■ A A o o U —1 3) 8 8 8 9 ? 33 O 2 CD 3J -< -n J> o 4 ^ » • THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SCHOOL OF LAW GIFT OF John Adams RULES ADMISSION TO THE BAR IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN FORCE MARCH i. 1909 TOGETHER WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, AN- NOTATED TO CASES IN POINT FIFTH EDITION St. Paul, Minn. WEST PUBLISHING CO. 1909 Law Students Should Send for These Booklets. ^' Stiggestions for the Study of Law' (Containing course of study prepared and arranged for office students. ) ^^Stcggesttons for Building Up a Law Library' (Containing much valuable information re- garding lawbooks.) FREE ON APPLICATION. West Publishing Co., Saint Paul, Minnesota. CB403U 111 RULES ADMISSION TO THE BAR IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN FORCE MARCH i. rgog TOGETHER WITH THE CODE OF ETHICS ADOPTED BV THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, AN- NOTATED TO CASES IN POINT FIFTH EDITION St. Paul, Minn. WEST PUBLISHING CO. 1909 V^9 J^--' ''vuvoO-^ I Preface. In setting forth the rules relating to admission to the bar of the United States Courts and the Courts of the several States and Territories, we have given the general require- ments, rather than the forms prescribed in applying for ex- amination and admission. . ^ Reference is made in each instance to the publications in which the rules are set forth in full. In most states pamphlets containing complete rules, forms to be used, etc., may be obtained from the clerk of court or the secretary of the Board of Bar Examiners. In this edition we have added information as to the times and places of examinations and the person to whom applica- tion must be made. We have also added valuable information in regard to the local Reports of each State, and other law books, especially valuable to the lawyer opening a new office. (iii)* Contents. Recommendatioiis of American Bar Association— Page Respecting requirements for admission to ttie bar xi Code of Ethics- Adopted by the American Bar Association xv United States Courts- Rules for admission 3 ,Rei>orts of tlie Federal Courts 4 Alabaman- Rules for admission 6 Local reports 8 Alaska- Rules for admission '. . . 10 Local reports 11 Arizona — Rules for admission 12 Local reports ^ IH Arkansas — Rules for admission 15 Local reports 15 California — Rules for admission 17 Local reports 18 Colorado- Rules for admission 20 Local reports 22 Connecticut- Rules for admission 24 Local reports 27 Delaware- Rules for admission 2S Local ceports 29 (v) VI CONTENTS. District of Columbia— Page Rules for admissiuii 31 Local reports '6U Florida— liulos for arlmission 53 Local reports 34 Georgia- Rules for admission 36 Local reports 38 Ha\raii— Rules for admission 39 Local reports 40 Idaho— i Rules for admission 41 Local reports 42 Illinois- Rules for admission 43 Local reports 45 Indiana- Rules for admission 47 Local reports 47 Io\ra— i Rules for admission 49 Local reports 50 Kansas— i Rules for admission 52 Local reports 54 Kentucky- Rules for admission 5n Local reports 57 liOnisiana— Rules for admission 59 Local reports 63 Maine — Rules for admission 03 Local reports 64 Maryland — Rules for admission '. 66 Local reports 6M CONTENTS Vll Massachnsctts— Page Rules for admission (i9 Local repoi-ts 71 Micliigan— Rules for admission 72 Local reports 74 Minnesota— i Rules for admission 75 Local reports 7S Mississippi- Rules for admission 79 Local reports 80 Missouri- Rules for admission 82 Local reports Sa Montana- Rules for admission 85 Local reports 86 Nebraska- Rules for admission ^ 87 Local reports ; 89 Nevada- Rules for admission 90 Local reports 91 Hexr Hampshire- Rules for admission 92 Local reports 93 New Jersey- Rules for admission 94 'Local reports 96 Netw Mexico — Rules for admission 97 Local reports 9S Nexir York- Rules for acjmission 100 Local reports 102 Vlll CONTENTS. Nortli Carolina— Page Rules for admission 104 Local reports 105 North Dakota- Rules for admission IOC Local reports 108 Oliio— Rules for admission ."^J^ 109 Local reports 112 Oklaboma— ' Rules for admission 1 13 Local reports 114 Oregon- Rules for admission IKJ Local reports 117 Pennsylvania- Rules for admission liy Local reports 122 Philippine Islands — Rules for admission 123 Local reports 126 Porto Rico- Rules for admission 127 Local reports 128 Rhode Island — Rules for admission 129 Local reports 131 Sonth Carolina— i Rules for admission 132 Local reports 133 South Dakota^— Rules for admission 135 Local reports 137 Tennessee- Rules for admission 138 Local reports 139 Texas- Rules for admission 141 Local reports 142 CONTENTS. IX Utah— -• Page Rules for admission 144 Local reports 145 Vermont^ Rules for admission 140 Local reports 147 Virginia — Rules for admission 149 Lo^al reports 151 Washington- Rules for admission 152 Local reports , 153 West Virginia- Rules for admission 155 Local reports 156 Wisconsin — Rules for admission , 158 Local reports 160 Wyoming- Rules for admission 161 Local reports 163 The Purpose of a Digest 164 Reports and Digests — Reports and Reporters 1G6 Digests of Reports 169 Key-Number Guide to the Authorities 172 Brief Making 176 The Hornbook Series of Text-Books 178 Owen's Laiv Qnizzer 181 Black's Lia^v Dictionary 183 Law Schools, Listed by States 185 Reporter Annotations 194 Hccommcnbations Of the Committee on Legal Education of the Ameri- can Bar Association Respecting Require- ments for Admission to the Bar. In 1897 the Committee on Legal Education of the American Bar Association recommended the following provisions "as forming a consistent S3^stem that shall both protect the pro- fession and guide the student." Citizenship — Age — Character. No one should be admitted to the bar unless he is of good m.oral character, is twenty-one years of age, and is a citizen of the state. Registration. Upon beginning professional study a student should register his name in the office of a clerk of a court of record or in a law school that is incorporated or is a department of an in- corporated university. Upon petition, the law examiners should relieve from the requirements as to registration a candidate whose law studies began while he was not a citizen of the state ; but they should not grant relief upon terms that would give such a candidate a preference over ordinary candidates. General Education. Prior to registration a student should prove that he has re- ceived at least the equivalent of a high school education, such proof being made by filing certificates or by passing exam- inations, as may be determined by the law examiners. (xi) Xn RECOMMENDATIONS OF AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION. Term of Study. A candidate should not be admitted to the bar until the end of three full calendar years of law study. Board of Examiners. In all parts of the state the requirements for admission to the bar should be uniform, and should be administered by a State Board of Law Examiners. Law examiners should be appointed by the court of last resort, and should serve for three or more years, part of the number being appointed each year. The law examiners should recommend an appropriate or- der of study, and should designate the statutes, leading cases, and practical forms with which students must become familiar, and in all other practicable ways should aid candidates to study in a systematic and useful manner. Examination— Regulations — Scope, etc. No candidate should be admitted to the bar without exam- ination, except as hereinafter provided. Law examinations should be held at such times and places as the court of last resort may see fit; due announcement being made as to times, places, and subjects. Law examinations should consist cliiefly of written an- swers to printed questions. Law examinations should be chiefly devoted to solving and discussing legal problems similar to those arising in office practice and in litigation; and questions should not be so framed as to admit "yes" and "no" answers. A candidate should be permitted, if he desires, to divide the law examination into two parts ; the first part to cover the more elementar)- subjects and to be taken not earlier than one year after registration, and the second part to cover the RECOMMENDATIONS OF AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION. Xlll more advanced subjects and to be taken not earlier than three years after registration. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Upon petition, the law examiners should relieve from all requirements, save the requirements as to character, age, and citizenship, a candidate who is already a member of the bar of a state in which there are equivalent requirements for admission, or in which, after admission, he has been in ac- tive practice for five years. (£obe of Ctfjics Adopted by American Bar Association Annotated to Cases in Point 1: The Duty of the ta^vyer to the Courts. It is the duty of the lawyer to maintain towards the Courts a respectful attitude, not for the sake of the temporary incum- bent of the judicial office, but for the maintenance of its su- preme importance. Judges, not being wholly free to defend themselves, are peculiarly entitled to receive the support of the Bar against unjust criticism and clamor. Whenever there is proper ground for serious complaint of a judicial officer, it is the right and duty of the lawyer to submit his grievances to the proper authorities. In such cases, but not otherwise, such charges should be encouraged and the person making them should be protected. Annot. Attacking or criticising court as ground for disbarment, see Attor- ney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 50, 60; Dec. Dig. § 43. Att.'iclcing or criticising court as constituting contempt, see Con- tempt, Cent. Dig. §§ 6-10 ; Dec. Dig. § 6. Suspension or removal of judge and liability of judge for official acts, see Judges, Cent. Dig. §§ 42-45, 165-180; Dec. Dig. §§ 11, 36, 37. Remarks and conduct of judge on trial of case in general, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1520-1535; Dec. Dig. §§ 654-658; Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 80-84 ; Dec. Dig. § 29. 2. The Selection of Judges. It is the duty of the Bar to endeavor to prevent political considerations from out-weighing judicial fitness in the selec- tion of Judges. It should protest earnestly and actively (XV) XVI CODE OF ETHICS. against the appointment or election of those who are unsuita- ble for the Bench ; and it should strive to have elevated there- to only those willing to forego other employments, whether of a business, political or other character, which may embar- rass their free and fair consideration of questions before them for decision. The aspiration of lawyers for judicial position should be governed by an impartial estimate of their ability to add honor to the office and not by a desire for the distinc- tion the position may bring to themselves. Annot. Appointment, eligibility, and qualification of juclges, see Judges, Cent. Dig. §§ 1-23 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 1-5. 3. Attempts to Exert Personal Influence on the Court. Marked attention and unusual hospitality, on the part of a lawyer to a Judge, uncalled for by the personal relations of the parties, subject both the Judge and the lawyer to mis- constructions of motive and should be avoided. A lawyer should not communicate or argue privately with the Judge as to the merits of a pending cause, and he deserves rebuke and denunciation for any device or attempt to gain from a Judge special personal consideration or favor. A self-respecting in- dependence in the discharge of professional duty, without de- nial or diminution of the courtesy and respect due the Judge's station, is the only proper foundation for cordial personal and official relations between Bench and Bar. Annot. Attempting to influence court as constituting contempt justifying disbarment of attorney, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. § 60. 4. Wlien Counsel for an Indigent Prisoner. A lawyer assigned as counsel for an indigent prisoner ought not to ask to be excused for any trivial reason, and should al- ways exert his best efforts in his behalf. Ai)not. "^ Assignment as counsel by the court, and skill and care required of attorney, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 31, 218 ; Dec. Dig. § 23 ; Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 150(>-1505 ; Dec. Dig. § 641. CODE OF ETHICS. XvH 5. The Defense or Frosecntion of Those Acciised of Crime. It is the right of the lawyer to undertake the defense of a person accused of crime, regardless of his personal opinion as to the guilt of the accused ; otherwise innocent persons, vic- tims only of suspicious circumstances, might be denied proper defense. Having undertaken such defense, the lawyer is bound by all fair and honorable means, to present every de- fense that the law of the land permits, to the end that no per- son may be deprived of life or liberty, but by due process of law. The primary duty of a lawyer engaged in public prosecution is not to convict, but to see that justice is done. The sup- pression of facts or the secreting of witnesses capable of es- tablij^hing the innocence of the accused is highly reprehensible. Aniiot. Defense of crimiual in general, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 31, 218; Dec. Dig. § 23; Criminal Law. Cent. Dig. $§ 1496-1506, Dec. Dig. § 641. Misconduct of counsel, ground for new trial, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 2197-2201 ; Dec. Dig. § 019. Functions of office and powers and duties of prosecuting attorneys, see District and Prosecuting Attorneys, Cent. Dig. §§ 1, 34-37 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 1, 8, 9. G. Adverse Influences and Conflicting Interests. It is the duty of a lawyer at the time of retainer to disclose to the client all the circumstances of his relations to the par- ties, and any interest in or connection with the controversy, which might influence the client in the selection of counsel. It is unprofessional to represent conflicting interests, except by express consent of all concerned given after a full disclos- ure of the facts. Within the meaning of this canon, a lawyer represents conflicting interests when, in behalf of one client, it is his duty to contend for that which dut)^ to another cli- ent requires him to oppose. The obligation to represent the client with undivided fideli- ty and not to divulge his secrets or confidences forbids also b XVlll CODE OF ETHICS. the subsequent acceptance of retainers or employment from others in matters adversely affecting any interest of the cHent with respect to which confidence has been reposed, Aiinot. Acting for adverse parties in different capacities or receivlnj: com- pensation from adverse party, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §| 27-30, 208, 229, 307 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 19-22, 113, 130. 7. Professional Colleagnes and Conflicts of Opinion. A client's proffer of assistance of additional counsel should not be regarded as evidence of want of confidence, but the matter should be left to the determination of the. client. A lawyer should decline association as colleague if it is objec- tionable to the original counsel, but if the lawyer first retain- ed is relieved, another may come into the case. When lawyers jointly associated in a cause cannot agree as to any matter vital to the interest of the client, the conflict of opinion should be frankly stated to him for his final determi- nation. His decision should be accepted unless the nature of the difference makes it impracticable for the lawyer whose judgment has been overruled to co-operate effectively. In this event it is his duty to ask the client to relieve him. Efforts, direct or indirect, in any way to encroach upon the business of another lawyer, are unworthy of those who should be brethren at the Bar ; but, nevertheless, it is the right of any lawyer, without fear or favor, to give proper advice to those seeking relief against unfaithful or neglectful counsel, gen- erally after communication with the lawyer of whom the com- plaint is made. Annot. Change and substitution of attorneys, see Attorney and Client, Ceut. Dig. §§ 110-131 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 75, 7G. 8. Advising Upcii tlie Merits of a Client's Cause. A lawyer should endeavor to obtain full knowledge of his client's cause before advising thereon, and he is bound to give CODE OF ETHICS. XIX a candid opinion of the merits and probable result of pending or contemplated litigation. The miscarriages to which justice is subject, by reason of surprises and disappointments in evi- dence and witnesses, and through mistakes of juries and er- rors of Courts, even though only occasional, admonish law- yers to beware of bold and confident assurances to clients, es- pecially where the employment may depend upon such assi.ir- ance. Whenever the controversy will admit of fair adjust- ment, the client should be advised to avoid or to end the liti- gation. Annot. Negligeree of attorney In advising client, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 221, 222 ; Dec. Dig. § 109. 9. Negotiations With Opposite Party. A lawyer should not in any way communicate upon the sub- ject of controversy with a party represented by counsel ; much less should he undertake to negotiate or compromise the mat- ter with him, but should deal only with his counsel. It is in- cumbent upon the lawyer most particularly to avoid every- thing that may tend to mislead a party not represented by counsel, and he should not undertake to advise him as to the law. Annot. Duties and liabilities of attorney to adverse parties and third per- sons, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 38, 39, 61 ; Dec Dig. §§ 26, 38. 10. Acquiring Interest in Litigation. The lawyer should not purchase any interest in the subject- matter of the litigation which he is conducting. Annot. Right of attorney to purchase demands for suit, and effect thereof as ground for disliarment, see Attorney and Client, Cent Dig. §§ 26, 51, 239-263 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 18. 38, 122-125. Champertons agreements, see Champerty and Maintenance, Cent. Dig. §§ 36-44, 47-51 ; Dec. Dig. § 5 (6, 8). XX CODE OF ETBICS. 11. Dealing 'With Trust Property. Money of the client or other trust property coming into the possession of the lawyer should be reported promptly, and except with the client's knowledge and consent should not be commingled with his private property o'r be used by him. Anuot. Authority of attorney as to dipposition of clioiit's money or otluT pi'operty, see Attonioy and Client. Cent. Di.^. § 143; Dec. Dig. § SO. Accounting and juiyment to oliont, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 232-2:38; Dee. Dig. §§ n(>-121. 12. Fixing the Amount of the Fee. In fixing fees, lawyers should avoid charges which overes- timate their advice and services, as well as those which un- dervalue them. A client's ability to pay cannot justify a charge in excess of the value of the service, though his pover- ty may require a less charge, or even none at all. The rea- sonable requests of brother lawyers, and of their widows and orphans without ample means, should receive special and kind- ly consideration. In determining the amount of the fee, it is proper to con- sider: (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and dif- ficulty of the questions involved and the skill requisite proper- ly to conduct the cause ; (2)- whether the acceptance of em- ployment in the particular case will preclude the lawyer's ap- pearance for others in cases likely to arise out of the trans- action, and in which there is a reasonable expectation that otherwise he would be employed, or will involve the loss of other business while employed in the particular case or antago- nisms with other clients ; (3) the customary charges of the Bar for similar services ; (4) the amount involved in the con- troversy and the benefits resulting to the client from the serv- ices; (5) the contingency or the certainty of the compensa- tion ; and (6) the character of the employment, whether casual or for an established and constant client. No one of these CODE OF ETHICS. XX] considerations in itself is controlling. They are mere guides in ascertaining the real value of the service. In iVxing fees it should never be forgotten that the profes- sion is a branch of the administration of justice and not a mere money-getting trade. Aiinot. Right of attorney to coinpeiis:ition, oontrncts therefor and value and amount thereof, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 292-350; Dec. Dig. §§ 130-145, 151, 152, 154, 155. 13. Contingent Fees. Contingent fees, where sanctioned by law, should be under the supervision of the Court, in order that clients may be pro- tected from unjust charges. Aunot. Validity and effect of agreement for contingent fee, see Attorney and Client, Cent Dig. §§ 351-357; Dec. Dig. §§ 14G-150. Agreement for contingent fee as constituting champerty, see Cham- ^erty and Maintenance, Cent. Dig. §§ 22-51 ; Dec. Dig. § 5. 14. Suing a Client for a Fee. Controversies wnth clients concerning compensation are to be avoided by the lawyer so far as shall be compatible with his self-respect and with his right to receive reasonable rec- ompense for his services; and lawsuits with clients should be resorted to only to prevent injustice, imposition or fraud. An not. Right of action for fees, defenses and practice, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 35S-377 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 157-169. 15. Kow Far a Lawyer May Go in Supporting a Client's Cause. Nothing operates more certainly to create or to foster popu- lar prejudice against lawyers as a class, and to deprive the pro- fession of that full measure of public esteem and confidence which belongs to the proper discharge of its duties than does the false claim, often set up by the unscrupulous in defense of questionable transactions, that it is the duty of the law- yer to do whatever may enable him to succeed in winning his client's cause. XXll CODE OF ETHICS. It is improper for a lawyer to assert in argument his person- al belief in his client's innocence or in the justice of his cause. The lawyer owes "entire devotion to the interest of the cli- ent, warm zeal in the maintenance and defense of his rights and the exertion of his utmost learning and ability," to the end that nothing be taken or be withheld from him, save by the rules of law, legally applied. No fear of judicial disfavor or public unpopularity should restrain him from the full dis- charge of his duty. In the judicial forum the client is enti- tled to the benefit of any and every remedy and defense that is authorized by the law of the land, and he may expect his lawyer to assert every such remedy or defense. But it is steadfastly to be borne in mind that the great trust of the lawyer is to be performed within and not without the bounds of the law. The office of attorney does not permit, much less does it demand of him for any client, violation of law or any manner of fraud or chicane. He must obey his own con- science and not that of his client. Annot. Nature of office of attorney and duty to follow client's instructions, see Attorney and Client, Cent Dig. §§ 21, 220; Dec Dig. §§ 14, 108. Argument and conduct of counsel, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1655- 1G9?.; Dec. Dig. §§ 699-730; Trial, Cent, Dig. §§ 267-S16; Dec. Dig. §§ 106-133. 16. Restraining Clients from Improprieties. A lawyer should use his best efforts to restrain and to pre- vent his clients from doing those things which the lawyer him- self ought not to do, particularly with reference to their con- duct towards Courts, judicial officers, jurors, witnesses and suitors. If a client persists in such wrong-doing the lawyer should terminate their relation. Annot. Termination of relation by withdrawal of attorney, see Attorney and Client Cent Dig. § 121 ; Dec. Dig. § 76 (1). CODE OF ETHICS. XXlii 17. Ill Feeling and Personalities Betxreen Advocates. Clients, not lawyers, are the litigants. Whatever may be the ill feeling existing between clients, it should not be allow- ed to influence counsel in their conduct and demeanor toward each other or toward suitors in the case. All personalities between counsel should be scrupulously avoided. In the trial of a cause it is indecent to allude to the personal history or the personal peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of counsel on the other side. Personal colloquies between counsel which cause delay and promote unseemly wrangling should also be care- fully avoided. Annot. Conduct toward other attorneys, ground for disbarment, see Attor- ney and Client. Cent Dig. § 61 ; Dec.*Dig. § 38. Use of abusive language and retaliatory statements and remarks by attorneys, see Trial, Cent Dig. §§ 308, 310; Dec. Dig. §§ 126, 129. 18. Treatment of Witnesses and Litigants. A lawyer should always treat adverse witnesses and suitors with fairness and due consideration, and he should never min- ister to the malevolence or prejudices of a client in the trial or conduct of a cause. The client cannot be made the keeper of the lawyer's conscience in professional matters. He has no right to demand that his counsel shall abuse the opposite party or indulge in offensive personalities. Improper speech is not excusable on the ground that it is what the client would say if speaking in his own behalf. Annot. Duties and liabilities to adverse parties and to third persons, aec Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. § 38 ; Dec. Dig. § 26. Use of abusive language and retaliatory statements or remarks, see Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 308. 310 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 126, 129. 19. Appearance of Lawyer as Witness for His Client. When a lawyer is a witness for his client, except as to mere- ly formal matters, such as the attestation or custody of an in- strument and the like, he should leave the trial of the ca?e to XXIV CODE OF RTHICS. Other counsel. Except when essential to the ends of justice, a lawyer should avoid testifying in Court in behalf of his client. A II not. CfUDpefency of attorneys as witnesses, see Witnesses, Cent. Dig. §S 79. 121-123 ; Dec. Dig. § 67. 20. Ne-tvspaper Discussion of Pending Iiitigation. Newspaper publications by a lawyer as to pending or an- ticipated litigation may interfere with a fair trial in the Courts and otherwise prejudice the due administration of justice. Generally Ihey are to be condemned. If the extreme circum- stances of a particular case justifj^ a statement to the public, it is unprofessional to make it anonymously. An ex parte reference to the facts should -fiot go beyond quotation from the records and papers on file in the Court ; but even in extreme cases it is better to avoid any ex parte statement. A II not. Publications relating to pending proceedings as constituting con- tempt, see Contempt, Cent. Dig. §§ 15, 16 ; Dec. Dig. § 9. 21. Punctuality and Expedition. It is the duty of the lawyer not only to his client, but also to the Courts and to the public, to be punctual in attendance, and to be concise and direct in the trial and disposition of causes. Annot. Absence of counsel as ground for continuance, see Continuance, Cent. Dig. § 51; Dec. Dig. § 20; Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. §§ 1313, 1320 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 587, 593. Absence of counsel as ground for new trial, see Criminal Law, Cent. Dig. § 220.^ : Dec. Dig. § 920 ; New Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 173, 174 ; Dec. Dig. § 87. 22. Candor and Fairness. The conduct of the lawyer before the Court and with other lawyers should be characterized by candor and fairness. It is not candid or fair for the lawyer knowingly to mis- quote the contents of a paper, the testimony of a witness, the CODE OF ETHICS. XXV language or the argument of opposing counsel, or the language of a decision or a text-book; or with knowledge of its invalid- ity, to cite as authority a decision that has been overruled, or a statute that has been repealed; or in argument to assert as a fact that which has not been proved, or in those jurisdic- tions where a side has the opening and closing arguments to mislead his opponent by concealing or withholding positions in his opening argument upon which his side then intends to rely. It is unprofessional and dishonorable to deal other than candidly with the facts in taking the. statements of witnesses, in drnwing affidavits and other documents, and in the presen- tation of causes. A lawyer should not offer evidence, which he knows the Court should reject, in order to get the same before the jury by argument for its admissibility, nor should he address to the Judge arguments upon any point not properly calling for determination by him. Neither should he introduce into an ar- gument, addressed to the Court, remarks or statements in- tended to influence the jury or bystanders. These and all kindred practices are unprofessional and un- worthy of an officer of the lav/ charged, as is the lawyer, with the duty of aiding in the administration of justice. Argiiment and coiKluct of counsel in general, see Criminal Law, Cent Dig. §§ 1(5.55-169.^ : Dec. Dig. §§ G99-730 ; Trial, Cent. Dig. §§ 267- 309 ; Deo. Dig. §§ lOG-133. Regulation of professional conduct of attorneys and conduct ground for disbarment, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 45, 51, 53, 54, 61 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 32, 38, 41, 42. Conduct constituting contempt, see Contempt, Cent. Dig. § 21 ; Dec. Dig. § 10. 23. Attitude Toward Jury. All attempts to curry favor with juries by fawning, flattery or pretended solicitude for their personal comfort are unpro- XXVi CODE OP ETHICS. fessional. Suggestions of counsel, looking to the comfort or convenience of jurors, and propositions to dispense with argu- ment, should be made to the Court out of the jury's hearing. A lawyer must never converse privately with jurors about the case; and both before and during the trial he should avoid communicating with them, even as to matters foreign to the cause. Annot. Argument and condnct of counsel in general, see Criminal Law, Cent Dig. §§ 1655-1687 ; Deo. Dis. §§ 699-726; Trial, Cent, Dig. SS 267- 316, 729 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 106-133, 305. Argument and conduct ground for new trial, see Criminal Law, Cent Dig. §§ 2197-2201, 2255, 2205 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 919, 932 ; New Trial, Cent Dig. §§ 43, 44, 92, 97-99 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 29, 47, 49. 24. Riglit of Iia-wyer to Control the Incidents of tlie TrlaL As to incidental matters pending the trial, not affecting the merits of the cause, or working substantial prejudice to the rights of the client, such as forcing the opposite lawyer to trial when he is under affliction or bereavement ; forcing the trial on a particular day to the injury of the opposite lawyer when no harm will result from a trial at a different time ; agreeing to an extension of time for signing a bill of excep- tions, cross-interrogatories and the like, the lawyer must be allowed to judge. In such matters no client has a right to de- mand that his counsel shall be illiberal, or that he do anything therein repugnant to his own sense of honor and propriety. Annot. Authority of attorney as to conduct of litigation, see Attorney and Client Cent Dig. §§ 161-189 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 87-96. Duty of attorney to follow instmctions of client, see Attorney and aient Cent. Dig. § 220 ; Dec. Dig. § 108. 25. Taking Technical Advantage of Opposite Counsel — Agree- ments With Him. A lawyer should not ignore known customs or practice of the Bar or of a particular Court, even when the law permits, without giving timely notice to the opposing counsel. As far CODE OF ETHICS. XXVll as possible, important agreements, affecting the rights of cli- ents, should be reduced to writing; but it is dishonorable to avoid performance of an agreement fairly made because it is not reduced to writing, as required by rules of Court. Aiinot. Binding effect of agreements between counsel, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. § 171. Validity of oral stipulations, see Stipulations, Cent. Dig. §§ 5-13. 63 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 6, 19. 26. Professional Advocacy Other Thau Before Courts. A lawyer openly and in his true character may render professional services before legislative or other bodies, re- garding proposed legislation and in advocacy of claims be- fore departments of government, upon the same principles of ethics which justify his appearance before the Courts; but it is unprofessional for a lawyer so engaged to conceal his at- torneyship, or to employ secret personal solicitations, or to use means other than those addressed to the reason and under- standing to influence action. Annot. Validity of lobbying contracts, see Contracts, Cent. Dig. §§ 587 -5S0 ; Dec. Dig. § 126. 27. Advertising, Direct or Indirect. The most worthy and effective advertisement possible, even for a young lawyer, and especially with his brother lawyers, is the establishment of a well-merited reputation for profes- sional capacity and fidelity to trust. This cannot be forced, but must be the outcome of character and conduct. The pub- lication or circulation of ordinary simple business cards, be- ing a matter of personal taste or local custom, and sometimes of convenience, is not per se improper. But solicitation of business by circulars or advertisements, or by personal com- munications or interviews, not warranted by personal rela- tions, is unprofessional. It is equally unprofessional to pro- XXVlll CODE OF ETHICS. cure business by indirection through toutcrs of any kind, whether alHed real estate firms or trust companies advertising to secure the drawing of deeds or wills or offering retainers in exchange for executorships or trusteeships to be influenced by the lawyer. Indirect advertisement for business by furnish- ing or inspiring newspaper comments concerning causes in which the lawyer has been or is engaged, or concerning the manner of their conduct, the magnitude of the interests in- volved, the importance of the lawyer's positions, and all other like self-laudation, defy the traditions and lower the tone of our high calling, and are intolerable. Aiinot. Advertising to secure divorces as ground for disbarment, see Attor- ney and Client, Cent. Dig. § 51 ; Dec. Dig. § 38. 28. Stirring up Litigation, Directly or Tlirougli Agents. It is unprofessional for a lawyer to volunteer advice to bring a lawsuit, except in rare cases where fries of blood, relationship or trust make it his duty to do so. Stirring up strife and liti- gation is not only unprofessional, but it is indictable at com- mon law. It is disreputable to hunt up defects in titles or oth- er causes of action and inform thereof in order to be employed to bring suit, or to breed litigation by seeking out those with claims for personal injuries or those having any other grounds of action in order to secure them as clients, or to employ agents or runners for like purposes, or to pay or reward, di- rectly or indirectly, those who bring or influence the bring- ing of such cases to his office, or to remunerate policemen, court or prison officials, physicians, hospital attaches or others who may succeed, under the guise of giving disinterested friendly advice, in influencing the criminal, the sick and the injured, the ignorant or others, to seek his professional serv- ices. A duty to the public and to the profession devolves up- on every member of the Bar, having knowledge of such prac- CODK OF ETHICS. XXIX tices upon the part of any practitioner, immediately to inform thereof to tlic end that the offender may be disbarred. Aniiot. Stirring up litigation and oilier unju-olcssiuiial c-rMuliut, ^Torinl for disliarnient. see Attorney anil Cliont, Cent. Dig. §§ 47-84; Dec. Dig. §S 34-01. Barratry in yenvral. pee Chainiierty and Maintenance, Cent. Dig. §S 1-51 ; Dec. Dig. §S 1-0. 29. Upholding the Honor of the Profession. Lawyers should expose without fear or favor before the proper tribunals corrupt or dishonest conduct in the profes- sion, and should accept without hesitation employment against a member of the Bar who has wronged his client. The coun- sel upon the trial of a cause in which perjury has been com- mitted owe it to the profession and to the public to bring 'the matter to the knowledge of the prosecuting authorities. The lawyer should aid in guarding the Bar against the admission to the profession of candidates unfit or unqualified because de- ficient in either moral character or education. He should strive at all times to uphold the honor and to maintain the dignity of the profession antl to improve not only the law but the administration of justice. Aniiot. Learning and good character as necessary qualifications for admis- sion to practice law, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 4. ."»: Doc. Dig. § 4. lUght of attorney to institute disbarment proceedings against broth- er attorney, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. § 07 ; Dec. Dig. § .31. 30. Justifiable and Unjustifiable Liitigations. The lawyer must decline to conduct a civil cause or to make a defense when convinced that it is intended merely to harass or to injure the opposite part}- or to work oppression or wrong. But otherwise it is his right, and, having accepted retainer, it becomes his duty to insist upon the judgment of the Court as to the legal merits of his client's claim. His appearance in Court should be deemed ec|uivalcnt to an assertion on hi^ h mi- XXX CODE OF ETHICS. or that in his opinion his dient's case is one proper for judicial determination. Aiinot. Nature and extent of attorney's duty as to briiii^ing, dofendlng, or c'oiuluetiiig civil causes, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dij^. §§ 217, 220 ; Dec. Dig. §§ IOC, 108. Bringing fictitious or unauthorized action as constituting contempt, see Couteuipt, Cent Dig. § 24. 31. Responsibility for Litigation. No lawyer is obliged to act either as adviser or advocate for every person who may wish to become his client. He has the right to decline employment. Every lawyer upon his own responsibility must decide what business he will accept as counsel, what causes he will bring into Court for plaintiffs, what cases he will contest in Court for defendants. The re- sponsibility for advising questionable transactions, for bring- ing questionable suits, for urging questionable defenses, is the lawyer's responsibility. He cannot escape it by urging as an excuse that he is only following his client's instructions. .Vuitut. Duties and liabilities of attorney to adverse party and third per- sons, and instructions of client as excuse for conduct, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 38, 39, 220 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 2G, 108. Nature of attorney's duty, and skill and care required in conduct of business, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 217, 218 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 106, 107. 32. The Lrawyer's Duty in Its Last Analysis. No client, corporate or individual, however powerful, nor any cause, civil or political, however important, is entitled to receive, nor should any lawyer render, any service or advice involving disloyalty to the law whose ministers we are, or dis- respect of the judicial office, which we are bound to uphold, or corruption of any person or persons exercising a public office or private trust, or deception or betrayal of the public. When rendering any such improper service or advice, the law- yer invites and merits stern and ju?t condernnation. Corre- spondingly, he advances the honor of his profession and the CODE OF ETHICS. XXXi best interests of his client when he renders service or gives advice tending to impress upon the client and his undertaking exact compliance with the strictest principles of moral law. He must also observe and advise his client to observe the stat- ute law, though until a statute shall have been construed and interpreted by competent adjudication, he is free and is enti- tled to advise as to its validity and as to what he conscien- tiously believes to be its just meaning and extent. But above all a lawyer will find his highest honor in a deserved reputa- tion for fidelity to private trust and to public duty, as an hon- est man and as a patriotic and loyal citizen. Aiinot. Duties, privileges, disabilities, and liabilities of attorneys in gen- eral, see Attorney and Client, Cent. Dig. §§ 21, 26-29, 217-291 ; Dec. Dig. §§ 18-21, 106-129. Acting under advice of counsel as defense to contempt charge, see Contempt, Cent Dig. § 82 ; Dec. Dig. § 28 (2). RULES ADMISSION TO THE BAR Cl^" Hntteb Staks Courts* Supreme Court. It shall be requisite to the admission of attorneys or counsel- ors to practice in this court that they shall have been such for three years past in the Supreme Courts of the states to which they respectively belong, and that their private and professional character shall appear to be fair. The prescribed oath shall be taken. Sup. Ct. Rule (3 Sup. Ct. Rep. v). Circuit Courts of Appeals. Although the rule of the Circuit Courts of Appeals governing the admission of attorneys, as adopted primarily, provides that, to become eligible, the applicant shall have been admitted to the Supreme Court or any Circuit Court of the United States, and shall have taken the prescribed oath, it has since been changed to some extent in several of the circuits. In the Third circuit, the clause requiring avowal of the oath has been annulled, as respects attorneys of the Circuit Court of the Third circuit; in the Fourth circuit, a fee of $5 is required; in the Fifth and Sixth circuits, a fee of $10 is required ; in the Eighth circuit, former admission to the highest court of any state within that circuit is sufficient qualification ; and in the Ninth circuit, form- er admission to a Circuit Court is limited to admission to a Circuit Court of the Ninth circuit, and is enlarged to the ex- tent that former admission in the highest court of any state or territory shall constitute qualification. C. C. A. Rule and amendments thereto 150 Fed. xxvii, Ixi, Ixvii, Ixxviii, cxi, cxxvi. (3) 4 RULES FOU ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Circuit and District Courts. The rules for admission to these courts vary. Generally at- torneys who have been admitted to practice in other United States courts or the highest courts of a state or territory are eligible. FEDERAL COURT DECISIONS. U. S. Supreme Court. A complete set of the United States Supreme Court Reports (1790 to 1908) consists of 210 volumes. Everything subse- quent to vol. 105 is covered by the Supreme Court Reporter (of the National Reporter System) in a set of 28 volumes. The Supreme Court Reporter makes currently one volume a year, covering all the current decisions filed by the court, and is sup- plied to subscribers in advance sheets as published ; these being displaced at the end of the year by a bound volume which con- tains everything in the official edition, and is equipped with a table giving the official page references. There are other editions of the United States Reports, — one giving vols. 1 to 210 in 52 books, and another giving vols. 1 to 210 in about 167 books. XT. S. Circuit Courts of Appeals. These courts were established in 1891, and all opinions from the beginning have been reported currently in the Federal Re- porter. (See below.) The back volumes of this set, therefore, incorporate all the reported decisions from these nine courts, and the current numbers give the first report of the current de- cisions. The decisions are reported separately in the C. C. A. Reports, of which 86 volumes are now completed. RULIOS FOR ADMISSION TO THK DAR. 6 U. S. Circuit and District Courts. The early decisions of these courts were never systematically reported until they were gathered together for the elaborate re- print known as the Federal Cases. This includes all decisions from the establishment of the courts, 1789 to 1880, including all cases reported in the original Reports or in contemporary jour- nals, etc., and also thousands of cases never before reported. They are arranged alphabetically, show every known citation, ajid are fully annotated. The set makes 30 books and a digest. From 1880 the decisions of these courts have been systemat- ically and currently reported in the Federal- Reporter, which now (1909) has completed 164 volumes. This is the only pub- lication which reports these important cases systematically, and it is practically the official organ of the courts. The current volumes are supplied to subscribers first in weekly advance sheets, which are afterwards displaced by the bound volumes. This set connects with the Federal Cases, the two series making a complete record of the U. S. Circuit and District Court deci- sions. In 1891 the scope of the publication was extended to include the newly-established Circuit Courts of Appeals. Prices and full information given on request. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Ctlabama. Citizensliip — Age — Character. The rules for admission to the bar in this state provide that the applicant shall be a citizen of the United States and a resi- dent of Alabama, of full age and of good moral character. Who may Apply for License. Any person satisfying the above requirements, who shall have studied law for 18 months, may make written application to the chancery, circuit, or city court in the county of his resi- dence, and the applicant's qualifications, other than legal, shall be passed upon by the court. If applicant's qualifications, oth- er than legal, are satisfactory, certificate to that effect will be forwarded by the court to the clerk of the Supreme Court, and by him delivered to the chairman of the Board of Examiners. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. At the regular meetings of the Board of Examiners, which shall be held at the Capitol on the second Tuesdays in Febru- ary and July, all applicants whose names shall have been pre- sented to the chairman as being possessed of all the necessary qualifications except legal learning, and who shall have paid to the clerk of the Supreme Court the fee of $10, may be exam- ined. The examination shall be in writing, and shall consist of questions upon the following subjects : The Law of Real Prop- erty, Personal Property, Pleading and Evidence, Commercial Law, Criminal Law, Chancery and Chancery Pleadings, the Statute Law of the State, the Constitutions of the United States and the State of Alabama, the Political History of (6) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 7 the United States and the Formation of Constitutional Govern- ments Therein, and the subject of Professional Ethics. Every examination held shall be substantially different from any ex- amination previously held, so that applicants cannot by the study of any previous examination qualify themselves to pass. Examination papers shall be duly passed upon by the board of examiners, and those which are, in the opinion of the majority of the board, sufficient to entitle the applicant to admission, shall be delivered to the clerk of the Supreme Court, and by him presented to one of the judges of the Supreme Court. Li- cense will thereupon be issued to the successful applicant. Those applicants who fail to pass the examination may be permitted to make another application after the expiration of six months upon paying the stipulated fee of $10. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any attorney removing to this state, who has practiced be- fore the Supreme Court of another state for two years, may be admitted to practice in all the courts of this state upon mo- tion before the Supreme Court, supported by such evidence of his qualifications and legal learning as the court may consider sufficient to entitle him to admission. Miscellaneous. Minors may be licensed by fulfilling the above requirements, if deemed by the court of sufficient maturity, character, and at- tainments. Attorneys at law residing in other states, having a license to practice law therein, may practice in any of the courts of this state, when by law the a:ttorneys of this state are permitted to practice in such state. Admission on Diploma. A diploma from the University of Alabama, conferring tbe degree of Bachelor of Laws, admits without examination, upon proof of other qualifications required by the statute. 8 RULES FOK ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Source of Rules. Civ. Code 1907, § 3973 et seq.; Rules Sup. Ct. ALABAMA DECISIONS. 1820 to 1909. A complete set of Alabama Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Minor, 1 vol. Stewart, 3 vols. Stewart & Porter, 5 vols. Porter, 9 vols. Alabama, vols. 1 to 151. We are reprinting the Alabama Reports, vols. 1 to 80 and the 18 preliminary volumes, in a series of 49 books (2 vols, in a book), beginning with vol. 80 and working backward. This Reprint preserves everything (including the paging) in the original Reports. Each case is fully annotated, showing where such case has been subsequently cited by the Alabama Supreme Court, as well as prior and subsequent reports of the same case, and also showing the disposition of each case that has gone to the United States Supreme Court. Annotations to the Century Digest have also been made, showing, in connection with each case, the exact places in the Century Digest where the cognate authorities have been collected and compared, thus bringing to- gether all the law applicable to any particular case. This Re- print will be sold in complete sets only. Books 12 to 49, cover- ing vols. 5 to 80 Alabama, have now been issued. Write for prices and specific information. Vols. 81 to 9A of the Alabama Reports are out of print, and are r^ry scarce and expensive. The only convenient method oi RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THIS BAR. 5* obtaining the later Alabama decisions is through the Southern Reporter, 48 vols. This set contains all decisions in Alabama, vols. 81 to 151, in addition to a number of Alabama cases which are not reported in the official reports ; also all decisions for the last 22 years of Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report vol- ume and page. The set and continuations are sold at a fraction of the cost of the State Reports covered. In fact, the cost of continuing the Alabama Reports alone is much in excess of the cost of continuing the Southern Reporter. Prices and full in- formation will be furnished on request. West Publishinq Co., St. Paul, MIdq. CtlasUa. CitizenshixH— Age — Character. One applying for admission to practice in this district shall be a citizen of the United States, or one who h^s declared his intention ol becoming such, a resident of the district, 21 years of age, and of good moral character. Examination— Regulations— Scope — Fee. The application, stating the foregoing qualifications, shall be filed with the district court. The judges thereof, or their ap- pointees, shall examine the candidate as to his legal attain- ments, and the court shall administer the prescribed oath of office if the examiners so advise. A fee of $10 shall be de- posited with the clerk issuing the license. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Whenever an applicant shall produce evidence of previous admission in the highest court of a state or territory of the Uni- ted States, or in the Supreme Court or a Circuit Court of the United States, such applicant may be admitted without further examination. Miscellaneous. Women shall be admitted to practice in this district up«n the same conditipns as men. Source of Rules. 81 Stat. p. 448, §§ 733-736; Carter's Codes, c rs. (10) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 11 ALASKA DECISIONS. 1867 to 1907. There are two volumes of Alaska Reports to date, covering from the organization of Alaska as district court in 1884 to 1906. The earlier cases which arose in Alaska are reported in the Federal Cases and Federal Reporter. Write us for prices and full information regarding the Alaska Reports. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. CTrizona. Citizensliip — Age — Character. The candidate for admission to the bar of this territory must be a citizen of the United States, a resident of this ter- ritory, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, which last shall be certified to by some reputable attorney of this territory. Term of Study. A three years' course of study is required, to be pursued either in the office of some attorney in good standing or in some recognized law school or university. Certificate of such attorney or the dean of such law school must be produced as proof of the term of study, Elxamination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The applicant shall be required to submit to a written exam- ination, and to an oral one, if deemed necessary, and shall be required to answer correctly a minimum of 70 per cent, of the questions propounded, in order to entitle him to the certificate of the Board of Examiners. Examinations will be upon the principles of the common law applicable to Real Property, Torts, Evidence, Pleading, Contracts, Negotiable Instruments, Criminal Law, Equity, and such other subjects as the board may from time to time select. Prior to examination applicant shall pay to the clerk of the Supreme Court a fee of $10, and an additional fee of $10 shall be paid on receipt of license to practice. Applicants who successfully pass the examination will receive a certificate from the Board of Examiners, which, when presented to the Supreme Court, will entitle them to a license. Any applicant failing to pass the examination may apply again after six months. (12) riULBS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 13 Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any applicant residing within or without the territory, who has been a member of the bar of another territory or state, or of the District of Columbia, in good standing and active practice for at least six years last past, may be admitted on motion made by some member of the bar of the Supreme Court, upon producing a certificate showing the fact of such admis- sion and that he is still in good standing in that court, to- gether with the recommendation of at least one of the judges of said court of last resort. A fee of $10 shall be paid for the issuance of a license. Miscellaneous. Attorneys licensed in any of the district courts of the terri- tory may be admitted to practice in the Supreme Court on mo- tion made m open court by any attorney of the Supreme Court. The Board of Examiners holds two sessions annually, one on the second Monday in January, and one on the second day prior to the day appointed by the Supreme Court for its fall session, both being held in the courtroom of the district court of Mari- copa county, in Phoenix, Ariz. Applications, on blank forni*^ which may be procured of the secretary, George B. Stoneman. Globe, Ariz., should be filed with the secretary at least four weeks before the examination. Each application must be ac- companied by the receipt of the clerk of the Supreme Court showing that the examination fee of $10 has been paid. Source of Rules. Act April 1, 1907, c. 76 ; Rules of IJoard of Examiners. ARIZONA DECISIONS. 1866 to 1909. A complete set of Arizona Reports (down to 1909) consists of 9 vols. All the decisions in vols. 1 to 9 and all other Arizona 14 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. decisions are reported in the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols., together with all decisions for the last 26 years from California, Colora- do, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The Pacific Reporter, being the only medium through which the current Arizona decisions may be had, is absolutely essen- tial to the local practitioner. We will quote prices, etc., on ap- plication. West Publishing Ck)., St. Paul, Minn. Ctrkansas, Cltizenslilp— Age — Character. A petitioner for admission to practice must be a citizen of the United States, a bona fide resident of the state, 21 years of age, and of good moral character. Examination — Regulations — Scope. The appUcation, containing sworn statements of petitioner's general qualifications enumerated above, shall be presented to a court of record of the state, and passed upon by that court, and, if satisfactoty, shall be followed by a test in open court of the applicant's legal attainments. In the discretion of the court, based upon the result of the test, the oath prescribed by law shall be administered and the applicant admitted to practice in that court. Admission on Diploma. A diploma from the law department of the University of Arkansas admits the holder to practice without examination, upon payment to the clerk of the Supreme Court of a fee of $5. License to practice in the Supreme Court entitles the hold- er to practice law in all other courts of the state. Source of Rules. Kirby's Dig. §§ 441-444, 3489. ARKANSAS DECISIONS. 1837 to 1909. A complete set of Arkansas Reports (down to 1909) consists of 85 vols. All decisions in Arkansas, vols. 47 to 85, are re- (15) 16 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THD BAR. ported in the Southwestern Reporter, 114 vols. The Arkansas Reports are partly out of print, and are scarce and rather ex- pensive. The Southwestern Reporter is the only convenient method of obtaining the late decisions of Arkansas. It also covers all decisions for the last 23 years from the Indian Ter- ritory, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southwestern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Re- port page and volume. We will gladly furnish full description and prices on application. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Caltfornia. Citizenshii) — Age — Character. Any citizen, or resident who has bona fide declared his inten- tion of becoming a citizen, who is of the age of 21 years and of good moral character, shall be entitled to undergo the examina- tion of legal qualifications that is required precedent to admis- sion to practice. Term of Study. In the certificate filed by two lawyers of the court as an accompaniment to the application, an opinion of these lawyers, based upon personal inspection, shall be expressed as to the time given in preparation by the applicant. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The application shall be filed with the clerk of the District Court of Appeal, and shall have annexed thereto the certificate of two lawyers of good standing who have been engaged in practice for at least four years, attesting that they have care- fully questioned applicant upon the branches of law and have considered the period stated as the approximate term of study, and setting forth the place at which and the person under whom such study has been prosecuted, the books that have been read, and the other appropriate attainments applicant may have ac- quired. The examination is oral, and shall consist of queries upon the subjects of Blackstone's Commentaries, Kent's Com- mentaries, Greenleaf's Evidence (first volume), Story's Equity Jurisprudence, Gould's Pleading, Lube's Equity Pleading, Par- sons on Contracts, Pomeroy's Introduction to Municipal Law, Code of Civil Procedure, Civil Code, and the Constitutions of the United States and state of California. If the examination 2 07) 18 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. is passed satisfactorily, the applicant shall receive a certificate, 'and the oath of office and permission to practice ; but no per- son rejected shall be at liberty to renew the application earlier than the third regular term next after such rejection. A fee of $10 shall in all cases be deposited with the clerk of the court, to be returned in case of failure to pass. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Every citizen of the United States, or resident of this state who has bona fide declared his intention of becoming a citizen, who has been licensed to practice in another jurisdiction where the common law prevails as a basis, may be admitted to practice in this state by any District Court of Appeal upon production of such license and proof of good moral character; but the court may examine the applicant as to his qualifications. Miscellaneons. Applications shall in all mstances be made before one of the District Courts of Appeal. There are three districts : First, at San Francisco ; second, at Los Angeles ; and, third, at Sacra- mento. Each district regulates its own examinations as to time. Qualification before the District Court of Appeal admits to practice in every court in the state, including Supreme Court. The foregoing rules apply to women as well as to men. Source of Rules. Code Civ. Proc. 1906, §§ 275-279. Sup. Ct. & Dist. Ct. App. Rules, in effect February 18, 1905 (78 Pac. vii). CALIFORNIA DECISIONS, 1850 to 1909. A complete set of California Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 153 vols. The Pacific Reporter, 97 vols., contains RULES rOR ADMI^ION TO THB BAR. 19 all the decisions in California, vols. 64 to 153, and also up- ward of 1,800 California decisions, which have been omitted from the state reports. These represent enough matter to make about 20 additional volumes of California Reports. Under constitutional amendment, adopted Nov. 8, 1904, the District Courts of Appeal were established, for the purpose of relieving the pressure on the Supreme Court. The decisions of these courts are published in a series known as "California Appeals Reports," of which 6 volumes have been published to date. These decisions are also reported in full in the Pacific Re- porter. The Pacific Reporter also contains all decisions for the last 26 years from Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Pacific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Write for full information and price. West Publishing Ck)., St. Paul, Minn. Colorabo. Citizensbip — Age — Character. To entitle an ai)plicant to the examination for a license, lie must prove to the satisfaction of the committee of examiners that he is a citizen of the United States, or has declared his in- tention, a resident of this state, of full age, and of good moral character. General Education. The applicant must present a 30-count certificate from the regents of the University of New York, or must satisfy the committee that he has graduated from an approved high ir preparatory school, or has been admitted as a regular student in an approved college or university, or that he has passed an examination before the state superintendent of public instruc- tion in the following subjects: English Literature. Civil Gov- ernment, Algebra to Quadratic Equations, Plane Geometry, General History, History of England, and the History of the United States. Term of Study. A regular clerkship shall be served in the office of a practi- cing attorney of the Supreme Court of this state after the age of 18 has been reached, or after such age a course of study in an approved law school shall be pursued, before permission will be granted to enter upon the examination. The duration of the period so spent shall be three years, and may be apportioned between the two modes of study. Examination — Regulations— Scope — Fee. The committee of examiners shall consist of five members of the bar, each of five years' standing. Before examination (20) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO TUE BAR. 21 the candidate shall satisfy the committee that he has not under- g-one an exaniination for a license to practice, and been re- fused admission, within six months immediately preceding. He must also satisfy the committee that he possesses the neces- sary educational qualifications, as outlined above, and that he has studied law according- to the conditions above prescribed. The test shall consist of oral or written questions and answers, or partly oral and partly written, as the board of examiners may select. A fee of $20 shall be paid to the clerk of the Su- preme Court before license is issued. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. One duly licensed to practice in the highest court of a for- eign state or country, and who has practiced therein for five years, may be admitted in this state watli or without examina- tion, in the discretion of the Supreme Court, provided that the requirements in said state or country are equal to those in this state. This proviso does not apply to an attorney of ten years' standing in another jurisdiction, however. Such person may be admitted upon furnishing satisfactory proof of having ful- filled the qualifications as to citizenship, residence, age, and character, together with a statement of the community in which he resided and practiced for the five years next preceding- the date of his application, and a certificate of recommendation from one of the judges of the highest court of such commun- ity. The committee shall be entitled to hold the application 60 days for the purpose of investigating the character and qualifi- cations of the applicant. An attorney who has practiced in the.highest court of anoth- er state or country for one year may be admitted to examina- tion after a period of one year's law study within this state, said law study to be pursued after the period of practice has been completed. 22 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. No person shall be admitted to practice in this state upon proof of admission in some other state, if at the time of such admission he was a citizen of this state; nor shall any person be admitted before furnishing satisfactory proof that he has never been disbarred by any court of record and that he has never been convicted of felony. Miscellaneous. Examinations will be held twice a year during the months of June and December, at the Supreme Court rooms at Denver. No person shall be denied a license to practice as aforesaid on account of race or sex. In the oath required of the applicant, he shall agree to com- mence the practice of law within three months from the date of admission and to make the same his permanent and usual oc- cupation. Source of Rules. Rev. St. 1908, §§ 229 et seq. ; Sup. Ct. Rules 39-47 (80 Pa«. xi-xiii). COLORADO DECISIONS. 1864 to 1909. A complete set of Colorado Reports (down to 1909) con sists of : Colorado Supreme, 42 vols., 1864 to 1909. Colorado Appeals, 20 vols., 1891 to 1907. ATI the decisions in Colorado Supreme, vols. 7 to 42, and all decisions of the Colorado Court of Appeals, are reported in the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols,, together with all decisions for the last 26 years from Arizona, California, Idaho, Kansas, Mon- tana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon. Utah, Wash- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 23 ington, and Wyoming. Tables of cross-citations make the cases perfectly available, however cited. Owing to the large amount of mining litigation in Colorado, the Pacific is of particular importance there, as it contains the decisions of all the West Coast states, in which the same ques- tions are likely to have arisen. Write for prices and full infor- mation. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. (£onnecticui CHtizenship — Age— Character. The candidate for admission to the bar shall prove to the sat- isfaction of the committee that he is a citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, provided that, in case he shall reach his majority before the next semi- annual meeting" of the committee, he shall be admitted to the examination and, upon recommendation, admitted to practice after he shall become 21. General Edncation. He shall satisfy the committee that he has graduated from a high school, college, or preparatory school of approved stand- ing, or has been admitted to a law school, the requirements for entrance to which shall be approved by the committee, or, in the absence of these qualifications, shall pass an examination upon his literary qualifications before the committee. A fee of $5 must be paid in case such examination is necessary. Term of Study. He shall certify to the committee, too, that after arriving at the age of 18 he has studied for three years in a law school or in an office under the supervision of a practicing attorney, or both, provided that, in the case of those not graduates of a law school, at least one year of such study shall be spent in this state. Examinations^ReguIatioiLS — Scope — Fee. Previous to the examination an application shall be filed with the clerk of the superior court where the examination is held, containing a certificate from the clerk of the superior court of (24) KLLES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 25 the county in which he intends to apply (which must be the county in which he resides, if a resident of the state; if not, the county in which he pursued his studies, or intends to reside), stating that the candidate has filed an application, accompanied by a certificate of good moral character signed by two mem- bers of the bar of at least five years' standing, on or before May 1st for the June examination, and on or before December 1st for tlie December examination, and that it was approved by the bar vu' the county. The examination is in writing, conducted by a committee consisting of 15 members of the bar, and cov- ers the following subjects: Contracts, including the law of Agency ; Arbitration and Award, Bailments, Carriers, Insur- ance, Negotiable Paper, Partnership, Principal and Surety, Sales and the Statutes of Frauds and Limitations, Real Prop- erty, Equity, Torts, Evidence, Pleading and Practice, including Common-Law and Code Pleading and the Connecticut Prac- tice Act and Rules of Practice, Criminal Law and Procedure, Constitutional Law, Corporations (public and private), Per- sons and Domestic Relations, Wills and Administration, and the Constitution and Statutes of Connecticut. A fee of $10 shall accompany the application, and in case of success in the test another fee of $5 shall be deposited with the clerk who issues the license. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney licensed in the highest court of another state may be admitted to examination upon satisfactory proof that he has been duly admitted in such state ; that he is a citizen of the United States and a resident of the state, or intends to be- come a resident, 21 years of age, and of good moral character; that he has filed w4th the clerk of the superior court of the county in which the examination is to be held a certificate from the clerk of the superior court of the county in which he in- 26 RULES KOU AI^-MIS.SIOM TO THE BAR. tends to apply (which must be the county in which he resides or intends to reside), stating that the candidate has filed an ap- plication, accompanied by a certificate of good moral character signed by two members of the bar of at least five years' stand- ing, on or before May 1st for the June examination, and on or before December 1st for the December examination; and that such application has been approved by the bar of the county. One such who has practiced for three years before the bar of another state may be admitted without examination upon vote of the bar of the county in which he applies (which must be the county in which he resides or intends to reside), provided he possesses the general qualifications required of other applicants and has filed with the clerk of the superior court of such coun- ty notice of his intention to apply, together with a certificate of good moral character signed by at least two members of the bar of five years' standing, or a like certificate signed by a judge of the highest court of original jurisdiction of the state in which he last practiced. Miscellaneous. It shall be the duty of every attorney in this state who takes a pupil for instruction to register the name and the date of the beginning of study of such pupil, and the computation of tlie term of study shall commence with such registration. Examinations are held at 10 a. m. in the Supreme Court room at Hartford on the Friday after Christmas (if this or the following day is New Years, then the second day before New Years), and at New Haven on the third Thursday before the last Monday of June at the Yale Law School Building, at ibe s-ame hour. Source of Rules. Rules Super. Q. Ja«. 1, 190€. EULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAE. 27 CONNECTICUT DECISIONS. 1785 to 1909. A complete set of Connecticut Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of: Kirby, 1 vol. Root, 2 vols. Day, 5 vols. Connecticut, 80 vols. The Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols., contains all decisions from and including vol. 53 Conn., and also all decisions for the past 34 years for Delaw^are, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It contains, also, hundreds of decisions omitted from the State Reports. Tables of cross-citations make the cases perfectly available, however cited. We will be pleased to furnish spe- cific information and prices on application. West Pttbltshing Co., St Pnnl. lilim. X)elatpare. Citizcnshii)— Age — Cliaracter. The candidate shall be a resident of this state and of the county m which he is registered, 18 years of age before reg- istration, and of good moral character. Geueral Education. lie shall be possessed of the elements of a liberal educa- tion, which shall be evidenced by the diploma of a univer- sity or college in good standing conferring the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science, or by passing an examination before the Board of Examiners upon the fol- lowing subjects: Language, Modern Geography, Higher Mathematics, United States and English History. If the above requirements are fulfilled, he shall receive a certificate from the Board of Examiners, stating that he has been found upon examination to be qualified to commence the study of law. This certificate must contain the approval of some judge of the state and a statement from the student's pre- ceptor that said student began the study of law upon a cer- tain date. Said certificate will be filed in the Prothonotary's office. Term of Study. A preliminary term of study of three years in tne office of a practicing attorney of ten years' standing shall be pursued be- fore the examination. Examination — Regulations — Scope. The test of legal qualifications shall be such as the board of examiners may decide upon. The oath prescribed by law shall follow, if the general qualifications before mentioned have been fulfilled. (28) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 29 Admission of Attorneys from Otlier Jurisdictions. Any attorney residing in this state, of good moral char- acter, who has practiced for three years in the court of last resort of another state, may, upon written recommendation from the Board of Examiners, be admitted to practice in this state. The board may subject any applicant under this rule to such examination as they may deem expedient. Miscellaneous. A student must apply for examination in the county in which he is registered. No student registered in one county will be examined in another county, except upon the written request of the Board of Examiners of the county wherein he is registered. Admission to practice in the courts of one county entitles the attorney to practice in the same courts in all other counties in the state. Information as to the times and places of holding examina- tions may be obtained from the Secretary of the Board of Examiners at Wilmington. Source of Rules. Rev. St. 1874, c. 93, § fi ; Td. c. 2 1, § 4; 13 Del. Laws, c. 117, § ?) ; Rules of Board of Examiners. DELAWARE DECISIONS. 1814 to 1909. A complete set of Delaware Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Harrington, 5 vols. Ilouston, 9 vols. Marvel, 3 vols. Pennewill, 5 vols. Delaware Chancery, 8 vols. Houston's Criminal, 1 vol. 30 RULKS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Delaware Reports are partly out of print, and are scarce and expensive. The Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols., contains all deci- sions in Houston, vols. 7 to 9, Marvel, 2 vols., Pennewill, 5 vols., Delaware Chancery, vols. 6 to 8, and also all decisions for the past 24 years from Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Ver- mont. Tables of cross-citations make the cases perfectly avail- able, however cited. We will furnish full information and price on request. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Dtstnct of Columbia. Character. No applicant shall be admitted to examination for admission to the Supreme Court until he shall have offered proof of good moral character. Term of Study. Satisfactory proof shall also be presented that the candidate has studied law under the direction of a competent attorney for at least three years, provided that diligent study in a law school shall, to the extent thereof, be computed as a part thereof, and an academic year in such school shall be considered a year with- in the meaning of the rule. Examination — Regulations— Scope — Fee. Applications shall be made in writing addressed to the cOurt in general term, and shall be referred by the clerk to the com- mittee on examination. Each application shall contain the name, age, and residence of the candidate, the time and place of preliminary study and duration of the same, and the law books he has read. Before examination a fee of $10 shall be paif June and December, at places to be designated by the judge of the superior court in each circuit. Application must be sent to the judge at least ten days before the day of examination. All inquiries for information in regard to admis- sion to the bar should be addressed to Hon. Joseph A. Cronk, Secretary Board of Examiners, Chatham, Ga. Source of Rules. Civ. Code 1895, §§ 4397-4412 ; Act Dec. 18, 1897, as amend- ed by Act Dec. 19, 1898 ; Rules Sup. Ct and Ct. App. 38 BULBS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. GEORGIA DECISIONS. 1805 to 1909. A complete set of Georgia Reports (down to 1009) consists of; T. U. P. Charlton, 1 vol. R. M. Charlton, 1 vol. Dudley, 1 vol. Georgia Decisions, 1 vol. Georgia Reports, 130 vols. Georgia Appeals Reports, 4 vols. Georgia Reports are largely out of print and expensive. AH Georgia decisions from and including vol. 78 of the Supreme and all of the Appeals Reports, are reported in the Southeast- ern Reporter, 63 vols., together with all decisions for the past 22 years from North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Cross-citation tables make the cases perfectly available, however cited. We will be pleased to furnish prices and full information on request. West Publishing CJo., St. Paul, Minn. t)awaiu Citizenship— Age^Character. Each applicant for admission in this territory shall file with the ckrk of the Supreme Court an application in writing, set- ting forth his name, age, nationality, last place of residence, and the character and term of his study. Applicant must be a citizen of the United States or shall have declared his intention of becoming a citizen. Examination— Regulations— 'Scope — Fee. Sufficient certificates of applicant's good moral character, and, if he is a member of the bar of any other court, the cer- tificate of admission to such bar, shall accompany the applica- tion. Power to examine candidates for admission to the bar of the Supreme Court is vested solely in the Supreme Court. No applicant who is not a member of the bar of the highest court of some other state, territory, or country, will be admitted or examined for admission to practice in the Supreme Court, un- less, as a part of his preparation, he shall have studied diligent- ly at least two years in a law school or the office of a competent attorney, or partly in one and partly in the other. No person not a citizen of the United States will be admitted unless he shall have bona fide declared his intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law. No applicant whose appHca- tion has been denied shall apply again for admission within one year. A fee of $10 must be paid to the clerk of the Supreme Court on receipt of a license. Attorneys in District Courts. The Supreme Court and the several circuit courts shall have power to admit as practitioners in the district courts such per- (39) 40 RULES FOIl ADMISSION TO THE BAR. sons, beitg Hawaiian citizens of good moral character, as said courts may find qualified. Prescribed oath will be administer- ed. License thus granted shall extend oyer a term of two years, and shall be valid in all the judicial circuits of the ter- ritory. A fee of $5 will be paid for the first license, and a fee of $2 for each renewal thereof. Source of Rules. Civ. Laws 1897, c. 84; Rev. Laws 1905, c. 116 ; Sup. Ct. Rule 16, in force March 21, 1906 (17 Hawaii, 655). HAWAIIAN DECISIONS. 1847 to 1909. A complete set of Hawaiian Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 18 vols. There are also 2 vols, of reports of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, and a Digest covering vols. 1-14 Hawaiian Reports. Write for prices and full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Dbal^o. Citizenship — Age — Character. The applicant for admission in this state must be a bona fide resident of the state, of the age of 21 years, and of good moral character, which last must be certified to by at least two at- torneys in good standing who have been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court for not less than one year. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The application shall be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court on or before the first Saturday of the regular term, and shaU contain statements of the applicant's full name, age, place of residence for the two years immediately preceding the date of his application, with whom he has read law, or in what school he has studied law, and for how long a period ; also what text-books he has read. The application must also be accom- panied by a certificate of at least two reputable attorneys, each of whom shall have been regularly engaged in practice for not less than four years, containing statements of the candidate's preliminary training, the time he has spent upon the study of the law, the books he has read, and any other appropriate re- quirements he may have attained. Examinations are held on the first Saturday of each regular term of the court, at which time the candidates shall in open court prepare written answers to the list of questions propounded by the Supreme Court. No information as to the substance of any of the questions asked, or the subjects treated of in the examination, will be given to the applicants before the date set for the examination. A fee of $35 shall be paid to the State Treasurer, evidence of which payment must be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court. A fee of $2 shall be paid to the clerk for the license. (41) 42 RULES FOK ADMISSION TO THE BAB. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. One who has been aducation. He shall have acquired a preliminary education, other than legal, equivalent to that involved in the completion of a high- school course of at least three years' duration. Applicants not furnishing satisfactory proof of this qualification shall be sub- ject to examination before the Board of Examiners. Term of Study. He shall have pursued diligently a course of study in the office of a practicing attorney of this state or of another state or in a reputable law school in the United States for a term of three years, or partly in such office and partly in such law school. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The Attorney General, with five members of the bar from this state, appointed by the court, shall constitute the Board of Examiners, who shall test the applicants as to their legal quali- fications by propounding to them at least fifty questions, to be answered in writing, and as many more as they may see fit, to be answered orally. No person shall be recommended for ad- mission who does not receive a marking of at least 75 per cent, on a basis of 100 per cent, for the entire examination. Be- fore undertaking the examination the candidate shall pay to the clerk of the Supreme Court the sum of $5, and after the exam- ination, if successful, he shall take the prescribed oath. If un- 4 (m no UULKS l-'OU ADMISSK^N TO THE BAR. successful he shall he precluded from again entering upon the examinations for three months froni the time of failure. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any person, becoming a resident of this state after admission in another state while a resident thereof, may be licensed here, exempt from the examination or proof of the required term of study, if his other qualifications are satisfactory to the court, and he has practiced in such other state for one year after his admission. Miscellaneous. Students in the Law Department of the State University who are recommended for graduation by the faculty, provided the three-years course of study has been pursued, one year at least in such Law School, may be examined at the University by the commission and admitted without further test. Ex- aminations are held at Des Moines on first Tuesday in October and on the Tuesday of the week preceding the week of the ex- aminations at Iowa City in June ; and at the University at Iowa City Tuesday before annual commencement. Applications, on forms which will be furnished by the clerk of the Supreme Court, must be filed with clerk ten days before commencement of term at which examination is to be taken. Source of Rules. Ann. Code 1897, §§ 309-315 ; Act April 16, 1901 ; Rules Sup. Ct. Jan. 1, 1901; Rules of Board of Examiners, Aug. 28, 1901 (87N.W.V). IOWA DECISIONS. 1839 to 1909. A complete set of Iowa Reports (down to 1909) consists of Morris, 1 vol. G. Greene, 4 vols. Iowa. 136 vols. i RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 51 All the decisions of Iowa subsequent to vol. 50 are reportetl in the Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols., together with all de- cisions for the last 30 years, from Michigan, Minnesota, Ne- braska, Wisconsin, and all the decisions of Dakota Territory and North and South Dakota. Cross-citation tables make the cases perfectly available, however cited. The cost of the set is less than one-fifth the cost of the corresponding State Reports. The Northwestern is generally regarded by the Iowa lawyer as indispensable. As one of the well-known attorneys and statesmen puts it : "We would as soon think of keeping house without a cook stove as to try and practice law without the Northwestern." Write us for full description and price. West Publishing Co., St. Paul. Minn. Kansas. Citizenship — Character. The applicant must be a citizen of the United States, and must file with the secretary of the Board of Examiners a cer- tificate as to his moral character, signed by a judge of the dis- trict or common pleas court and three members of the bar of the county in which he resides or has lately resided. General Education. A diploma or properly authenticated certificate showing that applicant is a graduate of the State University, or other ac- credited university, college, or high school, will be accepted as evidence that he possesses the requisite educational qualifica- ticMis to entitle him to examination in the law. In lieu of such diploma or certificate, the affidavit of the applicant and his teacher or teachers, or other satisfactory evidence, will be ac- cepted by the Supreme Court. Term of Study. Applicant must have studied three years in the office of a practicing attorney, or be a graduate of the Law Department of the University of Kansas or some other law school of equal requirements and reputation. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The applicant's petition, in his own handwriting and verified by his affidavit, must be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court, and must state his full name, residence, place and date of birth, and, if foreign born, the facts showing that he is a citizen of the United States ; also his occupation and residence during the preceding five years. If a graduate of a law school, (52) \ RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 53 it must give the name and location of the school and date of graduation, or, if not a law school graduate, must state peti- tioner's general education, exclusive of legal study, with whom law studies were pursued, and the books read. The examina- tion shall be held in open court, and shall be oral or in writing, or partly one and partly the other, in the discretion of the board, and shall cover such of the following or other subjects as the court may require: Elementary Law, Roman Law, Personal Property, Constitutional History and Law, International Law, Conflict of Laws, Equity Jurisprudence, Equity Pleading and Practice, Contracts, Evidence, Real Property, Mortgages, Negotiable Instruments, Agency, Sales, Bailments, Partner- ship, Corporations, Carriers, Municipal Corporations, Torts, Wills and Administration, Insurance, Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Provisional Remedies under Kansas Statutes, Do- mestic Relations, Civil Procedure, Criminal Law, Common Law Pleading, Federal Practice, Kansas Code Pleading and Practice, Legal Ethics. A fee of $25 shall accompany the application, which fee will be returned in the event of failure. In case applicant fails to pass, he shall be allowed to file a subsequent application only upon the written consent of at least three members of the board. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. All applicants who shall be otherwise qualified, and who have been admitted to practice in the highest court of another juris- diction, and have practiced there continuously for a period of three years or more, and continued to practice there or else- where up to the time of making application here, shall consti- tute a class and be examined separately, in such manner as the board may determine. Their petition must state the time and place of admission to practice, and the place or places in which they have practiced, with the time of practice in each case; also whether disbarment proceedings have ever been begun against the applicant, and the result. 54 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. Miioellaneons. Examinations are held at Topeka, in the Supreme Court room, on the third Mondays of January and June. Petitions, accompanied by the required fee, must be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court at Topeka, at least 30 days before the examination, and diplomas and all other credentials and pa- pers required by the rules must be filed with the secretary of the board, Mr. A. C. Mitchell, Lawrence, Kan., at least three weeks before the first day of the examination. Any person admitted to practice in the district and inferior courts of this state prior to June 1, 1903, will be admitted to practice in this court on motion; and any practicing attorney of any state or territory, having professional business in this court, may be admitted for the time and purpose of such busi- ness upon taking the prescribed oath. Each attorney resident in Kansas, upon being admitted under this rule, shall pay $3 to the clerk. Source of Rules. Gen. St. 1905, §§ 395-398; Laws 1905, c. 67; Sup. Ct. Rules 25-28 ; Rules Board of Examiners. KANSAS DECISIONS. 1858 to 1909. A complete set of Kansas Reports (down to 1909) consists of: Kansas, 76 vols., 1862-1909. Kansas Appeals, 10 vols., 1895-1903. All decisions of Kansas, from and including vol. 30, and all Kansas Appellate decisions, are reported in the Pacific Report- er, 97 vols. The set also contains all decisions for the last 26 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 55 years from California, Colorado, Idaho/ Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and all decisions of Arizona and Oklahoma. The tables of cross-cita- tions furnished with the Pacific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set sells for less than one-fourth of the cost of the corre- sponding State Reports. We will be pleased to furnish detailed information and price on request. West Publishing C5o., St. Paul. >[inn. Kentucliy. Citizeusliip — Age — Cliaracter. The applicant shall be 21 years of age, and shall file with his petition the certificate of the county court of the county in which he resides, stating that he is a person of honesty, probity, and good demeanor. Examination — Regulations — Scope— Fee. After receipt of the certificate of the county court, the can- didate shall, at least ten days before the beginning of the next regular term, file with the clerk of the circuit court of any county in a circuit court district in which the applicant does not reside, a written application for a license, addressed to the judge and accompanied by the certificate above referred to. The examination shall be set for some day of the current term. Each applicant shall be examined by the circuit judge and at least two lawyers in Equity Jurisprudence, Common Law, Con- stitutional Law, both P'ederal and State, Criminal Law, Torts, Real Property, Contracts, Pleading, Evidence, Negotiable In- struments, and Public and Private Corporations. If a general average of 75 per cent, is received, the license shall be issued upon the payment of the regular fees to the clerk. This license entitles the holder to practice in all the courts of the state. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Under Acts 1902, p. 45, §§ 1-9, attorneys from other juris- dictions are not admitted without examination on presentation of certificate, as heretofore, but must comply with the same rules as are prescribed for applicants residing in the state. This act, however, does not prevent a nonresident attorney in good standing from appearing and practicing in a case in which (56) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 57 he may be employed. Such attorneys may be admitted to prac- tice for the time and purpose of such case by appearing in, and being introduced to, the court. No oath is administered. Miscellaneous. No special license is required to be admitted to practice in the Court of Appeals. It is only necessary that attorneys in good standing, residents of the state, appear in open court and take the oaths prescribed by the Constitution and laws of the commonwealth of Kentucky. Source of Rules. Laws 1902, c. 45, §§ 1-9 ; Carroll's St. 1909, §§ 97, 98. See Petition of Creste, 98 S. W. 282. KENTUCKY DECISIONS. 1785 to 1909. A complete set of Kentucky Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Hughes, 1 vol. Kentucky Decisions (v^nced), 1 vol. Hardin, 1 vol. Bibb, 4 vols. Marshall (A. K.), 3 vols. Littell, 5 vols. Littell's Select Cases, 1 vol. Monroe (T. B.), 7 vols. Marshall (J. J.), 7 vols. Dana, 9 vols. IMonroe (Ben.). 18 vols. Metcalfe, 4 vols. Duvall, 2 vols. Bush, 14 vols. Kentuckv, vols. 78 to 195. ^ .18 RULES FOK ADMISSION TO THE BAB. These by no means represent all of the Kentucky decisions, however. The Southwestern Reporter, 114 vols., contains, in addition to all of the decisions in Kentucky Reports, vols. 85 to 125, several thousand decisions handed down during the period covered by these reports, and which, by the system of selection in vogue, have not been, and will not be, published in the State Reports. In addition to these, there are upward of 2,000 Kentucky decisions in the Southwestern, which have been handed down subsequent to the decisions reported in vol. 125, Kentucky, and considerably less than one-third of these are marked "To be officially reported." To have all of the de- cisions of one's own state is an absolute necessity ; hence the general use of the Southwestern Reporter in Kentucky. In addition to the Kentucky decisions, the set contains all de- cisions for the last 23 years from Arkansas, Indian Territory, Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southwestern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and vol- ume. The set sells at but a fraction of the cost of the corre- sponding State Reports. Write us for prices and full informa- tion. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Couisiana. Citizenship — Age — Character. The court shall require of the candidate for admission evi- dence of citizenship of the state and the other qualifications of a voter (with the exception of that of residence) and proof of good moral character. Term of Study. Another requisite shall be a term of study of law of at least two years' duration. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The application shall be made to the clerk, and referred by him to the court, and passed upon by the court through the committee of examiners, who shall test each applicant separate- ly upon the subjects of Story on the Constitution, Vattel's Law of Nations or Wheaton's Elements of International Law, the History of the Civil Law in Louisiana, the Louisiana Civil Code, the Code of Practice, statutes of the state of a general nature, the Institutes of Justinian, Domat's Civil Law or some satisfactory equivalent for Domat, Pothier's Treatise on Obli- gations, Blackstone's Commentaries (fourth book), Kent's Commentaries, Smith on Mercantile Law, Wood on Insurance,. Story or Parsons on Notes, Daniel on Negotiable Instruments,. Greenleaf, Starkie, or Phillips on Evidence, Russell on Crimes,. Bishop on Criminal Procedure, and the Jurisprudence of Louis- iana as settled by the decisions of the Supreme Court. The candidate must have a knowledge of the history and jurisdic- tion of the federal courts, and to that end must be read in Fos- ter's Federal Practice, Story's or Daniel's Equity Jurisprudence,. Parsons' or Benedict's Maritime Law or Conkling's Admiralty,. (59) (>() UULIOS P'OK ADMISSION TO TIIK BAR. WlKirtoii's Conflict of Laws, and Dillon on Alunicipal Corpora- tions. Un the production of a certificate from the committee that the candidate has been examined by them upon the above works, and that he, in their opinion, is qualified for admission to the bar, the court will admit him to a public examination, and, if such examination is satisfactory, a license will be granted and the prescribed oath administered. A fee of $10 shall be paid to the clerk issuing the license. Applicants who have been rejected shall not be re-examined or admitted to practice for six months after such rejection, and a new application and cer- tificate of competency from the committee shall be required in such cases. Admission of Attorneys from Otlier Jurisdictions. A license shall be granted an applicant upon production of a permit to practice in another state and evidence of good char- acter and qualification of legal abilities as shown by an examina- tion in open court, before one of the justices of the Supreme Court or two judges of the district court. Admission on Diploma. Presentation of a diploma from the Law Department of the Louisiana State University or the Tulane University of Louisi- ana shall entitle the recipient to a license upon proof of good moral character, and a diploma from a law school of another state shall admit to the test of the Supreme Court of the state acting as a board of examiners, and ultimately to a license, if the examination is satisfactory and applicant has proof of good moral character. Miscellaneons. There are four committees of examination, located, respec- tively at New Orleans, Monroe, Opelousas, and Shreveport. Applications should in all instances be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court and by him referred to the committee exer • cising jurisdiction in the district of applicant's residence. The RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 61 several committees will meet when summoned by their respec- tive chairmen. The public examination by the court will be held on Monday of the first court week in each month of the session. Under Acts 1894, p. 157, women who have graduated from a law school in this state are entitled to admission to practice. Source of Rules. Rev. Laws 1904, §§ 111-115. 756, and page 1843 ; Act 93, p. 136, of 1908; Sup. Ct. Rules (20 South, v; 21 South, xi, xii; 23 South. V, vi; 26 South, vii). LOUISIANA DECISIONS. 1809 to 1909. A complete set of Louisiana Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Martin, 13 vols. Martin (N. S.) 8 vols. Louisiana, 19 vols. Robinson, 12 vols. Louisiana Annuals, 52 vols. Louisiana Reports, vols. 104 to 121. Manning's Unrep. Cas. The early volumes of the Louisiana Reports, however, have long been out of print, and are very scarce and expensive. This situation has worked the greatest inconvenience to the bench and bar for years past, and, in recognition of the gener- al demand for a new and complete edition of these Reports, we have undertaken the publication of a complete and annotated Reprint of' the Louisiana Reports, to cover the following vol- umes: Martin (O. S.) 1-12; ]\Iartin (N. S.) 1-8; Louisiana, 19 vols. ; Robinson, 12 vols. ; Louisiana Annual, vols. 1-48 ; ()2 RULES Fcnt ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Manning's Unreported Cases— a total of 100 original volumes, to be bound in 55 books, beginning with vol. 48 La, Ann. and working backward. Everything in the original Reports, in- cluding the paging, will be preserved. Full annotations will be added, showing where each case has been subsequently cited by the Louisiana Supreme Court, as well as prior and subse- quent reports of the same case, and also showing disposition of each case that has gone to the Supreme Court of the United States. Annotations to the Century Digest will also be made, showing, in connection with each case, the exact places in the Century Digest where the cognate authorities have been col- lected and compared, thus bringing together all the law applica- ble to any particular case. References to the annotations in the American Decisions and American Reports will also be added. This Reprint will be sold in complete sets only. Books 37 to 55 are now issued, covering vols. 30 to 48 Louisiana Annual. De- tailed information regarding this Reprint will be sent on re- quest. The Southern Reporter, 48 vols., contains all decisions in Louisiana Annuals, 38 to 52, and Louisiana Reports, 104 to 121, and, in addition, all decisions for the last 22 years of Ala- bama, Florida, and Mississippi. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set sells at but a fraction of the cost of the corresponding State Reports. We publish an edition of Louisiana Reports, commencing with the 49th Annual, known as the "N. R. S. Ed." Beginning with vol. 109 our edition became the "official edition." Write us for prices and full information. West PuBLisiriNo Co.. St. Paul. ]Minn. 2ltatne. Oitizensliip — Age — Character. Among the qualifications requisite for admission to the bar are citizenship and residence in the state, the age of majority, and good moral character, which last shall be certified to by some practicing attorney within the state. Term of Study. Applicant must have studied law for three years either in the office of a practicing attorney or in a recognized law school, proof of which must be by certificate from the attorney in whose office such studies were pursued or by the dean or sec- retary of the law school, as the case may be. Examination. — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The Board of Examiners is composed of five competent law- yers of the state, appointed by the Governor on the recom- mendation of the Chief Justice. Applicant shall be require^J to submit to a written examination, and to an oral one, if deem- ed necessary, on the principles of the common law applicable to the following subjects: Real Property, Torts, Evidence, Pleading, Contracts, Bills and Notes, Criminal Law, and such other common-law subjects as the board may from time to time select ; also upon Equity. A general average of 70 per cent, is required in order to entitle applicant to the certificate of the board. The board, however, has power to establish such high- er grades of standing as to them may seem proper. A fee of $30 shall accompany the application for examination. Any ap- plicant failing to pass the examination may again apply after -six months, by showing to the board that he has diligently pur- -sued the study of the law six months prior to the examination. (63) 64 UULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. If such second application is within one year after his first ex- amination, he shall not be required to pay an extra fee for the second examination. After procuring his certificate from the board, the applicant can then, on motion made in open court, be regularly admitted to practice law in Maine, by any justice of the Supreme Judi- cial Court. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any attorney residing within or without the state, who has been a member of the bar of another state, in good standing and active practice, for at least three years, may be admitted to practice on motion before the Supreme Judicial Court, upon the production of a certificate of admission to practice in the court of last resort of such state or any Circuit Court of the United States, together with a recommendation from one of the judges of such courts. Miscellaneous. . Examinations are held twice a year, one at Bangor, in the county of Penobscot, on the first Tuesday of February, and one at Portland, in the county of Cumberland, on the first Tuesday of August. Applications, on blanks furnished by the Secretary on request, should be filed with the Secretary, John B. Madi- gan, Houlton, Me., at least four weeks in advance of the exami- nation. No person shall be denied license to practice on ac- count of sex. Source of Rules. Rev. St. c. 81, §§ 23-27; Rules of Bar Examiners. MAINE DECISIONS. 1820 to 1909. A complete set of Maine Reports (down to 1909) consists of 10 i vols. All decisions of Maine subsequent to vol. 77 are RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 65 reported in full in the Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols., togetlicr with all decisions for the last 24 years of Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The Atlantic also includes some 2,500 decisions which have not been and will not be published in the State Reports. Over 150 of the omitted cases are from Maine, and can only be found in the Atlantic. Can you afford to be without part of your own state's decisions? The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Atlantic make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set sells at a fraction of the cost of the cor- responding State Reports. Write us for further information and price. West Publishing CJo., St Paul, Minn. 6 HTarylanb. Citlxenship— Age— Character. The laws governing admission to practice provide that the appHcant must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, and an actual bona fide resident of the state at the time he applies for admission. Term of Study. Petitioner must have studied law in the office of a member pf the bar of this state or in a law school of the United States for at least two years, and must file with his petition a certificate from the attorney in whose office he studied, or the dean or in- structor of the law school, to the effect that petitioner has pur- sued under his direction for at least two years the course of study outlined below, and that petitioner is a person of good moral character. Examination — Regulations — Scope— Fee. Applications for admission shall be made by petition to the Court of Appeals, and then referred by the Court of Appeals to the board of examiners, consisting of three members of the bar of at least 10 years' standing, appointed by the Court of Ap- peals, who shall test the applicants as to their legal qualifica- tions in the manner designated by the uniform system of ex- amination prescribed by the Court of Appeals, which includes a written examination upon the subjects of Elementary Law, Contracts, Torts, Wills and Administration of Estates, Cor- porations, Evidence, Equity, Real Property, Personal Property, Criminal Law, Domestic Relations, Pleading and Practice at Law and in Equity (at Common Law and in Maryland), Con- stitutional Law, International Law, and Legal Ethics. The board may also examine the applicant orally, if it sees fit. When filing application, a fee of $25 shall be paid to the treas- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 67 urer of the board of examiners, which sum shall entitle the candidate to three examinations, and no more. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Members of the bar of any other state or territory within the United States, who for five years after admission have been en- gaged as practitioners, judges, or teachers of law, shall be ad- mitted, after becoming residents of this state, without examina- tion, on proof of such former admission and of good moral character, and the payment of the fee of $25. Proof of good moral character shall be by certificate of a judge of the state in which he was admitted or by the certificate of two members of the bar of this state showing how long they have known the applicant, that he is of good moral character, a member of the bar in good standing, and that he has been actively engaged as practitioner or teacher of the law or judge in such state for at least five years before the filing of his petition. Admission on Diploma. Students who have matriculated in the Law Department of the University of Maryland or the Baltimore University School of Law prior to January 1, 1898, shall be admitted as heretofore upon presentation of diplomas. Miscellaneous. Examinations are held in June and November. 30 daj^s' no- tice of the time and place being given by the board. AppHca- tions must be filed at least 10 days before the times set for the examination. Women shall be permitted to practice law in this state upon the same conditions and requirements as provided for with ref- erence to men. Source of Kules. Pub. Gen. Laws 1904, art. 10, §§ 1-6; Laws 1898, c. 139; Rules of Ct. of App. (44 Atl. v, vi). 68 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. MARYLAND DECISIONS. 1658 to 1909. A complete set of Maryland Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of: Harris &; McHenry, 4 vols. Harris & Johnson, 7 vols. Harris & Gill, 2 vols. Gill & Johnson, 12 vols. Gill, 9 vols. Bland's Chancery, 3 vols. Maryland Chancery, 4 vols. Maryland, 106 vols. The Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols., contains all decisions in Maryland, vols. 64 to 106, and upward of 500 decisions which have been omitted from the State Reports and can only be found in the Atlantic. The set also contains all decisions for the last 24 years from Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the At- lantic make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Atlantic Reporter costs but a small fraction of the cost of the corresponding State Reports. Write for price and detailed information. West Publishing Oo., St. Paul. Minn. IHassacf^usetts. Citizenship — Age — Character. A citizen of the United States, or an alien who has declared intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, whether man or woman, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, may be admitted to the bar, if his legal qualifications are suffi- cient. Term of Study — General Education. Every candidate for admission shall file, either together with his petition or with the chairman or secretary of the Board of Examiners, proof that he is entitled to be examined, together with evidence of his good moral character and the course of study, both general and legal, pursued by him. Such proof shall be by certificate, forms for which may be obtained from the several clerks of court, or from the secretary of the board. Applicant should have at least the equivalent of a high school education, and may, if deemed necessary by the board, be ex- amined in studies generally pursued in grammar and high schools. There is no fixed term of study. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The petition shall be filed with the clerk of the court for the county in which petitioner last studied law, at least five days before the day of the examination, and shall be accompanied by the recommendation of an attorney of the court, stating the moral character of the applicant; provided, that any person who has studied at a law school connected with a college or university within the commonwealth may file his application either in the county in which such law school is established or in the county of Suffolk. Examination shall be in writing, and (69) 70 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. shall be based upon the following subjects, or some portion thereof : Contracts, Torts, Real Property, Criminal Law, Evi- dence, Equity, Corporations, Partnership, Mortgages, Surety- ship, Agency, Sales, Negotiable Instruments, Bailments, Car- riers, Wills, Probate Law, Domestic Relations, Trusts, Plead- ing, Practice, Constitutional Law, Bankruptcy, and Legal Eth- ics. In addition, the applicant should have knowledge of the general principles of common law and of the most important provisions of the statutes. A fee of $15 shall accompany each petition, which fee covers all charges. No rejected person shall be re-examined within five months from the prior examination, and a fee of $10 must be paid on a subsequent petition. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. A person admitted to practice before the highest tribunal of another state, of which he was an inhabitant, may be admitted to examination upon proof of such former admission and of good moral character, together with recommendations from at least two members of the bar to which applicant was admit- ted, and, if possible, a recommendation from a judge of the highest court in the jurisdiction where applicant was admitted; also one or more recommendations from members of the bar in Massachusetts. Blank certificates and forms may be procur- ed from any of the clerks of court, and each petition should be accompanied by a fee of $15. One so admitted in another jurisdiction, who has practiced there for three years, may be admitted here without examination, in the discretion of the board. Miscellaneous. Women shall be granted licenses to practice upon showing the qualifications before enumerated. No person who does not intend to practice as an attorney in this state shall be en- titled to examination. Examinations are held in Boston on or RULE.S FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 71 about January 1st and July 1st of each year. Due notice of the time and place shall be given. Source of Rules. Rev. Laws, c. 165, §§ 39-43, as amended by Acts 1901:, c. 355; Rules Sup. Jud. Ct., July 3, 1905; Rules Super. Ct., July 1, 1906; Rules Board of Examiners, June 23, 1904. MASSACHUSETTS DECISIONS. 1804 to 1909. A complete set of Massachusetts Reports (dov^rn to 1909) consists of: Massachusetts, 17 vols. Pickering, 24 vols. Metcalf, 13 vols. Gushing, 12 vols. Gray, 16 vols. Allen, 14 vols. Massachusetts, vols. 97 to 197. The Northeastern Reporter, 86 vols., contains all decisions in Massachusetts, vols. 139 to 197, and all decisions for the last 24 years of Illinois, Indiana, New York, and Ohio. The ta- bles of cross-citations furnished with the Northeastern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Northeastern Reporter, con- taining, as it does, all current decisions of the states in which the great commercial centers are located, is considered the best set of commercial and corporation reports extant. We will supply full information and prices on request. West PcBLisirixG Co., St. Paul, Minn. 2Hicf?tgan. Citizensliip— Age — Character. Every person who is a resident and a citizen of the United States, of full age and of good moral character (which last shall be certified to by at least two members of the bar of this state in good standing, and by the judge of the circuit in which applicant resides, if applicant is known to such judge), shall be admitted to the bar of this state upon presentation of a cer- tificate of approval from the board of examiners. Preliminary Education — Term of Study. The board of examiners will regard applicants who have received bachelor's degrees from any reputable college or uni- versity as having the requisite general educational qualifications for admission to the bar. A similar presumption will be made in favor of all graduates of normal or high schools in the state of Michigan, or other reputable institutions of a similar charac- ter, also any person possessing a teacher's certificate issued by any board of school examiners in the state of Michigan for the first grade, or higher. In the absence of any of the above evi- dence, applicants will be examined, before taking the legal ex- amination, in the subjects of arithmetic, grammar, elementary algebra, general American and English history, civil govern- ment, composition and rhetoric, and English literature. In filing an application, the petitioner shall satisfy the board that he has diligently pursued the study of law for three years. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The board of examiners is composed of five competent law- yers of the state, appointed by the Governor on the recommen- dation of the Supreme Court. The examination shall be partly written and partly oral, and shall include the following subjects : Administration of Estates, including Wills ; Agency, Bailments (72) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 73 and Carriers, Bills and Notes, Common Law, Contracts, Con- stitutional Law, Corporations, both Public and Private, Crim- inal Law and Procedure, Damages, Domestic Relations, Equi- ty Jurisprudence and Procedure, Evidence, Insurance, Mort- gages, Real and Personal, Partnership, Pleading and Practice at Common Law and under the Michigan Laws, Personal Prop- erty, Real Property, including Landlord and Tenant ; Fixtures and Easements, Torts, Legal Ethics, Trusts, Michigan Statute Law, International Law, Suretyship, Fraud, Jurisdiction and Practice of the United States Courts, and any other subjects that the board of examiners may choose to add. A minimum of 70 per cent, shall be required for qualification. Each peti- tion shall be accompanied by a fee of $10, which shall entitle the candidate to a second attempt, if the first is unfavorable. The second test can only be taken, however, six months or more after the failure, and the application in such case must state that that length of time has been spent diligently in the study of law. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. When an applicant shall furnish a certificate to practice in a court of last resort of another state, or in any Circuit or Dis- trict Court of the United States, together with the recommenda- tion of a judge of that court, the Supreme Court, in its dis- cretion, may grant a license on motion of an attorney of said court. Admission on Diploma. One graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan or the Detroit College of Law shall be admitted to practice on presentation of diploma and avowal of the pre- scribed oath. Miscellaneous. Examinations are held at Lansing at least twice a year, usual- ly on the second Wednesday of the October and April terms of 74 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. the Supreme Court. Applications, on blank forms which may be obtained of the secretary, must be filed with the secretary at least 10 days prior to the examination. The present secretary is W. W. Hyde, Grand Rapids', Mich. No person shall be denied admission on account of sex. Source of Rules. Comp. Laws 1897, §§ 1119-1121, 1123, 1124; Rules Board of Examiners. MICHIGAN DECISIONS. 1836 to 1909. A complete set of Michigan Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Harrington, 1 vol. Walker, 1 vol. Douglas, 2 vols. Michigan, 152 vols. The Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols., contains all decisions of Michigan subsequent to vol. 40. This represents 80 per cent, of all the decisions of the state, and includes a large num- ber of decisions which have not as yet been published in the State Reports. It also contains all decisions for the last 30 years of Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin, and all the decisions of Dakota Territory and North and South Da- kota. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the North- western make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set sells at less than 20 per cent, of the cost of the corresponding State Reports. Write for full information and prices. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. tninncsota. Citizensliip — Age — Character. In this state the rules of the Supreme Court require that the apphcant shall be a citizen of the United States, a citizen and resident of the state, 21 years of age, and of good moral char- acter, which last must be certified to by two practicing attor- neys in this state. General Education. Applicants, other than those exempt from test before the board of examiners, shall satisfactorily prove to the board that they have passed examination in one year's Latin, English history, American history, English composition and rhetoric, and the common school branches before being admitted to the bar examination. Term of Study. A person who shall have studied law for three years, within the five years preceding his application, either in a law school or in the office of a practicing attorney, or in both, provided at least six months was spent in the ofi'ice of a practicing at- torney in this state, shall be eligible to the bar examination. If for at least six months the candidate has pursued his studies in the ofiice of a practicing attorney in this state as prescribed, the board may, in its discretion, accept in lieu of the remainder of the time required to be passed in a law office or school an. equivalent period of study, irrespective of the manner or place in which it was spent. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The petition for examination shall be filed with the secretary of board, and shall contain statements regarding applicant's (7.-.) 76 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. name, age, and occupation, if any; his present residence, how long he has resided in this state, and his place of residence dur- ing the preceding three years ; the course or nature of his gen- eral education, in what educational institution it was pursued, and the time spent therein. All applicants, except attorneys of five years' standing, shall also state in their affidavit where and during what time they have studied law, in what school, if any, and for what period of time, the name and place of residence of every attorney in this state and elsewhere in whose office they have studied, and the period of study in such office. The branches of general education upon which the petitioner shall be examined are left to the discretion of the board, but such examination shall include: The law of Real Property, including Mortgages and other liens on Real Property and Conveyances, Trusts, Taxation, Equity Jurisprudence, Minne- sota Statute Law,' Code Pleading and Practice, Constitutional Law, Conflict of Laws, Criminal Law, Evidence, Corporation Law, including both Private and Municipal Corporations, Con- tracts, including Sales, Bailments, Negotiable Instruments, Landlord and Tenant, Partnership, Agency, Suretyship, Frauds, Damages, Chattel Mortgages and Liens on Per- sonal Property, Torts, including Negligence, Domestic Rela- tions, Executors and Administrators, Wills, and Legal Ethics. In connection with the foregoing topics a knowledge of the common law as affected by Minnesota statute law will be re- quired. A general average of 75 per cent, shall be required for qualification. Where the general average of an applicant is less than 75 per cent., he shall be re-examined in all subjects in which he fell below 75 per cent. : provided, that where an applicant's marks are less than 60 per cent, on not less than one-fourth of the subjects, or less than 75 per cent, on not less than one-half of the subjects, he shall be re-examined in all subjects. If the test is favorable, the board shall so signify, RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 77 and the oath of office shall be administered and license granted. With the petition for examination, a fee of $15 shall be de- posited. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney of five years' standing from any other state or territory, or from the District of Columbia, may, in the discre- tion of the board, be admitted without examination, upon mak- ing application, accompanied by his certificate of admission and the certificate of a judge of a court of record or of two practicing attorneys of such state, showing that he is of good moral character ; also a like certificate from two practicing at- torneys in this state. A fee of $15 shall accompany the peti- tion. Such application may be acted upon by the board at any time, without waiting for a regular meeting. Any attorney of less than five years standing from any other state or territory, or from the District of Columbia, who has studied law, either in a law school or in the office of a practicing attorney, or both, for a period of not less than three years, six months of which period shall have been spent in study in the office of a practic- ing attorney in this state, may be examined by said board as prescribed. Admission on Diploma. The foregoing rules do not apply to graduates of the College of Law of the State University, the St. Paul College of Law, or of any law school in the state which has the certificate of the Supreme Court approving the course of study, faculty, etc. Such graduates are admitted, without examination or fee, at any time within two years after graduation, on presenta- tion of diploma. Miscellaneous. The examinations shall be held in either of the cities of St. Paul, Minneapolis, Winona, Mankato, Duluth, or Fergus Falls, on the following dates: First Tuesday after first Monday ^n 78 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THK BAR. January; first Tuesday in May; first Tuesday in September. Applications should be filed with the secretary of the Board, Eli Southworth, Shakopee, Minn., at least three weeks before the examination. Rules and forms for application may be pro- cured of the secretary. Source of Rules. Gen. Laws 1893, c. 129; Laws 1899, c. 60; Laws 1901, c. 100 ; Rev. Laws 1905, c. 35 ; Rules Board of Examiners, Feb. 17, 1892, and Sept. 7, 1899, as amended June 13, 1901, and May 17, 1904. MINNESOTA DECISIONS. 1851 to 1909. A complete set of Minnesota Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 104 vols. All decisions in vols. 26 to 104, and many oth- er decisions not yet published in the State Reports, are reported in the Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols. These represent more than 75 per cent, of all the Minnesota decisions. The North- western also contains all decisions for the last 30 years of Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, and Wisconsin, and all decisions of Da- kota Territory and North and South Dakota. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Northwestern make it a sim- ple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Northwestern is in general use, and is cited by both the bench and bar. Write for full information and prices. West Pttblishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Zllississippn Citizensliip— Age— Character. The candidate for admission in this state shall prove that he is a citizen of the United States, a resident of the state, 21 years of age, and of good moral character. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The application shall be made in writing to the court of chan- cery for some county in the district of his residence. The chancellor shall in open court propound to the candidate ques- tions upon the subjects of the law of Real Property, Personal Property, Pleading, Evidence, Commercial Law, Criminal Law, Chancery and Chancery Pleading, of the statute law of the state, and of the Constitutions of the United States and of the state of Mississippi, and shall refer the written answers to the chancellor of another district of the state, who shall pass upon the same, and shall certify to the chancellor before whom the examination was held his conclusions as to the sufficiency or insufficiency of the applicant's legal learning. If such conclu- sions are favorable, the candidate will be granted a license upon taking the prescribed oath. An annual privilege license of $10 to the state, and usually one of $5 to the city where he prac- tices, shall be paid by the successful candidate. The dismissal of an application for license to practice shall not bar another application by the same person after the expiration of six months from the date of dismissal. Admission of Attorneys from Otlier Jurisdictions. Attorneys from other states shall be admitted in this state upon the same conditions as are imposed upon attorneys of this state by such other states. (79) 80 KULBS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Admission on Diploma. If the candidate be a graduate of the Law Department of the University of Mississippi and of good moral character, he shall be admitted upon presentation of diploma. Source of Rules. Code 19UG, §§ 202-209, 211. MISSISSIPPI DECISIONS. 1820 to 1909. A complete set of Mississippi Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Freeman's Chancery, 1 vol. Smedes & Marshall's Chancery, 1 vol. Walker, 1 vol. Howard, 7 vols. Smedes & Marshall, 14 vols. Mississippi, vols, 23 to 91. Many of the early volumes of the Mississippi Reports, how- ever, have long been out of print, and are very scarce and ex- pensive. This situation has worked the greatest inconvenience to the bench and bar for years past, and, in recognition of the general demand for a new and complete edition of these Re- ports, we have undertaken the publication of a complete and annotated Reprint of the Mississippi Reports, to cover the fol- lowing volumes : Freeman's Chancery ; Smedes & Marshall's Chancery; Walker (1 Miss.); Howard (2-8 Miss.); Smedes & Marshall (9-22 Miss.) ; and Mississippi, vols. 23-63— a total of 65 original volumes, to be bound in 31 books, beginning with vol. 63 and working backward. Everything in the origi- nal Reports, including the paging, will be preserved. Full annotations will be added, showing where each case has been subsequently cited by the Mississippi Supreme Court, as well RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 81 as prior and subsequent reports of the same case, and also show- ing the disposition of each case that has gone to the Supreme Court of the United States. Annotations to the Century Di- gest will a^so be made, showing, in connection with each case, the exact places in the Century Digest where the cognate au- thorities have been collected and compared, thus bringing to- gether all the law applicable to any particular case. Referen- ces to the annotations in the American Decisions and Ameri- can Reports will also be added. This Reprint will be sold in complete sets only. Books 17 to 31 are now published, cover- ing vols, 34 to 63 Mississippi. Detailed information regarding this Reprint will be furnished on request. The Southern Reporter, 48 vols., contains all Mississippi decisions subsequent to vol. 63, and all decisions for the last 22 years of Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Southern is the only medium through which all of the current Mississippi decisions may be had, and which furnishes them promptly. Write for price and detailed in- formation. West ruBMsiiiNG Co., St. Paul, Minn. 6 ITtissouri. 4 Age — Character. Every applicant for a license to practice shall produce satis- factory evidence that he is 31 years of age, of good moral char- acter, and a resident of the state. Proof of age and residence may be made by his affidavit. Proof of good moral character shall be by written certificate, signed by the judge of the circuit court or of the court of common pleas and three members of the bar of the county where applicant resides, or has lately re- sided. General Education. Applicant must have acquired a general education equivalent to that obtained through a common or grammar school course of study, and shall possess a fair knowledge of the subjects of history, literature, and civil government. Examination — Regulation— Scope — Fee. Written application on forms prescribed by the Board of Examiners must be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court at least 10 days before the date set for examination, and must be accompanied by a fee of $10. If satisfied that the require- ments in the above paragraphs have been complied with, the Board of Examiners will examine the candidate in writing up- on the following subjects: Contracts, Criminal Law and Pro- cedure, Torts, Domestic Relations, Agency, Public and Pri- vate Corporations, Partnership, Real Property, Personal Prop- erty, Sales, Bailments, Carriers, Common-Law Pleading, Code Pleading, Equity, Evidence, Wills and Probate, Constitutional Law, Negotiable Instruments, Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Conflict of Laws, Insurance, Pleading and Practice under the (S2) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 83 Missouri Statutes and Legal Ethics. A general average of 75 per cent, in all subjects and not less than 60 per cent, on any subject is required in order to entitle the applicant to pass. In case the applicant fails to pass, he will be notified as to those subjects upon which he qualified and those upon which he fail- ed to qualify, and will be given the privilege of a further exam- ination at any time within one year, without further charge, on those subjects in which he was found deficient. In case of suc- cess, the oath will be administered and license granted. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any person becoming a resident of this state after having been admitted to the bar in any other state may, in the discre- tion of the Supreme Court, be admitted to practice in this state without examination, upon proof of the other qualifications re- quired by this act, and proof that he has been licensed and has practiced law regularly for three years in the state from which he comes. Nothing in this act shall be construed to prevent a nonresident attorney in good standing from appearing in a case in which he may be employed. Miscellaneous. Examinations will be held on the third Monday in January and May at JeflFerson City. Source of Rules. Laws 1905, pp. 48-49, repealing sections 4918^920, 4937, Rev. St. 1899; Ann. St. 1906, § 4920 (1-10). MISSOURI DECISIONS. 1821 to 1909. A complete set of Missouri Reports (down to 1909) consists of 212 vols. Supreme and 132 Appeals. All decisions subse- quent to volume 88 Supreme and 93 Appeals are reported in 84 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. the Southwestern Reporter, 114 vols., together with all deci- sions for the last 23 years from Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Texas, and all decisions of Indian Territory. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southwestern make it a sim- ple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Missouri Court of Appeals was or- ganized in 1876. The final jurisdiction was very low, and until 1902 it was not regarded as a court of last resort. The jurisdiction was changed in 1902, and w^e then began to pub- lish the decisions in the Southwestern Reporter. We will furnish prices and full information on request. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. irtontana. Citizenship — Age — Character. Any person applying for examination shall file with the clerk of the Supreme Court, at least 10 days prior to the date of such examination, a verified petition setting forth that he is a citi- zen of the United States, or a resident of this state who has bona fide declared his intention of becoming a citizen, and that he is of full age and of good moral character. Term of Study. His petition shall contain, also, the certificate of two reputa- ble lawyers that applicant has studied law for two successive years prior to such application. Hxaminatioii — Regulations— 'Scope— Fee. The questions and answers of the examinations shall be prin- cipally in writing, and shall be strict, both as to elementary principles and the Codes and practice of this state. Before a license shall be granted the candidate shall take the oath pre- scribed by law. The admission fee is $5. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. A citizen of the United States, or a resident of this state who has bona fide declared his intention of becoming a citizen, who has been admitted to practice before the highest tribunal of another state, or of a foreign country, where the common law exists as a basis, shall be admitted here, with or without ex- amination, in the discretion of the court, upon filing certificates showing good moral character, where, with whom, and for what period he has studied, where and how long he has prac- ticed, if such he has, his standing in the court in which he last practiced, and the recommendation of the presiding judge of such court. Before being admitted to practice he shall take the oath prescribed by law. (85) 86 EULES rOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, MisoeUaneovB. Applications should be filed with the clerk at least 10 days prior to the date of examination. Examinations are held in the Supreme Court rooms on the second day of the June and December terms of each year. Terms commence on the first Tuesday of the month. The foregoing rules apply to women as well as to men. Sonroe of Rules. Sup. Ct. Rules adopted January 4, 1909. MONTANA DECISIONS. 1868 to 1909. A complete set of Montana Reports (down to 1909) consists of 36 vols. The Pacific Reporter, 97 vols., contains all deci- sions subsequent to vol, 3 Montana, and all decisions for the last 26 years of California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and all decisions of Arizona and Oklahoma. The tables of croes- citations furnished with the Pacific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and vol- ume. Owing to the limited number of local precedents, it is necessary to go outside of Montana for case-law authorities, and the Pacific Reporter is the medium naturally chosen. In- deed, the set is usually considered indispensable in all the Pa- cific Coast states. This is especially true as to Montana, for the reason that the Montana Code was adapted from that of California, and the courts follow the California decisions close- ly. The Pacific contains 75 per cent, of all the California de- cisions, including hundreds that are nowhere else reported. Write for price and full information. West Publishing CJo., St. Paul, Minn. Hcbmska. Citizensliip— Age — Character. When applying for admission to the bar, the applicant must show that he is a citizen of the United States, a resident of Nebraska, 21 years of age at the time of apphcation, and of good moral character. General £dncation — Term of Study. Before attempting the examination, applicant must prove to the examiners that he has had preliminary education equiva- lent to that involved in the completion of the first three years of a high school course accredited by the state department of pub- lic instruction. He shall also satisfy the examiners that he has, for a period of three years, diligently pursued his legal studies in a reputable law school or in the office of a practicing attor- ney, or partly in one and partly in the other. At least one year of such office study shall have been passed in a law office of this state. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The Supreme Court shall fix the time, place, and rules for examinations, and may appoint a commission of not less than five persons learned in the law to assist in or conduct any such examinations. At least four weeks prior to the day set for the examinations, the applicant shall file with the clerk of the Su- preme Court a written request in his owrt handwriting, sub- scribed by himself, together with proofs of his general qualifica- tions, as mentioned above. These proofs shall state, too, the time and place of preparatory study, and shall contain the af- fidavit of two reputable citizens of the applicant's own com- munity vouching for his morality and reputation in that com- munity, and the names and addresses of three persons, other (S7) 88 RULi:s F»)i: admission to the bar. than those certifying for him, of whom further inquiry may be made by the board of examiners. At the time of fiUng applica- tion, the petitioner shall deposit with the clerk the sum of $5 Except for the division of the questions and answers into oral and written, the method of conducting the examination is left to the discretion of the board of examiners. As soon as prac- ticable after the conclusion of the examination, the board shall report to the court the results, and the names of the persons entitled to admission as decided by a majority of the board, which persons shall thereupon be admitted to practice upon tak- ing the oath prescribed by law. If the applicant is disqualified, he shall not be admitted to examination for one year from the time of such failure, and until he shall have filed a certificate that he has studied law for one year since his rejection. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any practicing attorney becoming a resident of this state, who has been admitted in a court of record of another state or territory, must make his application as required by these rules and present proof by certificate that he is a licensed prac- titioner in a court of record of another state where the re- quirements for admission when he was admitted were equal to those prescribed in this state, or, that he has practiced law five full years under license in such state within the ten years next preceding the date of his application. Miscellaneous. Every person applying for admission as having studied in the ofBce of a practicing attorney in this state must have regis- tered wath the clerk of court at the beginning of his term of study, giving his name, address, and the name and address of the attorney in whose office he is studying. A fee of 50 cents will be required from every applicant registered. Examina- tions will be held on the second Tuesday of Jtme and the third Tuesday of November of each year, and at such other times as the commission mav deem advisable. RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 89 Graduates from the College of Law of the State University and the Creighton College of Law shall make application con- taining statements regarding qualifications in the same manner as required of other applicants. If otherwise satisfactory, they will be admitted without further examination. Source of Rules. Comp. St. 1907, c. 7; Rules Sup. Ct. in force Jan., 1909. NEBRASKA DECISIONS. 1854 to 1909. A complete set of Nebraska Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 77 vols. The Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols., con- tains all decisions subsequent to vol. 8 Nebraska, including the decisions of the Supreme Court Commissioners, representing nearly 80 per cent, of all the decisions of the state. These Commissioners' Decisions are also published in a series of re- ports known as "Nebraska Unofficial Reports," of which series there are five volumes. The Northwestern Reporter contains, in addition to the above, all decisions for the last 30 years of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and all decisions of Dakota Territory, and North and South Dakota. The ta- bles of cross-citations furnished with the Northwestern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set sells for about one-fifth of the cost of the corresponding State Reports. Write for price and full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. _ Hcr»aba. Citizenship — Age — Character. The applicant for admission in this state shall be a bona fide resident of the state, 21 years of age, and of good moral char- acter. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. Application shall be made to the district judge, who shall refer it to the Supreme Court, This court will then appoint the district judge and two attorneys residents of the district to constitute a board of examiners. This board shall test the applicant upon his legal attainments by examination in open court, the questions to be answered in writing upon the stfbjects of the history of Nevada and of the United States, the consti- tutional relations of the state and federal government, the jurisdiction of the various courts of Nevada and of the Unit- ed States, the various sources of municipal law of Nevada, the general principles of the common law relating to property and personal rights and obligations, the general grounds of equity jurisdiction and the principles of equity jurisprudence, rules and principles of pleading and evidence, practice under the Civil and Criminal Codes of Nevada, and remedies in hypothetical cases. A fee of $35 shall be deposited before fil- ing application, which will be returned if application is rejected. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. One who has been admitted upon a creditable examination in HPy other state, territory, or foreign country where the common law of England is the basis of jurisprudence may be licensed here, upon proof of such fact and a certificate of some respon- sible party that applicant is of good moral character. (90) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAE, 91 Miscellaneons. The foregoing rules apply to women as well as to men. Source of Rules. Comp. St. 1900, §§ 2612-2618; Sup. Ct. Rules (73 Pac. xi-xii). NEVADA DECISIONS. 1865 to 1909. A complete set of Nevada Reports (down to 1909) consists of 29 vols. All decisions subsequent to vol. 16 are reported in the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols., together with all decisions for the last 26 years of California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mon- tana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and all decisions of Arizona and Oklahoma. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Pacific make it a simple mat- ter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Owing to the small number of local precedents, the Nevada attorney is forced to look to the neighboring states for his case-law authorities. The Pacific Reporter, containing, as it does, upwards of 75 per cent, of all the decisions of the Pacific states, and being the only medium through whii^i a large proportion of them may be had, is the natural selection. Write for price and full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Citizenship— Age — Character. The applicant for a license to practice shall be a citizen of the state, of the age of 21 years, and of good moral character. Term, of Study. ■ He shall file with the clerk of the Supreme Court, at least 14 days before the regular June or December session, a petition stating his residence, the date and place of his birth, the term during which he has studied law, and the name and residence of the person with whom he studied ; and he shall file therewith certificates showing that he is of good moral character and that he has studied law as set forth in the petition. Term of study required is three years, and may be pursued in the office of a member of the bar in good standing or in a reputable law school. If the papers so filed show that he is entitled to be ex- amined, he will be allowed to take the examination at the next meeting of the committee. Examination — Regiilations— Scope. The candidate shall pass a satisfactory examination on the various branches of law before a committee appointed by the Supreme Court, and shall average 70 per cent, in the correct- ness of his answers to have them considered satisfactory, A person who fails in an examination for admission to the bar will not be admitted to another examination until the court, upon special consideration of the case, make an order to that efifect. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. One admitted to practice in the highest court of another state shall be admitted here, without examination, upon produc- tion of proof of such admission, that he is of good moral character, that he has practiced law in the state of his admission for at least one year, and that he is a resident of this state at the (92) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, 93 time of application. Proof of admission in such former state will be exclusively by certificate from a judge of the highest court in such state, under seal of the court. Miscellaneous. Examinations are held at Concord, beginning on the Thurs- day before the last Saturday of June and the third Tuesday in December, and applications must be filed with clerk of Su- preme Court at least 14 days before examination day. Any person proposing to study law with a view to applying for admission to the bar shall, within 14 days after commen- cing the study, file with the clerk of the Supreme Court a certifi- cate stating his age, residence, what preparatory education he has had, the name and residence of person with whom he is studying, and the date when he commenced the study; also a certificate of the person with whom he is studying, stating the fact and when the study began. Source of Rules. 59 Atl. vii-viii. NEW HAMPSHIRE DECISIONS. 1816 to 1909. A complete set of New Hampshire Reports (down to 1909) consists' of 74 vols. All decisions subsequent to vol. 63 are re- ported in the Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols. The set also contains all decisions for the last 24 years of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, including upward of 2,500 decisions that have been omitted from the State Reports and can only be found in the Reporter. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Atlantic make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Write for full par- ticulars and price. » West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Ttcrp 3er5cy. Citizensliip— Age— Cliaracter. To procure a license in this state, the applicant shall be 21 years of age and of good moral character, and recommended by the Governor for a license. General Education. At least three years before taking the bar examination the ap- plicant must have passed his final examination for graduation in a college, university, public high school, or private school approved by the board of examiners, or must have passed an equivalent examination to be held under the supervision of the bar examiners. Term of Study. A regular clerkship for a term of three years shall be served with some practicing attorney of the court before entering upon the examination. Any portion of the time, not to exceed 18 months, may be spent in regular attendance at a reputable law school. The applicant shall file with the clerk of the Supreme Court, at the commencement of the clerkship, a certificate of tlie attorney that the clerkship has begun. Examination — Regrolations — Scope. Applicant must file notice of his intention to apply for admis- sion to the bar with the clerk of the circuit court of the county in which he served his clerkship, or in which he resides, two months prior to taking the examination. He shall also file with the clerk of the Supreme Court, at least twenty days before the first day of the term, proof of all the qualifications as to age, residence, moral character, clerkship, term of study, etc., re- quired by the rule. The times and places of the examination, (94) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 95 and the topics and books on which the appUcants will be ex- amined, are published by the Board of Examiners and may be obtained upon requisition to the Supreme Court. The exam- inations are written and oral, and are conducted by the Board of Examiners, consisting of three counselors appointed by the court. The prescribed oath must be taken before admission is granted. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney admitted in another state, whose clerkship and profession in that state, or in this, or in both, have been pur- sued for a term of three years, shall be eligible to examination, upon proof of good moral character, provided that he may take the examination as to general education at any time before tak- ing the bar examination. In case such attorney has been ac- tively engaged in practice in such other state for ten years, he shall not be required to take the examination as to preliminary education. Two months' notice must be given of applicant's intention to take the examination, same as prescribed for other applicants. Miscellaneous. No one shall be admitted as a counselor until he shall have practiced as an attorney in the state for three years and given proof in examination of his legal ability. Women may be li- censed upon complying with the prescribed requirements. Ex- aminations for attorneys and counselors are held on the first Thursday of the February, June, and November terms, at Tren- ton. No application is necessary to take the counselors' exam- ination, but 20 days' notice should be given by those intending to take it. Source of Rules. Gen. St. p. 2330, § 6 ; Gen.' St. p. 2603, § 396 ; Rules Sup. Ct. and Board of Examiners, in force March, 1906. 98 EDLBS FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, NEW JERSEY DECISIONS. 1790-1909. Complete sets of New Jersey Reports (down to 1909) con- sist of: New Jersey Law, 74 vols., 1790-1909. New Jersey Equity, 71 vols., 1830-1909. The Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols., contains all decisions- of New Jersey subsequent to 47 Law and 40 Equity. It also con- tains all decisions for the last 24 years of Connecticut, Del- aware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The tables of cross-citations fur- nished with the Atlantic make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Atlantic Reporter includes upward of 2,500 decisions that have not been and will not be published in the State Reports. Near- ly 1,000 of the omitted decisions are from New Jersey. Re- garding the value of these decisions as precedents, we quote from the report of the committee on reporting and digesting to the American Bar Association, 1898 : "In New Jersey the judges and reporters have excluded or omitted from the reports 667 cases which have been published in the first 33 vols, of the Atlantic Reporter. * * * Some of them are decisions which have proved to be the controlling authorities, and have become leading cases in some branch of law or practice." In view of this statement from such an impartial authority, can you afford to practice without all of these decisions ? Write for price and full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. HetP VTlexko, Citizensliip — Age — Character. In applying for a license in this state, the petitioner shall be a citizen of the United States, or shall have declared his bona fide intention of becoming such, and shall be a resident of this territory, 21 years of age, and of good moral character. Term of Study. Before attempting the examination the applicant shall certify to the court in his petition where and for how long he has stud- ied law and the books he has read. If a law school graduate, the petition should so state; if not, he must offer the certifi- cates of reputable attorneys that he has pursued his study of law for a period of two years. Examination — Regulations— Scope — Fee. The applicant shall file with the clerk of the Supreme Court a petition under oath, stating the time and place of his birth, and his place of residence during the past five years, accom- panied by the certificate of some reputable person vouching for his character. It shall contain, too, a statement of all the facts material to his preparatory work. The application shall be re- ferred to the Board of Examiners, consisting of five members of the bar of said court, who shall in open court examine the applicants, partly in writing and partly by oral questions, upon the subjects of Real and Personal Property, Contracts, Part- nership, Negotiable Instruments, Agency, Principal and Sure- ty, Executors and Administrators, Bailments, Corporations, Personal Rights, Domestic Relations, the Principles of Consti- tutional Law, Wills, Equity Jurisprudence, Pleading, Practice, Evidence, and Criminal Law. An average valuation of 50 per 7 (97) 98 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB, cent, on all the questions propounded is necessary to entitle the candidate to admission. A fee of $5 shall be paid the clerk is- suing the license. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any person admitted in another state shall offer evidence of such admission, the length of time he has been engaged in ac- tive practice, and his standing in said court, when applying for admission in this state. If such applicant has been actively en- gaged in the practice of his profession for three years next preceding his application, he shall be licensed here without ex- amination. Miscellaneous. Examinations shall be held on the first day of each regular term of the Supreme Court and at such other times as the court may from time to time designate. The district courts shall have power to issue to any proper person who purposes applying for admission a temporary li- cense, to expire on the first day of the term of the Supreme Court next after the issuance of such license. Attorneys who have been admitted to practice while bona fide residents of this territory shall not be precluded from practicing in any of the courts of the territory by reason of their subse- quent removal from the territory. Sonrce of Rules. Sup. Ct Rules in force November 1, 1903, NEW MEXICO DECISIONS. 1853 to 1909. A complete set of New Mexico Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 12 vols. All decisions subsequent to vol. 3 are reported m the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols. The set also contains all de- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 99 dsions for the last 26 years of California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Alontana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and all of Arizona and Oklahoma. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Pacific make it a simple mat- ter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The limited number of local decisions increases the necessity of using decisions from other states as precedents. The Pacific Reporter, containing, as it does, the decisions of the neighboring states, is naturally the medium which furnishes the decisions desired. It is so generally used and cited in New Mexico that it may be regarded as. indispensable. Write for price and complete information. West Publishino Co., St Paul, Minn. Heip JJorlu Citizeusliip— Age— Character. The applicant for admission to practice shall prove to the board of examiners that he is a citizen of the United States, has been an actual resident of this state for 6 months imme- diately preceding his application, and is 21 years of age, and shall offer to the Supreme Court evidence of good moral char- acter, which last must be shown by the affidavits of two repu- table persons of the town or city in which he resides, one of whom must be a practicing attorney of the Supreme Court. He shall also show that he has not been examined and refused admission to practice within 3 months immediately preceding. General Education. Those applicants who are not graduates of colleges of good standing, or attorneys admitted in other states, before entering upon the clerkship or attendance at a law school as prescribed below, shall undergo an examination under the authority of the State University in English, three years ; Mathematics, two years ; Latin, two years ; Science, one year ; History, two years ; or in their substantial equivalents. Term of Study. The candidate shall prove to the satisfaction of the Board of Examiners, which consists of three members of the bar, that he has pursued the study of law for three years, except that, if the student is a graduate of any college or university, the period of study may be two years, and except, also, that persons admitted in another state, who have practiced in that state for one year since their admission, shall be permitted to enter upon the ex- amination after one year of study in this state. The period of this preliminary study may be spent in the office of a practicing (100) KULES FOU ADMISSION TO THE BAB. 101 attorney of this state after the age of 18 has been reached, or after such age by attending a law school of sufficient standing, or partly under one of these conditions and partly under the other; and the computation of the time so spent in the office of an attorney shall commence at the filing with the clerk of the court of appeals of such attorney's certificate announcing the clerkship. If the applicant be a graduate of a college or uni- versity, he must have pursued the prescribed course of study after his graduation, and, if he be a person admitted to the bar of another state or country, he must have pursued his prescrib- ed period of study after having remained as a practicing attor- ney in such other state or country for one year. Examination— Regulations— Scope— Fee. Each applicant for examination must file with the secretary of the board of examiners, at least 15 days before the exam- ination, proof of all the qualifications mentioned in the fore- going paragraphs. The petition for examination must be en- titled in the department in which applicant resides, but he may appear for examination in any department, whether a resident thereof or not, provided he secures the permission of the board at least 15 days before the examination. The test may be oral or written, or partly oral and partly written, and shall embrace questions on the subjects selected by the board. An examina- tion fee of $10 shall accompany each application, and shall en- title the candidate to three examinations, and no more. If the board favors admission, it will so signify to the Supreme Court; but, if not, the rejected applicant shall not be allowed re-examination for three months. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney who has been admitted to practice in another state, and who has practiced therein for one year, shall offer, by his affidavit, proof of such admission and pursuit of his pro- fession, and of the prescribed period of study for one year in 103 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. this State, and shall then be permitted to undergo the examina- tion of the board. One who has been admitted to practice in the highest court of law in another jurisdiction and has prac- ticed his profession there for a period of three years, or who, being an American citizen and domiciled in a foreign country, has received such diploma or degree therein as would entitle him, if a citizen of such foreign country, to p'ractice law in its courts, may, in the discretion of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, be admitted here without examination, after furnishing satisfactory evidence of character and qualifications. An attorney residing in an adjoining state, upon compliance with above rule, may, without change of re.sidence, be admitted upon proof that he intends to maintain an office in this state. Miscellaneous. Examinations must be held in each department at least twice in each year — between the 10th of June and 20th of July, and at some time in January. Information regarding the exact times and places may be obtained of the Secretary, Hon. Frank- lin M. Danaher, Bensen Bldg., Albany, N. Y. Race or sex shall offer no bar to admission in this state. Source of Rules. Rules Ct. App. adopted December 20, 1906, to take eflfect July 1, 1907 ; Rules Board of Examiners, July 1, 1907. NEW YORK DECISIONS. 1794 to 1909. A complete set of reports of the courts of last resort in New York (down to 1909) consists of: New York Common Law, 80 vols., 1794-1848. New York Chancery, 32 vols., 1814-1848. New York Appeals. 191 vols., 1847-1909. RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, 103 The Northeastern Reporter, 86 vols., contains all decisions of the New York Court of Appeals subsequent to vol. 98. It also contains all decisions for the last 24 years of Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The tables of cross-citations fur- nished with the Northeastern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. There have been and still are, a number of lower courts of record, and of appellate jurisdiction, such as the Supreme Court, Superior Court, Court of Common Pleas, etc. The deci- sions of these courts have been reported in part in a heterogene- ous mass of official and unofficial reports. These are usually cited by the names of the Reporters, and are collectively classed as Supreme, Practice and Code, Superior, Common Pleas, and Criminal Reports. The tabulated list is too long to include here, but we will furnish a catalogue in which these are set forth, on request. In 1888 we commenced the publication of the New York Supplement, which now has 113 vols. In this set we have reported in full, systematically and promptly, all decisions of these inferior courts of record, including all the decisions as reported in some 250 vols, of the official and unoffi- cial reports above referred to, and nearly 7,000 additional deci- sions, which have been either entirely omitted from the State Reports, or reported only as mems. The New York Supple- ment is supplied with tables which make it a perfect and con- venient substitute for the State Reports. We will be pleased to quote prices and furnish full informa- tion regarding these Reporters on request. West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn. HortI? Carolina. Citizensliip — Age — Cliaracter. Persons who may apply for admission shall be of full age and of good moral character. Term of Stndy. Each applicant shall have read law for a period of two years, and during the course of such study shall have perused Ewell's Essentials (3 vols.), Clark on Corporations, Schouler on Ex- ecutors, Bispham's Equity, Clark's Code of Civil Procedure, Revisal 1905 of North Carolina (vol. 1), the Constitutions of the United States and of the state of North Carolina, Creasy's English Constitution, Sharswood's Legal Ethics, Sheppard's Constitutional Text-Book, and Cooley's Principles of Constitu- tional Law (or their equivalents). Examinatioix — ^Regulations — Scope— Fee. Each applicant shall file with the clerk of the Supreme Court a certificate of good moral character, signed by two members of the bar of the court; also a certificate of a dean of a law school, or a member of the bar of the court, that applicant has read law under his instruction for two years and has been found proficient in said course. The candidate shall undergo a written test before the justices of the Supreme Court upon the various branches of the law, and, if deemed sufficiently capable, as disclosed by the test, he shall take the oath of office. A sum of money sufficient to pay the license fee shall be deposited with the clerk before the examination, and will be returned in case applicant fails to receive a license. The amount of the fee is $23.50. (104) RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THK BAR. 105 Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. If the applicant has obtained Ucense to practice law in an- other state, he may, in lieu of the certificate of two years' read- ing and proficiency, file (with leave to withdraw) his law li- cense issued by said state. Such applicant may oflfer proof of good moral character by certificate signed by any state officer of the state from which he comes. The fee is $23.50. Miscellaneous. Examinations will be held on the first Monday in February and the last Monday in August of each year. The Supreme Court has decided (55 S. E. 635) that one who complies with the formal requirements prescribed by the statute is entitled to become an applicant and to be examined, and, if he shows him- self to have competent knowledge, it is the duty of the court to license him without investigating his general moral char- acter. Source of Rules. Rules Sup. Ct. (53 S. E. v) ; In re Applicants for License (N. C.) 55 S. E. 635. NORTH CAROLINA DECISIONS. 1778 to 1909. A complete set of North Carolina Reports (down to 1909) consists of 147 vols. All North Carolina decisions subsequent to vol. 95 are reported in the Southeastern Reporter, 63 vols. The set also contains all decisions for the last 22 years of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southeastern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Write for prices and full informa- tion. West PuBMsniNG Co., St. Paul, Minn. HortI? Dakota. Citizenship— Age— Character. Every applicant for admission shall be a resident of the state, 21 years of age, and of good moral character. Term of Study. Each applicant for admission must have pursued a regular « course of study of the law for at least two years, either in the office of a member of the bar engaged in active practice in this state, or in some reputable law school in the United States, or partly in one and partly in the other. The above fact must be supported by the affidavit of the secretary or dean of the law school attended by him, or of the attorney in whose office he studied, and, in the latter case, the affidavit shall state that such attorney was, during such period, regularly engaged in the practice of law in this state. In no case will applicants be ad- mitted to examination unless it shall appear that they have pur- sued a course of study equivalent to that required of candi- dates for graduation in the law department of the State Uni- versity. It shall be the duty of attorneys in this state with whom a clerkship has begun to file with the clerk of the Su- preme Court a certificate stating the date of the commencement of such clerkship, and such period shall be deemed to com- mence at the time of such filing. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. After satisfying the court as to his general qualifications, by a sworn statement filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court, the candidate shall undergo a public examination as to his legal attainments before the court, or a commission of not less than three members of the bar appointed by the court. Such exam- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 107 ination shall be both written and oral. A fee of $13 will accom- pany the application, of which $3 will be returned in case the applicant does not receive a hcense. Prescribed oath will be administered in open court ; provided that, in the case of grad- uates of the law department of the State University, the oath may be administered by the clerk in or out of term time. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any person who has been admitted to practice in another state may be admitted here on written motion filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court by a member of the bar of this court, provided he has become a resident of the state. Sucli person shall, in the discretion of the Supreme Court, be exempt from examination and proof of study, if satisfactory evidence is offered that the other qualifications are sufficient, and that the applicant has practiced law for three years in the state of his admission and is in good standing in that state. A fee of $3 shall accompany the application. Admission on Diploma. Graduates from the law department of the State University shall, upon presentation of diploma to the Supreme Court with- in two years from date of receipt, be admitted witliout further examination upon submitting proof of two full years spent in such law school, or one year in such law school and one year in some other reputable law school, or a like period in an at- torney's office, and proof of the general qualifications required of other applicants. Miscellaneous. Applications must be addressed to the clerk. Examinations are held at Fargo on the first Tuesday in December, and at Grand Forks on the first Tuesday of June. The Supreme Court has decided that graduates of so-called "correspondence schools" are not within the meaning of the statute, and in consequence are not entitled to admission. 108 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Souroe of Rules. Rev. Codes 1905, §§ 488-499; Sup. Ct. Rules (74 N. W. xii). NORTH DAKOTA DECISIONS. 1867 to 1909. A complete set of reports for North Dakota (down to 1909) consists of: Dakota Territorial, 6 vols., 1867-1889. North Dakota, 16 vols., 1889-1909. All decisions of Dakota Territory and of North and South Dakota are reported in the Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols. The set also contains all decisions for the last 30 years of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin, and it sells at less than one-fifth of the cost of the corresponding Reports. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Northwestern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The limited number of local author- ities, and the fact that the decisions of Minnesota and Wiscon- sin are followed closely by the Dakotaa, makes the Northwest- ern a necessity to the North Dakota lawyer. Write for full de- scription and price. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. (DI?ta Citizenship — Age — Character. No person shall be licensed to practice unless he is a citizen of the United States or has declared his bona fide intention of becoming- such, and unless he is 21 years of age, and until he shall have filed a certificate of some attorney that he is of good moral character. One year's residence in the state is also re- quired. General Education. A preliminary education, other than legal, equivalent to that received in a four-year course in a public high school of this state, is necessary before undertaking the examination, and tlie certificate setting forth the evidence as to this must be filed with the clerk at least 10 days before the legal examination. Applicants who do not present satisfactory evidence of th.eir educational attainments will be required to undergo examina- tion relative thereto-. Examinations for this purpose are heM at Columbus, one on the third Tuesday of May and one on the third Tuesday in November. A fee of -$2 is required. Term of Study. A period of three years of regular and diligent study in the office of a practicing attorney or in a law school, or partly in an office and partly in a law school, shall be required before pernnssion shall be granted to attempt the examination; and a certificate showing the name, age, and residence of the student and the date when he commenced the study of law, shall be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court. A fee of 50 cents shall accompany the certificate. (109) 110 RULES FOK ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Hxamination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The board of examiners, consisting of 10 members of the bar, shall conduct the examination and shall require an aver- age of 75 per cent, on the written answers offered to the ques- tions selected on the subjects of the law of real and personal property, torts, contracts, evidence, pleading, partnership, bail- ments, negotiable instruments, agency, suretyship, domestic re- lations, wills, corporations, equity, criminal law, constitutional law, and legal ethics. A fee of $6 shall accompany each appli- cation for examination, and shall be returned to the candidate if his name is not placed on the examination roll. If his name be placed on the examination roll, and he fails to pass, he shall not be required to pay any further sum upon a second applica- tion; but for each subsequent application a fee of $6 shall be paid. In case the applicant is rejected, second examination shall be allowed upon filing a certificate that he has studied law for six months subsequent to the prior test. But examinations are restricted to five in number, and the fifth examination shall be not less than two years after the fourth, and applicant must furnish certificate that he has studied diligently during the in- tervening two years. The applicant is thereafter ineligible. If successful, the oath of office shall be administered before a license is granted. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. A person, resident of the state, who has pursued the study of law for three years under the tuition of an attorney, and has been admitted in a court of record of the United States, or, having been admitted after a shorter period of study, has prac- ticed for a time sufficient, when added to his term of prepara- tory study, to make up the three years, may be admitted to ex- amination upon proof of good moral character, provided that one who has been admitted in another state after a course of study of at least two years shall be licensed in this state with- out examination upon proof of the preliminary study, the ad- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Ill mission in such state, five years of practice there, and evidence of good moral character. The candidate shall, not more than 60 nor less than 30 days before the examination, file with the clerk his affidavit, stating that he is a resident of the state, his name, age, and former and present residence, and his certificate of admission to the bar, which, if issued less than three years before such filing, must be accompanied by the certificate of his preceptor, showing the extent and character of his study, and he shall file, also, a certificate of the judge of the court in which he practiced, stating that the candidate was of good standing in that court. A fee of $6 and a registry fee of 50 cents shall be deposited at the time of filing this application. Miscellaneous. Any person, not yet admitted in any court of record of the United States, who shall have commenced the study of law while a nonresident, on coming into this state shall file with the clerk his affidavit stating his purpose of making this state his permanent residence, his name, age, and former and present residence, and his preceptor's certificate of the place, com- mencement, and duration of the applicant's study of law, which application shall be accompanied by a fee of 50 cents. Exam- inations are held at Columbus on the first Tuesdays of June and December. The application and certificates as to study must be filed with the clerk of court not more than 60 nor less than 30 days before the examination. Certificates from corres- pondence schools of law will not be recognized. No person shall be excluded from acting as attorney at law and practicing in all the courts of this state on account of sex. Source of Rnles. Bates' Ann. St. (5th Ed.) §§ 559-562, 565 ; Sup. Ct. Rules. 112 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, OHIO DECISIONS. 1821 to 1909. A complete set of Ohio Reports (down to 1909) consists of: Ohio, 20 vols., 1821-1851. Ohio State, 78 vols., 1852-1909. All decisions subsequent to vol. 43 Ohio State, are reported in the Northeastern Reporter, 86 vols., together with all deci- sions for the last 24 years of Illinois, Indiana, Massachusetts, and New York. These being the states in which the great com- mercial centers of the country are located, it naturally follows that the Northeastern is the best set of reports on commercial law and kindred topics extant. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Northeastern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. There are also published in Ohio several series of reports and periodicals, covering the decisions of the various inferior courts. We will be pleased to furnish prices and full information re- garding the Northeastern on request. West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn. 0klal?oma. Citizenship — Age— Character. It is necessary that the applicant shall be a resident of tht state and citizen of the United States, or shall have declared his intention, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, which last must be certified to by some reputable attorney. Educational Qualifications. No one shall be admitted whose educational attainments are not equivalent to those indicated by the completion of the course of study in the public high schools of the state. The examining board will hold examinations, for those applicants who cannot comply with this requirement. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. All applications, credentials, etc., for admission to practice, must be addressed to the clerk of the Supreme Court, on blanks furnished by said clerk, not less than 30 days before each semi- annual meeting of the Board of Examiners. Applicants must have studied law for a period of at least three years previous to making application, and this must be certified to by a repu- table attorney. Examinations are held orally and in writing, and applicant shall sustain an average of 75 per cent, on written examinations embracing the following subjects : The Law of Real and Personal Property, Torts, Contracts, Evidence, Pleading, Partnership, Bailments, Negotiable Instruments, Agency, Suretyship, Domestic Relations, Wills. Corporations, Equity, Criminal Law, Constitutional Law, and Legal Ethics. If the applicant fails in the examination, he will be admitted to the next examination, provided he has studied law for an addi- tional period of five months : but no applicant shall be admitted to more than two examinations, except upon the payment of an additional fee of $6 for each subsequent examination. An ex- 8 (n.Ti 1 14 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAB. amination fee of $12 must accompany the application, which will be returned if the applicant is not placed upon the examina- tion roll. If his name is placed on the roll and he fails to re- ceive a certificate of qualification, he shall not be required to pay any further sum upon a second application. Admission of Attorneys from Other States. Ex-judges of state or federal courts, or of the District of Columbia, are admitted without examination. Attorneys in good standing who have been admitted on examination in the highest court of any state or territory, or of the District of Columbia, will also be admitted without examination, provided they have been engaged in the practice of law for three years next preceding the application. Admissions in the cases pro- vided above will be made at any session of the Supreme Court of the state upon presentation of a certificate from the chair- man and secretary of the Board of Examiners. Miscellaneous. Any practicing attorney m the district courts of the state may be admitted on motion, and without examination. A fee of $3 will be paid to the clerk of the Supreme Court, who will issue certificate of admission to such attorney. Examinations are held in the city of Guthrie on the first Tuesdays in June and December of each year. Source of Rules. Supreme Court rules adopted Nov. 19, 1907, and Acts of March 4 and 16, 1903. OKLAHOMA DECISIONS. 1890 to 1909. A complete set of Oklahoma Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 18 vols. All Oklahoma decisions are reported in the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols. The decisions of Kansas are closely RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 115 followed by the Oklahoma courts, for the reason that the stat- utes were adapted from those of Kansas. The Pacific Reporter contains all Kansas decisions for the last 26 years, representing more than 75 per cent, of all the decisions of Kansas. The set also contains all decisions for the last 23 years of California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Ore- gon, Washington, and Wyoming, and all of Arizona. The ta- bles of cross-citations furnished with the Pacific make it a sim- ple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Write for price and full description. West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn. 0regon. CitizensMp — ^Ag&— Character. In applying for admission, the candidate must show to the Supreme Court by his affidavit that he is a citizen of the Unit- ed States and of this state, or a resident of the state who has declared his bona fide intention of becoming a citizen, and 21 years of age, and by the certificate of two practicing attorneys of good standing that he is of good moral character. Term of Study. A certificate of some reputable attorney that the applicant has studied law for a term of three years, or, if a graduate of a recognized college, for two years, must be filed with the ap- plication, unless the applicant produces a diploma from any reputable law school or shows that he is a graduate thereof, in which case the certificate of term of study may be dispensed with. Examination — Regnlations — Scope. Applications for admission can only be made to the Supreme Court, on forms which may be obtained from the clerk. The examination shall be conducted in writing, or partly in writ- ing and partly orally, by the justices of the Supreme Court or under their direction, in open court, and shall include queries on the subjects of the common law, the law merchant, the prin- ciples of equity jurisprudence, the history and constitutional law of England prior to the Declaration of Independence, the history and constitutional law of the United States, the statute and constitutional law of this state, and the practical admin- istration of the law. A fee of $10 must accompany the appli- cation. If found qualified, the prescribed oath shall be taken. dim * KULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 117 Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney admitted in the highest court of any other state or country where the common law prevails, who is otherwise qualified, shall be admitted in this state for nine months, upon filing a certificate of admission and a petition stating where and for how long he has practiced since his admission and his stand- ing in that court and whether proceedings for disbarment or suspension have ever been instituted against him. Such peti- tion must also be accompanied by a recommendation from the presiding judge of the highest court in which he last practiced and the certificate of two attorneys of this court that they be- lieve him to be a reputable attorney and a person of good moral character. A fee of $20 must be paid at the time of filing the application. If no objection to his admission is filed within six months, he may be admitted permanently. He need not become a resident of this state if Oregon attorneys are admitted in his state upon similar terms. Miscellaneous. Examinations are held on the second day of the October term, at Salem, and at such other time at any term as may be ordered, on the written application of five or more persons de- siring admission. Women shall be admitted by qualifying under the foregoing stipulations. Source of Rules. B. & C. Comp. §§ 1052-1054; Laws 1907, p. 426; Sup. Ct. Rules Oct. 1, 1907. OREGON DECISIONS. 1853 to 1909. A complete set of Oregon Reports (down to 1909) consists of 49 vols. The Pacific Reporter, 97 vols., contains all Oregon 118 RULKS KOK ADMISSION TO THIC BAR, decisions subsequent to vol. 10, and in addition all decisions for the last 2G years of California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mon- tana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, and all of Arizona and Oklahoma. The tables of cross-cita- tions furnished with the Pacific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Pacific is so generally used and cited throughout the Pacif- ic Coast states that access to the decisions therein reported is most essential- Write for price and full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Pennsybania. Applicants for Examination and Registration as Studknts at Law. Application — Fee. Applications for examination and registration as law stu- dents must be filed with the secretary of the Board of Examin- ers at least 31 days before the date of examination, and must be accompanied by satisfactory proof of the good moral char- acter of the applicant, which shall consist of a certificate to that effect signed by at least three members of the bar in good standing in the judicial district in which the applicant resides or intends to practice. A fee of $30 must be paid at or before the time of filing the application. General Education — Examination — Registration. Applicant must pass a preliminary examination in English language and literature, outlines of universal history, history of England and of the United States, arithmetic, algebra through quadratics, plane geometry, modern geography, the first four books of Caesar's Commentaries, the first six books of the yEneid, and the first four orations of Cicero against Catiline. An applicant who fails in more than two subjects will be given no credit whatever, but may appear for re-examination at any preliminary examination held within the succeeding year, without filing additional credentials, upon payment of one-half the regular examination fee. An applicant who fails in not more than two subjects will be given credit in the sub- jects in which he passes and will be permitted to appear for re- examination in the subjects in which he fails at the next suc- ceeding preliminary examination, without filing additional cre- dentials and without the payment of any examination fee. In (119) 120 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. either instance, notice must be given to the secretary of the board at least 21 days in advance. Upon receiving a certificate recommending his registration, the candidate shall cause his name, age, place of residence, the name of his preceptor or law school in which he proposes to pursue his studies, to be regis- tered with the prothonotary of the Supreme Court for the dis- trict to which his county belongs. Applicants for Final Examination and Admission to THE Bar. Examination — Term of Stndy— Scope— Fee. Applicants must have studied law at least three years after registration, either by attendance at a law school offering a three years' course of eight months per year, or partly in a law school and partly in the office of a practicing attorney, or by service of a regular clerkship in the ofifice of a practicing attor- ney, and must advertise their intention to apply for admission in a newspaper published in the county seat of the county in which the applicants reside, and in the Legal Intelligencer, once a week for four weeks immediately preceding the filing of his application. His application must be filed 21 days before the examination, and be accompanied by a certificate, signed by at least three members of the bar residing in applicant's judicial district, as to his moral character, and also a certificate from the dean of the law school or precepior that he has been in reg- ular attendance and pursued the study of law with diligence. The examination is in writing, and embraces the subjects of Blackstone's Commentaries, Constitutional Law, including the Constitutions of the United States and Pennsylvania, Equity, Real and Personal Property, Evidence, Decedents' Estates. Landlord and Tenant, Contracts, Partnership, Corporations, Crimes, Torts, Domestic Relations, Common-Law Pleading and Practice, Pennsylvania Practice, Federal Statutes relating to the Judiciarv and Bankruptcv, Pennsylvania Statutes and Deci- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 121 sions, and the Rules of Court A fee of $25 must be paid to the board at or before the time of filing the application. If the applicant fails to pass, he may appear for re-examination at any final examination held within the succeeding year, without filing additional credentials, upon payment of one-half the reg- ular examination fee. Notice must be filed with the secretary of the board at least 21 days in advance. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Attorneys in good standing who have been admitted to the court of last resort of another state, who have practiced therein for at least five years, and who can furnish evidence of good moral character, may be admitted without examination upon the recommendation of the state board of examiners. Attorneys in good standing from other states who have practiced at least one year may be admitted in Pennsylvania upon taking the final examination only. Attorneys who are members in good stand- ing of a court of record of another state, but who have not practiced at said bar, may be admitted to final examination, without previous registration in Pennsylvania, providing they shall have served a regular clerkship in the office of a practic- ing attorney in this state for a period of at least one year. Miscellaneons. Examinations, both preliminary and final, are held durmg July and December, in the cities of Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburg, Williamsport, and Wilkesbarre, and petitions to take the examination must be filed with the board. A pamphlet con- taining fuller information can be obtained from the Board of Examiners, of which the secretary is Charles L. McKeehan, 321 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Pa. These rules apply solely to admissions in the Supreme Court. Source of Rules. Rules Sup. Ct., in effect January 5, 1903. 122 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. PENNSYLVANIA DECISIONS. 1754 to 1909. A complete set of the reports of the Pennsylvania court of last resort (down to 1909) consists of. Pennsylvania Supreme Court Reports, 1751-1845. Dallas, 4 vols. Addison, 1 vol. Yeates, 4 vols. k Binney, G vols. Sergeant & Rawie, 17 vols. Rawle, 5 vols. Penrose & Watts, 3 vols. Watts, 10 vols! Wharton, 6 vols. Watts & Sergeant, 9 vols. Pennsylvania State Reports, 220 vols., 1844-1909. All decisions subsequent to vol. 109 Pennsylvania, are report- ed in the Atlantic Reporter, 71 vols. In fact, this is the only medium for obtaining all the decisions. Upward of 1,500 cases have been omitted from the Pennsylvania State Reports, and these are all reported in full in the Atlantic Reporter. The At- lantic also contains all decisions for the last 24 years of Con- necticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The tables of cross-cita- tions furnished with the Atlantic make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and vol- ume. There are many side reports, periodicals, etc., covering the decisions of the inferior courts of Pennsylvania. The list is too long to include here, but we will furnish a catalogue in which these are set forth on request. We will be pleased to quote prices and furnish full information regarding the Atlan- tic Reporter on request. West Publishing Co.. St. Paul, Minn. Citizenship — Age — Character. Any resident of the Philippine Islands, not a subject or citi- zen of any foreign government, of the age of 23 years and of good moral character, may apply for admission to the bar in these Islands. General Education. Every applicant shall offer evidence, by certificate filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court, that before beginning the study of law he had completed the course of studies formerly re- quired by Spanish legislation for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, or a course of studies equivalent thereto or to those now found in the curriculum of the Government Normal School: Provided, that the court will not accept a certificate or diploma as proof that applicant has completed an equivalent course of study, unless accompanied by a certificate from the Secretary of Public Instruction, showing that the courses of study in the college or institute of learning issuing such diploma are equiva- lent at least to the studies required by this paragraph. Period of Study. Applicants, other than those who have been admitted in any court of last resort in the United States, or in the courts of the Philippine Islands or of Spain or any of its dependencies dur- ing the period of Spanish sovereignty shall prove that they have regularly and diligently studied law for three years in a law school or university, or in the ofifice of a practicing attor- ney, or in a court of record. The affidavit of the candidate, ac- companied by a certificate from the law school, attorney, or clerk of court under whose tuition said studies were pursued, shall be filed as proof. (123) IL'4 RULES FOU AUMISSION TO TlIK BAR. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. A committee of three practicing lawyers is appointed by the Supreme Court to conduct the examinations. Such examina- tions shall be in writing, and shall be divided into three parts. The first shall consist of questions upon Civil Law, Civil Pro- cedure, and Mercantile Law. The second shall be upon Crimi- nal Procedure and Private and Public International Law. The third shall consist exclusively of drawing judgments, orders, complaints, answers, and briefs for defense and prosecution. The questions for the first two exercises shall be the same for all applicants. Applicant may be provided with an English translation of the questions and may write out his answers in English, which shall be subsequently translated into Spanish by the official translator. The time between each of the three exercises shall not exceed six days. No person who has not successfully passed an exercise shall be permitted to be examin- ed in subsequent exercises. Applicants may be examined oral- ly, if the committee deems it necessary. A grade of 75 per cent, in each one of the three exercises shall be required in order to successfully pass the examination. No applicant shall be examined more than three times. Applicants who have fail- ed in the first, second, or third exercises may be re-examined within five months after the last exercise upon which they may have failed. The fee is 30 pesos, Philippine currency, and must be paid to the clerk of the Supreme Court at the time of filing the application. Said fee will be returned in case applicant is not admitted to the examination. The successful candidate shall be admitted in open court on motion of the committee, on the day following the announcement of the result. No addi- tional fee is required upon being admitted to practice. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney who has been admitted in the Supreme Court of the United States or in any United States Circuit Court of Ap- RULES FOB ADMISSION TO THE BAB, 125 peal, Circuit or District Court, or in the highest court of any state or territory in the United States will be required to pass an examination based upon the Civil Code, Penal Code' and the Code of Commerce in force in these Islands. Such attorney shall exhibit license evidencing the fact of his admission, to- gether with evidence that he is in good standing in such foreign state or territory. In case any such candidate shall fail to pass the examination, he may be re-examined within five months after the date of such failure. The usual fee is required, and will be returned in case applicant fails to pass the examination. Miscellaneous. Applicants who have been admitted in the courts of the Phil- ippine Islands or in the courts of Spain or any of its dependen- cies during the period of Spanish sovereignty, and who possess the qualifications required by section 14, Code of Civil Proce- dure, will be required to pass an examination based upon the Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure now in force, and upon such other Codes as may hereafter be enacted by legislative authority. Such persons shall exhibit license as evidence of their former admission, together with evidence of good stand- ing. In case any such candidate shall fail to pass the examina- tion, he may be re-examined within five months after the date of such failure. The usual fee is required, and will be returned in case applicant fails to pass. All persons who commence the study of law in these Islands shall register their names in the olBce of the clerk of court of the province in which they may pursue their studies or in the office of the clerk of the Supreme Court at Manila in case they shall study in that city, and file a certificate showing that they are engaged in such study. This certificate must be filed some time during June of each year. Examinations are held at Manila on the third Mondays in March and September. Applications must be filed with the 126 EULES FOU ADMISSION TO THE BAB. clerk of the Supreme Court at least 15 days before the exam- ination, and must be accompanied by evidence of good moral character. Source ot Rules. Rules Sup. Ct. in force 1907 (vol. 7 Philippine Reports, p. xv); Act No. 190 of Philippine Commission, 1900. PHILIPPINE ISLAND DECISIONS. 1898 to 1909. A complete set of Philippine Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 8 vols. . West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Porto 2vico. Citizenship — Age — Character. The rules for admission to the bar of this territory provide that the apphcant shall t>e a citizen of the United States or Porto Rico, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, which last shall be certified to by two lawyers in good standing before the Supreme Court. Examination — Regulations — Scope. Examinations are conducted by a Board of Examiners, un- der the direction of the Supreme Court. Applicants, other than those who have obtained a diploma from any accredited law school of the United States, shall submit to a written examina- tion on the following subjects : Civil Code, Notarial Law, In- ternational Law, the Constitution of the United States, the Code of Commerce, the Political Code, the Principles of the Law of Public and Private Corporations, the lllortgage Law, the Law of Evidence, the Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Law of Special Proceedings, and a general outline of the history of legislation in Porto Rico. An average grade of 75 per cent, is required in order to be entitled to admission. Any person who has obtained a diploma from any accredited law school of the United States may be admitted to practice upon presentation of such diploma to the Supreme Court, and upon passing a general examination on the following subjects of local law: The Civil Code, the Code of Commerce, the Mortgage Law, the Notarial Law, the Political Code, the Penal Code, Civil and Criminal Procedure in general, the Special Civil Procedure, and a general outline of Porto Rican legisla- tion. (127) 128 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Any person who has been admitted in the Supreme Court of any state or territory of the United States, or in the District Court of the United States for Porto Rico, and has been active- ly engaged in practice for two years or more, including at least one year's practice in the District Court of the United States for Porto Rico, may be admitted in the Supreme Court without examination, upon producing satisfactory evidence of such former admission and period of practice. Source of Knles. Act March 8, 1906, in effect Jan. 31, 1907. PORTO RICO DECISIONS. 1905 to 1909. The decisions of the United States District Court at Porto Rico are published in a series known as the "Porto Rico Fed- eral Reports," of which two volumes have been issued, down to 1909. The decisions of the Supreme Court of Porto Rico are published in Spanish, in a series known as the "Porto Rico Supreme Court Reports," of which three volumes are now pub- lished. West PTrBLiSHiiVG Co., St. Paul. Minn. ^hobension or disbarment of any court, must be filed with the clerk of the Supreme Court at least one week before the first Thursday of the term. Source of Rules. Ballinger's Code, §§ 4759-4764; Laws 1903, c. 185; Sup. Ct. Rules, July 15, 1901. WASHINGTON DECISIONS. 1854 to 1909. A complete set of Washington Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of : Washington Territorial, 3 vols., 1854-1879. Washington State, 49 vols.. 1880-1909. 154 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. All decisions of Washington subsequent to vol. 1, Territorial, are reported in Pacific Reporter, 97 vols. The Washingion Code was adapted from that of California, and the decisions of that state are therefore followed closely by the Washington courts. The Pacific Reporter contains all decisions of Califor- nia for the last 26 years, representing about 75 per cent, of all decisions, and including nearly 2,000 that have been omitted from the State Reports and can only be found m the Pacific The set also contains all decisions of Colorado^ Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming for the last 26 years, and all of Arizona and Oklahoma, anil costs about one-fifth as much as the corresponding State Re- ports. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Pa- cific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The Pacific is usually re- garded as indispensable in Washington, We will be pleased to quote prices, and furnish full information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. West Vivg,inial Citizenship — Age — Character. A person applying for license to practice in this state must appear before and prove to the satisfaction of the county court of the county in which he has resided for the next preceding year that he has been a resident of such county during that period, that he is 21 years of age, and that he is of good moral character. Preliminary Education — Term of Study. Every candidate for admission must have had at least a high school education, and shall have completed the courses in gen- eral culture prescribed by the council. Before admission to examination the candidate shall present satisfactory evidence that he has studied law for two successive years next preced- ing the application. Examination — Regulations — Scope — Fee. The petitioner shall appear before the commission (now the professors of law in the State University) appointed by the Supreme Court of Appeals, and undergo a written test upon the subjects of Blackstone, Code of West Virginia, Torts, Criminal Law and Procedure, Contracts, Agency, Bailments, Insurance, Corporations, Pleading, Real Property, Negotiable Paper, Partnership, Suretyship and Guaranty, Evidence, Sales, Equity Practice and Pleading, and Constitutional Law. If the com- mission favor his admission, they shall so certify to the Su- preme Court of Appeals, and a license will be granted ; and, in case of failure the unsuccessful candidate shall be permitted to appear at the next examination for further test. Every ap- plicant for such examination shall pay a fee of $5, together with a fee of $2.50 for license in case of success. nrcA 156 ■ RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. Admission of Attorneys from Other States. Attorneys practicing in the courts of record of a foreign state shall be admitted to practice in this state upon submitting satisfactory evidence of such previous admission, and upon tak- ing the prescribed oath. This does not apply, however, to at- torneys who were admitted in another state while residents of this state. Such attorneys must take the prescribed examina- tion. Admission on Diploma. Any person who shall produce a certificate of the county court of the county of his residence, vouching for his general qualifications, together with a diploma from the Law School of the West Virginia University, shall be admitted to practice in any and all of the courts of this state without further ex- amination. Miscellaneous. Examinations are held at Morgantown on the first Wednes- day after the 1st of January, the first Wednesday in April, and the last Wednesday of September. Sonrce of Rules. Code 1906, §§ 3760-3761 ; Order of Supreme Court of Ap- peals, June 16, 1897; Rules Board of Examiners. WEST VIRGINIA DECISIONS. 1863 to 1909. A complete set of West Virginia Reports (down to 1909) consists of 62 vols. All decisions subsequent to vol. 28 West Virginia are reported in the Southeastern Reporter, 63 vols. Vols. 35 to 45 West Virginia are out of print. Consequently the only convenient method of obtaining the decisions in these volumes is through the Southeastern. The set also contains all RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR, 157 decisions of the parent state (Virginia) for the past 22 years, including some 175 cases that have heen omitted from the State Reports and can only be found in the Southeastern. It also contains all decisions of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina for the last 22 years. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Southeastern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. Write for price and full information. West Publishing Co., St Paul, Minn. Wisconsin. Citizensliip — Age — Character. Any citizen of the United States, or one who has declared his intention, who is a resident of the state, of full age, and of good moral character, shall be eligible to the examination for admission to the bar. His application must contain the cer- tificate of two lawyers practicing in the county in which the applicant resides, or of the judge of the circuit or county court of such county. General Education. Applicants who are not graduates of the university or a col- lege or free high school having a four years' course must take an examination as to their educational qualifications before a superintendent of a high school or such other person as may be designated by the state board of law examiners. Term of Study. The applicant shall also file a certificate from his preceptor, or from the dean or other official of the law school, stating the time in which said applicant has pursued the study of law. The applicant must have studied law at least three years within the five years next preceding the making of the application. Examination — Itegulations — Scope. Examinations are written and oral, and are held by a state board consisting of five members. The examinations shall cov- er the subjects of Agency, Attachment and Garnishment, Bail- ments and Carriers, Common Law, Constitutional Law, Con- tracts, Public and Private Corporations, Courts and Their Ju- risdiction, Criminal Law and Practice, Damages, Domestic Re- lations, Equity, Jurisprudence, Eminent Domain, Evidence, In- surance, Legal Ethics, Marriage and Divorce, Mortgages and Other Liens, Negotiable Paper, Partnership, Personal Proper- RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 159 ty, including Sales ; Pleading and Practice and the Trial of Ac- tions in the Courts of Wisconsin and of the United States, Po- lice Power, Probate Law, including the Law of Descent and Administration of Estates; Real Property, including Land- lord and Tenant; Replevin, Torts, Trusts and Trustees, Wills, and the Statutes of Wisconsin relating to the subjects men- tioned. Every applicant whose average markings shall be 75 per cent, on a basis of 100 per cent, shall be entitled to the cer- tificate of the board, which will entitle him to a license upon presentation to any court of record in the state. An applicant who fails in three successive examinations shall not be permit- ted to take another examination within one year from his last examination without the consent of the board. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. Residents of the state who have been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of any other state or territory may be admitted to practice by any court of record upon the production of their certificates of admission and upon proof that they have engaged in actual practice in such other state or territory for at least two years prior to making application. A certificate of any judge of a court of record, having knowledge of the facts, under the seal of said court, must be presented. Admission on Diploma. Any resident graduate of the law department of the State University will be admitted to all of the courts in this state upon presentation of his diploma. Miscellaneous. Every person commencing the study of law in an attorney's office or at a law school within the state, with a view to apply- ing for examination, must file with the secretary of the board a Signed statement giving his name, address, and date when his period of study commenced. This statement must be certified to by the attorney under whose tuition the student is pursuing 160 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. his studies, or by the principal or proper officer of the law school, as the case may be, and the time of such period of study shall commence with the fihng of the notice. Examinations are held in Milwaukee on the third Tuesday in January, and in Madison on the third Tuesday in July. Ap- plications must be made to the secretary of the board, L. J. Rusk, Chippewa Falls, Wis., at least 30 days before examina- tion day, upon regular forms which will be furnished. Sex shall constitute no bar to admission in this state. Source of Rules. Statutes of Wisconsin, § 2586, as amended by Laws of 1903, ch. 19 ; Rules of Supreme Court ; Rules of Board of Ex- aminers. WISCONSIN DECISIONS. 1839 to 1909. A complete set of Wisconsin Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of: Pinney, 3 vols., 1839-1852. Wisconsin, 134 vols., 1853-1909. The Northwestern Reporter, 119 vols., contains all Wiscon- sin decisions from and including vol. 46. This represents over 65 per cent, of all the decisions of the state. The North- western also contains all decisions for the last 30 years of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and all of Dakota Terri- tory and North and South Dakota. The tables of cross-cita- tions furnished with the Northwestern make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set occupies less than one-third of the shelf room of the corresponding State Reports, and costs about one-fourth as much. Write for price and full description. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. IDxjoming. Citizenship — Age — Character. No one shall be admitted to practice in this state who is not a citizen of the United States, a bona fide resident of this state, 21 years of age, and of good moral character, which last shall be certified to by a member of the bar of this court or a judge of this state. General Education. Although no certain degree of preliminary education is re- quired, the applicant shall state in his petition the extent of the same. Term of Study. The candidate shall have studied law at least three years, either in a law school in the United States or under the su- pervision of a practicing attorney or judge of this state, or partly under one system and partly under the other, and the petition shall show where and with whom such legal studies have been pursued, and the works read in the course of study. Examination — Regulations — 3cope — Fee. The petition shall be directed to the Supreme Court, and shall contain statements as to applicant's name, place and date of birth, and, if foreign-born, the facts showing that he is a citizen of the United States, places and periods of residence and occupation during the last preceding five years, and names and addresses of five persons acquainted with applicant during said period. Such petition shall be referred to the Board of Examiners, consisting of five members of the bar. The exam- ination shall be upon written questions prepared by said board, and may be conducted by one or more examiners, or the dis- 11 (161) 162 RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. trict judge in the district or county of applicant's residence, or some person selected by the board. The questions and an- swers shall be returned to the board, who shall report its find- ings thereon to the Supreme Court. If the petitioner's abili- ties are sufficient, a license shall be granted by the court and the oath of attorney administered. Each application shall be accompanied by a fee of $15, which shall entitle the candidate to two examinations, and no more ; the second being applied for not later than one year after the first. Admission of Attorneys from Other Jurisdictions. An attorney who has been regularly admitted to practice 'in the highest court of another state or territory may, in the dis- cretion of the court, be admitted in this state on proof of such admission and good moral character, which last shall be cer- tified to by a judge or two or more attorneys of such other state or territory, or a member of the bar of this state. The petition shall show the place or places where applicant has prac- ticed law in such other state, and the period of practice in each place ; whether applicant has been admitted in more than one state or territory, and, if so, the name of each such state or territory, together with the dates of admission, as near as possible, also the period of practice and the place of residence in each such state or territory. Petition must also be accom- panied by the names and addresses of five persons, preferably judges or members of the bar of such other state or territory. The admission fee is $10. Miscellaneous. Application to be examined must be made to the clerk, who will refer the application to the board. A regular meeting of the Board of Examiners is held at the capital on the second day of each regular term of the Supreme Court in each year. Special meetings may be held from time to time as the board may determine. In case the applicant prefers to be examined at some place other than the capital, his petition should state RULES FOR ADMISSION TO THE BAR. 163 the reasons therefor. Whenever it is made to appear to the sat- isfaction of the court that it will be a hardship, owing to dis- tance, expense, or otherwise, for the applicant to attend upon a session of the board at the capital, the examination may be con- ducted in the district or county where the applicant resides, by the district judge or some other competent person to be selected by the board. Source of Rules. Rev. St 1899, §§ 3306-3313; Sup. Ct. Rules (58 Pac. viii, ix). WYOMING DECISIONS, 1870 to 1909. A complete set of Wyoming Reports (down to 1909) con- sists of 15 vols. All decisions of Wyoming subsequent to vol. 2 are reported in the Pacific Reporter, 97 vols. The set also contains all decisions for the last 26 years of California, Col- orado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Ore- gon, Utah, and Washington, and all of Arizona and Okla- homa. The tables of cross-citations furnished with the Pacific make it a simple matter to find the cases, even if cited by the State Report page and volume. The set costs about one-fifth as much as the corresponding State Reports. The limited quan- tity of local case law makes reference to the decisions of other jurisdictions as precedents necessary, and the Pacific Reporter, containing, as it does, the decisions of the neighboring states, is the natural selection. Indeed, the set is regarded as a neces- sity in all the Western states. Write for price and complete information. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. (El?e Purpose of a X)igesi When the lawyer learns from his client the history of the transaction regarding which his aid is sought, he usually an- alyzes the statement, reducing it to its lowest terms, and knows m a general way the legal principle the facts involve. To merely recognize a general principle, however, is insufficient in his work as a practicing lawyer. For example, suppose the. facts related involve the rule, "General appearance waives de- fect in process." To know of this general rule is not enough. He must know what acts of the parties constitute a general ap- pearance, and must learn how courts have applied the rule to like facts. So to be fully equipped to serve his client, he must know where and how to find the precedents showing such ap- plication. A general rule or principle of law, like general expressions regarding lay matters, implies nothing certain, nothing specific and can only be construed generally. The application of the principle to the facts of the case is generally the only difficulty. The principle itself is fixed and well understood, while a small circumstance attending an act may change the application. So a knowledge of the law is to a great degree a knowledge of precedents. In fact, the main usj of authorities or decided cases is the recognition of some prin- ciple and its application to the particular facts involved, which the court can follow out in deciding the question before it. It is cases showing the application of the legal principle, an I not the principle itself, which the courts of to-day most demand. Therefore it is not in search for the principles of law the practicing lawyer spends so much time, but to find cases show- (164) THE PURPOSE OP A DIGEST. 1G5 ing how the principles have been appHed ; and in his search for them he must use the facts as a guide, because the appHcation arises out of the facts, and not vice versa. Legal publications coming under the category of text-books and books of like nature deal with the law in a general way and are confined largely to abstract statements of principles, and to these the author appends the authorities to which he refers ; but it is impossible to tell, without reference to a Digest or the authorities themselves, to what extent or in what particular way the cases cited support the proposition in the text. Text- books and encyclopaedias do not give the facts in each case, and therefore cannot show the particular application of the principle involved. If the lawyer needs to refresh his memory regarding a prin- ciple of law, however, then he should resort to these publica- tions as a valuable aid ; but, if.he desires to know how the prin- ciple has been applied to particular facts, he should resort to Digests, which, if properly constructed, give in concrete form the essential facts and show the application or holding of the court in each case. It does not suffice the lawyer in his particular case to learn : ^'The right to defend one's self continues as long as an unjust attack." This principle existed long before courts expressed it. What he wants to learn regarding his case in hand is: Have such acts of parties as he is prepared to show been con- strued by any courts to be "an unjust attack"? Are there any precedents ? And to learn this with certainty he must resort to Digests, which give the facts. Reports and Digests as Needed in a Private Law Library. REPORTS AND REPORTERS. Judge Dillon says in his work on the Laws and Jurispru- dence of England and America: "The law, as a result of the ever-occurring changes in the condition of society and in leg- islation, is constantly changing. The old is, to a great extent, so well settled and known as to have become elementary and indisputable. It is the new that is unknown, and needs inter- pretation and definition. And as between the old reports and the new, the experience of every lawyer and judge is, I think, to the effect that the new are the most useful because the most needed." The current supreme court decisions of all the -states are pub- lished in two editions. In each state the local reports are pub- lished as a local series under the auspices of the state. This is commonly known as the "official edition." The current de- cisions of each state are also published in seven Reporters, mak- ing up the National Reporter System. In the Reporters the cases are published first in weekly advance sheets, which are afterwards replaced by bound volumes for permanent use. In building up a library of reports, three considerations should be borne in mind : To obtain the books most useful : to buy in such a manner that subsequent purchases will not duplicate the first; and to obtain the books with the smallest expenditure possible. The National Reporter System fulfills- all these requirements. The National Reporter System con- (166) REPORTS AM) i»i(ii:.srs. 107 tains the late cases, and it is far better to buy a set of tlie Re- porter System, and thus obtain the later decisions of the whole country back to a given point, than to buy the entire reports of any one state, the early volumes of which contain little that has not been affirmed in the later reports, or that is not obsolete or so well settled as to be mdisputable. The one exception to this rule is in favor of the decisions of one's own state. The set a lawyer first buys is generally that containing the supreme court decisions of his own state, and, as he wishes to increase his library, he can add other reports as he is prepared to do so. If he wishes the reports of any state in full, he can buy the early volumes to the date when their publication commences in the Reporter System at a material saving over the cost of an entire set. The difference in cost between buying the official reports and obtaining the same cases in the Reporter System is well illustrated in the Northeastern Reporter. The Northeast- ern Reporter, vols. 1 to 86, contains all the opinions in the fol- lowing official reports : VOLUMES PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED. Massachusetts Reports, New York Court of Appeals Reports, Ohio State Reports, Indiana Supreme Court Reports, Indiana Appellate Court Reports, Ilhnois Supreme Court Reports, Total 422 " and enough cases not yet reported in the state reports to make three volumes more. The price of the Northeastern Reporter, vols. 1 to 86, and Blue Book, is $228.00. The buyer of the Northeastern is there- fore purchasing books at a price equivalent to M cents per vol- 139-198 inch. 60 vols 99-192 incl , 94 " 43- 78 incl.. 36 " 102-170 inch, 69 " 1- 42 incl,, 42 " 114-234 incl.. 121 " 168 REPORTS AND DIGESTS. ume for State Reports. Subscription editions of reports, two volumes in one, at the rate of $1 per original volume, have occasionally been placed on the market and regarded as great bargains, but the Reporters are even cheaper than this. Those who have bought continuations of the reports of the states in- cluded in the Northeastern Reporter since the latter began pub- lication have paid the following prices : Mass., 139-198 . . ^ $ 156.60 N. Y., 99-192 146.00 Ind., 102-170 258.7.5 Ind. App., 1-42 157.50 Ohio, 43- 78 83.25 111., 114-234 342.75 $1,144.85 These prices are those at which the books are sold outside the state. On some of the sets a lower price is made to attor- neys within the state. But compare this price with the price of the Northeastern Reporter, which covers everything in the?se volumes of state reports. One could have bought not only the Northeastern Reporter, but more than half the decisions of all the other courts of the United States during the same period, for that money, if he had bought the Reporters instead of the State Reports. Since entering upon their work, the state courts of last resort of the United States have filed opinions which have made about 5,100 volumes of the official reports. About 2,500 of these are covered by the Reporter System, and about 2,600 were pub- lished prior thereto. On account, however, of the fact that the early volumes of all State Reports are smaller than those now published, and that the briefs of counsel were formerly very fully reported, whereas now they are either omitted entirely or very much condensed, the 2,500 volumes of State Reports REPOUTS AND DIGESTS. 169 covered by the Reporter System contain fully one-half of the total number of the decisions. The price of complete sets of the seven State Reporters to this time (February 26, 11)09) is now only $1,079.00. Fully one-half of the Supreme Court Reports of all the states can be bought, therefore, for $1,679.00, or at the rate of sixty-seven cents per original volume of the State Reports. This, moreover, is the later and therefore the more necessary half. Could the 2,600 volumes be bought at the same rate, the entire case law of the United States would be within the reach of all prosperous lawyers. This cannot now be done, but there is a downward tendency in the price of all reports. Quite a number can be bought for $2 per volume and some for less. Every few years some hitherto expensive set is reprinted, and there is reason to think that the cost of the 2,600 volumes prior to the Reporter System will grow steadily less. The low prices established by the National Reporter System have done more than anything else towards reducing the prices of the official series. For further information along this line, send for our cir- cular "A Lawyer's Choice of Reports." DIGESTS OF REPORTS. Few lawyers beginning practice are able to buy all the re- ports they need. It is no less necessary, however, to consult them constantly. This must be done largely through digests. The American Digest System, embracing the Century, Decen- nial, and Current American Digests, furnishes a lawyer with an abstract of every case decided by the American courts of last resort. Through this system a lawyer can ascertain, without leaving his office, if there is a case in any volume of American Reports bearing on the one he has in hand. The advantage of having- the entire case law of the United States arranged under a uniform classification plan is very evident. For instance, the 170 REPORTS AND DIGESTS. scheme of classification in the local digests of State Reports is the same in hardly any two. If a lawyer commences his inves- tigations by examining decisions in the Massachusetts Report^, he has to spend some time in learning the classification used in the digest of that set. If he then turns to a digest of New York Reports, he finds the method of arrangement different, and more time must be spent in learning the classification of that digest. With every other digest that he takes up, he has to re- peat the same experience. On the other hand, having once learned the classification scheme of the American Digest Sys- tem he can examine the authorities in as many states as he chooses without the annoyance of having to turn from one scheme of classification to another, as is necessary in usin^ state digests. Another advantage is in the method of covering late decisions. The Century Digest comes down to 1896', and the Decennial covers from 1897 to 1906, thus giving a digest of American Cases from 1658 to 1906, under two alphabetical ar- rangements. The Decennial is supplemented by the current American Digests, which are identical in classification plan with the Century and Decennial Digests, thus giving a digest of the later cases as fast as they are published. There is no systean of issuing supplements to the different state digests, and it is practically impossible to get at the late decisions of any state excepting through these current volumes of the American Di- gest. In large towns where law libraries are found, a lawyer with the American Digest System has on his shelves a digest of every American decision in every library, and the preliminary work of ascertaining where an authority can be found on any proposition of law can be done without leaving his office. In towns in which there aire no law libraries, but in which there are many reports scattered through many law ofifices, a lawyer with the American Digest System has a digest of the law li^ REPORTS AND DIGESTS. 171 brary of every other member of the bar, and can learn through it. without leaving" his office, whether or not there are any cases in any of the books in his brother lawyers' ofifices which bear on the one which he is investigating. If he has no access to a ••public library, or to the reports in private libraries, he can obtain from the publishers a copy of any decision cited from the Reporter System for 25 cents, and typewritten copies of decisions prior to the Reporter System at a small cost. Thus until he can have in his office the reports he needs, the Ameri- can Digest System is the greatest aid to using those to which he has access elsewhere. Furthermore, the digest paragraphs are in themselves so full and clear that reference to the reports will often be found unnecessary. The Digests are a conden- sation of the Reports. A Key-Number Guide to all the Authorities. A new device which effectually a.nd finally solves the "case law problem." Original — Exclusive — Revolutionary The practitioner's case law problem, which is Your always with him, is to find from the 700,000 re- problem, ported cases the authorities directly applicable to the particular legal questions in hand. The case law problem for the law publisher is Our to help the practitioner to find these few author- problem ities from the many, most readily, most easily, and most exhaustively. Both problems are now solved by a new device Both we have worked out for making the wealth of the solved. American Digest System available in connection with the Reporter System, producing what is in effect a system of universal and specific annota- tions. This scheme was never possible before, because Now the material was not available until the American first Digest System was perfected. possible. CGTSOa (172) All ihe In the American Digest System, the points of past law in the 700,000 reported cases are extracted, 2C!3!Dns carefully formulated, and arranged in 112,000 '''®^" groups, each one of which forms, in effect, a specific ''note" or collection of the authorities on some particular point of law. The classification followed in the Digest System is now extended to the Reporter System. Every point in every new decision is classified by experts for the American Digest System before it is pub- lished in the Reporters. Its place in the Di- gest classification is then editorially indicated by the uniform section number , recently adopt- ed in connection with the Decennial and the current American Digests. This- key number will hereafter be affixed to every Reporter head- note. The key number thus works backwards and forwards, making the American Digest annota- tions perpetual, receiving from day to day the new authorities as they come from the courts, and making them instantly accessible to the searcher through the talismanic number. No other system can possibly accomplish this. No other form of annotations made to-day can carry with them an unerring reference forward through the reports and digests to all future cases in point. C6786a-1 (173) Since these '^Universal Annotations" cover all points of law and include all the authorities, past, present and future, the only remaining question is how to find the annotations which are desired at any given time out of the 112,000. This is accom- pHshed readily and effectively in three ways: 1. Through the topical American Digest classi- fication with the aid of the cross-references, and by the descriptive word method. (A ''bill of particulars" will be furnished on request.) By this means, the digest annotations can be quickly found by their subject-matter. 2. Through the Table of Cases published in con- nection with the Decennial Digest. Any single case becomes ''the key to all cases in point." The title of the known case in the Table leads the searcher directly to the "section" in the Century or Decennial Digest from which earlier and later cases in point can be traced mechanically by fol- lowing the references. 3. Through the annotations in the National Reporter System. For the past seven years, the Reporters have been annotated by references to the Century Digest. From November, 1908, they will also be annotated with the key number of the Decennial Digest, as described above. Every re- ported case will thus be directly and immediately connected with all the pertinent annotations throughout the entire American Digest System. C6786a-2 (174) First way. In a The Reporter System will henceforth add to word: all the other points of superiority of its service . this supreme advantage: Every point in every case will be keyed to the American Digest System, connected automatically and immediately by a simple and positive annotation with all past and future decisions on the same point. All the authorities classified and arranged in that great storehouse, the American Digest Sys- tem. Each new case annotated to all the authorities (past and future) at the time it is reported. And all This new feature is added to the Reporters with no without increasing the cost to subscribers by one increase cent. We simply want you to understand it and '" «os*- use it. West Publishing Co. St. Paul, Minn. New York: Chicago: 100 William St. 225 Dearborn St OG7«(in -3 vlT.~) Do You Know How to Make a Brief? Hon. Horace E. Deemer, of the Supreme Court' of Iowa, says: — " Brief making is an art in which there are few masters. I have been amazed at the helplessness of law students, and even of lawyers when they go into a library to search for authorities. A good law- yer is one who knows where to look for the law; and after he has found it knows what to do with it. Law schools should teach their students how to do these things." Hon. John H. Stiness, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island, says: — "One who does not know where and how to find the law will not know the law. One who cannot state his points in a clear and order- ly way will fail to make an impression and to give the aid he desires. Biief making, therefore, is a most essential and practical accomplish- ment for a lawyer. Special instruction in brief making ia both de- sirable and important." The need of a text-book serving as a guide to students and young lawyers in the investigation of authorities, showing the proper way of using the decisions and statutes, explaining the purpose, relative value, and utility of the different classes of law books, the best way to search out what may be wanted from the bewildering mass of legal publications, and how to use the matter at hand properly and effectively in preparing brief or argu- ment, has been apparent for years. By the co-operation of a number of the best writers that could be secured, each experienced in his particular branch of the work, it became possible to publish a book of this kind that would be of practical use for law students and law school instruction. (176) Brief Making and the Use of Law Books. Edited by NATHAN ABBOTT, Dean of the Leland Stanford University School of Law. Introduction. By WILLIAM M. LILE, Dean of the University of Virginia School of Law. Part I. The Brief on Appeal. By HENRY S. REDFIELD, Professor Columbia University School of J*!*****!*{**^^ HIS is a systematic review of the fundamen- tal principles underlying twenty-seven of the most important legal subjects, by means of 3,000 carefully planned Questions and Answers. It is intended primarily for the use of law students in review work, and in preparing for examination for degrees in law colleges, or for admission to the bar, but is also serviceable to the lawyer who wants to refresh his mind as to the exact scope and bearing of some legal principle. A full and detailed index makes reference easy. Frequently questions involving abstract legal prin- ciples come to an attorney's mind while at home even- ings, away from his library. If deferred till the next day, they are apt to be forgotten or crowded aside. With Owen's Quizzer in the house, however, it is easy to get at once a concise statement of the principles involved, and to fix a clear idea of the point in mind. (181) HE first edition of Owen's Law Quizzer was published some years ago and at once proved its usefulness and popularity. It has now been revised and enlarged by the author, five new chapters added, and references inserted to the volumes of the Hornbook Series covering the same subjects. 3,000 Questions and Answers, Covering in a thorough and systematic manner all of the fundamental and underlying principles of the following twenty-five legal subjects: Agency. Bailments. Brief Making. Constitutional Law. Contracts. Criminal Law. Criminal Pxocedure Damages. Domestic Relations. Equity. Evidence. Executors and Admin- istrators. Insurance* Jurisdiction of United States Courts. Legal Ethics. Municipal Corporations. Negligence. Negotiable Instruments. Partnership. Personal Property. Pleading. Private Corporations. Real Property. Sales and Statute of Frauds. Suretyship and Guaranty. Torts. WiUs. 613 pages. Price $4 00. Buckram binding. (182) BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY. By HENRY CAMPBELL BLACK, M. A., Author of Black's *' Const i;utional Law," •♦Judgments,' •'Tax Titles," etc. The work has been recognized as the most convenient and comprehensive one-vokmie dictionary of the law. It con- tains definitions of the terms and phrases of American and Enghsh jurisprudence, ancient and modern, including the principal terms of international, constitutional, and commer- cial law, together with a collection of legal maxims, and also numerous select titles from the civil law and other foreign systems. It is chiefly required in a dictionary that it should be compre- hensive. Its value is impaired if any single word that may rea- sonably be songlit within its covers is not found there. But this comprehensiveness is possi- sible (within the compass of a single volume) only on con- dition that whatever is for- eign to the true function of a lexicon be rigidly excluded. The work must therefore con- tain nothing but the legiti- mate matter of a dictionary, or else it cannot include all the necessary terms. These considerations have been kept constantly in view in the preparation of BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY. Of the most esteemed law dictionaries heretofore in use, each will be found to con- tain a very considerable number of words not defined in any other. None is quite comprehensive in itself. Mr. Black has made it his aim to include all these terms and phrases here, together with some not elsewhere defined. n83) IcHOMBtj; ^ BLACKS , LAW DICTIONARY. AN INTERESTING COMPARISON. The comprehensiveness of Black's Dictionary of Law is shown by the following comparative statement of the number of titles under the letter A in several law dictionaries in com- mon use: Abbott's, 286 Anderson's, 379 Jacob's 600 Rapalje & Lawrence's, . , . 746 Bouvier's, 847 BLACK'S, 1801 The other letters are in about the same proportioa Prof. J. B. Thayer, Harvard University. Much the best law dictionary that I have seen« Prof. E. McClain, University of loiva. I feel that I can highly commend the work. Prof. W. O. Harris, Ijonisville La^ir School. I find it the most comprehensive work yet published. Prof. N. Green, Cnmberland University. It is up with the times, convenient in shape, and admirably suited for law students. Prof. Henry .Wade Rogers, Northxp^estem University. It represents a vast amount of work, and has been done with great care and precision. Prof. Andreiv J. Cobb, University of Georgia. After careful examination of Black's Law Dictionary, I have to say that in my opinion it is indispensable to the prac- titioner, and invaluable to the student. Prof. C. A. Graves, Washington & Iiee University. It seems especially strong in the definitions of ancient words and phrases. The plan of the work, as outlined in the pref- ace, is judicious, and has been consistently adhered to. 1 volume, with Denison's Index, $6, net, delivered. West Publishins: Co., St. Paul, Minn. List of Leading Law Schools by States. Alabama. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Two-year course of study. Arkansas. University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark. Two-year course of study. California. ^ Leland Stanford University, Stanford University, Cal. Three-year course of study. Hastings College of Law (University of California), San Francisco, Cal. Three-year course of study. University of California School of Law, Berkley, Cal. Three-year course of study. San Francisco Y. M. C. A. Law School, San Francisco, Cal. Three-year course of study. Los Angeles Law School, Los Angeles, Cal. Two-year course of study. Colorado. Denver Law School, Denver, Colo. Three-year course of study. University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. Three-year course of study. Connecticnt. Yale University Law School, New Haven, Conn. Three- year course of study. (185) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. District of Colnmliia. Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. Three- year course of study. George Washington University School of Law. Washington, D. C. Three-year course of study. Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. Three-year course of study. Howard University, Washington, D. C. Three-year course of study. National University, Washington, D. C. Three-year course of study. Washington College of Law, Washington, D. C. Three- year course of study. Florida. John B. Stetson University, De Land, Fla. Two-year course of study. Florida Law School, Jacksonville, Fla. Two-year course of study. Georgia. Atlanta School of Law, Atlanta, Ga. Two-year course of study. Mercer University, Macon, Ga. One-year course of study. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Two-year course of study. - Illinois. Chicago Kent College of Law, Chicago. 111. Three-year course of study. Chicago Business Law School, Chicago, 111. Special courses. Chicago Law School, Chicago, 111. Three-year course of study. John Marshall Law School, Chicago, 111. Three-year course of study. (186) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Illinois — Cont'd. Illinois College of Law, Chicago, 111. Three-year course of study. Lincoln College of Law (St. Ignatius College), Chicago, 111. Three-year course of study; Northwestern University Law School, Chicago, 111. Three- year course of study. University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, 111. Three- year course of study. Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 111. Three- year course of study. Northern Illinois College of Law, Dixon, 111. Two-year course of study. University of Illinois, Urbana, III. Three-year course of study. Indiana. Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. Three-year course of study. Indiana Law School, Indianapolis, Ind. Two-year course of study. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. Two-year course of study. Valparaiso University Law School, Valparaiso, Ind. Two- year course, of study. Indianapolis College of Law, Indianapolis, Ind. Two-year course of study. Central Normal College of Law, Danville, Ind. Two-year course of study. Marion Law School, Marion, Ind. Two-year course of study. Tri-State Normal College of Law, Angola, Ind. Two-year course of study. (187) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Iowa. Drake University College of Law, Des Moines, Iowa. Three-year course of study. State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Three-year course of study. Highland Park College Law School, Des Moines, Iowa. Three-year course of study. Kansas. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. Three-year course of study. Washburn College of Law, Topeka, Kan. Three-year course of study. Kentucky. Louisville Law School, Louisville, Ky. Two-year course of study. Jefiferson School of Law, Louisville, Ky. Two-year course of study. Center College, Danville, Ky. Two-year course of study. Kentucky State University College of Law, Lexington, Ky. Two-year course of study. Kentucky University Transylvania College of Law, Lexing- ton, Ky. Two-year course of study. Louisiana. Tulane University, New Orleans, La. Two-year course of study. University of Louisiana Law School, Baton Rouge, La. Two-year course of study. Maine. , University of Maine, Bangor, Me. Three-year course of study. LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Maryland. Baltimore Law School, pjaltimore, Md. Three-year course of study. University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. Three-year course of study. Baltimore University, Baltimore, Md. Three-year course of study. Massachusetts. Boston University, Boston, Mass. Three-year course of study. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Three-year course of study. Suffolk School of Law, Boston, Mass. Three-year course of study. Boston Y. M. C. A. Law School, Boston, Mass. Four-year course of study. Michigan. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, ^Tich. Three-year course of study. Detroit College of Law, Detroit, Mich. Three-year course of study. Minnesota. St. Paul College of Law, St. Paul. Minn. Three-year course of study. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. Three-year course of study. Mississippi. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Two-year course of study. Millsaps College of Law, Jackson, Miss. Two-year course of study. (ISO I LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Missouri. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Three-year course of study. Kansas City Law School, Kansas City, Mo. Three-year course of study, Benton College of Law, St. Louis, Mo. Three-year course of study. St. Louis Law School (Washington University), St. Louis, Mo. Three-year course of study. St. Louis University Institute of Law (St. Louis Univer- sity), St. Louis, Mo. Three-year course of study. Nebraska. University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Three-year course of study. Creighton University College of Law, Omaha, Neb. Three- year course of study. Omaha School of Law, Omaha, Neb. Three-year course of study. Nevff Jersey. New Jersey Law School, Newark, N. J. Two-year course of study. Neiv York. New York Law School, New York City. Three-year course of study. Columbia University, New York City. Three-year course of study, Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, N. Y. Three-year course of study. New York University Law School, New York City. Three- year course of study. Fordham University School of Law, New York City. Three-year course of study. (190) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. New York— Cont'd. Albany Law School, Albany, N. Y. Two-year course of study. Buffalo Law School, Buffalo, N. Y. Two-year course of study. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Three-year course of study. Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. Three-year course of study. North Carolina. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Two- year course of study. Trinity College Law School, Durham, N. C. Three-year course of study. Wake Forest College, Wake Forest, N. C. Two-year course of study. North Dakota. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. D. Three- year course of study. Oliio. Cleveland Law School, Cleveland, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Cincinnati Law School (University of Cincinnati), Cincin- nati, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Y. M. C. A. Law School, Cincinnati, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio. Three-year course of study. 091) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Ohio— Cont'd. Lebanon University Law School, Lebanon, Ohio. Three- year course of study. Toledo Law School of the Y. M. C. A., Toledo, Ohio. Three-year course of study. Oklahoma. Epworth University School of Law, Oklahoma City, Ok- lahoma. Three-year course of study. Oregon. University of Oregon, Portland, Or. Two-year course of study. Portland Law School, Portland Or. Two-year course of study. Pennsylvania. University of Pennsylvania, Phila(Jelphia, Pa. Three-year course of study. Temple University Law School, Philadelphia, Pa. Dickinson College of Law, Carlisle, Pa. Three-year course of study. Pittsburg Law School, Pittsburg, Pa. Three-year course of study. South Carolina. University of South Carolina Law School, Columbia, S. C. Two-year course of study. South Dakota. University of South Dakota, Vermillion, S. D. Three- year course of study. Tennessee. University of Tennessee. Knoxville, Tenn. Two-year course of study. (192) LIST OF LEADING LAW SCHOOLS BY STATES. Tennessee — Cont'd. Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. Three-year course of study, Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn. One-year course of study. Chattanooga Law School, Chattanooga, Tenn. Two-year course of study. Texas. University of Texas, Austin, Tex. Three-year course of study. Virginia. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. Three-year course of study. Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. Two-year course of study. Richmond College, Richmond, Va. Two-year course of study. Washington. University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. Two-year course of study. ■West Virginia. University of West Virginia, Alofgantown, W. Va. Two- year course of study. Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin. iMadison, Wis. Three-year course of study. Marquette University Law School, Milwaukee, Wis. Three-year course of study. 13 (19.-]) E XPLANATION Our System of Annotating and how it makes One Case a Key to All. YEAGER et al. v. TUNING et al. (Supreme Court of Ohio. Dec. 1, 1908.) 1. Easements (§ 2*) — What Constitutes. The right of an owner of an estate to erect and maintain, or to cause to be erected and maintained, a line of telephone poles over the estate of another for the benefit of the former, is an easement. [Ed. Note. — For other cases, see Easements, Cent. Dig. § 3; Dec. Dig. § 2.*] The first catchword over the syllabus is in- variably the TOPIC of the American Digest System, and the section number following the first catchword is invariably the SECTION of that topic where that case will be indexed and digested. If Under this topic and section number this case will appear In the Index to this Advance Sheet Bound Volume American Monthly Digest American Digest 1909 A next Digest of this Reporter For other cases on the same point look under the same topic and section number In the Decennial Digest 1897 to 1906B American Digest 1907 A to date American Monthly Digest, and Current Indexes and Bound Volumes of the Reporters 05853a (104) All reported American cases are digested in the American Digest System. (The Century to 1896, The Decennial to 1906, The American to date.) All current American cases are reported in the National Reporter System; and every case IS Annotated. You can turn from any late case to the Digests and find all other cases on the same point. West Publishing Company, St Paul, Minn. 100 William St., 225 Dearborn St., New York. Chicago. €6r),si';i (19.".) When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide? Mtfaa^aa^tfto M»^iw^*— ^i#«»^^— —^^Miii^i— ^11 iiiiaiiiiiii I Is it not up to you? There are three series ol[. *' selected cases'' now published, each purporting to select the *^ important cases/' Covering the same period (J 905 to date) 28i3 cases were "selected'* for Lawyers' Reports Annotated. 1853 cases were ••selected" for American State Reports. 1747 cases were ''selected" for Am. and En^. Annot. Cases. Of about 6000 ''important" cases selected JUST 230 appeared in all three sets! The "Experts" Disagreed on 96 per cent, of the cases actually selected. It is manifestly ''up to you'' to select your own cases through the American Digest System and the National Reporter System. West Publishing Co. - St. Paul, Minn (V,402l> (iiu;) % FULL information re- garding any of the books referred to in this pamphlet, as well as other law books, will be given on request. Corres- pondence is welcomed, and suggestions regarding re- quirements in special loca- tions will be made if de- sired. West Publishing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Ca«03-1 (n?e dmertcan Digest System, Including four distinct though related series of digests. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 888 092 4 *t '"I