power for both independent planning and execution. Twenty regu- Manual Training Magazine, January, 1903. 41 Economics of Manual Training. lar grade teachers are giving lessons to their classes, and special teachers instruct probably as many more; and the writer, from the experience and observation- men- tioned, feels abundantly warranted in recommending this Fig.. Simple Wood Work with Knife in Regular Class Room, Buffalo, N. Y. medium both on account of its educational value and its economy." Knife WorK. Knife work or whittling is frequently carried on in the fourth and fifth grades. The meagreness of the re- quired equipment recommends it from the cost point of view. Stated in its lowest terms the equipment consists of a jack knife. School conditions impose a few addi- tions. Provision must be made to protect the desk. A 42 Economics of Manual Training. slab of hard wood about a foot square may serve this pur- pose. This elemental means has been elaborated into a desk cover, which adds to its purpose of protecting the desk the furnishing of a receptacle for tools and instru- ments and forming a unit of equipment that is readily handled and stored. Dealers in manual training equip- ments supply various types of such desk covers. One such is shown in Fig 15, and is so constructed that it will not slip or mar the desk when in use. The tray is Fig 15. Whittling Tray. x 22 inches, with a recess of 4 x 20 inches to hold the tools. It is provided with a unique and very practical clamp which will hold a block up to nine inches in width. This tray is furnished with a set of tools especially adapted for elementary knife work, consisting of a No. 7 Sloyd knife, a pair of compasses, two triangles, a T square, a foot-rule, and a 4-inch try-square. The tray, without tools, retails at $9.00 per doz., or 90 cents each. The tools enumerated above retail at 8.50 per dozen sets, or .85 per set. 43 Economics of Manual Training. A cabinet for the storage of trays must be provided. In design it may be similar to a cabinet for the storage of drawing-boards ; that is, having its upright partitions slightly wider apart than the narrower width of the tray and having cleats along which the tray is slipped into place. It may be mounted upon casters to permit of its being moved from room to room. The success of knifework is largely dependent upon the kind and quality of knife used. Upon this point Mr. Frank H. Pierce* has said a word worthy of the consid- eration of those contemplating the selection of a knife for this work. "The knife should be selected with great care, no matter how extensive or how meagre the rest of the equipment. In selecting the knife there are a number of points to be considered. The quality of the steel should be of the best, and the blade carefully tempered so that it will hold a keen cutting edge. If the temper is too hard the edge will nick and break, and if too soft the edge will turn over, giving a great deal of trouble and doing poor work. The construction of the knife should be good, and the design such that it is well adapted to the work to be done and to the capacity of the user. There are a number of styles of knife which are used for this work, the ordinary two-bladed pocket-knife, or jack- knife ; the round-handled knife with the fixed blade ; the sloyd-pattern knife with a flattened handle and a fixed blade. Of these three styles of knife the sloyd-pattern seems to be the best adapted to schoolroom work. The pocket-knife has the disadvantage of closing. This is not desirable in a school knife, as it makes it easy to slip into The Manual Training Knife" Manual Training Magazine, April, 1903. 44 Economics of Manual Training. the pocket. No temptation should be offered to take the knife from the schoolroom, either by accident or design. Another objection to the pocket-knife is that the blade has a thin edge, making it hard to keep in order. The second form of knife has a wide blade, ground from the edge to the back, making it very hard to whet properly. The blade of this style of knife is fastened to the handle by being driven into it. After a short time the blade gets loose and pulls out. In the sloyd-pattern knife most of the objections to the foregoing styles are overcome. This style of knife will not close up; the blade has a thick, strong back, and is ground from the edge to the center, insuring a strong cutting edge ; the point of the blade is strong and centrally located; the blade is fastened to the handle by a tang, which runs completely through and is riveted on the end, thus holding it firmly in place. These knives are made in several sizes, but the most suitable one, for young workers, is the size with a two-and-one- half-inch blade. This knife is large enough for all school work, and is well suited to the use of little hands. A great mistake is made in selecting too large a knife. A large knife is clumsy, and in making small concave cuts, where the point must be used, the fingers are apt to close upon the edge of the blade and get cut. When the knife first comes from the maker it is not in condition to do good whittling ; it has what may be termed a commercial edge ; that is, the edge is ground quite bluff, so that it will not be easily damaged while in stock. The first thing before using the knife is to whet it to a thin keen edge. A good oilstone is an absolute necessity. The India oilstone of medium grade will be found to give the best satisfaction of any stone on the market." 45 Economics of Manual Training. In order to lay out the work a simple set of drafting instruments is required, consisting of two triangles, T square, compasses, ruler, and pencil. A try square is also required. . 16. Knife Work. Individual equipment for class of thirty pupils : 30 Sloyd knives at $4.05 per dozen $10.13 30 6-inch try squares, at $1.58 per dozen 3.95 30 compasses, at $1.00 per dozen 2.50 30 T squares, at 63 cts. per dozen 1.58 30 45 degree triangles, at 50 cts. per dozen 1.25 30 30 degree, 60 degree, triangles, at 50 cts. per dozen. ... 1.25 30 rulers at 12 cts. per dozen .30 30 pencils at 24 cts. per dozen 60 30 trays at $8. 10 per dozen 20.25 Total cost of individual equipment 46 $41-81 Economics of Manual Training. The scope of the work may be enlarged by the addi- tion of the following general equipment: 6 brad awls $ ^9 6 hammers i .go 6 grooving tools i .50 4 fret-saw frames 2.60 4 dozen fret-sa-vv blades .32 i ^4-inch auger and bit 1.25 i small back-saw .82 12 6-inch hand screws 2.00 I India oil stone and can 90 I honing strop .25 Total cost of general equipment $11.63 I cabinet, estimated 20.00 Total cost of complete equipment $73-44 A box, suitably partitioned, containing an outfit for a class of twenty in whittling, can be purchased from dealers in manual training supplies. The outfit contains twenty each of the following: rule, pencil, compasses, sand-paper block, try-square, and knife, and also a chart of models. The retail price is $15.00. A chest contain- ing the following general tools and supplies retails at $7.00 : saw, oil stone, 2 honing strops, 6 auger bit gim- lets, hatchet, oil can, and 2 quires of sand paper. Maintenance. Basswood, in thin pieces, is the material recommended for this kind of work. It does not split too easily ; is soft, and is uniform in texture. Whitewood (poplar or tulip tree) may be used. White pine may also be used to advantage. The wood may be purchased in the rough, or cut to size, from a mill, or may be had of dealers in kin- dergarten supplies, who furnish the materials cut to a large variety of sizes. Basswood, l /% ', 3-16" or T 4" thick, can be obtained in pieces 4" x 9" at $1.00 per hundred. 47 Economics of Manual Training. No. oo sand paper at 20 cts. per quire. Glue, at 25 cts. per can. The cost per pupil for maintenance is about ten cents. If designs in color are placed upon the work the cost for the oil colors must be added to the cost of maintenance. Tubes of ivory black, burnt umber, light red, prussian blue, and crown yellow, may be had at five cents per tube. In addition to the colors it will be necessary to provide dishes for mixing the colors, and small brushes for lay- ing them on. Bench WorK in Wood. Up to this point the question of the cost of equip- ment has not been a serious one, nor one acting as a factor to give pause to the introduction of manual training. Beginning with the bench work in wood and continuing through the high school work, the cost of the initial equipment becomes a matter of much moment and deserv- ing of considerable thought and study. Specially fitted rooms have now become a necessity, as have also special teachers. In What Years? By referring to Table A (Opp. p. 7.) it will be seen that bench work in wood tabulated as "J" is usually carried on during the last two years of the elementary school and during the first year of the high school. Some schools introduce the work a year earlier, and it is also quite extensively carried on in the second year of the high school. This latter practice is partially accounted for by the lack of an equipment for other manual training sub- jects usual in a completely equipped manual training high school. The best practice would seem to limit this sub- ject to the first year of the high school and the two years immediately preceding. 4 8 Economics of Manual Training. Teachers. A special teacher is required for this work and for the various subjects succeeding. The demand for such teachers has been in excess of the supply, with the result that in many instances recourse has been had to the artisan as well as to graduates of the engineering schools for teachers of high school manual training subjects. The artisan, though versed in the technic of his trade, is apt to have but a vague conception of the requisites of a teach- er, and the results of his attempts to teach may possibly serve as an argument for the opponent of manual train- ing. The experiment of appointing engineering grad- uates as teachers of manual training subjects has been happier. He has "been through the shops" albeit the motiv of his shop instruction is not that of the manual training school. But on account of the thoroughness and scope of his education he is capable of adapting himself successfully to the requirements imposed by high school conditions. This class has furnished many of the most successful teachers and supervisors of manual training. Another source of supply for teachers is found in the graduates of manual training schools. But the source that may be looked to for the best trained teachers is the normal school or college having a manual training department. In the best of these teachers are broadly trained for the peculiarly exacting demands made upon them. Nor does this source limit itself to supplying teachers of shop work. Thorough and efficient training is also given for teachers in the domestic arts and sciences. In order that the problem of a suitable equipment for bench work in wood may be comprehensively approached and intelligently dealt with the following 49 Economics of Manual Training. scheme of an analysis of the factors entering into the problem is suggested. Shop for Bench Work in Wood. General considerations : In new building. In old building. Situation with relation to other classrooms. Size. Doors. Lighting : Natural. Artificial. Auxiliary rooms : Demonstration room. Wash room. Storage room. Teacher's room. Lay-out : Bench space : Distribution of benches. Relation to light. Bench : Construction. Equipment. Demonstration space: Bench. Seats. Blackboard. Glue and stain bench: Construction. Equipment. 50 Economics of Manual Training. Metal working bench : Construction. Equipment. Display panels for : General tools. Tools for same. Specimens of woods, cones, etc. Exhibition of typical course. Bulletins. Storage for : Lumber. Finished work. Work in process of construction. Nails and screws. Blue prints. Decorations. Before considering each of the above factors in detail it may be well to define a general method of approach to the problem as a whole. It will be appreciated that certain determinate factors are almost invariably to be encountered in all problems of this nature; factors limited by uncontrollable conditions. It would be impos- sible to consider all such possible factors and to provide or suggest a solution for each problem affected by them. The best that may be done under the circumstances is to lay out an equipment representative of the best practice, to suggest modifications to meet various conditions, and then permit the reader to gather from the information given such data as may be applicable to his special needs. In this spirit is the following detailed consideration given of the above analysis of our problem. Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 17. Wood Working Equipment for the Elementary School, Westbrook, Me. General Considerations. The first general consideration is whether one is called upon to plan a room in a building yet to be erected or to utilize a room in an existing building. In New Building. In the former case the architect may be furnished with data relating to the size of room, auxiliary rooms, position of doors, relation of the room to other class rooms, the lighting of the rooms, and the details of shelving, cabinets, and all other equipment furnished under architect's specifications. Suggestions for this information will be found below. 52 Economics of Manual Training. In Old Building. In the case of utilizing a room in an existing building it becomes necessary to conform to the conditions as one finds them. Relation to Other Classrooms. The situation of the wood-working room with rela- tion to other classrooms is primarily a question of the inter-relation of the shops as a whole and their relation to the other classrooms and laboratories. By one plan the shops may all be grouped together in a separate, con- necting building, or they may be confined to a wing of the building. The determining factors in this conclusion are the concentration of the use of power, the isolation of noise incident to shop work, and the vibration caused by the machinery. By placing all shops using power as near as possible to the engine-room not alone economical equip- ment is attained but also some saving in maintenance. The floor plans shown on pages 163-165, 167-170 may be found suggestive on this point. If no power is made use of in the wood-working room its status then becomes that of any other classroom, and its position is subject to much the same considerations. A common practice in the new public school buildings in New York City, where but one room is devoted to bench work, is to place that room at the top of the building. Size. The size of the room is determined by the number of benches to be installed. Assuming an allotment of 24 benches, a room 3O-ft. x 4O-ft. will meet all requirements. Doors. The factors determining the position of the doors are dependent upon the easy ingress and egress of the stu- dents, and the relation of the room to halls and other classrooms. 53 Economics of Manual Training. Lighting. Abundant light is a prime requisite for shop- work, therefore a corner room is more desirable than one having windows on but one side. In a high-studded room, the placing of the windows four or five feet from the floor will afford an opportunity for a maximum wall-space for display of panels, etc. Where it is necessary to provide artificial light, drop lights should be placed at the back left-hand corner of each bench, as well as elsewhere about the room where occasion demands. Auxiliary Rooms. Demonstration Room. It is customary to set off a part of the wood- working room for demonstration purposes. Under "demonstra- tion space," below, such an arrangement is considered. A departure from this practice is exemplified in the new building of the Ethical Culture Society in New York City. In planning the equipment for bench work pro- vision for demonstration was made by allotting a con- necting room for this purpose. The room is fitted up much as an ordinary classroom, with chairs provided with arm- rests, teacher's desk, and demonstration bench. A novel feature of the equipment is a swinging blackboard fitted into the wall separating the bench-room from the demon- stration-room. The working-drawings of the particular piece of work being demonstrated, are drawn upon the blackboard, and upon the passing of the class into the bench-room, the blackboard is swung about a central pivot, and the drawings then serve as working-drawings for the class at the benches. The demonstration-room now becomes available as a regular classroom, if such use is required. 54 Economics of Manual Training. Wash Room. Provision should be made for the storage of shop- clothes and for washing-up. In the wood-working room, as an apron is the only additional piece of clothing used and even this is frequently dispensed with the apron may be put away in the locker provided for unfinished work. Fig. 18. Lockers and Wash Room. In the general locker arrangement, however, provision should be made for a locker for each student. These lockers may be arranged along the walls of a small room in the centre of which facilities for washing-up may be provided. (Fig 18.) A series of individual wash-stands, of the standard types furnished on the market, may be installed, or the typical shop practice of a long double trough may be followed. Hot and cold water, soap and soap-receptacles, roller towels, and mirrors should be provided. There is less need for a wash-room in connec- tion with the wood-working shops than in the case of the metal-working shops. 55 Economics of Manual Training. Storage Room. A separate room about 15-ft. x i8-ft. for storage purposes is desirable but not indispensible. All necessary materials may be stored in the shop. Lumber may be stood on end, the various sizes and kinds being separated by pegs, and a portion of the wall space set aside for this purpose. However, the assigning of a separate room is recommended. The fittings for such a room are simple. Along one side of the room may be arranged three rows of pegs each peg about fourteen inches in length, and the pegs about a foot apart. The first row should be placed eighteen inches from the floor, the next three and one-half feet from the floor and the top row eight feet. This arrangement will permit of different lengths and varying kinds of boards being stood on end and resting between the pegs, and also of the ready selection of any required board. Along another wall might be arranged a nest of pigeon-holes extending from the floor to the ceiling, affording storage for cut-up material, for hardware, and for general storage purposes. 9" x 18" x 18" depth will be found a serviceable size for the pigeon-holes. If power is to be had, a circular saw may be placed in this room to cut up the lumber into sizes suitable for class use. Teacher's Room. A room about 8 ft. x 10 ft. may be assigned for the teacher's use, and furnished with a desk and a cabinet for the filing of blue prints, magazines, books, etc. One wall may be fitted with pigeon-holes as suggested above for the storage-room. This latter provision is especially desirable if there is no separate storage-room. Lay Out. Two important considerations underlie the layout of a work-room economy of space and such an inte^re- 56 Economics of Manual Training. lation of its component factors as may give a maximum of efficiency with a minimum of movement and friction. The reason for economy of space is a general and obvi- ous one. The reason for the second consideration may not be quite so apparent. Its appeal is one for economy of exertion both upon the part of the teacher and upon that of the student. For example, it would bespeak poor judg- ment in the layout of a room, if the general tools were all kept in the storage-room, necessitating a considerable distance for each student to travel every time he wanted to make use of a general tool, when such tools might be conveniently placed on a large panel situated midway on the wall space nearest the benches. By the component factors is meant the various benches students', demonstration, stain, and metal-work- ing, display racks, cabinets, and all other furnishings included in the equipment of the shops. It is the inter- relation of these various factors, that is, their distribution with relation to each other, as well as their relation to the windows, doors and form of the room, and also their con- struction and cost that now demands our attention. A simple device that may be of aid in facilitating the problem of the best arrangement of benches in a room, is to make a scale drawing of the room say, on a scale of ^2-inch to the foot showing the position of all windows, doors, and posts, and cutting out of paper, to the same scale, the space occupied by each bench and other pieces of furniture. The pieces of paper may then be arranged and rearranged upon the scale drawing of the room until the best disposition is determined upon. Or the problem may be solved mathematically by figuring out the space occupied by each piece of furniture, aisle space, and other factors entering into the problem, and making a lay-out drawing conformable to the conditions. 57 Economics of Manual Training. Benches. The benches should be placed in the best lighted por- tion of the room and also so that the student faces the maximum light when working. There should be space enough left between the benches so that the student has free play and that the teacher may have ready access to each bench while tne class is at work. Aisle space of suf- ficient width to accommodate students in habitual lines of travel to and fro from the benches should be provided, and is dependent upon the form of the room. The mini- mum of space that should be allowed between the back c f one bench and the front of another is thirty inches. Leave three feet if possible. Construction. There is quite an extensive variety of manual training benches upon the market and an intending purchaser may well feel some indecision in deciding upon a selection, and yet the problem of a selection is not as difficult as might appear from the number to choose from, as the ma- jority, if not all, of the benches offered by the trade are of good construction and well built of good material. The prices quoted by the various dealers are quite uniform for similar grades. The benches offered are usually con- structed throughout of selected maple and the tops are always of this material. Some makers use other woods for the parts other than the tops ash or a soft wood. In one or two instances iron or steel is made use of for the legs. The various benches may be classified in general as follows : Single, double or quadruple. With or without cabinets or drawers. With one or with two vises. With wooden or metal vises. 58 Economics of Manual Training. \Yith or without tool-racks. Adjustable to various heights or non-adjustable. Draw-bolt or keyed mortise and tenon. Most dealers do not list double or quadruple benches. The advantages claimed for them are economy of space, and a slight saving in initial cost. The saving in either case is more than counterbalanced by their disadvantage as compared with the single bench. Therefore the sin- gle bench is the only one here considered. The addition of cabinets or drawers adds materially to the cost of the bench and, as a rule, will be found un- necessary. A bench fitted with two vises is to be preferred as there are operations in wood-working when the end vise proves of material assistance. The additional vise is not essential, though desirable, and should be dispensed with only on the score of economy either of space or money. If wooden vises are employed the additional cost is only two dollars. Benches are fitted with either wooden or iron vises. Each kind possesses certain advantages. The wooden vise is considerably cheaper. The iron vises are usually of the quick adjustment variety, that is, a quarter turn of the handle to the left permits of the setting of the jaws at any required opening and a return quarter-turn clamps the work in place. The iron vises range in price from three to seven dollars. One or two forms have a maple facing to protect the tools. Some of the end vises have a dog that may be projected above the flush surface of the vise, and is used to clamp work securely in place against one of a row of pegs in the top of the bench. Benches are built with or without a tool rack extend- ing above the top of the bench at the back. In the latter 59 Economics of Manual Training. case provision is sometimes made for the tools in a drawer or cabinet constructed as a part of the bench. The objec- tion to the use of the drawer is the tendency to throw the tools in a heap, and also the littered condition that a drawer is apt to assume. The tools are more liable to being dulled or nicked than when placed on a rack. The Fig. 19 Wood Working Bench. Draw Bolt Construction. rack has the disadvantage of shutting off some of the light, especially when light is not over-plentiful, and also of the preventing of the free swing of work above the top of the bench. It has the advantage of having a place 60 Economics of Manual Training. for each tool, having each tool within reach, and on account of its conspicuousness the teacher is enabled to take a hasty inventory of the entire equipment, noting that each tool is in its proper place, in proper condition, and that the equipment is complete. A good plan is to have the racks flush with the surface of the bench with only the handles of the tools protruding. (See Fig 23.) One form of bench has a portion of the top recessed at the back for a width of about seven inches. This affords a place for the tools when in use and prevents their being shoved off the bench. Some benches are made adjustable to heights of from 28" to 32," by blocks inserted between the tops and the frame. Where such provision is not made the end may be attained by trigging up with blocks under the legs. A small platform about two or three inches in height is sometimes made use of instead of lowering a bench. Such an arrangement is sure to be in the way and to be stum- bled over. Rigidity is a prime requisite for a work bench. The carpenter, in building a rough carpenter's bench, makes it rigid by running long boards well down the front and back and by bracing between the legs at the ends with crossed pieces of scantling. The manual training bench derives its rigidity from the use of heavier material and its peculiar construction. All such benches, that are without cabinets or drawers, follow a general type form. There is a top and four legs. The legs are joined in pairs at the top and at the bottom by strips extending from front to rear. These bottom strips are recessed in the centre to form a foot at either end to rest on the floor. The legs are further braced in pairs by two strips at right angles to the first strips and placed somewhat below the 61 Economics of Manual Training. centres of the legs. It is in the method of fastening these strips to the legs that the benches are divided into the two classes of draw-bolt construction and keyed mortise and tenon construction. Specimens of these two forms of construction are shown in Figs. 19 and 20. From the upper surfaces of the strips connecting the tops of th? legs dowels extend, fitting into holes in the lower surface of the top of the bench. This arrangement, together with the draw-bolt or keyed mortise and tenon, permits of the bench being knocked down for shipment, and of its being readily set up again. The working part of the top may be built up of 2.y 2 " maple strips glued together. The lumber should be thor- oughly seasoned, and all joints glued where practicable. A row of wooden bench-stops is usually supplied. Air. Clarence J. Smith, in an article in the Western School Journal, dealing with practical suggestions for establishing a manual training department, cites an experience with solid tops for benches that is worthy of consideration : "Caution : Don't get long carpenter's benches, for they will not serve the purpose. Don't get wide boards or planks from which to construct benches. They will be sure to warp. Get nothing but a bench with a glued-up top. A piece four or five inches wide is wide enough for any piece that goes into the construction of the top. I know of some benches procured from the local planing- mill, made from a design of appropriate dimensions, but not specifying glued-up tops. They were equipped with many conveniences, such as drawers and tool-racks, and cost $43 each, yet within a year the foot-wide planks used on the tops had warped so as to render them unfit for service." 62 Economics ot Manual Training. Benches range in price from $5.00 to $14.00, depend- ing upon size, and whether fitted with one or two vises, or with wooden or iron vises. Where it is necessary to exercise the greatest economy the home-made, simple carpenter's bench may be installed. Tool Equipment. The tool equipment divides itself into two groups : the individual or bench equipment, comprising tools that should be supplied for each bench, and the general equip- ment, comprising tools used in common. At this point we are considering only the bench equipment; the general tool equipment is dealt with below under the considera- tion of the "general tool panel" and its equipment. The following list of tools for the equipment of each bench has been compiled after a careful consideration of the requirements and also of prevailing practice. The prices quoted are net cost per two dozen, or $6.04 for the cost of a single bench equipment. Rule, 2-foot, 2-fold, $1.98 Sloyd knife, blade 2^ inches, 8.10 Marking gauge, Stanley's No. 65, 4.64 Try-square, 6 inch, 4.24 Firmer chisel, ^ inch, 3.98 " 7/8 " 6.30 Rip saw, 8 points, 23.76 Back saw, 10 points, 19.88 Jack plane, Bailey's No. 5, 3672 Block plane, Stanley's No. 16, 16.20 Spoke-shave, Stanley's No. 64, 1.72 Bench-hook, wood, 3-6o " -brush, 4.24 Drawing kit, Bradley's No. 102, 9.60 Total cost for bench tools, $144.96 By adding the cost of bench tools, $144.96, to the cost of general tools, $112.85, tlie total cost for a11 the tools amounts to $257.81. Allowing $10.00 for the cost 63 Economics of Manual Training. Fig 20. Wood Working Bench Keyed Mortise and Tenon ; 1 it* n B i u 1 U U ! 10 f ^ l4*i{ 1 r>' i -?j 1 i *-s'- 1 1 1 1 7 I I 1 1 1 1 4* 2.' 1* L. J 1 = == ~ -- ff i '--t =g _. _., ._ SHEUF i I i 2.0'- k3'J Fig. 21. Glue and Stain Bench, 64 Economics of Manual Training. of each bench, the total cost for bench -and tool equip- ment for a class of twenty-four pupils, as per above specifications, amounts to $497.81, or in round numbers, $500.00. A grindstone at, say $9.00, should be included in the list of necessary tools. By installing the cheaper grade of benches and cur- tailing the general tool equipment, the total cost may be reduced to $350.00, or even less. On account of their suggestiveness, the following sample equipments are here inserted. School equipment for twenty-four pupils and teacher, prepared by Mr. E. L. Valentine, of Chicago. The approximate price for this equipment is $550.00 : 25 No. 5 Bailey Iron Jack 25 Emery Oil Stones ^xi^x- Plane, 6 inch. 25 No. 2 Bailey Iron Smooth- 25 No. 20 Try Squares, j l / 2 - ing Plane. inch. 25 Whittling Knives. 25 Erasers, $x4-inch. 25 No. 61 Boxwood Rules. 13 No. 62 Stanley Marking 25 10-inch Back Saws. Gauges. 25 i-inch Socket Firmer Chis- 13 J^-inch Socket Firmer els. Chisels. 25 Bristle Counter Brushes. 13 Champion Screw Drivers, 25 Bench Hooks. 4-inch. 25 %-inch Gouges. 13 Wing Dividers, 6-inch. 25 Drawing Boards, 12x18- 13 12 Bell Faced Claw Ham- inch, mers. 25 T Squares. 13 Rip Saws 8 pts, 22-inch. 25 45 Triangles. 13 Cross Cut Saws 10 pts., 20- 25 Eagle Pencil Compasses. inch. General Equipment. 12 Double Benches. 3 ^2-inch No. 8 Buck Bros.' Teacher's Bench. Tang Firmer Gouges. Langdon Mitre Bo.c. 3 }4-mch No. 8 Buck Bros.' 12-inch Monkey Wrench. Tang Firmer Gouges. Pair 5-inch Cutting Pliers. 12 No. 12 Bliss Hand Screws. 14-inch Compass Saw. 12 No. 6 Bliss Hand Screws. Drawing Knife, 8-inch. 6 6-inch Colt, Eccentric Saw Vise. Clamps. Saw Set. 6 12-inch Colt, Eccentric Set 3-16 inch Steel Figures. Clamps. 65 Economics of Manual Training. I Set y 2 -'mch Steel Letters. I Set Auger Bits. I Set Dowel Bits. I Grind Stone with frame complete. 1 26-inch Rip Saw. 2 Rose Countersinks. 2 Screw Driver Bits. I Countersink. I Expansive Bit, large, % to 3-inch. I 10-inch Ratchet Brace. 3 Plain 8-inch Braces. 3 Washita Gouge Slips. 12 Assorted Carvers' Punches. 12 Chip Carving Knives. 6 Knurled Nail Sets Cup Point. 3 Cabinet Scrapers. 3 14-inch Turning Saws. 6 24-inch Colt, Eccentric Clamps. 2 48-inch Colt, Eccentric Clamps. 3 Saw Files, 5-inch with Handle. i Rat Tail File, 6-inch with Handle. 12 Assorted Wood Files. 6 Varnish Cups. 6 Varnish Brushes. i Gross No. 3 Lead Pencils. 3 Dozen Carpenter Pencils. 12 No. TOO Coping Saws. 3 Rubber Mallets. 1 6-inch T Bevel. 2 6-inch T Bevel. I Automatic Hand Drill, with 8 Drills. 3 54-inch Socket Chisels. 3 Ms-inch Socket Chisels. Iron Jack 3 12-inch Turning Saws. The following individual bench equipment was sup- plied to the Bradley Polytechnic Institute. Approximate cost, $10.00: I Q-inch Eagle T. Bevel. I No. 6 Sloyd Knife. I Round Point Nail Set. I Screw Driver, 4-inch Blade. i ^-inch Chisel. I i-inch Chisel. I ^2-inch Dowel Bit. i s-i6-inch Dowel Bit. I Bench Brush. I 2 T ^-inch Wood Spoke Shave I Sharpening Outfit, consists of T Oil Can, i Oil Stone, i Waste Cup. No. 5 Bailey Plane. No. 16 Bailey Iron Block Plane. No. i Bench Rule. Pair Winding Sticks. 10-inch Back Saw. Bit Brace. 7-oz. Bell Face Claw Ham- mer. I 2^-inch Mallet. I No. 64^ Stanley Marking Gauge. I 6-inch Try Square. The wood-working- equipment for the three last years of the grammar grades in the Boston Schools is as fol- lows : 30 benches, 30 ^-in. chisels, 30 rip saws, 30 l / 2 -'m. chisels, 15 cross-cut saws, 30 i-in. chisels, 30 back saws, 30 spoke-shaves, 66 Economics of Manual Training. 30 jointer planes, 15 J4-in. auger-bits, 30 jack planes, 15 , i, i l / 2 ins.; a gothic point knife; genuine Russell Jennings bits, one each, *4> M 1 A, fys, 24 in. ; a whisk broom ; a Stanley marking gauge, No. 65. "Each pupil is also supplied with a tray 26^/2 in. long, 13^4 in. wide, and i^ i n - deep, divided into compart- ments adapted to receive the following set of Buck Broth- ers London style carving tools : Chisels, one each, I in., No. i ; l / 2 in. No. I ; ^ in. No. 2 ; gouges, one each, fyfa in., No. 3; 3-16 in., No. 4; 3-32 in., No. 5; 5-16 in., No. 5; 7-16 in., No. 5; $/$ in., No. 5; jj in., No. 6; 3-16 in., No. 7; 5-16 in., No. 7; 1-32 in., No. n; Y in,, No. n; 5-16 in., No. ii ; parting tool, % in., No. 39. "These trays are stored in cases at one end of each room. Two Brown and Sharpe grindstone troughs, fitted with stones and truing devices, are installed in one of these rooms. Water is brought in brass pipes to all of the grindstones in the various departments, and the troughs are connected with a system of drain pipes which lead to a sand catch-basin in the basement. 63 Economics of Manual Training. "The tool-room, which contains a variety of minor supplies, together with a large collection of miscellaneous tools for occasional use, is located between the two wood- working rooms, and is conveniently entered from either of them. Many of the shelves in this room are divided by narrow strips of wood in such a way that each tool has its appropriate compartment, and it is an invariable rule that every article must be kept in its proper place. Each pupil is supplied with three brass checks bearing his shop number, one of which will be received by the person in charge of the tool-room in exchange for any desired tool. The check is placed in the compartment from which the tool is taken, where it remains until it is redeemed by the return of the tool. The following are the principal tools in this tool-room : Bailey's patent adjustable iron planes: 4 beading, No. 50; 2 dado, fillester, plow, etc., No. 46 ; I tonguing and grooving, No. 48; i tonguing and grooving, No. 49; 24 rabbet, I in., No. 192; i beading, rabbet, and slitting, No. 45; i bull-nose rabbet, No. 75 ; 2 circular, No. 13. Buck Brothers' tools ; shank firmer chisels, No. 2, 6 each, % in., 3-16 in., 5-16 in., y 2 in., ^ in., ^ in., % in., T l /s in., i/4 m -; J 2 each, rose counter sinks, No. 83, snail counter sinks, No. 84; 6 cabinet makers' burnishers, 5 in., No. 91; 18 square-point nail sets, assorted ; 18 round-poin-t nail sets, as- sorted. One new Langdon mitre box, No. 2; i Stanley adjustable spirit level, 30 in.; 2 adjustable ball and socket saw clamps; i rachet bit brace ; 6 Stanley rule trammel points, No. 99 ; 2 Morrill saw sets, No. i ; 2 Stubs flat nose pliers ; steel figures and letters for wood, i set % in. ; for metal, I set l /4 in. and i set ^ in. ; 72 chalk lines, reels, and awls ; 24 brad awls, assorted sizes ; 2 Clark patent expansive bits; 3 Sargent steel squares, 24 in., No. 300. Files : 36 flat bastard, 10 in. ; 30 half round bastard, 10 in. ; 12 half round smooth, 10 in.; 6 pillar, 7 in. by l /2 in., No. 6; 12 three square, 7 in., assorted ; 6 Nicholson file brushes. Stanley Rule and Level Co.'s tools: 2 try-squares, T2-in., No. 10; 2 mitre squares, 12 in., No. 16; 12 Bemis & Call wing calipers, 6 in.; 12 best French cabinet scrapers, square, 5 in. by 3 in. ; 12 best French Cabinet scrapers, curved, 5^ in. by 2^2 in. ; i Coes monkey wrench, 12 in. ; 60 Miller's Falls turning saws and frames, 18 in. ; genuine Russell Jennings bits, 12 I in., one each, 5-16 in., 7-16 in., 9-16 in., 11-16 in., 13-16 in., 15-16 in. ; German nail bits, 12 each, ^ in., 5-32 in., 3-16 in. ; 6 Stearns patent dowel pointers ; 2 Disston rip-saws, 69 Economics of Manual Training. 26 in., D 8, 6 teeth to the inch; 2 Disston cross-cut saws, 26 in., D 8, 7 teeth to the inch. R. Bliss & Co.'s tools : 18 cabinet makers' clamps, No. 74; 60 hand screws, No. n; 60 hand screws, No. 4. Buck Brothers' London style carving tools, four of each : front bent chisels, No. 21, 1-16 in.; No. 21, 3-16 in.; No. 21 y 2 in.; No. 22, y% in. ; No. 22, 5-16 in. ; No. 22, ^ in. ; No. 23, y% in. ; No. 23, 5-16 in.; No. 23, ft in.; front bent gouges, No. 27, $ in.; No. 32, I /L in. ; back bent gouges, No. 35, Y^ in. ; No. 38, % in. ; parting tools, No. 43, J4 m -J gouges, No. 3, i in.; No. 5, I in.; No. n, 5/8 in. "Opening out of one of the wood-working rooms is a small room for the preparation of stock for models and for special saw work. Here are installed a Colburn dou- ble-arbor bench saw, and a Dover band saw for the use of the instructors and especially skilful pupils only, and a Mosely jig-saw which all the pupils are taught to use. The location of these saws in a separate room per- mits their use without disturbance to class exercises. An adjoining room is furnished with convenient tables and other fixtures for the final work upon all models or pro- jects which require shellac or other painter's finish." While it is desirable that all work be done under the best conditions and with an ample and adequate equip- ment, the lack of sufficient funds to install an up-to-date equipment need not deter the earnest teacher from making a start in introducing bench work. As a possible encour- agement to such a teacher the following quotation from the twenty-first annual report of the School District No. 3, Sterling, Illinois, is here inserted as showing what can be done under somewhat adverse conditions, backed by determination and initiative: "The tables which had done duty in the science room of the old Sterling High School made excellent work benches. "Throughout the year the seventh and eighth grades of both schools have had regular instruction, one hour 70 Economics of Manual Training. per week. Forty boys and thirty-four girls have taken the course. The initial expense in setting these pupils to work, including eight dozen sloyd knives, four dozen try- squares, four dozen coping saws, one rip-saw, two mitre- boxes and whitewood lumber was $46.78. The addition- al expense to carry the work through the year was about $38.00, making the total expense about $84.78. "In May of this year, the girls of the two schools gave a 'Girls' Program' as a sequel to the 'Boys' Pro- gram,' which netted $28.45, an d this was followed by a 'Primary Program/ which netted $26.50, both of which amounts were turned over to the treasurer of the fund. We have thus raised for manual training purposes by public exercises $103.14, of which $84.78 has been ex- pended. This expense does not include $15.00 which the Board has paid for one dozen vises, nor the lumber for a dozen work benches. "Of this material which the Board purchased for work benches, the boys of Lincoln School have made, out of school hours, five benches, and enough material is on hand for seven more benches. The boys made these benches entirely themselves and they would be pleased to have the Board test the 'plumbness' and 'squareness' with which they stand in the world and their fitness to meet a young workman's needs. "I very much regret that at the present writing I have not access to all the bills above mentioned, but I am safe in saying that the total expense of conducting our first year's work in manual training was less than $110.00, and the greater portion of this amount is in tools and benches, and thus available for future work." One other report from the field of an actual exper- ience in the question of cost and maintenance may prove 71 Economics of Manual Training. helpful. The following quotation is from the thirty- fourth annual report of the Public Schools of Columbus, Ga.: "The original equipment of twelve benches with the neces- sary tools was $166.00. This included for each bench, I jack plane, I smooth plane, I block plane, I i-inch chisel, i 2-foot rule, I sty square, I marking gauge, i back saw. Also for general use i rip and i cross-cut saw, brace and bit, screw- drivers, nail sets, etc., 6 hammers, 6 ^-inch chisels. During this year additional tools to the amount of $30.00 have been pur- chased. These include rip and cross-cut saws, 2 of each; 6 skew chisels, 6 mallets, 6 bench brushes, 30 pencil compasses, a rachet brace, building square, two turning saws, 12 ^-inch chisels, 12 54-inch chisels, 6 files, 2 gouges, I grindstone. The supplies for consumption, including lumber, hardware, sandpaper, glue, etc., have cost about $140.00, which for 140 boys, the average number, amounts to $1.00 a pupil." Demonstration Space. It is customary, in a well-equipped shop, to reserve a portion of the room for demonstration purposes. If the available space will not permit of this reservation it may be dispensed with. The equipment consists of seats or benches for the number of pupils in the class, a work bench and complement of tools for the teacher, and a blackboard. Simple wooden benches, with backs, will suffice for the seating of the class. They should be arranged on a raised platform of two or three tiers to afford each pupil an unobstructed view of the demonstra- tion work. The entire demonstration outfit, exclusive of the teacher's w r ork bench and tools, can be supplied at from $40 to $80. The demonstration theatre in one of the shops at the Mechanic Arts High School in Boston, is shown in Fig 38. Glue and Stain Bench. At the left in Fig 23 is shown a glue and stain bench. A working drawing of a somewhat similar bench is 72 Economics of Manual Training. shown in Fig 21. It contains lockers for the storage of materials. The lockers may be dispensed with, in which case the materials in use may be placed on the shelf and the stock that is kept on hand can be stored in the storage room. The equipment consists of a glue pot and means for heating it. An ordinary gas stove, at 25 cents, will serve for heating purposes. Where gas is not available a kerosene glue heater may be substituted, costing for a one-pint pot, $1.00 or for one-quart pot, $1.50. A one- quart porcelain enameled glue pot retails for 53 cents. A two-quart steam glue heater, fitted with pipe for steam, overflow pipe, brass bib-cock for drawing water from tank, and stand can be had for $7.00. There is not suffi- cient use for glue in ordinary school work to justify the ANVIL 9 O" j ', -22-- n H p i 1 f 1 1 c=*'~f 1 h F: | o~o| *~ * 1 *=* 1 I 1 1*3' 2i | - 1 r< 4; ~ < Fig 22. Metal Working Bench. installation of the steam glue heater. Besides the clamps listed in the general tool list a number of large cabinet clamps should be provided if large projects are a part of the course. A glue and stain bench may cost about $35.00. Metal Working Bench. There is more or less simple metal-work introduced in connection with the constructive wood-work. A strong bench equipped with a machinist's vise will meet the requirement. The form of vise -having an anvil cast with it will be found serviceable. The bench can be installed for $15.00. A metal-working bench, with tools, is shown 73 Economics of Manual Training. to the left of the general tool panel in Fig. 23. A work ing drawing of such a bench is shown in Fig. 22. Display Panels. The wall space about the room may advantageously serve for panels for the display of specimen woods, cones and leaves, a typical course in bench-work, and for gen- eral tools. General Tools. A compactly arranged panel of general tools may be conveniently placed with relation to the work benches. Such a panel is illustrated in Fig 23. The attempt has been made to arrange the following list of general tools in the order of their importance and desirability, so that, when necessary, curtailment may be made with least danger of impairing the efficiency of the equipment : 12 cross-cut saws, 10 points, $ 10.59 12 hammers, 4.46 12 bit braces, 6" or /" sweep, 9.51 12 auger bits, ^", i.< 12 " 6 " 6 " 6 " 3 centre 6 drill 3 " 7-32", 65 6 countersinks, l />", .57 12 screwdrivers, 2.43 4 brad awls, i", 13 8 iy 4 ", 25 12 carver's skew chisels, l / 2 ", 3.15 12 " veining tools, 1-32" 3.87 8 turning saws, 14" x l /$", 6.88 24 compasses (with pencil attached), 2.98 12 hand screws, or iron clamps, 3.60 12 Firmer chisels, l /i" , 2.42 6 " gouges, 7/s", i-66 6 " " i", 1.96 4 1/4", (inside bevel), 1.27 74 *", 1-85 W, 2.16 I", 2.82 4", 52 .52 Economics of Manual Training. 4 10" iron bevels, 1.91 4 oil-stones, 2" x 8" mounted, 2.85 4 brass oil-cans, No. i, .65 2 Washita oil-stone slips, .28- i set of carving tool slips, 61 smooth planes, Bailey's No. 4, 15.88 25 6 cabinet scrapers (one end round), 2 mortise gauges, rosewood, Stanley's No. 77, 8 I i sets of winding sticks, rabbet plane, 10" try-square, 2 burnishers, 2 key-hole saws, iron handle, 6 wing dividers, No. 5 12 nail-sets (hollow points), knurled, 78 79 34 .61 .21 75 .90 Fig. 23- View in Wood Working Shop, showing General Tool Panel, Metal Working Bench and Stain Bench. 12 hand bastard files, octagon handles, 2.08 6 " " half-round, 1.30 3 file cards, .46 8 mallets 56 75 Economics of Manual Training. 1 pair cutting pliers, .61 2 cabinet clamps, Bliss' No. 73, 1.23 8 Firmer chisels, 3-16 inch, 1.22 2 joiner planes, Bailey's No. 7, 4.47 expansion bit, .72 mitre-box, Langdon's No. 18, 6.30 hatchet, 58 7-inch drawshave, .47 pair calipers, 6-inch wing, 26 matching-plane, 1.53 plow, Stanley's No. 45 4.86 In addition : grindstone, complete, 12.65 glue-pot outfit, 4.00 Total cost of full general tool outfit, $129.50 There are two or three large general tools that form a group by themselves in that each of them may be driven by power. The first of these is the grindstone. The stones are supplied in numerous diameters, and of varying widths of face. A stone for school purposes should be at least 1 8 inches in diameter and have a face of 2^/4 inches in width. A stone of this size, mounted on a hardwood frame, with treadle and handle sells for about $5.00. A 30 x 4 inch stone, mounted on an iron frame, with adjust- able tool rest, truing attachment, water pot, and pulley for power, lists at $24.00. The same combination without truing attachment, but arranged for hand and foot power, is quoted at $20.00. A hand and foot power circular saw, with 7-inch saw both rip and cross-cut weighing complete about 330 Ibs., and suitable for most purposes for which a cir- cular saw is required in a school-shop, may be had for $60.00. A first class power saw suited to meet all shop requirements costs about $175.00. A foot-power band saw, capable of cutting a 4O-inch circle, having a table 22 x 22 inches, and weighing 350 76 Economics of Manual Training. Ibs., costs $65. A similar power saw costs about the same. A power planer is a desirable but not a strictly nec- essary addition to the equipment. Specimen Woods. A desirable adjunct to a wood- working room is a dis- play of the woods in general use in constructive work. Such a display is distinctly educational, and also has an Fig. 24. A Panel of the Cones of the Evergreens. appropriate decorative value. Various methods of prepar- ing the specimens suggest themselves. The woods may be cut into small slabs of about 4" x 10" x y 2 ". One half may be varnished to show the relative effect of the natural and finished wood. A small eyelet in the top will permit of hanging the specimen in place, and of its ready inspection. If the panel is covered with some dark material, as green baize, the woods will be thrown in relief. Long panels, 77 Economics of Manual Training. holding single rows of specimens, may be effectively dis- tributed on otherwise unutilized wall spaces. Specimen Cones, Etc. The same motives prompting the display of speci- men woods would suggest a display of the cones of the various evergreens, their needles, etc., and also of pressed leaves of the hard woods. Fig. 24 shows a panel arranged to illustrate the softwood series of cones. Typical Course. A part of the upper wall space might be used for a display-panel of a typical class course. Such a display would be found of use in giving a visitor an insight into the kind of work pursued by the class. Bulletin. A plain panel of soft wood, or of cork-mat, placed near the entrance door, may serve as a bulletin board. Storage. Lumber should be stored, if possible in a separate room, as suggested above under the caption "storage- room." Finished Work. Finished work, which it is desired to keep at the school, may also be stored in the pigeon-holes provided in the regular storage-room, or in similar pigeon-holes in the teacher's room. Work in Process of Construction. For the storage of partly finished work, each student should be supplied with a separate pigeon-hole in a cab- inet. The size of these pigeon-holes is largely determined by the size of the work constructed. This does not apply to large special pieces as a chair or desk, which must be stored as best they may be in any available space. The number of pigeon-holes to be provided is dependent upon the number of classes using the room during any one 78 Economics of Manual Training. school term and the number of pupils in each class. In Fig. 25 is shown a drawing of a cabinet designed to accommodate three classes of 24 pupils each. It will be til 11 ' ," " = II II 1 , II 1 +- I -f 4* *, 0> 1 i 9 1 ,f ! & f 1 Ot 13" . . .>.... Fig. 25. Lockers for Wood Working Room. noticed that the pigeon-holes are arranged in groups of six, each group having a separate lid. The dimensions given for the pigeon-holes have been found to meet the requirements. Nails and Screws. To accommodate the numerous sizes of nails and screws required a separate cabinet of small drawers may be provided. Blue Prints. If blue-prints are used, a cabinet composed of pigeon- holes, each hole being a trifle higher and deeper than the size of the blue-print and wide enough to hold all the prints of one kind, will be found convenient. Or a sim- ilar provision might be made by having the prints lie flat. Some of the large pigeon-holes in the storage-room or the teacher's room might be subdivided to meet the requirement. 79 Economics of Manual Training. The blue-print may well be dispensed with altogether, and in lieu, the student may work from his own drawing, or from the blackboard drawing made by the teacher as a part of his demonstration. Decorations. Before leaving the question of the furnishing of the room it may not be out of place to add a suggestion or two regarding the further decoration of the room, and for devices to add to the broader appreciation of the work. The panels of specimen woods, cones, etc., form a dis- tinctively decorative feature which may be further enhanced by photographs of lumbering industries, for- est scenes and allied subjects. A set of prints of the prin- cipal lumber-furnishing trees, with enlarged detailed views of their leaves and bark, is a well-known publica- tion. These prints, framed, are an effective addition to the room. A table, with a book and magazine rack, sup- plied with a few books on wood-working and some papers or magazines containing working-drawings of simple objects, is also suggested as a device to broaden the inter- est of the pupil in his shop-work. There are a few books on wood-working that make a direct appeal to boy nature and also one or two periodicals that emphasize construc- tive wood-work for boys in a way that is very real to the boy. The wise teacher knows the value of the use of these adjuncts to his work ; knows the influence of sympa- thetic mutual interest in the wider outlook upon the work at hand. Therefore a suggestion of an equipment that may aid in bringing a pupil more closely in touch with the significance and bearing of his work may be germane. Touching upon this question of room decoration, Mr. Albert H. Leake, Inspector of Technical Education, Ontario, says :* "Manual Training In Canada" Manual Training Magazine, April, 1904. 80 Economics of Manual Training "In the vast majority of cases the centres are almost ideal in character, and in one or two instances where rather unsuitable rooms were the only ones available, no expense was spared to make them efficient. In many places outside of Canada but little attention is paid to the general appearance of the manual-training room, and the typical room has been as unlovely and barn-like a place as it could be made. Here we have proceeded on somewhat different lines. We believe, and believe strongly, that the influence of the place in which a boy works leaves its im- press on both the character of the boy and the quality of his work, and in conformity with this idea we have sought to make our rooms bright and attractive, devoting special attention to their decoration, though everything that has not a direct bearing on the work has been rigidly excluded. Specimens of timber, sections of trees, ex- amples of work, and photographs have been liberally sup- plied. The actual course of models being taken is dis- played by means of large drawings around the room. These are very effectively and economically prepared with white chalk on ordinary wall-paper. Every kind of tool in use has been taken apart, and the separated parts mounted and properly named. It is surprising what an effect illustrations of this kind have in stimulating a healthy curiosity in the minds of the boys." Maintenance. The cost of maintenance is largely dependent upon the cost of lumber. There are other items, as hardware and the replacing of worn out or broken tools, but the chief item is that of stock. The kind of stock used, as well as its cost, varies greatly in different sec- tions of the country, and as the reader may readily obtain the price of lumber in the local market, 81 Economics of Manual Training. any attempt to quote prices here for different localities would be of but secondary help. In the vicinity of New York white pine and white wood are most frequently used. Gum-wood, bass-wood and cypress are also used to less extent. It is desirable that all lumber used should be of good quality and free from knots. The lumber should be planed at the mill, and also cut-up into sizes for class use if there is no provision at the school for doing the work. A considerable item in the cost of maintenance of all shop work is the depreciation of tools, benches, and other fixtures through loss and wear. A study of one equipment over a perio*d of ten years and another over six years would seem to indicate that 10 per cent, is a conservative estimate of this factor. In many cases the loss would undoubtedly fall below this proportion. In an endeavor to ascertain the cost per pupil for materials used in the bench work, the following table has been compiled. It will be noticed that there exists a very wide range in the costs given: from 21 cents in Los Angeles to $2.35 in Chicago. The work is that of the seventh and eighth grades : No. of Cost per Pupils. Pupil. Cleveland. O, 900 .25 Toledo. O. 1095 .68 Springfield, 111 225 1.40 Chicago, 111 4231 2.35 Minneapolis, Minn 1 108 .40 Carthage, Mo 60 .25 Los Angeles, Cal 2005 .21 Columbus, Ga 200 .30 Hampton N. & A. Inst 24 .33 Homestead, Pa 120 .40 Baltimore Polytechnic Institute 279 .41 Carlstadt, N. J 35 i.oo Montclair, N. J 80 .30 Newark, N. J 975 -33 Red Bank, N. J 90 .25 Concord, Mass i.oo 82 Economics of Manual Training. Berkeley School, N. Y 31 1.35 Milton, Mass 85 .45 Natick, Mass 60 i.oo Lewiston, Me 138 .70 Average cost per pupil, $0.67. The following detailed list of work-shop supplies will be found valuable as a reference list. The items and prices are selected from a school supply list. The prices quoted are wholesale and can be obtained only when large orders are given. This accounts for the discrepancy between these prices and the prices given for similar items above. The above prices are retail for small quan- tities and are always subject to discount for large orders : Awls, Scratch Awl, 2.y 2 in., forged blade, maplewood han- dle, each 03^4 Benches, as per Specifications and Drawings, each 30.90 Bits, Cast Steel, Bright, Center. 3-16 in., each .04 l /4 in., each 05 $4 in., each 05 V-2 in., each 06 Hj in., each 07 Bits, expansive (Small), boring from % in. to i$4 m -> each .51 Sits, Gimlet, 2-32 in., 4-32 in., 6-32 in., 8-32 in., each .05 Bits, Screwdriver, each 05 4-16 in., each 09^- 6-16 in., each ioy 2 8-16 in., each 10-16 in., each Blades, for Fret Saws, No. 3, per doz Blades, for Hack Saws, No. 8, per doz 34 Boxes. Mitre, for molding, 2, l / 2 to 4 inches, each I.IA Braces, 6 in. sweep, ball-bearing, each 33 Brushes, Varnish, \y 2 in. flat, each 04^ Butts, Brass, i in., mfddle, per doz 06 Chisels, 5^2 in. from bolster to point, best quality, handled with applewood handles and sharpened: i in., each 21^ y*. in., each I7 l /z l /4 in., each 13^ Cloth, Emery, Nos. oo to i l / 2 , per ream 7.22 Countersinks, rose countersink, case steel, y 2 in., each.. Dividers, winged, 6 in., heavy polished cast-steel joint and set screw, each Dowels, Wood, ^ i n -> per TOO feet Dowels, Wood, ^ in., per 100 feet 8.3 Economics of Manual Training. Dowels, Wood, l / 2 in., per 100 feet Emery, Nos. 40 to 150, in 10 Ib. cans (can included), per can 55 Files, Flat, bastard, 10 in., each io^4 Files, Flat, second cut, 10 in., each \2 l / 2 Files, Half-round, bastard, 10 in., each 14 Files, Half-round, second cut, 10 in., each i5 T /2 Files, Round, bastard, 10 in., each o8^4 Files, 3-square taper, smooth, 6 in., each 05 Files, for Saw-filing Vises, i2 l / 2 in. jaws, each 05 Gauges, Bit, gauges for bits up to I in., each .15 Gauges, Boxwood, plaited head, brass thumbscrews and shoe, each .18 Glue, Liquid, Fish, in gallon quantities (can included), per gal. 1.19 Gouges, 5^2 in. from bolster to point, best quality, handled with apple wood handles, and sharpened: $4 in., each 24 y 2 in., each 21 J^in., each i8?4 Grinder, Chisel, each 54^2 Hammers, Claw, each 35 Hammers, Peen, each 30 Hammers, Tack, Claw, each io*4 Handles, Chisel, for tanged chisels, assorted, applewood, brass tube ferrule, per doz ig l / 2 Hatchets, 4 in., each 22 Hooks and Eyes, Brass, 34 in, per doz 05^4 Knives, Sloyd, 3 in. blade, extra quality, each 17^ Letters, Steel, ^ in, set of 27, per set 1.16 Levels, 24 in., cherry, arch top plates, 2 side views, polished, each 30^4 Locks, per doz 1.43 Mallets, Round, each .14 Nails, Cut, 4d., per 100 Ibs 2.75 Nails, Cut, 6d., per 100 Ibs 2.65 Nails, Cut, 8d., per 100 Ibs 2.55 Nails, Cut, iod., per TOO Ibs , 2.50 Nails, Wire brads, y 2 in., No. 18, per Ib 07^ Nails, Wire brads, 24 in., No. 18, per Ib 06 Nails, Wire brads, I in., No. 17, per Ib 05 Nails, Wire brads, i*4 i"-> No. 16, per Ib 04 Nails, Wire, 1^4 in., No. 12, per Ib 03^ Nails, Wire, \y\ in., No. 13, per Ib 03^ Nails, Finishing, i l / 2 in., per Ib 04 Numbers, Steel, *4 in., set of 9, per set 39 Oil, Boiled, in I gallon cans (including can), per gal 62 Oil, Hard, in I gallon cans (including can), per gal 1.18 84 Economics of Manual Training. Oil, Sperm, best quality, i gallon cans (including can), per gal 85 Oilers, Brass, i pt, each Paper, Sand, Nos. oo to 3, per ream 1.55 Paint (ground), per Ib. can: Black 13 Raw Umber 10 Burnt Umber 10 Burnt Sienna 1 1 Dutch Pink 15 Chrome Green 10 Cobalt Blue 30 Planes, Block, 6 in., iron, nickel-plated, nickel joint, ifa in., each 61 Cutters for above plane, each og l / 2 Planes, Combination, No. 45, adjustable, machine, heading, plow and sliding plane, each 4.52 Planes, Fore, iron, adjustable, 18 in., 2^ in., each 1.58 Cutters for above plane, each 12^/2 Planes, Jack, wood, 15 in., 2 in., each 81 Cutters for above plane, each 14 Planes, Smoothing, iron, 8 in., adjustable, 1^4 i n -> each. .. . 1.06 Cutters for above plane each 13 Plates, Facing, iron planed, 12x12x^4 in., each 3.95 Plyers, 4^/2 in., flat nose, black, best quality, each 06^2 Plyers, combination cutting and gas, polished, each 54 Plyers, round nose, each 06^2 Punch, solid, 1-16 in., each 04 Punch, spring, each 16^2 Rasps, Half-round, medium cut, 10 in., each 21 Rasps, Half-round, fine cut, 10 in., each 27 Rulers, Boxwood, 2 ft., 4 fold, arch joint, bound, 8th and i6ths, each 12 Rulers, Steel, 24 in., graduated, each 26 Saws, Back, 10 in., for wood, cast steel, blue back, apple- wood handle, polished edges, 3 brass screws, each 60 Saws, Cross cut, first quality, cast steel blades, beech handle, polished handle, 4 screws, 9 points, 18 inch., each , 61 Saws, Fret, each 44 Saws, Hack, Star No. o, each 59 Saws, Nest of, Pruning, Compass, Keyhole, beech handle, polished edges, per set 48 Saws, Rip, 20 in., 8 points, first quality, rubbed, cast steel blade, beech handle, polished edges, 4 screws, each .71 Saws, Sharpening, Back, each 12 Saws, Sharpening, Cross Cut, each 23 Saws, Sharpening, Rip, each 23 Scraper, steel, 3x5 in., each 85 Economics of Manual Training. Screw Drivers, 4-in. round blade, ebonized handle, each. . . . Screw Drivers, lo-in. blade, each 29 Screw Drivers, 2^-in. blade, each 09 Screws, Hand, lo-in. oiled maple, each 23*4 Screws, 14-in. oiled maple, each 32^2 Screws, Wood, flat head, brass, J^-in., No. 3, per gross 13 Screws, Round Head, brass, /2-in., No. 2, per gross i6 l /2 Screws, Flat Head, Bright: y 2 in., No. 3, per gross Y4 in., No. 5, per gross y^ in., No. 7, per gross i in., No. 6, per gross io i in., No. 8, per gross 1 1 1 1 /4 in., No. 7, per gross i l /4 in., No. io, per gross 14 i l / 2 in., No. 8, per gross 14 i l /2 in., No. io, per gross 15 1 ?4 in., No. io, per gross 17 \y\, in., No. n, per gross 18 2 in., No. 9, per gross 2 in., No. n, per gross 20 Screw, Round Head, Blued : y 2 in., No. 3, per gross 09 3/4 in., No. 5, per gross 34 in., No. 7, per gross n l / 2 i in., No. 6, per gross 12 1 in., No. 8, per gross 13^ ' in. No. 7, per gross 14 No. io, per gross 16^/2 No. 8, per gross i6 l / 2 No. io, per gross 18 No. io, per gross 20^2 No. 1 1, per gross 22 2 in., No. 9, per gross 21 ]/4 2 in., No. n, per gross 24 Sets, Nail, l /s in-> square, polished, round point, each 05 Sets, Saw, for hand saws, each 26 Squares, Try, 6-in., nickel-plated, iron stock, graduated steel blade, square inside and outside, each Squares, Try, 15-in., rosewood, brass-faced, graduated, tempered steel blade, each 33 1 A Spoke Shave, 6-in. blade, each 10% Stones, Grind, 24-in., iron frame, with treadle, steel arbor, babbit metal journals, tool rest, trough and drip can, each 11.85 Stones, Grind, Sundries: Arbors, complete, each 4.00 Bucket, Pan and Shield, each 70 Treadle, each 1.26 86 \Y4 in. l l /2 in. i l /2 in. i?4 in. iV4 in. Economics of Manual Training. Stones, Oil, Red Washita, unmounted, 8x2x1^ in., each Stones, Oil, Red Washita slips, 4x2 in., round edges, each .09 Tools, Carving, set of six assorted, with oil and slipstone, and one carver's marker, handled with round handles, per set 2.16 Tray, Whittling, to be furnished with steel try square, 3 in. boxwood gauge, 5 in. sloyd knife, best quality, each.. . 1.20 Veneering, Black Walnut, per sq. foot 04 Veneering, Mahogany, per sq. foot 04 Veneering, Maple, per sq. foot 03 Veneering, White Holly, per sq. foot 06 Vises, 3 in. jaws, each 1.39 Vises, Saw-filing, i2 l / 2 in. jaws, eac.i 1.54 Wax, Bees, per Ib 27 Wax, hard, finish, per Ib 23 Wood: 7/s in. Clear Ash, 10 in. wide, dressed both sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces 7.50 J /s in- Bass Wood, clear, dressed both sides, in blanks, 4x9 in., per hundred i.io 3-16 in. Bass Wood, clear, dressed both sides, in blanks, 4x9 in., per hundred 1.15 l /4 in. Bass Wood, clear, dressed both sides, in blanks, 4x9 in., per hundred T.2O $/% in. Bass Wood, dressed both sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces 5.50 5-16 in. thick, 6 in. wide, 6 ft. long, Bass Wood, per foot .04 y% in. Gum Wood, dressed both sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 piece's 5.75 i% in. square Clear White Pine Joist, dressed four sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces 4.25 i^ in. square Clear White Pine Joist, dressed four sides, in board lengths, per ft 04/4 3 in. square Clear White Pine Joist, rough, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces 8.50 3 in. square Clear White Pine Joist, in board lengths, dressed, per ft 09 ^8 in. Clear White Pine, dressed both sides, in 3 ft. lenerths, per crate of 25 pieces 6.50 Yz in. Clear White Pine, dressed both sides, in board lengths, per ft 07 y% in. Clear White Pine, 10 to 12 in. wide, dressed both sides, in board lengths, per sq. ft % in. Clear White Pine, as above, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces 8.25 87 Economics of Manual Training. i/% in. square White Pine Strips, dressed four sides, board lengths, per lineal ft ........................ 02 1% in. square Clear White Wood Joist, dressed four sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces ...... 4.00 1% in. square Clear White Wood Joist, dressed four sides, in board lengths, per ft .................... 04 Yz in. White Wood, dressed both sides, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces ........................... 5.00 fys ir- White Wood, dressed both sides, in board lengths, per sq. ft ................................ 06 ^ in. White Wood, as above, in 3 ft. lengths, per crate of 25 pieces ............................... 5.50 l / 2 in. square White Wood Strips, dressed four sides, board lengths, per lineal ft The specifications for the workshop benches of the New York City schools are as follows : "The following conditions apply to all the materials and work of every kind hereinafter named and described. All work to be in accordance with the specifications and plans. The Contractor to furnish all materials and perform all work necessary for the proper completion of the con- tract ; all material to be of the best quality and the work performed in a first-class manner, and completed within 45 working days after date of order. All the furniture hereinafter named is to be furnished and delivered in the workshop, fitted and secured in place as directed and MUST be so constructed that it can be shipped in sections if necessary for convenience in hand- ling and delivering in place in the building. All Butts must be ball-tipped, polished cast brass, of specified sizes. All Locks must be cylinder locks, of "Yale" 01 other approved make, and of suitable size all locks to have two keys. Work Benches'. The framework, doors and tops to Economics of Manual Training. be of clear and thoroughly seasoned maple the tops to be 2^4 inches thick, made of strips about i% inches thick, glued together. Doors to be numbered from i to 30 with black painted figures one inch in height ; doors hung on I % x 2 inch butts and secured by approved locks ; Fig. 26. Wood Carving Bench. every key to have a separate brass tag attached by metal ring ; tag to be stamped with a number corresponding to that of the door which the attached key locks. Each bench to be fitted with two iron bench hooks and two "quick" action wood-worker's vises of iron, to be of 89 Economics of Manual Training. approved make, with lo-inch jaws, to open 12 inches; face of jaws to be planed smooth and faced with i-inch maple. / The facing on the fast jaw must, when faced, be flush with edge of bench top. All necessary bolts and straps to be furnished, as shown on detail. Exposed woodwork of benches (except the tops) to be varnished two coats. Tops to be one coat of linseed oil." An inventory of all tools and apparatus should be made by the teacher at the close of the school year. Blanks for the purpose may be supplied by the school authorities. Deficiencies in the equipment should be made up so that at the opening of the school term a full and complete working equipment is on hand. For this purpose, and also for the supplying of incidental needs, a form of requisition blank should be provided. The blank should contain a printed list of all tools and supplies in use, with blank spaces reserved in which to enter the number of each item required. Wood Carving. If desired, wood carving may be conducted in the wood-working shop by adding to the tool equipment twenty-four sets of carving tools listed at $3.25 per set. If a separate room is provided for wood carving regular carving benches, which range from three to five inches higher than the joinery bench, should be installed. Fig. 26 represents a type of carving bench that lists at $8.00. Economics of Manual Training. Wade Park Manual Training Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Manual Training Centres. T T V An efficient and economical provision for manual training equipment in the upper grammar grades is the establishment of manual training centres. These centres may consist of either one or two rooms in a school build- ing or a separate building erected solely for manual train- ing. The centre accommodates the pupils of a district comprised within a certain radius. In such an arrange- ment the manual training work is usually placed either during the first or last period of the school session, there- by causing a minimum loss of time in going and coming between the regular school and the manual training shop. For example, a pupil enrolled for the first morning period would report for manual training at nine o'clock, the Economics of Manual Training. same as at his regular class room. He then loses only the time required to make the journey back to his regular school after he has had his work in manual training. Again, the boy having manual training during the last morning period goes direct to his home, thereby losing only the time required to reach the manual training school. A type of centre installed in a special building is found DDDDO D D D D D WOODWORKING D D D D ROOM D D D D D D D D D D COOK 1 NO ROOM Fig. 27. Wade Park Manual Training Centre , Cleveland, Ohio. in the Wade Park Manual Training School, of Cleveland, Ohio, a view of which is shown on page 91, and plan in Fig. 27. The cost of the building and equipment is given below : Building, including mason and cut-stone work, car- penter work, painting, glazing, plumbing, gas-fitting, sewers, heating, and ventilating, galvanized iron work, tin and slate roofing, blackboards, and all extra work on buildings $4,548.00 Economics of Manual Training. 27 benches 135.00 Tools 120.03 52 stools 23.83 7 cooking school tables 65.00 Case for dishes 8.25 5 cases for caps and aprons 130.00 Dishes 47-39 Gas and coal ranges 44-75 Toweling, etc p 98 Office desk 875 6 chairs 6.00 2 teacher's tables 9.00 Sundries, estimated at 30.00 $5,185.08 The building is equipped to accommodate from 600 to 700 boys and girls, under the direction of two teachers. The pupils are divided into thirty classes, fifteen classes in wood work and fifteen in cooking. Each class works one period of one and one-half hours each week. The cost of supplies, wood, drawing-paper, cooking materials, etc., averages about twenty-five cents per pupil per week. Another admirable type of the Manual Training centre is afforded by Evanston, 111. (Figs. 28-30.) The following reference to the inception of the school and description of its equipment is taken from the prospectus of the school. "The Schools of Manual Training and Domestic Science in Evatnston are the outgrowth of an offer on the part of two public spirited citizens to co-operate with the Board of Education in establishing such schools and pay- ing the salaries of the instructors. As a result of this co-operation an attractive building was erected near the centre of the district for the exclusive use of these depart- ments. No effort has been spared to make the housing, equipment, and instruction the best that modern standards can produce from artistic, sanitary, and scientific stand- points. 93 Economics of Manual Training. "The equipment of the kitchen laboratory is very complete in every detail. A great deal of time and thought has been expended upon this department with the result that it represents both beauty and utility in a high degree without suggesting an unwise or extrava- gant expenditure of money. All things considered it is probably the best equipped school of its kind in the country. 'The room is large and sunny, being provided on three sides with fourteen large windows, and with a floor space 30 by 50 feet. The artistic effect of the room has been enhanced by a color scheme of blue, white, cream, and mahogany, to suggest the style of an old Dutch kitchen. The walls are covered to the top of the doors with blue buckram so finished as to be easily cleaned. At the height of the doors a shelf extends around the room. The walls above the shelf, and the ceiling are a deep cream color. The windows are curtained with cream colored shades, and sash curtains of Russian crash in natural color edged with blue fringed gimp. The door and window frames and the shelf are painted i /ory white, while the doors and base-boards are mahogany color. On the shelf extending around the room is an interesting collection of vases, plates, jars, etc., representing the wares of different nations. This collection will be added to from time to time. Three large cupboards with leaded glass doors in Dutch style are built across the corners and on one side of the room, and contain china in blue and white, and a food museum. "The furniture of the room includes twelve mahog- any chairs, a mahogany tea table for use when guests are entertained ; a hooded gas range, large white tile icebox, teacher's demonstration table, fitted with deep drawers 94 Economics of Manual Training. where chemicals and chemical apparatus are kept, a teach- er's chair and supply table. The sinks are three in num- ber, all white porcelain; nickel trimmed. The laboratory table is in the form of a hollow square with complete Fig. 28. Manual Training Center, Evanston, 111. equipment for 24 pupils. The front half of the tops of the tables is fine matched maple and the back half is of white vitrified tile, which affords a protection from the individual gas stoves and ovens. Each pupil has a drawer containing a complete equipment, also a drawer for food supplies, a bread board, cutting board, and seat, all fitting into the table. The legs of the table are nickel, and a nickel band two inches in width is carried all around the table as a support to the tile fittings and a finish to the edges of the tables. The floor is covered with linoleum of artistic design, carrying out the color scheme of the room. "The latest and most approved system of heating, lighting, ventilating, and plumbing has been installed. The 95 Economics of Manual Training. store rooms, toilet rooms, etc., are complete and in har- mony with the general equipment. In addition to the above the room is furnished with sets of meat charts, food charts, and a blackboard. "The following is a complete list of the working equip- ment : Tin, Granite and Iron Ware. I Fifty Ib. Columbia flour bin I Berlin Kettle, 3 qts. 24 Pine granite double boilers 12 Japanned tin pepper boxes 12 Salt boxes 12 Flour boxes, half-pint 12 Sugar boxes, half-pint i Spice boxes, set of 6 3 Four qt. blue enamel bowls 3 Tin collanders 12 Half-pint granite coffee pots 48 Measuring cups, half pt., 3ds, 4^15^ 4 Henis fruit presses 8 Wire frying baskets i Garbage pail and cover 8 Iron cake griddles 12 Iron dish cloths 3 Blue enamel Berlin kettles, 24 Half-pint granite sauce pans 8 Two-qt. granite sauce pans 3 Quart pans 6 One-qt. blue enamel pitchers 3 Small tin scoops 24 Small wire strainers I Tin quart measure 1 Large Russia ware pan 24 Fourth Ib. Russian ware bread pans 24 Small tin pans for molding 24 Small baking pans 24 Small pie pans 24 Small deep pudding pans 12 Six-inch pie pans 2 Six-qt. pans 24 Utensil pans 12 Granite dishpans 12 Rinsing dishpans 24 Granite qt. pans 24 Small steel frying pans 1 Tin gem pan 2 Iron gem pans 1 Soup strainer 12 Blue enamel soap dishes 2 Large tin steamers i Waffle iron i Six-qt. tea kettle Small Utensils, Cutlery, Etc. 12 1^4 in- biscuit cutters 12 Ditto cooky cutters i Corkscrew i Can opener T2 Surprise eggbeaters 12 Dover eggbeaters i Meat fork 24 Rogers Bros, dinner forks i Small tin funnel 6 Graters i Large sharp knife i Tee pick 6 Mincing knives 24 Rogers Bros, silver plate knives 24 Paring knives I Wire potato masher 24 Sultana tablespoons 24 Sultana teaspoons 24 Bone salt spoons i Large granite spoon 24 Small wooden spoons 24 Silver plated teaspoons 24 Eight-in. spatulas I Steel for sharpening knives 96 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 29. Cooking Laboratory Manual Training Center, Evanston, 111. Fig. 30. Wood Working Manual Training Center, Evanston, 111. 97 Economics of Manual Training. Wooden Ware, Etc. i Teacher's chair i Mop 6 Wooden chopping bowls 12 Small scrubbing brushes 12 Vegetable brushes i Stove brush 1 Long handled dust brush 3 Short handled dust brushes 2 Radiator brushes i Coffee mill 3 Wooden mallets i Four-lb. tea scales i Refrigerator brush 12 Sugar buckets 12 Butter pots i Wooden bench 24 Asbestos mats 12 Toy rolling pins i Large rolling pin I Six-qt. pail i Clothes rack i Kitchen i Ice box 12 Ovens table Crockery 24 Six-in. plates 6 Eight-in. plates i Platter I Cake plate 4 Cream pitchers 24 Soup plates 28 Sauce plates 36 Tumblars 26 Individual teapots Glass, Etc. 6 Two-qt. glass jars 3 Bean jars 6 Glass lemon squeezers 28 One-pt. earthen bowls 28 One-qt. ditto 8 Half-pt. bowls 30 Small Coffee cups 12 Earthen cups Miscellaneous. 6 Dish mops 24 Piercing needles 24 Fryingpan covers Toweling in quantity 4 Diet charts 4 Meat charts Pratt Institute Food Museum 1 Silver tray 2 Aluminum trays CKemical Apparatus. Bunsen burner, test tubes, test tube rack, special thermometer, tube holder, rubber tubing, tube brush, test pan. Wood-Working Shop. "The equipment for the wood-working shop includes tools sufficient to give thorough instruction to classes of 24 pupils each in general tench work, wood carving, wood turning, and finishing. "There are in all 216 private lockers each containing a set of firmer chisels, and a plane blade and cap, thus providing each pupil with individual edge tools. The shop is equipped with 12 double benches each provided with two sets of general tools such as saws, hammers, 98 Economics of Manual Training. squares, gauges, plane stocks, measuring scales, etc., and complete sets of carving tools. "In the general shop equipment ample provision has been made in auger bits, assorted twist drills, expansive bits and braces, draw knives, spoke shaves, scrapers, rasps, hand and cabinet clamps. "The shop is also provided with a 3n " "' "" Oeto.li of Ta,l St\x.l i-tr 9e C4W. L-2-4 Fig. 36. Bench Lathe Tail Stock. 107 Economics of Manual Training. O-ZO-Sf L-2-5 Fig. 37. Bench Lathe Bed. Individual Tools. A comprehensive tool equipment for each lathe is as follows : Turning gouges, l / 2 in. and 24 i n $ -54 Flat turning chisels, 5-16 in. and ^4 in 60 Round-nose chisels, 5-16 in. and ^ in 47 Square chisels, l /4 in. and I in 42 Parting tool, 3-16 in 37 Paring gouges, l / 2 in. and I in 94 Washita, oil-stone 49 Washita, slip stone 03 Pair 6-in. calipers 61 Oil can 20 Dust brush 23 Rule 10 Total cost of tools for each lathe. : $5-QO General Tools. Power driven circular-saw $175.00 Power driven band-saw 65.00 Power driven grindstone 25.00 108 Economics of Manual Training. Power driven planer 100.00 Universal mitering machine, 8 in. stroke 32.00 The two last named tools are desirable but not nec- essary. According to the above specifications the total cost of the addition to the joinery equipment, exclusive of power plant, would be $1,847.00, divided as follows: 24 Lathes, at $45 $1,080.00 24 Sets of tools, at $5 120.00 General tools 397.00 Pulleys, shafting, hangers, belting, etc. (estimated) 250.00 On pages 67-70 is quoted a detailed description of a joinery equipment. A further quotation from the same source, descriptive of the wood-turning and pattern-mak- ing shop, is here inserted because of its suggestions. "In the wood-turning and pattern-making room (Figs. 38-39) there are thirty-six benches. On one side of the bench is a Putnam n-in. speed lathe, the other side is used for work with hand tools. As in the other wood- working rooms, these benches are fitted with 9-in. Wy- man & Gordon quick-action vises. "Beneath the lathe is a tier of three drawers, each containing a set of turning tools. On the opposite side, under the work bench, is a tier of four drawers. The top drawer in this tier is devoted to the measuring and mis- cellaneous tools used in common by members of different classes, while each of the three others contains an indi- vidual set of cutting tools. "Individual turning tools : Buck Brothers tools: gouges, No. 20, one each, J4, /^> $& iJ4 in.; chisels, No. 19, one each, l / 4 , l / 2 , fa i l A in.; No. 103, M in. ; No. 104, y 2 in. ; parting tool, No. 18, y%. ; a Washita gouge slip. "Individual joinery tools: 109 Economics of Manual Training. Bailey's patent adjustable iron tools; one each, fore-plane, 18 in., No. 6; smoothing plane, 8 in., No. 3; spoke-shave, No. 51. Buck Brothers shank firmer chisels, No. 2, one each, %, fy&, I, i l / 2 in.; a gothic point knife; a Stanley marking gauge, No. 65; a whisk broom. "Tools used in common : Bemis & Call Co.'s tools ; wing dividers, 7 in. ; wing calipers, 6 in. ; patent inside calipers, 6 in. Genuine Russell Jennings bits, one each, ^4, fy$, ^, fy$, y^ in. Stanley Rule and Level Co.'s tools : try square, 6 in., No. 10; rule, 2 ft, No. 18; T bevel, 10 in., No. 18. A Maydole adze-eye bell-faced hammer, No. 13 ; a Bliss mal- let, No. 3; a Buck Brothers screw-driver, 5 in., No. 69; a Spof- ford bit brace, No. 108; a Disston rip-saw, 22 in., D 8, with 8 teeth to the inch ; a Disston cross-cut saw, 22 in., D 8, with 10 teeth to the inch; a Disston back-saw, 12 in., No. 4; a bench hook, 12x8x1 in.; two winding sticks, i8x2x^ in.; a Washita oil stone, 8x2xi*/6 in., in box; a brass paragon oil can, No. o; a Chase patent brass oiler, No. 2 ; a dust brush. "Conveniently located in the centre of the room are two grindstones and a Putnam pattern-maker's lathe hav- ing an 8-ft. bed and, with open slide, capable of doing work 36 in. in diameter. This lathe is fitted with the most approved devices for doing all kinds of work, and is designed to be used only by the instructor and by pupils who develop special skill and demonstrate their ability to do a higher order of work. Near at hand is a small tool- room which contains a large variety of minor supplies, and all miscellaneous tools likely to be needed. The loft above this room furnishes adequate storage for a year's supply of lumber. "In one corner of each of the three wood-working rooms is an amphitheatre in which the entire class may be seated so that each member can see plainly the work done by the instructor at the demonstration bench. The space behind the amphitheatre has been utilized to pro- vide a convenient place for sinks and mirrors. A copper tank containing four glue pots heated by steam is installed in each wood-working room. Large cases are provided no Fig 38 Demonstration Theatre, Mechanic Arts High School, Boston, Mass. Fig. 39. Wood Turning and Pattern Making Shop. Mechanic Arts High School, Boston, Mass. Ill Economics of Manual Training. for the convenient storage of prepared stock and finished work. "The frames of drawing tables and work benches, and all exposed parts of tables, benches, and cases, are ash ; the sides of drawers, interior of cases, and tops of drawing tables are white pine; the tops of work benches are of narrow strips of maple glued together to prevent warping. All drawers and compartments of cases are fitted with locks, no two of which have the same combination, but all are operated by a master key. The tables and benches have been constructed in the most thorough and substantial manner, and no pains have been spared to make every part of the equipment illustrate excellence of design and workmanship." The following equipment is used by the Lewis Insti- tute, Chicago, the approximate cost of which is $9.00 for the individual set and $10.00 for the general tools. Individual Equipment at Each Bench. No. 32 24-in. paring chisel J4~in. turning gouge 24-in. turning gouge J4-in. turning chisel 24-in. turning chisel No. 14 India slip stone *M?-in. parting tool 5-in. inside spring caliper 5-in. outside spring caliper at Each Bench. l /2-\n. auger bit 24-in. auger bit Cup point knurled nail set Whittling knife No. 18 8-in. T bevel No. 12 8-in. Stanley try square 8-in. wing divider 5-in. screw driver No. 12 claw hammer Bench brush L No. 5 Bailey iron jack plane I No. 4 Bailey iron smooth plane i No. g l / 2 Bailey iron block plane I No. 62 Stanley marking gauge I No. 32 /4-in. paring chisel i No. 32 l / 2 -in. paring chisel Bench Equipment No. 8 2O-in. crosscut saw No. 8 2O-in. rip saw No. 8 lo-in. back saw y%-'\n. mortise chisel No. 2 hickory mallet Wood bench hook No. 29 India oil stone No. 12 steel oil can Plain N. P. brace ^4-in. auger bit ^-in. auger bit Economics of Manual Training. Lathe tool equipment used at the Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago: Each wood turning lathe has a case of six drawers, one large drawer containing the general tools and five small individual drawers, each of which contains the tools used only by the student having the key to that drawer. Each of the individual drawers contains the following tools : I 24-in. turning gouge I ^-in. turning chisel I 2^-in. turning gouge I ^-in. turning chisel i J4-in. turning gouge I ^-in. turning chisel I 1%-in. turning chisel In the sixth or large drawer of each lathe are the following tools for general use of the five students using that lathe : 6-in. outside wing caliper I Skew point scraping tool 4-in. plain outside caliper i Spear point scraping tool 4-in. plain inside caliper I l /2-in. round point scraping 6-in. wing divider tool Scratch awl i %-in. round point scraping 6-in. T bevel tool 4^-in. adjustable try square i 6-in. screw driver No. 51 Stanley rule I 6x2 Washita oil stone 24-in. scraping tool i 4 l / 2 x 2*4 x f Washita slip ^-in. scraping tool stone ^-in. scraping tool i Oil can each right and left special Maintenance. The cost for maintenance of a wood-turning and pattern-making course is somewhat higher than for join- ery work. Returns from eleven schools give an average of $1.62 per pupil. To this must be added an allowance for loss and depreciation of equipment, which may be estimated at 10 per cent, of the cost of equipment per annum. Foundry. Foundry work sometimes occupies part of either the second or third year of the high school course. It is sup- plementary to the work in pattern-making. It requires a special room, situated preferably in the basement, that an 113 Economics of Manual Training. earthen or cement floor may be secured. Essential to an equipment is a furnace for melting the metal, ladles for pouring, a set of various small tools, a number of mould- ing flasks, moulding-troughs and a core oven. With a relatively inexpensive equipment of this kind castings may be made in white metal or lead. Where practicable Fig. 40. Foundry Equipment, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. a brass furnace may be added to this equipment thus allowing for castings in brass or bronze. Scrap iron is also successfully melted in crucibles in the brass furnace, but, of course, upon a small scale. A more complete equipment, capable furnishing castings in iron would require a cupola, with its acces- sories; an expensive and generally impracticable installa- tion. 114 Economics of Manual Training. In Fig. 41 is shown a moulding trough that lists on the market at $20.00. It is thoroughly built of pine throughout, and has drawers, etc., for containing all nec- essary tools. It is 4 feet long, 27 inches wide, and 4 feet high. The equipment shown in Fig. 40 is a very complete one. The cupola and core-oven are to the left and are not Fig. 41. Foundry Moulding Trough. shown in the illustration. It will be noticed that the moulding-troughs are built in groups of four. Equipment for Class of Twenty-four Students. White metal furnace and blower $ 58.00 Core oven 50.00 Economics of Manual Training. 24 sand troughs 360.00 24 small flasks 15.00 Ladles, skimmers, etc 10.00 Sand bins and shelves 30.00 24 student sets, consisting of : Rawhide mallet, 4-in. trowel, ^2-in. Yankee slicker, ^2-in. double-end slicker, parting sand duster, draw spike, brass gate cutter, swab- pot and swab, i6-in. mesh sieve, pair of rammers, soft brush, 2-ft. straight edge, short-handled fire shovel, and 7-in. bellows for each two students, at $9 per set 216.00 Total cost of equipment $739.00 Double crucible furnace 100.00 Cupola 500.00 Maintenance. If white metal or lead is used these materials can be remelted and reused. Molding and core sand must be provided, but can be reused, thus making the cost per pupil dependent upon the amount of waste and the cost of running the fire for the furnace. When lead or white metal is used and remelted this cost may come to perhaps 20 cents per pupil. If a cupola is used the expense per pupil, exclusive of depreciation, may reach as high as $1.20. Forge Shop. By referring to the table (opp. p. 7) it will be noticed that forge work is usually carried on during the second year of the high school, and in some instances it is made a third year subject. A large room in the base- ment is customarily provided for this work. The equip- ment is the most expensive of any of the shops thus far considered and the cost of maintenance is also the high- est. A minimum equipment would consist of forges blown by hand-power, anvils, and the necessary tools. An up-to-date equipment calls for pressure and exhaust pip- ing, preferably laid under the floor, pressure and exhaust 116 Economics of Manual Training. blowers, forges, anvils, and tools, to which may be added one or more power tools, as hammer, shears, drill press and drop press. These power tools are, however, more in accord with the purpose of the engineering school shop than with that of the high school shop. Fig. 42. Forge Shop, Overhead Exhaust Piping, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. The piping is a variable item, depending upon the situation of the forges in relation to the fans. The latest practice calls for down-draft forges with the pressure and exhaust piping laid below the floor. The underground tile piping possesses the advantages over the system of overhead piping that it does not obstruct space and light, is indestructible, and entails no further expense after initial installation. 117 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 42 illustrates a forge-shop equipped with over- head piping, and Fig. 43 a more recently equipped forge- shop having underground tile exhaust and pres- sure ducts. Locker and lavatory facilities should be provided. (Fig. 18). Fig. 43. Forge Shop Piping, All Underground, Stout M. T. School, Menomonie, Wis. A practical equipment for twenty-four students is as follows : 24 forges, down draft $960.00 24 anvils 216.00 6 blacksmith vises 27.00 24 tool stands 24.00 24 sets of tools (as follows) : i^-pound hammer, hot chisel, one each ; fain, and fain, top and bottom swages fain, top and bottom fuller, poker, %-in. top and bottom 118 Economics of Manual Training. fuller for each eight students, pair of pick-up tongs, pair each J4-in., -H$-in., ^2-in., -H$-in. and 24-in., tool tongs, fire shovel, rake, 12-in. steel square, pair of 6-in. calipers, pair of 6-in. dividers for each six students, centre punch, 54-in. and ^-in. punch, 3^-in. and f^-in. bolt-heading tool, set hammer for each three students, flatter for each three students, sledge for each four students, and cold chisel for each eight students, at $11.00 per set 264.00 Pressure and exhaust fans, with shafting, etc. (esti- mated) 300.00 Piping, etc. (estimated) 150.00 Hand drill 20.00 Bench vise 5.00 Swage block 5.00 Bar shear 25.00 Total cost for equipment $1,996.00 The following estimate for a forge equipment for twenty-four students is given by a manufacturer : The forge shop to include 24 down draft forges (especially adapted for Manual Training School work), same being sup- plied with the necsssary blast and exhaust connections ; One blower of proper size to supply blast; One steel plate exhauster to exhaust the smoke from the forges ; The necessary black steel blast and exhaust piping; The underground tile ducts ; The freight, cartage, belting, counter-shaft and erection of all the above apparatus. The approximate price for all the above would be about $1,950.00. Note that anvils, vises, tongs, and other necessary tools required for blacksmith work, are not included. The following description of the forge shop of the Mechanic Arts High School, of Boston, and its equip- ment will be found of help to those considering a similar equipment. "The forge-shop is a one-story brick structure, 93 ft. long and 41 ft. wide, which occupies the entire space between the two wings at the rear of the main building. It is lighted both by windows in the wall and by a large 119 Economics of Manual Training. monitor with sky-light. Its relation to the main building is such that the noise incident to the work causes no dis- turbance in the class rooms. It is equipped with B. F. Sturtevant Company's new down draft forges, and all necessary appliances for the instruction of three classes daily, each containing thirty-six pupils. The equipment of each forge is as follows : A set of blacksmith's tongs (groove jn jaw) for holding iron %, T A> Z A> l /2, % inches; tool tongs for ^-in. square iron; square groove tongs for iron, ^2-in. by %-in. ; bolt tongs, ^2-in. ; a poker for forge, 2-ft. ; a dipper, 3^2-in. diameter, 3^-in. deep, handle i5-in. ; a rake for forge, 2-ft.; a coal hod; a forge shovel. Upon a post conveniently located with reference to each of these forges is an Eagle anvil weighing 130 Ibs., near which is placed a tool bench supplied with the following tools : A cross peen hand hammer, 2}4 Ibs. ; a top and bottom swage, l / 2 -in. ; a hot chisel from i^-in. steel; a flatter, 2-in. face; a set hammer, i^-in. face; a hardy, ty-'m. shank; a heading tool, 9-16- in. ; a center punch, ^ in. by 5 in. ; top and bottom fullers^-in. ; a steel square, 12-in., graduated to i-i6-in. outside, i-32-in. inside; Bemis & Call outside wing calipers, 6-in. ; punches, one each, J4-in. H-in. ; copper plate, 2^/2. in. by 2^2 in. by H*-in. I a dust brush. "Each of these tool benches, 14 by 21 in. in plan, and 27 in. high, contains three drawers, one of which is assigned to each boy for the storage of the models which he has completed, or on which he is engaged. Each of these individual drawers is furnished with a 1^2 lb. ball peen hand hammer. Fourteen blacksmith's vises and one combination pipe vise are attached to benches firmly secured to the brick floor in convenient locations. Stock cut in pieces of the length required for the various exer- cises is stored in compartments in these benches. Fans of ample size produce blast for the forges, and carry away the foul air and products of combustion. "In one corner of the room is a raised platform on which thirty-six arm chairs are placed for the use of Economics of Manual Training. pupils during the demonstration lessons. The instruc- tor's forge, located in front of this platform, is supplied with a Root hand blower for use when the engine is not running. Near this platform are two cases, one designed for the storage of blue-prints and miscellaneous supplies, and the other for prepared stock. The upper portion of the stock case is provided with glass doors, and is adapted to receive a series of models, made by the instructor, designed to show both the finished product and the impor- tant steps to be considered in making the model. A 75-lb. Laird and Sweeney power hammer, a New Doty Manu- facturing Company's No. 7 A power shear, a Goddard No. 3 drill press, an automatic drop press (Mossberg & Granville Company's pattern) built by pupils in 1899- 1900, an emery grinder, a bolt heading machine, and numerous miscellaneous tools complete the equipment." Maintenance. The cost of Cumberland coal, Norway iron, tool steel, and sheet iron, used in typical courses, appears from a number of returns to be in the neighborhood of $2.00 per pupil. To this must be added the usual allowance for depreciation of equipment. The tool equipment should be kept up by the instruc- tor and students at the sole cost of raw materials. Machine Shop. The most advanced work in manual training is that of the machine shop, often given in the last year of the high school course. The equipment is the most expen- sive used in the manual training school. Power, either electric or steam, must be provided. The course generally 121 Economics of Manual Training. consists of bench-work in chipping and filing, and of machine work. The equipment for each will be consid- ered separately. Equipment for Chipping and Filing. Vise $7.00 3-i6-in. square file, 6-in .08 Flat bastard file, 12-in 17 Hand second-cut file, 12-in .22 Hand second-cut, 3-in .11 Smooth file, 7-in 10 Half-round bastard file, lo-in .15 Half-round second-cut file, 5-111 09 Pillar file, 6-in .09 Taper saw file, 6-in .06 i-lb. hammer 45 File card 08 4-in. spring dividers .31 3-in. steel scale 32 4-in. steel square 2.00 Center punch 1 1 Scriber 12 Cold chisel 09 Cape chisel 15 Round-nose chisel .11 Pair of copper vise jaws 75 Total for individual equipment $ 12.56 Benches, with drawers, for 24 pupils (estimated) 186.00 24 individual equipments 301.44 Total equipment for bench work $500.00 Equipment for Machine Work. The equipment for machine shop work varies greatly in different schools. There is little question but that a very large amount of money has been unnecessarily expended for such equipments in manual training schools mainly from the fact that some traditional precedent has been followed and much larger and more expensive tools installed than are needed or indeed adapted to the natural possibilities of this work. The following tools represent 122 Economics of Manual Training. something like the fundamental necessities for such an equipment. The prices quoted are those prevailing at the present writing and are subject to fluctuation. 6 engine lathes, lo-in. swing, 4-ft. bed, friction counter- shaft, rise and fall rest, at $i 18.00 $708.00 3 6-in. Sweetland combination chucks (with reversible jaws), at $13.00 39.00 i6-in. by i6-in. by 3-ft. planer, with Newell vise 533-00 12-in. drill press, with capacity to drill i^-in. hole, automatic feed 1 18.00 lo-in. by 4-ft. speed lathe 45-OO Grindstone and trough, with turning device $25.00 to 85.00 $1,528.00 Fig. 44. Machine Shop, High School, Hartford, Ct. Such an equipment would provide a separate tool for eight or even nine workers. It is possible to give the instruction upon these tools in conjunction with the less 123 Economics of Manual Training. expensive bench work by placing a portion of the class at the tools while the others are working at the bench, and rotating until all have had both tool and bench experi- ence. Such an arrangement, however, gives but limited opportunity for the machine tool instruction and a larger number of such tools is desirable if the classes are of the usual size. The above set of tools, with the exception of the grind-stone, may be multiplied to the extent of pro- viding individual tools for the class, or some of the fol- lowing tools, which are arranged perhaps in the order of desirability, may be added. 14-in. engine lathe, 6-ft. bed, friction countershaft, taper attachment $310.00 12-in. combination chuck, reversible jaws 22.00 No. 2 B. & S. universal milling machine 675.00 No. I sensitive drill press 70.00 No. 2 B. & S. tool grinder, with cutter grinding attach- ment 175.00 Shaper 270.00 $1,522.00 Lathe Tools for Each Student. Diamond point tool $ .48 Round nose tool 48 Side tool 48 Parting tool 48 Thread tool 48 Centre punch n Pair of 4-in. spring calipers ,31 Pair of 4-in. inside calipers .27 6-in. steel scale 60 Center gauge 20 Lathe dog, H, 94, i, and i*/ 2 1.52 $5-41 In addition to the above items, machine shop equip- ments comprise numerous small tools, almost too many to consider in detail, and varying in quantity and kind. The following is a quite complete working list for a class of 24: 124 Economics of Manual Training. Morse twist drills: i set Nos. i to 60; I set 1-16 in. to Y* in.; i each, 17-32 in., 9-16 in., 19-32 in., 5^ in., 21-32 in. 11-16 in., 23-32 in., % m -> and 25-32 in.; 2 each, 1-16 in. 5-16 in., 23-64 in., and 13-32 in. ; Nos. i, 17, 20, 36 and 46; 6 each, 5-32 in. and J4 m -> Nos. 6, 16, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33 and 43; 12 each, l / & in., 3-16 in., and ^ in.; 24 of 3-32 in., and 12 3-32 in. center drills $26.74 Reamers: Chucking, % in. to i in. by i6ths. ; centre, 2% in. ; hand reamers, % in. to i in. by i6ths. ; Morse taper, Nos. i and 2; Morse taper roughing, 2 each of Nos. i and 2 $45-79 Mandrels, % in. to I in 8.27 2 drill gauges 3.25 3 scratch gauges, 5 in., grad 2.25 Inside lock-joint, 6-in. calipers 1.05 Outside lock-joint 8-in. calipers 1.34 2 universal bevels, 3 in 2.56 Depth gauge, 4-in .64 Double square, with bevel blade, 4 in 1.41 Level, 12 in 1.50 2 hack-saw frames, 8-in 1.54 3 surface gauges, 8-in 4.50 5 No. 19 micrometer calipers, with friction attachment, at $4.70 23.50 No. 30 micrometer caliper, with friction attachment 7.25 Vernier caliper, 6 inches, eng 12.75 12-in. bevelled steel straight edge 1.70 i2-in. steel rule, No. i, grad 1.07 12-in. steel rule, No. 4, grad 1.07 12-in. hardened steel try-square 8.50 4-in. key seat rule 2,13 Test indicator 12.75 Surface plate, 14 in. by 18 in 26.70 2-6-in. exterior and interior cyl. gauge 4.00 2 ball peen hammers, 12 ounces 1.08 2 ball peen hammers, 6 ounces 2.16 2 small riveting hammers .60 Steel figures, 1-16 in., 3-32 in., and */i in 1.80 Steel alphabet, 3-32 in 1.80 Soldering set 1.90 5o-in. tape 2.85 6 knurl handles 1.50 1 dozen assorted knurls 5.40 Goodell breast drill, No. 6 2.60 Goodell hand drill No. 5 2.25 Goes' wrenches, one 6 in. ; three 8 in. and 12 in 1.77 4 rawhide mallets, No. 2 1.88 Babbit hammer 1.25 2 steel screw clamps, No. 6 4.45 125 Economics of Manual Training. 2 clamp dogs, No. i, 6 of No. 2, and 2 of No. 3 8.18 Hand taps, i set J4 in. to y$ in 10.16 Machine screw taps, one 14x24, three each 3x48, 10x32, and 12x24, and two each 6x32, 8x32, 10x24, and 14x20 3.40 Machine screw dies, one each 3x48, 10x32, 12x24 and 14x36; and two each 4x36, 6x32, 8x32, 10x24, and 14x20 2.80 Round die set, No. gB 9.00 Adj. round dies, No. 2, ^ in. to ^ in 4.00 Nichols' tap wrenches, Nos. oo, o, i, and 2 4.75 Total for small tools $276.84 Equipment for bench work $500.00 Equipment of individual machine tools for class of 24 $4,000 to $5,000.00 Pulleys, belting, and shafting (estimated) 450.00 Equipment of lathe tools 129.84 Equipment of other tools ' 276.84 Total equipment for class of 24 $6,356.68 The following detailed statement* of the machine shop equipment of the Mechanic Arts High School, Boston, Mass., is of particular value in that it gives a very com- plete account of an existing equipment that has met the conditions imposed upon it by years of actual use. The equipment is quite elaborate, but the reader may eliminate from the list such of the equipment as his particular con- ditions may permit. "This shop, like the forge shop, is equipped for classes of twenty-four pupils. The benches, 20 in. wide and from 32 to 36 in. high, which extend along three sides of this room, are divided into twenty-four sections, each provided with a vise and a tier of four drawers. One of the three lower drawers is assigned to each pupil, but the top drawer is reserved for the tools used in common by members of different classes. In his individual drawer Boston School Document, No. 4, 1901. 126 Economics of Manual Training. the boy stores the work upon which he is engaged, together with about a dozen files and a set of chisels and lathe tools. At the beginning of a lesson each pupil obtains from the tool-room a tray adapted to fit a com- partment either in the upper drawer at his bench or on the tool-board of his lathe. "This tray contains the following tools : A Brown & Sharp hardened steel try-square, 3 in. ; a Brown & Sharpe tempered steel rule, 6 in., No. 7 graduation; a Brown & Sharpe tempered centre gauge; Starrett outside lock-joint cali- pers, 6 in.; Starrett inside lock-joint calipers, 4 in.; Fay spring dividers, 3 in. ; a file card ; an Arkansas oil stone, 2 in. by I in. by 5-16 in. ; a centre punch ; a prick punch ; a scratch awl ; a cen- tre chisel ; a tin box for chalk ; a key to the upper drawer at the bench. "Upon the bench or in the upper drawer are kept : A Spiers ball peen hammer, 154 lb- ; a pair of brass vise jaws; hard wood blocks for use in chipping; a bench plate, 8 in. by 6 in. by I in. ; a parallel 4 in. by 2 in. by I in. ; a parallel 4 in. by i l / 2 in. by 34 in. ; a Draper steel oiler, No. 13; and a bench brush. The vises are of several varieties as follows : 13 Lewis, 4 in., No. 39; i Lewis, 4 in., No. 10, with swivel jaw and base; 7 Standard, 4 in., No. 91 ; 2 Mechanics, 4 in. ; I Miller's Falls, 4 in. "This shop is equipped with the following machine tools : Three 14-in. engine lathes, 5-ft. beds, each having a com- pound rest and one a taper attachment, built by the Fitchburg Machine Works ; one 14-in. engine lathe, 5-ft. bed, with compound rest, taper attachment, and wire chucks, built by the Hendey Ma- chine Co. ; one 14-in. engine lathe, 6-ft. bed, with compound rest, built by Prentice Bros. ; sixteen 12-in. engine lathes, 5-ft. beds, with elevating rests, built by the F. E. Reed Co. ; two 12-in. engine lathes, 5-ft. beds, with plain rests and taper attachments, built by F. E. Reed Co. ; one 2O-in. planer, built by Fitchburg Machine Works, supplied with a lo-in. Skinner vise with square base; one 17-in. planer built by Whitcomb Mfg. Co., supplied with 8-in. Skinner vise with square base; one 14-in. illar shaper, built by the Pratt & Whitney Co. ; one No. 2 universal milling-machine, built by the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., supplied with a Whiton milling-machine index chuck ; one universal hand lathe, built by the Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., supplied with shell chucks l /& in., 3-16 in. ; y^ in., 5-16 in., and ^ in. ; a Whiton geared scroll chuck, 2V 2 in., and an Almond drill chuck, No. 2 ; four lo-in. hand lathes, 127 Economics of Manual Training. 3 with 3^-ft. beds, i with 4- ft. bed, built by the Putnam Machine Co. ; four p-in. hand lathes 3^2-ft. beds, one of which has a foot power attachment (F. E. Reed Co.'s pattern), built by pupils in 1897-8; one Walker universal tool and cutter grinder, complete with attachments, built by the Norton Emery Wheel Co. ; one 2O-in. standard upright drill, built by Prentice Brothers, fitted with Pratt drill chuck, No. 2 and Presto drill chuck with Morse taper collects; one upright drill, built by Sigourney Tool Co., fitted with Almond drill chuck, No. 2 ; one lo-in. sensi- tive drill, with centering attachment (Dwight Slate Machine Co.'s pattern), built by pupils in 1899-1900, fitted with Almond drill chuck, No. 2 ; two grindstone troughs, built by Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., each fitted with a 39-in. stone and truing device; one Challenge wet and dry grinder, No. C, built by Appleton Mfg. Co. ; one Greenerd arbor press, No. 3 ; one Q & C shop saw, No. 2. The following chucks are fitted to the engine lathes : i Westcott scroll combination, 10 in., three jaws; 2 Standard inde- pendent, 10 in., four jaws; i National independent, 9 in., four jaws; 2 Whiton independent, jy 2 in., four jaws; 10 Skinner inde- pendent, 6 in., four jaws; 7 National independent, 6 in., four jaws; i National combination, 6 in., three jaws; 3 Union combination, 6 in., three jaws; i Whiton geared scroll combination, 6 in., three jaws; i Whiton extra heavy geared scroll, 5 in., three jaws; i Whiton geared scroll, 4 in., three jaws ; i Pratt, No. i ; i Reid, No i. The following chucks are fitted to the hand lathes: i Whiton geared scroll combination, 4 in. ; 7 Whiton geared scroll, 3 in. ; 1 Whiton geared drill; i Almond, No. 2; i Hartford, No. i; i Little Giant, No. o ; 2 Reid, No. o. Each engine lathe is furnished with a tool board of special design, adapted to receive the tool- tray, and to provide a convenient place for cutting and miscellan- eous tools. "Upon pegs in a vertical board fastened under the bed of each lathe are kept the face plates, change gears, back rest, chuck drill rest, and a set of dogs, l /2, 24 *> I / / 2> an d 2 in. There is no available space for an amphitheatre similar to those in the woodworking department. Dur- ing the demonstration lessons pupils occupy tablet arm chairs grouped about the instructor's bench, which is placed in front of a large blackboard in the rear of the room. Near at hand is the tool-room, furnished with shelves and cases for the numerous tools required for the various kinds of work. One of these cases, which stands near the door, contains the small tools likely to be needed 128 Economics of Manual Training. frequently, and the tool-trays previously mentioned. An attendant delivers these trays to the pupils at the begin- ning of the lesson, and is always ready to furnish any desired tool in exchange for a pupil's check. "The universal tool and cutter grinder and the power nack-saw are located in this room. "The principal small tools are enumerated in the fol- lowing list : Morse twist drills: i set, Nos. i to 60; i set, 1-16 to ^ in.; i set A to Z ; i each, 33-64, 17-32, 35-64, 9-16, 19-32, 39-64, s/ 8 , 21-32, 43-64, 11-16, 23-32, 47-64, %, 25-32, 51-64, 55-64, 59-64 in.; 2 each, 1-16, 5-16, 21-64, 23-64, 25-64, 13-32, 29-64 in. ; Nos. i, 17, 20, 36, 46; 6 each, 5-32, %, 17-64, in,; Nos. 6. 16, 24, 25, 29, 31, 33, 43; 12 each, y s , 3-16, y% in. ; 24 3-32 in. Morse straight-way drills, 1-16, to y 2 in. ; Slocomb combina- tion centre drills: 13 each, 1-16, 3-32, l /s in. Pratt & Whitney center reamers: 2% in., 6% in. Drill gauges: i each, Nos. i to 60, 1-16 to */2 in., A to Z. Brown & Sharpe pocket screw and wire gauge. Wells Bros, centre drill chucks : i 1-16, 8 3-32, 2^ in. Carpenter hand taps, i set, ^4 to 24 i n - Machine screw taps : i, 14 x 36 ; 3 each, 3 x 48, 10 x 32, 12 x 24 ; 12 each, 4 x 36, 6 x 32, 8 x 32, 10 x 24, 14 x 20. Machine screw dies : i each, 3 x 48, 10 x 32, 12 x 24, 14 x 36 ; 8 each, 4 x 36, 6 x 32, 8 x 32, 10 x 24, 14 x 20. Carpenter round die set, No. 9 B; Carpenter adjustable round dies, No. 2, l /4 to ]/ 2 in. Two Morse screw plates, A, with dies, J4 to y-z in. Tap wrenches: Nichols Nos. oo, o, i, 2; Morse B; 6 Pratt & Whitney, J-6; 2 Wells Bros. No. i. One Wells Bros, lathe die holder, DD. Carpenter pipe taps and dies, l /% to 24 in. Barnes pipe cutter, No. i. Reamers: Pratt & Whitney hand, l /$ to i 1-16 in.; Betts adjustable hand, l / 2 to % in.; Cleveland Twist Drill Co.'s fluted chucking, % to i in.; Morse taper, Nos. i, 2; Morse taper rough- ing, 2 each, Nos. i, 2; Pratt & Whitney taper pin, Nos. o to 6. Mandrels: Pratt & Whitney, ^ to i in.; Morse, 3 each 11-16, 24> 13-16 in. Starrett's tools: 3 scratch gauges, 5 in.; hermaphrodite cali- pers, 3 4-in., i 6-in. ; inside lock-joint calipers, 6 in. ; outside lock- joint calipers, 8 in. ; 6 universal bevels ; depth gauges, 4 in. ; com- bination set, 9 in. ; patent double square with bevel blade, 4 in. ; level, 12 in. ; 4 hack-saw frames, Nos. 2, 8 in. ; surface gauges, 2 No. i, i No. 2; high speed indicator, No. 104; lathe test indicator No. 65. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co.'s tools: micrometer calipers with friction attachment, 9 No. 19, i No. 20, 2 No. 30; vernier cal- I2Q Economics of Manual Training. iper, 6 in. Eng. and met. ; 2 beveled steel straight edges, 12 in. ; standard steel rules, 12 in., i No. I grad., I No. 4 grad. ; hardened steel try-square, 6 in. ; key seat rule, 4 in. ; test indicator ; mer- cury plumb bob, 3^2 oz. ; surface plates, 8 4^2 x 6 ins., i 6 x 12 in. ; standard external and internal cylindrical gauges, ^ in. ; 2 gas heaters ; standard screw thread gauges, No. 285. Pratt & Whitney caliper gages, % to 7/s in. ; 2 Speirs ball peen hammers, 12 oz., 4 6 oz. ; 2 small riveting hammers ; steel figures, 1-16, 3-32, ^ in. ; steel alphabet, 2-32 in. ; steel stamps, M. A. H. S., i each 1-16, 3-32, ^ in.; soldering set 40-ft. tape; 6 knurl handles with assorted knurls ; Pratt & Whitney knurling tool; Goodell breast drill, No. 6; Miller's Falls hand drill, No. 5 ; pipe wrench, 18 in. ; Goes wrenches, on each, 6 in., 12 in. ; 4 rawhide mallets, No. 2 ; Babbit hammer, No. 2 ; 2 steel screw clamps, 6 in. ; 2 Billings & Spencer steel C clamps, No. 3 ; 2 De- count heavy steel clamps, No. 2 ; 2 Besley parallel clamps, 4 in. ; Almond turret head, No. i ; Pratt and Whitney hollow mills, i each, l /4 5-16, y& in. ; Vanderbeek handy vises, 2 2% in., i 324 in., 16 in. ; Billings & Spencer clamp dogs, 18 60. i, 4 No. 2, 2 No. 3 ; Smith friction drill C, with socket 'wrenches ; Wai worth brass pipe wrench, % m - to T m - "The stock-room is furnished with shelves, compart- ments, and racks adapted to provide convenient storage for the many varieties of supplies, castings, and prepared metal stock that are needed by the classes. No pains have been spared to provide a convenient place for all of the numerous articles used in every department of the school, and it is an invariable rule that every article must be kept in its proper place. It is deemed as important to estab- lish orderly habits as to teach mechanical principles." The question of teacher's room, and locker and wash room (Fig. 18) is to be considered in connection with the machine shop. A cabinet, placed in the teacher's room, or in a separate stock room, should be provided for the stor- age of the numerous small tools and parts, and also for stock. The installation of a good type of time-recording clock will serve the double purpose of keeping an accurate account of the student's class attendance, and also acquaint him with a phase of modern shop superintendence. 130 Economics of Manual Training. Maintenance. The average cost per pupil for material, based upon returns from several typical schools, is $2.00 to $4.50. To this must be added the proportionate part of a 10 per cent, equipment depreciation dependent on the number using the shop. Sheet Metal Shop. Sheet metal working is sometimes introduced in the first years of the high school course. In some of its forms it is well adapted to the seventh and eighth grades. The work generally consists in the making of bowls, trays, vases, boxes, sconces, lamp-shades, and lanterns in sheet copper, brass or iron. Some embossing, chasing, engraving, and enameling is frequently added. If a separate room is equipped for sheet metal work, it may be furnished with heavy benches similar to the chipping and filing benches of the machine shop (Fig. 45). A panel of tools for sheet metal work is shown in Fig. 46. The tool equipment for a class of twenty-four students is as follows : 24 parallel bench vises at $9.00 $216.00 12 pitch blocks (cast iron, about 20 Ibs.) at $1.00 12.00 12 leather pads, to hold pitch blocks, at 75 cts 9.00 24 forming hammers at 75 cts 18.00 12 planishing hammers at 56 cts 6.72 6 chasing hammers at 80 cts 4.80 12 grooving tools at 13 cts 1.56 20 chasing tools, of varying sizes, at 25 cts. 5.00 6 pairs of metal nippers at $1.22 7.32 6 hard wood mallets, at 60 cts 3.60 I blow pipe and bellows, No. 9 5.25 i blow pipe stand 5.00 i 12 gal. acid jar 72 16 short vise anvils at 10 cts 1.60 16 long vise anvils at 15 cts 2.40 6 vise stakes at 40 cts 2.40 4 face plates, 4 x 4 x i" at 30 cts 1.20 Economics of Manual Training. 6 pairs round nose pliers at 20 cts 1.20 6 pairs flat nose pliers at 20 cts 1.20 6 scrapers at 18 cts 1.08 2 scrapers at 10 cts 20 6 6-in. flat files at 5 cts 30 i hand drill, with assorted drills 1.50 i enameling furnace 27.00 Total cost of tool equipment $335-05 Fig. 45 Sheet Metal Working Room, Teachers College, New York. With the above equipment annealing, embossing, chasing, engraving, and enameling can be done, as well as the beating-up of bowls, etc. Mr. Frank G. Sanford* gives the following equip- ment for a class of twenty boys, with which he did suc- cessful work with seventh grade boys in the Oak Park, 111., public schools: "Hammered Metal", The School Arts Book. 132 Economics of Manual Training. Individual Equipment. A bench, or at least a vise, is the first requisite ; then a block of hard wood (oak, hickory, iron wood, 12" x 3" x 3") ; a small block of steel or iron for riveting (very often these may be obtained from the scraps of some foundry at a very small cost. They should have at least one flat surface and one right angle and ought to be l /2 inch or not more than 1/4 inch thick) ; a block of soft wood, pine or cypress, free from knots, 9" x 12" x 2" ; a pair of trimmer's shears, No. 6, cost 30 cts. ; a small brad-set used as a rivet punch, 10 cts. ; a half round file, medium, 15 cts. ; a hard wood mallet, 25 cts. (this must be ground off on one end to present a rounded or hemi-spherical shape) ; a ball pein hammer, llll Fig. 46. Panel of Sheet Metal Working Tools. 40 cts. ; a pair of flat pliers, 20 cts. ; a pair of round nose pliers, 20 cts. ; and a small screw driver, 15 cts. General Equipment. Four pair metal shears, large, cost of each, 50 cts. ; 10 rat- tail files, 10 cts each ; 5 wood rasps, medium, 15 cts. each ; fa inch steel round head screws ; wire brads, 2od, lod, 6d ; 12 sheets fine 133 Economics of Manual Training. emery paper ; 5 small rivet sets, 20 cts. each ; some scraps of soft wood ; a roll of soft sheet brass, gauge 23, 12 inches wide, costing at wholesale 18 to 20 cts. per Ib , or some sheets of soft sheet cop- per, gauge 23, costing 20 to 25 cts. per Ib. Maintenance. The cost of maintenance depends upon the amount of sheet copper, sheet brass, and sheet iron used, varying greatly with the nature of the course. Screws, brads, rivets, enamel, and acid form a lesser expense item; $1.50 per pupil will cover the cost for high school work. Mechanical Drawing Room. An analysis of the problem of suitably equipping a room for mechanical drawing might resolve itself into a consideraion of the following factors : General considerations. Drafting tables. Drafting instruments. Models. Storage for: Boards. Instruments. Models. Blackboard and furnishings. Auxiliary rooms : Teacher's room. Dark room. Decorations. General Considerations. Mechanical drawing may begin in the seventh school year and may continue through the high school course. In the seventh and eighth years it may be made a part of the regular shop course. In the consideration of the bench equipment for wood-working (page 63) a draft- ing kit is given as part of the equipment to meet this condition. The drafting-room, in common with all drawing rooms, should preferably have a northern exposure. The 134 Economics of Manual Training. light should be well diffused and abundant. If artificial light is found necessary, drop lights placed at the upper left-hand corner of each table may be provided. Prob- ably the best method for lighting the drafting-room is with the inverted arc lamp. This method is in general use in the schools of Europe. The ceiling and walls of the room are whitened and the light from the lamp is reflected from them, the direct downward rays being cut off by a screen. The result is a soft, diffused light throughout the room, casting no shadows. One or two lamps will give abundant light for an ordinary sized drafting-room. This method of lighting may be used with advantage in class-rooms other than those devoted to drafting. The general considerations regarding the distribution of benches, their relation to the source of light, aisle space, etc., discussed on pages 56-58, apply with equal force in the lay-out of the drafting tables. Drafting Table. Many school drafting-rooms are equipped with tables of special design, made to order. The building of espe- cially designed tables was probably occasioned by the dearth of suitable tables on the market, other than the well-known adjustable type with central iron standard, and may also have been influenced by a desire to conform more nearly to common commercial practice. At the pres- ent, however, the building to order of tables of this type is unnecessary as many such have recently been placed upon the market to meet this demand. These tables form one general class in present use and 135 Economics of Manual Training. the other class is composed of the adjustable type having a central iron standard (Fig. 47). There are many forms of the latter class upon the market, equipped with devices for raising and lowering, and for tilting the top at various angles. They take up a relatively small space. They range in price from $5 to about three times this sum. At Fig. 47. Mechanical Drawing Room, showing adjustable tables, High School, Hartford, Ct. the lower price the table is of the simplest construction, not even having a tool shelf. A tool shelf is a necessity. The cheapest desk having this addition retails at $6.00. Some of the more expensive desks of this type are so encum- bered with clamps, set screws, and regulating devices, that their practicability is seriously impaired. 136 Economics of Manual Training. Tables of the former class are shown in Figs. 48-51. The table shown in Fig. 49 cost $7.50 to build. Draw- ers for four sets of instruments are placed under the top, but no provision is made for storing the drafting boards within the table itself. In the desk shown in Fig. 48, two drawers are placed at one side of the table and storage Fig. 48. Mechanical Drawing Room, showing table with drawers, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. for one board is afforded directly beneath the top. Fig. 50 represents a practical table that is supplied on the market at $11.00 It has ample drawer space for two students and also accommodates two boards. Fig. 51 shows a type of self-contained drafting table affording 137 Economics of Manual Training. f. 49. Drafting Table Manual Training School, Springfield, Mass. Drawer with two compartments each, / "* /8 "x 3 " inside pine Top skellaced\ \ ^ J * ^ i i^ f i! f. : 23* Working ! 1 v. ^ 1* rur/s Cabinet for Drawing space oii n n I! 1 n n J Xj ^o 2 2'* 28' h w P Fig. 50. Drafting Table. Economics of Manual Training. accommodation for nine students and especially designed for high school work. It is so arranged that every pupil who occupies the table has an individual drawer in which to keep note-book, pencils, etc., and also an individual set of instruments, if provided. He also has a section in the closet for his drawing board. All tools, ink, etc., used in common are kept in the drawer over the closet. This plan makes it not only possible for a student to find the entire equipment at his table, but allows him plenty of working- room around the board. Each drawer and door is sup- plied with a Yale lock. The top is of white pine, 4^x24", and the table is 41 in. high. The building of the table solid to the floor makes it easy to sweep around. This table lists at $30.00. A high stool may be provided for each table. Rubber tips, as shown in Fig. 47, will materially lessen the noise incident to moving the chairs about. Instruments. Each student should have the following equipment: drawing board, compasses, with needle point, pen, pencil, and lengthening bar, drawing pen, T square, two tri- angles, scroll, scale, thumb tacks, bottle of liquid India ink, pencil and ink eraser, and a hard and a soft pencil. A suitable outfit covering all the above items may be had for $5.00. The school may supply the entire outfit exclu- sive of ink and pencils, or it may supply only the board and T square, requiring the student to provide the remainder. Under public school conditions the latter plan is hardly permissible. Another arrangement some- times resorted to is to provide the T square, two triangles, scroll, and scale for each table to be used in common by the different students occupying the table, and to provide sets of the remaining instruments for individual use. The 139 Economics of Manual Training. board should be about 16 x 20 inches. For advanced work, necessitating larger drawings, 22 x 28 inches. It should be of pine, about 24-in. in thickness, and have cleats, either at the ends or beneath, to prevent warping. The triangles should be preferably of celluloid ; a Q-in. 45 triangle and an n-in. 3O-6o triangle. The T square Fig. 51. Drafting Table. should have a 24-in. blade. The scale may be a 12-in. flat, box-wood one, graduated to 1-16 in. the entire length of one edge and for quarter and eighth scales on the other edge. The triangular architect's scale is frequently used on account of the variety of scales it provides. Only the best ruling pen procurable should be provided ; 4^2 in. is a serviceable length. In choosing a compass and its acces- 140 Economics of Manual Training. series all brass and highly polished instruments should not be considered. These are inferior tools. Select a medium-priced, German silver instrument, of dull finish, that shows plainly its honest construction. A $ l / 2 in. com- pass of this kind, with its different parts, should cost about $2.00. Models. A plentiful supply of models should be provided. These may include type solids, models of constructive details in wood, pulleys, couplings and other shafting details, wrenches, bolts and nuts, valves, and parts of machines. One or two bench lathes or a small engine make admirable drawing models. The wood-working shops, as well as the other shops, may be levied upon for contributions in this line. Storage. Boards. The drafting boards may be stored in the tables, as shown above, or a separate cabinet may be provided. The construction of such a cabinet is simple. It may be of a height so that the upper board is within easy reach. Par- titions placed at the widths of the boards should have cleats screwed to the sides as supports upon which to slide the boards. The cleats are placed far enough apart to permit free play for each board. Each stack of boards should be covered in front by a sliding door or a roller curtain. Instruments. The instruments may be stored in the tables, as shown above, or in separate drawers arranged in a cab- inet. These drawers may be 6 in. wide by 12 in. long, and of a depth sufficient to allow for the ink bottle. They 141 Economics of Manual Training. should be provided with individual locks, and a master key for the teacher's use. The T squares may be stored on top of the drawing boards, or hung on the sides of the table. Models. The board and instrument cabinets may have cases, with shelving, placed above them for the storage of models. Blackboards. A slate board, lightly scratched over its entire sur- face with vertical and horizontal lines one inch apart, will be found of service for making demonstration drawings. Extra large wooden triangles, a three-foot wooden sraight edge, and a pair of blackboard compasses may be hung beneath the board. If room permits, demonstration seats may be placed before the blackboard, as described above for the wood-working shop. Auxiliary Rooms. Teacher's Room. A room 8 x 10 may be reserved for the teacher's use. Besides a desk, chairs and book-case, it may have a case of drawers or a cabinet for the storage of paper, drawings and blue prints. Dark Room. A dark room, for the making of blue-prints and for other photographic uses, is a desirable adjunct to the drafting room. Provision should be made for the com- plete darkening of the room, and the walls and ceiling should be of a dull black. If blue printing alone is done, the darkening provision is not necessary. A sink is part of the equipment. If large blue prints are made, a large shallow wooden trough, for washing the prints, should be installed. Also a printing frame, on rollers, and a track 142 Economics of Manual Training. extending beyond the window should be provided. If the prints to be made are limited in size to about 18 x 24 in., ordinary printing frames will suffice. All of these furnishings are supplied by many of the manufacturers of drafting instruments, and are fully described in their catalogues. Decorations. The walls of the drafting room may be hung with framed pictures of locomotives, large machine tools, and shop blue-prints of machinery. These later are especially suggestive to the students in showing actual commercial practice. Many manufacturers willingly furnish prints for this purpose. Blue-prints, from the U. S. Navy Department, of modern battleships, also form an accept- able decoration for a drafting room. A small book-case supplied with standard books on drafting, and allied subjects, and with trade catalogues, is also a desirable addition. The following estimate is for a $500.00 equipment : 24 drafting tables at $8.00 $212.00 24 drafting boards at 75 cts 18.00 24 complete sets of instruments and tools at $5 120.00 Instrument and drawing board case 40.00 Case for storage of drawings, etc 40.00 Blackboard furnishings 20.00 Various drawing models 50.00 Total cost of equipment $500.00 Maintenance. A good quality of drawing paper (preferably of a light buff color) costs one cent a sheet, n x 15 in. Allow- ing for waste, this brings the cost per pupil to between 50 cts. and 75 cts. An average from the reports received gives 63 cts. per pupil as the cost for maintenance. Sewing Room. Sewing in the earlier grades has been dealt with on 143 Economics of Manual Training. pages 34-37. The sewing in the upper grades may be conducted in a special room as shown in Fig. 52. The equipment may be a modification of the high school equip- ment to suit grade requirements. The work of the high school usually consists in the drafting and making of garments. I. Comprehensive equipment. (i) Drafting and Dressmaking room for class of fifteen girls : 8 tables 60.00 Mirror $15 to 20.00 Pedestal 6.50 Screen 8.00 1 gas stove, 3 burners 5.00 Connections to stove 2.00 8 irons 4 heavy and 4 long narrow 2.00 Wardrobe $25 to 40.00 15 chairs 30.00 15 high stools 7.50 Clothes tree 3.50 5 sewing machines $150 to 275.00 4 ironing boards 4.00 Board for curved seams 90 15 boxes for materials 1.05 Paper roll holder 5.00 18 yard sticks 4.28 18 tape measures 83 18 scissors 5.25 3 bust forms 1.50 2 skirt forms . . 6.00 $338.31 to $483-31 (2) Sewing room to accommodate 30 pupils: Roll front case for materials for 90 pupils 50.00 Tables to accommodate 30 pupils $30 to 80.00 30 chairs 60.00 30 footstools 60.00 36 boxes (6 large and 30 small) 4.20 Demonstration frame - 2.00 $206.20 to $256.20 Total cost of equipment I $544-51 to $749.51 II. Cheaper equipment for 15 in dressmaking and 144 Economics of Manual Training. 30 in sewing. Dressmaking and sewing room combined: 8 tables, 5-foot kitchen $22.56 (An even less expensive table arrangement may be obtained of boards supported on saw- horses, when the two kinds of work are prac- ticed in the same room. A convenient plan for the dressmaking tables is to have these hinged to the wall, so as to drop down when not in use.) Fig. 52. Dressmaking Room, Pratt Institute High School, Brooklyn, N. Y. 30 chairs @ $7.50 per doz 18.75 i stove (3 burners) and tubing 3.75 6 irons 1.50 4 ironing boards 3.60 Wardrobe $5.00 to 20.00 Mirror 12.00 4 sewing machines $120 to 220.00 Screen 3.00 18 yard sticks 4.28 33 scissors (3 of them buttonhole) 9.40 6 large boxes @ .35 2.10 145 Economics of Manual Training. 30 small boxes @ .07 2.10 Total cost of equipment II $323.04 Maintenance. Average cost of maintenance for the work in the high school, if the pupils furnish their own garment materials, is about twelve cents per pupil. CooKing Laboratory. Cooking is very often taught in the seventh and eighth grades and in the high school. A specially equipped room is required. [ I I 1 "D JJ 5*,^ CM,~, EHJ 1 1 ] ] ] ] Dmmo /? Fig- 53- Plan showing Horseshoe Arrange- ment of Cooking Tables. Fig. 54. Plan showing Group Arrangement of Cooking Tables. In laying out a cooking equipment provision should be made for a kitchen equipment, a dining room equip- ment and a store room. Kitchen Equipment. The tables used for cooking should be from 30 in. to 33^2 in. in height, according to height of pupils, and 146 Economics of Manual Training. should provide 25 in. to 33 in. width for each pupil, according to size. The tables may be arranged in the laboratory in the form of a continuous horseshoe, in par- allel lines or as single tables. (Figs. 53 to 59, inclusive.) Shelves, drawers and cupboards are provided in the body of the tables for the storage of utensils and materials. The materials used for covering the tops are various, including wood, plain and metal-covered, slate, marble, and tile. Of these, unglazed, vitrified white tile laid over asphalted paper and bound at the table edge by a metal strip is perhaps the best, although somewhat expensive. Arrangements for individual cooking either in the form of single or double-burner gas stoves or stands with Bunson burners are provided where not prohibited on account of cost. When gas is not available, a reliable single-burner oil stove may be used for each pupil. The specifications for the cooking tables of the New York City schools are as follows : "The contractor shall furnish all material and labor required to make cooking tables, as shown on the detailed drawings and as hereinafter described, to be delivered and set in position at such times and at such locations or schools as may be specified by the Superintendent of School Supplies. "For convenience in handling, each bench shall be built in nine separate sections or units, each unit contain- ing two drawers and two closets. The ends and backs of units, also the doors to closets, shall be paneled, the frame- work mortised and tenoned together, and the panels tongued into grooves in the stiles and rails. "The drawers shall be dovetailed in front, but the backs may be tongued and grooved together. "The tops of benches shall be of narrow boards, well 147 Economics of Manual Training. joined, doweled and glued together, and secured to the top rail of units by wood or metal buttons, which shall permit the tops to go and come without breaking the glue joints. "The doors shall be hung on i^xi^ in. rolled brass butts, and be secured by bronzed iron cupboard catches and mortise tumbler locks, with ij4 m - back set, each lock to have a key, and one key to pass all door locks. "Drawers shall have bronzed iron pulls screwed on, and tumbler locks, each lock to have a key, and one key to pass all drawer locks. Every keyhole shall be finished with a suitable bronzed iron escutcheon screwed on. "All exposed parts of benches shall be made of clear dry maple, of a uniform color and free from dark streaks or spots ; the interior may be of any sound wood, prefer- ably of maple, and all must be thoroughly dry. "The tops of benches shall be treated with two coats of white shellac ; the balance of exposed parts, also the edges and backs of doors, shall be treated with one coat of white shellac and one flowing coat of varnish, all sand- papered between coats. "Contractor will be responsible for the material at the respective locations until accepted by the Superintendent of School Supplies." The table shown in Fig. 59 is listed by a manufac- turer of manual training benches at $22.00. Table equipments for fifteen pupils, ranging in cost from $30 to $500 are as follows : Table for fifteen pupils, with drawers for provisions and materials ; cupboard, closed with roll-front, sliding board, and tiled top made of quartered oak, about $500.00 Table for fifteen pupils, with one drawer for each pupil, made of Georgia pine, white pine or stained whitewood, from $150 to 250.00 Kitchen tables may be used where funds are extremely lim- ited, but are not advisable ; about 30.00 Individual stove equipment for tables $25.00 to 75.00 Coal or gas ranges 14.00 to 32.00 148 Economics of Manual Training. Utensils. The prices quoted are subject to a considerable dis- count in purchasing by the dozen. Two for Each Pupil. Bowl, i pint, earthen or granite $ .06 Teaspoon, nickel or aluminum n Towel, i yard long, crash .16 $ -33 One for Each Pupil. Baking-dish, i quart, earthen or granite $.08 Bowl, 4-quart, earthen or granite .20 Bread-board, small, wood .20 Dish-cloth or mop 10 Egg-beater, medium, wire or iron .10 Frying-pan, small, iron 15 Kitchen-fork, steel, wood handle .05 " knife, " " " 05 Mat, 8 inches square, linoleum 05 Pepper-shaker, glass .10 Plate, granite or tin 15 Salt-shaker, glass .10 Salt-spoon, bone 05 Saucepan, with cover, i pint, granite 18 Tablespoon, nickel or aluminum .14 Vegetable brush, small, wood back 05 Vegetable knife, steel, wood handle .10 Measuring-cup, l / 2 pint, block tin .10 $i-95 One for Each Two Pupils. Biscuit-cutter, block tin $ .06 Bread-pan, medium, block tin 17 Collander, medium, block tin .17 Double boiler, I or y* pint, block tin or granite 50 Flour dredger, block tin .10 " sifter (revolving handle), block tin 22 Grater, medium, block tin .10 Nutmeg grater, block tin 08 Potato-masher, wire, wood handle .09 Rolling-pin, wood 06 Scrubbing brush, large, wood .10 Skimmer, small, block tin 09 Strainer, medium, block tin .12 Teapot, i pint, earthen (Japanese) 25 Thermometer -75 $3-01 149 Economics of Manual Training. ft ! II ij l| 1 i I' I, |- i ! ' 1 1 . ! i ' ' ! ! ' r -- _i --^---i--- J -W---r-_-_-ij !!-_= ^_= A ti.-_-_-_rL/ L! 1 1 u-L i i i 1 i 6 |?-- ,, j r = 1 n [ | "lr"l: T""":r i "T !T"""T" == :; -/ ^L _.=_-_J_--_-_-_^ uL^-- J, !-_ . JL.. ,.i : Fig. 55. Plan of Continuous Cooking Table, Teachers' College, New York* 77/.g 7b^ .. Fig. 56. Detail of Fig. 55. 150 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 57. Cooking Laboratory, Horseshoe Arrangement, High School, Hartford, Ct. Fig. 58. Laboratory with Group Tables, Manual Training High School, Indianapolis, Ind. Economics of Manual Training. Three or Four for a Class of Twelve. AppL-corer, block tin $ .05 Chopping-knife, steel .50 " tray, wood 40 Coffee-pot, i quart, granite or tin .35 Japanned tray, medium 45 Mixing spoon, large, wood .05 Muffin pan, 12 in a pan, block tin 15 Pitcher, I, 2, and 3 quarts, earthen 36 $2.31 Two for a Class of Twelve. Cake pan, medium, block tin $ .25 Double boiler, 3 pints, granite 1.14 Griddle, medium, soapstone 1.12 Fig. 59. Cooking Table. Griddle cake turner, iron 10 Kettle, 6 quarts, granite 1.86 Lemon squeezer, glass 1.05 Saucepan, 2 quarts, granite .69 Strainer, 3 pints, block tin 25 Toaster, wire .10 $6.56 152 Economics of Manual Training. One for a Class of Twelve. Bread knife $ .50 Can opener 10 Coffee mill 1.12 Corkscrew 10 Egg beater (Dover), large, iron 10 Fruit jars, I dozen, I quart, glass 1.12 i pint, 75 Frying-kettle, large, iron 1.82 Funnel, medium, block tin .15 Ice-cream freezer (Packer's standard), 3 quarts 2.25 Jelly glasses, i dozen 50 Knife sharpener .55 Fig. 60. China Closet for Cooking Laboratory. Larding needle 20 Measure, i quart, block tin 20 i pint 05 Meat broiler, medium, iron 50 " knife 20. 153 Economics of Manual Training. Pot chain 07 Pudding mold, 3 pints, block tin 30 Scales, to 10 pounds * 2.25 Skimmer, large, tin .10 Steamer, medium, block tin 55 Tea-kettle, large, iron, granite, or aluminum 50 $13-98 Utensils for Housework. Blacking brush $ .05 Broom 25 Cheese-cloth duster 10 Dust brush 10 Dust pan .15 Floor brush 75 Lamp cloths .10 Mop 25 Pail, indurated fibre .27 Scrubbing brush .24 Whisk broom 10 Window cloths, etc 10 $2.46 Store Room Equipment. Bread cloths $ .10 6 crocks, large, earthen 2.40 6 ' medium, 2.00 4 flour pails, wood 2.00 Ice bag, i yard, duck 15 i dozen jelly glasses, with covers -3 6 2-quart Mason jars, for coffee, etc., glass 1.20 Strainers, 5 yards, cheese-cloth 25 i yard, flannel 20 Cupboards, for provisions, utensils, and dishes. .$20.00 to 5 - 00 Refrigerator, medium size, to fit available space. .$15.00 to 20.00 $43.60 to $78.60 Dining Room Equipment. Canton flannel cloth 1 dining-table and 6 chairs $20.00 to 32.00 2 tablecloths and napkins 10.00 Enough dishes for setting table and serving a simple meal 10.00 (It is advisable to buy dishes that come in "open stock," for if any are broken, they can be easily replaced. If setting of the table is not taught, a few dishes for the pupils will answer the purpose ; say, for each, a cup, a saucer, and plate ; and 4 vegetable dishes, 2 bread plates, and 2 platters.) 154 Economics of Manual Training. Knives, forks, spoons, glasses, etc 20.00 $60.00 to $72.00 (If a sideboard is added, the cost would be about $28.00 additional.) The china closet shown in Fig. 60 is furnished by a dealer in manual training supplies for $60.00. The upper part has sliding glass doors and adjustable shelves. The lower part may have drawers. Summary of cost of equipment to accommodate twelve pupils at a time : Tables with cupboards, etc., stools, stoves, range, and sink $550.oo to $650.00 Utensils (as per detailed statement) 85.87 Store room equipment $43.60 to 78.60 Dining-room equipment $60.00 to 72.00 Total cost of equipment $739-47 to $886.47 On pages 96-98 is given the detailed equipment of the cooking laboratories at Evanston, 111. Maintenance. The cost of maintenance for cooking, based upon individual work ranges from 2^2 cts to 5 cts. per capita per lesson. From 3 to 3^ cts. is a fair average, and an allowance of 5 cts. per capita per lesson is liberal. Laundry. Few schools have a laundry equipment. The cost of equipping and maintaining a laundry in connection with school work is here given in order that the subject of this book may be covered as fully as possible. The work may be given in the same room as that used by the class in cooking, or a separate room may be fitted up. In the latter case stationary tubs may be used in place of the portable ones. To these must also be added a laundry stove, water-heating arrangement, and suitable i55 Economics of Manual Training. plumbing. In the former case there should be a large closet provided for the storage of tubs, etc. About the walls of this closet there should be shelves for the work of the class. The following estimate is based on the plan of having the laundry work done under conditions involv- ing a minimum expenditure of space and money : Equipment for Class of Eight Pupils. Large fibre tub $ .83 Double boiler, for starch 1.03 Tea-kettle 97 12 small fibre tubs 7.20 Small fibre pail .20 Granite soap cooker 65 Yellow earthenware bowl, I quart .12 " " " 2 quarts 16 " 4 " 25 8 yellow earthenware bowls, I quart 40 2 tin measuring cups 20 6 tablespoons .48 6 teaspoons 30 Knife 10 Wooden spoon 05 TOO feet of clothes line .90 Clothes pins .10 Towel roller .10 Skirt board covers 10 yards unbleached cotton cloth 80 4 cotton felting, 54 inches 2.00 i yard white flannel 40 Safety pins 25 3 roller towels (7^ yards linen toweling) 88 Dish pan, 14 quarts 63 Universal wringer, large 4-25 2 universal wringers, small 5 Tin dipper .20 Oval clothes basket 1.25 " boiler 1.25 6 4- foot benches 5-4 8 4^-foot skirt boards, with adjustable supports 12.00 8 small wash-boards, two-thirds usual size 3 .00 2 clothes-horses (4 feet high, 4 folds) 1.76 Fringe brush 63 3 soft brushes 1.14 3 whisk brooms, for sprinkling 54 156 Economics of Manual Training. 4 flat irons, 7 pounds 2. 20 8 " "5 " 2.56 8 " "4 " 3.20 4 " " 3 " 1-40 (Cheaper irons may be had at 4 cents per pound.) 8 Troy polishers 3.60 8 iron stands 40 8 " holders (asbestos) 32 Total cost of equipment $69.10 Maintenance. 3 dozen boxes of soap $ 1.50 Starch 30 Bluing 25 Beeswax .40 Borax 20 Ammonia .20 White vine vinegar 10 Salt 05 Total cost of maintenance $3.00 Cost per pupil, 37^2 cents. 157 Economics of Manual Training. Fig. 61. Rindge Manual Training School, Cambridge, Mass. The Manual Training Building. V T T In order to supplement the foregoing detailed infor- mation regarding the equipping of the various shops, and also by way of suggestion for the general planning of the relation of a group of shops and other class rooms, a number of floor plans of manual training schools are here given. Aside from the building in which the makeshift plan is followed of having the shops occupy such space in 158 Economics of Manual Training. the general arrangement as is most expedient and con- venient without special regard to isolation, there may be said to be two distinctive plans followed in designing a manual training building. The first calls for a separate building especially designed for shop purposes and con- taining no recitation rooms, either located within easily WOOD-WORKINC ROOM 55 . 60 FORCE: ROOM 34x70 infill I BOILERS ENGINE ROOM U IRON-WORKING, ROOM 53.60 DRAWING ROOM 5i.33 OHAWINC ROOM 42.25 SUPPLY ROOM n Fig. 62. Plan of Rindge Manual Training School, Cambridge, Mass. accessible distance from the main building or connect- ing herewith, and the other calls for a building espe- cially designed for a manual training school and contain- ing recitation rooms as well as shops, the latter so designed (generally in wings) as to secure the greatest amount of light and at the same time to minimize the effects of noise. Types of the former class are the Rindge Manual 159 Economics of Manual Training. Training School, Cambridge, Mass. (Figs. 61-62), and the Chicago Manual Training School (Figs. 66-69), and of the latter class the Mechanic Arts High School, Bos- ton, Mass. (Fig. 65), and the Manual Training High School, Kansas City, Mo. (Figs. 63-64). The arrange- ment of manual training rooms in a Normal School is shown in Fig. 71. If power is to be produced on the premises, the engine and boiler room may occupy a separate one-story building or may be installed in the basement, as shown in Figs. 63, 65 and 70. If electric power and light is also to be produced, the dynamos are installed in the engine room. Power may be had from motors driven by the street current. The most up-to-date equipment in the line of electric power installation may be found in the new Manual Training High School of the Borough of Brook- lyn, where all overhead shafting is eliminated by having every machine driven by an individual motor. The rest of the equipment of this remarkable school is quite in keeping with the above item, as may be gathered from the following summary of the number of shops and labora- tories : "There are forty class rooms in the building, fotH; shops for elementary wood work, one shop for wood turn- ing and pattern-making, one for sheet metal work, a print- ing shop to accommodate thirty workmen, a machine shop, a blacksmith shop, a book bindery, four shops for plain garment work, rooms for the study of domestic sci- ence, including two kitchens, laundry, bedroom, dining room, pantry and infirmary. There are four mechanical draughting rooms, four free-hand drawing rooms, two zoology laboratories, two botanical laboratories, one phy- sical laboratory, one chemical laboratory, one advanced 160 Economics of Manual Trainin g- chemical laboratory for the study of assaying and metal- lurgy; one laboratory for the study of advanced physics, including steam and electrical engineering and an electric laboratory." Attention is called to the one-story shop plan of the Chicago Manual Training School (Figs. 66-69). The one-story arrangement permits of the doing away with supporting pillars, eliminates the evils incident to the vibration caused by machinery, isolates the noise so as to minimize this annoyance to the recitation rooms, permits of easy trucking between shops, and affords a maximum of light and air. The method of lighting is the partic- ularly unique feature of these shops. The method of factory lighting, so long popular in Europe, and known as the "saw-tooth" system, has been utilized. The sky-lights are made with the north slope steeper than the angle made by the sun's rays with the ground in the summer, and with the south slope opaque. The result is that the benches receive a maximum of diffused north light. Win- dows are also placed in the north wall to break what might otherwise be a somewhat cheerless aspect of four walls. The disadvantage attaching to the use of one-story shops is believed to be confined to large cities where the high price of land would hardly justify so limited an edifice. In the original edition of this book a list of books dealing with the methods and practice of manual training was incorporated. The need for including such a list has since been rendered questionable by the publication of the admirable and complete "Bibliography of Manual Train- ing," by Mr. Arthur H. Chamberlain, wherein is tabulated not only the books on "Method and Practice," but also on the "Theory of Manual Training," as well as an 161 Economics of Manual Training. exhaustive list of magazine articles and also of American and foreign periodicals devoted to manual training. As a large part of the best manual training literature of the past few years has been in the form of contributions to periodicals, this "rinding list" will be the more appre- ciated. In writing this book, unique in its field, the attempt has been made to have it eminently practical and of real assistance to those to whom it is addressed. For obvious reasons it was impossible to give in the text the names of dealers, or to distinguish between the products of various manufacturers. On the other hand it was recognized that information as to where to purchase might be of much practical aid. It was therefore decided to admit a "Purchaser's Finding List," giving a somewhat com- plete list of representative dealers in the various materials used in equipping and maintaining manual training work. Such a list will be found in the succeeding pages. 162 Pig. 63. Plan of Manual Training High School, Kansas City, Mp, 163 Fig. 64. Plan of Manual Training High School, Kansas City, Mo. 164 Fig. 66. The New Building of the Chicago Manual Training School. Fig. 67. Pattern Shop Chicago Manual Training School, showing Distribution of lyight from Saw-Tooth Roof. 166 anan nnn pnn anna D D Q'aiDKlfl Q D j DD D an ODD D D5D D !Q?D D ODD nan DDD 170 Contents. CLAY MODELING. Clay Disinfecting Porcelain Clay Plastic Clay Fire Clay Substitutes Storage Modeling Boards Work Tables Tools Models Kiln Potter's Wheel Cost. 12-21 CARDBOARD AND PAPER WORK. Scissors Cost Paste Paper and Cards Supplies 21-27 WEAVING. Paper Yarn and Rags Looms Materials Raffia Rat- tan Reeds Straw Baskets Grasses Cord Work. .27-33 SEWING. Tools Cost 34-37 BENT IRON WORK. Equipment Materials Tools Cost Examples of Work 37-42 KNIFE WORK. Desk Protection Whittling Trays Knives Tools Storage Examples of Work Cost Materials 42-48 BENCH WORK IN WOOD. Teachers Shoproom for this work Lighting Wash rooms Storage Teacher's room Layout Benches Demonstration Seats Blackboard Glue Metal work Display Storage Bulletins Lumber Nails Screws Blue prints Lockers Tools Cost Carv- ing 48-90 MANUAL TRAINING CENTERS. Separate buildings Cost of buildings and equipment Supplies Cost per pupil Laboratory Cooking uten- sils Wood working 9*-99 THE HIGH SCHOOL. Joiner shop Wood turning and pattern making Lathes Individual tools General tools Drawing tables Work benches Cost 100-1 13 FOUNDRY. Furnace Ladles Flasks Troughs Core oven Cost . 1 13-1 16 171 Contents. FORGE SHOP. Forges Anvils Lockers Lavatories Buildings Tools Coal Material Cost 1 16-121 MACHINE SHOP. Bench work Equipment Machine work Machine tools Lathe tools Small tools Forge shop Stock room Sheet metal 121-134 MECHANICAL DRAWING. General considerations Tables Instruments Models Storage Blackboards Auxiliary rooms 134-143 SEWING ROOM. Equipment Rooms Machines Material 143-146 COOKING LARORATORY. Kitchen equipment Utensils Cooking table Cost Stove room Dining room 146-153 LAUNDRY. Equipment Utensils Supplies Cost 153-157 MANUAL TRAINING BUILDING. Plans Power Light Class rooms Machinery Saw tooth roofs 158-170 SCHOOLS. Armour Institute, Chicago. Ill 113 Baltimore Polytechnic Institute 82 Berkeley, New York 83 Boston, Mass 8-36-67-100-111-119-126-165 Bradley Polytechnic Institute 66 Brookline, Mass 169 Brooklyn, N. Y 8-103-114-117-137-145 Buffalo, N. Y 21-25-38-41-42 Cambridge, Mass 8-158-160 Carlstadt, N. J 82 Carthage, Mo. 82 Chicago, 111 15-28-82-161-165-167-170 Cleveland, 36-82-91-92 Columbus, Ga 72-82 Concord, Mass 82 Ethical Culture, New York 54 Evanston, 111 93-95-155 Hampton Institute 82 Hartford 123-136-107 172 Contents. SCHOOLS. Horace Mann, New York 36-39 Indianapolis, Incl 7-27-37-151 Kansas City, Mo 8-12-160-163-164 Lewiston, Me 83 Lewis Institute, Chicago 112 Lincoln, 111 71 Los Angeles, Calif 82 Mann, New York 36-39 McKinley, St. Louis 7 Mechanic Arts, Boston 100-111-119-126-165 Menominee, Wis 1 18 Milton, Mass 83 Minneapolis, Minn 36-82 Montclair, N. J 17-82 Natick, Mass 83 Newark, N. J 82 New York, N. Y 8-53-88-132-147-150 Oak Park, 111 132 Ontario, Canada 80 Pratt Institute, Brooklyn 1 14-1 17-137-145 Red Bank, N. J 82 Rindge, Cambridge, Mass 8-158-159 Rochester, N. Y 100 Springfield, 111 82 St. Louis, Mo 7 Sterling, 111 70 Syracuse, N. Y 37 Teachers' College, New York 132-150 Toledo, Ohio 82 Wade Park, Cleveland, Ohio 91-92 Washington, D. C 35 Westbrook, Me 52 Yearman, St. Louis 7 PERSONAL REFERENCES. Chamberlin, Arthur H 23-161 Holland, Anna M 13-18 Jones, Geo. W 33 Leake, Albert H 80 Patterson, Jessie 34 173 BENCHES MANUAL TRAINING. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. BEVELS. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co. . . . Elizabeth, N.-J. BLACKBOARD CLOTH SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co . . .New York. BLACKBOARD PAPER SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co .......... /.New York BLACKBOARDS SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co New York. BLOW PIPES. American Gas Furnace Co New York. Buffalo Dental M'f'g Co , .Buffalo, N. Y. BLOWERS AND FANS.' American Gas Furnace * Co New York Buffalo Dental M'f'g Co Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Forge Co ; Buffalo, N. Y B. F. Sturtevant Co Hyde Park, Mass. BLUE PRINTING APPARATUS. American Drafting Furniture Co. . ... Rochester, N. Y. Keuffel & Esser Co . .. ... New.York. BLUE PRINT ^APER. F. WebeV & Co Phila., Pa. BONBONS. Huylers - ., New YorTc. BOOKS MECHANICAL. The Derry-Collard Company .'New York; BOOKBINDERS' ART GOODS. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co.. .^ Brooklyn, N. Y. BOOK STAMPS AND TOOLS. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co. Brooklyn. "N/ Y. BOOKBINDERS' MATERIALS. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co Brooklyn, N. Y BOOKBINDERS' MACHINERY. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co.. Brooklyn, N Y. BOOKS TECHNICAL. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons .Denver, Colo The Derry-Collard Company .New York. BORING BARS LODGE & SHIPLEY. Three Rivers Tool Co Three Rivers, Mich. BRACES BIT. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co. New York. BRISTOL BOARD. Henry M. Taws .Phila.,'Pa. BRUSHES. - F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. BUFFING MACHINES. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111, BURLAP. Hoffman-Corr M'f'g Co . .-.. , New York. CABINETMAKERS' BENCHES. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co Grand Rapids, Mich. CABINET HARDWARE. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. CALIPERS. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. CANDIES. Huylers .... New York. CARVERS' PUNCHES. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N, J; CASE HARDENING FURNACES GAS. American Gas Furnace Co New York. CHARCOAL. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. ^CHARTS EDUCATIONAL. The Derry-Collard Company New York. / CHINA PAINTING MATERIAL. Fry Art Co New York. CHISELS AND GOUGES. Harnmacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. C. E. Jennings & Co New York. Mack & Co Rochester, N. Y. Russell & Erwin Co New York. L. & I. J. White Co . . Buffalo, N. Y. CHOCOLATE. Huylers New York. CENTER DRILLS. J. T. Slocomb Co. Providence, R. I. CLAMPS WOOD. Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co Grand Rapids, Mich. JXarragansett Machine Co . Providence, R. I. CLAY MODELLING TOOLS. Hammacher, Schlemmer Co. . . . New York. CLAY (PLASTELINE). Chavant M'f'g Co. Jersey City, N. J. COCOA. Huylers New York. COLD CHISELS. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co .Elizabeth, N. Jf. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. COMMUTATOR LUBRICANT. L. B. Allen Co., Inc Chicago, 111. COMPASSES. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo. Eagle Pencil Co New York. CONFECTIONERS TOOLS. F. M. Bower Co New York. COOKING TABLES. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. COPPER WORKING TOOLS. Chandler & Barber ..Boston, Mass CORDAGE. Hoffman-Corr M'f'g Co .New York.' / CORLISS ENGINE MODELS. The Derry-Collard Company . . . New -\ ork. COTTON WASTE. Hoffman-Corr M'f'g Co .New York. COUNTERSINKS. XT Wm. Johnson Newark, N. T Wells Brothers Co Greenfield, Mass. CRUCIBLE FURNACES. American Gas Furnace Co New \ ork. CUTTERS MILLING. , R. M. -dough lolland, Conn DIES AND TAPS. _, . , , _. I lav State Tap & Die Co Mansfield, Mass. Butterfield & Co g erb y \ ine 'J V 1. M. Carpenter Tap & 1 >i" : Co. - Pawtucket, R. I. Holroyd & Co !.... S^^V? Pratt '& Whitney Co .- Hartford. C onn. DIE STOCKS & ^ Co &*$*?<*' n Pratt & Whitney Co f? artf | r fs C M " Wells Brothers 'Co Greenfield, Mass DIVIDERS WING. Wm. Johnson . Newark, N. J. DRAFTING MACHINES. Universal Drafting Machine Co Cleveland, O. DRAWING BOARDS AND TABLES. American Drafting Furniture Co Rochester, N. Y. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds Co. New York. Economy Drawing Table Co Toledo, O. Keuffel & Esser Co New York. Henrv M. Taws , Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co. . . Phila., Pa. DRAWING BOOKS ON The Derry-Collard Company New York. Eugene Dietzgen Co * Chicago-New York. RAWING INSTRUMENTS. Chandler & Barber , Boston, Mass F. W. Devoe & C. T. Raynolds Co New York. Eugene Dietzgen Co Chicago-New York. Keuffel & Esser Co New York. Patterson Tool Co Dayton, O. E. G. Ruehle & Co New York. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. DRAW 'KNIVES. C. E. Jennings & Co New York. Russell & Erwin Co New York. L. & I. J. White Co Buffalo, N. Y. x DRAWING PAPER. Eugene- Dietzgen Co Chicago-New York. Henrv M. Taws Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. DRAWINS PAPER ISOMETRIC. The Derry-Collard Company New York. DRILLS-CHARD DEEP HOLE SPINDLE. Three Rivers Tool Co Three Rivers, Mich. DRILL GAUGES. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. DRILLS HAND. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. DRILLS MATTHEWS HIGH SPEED CORE. Three Rivers Tool Co Three Rivers,, Mich. DRILLS SENSITIVE; Vox Machine Co Grand Rapids, Mich. DRILLS TWIST. Standard Tool Co Cleveland, O. Russell & Erwin Co New York. DRILLS UPRIGHT. B. F. Barnes Co Rockford. 111. Sebastian Lathe Co. . Cincinnati, O. EDGE TOOLS. Mack & Co Rochester. N. Y. L. & I. J. White Co Buffalo, N. Y. EDUCATIONAL CHARTS. The Derry-Collard Company New York. ELECTRICITY BOOKS ON The Derry-Collard Company New York. EMERY CLOTH AND PAPER. Chicago Wheel & M'fg Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. EMERY OIL STONES. Chicago Wheel & M'fg Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. Pike M'fg Co ; Pike, N. H. EMERY WHEEL DRESSERS. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111.. Pike M'f'g Co Pike, N. H. EMERY WHEELS. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. Pike M'f'g Co Pike, N. H. ENAMELING FURNACES GAS. American Gas Furnace Co New York. ENGINES GAS OIL AND GASOLINE. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. Robertson M'f'g Co Buffalo, N. Y. ENGINES STEAM. B. F. Sturtevant Co Hyde Park, Mass. ENGRAVERS' TOOLS. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co Brooklyn, N. Y. EXPANDING MANDRELS. Western Tool & M'f'g Co Springfield, O. EXPANDING REAMERS. Western Tool & M'f'g Co Springfield, O. EXPANSIVE BITS: Russell & Erwin Co New York. EYE BENDERS. Estep & Dolan -. Sandwich, 111. EYELETS AND TOOLS. Eyelet Tool Co. Boston, Mass. FILES AND RASPS. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. Hamtuacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. Nicholson File Co Providence, R. I. E. P. Reichhelm & Co New York. .FILES SWISS PATTERN. E. P. Reichhelm & Co New York. FILES AMERICAN SWISS. E. P. Reichhelm & Co New York. FILING CASES FOR DRAWINGS AND BLUE PRINTS. American Drafting Furniture Co Rochester, N. Y. FIRE EXTINGUISHERS. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass FLUXES (see Soldering fluxes). FORGES. Buffalo Forge Company Buffalo, N. Y. B. F. Sturtevant Company Hyde Park, Mass. FOUNDRY WORK BOOKS ON The Derry-Collard Company ...,.-..,,.... New York. FURNACES MALTING. American Drafting Furniture Co.- .Rochester, N. 1. American Gas Furnace Co New York. Buffalo Dental M'f'g Co Buffalo, N. Y. FURNACES TEMPERING AND ANNEALING. American Gas Furnace Co New York. Buffalo Dental M'f'g Co Buffalo, N. \ . GAGES LIMIT. Pratt & Whitney Co. Hartford, Conn. GAGES PIPE THREAD. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. Wells Brothers Co Greenfield, Mass. GAGES SCREW PITCH. Wells Brothers Co. ^ Greenfield, Mass. GAS BLAST FURNACES. American Gas Furnace Co. New York. GAS GENERATORS. American Gas Furnace Co ..New York. GEAR CUTTING ATTACHMENTS FOR LATHES. W. C. Young , . Worcester, Mass. GLUE. Wisdom & Co Chicago, 111. GLUE HEATERS. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. Oliver Machinery Co , Grand Rapids, Mich. GOUGES. Russell & Erwin Co New York. GRAPHITE AND PLUMBAGO. Pettinos Brothers Bethlehem, Pa. GRINDERS CUTTER AND REAMER. R. M. Clough Holland, Conn. GRINDERS DRY. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. GRINDERS PLAIN. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. GRINDERS WATER TOOL. B. F. Barnes Co Rockford, 111. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. GRINDSTONES. Hammacher, Schlemmer Co New York. HAMMERS. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. HAMMERS HAND. The David Maydole Hammer Company Norwich, N. Y. HAND SCREWS. Chapin-Stephens Co Pine Meadow, Conn. Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co Grand Rapids, Mich. Narragansett Machine Co Providence, R. I. HATCHETS. L. & I. J. White Co Buffalo, N. Y. HEATING MACHINES (Gas), American Gas Furnace Co New York. HEATING SYSTEMS. Buffalo Forge Co Buffalo, N. Y. B. F. Sturtevant Co Hyde Park, Mass. ICE CREAM FREEZERS. F. M. Bower Co New York. ISOMETRIC PAPER. The Derry-Collard, Company New York. INKS WATERPROOF. Eugene Dietzgen Co Chicago-New York. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. JOINTERS. Greaves, Klusman & Co Cincinnati, 0. KNIVES SLOYD. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. KNURLS. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N. J. LATHE DOGS. Western Tool & M'f'g Co Springfield, O. LATHE TOOLS. Armstrong Bros. Tool Co Chicago, 111. LATHES BUFFING. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St.. Chicago, 111. F. E. Reed Co Worcester, Mass. LATHES ENGINE: B. F. Barnes Co Rockford, 111. Greaves, Klusman fr Co. Cincinnati, O. Pratt & Whitney Co , Hartford, Conn. F. E. Reed Co .Worcester, Mass. Sebastian Lathe Co Cincinnati, O. Seneca Falls M'f'g Co Seneca Falls, N. Y. W. C. Young Worcester, Mass. LATHES FOOT. Sebastian Lathe Co Cincinnati. O. Seneca Falls M'f'g Co : ... Seneca Falls, N. Y. E. H. Sheldon & Co Chicago, 111. W. C. Young Worcester. Mass. LATHES HAND. Greaves, Klusman & Co Cincinnati, O. F. E. Reed Co Worcester, Mass. Sebastian Lathe Co Cincinnati; O. Seneca Falls M'f'g Co Seneca Falls. N. Y. LATHES PRECISION. Pratt & Whitney Co.. Hartford, Conn. LATHES SPEED. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich F. E. Reed Co Worcester, Mass. Sebastian Lathe Co Cincinnati, O. Stockbridge Machine Co .Worcester, Mass. LATHES TURNING. Hobbs M'f'g Co Worcester, Mass. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mas? Greaves, Klusman & Co. . . Cincinnati, O. F. E. Reed Co - Worcester, Mass. Oliver Machinery Co. . . v Grand Rapids, Mich. Sebastian Lathe Co Cincinnati, O. Seneca Falls M'f'g Co Seneca Falls, N. Y. E. H. Sheldon & Co. Chicago, 111. LAUNDRY NETS. Hoffman-Corr M'f'g Co New York. LEAD PENCILS. Eagle Pencil Co New York. ETTERING BOOKS ON The Derry-Collard Company New York. F. Weber & Co. Phila., Pa. LETTERING PENS. Semples' White Company New York. LEVELS. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo. Chapin-Stephcns Co Pine Meadow, Conn. C. E. Jennings & Co New York. LOCKERS STEEL. Edw. Darby & Sons Co . Phila.. Pa. Narragansett Machine Co Providence, R. I. LOCKERS WOOD. Narragansett Machine Co Providence, R, I.. LUMBER PATTERN. American Lumber & M'f'g Co Pittsburg, Pa. MANDREL PRESSES. Edwin E. Bartlett Boston, Mass.. MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL SUPPLIES. Patterson, Gottfried & Hunter, Ltd New York. MANUAL TRAINING BENCHES. American Drafting Furniture Co ^ . .Rochester, N. Y. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. Chandler & Barber. . . ; Boston, Mass Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co Grand Rapids, Mich. W. C. Toles Co Irving Park, Chicago, 111. MANUAL TRAINING VISES. W. C. Toles Co Irving Park, Chicago, III METAL STRIPS. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. METALS, TOOLS AND SUPPLIES. Patterson, Gottfried & Hunter, Ltd New York -MODELS. The Derry-CoHard Company New -York MOULDERS' TOOLS. Wm. Dobson Canastota, N. Y MOULDERS' TROUGHS. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. MICROMETER CALIPERS. J. T. Slocomb Co Providence, R. I. MILLING CUTTERS. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. Standard Tool Co Cleveland, O. MILLING MACHINES. R. M. Clough Tolland. Conn. T ox Machine Co Grand Rapids, Mich. MITRE BOXES. . Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N. J. NAIL SETS. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N. J. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. NUMBERING MACHINES. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co .Brooklyn, N. Y. OIL. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls. Pa. OIL STONES. Pike M'f 'g Co Pike, N. H. U. J. Ulery New York. PAPER FOR LEAD PENCIL SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co New York. PAPER FOR PENCILS SLATE PENCILS SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co. / New York. PARALLEL RULES. American Drafting Furniture Co Rochester, N. Y. PATTERN MAKING BENCHES. Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co Grand Rapids, Mich. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich. PATTERN MAKING BOOKS ON The Derry-Collard Co New York. PATTERN MAKJNG MACHINERY. Fox Machine Co Grand Rapids, Mich. Greaves, Klusman Sf Co Cincinnati, O. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich. PEANUT "ROASTERS. F. M. Bower Co New York. PENS DRAWING. Eugene Dietzgen Co; Chicago-New York. Semples' -White Company New York. Spencerian Pen Co New York. Henry M. Taws. 1'hila., Pa. PENS WRITING. Eagle Pencil Co Xew York. PIPE CUTTING TOOLS. Butterfield & Co. Derby Line, Yt. Wells Brothers Co I Greenfield, Mass. PLANER TOOLS. Armstrong Bros. Tool Co Chicago, 111. PLANES HAND. Chapin-Stephens Co Pine Meadow, Conn. HammachT, Schlemmer & Co New York. Mack & Co Rochester, N. Y. 8 PLANERS METAL. Edwin E. Bartlett Boston, Mass. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. PLANERS PORTABLE, Edwin E. Bartlett Boston, Mass. PLANERS WOOD. Hobbs MT g Co Worcester, Mass. Greaves, Klusman & Co Cincinnati, O. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Raoids, Mich. PLASTELINE. Chavant M'f'g Co Jersey City, N. J. PLIERS AND NIPPERS. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. PLUMB BOBS. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N. J. PLUMBERS' TOOLS. Wrru Johnson Newark, N. J. PAGING MACHINES. Hoole Machine & Engraving Co Brooklyn, N. Y. POLISHES FOR METAL AND GLASS. L. B. Allen Co., Inc Chicago, 111. PORTABLE TOOL STANDS. Western Tool & M'f'g Co Spring-field, O. PORTABLE VISE STANDS Western Tool & M'f'g Co Springfield, O. PRESSES. Niagara Machine & Tool Works Buffalo, N. Y. PULLEYS STEEL. Oneida Steel Pulley Co Oneida, N. Y. PULLEYS STEEL CENTER, WOOD RIM. Oneida Steel Pulley Co Oneida, N. Y. PULLEYS WOOD. Oneida Steel Pulley Co Oneida, N. Y. PUNCHES BELT. W. C. Young Worcester, Mass. Eyelet Tool Co Boston, Mass. Wm. Johnson , Newark, N. J. PUNCHES CENTER. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. PUNCHES HAND. Niagara Machine & Tool Works Buffalo, N. Y. Eyelet Tool Co Boston, Mass. R. M. Clough Tolland, Conn. W. C. Young Worcester, Mass REAMERS ADJUSTABLE. R. M. Clough Tolland, Conn. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. REAMERS MATTHEWS HIGH SPEED EXPANDING. Three Rivers Tool Co Three Rivers, Mich. REAMERS MATTHEWS HIGH SPEED SOLID. Three Rivers Tool Co Three Rivers, Mich. REAMERS SOLID. Butterfield & Co Derby Line, Vt. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. Standard Tool Co Cleveland, O. ROLL BLACKBOARDS SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co New York. RULES. F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. Chapin-Stephens Co Pine Meadow, Conn. Keuffel Esser Co New York. Lufkin Rule Co Saginaw, Mich. SAND BLASTS. E. P. Reichhelm & Co New York. SAND AND EMERY PAPER. Chicago Wheel & M'f'g Co.. 47 W. Randolph St., Chicago, 111. SANDERS DOUBLE DISK. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich. SAWS BAND. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co P>eaver Falls, Pa. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass Greaves, Klusman & Co Cincinnati, O. Hobbs M'f'g Co Worcester, Mass. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich. SAWS CIRCULAR. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Cc Beaver Falls, Pa. Chandler Barber Boston, Mass Hobbs M'f'g Co Worcester, Mass. Oliver Machinery Co. Grand Rapids, Mich. SAWS COLD. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. SAW SETS AND SHARPENERS. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co. Beaver Falls, Pa. SAWS FOOT POWER. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. SAWS HAND. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co Beaver Falls, Pa. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. C. E. Jennings & Co '. New York. SAWS HACK AND FRAMES. Champion Saw & Gas Engine Co , Beaver Falls, Pa, C. E. Jennings & Co New York. Robertson MTg Co. Buffalo, N. Y. SCALES. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo... F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. SCREEN DOORS. Roebuck Weather Strip & Wire Screen Co New York. SCREW DRIVERS. Russell & Erwin Co New York. Braunsdorf-Mueller Co Elizabeth, N. J. Hammacher, Schiemmer & Co New York. Wm. Johnson .-. Newark, N. J. SCREW MACHINES. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. SCREW PLATES. Butterfield & Co .-.Derby Line, Vt. J. M. Carpenter Tap & Die Co , Pawtucket, R. I. Pratt Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. Wells Brothers Co . . r Greenfield, Mass. SHAPERS CRANK. Stockbridge Machine Co .Worcester, Mass. SHAPING MACHINES. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. SHEARING MACHINERY. Niagara Machine & Tool Works Buffalo, N. Y. W. C.s. Young .Worcester, Mass. SHEARS AND SCISSORS. U. J: Ulery ... New York. SHEARS METAL. R. M. Clough Tolland, Conn. Estep & Dolan Sandwich. 111. Niagara Machine & Tool Works Buffalo, N. Y. SLIDE RESTS. Edwin E. Bartlett Boston, Mass. 10 SLIDE RULES. American Drafting Furniture Co Rochester, N. Y. Chapin-Stephens Co Pine Meadow, Conn. Keuffel & Esser Co New York. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. SLATES SILICATE. N. Y. Silicate Book Slate Co New York. SLOYD KNIVES. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co , New York. SOLDER WIRE, SELF-FLUXING. L. B. Allen Co., Inc Chicago, 111. SOLDERING FLUXES STICK, PASTE, SALTS, LIQUID. L. B. Allen Co., Inc Chicago, III. SOLDERING TOOLS. Buffalo Dental JVI'f'g Co Buffalo, N. Y. SPOKE SHAVES. L. & I. j. White Co Buffalo, N. Y. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. SQUARES STEEL. C. E. Jennings & Co. * New York. SQUARES T. Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co '.. .Phila., Pa. STEEL RULES. Lufkin Rule Co Saginaw, Mich. STEEL TAPES. F. Weber & Co Phila., Pa. Keuffel & Esser Co New York. Lufkin Rule Co Saginaw, Mich. STRAIGHT EDGES. American Drafting Furniture Co Rochester, N. .Y. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo./ TAPS AND DIES. Bay State Tap & Die Co Mansfield, Mass. T. M. Carpenter Tap . Die Co Pawtucket, R. I. Holroyd & Co Waterford, N. Y. Pratt & Whitney Co Hartford, Conn. Standard Tool Co Cleveland, O. Wells Brothers Co Greenfield, Mass. TECHNICAL BOOKS. The Derry-Collard Co New York. TEMPERING FURNACE GAS. American Gas Furnace Co New York. THUMB TACKS. Spencerian Pen Co New York. Universal Drafting Machine Co Cleveland, O. TINSMITHS' TOOLS. Niagara Machine & Tool Works Buffalo, N. Y. TOOL BOXES. Narragansett Machine Co Providence, R. I. TOOL CHESTS. C. E. Jennings & Co New York. TOOL HOLDERS. Armstrong Bros. Tool Co Chicago, 111. Western Tool & M'f 'g Co. Springfield, O. TOOLS FOR LATHES AND PLANEUS. Armstrong Bros. Tool Co Chicago, 111. Sebastian Lathe Co ' Cincinnati, O. TOOLS METAL WORKING. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. TOOLS SMALL HIGH SPEED. Three Rivers Tool Co .Three Rivers, Mich. II TOOLS WOOD\VORKIXG. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. TRACING CLOTH. ' Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. F. Weber & Co , Phila., Pa. TRANSITS. Wm. Ainsworth & Sons Denver, Colo. TRIANGLES. Eugene Dietzgeii Co Chicago-New York. F. Weber eS; Co Phila, Pa. TRIMMERS -WOOD. Fox Machine Co Grand Rapids, Mich. TROWELS MASON'S. Wm. Johnson f Newark, N. J. TURNING SAWS AND FRAMES. Wm. Johnson Newark, N. J. VALVE MODELS. The Derry-Collard Co New York. VENETIAN IRON. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co. New York. VISES MACHINIST'S. Hammacher, Schlemmer Co . New York. VISES PATTERN. Oliver Machinery Co Grand Rapids, Mich. VISES RAPID ACTING (Woodworking). Abernathy Vise & Tool .Co. . , Chicago, 111. W. C. Toles 'Co. Irving Park, Chicago, 111. WATER COLORS. Eugene Dietzgen Co Chicago-New A ork. F. Weber & Co. Phila., Pa. .Henry M. Taws Phila., Pa. WEATHER STRIPS. Roebuck Weather. Strip & Wire Screen Co New York. WHITTLING TRAYS; Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. WINDOW SCREENS. Roebuck Weather Strip & Wire Screen Co New York. WINDOW VENTILATORS. Roebuck Weather Strip & Wire Screen Co New York. .WIRE SCREENS. Roebuck Weather Strip & Wire Screen Co New York. WRENCHES MACHINISTS'. Bullard Automatic Wrench Co Providence, R. I. J. M. Carpenter Tap & Die Co . . Pawtucket, R. I. WRENCHES PIPE. Bullard Automatic Wrench Co Providence, R. I. WRENCHES SCREW. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. WOOD CARVING BENCHES. A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass; WOOD CARVING TOOLS. Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co New York. WOOD WORKING BENCHES. "A. L. Bemis Worcester, Mass. WOOD WORKING MACHINERY. Fox Machine Co. ,......; Grand Rapids, Mich. WOOD WORKING VISES. Chandler & Barber Boston, Mass 12 CATALOGUE OF STANDARD PRACTICAL AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY The Norman W, Henley Publishing Go, 132 Nassau St., New York, U. S. A. INDEX OF SUBJECTS Brazing and Soldering 3 Cams ii Charts 3 Chemistry , 4 Civil Engineering 4 Coke 4 Compressed Air 4 Concrete. 5 Dictionaries 5 Dies Metal Work 6 Drawing Sketching Paper 6 Electricity 7 Enameling 9 Factory Management, etc 9 Fuel 10 Gas Engines and Gas 10 Gearing and Cams n Hydraulics n Ice and Refrigeration 11 Inventions Patents 12 Lathe Practice 12 Liquid Air '. 12 Locomotive Engineering 12 Machine Shop Practice 14 Manual Training 17 Marine Engineering 17 Metal Work-Dies 6 Mining 17 Miscellaneous 18 Patents and Inventions 12 Pattern Making 18 Perfumery 18 Plumbing 19 Receipt Book 24 Refrigeration and Ice 11 Rubber 19 Saws 20 Screw Cutting * 20 Sheet Metal Work 20 Soldering 3 Steam Engineering 20 Steam Heating and Ventilation 22 Steam Pipes 22 Steel 22 Watch Making 23 Wireless Telephones 23 Any of these books will be sent prepaid to any part of the world, on receipt of price. REMIT by Draft, Postal Money Order, Express Money Order or by Registered Mail. GOOD, USEFUL BOOKS BRAZING AND SOLDERING BRAZING AND SOLDERING. By JAMES F. HOBART. The only book that shows you just how to handle any job of brazing or soldering that comes along; tells you what mixture to use, how to make a furnace if you need one. Full of kinks. 4th edition. 25 cents CHARTS BATTLESHIP CHART. An engraving which shows the details of a battleship as if the sides were of glass and you could see all the interior. The finest piece of work that has ever been done. So accurate that it is used at Annapolis for instruction purposes. Shows all details and gives correct name of every part. 28 x 42 inches plate paper. 50 cents BOX CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a box car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list. 20 cents GONDOLA CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a gondola car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper reference name given in" a reference list. 20 cents PASSENGER CAR CHART. A chart showing the anatomy of a passenger car, having every part of the car numbered and its proper name given in a reference list. 20 cents TRACTIVE POWER CHART. A chart whereby you can find the tractive power or drawbar pull of any locomotive, without making a figure. Shows what cylinders are equal, how driving wheels and steam pressure affect the power. What sized engine you need to exert a given drawbar pull or anything you desire in this line. 50 cents WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE CHARTS. Chart I. Shows (in colors) the most modern Westinghouse High Speed and Signal Equipment used on Passenger Engines, Passenger Engine Tenders, and Passenger Cars. Chart II. Shows (in colors) the Standard Westinghouse Equipment for Freight and Switch Engines, Freight and Switch Engine Tenders, and Freight Cars. Price for the set, 50 cents CHEMISTRY HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by GARDNER D. Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-chemical Receipt Book published, including over 10,000 selected scientific chemical, technological, and practical receipts and processes. See page 24 for full description of this book. 93.00 CIVIL ENGINEERING HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL EN- GINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. Edited by JOSEPH G. HORNER, A.M.I., M.E. This set of five volumes contains about 2,500 pages with thousands of illustrations, including dia- grammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. It covers the entire practice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. It tells you all you want to know about engineering and tells it so simply, so clearly, so concisely that one cannot help but understand. 86.00 per volume or 825.00 for complete set of five volumes. COKE COKE MODERN COKING PRACTICE; INCLUDING THE ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. ByT. H. BYROM, Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry, Fellow of The Chemical Society, etc., and J. E. CHRISTOPHER, Member of the Society of Chemical Industry, etc. A handbook for those engaged in Coke manufacture and the recovery of By- products. Fully illustrated with folding plates. The subject of Coke Manufacture is of rapidly increasing in- terest and significance, embracing as it does the recovery of valuable by-products in which scientific control is of the first importance. It has been the aim of the authors, in preparing this book, to produce one which shall be of use and benefit to those who are associated with, or interested in, the modern de- velopments of the industry. Contents: Chap. I. Introductory. Chap. II. General Classi- fication of Fuels. Chap. III. Coal Washing. Chap. IV. The Sampling and Valuation of Coal, Coke, etc. Chap. V. The Calorific Power of Coal and Coke. Chap. VI. Coke Ovens. Chap. VII. Coke Ovens, continued. Chap. VIII. Coke Ovens, continued. Chap. IX. Charging and Discharging of Coke Ovens. Chap. X. Cooling and Condensing Plant. Chap. XL Gas Ex- hausters. Chap. XII. Composition and Analysis of Ammoniacal Liquor. Chap. XIII. Working up of Ammoniacal Liquor. Chap. XIV. Treatment of Waste Gases from Sulphate Plants. Chap. XV. Valuation of Ammonium Sulphate. Chap. XVI. Direct Recovery of Ammonia from Coke Oven Gases. Chap XVII. Surplus Gas from Coke Oven. Useful Tables. Very fully illustrated. 83.50 net COMPRESSED AIR COMPRESSED AIR IN ALL ITS APPLICATIONS. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. This is the most complete book on the subject of Air that has ever been issued, and its thirty-five chapters include about every phase of the subject one can think of. It may be called an encyclopedia of compressed air. It is written by an expert, who, in its 665 pages, has dealt with the subject in a comprehensive manner, no phase of it being omitted. Over 500 illustrations, sth v Edition, revised and enlarged. Cloth bound; 85.00, Half morocco, 86.50 CONCRETE ORNAMENTAL, CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS, By A. A, HOUGHTON. The process for making ornamental concrete with- out molds, has long been held as a secret and now, for the hrst time, this process is given to the public. The book reveals the secret and is the only book published which explains a simple, practical method whereby the concrete worker is enabled, by employing wood -md metal templates of different designs, to- mold or model in concrete any Cornice, Archivolt, Column, Pedestal, Base Cap, Urn or Pier in a monolithic form right upon the job. These may be molded in units or blocks, and then built up to suit the specifications demanded. This work is fully illustrated, with detailed engravings. 82. OO POPULAR HAND BOOK FOR CEMENT AND CON- CRETE USERS, By MYRON H. LEWIS, C.E. This is a con- cise treatise of the principles and methods employed in the manufacture and use of cement in all classes of modern works. The author has brought together in this work, all the salient matter of interest to the user of concrete and its many diversified products. The matter is presented in logical and systematic order, clearly written, fully illustrated and free from involved mathematics. Everything of value to the concrete user is given. Among the chapters contained in the book are: I. Historical Development of the Uses of Cement and Concrete. II. Glossary of Terms employed in Cement and Concrete work. III. Kinds of Cement employed in Construction. IV. Limes, Ordinary and Hydraulic. V. Lime Plasters. VI. Natural Cements. VII. Portland Cements. VIII. Inspection and Testing. IX. Adul- teration; or Foreign Substances in Cement. X. Sand, Gravel and Broken Stone. XI. Mortar. XII. Grout. XIII. Con- crete (Plain). XIV. Concrete (Reinforced). XV. Methods and Kinds of Reinforcements. XVI. Forms for Plain and Re- inforced Concrete. XVII. Concrete Blocks. XVIII. Arti- ficial Stone. XIX. Concrete Tiles. XX. Concrete Pipes and Conduits. XXI. Concrete Piles. XXII. Concrete Buildings. XXIII. Concrete in Water Works. XXIV. Concrete in Sewer Works. XXV. Concrete in Highway Construction. XXVI. Concrete Retaining Walls. XXVII. Concrete Arches and Abutments. XXVIII. Concrete in Subway and Tunnels. XXIX. Concrete in Bridge Work. XXX. Concrete in Docks and Wharves. XXXI. Concrete Construction under Water. XXXII. Concrete on the Farm. XXXIII. Concrete Chimneys. XXXI /. Concrete for Ornamentation. XXXV. Concrete Mausoleums and Miscellaneous Uses. XXXVI. Inspection for Concrete Work. XXXVII. Waterproofing Concrete Work. XXXVIII. Coloring and Painting Concrete Work. XXXIX. Method of Finishing Concrete Surfaces. XL. Specifications and Estimates for Concrete Work. 82.5O DICTIONARIES STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By T. O'CONOR SLOANE. An indispensable work to all interested in electrical science. Suitable alike for the student and profession- al. A practical hand-book of reference containing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The defini- tions are terse and concise and include every term used in electri- cal science. Recently issued. An entirely new edition. Should be in the possession of all who desire to keep abreast with the progress of this branch of science. Corcolete. toncise aad con- venient. 682 pages 393 illustrations. S3.CO DIES METAL WORK DIGS. THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OF SHEET METALS. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A new book by a practical man, for those who wish to know the latest practice in the working of sheet metals. It shows how dies are designed, made and used, and those who are engaged in this line of work can secure many valuable sug- gestions. 83. OO PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTUR- ING Iljir PRESSES. By J. V. WOODWORTH. An encyclo- pedia of die-making, punch-making, die-sinking, sheet-metal working, and making of special tools, subpresses, devices and mechanical combinations for punching, cutting, bending, form- ing, piercing, drawing, compressing, and assembling sheet- metal parts and also articles of other materials in machine tools. This is a distinct work from the author's book entitled "Dies; Their Construction and Use." 500 pages, 700 engrav- ings. 84.00 DRAWING SKETCHING PAPER LINEAR PERSPECTIVE SELF-TAUGHT. By HERMAN T. C. KRAUS. This work gives the theory and practice of linear perspective, as used in architectural, engineering, and mechanical drawings. Persons taking up the study of the subject by them- selves, without the aid of a teu'.:hcr, will be able by the use of the instruction given to readily grasp the subject, and by reason- able practice become good perspective draftsmen. The arrange- ment of the book is good; the plate is on the left-hand, while the descriptive text follows on the opposite page, so as to be readily referred to. The drawings are on sufficiently large scale to show the work clearly and are plainly figured. The whole work makes a very complete course on perspective drawing, and will be found of great value to architects, civil and mechanical engineers, patent attorneys, art designers, engravers, and draftsmen. 82..5O PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE. By RICHARDS and COLVIN. Shows just how to make all kinds of mechanical d/awings in the only practical perspective isometric. Makes everything plain so that any mechanic can understand a sketch or drawing in this way. Saves time in the drawing room and mistakes in the shops. Contains practical examples of various classes of work. 50 cents SELF-TAUGHT MECHANICAL DRAWING AND ELE- MENTARY MACHINE DESIGN. By F. L. SYLVESTER. M.E., Draftsman, with additions by Erik Oberg, associate editor of "Machinery." A practical elementary treatise on Mechanical Drawing and Machine Design, comprising the first principles of geometric and mechanical drawing, workshop mathematics, mechanics, strength of materials and the calculation and design of machine details, compiled for the use of practical mechanics and young draftsmen. 82.00 A NEW SKETCHING PAPER. A new specially ruled paper to enable you to make sketches or drawings in isometric per- spective without any figuring or fussing. It is being used for shop details as well as for assembly drawings, as it makes one sketch do the work of three, and no workman can help seeing just what is wanted. Pads of 40 sheets, 6x9 inches, 25 cents. Pads of 40 sheets, 9x12 inches, 50 cents ELECTRICITY ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY. By Prof. T. O'CoNOR SLOANE. A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules, all of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic; each rule illustrated by one or more practical problems, with detailed solution of each one. This book is classed among the most useful works pub- lished on the science of electricity covering as it does the mathe- matics of electricity in a manner that will attract the attention of those who are not familiar with algebraical formulas. 160 pages. 81. OO COMMUTATOR CONSTRUCTION. By WM. BAXTER, JR. The business end of any dynamo or motor of the direct current type is the commutator. This book goes into the de- signing, building, and maintenance of commutators, shows how to locate troubles and how to remedy them; everyone who fusses with dynamos needs this. 25 cents DYNAMO BUILDING FOR AMATEURS, OR HOW TO CONSTRUCT A FIFTY WATT DYNAMO. By ARTHUR J. WEED, Member of N. Y. Electrical Society. This book is a practical treatise showing in detail the construction of a small dynamo or motor, the entire machine work of which can be done on a small foot lathe. Dimensioned working drawings are given for each piece of machine work and each operation is clearly described. This machine when used as a dynamo has an output of fifty watts; when used as a motor it will drive a small drill press or lathe. It can be used to drive a sewing machine on any and all ordinary work. The book is illustrated with more than sixty original engrav- ings showing the actual construction of the different parts. Paper. Paper 50 cents Cloth 81. OO ELECTRIC FURNACES AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. By J.WRIGHT. This is a book which will prove of interest to many classes of people; the manufacturer who desires to know what product can be manufactured success- fully in the electric furnace, the chemist who wishes to post himself on the electro-chemistry, and the student of science who merely looks into the subject from curiosity. 288 pages. 83.00 ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND HEATING POCKET BOOK. By SYDNEY F. WALKER. This book puts in conven- ient form useful information regarding the apparatus which is likely to be attached to the mains of an electrical company. Tables of units and equivalents are included and useful electrical laws and formulas are stated. 438 pages, 300 engravings. 83. OO ELECTRIC TOY MAKING, DYNAMO BUILDING, AND ELECTRIC MOTOR CONSTRUCTION. This work treats of the making at home of electrical toys, electrical apparatus, motors, dynamos, and instruments in general, and is designed to bring within the reach of young and old the manufacture of gen- uine and useful electrical appliances. 185 pages. Fully illus- trated. 81.00 ELECTRIC WIRING, DIAGRAMS AND SWITCH- BOARDS. By NEWTON HARRISON. This is the only complete work issued showing and telling you what you should know about direct and alternating current wiring. It is a ready reference. The work is free from advanced technicalities and mathematics. Arithmetic being used throughout. It is in every respect a handy, well-written, instructive, comprehensive volume on wiring for the wireman, foreman, contractor or elec- trician. 272 pages, 105 illustrations. $1.50 ELECTRICIAN'S HANDY BOOK. By PROF. T. O'CpNOR SLOANE. This work is intended for the practical electrician, who has to make things go. The entire field of Electricity is covered within its pages. It contains no useless theory; every- thing is to the point. It teaches you just what you should know about electricity. It is the standard work published on the subject. Forty-one chapters, 610 engravings, handsomely bound in red leather with titles and edges in gold. S3.50 ELECTRICITY IN FACTORIES AND WORKSHOPS, ITS COST AND CONVENIENCE. By ARTHUR P. HASLAM. A practical book for power producers and power users showing what a convenience the electric motor, in its various forms, has become to the modern manufacturer. It also deals with the conditions which determine the cost of electric driving, and compares this with other methods of producing and utilizing power. 312 pages. Very fully illustrated. 82.50 ELECTRICITY SIMPLIFIED. By PROF. T. O'CoNOR SLOANE. The object of "Electricity Simplified" is to make the subject as plain as possible and to show what the modern con- ception of electricity is; to show how two plates of different metals immersed in acid can send a message around the globe; to explain how a bundle of copper wire rotated by a steam engine can be the agent in lighting our streets, to tell what the volt, ohm and ampere are, and what high and low tension mean; and to answer the questions that perpetually arise in the mind in this age of electricity. 172 pages. Illustrated. 81.00 HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL ELECTRICIAN. By PROF. T. O'CoNOR SLOANE. An interesting book from cover to cover. Telling in simplest language the surest and easiest way to become a successful electrician. The studies to be followed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirements of the successful electrician are pointed out and fully explained. 202 pages. Illustrated. 81.00 MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS. By LUMMIS-PATER- SON. A handbook of theory and practice. This work is arranged in three parts. The first part covers the elementary theory of the dynamo. The second part, the construction and action of the different classes of dynamos in common use are described; while the third part relates to such matters as affect the prac- tical management and working of dynamos and motors. 292 pages, 117 illustrations. 81.50 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. By Prof. T. O'CoNOR SLOANE. A practical handbook of reference contain- ing definitions of about 5,000 distinct words, terms and phrases. The definitions are terse and concise and include every term used in electrical science. 682 pages, 393 illustrations. 83.00 SWITCHBOARDS. By WILLIAM BAXTER, JR. This book appeals to every engineer and electrician who wants to know the practical side of things. All sorts and conditions of dynamos, connections and circuits are shown by diagram and illustrate just how the switchboard should be connected. Includes direct and alternating current boards, also those for arc lighting, in- candescent, and power circuits. Special treatment on high voltage boards for power transmission. 190 pages. Illustrated. 8 1.50 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION, WIRING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. By W. H. RADCLIFFE and H. C. GUSHING. This book gives the principles of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent instruments; approved methods of installing and wiring them; the means of protecting them from lightning and abnormal cur- rents; their connection together for operation as series or bridg- ing stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance. Line wiring and the wiring and operation of special telephone systems are also treated. 180 pages, 125 illustrations. SI. 00 WIRING A HOUSE. By HERBERT PRATT. Shows a house already built; tells just how to start about wiring it. Where to begin; what wire to use; how to run it according to insurance rules, in fact just the information you need. Directions apply equally to a shop. Fourth edition. 25 cents WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THEY WORK. By JAMES ERSKINE-MURRAY. This work is free from elaborate details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers and for those whose knowledge of Electricity is slight. Chap- ters contained: How We Hear Historical The Conversion of Sound into Electric Waves Wireless Transmission The Pro- duction of Alternating Currents of High Frequency How the Electric Waves are Radiated and Received The Receiving Instruments Detectors Achievements and Expectations Glofisary of Technical Work. Cloth. 81.00 ENAMELING HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY RECEIPT BOOK. Edited by GARDNER D. Hiscox. A work of 10,000 practical receipts, including enameling receipts for hollow ware, for metals, for signs, for china and porcelain, for wood, etc. Thor- ough and practical. See page 24 for full description of this book. S3.0O FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC. MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIP- MENT AND MANAGEMENT. By O. E. PERRIGO, M.E. A work designed for the practical and every-day use of the Archi- tect who designs, the Manufactiirers who build, the Engineers who plan and equip, the Superintendents who organize and direct, and for the information of every stockholder, director, officer, accountant, clerk, superintendent, foreman, and work- man of the modern machine shop and manufacturing pla^t of Industrial America. S.>.00 FUEL COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By WM. M. BARR. To be a success a fireman must be "Light on Coal." He must keep his fire in good con- dition, and prevent, as far as possible, the smoke nuisance. To do this, he should know how coal burns, how smoke is formed and the proper burning of fuel to obtain the best results. He can learn this, and more too, from Barr's "Combustion of Coal." It is an absolute authority on all questions relating to the Firing of a Locomotive. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. 81.00 SMOKE PREVENTION AND FUEL ECONOMY. By BOOTH and KERSHAW. As the title indicates, this book of 197 pages and 75 illustrations deals with the problem of complete combustion, which it treats from the chemical and mechanical standpoints, besides pointing out the economical and humani- tarian aspects of the question. $2.50 GAS ENGINES AND GAS CHEMISTRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE. By H. M. ROYLES. A practical treatise for the use of gas engineers, gas managers and students. Including among its contents Prepa- rations of Standard Solutions, Coal, Furnaces, Testing and Regulation. Products of Carbonization. Analysis of Crude Coal Gas. Analysis of Lime. Ammonia. Analysis of Oxide of Iron. Naphthalene. Analysis of Fire-Bricks and Fire-Clay. Weldom md Spent Oxide. Photometry and Gas Testing. Carbur- etted Water Gas. Metropolis Gas. Miscellaneous Extracts. Useful Tables. 84.50 GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, Or How to Build a Half- Horse-power Gas Engine. By PARSELL and WEED. A prac- tical treatise describing the theory and principles of the action of gas engines of various types, and the design and construction of a half-horse-power gas engine, with illustrations of the work in actual progress, together with dimensioned working drawings giv- ing clearly the sizes of the various details. 300 pages. 82.50 GAS, GASOLINE, AND OILENGINES. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. Just issued, i8th revised and enlarged edition. Every user of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and right up-to-date. The only complete work on the subject. Tells all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil engines as designed and manufactured in the United States. Explosive motors for stationary, marine and vehicle power are fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabu- lated sizes, also their care and running are included. Electric Ignition by Induction Coil and Jump Sparks are fully explained and illustrated, including valuable information on the testing for economy and power and the erection of power plants. The special information on PRODUCER and SUCTION GASES in- cluded cannot fail to prove of value to all interested in the gen- eration of producer gas and its utilization in gas engines. The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters in regard to the installation and management of Gasoline Motors is given in full, suggesting the safe installation of explosive motor power. A list of United States Patents issued on Gas, Gasoline and Oil Engines and their adjuncts from 1875 to date is included. 484 pages. 410 engravings. 82.50 net MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS PLANTS. By R. E. MATHOT, M.E. A practical treatise of 320 pages, fully illustrated by 175 detailed illustrations, setting f9rth the principles of gas engines and producer design, the selec- tion and installation of an engine, conditions of perfect opera- tion, producer-gas engines and their possibilities, the care of gas engines and producer-gas plants, with a chapter on volatile hydrocarbon and oil engines. This book has been endorsed by Dugal Clerk as a most useful work for all interested in Gas Engine installation and Producer Gas. 83.50 GEARING AND CAMS BEVEL, GEAR TABLES. By D. Ac. ENGSTROM. No one who has to do with bevel gears in any way should be without this book. The designer and draftsman will find it a great con- venience, w_hile to the machinist who turns up the_blanks or cuts the teeth, it is invaluable, as all needed dimensions are given and no fancy figuring need be done. 81.00 CHANGE GEAR DEVICES. By OSCAR E. PERRIGO. A book for every designer, draftsman and mechanic who is inter- ested in feed changes for any kind of machines. This shows what has been done and how. Gives plans, patents and all information that you need. Saves hunting through patent records and rein- venting old ideas. A standard work of reference. 81.00 DRAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis ROUILLION. The laying out of cams is a serious problem unless you know how to go at it right. This puts you on the right road for practically any kind of cam you are likely to run up against. 25 cents HYDRAULICS HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all purposes. Including the measurement of streams; the flow of water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power of falling water; turbine and impact water-wheels; wave-motors, centrifugal, reciprocating, and air-lift pumps. With 300 figures and dia- grams and 36 practical tables. 320 pages. 84.00 ICE AND REFRIGERATION POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAK- ING, By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLOR. This is one of the latest and most comprehensive reference books published on the subject of refrigeration and cold storage. It explains the properties and refrigerating effect of the different fluids in use, the manage- ment of refrigerating machinery and the construction and insula- tion of cold rooms with their required pipe surface for different degrees of cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines, temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds of provisions, cold storage charges for all classes of goods, ice making and storage of ice, data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating engineers, with nearly one hundred tables containing valuable references to every fact and condition required in the installment and operation of a refrigerating plant. 81.50 II INVENTIONS PATENTS INVENTOR'S MANUAL,, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT PAY. This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in per- fecting their inventions, taking out their patents, and disposing of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor's Circular, nor a Patent Broker's Advertisement. No advertisements of any description appear in the work. It is a book containing a quarter of a century's experience of a successful inventor, together with notes based upon the experience of many other inventors. Sl.OO LATHE PRACTICE MODERN AMERICAN LATHE PRACTICE. By OSCAR E. PERRIGO. An up-to-date book on American Lathe Work, describing and illustrating the very latest practice in lathe and boring-mill operations, as well as the construction of and latest developments in the manufacture of these important classes of machine tools. 300 pages, fully illustrated. S3. 50 PRACTICAL METAL TURNING. By JOSEPH G. HORNER. A work of 404 pages, fully illustrated, covering in a comprehen- sive manner the modern practice of machining metal parts in the lathe, including the regular engine lathe, its essential design, its uses, its tools, its attachments, and the manner of holding the work and performing the operations. The modernized engine lathe, its methods, tools, and great range of accurate work. The Turret Lathe, its tools, accessories and methods of performing its functions. Chapters on special work, grinding, tool holders, speeds, feeds, modern tool steels, etc., etc. $3.50 TURNING AND BORING TAPERS. By FRED H. COL- VIN. There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and one other. This treatise has to do with the right way; it tells you how to start the work properly, how to set the lathe, what tools to use and how to use them, and forty and one other little things that you should know. Fourth edition. 35 cents LIQUID AIR LIQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES. By T. Q'CoNOR SLOANE. Theory, history, biography, practical applications, manufacture. 365 pages. Illustrated. 82. OO LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By ROBERT H. BLACKALL. This book is a standard text book. It covers the Westinghouse Air-Brake Equipment, including the No. 5 and the No. 6 E T Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick-Service) Triple Valve for Freight Service; and the Cross-Compound Pump. The operation of all parts of the apparatus is explained in detail, and a practical way of finding their peculiarities and defects, with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with their answers, which will enable any railroad man to pass any examination on the subject of Air Brakes. Endorsed and used by air-brake instructors and examiners on nearly every rail- road in the United States. 236 Edition. 380 pages, fully illustrated with folding plates ind diagrams. 8*2. OO 12 AMERICAN COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES. By FRED H. COLVIX. The most complete book on compounds published. Shows all types, including the balanced compound. Makes everything clear by many illustrations, and shows valve setting, breakdowns and repairs. 142 pages. $1.00 APPLICATION OF HIGHLY SUPERHEATED STEAM TO LOCOMOTIVES. By ROBERT GARBE. A practical book. Contains special chapters on Generation of Highly Superheated Steam; Superheated Steam and the Two-Cylinder Simple Engine; Compounding and Superheating; Designs of Locomotive Superheaters; Constructive Details of Locomotives using Highly Superheated Steam; Experimental and Working Results. Illus- trated with folding plates and tables. 83.50 COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PREVENTION OF SMOKE. By WM. M. BARR. To be a success a fireman must be "Light on Coal." He must keep his fire in good con- dition, and prevent as far as possible, the smoke nuisance. To do this, he should know how coal burns, how smoke is formed and the proper burning of fuel to obtain the best results. He can learn this, and more too, from Barr's "Combination of Coal." It is an absolute authority on all questions relating to the Firing of a Locomotive. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. $1.00 LINK MOTIONS, VALVES AND VALVE SETTING. By FRED H. COLVIX, Associate Editor of "American Machinist." A handy book that clears up the mysteries of valve setting. Shows the different valve gears in use, how they work, and why. Piston and slide valves of different types are illustrated and explained. A book that every railroad man in the motive- power department ought to have. Fully illustrated. 50 cents. LOCOMOTIVE BOILER CONSTRUCTION. By FRANK A. KLEIXHANS. The only book showing how locomotive boilers are built in modern shops. Shows all types of boilers used; gives details of construction; practical facts, such as life of riveting punches and dies, work done per day, allowance for bending and flanging sheets and other data that means dol- lars to any railroad man. 421 pages, 334 illustrations. Six folding plates. $3.00 LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND THEIR REM- EDIES. By GEO. L. FOWLER. Revised by Wm. W. Wood, Air-Brake Instructor. Just issued 1910 Revised pocket edition. It is put of the question to try and tell you about every subject that is covered in this pocket edition of Locomotive Breakdowns. Just imagine all the common troubles that an engineer may ex- pect to happen some time, and then add all of the unexpected ones, troubles that could occur, but that you had never thought about, and you will find that they are all treated with the very best methods of repair. Walschaert Locomotive Valve Gear Troubles, Electric Headlight Troubles, as well as Questions and Answers on the Air Brake are all included. 294 pages. Fully illustrated. $1.00 LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. 2?th revised and enlarged edition. This may well be called an encyclopedia of the locomotive. Contains over 4,000 examina- tion questions with their answers, including among them those asked at the First, Second and Third year's Examinations. 825 pages, 437 illustrations and 3 folding plates. $3.50 13 NEW YORK AIK-BUAKE CATECHISM. By ROBERT H. BLACKALL. This is a complete treatise on the New York Air-Brake and Air-Signalling Apparatus, giving a detailed de- scription of all the parts, their operation, troubles, and the methods of locating and remedying the same. 200 pages, fully illustrated. 81.00 POCKET-RAILROAD DICTIONARY AND VADE ME- CUM. By FRED H. COLVIN, Associate Editor "American Machinist." Different from any book you ever saw. Gives clear and concise information on just the points you are interested in. It's really a pocket dictionary, fully illustrated, and so arranged that you can find just what you want in a second without an index. Whether you are interested in Axles or Acetylene; Com- pounds or Counter Balancing; Rails or Reducing Valves; Tires or Turntables, you'll find them in this little book. It's very complete. Flexible cloth cover, 200 pages. $1.00 TRAIN RULES AND DESPATCHING. By H. A. DALBY. Contains the standard code for both single and double track and explains how trains are handled under all conditions. Gives all signals in colors, is illustrated wherever necessary, and the most complete book in print on this important subject. Bound in fine seal flexible leather. 221 pages. SI. 50 WALSCHAERT LOCOMOTIVE VALVE GEAR. By WM. W. WOOD. If you would thoroughly understand the Walschaert Valve Gear, you should possess a copy of this book. The author divides the subject into four divisions, as follows: I. Analysis of the gear. II. Designing and erecting of the gear. III. Advantages of the gear. IV. Questions and answers re- lating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. This book is specially valu- able to those preparing for promotion. Nearly 200 pages. $1.50 WESTINGHOTJSE E T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION POCKET BOOK CATECHISM. By WM. W. Wo9P, Air-Brake Instructor. A practical work containing examination questions and answers on the E T Equipment. Covering what the E T Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when de- fective. Not a question can be asked of the engineman up for promotion on either the No. 5 or the No. 6 E T equipment that is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to thor- oughly understand the E T equipment get a copy of this book. It covers every detail. Makes Air-Brake troubles and examina- tions easy. Fully illustrated with colored plates, showing various pressures. 83.00 MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGE- ABLE MANUFACTURING. ^ By J. V. WOODWORTH. A practical treatise on the designing, constructing, use, and in- stallation of tools, jigs, fixtures, devices, special appliances, sheet-metal working processes, automatic mechanisms, and labor-saving contrivances; together with their use in the lathe milling machine, turret lathe, screw machine, boring mill, power press, drill, subpress, drop hammer, etc., for the working of metals, the production of interchangeable machine parts, and the manufacture of repetition articles of metal. 560 pages, 600 illustrations. 84.00 HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL EN- GINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. Edited by JOSEPH G. HORXER. A.M.I.Mech.L This work covers the entire prac- tice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known ex- perts in all branches of engineering have contributed to these volumes. The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted to the needs of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the mechanical engineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent, foreman and machinist. It is a modern treatise in five volumes. Handsomely bound in Half Morocco, each volume containing nearly 500 pages, with thousands of illustrations, including diagrammatic and sectional drawings with full explanatory details. $25.00 for the com- plete set of five volumes. $6.00 per volume, when ordered singly. MACHINE SHOP ARITHMETIC. By COLVIN-CHENEY. Most popular book for shop men. Shows how all shop problems are worked out and "why." Includes change gears for cutting any threads; drills, taps, shink and force fits; metric system of measurements and threads. Used by all classes of mechanics and for instruction of Y. M. C. A. and other schools. Fifth edition. 131 pages. 50 cents MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DE- VICES. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. This is a collection of 1890 engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, ac- companied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value to the inventor, the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical tastes. The book is divided into eighteen sections or chapters in which the subject matter is classified under the following heads: Mechanical Powers, Transmission of Power, Measurement of Power, Steam Power, Air Power Appliances, Electric Power and Construction, Navigation and Roads, Gearing, Motion and Devices, Controlling Motion, Horological, Mining, Mill and Factory Appliances, Construction and Devices, Drafting Devices, Miscellaneous Devices, etc. nth edition. 400 octavo pages. $2.50 MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVE- MENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. This is a supplementary volume to the one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first volume, which is more elementary in character, this volume contains illustrations and descriptions of many combinations of motions and of mechanical devices and appliances found in different lines of Machinery. Each device being shown by a line drawing with a description showing its working parts and the method of opera^ tion. From the multitude of devices described, and illustrated, might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors and elevators, Prony brakes, thermometers, various types of boilers, solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, evaporators, Corliss and other valve gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of various descriptions, air ships, motors and dynamos, automobile and motor bicycles, railway block signals, car couples, link and gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance. 1,000 specially made engravings. 396 octavo pages. $2.50 These two volumes sell for $2.50 each, but when the t volumes are ordered at one time from us, we send them prepaid to any address in the world, on receipt of $4.00. You save $i by ordering the two volumes of Mechanical Movements at one time. MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIP- MENT AND MANAGEMENT. By OSCAR E. PERRIGO. The only work published that describes the Modern Machine Shop or Manufacturing Plant from the time the grass is growing on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped. Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old ones, or the introduction of Modern Shop Methods, Time and Cost Systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a prac- tical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around book of its kind ever published. 400 large quarto pages, 225 original and specially-made illustrations. $5.00 MODERN MACHINE SHOP TOOLS; THEIR CON- STRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MANIPULATION. By W. H. VAXDERVOORT. A work of 555 pages and 673 illustra- tions, describing in every detail the construction, operation, and manipulation of both Hand and Machine Tools. Includes chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, ream- ers, taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers, and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear cutters and gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding ma- chines and their work; hardening and tempering; gearing, belting and transmission machinery; useful data and tables. 84.00 THE MODERN MACHINIST. By JOHN T. USHER. This book might be called a compendium of shop methods, showing a variety of special tools and appliances which will give new ideas to many mechanics from the superintendent down to the man at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any machin- ist's library and should be consulted whenever a new or difficult job is to be done, whether it is boring, milling, turning, or plan- ing, as they are all treated in a practical manner. Fifth edition. 320 pages, 250 illustrations. 82.50 MODERN MECHANISM. Edited by PARK BENJAMIN. A practical treatise on machines, motors and the transmissien of power, being a complete work and a supplementary volume to Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics. Deals solely with the principal and most useful advances of the past few years. 959 pages containing over 1,000 illustrations; bound in half morocco. 84.00 MODERN MILLING MACHINES: THEIR DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION. By JOSEPH G. HORNER. This book describes and illustrates the Milling Ma- chine and its work in such a plain, clear, and forceful manner, and illustrates the subject so clearly and completely, that the up-to-date machinist, student, or mechanical engineer can not afford to do without the valuable information which it contains. It describes not only the early machines of this class, but notes their gradual development into the splendid machines of the present day, giving the design and construction of the various types, forms, and special features produced by prominent manufacturers, American and foreign. 304 pages, 300 illustra- tions. 84.00 " SHOP KINKS." By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. This shows special methods of doing work of various kinds, and reducing cost of production. Has hints and kinks from some of the largest shops in this country and Europe. You are almost sure to find some that apply to your work, and in such a way as to save time and trouble. 400 pages. Fourth edition. 82.50 16 TOOLS FOR MACHINISTS AND WOOD WORKERS, INCLUDING- INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT. By JOSEPH G. HORXER. A practical treatise of 340 pages, fully illustrated and comprising a general description and classifica- tion of cutting tools and tool angles, allied cutting tools for machinists and woodworkers; shearing tools; scraping tools; saws; milling cutters; drilling and boring tools; taps and dies; punches and hammers; and the hardening, tempering and grinding of these tools. Tools for measuring and testing work, including standards of measurement; surface plates; levels; surface gauges; dividers; calipers; verniers; micrometers; snap, cylindrical and limit gauges; screw thread, wire and reference gauges, indicators, templets, etc. $3.50 MANUAL TRAINING ECONOMICS OF MANUAL TRAINING. By Louis ROUILLION. The only book that gives just the information needed by all interested in manual training, regarding buildings, equipment and supplies. Shows exactly what is needed for all grades of the wp. /c from the Kindergarten to the High and Nor- mal School. Gives itemized lists of everything needed and tells just what it ought to cost. Also shows where to buy supplies. SI. 50 MARINE ENGINEERING MARINE ENGINES AND BOILERS, THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. By DR. G. BAUER, LESLIE S. ROBERTSON, and S. BRYAN DONKIN. This work is clearly written, thoroughly systematic, theoretically sound; while the character of its plans, drawings, tables, and statistics is without reproach. The illustrations are careful reproductions from actual working drawings, with some well-executed photographic views of completed engines and boilers. $9.00 net MINING 5 ORE DEPOSITS OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH A CHAPTER ON HINTS TO PROSPECTORS. By J. P. JOHN- SON. This book gives a condensed account of the ore-deposits at present known in South Africa. It is also intended as a guide to the prospector. Only an elementary knowledge of geology and some mining experience are necessary in order to under- stand this work. With these qualifications, it will materially assist one in his search for metalliferous mineral occurrences and, so far as simple ores are concerned, should enable one to form some idea of the possibilities of any they may find. Among the chapters given are: Titaniferous and Chromif- erous Iron Oxides Nickel Copper Cobalt Tin Molyb- denum Tungsten Lead Mercury Antimony I r o n Hints to Prospectors. Illustrated. $3.00 PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By T. H. COCKIN. An im- portant work, containing 428 pages and 213 illustrations, com- plete with practical details, which will intuitively impart to the reader, not only a general knowledge of the principles of coal mining, but also considerable insight into allied subjects. The treatise is positively up to date in every instance, and should be in the hands of every colliery engineer, geologist, mine operator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who are in- terested in or connected with the industry. $2.50 17 PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINING. By T. H. BYROM. A practical work for the use of all preparing for ex- aminations in mining or qualifying for colliery managers' cer- tificates. The aim of the author in this excellent book is to place clearly before the reader useful and authoritative data which will render him valuable assistance in his studies. The only work of its kind published. The information incorporated in it will prove of the greatest practical utility to students, mining en- gineers, colliery managers, and all others who are specially in- terested in the present-day treatment of mining problems. 160 pages. Illustrated. $2.00 MISCELLANEOUS BRONZES. Henley's Twentieth Century Receipt Book con- tains many practical formulas on bronze casting, imitation bronze, bronze polishes, renovation of bronze. See page 24 for full description of this book. S3. 00 EMINENT ENGINEERS. By DWIGHT GODDARD. Every- one who appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the Steam Engine, Steamboat, Locomotive, Sewing Machine, Steel Working, and other fundamental discoveries, is interested in knowing a little about the men who made them and their achieve- ments. Mr. Goddard has selected thirty-two of the world's engineers who have contributed most largely to the advancement of our civilization by mechanical means, giving only such facts as are of general interest and in a way which appeals to all, whether mechanics or not. 280 pages, 35 illustrations. 81.50 LAWS OF BUSINESS, By THEOPHILUS PARSONS, LL.D. The Best Book for Business Men ever Published. Treats clearly of Contracts, Sales, Notes, Bills of Exchange, Agency, Agree- ment, Stoppage in Transitu, Consideration, Limitations, Leases, Partnership, Executors, Interest, Hotel Keepers, Fire and Life Insurance, Collections, Bonds, Frauds, Receipts, Patents, Deeds, Mortgages, Liens, Assignments, Minors, Married Women, Arbi- tration, Guardians, Wills, etc. Three Hundred Approved Forms are given. Every Business Man should have a copy of this book for ready reference. The book is bound in full sheep, and Con- tains 864 Octavo Pages. Our special price. 83.60 PATTERN MAKING PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. BARROWS. This is a very complete and entirely practical treatise on the subject of pattern making, illustrating pattern work in wood and metal. From its pages you are taught just what you should know about pattern making. It contains a detailed description of the materials used by pattern makers, also the tools, both those for hand use, and the more interesting machine tools; hav- ing complete chapters on The Band Saw, The Buzz Saw, and The Lathe. Individual patterns of many different kinds are fully illustrated and described, and the mounting of metal patterns on plates for molding machines is included. $2.00 PERFUMERY HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE- CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by G. D. Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-Chemical Receipt Book published. Contains over 10,000 practical Receipts many of which will prove of special value to the perfumer, a mine of in- formation, up to date in every respect. Cloth, 83.00; half morocco. See page 24 for full description of this book. 84.00 18 PERFUMES AND THEIR PREPARATION. By G. W. ASKINSON, Perfumer. A comprehensive treatise, in which there has been nothing omitted that could be of value to the Perfumer. Complete directions for making handkerchief per- fumes, smelling-salts, sachets, fumigating pastilles; preparations for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cosmetics, hair dyes and other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description of aromatic substances; their nature, tests of purity, and wholesale manufacture. A book of general, as well as profes- sional interest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and perfume manufacturer, but also of the general public. Third edition. 312 pages. Illustrated. 83.00 PLUMBING MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M. STARBUCK. The author of this book, Mr. R. M. Starbuck, is one of the leading authorities on plumbing in the United States. The book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has been adopted and used as a reference book by the United States Government, in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico and the Philippines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the United States and Canada. It gives Connections, Sizes and Working Data for All Fixtures and Groups of Fixtures. It is helpful to the Master Plumber in Demonstrating to his customers and in figuring work. It gives the Mechanic and Student quick and easy Access to the best Modern Plumbing Practice. Suggestions for Estimating Plumb- ing Construction are contained in its pages. This book repre- sents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and should be in the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer and plumber who wishes to keep himself up to the minute on this important feature of construction. 400 octavo pages, fully illustrated by 55 full- page engravings. 84.00 RUBBER HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE- CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by GARD- NER D. Hiscox. Contains upward of 10,000 practical receipts, including among them formulas on artificial rubber. See page 24 for full description of this book. 83.00 RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION OF INDIA RUBBER. By T. O'CoNOR SLOANE. This book gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple manner the elements of nearly everything it is necessary to under- stand for a commencement in any branch of the India Rubber Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber Hand Stamps, Small Articles of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composi- tion, Dating Hand Stamps, the Manipulation of Sheet Rubber, Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solutions, Cements, Blackings, Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber Shoes, etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes, with a Short Account of the Discovery, Collection, and Manufac- ture of India Rubber are set forth in a manner designed to be readily understood, the explanations being plain and simple. Second edition. 144 .nages. Illustrated. 81.00 19 SAWS SAW FILING AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. A practical hand book on filing, gumming, swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws, the speed, work, and power to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for thoee who have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do their own filing, as it deals with the proper shape and pitches of saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hints and rules for gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to those who use saws for any purpose. New edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated. $1.00 SCREW CUTTING THREADS AND THREAD CUTTING. By COLVIN and STABEL. This clears up many of the mysteries of thread- cutting, such as double and triple threads, internal threads, catch- ing threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful hints and several tables. 25 cents SHEET METAL WORK DIES, THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE MODERN WORKING OF SHEET METALS. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A new book by a practical man, for those who wish to know the latest practice in the working of sheet metals. It shows how dies are designed, made and used, and those who are engaged in this line of work can secure many valuable suggestions. $3.00 PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTUR- ING IN PRESSES. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A work of 500 pages and illustrated by nearly 700 engravings, being an en- cyclopedia of die-making, punch-making, die sinking, sheet- metal working, and making of special tools, subpresses, devices and mechanical combinations for punching, cutting, bending, forming, piercing, drawing, compressing, and assembling sheet- metal parts and also articles of other materials in machine tools. 4.00 STEAM ENGINEERING AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W. E. CRANE. A new book by a well-known author. Begins at the boiler room and 'takes in the whole power plant. Contains the result of years of practical experience in all sorts of engine rooms and gives exact information that cannot be found else- where. It's plain enough for practical men and yet of value to those high in the profession. Has a complete examination for a license. $3.00 * BOILER ROOM CHART. By GEO. L. FOWLER. A Chart size 14 x 28 inches showing in isometric perspective the mechanisms belonging in a modern boiler room. Water tube boilers, ordinary grates and mechanical stokers, feed water heaters and pumps comprise the equipment. The various parts are shown broken or removed, so that the internal construction is fully illustrated. Each part is given a reference number, and these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary printed at the sides. This chart is really a dictionary of the boiler room the names of more than 200 parts being given. It is educational worth many times its cost. <* 25 cents ENGINE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By ROBERT GRIM- SHAW. Tells how to erect, adjust, and run the principal steam engines in use in the United States. The work is of a handy size for the pocket. To young engineers this catechism will be of great value, especially to those who may be preparing to go forward to be examined for certificates of competency; and to engineers generally it will be of no little service as they will find in this volume more really practical and useful information than is to be found anywhere else within a like compass. 387 pages. Sixth edition. 82.00 ENGINE TESTS AND BOILER EFFICIENCIES. By J. BUCHETTI. This work fully describes and illustrates the method of testing the power of steam engines, turbine and explosive motors. The properties of steam and the evapora- tive power of fuels. Combustion of fuel and chimney draft; with formulas explained or practically computed. 255 pages, 179 illustrations. 83.00 HORSE POWER CHART. Shows the horse power of any stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the cylinder diameter or stroke; the steam pressure or cut-off; the revolutions, or whether condensing or non-condensing, it's all there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calculations. Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. By GARDNER D. Hiscox. This is a complete and practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and Firemen dealing with the care and management of Boilers, Engines, Pumps, Superheated Steam, Refrigerating Machinery, Dyna- mos, Motors, Elevators, Air Compressors, and all other branches with which the modern Engineer must be familiar. Nearly 200 Questions with their Answers on Steam and Electrical Engineering, likely to be asked by the Examining Board, are included. 487 pages, 405 engravings. 83.00 STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By ROBERT GRIMSHAW. This volume of 4 1 3 pages is not only a catechism on the question and answer principle; but it contains formulas and worked-out answers for all the Steam problems that appertain to the opera- tion and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations of various valves and valve gear with their principles of operation are given. 3 4 tables that are indispensable to every engineer and fireman that wishes to be progressive and is ambitious to become master of his calling are within its pages. It is a most valuable instructor in the service of Steam Engineering. Leading en- gineers have recommended it as a valuable educator for the be- ginner as well as a reference book for the engineer. Sixteenth edition. 82.00 STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By COLVIN- CHENEY. A practical pocket book for the Steam Engineer. Shows how to work the problems of the engine room and shows "why." Tells how to figure horse-power of engines and boilers; area of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam tables; has a dictionary of engineering terms. Puts you onto all of the little kinks in figuring whatever there is to figure around a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute zero; adiabatic expansion; duty of engines; factor of safety; and i.ooi other things; and everything is plain and simple not the hardest way to figure, but the easiest. 50 cents 21 STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION PRACTICAL, STEAM, HOT -WATER HEATING AND VENTILATION. By A. G. KING. This book is the standard and latest work published on the subject and has been prepared for the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot-water heating and ventilation. It is an original and exhaustive work. Tells how to get heating contracts, how to install heating and ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used, with "Tricks of the Trade" for shop use. Rules and data for esti- mating radiation and cost and such tables and information as make it an indispensable work for everyone interested in steam, hot -water heating and ventilation. It describes all the principal systems of steam, hot-water, vacuum, vapor and vacuum- vapor heating, together with the new accelerated systems of hot-water circulation, including chapters on up-to-date methods of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and venti- lation. You should secure a copy of this book, as each chapter con- tains a mine of practical information. 367 pages, 300 detailed engravings. $3.00 STEAM PIPES 1 STEAM PIPES: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUC- TION. By WM. H. BOOTH. The work is well illustrated in regard to pipe joints, expansion off sets, flexible joints, and self-contained sliding joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact, the chapters on the flow of Steam and expansion of pipes are most valuable to all steam fitters and users. The pressure strength of pipes and method of hanging them is well treated and illustrated. Valves and by-passes are fully illustrated and described, as are also flange joints and their proper proportions. Exhaust heads and separators. One of the most valuable chapters is that on superheated steam and the saving of steam by insulation with the various kinds of felting and other materials, with comparison tables of the loss of heat in thermal units from naked and felted steam pipes. Contains 187 pages. S2.00 STEEL AMERICAN STEEL, WORKER. By E. R. MARKHAM. The standard work on hardening, tempering and annealing steel of all kinds. A practical book for the machinist, tool maker or superintendent. Shows just how to secure best results in any case that comes along. How to make and use furnaces and case harden; how to handle high-speed steel and how to temper for all classes of work. 92.50 HARDENING, TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND FORGING OF STEEL. By J. V. WOODWORTH. A new book containing special directions for the successful hardening and tempering of all steel tools. Milling cutters, taps, thread dies, reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches and dies, and all kinds of sheet-metal working tools, shear blades, saws, fine cutlery and metal-cutting tools of all descriptions, as well as for all implements of steel both large and small, the simplest, and most satisfactory hardening and tempering processes are presented. The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be adapted are concisely presented, and their treatment for work- ing under different conditions explained, as are also the special methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands. 320 pages, 250 illustrations. 83.50 HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE- CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by GARD- NER D. Hiscox. The most valuable techno-chemical Receipt book published, giving, among other practical receipts, methods of annealing, coloring, tempering, welding, plating, polishing and cleaning steel. See page 24 for full description of this book. 83.00 WATCH MAKING HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE- CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by GARDNER D. Hiscox. Contains upwards of 10,000 practical formulas including many watchmakers' formulas. 83.00 WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. By CLAUDIUS SAUNIER. No work issued can compare with this book for clearness and completeness. It contains 498 pages and is intended as a work- shop companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and allied Mechanical Arts. Nearly 250 engravings and fourteen plates are included. 83.00 WIRELESS TELEPHONES WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THEY WORK. By JAMES ERSKINE-MURRAY. This work is free from elaborate details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers and for those whose knowledge of Electricity is slight. Chap- ters contained: How We Hear Historical The Conversion of Sound into Electric Waves Wireless Transmission The Pro- duction of Alternating Currents of High Frequency How the Electric Waves are Radiated and Received The Receiving Instruments Detectors Achievements and Expectations Glossary of Technical Words. Cloth. 81.00 Henley's Twentieth Century Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E. Price $3. 00 Cloth Binding $4. 00 Half Morocco Binding Contains over 10,000 Selected Scientific, Chemical, Technological and Practical Recipes and Processes, including Hundreds of So-Called Trade Secrets for Every Business THIS book of 800 pages is the most complete Book of Recipes ever published, giving thousands of recipes for the manufacture of valuable articles for every-day use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas and Secret Processes are revealed within its pages. It covers every branch of the useful arts and tells thousands of ways of making money and is just the book everyone should have at his command. The pages are filled with matters of intense interest and immeasurable practical value to the Photographer, the Perfumer, the Painter, the Manufacturer of Glues, Pastes, Cements and Mucilages, the Physician, the Druggist, the Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman, the Machinist, the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner, the Chiropodist, the Manufacturer of Chemical Novelties and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Electroplater, the Enameler, the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watchmaker and Jeweler, the Ink Manufacturer, the Optician, the Farmer, the Dairy- man, the Paper Maker, the Metal Worker, the Soap Maker, the Veterinary Surgeon, and the Technologist in general. A book to which you may turn with confidence that you will find what you are looking for. A mine of informa- tion up-to-date in every respect. Contains an immense number of formulas that every one ought to have that are not found in any other work. VC 49010 (,72524 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY