, yC-NRLF IBbES TSl yx/y ^v ^y: '^.- t"-^yfr' '// '^ .''\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryoftermOOsmitrich A DICTIONARY OF TERMS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS A DICTIONARY OF TERMS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS ; THK TKRMS AND PHRASES KDITKI) BY THK Kiv. II. I'RRCV^SMITII, M.A.. OK BAI.LIOI. CUM.KIIK, oMOKD, i M MM \IN OI (HKIST CIU'RCH, CANNKS THK (^)l'()l A riONS COMHII.KI) FOR IHK AMKRICAN KDIl ION Bv IIKLKN KKNDKICK JOHNSON KIHniR r)K IMK. M TSMK.I I SKKIF.S ^^ Of imi N^ 'U5IT1RSIT ^:foii' IC^ NEW YORK I) . A P I> [, H 1' O N AND COMPANY 1X95 (.srys" Copyright, 1895, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. Electrotyped and Printed AT THE ApPLETON PrESS. U. S. A. ^s^ s^^^^ 1^^^"^ CONTRIBUTORS. The Rev. H. PERCY SMITH, M.A., late Vicar of Great Barton, Chaplain of Christ Church, Cannes, Editor. ASSISTED BY The Rev. Sir GEORGE W. COX, Bart., M.A., Rector of Scraying- ham, author of the " Mythology of the Aryan Nations," etc., and joint-editor of Brande's " Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art" The Rev. J. F. TWISDEN, M.A., late scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Staff College. C. A. M. FENNELL, M.A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, Editor of Pindar. Colonel W. PATERSON, late Professor of Military Surveying at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst The Rev. C. P. MILNER, M.A., Vice-Principalof Liverpool College; AND OTHERS. .' or THB • [UIIVBRSITrl ^*^ OT THl •. [UFI7BRSIIT] PREFACE. The "Glossary of Terms and Phrases" is intended to bring to- gether such words, expressions, quotations, etc., English or other, as are among the more uncommon in current literature, and require, not for the scientific but for the ordinary reader, explanations, for the want of which the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, even the drift of an argument, is often missed ; explanations, moreover, not to be obtained without reference to, and perhaps tedious search among, a large and varied number of books, many of them not easily accessible. In short, the editor indulges the hope that this Glossary may supply all the information needed by general readers, who may ^ylsh to have a fair understanding of the text of any work in ordinary English literature. Of these terms and expressions some are purely, some are more or IcssT^echnical and scientific ; some are simply uncommon ; some contain allusions mythological, historical, geographical ; some fall under a very large class, which must be styled miscellaneous ; some belong to other languages than our own. But in explaining the words themselves, no attempt has been made to enter further than is necessary into the nature of the things named. At the same time, the amount of general added to glossarial information must necessarily be very different in different cases. Words, therefore, are omitted (i) of whose actual signification there is no doubt — this book being a glossary, and not aS it were a miniature encyclopaedia; (2) which imply a special viii PREFACE. knowledge of the art or science to which they belong ; (3) which, occurring in writers such as Spenser, Burns, etc., are explained in glossaries attached to them. It is plain, however, that the exact limits of an ordinary reader's needs cannot be defined, and there must be many terms as to the inclusion or rejection of which the editor must exercise his judgment in a Glossary intended as much for the mechanics' institute as for the general reader or the man of education. But his estimate of these needs may, it is hoped, be not very far wrong, while of the real need of some such Glossary experience leaves no doubt whatever. As to the etymological explanations given, it may be well to say that very often the nearest cognate form simply has been set down — not as implying, by any means, that in all such cases the word has been necessarily borrowed from the one to the other. The references given to books are made, as far as it was possible to make them, to works not difficult of access. For the explanation of American terms found in the Glossary, the editor begs to express his obligation to the work entitled Mr. John Russell Bartlett's " Dictionary of Americanisms." H. PERCY SMITH. .i- Tt^^ 01 TRl [TJ5I7ZRSITT1 ABBREVIATIONS •I' USED IN THIS WORK. abbrev. act. adj. adv. [Afgh.] (Agr.) (Akfum.) (Al^eb.) [Amer.] {Anat ) {Ant.) [Ar.] (Arch.) (Archaol.) {Arith ) art. [A.S.] (Astral.) (Aslron.) (Bibl.) (Biol.) (Hot.) [Braz.] [Bret.] (Camb.Untv.) [Carib.] catachr. [Catal.] Cels. . [Celt.] (Chem.) [Chin.] (Chron.) class. coUat. (Com.) (Conch.) ( Conv. ) corr. correl. (Crystallog) [Cymr.] d. (D.] [Dan.] deriv. dim. (Dipt.) [Dor.] (Dyn.) (Eccl.) abbreviation. active. adjective. adverb. Afghanistan. Agriculture. Alchemy. Algebra. American. Anatomy. Antiquity. Arabic. Architecture. Archafology. Arithmetic article. Anglo-Saxon. Astrology. Astronomy. Biblical. Biology. Botany. Brazilian. Breton. Cambridge University. Caribbean. catachreslic. Catalan. Celsiis. Celtic, Chemistry. Chinese. Chronology. classical. collateral. Commercial. Conchology. Convocation. corruption. correlative. Crystallography. Cymric died. Dutch. Danish. derivative. diminutive. Diplomatic. Doric. I )ynamics. EcclesiasticaL (Eccl. Arch.) = Ecclesiastical Architccturu. (Eccl. Hist.) = Ecclesiastical History. [Eccl. L.] = Ecclesiastical Latin. [Egypt.] = Egyptian. [Eng.] = English. (Eug. Hist.) = English History. (En torn.) s Entomology. (Ethn.) ^ Ethnology. (Etym.) = Etynioloj^y. fam. = family. (Farr.) = Farriery. fem. = feminine. (Fatd.) s= Feudal. fig. ^ figure. [Flem.] = F'lemish. (Fort if.) = F'.ortification. [Fr.] = F'rench. freq. = frequentative. (Fr. Hist.) = FVench History. Gadh.] = Gadhelic Gael.] = Gaelic. Case] = Gascon. gen. = genus. (Geo.s:.) = Geography. (Geol.) =r Geology. [Ger.] SE German. [Goth.] e Gothic. [Gr.] = Greek. (Grtim.) = Grammar. Hayt.] = Haytian. Ilcb.] = Hebrew. (f/cr.) = Heraldry. [Hind.] = Hindu. (/list.) = History. [Icel.] = Icelandic. (Ichth.) = Ichthyology. [Ir.] = Irish. iron. = ironical. [It.] = Italian. [Jap.] = Japanese. (Jurisp.) = Jurisprudence. kingd. [L.T = kingdom. = Latin. (Lang.) = Language. (Af.) = Legal. [L.G.] = Low Germaiu (Lit.) = Literature. Lit. = literally. [L.L.] = Low Latin. (Lo^.) = Logic. (Mag.) B Magnetism. ABBREVIATIONS. (Manuf.) masc. = (Math.) = [M.E.] (Mech.) (Med.) Med. L. metaph. = (Mcteorol.) - meton. = (Metr.) (Mil.) (Min.) [Mod.Gr.] modif. = (Mnnidp.) - (Mus.) - (Myth.) [N.-Amer.Ind.]: (AW. Hist.) • (Naut.) - neg. neut. : Norm. Fr. = [Norw. ] : (Nitniis.) - [O.E.] [O.Fr.] [O.H.G.] [O.N.] [Onomatop.] : ord. : (Ornith.) [O.S.] [O.Sp.] (Ost.) (Ostr.) (Ox/. Univ.) ■■ P- (Pari.) (Path.) [Pers.] (Phi/.) (Phys.) Manufactures. [Physiyl.) masculine. plu. Mathematics. (Poet.) Middle English. [Pol.] Mechanics. [Port.] Medical. p.p. Mediaeval Latin. p. part. metaphorical. pron. Meteorolc^y. (Pros.) metonymy. pr. part. Metric. redupl. Military. (Rhet.) Mineralogy. (Rom. Hist.) Modern (jreek. rt. modification. [Russ.] Municipal. [Scand.] Music. (Schol.) Mythology. (Scien. ) North-American Indian. [Scot.] Natural History. (iicot. Laiv.) Nautical. [Semit.] negative. sing. neuter. [Skt.] Norman French. [Slav.] Norwegian. [Sp.] Numismatics. spec. Old English. . (Stockbrok.) Old French. sub-kingd. Old High German. subst. Old Norse. (Surg.) Onomatopoeia. [Sw.] order. syll. Ornithology. [Syr.] Old Saxon. [Teut.] Old Spanish. (Theat.) Osteology. (Theol.) Ostracology. transl. Oxford University. [Turk.] participle. typ. Parliamentary. {Univ.) Pathology. v.a. Persian. (Vet.) Philosophy. v.n. Physics. (Zool.) Physiology plural. Poetry. Polish. Portuguese. past participle. past participle. pronounced. Prosody. present participle. reduplicate. Rhetoric. Roman History. root. Russian. Scandinavian. Scholastic. Science. Scotch. Scotch Law. Semitic. singular. Sanskrit. Slavonic. Spanish. species. Stockbroking. sub-kingdom. substantive. Surgery. Swedish. syllables. Syriac. Teutonic. Theatrical. Theological. translation. Turkish. typical. University verb active. Veterinary. verb neuter. Zoology. ^*' 0? THl •• [UfflTBESITT] GLOSSARY OF ^ffis AND PHRASES. ABBE A. With the Romans, usually stood for the pncnomen Aulus ; in inscriptions, often for Au- gustus, A. A. being duo Augusti, A. A. A., tres Augusti ; in epitaphs, for Annus ; upon voting- tablets at the Comitia, for Antlquo, / reject (ir.B.) ; in judicial trials, for Absolvo, / say " m>i guilty, ' as opposed to C. , Condemno, I say " guitty," and to uV.L. {f.v.). As a numeral, A is 500, A 5000. A 1. In Lloyd's Register of Shipping (q. v.), indicates, to shippers and insurers, a first-class vessel, thoroughly equipped. A refers to hull, I to anchor, cables, etc. Hence A i, in slang, = first-rate. -a, -ay. Norse suffix. 1. = island in the sea, as in Staff-a, Colons-ay. 8. = river, as in Gret-a, Rattr-ay. [A.S, ea, O.H.G. aha, Goth, ahva, L. aqua, ww/^r.] (-«a; ey.) Ab. Eleventh month of civil, fifth of ecclesi- astical, Jewish year ; July — August. A.B. (Naut.), i.e. able-bodied ; a first-rate, as distinguished from an ordinary, seaman. Aback. {Naut.) Position of sxiils when the wind bears on their front. They are Taken or Laid A. by accident or design respectively. AbMOt. A spurious word, given in all dic- tionaries, and said to mean *' a cap of State, wrought up into the shape of two crowns, worn formerly by English kings." But both word and thing are delusions. 1 he true word, Byoooket [O. Fr. bicoquet, the peak of some kind of lady's head-dress], not uncommon up to and after \yx>, after undergoing a series of corruptions, appears in Spelman's Glossdrium (1664) as "Abacot," with the alxjve explanation ; whence it has been copied from one dictionary into another ever since. Its primitive meaning probably sur- vives in the Sp. bicoquin, a cap with two points. As Hinry V. on his bassinet at Agincourt, and as Ri:hard on his helmet at Bosworth, wore a gold crown; so Menry VI. (crowned King of England and of France) wore at Iledgley Moor two crowns upon his bycocket — but in no sense as part of it. (See Dr. Murray's Letter to the Athenaum, February 4, 1882.) Ab&ooa. [L., Gr. S/3a^, W»coi, a table, slab.] 1. The tablet on the top of the capital of a column, which supports the entablature. 2. With Cireeks and Romans, a wooden tray for arith- metical computation ; divided by parallel lines, and having in the spaces pebbles, representing units, tens, etc. Similarly, 8, a framework with parallel wires, strung with beads, to render cal- culations palpable, used in infant schools ; and by the Chinese, with whom all calculations of weights, measures, etc., are decimal. •abad. [lVm<\., droelling.] I'art of names ; as in Hyderabad, the abode of llyder ; MursheJ- abad, etc. Abaddon. [Heb., the destroyer.] Name for the angel of the bottomless pit. Rev. ix. II ; in Milton, the pit itself. (Apollyon.) Abaft (prefix a, i.e. on, and -baft, i.e. by aft). {Naut.) Behind the object mentioned. Abandon. [Fr.] Freedom from restraint, careless ease of manner. Abandonment {.\'aut.) By a written notice, conveys to the underwriters an insured ship, when a "constructive total loss," i.e. so da- maged that repair would cost more than she is worth. A bat la, let. [Fr.] Down with. Ab asauitia non fit injuria [Leg. L., wrong docs not arise from what otte is accustomed to\, i.e. one has no claim at law in respect of a nuisance or d.nmage which has been long borne without complaint. Ab&tis. [Fr.] {Mil.) An obstacle formed of trees felled [Fr. abattu] ; their stems being placed close together in the ground, with the ends of the branches sharpened and pointed towards an enemy. Abattoir. [Fr. abattre, to knock down.] A public slaughter-house. Abattdta. [It., at the beat.] (Mus.) Revert to .strict time. Abb. [A.S. ab, and ob.] Yarn of a weaver's warp. Abbaaidea (I/ist.) Caliphs of Bagdad (749- 125S), claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. To this line belonged Haroun-al- Raschid, contemporary of Charlemagne. Abbe. [Fr.] A word applied not only to the abbots or heads of conventual houses, but to all persons vested with the ecclesiastical habit (Littre). Before the French Revolution, many such men rose to eminence in the world of letters and fashion. The A. commendataires, nominated ABBO ABBR by the king, drew one-third of the revenues of their abbeys, as sinecurists. Abbot of Joy. [Fr. Abbe de Liesse, L. Abbas LatiticeJ\ A master of revels, formerly, in some French towns. Abbot of Misrule. In Med. Hist., the master of the revels ; called in Scotland the Abbot of Unreason (see Sir W. Scott's Monastery). (Boy Bishop, The ; Feast of Fools ; Satumalu.) Abbot of the People. Formerly a chief magistrate among the Genoese. Abbots, Uitred. In Eng. Hist., twenty-four in number, ecclesiastical dignitaries, who held of the king in capite per baroniam, and sat and voted in the House of Lords. Abbreviations, Symbols, etc. [Eccl. L. abbr^- viatio, -nem, a shortening.^ y^, Chr., is an A., 1| for -jifiniariv, excellent (Chrestomathy) ; and, later, 2, for Xpio-rrfy, Christ. LXX., Septuagint; A.U.C., ab urbe condita, in the — — year from the building of Rome ; S. P.Q. R., senatus popii- lusque Romanus, the senate and people of Rome ; S. D. , salutemdicit, sends greeting ; D.D. D. , d5no dedit,dicavit,gave, dedicated, asagift; D.O.M., Deo Optimo Maximo, to God, the Best, the Greatest ; M.S., memoriae sacrum, sacred to the memory of ;H.S.E., hie sepultus (situs) est, here is buried ; R.I. P., requiescat in pace, may he rest in peace ; S.T.T.L., sit tibi terra levis, light be the earth upon thee; I.H.C. and I.H.S. are the first three letters, I, H, 2 (I, E, S)— which last was at one time written very like our C — in the Greek IH20T2, Jesus; A.S., anno sa- lutis, in the year of our salvation, = anno Do- mini ; B.V.M., beata Virgo Maria, the blessed Virgin Mary ; S.J., of the Society of Jesus. Astronomy : 1. Members of the solar system : 0, The Sun ; fl , the Moon ; § > Mercury ; $ , Venus ; © or J , the Earth ; ^ , Mars ; %, Jupiter ; f? , .Saturn ; ^ , the Georgian. 2. Signs of the Zodiac: i. T, Aries, o° ; 2. }^, Taurus, 30° ; 3. n, Gemini, 60° ; 4. S, Cancer, 90°; 5. Si, Leo, 120°; 6. n|i, Virgo, 150*; 7. ^, Libra, 180*"; 8. Tr|., Scorpio, 210°; 9. /, Sagittarius, 240°; 10. yf, Capricornus, 270°; 1 1 . '^, Aquarius, 300° ; 12. >£ . Pisces, 330®. 3. Other symbols are: 5, conjunction; Q, quadrature ; ^ , opposition ; $^, ascending node; ^, descending node. In Bishops' signatures : Cant, or Cantuar. is Cantuariensis, of Canterbury ; Ebor., Ebor- acensis, of Eboracum or Eburacum, York ; Dunelm., Dunelmensis, of Durham; Winton., Wintoniensis, of Wintonia, Winchester ; Sarum, of New Sai-um, i.e. Salisbury; Vigom., Vigoi-nensis, of Worcester; Oxon., Oxoniensis, of Oxford; Exon., Exoniensis, of Exeter; Roffen., Roffensis, of Rochester; Cicestr., Cicestrensis, of Chichester; Menev., some- times, for Menevensis, of Menevia, now St. David's. Similariy, Cantab., Cantabrigiensis, of Cambridge ; Eblan., Eblanensis, of Eblana, Dublin. Ch. Ch. is Christ Church; C.C.C, Corpus Christi College, Oxford; F.T.C.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. S.P.G., S.P.C.K., C.M.S., A.C.S., are the Societies for Propagation of the Gospel, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Church Missionary, Additional Curates'; E.C.U., English Church Union; A.P. U.C, Association for Promoting Unity of Christendom. Botany: $. male; ?, female; 5» hermaph. or bisexual ; $ — 5 — $ > polygamous ; ^ 5 , dioecious ; ^ — 5 , monoecious ; © or 0» annual; @ or ^, biennial ; l^., perennial ; Ij, a tree or shrub ; v. v., visum vivum, seen alive ; V.S., siccum, seen in a dried state ; v.c., cultum, seen cultivated ; v.sp., sporadicum or sponta- neum, seen wild. Chemistry : The chemical symbol for aluminium is Al ; for silver [L. argentum], Ag ; arsenic, As ; gold [L. aurum], Au ; boron, B ; barium, Ba ; bismuth, Bi ; bromine, Br ; carbon, C ; calcium, Ca ; cadmium, Cd ; cerium, Ce ; chlorine, CI ; cobalt, Co ; chromium, Cr ; caesium, Cs ; copper [L. cuprum], Cu ; didymium, D; erbium, E; fluorine, F ; iron [L. ferrum], Fe ; glueinum, Gl ; hydrogen, H ; mercury [L. hydrargj^rum], Hg ; iodine, I ; indium, In ; iridium, Ir ; potas- sium [L.L. kalium, from Ar. alkali], K; lan- thanum, La ; lithium, Li ; magnesium, Mg ; manganese, Mn ; molybdenum, Mo ; nitrogen, N ; sodium, Na (Natron) ; niobium, Nb ; nickel, Ni ; oxygen, O ; osmium, Os ; phosphorus, P ; lead [L. plumbum], Pb ; palladium, Pd ; plati- num, Pt ; nibidium, Rb ; rhodium, Rh ; ruthe- nium, Ru ; antimony [L. stibium], Sb ; selenium, Se; silicon. Si ; strontium, Sr ; tin [L. stannum]. Sn ; sulphur, S ; tantalum, Ta ; tellurium, Te ; thorium, Th ; titanium, Ti ; thallium, Tl ; ura- nium, U ; vanadium, V ; tungsten, W (Wol- fram) ; yttrium, Y ; zinc, Zn ; zirconium, Zr. Of the principal Codices or MSS. oj the New Testament: A. is the Alexandrine, or Codex Alexandrlnus, in the British Museum, probably fifth century ; B., Codex Vaticanus, in the Vatican, probably fourth century; C., Cod. Ephraemi, at Paris, i.e. of Ephraem the .Syrian, a palimpsest, probably fifth century ; D., Cod. Cantabrigiensis, or Bezae, at Cambridge, probably end of fifth century or beginning of sixth century ; X, Cod. Sinaiticus, found by Tischen- dorf, 1859, in a monastery on Mount Sinai, probably fourth century. On English Coins are: A.C., A.D., A.T., Arch-Chancellor, -Duke, -Treasurer; D.G., Dei gratia, by the grace of God; F.D., fidei defensor. Defender of the Faith ; S.R.I., .Sanctum Romanum Imp^rium, Holy Roman Empire; M.B.F. et H., Magnce Britanniae, Franciae, et Hibernise, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. In Dignities, Degrees, Professions, etc. : H.M., S.M., His or Her Majesty, Sa Majeste ; S.A.R., S.A.I., Son Altesse Royale, Iniperiale, His or Her Royal, Imperial, Highness ; D.N.P.P., Dominus noster Papa Pontifex, our Lord the Pope. K.C.H. is Knight Commander of Hanover; K.G., K.H., K.M., K.P., K.T.,. K.M.G., are Knights of the Garter, of Han- over, of Malta, of St. Patrick, of the Thistle, of St. Michael and St. George; K.B. not now in use. Knight of the Bath, of which order ABBR ABBR (as of S.I. and M.G.) there are now three classes, viz. G.C.B. Grand Cross, K.C.B. Knight Commander, and C.B. Companion ; CLE. is Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire; CS.I., K.C.S.I., G.C.S.I., Commander, Knight Commander, Grand Cross, of the Star of India; L.C.J. and L.C.B. are Lord Chief Justice, — Baron ; P.C, PriNy Coun- cillor; H. E.I.C., Honourable East India Com- pany ; S. T. P. , Sanctae Theologiaj Pr6fes.sor, is the L. translation of D. D., Doctor of Divinity; LL.D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws, the equivalent in Cambridge and Dublin of the Oxford D.C. L., Doctor of Civil Law; A. A. is Associate of Arts; B. M., Bachelor of Medicine: S.C.L., B.C.L., Student, Bachelor, of Civil Law ; A.K.C., Associate of King's College ; B. ^ L. is the French Bachelier cs, »>. en les Let t res ; F. R. S., properly Frater- nitatis Regiae Socius, has adapted itself to the Eng. translation. Fellow of the Royal Society ; simiUrly, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., are Fellows of the Royal Geolog., Linnxan, Royal Astron., Royal Geog., Societies; R.A., Royal Academy, Royal Academician; A.R.A., Associate of ditto ; P.R.A., President of ditto ; A.E.R.A., Associate Engraver of Royal Acad. ; M.I.CE., Memljcr of the Institute of Civil En- gineers; M. R.C. .S. is Member of the Royal College of Surgeons; M.R.C.V.S,, Member of Veterinary ditto; F.R.I.B.A., Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. R.M., usually Royal Marines, is, in Ireland, Resident Magistrate. D.L., Deputy- Lieutenant of the County ; J.P., Justice of the Peace, i.e. a magis- trate; VV.S., Writer to the .Signet, i.e. one of a body of legal practitioners in Edinburgh, cor- responding generally to the highest class of •itlomeys in London; M.F.H., Master of the Fox-hounds; M.C., master of the ceremonies. Amongst Naval A. are : R.N., Royal Navy ; H.M.S., Her Majesty's ship ; A.B., able-bodied seaman; C.G., coastguard; C.P., sent by the civil power; D., m Complete Book, dead or deserted; D.S.Q., discharged to sick quarters; F.G., on a powder cask, fine grain ; and L.G., large gram. (F"or L., v. L's, Three; and v. A I.) Amongst Military A. are : F.M., Field- Marshal ; A.D.C, Aide-deCamp ; Q.M.G., Quarter-Master-General; R.A., R.E., R.ILA., K.M., ure Royal Artillery, Engineers, Horse Artillery, Marines ; CO., Commanding Officer ; .S.C, Staff Corps; .S-C, Staff" College; R.M.C and R.M.A., Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and Academy, Woolwich. In referring to Lanqitaf^es : Sansk., Skr., or Skt, is Sanskrit ; A.S., Anglo-Saxon ; O.H.G. and M.H.G., Old, and Middle, High German ; Pl.D., Piatt Deutsch, Low German; O.E., O.F., O.N., O.S.. Old English, Old French, Old Norse, Old Saxon; L.L., Low Latin; Prov., Provcn9al ; »J = root of a word. Matkentatics : Q.E.D., quod erat demonstran- dum, which was to be provetl ; Q.E.F"., faciendum, to be done. Letters of the alphabet are used to denote numbers or numerical quantities ; but a, b, c, etc., denote constant or known numbers ; "» ■*■» y> 't variable or unknown numbers ; w, w, /, etc., simple numerical coefficients, or exponents : thus, a certain power of a known number (a) would be written a™ ; a^ is rt X ^; y a -r- b ; a > b means a is greater than b ; a < b, less ; a* means a y. a X a X a, and the 4 is called an exf>onent of a ; ,J, formerly r, i.e. L. radix, is the sq. raol of a number ; but ^ or ai, i/a or ai, mean the cube root, the fourth root, of a ; .'. stands for therefore, '.' for because; cos., tan., log., are cosine, tangent, logarithm. When the variations of one quantity (m) follow those of another quantity (x) the for- mer is said to be a funclioti, f, F, or .r.n., pro re nata, according to circumstances, it. for the matter or occasion arising ; M., in the Marriage Service, a printer's correction intro- duced after 1726, from the Act prescribing the form of banns, should be N. for Nonien ; D.M., Dis Manibus (Manes); ob., obiit, died; A.S., anno salutis, in the year of Redemption ; Ca. Sa., capias ad satisfaciendum {q.v.) ; fi. fa., fieri facias {q.v.) ; pxt., pinxit, painted ; nem. con., nemine contradTcente, no one saying No, is = carried unanimously ; no., for number, is the It. numero ; sp.g., specific gravity; c.g.s. arc the Fr. centimetre, gramme, second ; m.s.I. mean sea-level ; x.d., exclusive of dividend ; ult., inst., prox., are mense ultimo, instanti, ABBR AbiSK proximo, in the last, in the present, in the next, month ; p.p.c, pour prendre conge, to take leave; in France, s.g.d.g., sous garantie du gouvernement, under the guarantee of the government, i.e. patented ; Ent. Sta. Hall, entered at the Stationers' Plall ; R.S.O., railway sub-office, for letters; F.P., fire-plug; N. S. is New Style, O. S. Old Style, i.e. respectively after and before the alteration of the calendar by Gregory XIII. in 1582, adopted in England 1751. Doubled letters indicate a plural ; as LL.D., Legum Doctor; MSS., manuscripts; reff., references ; N. or M., i.e. N. or NN., nomen or nomina, name or names ; and many others. Musical: Adg° or ad", adagio, slowly ; Ad lib., ad libitum ; Ag", agitato, in an agitated, restless style; All' ott., or AH' 8"% all' ottava, at the octave higher or lower than it is written ; Al se'g., al segno, to the sign, i.e. go back to the :§ ; At., or A tempo, in time (A battuta) ; CD., colla destra, with the right hand; C.S., coUa sinistra, with the left hand ; Cal., calando, lit. loweringly, with decreasing tone and pace ; Can., cantoris, the chanter's, precentor's (side) ; Cello., violoncello; Cor., cornet or horn; D., destra, or droite, right; D.C., da capo, over again, lit. from the head or beginning ; Dec. , d?cani, the dean's (side) ; D.S. , from the sign (^see Al seg.) ; F., forte, loud ; FF., or Fff., or Ffor., fortissimo, veiy loud; F.O., full organ; G., gauche, left ; G.O., great organ ; L., left ; L.H., left hand ; MM. J = 92, the crotchet-beat being equal to the pendulum-pulse of Malzel's metro- nome, with the weight set at 92 (remembering that, "to be correct, the metronome should beat seconds when set at 60 " ( Stainer and Barrett. Dictionary of Music) ; M.V., mezza voce, with half the power of the voice ; Obb. , obbligato, i.e. important, and that cannot be dispensed with; P., piano, soft; P.F., piii forte, louder; PP., pianissimo, very soft ; PPP. and PPPP. are used for pianississimo ; Rail., rallentando, gradually slower; R.H., right hand; Ritar., ritardando, gradually slower and still slower ; Riten., ritenendo or ritenuto, holding back the pace ; S., senza, without ; :§, segno, sign, point- ing the extent of a repeat ; Sfz., sforzando, forced, i.e. emphasizing the note or chord ; S.T., senza tempo, without definite, marked, time ; Tern. 1°, tempo primo, resume the original pace; Va., viola; Vo., violina ; V. S., voltisubito, turn, i.e. turn over, quickly ; with very many othei'S. Abbreviators. [L. abbrevio, / abridge."] In the papal court, condense documents, for the preparation of bulls. A.B.C. process of deodorizing impurities, i.e. by alum, blood, charcoal. Abd. \_Kr,,servant.'] Abd-Allah, servant of God. Abderite, The. The laughing philosoplier Democritus, bom at Abdera, in Thrace. AbdieL [Ileb., servant of God.'] The angel of Jewish tradition, who alone withstood Satan's rebellious designs. Abdomen. [L.] In the animal body, the lower of two cavities, the upper being the thorax, or chest, and the diaphragm in mam- malia being the partition between the two. In insects, it is the last of three portions into which the body is divided. Abductor muscles draw away from, Adductor M. draw back to, the mesial \q.v.) line of the body. [L. abduco, / drazv away, adduce, / bring to.] Muscles which close the valves of the shell of Lamellibranchiata are called Ad- ductor M. A-beam. {Naut.) In a line drawn at right angles to the vertical plane through the ship's keel, and passing through the centre of her side. Abaft the B., any point within the right angle contained by this line and the line of the ship's keel in a direction opposite to her course. Be- fore the B., neither rt^., nor abaft the B., nor ahead (in a line with the keel forward), nor astern (in a line with the keel aft). Starboard B., on the right ; Larboard B. , or Port B., on the left hand, looking forward. Weather B., the wind- ward ; Lee B., the other side. Abecedariaa hymns. Plymns in which the first verse or stanza began with the first, and succeed- ing verses or stanzas with the succeeding, letters of the alphabet, in imitation of Heb. acrostic poetry, e.g. Ps. cxix. Abecedary circles. Rings of letters described round magnetized needles, by which friends were supposed to be able to communicate, looking at them at certain fixed times. Abelardians. Followers of Abelard, a dis- tinguished Schoolman of the twelfth century, whose opinions brought on him the censure of St. Bernard. (Nominalists.) Abele (2 syl.). The Populus alba, white poplar, Abelians, Abelites. An African sect, fourth century, who enjoined the separate state of the married, to avoid handing down original sin ; after an assumed example of Abel. Abelmoschus. [Ar. habb-el-misk, grain of musk.] A tropical genus of mallow. The seeds of A. moschatus are used in perfumery, and in medicine ; and the pods of A. esciilentus, the W. Indian ochro or gobbo, niucilagmous and nutritive, are used in soups. A bing placito. [L.L.] (Mus.) The time, amount, of grace notes, etc., left to the choice and the good pleasure of the performer. Aber-. Cymric prefix, meaning, like Erse and Gaelic inver, a meeting of waters, either stream and stream, or stream and sea. Aberrant group. [L. aberrantem, part, of aberro, / stray from.] One differing widely from the type of the natural group to which they apparently belong ; e.g. Lemurs compared with Quadrumana. Aberration ; Annual A. ; Chromatic A. ; Circle of A. ; Diurnal A. ; Planetary A. ; Spherical A. [L. aberratio, -nem, aberro, I stray from.] The apparent displacement of a heavenly body, caused by the composition of the velocity of light with that of the earth. The velocity of light is about 10,000 times greater than that of the earth in her orbit, so that the stars appear displaced through an angle of about 20-5", the displace- ABER ABRA ment taking place in a plane passing through the star and the direction of the earth s motion ; this is called the Aberratwn, and sometimes the Annual A. The Diurnal A. is a very minute displacement of a like kind due to the com- position of the velocity of light with that of the earth's rotation. When the heavenly body has a motion of its own, as is the case with a planet, its velocity has to be taken into account, and then we have the Platutary A. When a ray of light undergoes reflexion or refraction, its Spherical A. is the distance between the geo- metrical focus and the point in which it cuts the axis of the reflecting or refracting surface supposed to be spherical. When white liglit passes directly through a lens, the distance be- tween the geometrical foci of the most and the least refracted coloured rays is the Chromatic A. The Circle of Chtomatic A. is the smallest circle through which all the coloured rays pass near their geometrical foci. Abemnoate. [L. ab. from, e, out, runco, / 7Lay, retired, escaped, ^one tearing off'.'] Originally said by ClcCro of Catiline's precipi- tate departure from Rome. Ab Initio [L., from the beginning] ; as, pro- ceedings void ai initio. Abiogenesis. (Biogenesis.) Abjuration of the realm. An oath to leave it for ever. [!>. almiratio, -nem, a forswearing.] Ablactation. [L. ablactatio, -nem, weaning.] The separation of an inarched graft from its parent stock, but not before some union with the new has taken place. Ablaqae&tion. [L. ablaqueatio, -nem.] An opening of the ground at the roots of trees, to let in air. — Evelyn. Ablepsia. [Gr. i3x«i|(fa, blindness, 4neg., $Kfiru, I see.] Incorrect term for colour-blind- ness. (Dyschromatopsy.) Ablepsy. (Dipl.) Wrong reading by a scribe of that which he is copying. AbnormaL [L. ab, from, norma, carpenter's ntle, a pattern.] Deviating from rule or law, e.g. in the development of living things. Abnormis sapiens. [L.] Wise, but of no sect or school ; naturally shrewd. — Horace. Abolitionist. One who is for abolishing slavery immediately and entirely. Abolla. [L., Gr. d»'aj3oA^.] A woollen cloak, scarlet or purple, worn by Roman soldiers, opposed to tifga, the outer garment worn in time of peace ; hence attributed, derisively, to the Stoics, whose philosophy was essentially polemical, controversial. Aboma EpIer&tSs, Cenchria. [Or. iitiKpariis, one who Oi'ennastcr^, Kfyxpia^, spotted like millet seeds (Ktyxpoi).] 15oa C, Ringed B. of Trop. America. Possesses rudimentary hind legs ; it was worshipped by the ancient Mexicans. Fain. Pythoiikin\ AbSmasns. Fourth stomach of a ruminant. A bon chat bon rat. [Fr., to good cat good rat.] Tlie jiarties are well matched. Ab5rlglnes. [L.] Inhabitants ab origine, pre- historic. (AatoobtlxSnSs.) Abortion. [L. ahortio, -nem.] 1. An unnatural expulsion of the fcetus after the sixth week and before the sixth month. 2. In I^w, the crime of producing this by drugs or instruments. Abortive. FL. abortivus, ab-6rior, I fail to rise, miscarry?\ (Pot.) Imperfectly formed. A, branches, woody nodules in the bark of some trees, e.g. cedar. Abon-Hannes. Spec, of bird, identified by Cuvier with Ibis KelTglosa, Sacred /bis, of Egypt. Numenius I., gen. NumCnlus, fam. Sc61op.acTdae, ord. Gralliv. About, To go. {A'aut. ) To nut a ship's head to the wind, and fill on the other tack. A'eady about and about ship are orders to go about Ab 6to usque ad m&la. [L.] From the beginning to the end ; lit. from the egg, the first dish, to the apples, the last, in a Roman meal. Aboz. (N^aut.) (Braee.) Abracadabra. An ancient mystic word of un- known origin ; a charm against fevers, written on paper, folded up, and worn a certain time in the bosom, then thrown into a stream. The word was in the form of an equilateral triangle inverted, each line being shorter by one letter than the preceding, and the letter A only re- maining as the apex. Perhars Pers. abrasas, a mystical term for Deity, and lleb. dabar. Divine Word ; the C is really the S of the word in its- Greek form (Lilire). (Abraxas.) Abrahamites. Bohemian deists of the last century, who jjiofcssed the faith of Abraham before circumcision. Their existence was short. Abraham Man. An impo.stor, who per- sonated "poor Tom of Bedlam," i.e. the harm less incurable lunatic, who went about in squalid dress, singing songs and driving a good trade. (See Edgars account of himself in King Lear.) Shamming Abraham is still slang. Abramis. [Gr. ij3p«>j/j.] Gen. of fresh- water fish ; Europe, W. Asia, N. America ; as the common bream (Abramis Braina). Fam. CyprlnTdie, ord. Physostomi, sub-class Tgldostii. Abranehian, Abranchiate. [Gr. a neg., Ppdyx'ct, gills.] Without gill.><. Among Verte- ABRA ACAN brates — reptiles, birds, and mammals ; among Annelids — leeches and earthworms. A bras ouverts. L^""] i^iifi- open arms. Abraxas, or Abrasaz Stones. A word first used by the Basilidians, a Gnostic sect, as expressing the number of spirits or deities subject to the supreme deity, 365. The letters which make up the word A. stand in Greek numerals for i, 2, 100, I, 60, I, 200 = 365. [Pers. Abraxas or Abrasas, God.'\ (Abracadabra.) Stones have been found bearing this name written, together with an emblem, the body of a man, or serpent, or fowl. Abrettvoir. [Fr. from L. adbiberare, to give drink.'] 1. A drinking-place for cattle, etc. 2. A joint between stones, to be filled in with mortar. Abrogation. [L. abrogatio, -nem.] The repeal of a law by competent authority ; the inversion of the process by which, in the Roman comitia, the votes of the curies or tribes were asked for a measure. Abscissa. (Co-ordinates.) Absentee. One who derives his income from one country, but resides and spends it in another. Absentem laedit cnm ebrio qtii lltlgat. [L.] He injures the absent who quarrels with a drunken vian ; the absence of sense being tantamount to personal absence. Absinthe. An aromatic liqueur prepared from some of the small alpine species of Artemisia. Absinthine. The bitter principle of wormwood [Gr. k-i/'\.v9iov\, Artemisia Absinthium. Absit. [L. , kt him he absent.] Written leave to be absent for one night from college, during a term of residence. Absit 5men, [L., may the omen be absent.] God forbid 1 Absolute, Sir Anthony. A character in The Rivals of Sheridan ; generous, irritable, over-bear- ing. Captain A., a bold, adroit, determined man. Absolve a doubt or difficult passage, = clear up, explain. [L. absolvo, I unloose.] Absolvi animam meam, or liberavi animam meam. [L.] J have relieved my soul [con%ci&nct), especially by an ineffectual protest. Absonoos. [L. absonus.] Discordant, con- trary to, not in harmony with. Absorbents. [L. absorbentes, part, of ab- sorbeo, I suek up.] A system of delicate vessels, pervading the entire body, whose function is to take up substances and convey them into the mass of the circulating fluid. Of these, the Lacteal^ [L. lac, milk] convey the chyle from the stomach and intestines ; the Lymphatics [L. lympha, water] absorb all redundant matter throughout the body (Lymph). A drug which stimulates such vessels is called absorbent, e.g. calomel. Absorbing wells are sunk through retentive ground into permeable ground, to get rid, by in- filtration, of liquids thrown in. Absque imputatione vasti. [Leg. L., without impeachment of waste.] Said of hfe tenure ; a reservation securing tenant against being sued for (non-malicious) waste. Abstention. In Politics, refraining from the exercise of public rights, especially from voting. Abstersive. [L. abs,/ww, oj^, tergeo, / tvipe.] Able to wipe away, cleanse. Abstinence, Days of. [L. abstinentia, the holding off from anything.] In the Roman Church, days on which the eating of flesh is for- bidden, as distinguished from days of fasting, when only one meal is allowed during the twenty-four hours. Abstraction. ( Predicable. ) Abstract number. A number the unit of which denotes no particular thing ; e.g. twelve as distinguished from twelve apples. Abstract of title. {Leg. ) Epitome of evidence of ownership. Absordum, Reductio ad. (Beduotio.) Abudah. In Ridley's Talcs of the Genii, a merchant of Bagdad, driven by a little old hag to search for Oromanes' talisman. Abuna. Abyssinian high priest. Ab uno disce omnes. [L., from, one (man) knoav all (Ids) associates^] Take this as a specimen. A-burton. {Naut.^ Spoken of casks stowed athwart ship?. Abuse of process. {Leg.) Obtaining advan- tage by some intentional irregularity in the form of legal proceedings. Abuttal. The boundary of land ; land is said to abut on this road or that river. Academics. (Academy. ) Academy figure. A drawing generally made in black and white chalk from a living model, as by students at an Academy of Arts. Academy, Philosophy of, i.e. Platonism,^ The Academia (called after its supposed owner, the hero Academos), being a garden in the suburbs of Athens, where Socrates discoursed, and Plato taught for nearly half a century. Hence A. = seat of learning. Acadia. Indian name of Nova Scotia. Acajou. 1. Mahogany ; the word originally American, and introduced with the article, eighteenth century. 2. Applied also to the Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). Acalephse. [Gr. dKaX-f]KTi«tal thing becomes part and parcel of the atter : so the trees go with the soil. Accessio, in Rom. Law, is a mode of acquisition of properly by natural means ; in Eng. Law, Accretion. A9C6U0TJ stops. {Aft*s.) Pedals, e.g. couplers, •composition peer se: the sun shines />t-r se, the moon />er atcidens. Accident. (Predieable. ) Accidental colours. Colours depending on the affections of the eye. If after looking steadily at a coloured window we look at a white wall, we see a ghost of the window in complementary colours ; this is an A. image of the window, and its colours are A. colours. Accidental point. In perspective, the vanish- ing point, that is, the point in the perspective plane where any given set of parallel stiaight lines in the object viewed appears to meet. It is found by drawing a straiglit line from the spectator's eye to the perspective plane, parallel to the given lines. It is callctl accidental to distinguish it from the ftincipal point, or point of sight, which is the point where a perpen- dicular line from the spectator's eye meets the perspective plane. Acclpltres. [L. accipiter, ^/V^/^j/Zr*^.] Ord. of birds. Birds of prey, as eagles, owls, vul- tures. Obvious external characteristics — power- ful, crooked beak, and talons. Accite. \\..'AQc\\\x'>,summoned.'\ To summon. Acclamation. [L. acclamatio, -nem.] In the language of tlie Conclave, a pope is said to be elected by acclamation when he is proclaimed by the voices of a sufficient number of cardinals at once; he is elected h-^ Adoration \\\\cw a cardinal kneels before him, and the necessary number follow his example. , Acclimatise. [Gr. KXlfia, a climate.'] To accustom a plant or animal to a climate other than its natural one. Accolade. [Fr.] The slight blow on the neck [Fr. col] or shoulder ; as the last insult to be /*' Of THl ^ ACCO ACKE endured (?) ; which afterwards became an em- brace in dubbing a iinight. (radoube.) Aocolent. [L. accolentem, part, of accolo, / divell near. ] A borderer. Aoconunodation. [L. accommodatio, -nem.] Bill of exchange; a bill accepted, drawn, or endorsed by A to accommodate B, who engages to pay the bill when due, or at least that A shall not be loser on the bill. Accost. [L. ad costam, at or to the side.'\ Now meaning to address, had an earlier meaning, to adjoin ; at the shore, land accosts the sea. So {ffer.) Accosted or Cottised, said of a bend, etc., when placed between cottises, or narrow bends. Account, Stockbroking. The fortnightly settle- ment on the Stock Exchange, when all bargams not settled off-hand should be concluded ; h\x\._vide Backwardation; Contango; Continuations. Accoutrements. (Mil.) Belts and pouches of a soldier. [Fr. accoutrer, to dress up, perhaps = L. L. accustodlre, to take care of ; the coustre, or sacristan, having the care of vestments. — Skeat, Etymological English Dictionary. Accrescent. [L. accrescentem, part, of accresco, / gro7o on to/] (Bot.) Said of an organ per- sistently growing larger, e.g. a calyx after the flowering. Accretion. (Accessio cedit principal!) Accroach. [Fr. accrocher, to hook on to, croc, a hook."] To encroach upon royal prerogative. Accruing costs. {Leg.) Expenses incurred after judgment. Accrument. [Fr. accrii, part, of accroUre, to iiureasi'.'] Addition. Accubation [L. accubatio, -nem, accubo, / recline at or near] or cucurnbent posture ; that of the Romans who, at meals, reclined on the left elbow. Accumulation, Argument by. (Soritic.) Ace. 1. A tinit [L. as]. 2. A card marked with a single point or figure, as an ace of hearts. Sometimes = the smallest quantity; "not an ace." AcephalL [Gr. o.-Ki^a.\os, not-headed.] {Zool.) Bivalve molluscs proper (LamellibranchTata), as the oyster, clam, and teredo. Acephali. [Gr. aMefa, I flow. (Lethe; Fhlegethon; Styz.) A cheval. \¥ v., on horseback.] (Mil) Said of troops placed so that a river or road passing through the centre is at right angles with the front. Achievement. [Fr. achever, to bring to a head or end.] Any sign, ensign, of deeds performed; now corrupted into hatchment. Achilleine. The bitter principle of milfoil, or yarrow, Achillea millefolium, ord. Compositce. Achilles. (Nereids.) Achlamydeous. [Gr. x^&M'^s. colour.] Not showing colour, as A. lenses, A. telescopes, etc., in which chromatic dispersion is wholly or nearly corrected. Acicular. [L. aciciila, a small pin or needle.] (Bot. and A/in. ) Slender and pointed. Acidimetry. [L. acTdus, acid, and Gr. fitrpfTv, to measure.] The art of measuring the free acid contained in any liquid. Aciform. [L, acus.] Of the shape of a «,?^fl?7^. Acinaciform. [L. acinaces.] Of the shape <;,£ a scimitar. Aolnifonn. [L. acinus.] Of the shape of a grapestone. Acker, i.e. Eager, or Eagor. (Bore.) ACLI ACTI Aclinic line. [Gr. & neg., kXIvcd, I make to slant.'\ The magnetic equator, or line joining all those places on the earth where the magnetic needle has no inclination or dip, i.e. where it is horizontal. Acm9. [Gr.] (Rhet.) The extreme height of pathos or sentiment to which the hearer is led by a climax [Gr. kA7/mi|, a ladder] or series of impressions, each more intense than the pre- ceding. Acoemetae. [Gr. iutottLyfroi, sleepless.] An order of nuns of the fourth century ; so called because, in their convents, the offices were said without interruption day and night. In the following century an order of monks was estab- lished at Constantinople, for the like purpose. Ac51^. [Gr. aK6KovOoSt follcnuer, O. L. coUt.] One of the minor ecclesiastical orders who attends the priest in the ministry of the altar. Aeon. (Xaut. ) A flat-bottomed boat ^ Medi- terranean. Ae5nite. [Gr. aK6vlrov, L. aconltum.] Monks- hoofiglit. A border combat between the English and the Scotch'. Acre, Qod'«. , [Ger. Gbttes-acker.] A burial- ground. Aorita [Gr. iKplrot, not exercising judgment, i.e. being almost destitute of sensation], i.g. Protozoa (if. v.). Acrito-chromacy. The being unable to dis- tinguish [fir. &KpiTOi] colour [xpaM*]- (Dji- chromatopsy.) Aero-. [Gr. S/cpoj.] Topmost, extreme. Aoroama. (Anagnostes.) Acroamatic, Acroatic. [Gr. wpoatiiLrlKit, de- signed for hearing, aKpodofiat, I hear.] The oral teaching of philosophers, for intimate friends only. (Esoteric.) AcrSbat. [Gr. iLKp6^6,TOi, from tixpos, high, $aivu>, /go.] A rope-dancer ; and so a gymnast generally. AerSgens. [Gr. ixpos, topmost, -ylyyofuu, -y*v. I am produced.] {Bot.) One of the primary classes of the vegetable kingdom, according to the Natural system, = the Cryptogams of the Linna;an. The term applies literally to those plants whose stems increase by growth at the summit, e.g. tree-ferns, club-mosses, etc., as dis- tinguished from the manner of growth of Exogens and of Endogens. Aoroleine. [L. acrg 5l£um, curid oil.] A pungent volatile fluid, produced by the action of neat on fats. AorSlith. [Gr. ixpdxlOos, from tiKpos, ex- treme, \iOos, stone.] A name given to the oldest Greek statues, the body being still of wood and draped, but the extremities, head, arms, feet, of marble ; marking the transition into marble statuary. Acr5mSn5grammatlcnm. [Gr. ixpos, extretne, lx6vos, only, ypdnfia, a letter.] A poetical com- position of which every verse begins with the last letter of the preceding line. Aoronj^clial. [Cir. dxpimixos, ha/, I write.] An instrument for registering variations in the in- tensity of the actinic rays. ActinSlite. [Gr. Akt'is, \iQos, a stone.'] A crystallized mineral, green ; a prismatic variety of hornblende. Actittometer. [Gr. iicris, ixirpov, measure.^ An instrument for measuring the intensity of the sun's radiant heat. Action. [L. actio, -nem.] (Mil.) An engage- ment of minor proportions to those of a battle. Action of a moving system, or Quantity of Action, is a quantity proportional to the average kinetic energy of the system during a certain time, multiplied by the time. (For Action and Reaction, vide Eeaction.) Act of God, By the. In Law; caused by something beyond human control, as a lightning stroke, a hurricane. Actuality. [L. actualis, belonging to an act.] Real existence of some state, quality, or action ; opposed to Potentiality (q.v.), and to that which is Virtual (q,v.). Actuary. [L. actuarius.] 1. In the Roman courts, an officer who drew up contracts and other instruments in the presence of the magis- trate. 2. The registering clerk of Convocation. 3. A calculator of the value of life interests, annuities, etc. Actum est de. [L.] All is over with. Actus non f&cit reum, nisi mens sit rea. In Law ; the act does not make a man a criminal, unless the intention be criminal. Aculeate. [L. aculeus, a sting, sharp point.] {Bot.) Covered with prickles, which are cellular; while thorns or spines grow from the wood, and are stiff shortened branches. Acuminate leaf [L. acumen, a point] has a projecting, tapering point, e.g. the common reed ; Acute being simply pointed. Acupressure. [Med.) The occlusion of an artery by the pressure [L. pressura] of a tteedle [acus] in such' a way as to arrest the circulation through, or the hemorrhage from it. Acupuncture. [Med. ) Pricking [L. punctura] of the affected parts with a needle [acusj, for remedial purposes. Acute disease [L. acutus, sharp] is opposed to Chronic; acute sound or accent io gi-ave ; acute angle is less than, obtuse more than, 90°. AouyarL {Bot.) The wood of the Icica altissitna, a resinous tree of Guiana. Adactyle. [Gr. dneg., SoktCAoj, finger, toe.] Zool.) Without separated toes, as the horse. Adage. [L. adagium.] A proverb. Adagio. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly, leisurely. Adamant. [Gr. dSd^uav, dneg., Sanaa), /tame.] 1. With the Greek poets, the hardest metal, it is not certain what. 2. The diamond. Adamas, both in Gr. and in L., has both meanings. Another form of the word is diamond, through Fr. diamant ; and another is Fr. aimant, a load- stone. Adamantine spar. Brown sapphire. (Co- rundum. ) Adamites. A name applied to sects which, in the early Christian centuries, and again in the twelfth and fifteenth, professed to imitate Adam's primitive state of innocence. Adam's apple. The prominence in men's throats, made by the top front angle of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. (Thyroid. ) Adam's neeSe. (Tuoca.) Adams, Parson. A poor curate and scholar in Fielding's Joseph Andrerus ; type of a thoroughly simple manly Christian. Adam's Peak. A mountain in Ceylon, associated with the name of Adam and of Buddha, whose supposed foot-print, seen near the summit, attracts yearly thousands of pilgrims. Ad amussim. [L.] Lit. to the carpenter's rule; exactly. Adansonia. (Baobab.) Adar. [Heb., {'i) fire, splendour.] Esth. iii., ix. ; sixth month of Jewish civil, twelfth of ecclesiastical year ; February — March. Ve-adar, i.e. additional A. = intercalary month. Adatis. A tine cotton cloth of India. Adawlut, Sudder. (Sudder.) Ad Calendas Oraecas [L., to the Greek Calends], i.e. never. (Calends.) Ad oaptandum. [L., for catching.] Addressed to prejudice, fancy, ignorance, rather than to well-informed reason. Ad oriimenam, Argumentum. [L., argument to the purse.] An argument addressed to one's power of or interest in spending, Adda. Small burrowing lizard (Scincus offi- cinalis), supposed to be remedial in leprosy and all cutaneous diseases. Arabia, Egypt, Nubia. Addendum. [L., a thing to be added.] In mechanics, the distance by which the teeth of a toothed wheel project beyond the pitch circle. Adder. [A.S. naedre, an adder, properly nadder, a swimming or water-snake ; some refer it to A.S. attor, poison ] (Bibl.) Four Heb. words are in the Authorized Version represented by adder or asp. 1. Pethen, the cobra. 2. Sh^phlphon, the cerastes, or horned viper. 3. Akshub, a species of viper. 4. Tsiphonl, cocka- trice (Isa. xi. 8), perhaps the cerastes. Adder's tongue. (Bot.) Ophioglossum vul- gatum, the type of an order of ferns ; so named from the shape of the spike into which the spore-cases are collected. Addicti. (Nezi.) Addiction. [L. addictio, -nem.] In Rom. Law, the assignment of goods or slaves to another by sale or the legal sentence of the prajtor. Addison's disease (described by Dr. Addison, of Guy's Hospital), or Bronzed skin. A state of anaemia, languor, irritable stomach, etc., associated with disease of the supra^renal capsules. Additament. [L. additus, added.] An addition. Addition. [L. additio, -nem.] (Her.) Any mark of honour added to a coat of arms. ADDL II ADM I Addled Parliament. A Parliament of 1614 ; so called because it had passetl no Acts before it was dismissed by James I. (Parliament) Addlings. (A, unwetted, d neg., 8ioiV£tf, / 7c'ct.] A gen. of ferns; so calletl by the Greeks because the leaves are not readily wetted by water. The number of the spec, is very great. (Maidenhair.) AdiaphSrites, -ists. Melanchlhon's party, who assented to Charles V.'s Edict, the Augsburg Interim, a.d. 1548, settling things indifferent [Gr. d^Sidtpopoi] until certain differences could be settled Ijy a Council. AdiaphSrous. [Gr. aSidtpopos.] 1. Indifferent. 2. (ChiMi. and A fed.) Not acting one way or the other, e.g. not as acid or as alkali. Ad intSrim. [L.] In the mean while. Adlp5cere. [L. adeps, fat, cera, 7vax.] A fatty, waxy result of the decomposition of animals in moist places or under water. Adipose tissue. [L. adeps, soft fat, opposed to sebum, hard fat.] An aggregation of minute spherical closed vesicles of fat. Adit. [L. aditus, an approach.] A horizontal entrance to a mine. Adjective. (Substantive, Nonns.) Adjective colours [L. adjeciivus, that which is added] require some base or mordant to fix them for dyeing. Adjustment. (A^aut.) Insurance ; the process by which the net amount receivable under a policy is determined. Adjustment of compass. 1. The rearranging of deranged parts of it. 2. Compensation, i.e. the correction, byv observation, of the error in the deflexion of the needle caused by the attrac- tion of tlie ship, or of objects in her. Adjutant. [L. adjuto, / assist.] An officer, lieutenant or captain, acting as assistant to the commanding officer ; charged with instruction in drill ; with the interior discipline, duties, and efficiency of the regiment ; the control of the staff-sergeants and band ; and having the charge of all documents and correspondence, as well as being the channel of communication for all orders. Adjutant bird. (Arg^a.) Adjutant-General. A field officer or general officer, performing similar but superior duties to those of an adjutant ((j.v.), for a general com- manding either a division ((/.v.) or a whole army. Ad lefines. [L., to the lions.] A cry often raised against those of the early Christians who woukl not sacrifice to the deified Ca;sar. Ad lib., i.e. ad llbhum. [L.] At pleasure. Admeasurement. The art or practice of measuring according to rule. Adminicular. [L. adminTcrdum, a prop, ad, to, nianus, n hand.] Supporting, helping. Admlnlcfilum. \\a., a prop, support.] Generally used = evidence in support of other evidence. Administration, Letters of. 1. Granted by the Probate Court, formerly by the ordinary, to one api>ointed to distribute the effects of an intestate person, 2. In Politics, the A. is the executive power, as distinguished from the constitution ; but is generally used as = the Cabinet or the Ministry. Admirable Crichton. (Crichton.) Admirable Doctor, The. Doctor MlrabTlis, Friar Rojjer IJacon (1214-1292). Admiral. [O.Fr. amirail, Ar. amir, prince, chief.] Formerly often = the leading vessel in a fleet. Admiral ; Vice-A. ; Bear-A. ; A. of Fleet. (Bank.) In the Newfoundland fisheries, the first three vessels to arrive are the A.^ Vice-A., and Rear- A., respectively. Admittatnr. [L.] In some American colleges, a certificate of admission ; let him be admitted. ADMO ADVO Admonitionists. A name denoting those Puritans who, in 1571, sent an ••admonition" to Parliament, condemning everything in the Church of England which did not harmonize with the doctrine of Geneva. Admonitions to Parliament, First and Second. A volume of addresses, drawn up under Cart- wright (1535-1^3), sometime Margaret Pro- fessor at Cambridge, bitterly denouncing Church doctrine and discipline. Bishop Cooper, of Win- chester, answered in an Admonition to the People of England, at Whitgift's suggestion. Admortization. [L. ad, to, mortem, deatk.'\ In feudal times, reduction of property to mort- main (q.v.). Adnata. [L. adnatus, grown to."] (Bot. ) Grow- ing to anything by the whole surface, e.g. an ovary united to the side of a calyx. Ad nauseam. [L.] To a sickening degree ; lit. to sea-sickness [Gr. vavaia, vavi. a skip]. Adobe. [Sp. adobar, Fr. acfouber, to prepare, dress."] A sun-dried brick. Adolescence. [L. adolescentia, adolesce, / grow up."] The period between fourteen in males, twelve in females, and twenty-one years of age. Adonic verse. The last line of a Sapphic stanza, consisting of a dactyl and a spondee. ^ Adonize. To deck one's self like Adonis, the darling of Aphrodite (Venus), who died from a wound inflicted by the tusk of a wild boar. Aphrodite changed his blood into flowers : hence the name Adonis given to a gen. of ord. Ranunculacese. Adopter, or Adapter. (Ckem.) A two-necked receiver, placed between a retort and another receiver, increasing the length of the neck of the retort, and giving more space to elastic vapours. Adoptians, A name given to the followers of some Spanish bishops in the eighth century, who maintained that as to His humanity Christ was only the adopted Son of the Father. — Milman, History of Latin Christianity, bk. v. ch. i. Adoration. (Acclamation.) Adpressed. [Bot.) Brought into contact with- out adhering. Ad quod damnum. [L.] A writ to the sheriff, to inquire to what damage to the king or the public the granting of certain liberties might be. Ad rem, [L., to the thing.] To the purpose, point. AdscititiouB, Ascititious. [L. adscisco, sup. adscitum, / receive, adopt.] Taken in so as to complete ; supplemental. Adflcriptus glehae. [L.] One who is attached to the soil ; a serf. (Villein.) Adsum. [L., / am here.] Answer to one's name at some schools, as at Charterhouse ; '• calling over" or " roll-call." AduUamites. A term applied by Mr. Bright in the session of 1866 to Mr. Horsman and the members who joined him in his objections to the Reform Bill then before the House of Commons ; in reference to the action of David in the cave of AduUam (i Sam. xxii. i, 2). Adulterine guilds. Unchartered trading societies, acting as a corporation and paying annual fines. Adumbration. [L, adumhratio, -nem, an out- line, sketch in shadojo.] An imperfect account. Adunation. [L. adunatio, -nem.] A making into one. Aduncity. [L. aduncTta, -tem.] {Zool.) Hook- edness, crookedness, as in the beak of the eagle or claw of the tiger. Ad unguem. [L.] To a nicety ; lit. to the nail, with which sculptors tested the smoothness of surface in their finished works. Adust. [L. adustus, aduro, J scorch.] Burnt up, scorched. Ad valorem. [L.] In Finance, a term denot- ing the market value of commodities imported and liable to a customs rate, varying according to the quality of the article or the measure of its supply. Advanced guard. A detachment preceding the main body of troops on a march, for the purpose of guarding against surprise. Advanced works. Constructed beyond the glacis of a fortification, but still capable of being defended from the body of the place. Advance money. (A'rt«/.) Wages advanced to a sailor previous to his embarkation. To work up the dead horse is to clear off this advance. Advance note. {Naut.') A written promise to pay a part of a sailor's wages at a given time after his sailing. It was negotiable ; but it ceased to be so after August I, 1 881, by 43 and 44 Vict., c. 16. Adventitious. [L. adventicius, foreign, strange.] 1. Added from without, not inherent in the thing itself; as the dread of an idol. 2. {Bot.) Appearing in an unusual way, e.g. root fibres from the stems of ivy, banyan. 3. (Afed.) Foreign to the stracture or tissue in which it is found. Adventure, Bill of. (Com.) A signed declaration that shipped goods belong to another person who takes the hazard of transport. Adversaria. [L. , i.e. scripta, writings, turned ad versus, taivards one's self.] A commonplace book ; memoranda lying in front of one. Adversifoliate. [L. adversus, opposite, folium, a leaf.] {Bot.) Having opposite leaves. (Alter- nate.) Advertise. [L. ad, to, verto, / turtt.] To give notice or information to. Advertisements of Elizabeth. May, 1566. Injunctions, monitions, for attainment of uni- formity in public worship ; having the force of law, according to Ridsdale judgment. May, 1877; but this decision is questioned, and the matter not unlikely to be reconsidered. Advice. [L. ad, to, visum, opinion, througli O.Fr. k vis, It. avviso.] Commercial and journalistic notice, information. Ad vivum. [L.] To the quick. Advocate. In Theology. (Paraclete.) Advocate, Lord. Chief Crown lawyer in Scotland. Advocates, Ecclesiastical. (Doctors' Commojis.) Advocatus diaboli [L., It. Awocato del diavolo. ] Devil's advocate. One who brings forward every possible objection to a proposed canonization, and is answered by A. Dei ; hence ADVO 13 itSCU = one who brings a charge in order to give ojjportunity of vindication. Advowson. [L. advocatio, -nem, the act or relation 0/ advd€dtus = i^X.xbn\xs.'\ (Eal.) The right in perpetuity to present to a living ; appen- dant, when annexed to land ; in grvss, when it has become separated. AdTnamio illness. [Gr. i ncg., Siy&fus, fmoirJ^ (Mi-ii.) Illness characterized by want of power. Adytam. [L., Gr. &ivroy, not to be trodden.^ The shrine of an ancient temple ; called Secos in the temples of Egypt. Cf. Holy of holies. Adse, Addice. [A.S. adese, an axe ; cf. L. ascia, Gr. iiijivy\.\ Wood too rough, or not con- veniently placed, for planing, is dressed with an A., a mattock-like instrument, with blade arch- ing inwards, the edge being at right angles to the handle. Xohmildtarch. [Gr. euxf^offos, taken with the spear, &pxngs» public works, theatrical performances, games, and markets, and of the registers of legislative measures. There were first two Plebeian /luliles ; afterwards two Curule [q.v.) /E. were added. JEgilops. [Gr. ax-yl\ufif, goat-eyedJ] 1. (Med.) An ulcer in the eve. 2. A grass supposed to have the power of healing this disease. iEgIn5tan marbles. Figures — pre-Phidian — from pedmient of a temple of Athena in /Egina, now restored, in the Glyptotheke at Munich. They represent the goddess and eight chief heroes of the Trojan war. £gis. [Gr. «V»-] The mythic shield of Zeus (Jupiter), covered with the skin of the goat Amalthaa, which had nursctl him, and given by him to Athena, who by fixing on it the head of Medusa gave to it the power of petrifying all who looke.] (Gram.) An element added to the beginning (Prefix) or end (Suffix) of a word. Afflatus. [L.] Inspiration. Affluent. [L. affluentem, part: of afHuo, / flow or stream to.] A smaller or secondary river, flowing into a larger or primary river, or into a lake. An important affluent is called a tributary, as the Drave of the Danube, the Jumna of the CJanges. Afforage. [Fr.] A duty paid in France on the sale of liquors. Afforest. [L.L. foresta, a wood.] To con- vert ground into forest ; the converse being to disafforest. Affreight. [O.H.G. freht, « m^?^.] To hire a ship for conveyance of goods. Afirontee. (Her.) Facing each other. Affusion. [L.L. affusio, -nem, a pouting upon.] Baptism administered by the pouring of water is called baptism by affusion, as distinguished from baptism by immersion, in which the whole body of the baptized is plunged under water. Afore. (iVaut.) Con\.rz.ry oi Abaft (q.v.). A fortiori [L.] All the more; lit. by a stronger argument. Afrancesados. [Sp.] The Spanish party which attached itself to the cause of the French (180S-1814). Afrit. [Ar.] An evil genius in Arabic mythology. (Jin.) Aft. (/Vaut.) I.q. Abaft (q.v.). After-birth. (Placenta.) After-body. (Naut.) That part of a ship which is abaft her greatest width. After-damp. (Fire-damp.) Aftermath. [A.S. aefter, after, ma^S, a mo7ving, mawan, to mo^u ; cf. mead ; L. meto, etc.] The second crop on permanent grass- lands. After-piece. A short, light play, performed after the principal piece of a theatrical enter- tainment. Aga. (Effendi.) Agacerie. [Fr.] Provoking coquetry. Littre refers Fr. agacer, to provoke, to Norm, agasser, to chase away with clamour, hence to irritate. Agallochum. (Aloes-wood.) Agama. Gen. of lizards, giving its name to the fam. Agamtdte, closely allied to, and the Eastern representatives of, the Iguanida: of the western hemisphere. This fam. contains the flying dragons (Draco) of E. India and the Indian Archipelago. Aganu. Gold-breasted trumpeter of .S. America. Gregarious bird, about the size of the pheasant, easily tamed (Psophia crepitans). (PsopMdae.) Agamous. [Gr. ^70^109, umvedded.] (Bet.) Having no visible organs of fructification. AgapsB. [Gr. ayairt), love.] The love-feasts of the early Christian Church. They were held in the church in connexion with the Lord's Supper, but not as a necessary part of it. They were ultimately forbidden on account of the irregularities to which they led. Agapemone. [Gr. fiovi), abode, aydini, love.] A fanatical conventual establishment set up near Bridgewater, about 1849, by " Brother Prince," a clergyman, calling himself Witness of the First Resurrection. AgapetSB. [Gr. i.yairr)T6s, beloved.] (Eccl. Hist.) In the first centuries, women under vows of virginity, who attended on the clergy. Agar. [Malay word.] Edible seaweed. AGAR IS AGNO Agaric. [Gr. ayapiK6v, tree fungus. "l A larpe gen. of fungi, with fleshy cap on a stalk, of which A. cam pest ris, common mushroom, may be taken as a type. Agastria. [(Jr. i n^., yaim^pf a stomach.'] (Physiol.) Devoid of internal digestive cavities. Agate. [L. achates.] 1. (Geol.) Found in R. Achates, Sicily. Chalcedonic nodules and geodes in amygdaloidal lavas. Algerian A. is a calca- reous stalaj^nite. 2. A small printing type. AgathSdcemon. [Gr. h.yoBo'iaxy.vv.\ The good genius or spirit, probably at first only an epithet of Zeus (Jupiter). Ag&Ti. [Gr. kywfls, admirabU."] A gen. of plants ; American ; ord. Amaryllidaceae ; e.g. American aloe. Agenda. [L., things to be done.'\ \. A list of things to be considered at a public meeting. 2. Matters of duty, Credenda being matters oi faith. Age of Beason. The age in which reason is supposed to exclude faith, and which was thought to have been reached by the triumph of the French Revolution. Ager Pnblleiu. [L.^ fhe terntory of the Roman slate acquired by conquest ; Ager Ro- manus being the original territory. Age*, The four. An old tradition represents the existence of mankind as starting with a Golden Age, in which the earth yielded its fruits of its own accord, and pain and sickness were unknown. This was followed by the Silver .•Vge, the men of which were punished for their impiety to the gods. After which came the Brazen and the Iron Ages, each worse than the preceding. Between these two last the Hq»iodic theogony insertetl the Heroic Age, or the age of the heroes who fought at Troy. Agger. [L.] 1. In a Roman camp, the earth dug out from the fossa, or trench, anfl placed on the bank ; on its outer edge was the vallum, or stockade. 2. A mound erected be- fore the walls of a besieged city to sustain the battering engines. Agglomerate. [L. agglomeratus, aggl6mero, / colla:t into a body."] (Geol.) With Lyell = accumulations of angular fragments showered round a volcanic cone or crater Agglomerative langoaget. Such as tend to combine many elcniciiis mlo one long aggluti- nated or inflected word, as the dialects of American Indians. AgglatinatiTe languages. The languages ot the nomadic Turanian tril)es, in which the modi- fying suffixes are glued on to the root. To this family belongs the Basque language of S. France and N. Spain. (Aryan languages. ) Aggregfate. [L. aggr^gatus, flocked together^ 1. .\ mass formed of homogeneous particles clustered together, as distinguished from a com- pound. 2. (Bot.) Flower, one of several florets within one calyx or receptacle, e.g. daisy, chry- santhemum. 3. (Geol.) A rock, the components of which can be separated mechanically, as granite. Aggregate corporations. (Corporations.) Aggregations, Various. Apiary of bees [L, apiariumj. Army of rats. Band of robbers. smu^lers, Be^y of girls, larks, quails, roes. Brood of chickens. Burrow of conies. Clack of women. Clutch of eggs. Colony of rooks, or rookery. Columbary of pigeons [L. colum- barium, a dove-cote]. Covey of partridges [Fr. couvee, broocf]. Crru) of sailors, wretches. Cry of falcons. Drove of horses, asses, camels, pigs, geese. Eyry ((j.v.) of hawks, eagles. Fall of woodcocks. Flight of geese, wild ducks, wood- cocks, starlings. Flock of sheep, geese, turkeys, pigeons, fieldfares, sparrows. Fry of small young fishes, of children [Fr. frai, spawn"]. Gang of workmen, navvies, gipsies, thieves, convicts. Herd of deer, cattle, goats, swine, swans, Horae ot brigands. Kentiel of hounds [Fr. canaille]. Meio (q.v.) of falcons. Muster of peacocks. Nest of wasps, hornets, rabbits. Nide or Nye of pheasants [Fr. nid, L. nidus]. Pack of hounds, wolves, grouse. Plump of spears. Pod of seals, sea-elephants. Prtde of lions. Rascall of hoys. /:"«>«/ of wolves. School of whales. Shoal of fish [A. S. scolu]. Sifge of herons [Fr. siege, a silting]. Singular of boars. Skein of wild geese. Skulk of foxes. Slouth of l)ears. Sounder of wild swine. String of red deer or of horses. Stud of horses, greyhounds. Swarm of msects. IVhisp or IValk of snipes. Vaccary o( cows [L. vacca, a cow]. Vespary of wasps [L. vcspa, a wasp]. VVarrett of rabbits. Kir^ of poultry -agh, -aach. [6/. Erseachadh,y£f/, the avenging deity.] An epithet of Zeus. A l&tire. (Legate.) Alb. [L. a\\ms,7vhi/e.] (Eccl.) A linen vest- ment, fitting closely to the body, and tied by a girdle. Albany. (AIb]m.) Albirium opus. [L.] In Roman architecture prolably a superior kind of stucco. Alb&ta. One of the many white [L. albus] metals made at Birmingham. Alb&ti. [L.] Christian hermits, who came down from the Alps, A.D. 1399, to Italy, dressed in white, living on the highways, sorrow- ing for sins of the age ; dispersed by Boniface IX. Albigenses. Certain religionists, numerous and influential, in and near Alby, .S. France, twelfth century, protesting against Roman cor- ruptions, but charged with Paulioiamsm. Albino. 1. White negro of the African coast ; so named by the Portuguese voyagers. And 2, generally, persons having white skin and hair and redness of eyes, from absence of pigment cells. The same thing is found in cats, rabbits, birds, and elephants. Albinism, the slate of an A. Albion. [L. albus, white, or some Celtic equivalent.] England, said to be so named from the white cliffs seen from the French coast. Albion, New. The name given by Sir F. Drake (1578) to California- Albis, Dominica in. [L., the LoriPs day in white (robes).] A name for Low Sunday, or the Sunday following Easter Day, because then the persons baptized on Easter Eve laid aside their white garments. (Quasimodo.) Albite. [L. albus, luhile.] Soda- felspar. Albflgo. [L., 7vhileness] A dense whitening of the cornea of the eye, generally resulting from an inflammatory attack. Albiun. [L.] In Rome, an official white tablet, on which the Pontifex MaxTmus recorded the events of the year ; or praetors wrote edicts ; or senators' nam«s were enrolled ; hence its modern meaning, a blank book for inscriptions, photv being one nourished at the same breast ; cf. aS(\(t>6s, one from the same womb.] The legend of Scythian women, who removed the right breast that they might use the bow, arose from the error of d being considered privative instead of copulative. Amazon stone. Green felspar from Siberia. Ambarvalia. [L., from ambire arva, to go round the fields. ] Religious feasts of the Romans, in which the victims were led round the fields. They were celebrated by the twelve Arval Brothers (Arvales Fratres), at the end of May. Ambassador. [Fr. ambassadeur.] A foreign minister of the first grade, representing person- ally the dignity of his sovereign, and communi- cating with the sovereign or head to whom he is sent. England sends A. to France, Russia, Austria, the German Empire, and the Sultan. Ambassy. [Hind.] A State kowdah {q.v.), with a canopy. Amber. [Ar. anb'r, introduced at the time of the Crusades.] A fossil resin, washed by the Baltic out of a Tertiary lignite formed of Pinus succTniftra. Also found on east coast of Eng- land, between Southwold and Aldeburgh. Ambergris. [Fr. ambre gris, grey amber.] Found on the sea, or shore, of warm climates chiefly ; a fatty substance, morbid (?), in the in- testines of the sperm whale ; used as a perfume, and to flavour wine. Ambidextrous. [L. ambo, both, dextra, the right hand.] 1. Using the left hand as usefully as the right. 2. Shuffling, untrustworthy, equally ready to take either of two sides. Ambisexual words. [L. ambo, both, sexus, a sex.] Equally applicable to either sex ; so damsel [O.Fr. damoisel, L. dominicellus], girl, man, and L. homo, were all of them originally both masc. and fern. Ambitus. [L.] Of a tone, in Plain song, is its compass ; the ascent and decent between its extreme limits. Ambo. [L., Gr. &ixfiv.] A kind ot pulpit in the choir, from which the choir sang, Epistle and Gospel were read, and sometimes sermons preached. Ambreada. [Fr. ambreade.] Artificial amber AMBR 23 AMMO AmbrSsia. [Gr., immortal.'] The food of the Olympian gods, which preserves them from death. Called by the Hindus Amrita. (Nectar.) Ambrosian Office. One partly composed, partly compiled, by St. Ambrose, at the end of the fourth century ; it withstood all attempts to sub- stitute the Roman order ; confirmed by Alexander VI., 1497- AmbrosuL Early Milanese coin, with figure of St. Ambrose on horseback. Ambrotype. [Gr, in^porot, immortal, tuitoj, /vA"-] "'^ ]>hotographic picture on glass, the lights of which are in silver, and the shades formed by a dark background seen through the glass. Ambry, Almery, Aomery, Aumbry. [Fr. ar- moire, L. armarium, a closet for, L. arma, utensils.] 1. A niche or cupboard near an altar, for utensils belonging thereto. 2. A larger closet for charters, vestments, etc. Amb&baisB. [L.] Syrian singing women, who performed in public at Rome. Ambolance. [Fr.] Hospital waggon follow- ing trr/« [Gr /ao/j^] or structure. Amorphozoa [Gr. &ixopov, an animal.] Sponges, the skeletons of amoebi- form bodies, which invest them when living Sub-kingd. Protozoa. (Amoeba.) Amortissement. [Fr., from amortir, to deaden.] The extinguishing of debt, as by a sinking fund. Amortize. [Fr. amortir, to deaden.] Aliena- tion of lands in mortmain. Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love, often = self- respect. AmpMbalam. (Chasuble.) Amphibia, Amphibians. [Gr. cin<^- /Saica, a kind of serpent going both ways.] (Zool.) Fam. and gen of snake-like, footless, burrowing lizards. .Spain, Asia Minor, N. and Trop. Africa, and Trop. S. America. Amphisoii = living in the Torrid zone, and casting a shadow [Gr. anid] on both sides \a.fi.<^l Rom. = 6. Also as a cinerary urn, Amplezlcaulis, Amplezioanl, [L. amplector, / embrace, caulis, a. stem.] (Bot.) Said of a leaf, which at its base embraces the stem ~, e.g. upper leaves of shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa- pastSris). Amplification. [L, amplificatio, -nem, from amplTfico, / make large.] (A'het.) An enrich- ment of discourse by epithet and image and graphic detail ; word-painting. (Auxetio.) Amplitude. [L. ampiitudo, wide extent.] The angular distance of a heavenly body, when rising or setting, from the east or west points of the horizon. If the angular distance is taken from the magnetic east or west, it is the Magnetic A. Ampulla. [L., cf amphora, a two-handled jar.] 1. A narrow-necked, globular, two-handled bottle, for unguents ; and (£ccl. ) for oil at coro- nations. 2. (Anat.) The globular termination of one of the semicircular canals of the ear. Ampyx. [Gr Sjur-uf.] A head-band or fillet worn anciently by Greek women of rank, i^mrita, (Ambrosia.) Amuck, A Malay, in a mad fit of rage or revenge, runs "amuck," amok, seeking the life of any one he meets, until he is killed by their efforts at self-preservation. Amulet. [L.L. amuletum, Ar. hamalet ='a thing suspended.] A talisman ; a gem, ornament, figure, scroll, etc., worn to avert evil. Oriental, Egyptian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, modem. AMY 25 ANAL Amy. [Ft. tim\, frietu/.] {A'aut.) A friendly alien serving on board ship. Amygdaleee. [Gr. afivySaXov, Fr. amande, almond.] {Bo/.) A sub-ord. of Rosacex, including peach, plum, cherry, etc. ; with fleshy fruit and resinous bark. Amygdaloid. [Gr. ifiiyiaXoi', almond, clScr, shape.] {Geol.) A variety of ijmeous rock, in which are embedded almond-shaped bodies, agate, calcspar, or zeolites, tilling holes once occupied by steam. Amylaoeoos. Of the nature of starch [L. amjlum]. Ana. [Gr. &vi, again.] In prescriptions, or a, = equal quantity. -&na. Originally neut. plu. ; e.g. Scaliger-ana, Renthami-ana, = loose thoughts, sayings, and leading passages of S. or K., collected. Anabaptist. [Gr. ivoBarrl^u, I rebaptize.] 1. One who, denying infant baptism, is for rebaptizing adults. 2. Fanatical lawless sect, sixteenth century, in Germany. An&bas. [Gr. dfa-^atVw, to go up, second nor. part. ai'o/3i»] (Zool.) ferca. scanilcns, clinthng perch. Its pharyngeal bones are so mo.] Star- gazer. {Zoo/.) A gen. of fresh-water fish, about twelve inches long, havmg eyes with double pupils, and frequently swimming with the head out of water. Trop. America. Fam. Cyprlno- dontiada?, nrd. I'hysostomi, sub-cla.ss Tel^ostci. Anacanthlni. [Gr. iviKowOos, without spines.] (Zool.) Ord. of fish without spinous rays to the fins, as the cod and sole. Anacards, or Cashew tribe. (Bot.) An ord. of woody plants, W. Indies and S. America, yield- ing acrid resin, used as varnish ; as sumach, pislachio, mango. Anacharsis, meton. =a traveller. A. a famous Scythian traveller, who visited Athens in the time of Solon ; and the only barbarian who ever received the Athenian franchise (sec Herod., iv, 46, 76). (Seven Rishis.) An&chdretsB, Anchorets. [Gr. afaxofpiyr^t, a thveller apart.] Hermits dwelling alone and apart from society ; a Canobite [KowoSTioi] being one who lives in a fraternity [»tou'(i$ /3(oj, life in common]. AnachrSnism. [Gr. hyaxpovtv^ki^, from ii'a, hack, xpiivos, time.] A confusion of time, repre- senting things as coexisting which did not co- exist ; e.g. ancients painted in modern costume. (Parachronism.) Anaclastics. (Dioptries.) AnacSluthon. [Gr. ivaK6\ov6oi>, not following.] In Gram., a term denoting the want of strict sequence in a sentence, the members of which belong to different grammatical constructions. Anaconda, Anaoondo, Anaconda. {Zool.) One of the largest snakes, non-venomous, killing its prey by constriction. Trop. America. Fam. Pythonidce. Anacreontic verse. An iambic of three a id a half feet, spondees and iambuses, an anapaest being sometimes substituted for the first foot ; that of Anacreon of Teos, an amatory lyric poet, sixth century B.C. Anadem. [Gr. avd^rina, kvwiiiD, I bind or tie up.] A fillet, wre.ith. An&diplosis. [Gr. di'o8firAa»it.] A transcription, copy of a record, etc. Anal. (Zool.) Near the anus ; e.g. anal fin. Analecta. [Gr., from dva-Kiyw, I gather up.] Literary fragm'-'Us, selections. Analemma. [Gr. dviXruiiia, a thing taken up.] \. The orthograjihic projection of the great sphere on the plane of a meridian or of the solstitial colure {q.v.). 2. An astrolabe {qv.). 8. = L. .substnictio, a base ; e.g. for a-sun-dial. Analeptics. [Gr. dvd\riitriK6$, Jit Jor restor- ing.] Restorative medicine or diet. Anal glands. In Comp. Anat., organs, pre- senting every grade of glandular structure, secreting substances, sometimes attractive, as in the civet ; sometimes repulsive, and applied to purposes of defence ; e.g. the sweet fluid ejected ANAL 26 ANCII by some aphids, the acrid vapour of ' ' bom- bardiers," the inky fluid of some molluscs. Analogue. [Gr. dvaXoyos, proportionate^ A term indicating general organic similarity : the tapir is an A. of the elephant ; a gill, of a lung. Sometimes, less strictly used, as the "wing" of a bat ; but the wing of a bird, compared with an arm or with the paddle of a whale, is a Homologue \i>^6Kofoi, agreeing^ a relatively similar development. Analogy. [Gr. ivaXort^cL, proportion.^ 1. A method of argument founded on similarity of relations, where induction is not complete. 2. Title of Bishop Butler's work in defence of re- vealed religion. 3. Proportion : the equality or similarity of ratios ; thus, the ratio of 2 lbs. of butter to 3 lbs. is equal or similar to the ratio of 4 in. to 6 in., consequently the two ratios form an analogy or proportion. ^^^' Analysis. [Gr. ivaXvini, d va-\it», ^^^oose. ] 1. Resolution of a whole, logical o^^Becial. into its parts ; opposed to Synth^sis^^vQfffa, from ancilla, a handmaid.'] Sub- servient to ; assisting. AnoipitaL [L. anceps, ancTpTtis, an fur amphi, jh both sides, caput, a head.] {Mot.) Two-edged, compressed, so as to form two op- posite angles or edges , e.^. stem of iris. Anclpltii flsAi. (Contraband.) Aneon. [Gr. kyKu>v, a hent arm.] 1. A comer or quoin ol a wall. 2. A bracket support- ing a corriice. Aneony. [Gr. dyKAf.] A bar ot' iron un- « rought at the ends. Anctfra. [It. i.a. Fr. encore, once more, lit. (j this hour; L. hanc hdram.] A call for the repetition of a song. Andabatiam. [L. andib&ta, a gladiator, who wore a helmet without holes for the eyes.] Lit. blindfold hghting ; uncertainty, wild argu- ment. Andante. [It.] Going, ue. evenly ; (Mus.) in rather .-low time. Andirons, also written Aondirona and Hand- irons. Fiie-dogs. An ornamental standard of iron, with a cross-bar, used to support the logs of a woor. k neg., ttntpa, bowels.] Having no alimentary canal. Aneroid barometer. [Gr. & neg., vi\p6s, wet, «l8oT, form, as not making use of mercui-y.] A cylindrical metallic box, partially exhausted of air, with a top made to yield very easily under varying external pressure ; the motion of the top is transmitted to a pointer which shows its extent, and therefore the variation in the atmospheric pressure producing it. AnSthnm. (Anise.) Aneurism. [Gr. iivfvpv. 1350 to 1550, the reign of Edward VI. 5. Modern English, from A.D. 1550 to the present day. Dr. Morris gives a somewhat different division : — i. A.D. 450 to 1 100. 2. A.D. 1 100 to 1250. 3. A.D. 1250 to 1350. 4. A.D. 1350 to 1460. 5. A.D. 1460 to the present time ; under the titles of English of the First Period ; of the Second Period, etc. (Morris's English Accidence, p. 48). Angdla cat ; A. goat. (Angora.) Angdra cat. [Gr. 'AyKvpa, now Angora, in Asia Minor.] Variety of cat, with long silky fur, and frequently with eyes of different colours. Felis catus Angorensis (Linnaeus, Buffon). Angdra cloth. Made from the silky wool of the goat of Angora, ancient Ancyra, Asia Minor. (Tentmaker.) Angora goat. (A. cat.) Variety of goat, with long silky hair, generally white. ^igostura bark ; A. bitters. The bark of the Gulipea cusparia, a S. American tree, common around Angostura, in Columbia. Angsana. A red gum from Hindostan, like dragon's blood. Angfuilla. [L. dim. of anguis, snake, Gr. i-yxi\vs, eel.] Gen. of fish, as the common eel ; only gen. found in fresh water of fam. Muraenidae, ord. Physostomi, sub-class TeleostSi. Anguis. [L., Gr. ^x'^-l {Zool.) Properly a snake of the constrictor kind ; but designating a gen. of footless lizards, as A.* fragilis [L.., fragile], the blind-worm, fam. Scincldse. Angular velocity. The rate at which a body turns round an axis. Ang^. Division of Scotland, from Saxon to Stuart periods, nearly coincident with County Forfar. Angfusticlave. The tunic of the fequites, with narrow [L, angustus] purple stripe [clavus] ; opposed to Laticlave [latus, broad], that of the senators. Anhelation. [L. anhelo, I pant ^ Difficulty of breathing. Anhydride. [Gr. dj/ neg., vSponS'fis, watery.] Any oxygenated compound, which by reaction with the elements of water forms an acid. Anhydrotis. [Gr. &v-v^pos, wanting water.] Deprived of, or not containing, water. An anhydrous acid is called an anhydride. Anient. In the Indian rivers, a dam with bottom sluice, which regulates irrigation. Aniline. [First obtained from indigo, Ar. an nil.] A colourless liquid, the source of many brilliant dyes ; which, or some of which, readily absorb moisture from the air, so that the dyed substances keep moist. Anima mundi. [L., the soul of the 7vorld.] With some early philosophers, a force, not material, but of the nature of intelligence, the source of all sentient life. Anime, or African copal. A gum -resin ob- tained from an African tree, Trachylobium Hornemannianum ; nat. ord. Leguminosoe. Animus. [L., intent.] In libel, malicioug purpose. Animus fiirandi. [L.] The intention of stealing. Anion. [Gr. avi-xv, going tip, from d.vi, up, and Uvai, to go.] The element which goes to ANIS 29 ANON the positive pole, when a substance is decom- posed by electricity. (Cation.) Aniae, or Aniseed. [Ar. anisun, Gr. anaoy and atnjdoy.] Fruit of Pimpinella anisum (nat. ord. Uml)ellifen)e), which is among the oldest of medicines and spices ; aromatic stimulants and carminative ; used as a cattle medicine. Anisette. [Fr.] A cordial flavoured with afiisir(/. Anisddaotyla. [Gr. &>>1/.) Having an uneven numl)er of toes, as the feet of the horse among Ungulata. Anjoo. Old province of France, capital Angers. Anlaee. A short dagger, worn in the four- teenth and fifteenth centuries. Annandale. The larger and eastern part of Dumfriesshire, from Norman to Stuart periods ; the less and west part being Nithsdale. Annat. [L. annus, a year.\ A half-year's stipend due by Scotch law, A.D. 1672, to a minister's next of kin, not to his estate, after his death. Annates [L. annus, a year], or Fint-frnits. A moiety of the full value of one year's profits at firstof every vacant bishopric, afterwards of every other vacant benefice also, claimed by the pope, as a beneficiary fee ; afterwards by Henry VHI. ; given by Queen Anne to the Governors of Q. A. B. (q.v.), for augmentation of the maintenance of poor clergy. The valuation is that of Liber Regis (,/.r.), A.D. 1535. Annmling. [O.E. annelan, to kindle.] 1. The melting and gradually cooling of glass or metal, to remove brittleness. 8. The heating of glass or tiles, to fix colours. Annelids. [Fr. annelides, id., from L. inellus, dim. of anulus, a ring.] {Zoo/.) Annulose, or ringed worms, dislimtJy segmented, as leeches and earth-worms. AnnaT- [L. annexus, part, of annecto, / join on to.] 1. A room or gallery adjoining a larger covere. be/ore daylight [antd lucem]. Antenate. [L.] JSom before the union of English and Scottish crowns (James 1.), and so not English in law ; post-nate, born after, i.e. claiming the rights of native English. Antenicene. Before the Council of Nice or Nica;a, in Bithynia, A.D. 325. Antepagment. [L. antepagmentum.) Door- ways or architrave of doorway. Antepaschal. Relating to the time before Easter [riao-xa, the Passover]. Antepast. A foretaste [L. ante, before, pastus, a feeding]. Antependium. [L. ante, before, pendeo, to hang.] The frontal or covering of the altar, in churches, usually made of cloth, silk, or velvet, and embroidered. Antepenultimate. [L. ante, before, paene, a/most, ultimus, the last.] The last but two ; '■ generally said of a syll. or a letter. I Antepllani. [L.] In the Roman legion, the I Hastati and Principes, as being drawn up I before the Triarii, who were armed with pila, i long spears. I Anteport. Outward gate or door [L. porta], j Anterides. [Gr., props.] (Arch.) Buttresses. Antero-postSrior. P'orwards from behind ; I e.g. compression of the skull. Antesignani [L.] In the Roman legion, the ! Hastati, as standing in front of the standards ; [ante signa]. Anteversion. [L. anteversio, -nem.] (Med.) The tilting forwards of a part which is naturally in- ferior. Retroversion, the /Jar^war^ and downward depression of a part naturally superior. Antevert. [L. antSverto, / go before, place before.] Prevent. Anthelion. A bright spot, connected with a halo, nearly opposite to the sun [Gr. avO^Kio^]. Anthelix. [Gr dj/flfAtl.] Antihclix, the 1 curved ridge of the external ear within the helix (q.v.). j Anthelmintic. [Gr. (Xfiivs, a worm.] (Med.) \ Destroying or removing worms. Anthem. (Antiphon.) I Anthemis. [Gr. avOifiU, chamomile.] (Bot. ) A gen. of plants, ord. Compositae, of which the Chamomile (q.v.) (A. nobilis) is the type. Anther. [Gr avQ7)p6s, flo^very.] (Bot ) That part of the stamen which is filled with pollen j the pollen -case. Antheridia. [Dim. coined from anther] (Bot.) Organs of Cryptogamous or flowerless plants, .supposed to represent anthers of Phanerogamous or flowering plants. Anthesterion. [Gr. avdeffrripi^v.] Eighth Attic month, beginning 197 days after summer solstice. Antho-. [Gr. ivOos.] Flower. Anthocarpous. (Bot.) Having powers [&v0os] a.ndfruit [Kopirds] in one mass, as the pine-apple. AnthSdium [Gr. avedSris, like flowers], or ANTII 31 ANTI C&pltaium [L., lulle head\ {Bot.) The head of flowers of a composite plant, as daisy, aster, chamomile. AnthSlitM. [Gr. 'Mos, aJUnver, XiOos, stone.\ {Geo!.) Fossil inflorescence ; e^. of the Carboni- ferous period. AnthSlSgiom. [Gr. avBoXoyia, a nosegay.'] In the Greek Church, a book, in two six-monthly parts, containing the offices sung through the year on special festivals. Anthology. A collection by an editor of Greek epigrams and other short poems ; the first known being that of Meleager, circ. B.C. loo. There are also others, Arabic, Indian, Persian, Chinese, etc. Antholysis. [Gr. ivdoi, a flower, Xuffir, a re- solving.] (Bty/.) Defined by Dr. Lindley, *' the retrograde metamorphosis of a flower ; as when carpels change to stamens, stamens to petals, petals to sepals, and sepals to leaves, mure or less completely." Anth&riflnuB. [Gr. iy^opitrnSsf from iyrl, against, iplCw, I define. ] (Khet.) A counter- definition. AnthdzSa. [Gr. tu^s, a florwer, ^Smv, an animal. \ {Zool.) I.q. Actlnozoa (Actinia), corals and sea-anemones, sub-kingd. Crelent^rata. Anthrteita [Gr. &y0pa{, coal, charcoal]. Blind- tool, Glante-coal, A black, light, lustrous sub- Stance, burning slowly, withtmt flame, with intense heat ; a natural carbon, formed by pres- sure and heat from coal, AnthracStheriom. [Gr. tiv9p9\, coal, Ojipiof, a wild beast.\ (Geol.) An cxtmct pachyderm, near to swine ; its remains first found in Ligurian brown coal or lignite. Anthrax. [Gr. tj^Opa^, coal, a carbuncU\ A malignant lx)il ; a carbuncle. Anthropography. [Gr. &»^p«iro}, man, yp6/pv, 1 7iriU.\ A description of the physical character of man ; his langiiage, customs, distribution on the earth, etc, Anthropdlatra. [Gr. tuSptt'Tos, man, \eerptid, nvrshi/i.] M,inu«.] Antl-baochitis. (Bacchlos.) Anti-burghers. (Burghers.) Antical, Antioous. [L. anticus, that which is before.] (Bot.) Placed in the front part of a flower, i.e. furthest from the axis. Antiohlore. [Gr. ivri, against, and chlorine (f/.-'.).] Any substance use\oyiar6s, set on fire.] Checking inflammation. Antiphon. [Gr. cwTi. hanging first and trying afterwards. Antipope. One who assumes the office of pope in the Latin Church without a valid election. The antipopes belong chiefly to the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Antipyretic. [Gr. irvpfT(ii,/ever.] Remedying fever. Antiqultas sseciili, jiiventus mnndi. [L.] Ancient times were the world's youth ; what is very old to us is very young in the history of the world. Antirfhlntmi, Snapdragon. (Bot.) A gen. oi plants which has, as it were, two noses [pivn] opposite, in allusion to the shape of the flowers. Ord. Scrophulariacese. Antiscii. [Gr. ainltTKio^, throwing a shado70, (TKti, the opposite 7vay.] Living on opposite sides of the equator. Antiscorbutic. Preserving from scurvy [scor- butus] (q.v.). Antiseptic. Preventing putrefaction [Gr. aifwm, I male rotten]. Antispast. A four syll. foot, « «, •= iambus -|- trochee, and so, one drawn in d'./' ferent directions [Gr. avriiriraffTos] ', as Alex- ander, reducetur. Antistasis. [Gr.] A party, faction, political opposition. Antistes. [L., one who stands before another J] Chief ]niest, prelate. Antistrophe. (Strophe.) Antithesis. [Gr., opposition, change, trans- position.] 1. Contrast, in word or sentiment, as " solitiidinem faciunt, pacem appellant." 2. In Gram., change of letter, as illi for oUi. (Meta- plasm.) Anti-trades. Winds extending from the trade- wind regions to near the poles ; very variable ; but their general direction is towards the poles. In the N. regions, S.W. currents of air prevail, called the S.IV. Anti-trades ; in the S. regions, the prevalent winds are from the N.W., forming the N. IV. Anti-trades. (See a useful manual of Physical Geography by S. Skertchly.) Antitype. [Gr. avrirviros.] Answering to the type or figure [tuitos] , as ' ' Christ our Pass- over" (i Cor v.). Antizymic. [Gr. ^vri, against, (vfii), leaven.] Preventing fermentation. Antiers. [Cf Fr. andouiller and entoillier, the first horns, (?) ante, before, ceil, eye (vide Littre).] The male Cervidse, or true deer (and, in the case of the reindeer, the females also) have solid bony horns or antlers, shed yearly. Beginning with a single "dag," they add a fresh "tine," or " tyne," on each renewal till the eighth year, after which the additions are less regular. (Deer, Stages of growth of.) Antoecians. [Gr. wtI, and oIkos, a house.] In Geog., those who live under the same meridian but on opposite parallels of latitude. Antonine, Itinerary of. An ancient geo- graphical work, giving the distances on all the provincial roads, and from post to post, through-' out the whole Roman empire. (Itinerary.) Antonines. Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor, and his successor, M. Aurelius A. ; types of good ANTO 33 APLU rulers (a.d. 138-180) ; reign of first peaceful, of second victorious. Antonine, Wall of. From Firth of Clyde to Firth of Forth ; built about A.D. 140. Ant6ii5maaUu [Gr.] The use of an epithet, patronymic, etc., instead of a proper name, as the " Son of Peleus," the "Iron Duke," the ••Sick Man," for Achilles, Wellington, the Turkish sultan. Antony, Cross of St. (Cross.) Antony, Fire of St, A name for erysipelas. Antrufitions. Among the Franks, personal dependents of the kings and counts ; so called, beyond doubt, from the trust placed in them. They were also known as Fideles, faithful, and Leudes, people. An&bis. An Egyptian deity, Kneph, with the body of a man and the head of a dog. Anas. [L.] The opening at the lower ex- tremity of the alimentar)' cinal. Anyersois. The inhabitants of Antwerp [Fr. Anvers]. Aonlan. 1. Boeotian, AonTa being part of Bceotia. 2. Belonging to the Muses ; Mount Hdicon, and its inspiring fountain, Aginippe, in Aonia, being sacred to the Muses. A5rist. {Gr.iipiffTOi, indefinite.] In Gram., the tense which leaves undefined the time of the action denoted by it. Aorta. [Gr. dopr^, itlpw, /raise.] The main trunk of the arterial system, from which every artery of the body arises, except those which supply the lungs. A ontranee. [Fr.] To the uttermost, Ap. \Vtl>h prefix to names = son o/| as in Ap Thomas, I'-rice (.\p Rhys), P-ugh (.Ap Hugh). Apagogical argtunent [Gr. ii,if«ymyti, in the sense of a Uading nzi'ay, not = abduetion in scientific logic] I'roves indirectly, by proving that the contradictory is impossible, e.g. Euclid, bk. iii. 9, 10, II, etc. Apanage. (Appanage.) Apantluopy. [Gr. dwcuf$p6twla, from dir6, from, ivOpw-rrof, f/itin.] Aversion to society. Apateon. [Gr-dvarict, /deceizv.] {Geol.) One of the oldest known salamandroid Amphibia from the coal measures. (Batraehia.) Apatite. [Gr. airarcU«, / deceive.] Native phosphate of lime, frequently found in greenish six-sided jirisms, and resembling other minerals. Apatfiria. [Gr. dvarovpia, from i = &na, to- gether, and narpid ; cf. Adelphi ; Amasons.] An Athenian festival, denoting the meeting of the people in their Phratries. (Phratry.) Apanme. [Fr. paume, /a/w.] {Her.) Having a hand opened, so as to show the whole palm. A-peek, A-peak, i.e. on peak. (Naut.) When a ship is directly over her anchor it is A-peek. Short-stay P. and Long-stay P. when the cable is in a line with the fore and main stays respec- tively. Apellaans. (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of the second t:entury, who are said to have maintained that the Ixxiy of Christ perished at His ascension. Apetalons [Gr. d neg., ni-r^Mv, a leaf] flowers = having calyx, as anemone, but not corolla ; or having neither, as in willows. AphssrSsis. [Gr. dxpcdptcris, a taking- a^nay.] In Gr., the cutting out of a letter or syll. at the beginning of a word. (Metaplasm.) Aphaniptera. [Gr. d neg., aiv(n, I sho^c, m-tpov, a li'ing.] (Entom.) Ord. of insects with no perceptible wings, as fleas. Aphasia. [Gr. d neg., ^xkffis, a saying.] Loss of memory for the names of things, which things are, nevertheless, in themselves as well understood as before. Aphelion. [Gr. air6, from, {JA/or, the sun.] The point of a planet's orbit most distant from the sun. Aphemia [Gr. d neg., ^^/xti, a speaking], i.Aa(rroi'.] The carved stem, with its ornaments, of a Roman ship. APNCE 3* APOT Apnoea. [Gr. i-irvota, from i neg., inr4to, I breathe.\ A suspension of respiration, in real or apparent death. Apocalypse. [Gr. inoKiXv^ii, an unveilin^.'\ The title of the last of the canonical books of the New Testament The term Apocalyptic litera- ture is applied to works treating of this book. Apocalyptie writings, The. Portions of Scripture which teach by visions, like in character to the Apocalypse ; as Daniel and 2 Esdras. The A. number is 666 (Rev. xiii.), Apooarpous pistiL [Gr. o.ic6, mvay from, Kapir6s, fruit.] {Bot.) One in which the carpels (q.v.) remain distinct; e.g, ranuncvilus. (Syn- carpons.) Apocope. [Gr. intoKoirf), a cutling off.] (Gram.) Loss of the beginning, more often of the end, of a word. (Hetaplasm.) Apocrisiarius. [Gr. k-ttiKfivis, an ansioer, decision.] (Eccl. Hist.) The representative at the imperial court of a foreign Church or bishop ; at length = papal nuncio. Apocrypha. [Gr. i.it6Kpv^aL, things hidden.] Claiming to be in the canon, but put away ; or as " read not publicly, but in secret " (Preface to A., 1539). Apocrypha of Hew Testament. Tlie Psendo- Gospels, or Apocryphal Gospels. (Gospels.) Apode, Apoda. [Gr. ivovs, gen. &7coSos, foot- las.] A term which has been variously used : with Cuvier, = the eel family ; ^vith others, = sand-eels ; with some old authors, the Ophio- morpha, including Crecilioe ; with Mr. Darwin, one of the orders of Cirripedia ; with others, again, some worm-like animals linking the worms to Echinoderms. It has also been applied to some intestinal worms, etc. Birds of paradise were so called, when known only by their skins. Apodictic [Gr. airoSf(KT, I strike off or do7i'n.] A sudden extravasation of blood or serum in the brain, characterized by loss of sensation and voluntary motion. Aposidpesis. [Gr,] A figure in Rhetoric, by which a sentence breaks off abruptly, leaving the hearer or reader to supply the rest, as, *' Quos ego — Sed " (Virgil), Apostasy. [Gr. atrSffraan.] Defection ; fall- ing away from a faith or an allegiance. Aposteme. [Gr, dirJo-Tijyuo, an interval.] A separation of purulent matter, an abscess ; corr. into Apostume and Imposthume. Apostil. A marginal to a book or document. (Fr, apostille, a = ad, and post ilia, sc. verba.] (Postil,) Apostle spoon. Of old silver : the handle ending in the figure of an Apostle ; generally presented at christenings. Apostles, (Naut.) (Knight-heads.) Apostolical Canons, and (2) Ap. Coostrtntions. Two collections — (?) Antenicene, authorship unknown — of rules concerning Christian duty. Church constitution, government, ministry, worship ; the latter ascetic, and exalting the priesthood excessively. Apostolical Majesty, His. A title of the King of Hungary, who is also called Emperor of Austria. Pope Sylvester II. so named St. Stephen, first King of Hungary, after his con- version ; crowned A.D. ICX)0. Apostolic Fathers, i.e. contemporary with, or living just after, the apostles ; they are five : Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hernias, Ignatius, Polycarp. ApostoUci. (Apotactici.) Apostrophe, [Gr.] 1. (Rhet.) A sudden breaking off from the previous method of an address, in order to address, in the second person, some person or thing absent or present, 2. (Gram.) The mark (') of a letter or letters omitted ; as o'clock. Apotactici. [Gr. airoraffffofiat, I renounce], ApostolicL A sect of the third century, revived in the twelfth century ; they professed to renounce marriage, wealth, etc. Apothecium, [Gr. diroO-fiKri, a store-house.'] APSE {Bot. ) A flat disc, containing the asci of lichens ; often called a Shield. Apotheosis. [Gr.] Deification. Apotome. [Gr.] In Geom., the difference between two lines represented by numbers, one or both of which are quadratic surds. Apozem. [Gr. anco^tyLO, from kiti, from, off, ^(w, I hoiL'\ A decoction. Appair, v. a. to impair, and v.n. to become worse. [Fr. k pire, to rivrse.] Appalement. [Fr. palir, io grow pale.'\ De- pression, from fear. Appanage. [L.L. appanagium, an allaioance for bread {^iix{\%).\ (Feud.) An allowance to the younger branches of a sovereign's house from the revenues of the country. A district thus con- ferred was called panagium. Apparel. [ Preserving the meaning cA prepara- tion in Fr. appareil, appareiller, to make things ///a/<^rn columns, or brackets. Appian Way. Made by Appius Claudius the censor, A. U.C. 442, from the Porta C&pena, at Rome-, through the Pontine Marshes to C^pua ; afterwards extended to Brundusium (Brindisi). Applegath's machine. The first vertical- cylindrical printing-machine ; used for the Times since 1S4S. Apple, Prairie. (Bread-root.) Apples of Sodom. (Sodom, Vine of.) Applique. [Fr.] In needlework, a pattern cut out from one foundation, and applied to another. Appoggiatnra. [It. appogiare, to lean upon.] (Music.) A note of grace or embellishment, leant upon, and borrowing one-half from the time of the more important note which it precedes, and with which it is now very often written as incor- porated. It differs from the Acciatura [It. acciare, to minee], which is simply a grace note, without any recognized time. Appraise. [Fr. apprecier, L. pr^tium, value.] 1. To value goods sold under distress (g.v.). 2. To praise. Apprecation. [L. apprCcor, / ivorsAip.] Earnest prayer. Apprehension, Simple. [L. apprehensio, -nem, a seizing on.] (Log.) The notion of objects as received by the mind. It is said to be incomplex when it is of separate objects ; complex when of objects related to each other. Apprentice. [Fr. apprendre, ib Awrw.] (Leg.) Formerly a barrister under sixteen years' stand- ing ; after which he might be a Serjeant-at-law. Appropriation. [L. adpropriatio, -nem, from proprius, proper.] (Eccl.) Perpetual annexa- tion of a benefice to a corporation sole or aggre- gate, i.e. a parson, college, etc Impropriation [improprius, unsuitable], the holding by a layman of the profits of ecclesiastical property. Appropriation Claiues, The. An expression common in the discussions in Parliament, 1833- 38, referring to certain proposed methods of dealing with the Irish Church temporalities. Approver. In Law, one who, being arraigned for treason or felony, confesses the iixlictment, and takes an oath to reveal all treasons or fe- lonies known to him as committed by others. Approximations, Successive. A series of numlx;rs which approach more and more nearly to the actual numerical valueof a quantity ; thus, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is expressed more and more nearly by the following numbers : — 3, y, ^{J, etc. , and these are .S. A. to its actual value. Appni. [Fr., L.L. appodiare, to support, p6«liuni, an clei'ated place, a balcony, \ A support. Appurtenances. (Law.) Things belonging or appertaining to another thing as princijwl. Apret moi (noos) le deluge. [Fr.] jt/ter mu (us) the fhwl. A prime. [L.] Lit./n?/;/ the first. A princlplo. [L.] 1-rom the beginning. A priori [L.] reasoning is from the former, i.e. the known fact, principle, law, intuitive con- ception, to the result; so from knowledge of astronomy an eclipse is predicted. A posteriori, from the latter fact or event, etc., we reason back to its cause ; as from the fact of an eclipse^ to its cause and explanation. Apron, or Stomach-piece. (Naut.) A strength- ening timber, shaped to fit the sides of the bows, scarfed to the fore dead-wood knee (q-v), slanting upwards, and fitting to the stem above the end of the keel. A propos de bottes. [Fr.] Lit. in reference to boots = having no connexion with the matter. Aps&ras. [8kt. apa, L. aqua, water.] The Nymphs of the Rig Veda. Apse, Apsis, or Absis. [Gr. ^i^^t, an arch.] 1. (Arch.) The end of the choir of a church, whether it be circular, polygonal, or even rect- angular. In the early Christian churches, the bishop's throne was placed in the apse behind the altar, and upon the axis of the church. Usually the word is taken to mean any polygonal termi- nation of a building. 2. (Astron.) A point in APSl 36 ARBI a planet's orbit vvliere it moves at right angles to the radius vector; the apses are the aphelion and perihelion, and the line joining them is the line of apsides. Apsidal. Belonging to an apse. Apsides, Line of. (Apse.) Apteral. [Gr. &. neg., tmp6v, a w{ng.'\ {Arch.) A building without lateral columns, and th.Qxe{ot:e not peripteral {q.v.). Apterous. [Gr. fi-irrtpos, un-winged.l Wing- less, as the kiwi, or apteryx of New Zealand, among birds, and the flea among insects. Apteryx. (Gr. k neg., irripv^, wing.} {Zool.) Fam. and gen. of birds, about two feet high, with brown, hair-like plumage, arid rudimentary wings. Kiwi, New Zealand. Ord. Struthiones. Aptote. (Gr. iirrarroy, not fallen or declined.] In Gram., a noun without distinction of cases ; '.ndeclinable, Apuleias. (Golden ass.) Apyretie. [Gr. « neg., iruperdj, fever."} Free from fever. Apyrous. (Gr. txi/por, from & neg., irvp,fire.} Incombustible, unsmelted. Aquafortis, [l^, strong water.} Nitric acid. A. xeg^a, a mix,ture of one of nitric acid, to two or more of hydrochloric acid ; royal water, because dissolving gold, the king of metals. A. Toffana (prepared by a woman so named), or Aquetta, Iittl£ water, a celebrated jroison used in Rome about the end of the seventeenth century ; (?) a solution of arsenic. Aqua manna, {h., sea-water.} Aqttamarim, some blue and sea-green varieties of beryl (q.v.). Aquam perdere. [L.] To lose time; lit. M^r ■amter of the water-clock, Clepsydra (q.v.), which regulated the length of speeches. Aquarius. (L.] The water-bearer; the eleventh sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun moves in January and February. Also, one of the twelve Zodiacal constellations. Aquatinta. (L. aqua tincta, water-dyed.} A mode of etching on copper, producing imitations of drawings ia India ink, bister, and sepia. Aque. {Cf Aeon.] A Rhine boat with flat sides and bottom. Aqueous humour of the eye occupies the anterior chaaiber of the eye, i.e. the space between the cornea and the front of the lens. Aqueous rocks. In Geol., rocks derived from the action of water. These include the whole series of fossiliferous rocks in all parts of the ■world. Aquils. (L. for ierdifiara, parts adortted ■zvith (Gr.afToi) eagles.} (Arch.) The pediment of a Grecian temple. Aquila non (»pit muscas. [L.] An eagle does not catch flies. Aquilegia. [L., water-gatherer, in the hollow of its leaves.] (Bat.) Columbine, a gen. nearly related to aconite ; ord. Ranunculaceae. Aquilo. [L., root ^-sharpness.} The north wind. Aquitaine. Old province of France, S. of Brit- tany and Anjou. -ar. [Indo-Europ.] 1. Name or part name of rivers = flowutg (?), e.g. Ar-ar, Ar-ay, Ar-bach, Tam-ar, Aar(?). 2. Celtic = at,on,e.g. Annorici, on (by) the sea, Armagh, on the plain, Aries (Ar-laeth), on the marsh. Arab, Street. A homeless child in a city. Araba. In Turkey, plain rough cart, or box, on four wheels, drawn by bullocks. Arabesque. Properly of an Arabian or Saracenic style, in which the decorations of walls consist of fruits, flowers, and foliage, curiously interlaced. But the term is also ap- plied to styles more or less resembling it, which existed long before the rise of the Saracenic. Arabian Nights' Tales. (Thousand and One Nights.) Arabii. An Arabian sect in Origen's time, who believed the soul to be dissolved with the body by death, but given back at the resurrection. Arabin. Chief constituent in gum-arabic. Arabo-Tedesco. [It., Arab-German.} A term sometimes used to denote Byzantine art, and the combination of Moorish and Gothic art in N. Italy. Araxiem, or A roidea. {Bat.) An ord. of plants, of which arum is the type gen. Arachis. [Gr. a neg., paxts, a backbone.} [Bot.) A plant, ord. Legumin., cultivated in warm parts of America, Asia, Africa ; which matures its pea-like, oily, edible fruits underground. American name, Mandubi ; also called Pea-nut or Monkey -nitt. Arachne. [Gr., a spider.} A Lydian girl, changed to a spider for vieing with Athena in weaving ; meton., a good weaver. Arachnldae. [Gr. dpdxv-n, a spider; cf. L. aranfia. ] (Zool. ) Class of Annulosa or Arthro- poda, including mites, spiders, and scorpions. Aneostyle. [Gr. dpoKJo-TuAos, with columns far apart.} (Arch.) A building, of which the columns are separated from each other by four or five diameters. Araeosystyle. (Arch) A building in which the columns are arranged in pairs, with space of three diameters and a half between the pairs. Aragonite. (Min.) Prismatic carbonate of lime ; abundant in a ferruginous clay in Aragon. Arak, Arrack, Araki, Haki. [Ar. arak = exudation^ A spirit distilled from various sub- stances — fruits, rice, palm sugar ; but principally from the juice of the Areca palm. Aramaic languages. The northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, which includes the Chaldee and Syriac dialects. Araneous. [L. aranSosus, aranea, a spider ; cf. Gr. dpc£x'''?-] Cobweb-like, e.g. the membrane enclosing the crystalline humour of the eye. Arango. [Native name.] A rough carnelian bead, used in trading with Africans. Arare litus. [L.] UxX., to plough the sea-shore ; to labour in vain. Arbalist. [O.Fr. arbaleste, cross-bow, L. arcubalista.] Cross-bow formed of a wooden stock with a bow of steel, and fired by means of a small lever. Arbiter bibendi. [L.] Master of the drinking- feast. (Symposiarch.) Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] A master of the ceremonies ; an authority on matters of etiquette and taste. ARBO 37 ARCH Arbor. (Shaft) Arbor DiansB. [ L. for tree of Diana, f>. silver.] Tree-shaped crystals of silver. Similar crystals of lead are called arbor Saturni [L., tree of Saturn\. Arboretoin. [L.] A place set apart for the special cultivation of trees [arbores] of diiferent kinds. Arborization. A tree-like appearance; of blooels, or in minerals, etc. Arbor vltSB. [L.] {Bot.) Thuja, a gen. of trees, ord. Conlfcra;, allied to the cypress; evergreens, with compressed or flattened branchlets. Arboscolar. Like a shrub or small tree [L. arbusciila]. Arbfttus. [L.] {^Bot.) A gen. of evergreen shrubs, ord. Ericeae ; its fruit a rough lierry with five many-seeded cells. A. iin^do, the straw- berry-tree, is a characteristic feature of the rocks at Killamey. Arc. [L. arcus, a boruK^ A portion of a curved line ; as an arc of a circle. Sometimes called an Arch. Arc&dSs ambo. [L.] Virgil, Eel. viL 4, both Arcadians; simple shepherds, both of them; often used unfavourably, a pair of them. Arcadia, The Coanten of Pembroke's. Sir riiilip Sidney's romance, published A.D. 1590. Arcadian simplicity, etc. Like that of Arcadia, in Peloponnesus, mountainous and cen- tral, therefore not conquered by the Dorians, nor open to the sea, nor to other states. Arnftna. [Neut. plu. of L. arcanus^ hidden.^ Mysteries (^.7'.). Aro&ni Duclpllna. [L., discipline of the secret. \ A name given to a supposed system in the primitive Church, by which its most important doctrines were divulged only to a select class ; called also the Economy, or the principle of reserve in the communication of religious doctrine. Arc-boutant [Fr. boater, to set, pusA.] A flying buttress. Arch. [L. arcus, a boTv.] In Building, a struc- ture disposed in a bow-like form, the materials of which support each other by their mutual pres- sure. An arch described from a single centre is semicircular. If from two centres, each at the spring of the arch, it is equilateral. If the centres are without the spring, it is an acute-angled A. If they are within it, it is obtuse -angled. Arches of three and four centres are lower than arches described from two centres, and are used chiefly in the Later Continuous or Perpendicular work of this country. The Tudor arches are chiefly of this kind. A segmental A. is one, the curve of which is less than a semicircle. A stilted A. is one which starts from a centVe or centres placed above the capital. Foil arches are those which are foliatefl in outline without a rectilineal A. to cover them. Ogee arches are those which have their sides formed of two con- trasted curves. Arch-. [(Jr. i^x^y I rule.] First or most prominent. Archaeolithic. (Prehistoric aroheeology.) ArchaBology. [Or. ipxo^ot, atuient, x6yos, discourse.] The scientific study of antiquities of art, etc. ArchsBoptSryz [Gr. ipxctios, ana'ent, irre'pvf, a wing] macroura \jxaKp6s, long, ovpd, tail]. (Geol.) A fossil bird, very rare, about the size of a rook, with some twenty free caudal vertebrse. Oolite of Solenhofen. Archaism. [Gr. ipxcu(rix6s, imitation of the ancietits.] The employment of antiquated words and phrases. Aroh-ehanoellor. Under the Empire, an officer who presided over the secretaries of the court. Arch-chemio. A name applied by Milton to the sun, as having the greatest chemical power. Arches, Court of Arches. [L. Curia de arcubus.] {Leg. £ccl.) Court of appeal, whose judge (dean) used to sit in the Church of St. Mary-le- Bow (so called from the arcus, arches, bows, on which the steeple was reared). (Court, Christian.) Archetype. [Gr. apxt^iitos.] 1. The original idea of the work as it exists in the workman's mind before its execution. With Plato, the cosmos as it existed before creation in the Divine Mind. (Ideas.) 2. In Palceography, an older MS. to which extant MSB. can be traced, not being the original author's US. Archil. (Litmus.) Arohilochian verse. The dactylic semipenta- meter, _ w « | - « w | _ ||, much used by Archliochus of Paros, circ. 700 B.C. ; said to be the earliest Greek lyrist, and to have invented iambic verse ; bitter and satirical ; hence "Archi- lochian bitterness," and '* Parian verse " (Horace, Art. /'Oct., 79). Archimago. [As if from a Gr. word ipxinayos, meaning chief-wizard.] In Spensers J-'a^iy Queen, an impersonation of Hypocrisy and Deceit. Archimandrite. A title of the Greek Church, equivalent to abbot in the Latin ; the word mandra, in the language of the Lower Empire, signifying a monastery. ArohimSdean screw (said to have been in- vented by Archimedes while in Egypt). A pipe, with one end in water, wound spirally round a cylinder which is held in an inclined position ; when the cylinder is made to turn on its axis water is raised along the pipe. There are several forms of this machine. Arching, or Hogging. {A^aut.) The falling of the stem and stern of a vessel when broken- backed. Architectonic. [Gr. ipxiTtKToinK6s.] Like or pertaining to a master builder [ipxtrtKruy], A. art, or scienee, one which organizes all that is beneath it. Architrave. (Order.) ArchitricUnos. (Bymposiarch.) Archives. [L. archlvum, from Gr. i.pxf'iov, a public building, tffivn liall, etc.] 1. Places for jjubiic records. 2. The records themselves. Archivist, a keeper of A. Archivolt. [It. archivolto, vattlt, arch.] 1. An arched vault. 2. Renaissance term for the ornamented band of mouldings round the vous- soirs (q.v.) of a classical arch; sometimes the ARCH 38 ARGE mouldings occupying the face and soffits of a niediiKval arch. Arch-lute. A double-stringed theorbo {^.v.), an Italian instrument, with fourteen notes, the lowest being the bass G, for accompanying bass voices ; very powerful ; about five feet long ; em- ployed by Corelli, Handel, etc. Arch-marshal. [Ger. erz-marschall.] Grand- marshal of the empire ; a dignity once attached to the Elector of Saxony. Archdns. [Gr., a ru/er.] The chief magis- trates in ancient Athens, chosen yearly, nine in number : the first called Eponj^mos, as giving his name to the year ; the second, Basileus, king, as being the high priest ; the third, Polfimarch, ruler in ti>ar, as commanding the army. The other six were called Thesmothetae, setters forth of the linv. Archontics. A sect of the second century ; so called from the Gr. &px<»*', a ruler, as holding strange notions respecting the Deity and the origin of the world. Arcite. In Chaucer's Knight's Tale, Emily's lover, killed by a fall in the lists just as he had won her hand. Arcograph. [A word made up from L. arcus, a bow, and Gr. ypd, I ivrite.\ An instrument for describing arcs of circles in cases in which compasses cannot be used. Arctic Zone. (Zone.) Arctdmys. [Gr. ipKros, dear, fits, mouse.'] (Zool.) Marmot, gen. of Rodent, something like a rabbit; several spec, in Europe, Asia, and N. America, at high altitudes. Fam. Sciuridae, squirrel-kind. Arctums. {Myth.) (Bishis, The Seven.) Arciiate. In the form of a bow [L. arcus]. Arcnation. [L. arcuatio, -nem, an arching, arcading.^ The bending of branches into the ground as layers, which take root and become separate plants. Arcnbilist. (Arbalist.) •ard. An element in names. 1. Celtic, high ; e.g. Ard-rossan, Liz-ard. 2. Teutonic, strong [Goth, hardus, A.S. heard], as in Godd-ard Bem-ard ; exceeding in, as in slugg-ard, drunk- ard, dot-ard. Ardassine. Very fine Persian silk. Arden, The Forest of. The scene of cheerful exile and of love-making, in Shakespeare's As You Like It. Are. [Fr., L. area, an open space.] One hundred square metres or ii9"6o33 square yards. Area. [L., an open space.] The extent of the surface of any plane figure ; to find the A. of a plane figure or of a curved surface (as of a sphere) is to find the square, or the number of square units, having the same extent as the figure or surface. Aread, Arede. [A.S. aredan, ned, counsel.] To declare, direct, explain. Areca, Areek. A beautiful gen. of palms, ord. Palmaceae. A. catechu produces the betel- nut, universally chewed in F. India. (Arak.) Areek, i.e. on-reek. [A.S. rec, Ger. rauch, smoke.] Reeking. Axety. [L. arfio, lam dry,] To make dry. Arena. [L., sand.] 1. The sanded floor of the amphitheatre ; and so the floor or body of a public building. 2. (Metaph.) Contest ; place of contest or debate, etc. Arendator. [L.I,. arrendo, /pay rent.] A contractor with the Russian Government for rents of farms. Areng. A palm of the Indian Archipelago, yielding sago, and from which the palm wine is made. ArSSla. [Dim. of L. arSa.] A small space ; interstice ; variously applied in Bot. and Anat. ; and, especially, to the coloured ring round the nipple, or mammilla. Areolar tissue, formerly called Cellular T. That which is found investing and forming the basis of all tissues. Areolate. Divided into small spaces [L. areoliie]. AreomSter. [Gr. apaiii, thin, fitrpov, measure.] A hydrometer {//.v.), Areop&^tlca. (Areopagus.) Milton's speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing, addressed to Parliament, 1644. Are5p>u. [Gr. "Apeios irdyos.] A court of judicature at Athens ; so called as meeting on the Hill of Ares. Its power was greatly in- creased by Solon, Arete. [L. arista, in the sense of a. fsh-bone.] The narrow ridge of a mountain rock. (Arris.) Arethasa. (Ortygia.) Aretine ware. Ancient red pottery of Arctium (Arezzo) ; made, on the decline of Greek and Etruscan work, of a darker red and higher finish than the Samian {q.v.). Aretinian syllables : Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si. (Sol fa.) Aretology. The science of moral virtue [Gr. ap€Tr)]. Argala. (Marabou.) Argali (Mongolia). Wild sheep. Argan. In Moliere's Le Malade Imaginaire, the hypochondriacal hero. Argand lamp. (From M. Argand, the in- ventor.) A lamp having a ring-shaped burner covered by a chimney, so that the flame has a current of air both on the inside and the outside. Argemdne. [Gr. ap^e^wi'ij.] {Bot.) A small gen. of plants, natives of Mexico, ord, Papa- veracere. A. mexicana has seeds narcotic, pur- gative, diuretic, and yielding a valuable oil to painters. It is often a noxious weed in the tropics. Argent. [Fr., from L. argentum, silver.] {Her.) White or silver, represented in engrav- ing by a plain white surface. Argentan. German silver [L. argentum] ; an alloy of two parts of copper, one of nickel, one of tin. Argenteus C5dez. (Codes. ) Argentine. [L. argentum, silver^ {Min.) 1. A white variety of crystallized calcareous spar, laminated, and somewhat siliceous. 2. A white variety of shale. Argentine Bepublic. A confederation occu- pying the valley of the Rio de la Plata, S. America. ARGH 39 ARMA Ai^hool. An Egyptian wind instrument, a kind of tlute made of a cane or bundle of canes ; there are different kinds. Argil. [L. argilla. ] Clay, or the pure earth of clay, trisilicate of alumina. Argillaceou*. (Geol.) Clayey, having the characteristics of clay [L. argilla]. A. rocks, having clay as the principal ingredient ; e.g. clay, shale, loam, marl, etc. Argillite. [L. argilla, clay.^ Clay-slate. Argive. In the Iliad, the collective name of the tribes who followed Agamemnon to the attack of Troy. Argo. (Argonanta.) Argol. The crust deposited inside wine-casks. It is an impure salt of tartar, and is used in dyeing, etc. ArgSnauta. [Gr. i(>yova.\m\s, a sailor in the Argo.] (Zool.) Paper-nautilus, gen. of mollusc. Female (poulpe) occupies single-chambered shell, unattached ; and advances by ejecting jet of water. Male is smaller (not one inch long), and has no shell. Ord. Dibranchiata, class C£phil6- poda. Arg5naats. {Gr. Myth.) The chieftains who went with Jason in the ship Argo to Col- chis, to recover the golden fleece of the ram which had borne away Phrixus and Helle from Orchomcnos. Argonyn, Argnesyn. One in charge of galley- slaves. Arg5i7. (Probably from the mythical ship Ari^o.) A merchant-ship, generally from the Levant Argot [Fr ] Slang, cant phraseology. Ori- gin of the word unknown. Argoment. [L. argumentum.] (Z^f.) The reasoning involved in the premisses and con- clusion of a Sjllogiam. Argtoientom ad hominem. [L.] An argument pressed home for personal application. A. ad ignoraniiam, one founded u}xjn your adversary's ignorance. A. ad virecundiam, one addressed to the sense of shame. A. bicHlinum [coined from L. baculus, a sti(lc\, an appeal to force. ArgTU, or Argos Fanoptes. [Gr., the bright, ait-seeing one.] In Gr. Myth., the being with a thousand eyes, guardian of the homed maiden lo, i.e. the moon ; killed by Hermes, the mes- senger.of the morning. The eyes of Argus are the stars. Argute. [L. argutus.] Subtle, acute. Aria. [It.] The air of a song. Ariadne. In Gr; Myth., the daughter of Minos, and wife of Dionysus or Bacchus. Ariaos [Arius, Alexandrian priest] denied the three Persons in the Holy Trinity to be of the same essence, affirming the Word to be a creature; condemned by Council of Nice, A.D. 325- Ariel [Heb., lion of God, or (?) hearth of Cod], i.e. Jerusalem (Isa. xxix.). Ariel. In Shakespeare's Tempest, a good spirit who works wonders for Prospero. Aries, First point of. The vernal equinox (Equinox). 7 he Ram (Aries) is the constellation in which the vernal ecjuinox was situated in the time of Hipparchus ; but now, in consequence of precession, the bright star of the Ram is about 30** to the east of the first point of Aries, Arietta. [It.] Dim. of Aria. Aril, ArUlns. [L. L. arilla, a piece of red cloth.] {Bot.) A covering to the seed, derived from expansion of the placenta ; the mace of the nutmeg. Adj., Arillate. Arimanes, Areimanios. Gr. corr. of Ahri- man ((/.:•.). Ariolation, Hariolation. [L. hariolus, a sooth- sayer.] Soothsaying. Arioso. [It.] Marked by melody as distin- guished from harmony. Arista. [L.] {Bot.) The Awn, the pointed beard issuing from the glume, or floral scales of grasses ; probably lengthened rib of the envelope of the flower. Aristate, having an A. [Awn, (?) a contraction of L. avena, oats ; or cf. Gr. Sx«^. chaff.] Aristarchian criticism. Bold and severe, like that of the Alexandrian grammarian, Aristar- chus, circ 160 B.C. He edited Homer, and obelized numerous verses [Gr. o^t\6s, a pointed instrument] ; an horizontal line, , being used to denote a spurious passage ; hence to obelize, to mark something censurable in a book by a dagger f in the margin. Aristocracy. (Oligarchy.) Aristogeiton. (Hannodins.) Aristdloohia. [Gr. iLpiffro\6x*M and -x«>-] {Bot.) Birth-wort, a gen. of plants, found mostly in hot countries ; ord. Aristolochiaceae ; her- baceous plants or shrubs, often climbing. AristolSgy. [Gr. ipiarov, the dejeuner.] A facetious word = science of breakfasts or luncheons. Aristophanio. In the style of AristSphSnes ; witty and humorous, but highly personal and somewhat coarse. Aristotelian. Of or after Aristotle [Gr. 'Apt- (ttot/Atjj], the great analytical philosopher of Greece, the first European to systematize logic, ethics, metaphysics, and to study natural philo- sophy practically. (Causes.) Aristotle's lantern, i.e. shaped like a lantern, and described by A. A unique arrangement, in the mouth of the globular sea-urchin, of five three-sided teeth set circularly, which triturate food. A rivedersL [It.] Till we meet ; {gpod-hye) till we again see each other ; so Fr. au revoir ; Gcr. auf wiedersehen. Ark of the covenant. In the Jewish taber- hacle, a coffer under the mercy-seat, containing the golden pot of manna, with Aaron's rod and the tables of the covenant. Arkose. {Geol.) ZJtvJrw of granite, reconstructed into a rock. [A most unsatisfactory term ; said to be from a supposed Gr. adv. i.pKus, sufficiently, i.e. to resemble granite ; or from &pKos, another form of UpKTos, the north ; because first studied in .Sweden!] Aries. [A.S. earles.] Earnest money, to bind a bargain. (Fessen-penny.) Arm&da. [Sp., annea.] In Eng. Hist., the fleet with which Philip II. of Spain proposed to / ARMA 40 ARRA conquer England. Called by the Spaniards the '• Invincible A." ArmatSlL A Greek national militia, known in the Middle Ages, and in the war of the Greeks rising against the Turks. Armature. [L. armatura.] 1. Body armour. 2. The pieces of soft iron placed at the extremities or poles of magnets to preserve their magnetic power. 3. Iron bars used as supports for the columns or other parts of a building. Armed. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc., differing in colour from the body. Armenian Liturgy. (Liturgy.) Armenians. Christians of Armenia, the first country in which Christianity was recognized as a national religion, in the fourth century ; at a later time adopted Eutychian (q.v.) or Mono- physite heresy. Armeria. (Thrift.) Armida. The fair enchantress in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (transl. by Fairfax, A.D. 1600), who detained Rinaldo in voluptuous ease. Her chief means of captivating was a magic girdle. Armlger. [L., bearing •weapons.'\ {Her.) An esquire ; one having a right to armorial bearings. Armilla. [L., bra/:elei.] (Or/iM.) Circular mark at base of tibia of birds. Arniillated, pro- vided with an A. Armillary sphere. [L. armilla, a circular omamenty bracelet.^ An astronomical instrument, consisting of a set of concentric rings representing the meridian of the station, the ecliptic, and a meridian of celestial longitude, with an auxiliary circle turning round the points representing the north and south poles, and carrying the poles of the ecliptic. It was formerly used, e.g. by Tycho Brahe, for observations made out of the plane of the meridian. Armillus. Jewish name for final Antichrist. [(?) Gr. ipiffJui-Kaos, waster of t/ie people, for ipntiu)T-l}s Kaov.'] Arming. {iVaut.) Tallow placed on a sound- ing-lead, to pick up objects from the sea-bottom. Arming-press. A bookbinder's tool. Armings. (A'aul.) Red cloths, hung fore and aft on holidays by foreigners. Arminians. (£ccl. Hist.) The followers of Arminius, a Dutch divine of the sixteenth cen- tury, who opposed the doctrine of an absolute predestination of the elect. They were also called Remonstrants, from a writing which they presented in protest against this doctrine to the States of Holland in ibog. Armistice. [L.L. armistitium.] A suspension of hostilities by agreement. Armorie, or Breyonec. Language of Brittany, representing the Gadhelic or first great Celtic branch of the two which came westward across the Continent. It is still spoken by a million and a half of French subjects. Armorica = the land upon the sea (Taylor's Words ami Places). Armour-clad. [Naut.) A ship having her sides covered with iron or steel plates. Armourer. 1. One who makes arms. 2. One who has the care of arms. /Lrmours. (Top A—) Army Discipline and Begulation Act. Passed by Parliament in a.d. 1879, to supersede the Mutiny Act (q.v.) and Articles of War (q.v.). Army Service Corps includes the present Commissariat, Transport, and Ordnance Store Departments of the Army. Arnaa, Amee, Arni. The Indian buffalo, nearly seven feet high, black, inhabiting forests at the base of the Himalayas. Biibalus, Buftalus. Sub-fam. Bovlnae, fam. Bovidse, ord. Ungiilata. Arnica, Leopard's bane. (JSot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Compositse. Tincture of A. montana, used in medicine, .as a remedy for bruises. A handsome perennial, with yellow marigold-like flowers ; native of mountains of Europe. Amoldists. (Ecd. Hist.) The followers of Arnold of Brescia, who, in the twelfth century, protested against the abuses of the papal court. He was burnt at the desire of the English pope, Adrian IV. (Nicolas Breakspear). Amot, Amnt, i.e. Earth-nut. (Pig-nut.) Amotto. (Annotta.) Aroba, [Ar. ar-rub.] The fourth part. Aroides. (Araceee.) Aroint thee. Aroynt =gtta7ved. [Ft. ronger, according to Richardson.] Generally considered = begone, and etym. unknown ; but Skeat, Etym. Diet., gives Icel. ryma, to make room ; rime ta, make room, becoming rynt ye by an easy cor- ruption. A Boland for an Oliver. A phrase equivalent to " Tit for tat," a blow from Eoland being equal to one from his fellow-paladin Oliver. (Paladin.) Aroph, i.e. Aroma philosophorum, one of several pretentious titles of medicine used by Paracelsus and others, who pretended to possess the elixir of life, etc. Arpeggio. [It., harping.'] The playing of the notes of a chord not together, but in rapid succession, as on a harp. Arpent. [L. arepennis, a Gallic word, a half- acre.] The old French acre ; the A. de Paris was 32,400 French square feet or ^ of an English acre ; the A. des eaux et forets or mesure royale was 48,400 French square feet, or about li English acres. Arquebus. [Fr. arquebuse, introduced from It. archibuso.] The first invented firelock, with match fixed in cock, and fired by a trigger lifting the pan to ignite the priming. It was supported on a rest whilst being fired. Arquifouz. [Sp. arquifol.] A Cornish kind of lead-ore, which gives a green varnish to pottery ; "potter's ore." Arra. (Arrha.) Arrack. (Arak.) Arragonite. (Aragonite.) Arraigns, Clerk of. [O.Fr. aresner, arraison- ner, from ad rationem, to account.] Assistant or deputy to the clerk of assize, who calls over the jury pannel, recites charges, and generally acts as chief officer of the court. Arrant, i.q. errant, and so, thorough-going (?) ; or with Wedgewood, cf. Ger. arg, Dan. arrig, Eng. arch, mischievous, troublesome. Arras. Hangings for rooms, covered with a ARRA 41 ARTI pattern like wall paper (first woven at Arras, in France) . Arrayer, or Commissary of Musters. Title given early in the fifteenth century ; a militia inspector, of which there were two in each county, perhaps the precursor of the modern lord-lieutenant. Arrearage. [Fr. arri^re, behind.^ The un paid remainder of a debt. Arrect. [L. arrectus, part, of arrlgo, I sd up.] Set up straight, attentive. Arrectary. [L. arrectaria, plu., upright posts.] An upright beam, e.g. of a cross. Arreetis aaribas. [L.] Lit. with priiked-up ears ; all attention. Arrentation. [L.L. arrendo, / let for rent, Fr. arrenier.] Licensing an owner of forest land to enclose by low hedges and small ditches under a yearly rent. Arreoy. In Tahiti, an association (describetl by Cook and by Ellis) of the principal persons of both sexes, regarded as married to one another ; connected with almost universal infanticide (Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 487). Arreptitioas. [L.L. arrepticius, arrTpio, / seize.] Seized in mind, j)ossessetl, irrational. Arrest. [CPV. arrester, to stop, arrest, L.L. adrestare.] Confinement of an officer pending judicial inquiry as to misconduct. He is re- quired to give up his sword whilst under A., and his word of honour is trusted as to not leaving his quarters. Arrestation. The act of arresting. Arrha. [L] Earnest money; a law term. " If but a penny, it is emptionis, venditionis, contractne argumentum" (Blackstone, Com- mentaries). Arride. [L. arrulCo, / smile at, please. ] To please. ArriSre. [Fr.] Of an army, the rear. A. ban (Ban). A. pensee, mental reservation. Arridre-flef. [Fr.] (Hist.) A feudal term, answering to the English subinfeudation {({.v.). Arrii. The edge of a stone, or piece of wood [Fr. arete]. Arroba. [Sp. and Port] Weight and measure. (Aroba.) Arrogation. [L. arrogatio, -nem, from ad, to, rogo, I ask.\ Adoption of a person of full age, [sui juris] ; because the consent of the comltia curiata' at Rome had to be asked. Arrondissement. [Fr.] A city ward or an electoral ili^tiict. (Prefect) Arrow-headed writing. (Cuneiform letters.) Arrow-root. Starch of the tuljerous root-stock of maranta, especially Arundinacfa of W. Indies. Ord. Marantaceoe. The native Indians used it with success against the poison of their arrows ; hence the name. Arsenic. [Gr. a.pv fire.] A form assumed by some homblendic minerals, as actinolite, tremolite, etc. ; a fibrous mass of parallel capillary crystals ; such as Mountain flax. Ascarldes. [Gr. aoKopls, -ISoi, a maru-7vorm.] The common round worms inhabiting the in- testines of man and some other mammals. Ord. Nematoda [yntfxar-d^ris, thread-like], class Scole- cida [ffKccATjl, a zoorm], sub-kingd. Annuloida. Ascendant. The sign of the Zodiac which is rising above the horizon at the time of a child's birth. Ascension, Bight. The arc of the equinoctial between a star's declination circle and the first point of Aries, measured from that point from west to east. Ascensum, Per. [L. , by ascent.] By distilla- tion in a retort, so that the vapour ascends. Ascetic. [Gr. a(TKr)TiK6s, belo7tging to disci- pline.] One who leads an austere, solitary, de- votional life ; e.g. Essenes and Therapeutae among the Jews, and monks of Egyptian and Syrian deserts in early Christian times. Asci. [Gr. affKoi, plu. of aaKds, a leathern bag.] (Bot.) Certain spore-cases of lichens and fungi. Ascians, Askians. [Gr. itrKtos, shadeless.] Inhabitants of the Torrid zone, who, when the sun is in the zenith, cast no shadow. Ascidians [Gr. affKihiov, a small leather bottle], Tunicata. A class of marine Molluscoida, resembling a double-necked leather bottle, of a leathery or gristly nature. In A., some have seen a stage of evolution from Mollusca towards Vertelirata. Ascidium. [L.] A petiole or leaf-stalk which has become leaf-like, and of which the margins are folded in so as to form a kind of urn or pitcher, is, if closed, an ascTdlum [Gr. affKiiiov, a small leather bottle] ; if ojjen — e.g. the pitcher- plant — an ampulla [L., a narrow-necked bottle]. ASCI 43 ASPO Ascites. [Gr.] Dropsy of the abdomen [from ana, body.] Bodiless, unsubstantial. Asp&lathtis. [Gr. d(rirc(Aa0ot.] Ecclus. xxiv. ; a prickly shrub, yielding fragrant oil. Aspect. [L. aspeclus, appearance.] {.4stron.) The angular distance of one planet or star from another; it was cxihcr conjumtion, opposition, trine, qiMdrate (quartile), or sextile, according as the angle was 0°, 180*", 120", 90°, or bo**. Aspectant. [L. aspectare, to gaze at.] (Her.) Facing each other. Aspergilliform. {Bot.) Shaped like ^rwxA [L. L. aspergillum]. Aspergillum. [L. aspergo, / sprinkle.] A kind of bnish used for sprinkling holy water. AspSrifolisB of Linnaeus. [L. asper, rough, folium, a leaf] = Boraginaceae. Aspersion. A sprinkling [L. aspersio, -nem] ; as distinct from ImmersioxL (Aihision.) Aspersivelj. By way of aspersion, censure, slander [I., aspergo, I sprinkle, stain], AsporsSrlom. (Benitier.) Asphalt. [Gr. ianpoKTos. ] A solid bitumen, produceti by the agency of heat and pressure upon lignitic and coal-bearing strata ; generally black, and more or less lustrous ; found at the Dead Sea, or Lacus Asphaltites ; in Trinidad ; Texas ; Val Travers and Seyssel, Switzerland ; and other places. AsphSdel meadows. {A/jth.) The meadows of Elysium, adonietl with asphodels, flowers of the lily kind. (Elysian.) AspbSdiloB, Asphodel. [Gr. aa6Sf\os.] (Bot.) the gen. of Liliacea:, having fleshy roots, long narrow leaves, and a simple or branded scape, bearing close racemes of white star-like flowers. A. albus was formerly common in gardens, and is very ornamental. Asphyxia. [Gr. iur^pvila, lack of pulse.] (Bot.) A temporary cessation of respiration and circula- tion ; often applied to a state arising from air either vitiated or insuflicient. Aspic. [Gr. iitTitli.] 1. An asp. 2. Savoury meat jelly, containing pieces of meat, flsh, etc. 3. A gun carrying a 12 lb. shot. Aspidlam. (Bot.) Shield fern ; a gen. of Ferns, of which common male-fern is the type ; formerly including ferns in which the dot-like sort were covere.] {Hfr.) Rising from the sea. Astacolites. [Gr. iaraKii, a lobster, \l$ot, a stone.] (Geol.) A name formerly given to fossil remains of the long-tailed or lobster-like Crus* taceans. Ast&etu. [L., Gr. karoKis, lobster or crah.] 1. Gen. of insects (Fabric). 2. Gen. of long-tailed Decapod Crustaceans, as river crayfish ; giving its name to fam. Astacldx, as lobsters. Sub- kingd. Annulosa. AstartS. 1. A Phoenician goddess, call'^l in Old Testament, Ashtoreth. (Oftara.) 2. (Zool.) A gen. of bivalve molluscs — N. and Arctic Seas — turn. Cyprinldae, class Conchlff ra. Astatie. [Gr. & neg., Iff-nint, place or weight Without weight, imponderable, Astatie needle. [Gr. a neg., oint [ffr/y/io], or cannot see it continuously, but more or less as an elongation. Astolpho. A boastful paladin of Charlemagne, noted for a magic horn. Astor, J. Jae. Fur trader, founder of A. Library, New York ; richest American of his time ; died 1848. Astrsea. [L., Gr. iurrpaia.] 1. A daughter of Zeus and Eos, or, as others said, of ThSmis, law, who sojourned on earth during the Golden Age, and was then placed among the stars. 2. (Geol.) Gen. of coral, studded with star-like polypes. Astrsea Bidnz. [L.] Astrcea returning; title of Dryden's poem, celebrating the Restoration. Astragal (Bead-moulding.) Astr&g&lus. [Gr. ifl-TpoydAoi.] (Anat.) The ankle-bone, one of seven composing the tarsus ; that on which, through the tibia, the weight of the Ixxly first falls. Astral [L. astrum, a star.] Starry ; star- like ; having to do with the stars. Astrict To bind, compel [L. astringo, / dra-M tight, p. part, astrictus]. Astringents. [L. astringo, / drtno tight,] Medicines which contract organic fibre, and diminish excessive discharges. Astrolabe. [Gr. iarp6K&^os, from Hffrpa, stars, Xa^/Savoi, / take, receive.] 1. An instrument closely resembling the armillary sphere (, I lcn'e.'\ A Grecized form of " Phil. Sid.," i.e. Sir Philip Sidney, in Spenser's elegy. Astrophic. [Gr. 4 neg., W^; and -ing, the usual A. S. patronymic =jtJ«.] AthensBTUn. [Originally, temple of Athena.] 1. A school at Rome, founded by Hadrian. 2. A literary association. 3. The building used for it. Athenian Bee, The. Plato. Athermanous. [Gr. i neg., Btpfiaivw, I make warm.] Opaque to radiant heat. AthSroid. In shape like an ear of com [Gr. h.Q-i\p, gen. h.Bipo%]. Atherdma. [Gr.] A tumour having matter like gruel [afl^prj]. Athlete. [Gr. aflXrjT^y, from 25Aos, a contest] (Gr. Hist.) One who took part in the public games, especially in the Pentathlon, which con- sisted of boxing, wrestling, throwing quoits, leaping, and running. (Palaestra.) Athwart (A'aut. ) Across the line of a ship's course. A. her hawse (Hawse). A. ship, from side to side ; in opposition io fore and aft. AtlantSs. [Gr., plu. of Atlas (q.v.).] Greek columns, shaped like men, as supports of enta- blatures ; the Romans used the name T6lam6n6s \rt\aiul)vts]. (Caryatid.) Atlantis. An island mentioned by Plato as having existed in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the pillars of Heracles (Hercules), and as having been submerged by earthquakes. (Thnle.) Atlantis, New. Lord Bacon's imaginary island, also in the Atlantic, with a philosophical commonwealth, devoted to art and science. Atlas. 1. (Myth.) A brother of Prometheus. He held up the pillars which support the heaven, and was turned into stone when Perseus held before him the face of the Gorgon Medusa. Hence Atlas Mountains, Atlantic Ocean. (Gor- gons. Promethean.) 2. (Anat.) The first of the cervical vertebrae. 8. A kind of Indian silk or satin, curiously inwrought with gold and silver. Atmology. [Gr. aTfi6s, vapour, \6yos, dis- course.] The part of meteorology which treats of aqueous vapours. Atmolysis. [Gr. hrft^s, vapour, xiais, a loos- ing.] The separation of the constituents of a mixed gas by passage through a porous sub- stance. AtmomSter. [Gr. oT/xfJy, /itTpov, measure.'] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation. Atmosphere. [Gr. d.TiJ.6s, aes ; held chiefly by the Greeks Leucippus, Democritus (B.C 460- 361), Epicurus (B.C. 342-270). Atomic theory. In Physics, every element con- sists of indivisible particles called atoms, of size and weight invariable in the same element. The atomic waghl of an element is the weight of one of its atoms as compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen ; this is also called its combin- ing 'weight. At2my = an atom, AtSnio. [Gr. & neg., rrffoj, tension.] {Med.) Marked by atony, i.e. want of energy. A tort et a tr avers. [Fr.] At cross pur- poses. Atrabilarian, Atrabiliotis. Melancholy [L. atra bilis, lilnck choicr, an imaginary secrelion, with the ancients]. Atr& cfir&, Post Squltem sSdet [I..] fllack care sits behind the horseman ox knight (Horace) ; i.e. cire attends the great and successful. AtramentaL Of the nature of ink [L. atra- mentum]. Atrito-. [Gr. irpriros, not perforated.] {Anat.) A-trip. (A'aut.) An anchor is A. when it breaks the ground in weighing, Saiis are A. when ready for trimming. Yards are A. when in position, and ready to have the stops cut for crossing. An upper mast is A. when ready for lowering. Atrium- [L.] The hall, or principal room in a Roman house. AtrSpa. [Gr. Hrpoiroi, inflexible.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Solanaceae. A. belladonna [It., beautiful lady], the deadly nightshade, is a tall shrubby plant, with laige egg-shaped entire leaves, dull purple bell-shaped flowers, and shining black berries ; it is very poisonous, and is employed in medicine. Atrophy [Gr. krpop.] (Hist.) An Athenian general, invested with full powers, like the R. Consul with his itnperium. Hence any despotic sovereign, as the Czar of Russia. Auto da Fe. [Sp., Act of Faith.] In Spain, Portugal, and their colonies, a solemn delivery of heretics by the Inquisition to the civil power, for ])unishment. Autoginous. [Gr. axnis, self, ytwdu, / generate.] (Anat.) Developed from a distinct centre. Autography. [Gr. aMt, self, ypJupw, I write.] A process in lithography, by which the characters on paper are made to inscribe them- selves on the stone. Automatic. [Gr. alrriyAros, self-moving, self- moved.] Properly, anything which has the power of regulating its own actions. Applied wrongly and unfortunately to things which have not this power. Human actions, as springing from free- will, are the true automatic actions. Automatism, Properly free volition. Wrongly used to denote the modern theory respecting AUTO 50 AVOI actions in which each condition follows on the last by suggestion and without will. Automaton. [Gr.] A puppet, called from its resembling that which is really an automaton, or self -moved thing. (Automatic.) AutomSdou. [Gr., self-ruling.\ In the Iliad, the charioteer of Achilles. Hence any one skilled in driving. Autonomy. [Gr. avrovo/xla, from avrSs, self, vofxoi, la7i'.] Self-government of a state. Autopsy. [Gr. avToxf/la, from avrSs, self, o<^»y, a seein^^.] Personal inspection; often— /)osl- mortem examination. Autoschediastical. [Gr. aiiTocrxcSiacTTiKiis, from ouTO(Tx«'54or, hand to hand, gen. applied to fight, fray.] Extemporaneous, impromptu. Autotypography. (Kature>printing.) Autre-fois acquit. (.Leg.) At other time acquitted ; having been tried already. Autumnal equinox. (Equinox.) Auvergne, Arverni. An old province of France, comprising the departments of Cantal, part of Haute-Loire, and Puy-de-D6me. Auxetic. [Gr. oii{rp-»ic(Jy.] 1. Making to increase. 2. (Rhet.) Given to amplification {q.v.) ; in Gr. ot'fTjo'tj. Audliary scales. (Music.) Auxiliary screw. {A^aut.) A vessel rigged for sailing, and also fitted with a screw-propeller. Ava. [The native name.] A fermented drink made from the root of the long pepper by the South Sea Islanders. Avalanche. [Fr.] A huge mass of snow which descends from the higher parts of moun- tains into their valleys [L. ad vallem, whence Fr. avaler, to descend]. Avale. To descend, sink. (Avalanche.) Avalon. (Avilion.) Avant-projet. [Fr.] Rough draft. Avanturine. (Geol.) A variety of quartz, re- flecting light from fine spangles of mica ; re- sembling A. glass, which is brown-rejj and spangled, and was invented cucidentally [Fr. par aventure] by the falling of copper filings into melted glass. Avast! \Cf.\i.\i7>s\.2i, enough I hold !\ {Naut.) Hold hard 1 stop ! Avatar. \^V\.., a descent.'] {Hind. Myth.) The descent or incarnation of a deity for a special purpose. Thus there are ten avatars of Vishnu. Avaunt! = begone ! lit. forward. [Fr. avant, L. abante.] Ave ! [L., hail thou f] Short for Ave Maria ! the invocation to the B.V. Mary beginning thus. Avebury, Abury. A village twenty-five miles north of Salisbury', remarkable as having the largest so-called druidical temple in Europe. Ave Caesar ! moritUri te salutamus. [L.] Lit. Hail, Cczsar! we, just about to die, greet thee; address of gladiators to the Roman emperor before they fought. Avellane. {Her.) Composed of four filberts [L. avellanae] enclosed in their husk. Aven, or Herb benet. (Bot.) A plant [Fr. benoite], aromatic, tonic, astringent ; Geum urbanum, ord. Rosaceae. Avenaoeous. Having to do with oats [L. avena]. AvSnage. [L. avenagium, from avena, oats."] Payment of rent by a farmer in oats, i.e. in kind. Average. [L.L. averagium.] (Naut.) 1. The contribution borne by the ship and cargo, or portions thereof, for anything done to ensure safety. 2. The quotient obtained by dividing the sum of a set of numbers by the number of the numbers. Avemus. [L.] A bituminous lake in Cam- pania, with high banks, supposed to be con- nected with the infernal regions. Hence the expression of Virgil, " Facilis descensus Averni," for the downward course which is not easily retraced. Averroism. (Uonopsychism.) Averse feet. [L. aversus, turned a'way.'] Feet of birds, when set so far back that the bird sits upright ; e.g. auks. Avertin. [Fr., L. averto, / turn arvay, es- trange.] 1. A form of vertigo, especially a vertiginous disease of sheep. 2. A popular term for a crazy, sullen state, breaking out into occasional fury. AviciilidBe. [L., dim, of Svis, bird.'] Wing- shells ; fam. of molluscs, properly with wing-like extensions at the hinge, as pearl oysters. Warm and tropical seas. Class Conchifera. Avignon berries. Yellow berries of the buck- thorn, used in dyeing (from Avignon, in France). Avilion. In the Arthurian legends, the spot where Arthur was buried. Said to be Glaston- bury. A vinoiilo matrimonii. [L.] Fro7n the bond of marriage ; a total divorce. Avis. [Fr.] A notice, advice, i.e. a vis [L. ad visum], according to the view of him who gives it. Aviso, Awiso. {Naut.) An advice-boat. Avizandum. {Scot. Law.) To take time to consider judgment. Avocado pear, Alligator P. {Bot.) Persea gratis- sima, ord. Lauracea; ; a tree of the warm parts of America ; its fruit, which is like a large pear in shape, and contains a large quantity of firm buttery pulp, is called Vegetable marrow, 01 Mid- shipman^ s butter. Avocet. [Fr. avosette, It. avoselta.] (Omith.) Spec, of black and white wading bird, about eighteen inches in length, with long, upcurved bill. Now rare in Great Britain. Gen. Rg- curvTrostra [L. re-curvus, recurved, rostrum, beak], fam. Scolopacidaj, ord. Grallae. Avoidance. [L. L. ex-viduare, to empty, whence Eng. avoid.] {Leg.) 1. The period when a benefice is void of an incumbent ; opp. to Plenarty. 2. The setting aside an opponent's pleading by introducing new matter. 3. {Pari. ) A formal mode of dismissing a measure without decision on its principle, as " that this Bill be read this day six months." Avoirdupois [Fr., to have weight] ; also written Averdupois. The system used in England for expressing the weight of all heavy articles, and all metals except gold and silver. The fundamental unit of mass is the pound avoirdu- pois. (Found.) AVON S> AZRA Avon, Afon. [Celtic, river or u'atfr.\ Name or part of name of many rivers. Avowry. {Leg.') The plea of one who justifies the fact of having taken a distress in his own right when sued in Replevin. Avnlnon. [L. avulsio, -nem, from a, froniy vello, I tear\ {Leg-) Land taken from one estate and added to another by inundation or change of a river's course. Awoeato del diavolo. (AdvSoitos dlabSlL) Away there ! (Naut.) The mode of giving an order to a boat's crew on a man-of-war. A-weather. {^'aut.) When the tiller is to windward, the contrary o{ A-lee {q.v.). A-weigh. {A'ant.) (A-trip.) Awn. (Arista.) Axil, Axilla. [L. axilla, armfiif."] {Bot.) The upper angle formed by the separation of a leaf from its stem. Adj., Axillary, that which grows at that angle. Axillary thermometer. A thermometer placed under the armpit, sometimes in the mouth or elsewhere, to ascertain the heat of the body. Axiom. [Gr. &{{w/M.] In Geom., a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted, and which therefore admits of no demonstration ; as, " the whole is greater than its parts." Axis. [L ] {Attat.) The second vertebra of the neck, upon which the Atlas moves. Axis ; M{(jor A. ; Minor A. ; A. of a leiu ; A. of a telescope. [1,., ajcU-trce ; hence the axis of the earth.] 1. The line within a turning body round which the rotation takes place, and which remains at rest during the rotation. 2. A line with refer- ence to which all the points of a body or curved line are sjonmetrically arranged ; as, the axis of a cylinder, the axis of a parabola. The A. of a lens is the line passing through the centres of its surfaces. The A. of a telescope or microscope is the axis of the object-glass, with which the axis of the eye-piece should coincide. (For Major A. and Minor A., vide Ellipse.) 8. {Bot.) The root and stem of the whole plant. The plumule and radicle are the axes of growth, around which all other parts are arranged. Axis of a crystal. 1 hrough any point within a crystal let planes be drawn parallel to its faces and cleavage planes ; any three lines of intersec- tion of these planes are axes of the crystal, pro- vided they are not in one plane. The positions of the' faces can be determined with reference to the axes, and if known with reference to one set of axes, they can be determined with reference to any other set. In most cases, however, one particular set is selected and spoken of as the axes ; thus, if any three intersections are mutually at right angles, they would be called the axes of the crystal. Axle. [L. axis, Gr. &(»v.] 1. An axis. 2. A cylindrical shaft on which a wheel or other body turns, or which turns with the wheel on the bearings. An axis is a geometrical abstrac- tion, an axle its concrete realization. (Shaft.) Axle-box. A peculiarly formed joum.il-bear- ing. liy which the weight of locomotive engines or railway carriages is transmitted to the axles, and withm which the axles turn. Axolotl. [Mexican.] Siredoa' [Gr. 'Ztifrrj^iiiv, stren, g.v.] pisciforme [L. piscis, fsh, forma, form]. {Zool.) Tailed Batrachian, retaining or losing its gills according to circumstances. Possibly it is the larval stage of a salamander. It is twelve or fourteen inches long. Mexican lakes. Ayah. An Indian native waiting-maid or nurse. Aye-aye. [Onomatop.] {Zool.) 1. A quad- rumanous animal, somewhat resembling a large squirrel, and with its mammre on the abdomen ; "one of the most extraordinary of the mammalia now inhabiting the globe" (Wallace) ; classed in a fam. by itself. Madagascar. Cheiromys Madagascanensis [Gr. x*^P> hand, fivs, mouse], sub-ord. L^muroid^a, ord. Primates. 2. J.q. Ai {q.v.). Aye, aye, sir {A^aut.) = "I understand." As an answer from a boat, it shows that a com- missioned officer is in her. The addition of a ship's name indicates a captain, and of "flag," an admiral. Ayegreen. The houseleek [L. sempervivum {9.7'.).]. Ayrshire Plonghman, The. Robert Bums. Ayuntamiento. [ Sji.] The council of a town or village ; also called Justicia, concejo, cabildo, regimiento. Axamoglans. Foreign children brought up among the Turks as Mohammedans and soldiers. Asasel. Lev. xvi. 8, lo; transl. scapegoat, but mcanint^ quite uncertain. Azi-dahaka. (Zohak.) Azimuth. [Ar. as-samt, a -way or path.'\ {Astron.) The arc of the horizon intercepted between the meridian and a vertical circle drawn through the centre of a heavenly body ; it may be reckoned from the north point, but in northern latitudes it is most convenient to reckon it from the south point westward from o° up to 360". The Magnetic A. is a similar arc measured from the magnetic meridian ; it is, in fact, the bearing of a point from the magnetic south. Aximnth and altitude instrument. An instru- ment consisting of a horizontal circle moving round a vertical axis in fixed supports, and a vertical circle moving round a horizontal axis which is rigidly attached to the former axis. The vertical circle carries a telescope whose axis coincides with a diameter. The altitude and azimuth of a heavenly body can be observed by it when properly adjusted. Aslmnth compass. A compass furnished with sights for observing the bearing of points from the magnetic north or south. Az5ic rooks. [Gr. d neg., ^uA\, life.] {Geol.) Non-fossiliferous, destitute of life. This term, and Hypozoio = under \vkS\ life, are obsolete as systematic terms. (Neozoic.) Azote. [Gr. i neg., C«^, life.] Nitrogen, which (Iocs not support life. Azoth. Paracelsus' panacea, or elixir of life. Azrael. [A Semitic word.] With Jews and Mohammedans, the angel of death, once visible to those whom he took away, now invisible, by reason of Mohammed's prayer. AZTE 52 Asteos. A dwarfish people of considerable civilization, in the high-land of Anahuac, in S. America ; now extinct. Two children, said to belong to this race, were exhibited in London in i8i;3 ; but Professor Owen pronounced them to bedwarfs, probably from S. America. Azolejo. An enamelled tile. The Moors in- troduced this kind of work into Spain in the eighth century ; examples of A. of the thirteenth century are found in the Alhambra. Aznline. A coal-tar dye, giving a fine blue colour with a shade of red in it. BACK Azare. [Pers. eazur, blueJ] (Her.) The blue colour in coats of arms, represented in engrav- ing by horizontal lines. Azure stone. (Lapis lazuli.) Azurite. 1. (Lapis lazuli.) 2. Blue carbonate of copper. Azygous. [Gr. i^vyos, not paired.'] {Anai.) Said of muscles, bones, etc., that are single. Azymite. One who uses unleavened [Gr. ifO/ttos] bread in the Eucharist. So the Latins and others have been termed by the Greek Church. B. B is used as an abbreviation for before, as ' B.C., before Christ; or for bachelor, as B.A., Bachelor of Arts. Among the Greeks and Hebrews, B denoted 2 ; among the Romans, 300, with a dash over it, 3CXXJ. It is also the name of one of the notes in the musical scale, answering to the French Si. Baal, BeL [Heb., lord, master.'] The Semitic sun-god, worshipped as the embodiment of mere power. (Moloch.) BaalzSbub, Baalzebul. (Muiagros.) Babes or Children in the Wood. Children of the "Norfolk gentleman" of an old favourite ballad. Their guardian uncle hired two ruffians to kill them ; one, relenting, slew the other, and deserted the children, who, dying in the night, were covered with leaves by robin redbreast. {Cf. the "Two Wanderers," in Grimm's House- hold Stories.) Babies in the eyes. Reflexions of one's self in the eyes of another. Babington's Conspiracy (named from one of the number). That of some English gentlemen, with some priests of an English seminary at Rheims ; one John Savage was hired to kill Queen Elizabeth, and an insurrection was to be raised, aided by a Spanish invasion. Fourteen were executed, September, 1586. Bibism, B&bi. Persian pantheistic heresy from Mohammedanism, founded, a.d. 1843, by Seyud Mohammed Ali of Shiraz. Bablah bark. [Pers. babul, a mimosa.] The shell of the fruit of a kind of mimosa, used in dyeing drab. Baboon. [Cf. Fr. babouin, from the same root as Ger. bappe, thick-lipped (Littre).] (Zool.) Gen. of monkey, with dog-like nose, bare (frequently bright-coloured) nasal callosities, generally short tail ; some (as mandrill) very large. Africa. Cynoc^phalus, fam. Cj?n6pi- thecidae, ord. Primates. Baboon, Louis — the French, in Dr. Arbuth- not's John Bull. (Bull, John.) Bacca, or Berry. In Bot., = succulent fruit, having seeds in a pulpy mass ; e:£^. gooseberry, grape, potato-berry ; the hawthorn raspberry rose, not having true berries. Adj., Baccate, Jiaccated. Baooalanreat. The first or lower degree in any faculty conferred in universities. Baccarat. A gambling game at cards. Bacchanalia. [L.] A festival to Bacchus, god of wine, at which the celebrants were called bacchanals. Bacchanalian. Relating to Bacchus or Dlony- sos, a Semitic deity representing the powers of the Cosmos generally, whose orgiastic worship was introduced into Greece against strong oppo- sition from the people. The name Bacchus, which appears as Bocchus, the title of the Maure- tanian kings, is a corr. of Malchus, Malek, Moloch (Brown, GrecU Dionysiak Myth, ii. 100). Bacchante. [Fr.] A female worshipper of Bacchus ; hence a termagant. Bacchius. [Gr. )3okx*'<'^'] In metre, a foot, V ; e.g. Ulysses. Anti-bacchius being the opposite to B., i.e. - - ^ ; e.g. dilecte (,q.v.). Bacchus. (Bacchanalian.) -bach. [Cymric, little.] Part of names, as Penmaen-bach. Bachelor [L.L. baccalarius, from which this word has been obtained] denotes a. farm servant; hence, as some have supposed, any young man ; and so a younger student, or one who has re- ceived a lower degree in any faculty, e.g. B.A., B.D., as distinct from M.A. and D.D. The word also denotes a lower knighthood, which some have explained, however, as = bas cheva- lier (?). The Latinized baccalaureus gave rise to the notion which explained the word as = baccis laurels donatus, crowned with a laurel wreath (see Littre and Brachet, s.v.). Bacile, Bacino. [It., basin.] A glazed plate, of uncertain origin, encrusted upon church walls in Italy. B. Amatorio, a faience plate, with a portrait and posy. Bacillarlee. [L. bacillum, dim. of baculum, a staff.] A small group of Dtatdindc^ce. (Desmi- diacSse.) Back. [D. bac, a tray or bowl^ A large vessel used in brewing. Back-bond. {Scot. Law.) A deed of declara- tion of trust. Backing, i.g'. endorsement. B. a warrant, en • dorsement by a justice of a warrant granted in ' another jurisdiction. BACK S3 BALA Backing and filling. (Naut.) Getting to windward by sailing and backing alternately, with a favourable tide, in a channel too narrow for turning. Back-lash. The space allowed for play be- tween the teeth of wheels, to enable them to work in either direction without wedging them- selves. Back-painting. A method of staining the backs of mezzotinto prints affixed to glass, so as to give them the appearance of stained glass. Baok-presaore. The resistance offered by the air and waste steam to the motion of the piston of a steam-engine. Bsok-raking a horse. The removal of hard- ened faeces by the greased hand and arm. Backs. Leather made of the strongest oxhides. Backshish, Bakshish. [Ar.] A gratuity. Back-sight. I n levelling along a line, suppose the staff to be held at points A, B, C, I), etc., successively, the level is first placed between A and B, then between B and C, then between C and 1), and so on ; in these positions the surveyor looks back to A, B, C, etc., and for- ward to B, C, D, etc., and in each case reads the staff; the former readings are called back- sights, the latter /(^r/'-j/^A/j. Back-staff. An instrument formerly used for taking the sun's altitude at sea. Backstays. (Stays.) Back, To. (Xaut.) To go stem first. Backwardation. {Stockbrok.) Consideration paid on settling day by bears (Aiva. and 4)ciA7j, Scand. hvalo, and Eng. ivhale.] Whalebone, the horny laminae through which the whale strains its food. Balinger, or Balangha. {Naut.) 1. A small sloop. 2. A barge. 3. A small war-ship with- out forecastle, formerly in use. Baling-strips. Strips of thin iron for binding bales. Balister. A cross-bow. [L.L. balistarius, i.e. arcus.] (Arcnbalist; Ballista.) Balistraria [L.], Arbalestria [L.], Arbalis- teria [L.]. Narrow apertures in the walls of a fortress, for the discharge of arrows from the cross-bow ; often cruciform ; thirteenth, four- teenth, and fifteenth centuries. Balk. [A.S. boelc] 1. A strip or ridge of land purposely lef> out in ploughing. 2. Spelt also baulk ; the sq ared trunk of the fir ; a large beam of timber ; cf. Ger. balken, a beam. [Query : Are these two words or only one with some radical meaning of straightness, whence to balk = (i) to check, disappoint ; (2) to heap up in a ridge } Cf. 2i billiard ball "in balk."] Balkers. Watchers on heights for shoals of herring. Ballast. [Of doubtful origin.] {Nai4t.) Weighty materials, as iron, gravel, casks of water, carried below to keep a vessel's centre of gravity down. A ship in B. = laden with B. only. Shifting of B. is its getting out of its proper position through rolling. Ball&toon. (Naut.) A small Indian schooner without topsails. Ballerina. [It.] A female dancer. Ballet. [It. palletta, a little ball.] 1. {Her.) A roundlet or small disc. (Pallet.) 2. A theatrical representation by means of movements and dances accompanied by music. Ball-flower. (Arch.) An ornament shaped like a globular flower, frequently used in build- ings of the O^ometrical and Continuous styles of English architecture. Balling process. The process by which salt- cake is converted into ball-soda. The furnace used is called the balling furnace. (Salt-cake ; Black-ash.) Ballista, Balirta. [L., from Gr. $lish a decree.] Originally simply a proclamation, as in Gaelic and modern Welsh ; hence banish, ban- ditti ; ban in the sense of a curse ; ban, a levy ; banns of marriage. Banana. (Plantain.) Banoo. [It.] 1. {Ug.) 2. In Commerce, Bank money, standard money ; as opposed to the inferior coinage which may be current ; and which was received, in early banking times, at this its intrinsic value only. B. now refers generally to the Hamburg bank accounts, which are not represented in corresponding coinage. Banco, Banc, Sittings in. [L.L. bancus, bench.] Sittings of a superior court of common law as a full court. Band ; Crossed B. ; Direct B. ; Endless B. A broad leather strap having its ends joined and passing over two wheels fixed on parallel shafts, to communicate the motion of the one to the other. The term is also applied to cords and other wrapping connectors. A band is some- times called an Etulless B. , and is either direct, when its straight parts are parallel, or crossed ; a direct B. makes the wheels turn in the same, a crnssed B. in opposite, directions. Bandanna. 1. Peculiar silk handkerchief made in India. 2. Similar calico printing in England. Bandean. [P'r.] A band or fillet, principally as a head-dress or part of a head-dress. Banded. {Her.) Tied with a band. Bande Noire. [Fr.] German foot -soldiers, part of the Grand Companies employed by Louis XII. in his Italian wars: they carried a black ensign when a favourite general died. The name was similarly borne by other soldiers, both French and Italians ; it was given also, in the first French Revolution, to some societies which bought confiscated property of the Church, of emigrants, etc. Banderol. [Fr. banderolle, from It. bande- ruola,] Flag about two feet square, for signalling, and also for marking the points during military manoeuvres. 55 BANN Bandfisb. Gen. of fish (Cepola), of ribbon- like form. One spec, colour red, length about fifteen inches (C. rubescens) [L., reddening]. British ; most others, Japanese. Fam. Cepo- \\i\x, ord. AcanthoptCr^gii, sub-class Tfilfiostei. Bandicoot. [Telinga, pandi-koku, pig-rat.] Fam. of rat-like insectivorous marsupials, Australia and islands. Peram^Iidoe [coined from Gr. irf\pa, a pouch, L. mfiles or melis, a marten or bmiger]. Banditti. [It.] Properly, persons put under a ban and outlawed. But the word has now much the same meaning as robber, (Ban.) Ban-dog ; i.e. band -dog ; any large watch- dog, kept tied up. Bandoleers. Small wooden cases covered with leather, for holding the charges of a musket, and suspended from a shoulder-belt. [Fr. ban- doulicre, from It. bandoliera.] Bandore, Fandore. [Gr. irafSoGpo. ] A kind of lute with twelve wire strings. The word has been corr. into Banjo. Bang, Bhang. A narcotic made of the larger leaves and seed caiisules of Indian hemp ; i.q. Haschish. (Assassin.) Bangle. 1. A plain, or somewhat plain, metal bracelet. 8. To waste by little and little, to sfjuander carelessly ; colloquial word only. )y 1: squander carelessly ; in Dr. Johnson's time a Bangorian Controversy, The. Upon the rela- tions of civil and ecclesiastical authority, between Bishop Iloadley of Bangor, and W. Law, author o{ Serious Call, with others, A.D. 1717. Bangor Use. (Use.) Bania, or Bnnnea. [Hind.] A money-lender, banker. Banian. A merchant cla.ss among the Hindus ; mostly very strict in observance of fasts : hence ** Banian days," in nautical slang, = days on which meat is not served. Banjo-frames. {A'aut.) Frames by which screw-projiellcrs are raised on deck, and in which they work. Banked fires. (Naut.) Fires drawn forward, and covered with ashes, so as just to keep the water in the boilers hot. Banker. {Naut.) A vessel employed on the Newfoundland Bank, i.e. in cod-fishery. Bank Holidays. Easter Monday, Monday in Whitsun week, first Monday in August, and December 26. Bank money. (Banco.) Bank rate. The variable rate at which the Bank of England advances money. Bank stock. Shares in the property of a bank, cspcci.nlly Hank of England. Ban liene. [L.L. banleuca, ban {q.v,), and leuca, Celtic, a league, an indefinite amount of territory.] Land outside the walls of a town, but subject to its law. Bannatyne Club. Instituted 1823, by Sir W. .Scott ; its object the printing in a uniform manner of rare works of Scottish history, topography, poetry, etc. Geo. B., antiquary, collector of "Ancient Scottish Poems," 1568. Bannerer. In mediaeval times, bore the banner of the city of London in war. BANN 56 BARD Banneret. A feudal lord who led his men to battle under his own banner. The privilege of so leading them was often awarded on the battle-field to those who had there distinguished themselves. Bannering. Beating the bounds [L.L. banna]. Bannerole. (Banderol) Banmmos. [L.L., we banish.'\ Form of ex- pulsion from Oxford University. Bannock. In Scotland, a home-made cake, generally of pease-meal, or pease and barley mixed, baked on a girdle, i.e. circular iron plate. Banquette. [Fr., a bench, dim. of banque, a bank, from It. banca.] (Fortif.) Low bank of earth, placed on the inside at a suitable height, to enable the defenders to fire over the parapet. Banshie. In Irish Myth., a phantom in female form, supposed to announce the approaching death of living persons, and answering to the Grey spectre or Bodach Glas of Scotland (Scott, IVaverley, ch. xxx.). Banstickle. Spec, of stickleback, three-spined. GastSrosteas [Gr. yatrrfip, belly, otrriov, bone], fam. Gast^rostSidae, ord. Acanthopterj^gii, sub- class Teleostdi. (Stickleback.) Bantine Table. [L. Tabula Bantina.] A bronze tablet, with an Oscan inscription of thirty- three lines, found A.D. 1793, near Bantia, in Apulia. Banting. One who diets himself to prevent fatness, or the diet of such, from W. Banting, notorious (a.u. 1863) for having thus become thin. Bantling. [Probably = handling, an infant in swaddling clothes.] A child ; meton., an author's pet work. Banyan tree of India. Ficus Indica, ord. Urticaceae ; a native of most parts of India. Baobab, or Adansonia dfi^Udta (Adanson, Fr. naturalist). Monkey-Bread, Sour Gourd, an ex- traordinary tree of Trop. Africa, nat. ord. Bom- baceae ; the only spec, known ; in Humboldt's opinion, *' the oldest organic monument of our planet." Baphio. Belonging to dyes or dyeing [Gr. j8af^]. Baphomet. [Corr. of Mahomet.] Some kind of figure or symbol, which the Templars were accused of using in magical rites. Baptistery. [Gr. jSoirriffT^pior.] 1. A part of a church, or a separate building, for baptism by immersion. 2. A canopied enclosure containing the font. Bar. (Her.) An ordinary bounded by two horizontal lines drawn across an escutcheon, so as to contain one-fifth part of it. In popular language, Bar sinister = Baton (q.v.). Bar, Confederation of. An unsuccessful asso- ciation of some Polish nobles, fjrmed at Bar, 1767, for the purpose of freeing their country from foreign influence. Bar, Trml at. Trial before the judges of the superior court instead of at nisi prius (q.v.), generally before a special jury. Baragouin. [Fr.] Jargon, gibberish} origin- ally the Bas-Breton language, of which the words bara, bread, and gwin, wine, occurred most frequently in conversations between the Bas- Bretons and the French (Littre, Brachcl). Barataria. Sancho Panza's island-city, in Don Quixote. [Sp. barato, cheap.] Barb. An Arabian or Barbary horse. Barba. [L., beard.] (Bot.) A sort of down found on the leaves of some plants. Barbate, having a B. Barbados leg. (Elephantiasis.) Barbarian. A word used by the Greeks to designate all who were not Greeks. It represents the Skt. varvara, applied by the Aryan invaders of India to the negro-like aboriginal inhabitants whom they found there. Another Greek form of the word is Belleros. (Bellerophon's letters.) — Max Miiller, Chips, vol. ii. Bellerophon. Barbecue. A beast, especially hog, stuffed and roasted whole. [ (?) Fr. barbe a queue, snout to tail.] Barbed horse. \?x.,'L.\)^x\\z.,abeard.] Com- pletely equipped with armour. Barb means a hooked point, armour for horses. Barbel. [O.Fr., L. barbellus, dim. of barbus, id., from barba, a beard.] Numerous gen. of fish, with four barbules, two at tip of nose, two at comers of mouth. Europe, Asia, Africa ; one spec. British. Barbus, fam. Cyprlnldce, ord. Physostomi, sub-class TSleostei. Barberini vase. (Portland vase.) Barberry. [Ar. barbaris, L.L. berberis vul- garis.] 1. Ord. Berberidea; ; a British shrub with racemes of yellow flowers ; the fruit is used as a preserve. 2. Another kind, B. aquifollum, is the well-known plant of English shrubberies. Barber-surgeons. Corporations with certain privileges, from Edward IV. 's time, 1461, till 18 George II. dissolved the connexion. The barber's pole still represents the ribbon wound round the arm before blood-letting. Barbet. [Fr., dim. of barbe, beard.] 1. The poodle dog, especially the small breed. 2. (Bucconidee.) Barbette. [Fr., barbe, beard, parce que le canon fait la barbe, rase I'epaulement (Littre).] Elevation of earth placed in salient works of a fortification to give guns freer range, by being fired without embrasures. Barbican. Masonry fortification, formerly used to protect the drawbridge leading into a town ; also as a watch-tower. [Fr. barbacane, Ar. barbak-khaneh, a rampart ; introduced, like many other military words, by the Crusaders.] Barbiton. [Gr. ^dppiros and -ov.] Some kind of lyre, seven-stringed, used by the ancient Greeks. Barca-longa. [Sp.] 1. A Spanish coasting lugger, undecked and pole-masted, and fitted with sweeps for rowing. 2. A Spanish gun-boat. Barcarolle, BarqueroUe. [Fr. barque, a baric] Song of Venetian gondoliers, or one of the same character. Barcone. A short lighter ; Mediterranean. Bard. [L.L. bardae.] Horse-trapping, armour. Bardesanites. In Eccl. Hist., the followers of Bardesanes, in the second century, who regarded the devil as a self-existent being. (Ahriman.) Bards. (Minstrels.) BARE 57 BARO BarC'bone. Lean, so that the bones show, Barebone's Parliament. (I/ist.) A nickname for the council summoned by Cromwell, 1O53, from Praise-God IJarebone, one of the members. Bareges [Bareges, II. Pyrenees], or Cr3pe ik Bareges. Mixed tissues for dresses, usually of silk and worsted ; made really at Bagneres. Bare poles, Under. (.Vaut.) With no sails set. Barge [see Bark; L.L. barga]. Captain's, or Admiral's. A man-of-war's boat for the use of tho>e officers. State B., a large boat sumptuously fitted. Trading B. (variously named) is flat-bottomed, and usually fitted with a spritsail and a mast to lower ; used on rivers and canals. Also an east-country vessel pecu- liarly constructed. Bnad-B., the bread or biscuit tray or basket. Bargeboard. Probably = Vcrgt-hcmtA ; the ornamental woodwork carried round under a gable roof. Bargaest. [Guest, another form of ghost, Ger. geist.] A horrible goblin, toothed and clawed, in the N. of England ; supposed to shriek at night. Barilla. [Sp.] Impure carbonate of soda, alkali protluccd by burning salsola (<}.v.), B&rltun. [Gr. Bapii, /leary.] A malleable yellowi.-h-white metal, the ba^iis of the alkaline earth laryta. Bark. (Cinchona tree.) Bark, or Barque. (Barque.) Barkantine, ur Barquantine. A three-masted vessel, carrying only fore-«nd-aft sails on her main and mizzen. Bark-bound. Slaving the bark too firm or close for healthy growth. Barker's mill. An elementary kind of turbine. It is capable of rotation round the axis of a vertical tul)e having two horizcmtal tubes or arms at the lower end, the whole being like an inverted T ; there are openings in the horizontal tubes near their ends, but on opposite sides ; water flows down the vertical tube and comes out at these holes in two horizontal jets ; the reactions of the jets form a couple which causes the mill to turn in a direction opposite to the jets. Barking smack. A smack hailing from Barking Creek, in Essex. Barlaam and Josaphat. A very popular me- diaeval religious romance, in which the hermit B. converts the Indian Prince J. Originally Sanskrit, but transl. into many languages. Barlaamites. {Ecc/. Hist.) Followers of Barlaam, a Latin monk of fourteenth century ; known chiefly from their controversy with the Quietist monks of Mount Athos (Gibbon, Roman Empire, ch. Ixiii.). Barley. Pot B , of which the husk only has been removed : Pearl B., of which the pellicle also h.-is been removed, and the seed rounded. Barley-corn, John, or Sir J. A humorous personitication of malt liquor; from an old tract, The Arraii^nin^ and Indicting of Sir J. B., Kt. Barley-mow. A heap of stored barley. (If ow.) Barmecide feast = unreal, imaginary : such as the Barmecide prince first set before the hungry Schacabac in the Arabian A'ights^ Tales. Barmote, Bamnote, Barghmote, Berghmote. [A.S. berg, hill, gemote, assembly.] A Derby- shire court for miners. Barnabee. Popular name for the lady-bird. Bamack stone. (Bath-stone.) Barnacle goose. Spec, of goose, about two feet long, plumage black, white, and grey. Temperate regions. Gen. Barnicla, fam. Anaiidae, ord. Ans(5res (Lepas.) They were supposed to be produced from shells found on certain trees in Scotland and elsewhere. This absurd notion rose from a confusion of the name with that of the cirriped Barnacle, the bird being originally called HibernTciila, as being found in Ilil)ernia (Ireljind), then Bernicula, and lastly Barnacle (Max Miiller, Lectures on Ltinguage). Bamaclea 1. [From the likeness to spectacles.] Pincers enclosing the muzzle of a horse, to keep him quiet for any slight operation ; the Tivitch (q.v.) is better. 2. Spectacles; (?) a corr. of binocle, as binnacle also is ; or (?) connected with obsolete bernlein, of the same meaning ; and this with beryllus. Barometer; Aneroid B.; Marine B. ; Moantain B, ; Siphon B. ; Wheel B. [Gr. /3o$, 7oeight, fiir- poy, measure.] An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. It consists of a tube containing mercury, about thirty-four inches long, held in avertical position, withitsopenend dipping into a basin of mercury ; the sjiace within the upper part of the tube being a vacuum, the height of the column above the surface of the mercury in the basin is an exact measure of the atmospheric pressure. In the Siphon B. the lower end of the tube is bent up, instctd of dipping into a basin of mercury. In the IVheel B. the motion of the mercurial column, due to changes in the atmo- spheric pressure, is communicated to a hand which shows the variations on an enlarged scale. The Maritie B. is a barometer hung on gimbals, and otherwise protected from disturbance caused by the ship's motion, firing of guns, etc. The Moun- tain B. is adapted for being carried from place to j)lace by travellers ; from the readings of a barometer at two stations, the vertical height of the one above the other can be inferred, since, all other circumstances being the same, the weight of a column of air of that vertical height equals the diflerence between the weights of the barometric columns at the two stations. In an Aneroid B. (q.v.) the variations in the pressure of the air are measured by the movements of the elastic top of a small box, which are com- municated to a hand like the hand of a clock. Barometc fern. [Kuss. boranez, little lamb.] Scythian lamb; the prostrate hairy rhizome of the Dicksonia barometz, whose appearance has given rise to many fabulous stories. Baron. (Hist.) Lit. the man of the Liege lord or king. This title displaced that of Thane in this country on the full establishment of the Feudal system after the Norman Cons t6vos], as compared with tenor. 1. A voice in compass, and still more in charac- ter, something between tenor and bass. 2. The Viola de bardone, or V. di fagotto of Haydn, now obsolete. 3. In Pros., having the low melodic accent, which is not generally marked. (Ozytone.) BASA 59 BASS Basalt. [L. basaltes, probably an African word, = hard dark marble.] Hard dark-coloured rock, of igneous origin, often columnar and hexa- gonal, from geometric cracks in cooling. (Fissures-of-retreat. ) Basanite, Toaohstone, Lydlns Ulpis, or Lydite. A black siliceous schist, on which pure gold rubbed leaves a certain mark, [Gr. jSdaafoy, a toiu:hstone.\ Bas bleu. [Fr.] A Blae-stooking. Bas chevalier. A knight of the lowest rank of knighthood. (Bachelor.) Basnet, Basinet, Baanet. Medieval hel- met, light, somewhat basinshapetl, introduced ttmp. Edward I. [Fr. bassin, a basin.] Base. [(Jr. 0iais, a sUp.] 1. (I/er.) (Eacutcheon.) 2. (Chem.) A body which unites with acids to form salts ; as silver unites with nitric acid to form the salt called nitrate of silver. 3. (Dyring.) A substance used as a mordant. Baae-balL The national game of the U.S. of America, somewhat like our rounders ; so called from the four bases, one at each comer of a square, whose side is thirty yards ; the first, second, and third being canvas bags, painted white, filled with some soft material, and the home base marked by a flat plate painted white, (bee full account, English CycloJ>, / carry (Diez).] 'A strip of wood ; a small plank. Batten-down hatches, To. {Naut. ) To fasten tarpaulins over them by battens, i.e. long, thin strips of wood nailed down. BATT 6i BEAL Battering walls. {ArcA.) The walls of a building whose sides converge. Battery. [Fr. battre, io A,a/.] 1. Any number of guns grouped together, and having a separate equipment and organization of gunners. 2. The fortitication behind which guns are mounted. Battery, Electric. A group of electric jars, so arranged that they can be charged and dis- charged as one machine. A galvanic or voltaic battery is an arrangement for producing an elec- tric current by chemical action. Battle of the Books. (Boyle Controversy.) Battle of the Spurs. {Hist.) The name given to the victory of Henry VIII. at Guinegate, 1513, from the hasty flight of the French. Battle of the Standard. {Hist.) The name given to the battle of Northallerton, 1 138, in which David I. of Scotland was defeated by the English. &ttoIogy. [Gr. Pdrrot, onomatop, for sfa/u- merer.] Stammering talk, senseless repetition (Matt. vii. 7). But there is said to have been a poet, IJattus, who composed in this style. Battue. [Fr.] The beating or shooting down of game which has been driven to one spot by a circle of beaters. (TinchelL) Battnta. [It., a dea/.] In Music, the measuring of time by beating. Banbee. [Said to be Fr. bas billon, l>ad copptr coin.] In Scotland, a halfpenny ; first applied to a copper coin of James VI. Baulk, Balk. [A.S. bale, a ieam.] Joist placed between the pontoons of a military bridge to sup]x>rt the flooring. Bavaroy. [Fr. Bavarois, Bavarian.] A kind of cloak, originally of Bavarian make. Bavieca. The steed of the Cid. Bavins. [O.Fr. Ixxffc, a/a^vt.] Brush faggots. fiawboard, i.e. lartmard. (A-beam.) Bawdequin. (Baldachino.) Bawn. In Ireland, an earthwork round a house or castle ; an enclosure with mud or stone walls for the protection of cattle. Bawson, Bawsin, Bawsand. The badger, as having white streaks on a dark face [from Ar. ablaq, fem. balqa, a piibald (horse)]. {Vide Devic's .Supplement to Littre's Diitionary, s.v. " Balzan.") Bay. \Cf. Fr. aboyer, L. baubor, Gr. /ia«)C«, Ger. Jjellen, to hark.\ To bark loudly and in an hostile iiianruT. Bayaderes. (Bajaderes.) Bayard. 1476-1524. The Chevalier sans Peur et sans Reproche, who distinguished him- self in the Battle of the Spurs. A type of the ideal knight. Bayard. 1. A bay horse, 2. The name of more than one noted horse of old romance. Bayardly. [O.Fr. bayard, a gaper.] Blindly unreasoning, stupid ; like the leap of Bayard in terror. Bayberry Candleberry, Wax-myrtle. (Bot.) Myrica ccrifCra, small spreatling shrub of N. America, ord. Amentaceat: ; its drupes covered with wax, used for candles. Bay-cherry. Name of the common laurel, Cfirasus lauro-cerasus, when first introduced into England about the beginning of the seventeenth century. Bayes. Champion of rimed .(rhymed) drama (meant for Dryden) in 7/4asc.] Capable of combining with two equivalents of a base. Biberon. [L. bib^re, to dn'tik.'] A water-pot with one or more conical or cylindrical spouts. Bibiri, or Beebeeree, of Onians. Commonly called the Grcenheart. A kind of Xectandra, ord. Lauracese ; a large tree of sixty or seventy feet, yielding the bibiru bark, a tonic and febrifuge ; and, more particularly, a very valuable timber for ship-building, strong and durable, cutting into great lengths, placed in the first class at Lloyd's, called the haelve-ycar class. Bible, English. The first Bible in English was that translated by Wyclif, about A.n. 1360. The first printed English Bible is that of Tindal, who was assisted by Coverdale. After Tindal's death, the work was carried on by John Rogers, who dedicated the book to Henry V^III., under the assumed name of Thomas Matthews : hence commonly called Afatt/tervs' Bible. Tindal's version, amended by Coverdale and examined by Cranmer, who wrote a preface for it, was the first Bible set forth by authority, and is known as Craniiier's Bible, or the Great Bible. The paraphrase of the New Testament by Erasmus was set forth in an English version in 1547, a copy being ordered to be placed in every parish church. In 1560 some English exiles published at Geneva a translation, with marginal readings, which is thus known as the Gcnez'a Bible. The great English Bible, commonly called the Bishops^ Bible, was printed in folio in 1568, the translation having been made by the bishops and others engaged to aid them, acting under the authority and supervision of Archbishop Parker. In the following year this translation was published in 8vo, the chapters being divided into verses as in the Geneva Bible. The folio reprint of this version, in 1572, is known as Parker's Bible. A Roman Catholic translation of the New Testament was published in 1584, at Rheims, and is hence called the Khciiiish Bible ; a second, giving the Old Testament also, was published at Douay in 1609-10. In 1603 King James I., at the Hampton Court Conference, ordered a new translation to be made. Forty- seven translators were engaged upon it. This Bible, commonly called King James's Bible, or the Authorized Version, was published in 161 1. A revised version of the New Testament, as given in the Authorized Version, was published in 1881. (Breeches Bible.) Bible in Spain, 1844, describes the personal adventures of George Borrow, travelling in Spain as agent of the Bible Society. Biblia panpemm, or B. paupenun Christi. The books of the poor of Christ, i.e. the preaching clergy ; a kind of medireval picture-book, of forty or fifty pages, each giving, with a text, some leading event of human salvation. A similar book in rime was Speadunt HumatUB Salva- tidnis. These were amongst the first books printed. Bibliomanoy. Divination [Gr. yttai^efa] from passages in the Bible [jSi^At'ov, a book] taken at random. (Sortes Virgilianae.) Bibliomania. A passion for possessing old or rare books. [Gr. fiifi\loi/, a book, fj.ai>ia, matlness.] Bibliophile. [Gr. fii$\lov, a book, ems against slavery. Bignonia. (Abbe IJignon, temp. Louis XIV.) (Bot. ) The Trumpet flower, typ. gen. of ord. Lignoniaccae ; trop. or sub-trop. ; elegant climb- ing plants ; the stems used as ropes. Bijouterie. yVx., jewellery^ Small articles of vertu. Bijogons leaf. (Bot^ [L. bijfigus, tivo yoked together, doubled^ A pinnate leaf having two pairs of leaflets. Bikh, Bish, Vish, Atavisha. Hindu name for a most destructive vcgetablepoison,Ac6nilum(erox. Bilabiate flower. (L. labium, a lif>.] (Bot.) Having parts in two separate parcels or lips, as the snajxlragon and dead-nettle. Bil^unellate. [L. lamella, a small plate of metal.] (Hot.) Formed of two plates or layers, e.g. stigmas, placentae, etc. Bilander. [D. bijlander, Fr. belandre.] Small flat-lxDttomed merchant vessel used on the coast of Holland, keeping close by land. Bilateral contract. (Leg.) One by which both parties [L. latCra, sides], enter into obliga- tions towards each other, as a C. of sale. Bilateral symmetry. (Med.) Said of organs situated on each side of the mesial line (q.v.). Bilberry, Common, or Bleaberry. [Blueberry (?) cf. Ger. blaubeere.] Vacclnium myrtillus, ord. Vacclniaccae. A small bush with dark berries, used for tarts, etc. Other spec, are whortle- berry, cowberry, etc. Bubo. (Made at Bilbao, in Biscay.) A rapier, sword. 69 BILL Bilboes. (First made at Bilbao, in Biscay.) Long iron bars with shackles sliding on them and a lock at the end ; used to confine the feet of prisoners on board ship. Bilge, or Bulge. [Cf. ball, bole, bowl, belly, and many other like words having the idea of roundness or s^velling.] The bottom of a vessel, where it is nearly flat, on each side of her keel. B.-water, rain or sea water collected in the B. Bilingnal. [L. bilinguis.] Speaking in, or written in, two languages. Biliteral. [L. bi-, tivo, lltCra, letter.] Consisting of two letters ; as the roots i, go (the smooth breathing before an initial vowel being counitf\),V\,move. 2. Containing two consonants of roots belonging to languages with syllabaria. (Syllabarinm ; Tiuiteral.) Bilk. To cheat, disappoint, deceive ; originally a slang word : some connect it with balk. Bill. [A.S. bile, the bill of a bird.] Used as a weapon by yeomen of the time of Plantagenets ; consisting of a curved blade with spike at top and back, mounted on a six-foot staff. Billet. [Fr. billet, a note ; the medijeval L. billa being the class, bulla.] 1. (Her.) An oblong shape, resembling a letter or brick. 2.. Quarter compulsorily jirovided for troops, by the inhabitants of a country, including the provision- ing of them at a fixed rate. Billet-doux. [Fr.] A loz-e-letter. Billet-moulding. (Areh.) A round moulding cut in notches so as to resemble billets, or pieces of slick. Bill in equity. Plaintiff's statement, written or jninted, addressed as a petition to the Court of Chancery. Billingsgate. Coarse rough language (like that of H. Market). Billion. With French and other continental arithmeticians, a thousand million, not as with us a million million ; so a trillion is a thousand billion, etc. (Numeration.) Bill, or Declaration, of Bights, (//isf.) The declaration of the I^ords and Commons of Great Britain, presented to the Prince of Orange, February, 1688, setting forth the rights and privileges of the pc()i)lc which had been violated l)y James II. This Hill became law November, 1689. (Petition of Bight.) Bill of exchange. A negotiable security in the form of a written request signed by A (drawer) that B (drawee) will pay C (payee) the sum mentioned, by endorsement. C can assign the bill to D (endorsee or holder), and D to another, ad lib. Bill of health. A certificate given to the masters of ships clearing out of port, certifying the state of health in the vessels at the time of their leaving. Bill of indemnity. A name given to laws passed for the relief of persons who have acted in an illegal manner. Billon. [Fr. copper coin, origin unknown.] A composition of gold or silver with a larger quantity of copper ; once common in France, from about 1200; coined — or somethi.ig very BILL 70 BISC like it — ^by Henry VIIL and by Elizabeth, for Ireland. The groschen of N, Germany is of B. Billot. [Fr., a block of wood.] Gold or silver in bars or masses. Billyboy. A kind of sea-barge on the E. coast. Bimaoiilate. Marked with two spots [L. bi-, ^ txoo, macula, a spot\. Bimana. [L. bi-, tioo, manus, hand^ {Zoo/.) Two-handed. The human race, viewed as pos- sessing two hands on the anterior extremities. Bimbashi. A Turkish provincial dignitary. Bimestral. [L. bi-mestris.] (£oi.) Lasting for /7i>o months only. Bimetallism, Theory of. The theory that the national, and if possible international, standard of value should be not that of silver only or of gold only, but a mixed standard of gold and silver, the relative value of the metals being determined; and this probably being 15^: i, " which has been maintained for nearly the whole of the present century by the French bimetallic arrangement " {NineUetUk Century, June, 18S1). BimB. Slang for inhabitants of Barbadoes. Biliary ; B. arithmetio ; B. logarithm ; B. star. [L. bini, two each.] Two ; double. In B. arith- metic the radix is 2, so that all numbers can be expressed by two symbols, viz. i and o ; for in B. arithmetic 2 plays the part which 10 plays in ordinary arithmetic ; thus, iiooi, which in the latter would mean i x 10* -f- 1 X lo'-Hi, means in the former i X2*-Hi X2*-|- 1, or 25. In B. logarithms the base is 2. A B. star is a double star whose constituents revolve round a common centre of gravity. Binate. [L. blni, two apiece.^ (Bot.) Growing in pairs. Bin, Bing. 1. Properly a heap ; and so 2, a receptacle for things stored. Wedgwood com- pares Sw. binge, and O.N. bunga, a heap ; and Fr. bigne, a bump, tumour. Bind. A miner's term for shales in the coal- measures. Bindweed. Popular name for wild convol- vulus. Bing. [Dan. binge.] A heap of alum thrown together to drain. Binnacle, Bittacle. [Corr. of Fr. habitacle, L.L. habitaculum, a place, habitation, for steers- man and pilot.] The case or box on deck, in which the compass and a light are placed. Binomial theorem. [Fr. binCme, L. bis, twice, Gr. vo^^, distribution.'] A formula for express- ing any power of the sum of two numbers by means of a sum of the powers and pro- ducts of powers of the numbers severally ; thus, (a-\-bY^ = a'5-f I5a'*3 -\- io5a"^* -h, etc. Bio-. [Gr. /Si'oj, li/e.] Biogenesis. [Gr. 0'tos, life, ytveffis, generation.] Generation of (all) life from livnng germs, op- posed to spontaneous evolution of life from dead germless matter, on Bastian's theory. (Abio- Bio-geology. [Gr. &los, life, 77}, earthy The science which treats of the distribution of plants and animals over the globe and the causes of that distribution. (See Kingsley, Health and Education, p. 173.) Biology. The science of life [Gr. j3/os], and of the forces and phenomena of life ; these including the sciences of Zool. and Bot. Biolytio. [Gr. Kvu, I loose.] Tending to destroy life. Biotazy. The arrangement [Gr. tc{|is] or classification of animate beings according to their outward organization. Biparietal diameter. [L. paries, -etis, a wall.] (Ana/.) The diameter between the parietal bones ; applied to the cranium. Bip&roos. [L. pario, / bring forth.] Bring- ing forth two at a birth. Bipeltate. [A word made up from L. bi-, tivo, and Gr. irfArrj, pelton, a shield.] Pro- tected as by a double shield or buckler. Bipinnate. [L. _ bi-, tmo, pinna, a feather.] {Bot.) Twice pinnate ; e.g. the frond of bracken. Bipontine editions of classics. Published a.d. 1779, at Deuxfonts, or Zweibriicken, a town of Rhemish Bavaria, formerly capital of an in- dependent duchy. [L. bi-, tivo, pons, pontis, a bridge.] Bipupillate. [L. bi-, two, papilla, the pupil of the ej>e.] (Entom.) Applied to a spot with two differently coloured dots, on the wing of a butterfly. Biquadratic. [L. bis, tivice, quadratus, squared.] Of or belonging to the fourth power of a number ; in a /?. equation, the fourth is the highest power of the unknown quantity ; zsx* — "jx = 103. Bird-bolt. An arrow broad at the ends, for shooting birds. Bird-cherry. Prunus padus, native tree, with long white racemes of flowers ; ord. Rosaceoe. Bird-lime. A glutinous substance from the boiled middle bark of the holly ; it may be obtained also from the mistletoe. Bird of paradise. A gen. of birds, Paradl- seidse, fam. Corvidae. The males are character- ized by gorgeous accessory plumes, springing in some spec, from the sides or rumps, in others from the head, bust, or shoulders. The natives usually cut off their legs : hence the notion of their being legless (Butler, Hudibras). New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Bird's-eye. A kind of tobacco, cut so that the sections of the stalk resemble a bird's eye. Bird's-nest. (Naut.) A look-out place at the masthead. Birds' wings. (Wings.) Bird-witted. Desultory in thought, flighty, having no concentration. Bireme. [L. biremis, bi-, two, remus, an oar.] A vessel with two tiers of oars ; trireme, one with three tiers ; so quadrireme, quinqtn- reme, with four, with five tiers. Biretta. [L.L, birretum, a cap.] A square black cap, rounded at the top, worn by priests. Birk, Birken. Birch, birchen. Birmingham system. (Caucus meeting.) Birthwort. (Aristolochia.) Biscuit \Xx., from L. bis coctus, twice cooked ; cf. Ger. zwieback] is, in pottery, somewhat a BISD 71 BLAC misnomer. The first baking, to preserve shape and texture, gives the likeness, in colour and texture, to ship biscuit ; the second firing vitri- fies the glaze, and brings out the metallic colours. Bia dat qui elto dat [L.] He gives twice who gives promptly. Bise. [Fr.] A cutting N. wind prevalent on the northern shores of the Mediterranean. BiMOt [L. bi-, two, seco, / cut.'\ To divide into two equal parts. Bisatona. [L. bis, twice, setosus, bristled, seta, a bristle.^ Having two bristles. Bishop. As a drink, hot port wine flavoured with lemon and cloves. Biahop Bamaby. The may-bug or lady-bird. Bishopping the t«eth of hones. A method of passing off an aged horse for a six-year-old. The nippers are shortened to the required length, and an oval cavity is scooped in the corner nippers, which is then made ftiack by burning. Bishops' Bible. (Bible, English.) Bishops' Book, or Institation of a Christian Man. A primer of doctrine and instruction, A.D. 1538; the culminating point of the Reformation during the reign of Henry V'^ 1 1 1. (Blunt's Preface). Bishops in partibns. (In partiboa infldeliom.) Bilk, BiBqne. [Fr. bisque.] Soup of several kinvid;e. 2. Spec Aurochs {f.v.), and American bison. Bia peee&re in bello non Ileet. [L.] One cannot make more than one mistake in war ; i.e. one mistake is (generally) fatal. Bisque. 1. [Fr.] Unglazed porcelain. 8. [Fr. (?) It. bisca, a gaming- house. \ A term differ- ently used in different games, meaning odds, an advantage given to one player over another. Bissextile. Leap year, i.e. L. annus bissextus or bissextilis ; so called because in the Julian calendar the Z4th of February (ante-diem sextum Kalendas Martias) was reckoned twice over in the leap year. Bister, Bistre. [Fr., origin unknown.] A pig- ment, warm brown, prepared from soot of wood, especially beechwood. Bistoury. [(?) Pistoia, where they were made.] A small surgical knife. Bisulcate. [L. bi-, tivo, sulco, / furrow."] 1. Having two furrows, 2. (Zool.) Cloven- footed, with two-hoofed digits. Biting in. Eating away, by an acid, the parts of the iilate not covered by the etching ground. (Etching.) Bitter end. (Naut.) The part of a cable abaft the Bitts. Bittern. 1. A bitter compound of quassia, etc., fcT adulterating beer. 2. The liquor left 6 after salt has been crystallized out from sea- water. Bittern, Bittour. [Etym. unknown ; cf. Fr. butor, L.L. bitorius ; bos taurus seems to be an error (Littre).] Night-feeding gen. of heron tribe, distinguished by greater length of toe, and by being feathered to the tarsus. Cosmopolitan ; three spec, found in Great Britain. Gen. Botaurus, fam. Ardfldae, ord. Grallne, Bitter-sweet. (Bot.) S5Ianum dulcamara. Ord. Solanaccae. A common hedge climber, with potato-like violet flowers and red berries. Bitts. [Dan. bitte, Fr. bitte.] {A^aut.) Two upright pieces of timber in the fore-part of a ship, to which cables are fastened. There are minor B., as the topsail-sheet B., to which the topsail sheet is fastened. Bitftmen. [L.] Includes the liquid mineral substances, naphtha, petroleum, etc., as well as the solid mineral, pitch, asphalt, mineral caoutchouc, etc. (Asphalt.) Bituminous shale. Thin-bedded clays, suffici- ently rich in hydrocarbon to yield paraffin, etc., by distillation. Bivalve. [L. bi, tivo, valvte, doors ^ Possess- ing two valves, or doors ; term applied to shells of certain molluscs, as cockles and small Crus- taceans. Bivouao. [The French form of Ger. beiwache, by -watch.] In warfare, the halting of soldiers at night in the open air. Biza. (Annotta.) Bisarre. [Sp. bizarro, valiant^ Capricious, fantastic. Originally, valiant ; then, angry, headlong ; lastly, strange, capricious. Bjelbog. (Tsohemibog.) Black Act A statute passed, 9 George I., against the Wed t ham Blacks, who infested the forest near Waltham, Hants. The Act was repealed in 1828. Black art. Mediaeval name for nccromattcy, as if derived from L. niger, black. Black-ash. A mixture of impure carbonate and sulphide of sodium, obtained from salt-cake (y.T-.) by roasting it with chalk and coal. Black Assize. A name given to an assize at Oxford in 1577, from a pestilence which broke out while it was held. Black-band. A valuable carbonaceous iron- stone in the coal-measures of Scotland and S. Wales. Black Book of Admiralty. 1. A book of ancient Admiralty statutes and ordinances. 2. A mythical record of offences. Black cap. Assumed by a judge, that he may be in full dress. Black chalk. A kind of shale or clay-slate, containing much carbon ; used for drawing, and ground down for paint ; in Carnarvonshire, Isle oflslay, Spain. Black Country. The district between Bir- mingham and Wolverhampton, full of coal-pits and furnaces. Black Death. (From black spots on the body). The Oriental plague which desolated Asia and Europe in the middle of the fourteenth century. Black dose, or draught Sulphate of magnesia BLAC 72 and infusion of senna, with aromatics to render it palatable ; Epsom salts. Black flux. A mixture of charcoal and carbo- nate of potash. (Flux.) Black Friars. A mendicant order, called from their habit, B. F. in England ; in France, Jacobins, as living in Rue St. Jacques ; Preach- ing F; from their office of converting Jews and heretics ; and Dominicans, as founded by St. Dominic, a Spaniard, early in the thirteenth centur}'. Black game. Heath-fowl ; opposed to red game, as grouse. Blaok-hole. Place of solitary confinement for soldiers. Black Hole of Calcutta. {Hist.) A dungeon in which Suraj-u-Daula, 1756, shut up 146 English prisoners taken in the defence of the city, of whom all but si.\teen were stifled to death. Black-lead, Flumb&go, properly Graphite, into which no lead enters. A greyish-black mineral, chiefly carbon, but containing alumina, silica, etc. ; used for making pencils. Black-letter. The old English or Gothic letter, generally used in manuscript writing before the introduction of printing, and continued in types to the end of the sixteenth centur)', and in many instances later. Black-letter saints' days. In the Calendar of the Book of Common Prayer, the commemo- ration days of saints whose names are not rubricated, and for whom no special Collect, Epistle, and Gospel are provided. Black list A list of the insolvent, bankrupt, swindlers, etc., printed for the private use and protection of the trading community. Black mail An impost in the Highlands and bordering Lowlands of Scotland, in the earlier part of the eighteenth century, submitted to as a compromise with robbers. (Mails.) Black Monday. 1. The cold Easter Alonday of 1360, April 14 ; when many of Edward III.'s soldiers died before Paris. 2. The first Monday of work after holidays. Black Monks. (Augustines.) Black quarter, Black spald, Quarter evlL An apoplectic disease in cattle, especially young cattle ; caused by rich pasture on slitf undrained soil, by change from poor to rich pasture, etc. Black Bod, ITslier of the. Chief gentleman- usher lo the sovereign ; summons the House of Commons to the Peers when the royal assent is given to Bills ; takes into custody any peer guilty of breach of privilege. He belongs to the Order of the Garter. Black Bood of Scotland. "A piece of the true cross," in ebony gilt, brought in the eleventh century by the wife of King Malcolm, and left as an heirloom of the Scottish kingdom. It was lost by David II. at Durham, and was placed in the cathedral, whence it disappeared at the Refor- mation. Black mbric, i.e. a statement, not really a rubric or direction. The declaration at the end of the Communion Office, respecting kneeling : BEAT in rubricated Prayer-books printed black; in others printed in Roman type, not in italics. Blacks. 1. A kind of ink for copper-plate printing, made by charring the refuse of a wine- press. 2. (Bianchi and Neri.) Black ships. Indian vessels built of teak. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. Published 1765-69. Originally lectures at Oxford, by Blackstone, the first Vinerian Professor of Law ; appointed judge, 1770. Black Watch. The 42nd Regiment, into which companies were enrolled, 1737, who had watched the Highlands, dressed in dark tartan. Bladud. In British legend, the father of King Lear. He is said to have built the city of Bath, where he was cured of his leprosy by its medi- cinal waters. Blague. [Fr.] Humbug, brag, intended to mystify ; its earlier meaning, a tobacco-pouch. Littre refers to Gael, blagh, to blow, inflate. Blaize. (Fake.) Blano ooursier. [Fr., white horse.'\ The herald of the Order of the Bath (from the white horse of Hanover). Blanch-holding. {Scot. Law.) A tenure for a peppercorn duty. Blanching. 1. Whitening metal for coinage. 2. Coating iron plates with tin. Blanching-liquor. A solution of chloride of lime for bleaching. Blanchisseuse. [Fr.] Washenvoman. Blanket [Fr. blanchet.] Woollen cloth to lay inside the tympans in printing. Blanketeers. Were to have marched, taking blankets, etc., with them, to petition for reform, to the Prince Regent in London, March, 1817. (Peterloo.) Blank verse. The unrimed heroic verse of five feet, or ten syllables, each foot being in general either an Iambus or a Spondee. Blarney stone. To have kissed the. To be extremely persuasive, to be an adept at soft sawder. Cormack Macarthy, Lord of Blarney, duped Carew, a.d. 1602. Blase. Satiated, cloyed : etym. unknown. Littre compares blaser, to burn, blaze, a pro- vincial use of which is = dessecher, to dry up, from excessive use of stimulants. Blast, Blast-pipe. The waste steam from a high-pressure engine is driven through the Blast-pipe into the chimney, and, causing a partial vacuum in the smoke-box, increases the draught through the furnace. Blastema. [Gr.] 1. {Anat.) The albuminous formative element in animal tissue. 2. {Bot.) The axis of an embryo. Blast-furnace. A furnace for smelting iron ores, an operation requiring a very high tem- perature, which is obtained by a strong blast of air forced into the furnace from beneath. Blasto-. [Gr. ^Kaaros, bud, sprout^ Blastoderm. [Gr. Sep/to, j^/«.] Ine germinal membrane of the ovum. , Blastogenesis. In plants, multiplication by buds. [Gr. fi\dffT7] and -r6s, bud, sprout, yiu((ns, origin.] Blatant Onomatop. roaring, bellowing; BLAT 73 BLOW cf. blare, blatter. B. Beast is Rumour or Slander, of "vile tongue" and "hellishe race" (faery Queen, bk. vi.)- Blateroon. [L. bUttdro, -nem.] A babbler, idle talker. Blatter. [L. blatdro, verb.] To prate, talk idly. Blazonry. [Fr. blason, a coat of arms.] The art of painting or describing coats of arms according to heraldic rules. Bleb, Blab, Blob. Originally a drop of water, a blister ; generally an air-bubble in glass, ice, etc. [€/'. Ger. hlahen, to ruvlL] Bledmom. [Gr. 3a^x«»'-] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Ferns. B. bor^ale, Hard fern, the only British spec. Common in woods. Blee. [A.S. bleoh, blewan, to blow, bloom.] Complexion, colour. Bleneh. [Collateral form of blanch, to grow fale.\ To avoiil, elude, start from. Blende. [Ger. blenden, to tlazzle.] (Afin.) Zinc B., Gartut B., Black-jack, 1. Properly sulphide of zinc ; in Cornwall, Cumberland, etc, and many parts of Eurofie and N. America. 2. Popularly applied to many other lustrous minerals. Blenn-. [Gr. ^Xiwa, phelgni, miicus^ (.MeJ.) Bleaa [akin to bliss, blithe], from the action of the hand in making f , sometimes = to brandish. Blessed thistle (from its supposed medicinal virtue). Carduus bcnedictus of old writers and i)i Med. ; gen. ord. ComjwsTta;. Blets. [Fr. blet, overripe.] Spots of decay in apples, pears ; the work of a low form of fungus. Bleu da roi [Fr., kin^s blue.] In china, a deep cobalt blue. Bleu, Gros. [Fr.] The darker variety of B. da roL Bleyme. In a horse, inflammation between the sole and l)one of the foot. [(?) Corr. of Fr. flegme, Gr. ^A^y/io, infammation.] Blindage. Building of strong beams leaning close together against a wall, or against another set of beams, and covered with fascmes and earth, for the protection of troops and stores. Blind-coaL (Anthracite.) Blind-fish. (Hag.) Blind Harry. .Scotch minstrel of fifteenth century. Author of the romance of Wallace. Blind hockey. A gambling game with cards. BUndman. At the General Post Office, a decipherer of illegible or misspelt addresses. Blind story. {Ecd. Arch.) A name for the Triforiam, or second story above the Pier arches, and below the Clerestory. Blind-worm. Anguis fragflis [L., fragile snake]. Harmless spec, of footless lizard, fre- quently taken for venomous snake. Fam. Scincldx. Blink. The dazzling whiteness about the horizon, caused by reflexion of light from fields of ice. Blistered steeL Steel produced by heating to redness bars of pure iron, surrounded by l)owdered charcoal, etc., till they have absorbed sufficient carton. When taken out, the bars are covered with blisters. Blister-fly. [O.E. blaesan, to blow; cf. Ger. blase, blister, D. bluyster, itl.] Spanish fly, Can- tharis veslcatorla [Gr. KavOapls, name of various beetles, L. vesica, a bladder, blister]. A beetle, about one inch long, green, with gold reflexions ; rare in England. Ord. Coldoptera. Blocfc [A Teut. and Scand. word.] 1. Two or more pulleys or sheaves placed side by side on a common axle in parallel mortices cut in a properly shaped piece of wood. 2. {/Vaut.) A pulley made in four parts: (i) the shell, or out- side ; (2) the sheave, or wheel ; (3) the pin, or axle ; (4) the strop, a piece of rope or iron by which the block is made fast. Building B., tranverse pieces of timber to support a ship when building, or in a dry dock. Blook-hoas& (Forti/.) Covered fieldwork, composed of trunks of trees, with a shell-proof roof of earth. Block machinery. A system for manufacturing the shells and sheaves of blocks for ship tackle, set up in Portsmouth Dockyard by Sir M. I. Brunei, 1802-8, and at Chatham in 1807. Blomary. The first forge through which iron passes, after it is melted from the ore. (Bloom.) Blonde. [Fr. blond, fair.] A fine kind of lace, made of silk (from Us colour). Blood and Iron, The Man o£ Prince Bismarck. Blood money. Money earned by giving in- formation or by agreeing to help in bringing a capital charge against another. Blood mormnn. (Med.) Heard in certain portions of the arterial system, especially in ca.ses of anaemia (q.v.). Blood-root of N. America, or Pttccoon. (Bot.) .Sangulnaria Canadensis, ord. Papaveraceae ; its fleshy root-stalk and its leaf-stalks abound in a red juice ; acrid, narcotic, emetic, purgative ; much used in United States. Blood-stone. (Heliotrope.) Bloodwit. [ I'rom A. S. blod, blood, wyte, pity, ] A fine for bloodshed. Bloody Assises. Those held by Judge Jeflreys in 1685, after the suppression of Monmouth's rebellion. Bloom. 1. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] A clouded appearance, like the bloom on fruit, sometimes assumed by the varnish on a painting. 2. [From O.E. bloma, a mass.] A mass of crude iron from the puddling furnace, while undergoing its first hammering. Bloomer oostame. A dress for females, de- vised in America in 1848, approaching as nearly as possible to that of men. The attempt to introduce it into F^ngland was unsuccessful. Blooming. (Shingling.) Blowing lands. (Agr.) Lands liable to have their surface blown away. Blow-pipe. An instrument which, by driving a blast through a flame, concentrates its heat on any object. The oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe is one in which a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is used for the blast instead of air. Blowsalinda. In Gay's Shepherd's Week, a rustic lass. Blow the gaff, To. (Naut.) To let the cat out of the bag. BLUB 74 BODY Blubber. [Akin to blob, bleb, drop, lump.'] 1. A bubble. 2. The oil-bearing fat of whales an1 other fish. Blue and Oreen factions. (Factions.) Bluebell (Bot.) Wild hyacinth (Scilla nutans) or Campanula rotundifolTa. Blue-book, The, on any subject, is the report or paper published by Parliament ; in blue paper covers. Bluebottle. (Bot.) Of corn-fields, sometimes cultivated for its coloured flower-heads ; Cen- taurea cj^anus, ord. ComposTtae. Blue-gowns— in Scot. — or King's Bedesmen, i.e. praying for him ; and receiving a small bounty, with a blue gown, and badge " pass and repass ; " and so = privileged mendicants, such as Edie Ochiltree (Walter Scott, Antiquary). None appointed since 1833 ; all have now died out. Blue-john. The blue variety of fluor-spar. Blue Laws. A derisive name for certain regulations in the early government of New Haven plantation, which punished breaches of good manners and morality; "blue" being an epithet applied to the Puritans, after the Restora- tion. Blue Hantle. The second pursuivant (so named by Edward III., from the French coat which he assumed, being blue). Blue-peter. [Origin doubtful.] {Naut.) A blue flag with a white square in the centre. When flown at the foretop- masthead, it indicates that the vessel is ready to sail. Blue-pill (Med.) Piliila hydrargfri ; mercury in the metallic form, very finely subdivided ; mixed with conserve of roses, to form a pill. Blue-stocking. A literary lady, but pedantic, unpractical. About 1781, B. S. Clubs, accord- ing to Boswell, arose, of literary persons of both sexes ; at which Mr. Stillijjgfleet, gravely dressed and in blue stocking!, was one of the most constant. BlufE^ The precipitous face presented by a high bank to the sea or to a river. Blunderbuss. 1. A noisy blunderer. 2. A short, wide-mouthed, noisy gun. Boa. [L. boa and bova, a serpent; or a water-snake, said to suck c/.) The elder or chief of a borough or tything. Bort. The smaller fragments removed from diamonds in cutting them. (Boast) Borten. A narrow wooden staff. Bosa. [Pers. bdza.] An Eastern drink made from fermented millet seed. Boscaga Underwood, land covered with thickets. [Fr. bocage, O.Fr. boscage, boscati- cum, from L.L. boscus, wood.] Bosky, contain- ing thickets, copses. Boshes. [Ger. boschung, slope.] The lower part of a blast furnace, sloping inward to the hearth. Bos in lingoi. [L.] An ox is on his tongue, i.e. some weighty reason for silence (or, less pro- bably, a bribe, a coin stamped with an ox) ; cf. j3oCy t-rX ■yKuffori (/Eschylus, Agam., 36). Boqesman. The Dutch name for some African tribes, akin to the Hottentot, called by the Eng- lish Bushmen. Bosky. (Boscage.) Boss. [An Amer. word.] 1. A master work- man ; said to lie D. baas, master. 2. One who is superior, in any way, to his fellows. Bossage. (Boast) Bot [Gael. botus, boiteag, a maggot.'] {Entom.) Larva of botfly. (Kstrus dqui [Gr. cilinpoi] deposits its eggs on the horse's hairs ; by his licking the place they are transferred to his intestines, where they are hatched. tE. bovis burrows in the skin of the cow. CE. 6vis infests the frontal sinus of sheep. Ord. Diptfira. Bot&nomaney. Divination [Gr. navrtla] by means of plants, flowers [/Sorit^, herb, grass], practised by the ancients to discover their loves ; and by Teutonic nations ; e.g. Marguerite and the star-flowers in Faust. Botarga [Sp. botarga.] A sausage, made with mullet roe, inducing thirst. Bote. [A.S. bot, from betan, to repair.'] 1. Necessaries used off an estate for its mainten- ance ; as hay-lx)te, wood for repairing hedges. 2. Kci^nration, as in bootless. Botelliferons sponges. HaWng straight swelled branches. [L. b6tellus, dim. of botulus, a sausage.] Bothia [Gael, bothag, a cottage.] This word has come to mean a house or barrack of lodgings for unmarried labourers in E. and N.E. parts of Scotland. Botree of Ceylon, Feepol of India. Ficus religiosa, somewhat like the ban}'an ; held sacred by Buddhists, planted near every temple. Botryo'idaL (Bot., Min.) Having the shape or likeness [Gr. «Z5oj] of a cluster of grapes {^6tpvs]. Bottcher wara (From its discoverer.) A kind of reddish-brown pottery, unglazed, but polished by a lathe, and afterwards covered with a dark varnish and painted or gilded. Bottom. {Naut.) Hull of a ship ; put by Synecdoche (q.v.) for the ship itself; thus, British B. means British ship, Dutch B. Dutch ship, etc. Bottom, Kick. The silly conceited weaver with an ass's head, with whom Titania in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night^s Dream fell in love. Bottomry. Hypothecation of a vessel (a bottom) as security for money lent, which is lost to lender if the vessel be totally lost. Bottonny. [Fr. bontonni.] (Her.) Having BOTU 78 BOWC each arm terminated with three semicircular buds [Fr. boutons], arrayed like a trefoil. Botfilifonn. [L. bolulus.] Shaped like a sausas;c. Bouge. [(?) Fr. bouche, a mouth ; cf. bonne bouche, a dainty morsel?^ Victuals, allowance of food. . Bouget [Fr.] {Her.) An ancient vessel for carrying water. Bought, or Bout, of the plough. [A.S. bec^an, bigan, bugan, to bend; cf. bight; Dan. bagt, a bay, Ger. biegen, to bend.} The course of the plough both up and down the space cultivated. Bought-note. Transcript of a broker's signed entry of a contract given to the seller, .iiold- note, ditto to the buyer. Bougie. [Fr., a 7uax-candle, first made at B., in Algiers.] (Med.) A small rod, metal or other, for distending contracted mucous canals in various parts of the body. Boulder-clay. [Geo/.) An important member of the Glacial deposits. Northern drift. Erratics, etc., of the post-Tertiary system. The glacial beds, produced from glaciers, coast -ice, and ice- bergs, differ in the several parts of England. They comprise the Lower B. clay (a sandy clay, with pebbles and boulders of granite, greenstone, grit, etc.), the Middle drift of sands and gravels, and the Great Upper B. clay. Arctic shells occur in some places. In Scotland, the Till, a dark clay with boulders of old hard rocks, is the chief member. Boulders, Erratic blocks. (Geoi:) Large an- gular or subangular masses of rock, often striated, which have been carried by ice to great distances from the parent rocks. Boule. [Fr.] Inlaid work in wood, gilt-metal, or tortoiseshell ; so called from a cabinet-maker or Shtiste of the time of Louis XIV., whose name has been corrupted into Buhl. Boulevard. [Fr., O.Fr. boulevart, from Ger. boll-werk, a fortificaiion\ Formerly a broad rampart, but now any open promenade in a town. Bouleversement [Fr.] An upsetting, over- turning of one's plans ; bouleverser, to make to turn [L. versare] like a ball [bulla]. BouUmy, BtUImy. [Gr. &ov\ifila, excessive hunger.'\ Ravenous insatiable appetite ; a disease, lit. ox-hunger {^ovs, an ox] ; so (J«/-rush, ^x-daisy, horse-c\ie%\.nnX, horse-\?Mgh, etc, = on a large scale. (Bucephalus.) Boulogne sore-throat Original name some twenty-five years ago for diphtheria (q.v.). Bounty Board. The trustees, governors, of Queen Anne's Bounty, (ftueen Anne's Bounty.) Bounty money. Gratuity given to soldiers after their enlistment. Bouquotin. [Fr.] The ibex {q.v.). [(?) Dim. of bouc, buck ; or (?) corr. of bouc-estain, the Ger. stein-bok.] Bourd. [Fr. bourde, a falsehood, sham.'] A jest. BourdoiL [Fr.] 1. A droning bass sound ; a burden or drone accompaniment, as in a bag- pipe. 2. A stop on an organ, or imitation of it on a barmooium. Bourgeois. 1. [Fr.] Properly, any member of a borough or burg, i.e. a fortified town [Gr. ■ttvpyos, a lofty place, or stronghold] ; hence akin probably to the Teut. berg, a hill. (Bour- geoisie.) 2. (Probably from the inventor.) A kind of type, as — London. Bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The class of citizens including the merchants, manufacturers, and master tradesmen. Bourgeon. [Fr. subst. bourgeon, from O.H.G. burjam, to lift, push.] (Bot.) To sprout, put forth buds and leaves. Bourn, i.q. Burn. A stream, rivulet. [A.S. byrna ; cf. Ger. brunnen, a well, spring.] Bourne. [Fr. borne.] Limit, boundary. Bournouse. [Ar.] 1. A large woollen mantle with hood, N. African. 2. An adaptation of it worn in France and England, after the con- quest of Algeria. Bourree. [Fr.] A jig, in common time ; often employed formerly as one of the movements of a sonata. Bourse. [Fr.] A purse, and so, Exchange. [L. byrsa, Gr. fivptra, a hide] Bouse. (A^aut.) To haul up with pulleys. B. up the jib, to tipple. Bovs M yKiiffcrp. (B08 in lingua.) Boustrophedon. [Gr., from fiovs, ox, (rrp(, I tan'/£.] Shorthand, stenography. BrachylSgy. [Gr. fipaxvKoylcu] Brcvilo- qtuntia, in a writer — especially of Attic Greek — conciseness, pregnancy of expression ; as, In- Atura is vhKTo. [Gr.], ended into the night ; i.e. lasted into the night, and then ended (Thucyd.). Brachypteroos. [Gr. fip&x^^i short, m-fpov, wingi] Birds whose closed wings do not reach the base of the tail ; as auks, penguins, etc. Bracklesham beds. (B., in Hants.) A highly fossiliferous member of the nummulitic series, and equivalent to the Middle Bagshot sands. Bract [L. bractea, thin plate of metal.] The leaf or leaflet at the base of the flower-stalk ; dim. Braeteole [bracteola]. Brad-, Broad-. Part of Saxon names, as in Brad -ford ; i.e. broad ford. Bradypaa [Gr., from $paSvs, sloto, vois, foot.] Gen. of sloth, arboreal mammal, about two feet lon['. Trop. America. Fam. Bradj^- podldne, ord. Edentata. Bragg^adocio. In Spenser's Faery Queen, the braggart and impostor. Brahmanas. (Veda.) Brahmans, or Brahmins. The first or highest of the four castes of Hindus. The priesthood is confined to this caste, which is said to have pro- ceeded from the mouth of Brahm, the seat of Wisdom. (Caste.) Braiard. A promising growth of seed, etc., [A Scot, word.] Braid. Generally, as by Dr. Johnson, under- stood as deceitful, fickle, with the notion of entangling (cf. brede, to deceive, obsolete) ; but by Wedgwood (s.v. " Bray ") = resembling ; " Frenchmen so braid," in Diana's speech in All's Well that Ends Well, being = thus mannered. Braidism (i.e. so called after Mr. Braid). Hypnotism (l>age.'\ {Bat.) A remarkable group of plants, ord. Crucifene, including common cabbage, borecole, turnip, rape, etc., and pro- bably the mustards. Brasskdcea is, with some, another name for CriicTf?rae. Brattioe, Bretise. 1. Corr. of bretage, any boarded defence, as a tcstudo, parapit [Fr. bretesche] ; now, 2, boarding round machinery or in a mine ; 8, any partition between an up- cast and a down-cast shaft. [Scand. bred. Get. brett, I), herd, a plank or board (Wedgwood).] Brattishong, Brandishing, Bretise, Bretise- menL A crest, battlement, or other parapet. [Fr. bretechc.] (Brattioe.) Bravest of the Brave. Marshal Key's title with the French army, after the defeat of the allied Russians and Prussians at Friedland, June 14, 1807. Bravo. Formerly in Italy, esftecially in Venice ; a hired assassin, who undertook any danger for money. Plu., Brcni. Bravflra. (It, dash, brilliatuy^ {Music.) An air containing difficult passages, with a large proportion of notes, requiring volubility, ac- curacy, and spirit in the execution. Brawling. [Fr. brouiller, to embroil ; or (?) Fr. braasle, branle, from branler, to shake.] In Church Law, the molestation of a clergyman or f)reacher during any ministration in any place icenscfl for service. Brazy, Braxes, Bracks. In sheep, generally a plethora or a disease of the intcstmes, caused probably by food too nitrogenous ; lasting from one to six hours ; marked by staring look, laboured breathing, and convulsions. But the term is used vaguely. Bray, Scot. Brae ; (?) cf. brow. Raised ground, bank, overlooking ground used in forti- fication. Bray, Vicar of. Lived, according to tradition, from Henry VIII. to Elizabeth ; according to the song, from Charles II. to George I. ; trimming to suit Court relif^ion and retain his benefice. Brazen Age. (Ages, The fonr.) Braziline, Breziline. The colouring matter in Brazil wood. Brazil nuts. The seeds, in a large woody shell, of the magnificent Berthollctia excelsa (from Berthollet, chemist) of the Orinoco and N. Brazil ; 100 to 120 feet high. BrazU wood. Dark red and yellowish brown, valuable in dyeing, the produce of Caesalpinia echinata and other spec. S. America and W. Indies. Brazil is said to be named from B. W., of which the old native name was Braxilis (see Chambers's Etuyclopadid). Brazing. Soldering with an alloy of brass and zinc. Bre-. [Celt., promontory^ Part of names, as in Bre-don. Breach of close. {Leg.) Wrongful entry of or trespass on another's land, whether enclosed or not. Breadalbane. District of Scotland in Tudor period, mostly included in W. Perthshire. Bread-fruit. 'J he fruit of Artocarpus incTsa [Gr. &pTo?, bread, KopirSs, /ruit], a native of the South Sea Islands and parts of Indian Archi- pelago : about the size of a child's head ; when baked, like the crumb of a wheaten loaf. Bread-root of N. America, or prairie apple, Psoral^a esculenta [Gr. \\iwpa\fos, ^carted], i.e. having tubercles. A papilionaceous plant, grown along the Missouri, with tuberous carrot-like farinaceous roots. Breadth. That treatment of the subject painted which shows at once the leading idea, without over-finish of details. Break. A large four-wheeled carriage, with a straight body, seals for four, with calash top, and seats for driver and footmen. Break bulk. To. {A'aut.) To open the hold and begin to unlade the ship. Breakers. {Naut.) 1. Waves breaking over reefs, etc., either at or immediately below the surface of the water. 8. Small casks used on board ship. Break-ground. (Afil.) The opening of the first trench of a siege. Breaking the line. (A^aut.) Advancing in column, and cutting the enemy's line in two ; then enveloping one half with the whole fleet ; e.g. Rotlney s defeat of the French off Dominica, April, 1782. Break-water. A structure such as a mound, a wall, etc., placed near the mouth of a harbour, to break the force of the waves coming in. Bream, To. (A'aut.) To clean a ship's bottom by fire. Breast. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The curved trough extending from the sluice to the tail-race, within which a breast-wheel turns, and which prevents the escape of water from the buckets until they are over the tail-race. Breastplate of Jewish high priest ; described Exod. xxviii. ij, et sea. Breast-plough. A kind of plough, driven by the breast, for cuttinj:; turf. Breast-summer. (Bressumer.) Breast-wheel. CWater-wheel.) Breastwork. Earthen parapet sufficiently low to admit of being fired over from the level of the adjacent ground. Breath figure, Boric figure. A likeness of itself, impressed by a coin, etc., on a plate with which it has been left nearly or quite in contact. An electrical B. F. is formed by passing an electric current from the coin through the plate. By breathing on the plate these figures are ren- dered visible. [L. ros, ror-em, de^o.] Breccia. [It.] {Geol.) Angular breakings of pre-existing rock, not far distant, cemented into a new rock ; rounded pebbles form Conglomerate. BRED 82 BRID Breda, Deolaration. of. (Hist.) A document sent by Charles II. from Breda, 1660, promising that no man shall be disquieted for differences of opinion in matters of religion which do not dis- turb the peace of the kingdom. Brede. [A.S. bredan.] Another form of braid, to knit together, weave. Breeches Bible, or Geneva B., 1557. Trans- lated there by English divines, in Queen Mary's reign. So called from the word used in the translation of Gen. iii. 7, "made themselves breeches. " ( Bible, English. ) Breeching-rope for gun. {Naut.) A rope, one end fastened to a vessel's side, the other to the breech of a gun ; long enough to allow the gun to be run in and loaded, and to stop ex- cessive recoil. Breech-loader. Firearm, with its barrel open at the stock, through which aperture the charge can be inserted. Breem. [A.S. bremman, to be vioteni ; (?) cf. Gr. PptfitDf L. fremo.] Furious, excessive, fierce. Breeie-fly. [Onomatop. ; cf. Ger. bremse, O.E. brimse, briose.] (Entoni.) Gad-fly, Cleg, Dipterous insect, with blood-sucking females. Tabanus bovTnus [L. bovlnus, belonging to oxen], fam. Tabanldae. Bregma. [Gr., from jSpt'x", /w^^V/^w.] The top of the head, because in infancy this part is longest in hardening. Brehon laws. Ancient Irish laws ; so called from a word signifying judges ; some being as old, perhaps, as the first centuries of the Christian era. (Pale.) Breme. To bring forth young abundantly ; to teem. Brentford, The two Kings of^ = once rivals, now reconciled ; like the two kings in the Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Bressnmer, Breast-summer. [Fr. sommier, a pcuk-saddle, a lintel.] (Arch.) A beam or sum- mer, like a lintel, but supporting the whole front, or nearly so, of a wall ; e.g. over a shop-front. Bretage, Bretise. (Brattice.) Bretexed. Embattled. (Brattice.) Brethren, Elder and Younger. (Trinity House.) Bretigny, Peace of. A treaty between France and England, 1360, by which Edward III. renounced his pretensions to the crown of France. (Salio law.) Bretwalda. In O.Eng. Hist., the title of an office which assured' a certain supremacy to one of the Anglo-Saxon princes. According to Beda, the first who held this office was Ceaw- lin, the grandson of Cerdic. Breve. [L. brevis, short, as compared with long(q.v.) and with maxim (q.v.).] (Music.) The average whole note of the sixteenth century, as the semibreve is of our own time. "It is certain that a sound lasting four beats may be expressed and has been expressed by six different forms — the maxim, the long, the breve, the semibreve, the minim, the crotchet" (Hullah, quoted by Stainer and Barrett). Brevet. [Fr., from L.L. brevetum, L. brfivis, short.] (Mil.) An honorary rank conferred on officers in the army above that which they hold in their own corps. Brevete. [Fr.] A patentee, from brevet, a patent. Breviarinm of Alaric. A collection of laws, Roman and Teutonic, for the Goths in Italy. Breviary. [I^. breviarium.] An abstract of various books before used ; a daily office of prayer, praise, and instruction in the Roman Church, made up of: (i) Vespers, at sunset. (2) Compline [completorium], about 9 p.m., a com- pleting of the day's devotion. (3) Nocturns, or Matins, at midnight. (4) Lauds, or Matin Lauds, before break of day. (5) Prime, at sun- rise, or at six o'clock. (6, 7, 8) Tierce, Sext, None, every third hour afterwards. Recited daily, by all ecclesiastical persons, in public or private, at some time ; at the canonical hours by many religious orders. Brevwry of Quignon. A breviary, published at Rome by Cardinal Quignonex, in 1536. It is said to have been used in the compilation of the Book of Common Prayer of the Church ol England. Breviate. [L. breviatum, from brevio, I abbre- viate.] An abstract summary abridgment. Brevier. A kind of type, as — Inclusive. Breviloquentia. (Brachylogy.) Brevipennate. [L. breves pennse, short wings.] (Ornit/i.) 1. Swimming birds whose wings do not reach to the tip of the tail. 2. With Cuvier, short-winged birds, as the ostrich. Brgvis esse labSro, obscQrus flo. [L.] / try to be concise, and 1 become obscure (Horace). Brewer of Ghent. Jacob van Artevelde, popular leader in Flanders, who declared for Edward III. ; murdered in a tumult at Ghent, 1345- Brewis. 1. Pieces of bread, soaked in gravy. 2. Broth, pottage ; /lom A.S. briw, brewis, A.S. breowan, to brew ; or (?)f/. Welsh hx'iyf, broken ; and Eng. bribe, which originally, both in Fr. and in Eng., meant a sop, a hunch of bread. Breziline. (Braziline.) Brezonic, i.q. Armoric. Language of Brit- tany. Briarean. Like the giant Briareos, Briareus, with his hundred arms. Bric-a-brac. [Fr.] Odds and ends ; old stores, articles of curiosity ; a word formed from de brie et de broc, one way or another (see Littre, j.z/. "Broc"). Brickie. Vessels and graven images (Wisd. XV. 13), easy to break, brittle, as the word is now written. Brick-nogging. (Arch.) Brickwork carried up and filled in between timber framing. Brick tea. Tea made into cakes, with fat, etc. ; used in Thibet. Bride of the Sea. Venice, whose doges every year, on Ascension Day, were married to the Adriatic, throwing a ring into the sea ; on the BRID 83 BROA first occasion, as a privilege, granted by Pope Alexander III., 1177, when the League of Lorabardy had defeated the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa. Bridewell. A house of correction. B., a palace, built 1522, by Henry VIII., to receive Charles V. ; given, 1533, to the city as a house of correction. Near the well of St. Bridget, or Bride, between Fleet Street and the Thames. Bridge. (Girder; Skew; Sospension; Tabn- lar.) Bridge of Sighs. {Hist.) The Venetian Porta de Sospiri, leading from the lower part of the ducal palace to a prison, the door of which is now walled up. Bridgewater Treatises, '• On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in Creation," by eight different authors ; for which ;^8ooo was left by Earl of B., 1829. Bridlegoose, Jadge. In Rabelais's /'an/^.^rw^/, Juge IJritloye ; he decides causes by dice. Bridle-port. {Natit.) A port in the bows for taking in Bridles, i.e. the upper part of moor- ings. Brieb [L. br^v?, a document, efiistle] and Bolls [l)ulla, a doss, the seal of lead]. 1. Pontifical letters : ( I ) less ample and solemn, more like letters to individuals, or to bodies ; (2) solemn decrees of the pope, as head of the Roman Catholic Church. They differ in many ways (see Hook's Church Dictionary ; English Cytlo- padia, i. 365). 2. In Prayer-book, Church Briefs, or Queen's Letters, letters patent, au- thorizing collections for charitable purposes ; now discontinued. Brig [an abbrev. of irigantine] is a two- masted, square-rigged vessel. B. schooner (Her- maphrodite). Brigade. [Fr. brigade, from It. brigata.] 1. Body of troops, composed of from two to four battalions of infantry, with a relative proportion of cavalry and artillery. 2. In the artillery branch alone, B. corresponds with a battalion of infantry. 3. The officer who commands a B. in the English army is called a Brigadier. 4. In the French army, a Brigadier means a corporal. Brigadier. (Brigade.) Brigandine. Jer. xlvi. 4 and li. 3 ; coat of mail, equipment of a brigand ; formerly = a light-armed soldier. [It. and Med.L. briga, strife.\ Brigantine. [It. brigantine, akin to brigand, a piratical vessel.] A vessel rigged as a brig, except the mainsail, which is like a schooner's. Bright's disease. A name for several forms of disease of the kidneys ; with urine generally albuminous, and other important signs of structural change. First described by Dr. Bright, of Guy's Hospital. Brigae. To contest, canvass. (Brigandine.) Brilliant diamond. So called from the effect of the facets, 56-64 generally, with upper octa- gonal face, into which it is cut ; only a good stone being thus treated. Rose D., broad in proportion to their depth, have a flat base, with two rows of triangular facets, and six upper- most, uniting in a point. Stones still thinner are cut as Table D. Brills. [(?) Cf. Ger. brille, spectacles:\ The hair on the eyelids of a horse. — Johnson. Bring-to, To. {Naut.) To bend or fasten a sail to a yard. B.-to a ship, to stop her way by letting the sails counteract each other. B.-to an anchor, to let go the anchor. "Jo bring up, to come to an anchor. Bring np with a ronnd torn, To. {Naut.) 1. To slop a running rope by taking a turn round a cleat, etc. 2. To do a thing effectually, but suddenly. 8. To bring a man to his senses by a rating. Bnoohe. [Fr., connected with broyer, to crush (Liltre).] 1. A kind of cake. 2. A circular sofa cushion. Brisket. The breast-piece of meat ; probably the same word as breast [A.S. brest, or = breast -stcak\. Bristol board. A thick, stiff paper, for draw- ing ; first made at B. Bristol Boy. The poet Thomas Chatterton, who died at eighteen, A.D.1770. Bristol diamonds. liright crystals of colourless quartz (y.r.), found near B. and elsewhere ; called also Cornish D., Bagshot D., Irish D., Diamants ePAlenfon, etc. Bristol riots. The most prominent of the riots which have occurred at Bristol took place in 1831, during the agitation for reform in Parlia- ment. The city was set on fire, and many houses were burnt. Brisnre. [Fr. briser, to break.l (Fortif.) Break in the rampart of a fortress, where the enceinte is withdrawn to form a concave flank. Britannia metal averages, of tin 85^ parts, antimony 10.^, zinc 3, copper i. Britisn gam. A brown, soluble substance, formed by heating dry starch, and used for stiffening calicoes, etc. It is also called Dextritte, from its power of rotating a polarized ray of light to the right [L. dextra]. British seas. (Qoatnor Maria.) • British ship. One owned by a British subject, registered, and flying the flag. Britomart. The impersonation of chastity, in Fa^ Queen, bk. iii. Britnka. [Pol. bryczka, dim. of biyka, freight xuaggon.] A long, four-wheeled travelling carriage, with a movable hood. Brisa. (Bot.) A gen. of grasses, belonging to the tribe Festucete ; amongst them are the quaking grasses. Broach. [Fr. broche, a spit, L.L. brocca.] The morse or clasp of a cope is sometimes so called. Broach spires. Spires, the junction of which with the tower is not marked by any parapet or other division. Broach-to, To. Unintentionally to let a ship come head to wind. Broad arrow, >JV [origin quite uncertain], de notes Crown property ; is used also to mark Ordnance .Survey stations, and property under arrest by Customs' officers ; and, in other ways, BROA 84 BRUN by Government officials. It is illegal — 9 and 10 William III., 1698 — to use, for private owner- ship, the B. A. Said by some to have been suggested by the three nails of the cross. Broad Bottom Administratioii. That of H. Pelham, 1744 ; a grand coalition of all parties of weight, in which nine dukes were placed. Broaidoloth. Fine woollen cloth, over twenty- nine inches broad. Broad gauge. (Gauge of railways.) Broad pennant. (Flag.) Broadpiece. The name of any coin wider than a guinea. Broadside. 1. Any large page printed on one side of a sheet of paper ; and, strictly, not divided into columns. 2. {A^aui.) The side of a ship above the water. The simultaneous dis- charge of all the guns from the whole side. Broadsword. Straight, double-edged sword, with a broad blade. Brobdingnagian. Gigantic. (Otilliver's Travels.) Brocade. [Fr. brocher, (0 prick, to figure j\ A thick silk stuff, with a raised pattern. Brocage, Brokage, Brokerage. The business of a broker. Brooard. In Fr. a taunt, jeer ; in Eng. a principle, maxim [Brocard, Bishop of Worms, author of Regulce EccUs.y eleventh century (Littre)]. BrooateL [Fr. brocatelle.] A kind of imita- tion brocade made of cotton. BrochTire. [Fr. brocher, /o s/iicA.] A pamphlet, a short treatise. Brock. [A.S. broc] The badger, Mdes taxus, gen. Meleninse, fam. Mustelidse, ord. Carnivora, Brocken spectre, Brockengespenst. The shadow of objects, magnified, thrown at sunset upon the mists of the Blocksberg, the highest summit of the Harz Mountains. Brocket. [Fr. brocart, icl., from broche, s/iiJke.] (Deer, Stages of growth of.) A small spec, of deer (Subulo), with horns consisting of a single dag. S. America. Brog. A kind of bradawl. Brogue, Brog. 1. A rude coarse shoe of the early Irish and Scottish Highlanders. 2. By melon. = the pronunciation of the wearer. Brokage, z.^. Brocage. Broken-backed. (Naui.) (Arching.) Broken wind. In a horse, a rupture, in- curable, of some of the air-cells ; from inflamma- tion, too much chaff, exertion just after feeding, etc. ; expiration has become a double effort, in- spiration being still a single one. Brokerage. Commission charged to investors by brokers, for ordinary shares and stocks. Bromby. [(?) Name of person or place from which its progenitors escaped.] The wild horse of Australia. Brome, Bromos. [Gr. fipofios, a kind of oats.'] A gen. of grasses, belonging to the tribe Festueeae. About eight spec, are natives of Britain. Bromio acid. (Chem.) An acid composed of bromic and oxygen, the salts of which are called Bromates, (Bromine.) Bromine. [Gr. fipUfwi, stink.] A liquid, reddish-brown element, found in sea-water. Bronchi. [Gr. Pp6yxos,tvifui/>i/t\] (A not.) The bifurcations of the trachea, or windpipe, and their division into smaller tubes ; ramifying into the lungs. Bronchitis, inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Bronchocele. [Gr. tdiXv, a tumour.] (Med.) Goitre, Derbyshire neck ; a swelling in the fore part of the neck, being a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland. Bronohot5my. The making an opening into the air-passages to prevent suffocation. (Bronchi.) Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin, i.q. Gun-metal, Bell-metcU, etc., with sometimes a little zinc or lead ; i.q. Gr. x**^"*^* ^^^ L. ses ; used from very remote antiquity. Bronze, Age of. (Prehistoric archaeology.) Brooch. A painting all in one colour, as a sepia painting. Brooklime. {Bot. ) Plant common in ditches, with opposite leaves and small blue flowers. Beccabunga veronica, ord. Scrophulariacese. Broom at masthead. Shows that the vessel is for sale. B., To. (Bream.) Broom-rape, Orobanche. [Gr. opopdyxv, from opofios, bitter vetch, i.yx'»j ^ strangle.] (Bot.) Parasitical gen. of plants, ord. Orobancheoe. Brose. Boiling broth, or water, poured on oatmeal, pease-meal, stirred into a lumpy con- sistency. (Brewis.) -brough. (-bury.) Brown-coal. (Lignite.) Brownie. In Scotland, a character like Robin Goodfellow and the Ger. kobold ; a good- humoured goblin in farmhouses, who drudges for the family when they are in bed. (Bogy.) Browning. The process of colouring gun- barrels, etc., brown, to keep off rust. Brownists. Certain Puritans of the sixteenth century, follower of Robert Browne, who denounced all Church government, and the use of all forms in prayer, etc. (Independents.) Brown spar. (Geol.) Certain crystallized varieties of dolomite ; reddish, brownish ; owing to oxide of iron. Bruin. [D.] Quasi-personal name for the bear [brun, the brown one], in the mediaeval popular Ger. epic, Reittecke the Fox. Bnunaire. [Fr., foggy, misty, L. bruma, winter.] The second month in the calendar of the first French Republic ; October 22 — Novem- ber 20. Brumal. [L. brumalis.] Belonging to winter or winter solstice [bruma]. Brummagem. [Corr. of Birmingham, " Ber- mingeham " in Domesday Book.] A sham article. Bnmonian theory. That of J. Brown, M.D., Edinburgh, 1 733-1788, that life is sustained during health by external exciting agents in equilibrium ; if these agents exhaust excitability too rapidly, asthenic diseases (q.v.) arise, re- quiring alcohol ; if excitability accumulate, sthenic diseases [Gr. adtvos, strength] arise, re- quiring opiates. Brunswick-green. Oxychloride of copper. BRUS 85 BUDE Bnuh-wheel. Wheels working under incon- siderable forces, like toothed wheels, but in which sliding is prevented by bristles or buff leather on the circumferences. Brosquerie. [Fr.] Abruptness, bluntness of manner. Brussels sproats. A cultivated variety of cabbage, having the stem covered with little close heads. Bmtte. [Fr. brouter, to eat tlu shoots or drou/s.] To browse. Brfltum folmen. [L.] A harmless thunder- bolt, i.e. a great but ineffectual threat ; the first meaning of L. brutus being unwieldy, ponderous ; if. Gr. $apvs, fipldvs. Bryology. [Gr. $f>6oif, tree-moss.} {Bot.) The science of mosses. Bryony, CommoxL [Or. fipviyri.] The only British spec, Dioica, of the gen. Bryonia, ord. Ciicurbitac^se ; the root purgative, and used for bruises. Bryosda. [Gr. 0piioy, moss, C**'"'> animal.} (Entom.) An ord. of compound polypes, which incrust foreign bodies like moss, as the J'lustra, or sea-mat. Brynm. [Gr. 0p6or.] A gen. of mosses ; abundant in Britain. Bftb&lus. [L., which originally, like Gr. fioifi&Kis and -os, meant a kind of antelope, but came to mean, i.q. urus.] Buffalo. Oen. of hollow-homed ruminant, wild and domesticated. Africa and India (as the Amaa, q^>.), and S. Europe. Sub-fam. Bovlnse, fam. BSvIda, ord. Ungulata. Not to be confounded with Bison. Bubble, South Sea. (South Sea Company.) Bubbles. Financial or commercial projects started to cheat investors. BucoaneerSb Associated pirates, mostly Eng- lish and French, of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the Caribbean Sea, who attacked Spanish ships and settlements. The Caribbee boucan is a place for smoke-dried meat ; so B. = meat-preserving W. -Indian settlers. The French called themselves filibustier, i.e. freebooter. Buecina Anus. [L.] The trumpet of fame. Buccln&tor. \y.., trumpeter.} Muscles in the substance of the cheek, the contractions of which force out the cheeks when distended with air. BuocSaldsB. [L. buccar, the piffed cheek ; if there wxs the It. word buccone, it would mean the big puffed cheek.} (Ornith.) PufT-birds, brabers. Fam. of climbing and fly-catching small birds, like kingfishers, but dull-plumagcd. Trop. America. Ord. PicarTae. Bucentaur. [Gr. Bois, an ox, Kivraupos, a centaur.} An imaginary monster, the name being chiefly known as that of the galley of the Venetian doges, in which, by the dropping of a ring into the water, they yearly espouscfl the sea in the name of the republic. (Bride of the Sea.) Bflcephalus. [Gr. /3ou*t«<>>aXoi, bull-headed.} The horse which Alexander the Great broke in, fulfilling, it is said, the condition of the oracle necessary for gaining the Macedonian crown. Buchan. District of Scotland from Saxon to Tudor period, north part of Banffshire and Aberdeenshire. Btichanites. Vicious fanatics in W. Scotland, A.D. 1783, followers of Mrs. or Lucky Buchan, who gave herself out as the woman of Rev. xii. The last is said to have died in 1846. Buck. [Cf. Fr. bouc, Ger. bock.] The male of several animals connected with sport, as fallow deer and ferrets. Buck, To, to soak linen in a solution of wood ashes. [Gael. adj. bog, soft, moist ; but see Wedgwood.] Buck, Complete. (Deer, Stages of growth of.) Buoket. The vessels on the circumferences of an overshot wheel which contain the water by whose descent the wheel is turned. Buek-eye, A. 1. = belonging to Ohio, where the buck-eye, or yEsculus Ohiotensis, American horse-chestnut, is abundant (Webster). 2. In the horse, a too convex cornea, causing indistinct- ness of the image falling upon the retina; congenital. Bucking. 1. [Ger. bochen, /<7^(fa/.] Crushing ore by hammering it on a flat plate. 2. (Capriole.) Buckle. [(?) F"r. boucle, the boss of a shield, or (?) A.S. bugan, to bend ; cf. bough.] To bend, shrivel up, as scorched paper ; or become hollow from pressure, as a weakened wall. Bnekler. [Fr. boucle, L. bucula, boss of a shield.} Shield of stout leather, worn on the left arm and sometimes studded with metal bosses. Bnckra. With negroes, = a white man ; in the language of the Calabar coast, a demon, a po^ivrful and superior being. — Webster. Buoloram. [Fr. bougran.] A coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. Buckwheat [Ger. buchweizen], i.e. Beech- wheat, the seed being like beech-mast ; a plant valuable as food for game, growing on very poor soil. p'agopyrum esculentum, ord. Poly- gonacex. Bucolics. [Gr. $ovko\m6s, pastoral.} Poems which were supposed to be the songs of herds- men, as the Eclogues of Virgil. Bnoranla. [Gr. fiovKpifia, from fiovs, ox, Kpavlov, skull.} (Arch.) Ornaments in the shape of an ox's head, on the walls of buildings. Buddha. (Buddhism.) Buddhism. A religion which numbers a large majority of the whole human race as its ad- herents. The name Buddha (or the enlightened, from the same root with L. videre, and Eng. wit) was given to the traditional founder, Gau- tama, whose system was publicly recognized by Asoka in the third century B.C. Buddhism was expelled from India by the Brahmans, be- tween A.D. SCO and 700. It teaches especially the necessity of separation from the world by prayer and contemplation, in order to exempt the soul after death from renewed imprisonment in matter, and to secure for it Nirvana, i.e. absorption into the divine essence from which it sprang. Budding. In Zool., i.q. gemmation (q.v,). Buddie. [Ger. butteln, to shake.} A large trough for washing ore in. Bude light. A very bright light made by BUDG 86 BULW supplying an ai^and gas-jet with oxygen (first used at Bude, in Cornwall). Budge. [L. bulga, a leathern bagj\ Lamb- skin fur. Bndgerow. (Bazaras.) Budget. [Fr. bougette ; and this from Gael, bouge, whence L. bulga, a leatJtcrn bag.\ 1. A portable bag ; and so, 2, a stock store. 3. The yearly statement of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Buffa. [It., funny, \ Comic ; as aria buffa, opera buffa. Buffalo chips. Dry dung used as fuel. Buffer, Buffing apparatus. A plate or cushion projecting from the frame of a railway carriage. Buffers are placed in pairs at each end of the carriage, and are fastened by rods to a spring of flat steel plates or other material under the framework, to deaden the concussions caused when the velocity of part of the train is checked. The buffers, rods, and springs are sometimes called the Buffing apparatus or Buffing ar- rangement. Buffet. [Fr.] Counter for refreshment. Buffet a billow, To. (A^a«/.) To go against wind and tide. Bufiy coat. {^Med.") On blood drawn in a diseased condition, a crust of greyish corpuscles, the red particles sinking. Bug, Bugbear. A spectre or some other frightful appearance ; cf. Welsh bwg. (Pnok ; Bogy.) Buggy. A name used in India for a light vehicle, with four wheels and one seat, drawn by one horse. Bugle. [Lit. the horn of a btigle ; L. buciila, a young cow.] Military trumpet without keys, used for sounding the different calls in an infantry regiment. Bugloss. (Anchusa.) Biihlwork, Boulework, Boolwork. (Boule.) Buhr-stone, Burr-stone. (Geo/.) A siliceous rock, hard, cellular ; very valuable for millstones ; the best from the Paris basin. Build a chapel, To. {A^aut.) Suddenly to turn a ship by careless steering. BtiL [Heb.] I Kings vi. 38; month of ra/«, second of civil, eighth of ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; the post-Babylonian AlarcJusvan ; October — November. Bulb. [L. bulbus. Or. /3oX)3<{s.] [Bot.) Psetido- B. [Gr. ■ifivZi\'i,false\ — e.g. some orchids — is an abov^round tuber, the stem being thickened by deposit of bassorine {q.v.). BulbuL [Pers. name for nightingale.] 1. Fam. of birds, Fruit-thrushes, Pycnonotidse [Gr. •jTuKj'cJy, thick, varros, bach.] Popularly confounded with the nightingale, Curruca lus- clnia. Africa and the East. 2. With Byron and Moore, the nightingale. Bulinus, properly Bulinus. [Zool.) A very extensive gen. of Pulmoniferous molluscs, most abundant in Trop. S. America. Fam. Helicidae (snails). Bulimy, Bulimia. (Boulimy.) Bulkheads. (A'aul.) Wooden or metal par- titions between decks to separate one part from another. Compartment B. , extra strong bulkhead, separating the vessel into water-tight compart- ments. By this means a vessel (although struck and filling) may be kept afloat, the water being unable to get through the compartment bulk- heads to the rest of the vessel. Bull. 1. (Briefs.) 2. A term used for a specu- lator who buys stocks or shares in the hope of selling at a higher figure, thereby taking a cheer- ful view of things ; being the exact opposite of the Bear, who takes a gloomy view of the situation. 3. Irish bull, a sentence expressing ideas which a moment's consideration shows to be incompatible and their conjunction absurd. Bulla. [L.] A boss or stud, mostly of gold, worn by noble Roman youths, till 17, and then consecrated to the Lares, at the putting on of the toga virilis. Bullace. [Prunusinsititla, plum, as if = used for grafting (?).] A wild plum. Bull and Mouth. Sign of an inn, i.e. Bou- logne mouth, or harbour. Bullarium, Bullary. A collection of bulls. (B.-iefs.) Bull-dog, oi- Uuzzled bull-dog. (Naut.) 1. The great gun in the wardroom cabin. 2. Main- deck guns. Bull-dogs. University proctor's servants, who arrest or summon disorderly persons in the streets, and chase students if they run from a proctor. Bulletin. [It. bulletina.] Originally a gene- ral's despatch ; report of the health of some royal or eminent person ; sometimes a document from a scientific society. Bullet-tree, Bully-tree. [Bot. ) A tree of Guiana, a spec, of Mimusops, ord. Sapotacese ; having very solid heavy wood, and cherry-like delicious fruit. Bullet-wood. (Bullet-tree.) 'Rvilh.^e.di, A/iller^s thumb. (Zool.) Large-headed fish, four or five inches long, dark brown, with spotted sides and white belly. Fresh-water streams; Europe. Cottosgobio, fam. Trighidae, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Teleostei. Bullion. [Fr. billon, copper.] Uncoined gold and silver after smelting, often in bars or ingots. Bull, John, = the English ; from the History of John Bull ; or. Law is a Bottomless Pit, by Dr. Arbuthnot, friend of Swift and Pope ; a political Jeu (tesprit, satirizing national quarrels ; Lewis Baboon being the Frenchman, Nick Frog the Dutchman. Bull, Papal. (Briefs.) Bull's-eye. (Naut.) 1. A block made with- out a sheave. 2. Hemispherical pieces of ground glass to admit light below. 3. The central point of a target. Bull, Wild. [Heb. to, or t^o ; Isa. li. 20.] (Bibl.) Spec, of large bovine antelope, pro- bably Alcephalus bubalis. Bulrush, i.e. large rush. If any particular one be meant, it is Scirpus lacustris, ord. C^peraceae ; its root astringent and diuretic, once used in medicine. The name is often applied to Typha latifolia. Bulwark. [Ger. boUwerk, a fortification^ 1. BUMS 87 BURL Any artificial defence to keep off invaders. 2. In a ship's sides, it means the protection raised above the upper deck to keep off the waves. Bnm-bailinl [Bound (?) and L.L. bailivus, porter, lit. ivalker, errand-runner ; root ba, go\ Sheriff's officer, who serves writs and arrests for debt. Biunboat A clumsy boat used in traffic between shore hucksters and vessels. Bonunaree. 1. In Billingsgate, one who buys from the salesmen and retails bonne maree [Fr.], good fresh fish. 2. In a bad sense, a middle man who makes too much out of both producer and consumer. Bompkin, Bmnking, or BormkiiL (Aa»/.) 1. A small boom ; one projects over each Ixjw of the ship, to extend the clew of the foresail to windward. %. Those on the quarters for the blocks of the main brace. 8. A small outrigger over the stern of a boat, on which a mizzcn is usually extended. Bongalow. In India, a kind of rural villa or house, generally of one story, but of all sizes and styles. Ban^Tun, Buncombe. 1. = Constituent body, as distinguished from Congress. A tedious member for Buncombe, U.S., once, as members left the House, continued the speech which "B. expected." Hence, 2, mere speech-making. Btmsen's borner. A tube in which, by means of holes in the side, the gas becomes mixed with air before consumption, so that it gives a non- luminous, smokeless flame. Bunt 1. (Smat) 2. Of a sail, the middle part, made slightly b.-iggy (as it were bent) to gather wind. S. In a furled sail, that part which is furled over the centre of the yard. B. -lines, ropes to turn up the foot of a course, or topsail, forward, and thus diminish the effect of the wind. Boater. A woman who picks up rags, and so a low woman. Bunts are perhaps bent or broken bits (Richardson). Bnntine, Bunting. Thin woollen material, of which ships' flags and signals are made (to bunt being to sift meal ; the loose open cloth' used is a ^«M/m^-cloth. — Wedgwood). Bnoyanoy; Centre of B. [Fr. bouee, origin- ally baje, a buoy ; fastened by a chain or rope, L.L. lx)ja.] The upward pressure of a fluid on a body- wholly or partly immersed in it, which equals the weight of the fluid displaced. The cantre of gravity of the immersecl part of the body supposed of uniform density, i.e. of the fluid displaced, is the Centre of B. (Kankine, 122, 123). Bur, Burr, Common. [Fr. bourrc, hair,floear. In corn. (Smut.) Barrel. A pear, the red butter pear. (Bury pear.) Borrook. [A.S. burh, beorh, hill, -ock, dim. suffix.] A small dam or weir for fishing pur- poses. Bursars. [L.L. bursarjus, a purser.^ 1. In the English universities, the treasurers of col- leges and halls. 2. In the Scottish and foreign universities, persons aided in the costs of their residence by grants from a burse or fund set apart for that purpose. Bursary, in Scotland, the grant or exhibition thus received. Burschenshaft. [Ger.] An association formed in 1815, among students in German universities, for the liberation and union of Germany. Burt. [Cf. Ger. butte, D. bot, a flat- fish. ^ (Zool.) Fish of turbot kind, fam. Pleuronectidae, ord. Anacanthinre, sub-class Teleostel. -bury, -burg, -burgh, -brough, -borough, -berry. [Goth, baurgi-s, O.S. burg, A.S. byrig, fortified post.] Part of Teutonic names. Often marks site of a camp ; -bury is distinctively Saxon. Bury pear, i.e. Beurre, as if butter pear. Busby. (.Mil.) The head-dress worn by hussars, artillerymen, and engineers in the army, and consisting of a fur hat with a bag hanging from the top on the right side. Bush. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The brass or white metal lining of the bearing of an axle or journal box, with which the revoUang piece is actually in contact, and which takes the wear caused by friction. Bushel. [Fr. boisseau, L. buscellus, a vessel for measuring grain.] A measure of eight gallons or 22i8'2 cubic inches ; a Winchester B. was 2 1 50*4 cubic inches, and a heaped B. one third more. Bushman. (Bosjesman.) Bushranger. One who roams about the woods ; generally in a bad sense, as an escaped criminal. Busiris. In Egypt. Myth., a being of whom the most contradictory accounts are given by ancient writers, some speaking of him as a king, others affirming that the name meant simply the tomb of Osiris. Busk. To prepare, get one's self ready. Buskin. [Gr. K6dopvos, and L. cothurnus.] 1. The high-soled boot, reaching to the middle of the leg, worn by tragic actors. 2. By meton. = tiagedy ; so soccus, the flat-soled shoe of comedians and slaves, = comedy. [Cf. Flem. brosekin, from which also It. borzacchino, and Fr. brodequin.] Busking. {Naut.) 1. Piratical cruising. 2. Beating to windward along, or standing on and off from, the coast. Buss. 1. A kiss [L. basium]. 2. {Naut.) A two-masted Dutch fishing-boat, from 50 to 70 tons burden. 8. A herring-boat (British), from 10 to 15 tons. Bustard. [L. avis tarda, slo^v bird, Sp. avutarda or abutarda.] {Ornith.) Fam. of birds. Inhabits open districts in E. hemisphere. Two spec, occasionally visit Great Britain: (i) Otis [Gr. iiris, the eared ofie\ tarda, Great bustard, about forty-five inches long ; plumage of male white, pale chestnut, and black. (2) Otis tetrax, Little bustard, about seventeen inches long, black throat, with white collar and gorget. Ord. Grallae. But and ben. A Scotch term, applied to the two rooms of a cottage, kitchen and parlour, opposite to each other ; the speaker considers himself as being in but. Butcher-bird. (Shrike.) Butcher's broom. Formerly used for sweeping blocks ; a native plant, in bushy places and woods, shrubby, evergreen ; Ruscus aculeatus, ord. Liliaceae. Butt. 1. Of beer, is 108 gallons. 2. [Fr. butte, rising ground, knoll.] Earthen mound placed behind a target for the purpose of check- ing the further progress of balls. Butte. [Fr.] An isolated high hill ; origin- ally the rising knoll on which the butt or mark stood. Butter and eggs. Popular name for Narcissus incomparabilis of the Mediterranean, common in gardens ; also for the toad-flax (Linaria vulgaris), in allusion to the two shades of yellow in the flowers. Butter-box. {Naut.) 1. A lumpy brig. 2. A Dutchman. Butter of antimony, tin, zinc. (Chem.) The trichloride of antimony, bichloride of tin, chlo- ride of zinc, being semi-fluid buttery substances. Butter tree, huiian B., the kernels of which yield a firm, white, rich butter, keeping fresh for months. Bassia butyracea, ord. Sapo- tacese. The African B., or Shea, is B. Parkii. Button. The romui mass of metal left in a cupel after fusion. Button's. A cofTee-house in Russell Street, Covent Garden, where wits assembled in Ad- dison's time. Buttress. [Fr. buttee.] A projection from a wall, giving it greater strength ; so called from its butting or pushing. Flying buttresses, ix. buttresses connected by an arch either with other buttresses or with the wall of the building, seem first to have been used in the Lancet or Early English style. (Geometrical style.) BUTT 89 CABL Butts. 1. The stoutest part of tanned ox- hides, used for harness, etc. 2. A kind of door- hinges (from being screwed on to the part which butts against the casing). Bntyrie add. An acid found in butter [L. butyrum]. Buxom. In O.E., bough-some [cf. Ger. biegsam, compliant, obedient, easily bmved, and so flexible, brisk, lively ; but the word may be connected with the Scand. pege, a maidgri]. (BonaLr.) By. In competitions, the position of the odd competitor drawn without a match in a heat or tie. -by. [Norse, abode, village, O.N. b^, fthtvll, bu, dioelling-place ; cf. A.S. bOan, to dtvell, Gr. ^v, make to he, become. \ Part of names in Danish and Norwegian districts. By-and-by. Mark vi. 25 ; Luke xxi. 9 ; imme- diately. [Gr. ^{ourflj, t\i9iai.\ (Presently.) By-blow. An illegitimate child. By-law, Bye-law. \Cf. Sw. by-lag.] 1. A law for a particular " by," or town ; and so, 2, laws for any special association, as a particular railway, (-by.) By, or Surprise, Plot. A plot, formed in 1603, for sci2ing James I., and compelling him to grant free exercise of religion ; so called to distinguish it from the Main Plot, formed at the same time by George Brooke and others for placing Arabella Stuart on the throne. Byre. [A.S. bur, a chamber, from biian, to diL'cll ; cf. boiocr.\ Cow-shed. Byssiii. [Gr. ^\xiao%, a fine flax.\ Made of bysse, or fine linen. Byssus. [L., Gr. fiitrffos, afineflax.'\ "With Greeks and Romans, as with us, the bundle of silky filaments by which many bivalves adhere to rocks, etc. The beautiful silky B. of the Pinna was once woven into cloth, highly valued. Bysant. (Bezant.) Byiantine arohiteoture includes the several styles from the foundation of Constantinople, A.D. 328, to its conquest by the Turks, 1453. Its typical ecclesiastical form, a Greek cross with central cupola and apse, was fixed by the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, now the Great Mosfjue. Bysantine empire. The E. Roman, Eastern, or Greek empire. Bysantine historians. Greek historians, living between the sixth and fifteenth centuries. Their works were collected and published by order of Louis XIV., in thirty-six vols., folio. a 0. This letter is used in ancient MSB. as an 1 abbrev. for Caius, Caesar, Consul, Civitas, etc. ; in the Roman law courts it was the sign of con- demnation, in contradistinction to A, for Absolvo, /acquit, the former being therefore called Litera tristis, the latter Litera salutaris. As a numeral, it denotes loo. Caaba. The temple of Mecca ; so called from the black stone worshipped there before the time of Mohammed, and now seen in the north- east comer of the building. The stone is pro- bably an aerolite. Cab. Mentioned only in 2 Kings vi. 25 ; the smallest dry measure with the Jews; according to Josephus, = aliout two quarts. Cabal. [Fr. cabale.] In Eng. Hist., a name given to the five Cabinet ministers of Charles II. — Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale — 1667-74, because the initials of their names happened to form the word. Cab&la. A Hebrew word, denoting the general body of tradition interpreting the canonical books in their figurative as well as their direct sense, the Masorah, or unwritten tradition, setting forth its literal meaning. (Pharisees; Saddnoees; Talmnd.) As dealing with the seconflary meanings of Scripture, the Cabala became associated with magic, and the Christian Cabalists made a profession of divining by combinations of scriptural characters. (Sortes.) Caballine. [L. caballinus.] 1. Belonging to a liorsc- [caballus]. 2. As a subst., horse-aloes. Cab&ret. [A Ft. word, of unknown origin. with various meanings.] 1. A set of tea-things ; properly, including a china tray. 2. A tavern, public-house. Cabas. [Fr.] A flat basket. Cabbage. To steal pieces of cloth, said ot tailors ; hence to pilfer generally. Cabbling. Breaking up flat masses of iron to be reheated and wrought mto bars. Cabinet-pietnre. A small picture, generally of a finished character, suitable for a small room [Fr. cabinet]. CabIrL [Gr. ire(j3«pot.] Mystic deities, specially worshipped in the northernmost islands of the yl'Igean. Like that of Bacchus or Dionysos, their worship was introduced from Syria, and their name is identified with the Hebrew word Gibborim, the mighty ones (Brown, Great Dionysiak Myth). (Bacchanalian.) Cable, {kaut.) The rope, or chain, to which an anchor is made fast. A shot of C, two spliced together. C. length in charts, i.e. accurately = 6o7"56 feet, or -j^j of a sea mile. C. distance, roughly about 600 feet. In making, 600 to 690 feet. A cablet, 720 feet. Ditto, hawser laid, 780 feet. Cables are named after the anchor with which they are used, as Stream cable. Cable-moulding. A bead-moulding, in later Norman work, cut in imitation of the twisting of a rope. Cable's length, sometimes Cable-tow. Gene- rally, 120 fathoms = 720 feet. Cabling. A round moulding frequently CABL 90 worked in the flutes of columns, pilasters, etc., in classical architecture. — Parker's Gloss, of Architecture. Cablish. [Gr. KarafioXfi, a throwing down, through Fr. accabler, to overwhelm.'^ Brush- wood, windfalls of wood. Cabob. [Pers. cobbob, roast nuat.] A small piece of meat roasted on a skewer. Caboched, Cabashed. [Fr. caboche, /leacf.] {Her.) Full-faced, and without neck. Caboose, more correctly Camboose. [D. kombnis, a cook's room.] {A'aut.) The kitchen of a merchant ship. Cabriolet. [Fr., from cabrioler, tobointd.'] A one-horse carriage, having a hood and a seat for two persons. C&csenua. [Gr. Koxis, bad^ eJjua, blood.] A bad state of blood. Cacao, or Cocoa. The ground seeds of the TheobromaC., ord. Sterculaceae. InW. Indies, Brazil, etc. They contain a peculiar principle, called Theobromine. Cachalot [From the Catal. quichal, Sp. quircal, a /t7^M (Littre).] {Zool.) Physeter ma- crocephalus [Gr. ^varfrfip, a blower, ficucpoKt- ot.] An ornamental case to hold a flower-pot. Cachet, Lettres de. [Fr.] In France, before the Revolution, letters under the private seal [cachet] of the king, used at first to interfere with the ordinary course of justice, and after- wards for the illegal detention of citizens. Caohinnatioii. [L. cachinnatio, -nem, cachinno, I laugh aloud; cf. Gr. Kayxo^ow : onomatop.] Loud, excessive laughter. Cacbiri. A liquor like perry, made in Cayenne from the manioc root. Cacbolong. (Geol.) A beautiful hard white opaque mineral, probably a variety of opal ; from river Cach, Bokhara, cholong, (?) precious stone, in Kalmuc. Faroe Islands, Greenland, etc. Cacbolot, or Spermaceti whale. (Cachalot.) Cacique, Casdque. [Hayt. word, adopted by the Sp.] A name for chiefs of Indian tribes of Central and S. America. Cacochymy. [Gr. Kax6s, bad, x"M<^*> juice, liquid.] (Med.) Bad condition of the juices or humours. Cacodemon. [Gr. KaKodainuv, from kukSs, bad, Saifiaiv, as used in New Testament.] Evil spirit. CacodyL [Gr. KaKciSris, stinking, v\ri, stuff.] {Chem.) An inflammable liquid, prepared from zinc and chloride of arsenic, and acting as a base. Caooethes [Gr. rh KaKdriBes, ill habit] scri- bendi. An itch, or passion, for scribbling. Cacogpraphy. 1. Bad handwriting [Gr. Ka.K6t, bad, ypd) Onomatop. from the effort of eating.] Coarse, tough meat ; properly a tough old goose. Cagots. Gipsy-like people (? descendants of ancient leper communities ?) in Beam and other parts of Gascony ; once badly treated, and still socially degraded. Similar are the Caqueux in Brittany, and the Colliberts in Poitou, Maine, Anjou. [Ca, Prov. = canis, dog (I. Taylor).] Cahar. [Hind.] Palanquin-bearer. Cahier. In Fr. Hist., a report of certain assemblies and their proceedings ; e.g. of the States-General, clergy, etc. ; lit. a writing-book, of four learc'cs [L. quatemum]. Caimacan. (Kaimakan.) Cainites. Gnostics of the second century, who held Cain to have been the work of a mighty power, Abel of a weak one ; and that the way to be saved was to make trial of all things, evil as well as good. Cainosoic, CeenoEoic. (Neozoic.) Caique, or Kaique. A small vessel of the Levant. The Constantinople skiff, fast but crank, whose traditional wave-line is the same as the one reckoned a triumph of modern marine architecture. Qa ira. [Fr., that will go on, i.e. succeed.] The refrain of the Carillon National, or Revolu- tionary song of 1790. Caird. [Ir. ceard.] A tinker, vagrant, tramp. Cairn. [Gael, kaern, a heap.] 1. A heap of stones, piled in memory of the dead over stone chests, urns, etc., containing their remains; Keltic. 2. Similar heaps used as marks in trigonometrical surveys ; called in S. Africa a pile. (Tumulus.) Cairngorm stone. {Geol.) A brown or yellow quartz crjstal, having a little oxide of iron or manganese ; when brown-black it is called Monon. In C. Mountains of Aberdeen ; near Orleans ; in Brazil. (Quarts.) Caisse. [Fr., L. capsa, a chest, case.] Case, strong box, cashier's office. Livre de C, Compte de C, cash-book, cash account. C. d'amortisse- ment, sinkim^fund. Caisson. [Fr. caisson, waggon, caisse, a chest, L. capsa.] 1. (.4rch.) Sunk panels, lacunaria, of flat or arched ceilings, etc., or of Soffits. 2. A flat-bottomed frame of large timbers, used for laying the foundations of a bridge. 3. Case containing receptacles for shells, when they are buried for explosion. 4. Ammunition-waggon. Cajeput oil. The pungent, aromatic, volatile oil of the Melaleuca C. of the Moluccas; ord. Myrtaccje. Calabar, or Ordeal, bean. The seeds of Physostigma vcnenosum, a plant resembling our scarlet runner, but with a woody stem ; employed as an ordeal in \V. Trop. Africa in the case of persons suspected of witchcraft. Calabar sldn. The skin of the Siberian squirrel. Calabash [Sp. calaboza] ; for goblets, cups, etc. 1. The hard shell of the fruit of the Trop. American tree Crescentia, ord. Big- noniaceic. 2. Vessel made of a dried ^«rfiv, to write.] The art of drawing with chalk. Calc-sinter. [Ger. sinter, dross.] Incrustations deposited by siliceous and by calcareous springs arc Siliceous sinter and Calc-sinter. Calc-spar, Calcareous spar, Calcite. (Geol.) Crystallized carbonate of lime ; found in nu- merous forms and degrees of purity. Calc-tuft, Calcareous tuft. Chemically, nearly i.q. marble ; but cellular, spongy, generally friable ; sometimes good for building, e.g. the Travertine at Rome. Calculating-machine. A mechanical con- trivance by which arithmetical operations (ad- dition, multiplication, etc., of numbers) can be performed. Napier's rods (or Napier's bones) are an early form of machine for multiplying and dividing numbers. Another was Pascal's. Of later forms, the best known is Babbage's C.-M., which is, strictly speaking, a difference machine, i.e. it is adapted for calculating a series of numbers separated from each other by a common difference ; by means of subsidiary contrivances, the common difference can be varied ; the machine is therefore adapted for the calculation of mathematical tables, such as tal)les of the logarithms of numbers, etc. Another well- known modern machine is that of M. Thomas, of Colmar. Calciilas. [L., a small stone.] (Med.) A hard, stony secretion in any part ; most frequently applied to a concretion in the bladder. Calculus of finite differences ; Differential C. ; Integral C. ; C. of variation. A collection of rules or theorems applicable to calculations performed with certain defined classes of magnitudes. Conceive two magnitudes connected in such a manner that a change in the one necessitates a corresponding change in the other, e.g. the radius and the area of a circle. Any corre- sponding changes which these two magnitudes undergo are called their differences. If these differences are finite, a collection of theorems may be formed having reference to the relations existing between them, and such a collec- tion of theorems is called the C. of Jinite differences. If the differences are indefinitely small, such as would occur when the change takes place continuously, we have the Differential C. The theorem of the Integral C. relates to the total finite result of a continuous change, CALD 93 CALL the rate of which at each point is known, i.e. to the determination of functions from their dif- ferential coefficients. These and similar calculi are commonly carried out into numerous details ; and, in particular, most treatises on the Diffe- rential and Integral C. explain the applications of these calculi to questions of geometry, etc. It is not unusual to speak of the differential and integral calculus as The C, on account of its numerous applications to physical questions, most changes in nature being continuous. (For C. of variation, vidt Iw-.) Calda. [L. and It.] Warm spiced wine and water. Caldarlmn. [L.] In the Roman baths, the chanil>er containing the warm bath. Caldas, Caldelas. In Spain and Portugal, •warm springs, from which many places are named ; e.g. C. da Rainha, etc. Caldehe, Calaah. [Fr. caleche.] A light carriage for four, with movable top and sepa- rate seat for driver. C&led5nia. Scotland, north of Firths of Clyde and Forth, under the Romans. Calefacient. [L. cal£facientem,ma>(^m/u/arm.] Cau-sing a sensation of warmth ; e.g. a mustard poultice. Calembeg. A kind of olive-green sandalwood. Calembonr. [Fr.] A pun : " le nom de I'abbc de Calemberg, personnage plaisant de contes allcmands," Littre ; who compares es- pit^le, sprightly, harmlessly mischin>ous, espi^- glerie, sharp saying— a, word which passed into Ft. from a translation of the life of Till Eulen- spiegel, Owts Looking-glass, a German, circ. 1480, famous for petites fourheries inganeuses. Calendar, Jolian, Gregorian. (Calends.) 1. A rqjistcr or list of things, as a C. of .State papers. 2. A book or table containing the order and sequence of all the days of the year ; an almanac ; an £phemeris [Gr.]. In \.he Julian C. the year is = 305 days ; but every fourth year has an additional day, = 366 days. In the Gregorianox Reformed C, threeof these additional days are omitted in the course of 400 years ; so that only 97 years in the 400 are 366 days long. The rule is that the year consists of 366 days when its number is divisible by 4, as A.u. 18S0, 1884, etc. ; but it consists of 365 days when its number, though divisible by 4, consists exactly of centuries and is not divisible by 400 ; thus, A.I). 1900 will have only 365 days, but A.u. 2000 will have 366 days. Calendars, The three. In the Arabian Nights' Tales, sons of kings disguised as b^[ging der- vishes. Calendering. The process of passing linen or calico. between cylinders, so as to flatten out the threads and give a closer texture. Calends. [L. calenda?.] In the Roman calendar, the first days of each month. The Greek month had no Calends : hence the phrase " Greek Calends " is equivalent to the 30th of February, iron., = never. Calenduline. Mucilaginous matter found in the leaves of common marigold (Calendilla ofncioalis). Calenture. [Sp. calentiira.] An ardent fever, mostly attacking seamen when sailing into hot climates, the sufferer often imagining the sea a green field ; the term nearly obsolete. Calfat. (Nant.) (Caulk.) Calf 8 skin = part of a fool's dress, in Shake- speare's time. CaU. (KaU.) Calibre. [(?) Fr. of the sixteenth century, cqualibre, L. equilibrium ; Littrd suggests Ar. kalib, a form, mould. \ 1. The bore of a gun, diameter of a bullet. 2. Meton. quality, power. C. of a ship, the known weight repre- sented by her armament, 3, To calibrate a thennometer-tube is to ascertain the size of its bore. Calidore, Sir. [Gr, KoXis, fair, Supov, gift.] In Spenser's Fairy Qtteeti, type of courtesy, meant for Sir Philip Sydney. Caliduct. [L. calulus, hot, duco, / lea^/.] A flue for hot air or water. (Caloriduot.) Caligation. [L. calTgatio, -nem.] Darkness, mistinos. Caligorant. In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, a giant entangled in his own net, and captured by Astolnho ; type of a sophistic heretic, Cahgraphy. Not so correct as Calligraphy Calila and Dimna. (Panchatantra.) Calin. [F"r.] An alloy of lead and tin, used by the Chinese for tca-canistcrs, etc. Calipash and Calipee. (Callipash.) Caliph [Ar. khalif] = a lieutenant or deputy, i.e. of Mohammed ; a title at first given to the sovereigns of the Muslim Arabs, as successors, vicars, spiritually, of the prophet ; but generally applied to certain dynasties only of Mohammedan sovereigns. Caliphat. In the Hist, of Islam. 1. The office of the successor and vicegerent of Moham- med. But the question of the true representation of the prophet has been often fiercely debated, (Abbasides; Fatimites; Onuniad Caliphs; Shia; Suni.) 2. The country subject to the caliph, Calippio. (Cycle.) Calisaye bark. One of the best kinds of Peruvian bark, valuable as a source of a quinine. Caliver. An old word for a musket (q.v.). (Another form of Calibre.) Caliztines. 1. A branch of Hussites ; called also Utraquists, who demanded the cup [L. calix] for the laity, or administration in each fart [in utraque parte] of the sacraments. 2. Followers of George Calixtus, or Callisen, Lutheran di\'inc, seventeenth century, who was for reuniting Roman Catholics, Lutherans, etc., on the basis of the Apostles' Creed. Calk. [ Probably from L, calco, / tread in, stuff. '\ 1. To stop with tow the seams, or leaks, of vessels. Calkers, £zek, xxvii. 9, 2. I.q. cal- culate [L, calculus, a pebble]. Calkings, i.e. calculations, as of nativities, etc. Calk, Calkin. In the heel [L, calx] of a horse- shoe, a sharp-pointed armature to prevent slip- ping on ice, etc. Call. 1. A demand from shareholders of a public company for an instalment if the capital CALL 94 CAMA is not all paid up. 2. (SiocMroi.) (Put and eaU.) Callidity. [L. callidita, -tern.] Shrewdness ; lit. as of a practised, hardened person [callum, iAirJb sh'/t]. Calligraphj. [Gr. KaWtypa(pla, from ndWos, beauty, ypdipu, I write.\ Good, beautiful hand- writing. Calliope. [Gr., beautiful-voiced. '\ The Muse of epic or heroic poetry. Callipash and Callipee. [(?) Corr. of Carapace (.q.v.), or (?) of Calabash.^ 1. The turtle's upper and under shell respectively. 2. The green fat of the one, and the yellow flesh of the other, in Chelone viridis, green turtle. Calliper-compasses ; Callipers. Compasses with bowed legs for measuring the diameters of cylinders. (Calibre.) Callisthenios. Gymnastics, exercises of strength [Gr. trOeVos], only to develop grace [/coAXos] ; not as feats of strength or activity. CalUato. (HosM.) Callosity. [L. cJtllosita, -tem.] Hardness of skin. (Callidity.) \ Callow. [O. E. caluw, colo ; (?) cf. L. calvus, bald.'\ Unfledged, tender, as young birds in the nest. Callfbia. [Gr. KoWiivu, I make beauti/ul.'\ (Bot. ) A gen. of plants, ord. £rice£e, having one spec. Vulgaris, Common heath. Callus. 1. New bony growth, uniting fractured ends. 2. Sometimes i.q. callosity. Calorie. The (imaginary) principle of heat (L. calor] ; it was supposed to be a fluid sub- stance diffused, but unequally, through all bodies, aiid producing the sensible effect of heat. Caloriduct. [L. calSrem, heat, duco, I lead. ^^ A better form than Caliduet (t/.v.). Calorifere. [Fr., L. calor, heat, fero, /bring.] A stove. Calorimeter ; Calorimetry. [L. calor, heat, Gr. fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertain- ing the quantity of heat required to raise a given quantity of a given substance from one specified temperature to another, or to make it change its state, e.g. from ice to water, or from water to steam. Calorimetry is measurement of quantities of heat, which must be distinguished from mea- surement of temperature. Calotte. [Fr.] A skull-cap, worn by eccle- siastics. Calottistes [Fr.], or Begiment de la Calotte. A bold satirical society {temp. Louis XIV.), whc sent to any public character who had made himself ridiculous, a calotte or skull-cap for the weak part of his head. Oalotype. [Gr. Ka\is, fair, rlnros, type.] A method of photography in which a negative picture is obtained on paper covered with iodide of silver. Caloyer. [Mod. Gr. KoXSytpos, good old man, from KoXis, good, yipaiv, old man.] A general name for monks of the Greek Church. There are also C. nuns. All follow St. Basil's rule only. Caltlia. [L.] {Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Ranunculaceae ; the marsh marigold (C. palustris) is a well-known British plant, with large yellow cup-shaped flowers, blooming in marshy places in early spring. Caltrop. [A.S. coltrjeppa.] 1. {Bot.) A small prostrate plant, Tribulus terrestris. Ord. Zygophyllacese. In S. Europe. It has prickly fruit, dangerous to the feet of cattle. 2. {Mil.) An iron instrument, with four points so arranged that, three being in the ground, the fourth pro- jects upwards. Used for harassing the enemy's cavalry, as by Bruce at Bannockburn. Calomba root. The bitter tonic root, large, fleshy, deep yellow, of the Jateorhiza palmata of Mozambique. Ord. Menispermacese. Calumet, or Peace-pipe, of N. -American Indians, with long reed stem and marble bowl ; smoked, by representatives of both sides, in making a treaty. Calvary. [L. calvarium, a skull = Gr. Kpavlov (Luke xxiii. 33).] A representation of the Passion, with the figures of St. John and the B.V. Mary, generally life-size, in a church or on some eminence. Calver. To shrink, when cut, not falling in pieces ; said of fish, especially salmon, prepared in a particular way, when fresh and firm. Calville. A kind of apple. White winter C, grown on the Continent, is a choice variety. Calvinists. (Eccl.) The followers of Calvin, the head of the Reformed Church in Geneva, in the sixteenth century. (Sublapsarians.) Calx. [L., quicklime.] A term derived from the alchemists, = the products of calcination, i.e. of the heating or roasting the various metallic ores. C&lycfilus. [L., dim. of calyx {g.v.).] 1. {Bot.) A partial involucre, containing but one or perhaps two flowers. 2. The external bracts of a capitulum, when they form a distinct ring or rings. — Treas. of Botany. Adj., Calyculate. Calyon. [Fr. caillon.] Flint, pebble stone, used in building houses, walls, churches, e.g. in eastern counties. Calypso. [Gr. Ka\v\\i(S>.] In the Odyssey, a nymph or sea-goddess who detains Odysseus (Ulysses) for seven years on his way home to Ithaca. She is the Venus of the Tanhaiiser legend, and the Fairy Queen in that of Thomas of Ercildoune. Calyptra. [Gr. KoXvirrpa, a woman^s veil.] {Bot. ) The hood of a moss. Calyx. [L., Gr. koXd^, the cup of a flower.] The external envelope of a flower. Calzoons. [Corr, of Fr. calefon or It. calzoni.] Drawers. Cam. [A Gael, word.] 1. Crooked. \Cf KifiitTu, I bend, L. camurus, crooked.] The rivers Cam ; More-cambe, crooked sea, one of which the coast takes many bends. 2. {Mech.) A single tooth which either rotates continuously or oscillates, and drives a sliding or turning-piece either constantly or at intervals. Camaieu. [Fr.] A painting executed in different shades of one colour only ; and thus resembling a cameo {q.v.). CamaU. [Fr,, Prov. capmail ; L. caput, CAMA 95 CAMP head, and maille, a mesh, L. macula.] 1. A coat of mail, covering head and shoulders. 2. A clerical short cloak, like in shape, but longer. Camaldillites. Benedictine monks, established at Camaldoli, in the eleventh century. Camaraderie. [Fr.] Good fellowship. Camarilla. [Sp., L. camera, a chamber^] A stnall room or audience chamber of the king ; and so = his secret cabinet. Cambel and Triamond. Inpersonations of friendship, Spenser's Faery Qtieen, bk. iv. Camber. [Fr. cambre, arched.] The con- vexity on the upper side of a beam, to prevent its bending under the weight it has to sustain. Camber, To. [Gr. ko/xttw, I bend, L. camfirus, crooked.] 1. To curve planks. 2. (A'a«/.) C. baeked keel, one slightly arched, but not enough to constitute actual arching (ain.] (Ma/.) Neuralgic affection of heart. Cardinal. [L. cardinalis, from cardinem, a hinge.] {Eccl. Hist.) The title of the seven bisho)^ of Rome, and of the clergy of the twenty-eight principal churches of the city, who composed the College of Cardinals. This collie now has generally seventy members. Cardinal bird. {Ornith.) Also called Car/.) A watery extract of the bark of Acacia catechu and A. suma, of E. Indies, ord. Legum. containing lai^e quantities of tannin. C&tichlimen. [Gr. Ketnfxov/iifyot, taught by word of mouth. \ 1. One "who is> being instructed in the rudiments of the faith, before baptism ; a neophyte. 2. A bt^inner in any kind of knowledge. Categorematio. [Gr. Kar7ty6priiJM, a predicate.] In Logic, any word capable of being employed liy itself as a Predicate. Such are all common nouns. (Syncategorematic.) Categorical proposition. In Logic, a propo- sition which .TiTirms or denies aljsolutely the agreement of the Subject with the Predicate, as distinguished from one which does so condition- ally or hypothetically. Categoiy. [Gr. KOTTryopfa.] In Lc^ic, a class under which a family of predicables may be rangec). The complete number of categories would thus embrace the whole range of human thought and knowledge. Aristotle framed ten categories which may be reduced to four — sub- stance, quality, quantity, relation ; but many other schemes have been put forth, none of which, perhaps, can be regarded as final. Catelectrode. [Gr. Koai, do7vn, and electrode.] The negative pole of a galvanic battery. C&tena. [L., a chain.] A regular uninter- rupted succession. catena Patrum [L., a chain of the Fathers], i.e. a series of passages from the F., elucidating some portion of Scripture, as the Catena Aurea of Thomas Aquinas- Catenary curve. {Geom.) The curve formed by a cord hanging between two points of sus- pen.sion not in the same vertical line. Cateran, Caterran [Gael.] = robbers, banditti ; so Loch Katrine, originally Loch Cateran. Cater-cousin. Cousin in the fourth [Fr. quatre] degree. CaterpUler. [Heb. khosll ; i Kings viii. 37, etc.] (8iH.) Probably locust or its larva. Caterwauling. [Probably onomatop.] To make a noise like cats, or any other offensive or quarrelsome noise. Cates. Provisions, delicacies. [Said to be a corr. of delicates, or dainty meats ; more probably from Fr. acheter, to buy, formerly acater, L. ac-capitare, originally to receive as refit.'] Catfall. {A'aut.) A rope used in hoisting the anchor to the cathead. Cat-fish, (/chth.) Sea-cat, IVo/ffsh, AnAtxhi- chas lupus ; carnivorous, naked fish living at the lx)ttom of shallow seas and tidal waters. W. Indies. Gen. Anarrhichas, fam. Blennidce, ord. Acanthopter^gii, sub-class Telfostei. Catgut is made from the intestines of sheep. [{?) Corr. of cord-gut, or of gut-cord.] Cathiri. [Gr. Koeapoi, pure.] {.Eccl. Hist.) An Eastern sect, probably the same as the Faulicians. (Novatians.) Cath&rists. \(j'i. Ka.%o.p[^io, I cleanse.] Mani- cha>ans {q.v.) who professed especial purity ; holding matter to be the source of evil, renounc- ing marriage, animal food, wine. Cat-harpings. {.\'aut.) Ropes keeping the top of the shrouds taut. Cathartic [Gr. KaBoftriKJt, from KaOcJiptt, I cleanse, purge] remedies purge more mildly ; Drastic, more severely [Bpoffrucdi, effective, drastic]. Cathaj. An old name for China ; Cathay or Khitai being the Mongolian and Russian name for North China ; as Chin was the Indian and Portuguese name for South China. Ca^ead. (A a///.) A curved timber, which passes through the bulwark forward, and from which the anchor is suspended (when being hauled up) clear of the vessel's bows. Cathedrals of the New Foundation. The cathedral churches of sees founded by Henry VIII., from funds obtained by the suppression of the monasteries, the cathedrals of the sees already established being called henceforth the C. of the Old Foundation. The new sees were those of W^estminster, Oxford, Peterborough, Bristol, Gloucester, and Chester. Cathedrals of the Old Foundation. (Cathedrals of the New Foundation.) Catherine wheel, or Bose window (<].v.). St. C, an Alexandrian of royal descent, con- fessing Christ at a feast appointed by the Emperor Maximinus, was tortured on a wheel, and put to death, A.D. 307. C&th6t§r. [Gr. KaOtT-fip, KaOi-rifii, I send down. ] A surgical instrument for emptying the bladder. Cat£etometer. [Gr. KikBfros, adj., let dottm or in, subst. a plumbline, ftfrfiov, a measure] An instrument used for the accurate determination of differences of level, e.g. the height to which a fluid rises in a capillary tube above the ex- terior free surface. It consists of an accurately divided metallic stem which can be made vertical CATH io6 CAUT by means of three levelling screws on which the instrument stands. On the stem slides a metallic piece carrj'ing a telescope — like the telescope of a theodolite — whose axis can be made horizontal by a level. The telescope is first directed to one object, and moved by a delicate screw till a horizontal wire in the focus of the eye-piece coincides with the image of the object ; the stem is then read. The process is repeated for the second object. The difference of the readings is, of course, the differehce of the levels of the objects. Cathode. [Gr. KiddSos, descent.^ The nega- tive pole, or path by which the current leaves a body which is being decomposed by electricity. Catkoles. (A'aut.) Two holes astern, above the gun-room ports, through which hawsers may be passed. Catholio emancipation removed all civil dis- abilities from Dissenters, 1829. Catholio Mi^os^i Host. Title of the kings of Spain. Cat-in-pan, (?) To tnm. "A cunning which lays that which a man says to another as if another had said it to him " (Bacon, quoted by Johnson) ; to be a turncoat, to change sides unscrupulously. C&tion. [Gr. Korlotv, going dcnvn, from KoerA, doiim, Uvcu, to go.\ The element which goes to the negative pole when the substance is decom- posed by electricity. (Cathode.) Catlings. Catgut strings. Catoptrics. [Gr. KaToirrpiK6i, having to do with a viirror, KiroifTpov^ The part of optics which treats of the formation of images by mirrors and other reflecting surfaces, and of vision by means of them. Cato Street Conspiracy. A conspiracy formed in 1820 by Thistlewood and others, for murdering the ministers, seizing the Bank, and setting fire to London. Catraia. [^Natd.) Pilot surf-boats of Lisbon and Oporto, about fifty-six feet long by fifteen feet broad, propelled by sixteen oars. Cat-rig. (A"rti/.) A raised work placed in the interior of and corresponding in shape with a bastion. 2. A mounted knight. Cavaliere servente. [It.] A man who dis- plays tlevotion to a married lady. (Ja va sauB dire. [Fr.] That is taken for granted ; lit. thai goes without saying. Cavatlna. [It., short air.] Properly an air of simple, gentle character, haNnng one move- ment : sometimes preceded by a recitative. C&via. [L.] The semicircular space for spectators in a Roman theatre. Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the purchaser beware ; e.g. let him take reasonable care that his purchase is really what he expects. Cive e&nem. [L.] Bavare of the dog; frequently inscribed on Roman vestibules. Cavendish. Tobacco mixed with molasses and pressed into cakes. Cave ne litterai Bell§r5phontis adfSras. [L.] Take care you do not bring Bellerophon's letters. Cavers. Persons stealing ore from Derbyshire mines. Caves. As spoken of in Geol., are generally excavations made by water along the fissures of limestones ; in France, Switzerland, Bavaria, Belgium, S. Wales, Devon, Derbyshire, York- shire, etc. ; sometimes containing relics of animals and men inhabiting them in long-past ages. Caveson. [F"r. cavecon, .Sp. calxiza, L.L. capitium.] A kind of bridle or noseband, used in breaking in a horse. Caviar. [Fr. and Port.] Salted roe of sturgeon and other fish ; a Russian luxury. Cavity. {Naut.) The displacement of water caused hy a vessel floating in it. Centre of C, Displacetnent, Immersion, or Buoyancy is the mean centre of such part of a ship as is under water, i.e. considering the whole as homoge- neous. Cavo-relievo. [It.] A kind of car>nng in relief, where the highest surface is level with the plane of the original stone, giving .an effect like the impression of a seal in wax. (Alto-relievo.) Cavy, Cavia, Cobaia. [Brazilian name.] {Zool.) Aperea. Gen. of fam. Caviidae ; as the guinea- pig, Kesthss cavy. S. America, Ord. R^entla. Cawker. (Caulker.) Caziqne. (Cadqae.) Cecity. Blindness [L. caecTtatem]. Ceoropian. Anything relating to Cecrops, Kekrops, a mythical king or founder of Athens. Sometimes applied to the bees of Hymeitus, w ith the general meaning of Attic or Athenian. Ceoatiency. [L. ccecfitio, I am blind or tuarly blind.] A tendency to blindness. Cedant arma tSgae. [L.] Let arms give way to pt-acc ; the military to the civil. (JedUla [It. zediglia, dim. of zeta] ^ in Fr. before a, o, u ; showing that c is pronounced soft ; as soupfon. Celadon. 1. In Thomson's Summer, lover of Amelia, who is killed in his arms by lightning. 2. Sea-green porcelain. Celandine. [Gr. x«^»8<*»'os] ; a monument only, the body being elsewhere. Censors. [L. censores.] In Rom. Hist., two magistrates appointed for eighteen months out of each lustrum, or period of five years, for the purpose of taking the register of the citizens. (Lustration.) Cent. 1. A httndred [L. centum], as five per cent., i.e. five in the hundred. 2. A coin used in the U.S., made of copper or copper and nickel = -j^u of a dollar, or about a halfpenny. Cental. A new English weight = 100 lbs. avoirdupois. Centaurs. [Gr. Ktmavpos, Skt. gandharva.] {Myth.) Beings, half man, half horse, who are said to have lived in Thessaly. Centaury. {Bat. ) Erythnea Centaurium ; ord. Gentianacese. A British plant, with numerous small bright pink flowers, frequent in dry places, and collected for use as a tonic. Centenary. [L. centenarius.] 1. A hundred of anything ; as a C. of years. 2. The hundredth anniversary. Centesimation. The picking out of every hundredth [L. centesTmus) person; cf. Deci- mation. Centiare; Centigramme; Centilitre; Centimetre. [Fr.] Measures of the hundredth part of an are, gramme, litre, metre respectively. (Are; Gramme; Litre; Metre.) Centigrade. (Thermometer.) Centime. The hundredth [L. centesimus] part of a franc (q.v.). Centimetre. The hundredth part of a metre, i.e. of 39i inches ; about = f of inch, nearly. Centner. 1. In Prussia, 1 10 lbs. or 220 marks, equal to about II3'4 lbs. avoirdupois. 2. The ZoUverein C. is 50 kilogrammes, or iioj lbs. avoirdupois. Cento. [L., Gr. Keyrpav, a patchwork cloak."] 1. Patchwork. 2. A collection of verses from one or more poets, so arranged as to form a distinct poem. Central force. An attractive or repulsive force which originates in a determinate point of space, and acts round that point in such a manner that its intensity at any point of space depends on the distance only and not on the direction ; thus, gravity is a C. F. Centre [L. centrum, Gr. Kfvrpov] ; C. of a curve; C. of gravity; C. of gyration; C. of inertia ; C. of a lens ; C. of mass ; C. of oscilla- tion; C. of percussion; C. of position; C. of pressure ; C. of a surface. A term used vaguely to mean the middle point or part of anything. The C. of a curved line or surface is the point (if there be one) which bisects all straight lines that are drawn through it and are terminated at both ends by the line or surface, such as the C. of a circle, ellipse, sphere, spheroid, etc. The C. of gravity is that point of a body through which the force of gravity on the body will act, in whatever position it may be placed ; conse- quently, if that point is supported the body will rest in any position. It must be remembered, however, that this definition presupposes that the forces exerted by gravity on the parts of the body act along parallel lines. The C. of gravity is called also the C. of iiurtia, and sometimes the C. of mass and the C. of position. The C. of gyration is a point into which, if all the particles of a rotating body were condensed, its moment of inertia, with reference to the axis of rotation, would continue unchanged. The C. of oscillation is that point of an oscillating body at which, if all the particles of the body were condensed, the small oscillations would be performed in the same time as the actual small oscillations of the body. The C of percussion is the point of a rotating body at which it must strike an obstacle, so that there may be no jar on the axle or hinges. It coincides in position with the C. of oscillation. The C. of pressure of a plane surface immersed in a fluid is the point in which the resultant of the pressures of the fluid meets the surface. This term is sometimes used to denote the metacentre (q.v.). The C. of a lens is a point fixed with reference to the lens having this property : if the part of a ray of light within the lens tends towards the centre, the parts outside ot' the lens are parallel. In the case of an ordinary double convex lens, the centre is within it. Centrebit. A tool for boring circular holes. Centrifugal force. [L. centrum, centre, fugio, Ifiy from.\ When a body moves in a circle there is a second body, which may be called the guiding body, and whose place is commonly the centre, by whose action the moving body is deflected from its rectilinear course and caused to move in the circle ; the reaction which it exerts against the guiding body is the C. F. of the moving body. When a stone is whirled round in a sling it endeavours to leave the hand that guides it ; and by that endeavour stretches the sling, and stretches it more the faster it moves. The stretching of the sling is due to two forces, the action of the hand and the re- action of the stone; the latter is the C. F. of the stone. Centring. A temporary wooden support for vaults, arches, etc., while building. Centring, Error of. In astronomical instru- ments it commonly happens that the centre of the divisions of the divided circle is not exactly coincident with' the centre on which the circle itself turns — although great pains are taken to CENT 109 CERT attain coincidence. This being so, the reading taken at a fixed point past which the divided circle turns will differ from the true reading by the E. of C. When this error is small, its effects are completely avoided by taking the arithmetical mean of two readings made with reference to two fixed points at opposite ends of a diameter. Called also Error of Eccentricity. Centripetal force [L. centrum, centre, peto, 1 seek\ is the force by which bodies are every- where drawn, impelled, or at all events tend, towards some point as to a centre. Such a force is gravity, in virtue of which bodies tend towards the centre of the earth ; or the force of magnetism, by which iron is drawn towards a magnet. The term is used by Newton for what is now more commonly called a Central force. Centrobario. [Gr. Kivrpov, L. centrum, r^-w/r^, Pipoi, wei^^'At.] Appertaining to the centre of gravity. There are cases in which the attraction exerted by a body (A) according to the law of gravity on another body (B) is reducible to a single force in a line which always passes through a point fixed relatively to the second body. In this case the second body (B) is said to be C. relatively to the first (A). When this is the case, the second body (B) is also C. relatively to every attracting mass, and it attracts all matter external to itself as if its own mass were collected in that point. It has been proposed to call this fixed point the Centri of gravity of the body (B), and to distinguish by the name C. of mass or C. of iiurtia the point which is usually called the C. of gravity. Centrciclinal, or Cyeloelinal, strftta. [I>. centrum, a centre, Gr. kuxAot, a circle, KXivu, I make to slant.] (Geol.) Strata dipping inward concentrically, like basins one within another ; e.g. Forest of Dean coal-field. Centrolinesd. [L. centrum, centre, lTn?a, a lifu.\ An instrument for drawing lines con- verging to a centre which is outside of the paper on vhich the lines arc to be drawn. Centum vir. [L.] Hundred-man ; racmhct oi a committee or court of a hundred. Centuriators of Magdeborg. (Magdeburg, Centuriators of.) Centuries. [L. centurice.] In Rom. Hist., the divisions, supposed to be each of icx), in which the people voted in the Comitia, or meet- ing (rf Centuries. In the Legion the C, was one-half of the Maniple, and the one-thirtieth part of the Legion. Cepaceous. {Bot.) Having the character of an onion ( L. cfxjpa] in shape of smell. Cephalalgia remedies are for tain [Gr. iXyot] of the head [Kt((A\-i\]. Cephalaspis. [Gr. xc^dA.^, a head, atrirls, a shield.] (Geol.) A fossil fish, with bony body- shield shaped like a cheese-knife ; found by Hugh Miller in the Old Red Sandstone. Ceph&lic. Relating to the head ; generally medicines for afTcctinns of the head. CiphilSpdda, Cephalopodf. [Gr. KttfAxi), head, ■Koii,woUi,foot.] (Zool.) Highest class of mol- luscs. They have eight or more arras ranged round the head and provided with suckers ; most are naked, as the cuttlefish, but nautili have shells. Ceramic [Gr. KfpaixiK6si of pottery.] Relating to pottery. Cerastls. [Gr. Ktpdarrii, homed, from nr/por, horn ; cf. L. cornu.] {Zool.) The horned viper, a venomous viperine snake. Egypt and adjacent parts. About two feet long ; greyish colour. Cerbims. [Gr. Ktpfftpos.] (Myth.) The three-headed dog which guards the entrance to the kingdom of Hades, the fellow-monster being Orthros. These two names are found as yar\ara and Vritra in the Rig Veda. Cerdonians. The followers of Cerdon [Gr. KtpStDv], who in the second century maintained a system of Dualism, combining with it the opinions of the DocetSB. (Ahriman.) Cere. [L. ccra.] 1. Wax. Ccrcd, waxed. Cerecloth, one smeared with wax, or similar matter; unless this is A.S. sore-cloth, a cloth for sores. Cerement [L.L. cerementum], a waxed winding-sheet. 2. (Ornith.) The naked space at the base of the bill of some birds. Cereals. [L. ceredlis, relating to Cfres, god- dess of agriculture.] (Bot.) Grasses cultivated for their edible seed : wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize or Indian corn, rice, millet. ^ CerSbel, Cerebellum. [L. dim. of cerebrum, the brain.] The under and posterior portion of the brain. Cerebration, TTnoonsoions. The non-voluntary working out and reproduction of ideas, under certain nerve conditions. C6r58. [L.] (Myth.) The Latin goddess answering to the Greek Demeter. (Elbusinian Mysteries.) Cerevisia. [L., a Gallic word.] In old legal statutes and elsewhere, beer. Cerinthians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of Cerinthus, who in the first century propounded opinions agreeing essentially with those which were set forth by the Cerdonians in the second. Cerium. A rare greyish-white metal, named after the planet Ceres. Cemuous. [L. cernttfis, looking dtnvnwards, probably from an old cer = Gr. xipa, the head (as in cer-vix, the neck, which carries, vehit, the head) and nuo, nutus, nod.] (Bot.) Hanging down at the top, drooping ; e.g. a snowdrop. Cerography. [Gr. nripus, wax, ypdijxiv, to 71'rite.] Engraving on a copper plate coated with wax, from which a stereotype plate is taken. Ceroplastio art. [Gr. Hy\po-K\a> copper, ypd^tiy, to write.] Engraving on copper. Chaldee language. The language of the Jews after the IJahylunish captivity, being a Hebrew dialect, differing little from the Syriac, or old Assyrian. (Aramaic languages.) Clialdee Paraphraaes. Running commentaries on the Old Testament, called Targums. (Talmud.) Chaldron, or Chalder. [L. caldarium, a 7>essel for hot water.] .An old dry measure, latterly used as a measure for coals and coke. A chaldron of coals was 36 heaped bushels, or about 27 cwts. Chalet. [Fr.] Summer hut for Swiss herds- men ; also Swiss wooden houses generally. Chalk. [A..S. cealc, L. calx, calcem, litne- stone.] A white earthy limestone, largely com posed of coccoliths ancl globigerina ; the upper- most Secondary formation in England and in France ; 1000 feet thick ; represented in Germany by sandstones, etc. (Foraminifera.) Challenge. Exod. xxii. 9 ; claim. [O.Fr. chalonge, L. calumnia.] Challenge of jurors. An exception or objection against those empannelled ; (i) a challenge to the array being against the whole number, on account of partiality, or for some other reason ; (2) a challenge to the polls being against one or more -individuals. Challia. A fine twilled woollen fabric. Chalumeau, Chalameao. [Fr., whence Eng. shaxvm ; L. calamcllus, dim. of calamus, a reed.] Pastoral reed-pipe ; the lower notes of the clarionet are said to have a C. tone. Chalybean steel = steel of the best make ; the Chalybes of Asia Minor having been famed as workers in iron. Chalybeate waters. [Gr. x«^«4> x<^>')3oi, harJetud iron.] Mineral waters in which the iron predominates. Cham. (Khan.) Chama. [Gr. x^MI. a cockle, a gaping shell.] (Zool.) Giant clams, fam. of Conchlftra, Bivalve molluscs. Tropics. Chamade. [Fr., It. chiamare, L. clamare. to cry out.] The beat of a drum, or the soxmd of a trumpet summoning the enemy to a parley. Chamseleon. (Chameleon.) Chamber. [L. camera.] The cell in a mine or gun, where the powder is deposited. Chamberlain, Lord, or King's C. An officer of very high standing in the royal household (formerly an influential member of the Govern- ment), a member of the Privy Council. He has also to do with the licensing of certain theatres and new plays ; inquires into the status of persons desiring to be presented ; issues the queen's invitations, etc. Chamberlain, The Lord Great. Holds a here- ditary office, very ancient, and once very impor- tant. He has the government of the palace at Westminster, receives upon solemn occasions the keys of W. Hall ; prepares the Hall for coronations. State trials, etc. ; has charge of the House of Lords during the session. Chambers, Judges'. Rooms where judges sit for despatch of business which does not require a court. Chombre ardente. [Fr., buming-chamber.l (I/ist.) The court instituted by Francis I. for trying and burning heretics. Chambre des Comptes. [Fr.] A French court, before the Revolution, for the registration of edicts, treaties of jieace, etc. Chameleon. [Gr. x"^*^^*^"* ground-liott, a lizard which was supposed to change its colour.] 1. {Min.) Manganateof potassium, the solution of which changes colour from green to purple. 2. (Zool.) A gen. of saurian reptiles, popularly supposed to live on air, and to change its colour at will. It lives on insects, and the modifica- tions of colour are produced by the varying proportions in the pigments contained under the rete mucosutn, or coloured layer of the skin. Chamfer. [F"r. chanfrein.] (Arch.) The edge of any right-angled object cut a-slope or on the bevel. (Chafron.) Chamois. [Ilcb. zomer.] (Bibl.) Probably Moufflon (ii.v.). Chamomile, Camomile. [Gr. xaMR^Mn^oK, earth- apple.] (Dot.) Anthimis nobilis (ord. Compo- sitx«), a herb with finely divided leaves and daisy- like flowers, the latter used in fomentations, etc. Champarty, Champerty. [I>. campus, field, partem, part or share] (Leg.) A bargain be- tween A, a party to a suit, and B, a third party, that B maintain the suit on condition of a share of the object of the suit if A win. Champ olos, Au. [Fr.] \X\.. in closed field, ■= in judicial combat or in tournament. Champ de Hai. [Fr.] (Hist.) The assembly of the Champ de Mars was, under Pepin and some of his successors, held in May, and so called. Champ de Mars. [Fr.] (I/ist.) A public assembly of the Franks, held in the open air yearly in March. The name of the open space m Paris of this name was probably suggested by the Campus Martius at Rome. Champignon. [L. cam])iuiun«:iii, as growing in the campus, or open field.] (Bol.) A small kind of AgarTcus, or mushroom (Agarkus oreades). CHAM CHAR Champion. [Fr., Sp. campeon.] {Feud.) One who appeared in the wager of battle to fight in behalf of another. In Eng. coronations the king's champion appeared to defend his right against all assailants. For this service he held the manor of Scrivelsby in grand serjeanty. Champ leve. [Fr., raised fidd.'X A process of cutting down a metal plate, so that the pattern is left raised, and the interstices afterwards filled with enamel. Chanoel. {Arch.) Literally, a place enclosed within cross-bars [L. cancelli]. Hence the sanctuary of a church. Chancellor. [L. cancellarius.] 1. {Hist.) Under the Roman emperors, a notary, or scribe ; so called from the cancelli, or rails, within which he sat. 2. (Ecc/.) The principal judge of the consistory court of a diocese. 8. The Lord High C. of England, the highest judicial officer of the kingdom (Seal, Great; Speaker). 4. Anciently, ecclesi-ecdicus, Church lauyer, an ecclesiastical officer, learned in Canon law, who holds courts for the bishop ; advises and assists him in questions of ecclesiastical law. 6. C. of a cathedral, generally a canon, has general care of the litera- ture and schools belonging to it ; sometimes also lectures in theology. 6. C. of unix>ersity, the supreme authority of a British university, gene- rally a nobleman or statesman. Chanoe-medley. [Fr. chaude, hot, melee, fray.^ {Leg.) A casual affray ; also the slaying an assailant in sudden self-defence, or hasty slay- ing of one committing an unlawful act. Chancery. \Cf. Fr. chancellerie, from chan- celler, chaiuellor.\ Original seat of chancellor, royal chaplain and amanuensis, keeper of the royal conscience. Under Edward L arose the extraordinary inter\'ention, between private parties, of the king as the sole source of equity. By Lord Selborne's Judicature Act, 1873, the Court of C. became the C. Division of the Supreme Court of Judicature, while equity rules are to override common law when they are at variance, so that a fusion of law and equity is attempted. (Cancelli.) Chances. (Probability.) Chandoo. An extract of opium, for smoking. Changeling. 1. Something left, especially a child, in the place of another. 2. A fool, sim- pleton. 8. One given to changing sides, want- ing in fixity. Change-ratio, C.-wheels. If A and B are two parallel axes connected by toothed wheels which work with each other, then A's velocity of rotation will bear to B's a ratio depending on the number of teeth in the wheels. Now, if it be required to change this ratio from time to time into some other assigned ratio, this can be done by furnishing the axes A and B with wheels, the sums of whose pitch radii are equal, and on whose circumferences are cut a proper number of teeth ; the wheels are placed on the axles in such a manner that when A is shifted to the right or left on its bearings by one definite distance, one pair of wheels is brought into action ; by shifting it through another distance a second pair of wheels is brought into action, and so on. These wheels are called C.-wheels, and the corresponding ratios of the velocities of rotation of the axles the C. -ratios. Suppose the wheels on A have 60, 36, and 72 teeth respectively, and those on B, 120, 144, and 108 ; when the first pair is brought into play, A's velocity has to B's the ratio of 2 : I ; when the second pair, 4^1; when the third, 3 : 2. These ratios are the C.-ratios. Chanks. Conch-shells. Channel-gropers. {Naut.) Vessels kept on service in the Channel. Applied formerly to those on the look out for smugglers. Chansons. [Fr., song.'\ Short lyrical com- positions sung by the Troubadours. Chanticleer. The cock [Fr. chante-clair, sing clear}, in Reinecke the Fox {q.v.). Chantry. [Fr. chanter, L. cantare, to sing.^ A chapel or altar, with endowment for a priest to offer Masses for the soul of the founder or others. Chap-books. Various old and now scarce tracts, miscellaneous, of inferior manufacture, sold by chapvun ; at one time the only popular literature ; treating of religion, historical per- sonages, weather, dreams, ghost stories, etc. ; dating from early part of the seventeenth cen- tury, and succeeded by the still inferior Penny C. B., which included stories of humour n?^ roguery. (Cheap-jack.) Chapeaubras. [Fr.] A kind of cocked /^(t/*, which could be flattened and carried under the arm [bras] ; worn by regimental officers till about 1812. Chapelle ardente. [Fr.] A chapel, lit with many candles placed round a catafalque, or bier, in the funeral rites of the Latin Church. Chapelle de fer. [Fr., L.L. capa or cappa, a cape.] Close-fitting iron skull-cap; formerly the head-piece for both infantry and light horse. Chapellet. [Fr. chapelet.] A pair of stirrup leathers with stirrups. Chaperon. [Fr. chape, L. cappa, a hooded cloak, whence, by meton. , its usual meaning.] 1. A hood. 2. A hood or cap worn by knights of the Garter. Chapiter, Chaptrel. [Fr. chapitre, O.Fr. chapitle, L. capTtulum.] The capital of a column, as in Exod. xxxvi. 38 and elsewhere. Chaplet. [Fr. chapelet.] In the Latin Church, a string of Beads on which prayers are counted. (Eosary.) Chapman. [A.S. ceapan, to buy; cf. Ger. kaufmann.] A trafficker, especially a buyer. Chapt. Jer. xiv. 4 ; cracked, gaping open, from the heat ; to chap (probably the same word as chip, chop, etc.) being to cleave, to crack. Chapter. [L. capitulum, from caput, head.] The assembly of the dean and canons, forming the council of the bishop, in a cathedral church ; or of a superior abbot and his monks in conven- tual houses. Chapter House. {Arch.) The room in which the Chapter holds its meetings. Char. [Celt, cear, red.] {Ichth.) Spec, of salmon, about twelve inches long, back brown, belly yellow. European lakes. Salmo salvellnus, S. umbla, Ombre chevalier of Lake of Geneva. CHAR "3 CHAS Char, Chare. 1. [A.S. eyre, a turn.] An oc- casional job or turn at work, a separate employ- ment. 2. To hew, work. Charred stom [Fr. carre, L. quadratus], hewn stone. (See Parker's Glossary of Architecture.) Char-a-bancs. [Fr.] Pleasure-van. Charact, Charect. [Gr. x'V^''^^P> stamp, im- press.] 1. Distinctive mark. 2. An inscription. Characteristie of a logarithm. (Index.) Charade. [Fr., Prov. charada, L. L. carrata, eart-load.] An enigma consisting of equivocal descriptions of the idea conveyed by the parts and the whole of a word which is to be guessed. The descri]nion may be verbal or dramatic. Ch&radrQda. [Gr. x^/x>2p«^^> ^i^'l freqtunt- ing clefts, x«f>^8paj, x^a\os, a large-headed sea fish (? a mullet)], fam. Cyprinldse, ord. Physo- stomi, sub-class Tdleostei. Chay-root. [Sp. chaya.] An Indian root used as a red dye. Cheap, -cheap. Purchase market ; Saxon name or part name, as in Cheap-side, West-cheap, Chipping Norton, Chippen-ham,- Copen-hagen. Cheap-jack. Popular name for a Chapman. Cheaters, Escheators. Collectors of Crown escheats (q.v^, often oppressive and fraudulent ; hence the verb to cheat is said to come; but cf. A.S. ceat, L. captio, deception. Cheeky. (Her.) Covered with alternate squares of two different tinctures, like a chess-board. Cheek. (Fort if.) The side of an embrasure. Cheeks. 1. The two solid parts upon the sides of a mortise. 2. The side walls of a lode. Cheer, Be of good. In Gospels and Acts ; be of good countenance. [Fr. chere, Gr. Kapa, a /lead OT face.] Spenser, Faery Queen, pt. ii. 42. Cheetah. (Zool.) //untingleopard,Fe\\& ]uha{a. (mamd) or Cynselurus, dog-cat, as being in form and habit a sort of connecting link, though a true feline ; long domesticated, and employed in the chase. Africa and S. Asia ; in Persia called Youze. Chef. [Fr.] Chief, head-cook ; i.e. chef de cuisine. Chef d'oBUvre. [Fr.] Master-piece ; \i\.. head of work. Cheiromys. (Aye-aye. ) Cheiroptera. [Gr. x^^Pi hand, irTtp6v, wing.] (Zool.) Bats; an order of mammals with a patagiura [L., border or stripe, ■Ka.Tayftov] or membrane, which enables them to fly, connecting the fingers and toes, and the fore and hind limbs on each side, and sometimes the hind limbs and tail. They are insectivorous, carnivorous, or frugivorous. Universally distributed. Cheirotheriom. Hand-beast [Gr. x«^P. Gy\piov\ (Geol.) A wild beast, whose hand-like footprints appear on Red Sandstone, probably a Laby- rinthodont reptile [Gr. Ka.&ipivQos, a labyrinth, 6S0VS, a tooth, from the peculiar internal structure of the teeth]. Chelate. (A^at. Hist.) In shape like a claw [Gr. xV^ill Chelonla. [Gr. x<^<^«^» tortoise.] (Zool.) The fifth ord. of reptiles ; tortoises and turtles. Chelonidae. (Chelonia.) (Zool.) Sea-turtles. Chelone viridis. Green T. (Atlantic), supplies soups, etc. ; Hawk's-bill T. (Indian and Pacific), tortoiseshell. Chelsea china. China ware made at C, 1745- 1784 ; leading marks, anchor or triangle ; moulds transferred to Derby. Chemio. A solution of chloride of lime for bleaching. Chemin des rondes. [Fr.] In old fortifications, a broad pathway concealed by a hedge or wall formed outside the parapet, to enable officers to go their rounds. Cheng. A Chinese musical instrument, a kind of small organ ; a bundle of tubes held in the hand and blown by the mouth. Cherem. (Niddin.) Cheroot. A kind of cigar, made in Manila and elsewhere. Cherry-laurel. (Bot.) Prunus laurocSrasus. A common shrubbery plant, in no way connected with the true laurel (Laurus nobilis). Water distilled from the leaves is used in flavouring, and cases of poisoning have resulted from its employment. Chersonesus. [Gr. xep<''<^«'''?ecially in some parts of the Continent. Anthriscus cajrfifolium (Pliny, for Xcup(, denoting rank, on the sleeve of a non-commissioned officer's coat. Chevy Chase. Old ballad founded on the battle of Otteibum, Northumberland, 1388, in which the Earl of Douglas was killed, ^d Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the Earl of Northumberland, taken prisoner. Chewing of oakum, or pitch. {Naut.) E.x- pressive of leakage caused from insufficient caulking. ChL The Gr. x> ^ mark used anciently by the Greeks, in reading, to note passages as spurious ; but -X; X *^'h points on each side, noted excellent [Gr. x/"J<'"''<^*] passages. (Chrestomathy.) Chi&ro-sctiro. [It., clear-obscure.] In Painting, the proper disposition of lights and shadows. Chiasm. [Gr. x'(«^M<^^> ^ marking with jf.] 1. (Chi.) 8. A crosswise arrangement of words or clauses, as " Begot by butchers, but by bishops bred." Chiasma. [Gr. x^V^y *^' mark of x-] The crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve. Chibbal. [Fr. ciboule, L. csepulla.] A kind of small onion. Chibouque. [Turk.] A Turkish pipe. Chio. [Fr.] In Mod. Eng. slang, = style, the correct thing. In Fr. (l) originally sharp- ness in practice ; now (2) a term of the workshop » rapid, easy execution, e.g. in painting. Littre inclines to think (l) an abbrev. of Chicane ; and (2) a distinct word, the Ger. Schick, arrangenunt, despatch. Chiea. [Sp.] 1. A popular Spanish and S.- American dance ; said to be Moorish ; hence jig(^). 2. A fermented liquor made from maize. 8. Red colouring matter, used by the Indians, from the wood of the climbing Bignonia C. of the Orinoco. Chicanery. Sophistry, sharp practice ; origin- ally, dispute over \hc ganu of mall [Byz. r^vKct- Kiof ] ; then, over lawsuits. Chieard. The harlequin of the modern French carnival. Chiches. [Fr. chiche, L. cTcer.] Chick-pease. Chichevaohe and Byoome. Two fabled mon- sters, of whom B. feeds on obedient husbands and is very fat, C. on patient wives and is almost starved. Chicks. [Hind.] Venetian blinds in India. Chicory, Succory, Common. (Hot.) CIch6rium int5'bus, ord. Comjx)sita; ; a perennial plant, wild in England and most parts of Europe, having long carrot-like roots, for the sake of which it is cultivated. Chief. [Fr. chef, L. caput, head.] (Her.) An ordinary occupying the upper part of an escut- cheon, and containing one-third part of the field. (Esentcheon.) Chief, Examination in. (Leg.) First Question- ing of a witness in the interest of self of the party who calls said witness ; opposed to cross-exami- nation and re-examination. Chief Baron. (Leg.) Presiding judge in Court of Exchequer (q.v.) of Pleas at Westminster. Chief-rents. (Qnit-rents.) Chiefrie. A small rent paid to a lord para- mount. Ohievanoe. [(?) Fr. achevance, a finishing, bringing to an end, L. caput, O.Fr., chief] The extortio.i of unfair discount in a bargain. CHIF Ii6 CHIR CJuffonier. [Fr.] 1. A collector of rags and odds and ends. 2. A wooden stand, furnished with shelves for odds and ends or bric-a-brac. 3. An ornamental sideboard with drawers. Chignon. [Fr.] The nape of the tuck ; h^nce a mass of hair, often chiefly false, worn at the back of the head. Chigoe. (Eftiom.) Jigger, Sattd-flea ; vi'm^css insect breeding under the human skin (Piilex penetrans). Child, Childe. 1. Old title of an eldest son while heir-apparent or while candidate for knight- hood, as Childe Rowland. 2. A young man ; e.g. Song of the Three Children. 3. In Elementary Education Act, 1876, one between five and fourteen. Childermas. [A.S. childa-maesse daeg.] In- nocents' Day, December 28. Child-wife. 1. Formerly, a wife who has borne a child ; now, 2, a very young wife. Chiliad. [Gr. x'^*»^-] A thousand in num- ber ; a cycle of a thousand years. Chiliarch. Commander [Gr. ipx"^^] of a thott- sand [x^Kioi\ men. ^ Chiliasts. [Gr. xiXuuTrai, from X'^""> "^ thousand.\ Believers in a millennium, or blissful reign of the saints on the earth for a thousand years after the final judgment. Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis, in the second century, is said to have been the first who held this opinion. Chill; Chilled shot; Chilled wheel. When castings of iron are rapidly cooled, they become extremely hard ; the iron is then said to be chilled, and the mould in which such iron is cast is called a chill. Chilled shot is shot for heavy ordnance, made of chilled iron. A Chilled wheel is a wheei of a railway carriage whose tire is hardened by chilling ; such wheels are exten- sively used in U.S. dulled. 1. Varnish is said to be chilled, when through dampness a bloom (q.v.) appears on a picture. 2. (Casehardening.) ChillL [Sp. chili.] The pod of the cayenne pepper. Chiltem Hundreds. A tract extending through part of Bucks, and of Oxford. The steward was an officer appointed by the Crown to preserve order there. A member of Parliament, as he cannot strictly resign, vacates his seat by ac- cepting a nominal office under the Crown, such as this stewardship. The hundreds are Burnham, Desborough, and Stoke, once forest-land infested by robbers. ChimaeridsB. [Gr. x^f'^V^ ^ monster with a lion^s head, a goat^s body zuith secotid head, and a serpent for a tail; hence a monster getierally.\ {IchtA. ) Fam. of shark-like fishes ; N. and S. Temperate latitudes. British spec, Chimtera monstrosa, Kabbit-fish, King of the herrings, Sea-cat ; three feet long, white with golden-brown markings, large head, whip-like tail. Ord. H6I0- cephala, sub-class Chondropterj^gli. Chimera. [Gr. x'/i""?"'] A monster slain by Hipponoos, who is also called Bellerophon. (Bel- lerophon's letters.) The word meant simply goats of a year old, strictly winterlings ; and as the sun slays the winter, the creature slain would be a chimera. It now means commonly a wild fancy or an object impossible of attainment. Adj., Chimerical. Chimere. [Fr. cimarre. It. zimarra.] The upper robe of satin, black or red, with lawn sleeves attached to it, worn by bishops of the English Church. Chimin. [Fr. chemin, L.L. caminus, way, road.] (Leg.) Away. Private roads are either C. in gross, when a person holds the road as pro- perty; or C. appendant, as when a person cove- nants for right of way over another's land to his own. Chiminage. [Fr. chimin {^.v.).] (Leg.) Toll due by custom for way through a forest. Chimming. [Ger. kimme, the edge of a cash.] Dressing ore in a tub or keeve. Chimney money, or Hearth tax. An impost levied in the reign of Charles II., and abolished in that of William III. and Mary. China clay, A clay found in the west of England, used for making china. China stone is a kind of granite used for glazing fine pottery. China grass. Grass cloth, a fine glossy fabric, made from the fibre of the Boehmeria nivea of Assam ; not a grass, but allied to the nettle ; ord. Urtlcaceae. Chinampas. (Floating islands.) Chinche. [L. cimicem.] 1. (Entom.) A bug. 2. (Zool.) Chinchilla, burrowing gregarious rodents of the high Andes of Chili and Peru ; of about fourteen inches in length, with long hind legs, valued for their soft grey fur. Fam. Chinchillidae, ord. Rodentia. Chincough. [(?) Onomatop. similar names occurring in other languages.] Whooping- cough. Chine and chine. Casks stowed endways. Chinese white. Oxide of zinc, used as a pigment. Chinse, To. To caulk slightly or tempo- rarily, by working in oakum with a knife. Chintz. [Hind, chhint.] A cotton cloth, printed in five or six colours. Chioppine. [O. Fr. escapin, It. scapino, sock.] A kind of clog or patten, once worn by ladies. Chippendale. Furniture inlaid with coloured woods (made by Chippendale, in the last century). Chippers. Women who dress the best ore in lead-mines. Chipping. (Cheap.) A market-place; part of A.S. names, as in Chipping Norton, Chippen- ham, _ Copen-hagen Chlragra. (Mea.) Gout in the hand [Gr. Xfip-dypa, as iroS-dypa, gout in ('it. a trap for) the feet]._ Chirk. \Cf Prov. Ger. schirken, to chirp.] To chirp ; Loc. Amer. adj., cheerful. Onomatop. of various sounds of birds and insects. Chirograph. [Gr. x^^P^yp^'pov, a thing written with the hand, a bond.] A diplomatic document, in two copies, on one sheet, between which was written chirdgrdpkum, or some such word, so that through this word cut lengthwise the parch- ment might be divided into authentic duplicates. Chirographist. [Gr. x*^P> ^ hand, ypdfu, 1 CHIR CHOR ivriU.] One who tells fortunes by palmistry, i.e. by inspecting or reading the lines of the palm. Chirology. [Gr. x*Tp» ^ hand, \6yos, dis- course. ] Deaf-and-dumb language. Chiromanoy. [Gr. x«P<'M<"^*"'-1 Divinations by the lines of the hand. (Palmistry.) Chiropodist. [Coined from x*^P> hand, xois, to5<5j, foot.] One who cuts nails and treats corns, etc. ChlroptSra. (Cheiroptera.) Chirurgeon, now abbrev. into Surgeott, [Gr. Xf'povpySs, unyrking by the hatui, a surgeon.] Chislea. Ninth month of the sacred, the third of the civil, Jewish year ; November — December. Chit. [Mind., awrittendocument of anykind.] (Ad«/.) A note. Formerly one given by a divisional officer, authorizing the purser to supply " slops ; " has to be presented to the purser. Chitine. [Gr. x^tij, hair, mane.] A sub- stance allied to horn, of which the skeletons of insects and crustaceans are formed ; in insects it forms the elj^tra also, and some internal organs ; and in some annelids the loco-motor bristles. Chiton. [Gr. x'Ttiv. ] A tunic, with or without sleeves, fastened with a girdle or zone [Gr. iuvj]]. The Ionic C. reached to the feet. ChIt5nId8B. [Gr. x*^*^") ^M""'-] (Zool.) Fam. of gasteropodous molluscs, the only known in- stance of a protecting shell of many portions — not valves, but overlapping plates. Chitterling. 1. A short frill. 2. The frill-like small intestines of the hog. Chittim, Kittim. '1 he Island of Cyprus was known to the Phcenicians and Jews by this name. Its chief town, Kition, was a great emporium for the Phoenician slave-traders. Numb. xxiv. 24, and elsewhere. Chitty fao«. [Fr. chiche-face.] A mean- faced fellow. Chitin. Amos v. a6; generally regarded as the name of an idol. The word may also mean the pedestal or support of an image. Chive, or Cive. [L. caepa, an onion.] {Bot.) Allium Schoenoprasum, ord. Liliacese. Chivey. {jVaut. ) A knife. Chladni's figoret. (Nodal figures.) Chlamyphore. [As if Gr. x^Mv5o<^(^por, x^" ftis, r/iaiit/c, >p6s] gas ; one of the elements. Chloroform. (Chlorine and formyl, it being a terchloride of formyl.) A powerful anaesthetic, composed of oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine. Chlorometry. [Gr. x^<^<^'> yellowish green, lurpov, fiicasure.] (Chem.) The process of testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine. ChlorophylL [Gr. x^<«P<(>> g^e'»t <(>l)KKov, a leaf.] (Chem.) A substance to which green leaves owe their colour ; minute, somewhat waxy granules floating in the fluid of the cells. Chldrdsis. [Gr. x^»P<^j] !• (Bot.) I.q. Etiolation (^.t'.). 2. (A/ed.) Green sickness, a disease arising from deficiency of red corpuscles in the blood. Chlorous acid. ( Chem. ) An acid containing equal parts of oxygen and chlorine. Chocolate gale. (Naut.) A smart wind from N.W. of Spanish Main and W. Indies. Choir organ. (Organ.) Choke-damp. (Fire-damp.) Choke-pear, Choke-plum. A harsh pear, scarcely eatable ; and so, metaphorically, a silencing, sarcastic speech. Choke the IvSL (A'attt.) To get the fall of a tackle between the block and the leading part, so as to prevent it from running through the block. Slang for to be silenced, and to get a meal to stay hunger. Chokl [Hind, chaukt, guard-house. "l A cus- tom-house or police-station in India ; hence choki-dar, an officer of customs or police. Cholagogue. [Gr. x<»^<«7«»7'<^J-] (Med.) A medicine which increases the flow of bile. ChSlesterine. [Gr. ^^aM/3o^ ^ halting iam- bus.] An iambic trimeter, acatalectic verse [senarius] ; the fifth foot always being an iambus, the sixth a sjiondee. Also called .Scazonic (i/.v.). Chondro-. [(ir. x<^'''po^> cartilage.] (Anal.) Chondroptlrygii. [Gr. x^f'^P"^' g^^^^^t ■wripv^.jin.] (Ichth.) Sub-class of fish, with cartilaginous skeletons, comprising chimseras, sharks, and rays. Chopine. (Chioppine.) Chor&gio monument. (Gr, Arch.) A monu- ment in which the tripod bestowed on the Ch6ragus who best performed his office was publicly exhibited, as those of Lysicrates and Thrasyllos at Athens. Chor&gus. [Gr. x^P^l^^t leader of a chorus.] At Athens, a citizen who defrayed the cost of the public choruses in the great yearly dramatic exhibitions. The office was a Liturgy. Chord. [L. chorda, Gr. x^P'^' cord.] The straight line joining two points of a curve, as a chord of a circle, of an ellipse, etc. Ch5r6a. \Q,x. x<'9*^^y "■ ^lancing.] (Med.) ^\. Vitus's dance ; a nervous afl'ection characterized by irregular and involuntary muscular move- ments. Ch5rlpiic5piu. [Gr. x<»'P-*''"^<'^*<'*'<'*» country bishop.] In the early and mediaeval times, most likely = sufl"ragan bishop, having delegated authority only, like present Bishops of Notting- ham or Dover ; but doing the work also now done by archdeacons, rural deans, and vicars-general. ChSreus. [Gr. xop««oJ> i-c- iroiJs, a metrical foot belonging to the chorus.] 1. l.q. trochee. 2. With later metrists, i.q. tribrach. ChSriambus. [Gr. x'^9^'»^^°^\ (Pros.) A foot, = a trochee -f an iambus, - w v - ; as anxiStas, Ileligdland. CHOR Ii8 CHRO Ch5rion. [Gr. X'^f"'»'» "■ caul.^ {Physiol.) Outer envelope of the ovum ; the membrane enveloping the fetus. ChSroid. Like a chorion, in the multiplicity of its vessels ; e.g. the choroid coat, one of the internal tunics of the eye. ChSriis. [Gr. x°9^^-\ I" ^^ Greek theatre, a ^ band of singers and dancers who performed the odes introduced into each drama. Chonans, Choaanerie. 1. A name given, in 1830, to certain insurgent royalists of the west of France during the Revolution of 1 793 ; and used again in 1832. 2. Applied also to the adherents of the elder branch of the Bourbons. [(?) Chouan, a screech-owl, as if describing nocturnal predatory habits ; or as being the nick- name of Cottereau, one of their leaders. Chouan has been corr. into chat-huant (Littre, s.v.).\ Chough. Cornish chough, red-legged crow. Choule. I.ij. jowl. [(?) A.S. ceole, the Jaw ; or Fr. gueule, L. gula.] Chow-chow. [Chin. J A kind of Indian mixed pickle. Chowder. A stew of fresh fish, pork, onions, etc. C. beer, a fermented liquor ; an infusion of black-spruce and molasses. Chowry. [Hind, chaunry.] A fly-flapper. Chrematistics. [Gr. xP»/A«»'''«rTrJc^.] That part of political economy which has to do simply with ■money [xp'^/**''""]' Chrestomathy. [Gr. xp'?<'"''o;u(iOfia.] A collec- tion of choice passages, excellent [x/^JfTiJy] for any one to learn \}i.adtiv\ in acquiring a language. Chriemhild, Kriemhild. [Ger.] Heroine of the Nibelungcn Lied ; changes from a type of gentle womanhood to a revengeful fury on her beloved husband's murder. Chrism. [Gr. xp^afxa, unguent.'] Consecrated oil used at baptism, confirmation, ordination, orders, and extreme unction, in the Roman and Greek Churches. Ckrismatory, a small vessel for C. Chrisome. A white vesture, in token of innocence, placed at baptism on the child, to keep the oil [Gr. XP'"^/*") <^f^ unction. New Testament] from running off. Chrisome-chihi, one shrouded in its C, because dying between its baptism and the churching of the mother ; sometimes incorrectly used to mean one dying before baptism. Christ-cross row. Cris-cross ro^v, the alphabet arranged in the form of a -|- , with A at the top and Z at the foot ; in old primers. Christians of St. John. (Sabians.) Christinas tree. Among the Teutonic nations, the stem of a tree, generally fir, lit up with candles, and bearing gifts which are tied on to the branches. It represents, in all likelihood, the world-tree Tggdrasil. Christmas rose. Common in gardens, bloom- ing in winter and early spring. Helleborus niger, ord. Ranunculace^e. Christology. Discourse respecting the nature and work of Christ ; the doctrine of the Person of Christ. Christopher North. N'om de plume of Jonathan Wilson, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edin- burgh, 1820, and writer in Blackwood; author of A'or/cs Ambrosiana. Christ's thorn. {Bot.) Paliurus aculeatus, ord. Rhamnacece ; of S. Europe and W. Asia ; a deciduous thorny shrub. Another Paliurus bears the name of C. T. also, i.e. Zizyphus Spina Christi, used for hedges ; a native of countries bordering on the Mediterranean and of W. Asia. Opinions differ as to the identification of the "thorns" of Matt, xxvii. 29. Chromate. (Chromium.) Chromatic. [Gr. ■xpnnt.a.r'iKis, florid, relating to colour.] 1. Having semi-tonic intervals, other than those of the diatonic scale. C. scale, one of successive semi-tones throughout. 2. In Gr. Music. (Diatonic.) Chromatic dispersion. (Dispersion of light.) Chromatrope. [Gr. xP'i'j"") colour, rpotrf], a tumirig.] An optical toy, consisting of a revolv- ing disc, painted with circles of various colours. Chromatype. [Gr. xP«*/'*<*» '^ colour, rlnros, type.] A photographic process in which the picture is obtained on paper treated with bichro- mate of potash. Chrome (i.e. Chromium) green. Oxide of chromium. C. orange and yellcnv are chromates of lead. C. red is generally made of red lead. Chromium, Chrome. [Gr. xP'i'M*) eolour.] A whitish brittle metal, very difficult to fuse ; pro- ducing many compounds, from which colours are obtained. Chromic acid is derived from it, the salts of which are called Chromates. Chromo-lithogfraph, [Gr. xP'^/'<'> colour, AfOos, a stone, ypd^u, I draw.] Reproduction of pictures by the use of coloured inks in lithography. Chronic disease. [Gr. xP<"'"'<^y> relating to time.] One of continuance, of permanent recurrence ; as opposed to Acute, i.e. more severe, rapid in progress, and short in duration. Chroniclers, Bhyming, more properly Biming, A series of early English verse writers, which became conspicuous at the end of the thirteenth century. Chronogram. [Gr. XP^*">^> time, ypixfiiia, writing, from ypd K6yos, reckoning. ] Branch of political economy which concerns the production of wealth and money. Chrysolyte of Rev. xxi. 20 [Gr. xt^aiKiBo{\ is probably the Oriental topaz, a yellow variety of the true sapphire. — King, Precious Stones, etc. (Topaz.) Chrysopraae, Chrf wSpr&sus [Gr. XP«'<''<^». go!d, ■Kpdaov, a leek], i.e. yellowish-leek -green or apple-green variety of Chalcedony. In Ix)wer .Silesia and Vermont. C. of the ancients, un- certain. C. of Rev. xxi. 20 is probably the Indian chrysolite (^.f.).— King, Precious Stones. Chrysgtype. [Gr. XP''<^<^». I^old, rlnto^, type.] A photograph taken on paper prepared with chloride of gold. Chuck. The piece fixed to the mandrel of a turning-lathe for holding the material that is to be shaped in the lathe ; there are fork chucks, eccentric chucks, oval chucks, etc. Chnett, Chewett. Pie or pudding made of small pieces of meat ; to chew = to compress, to crush, to break up. Chuff. A coarse clown. Chuffy, blunt, surly. Cunkra. Iron quoit with sharp edge, six or eight inches in diameter, used as a weapon of offence in India. Chunam, 'ITie Indian name for lime. Chupkun. [Hind.] A native's vest in India. Church-ales. Annual festivals formerly held in 9 churchyards or near a church, on the anniversjiry of its dedication, or at Easter, or Whitsuntide ; as Easter-ales, Whitsun-ales, Churchwardens' brewed ale ; the profits were appropriated to church repairs. Church-ales grew into fairs, often noisy and riotous. Long discontinued, they are now represented by village fairs, wakes, etc. Churohdom. Institution, government of a church. Churches, Bobbers of. Acts xix. 37 [Gr. UpoavKovi] ; retains an earlier use of the word church as applied to any kind of temple. Churl. (Earl.) Chyle. [Gr. x^Aiii, /«!«, chyle.] (Med.) A milky fluid into which chyme is converted, and which is absorbed into the lacteals. Adj., Chylcueous. Chylo-poietic oigans, those which have to do with making [Gr. iroirjTi/tdi] chyle. Chyme. [Gr. xi'M"» j**^'^^^ chyme, or chyle.] (Med.) The pulpy mass into which food is con- verted by the action of the stomach. Clbfirlum [Gr. Kifiipiov, a cup], corr. into Severey. (.irch.) 1. A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. 2. A vaulted canopy over an altar. Cle&da. [L.,;V/.] (Entom.) Treecricket. Gen. of Ilemipterous insects ; of which the male has a remarkaole musical apparatus at the base of the abdomen. Hot countries mostly. Sub-ord. Ilomoptera. Cicala, i.q. Cicada. Cicatrice. [L. cicatrix, -cem.] (Med.) A scar. Clo&trloula. [L., a little scar.] 1. The point of germination in an egg. 2. The same as the scar, in a seed. Cicerone. (P'rom the orator Cicero.) So called from his garrulity, a guide to art treasures in Italy ; and, generally, a guide of the same kind anywhere. CIch8rium. [L., Gr. ittxop^f succory.] (Bot.) A gen. of Composite, including the chicory and endive ; having ligulate florets and a milky juice. Cioiibeo. [It.] A term applied to a knot of ribbons attached to a fan or a sword-hilt ; and so to a cavaliere scrvcnte, one of a class of per- sons who dangled at the side of married ladies with the devotion of lovers. The practice, sup- posed to be drawn from ages of chivalry, is now nearly extinct. CIcdnla. [L., stork.] (Omith.) A widely spread gen. of the stork family, to which it gives the name of CTconTTdce. Two spec, the Black S. (C. nigra) and the White S. (C. alba) occasionally visit Britain. Ord. Grallae. Ciourate. [L. cTcuro, J make tame.] To tame an animal, to render harmless, e.g. something poisonous. Clcflta. [L.] (Bot.) A deadly gen. of Um- belliferae; C. virosa, the Cawfane, or Water hemlock, dangerously poisonous, occasionally found wild in England by the side of ditches and ponds. Cid, Bomanoe of the. A Spanish epic poem, relating the exploits of Cid [Ar. seid, a lord] Roderigo, or Ruy Diaz, known also as El Cam- peador, the Champion, in the eleventh century. Cid&ris. [Gr. KlSipts.} 1. A Persian head- CIDE CIRC dress, or turban. 2. The mitre of bishops. 8. The triple tiara of the pope. -oide = slayer^ as in regicide, parricide [L. caedo, I slay ; in comp. -cido]. Cider originally meant strong liquor, i.q. Gr. alKfpa, in LXX. and New Testament ; so trans- lated by Wiclif in Luke i. 15. [Grecized from Heb. shakar, to be intoxicated.} Ci-devant. [Fr.] Hitherto, formerly ; ci being ici, here, and devant, before [L. de abante]. Cilia. [L. cIlTum, an eyelash. \ (Bot. and Zool.) Hairs, hair-like, fringe-like processes. Ciliary motion. [L. cilia, eyelas/us.} {Zool.) A rapid, vibratile motion of a multitude of minute hair-like processes of the epithelium, even when detached, in all animals, except the Articiilata. Its mechanism and source unknown ; independent both of the vascular and the nervous systems. Cilieioos. Of cilicium [L.], i.e. cloth made of the soft under-hair of the Cilician goat, or of similar material. (Tentmakers.) Cimmerian darkness. Like that of the fabled Cimnierii, who lived beyond the ocean in per- petual gloom, "enveloped in mist and cloud" (Odyssey, xi. 14). Another mythical tribe of Cini- merii dwelt in caves between Baiae and Cumae. Cf. Cymry, Cimbri, Cumbri. Cinchona tree. {Bot.) Of S. America, ord. Rubiaceae ; an important gen., native of the tropical valleys of the Andes, and now much cultivated in India ; yielding the medicinal bark known as Peruvian bark, yesuits" B., Quin- quina, etc. Cinchoniae. An alkaloid obtained from Cin- chona V:)ark. Cincture. [L. cinctura, agirdle."} 1. {Eccl.) A band or cord by which the Alb of the priest is tied round the body. 2. {Arch.) The fillet which separates the shaft of a column from the capital or the base. Cinderella. In popular stories, the girl who, like Boots, sits among the ashes, but is the future bride of the king. Cinematics. (Kinematics.) Cinereous, Cineritious. [L. cinereus, cTn^- ricius.] Resembling ashes in form or in colour. Cingalese. Of or belonging to Ceylon. Cinnabar. [Gr. Knvd0api, some red vegetable dye.] The native red sulphide of mercury, from which the pigment vermilion is obtained. Cinnamon-stone. A variety of lime-garnet ; the finer specimens valuable. In Scotland, Ire- land, Ceylon, N. America, etc. (Garnet.) Cinque-cento. [It. for /ive hundred.] The style of art which arose in Italy after the year 1500. Cinque-pace. [Fr.] A lively dance, i.q. galliard. Cinque ports. Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, Hastings, to which afterwards, before the reign of Henry III., were added Winchelsea and Rye ; a separate jurisdiction in some respects from the counties of Kent and Sussex ; originally after the battle of Hastings, erected into a kind of county palatine, under a Warden at Dover Castle. Cion, i.q. Scion. [Fr. scion, from scier, to saw, L. secare.] Cipango, Zipangri A marvellous island in the Eastern seas, described by Marco Polo ; sought for by Columbus, etc. Cipherhood. [Ar. sifr, empty ; cf. ciffro, L. zephyrus, a gentle tvind.] The condition of a cipher, worthlessness. Ciphering. The continued sounding of an organ pipe when no note is down, from derange- ment of the mechanism. Cippus. [L.] A small low pillar, used as a milestone, landmark, or gravestone. Circean. Belonging to Circe, one of the moon-goddesses of the Odyssey, who can turn men into swine. She is thus the magician or sorceress. Circensian games. (Circus.) Ciroinate. [L. circinatus.] In Bot., rolled together downward, as in the foliation of ferns. Circle ; Antarctic C. ; Arctic C. ; C. of declina- tion ; Galactic C. ; Great C. ; Horary C. ; Hour C. ; Meridian C. ; Mural C. ; Beflecting C. ; Bepeat- ing C. ; Small C ; Transit C. ; Vertical C. 1. The line traced out by a point moving in one plane at a constant distance from a fixed point. 2. The figure enclosed by this line. Of circles on a sphere those whose planes pass through the centre of the sphere are Great C. ; those whose planes do not pass through the centre are Small C. The Arctic and Antarctic C, are parallels of latitude as distant from the north and south poles respectively as the tropics are from the equator, i.e. about 23° 28'. {Vertical C. are great circles passing through the zenith and nadir ; they are therefore at right angles to the horizon. I/our C, or C. of declination, are circles on the great sphere passing through the poles of the heavens. The Galactic C. is the great circle of the heavens to which the course of the Milky [Gr. 7oAaKT»/c(Jj] Way most nearly conforms. A Meridian C, or Transit C, is a metal circle with its circumference or limb divided into degrees, minutes, etc., fastened to an astronomical telescope whose axis coincides with one of its diameters. It is adjusted so as to move round its axle in the plane of the meri- dian. It serves for the simultaneous deter- mination of the right ascensions and polar distances of heavenly bodies. A Mural C. (q.v.) [L. muralis, belonging to a 7f a//] resembles a transit circle, but is mounted in such a manner as to serve only for the determination of the polar distances of heavenly bodies. A Reflect- ing C. is an instrument constructed on the same principle and destined for the same uses as a sextant, but it is more complete, as the graduated circle is entire and the divisions are carried all round it. A Repeating C. is an instrument designed for the accurate measurement of angles. By a certain mechanical contrivance the obser- vation of the angle is repeated many (say ten) times, and then the arc that is read off is ten times the required angle. The errors in the final result are of two kinds : (i) errors of observation, — these tend to neutralize each other when the observations are numerous ; (2) the error in the final reading, — this is divided by the number of observations, i.e. by 10 in the case supposed. It might, therefore, be expected that CIRC CIVI an angle would be determined by this instrument with extreme accuracy ; but practically the repeating circle has not been found to answer the expectation that was formed of it. The Horary C, or Hour C, on a sun-dial, are the lines which show the hours. Circle of Ulloa. (TTUoa.) Cirooit. [L. circuitus, a gving round.'\ The continuous path of an electrical current. Circuits. [L. circuitus, from circum, ahoiit, to, f go.\ (Leg.) Eight districts visited by judges twice or thrice a year for assize, by commissions of the peace, of oyer and terminer, of general gaol delivery, and of nisi prius. The C. are the Northern, Home, Western, Oxford, Midland, Norfolk, North Wales, South Wales. The Scotch C. are Southern, Western, Northern. Ciroolar argument. In Logic, an ai^umcnt which arrives at a conclusion stated or involved in the major premiss of the syllogism. Circular notes. Drafts issued by bankers to an intending traveller, and accompanied by a printed letter of indication, bearing his signature and introducing him to certain foreign bankers who will cash a C. N. if signed in their presence and upon production of the letter. Ciroolar poets. (Cyclic poets.) Circiun-. \\^., around, about. \ Often used as prefix. Circumambient. [L. circum, around, ambio, / encompass. ] Encompassing on all sides ; as *.^. air. CiroumeelliSnes. [L., from circum, around, cella, hut, cottage.] Donatist Christians of the fourth century, fanatics who went from town to town, professing to reform manners, redress grievances, liberate slaves. Given to violence, and, in desire of martyrdom, to self-destruction. Circumcursation. [L. circumcurso, / rt/n about.] A running about; a rambling, inco- herent method. Circumferentor. [L. circumf?ro, / earry round. ] A particular form of surveyor's compass. Cireumforaneons. [L. circumforaneus.] Stroll- ing alKjut in the market plcue [L. forum] ; attend- ing fairs, etc. Circumgyration. [L. circumgyro, / turn round, gyrus, a circle.] The act of turning round and round. Circumlocution OflBce. In Dickens's Little Dorrit, a fictitious public office ; a satire upon the delays and roundabout ways of Eed tape \, / make to slant. CLIO 124 CLYD HfTpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring the dip of mineral strata. Clio. [Gr. K\f(w.] {Myth.) The Muse of history. Clip. To fly or move more rapidly ; a term in falconry. Clipper. A fast sailer. C. -built, i.e. on the model of the sharp-built, low-lying, rakish (q.v.) American schooner. Clique. [Fr.] A knot of exclusive persons, a small party. Cloaca. [L., a sruvr.] 1. C. Maxima, ascribed to Tarquinius Priscus, the most famous of many Roman drains and sewers, which carried rain and foul water into the Tiber. 2. {Zool.) In birds, reptiles, many fishes, and some mammals, a pouch for the excretions of the intestinal canal and of the generative and urinary organs. Clock. [A word common to Teut. and Scand. dialects.] 1. The C. in ordinary use, supjx)sed to be perfectly adjusted, shows local mean time ; the astronomical C. , used in observatories, shows local sidereal time. (Time.) 2. In a stocking, figured work at the ankle. 8. Proper name for beetle. Clookard. (Belfry.) Clock-calm. (Xaut.) Dead calm. Clog almanack, Bim stock, or Prime staff. A primitive kind of calendar ; a square piece of wood, containing three months on each of the four edges ; the days are shown by notches, every seventh large sized ; certain marks and symbols denote the golden number or the cycle of the moon ; saints' days are marked by symbols of the several saints. Used till end of the seven- teenth century ; some perfect, as at Oxford. [(?) A.S. ge-logian, to place, regulate.] Cloisonne. [Ft., partitioned, L..L,. closionem, a partition.] Enamel inlaid between narrow partitions of metal. Cloister. [L. claustrum, from claudo, I shut.] A covered walk in conventual or other buildings. The members of monastic houses are said to be cloistered. Clonic. [Gr. k\6vos, disturba7ue .] {Med.) Having a quick, convulsive motion. Close. {Her.) Having the wings folded or closed. Closed works. {Mil.) Those in field Fortif., which are entirely surrounded by earthworks, affording an equal cover in all directions from the fire of artillery. Close harmony. (Open harmony.) Close-hauled. {A'aut.) Sailing as nearly as possible in the direction from which the wind blows. To do this, the sails are C, i.e. brought nearly in a line with the ship's course. Called also on a taut boviline, and oti a wind. Close-reefed. {N'aut.) With all the reefs of the sails, which are set, taken in. Close time. A portion of the year during which it is forbidden to kill game or fish, while breeding. Closet. {Her.) A diminutive of the bar, being one-half its size. Closet play. A drama to be read, not per- formed. Closh. [Fr. clocher.] Skittles or ninepins. Cloth in the wind. {A^aut.) 1. Sailing so near the wind that the sails shake. 2. Tipsy. Clot-poll, Clod-poll. A blockhead. Cloture. [Fr., from an assumed L. clausTtura, an enclosing.] With other meanings, has that of summary termination, definite closing of a subject ; especially the termination of discussion V)y enforced silence, by shutting up an obnoxious speaker. Cloud, Palace of St. Built in 1572, by Jerome de Gondy; purchased by Louis XIV., it)58 ; purchased again from the Orleans family by Louis XVI., 1782, as a residence for Marie Antoinette. Clough, Claugh, Clengh. [Cf. A.S. cleofan, to cleave, cleft, O.N. kljiifa, Gr. 7X0(^01, 7Ai5<^o>, L. glubo, scalpo, sculpo, J holloiv out ; cf. D. kloof, narroxo valley.] 1. Part of A.S. names, as in Claugh-ton, Buc-cleugh. 2. A sluice for letting water gently off warped lands. (Warp.) 3. A hollow in a hill-side. Clout. [O.E. chit, a little cloth.] An iron guard-plate on an axle-tree. Clout, Colin. 1. Spenser's name for himself. 2. Character in Gay's Pastorals. Clovate. Like a clove or nail [L. clavus] in shape ; of a shell. Clove. Of wool, half a stone, or seven pounds. Cloy. (Spike.) Clubbing. {N'aut.) Drifting down a current with an anchor out, so as to be able to steer. C. a fleet, manceuvring it so as to get the first division to windward. Club-haul, To. {Naut.) In tacking, as soon as the wipd is out of the sails, to let go the lee anchor, which brings the vessel's head to the wind ; then, as she pays off on the other tack, the cable is cut, and the sails trimmed for that tack : done only in extreme cases, and when otherwise the ship is expected to miss stays. Club law. Law oi force majeure {q.v.). Club-moss. (Lycopodium.) Cluck. (CUck.) Clue. [A Teut. and Scand. word, akin perhaps to L. globus and glomus.] {Naut.) The lower comer of a squaresail. C. garnets, C. lines, tackle for hauling up the C. to the yards in lower and upper sails respectively. From C. to earing, i.e. from one extremity to the other ; thoroughly. Clugniacs. A reformed order of Benedictines ; so called from the Abbey of Clugny, on the Saflne. — Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. viii. ch. 4. Clunch. Popularly, stiff indurated clay ; more strictly, the harder chalk, such as is used for stonework in chimney-places, in the inside of churches, etc. Clutch. 1. In machinery, a projecting piece, whereby one shaft can be rapidly connected or dis- connected at pleasure with another shaft. 2. The number of eggs for a hen to hatch at a time. Clyde, Clwyd, Cloyd, Clydach. [Celt.] River names ; cf. Gael, clith, strong. Clydesdale. Old name of Lanark County, from the Norman to the Stuart period. CLYP "5 COCK Clypeate. {Bt>t.) Like a round shield [L. clypeus]. Clyster. [Gr. K\vS(lo^ a poppy head.] One of the alkaline substances found in opium. Codez. [L.] 1. A manuscript, originally as being written on the bark of a tree ; cf. L. ITber, Eng. book = beech. The most ancient MSS. containing parts of the Old and the New Testa- ments are : The C. Alexandrinus, sent to Charles I. by Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of Constantinople, and now in the British Museum ; the Vatican MS. ; both belonging probably to the fifth cen- tury. The C. Sitiafttcus, discovered by Tischen- doif, in 1844, in the library of St. Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai, may, perhaps, be somewhat older, if its genuineness, which there seems no reason to doubt, may be admitted. The C. Cottonianus, also in the British Museum, and containing portions of the first and the fourth Gospels, may belong to the end of the fourth century. The C. Beza, in the University Library at Cambridge, has been supposed by some to be the oldest of all known MSS. of the New Testament, and contains the Gospels and Acts with some omissions. (Abbreviations.) 2. (/>f.) A code of laws, as the C. Gregorianus, Theodosianus, Justlnianus. (Corpus Juris Civilis.) Codez Alexandrinus. (Codez.) Codez Argentens. [L., Silver Volume.] The MS. containing the Gothic translation of the Gospels by Ulphilas. Formerly at Stockholm, now at Upsala. Codez Aureus. [L., Golden Volume.] An important Latin MS. of the Gospels, in the Town Library at Treves ; (?) eighth century. Codez Bezae. (Codez.) Codex Cottonianus. (Codez.) Coiex Sinaiticus. (Codex.) Codez Vaticanus. (Codez.) Codices of New Testament. (Ablreviations.) Codicil. [L. codTcilli, small tablets, short writing; dim. of c5dex.] A supplement to a will, adding to, explaining, or revoking its pro- visions. Codilla. [L. caudicula, a little tail.] The coarsest part of flax. Coefficient, Literal; Numerical C. [L. con-, together, eft"icio, e^'ect.] The number prefixed to an algebraical symbol to show how many times the number denoted by that symbol is to be taken. Thus, if x denotes any number, known or unknown, lOr signifies a number that is ten times x, and 10 is said to be the coefficient of or in the expression lox. A coefficient is not necessarily a whole number ; it may be a frac- tional or incommensurable number, or even a number which is a combination of algebraical symbols, so that there are literal coefficients as well as numerical coefficients. Coehom. 1. Distinguished Dutch engineer, contemporary of Vauban, 1632 to 1704 a.d. 2. Small mortar invented by him, throwing an eight-pound shell. CcelatQra. [L., chasing.] The Roman term for working raised or half-raised figures in metal. Coelenterata. [Gr. koIKos, hollow, ivrtpa, the boivels.] (Zool.) Sub-kingd. of Invertebrates, comprising part of Cuvier s Radiata, as corals and sea-anemones. In C. the mouth opens into the body-cavity, which may, perhaps, be con- sidered as an intestinal canal. Ccellac, Celiac. [Gr. KoiMa.K6s.] Pertaining to the cavity of the belly. Caelum, non &nlmam, mutant qui trans mare currunt. [L.] They change their climate not their mind who wend across the sea (Horace). Coemption. [L. coemtio, -nem, from coemo, / buy up. ] Purchase of an entire estate or quan- tity of goods. Caenaoiilum. [L.] Dining-room, usually an upper chamber among Romans. (Cenacle.) Coena Domini, In. [L., in the Supper of the Lord.] (Eccl. Uist.) The name of a papal bull, setting forth the rights claimed by the popes over kings and their subjects, and anathematiz- ing all who impugn them. It was so called as being read annually on Holy Thursday. Coenaesthesis. [Gr. Koivii oXaOr^ffis.] Lit. coin- mon feeling. Coenobites, Cenobites. [Gr. Koit>60iot, livinq in common.'] Persons living under rule in a community, as opposed to solitaries. Anchorets, or hermits. Coercive, Coercitive, force. [L. coercere, to compel.] The force which renders a body slow to acquire and part with magnetism. Coercion Act. Of Lord Grey, 1833, gave the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland power to suppress any meeting or association which he thought dangerous to peace, to declare any district dis- turbed, and to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act, with other powers. A Coercion Act was passed in the session of 188 1. Coeval. [L. cosevus, from con-, with, sevum, age.] Of the same age. Coexistent vibrations. The simple harmonic vibrations of diflferent periods, by whose coexist- COFE 127 COLL ence any complex vibratory motion of a body tan be rep.esented. Cofering. [D. koflfer, a dox.] Putting a ridge of c!av round a mining shaft to keep out water. Coffer. [Fr. coffre.J {ArcA.) A sunk panel in vaults or domes. Cofferdam. [D. koffer, a box, dam, a drain.] A water-tight enclosure formed of timber erected on the bed of a river ; from the space thus enclosed the water is pumped out, leaving it clear for the erection of a pier, an abutment, a wharf, or other such work. Coffin-bone. [L. os pedis, bone of the foot.] In a horse, a small sjx>ngy bone in the middle of the hoof, very liable to disease. Coffle. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of slaves on the way to markeL Cog; Cog-wheeL [Welsh cog, a short piece of ■wood.] 1. When the teeth of wheels are sepa- rate pieces let into mortises, they are called Cogs; and the wheels are Cog-wheels. 2. A rough square pillar left to support the roof of a mine. Cog a die. To cheat [Welsh co^law, to deceh>e\ with dice. Cogge, Coggle, or Cog. (Coek-boat.) Co^to, ergo sum. [L.] / think, therefore I exist ; Descartes's famous reason for asserting the fact of self-existence. Cognate. (Agnate.) Cognition. [L. cognltio, -nem, the becoming acquainted with.] In Moral PhiL, one of the three phenomena of Consciousttess, and = the faculties of knowledge ; the others being feeling = capacities of pleasure and pain ; and Desiring attd IVilling — eflfort in action ; according to Kant, and, after liim. Sir W. Hamilton. Cognizance, Cogniaanoe. [O.Fr., from L. cogc\ox^xi\xx^ knowledge.] (Leg.) 1. The judicial hearing of a cause, judicial knowledge. 2. acknowledgment of a fine. S. The pleading of l>aililT or agent as defendant in Beplevin. 4. (Her.) An heraldic badge, worn by a retainer (whereby his lord was known). Cognisee, Cogniue. [L. cognosco, / acknmo- Icdge ; cf. connoiseur.] (I^g.) One to whom a fine of land is acknowledged, the acknowledger tlit-reof being the cogiiizor. Cognizor, Cognizcr. (Cognizee.) Cognomen. (Pnenomen.) CognoicentL [It.] Well-informed (plu.); knowing f)nes. Cognovit. [Leg.L. C. actionem, he hath admitted (\hc justice of) the action.] A defend- ant's written confession that he has no available defence. Cohobate. [L.L. cohobare, cohobatum.] To distil over again. Cohorts. (Centuries; Legion.) Coif. [Fr. coifTe, L.L. cofea, cuphia, kuppa, kuppha, mitre; cf. A.S. cop, top, head.] A kmd of cap, the badge of serjcants-at-law. Coign, Coigne, Coin, Quoin. [Cf. L. cfinfius, -.i'cdge.] A jutting ixjint, an external angle. Coin. (Mil.) Wedge [L. cunC-us] used for elevating or depressing heavy guns. Coir. The fibrous covering of the cocoa-nut. Coistril. [O.Fr. coustillier, groom, lad.] 1. An esquire's attendant. 2. A young fellow. CoL [Fr.] Lit. neck ; a high pass over a shoulder of a mountain or between two ridges. Colander. [L. c51o, / strain.] A strainer, often a tin vessel with the bottom and lower part of the sides perforated. Colbertine. (Named after M. Colbert.) A kind of net lace. Colcothar. (Word invented by Paracelsus.) Sesquioxide of iron, used as jewellers' rouge. Colder. (A^r.) Short broken ears or pieces of straw thrown offin threshing ; eaten by cattle. Coldshort. Brittle when cold. C5l§opt6ra. [Gr. KoKt6irrtpos, sheath -ivinged.] (Entom.) Beetles; ord. of insects with many thousand spec. ; four-winged, the first pair con- verted into elytra, and the second, when not in use, folded crosswise under the first. They are divided into four sections, according to the num- ber of joints in the so-called tarsus, heel — Tr!- m^ra, Tetram^ra, I'entamera, and Heteromdra ; as ladybirds, weevils, cockchafers, and blister- beetles, respectively. Coleraine Co., i.q. Londonderry. Coliseum. [L. Colosseum, from Gr. KoKotKris^ a huge fi^^ure ; cf. col, hill.] The Amphitheatre of Vespasian, at Rome Collabor&tear, fern, -trioe. [Fr.] Fellow- worker, assistant. Collar. [L. coUum, the neck.] 1. (Arch.) A horizontal piece of timber connecting two rafters. 2. In machinery, a circular projection on a shaft, made to give it a bearing, so that it may not be shifted by a force applied in the direction of its length. Collate. [L. collatus, part, of conffro, / compare] Jo compare, especially diplomatically to set down the various readings of different M88. Collation. [L. collatio, -nem.] (liccl.) Ap- pointment to a benefice by a bishop as patron or by lapse. (Institution.) Collectanea. [L. coUectaneus, belonging to a collection.] A collection of excerpts, an an- thology, miscellany. Collects. [L.L. collecta, from colligcre, to bring toji^ether.] Short and comprehensive prayers, found in the Liturgies of all Churches. College. (L. collegium.] (Hist.) Any so- ciety bound by the same laws or customs. In Europ. Hist., the term is applied especially to societies of persons belonging to imiversities. These are generally independent foundations, under the superintendence of a visitor. College of Cardinals. (Cardinal.) College of Electors. The society of princes who had a voice in the election of the emperor. (Electors.) College of Heralds. A society dating from the time of Edward III., and consisting of three kings-at-arms, Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy ; six heralds, and four pursuivants. Collegiatea. (Meunonites.) Collet. [Fr.] Ihat part of a ring in which the stone is set. Colletic. Of the nature of gltu [Gr. K6K\a]. Collibert. (Cagota.) COLL 128 COLU Collimating eye-piece; Collimation, Error of; Liae of C. ; Collimator. The Liiu of collima- tion is the imaginary line joining the optical centre of the object-glass to the intersection of the wires in the field of view of an astro- nomical telescope. When the axis on which the telescope turns is not exactly at right angles to the line of collimation, the defect from the right angle is called the Error of C. This error is corrected by viewing a distant object, first when the telescope is in a certain position, and again when the axis of rotation has been reversed on its bearings. It may also be cor- rected by means of an eye-piece so constructed that the observer can see at the same time the wires in the field of view, and their image formed by reflexion in a basin of mercury ; this is called a Collimating eye-piece. The error can also be corrected by the use of a small telescope floated on mercury, the wires in whose field of view serve as a distant object ; this instrument is called a Collimator. {Collimation should have been written from the first, Collineatioii ; a false reading of collimare, in a passage of Cicero, for collineare — con, together, linda, a line — Shaving caused the error. See Littre, s.v.) Collodion. [Gr. KoA.X{68rjs, glue-likc,\ A solution of gun-cotton in a mixture of ether and alcohol. It is used in photography. Colloid. \Q)X. Ki\Ka, glue, ^0%, form. ^ Any substance which in its solid form is not crystal- line ; as gelatine, glass, etc. CoUuvies. [L.] Refuse, filth. CoUyridians. [Gr. KoWvpis, a roll of bread.^ (Eccl. Nist.) A sect of the fourth century, in Arabia and Thrace ; so called from their offering cakes in honour of the Virgin. Collyrium. [L., Gr. KoWipa, a kind of pastry.] Eye-salve, eye-lotion. •coin. [L. colonia, a Roman colony.] Part of names, as in Lin-coln, Coln-ey Hatch, Col(n)- chester. Colocynth. [Gr. KoXoKivQi), a gourd.] (Med.) A purgative ; dried powdered pulp of the C. gourd. Bitter apple, or Coloquintida. Common in Asia, Africa, Spain. Gen. Cuciimis, ord. Cucur- bitaceae. Cologne, Three Kings of. The three Magi, whose bodies were said to have been taken to Constantinople; thence to Milan; thence, a.d. 1164, to Cologne ; and who are popularly known as Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior. Cologne earth. (From Cologne, in Germany.) A violet-brown bituminous earth, used as a water- colour. Colon. [Gr. k6\ov, misspelt kuXov.] 1. Part of the great intestine, from the coecum to the rectum. 2. A stop in punctuation, marked thus [ :] ; showing a pause longer than the semicolon, marked [;], and shorter than the period, or full stop, marked [.]. Colony. Acts xvi. 12 ; a colonia [L.] ; a foreign town, to which had been granted the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship. Colophdn. [Gr., top, finishing stroke.] In MSB. and old books, usually at the end, the scribe's or publisher's notice of the title of a work, his own name, date, and place of issue ; now given on the title-page. Colophony. (From Colophon, a town in Ionia.) The dark resin obtained by distilling turpentine. Colossus. [Gr. KoXoaaSs ; cf. col, hill.] A statue larger than life. In Hist., the most celebrated of these statues were the Colossus at Rhodes, absurdly supposed to have bestridden the harbour ; and the Colossus of the Sun, set up at Rome by Nero before the Golden House. The Flavian Amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum, is said to have been so called, as being built on the site where this figure had stood. Colostrum. [L.] First milk secreted after confinement. Colour ; Colour-blindness ; Colours, Comple- mentary ; C. of thin plates ; Primary C. ; Scale of C. The sensations produced by dif- erent kinds of light are Colours. The Primary C. are red, green, and violet (or blue). Sometimes red, yellow, and blue are (erro- neously) called the three primary colours ; and sometimes there are said to be seven primary colours, but in that case certain compound colours are called primary. When any two colours mixed in proper proportions produce white, they are Complementary ; as, red and green, or blue and yellow. Colour-blindmss is insensibility to one or more of the primary colours. The commonest form is " red-blind- ness," or insensibility to red, whether as a separate colour or as mixed with others. To a person who is red-blind, all colours are blue or green, or combinations of them. The C. of thin plates are produced by the interference of light reflected from the upper and under surfaces of the plate ; such are those seen in soap-bubbles. Neivtcrfi^s scale of colours is the succession of colours due to successive variations in the thickness of these plates, and is exhibited in the coloured rings formed when two lenses are pressed together. Colourable. [L. color, colour; in Rhet., pre- text, a plea which primA facie implies some right in an opposite party.] Specious, evasive. Colportage. [Fr.] //aw^?;?^; distribution by colporteurs, hawkers especially of religious pub- lications. ColstaflF. [Fr. col, the neck.] A staflf for carrying burdens on the shoulders of two persons. Colt's-foot. (From the shape of the leaves.) {Bot. ) A native plant, in clayey and moist chalky places throughout Europe. Tussilago farfara ; ord. Compositse [L. tussis, a cough, the leaves being used to relieve asthma and cough, either by smoking or by decoction]. Columbae. [L.] (Ornith.) Ord. of birds, com- prising the pigeons and doves (Columbidae) and the three spec, of dodo (Dldidse), all of which latter are extinct. Some authorities class the Columbae and GalllnDe together, under the name of Rasores, Scratchers. Columbarium. [L., lit. pigeon-cote.] 1. A dovecote. 2. A tomb, with niches in the sides for sepulchral urns. Columbary. (Columbarium.) Columbia, Federal Bepublic of. Name some- COLU 129 COMM times applied to the United States of America ; from Columbia, the district containing Wash- ington. Colombier. Drawing-paper thirty-four and a half inches by twenty-three and a half. Coltimbine. (Aqnilegis.) Colombiam, Tantalum. First found in N. America. Column. [L. c61umna, a piUar.'\ 1. {Bot.") The combined stamens and styles forming a solid central body, as in orchids. 2. {Mil.) Massed formation of troops, showing a small front. 8. (Order.) Colnre. [Gr. al xikov^ot, i.e. ypa/inal, the colures, the docked, trutuated, lines.] The decli- nation circles on the great sphere which pass Uirough the equinoctial and solstitial points are called the equinoctial colure and the solstitial colure ; they divide both the celestial equator and the ecliptic into four equal parts. Cdljmblda. (Gr. KoKvfiBls, a sea-bird, diver. ^ (Orniih.) Dizers ; fam. and gen. of sea-birds. Northern regions. Ord. AnsJres. Coin. [Sp.] A kind of cabbage whose seeds yield oil for lamps. Colza oil. (Colia.) Coma. 1. [Gr. Ki\t.i\, hair.^ The luminous, nebulous sul>st.ince .surrounding the nucleus of a comet. The nucleus, with the coma, forms the head of the comet 2. [Gr. kShul, sleep, lethargy. ] A profound insensibility, resulting from cerebral compression, or .some narcotics, as opium. Comatose. More or less in a state of C5ma. Cdmit&la r6s&eH. [L. cdmatiilus, having the hair delicately curled, r6saceus, rose fashion.] (Bot.) Feather star. A small and very beau- tiful, and the only British spec, of the fam. of Crinoids [Gr. Kpivor, a lily, tlSot, appearance]. Radiated fichinodermata ; free when mature ; stalked when young, in which state it has been described as an independent spec., Penlacrinus Europieus [ir«W«,yfev, xplror, a lily]. Comazanta. .St. Elmo's fires. Comb. A toothed instrument for separating and cleansing fla.x, etc. Combe, Comb, Coombe. [C/. Welsh cym, hollo^u, ravine.] A dry ravine or gully at the head of a valley. Combers, Oraas. {Nduf.) Farm labourers who have volunteered as seamen. Combination. InCrystallc^., a figure bounded by the faces of any number of forms. Combination-room. The common room in which the fellows of a college meet. Combination!. (A/at A.) Of dilTerent things, are the different collections that can be made of them without reference to the order in which they are arranged. If there were ten balls marked I, 2, etc., it would be possible to select three of them {e.g. 2, 7, 8 ; 5, 4, 9, etc.) in 120 different ways ; there are, therefore, 120 combi- nations of ten things taken three and three tc^ether. Combings. (Coamings.) Combing sea. A rolling wave ready to turn over. Combining weight. (Atomic theory.) Comessation. [L.L. comessatio, L. cpmissatio, -nem, Gr. KUfud^w, I revel.] A revelling. Comet. [Gr. koju^ttjj, long-haired, a comet.] A body having a nebulous appearance, moving in the planetary regions under the influence 01' the sun s attraction. Comfit. [Fr. confit, from L. confectum.] A dry sweetmeat. Comfrey [L.L. confirma, = a strengthener], in O.E. Boneset. {Bot.) A gen. of plants, Symphjftum, ord. BorageaceDe; natives of Europe and N. Asia ; formerly esteemed as a vulnerary (q.v.). Prickly C. (.S. asperrimum), a native of the Caucasus, a tall rough plant, is much spoken of as food for cattle. Comltla. (Centuries; Plebiscite.) Comitia of tribes. (Plebiscite.) Comity of nations. [L. comit, -atem, cour- teousness.] The mutual recognition of each other's laws, wherever they are applicable ; e.g. extra- dition {if. v.). Comma. [L., from Gr. K6fina, clause, a thing cut off.] 1. The smallest stop in punctuation, dividing clauses ; its sign is [ , ]. 2. A short clause. 8. In Music, a very small interval, about the ninth of a tone. 4. Pros. , = Caesura {q.v.). Commandant. {Mil.) The chief executive officer commanding a garrison or combined detachments of troops. Commandary. A manor or chief messuage with land and tenements thereto pertaining, belonging to the Priory of St. John of Jerusalem, governed for the use of the society by a com- mander. Commander. (I^avy.) (Rank.) Commander of the Faithful. [Ar. Emir al Mumcnin.] A title of the caliphs, assumed by Omar. (Miramamolin.) Commandery, Commandry. (Preceptories.) Command of a work. (Mil.) Relative, the height above a work, in front of it ; Absolute, the height above the level of the ground. C. of fire, when an effective fire can be delivered over the heads of the defenders of a work without injury to them ; C. of observation, when not. Commedia, La Divina. (Divine Comedy.) Commedia dell' Arte. [It. ] The Italian popu- lar comedy. Comme il faut. [Fr. , as it should be. ] Proper, appropriate. Commemoration. At Oxford, the annual festival in honour of the benefactors of the university. (Encaenia.) Commemorative symptoms. [L. commemoro, I remind of] {A/ed.) Indicate some previous condition of the patient. Commencement. At the University of Cam- bridge, the day from which all degrees conferred for a year preceding date, and on which they are confirmed by recitation before the congrega- tion of the Senate. Commendam, In. [L.L.] In Canon law, one to whom the custody, without profits, of a void benefice was for a time committed, Jield it for a trust ; but by various devices the holding of a living thus became the means of enjoying COMM 130 COMP pluralities, with their revenues. Sometimes bishoprics insufficiently endowed were thus assisted. Commendams abolished 6 and 7 Wil- liam IV. Commendatory letters. (Literse formatee.) Commensurable. [L. commensurabilis, that can be measured with another. ^ Two magni- tudes are said to be commensurable when a third magnitude (called their common measure) can be found of which the two are exact mul- tiples. The ratio of two C. magnitudes is ex- pressed by a vulgar fraction. Thus, li foot is C. with I J yard, their common measure being ^ foot, and their ratio being expressed by /j. Comme sur des roulettes. [Fr.] As though on wheels ; metaph. of matters which proceed smoothly and quickly. Comminuted fracture. (Med.) Said of a bone broken into several pieces [L. comminutus, ^art. of verb comminuo]. Comminution. [L. con, thoroughly, minuo, / make (minor) less.\ 1. Reducing to very small particles. 8. Continuous removal of small particles. Commissariat. (Mil.) Department in charge of Government stores and arrangements for sup- plying provisions and transport. The officers are Commissaries. Commissary. [L.L. commissarius, commis- sum, a trust.] 1. One who, under the bishop's commission, exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction in particular causes and in parts of a diocese inconveniently distant from the B.'s principal Consistory Court. In the Clementine Constitu- tions, " ofdciaUs foraneus." 2. (Commissariat.) Commissary of Musters. (Arrayer.) Commission. [L. commissum, a thing en- trusted.] Authority from the sovereign, con- tained in a document, for the exercise of certain specified powers. Military commissions were until lately under the sign manual. Commission, Putting a ship in. In the Navy, hoisting the pennant ; after which the crew are under martial law. Generally used to mean fitting her out for a voyage after she has been laid up. Commissioned officers. {Navy.) Lieutenants, and upwards. Commissure. [L. commissura, a joining to- gether.] Place of union of two parts, a closure, seam. Commis voyageur. [Fr.] A commercial tra- veller. Committee of the House of Commons. One to which a Bill, after the second reading, is referred. It may be either a selected one or a C. of the whole House, i.e. one formed of every member, the Speaker quitting the chair, sitting and debating as the rest, another member being appointed chairman. Commode. [Fr.] 1. Head-dress of women. 2. Chest of drawers, bureau, night-stool. Commodore. [Probably contr. from It. com- mandatore, a cotnmander.] 1, (Bank.) 2. The convoy-ship, carrying a light in her top. Commonage. A joint right on common land or water. The most important of these rights is that of pasturage. Among other similar rights is that of cutting turf, called C. of turbary ; of cutting wood, called C. oiestoners; and of fishing, called C. o{ piscary. Commoner, The Great. William Pitt, after- wards Earl of Chatham, Secretary of State, 1756. Commoners. (Pensioners.) Common law. (Leg.) Sometimes opposed to Statute law, and = unwritten law, sometimes to Civil and Canon law, often to Equity, some- times to Lex mercatoria. Unwritten law includes general and particular customs, and rules and principles not expressly and specially authorized by the Legislature. Common measure. (Commensurable.) Common Prayer, Book of. The first English Prayer-book, known as the first Prayer-book of Edward VI., was put forth in 1549, with the approval of Convocation and Parliament. His second Prayer-book was issued in 1552, without the sanction of Convocation. A third book, differing little from the second, was put forth in 1 559 by Elizabeth, who in 1 560 issued a book in Latin for the use of the universities. The last revision took place in 1661, after the Savoy Conference. A Prayer-book for use in Scotland was issued in 1635. Common purple, or Purptira. [L.] {Conch.) Purpura l&pillus ; like a small whelk, white with reddish-brown bands. One of the molluscs secreting that which furnished the Tyrian purple. Common and widely distributed. Fam. Buc- cinidse, ord. Prosobranchiata, class Gastero- poda. Common sense. [Gr. Koivhs vovs, L. commu- nis sensus.] A supposed sense, which was the common bond of all others ; a judge and con- troller, to which they referred the sensations which they themselves received indifferently and unintelligently. Commonwealth of England. {Hist.) The name given to the form of government estab- lished in England on the death of Charles I. Commorant. [L. commoran, -tem, p. part, of com-, moror, I tarry.] Abiding, dwelling in a certain place. Commune. [Fr. commun, L. communis, com- mon.] 1. One of the small districts into which France is divided. 2 The name given to the insurgent socialists of Paris, 1871. Communication. In strategy, a line of C. is any practicable route between the different por- tions of the same army. Commutation Acts, Tithe, i.e. 6 and 7 William IV. and others. By these there has been sub- stituted for tithe a rent-charge payable in money, but varying on a scale regulated by averages of the price of corn — wheat, barley, and oats — for the seven years preceding. Commutator. [L. commutatio, -nem, an inter- changing. ] A contrivance for reversing or stop- ping an electric current. Compaginate. [From p. part, of L. compa- gino, I join together, from pagina, page, leaf.] Unite, hold together, connect. Companion. {Naut.) 1. The framing and COMP 131 COMP sashlights on the quarter-deck, or round-house. 2. In small merchantmen, the hood over the cabin staircase. C. ladder, that by which the officers ascend to, and descend from, the quarter- deck. C. way, the stairs, etc., leading to the cabins. Company. [Fr. compagnie, cm of the same district (L. pagus).] (Alil.) Separate body of infantry, commanded by a captain, and possess- ing its own interior economy. Company, John. Nickname of the East India Company. Comparative grammar. The science which determines the relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing their grammatical lorms. It could scarcely be said to exist until European grammarians became acquainted with Sanskrit, the ancient language of the Aryans of India. Comparative mythology. The science which compares the popular traditions and l)eliefs of different countries, for the purpose of classifying them and determining their origin and the mode of their growth. This science has come into existence since the discovery of the Sanskrit language and literature by European scholars, and without it it would perhaps have been im- possil>le. Comparative scienee. Short for comparative study of a particular science, i.e. its study with a view to the comparison of genera and species and the registration of points of similarity and difference, wheuce general conclusions may be drawn by induction. It is opposed to descriptive or mere analytical science. Comparison, or Simile. (Rhet.) The com- paring of one thing with another in some point common to both. It differs from Metaphor only in form, the latter only implying, while the former states the likeness. Compartment bulkheads. (Bolkheads.) Compass, Azimuth ; Mariner's C. ; Frismatio C. ; Surveying C. The Azimuth C. is a magnet, to which a properly divided circular card is at- tached, mounted by means of a double suspen- sion by gimbals ; it is furni.shed with a line of sights, or some equivalent contrivance, which, being directed to the sun, enables the observer to determine its bearing from the magnetic north ; by means of an observed altitude of the sun and a calculation based thereon, its bearing from the true north at the same instant can be found ; by comparing these two results, the bearing of the magnetic north from the true north can be inferred, i.e. the direction of the magnetic meridian at that time and place can be found. In the Mariiurs C, the Prismatic C, and the Surveying C, which are modifications of the same instrument, the approximate con- stancy of the direction of the magnetic needle over a considerable tract of sea or land is ap- plied to the determination of directions with sufficient accuracy for many purposes of naviga- tion and surveying. In the prismatic C, a pris- matic lens is used to show the wire and gradua- tion lines below it in the same field of view, so that the observer obtains the reading without losing the coincidence of the wire with the distant object. Compassionate allowance. Pensions given since the Crimean war to the children of deceased officers left in reduced circumstances, till they attain a certain age. Compass-roof. (^Arch. ) An open-timbered roof, also called Span-roof. Compass-timbers. {Naut.) Those which are carved or shaped. Compellation. [L. compellatio, -nem, an ac- costing.^ Appellation used in addressing a person or persons. Compensate; Compensation balance; C. bar; C. pendulum. An instrument designed for exact measurement is said to be compensated for temperature, or simply to be coyupensated, when its parts are combined in such a manner that the points on which the measurement de- pends continue fixed relatively to each other, although the parts severally expand or contract with the ordinary changes of temperature. For the exact measurement of distance, a brass and a steel bar, of precisely the same length at o® C, are riveted together at the middle ; at each end a metal tongue, a few inches long, is loosely riveted to both, and projects at right angles to the bars. In consequence of the un- equal rates of expansion of brass and steel, points properly chosen on the tongues will remain fixed at a constant distance apart, though the tem- perature vary. The measurement is effected by means of the fixed points. The instrument is a Compensation bar. The compensation of the ^fl/a«^^-wheel of a chronometer is effected by an application of the same principle. (For C. pendulum, vide Pendulum.) Compensation. [L.compensatio,-nem.] {Gram.) The lengthening of a vowel to make up for the loss of part of a consonantal group (and, as some hold, also to make up for the loss of a syllable) ; as Ktyaiy for A^7oi'(tj), Otis for fleV''')^- Comp^tentes. [L., qualified.^ Those of the. catechumens (q.v.) who were immediate candi- dates for baptism. Competition Wallah. A candidate for an ex- amination for a Government office in India. Complt&lia, Ltldi compltallcii. [L.] A yearly Roman festival in honour of the L&res compitales, celebrated in the winter. Complacence. [L. complSceo, / am very pleasing.] In Moral Phil., = moral esteem; a love for that which is itself benevolent. Complain, To. {Naut.) To creak, as masts, etc. Complement; Arithmetical C. [L. comple- mentum, that which completes,] When two angles together make up a right angle (or 90°), the one is said to be the C. of the other. When the sum of two numbers is 10, the one is the Arithmetical C. of the other. Complement, Moon in her. {Her.) The full moon. Complementary colours. (Colour.) Complete Angler. A treatise on fishing with descriptions of river scenery ; reflexions on God's goodness ; and charming dialogue. COMP 132 CONC A book unique in its way; by Izaak Walton (.5)3-1683). vomplete-baok. {Naut.) A book containing full information concerning every one on board serving for wages ; as to name, age, place of birth, rating, time of entiy, etc. Compline. (Breviary ; Canonical hoars.) Complatensian Polyglot Bible. Printed at Alcala, in Spain (Complutum), A.D. 15 14 and 1515 ; the work of Cardinal Ximenes. Compliiviiua. [L.] A square open space in the middle of a Roman atrium {q.v.), towards which the roof sloped so that the rain [pliivia] fell into a tank [impliivium] below. Compo. (Naitt.) The portion of wages paid monthly to a crew. Component. (Composition.) Compony. [Fr. compone.] {Her.) Composed of a row of squares alternately of two tinctures. Composing. Placing types in proper order for printing. Composing-stiok. A small frame, held in the hand, wherein the compositor sets up the lines of type. CompSsItSB. [L.] [Bot.) The largest known nat. ord. of plants, having several florets collected into a head or a common receptacle ; e.g. dahlia, daisy, aster. Composite ship. (Naut.) One built partly of wood and partly of iron ; having an iron frame and wooden planking. Composition. [L, composftio, -nem, from p. part, of compono, I arrange.^ {Leg.) 1. An amicable arrangement of a lawsuit. 2. An agree- ment for the remission of tithes on some con- sideration in lieu thereof. 3. A private arrange- ment with creditors, they agreeing to accept part payment in satisfaction of their claims. (Tithes.) Composition of forces ; C. of proportion ; C. of ratios; C. of velocities. The determination in magnitude and direction of the single force equivalent to two or more given forces is the C. of those farces ; the single force thus found is their resultant ; and they are the components of the resultant. The terms Composition, Compo- ttent, and Resultant are similarly applied to velocities. When two or more ratios are ex- pressed numerically, the ratio which the product of their antecedents bears to the product of their consequents is said to be the ratio which is com- pounded of those ratios. When four magnitudes are proportional, it may be inferred that the first and second together are to the second as the third and fourth together are to the fourth ; this inference is said to be drawn by composition or simply componendo. Compos mentis. [L.] In full possession of mental powers. Compost. [L. com-positus, plcued together.'] Manure made by mixing dung and urine, especi- ally the latter, with leaves and earths of various kinds, according to the use which is to be made of it. Compostella, The Order of. {Hist.) An order of Spanish knighthood, founded in the twelfth century, for the purpose of protecting the road to the shrine of St. James at Compostella. Compos voti. [L.j Having obtained {ox graii- fed) a wish. Compotier. [Fr. compote, L, composita.] A dish for preserved or stewed fruits. Compound. In India, the precincts of an English residency. Compounder. ( Univ. ) A master of arts who pays down a sum in lieu of all annual college and university fees, for keeping his name regis- tered as a member of the college and Senate. Compound flowers, i.q. Composite. {Bot.) C. leaf, one divided into separate leaflets ; e.g. ash. Compound householder. One who is occupier of a ratable tenement in common with others. Compressor muscles. Such as compress the parts on which they act. Compte rendu. [Fr.] A report of an officer or agent. Comptoir. [Fr.] Counter, counting-house. Comptroller. [Fr. controleur, from contre- role, L. contra-rotiilus, counter-register.] An examiner of accounts, or reports, or returns. Compurgation. [From L. compurgare, to purify.] In Eng. Hist., an ancient mode of trial in civil and criminal cases, which allowed the accused to clear himself by his own oath confirmed by the oaths of eleven of his neigh- bours. (Jury, Trial by.) Comtist. In Philosophy, a follower of Auguste Comtc. (Positivists. ) Cdmus. [L., Gr. kw/uos, band of revellers, song of ditto.] 1. The chorus which sang a triumphal or complimentary ode in Greece, and the friend who accompanied it. 2. {Myth.) A winged youth, god of festivity. Milton, in Comus a il/aj^«^, makes him a vile enchanter. 3. {Naut.) Class of ships (like C. and five others, beginning with letter C, now, or lately, in construction) ; steel-clad battle-ships ; steel replacing the stout iron plates hitherto used. Conacre. In Irish usage, the subletting by a tenant of a portion of his farm for a single crop. Con amore. [It.] Lit. with love ; with en- thusiasm, zeal. Concave, Double; Concavo-plane ; Concavo- convex. (Lens.) Concentric. [L. con-, together, centrum, a cattre.] Curves and surfaces which have a common centre are C. (Centre.) Concept. [L. conceptus, conceived.] {Log.) The result of the act or the process of mental representation, as distinguished from the process. Conception. [L. conceptio, -nem, a conceiv- ing] {Log.) The mental act by which we combine a number of individuals together by means of some mark or character common to them all. Conceptualists. (Nominalists.) Concession. [L. concessio, -nem, from con-, cedo, / grant, give up.] {Finance.) Permission conceded by a government to a person or com- pany to undertake enterprises, such as mining, making canals or railways ; generally subject to fixed conditions and limitations. Concetti. [It. , conceits.] Ingenuities of thought or expression, jeux d" esprit, etc., introduced m serious composition ; the production mostly of CONC »33 CONE the sixteenth century ; generally in false taste. It., Sp., and Fr., and, e.g. Donne and Cowley, Eng. Conchoid. [Gr. Kiyxn, o muscle-shell, cTSos, form.\ Shell-shaped. Conohs. {Naut.) The wreckers of the Bahama reefs. Conch-shelL [L. concha, Gr. K6yxi\, Skt. gankha, j-^^//-/fjA. ] (Zool.) Sea-frum/>e/ {Triton variegatus) ; twelve inches or more long ; white, mottled with brown and yellow ; inside, white, streaked with black. Used as trumpet by South Sea Islanders and Australians, who bore a hole about one-fourth the distance from the tip, and blow it as a flute. Warm seas. Fam. Muricldae, ord. Prosobranchiata, class Gasteropoda. Conoiator. [It. conciatore.J The person who dispenses and mixes the m.iterials in glass-making. Concierge. (Ostiarios.) Conciliation Act Lord North's, 1777, after Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, granted all American demands short of independence. ConcDiom BSgiSn&le. [L.] A district court. Concinnity. [L. concinnitas, from concinnus, tteat, Tixll-arrangcd, from con-, iw'M, cinnus, lock of hair. \ Internal harmony, proper adjustment and projwrtion of parts. Concision. [L. conclsio, -nem.] Phil. iii. 2 [Gr. itaTOTo/i^l, amputation, mere cutting off, not the true Circumcision [rfpiro/x'^]. Conel&m&ttun est [L.] Wr.. the {dead maTC s) name has been called ; as the Romans did when a death was ascertained ; all is over. Conclave. [L., from con-, ivith, and clavis, a key.\ (Eccl. Hist.) The name given to the CoU^e of Cardinals, especially when shut up in the Vatican for the pflrpose of electing a pope. < Cardinal.) Conolnsion. [L. conclusio, -nem.] {Log.) The projxwition inferred from two former pro- positions, termed the premisses of the ailment, or Syllogiam. Concordat. [L. concordare, to agree together.^ An agreement ( i ) originally as to mutual rights of bishops, abbots, priors, etc. ; (2) l)etween the pope and some temporal sovereign, regulating things ecclesiastical in the dominions of the latter. Concordia disoors. [L.] A discordant comord ; harmony l)etween things naturally at variance. Concrete. [L. concretus, solidified.\ A mixture of lime, sand, and gravel, which dries into a solid mass. Concrete ntunber. [L. concretus, grown to- gether, hardened. \ Numbers are said to be con- crete when the units of which they are com- posed have a particular name ; as seventeen men, twenty-five apples, etc. Concrete term. {Log.) A term used when the notion of a quality is regarded in conjunction with the object that furnished the notion, as wise. The quality regarded in itself is denoted by an Abstract term, as wisdom. Condensation ; Condense ; Condenser. [L. con- densatio, -nem, from densus, thick, close.] To con- dense, (i) to make (or become) closer or more compact ; as when we speak of condensed air. In this sense. Condensation is opposed to Hare- faction. But {2) frequently it implies that the substance condensed undergoes a change of state, as when gases or vapours are condensed into the liquid or solid form. The Condenser of a steam-engine is the vessel into which the steam is withdrawn from the cylinder, and in which it is condensed by the injection of cold water. Condenser. 1. An instrument for reducing an elastic fluid into a smaller volume. 2. An instru- ment for concentrating electricity. Condensing engine. (Steam-engine.) Conder. (Baloar.) Condictio. In Rom. Law, a personal action ; Vindicatio being a real action. Condignity. [L. con-, 7oith, dignus, worthy.] (Theol.) A scholastic term of the Thomists, denoting that men by divine grace may become worthy of eternal life as a reward for their holiness. (Congmity.) Conditional proposition. (Log.) A pro- position asserting the dependence of one cate- gorical or positive statement on another, the former statement being called the antecedent, the resulting proposition the consequent. Conditioned, The philosophy of the. Sir W. Hamilton's expression in reference to the inability of the mind to apprehend or to reason about the abstract and the infinite. Condottieri [It., leaders.] In It. Hist., mercenary adventurers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, who commanded bands, or even small armies, whose services they sold. Condnot. 1. As at Eton, etc., a chaplain; as being, 2, an imperfect member of a corporate body [L. conductus, i.e. hired, salaried], for certain services, but not taking part in the general management. Conduction of heat. The flow of heat from the hotter to the colder parts of a body, or from the hotter to the colder of two bodies in contact. Condaetiyity, Thermal. The quantity of heat which passes in a unit of time through a unit of area of a wall of a given substance ; the wall being a unit thick, and its opposite sides having temperatures which differ by a unit. As thus defined, the T. C. of silver is about four times that of brass, and ten times that of iron. Conductor. [L.] 1. {Mil.) Warrant officer of the Army Service Corps. 2. (Phys.) A sub- stance that transmits heat, electricity, etc. Conduit. [Fr., from L. conductus, part of conduco, I lead together.] {Arch.) Properly a passage giving secret communication between apartments. Also a pipe or passage for dis- tributing water. Condyle. [Gr. k6vK\os, the knwkle, or similar knob of any joint] (Anat.) The rounded head of a bone. Condy's fluid. (From inventor.) A mixture of manganate and pennanganate of potash. Cone [Gr. kuvos, math, cone, a fir-cone] ; Conical surface. 1. {Math.) (i) The solid generated by the revolution of a right-angled triangle round its perpendicular ; (2) more generally, a solid whose surface is generated by a straight line which moves so as always to CONE »34 CONI pass through a fixed point, and to conform to some other condition, such as to pass through a given curve whose plane does not contain the point. The surfaces of these soHds are often called Cones, though, strictly speaking, they are Conical surfaces . 2, {Boi.) A dense spike of female flowers, -covered with woody scales ; e.g. fir. Coney. [O.Fr. conil, L. ciinTculus ; said to be originally Sp.] (Zoo/.) 1. The rabbit (Ldpus cunlciilus). 2. In the Bible, the Shaphan, or Aschkoko (Hj^rax S^rTacus) ; gregarious pachy- derm, like the marmot in appearance and size ; spec, of a single gen. forming fam. Hj^racoidSa ; in some points apparently resembling the gen. Rhinoceros. Syria and Africa. Confi&rTeation. [L. confarreatio, -nem.] An ancient solemn form of marriage with the Romans, dread [far] being sacrificially offered in the presence of the Pontlfex Maximus, or Flamen Dialis, and ten witnesses ; its dissolution being Diffarredtio. Confederation, Germanio. {Hist.) An alliance of German states, formed at the Congress of Vienna, 1815, and designed to supply the want of the ancient imperial government dissolved in 1806. Confederation of the Ilhine. A league of several German states, formed in 1806, by Napoleon, who made them declare themselves separated for ever from Germany, and united by offensive and defensive alliance with France. Dissolved in 18 1 3. Conference. [Hist.) A name applied some- times to meetings for theological discussion, as the Hampton Court Conference, 1604 ; the Savoy Conference, 1660. Confervse, Confervaoese. [L. conferva, a water- plant supposed to have healing power.] (Bot.) Simple tubular jointed spec, of algse, inhabiting fresh water. Confession, Auricular. (Auricular confession.) Confession and Avoidance. In Law, an ad- mission of the truth of the allegation, in part at least ; followed by reasons against drawing the legal consequence drawn by the opposite side. Confession of Faith. (Eccl. Hist.) A formu- lary setting forth the opinions of a religious com- munity, as the Nicene Creed. The word is applied especially to the Lutheran and other Protestant expositions of belief, as the Augsburg Confession, 1530; the General Confession of the Scotch Church, 1581 ; the Westminster Con- fession, 1643. Confessor. [Eccl. L.] 1. One persecuted, and ready to lay down his life for the gospel, but not actually martyred. 2. One authorized to hear confessions. Confirmation of a bishop. The election of a B. by conge cfelire having been certified to the king, the royal assent goes to the archbishop, with direction to confirm and consecrate. He subscribes Jiat confirniatio ; and the vicar- general then cites to Bow Church all opposers ; and thus, after certain details, the election is ratified. Confluence ; Confluent. [L. confluens, flowing into another river; hence, Coblenz = con- fluentes.] The point of junction where two rivers meet ; the smaller is then a confluent of the larger river. Conformable strata (Geol.) = lying one upon another in parallel order. Unconformable = over- lying another set at a different angle ; the latter condition indicating lapse of time. Conformity, Declaration of, i.e. to the Liturgy of the Church of England. Required of all persons who are to be licensed or instituted to an ecclesiastical charge. Confrere. [Fr.] Fellviv-nieinber of a fra- ternity ; intimate associate. Confucianism. The system of the Chinese philosopher, Kong-fu-tzee, Confucius (about B.C. 550). It was confined to Ethics, to the exclusion of all religion. (Taouism.) Conge. [Fr., leave.^ Permission, leave of absence, discharge. Jour de C, holiday. [L. commeatus, aui/iorization, permission.^ Conge d'elire, or eslire. [Fr.] Leave to choose, especially the sovereign's licence to a dean and chapter to elect a bishop to a vacant see. CongSner. [L. , from con-, with, genus, genSris, kind.\ One of the same genus or kind. Congenital. [L. cong^nltus, born with.'] Be longing to a person from birth. Congeries. [L., from con-, together, gero, / carry.\ A collection into one mass, a heap. Congestion. [L. congestio, -nem, a crowding.] An undue determination of blood, or other fluid, to an organ. Congiary. [L. congiarium.] A present of corn made by Roman emperors to the people, measured by the gallon [congius]. Conglomerate. (Breccia.) Congou. [Chin, kung-foo.] A superior black tea, having large leaves. Congregation. [L. congregatio, -nem, from con-, and grex, a flock.] 1. At Oxford and Cam- bridge, the assembly of masters and doctors, for transacting the ordinary business of the uni- versity ; and at which degrees are given. 2. In the Latin Church, any company of religious persons forming subdivisions of monastic orders ; a committee of cardinals for transaction of the business of the see of Rome. Congregationalists differ little from Inde- pendents, except in admitting a communion of Churches. Congress. [L. congressus, a stepping to- gether.] (Hist.) 1. A meeting of the sovereigns of states, or their representatives, to arrange international matters. 2. The title of the national legislature of the United States of America. Congruity. [L. congruita, -tem, agreement.] ( Theol. ) A term used by the Scotists to denote the necessary bestowal of divine grace on those who so live in their natural state as to be fit re- cipients of it. (Condignity.) Conic sections. The curves formed by the in- tersection of a cone with a plane. They are of three kinds — Ellipses, Hyperbolas, and Para- bolas, according to the direction of the cutting plane. A point traces out a conic section when CONI 135 CONS it moves in such a manner that its distance from a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its per- pendicular distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the/ocus, the fixed line the directrix of the conic section. Conieoid. [Gr. kuvIkJs, conical, cTSo;, form.'\ A surface of the second degree, i.e. one of the class of surfaces which correspond to the conic sections in plane geometry. Conine. [Gr. Kiitytiov, heinlock.\ An alkaloid obtained from hemlock. Conirostrals, Conirostres. [L. conus, cone, rostrum, bill.^ {Omith.) Conical-billed birds. A large tribe or fam. of Pass^res, or Insessores, in those systems which characterize birds by the form of their bills. It includes larks, crows, starlings, hombills. Conistra. [Gr. Kovtffrpa, a plcue covered with dust (icoWj).] An arena, the pit of a theatre. Conlnm. [Gr. iccvt'cioy. ] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Umbelliffnc, of which C. mScxilatum {Spotted in stem) is common hemlock. Found in Britain and in Europe generally, in waste places, by the sides of ditches, etc. Coiyee. (Aa«/.) Rice-gruel. Conjogata; C. diameten; 0. fod. [L. con- jugatus, y(j//W together in fairs, jugum, a fair."] 1. (Math, and Phys.) When points, lines, planes, etc., in pairs, are related in such a manner that the first stands to the second in a relation precisely similar to that in which the second stands to the first, they are often said to be Conjugate. C. foci of a lens are two points such that light diverging from the first is concentrated by the lens at the second ; they are conjugate, l^ecause light diverging from the second will be concentrated by the lens at the first. If there be two diameters to an ellipse or hyperbola such that the first is parallel to the tangents drawn through the extremities of the second, then it follows that the second will be parallel to the tangents drawn through the extremities of the first, and the diameters are called C, diameters. 8. (Bot.) Growing in pairs. Co^jnnetion ; Inferior C. ; Superior 0. [L. con- junctio, -nem, a joining together.] 1. (Astron.) When two planets have the same heliocentric longitude, they are in Conjunction ; but when the earth is one of the planets, the other planet is said to be in C. when it passes behind the sun, i.e. when its geocentric longitude equals that of the sun. If, however, the planet is an inferior planet (Venus or Mercury), this conjunc- tion is distingxiished as a Superior C, ; and when either of these planets passes between the sun and the earth, they are zX. Inferior C. 2. (Gram.) A part of speech expressing the relation of pro- positions to each other. Co^jonotlTa [L.], tv. membrana. The mucous memi>rane which, lining the eyelids, is continued over the cyeh.-ili. Conjunctive mood. (Gram.) The modification of the verb which expresses the dependence of the event intended on certain conditions. Conn, Con, or Cnn, To. (JVaut.) To direct the steersman. Connings are reckonings. 10 Connate leaves. [L. connatus, bom at the same time with.] (Bot.) United at the base by adhesion, e.g. the leaves of the yellow-wort (Chlora perfoliata), the stalk of which is there- fore perfoliate (q.v.). Connecting-rod. (Crank.) Connivent [L. connlveo, / close together, 7tnnk.] 1. Inattentive. 2. (Anat. and Bot.) Lying close together, converging ; e.g. the anthers of a borage blossom C. around the style. Connoissear. [Fr.] A person thoroughly ac- quainted with a subject, especially with an art ; a skilled critic. Connxuanoe, Connsance. [Fr. connoissance,] 1. (Leg.) Cognizance. 2. (Cognizance.) Conoid; Conoidal surface. [Gr. kwcociS^s, cone-shaped. \ 1. The surface generated by a straight line which passes at right angles through a fixed straight line, and is guided in its motion by a given curve is a C. surface or a Conoid. 2. Formerly, any one of the surfaces formed by the revolution of the conic sections round a principal axis, i.e. round a line drawn through the focus at right angles to the directrix. (Conic sections.) Conquistador. [Sp.l One of the Spanish conquerors of Peru and Mexico. Conscia mens recti. [L.] A mind conscious of rectitude ; a good conscience. Conscience clause. A clause introduced into the Revised Code for national education in i860, for parishes where only one school is needed. It provided for the admission of Dissenters, and exempted them from the religious teaching of the school. Conscript. [L. conscriptus, ^wro//.?^.] (Mil.) One taken by lot to serve in the army under a Conscription. Conscript Fathers. [L. Patres Conscript!.] (IJist. ) The senators of ancient Rome. Conscription. [L. conscriptio, -nem, a -written list.] (Hist.) Compulsory enrolment for mili- tary service by land or sea. In ancient Rome the conscription was made by the will of the consuls, who selected as they pleased. In France it is detennined by lot. Consectary. [L. consectarius.] Consequent deducible, to be inferred. Consecutive intervals. (Music.) Similar inter- vals in sequence, as C. fifths, octaves ; forbidden generally when between the same two parts. Consecutive symptoms, or Sequelae, occur after or during the decline of a disease without being directly connected with it. (Sequela.) Conseil d'Etat. [Yr., Council of State.] The French House of Commons. Consenescence. [L. consSnesco, I grow old.l Growing old, decay from age. Consensual. [L. consensus, consent.] Resting on mutual consent as a C. contract ; e.g. marriage. Consensual actions. Instinctive reflex actions of animals, the result of impressions made on the sensory ganglia, as distinguished from the cerebrum. — Carpenter's ^/f«A Phys., p. 81. Consentes, Lii. [L.] The name by which the Romans spoke of their twelve great deities — ^Juno, Minerva, Ceres, Vesta, Diana, Mars, Venus, CONS 136 CONS Mercury, Neptune, Vulcan, Apollo, and Jupiter the father of all. Also called Dii complices. Consequent. (Conditional proposition; Batio.) Conservancy. [L. conservo, / take care of.\ A board which takes care of a river and regulates the traffic. Conservation of areas; C. of energy; C. of force; C. of momentum; C. of motion of centre of gpravity ; C. of motion of rotation ; C. of mo- tion of translation ; C. of vis viva. It is a fundamental principle of Physics that the total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of these bodies, though it may be transformed into any of the forms of which energy is susceptible. Thus some of the mechanical or kinetic energy of the system may disappear, to be replaced by an exact equivalent of heat. This principle is termed that of the C. of energy. The term C. of force is sometimes used as equivalent to the C. of momentum ; but more commonly it is used (though inaccurately) as equivalent to the C. of energy. The term C. is used in several con- nexions in the science of dynamics. Thus it is proved that, in the case of a body acted on by any forces, the motion of the centre of gravity is the same as if all the mass were collected at the centre of gravity and all the forces applied to it unchanged in magnitude and direction, while the motion of rotation round the centre of gravity is the same as if that point were fixed and the forces unchanged. These theorems are called the principles of the C. of the tnotion of the centre of gravity, and of the motion of rotation. The C. of momentum is the theorem that, if the particles of a system are acted on only by their mutual attractions and repulsions, the sum of the momenta estimated in a given direction is con- stant. The C. of areas is the theorem that, in the last case, if the mass of each particle is mul- tiplied by the area (referred to any given plane) which it describes round a fixed point, the sum of these products will be proportional to the time of description. Kepler's second law is a par- ticular case of the C. of areas. The term C. of vis viva is also used. Conservatoire. [Fr.] A school especially of music, a museum. Consignee. [Fr. consigne, L. consignatus, sigiud.\ One to whom goods (a consignment) are sent, the sender being the consignor, who consigns or delivers them on trust to the carrier. Consistentes. [L.] In the ancient Church, the last order of penitents, standing with the faithful after dismissal of the rest, joining in common prayer, and seeing the oblation offered, but not offering nor communicating. Consistory Courts. (Court, Christian.) Consolato del mare. [Sp.] A code of mari- time laws compiled for the old kings of Aragon. Console. [Fr.J {Arch.) C. table, a table or slab supported by brackets. Consols. Stock in the English Funds, con- sisting of different kinds of annuities severally consolidated into capital, bearing interest at three and three and a half per cent, for ever. Consomme. [Fr.] Gravy or jelly-soup. Consonant. [L. consonantes, from con-, 7vith, sono, / soiotd.] {Gram.) A sound in speech produced by an opening action of the articulatory organs, and which must be sounded with a vowel {q.v.). As adj., in harmony with, agreeing with. Constable. [Fr. connetable, from L. comes stabiili, cottnt of the stable.] {Hist.) A title which is supposed to have originated in the Lower Empire. The Constable of France was the first dignitary under the Crown. In Eng- land, the permanent office of Lord High Con- stable was forfeited by the attainder of the Duke of Buckingham, in 1522. Constable of the Tower. Governor of the Tower of London, who is one of the senior generals in the army ; the appointment having been anciently one of high importance and trust. Constans, Type of. (Type of Constans.) Constant. [L. constan, -tem, part, of con- stare, to stand together.] In Math., a quantity or number whose value in regard to any question or class of questions is fixed. Con- stants generally sers'e to define the relations ex- isting between variable magnitudes. Thus, if s denotes the number of feet through which a body will fall in / seconds, it is known that s = ibt'^ (approximately) ; here the constants, 16 and 2, serve to define the relation existing between the variable magnitudes s and /. Constantia. A red wine made at the place so called, near Capetown. Constantino, Donation of. An alleged gift to the pope by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion, conveying to him the city of Rome and the whole Western Empire. The document is supposed to be a forgery of the eighth century. — Milman, //ist. of Latin Christianity, bk. i. ch. 2. Constellation. [L. constellatio, -nem.] {As- tron. ) A group of stars. The division of stars into constellations is purely arbitrary. The large stars within the group are distinguished as o, (3, etc. ; as, a Leonis, 3 Aquilae, S Ursse Majoris, etc. Constituent Assembly. In Fr. Hist., the first of the national assemblies of the Revolution. Dissolved in 1791. (Assembly.) Constrictive. [L. constrictlvus, constringo, / draw together.] Able to bind together, astrin- gent. Construct ; Construction. [L. constructus, part, of construfire, to put together.] To draw by geometrical rules ; as "to construct a figure similar to a given rectilineal figure." Mathe- matical problems are in many cases solved by algebraical processes ; but it frequently happens that the steps of the process correspond to the drawing of certain lines on paper, by means of which a line or other magnitude can be deter- mined which serves as a solution of the problem. Under these circumstances the problem is said to be solved by C. Constructive. {Marine Insur.) Taken for certain. A constructive total loss is reckoned when salvage is highly improbable, and, on abandonment of all claim to salvage, owners recover against underwriters as for total loss. CONS 137 CONT It also occurs when it would cost more than a ship's value to repair her. (Abandonment.) Consnalia. (Ludi oiroenses.) Consnbstantikl. [L. con-, with^ substantia, substance. ] ( Theol. ) This word translates the Greek homoiousios, used in the Nicene Creed to denote the oneness of substance between the Father and the Son. (Homoiousian.) Consubstantiation. ( Theol. ) The name given to the Lutheran doctrine that, while the bread and wine in the Eucharist retain their natural substance, the body and blood of Christ are at the same time transfused into them, and thus that both substances are partaken of together. (Transubstantiation.) ConsoL [L.] 1. The two supreme magis- trates of Rome after the expulsion of the kings were called Consuls. They held office for one year. (Aatocrat.) 2. In France, the title was conferred in 1799 on the persons entrusted with the provisional government of the country after the dissolution of the Directory. 8. It is also given generally to public officers who act on behalf of foreign states partly in a diplomatic and partly in a commercial character. Coiualan. [L. consularcs.] Roman citizens were so called after having served as consuls. Conaoltation, Writ of. In Law, a writ by which a cause, removed into the King's Court by Prohibition out of the ecclesiastical court, is returned thither again. Contadino. [It.] Feasant, countryman. Cont&gium &nlm&tiun, or TlTun. A living disease germ ; a mediaeval expression, antici- patory of the modern germ-theoiy of contagion. Contango. {Stoekbrok.) The commission charged to bulls for carrying over a bargain from one settling day to the next, if stock has fallen in price since he bought. (Continuations.) ContempSr&nea ezpositio est optima et for- ti—Vma in lege. [L.] An exposition delivered at or near the date {of a law or deed) is the best and most powerful in law. Content*. {Naut.) A document containing a merchantman's destination, cargo, etc., which must be delivered to the custom-house before sailing. Conterminous. [L. contermlnus, from con-, together, tci minus, boundary. "[ Having the same bounds, bordering upon, contiguous. Contestation. [L. contestatio, -nem, a calling to Tvitness.] 1. A contesting, a controversy. 2. • Attestation. Continental system, (//ist.) The name given to the plan of the first Napoleon Bonaparte, for excluding English merchandise from all parts of the Continent. Contingent. [L. contingens, -tem, part, of contingcre, to concern.] (Mil.) 1. Allowance made to captains for repair of arms, pay of clerk, purchase of documents, the keeping each soldier efficient in kit, and as compensation for risk of taking charge of public money. 2. Establish- ment of troops organized, equipped, and kept in efficiency, at the disposal of a neighbouring superior state. Continual proportion. If there are any mag- nitudes such that the first bears to the second the same ratio that the second bears to the third, and the second to the third the same ratio that the third bears to the fourth, and so on, the magnitudes are said to be in a Continual or Con- tinued P. Continuations. (Stockbrok.) The carrying over of a time bargain from one fortnightly settling day to another, for which a commission is charged, called contango if a buyer defer set- tlement, hack'uiardation if a seller defer. Continued fever. Abating, but never entirely intermitted. (Intermittent fever.) Continued fraction, A fraction whose nume- rator is unity and denominator a whole number plus a fraction ; this fraction has for its numerator unity and its denominator a whole number plus a second fraction of the same form as the preceding, and so on ; as 7 + I 2 c which equals — ^ I 183 3+ I Continued product of three or more numbers is obtained by multiplying the first by the second, their product by the third, and so on. Thus the continued product of 7, 12, and 15, is 1260. Continuity ; Equation of C. ; Law of C. ; Con- tinuous. A variable magnitude is said to change continuously when it passes from one assigned value to another without breaks or jumps. If we suppose the magnitude to be always on the increase or decrease between the assigned values, it changes continuously when it passes succes- sively through every intermediate value. The Law of C. is the doctrine that no change in a natural phenomenon takes place with per- fect suddenness or abruptness ; thus the gaseous and liquid states of matter may be made to pass one into the other without any interruption or breach of Continuity. The Equation of C. in hydro-dynamics is an algebraical or symbolical statement of the fact that at any point of a fluid in motion the rate of diminution of the density bears to the density the same ratio that the rate of increase of the volume of an infinitely small portion bears to the volume of the portion at the same instant. Continuous lines. (Mil.) Any series of field works without break or interval. Continuous style. (Arch.) More commonly called Perpendicular. (Geometrical style.) Contorted. [L. contortus, part, of contorqueo, / whirl round. ] (Bot. ) Twisted so that all the parts have a similar direction ; as the segments of an oleander flower. Contour line. [Fr. contour, contour.] 1. (Geog.) A line on a map showing all those points on the surface of the ground which are at an assigned height (say 100 feet or 200 feet) above the sea- level. 2. (Mil.) Represents the intersection of a horizontal plane with the surface of a hill. Contra audentior ito. (Ne cede malis.) Contraband. [L. contra, against, bannum, public prohibition.] Goods, such as munitions of war, belligerents* property, which neutrals are CONT 138 COOR prohibited from importing or exporting to or from a belligerent's ports. Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good con- diut, against morality. Contradictory propositions. (Log.) Propositions which have the same term differing in quantity and quality, Contrary propositions being two universals with the same terms — the one negative, the other affirmative. Contranitency. [L. contra, against, niter, / strive.] Resistance to force employed. Contrary motion. {Music.) (Motion.) Contrary propositions. (Contradictory pro- positions.) Contrate-wheel. A Crown-wheel. Contravallation. (Circumvallation.) Contreotatio rei aliense animo furandi est fortnm. [L. ] T/ie touching of another's property -with intention of stealing is theft. Contredanse. [Fr., corr. into country-dance.] An English dance ; the performers being in two lines opposite to [L. contra] each other. Contretemps. [Fr.] Lit. against time; an unexpected accident. Control. [Fr. controle, O.Fr. contre-role, a counter-roll, a duplicate, for verification.] {Mil.) Department having entire charge of all payments, stores, quarters, and equipage of an army. Contumacy. [L. contiimacia.] Obstinate dis- obedience to the rules and orders of a court, or neglect of a legal summons. Contusion. [L. contuslo, -nem, from contundo, / bruise, crush.] (Med.) An injury without apparent wound, caused by a fall, blunt weapon, etc. Conundrum. A kind of riddle involving an ab- surd comparison, by means of a punning answer, between unlike things. Conusee. (Cognizee.) Convection; Convective. [L. convectio, a bringing together.] When a heated body is placed in or near a fluid, the neighbouring part of the fl«d has its density diminished, and, as- cending, is replaced by some of the colder part of the fluid, which in its turn grows warm and ascends ; a current is thus set up which is called a C. current, and the heat is said to be diffused by C. C. currents may be set up by other means, as when electricity is the thing carried, e.g. when a conductor ending in a fine point is strongly electrified, the particles of air near the point will be charged with electricity, and then carried to- wards any surface oppositely electrified. This constitutes a Convective discharge of electricity. Convener. [L. con-, together^ vfinio, / come.] A Scotch county official. Conventicle Act, First, 1664, made liable to fine and imprisonment any over sixteen years of age present at any exercise of religion not allowed by the Church of England, where there were five persons more than the household. C. A., Second, 1670, modified these penalties, but gave part of the fine to informers. (Declaration of Indul- gence.) Convention. [L. conventio, -nem, a coming together.] (Hist.) 1. An assembly of national representatives meeting under extraordinary circumstances, without being convoked by legal authority. Such was the I'arliament which re- stored Charles II. in 166 1, and the Parliament which, in 1688, declared that James II. had ab- dicated the crown. 2. In Fr. Hist., the as- sembly which proclaimed the republic in 1792. (Assembly.) Convergent series. [L. con-, together, vergo, / incline.] A series such that the sum of its first n terms cannot be made to exceed a certain assigned number, however large n may be ; e.g. '+5 + i + J + T8 + ^^^M cannot be made to ex- ceed 2, however many terms may be taken. Conversazione. [It.] A social gathering for conversation, especially one at which experts and amateurs in literature, art, or science meet. Convex, Double; Convexo-concave; Convexo- plane. (Lens.) Conveyance. {L. con\&;\o, I convey.] (Leg.) An instrument which assumes the transfer of property to a living person. Conveyancing. (Leg. ) The art or science of the alienation of property. Convocation. [L. convocatio, -nem, a calling together.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Council of the Church, consisting of the clergy of a province summoned by the archbishop. Edward I. first summoned convocations in England for the pur- pose of obtaining subsidies from them. The power of taxing their own body was taken from them in 1664, when the clergy were allowed to vote in elections of knights of the shire. The House of Convocation in the University of Oxford is the assembly which ratifies decrees and statutes. Convoy. [Fr. convoi, L.L. conviare, to escort. 1 1. (Mil.) Guard accompanying stores and baggage for their protection. 2. (A'aut.) A merchant fleet under the protection of armed vessels. 3. The armed vessels themselves. 4. A drag to check carriage-wheels in descending a hill. Convulsionists, Convulsionaires. [Fr.] Fana- tical Jansenists, in France, early in the eigh- teenth centurj', exhibiting contortions resembling the movements of all kinds of animals. (Dancing mania.) Coolies, Coulies. Originally the name of one of the hill tribes of Hindustan ; many of these being employed as labourers and porters in Bom- bay, etc. The word C. became —porter ; but it is used now to denote emigrant labourers from India and China to other countries. Coom. [Ger. kahm, mildew.] Soot or coal- dust. Coomb. [(?) Cf. L. ciimiilus, a heap.] A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. Coomings. (Coamings.) Cooptation. [L. cooptatio, -nem, from con-, together, opto, / choose.] Election of fresh members to a board or college by the existing members. Co-ordinate axes; C. geometry; C. planes. Co-ordinates ; Orig^ of C. ; Oblique C. ; Eectan- gular C. ; Spherical C. If a point in a plane is taken and through it are drawn two lines or axes which are then produced indefinitely both ways, COOR 139 CORA the plane is evidently divided into four portions. Suppose a point taken anywhere in the plane, its position relatively to the two straight lines or axes can be defined thus : Through the point draw a line parallel to the one axis to cut the other ; the line thus drawn is called the ordinate, and the intercept the abscissa. If the lengths of the abscissa and ordinate are known, the position of the point is known, provided it be known in which of the four portions of the plane it is situated. If, however, the signs + or — pre- fixed to the abscissa indicate that it is measured to the right or left of the fixed point, and the same signs prefixed to the ordinate indicate that it is to be measured up or down, it is plain that, the signs and magnitudes of the ordinate and abscissa being known, the position of the point is determined without ambiguity relatively to the axes. The ordinate and abscissa are called the C. of the point, the axes or lines of reference are called C. axes, and the point through which they both pass is called the Origin of C. ; when the axes are at right angles to each other the C. are rectangular, when otherwise the C. are oblit^ue. The position of a point in space may be defined by an extension of the same method with reference to three C. planes. The position of a point on the surface of a sphere may be similarly defined by arcs of two great circles which are called its Spherical C, e.g. the latitude and longitude of a place on the earth's surface (as commonly defined) are the spherical co- ordinates which fix its position. C. geometry is an application of algebra to geometry, based on the determination of the position of a point by means of its co-ordinates. It is sometimes called Cartesian geonutry, from the name of its inven- tor, Des Cartes. (For Poleur co-ordinates, vide Badios-Vector.) Co-ordinating power of the brain brings mus- cular movements into harmony; it is absent, e.g., in intoxication. Copaiba, Copaiva, Capiyi [Braz. cupauba.] An oleo-resin from a Brazilian tree of this name. It is used medicinally and in oil-painting. CupaL An Indian resin (Mexican, copalli), much used for artists' varnish. Coparcenary. [L. co-, with, O.Fr. par9on- nere, from L. partior, I share. ^ {Leg.) Joint- ownership of an inheritable estate without par- tition, by two or more persons possessing equal title, their several claims descending to their " respective heirs. C. differs from joint-tenancy {q.v.) and tenancy in common {q.v.), inter alia, in origin, kind of seising, and methods of dissolu- tion ; also from joint-tenancy in not involving benefit of survivorship (jus accrescendi). Coparcener. Co-tenant by descent. Cope. [L.L. cappa, a ca/e.] 1. (Eccl.) A semicircular vestment worn by the clergy in processions. The rubric of the first Prayer-book of Edward VI. enjoins its use by priests adminis- tering the Holy Communion as an alternative with the vestment. 2. The top of a founder's flask. Copeck. (Boable.) Cophetna, King. A legendary king in Africa, in Percy's Reliqtus, who married a b%gar-maid. Coping of a wall. {Arch.) The covering course, often sloping on the upper surface to throw off water. Coppel. (Cupel.) Copperas. [ 1 1. copparosa, from L. cupri rosa, rose of copper. \ Sulphate of copper, iron, or zinc, accordingly as its colour is blue, green, or white, respectively. Coppice, Copse. [O.Fr. coupeiz, from couper, to cut.] Wood grown to be cut every few years. Coprolite. [Gr. tc6wpov, dung, \l6os, stone] Fossilized excrements, chiefly of saurians and sauroids ; popularly misapplied to all the phos- phatic nodules dug up for artificial manures. Copts. Properly the people from whom the country of Egypt received its name. More par- ticularly the Monophysite or Jacobite Christians of Egypt, who use the Liturgies of Basil, Cyril, and Gregory. Copiila. [L.,al>and.] {Log.) The part of a proposition which affirms or denies the predicate of the subject. In strictness, the only copula is the present tense of the verb to be, with or with- out the negative sign. Copy. Paper twenty inches by sixteen. In Printing, a technical term for an author's manu- script. Copyhold. {Leg.) A lease tenure nominally at the lord's will but really free by custom. C. is a parcel of a manor which has a court, and must have been demisable by copy of court-roll from time immemorial. The manor court as relating to copyholders is a customary court. Coq-a-l'&ne. [Fr., a cod on an ass."] A story without any connected transition ; d'un sujet cL un autre {\J\i\.xi) ; probably the original meaning of cock-and-bull story. Coqnecigrue. [Fr.] As explained by Littre, an imaginary animal, sometimes C. de mer ; the word being variously used : e.g. the coming of the C. (Rabelais) is = never; He is a C. = one who romances ; It is a C. — nonsense, false- hood ; originally meaning a kind of rest-harrow, a sticky troublesome weed. Coqoilla nut. [Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco, a cocoa-nut.] A Brazilian fruit, with a hard brown shell used in ornamental turning. Coraole. [Welsh corwgh, from cwrwg, round body.] A veiy light boat of leather or oil-cloth stretched over wicker-work ; used by a single person. Coraooid bone. [Gr. KopaKo-n^s, crow-like, as resembling a crow's bill.] A bone in birds, answering to the coracoid process of the scSpula in mammals. Coracora. (Koraeora.) Coralan. {Naut.) A small open boat of the Mediterranean, used for coral-fishing. Coral wood. (From the colour.) A fine red wood, used in cabinet-making. Cdram non jUdlce. [L.] Before otu who is not a Judge ; i.e. in a court not having juris- diction. Coram popiilo. [L.] Before the peopU. Coran. (Alcoran.) CORA 140 CORO Cor Anglais, English horn. [L. cornu, a horn.] (Alusic.) 1. The tenor hautboy. S. A reed-stop in an organ. Coranto. [It. correre, to run, Fr. courante, courir.] 1. A kind of country-dance, quick, in triple time ; Italian. 2. In Handel's and other lessons for the harpsichord, a courante is gene- rally introduced as one of the movements. Corban. [Web., an offering ox gift.] Among the Jews, anything offered to God, especially in fulfilment of a vow. Any one might thus inter- dict himself from assisting any one, even parents in distress (Matt. xv. 5). CorbeL [Fr. cor beau.] {Arch.) A projecting bracket, supporting a superincumbent object, or receiving the spring of an arch. A corbel- table is a parapet or cornice resting on a series of corbels. Corbel-table. (Corbel.) Corbie steps. (Arch.) Small battlements running up the sides of gables. Cord. A pile of wood eight feet long, four high, and four broad, containing 128 cubic feet. (From the cord with which it is measured. ) Cordate. {Bot.) Shaped like a /i«rar/ [L. cor, cordis] ; e.g. leaf of violet. Cordeliers. The Friars Minor, or Minorites, of the order of St. Francis ; so called from the cord tied round the waist. The name was also assumed by a Parisian revolutionary club, of which Danton and Marat were prominent members. Cordon. [Fr., from corde, a string, L. chorda.] (Mil.) 1. Line of troops spread out for obser- vation. 2. A band of stonework placed along the top of a revetement. 3. Ribbon, twist. Cordon blen. [Fr.] Lit. blue ribbon, a first- rate cook. Cordovan. Goatskin leather from Cordova, in Spain. Cordtiroy. [(?) Fr., corde du roi, king's cord.] A thick cotton stuff with corded or ribbed surface. Cordwainer. [Fr. cordonnier.] A shoemaker, originally a worker in Cordovan leather. Cores. Baked earth placed in the centre of a mould to form a cavity in the casting. Corf. [Ger. korb, (?) L. corbis, large basket.] A large basket used for coals in mines. Coriaceous. Like skin or leather [L. corium] in texture. Coriander. [Gr. Kopiavvov.] (Bot.) Exod. xvi. 31 ; Coriandrum sativum, ord. Umbelliferte ; yielding round aromatic fruits ; wild in Egypt and Palestine ; but much cultivated also. Corinne. Heroine of Mad. de Stael's novel Corinne, who pines away on being deserted by her lover. CSrinm. [L., skin, leather.] (Physiol.) The part of a mucous membrane which is below the Epithelium. Corm. [Bot. ) A fleshy underground stem, re- sembling a Btilb, but not scaly ; e.g. crocus. Cormontaigne. French engineer who invented a system of fortification at the beginning of the eighteenth century. Combrash. ( Gcol. ) A coarse shelly limeistone. Oolitic ; a brash \cf. breccia], i.e rock broken up by frost, etc., and good for corn-fields. Cornea. [L.] (Anat.) The transparent disc forming the anterior of the eye, set in the scle- rotic ; somewhat horny [corneus] in texture. Cornel, or Dogwood. (Bot. ) A bushy shrub in hedges and thickets (Cornus sanguinea) ; type of ord. Cornese. Comer. [L. L. cornerium, from L. cornu, a horn, an end. ] (Stockbrok. ) A combination of speculators with a view to influencing prices by getting all available supply of a stock or com- modity into a few hands. Comet. [L. cornu, a^(w->;.] 1. A kind of horn or trumpet with keys, formerly much used in Church service ; in the King's Chapel especially, and in several cathedrals. \ (Mil.) Formerly, a commissioned officer of the cavalry, who carried the standard. Cornice. (Order.) Comiche, The [Fr.], or Corniche Road. From Genoa to Nice, along the Riviera di Ponente ; narrow, like a ledge or cornice ; very beautiful, and, in places, 1600 feet above the sea. Corniculated. [L. corniculum, a little horn, dim. of cornu.] 1. (Anat.) Having processes like small horns. 2. (Bot, ) Shaped like a small horn. Coring. The process of forming gunpowder into grains. Comings. [Eng. corn.] The small shoots in malt. Cornish, or China stone. (Geol.) Disintegrated rock, consisting of quartz, felspar, and a talcose mineral. Cornish, or China clay, artificially pre- pared kaolin (q.v.) from Cornwall. (Peh- tun-tze.) Com laws. Laws for the supposed protec- tion (?) of British agriculturists, prohibiting im- portation of foreign corn for home use unless prices rose above a fixed rate ; abol. 1846. (Anti-Com-Law League. ) Cornopean, or Cornet-a-piston. A small brass instrument, modern, like a trumpet, but shorter, with valves or pistons, to produce a complete chromatic scale. Comstones. ( Geol. ) Calcareous concretions in the Old Red Sandstone of Herefordshire and Scotland, often containing fossil fishes (pteri- chthys, etc.), and yielding lime for agriculture; hence the name. Comucopise, incorrectly Cornucopia. [L., horn of plenty.] A representation of a horn full of fruit and flowers, an emblem of abundance. Cornwall, Barry. Nom de plume of Bryan Waller Procter, poet, of whose name Barry Peter Cornwall is an anagram. Cornwall, Duchy of. Hereditary title and estate of the eldest son of the reigning sovereign of the British empire. Corody, Corrody. [L.L. corrodium, corredium, li. coxrtAaxe, to fit out, furnish.] (Eccl.) 1. A defalcation from a salary, for some other than the original purpose ; e.g. an allowance given to a servant by the king, from a monastery which he had founded ; and generally, 2, allowance of food, clothing, lodging. CORO 141 CORS Corolla. [L., a small wreath, ox crown, dim. of corona.] (Bot.) The inner whorl or envelope (composed of petals) surrounding the organs of fructification ; popularly called theflmuer. CoTomandel wood. A red, hazel-brown varie- gated wootl, from the Coromandcl or eastern coast of India, used for making furniture. CSrona. [L., a wreath, crown.] 1. A lumi- nous appearance of concentric coloured rings sometimes seen round the sun and moon ; pro- bably caused by diffraction of light due to the moisture in the atmosphere. 2. The circle of light which appears to surround the dark body of the moon during a total eclipse of the sun. 3. An aurora boreal is in the form of a circle round the magnetic pole. C5r5na eastrensiB, or valliris. [L.] Crown given to the first scaler of the rampart [vallum] of a foe's camp [castra]. Coronaoli, Cronaoh. [Gael. , akin to Eng. croon, etc. ] Funeral dirge among the Irish and Scottish Celts. 05r5na, Oa. [L.] (Anat.) ^on^ of the shape of a coronet, in the horse ; one of the phalangeal bones of the foot ; below the os suflfraginis {g.v. ). CoronaL [L. cSronalis, from corona, crou>n.\ 1. A crown, wreath. 2. Adj., pertaining to a crown. Coronary sobstanoe. In a horse, a fibro- cartilaginous band between the skin of the leg and the hoof, liberally supplied with blood ; necessary to the formation of horn ; attached to the upper part of the coffin-bone. Coroner. [L. coronator.] (Hist.) The title of an office established before the Norman Con- quest, the holder, as his name shows, being especially the officer of the Crown. His functions, which extended to property generally as affected by the rights of the Crown, are now practically confined to the holding of inquests on those who die or are supposed to die a violent death. He is also the sheriff's substitute when the sheriff is interested in a suit. Coronet. In a horse. (Coronee, Ot.) Coroio. Nut of a kind of palm, whose con- tents harden into a white, close-grained substance known as vegetable ivory. Corporal [L. corporalis, relating to the body.] 1. (Eccl.) A linen cloth used for covering the consecrated element of bread after com- munion. 2. ( Mil. ) A non-commissioned officer, the lowest whose rank is defined, and distin- guished by two stripes on the sleeve above the elbow. A soldier acting as C. has one stripe, and is called a Lance- C. Corporation. [L. corpus, a body.] {Hist.) A body of persons capable of receiving and granting for themselves and their successors. Corporations may be either sole, as a king, a bishop, a parson ; or agf^regate, as colleges in the universities, the municipalities of towns, etc. Corporation Aets. 1. Acts regulating munici- pal corporal ions. The Corporation and Test Act, passed 1 661, was rejiealed 1828. 2. The popular name of the statute 25 Charles II., c. 2, which ordained that all persons holding any office, military or civil, should have taken the oath of allegiance, and should in the previous year have received the Eucharist according to the rites of the Church of England. Corporeal herecUtament. Any subject or item of real property. Corposant, or Compsant. [It. corps santo, holy body. ] (Naut.) ( Castor and Pollux. ) Corps. [Fr., L. corpus, a My.] (Mil.) A body of troops ; is now used as = an army com- plete in itself, under separate commander, an army C. Corps diplomatique. [Fr., diplomatic body.] The assemblage of ambassadors and diplomatic persons at a court. Corpse. (A'aitt.) Slang for a party of marines on board ship. Corpse candle. A light seen in churchyards, etc., caused by gas evolved from the decaying bodies. Corpus Christi [L., the Body of Christ.] (Eccl.) In the Latin Church, a festival in honour of the Eucharist, instituted by Urban IV., in 1264, and celebrated on the first Sunday after Trinity Sunday. Corpuscle; Corpuscular. [L. corpusciilum, a little body.] The ultimate particles by the aggre- gation of which the ordinary forms of matter are supposed to be composed are called Corpuscles. The mutual forces which the cojfpuscles exert on each other and to which their a{:^egation is due are called Corpuscular forces. J Corpus delicti. [L., the bodyyyf the crime.] The subject of a crime which foioi>s an essential part of the proof of most crimes. - Corpus Jaris CivUis. [L.] The imperial or civil Roman law consolidated by Justinian. Its four parts are — Institutiones, Digesta or Pandecta, Codex Rfpfitltae Praelectionis (nine books, together with Jus Publicum, three books), and Novellae. Corral. [Sp.] In S. America and colonies, a yard or stockade for cattle. Correi. [Scot.] A hollow on a hillside. Correlation. [L. con-, with, r^latio, relation.] Reciprocal relation. Correlative terms, in Logic, are such naturally and expressly, as parent off- spring. Such terms as white and black are relative only. Corrigendum, plu. corrigenda, [L.] A thing or things to be corrected. Corrosive sublimate. (Sublimate,) Corrugated, [L. corrugatus, wrinkled.] Bent into parallel furrows and ridges. Corruption of blood. An immediate conse- quence of attainder, both upward and down- ward ; so that neither inheritance nor transmis- sion of land was any longer possible. By 3 and 4 William IV. abolished as to all descents hap- pening after January I, 1834. — Brown's Law Dictionary. Corrnptio optlmi pesslma. [L.] The cor- ruption of that which is best is the worst of all corruption ; the greater the height, the lower the fall. Corsair. [L.L. corsarius, from L. cunere, Qwx^yxm, to run.] (Naut.) A pirate, especially of Barbary. CORS 142 COTT Corsnedd. [A.S.] The morsel of execration, a form of ordeal among the English before the Norman Conquest. A piece of bread or cheese was supposed to cause convulsions to the guilty who tried to swallow it. {Cf. the stoiy told of the death of Earl Godwine, father of King Harold.) Cortege. [Fr.] A train of attendants, a pro- cession. Cortes. [Sp.] {Hist.) The old assembly of the states in Leon, Aragon, Castile, and Por- tugal ; the Spanish Parliament. Cortical. 1. Having the nature of bark [L. corticem]. 2. Acting as an external covering, as the C. layer of the cerebrum. Cortile. [L.L.] {Arch.) A quadrangular area, open or covered, surrounded by domestic buildings or offices. Corundum. [Hind, korund.] (Min.) Some- times termed Adamantine spar ; a mineral, cry- stallized or massive, of alumina, nearly pure ; the hardest known substance next to the diamond. Tinted varieties of precious C. are sapphire and ruby. China, India, America, etc. Coruscation. [L. coruscatio, -nem.] A flash, a flashing. Corvee. [Fr.] {Hist.) The obligation of the inhabitants of a district to perform certain ser- vices, as the repairing of roads, etc. , for the sove- reign or the feu/'.al lord. (Trinoda necessitas.) Corvette. (J^ai/t.) A flush-decked war-ship with one tier q ^uns. Corybantes. }j( Cybele. ) Corydon. [i^: KopvSuy.] Name of a cowherd in Theocritus' fourth idyll, borrowed by Virgil, representing a rustic swain generally. Corymb. [Gr. K6pvfj.fios, a highest point, a cluster of jUrtvers.'X \Bot.) An inflorescence, of which the axis develops lateral pedicels, elon- gated so as to make the flowers level, or nearly so ; e.g. centaury. Compound C, if the pedi- cels are branched. (Cyme.) Coryphaeus. [Gr. Kopvaios.] A leader in the dance, or a conductor of a chorus. Coryza. [Gr. KopvCa.] A cold in the head [k6pvs], with running at the nose ; e.g. catarrh. Cosas de EspaSa. [Sp.] Customs or luaj/s of Spain, e.g. a bull-fight. The phrase has not the meaning of the French Chdteaux en Espagtu. Coscinomancy. [Gr. kovkXpo - iMvrela, sieve- divination. The practice of divination by ob- serving tlie rest or motion of a suspended sieve. Cosecant; Cosine; Cotangent. (Trigonometrical function.) Cosmical. [Gr. KOfffiixis, from K&aixos, universe, order. ^ Pertaining to the universe, or to the solar system as a whole. Cosmical rising and setting. (Aoronychal.) Cosmogony. [Gr. Kofffjuryovia, creation or origin of the luorld.'X The science of the origin of the universe. Cosmography. [Gr. K6fffioypatpla, universe- description.] The science of describing the constitution of the universe and the mutual relation of its parts, or a description of the universe. Cosmopolitan. [Gr. K6afM-iro\lTr]r, world- citizen.'] Pertaining to a citizen of the world, free from ties or prejudices due to a special home or country. Cosmorama. [Gr. Koaftos, "world, Spafxa, sight, spectacle.] An exhibition through lenses of scenes in various parts of the world, with arrangements for making the pictures look natural. Cosmos. [Gr. kScixos, order, harmony, used by Pythagoreans first for the unirjerse.] The univei-se, or the essential principle of order in the system of the universe. Cossack. . Tartar irregular horseman. Cosset. [A.S. cote, house, sittan, to sit.] 1. A lamb reared by hand in the house. 2. A pet. 3. To C, to pet, to fondle. Costa, {la., a rib.] {Bot.) The midrib of a leaf. Costal. [L. costa, a rib.] Pertaining to the ribs. Costeaning. [Cornish cottas stean, dropped tin.] The discovery of lodes by sinking pits in their vicinity transversely to their supposed direction. Costermonger. [Costard, a kind of apple, for O.Fr. custard, custard; cf. Welsh caws, curd, and A.S. mangere, dealer, from mangian, to trade ; cf. L. mango, dealer, slave-dealer.] Huck- ster of fmit. Costrel. [Welsh costrel, L.L. costrellus, (?) from costa, side, or canistra, basket.] An earthen or wooden bottle with ears for slinging it at the side. Coterie. [Fr.] A set of persons connected by common interests, who often enjoy each other's society, and are more or less exclusive. Cothurnus. [L., for Gr. K^Qopvo^.] The high- soled boot laced up the front, worn by Greek tragic actors ; originally a hunting-boot, a buskin. Coticular. [L. coticula, small rvhetstone (cos, cotis).] Belonging to or fit for whetstones. Co-tidal lines. Lines drawn across a map of the ocean, to show at what places the times of high tide are the same. Cotillon. [Fr. cotte, cotille, a petticoat.] A lively dance, something like a country-dance ; name and special character given to it in France. Cotswold. [A.S. cote, mud hut, weald, forest.] A range of low hills, mostly in Glouces- ter, in which the Thames rises ; noted for a breed of sheep. Cottabos. [Gr.] A Greek game, in which liquid was tossed out of a cup into a metal dish so as to make a peculiar sound. Cotter. A wedge used for connecting certain parts of machinery. If a shaft have one end enlarged and formed into a socket which the end of a second shaft fits, the two may be firmly held together by a wedge driven into a properly formed hole passing through both, and then they will act as a single shaft. The wedge is a C. Cottier. [Leg. L. cotarnis, from A. S. cote or a like Teut. word.] A cottager who holds in free socage iy.v.) for a certain rent and occasional personal service [metayer] ; the rent is often a fixed proportion of the yield of the land. COTT 143 COUP Cottise. [Fr. cote, a rib, L. costa.] (Her.) A diminutive of the bend, being one-fourth its size. A bend between two cottises is said to be cottised. Cottonade. A stout, thick cotton fabric. Cotton Famine. The cessation of work in the mills of Lancashire ; no cotton arriving whilst the American ports were closed, 1851-65. Cotton-gin. A machine for separating the cotton fibre from the seed. Cottonian Library. The remains of the library, containing records, charters, and other MSS., founded by Sir liobert Bruce Cotton (1570-163 1), given to the nation 1 700, placed in the British Museum 1757. Cotyla. [L., for Gr. KoriXij.] Originally a cup, then a liquid measure = half a pint nearly. C5tj^lddon. [Gr. KorXiKifitiiv, a cuplike hoUou>. ] (Bo/.) The seed-leaves or seed-lobes of the embrj'o. Co^liform. [Gr. kotvXii, cup, L. forma, /orm.] Hollowed like a cup, as the thigh-bone socket. Conae. [Onomatop.] The i^uack of inartistic blowing of the clarionet or hautboy. Cone£. 1. A preliminary layer of size, etc., in painting or gilding. 2. A layer of barley for malting, when spread out after steeping. Conchant. [Fr.] (I/er.) Lying down with the head erect. Conohing. [ Fr. coucher, to ptU to bed. ] ( Med. ) Pushing downwards, by a needle, of the cataractous lens into the vitreous humour. Congoar. Puma, or American lion, not a lion (Felis concolor) ; the " painter," i.e. panther of N. -American farmers. Conline. [ Fr. ] A side scene in a theatre, a space between the side scenes. Coulter. [O.E. culter, a knife, from L., id.\ Knifc-Iike iron of the plough, cutting the soil in a vertical plane. Conmann. (Bot.^ A camphor-like sweet sub- stance, the cause of perfume in the tonquin-bean of perfumers, the Coumarou of French Guiana, the woodruff, the sweet vernal grass, and other plants. Conneil, Privy. The chief council of the Eng- lish sovereign. Its jurisdiction is mainly appel- late, appeals from all parts of the empire being made to it in the last resort. The Star Chamber and the Court of Requests were formerly com- mittees of the P. C. Connsala of perfection. (TJuol.) In the Latin Church, counsels of holiness not applicable to all, but binding on those who undertake to follow them. These are poverty, chastity, and obedience. Count. [L. comes, a f(?w/(i«/o«.] (Hist.) In most of the European states, a title corresponding to that of the British earl. Under the Byzan- tine empire, the ten highest of the forty-three duces, clukes, or great military commanders, were called comftes, counts, or companions of the emperor. Counter-approach. (Mil.) Trench made by the garrison of a Ijesiegeil place beyond their fortlEcations, to check advance of the besiegers. Counter-battery. (Mil.) Guns employed by besiegers to silence the guns of a fortress. Counter-drawing. [Fr. contre, over against. ^ Copying by means of transparent paper. Counterfort. (Mil.) Buttress of masonry placed behind a revetement as a support. Counter-gfuard. (fort if.) Work constructed in front of and parallel to a bastion or ravelin, covering its faces. Counter of ship. (Naut.) That part abaft the stern-post. Counterparts. (Original.) Counterpoint. [It. contrappunto.] The art of composing music in parts. Counter-proof. An impression of an engraving obtained by pressing plain paper on a freshly printed proof, so as to give a reversed copy. Countersearp. (Mil. ) Outer side of the ditch of a fortification. (Escarp.) Countersign. (Mil.) Secret word or sentence entrusted to sentries for preventing any but au- thorized persons passing their posts. (Parole, 2.) Countersink. A bit for widening the upper part of a hole, so as to receive the head of a screw. Countervail. [L. contra valeo, / am worth on the other hand.] Esth. vii. 4 ; to compensate for. Count of the Saxon shore. [L. comes littoris Saxonlci.] During the Roman occupation of Britain, an officer whose jurisdiction extended from what are now the coasts of Norfolk to those of Sussex. According to some, he had to guard the country from the invasion of Saxons ; others hold that he had the government of Teu- tonic inhabitants already settled in this country. Count Palatine (Hist.) represents the comes palatii of the empire, who originally held office in the court, but afterwards obtained within his own district the jurisdiction which the comes palatii had in the palace. Hence the German title pfalzgraf, English palsgrave. (Paladins.) Count-wheel. The wheel which causes a clock to strike the hours correctly. Coup. [Fr., blo7v, stroke.] C. de bonhenr, a piece of good luck ; C. du del, a special provi- dence ; C. d'essai, a first attempt ; C d\'tat, a stroke of policy, an unexpected State measure more or less violent ; C. de grAce, stroke of mercy, finishing stroke ; C. de main, bold sudden stroke or surprise ; C. d'ail, glance, prospect ; C. de thidtre, an unexpected sensational event, something done for effect ; C. de pied de V&ne, the kick of the ass, given to the dying lion, — a contemptible insulting of fallen greatness ; C. de vent, sudden squall. [Coup is L. colpus, a later form of colapus, or colSphus, a bloiv with the fist, a box on the ear, Gr. KrfAa(j)oj.] (Jamac.) Coup d'oeil. [Fr.] Viciv taken in at a glance. Coup de soleil. [Fr.] A sun-stroke. Coup de theatre. [Fr.] Theatrical stroke : an unexpected event or manoeuvre, a piece of clap- trap. Coupe. [Fr. for cut off.] 1. The front com- partment in a French diligence ; also in some railway carriages. 2. (Her.) Cut off short. COUP 144 COVE Couple. [L. copula.] 1. Two equal forces, acting on a body in opposite directions along parallel lines. A C. tends merely to cause rota- tion in the body on which it acts. 2. One of the pairs of plates of two metals which compose a voltaic battery. Couple-close. {Her. ) A dim. of the chevron, being one-fourth its size. Coupler. In an organ, mechanical appliance for connecting manuals with each other or with pedals. Coupling-box. A hollow cylinder, into which the ends of two shafts fit and are fastened, for the purpose of connecting them in a line. Coup manque. [Fr.] A miss ; a wrong move. Coupon. [Fr.] An interest or dividend warrant. Coupure. [Fr., a cuttitig, couper, to cut.'\ {Mil.) Retrenchment made across the terreplein of a fortification, to prevent the enemy, when in possession of one end of a rampart, from having access along the whole face. Courant. [Fr.] (Her.) Running. Courbaril. [Native name.] A S. -American resin used for varnish. Coureau. [Fr.] {Naut.) 1. A yawl of the Garonne. 2. A narrow channel. Course, A ship's. ( Nat4t. ) The C. is estimated by the angle which it makes with the meridian, and is reckoned either in points of the compass or degrees ; e.g. if she sails N.E., her C. is four points or forty-five degrees. Courses. {A'aut.) The sails hanging from the lower yards. Trysails are, and lower stay- sails may be, included in the courses. Court, Christian, Ciiria Christianitdtis, = the ecclesiastical courts as a whole, distinguished from civil ; these being in the Church of Eng- land theoretically six in'number. 1. The Arch- deacon^ s C, the lowest, held wherever the arch- deacon, either by prescription'or by composition, has jurisdiction, the judge being called the official of the archdeaconry. 2. The Consistory C. of each bishop, held in his cathedral, for trial of all ecclesiastical causes within the diocese ; the bishop's chancellor or commissary being judge. 3. The Prerogative C, at Doctors' Commons, for proving wills, granting adminis- trations upon the estates of intestates in certain cases. 4. The Arches C. (held anciently, till about 1567, in the Chiurch of St. Mary de Arciibus, or Le-Bow), the supreme court of appeal of the archbishopric] of Canterbury in all ecclesiastical causes except those of the Prerogative C, the judge being the official principal of the arch- bishop. 6. The C. of Peculiars, of Archbishop of Canterbury, subservient to and in connexion with that of Arches. 6. C. of Delegates, the judges being delegated, under the great seal, to sit pro hac vice, upon appeals to the king. But its powers now, in England, are transferred to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ; and those of the others, in a great degree, to the Courts of Probate, Divorce, and Matrimonial Causes. (See Hook's Church Dictionary.) Court-haron. [L. curia baronis.] 1. The court in which the barons who held of the king in grand serjeanty exercised both civil and criminal jurisdiction. %. {Leg.) A manorial court, not of record, for the maintenance of services and duties of tenure, and determining petty civil cases not concerning more than forty shillings debt or damage. Court-oard. (Coat-card.) Court-leet. [A.S. leod, Ger. leute, people.\ {Leg. ) A court of record held once a year by the lord of a hundred or manor, on grant by charter for the viewing of Frankpledges, and presentment and punishment of trivial mis- demeanours. Couscous. An African dish, chiefly consisting of meat and millet-flour. Coute que coute. [Fr.] Cost what it may cost ; at all hazards. Couvade. [Fr. couver, to brood. '\ A custom practised among negroes, American Indians, and in the Basque country, which compels the hus- band to take to his bed when his wife bears a child, lest harm happening to him should extend to the infant also. Covenanters. [From L. convenio, through Fr. convenant.] (/List.) Those of the Scottish people who signed or expressed their adherence to the covenant of 1638. Covenants, Scottish. These were chiefly two. 1. National C, subscribed at Edinburgh, A.D. 1638, embodying the Confession of Faith of 1580 and 1501 ; caused by Charles I.'s attempt to enforce Episcopacy. 2. Solemn League and C, ratified by General Assembly at Edinburgh, A.D. 1643 ; an endeavour to en- force Presbyterian uniformity in the three king- doms, an army being sent into England against Charles. Subscribers bound themselves to mutual defence, and to the extirpation of popery, prelacy, superstition, heresy, schism, and profaneness. Coventry, Peeping Tom of. (Peeping Tom.) Coventry, Sending to, Putting into. Exclud- ing from all social intercourse ; said to be derived from the Cavaliers forcing inoffiensive Puritans to go to the Puritan stronghold, Coventry. Cover. [L. coopSrio, / cover.'\ {Mil.) Any screen from direct observation, concealing from an enemy's fire. Covered way. {Mil.) Road on the immediate exterior of the ditch in a regular fortification, following its course, and covered by the glacis. Covering party. {Alil. ) Detachment of armed troops placed in front of the trenches for the protection of the working party. Coverley, Sir Boger de. A genuine English country gentleman in the Spectator, by Addison and Steele, full of ingenuous weaknesses and un- obtrusive virtues. Covert-baron. {Leg.) Married, under the protection of a husband [L. L. baron]. Coverture. [O.Fr., from couvir, Eng. cover. It. coprire, from L. c66p6rlre, to cover. '\ {Leg.) The state of a married woman, as she and her property are under the power and protection of her husband, except in so far as his common law rights are limited by marriage settlement or the Married Woman's Property Act (1870). COVI '45 CRAS Covm. [O. Fr. covine, from convenir, L. con- venire, to come together, agree.] A collusive agreement between two or more persons for the injury of another. Cow-pox, Vacdnia. [L. vaccinus, of or from a cotu (vacca).] (Med.) An eruptive vesicular disease, of which the morbific matter was first obtained from the cow ; caused by vaccination ; a prophylactic of small-pox. Cowne, Cowry, Oowry. [Hind, kauri.] Cy- pncidae, fam. of gasteropodous molluscs. All seas. C. moneta, money C, is used in parts of India and Africa as coin. Cozarian. Relating to the hip-joint [L. coxa]. Cozendiz. [L.] The hifi, the hip-bone. Cozwain, Cockswain. (A'aut.) One who steers, or pulls the after oar in a boat, and, in the absence of an officer, commands it. (Boat- •wain.) Crab. KVXnA o{ crane iq.v.). Crab, or Crab-capstan. {Xaut.) 1. A wooden cylinder, the lower end passing through the deck and resting on a socket, the upper end having four holes through it at different heights for the reception of long oars ; used to wind in a cable or any weight. 2. A portable winch for loading and unloading timber-ships, etc. Crabbed. [From crab, sotir, rough, as in crab- apple, crab-faced ; akin to cramp, as in cramp- barkj] Sour, harsh, rough, difficult, vexatious. Crabbing to it. (Naut.) Carrying too much sail in a ^eeze, so as to crai, i.e. drift to lee- ward. Crabbier. (Krabla.) Crackle, Cracklin (i.e. crackling) ehina. A kind of china covered with a networkof veins or fine cracks, artificially caused by unequal expan- sion of body and glaze. (Body.) Cradle. [O.K. cradel.] A steel instrument used in preparing the groimd of a mezzotint plate. Cradlings. (Arch.) The timber ribs in arched ceihngs or coves to which the laths arc nailed in order to receive the plastering. Craig and tail. ( Geol. ) A conformation of hill, which has a precipitous front on one aspect, the opposite being a gradual slope, as the Castle Rock at Edinburgh. Craik, or Crake. A diminutive of earrick (iJ.V.). CrambS repetlta. [L.] Cabbage repeatedly served up (Juvenal) ; i.e. stale repetitions. Cramois. [Gr. KpanBls, <-a^^rt(y-caterpillar.] ( Entom. ) The common grass-moth of meadows in summer, or Vetuer. Gen. of L^pidopt^ra nocturna, fam. Tlnfidae. Crambo. " A play at which one gives a word, to which another finds a rhyme" (Johnson). By an easy transition, we get the game of Dumb C. Cramp. [A word common to many Teut. languages.] An instrument consisting of a piece of iron bent at the ends with a screw at one end and a shoulder at the other, used for compressing closely the joints of frameworks, and for other purposes. Cramper. (I^aut.) Yam or twine fastened round the leg, as a cure for cramp. Cramp-fish. (Torpedo.) Crampings. (Naut.) Fetters and bolts for offenders. Cramp-rings. Rings formerly used on the supposition that they could cure cramp and epilepsy, especially if they were blessed by sovereigns. (Zing's evil. ) Cranoe. (Naut.) The cap of the bowsprit, through which the jibboom passes. Crane. [A.S. cran, Gr. ytpavos, L. grus.] A machine (so called from its likeness to the long-reaching neck of the bird) for raising weights by means of a rope or chain passing from an axle, on which it can be wound up, over a pulley placed at the end of an arm (the jib) which is capable of horizontal motion round a vertical axis. Cranial. Relating to the cranium [L.], or shti/l [Gr. Kpavlov]. Crank [a Teut. and Scand. word] ; C.-pin. A piece capable of turning round a centre, connected by a link, called a connecting-rod, with another piece which moves backwards and forwards. A Crank is used to convert an alter- nating motion into a continuous circular motion, or vice versd. Thus the alternate motion of the piston is converted by the crank into the con- tinuous motion of the driving-wheel of a loco- motive engine. The cylindrical piece which joins the crank-arm to the connecting-rod is called the C.-pin. Crank, or Crank-sided. (Naut.) Easy to capsize. Cranmer's Bible. (Bible, Englisb.) Crannoge. In Ireland and Scotland, a Lake- dwelling. Cranny. 1. A Portuguese or native office clerk or subordinate employS of the Indian Government. 2. An iron instrument for forming the necks of glasses. Crantara. [Gael. cx&2in'ixc\^, cross of shame.] The fiery cross which was passed from place to place in the Highlands of Scotland to rally the clans. Crapand, Johnny. Lit. Johnny Toad ; nick- name of Frenchmen. Cr&pfila. [L., Gr. Kpavnixi).] The sickness and headache consequent on drunkenness. Crare, or Crayer. (N^aut. ) An old name for a heavy merchantman. Crauu [L. crassus, coarse.] A coarse linen cloth. Crasis. [Gr. Kpafftt, a mixing.] 1. (Gram.) A mixing of two words by the coalescence of the final and initial vowels into one long syllable, as iyd) oISo into 4y^Sa, rh vvo/xa into ro&uofjLa, rh axirh into rainh. (Synaeresis. ) 2. Temperature, constitution, as if a result of a »«J«»/ of various properties. Crass&mentnm. [L. crassus, thick."] The thick, red, clotty part of blood, from which the thin watery part, sSrum [L., whey] separates during coagulation. Crassa Minerva. (Uinerva. ) Crassa negllgentia. [L.] Gross, criminal negligence. CiussiilacesB. [L. cxzssms, thick, fat; the leaves CRAT 146 CRES being fleshy.] {Bof.) Houseleeks, a nat. ord. of polypetalous exogens ; succulent, growing in very hot, dry, open places of temperate regions ; many cultivated for their beautiful flowers. Crataegus. [Gr. KpdTuiyos.] (Bot.) C. oxyScantha ; hawthorn, may bush. Ord. ' Rosaceje. [*0|i;s, sharp, 6.KavOa, thorn.'] Cratch-cradle, Cafs-cradU. [Cratch = crib, manger ; cf. Fr. creche, fromTeut. kripya, crib'] A game played by two persons holding an endless string symmetrically in the fingers of the two hands, and taking it off each other's hands so as at once to form a new pattern. Crater. [L., from Gr. Kparfip, a mixing-bowl.'] 1. A large kind of antique lx)wl. 2. The mouth of a volcano. Crateriform. (Bot.) Shaped like a bawl [Gr. Kpariip] ; e.g. flower of cowslip. Cyathi- forni, more contracted at the orifice, like a cup [kv&Qos] used in drawing wine from the Kparrfip : e.g. flower of buttercup. Craa. Between Aries and Marseilles, a singularly ston^y plain, "Campus lapideus" of the ancients, of 30,000 acres, covered with rolled boulders and pebbles, once deposited by the Rhone, Durance, etc. ; partly barren, partly irrigated by the Canal de Craponne, and very productive. Cravat. [Fr. cravate, Croatian.] A neck- cloth. The French took this piece of dress (1636) from the regiment le Royal Cravate, which was dressed in the Croat fashion. The Croats (Cravates) are a Sclavonic people in the south- east of Austria. Craw. [Ger. kragen, neck.] Crop. Crawl. \Cf. D. kraal, an enclosure.] An enclosure of hurdles or stakes in shallow water for fish. Crawling off. (Naut.) Slowly working off a lee shore. Cream of lime. The scum of lime-water. Cream of tartar is purified tartar (from its rising to the top Uke cream). Cream ware. Pottery of that colour made by Wedgwood and others. Queen Charlotte gave to Wedgwood's the name of Queen's ware, Creance. [Fr. creance, credence.] A small line tied to an untrained hawk when lured. Creatine. [Gr. Kpias, -aroi, flesh.] A crystal- lized substance obtained from the flesh of animals. Creazes. The tin in the middle part of the huddle. Creche. [Fr., Prov. crepcha, O.Sax. cribbia.] Lit. a crib, manger ; a public nursery for children. Credat Judaeus. [L.] Let a Jav believe it; an expression of incredulity, Jews being thought very superstitious by Romans. Credence table, or Credential. [Perhaps from It. credenzare, to taste meats or drinks before they are offered to another.] (Eccl.) A table or shelf on one side of the altar, for receiving the utensils needed in the celebration of the Eucharist. Credit foncier. [Fr.] Credit on land, in France; a company for lending money on security of landed property. Cree. A tribe of Indians in Canada, north west of Lake Winnipeg. Creed of Pius IV. A creed put forth in 1564, summing up the doctrines laid down by the Canons of the Council of Trent. Creel. [Gael, craidhleag, basket; cf. Gr. KaKadoi, L. corbis, from root kar, bend.] Osier basket for carrying fish in Scotland. Creeper. (Naut. ) A small grapnel for getting things up from the bottom of rivers, harbours, etc. Creese. Dagger with a wavy blade, used as a weapon by the Malays. Cremaillere line. [Fr. cremaillere, a pot- hook, the O.Fr. cremaille being L. cramaculus (Brachet).] (Mil.) Intrenchment composed of alternate long and short faces, to give a certain amount of flanking defence. Cremation. [L. crematio, -nem, from cr^mc, / burn.] Burning; especially the disposal o\ dead bodies by fire. Cremona. Melon, for violin. (Amati) Crenate. [L. crena, a notch.] (Bot.) Having rounded notches, as the margin of the leaf of ground ivy. Serrate [serratus, serra, a saw], saw-edged, as a rose leaf. Dentate [dentatus, dens, a tooth], having pointed notches, and con- cave spaces between them, as the leaves of speedwell. Creneau. [Fr., from L. crena, a notch, dim. crenellum.] Narrow slit made for firing through in old castle walls. Crenellate. [Fr. creneau.] (Arch.) To (vLrmsh a building with battlements; hence to fortify. In the twelfth century, licences to crenellate were permissions to build a castle. Crenelle. Properly the embrasure of a battle- ment. Hence the battlement itself. Crenelled. In Nat. Hist., having notches. (Crenate.) Creole. [Sp. criollo.] In S. America and W. Indies, generally an individual born in the country, but of a race not native ; more particu- larly one born in the country, of pure European blood ; not an emigrant ; not the offspring of mixed blood, such as a Mulatto (white father and negro mother) or a Mestizo (white father and Indian mother). Creosote. [Gr. npiai, flesh, trdi^uv, to pre- serve.] An antiseptic fluid, obtained from the oil of distilled wood tar. Crepitus. [L.] In Surg., the grating or crackling of ends of bone against each other, in a case of fracture. Crepuscidar. [L. crSpusculum, t7vilight, early dawn.] 1. Like to or characterized by the half-light of late evening or early dawn. 2. ( AaA //ist. ) Flying only at those times. Crescent, (f/er.) A 'waxing [L. crescens] moon, with its horns turned upwards. It is borne (i) as a charge, (2) as the difference in the second son's escutcheon. Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa peciinm crescit. [L,] The love of the shilling groius as much as the grotving hoard of money. CRES 147 CROM Cresoive. [L. cresco, / grow.] Possessing the active power to grow or increase. Cresselle. [Fr. crecelle, a ra/ZAr.] {Ecc/.) A wooden instrument used in the Latin Church instead of bells before Church services during Passion Week ; a temporary return, probably, to primitive custom. Cresset. [Fr. croisette, ///// ^Iso called Noughts and crosses. Criss-cross row. (Christ-cross row.) Cristate. Having a tuft or crest [L. crista], Crith. The weight of a litre of hydrogen. Crithomancy. [Gr. KpXQo-\jiavriia~, from xpifl^, barley, fiavrfla, divination.] Divination by inspecting barley cakes or barley meal sprinkled on a sacrificial victim. Critical angle of a transparent medium, one whose sine equals the reciprocal of the refractive index. Thus the refractive index of water is \, and the angle whose sine is J is about 48° 36' ; this is therefore the critical angle for water. If a ray of light moving in water makes an angle with the vertical exceeding this angle, it cannot get out of the water into air, but is totally re- flected internally at the surface. The like is true of all transparent media. Criole. [Ger. grieselig, speckled.] A rough- ness on the surface of glass which clouds its transparency. Croat. (Cravat.) Crochet. [Fr.] A fancy fabric made by loop- ing wool or thread with a small hook (crochet). Crockets. (Arch.) Ornaments resembling foliage, running up along the edge of a gable or pinnacle. The word is probably connected with crook, a curve. Crocldng. Blackening with soot or crock. Crocodile's tears. Hypocritical, forced ex- pressions of grief. Crocus of antimony. (Chem.) Oxysulphide of antimony, of the colour of saffron [L. crocus]. Crocus of Mars is sesquioxide of iron, known also 0.5 jewellers' rouge (Colcothar). Croft. [L. crypta, Gr. Kpinrrr], crypt.] 1. A covered way, an underground chamber. 2. A small enclosed field. Croissant, Cross. (Her.) A cross the ends of which terminate in crescents [Fr. croissants]. Crome, Croom. A crook, a hooked staff. Cromlech. (Archaol.) A horizontal slab resting on two or three or more rude upright stones, once called ''Druidical altars," now admitted to be places of sepulture ; surrounded by a circle of rough upright stones, and formerly often covered witn earth. Found in Britain ; in CRON 148 CROW France, especially in Brittany, and there called Dolmhis [Gael, daul, table, maen, stone], and elsewhere in Europe ; in N. and S. America ; Hindustan, etc. [Welsh cromlech, an inclined, an incttmbent flagstone (Skeat).] Crone. [Celt, crion, to vither.'] (Sheep, Stages of growth of.) Croodle. To cower down, to lie close. Crook-rafter. (Knee-rafter.) Croon. [Scot.] To hum or murmur in a low tone [cf. Eng. groan]. (Coronach.) Crop. 1. Ore of the best quality when prepared for smelting. 2. [A.S. crop ; cf. Gael, crap, a ktwb.] The receptacle which opens out of a bird's gullet, and in which its food is softened. Croquet. [Fr.] 1. An almond biscuit, a small portion of some meat encased in a biscuit- like crust. 2. An outdoor game in which wooden balls are knocked through hoops with a wooden mallet on a smooth lawn. Crore. [Hind.] Ten millions of rupees. Cross. [L. crux, Ger. kreuz.] 1. {Eccl.) Among the many forms assumed by the cross, the most important are: (i) The Greek cross, with equal limbs. (2) The I.atin, with a transverse beam one-third shorter than the vertical. (3) the Maltese, or eight-pointed cross. (4) Cross of Zona, or Irish cross, a Latin cross with a ring over a part of the vertical and transverse limbs. (S) Cross fletiry, having fleur-de-lis at the three upper extreme ends. (6) Cross fitchS, crossletted on the three upper ends, and pointed at the bottom, representing, it was said, the Crusader's sword. (7) St. Andre-id's cross, or the Cross saltire, shaped like the letter X. (8) St. Anthony's, or the Tau cross, shaped like the letter T. (Crux simplex.) 2. (Her.) An ordinary consisting of two broad stripes, one horizontal, the other vertical, crossing each other in the centre of the escutcheon. Cross-birth. (Med.) A delivery when the child's head is not first presented. Cross-bow. Short bow fixed horizontally in a stock for shooting arrows. Used as late as the time of Elizabeth by some of the English army. Cross division. This logical error is when the members into which a class is divided do not exclude each other. Man is divisible, according to race, into Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian ; according to religion, into Christian, Moham- medan, Jew, and Pagan ; but a division into Christian, Jew, Mongolian, ^Ethiopian — even if, as a fact, every man could be ranged under one only of these four classes — would be a CD., because not dividing " man " upon one principle of division only, whether of religion, race, or any other. Crosse, La, or Lacrosse. A Canadian game, learnt from the N. -American Indians ; played with a crosse, or battledore, five or six feet long (across which strips of deer-skin are stretched, but not tightly), and an indiarubber ball, eight or nine inches in circumference ; the object be- ing to drive the ball (which is not handled, but picked up by the bent end of the battledore), through a goal, like that used in football. Crossettes. [Fr.] (Arch.) Small projecting pieces in the stones of an arch, which hang upon the adjacent stones. Cross-examination. (Leg.) Examination of a witness by or for the side which did not call him or her, generally but not necessarily after examination-in-chief (Voir dire), to make the witness alter or amend or throw discredit on his own evidence or give evidence in favour of the other side. In C, E. leading questions are allowed. Cross-fertilization. (Fertilization of flowers.) Cross-fire. In which the range of any firearm sweeps across a space already grazed by fire. Cross-hatching. [Fr. hacher, to cut.] Draw- ing a series of lines across each other at regular angles so as to increase the depth of shadow in engraving. Cross-head. The piece which connects the piston-rod and the connecting-rod of a steam- engine. It consists of a socket to which the piston-rod is keyed, and a journal or two journals on which the connecting-rod works. The cross- head is connected with the guiding apparatus which maintains the rectilineal motion of the piston-rod. Crossjaok-yard. (Naut.) Pronounced crojeck- yard. (Yards.) Crosslet. [Dim. of cross.] (Her.) Having its arms terminated with small crosses. Cross-trees. (Naut. ) The timber laid across the upper ends of the lower and top masts, the former supporting the top, and the latter ex- tending the top-gallant shrouds. Crotdn. [Gr.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Euphorbiacese ; many having important medical properties. C. tiglium, a small tree of the Moluccas, Ceylon, and other parts of E. Indies ; very actively and dangerously drastic, yielding C. oil. Crouch ware. Salt-glazed stoneware, made at Burslem and elsewhere, 1690-1780. Some- times called Elizabethan. Crouds, Shrouds. (Arch.) An old name for the crypt of a building, as in Old St. Paul's. Croupier. \¥x., partner.] At a gaming-table, the dealer or dealer's assistant. Croupiere. [Fr., from croupe, frz///^r.] De- fensive armour covering the haunches of a horse down to the hocks. Crowdie. (A^aut. ) Cold meal and milk mixed, or a mixture of oatmeal and boiled water with treacle, or sugar and butter. Crowfoot tribe. (Bot.) /.<7. Ranunculacere. Crown or Demesne lands. (Hist.) Lands, estates, or other real property belonging to the sovereign or the Crown, acquired by purchase, succession, forfeiture, or in other ways. The practice of granting Crown land to subjects in perpetuity was abolished by Parliament, 1702. Crowner. (Coroner.) Crown-glass. Glass composed of silicates of soda and lime ; made by blowing a large bubble and twirling it when reheated till it becomes a flat disc. Crown-paper. (From the original water-mark. ) Paper twenty inches by fifteen. Double crown is thirty inches by twenty. CROW 149 CRYS Crown-saw. A saw formed by cutting teeth on the etlge of a hollow cylinder. Crown-wheeL A wheel with teeth set at right angles to its plane, and therefore parallel to the axis of rotation. Crown-work. (Mil.) Large outwork placed beyond the enceinte of a fortress, consisting of two fronts with long branches enclosing the ground in rear. It may broadly be considered as a double horn work {age tribe, Crfiolfirss (i.e. bearing flowers like a Maltese cross), Crftd&tae, BraadMOSSB [L. brasslca, cabbage]. (Bot. ) A very extensive nat. ord. of plants, including mustard, turnip, cabbage, wallflower, stock, etc., of some 2000 spec. ; absent from parts excessively cold or tropical. Crude form. (Gram.) Professor Key's name for the Stem of an inflected word. Croral. [L. crus, cruris, a leg.\ Pertaining to or like the thigh or leg. Crosades. [Fr. croisade, from L. crux, crucis, a cross.] (Hist.) Exj^ditions undertaken by men who bore on their arms the symbol of the cross, under a vow to wrest the Holy Sepulchre from the unbelievers. Cruse. [Cf kroes, akin to crock, Get. krug, pitcher.] A small vase or bottle. Cruset. [Fr. creuset.] A goldsmith's crucible. Cmshroom. A hall in a theatre where the occupiers of boxes or stalls can wait for their carriages. CrostfteSa. [L. crustata, id. , crusta, a crust or shell.] (Zool.) Class of Arthr6p6