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A DICTIONARY OF
TERMS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS
A DICTIONARY OF
TERMS, PHRASES, AND
QUOTATIONS ;
THK TKRMS AND PHRASES
KDITKI) BY THK
Kiv. II. I'RRCV^SMITII, M.A..
OK BAI.LIOI. CUM.KIIK, oMOKD, i M MM \IN OI (HKIST CIU'RCH, CANNKS
THK (^)l'()l A riONS
COMHII.KI) FOR IHK AMKRICAN KDIl ION
Bv IIKLKN KKNDKICK JOHNSON
KIHniR r)K IMK. M TSMK.I I SKKIF.S
^^ Of imi N^
'U5IT1RSIT
^:foii'
IC^
NEW YORK
I) . A P I> [, H 1' O N AND COMPANY
1X95
(.srys"
Copyright, 1895,
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
Electrotyped and Printed
AT THE ApPLETON PrESS. U. S. A.
^s^
s^^^^
1^^^"^
CONTRIBUTORS.
The Rev. H. PERCY SMITH, M.A., late Vicar of Great Barton,
Chaplain of Christ Church, Cannes, Editor.
ASSISTED BY
The Rev. Sir GEORGE W. COX, Bart., M.A., Rector of Scraying-
ham, author of the " Mythology of the Aryan Nations," etc., and
joint-editor of Brande's " Dictionary of Science, Literature, and
Art"
The Rev. J. F. TWISDEN, M.A., late scholar of Trinity College,
Cambridge, Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Staff College.
C. A. M. FENNELL, M.A., late Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge,
Editor of Pindar.
Colonel W. PATERSON, late Professor of Military Surveying at the
Royal Military College, Sandhurst
The Rev. C. P. MILNER, M.A., Vice-Principalof Liverpool College;
AND OTHERS.
.' or THB •
[UIIVBRSITrl
^*^ OT THl •.
[UFI7BRSIIT]
PREFACE.
The "Glossary of Terms and Phrases" is intended to bring to-
gether such words, expressions, quotations, etc., English or other, as
are among the more uncommon in current literature, and require,
not for the scientific but for the ordinary reader, explanations, for
the want of which the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, even
the drift of an argument, is often missed ; explanations, moreover,
not to be obtained without reference to, and perhaps tedious search
among, a large and varied number of books, many of them not
easily accessible. In short, the editor indulges the hope that this
Glossary may supply all the information needed by general readers,
who may ^ylsh to have a fair understanding of the text of any
work in ordinary English literature.
Of these terms and expressions some are purely, some are more
or IcssT^echnical and scientific ; some are simply uncommon ; some
contain allusions mythological, historical, geographical ; some fall
under a very large class, which must be styled miscellaneous ; some
belong to other languages than our own.
But in explaining the words themselves, no attempt has been
made to enter further than is necessary into the nature of the
things named. At the same time, the amount of general
added to glossarial information must necessarily be very different
in different cases. Words, therefore, are omitted (i) of whose actual
signification there is no doubt — this book being a glossary, and not
aS it were a miniature encyclopaedia; (2) which imply a special
viii PREFACE.
knowledge of the art or science to which they belong ; (3) which,
occurring in writers such as Spenser, Burns, etc., are explained in
glossaries attached to them. It is plain, however, that the exact
limits of an ordinary reader's needs cannot be defined, and there
must be many terms as to the inclusion or rejection of which the
editor must exercise his judgment in a Glossary intended as much
for the mechanics' institute as for the general reader or the man of
education. But his estimate of these needs may, it is hoped, be
not very far wrong, while of the real need of some such Glossary
experience leaves no doubt whatever. As to the etymological
explanations given, it may be well to say that very often the
nearest cognate form simply has been set down — not as implying,
by any means, that in all such cases the word has been necessarily
borrowed from the one to the other.
The references given to books are made, as far as it was
possible to make them, to works not difficult of access.
For the explanation of American terms found in the Glossary,
the editor begs to express his obligation to the work entitled
Mr. John Russell Bartlett's " Dictionary of Americanisms."
H. PERCY SMITH.
.i-
Tt^^
01 TRl
[TJ5I7ZRSITT1
ABBREVIATIONS
•I'
USED IN THIS WORK.
abbrev.
act.
adj.
adv.
[Afgh.]
(Agr.)
(Akfum.)
(Al^eb.)
[Amer.]
{Anat )
{Ant.)
[Ar.]
(Arch.)
(Archaol.)
{Arith )
art.
[A.S.]
(Astral.)
(Aslron.)
(Bibl.)
(Biol.)
(Hot.)
[Braz.]
[Bret.]
(Camb.Untv.)
[Carib.]
catachr.
[Catal.]
Cels. .
[Celt.]
(Chem.)
[Chin.]
(Chron.)
class.
coUat.
(Com.)
(Conch.)
( Conv. )
corr.
correl.
(Crystallog)
[Cymr.]
d.
(D.]
[Dan.]
deriv.
dim.
(Dipt.)
[Dor.]
(Dyn.)
(Eccl.)
abbreviation.
active.
adjective.
adverb.
Afghanistan.
Agriculture.
Alchemy.
Algebra.
American.
Anatomy.
Antiquity.
Arabic.
Architecture.
Archafology.
Arithmetic
article.
Anglo-Saxon.
Astrology.
Astronomy.
Biblical.
Biology.
Botany.
Brazilian.
Breton.
Cambridge University.
Caribbean.
catachreslic.
Catalan.
Celsiis.
Celtic,
Chemistry.
Chinese.
Chronology.
classical.
collateral.
Commercial.
Conchology.
Convocation.
corruption.
correlative.
Crystallography.
Cymric
died.
Dutch.
Danish.
derivative.
diminutive.
Diplomatic.
Doric.
I )ynamics.
EcclesiasticaL
(Eccl. Arch.)
=
Ecclesiastical Architccturu.
(Eccl. Hist.)
=
Ecclesiastical History.
[Eccl. L.]
=
Ecclesiastical Latin.
[Egypt.]
=
Egyptian.
[Eng.]
=
English.
(Eug. Hist.)
=
English History.
(En torn.)
s
Entomology.
(Ethn.)
^
Ethnology.
(Etym.)
=
Etynioloj^y.
fam.
=
family.
(Farr.)
=
Farriery.
fem.
=
feminine.
(Fatd.)
s=
Feudal.
fig.
^
figure.
[Flem.]
=
F'lemish.
(Fort if.)
=
F'.ortification.
[Fr.]
=
F'rench.
freq.
=
frequentative.
(Fr. Hist.)
=
FVench History.
Gadh.]
=
Gadhelic
Gael.]
=
Gaelic.
Case]
=
Gascon.
gen.
=
genus.
(Geo.s:.)
=
Geography.
(Geol.)
=r
Geology.
[Ger.]
SE
German.
[Goth.]
e
Gothic.
[Gr.]
=
Greek.
(Grtim.)
=
Grammar.
Hayt.]
=
Haytian.
Ilcb.]
=
Hebrew.
(f/cr.)
=
Heraldry.
[Hind.]
=
Hindu.
(/list.)
=
History.
[Icel.]
=
Icelandic.
(Ichth.)
=
Ichthyology.
[Ir.]
=
Irish.
iron.
=
ironical.
[It.]
=
Italian.
[Jap.]
=
Japanese.
(Jurisp.)
=
Jurisprudence.
kingd.
[L.T
=
kingdom.
=
Latin.
(Lang.)
=
Language.
(Af.)
=
Legal.
[L.G.]
=
Low Germaiu
(Lit.)
=
Literature.
Lit.
=
literally.
[L.L.]
=
Low Latin.
(Lo^.)
=
Logic.
(Mag.)
B
Magnetism.
ABBREVIATIONS.
(Manuf.)
masc. =
(Math.) =
[M.E.]
(Mech.)
(Med.)
Med. L.
metaph. =
(Mcteorol.) -
meton. =
(Metr.)
(Mil.)
(Min.)
[Mod.Gr.]
modif. =
(Mnnidp.) -
(Mus.) -
(Myth.)
[N.-Amer.Ind.]:
(AW. Hist.) •
(Naut.) -
neg.
neut. :
Norm. Fr. =
[Norw. ] :
(Nitniis.) -
[O.E.]
[O.Fr.]
[O.H.G.]
[O.N.]
[Onomatop.] :
ord. :
(Ornith.)
[O.S.]
[O.Sp.]
(Ost.)
(Ostr.)
(Ox/. Univ.) ■■
P-
(Pari.)
(Path.)
[Pers.]
(Phi/.)
(Phys.)
Manufactures.
[Physiyl.)
masculine.
plu.
Mathematics.
(Poet.)
Middle English.
[Pol.]
Mechanics.
[Port.]
Medical.
p.p.
Mediaeval Latin.
p. part.
metaphorical.
pron.
Meteorolc^y.
(Pros.)
metonymy.
pr. part.
Metric.
redupl.
Military.
(Rhet.)
Mineralogy.
(Rom. Hist.)
Modern (jreek.
rt.
modification.
[Russ.]
Municipal.
[Scand.]
Music.
(Schol.)
Mythology.
(Scien. )
North-American Indian.
[Scot.]
Natural History.
(iicot. Laiv.)
Nautical.
[Semit.]
negative.
sing.
neuter.
[Skt.]
Norman French.
[Slav.]
Norwegian.
[Sp.]
Numismatics.
spec.
Old English. .
(Stockbrok.)
Old French.
sub-kingd.
Old High German.
subst.
Old Norse.
(Surg.)
Onomatopoeia.
[Sw.]
order.
syll.
Ornithology.
[Syr.]
Old Saxon.
[Teut.]
Old Spanish.
(Theat.)
Osteology.
(Theol.)
Ostracology.
transl.
Oxford University.
[Turk.]
participle.
typ.
Parliamentary.
{Univ.)
Pathology.
v.a.
Persian.
(Vet.)
Philosophy.
v.n.
Physics.
(Zool.)
Physiology
plural.
Poetry.
Polish.
Portuguese.
past participle.
past participle.
pronounced.
Prosody.
present participle.
reduplicate.
Rhetoric.
Roman History.
root.
Russian.
Scandinavian.
Scholastic.
Science.
Scotch.
Scotch Law.
Semitic.
singular.
Sanskrit.
Slavonic.
Spanish.
species.
Stockbroking.
sub-kingdom.
substantive.
Surgery.
Swedish.
syllables.
Syriac.
Teutonic.
Theatrical.
Theological.
translation.
Turkish.
typical.
University
verb active.
Veterinary.
verb neuter.
Zoology.
^*' 0? THl ••
[UfflTBESITT]
GLOSSARY OF ^ffis AND PHRASES.
ABBE
A. With the Romans, usually stood for the
pncnomen Aulus ; in inscriptions, often for Au-
gustus, A. A. being duo Augusti, A. A. A., tres
Augusti ; in epitaphs, for Annus ; upon voting-
tablets at the Comitia, for Antlquo, / reject
(ir.B.) ; in judicial trials, for Absolvo, / say
" m>i guilty, ' as opposed to C. , Condemno, I say
" guitty," and to uV.L. {f.v.). As a numeral,
A is 500, A 5000.
A 1. In Lloyd's Register of Shipping (q. v.),
indicates, to shippers and insurers, a first-class
vessel, thoroughly equipped. A refers to hull,
I to anchor, cables, etc. Hence A i, in slang,
= first-rate.
-a, -ay. Norse suffix. 1. = island in the sea,
as in Staff-a, Colons-ay. 8. = river, as in Gret-a,
Rattr-ay. [A.S, ea, O.H.G. aha, Goth, ahva,
L. aqua, ww/^r.] (-«a; ey.)
Ab. Eleventh month of civil, fifth of ecclesi-
astical, Jewish year ; July — August.
A.B. (Naut.), i.e. able-bodied ; a first-rate, as
distinguished from an ordinary, seaman.
Aback. {Naut.) Position of sxiils when the
wind bears on their front. They are Taken or
Laid A. by accident or design respectively.
AbMOt. A spurious word, given in all dic-
tionaries, and said to mean *' a cap of State,
wrought up into the shape of two crowns, worn
formerly by English kings." But both word and
thing are delusions. 1 he true word, Byoooket
[O. Fr. bicoquet, the peak of some kind of lady's
head-dress], not uncommon up to and after \yx>,
after undergoing a series of corruptions, appears
in Spelman's Glossdrium (1664) as "Abacot,"
with the alxjve explanation ; whence it has been
copied from one dictionary into another ever
since. Its primitive meaning probably sur-
vives in the Sp. bicoquin, a cap with two points.
As Hinry V. on his bassinet at Agincourt, and
as Ri:hard on his helmet at Bosworth, wore a
gold crown; so Menry VI. (crowned King of
England and of France) wore at Iledgley Moor
two crowns upon his bycocket — but in no sense
as part of it. (See Dr. Murray's Letter to the
Athenaum, February 4, 1882.)
Ab&ooa. [L., Gr. S/3a^, W»coi, a table, slab.]
1. The tablet on the top of the capital of a
column, which supports the entablature. 2. With
Cireeks and Romans, a wooden tray for arith-
metical computation ; divided by parallel lines,
and having in the spaces pebbles, representing
units, tens, etc. Similarly, 8, a framework with
parallel wires, strung with beads, to render cal-
culations palpable, used in infant schools ; and
by the Chinese, with whom all calculations of
weights, measures, etc., are decimal.
•abad. [lVm<\., droelling.] I'art of names ; as
in Hyderabad, the abode of llyder ; MursheJ-
abad, etc.
Abaddon. [Heb., the destroyer.] Name for
the angel of the bottomless pit. Rev. ix. II ; in
Milton, the pit itself. (Apollyon.)
Abaft (prefix a, i.e. on, and -baft, i.e. by aft).
{Naut.) Behind the object mentioned.
Abandon. [Fr.] Freedom from restraint,
careless ease of manner.
Abandonment {.\'aut.) By a written notice,
conveys to the underwriters an insured ship,
when a "constructive total loss," i.e. so da-
maged that repair would cost more than she is
worth.
A bat la, let. [Fr.] Down with.
Ab asauitia non fit injuria [Leg. L., wrong
docs not arise from what otte is accustomed to\,
i.e. one has no claim at law in respect of a
nuisance or d.nmage which has been long borne
without complaint.
Ab&tis. [Fr.] {Mil.) An obstacle formed
of trees felled [Fr. abattu] ; their stems being
placed close together in the ground, with the
ends of the branches sharpened and pointed
towards an enemy.
Abattoir. [Fr. abattre, to knock down.] A
public slaughter-house.
Abattdta. [It., at the beat.] (Mus.) Revert
to .strict time.
Abb. [A.S. ab, and ob.] Yarn of a weaver's
warp.
Abbaaidea (I/ist.) Caliphs of Bagdad (749-
125S), claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of
Mohammed. To this line belonged Haroun-al-
Raschid, contemporary of Charlemagne.
Abbe. [Fr.] A word applied not only to the
abbots or heads of conventual houses, but to
all persons vested with the ecclesiastical habit
(Littre). Before the French Revolution, many
such men rose to eminence in the world of letters
and fashion. The A. commendataires, nominated
ABBO
ABBR
by the king, drew one-third of the revenues of
their abbeys, as sinecurists.
Abbot of Joy. [Fr. Abbe de Liesse, L. Abbas
LatiticeJ\ A master of revels, formerly, in some
French towns.
Abbot of Misrule. In Med. Hist., the
master of the revels ; called in Scotland the
Abbot of Unreason (see Sir W. Scott's
Monastery). (Boy Bishop, The ; Feast of Fools ;
Satumalu.)
Abbot of the People. Formerly a chief
magistrate among the Genoese.
Abbots, Uitred. In Eng. Hist., twenty-four
in number, ecclesiastical dignitaries, who held
of the king in capite per baroniam, and sat and
voted in the House of Lords.
Abbreviations, Symbols, etc. [Eccl. L. abbr^-
viatio, -nem, a shortening.^ y^, Chr., is an A., 1|
for -jifiniariv, excellent (Chrestomathy) ; and,
later, 2, for Xpio-rrfy, Christ. LXX., Septuagint;
A.U.C., ab urbe condita, in the — — year from
the building of Rome ; S. P.Q. R., senatus popii-
lusque Romanus, the senate and people of Rome ;
S. D. , salutemdicit, sends greeting ; D.D. D. , d5no
dedit,dicavit,gave, dedicated, asagift; D.O.M.,
Deo Optimo Maximo, to God, the Best, the
Greatest ; M.S., memoriae sacrum, sacred to the
memory of ;H.S.E., hie sepultus (situs) est, here
is buried ; R.I. P., requiescat in pace, may he
rest in peace ; S.T.T.L., sit tibi terra levis, light
be the earth upon thee; I.H.C. and I.H.S.
are the first three letters, I, H, 2 (I, E, S)— which
last was at one time written very like our C —
in the Greek IH20T2, Jesus; A.S., anno sa-
lutis, in the year of our salvation, = anno Do-
mini ; B.V.M., beata Virgo Maria, the blessed
Virgin Mary ; S.J., of the Society of Jesus.
Astronomy : 1. Members of the solar system :
0, The Sun ; fl , the Moon ; § > Mercury ; $ ,
Venus ; © or J , the Earth ; ^ , Mars ; %,
Jupiter ; f? , .Saturn ; ^ , the Georgian. 2.
Signs of the Zodiac: i. T, Aries, o° ; 2. }^,
Taurus, 30° ; 3. n, Gemini, 60° ; 4. S, Cancer,
90°; 5. Si, Leo, 120°; 6. n|i, Virgo, 150*; 7.
^, Libra, 180*"; 8. Tr|., Scorpio, 210°; 9. /,
Sagittarius, 240°; 10. yf, Capricornus, 270°;
1 1 . '^, Aquarius, 300° ; 12. >£ . Pisces, 330®.
3. Other symbols are: 5, conjunction; Q,
quadrature ; ^ , opposition ; $^, ascending node;
^, descending node.
In Bishops' signatures : Cant, or Cantuar. is
Cantuariensis, of Canterbury ; Ebor., Ebor-
acensis, of Eboracum or Eburacum, York ;
Dunelm., Dunelmensis, of Durham; Winton.,
Wintoniensis, of Wintonia, Winchester ; Sarum,
of New Sai-um, i.e. Salisbury; Vigom.,
Vigoi-nensis, of Worcester; Oxon., Oxoniensis,
of Oxford; Exon., Exoniensis, of Exeter;
Roffen., Roffensis, of Rochester; Cicestr.,
Cicestrensis, of Chichester; Menev., some-
times, for Menevensis, of Menevia, now St.
David's. Similariy, Cantab., Cantabrigiensis,
of Cambridge ; Eblan., Eblanensis, of Eblana,
Dublin. Ch. Ch. is Christ Church; C.C.C,
Corpus Christi College, Oxford; F.T.C.D.,
Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. S.P.G.,
S.P.C.K., C.M.S., A.C.S., are the Societies
for Propagation of the Gospel, for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, Church Missionary,
Additional Curates'; E.C.U., English Church
Union; A.P. U.C, Association for Promoting
Unity of Christendom.
Botany: $. male; ?, female; 5» hermaph.
or bisexual ; $ — 5 — $ > polygamous ; ^ 5 ,
dioecious ; ^ — 5 , monoecious ; © or 0»
annual; @ or ^, biennial ; l^., perennial ; Ij,
a tree or shrub ; v. v., visum vivum, seen alive ;
V.S., siccum, seen in a dried state ; v.c., cultum,
seen cultivated ; v.sp., sporadicum or sponta-
neum, seen wild.
Chemistry : The chemical symbol for aluminium
is Al ; for silver [L. argentum], Ag ; arsenic, As ;
gold [L. aurum], Au ; boron, B ; barium, Ba ;
bismuth, Bi ; bromine, Br ; carbon, C ; calcium,
Ca ; cadmium, Cd ; cerium, Ce ; chlorine, CI ;
cobalt, Co ; chromium, Cr ; caesium, Cs ; copper
[L. cuprum], Cu ; didymium, D; erbium, E;
fluorine, F ; iron [L. ferrum], Fe ; glueinum,
Gl ; hydrogen, H ; mercury [L. hydrargj^rum],
Hg ; iodine, I ; indium, In ; iridium, Ir ; potas-
sium [L.L. kalium, from Ar. alkali], K; lan-
thanum, La ; lithium, Li ; magnesium, Mg ;
manganese, Mn ; molybdenum, Mo ; nitrogen,
N ; sodium, Na (Natron) ; niobium, Nb ; nickel,
Ni ; oxygen, O ; osmium, Os ; phosphorus, P ;
lead [L. plumbum], Pb ; palladium, Pd ; plati-
num, Pt ; nibidium, Rb ; rhodium, Rh ; ruthe-
nium, Ru ; antimony [L. stibium], Sb ; selenium,
Se; silicon. Si ; strontium, Sr ; tin [L. stannum].
Sn ; sulphur, S ; tantalum, Ta ; tellurium, Te ;
thorium, Th ; titanium, Ti ; thallium, Tl ; ura-
nium, U ; vanadium, V ; tungsten, W (Wol-
fram) ; yttrium, Y ; zinc, Zn ; zirconium, Zr.
Of the principal Codices or MSS. oj the New
Testament: A. is the Alexandrine, or Codex
Alexandrlnus, in the British Museum, probably
fifth century ; B., Codex Vaticanus, in the
Vatican, probably fourth century; C., Cod.
Ephraemi, at Paris, i.e. of Ephraem the .Syrian,
a palimpsest, probably fifth century ; D., Cod.
Cantabrigiensis, or Bezae, at Cambridge, probably
end of fifth century or beginning of sixth
century ; X, Cod. Sinaiticus, found by Tischen-
dorf, 1859, in a monastery on Mount Sinai,
probably fourth century.
On English Coins are: A.C., A.D., A.T.,
Arch-Chancellor, -Duke, -Treasurer; D.G.,
Dei gratia, by the grace of God; F.D., fidei
defensor. Defender of the Faith ; S.R.I.,
.Sanctum Romanum Imp^rium, Holy Roman
Empire; M.B.F. et H., Magnce Britanniae,
Franciae, et Hibernise, of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland.
In Dignities, Degrees, Professions, etc. : H.M.,
S.M., His or Her Majesty, Sa Majeste ; S.A.R.,
S.A.I., Son Altesse Royale, Iniperiale, His or
Her Royal, Imperial, Highness ; D.N.P.P.,
Dominus noster Papa Pontifex, our Lord the
Pope. K.C.H. is Knight Commander of
Hanover; K.G., K.H., K.M., K.P., K.T.,.
K.M.G., are Knights of the Garter, of Han-
over, of Malta, of St. Patrick, of the Thistle,
of St. Michael and St. George; K.B. not now
in use. Knight of the Bath, of which order
ABBR
ABBR
(as of S.I. and M.G.) there are now three
classes, viz. G.C.B. Grand Cross, K.C.B.
Knight Commander, and C.B. Companion ;
CLE. is Companion of the Order of the
Indian Empire; CS.I., K.C.S.I., G.C.S.I.,
Commander, Knight Commander, Grand Cross,
of the Star of India; L.C.J. and L.C.B. are
Lord Chief Justice, — Baron ; P.C, PriNy Coun-
cillor; H. E.I.C., Honourable East India Com-
pany ; S. T. P. , Sanctae Theologiaj Pr6fes.sor, is
the L. translation of D. D., Doctor of Divinity;
LL.D., Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws, the
equivalent in Cambridge and Dublin of the
Oxford D.C. L., Doctor of Civil Law; A. A.
is Associate of Arts; B. M., Bachelor of
Medicine: S.C.L., B.C.L., Student, Bachelor,
of Civil Law ; A.K.C., Associate of King's
College ; B. ^ L. is the French Bachelier cs,
»>. en les Let t res ; F. R. S., properly Frater-
nitatis Regiae Socius, has adapted itself to the
Eng. translation. Fellow of the Royal Society ;
simiUrly, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S.,
are Fellows of the Royal Geolog., Linnxan,
Royal Astron., Royal Geog., Societies; R.A.,
Royal Academy, Royal Academician; A.R.A.,
Associate of ditto ; P.R.A., President of ditto ;
A.E.R.A., Associate Engraver of Royal Acad. ;
M.I.CE., Memljcr of the Institute of Civil En-
gineers; M. R.C. .S. is Member of the Royal
College of Surgeons; M.R.C.V.S,, Member of
Veterinary ditto; F.R.I.B.A., Fellow of the
Royal Institute of British Architects. R.M.,
usually Royal Marines, is, in Ireland, Resident
Magistrate. D.L., Deputy- Lieutenant of the
County ; J.P., Justice of the Peace, i.e. a magis-
trate; VV.S., Writer to the .Signet, i.e. one of a
body of legal practitioners in Edinburgh, cor-
responding generally to the highest class of
•itlomeys in London; M.F.H., Master of the
Fox-hounds; M.C., master of the ceremonies.
Amongst Naval A. are : R.N., Royal Navy ;
H.M.S., Her Majesty's ship ; A.B., able-bodied
seaman; C.G., coastguard; C.P., sent by the
civil power; D., m Complete Book, dead or
deserted; D.S.Q., discharged to sick quarters;
F.G., on a powder cask, fine grain ; and L.G.,
large gram. (F"or L., v. L's, Three; and v.
A I.) Amongst Military A. are : F.M., Field-
Marshal ; A.D.C, Aide-deCamp ; Q.M.G.,
Quarter-Master-General; R.A., R.E., R.ILA.,
K.M., ure Royal Artillery, Engineers, Horse
Artillery, Marines ; CO., Commanding Officer ;
.S.C, Staff Corps; .S-C, Staff" College; R.M.C
and R.M.A., Royal Military College, Sandhurst,
and Academy, Woolwich.
In referring to Lanqitaf^es : Sansk., Skr., or
Skt, is Sanskrit ; A.S., Anglo-Saxon ; O.H.G.
and M.H.G., Old, and Middle, High German ;
Pl.D., Piatt Deutsch, Low German; O.E.,
O.F., O.N., O.S.. Old English, Old French,
Old Norse, Old Saxon; L.L., Low Latin;
Prov., Provcn9al ; »J = root of a word.
Matkentatics : Q.E.D., quod erat demonstran-
dum, which was to be provetl ; Q.E.F"., faciendum,
to be done. Letters of the alphabet are used to
denote numbers or numerical quantities ; but
a, b, c, etc., denote constant or known numbers ;
"» ■*■» y> 't variable or unknown numbers ;
w, w, /, etc., simple numerical coefficients, or
exponents : thus, a certain power of a known
number (a) would be written a™ ; a^ is rt X ^;
y a -r- b ; a > b means a is greater than b ;
a < b, less ; a* means a y. a X a X a, and the
4 is called an exf>onent of a ; ,J, formerly r,
i.e. L. radix, is the sq. raol of a number ; but
^ or ai, i/a or ai, mean the cube root, the
fourth root, of a ; .'. stands for therefore, '.' for
because; cos., tan., log., are cosine, tangent,
logarithm. When the variations of one quantity
(m) follow those of another quantity (x) the for-
mer is said to be a funclioti, f, F, or <p, of the
latter, written u = /[x) ; A indicates the finite
change which a variable undergoes, as Am ; but
if the change is indefinitely small, du, Su ; 2
means the sum of a number of quantities which
differ from each other by finite differences ; f
the sign of integration, denotes the total result
of a variation, the rate of which is continually
changing, as the distance described by a body
moving with a velocity that continually varies.
When a group of quantities of the same kind is
considered, it is convenient to denote them all
by the same letter, and to distinguish the mem
l)ers of the group by figures, i, 2, 3, etc., to tin-
right and below, called sujixes ; thus, the group
of forces which keep a body at rest may be de-
noted by P„ P„ P,.
Medicine: A, a, or aa, is 5na, i.e. kvi, again,
an equal quantity; AAA, amalgama ; F., Ft.,
fiat, fiant, let it, them, be made ; M., sometime^
manlpiilus, a handful, sometimes misce, mix ;
P., pugillus, a handful; P./E., partes aequales,
equal parts ; P.R.N., pro re nata, according In
the occasion ; Q.S., quantum suflicit, as much
as is sufficient ; R, rccip*?, take.
Miscellaneous : i.e., id est, that is; L.S., 15cm s
sTgilli, place for the seal ; loc. cit., or I.e., loco
citato, in the passage quoted ; e.g., exempli
gratia, for example ; v.l., varia lectio, a difl"ereiU
reading; cf. is for L. confer, compare; crim. con. ,
criminal conversation ; id., idem, the same; ibid..
Ibidem, in the same place ; s. v. , sub voce, or
verlx), under the word, in the dictionary ; s.h.v.,
sub h.ic voce, hoc verbo, under this word ; ic.t.A.,
i.e. KoX ri Kaitti, and the rest, the same as the
L. etc., i.e. et caetfra ; q.v., quod vide, i.e. which
see, refers the reader to the word last mentioned ;
f>.r.n., pro re nata, according to circumstances,
it. for the matter or occasion arising ; M., in the
Marriage Service, a printer's correction intro-
duced after 1726, from the Act prescribing the
form of banns, should be N. for Nonien ; D.M.,
Dis Manibus (Manes); ob., obiit, died; A.S.,
anno salutis, in the year of Redemption ; Ca.
Sa., capias ad satisfaciendum {q.v.) ; fi. fa., fieri
facias {q.v.) ; pxt., pinxit, painted ; nem. con.,
nemine contradTcente, no one saying No, is
= carried unanimously ; no., for number, is
the It. numero ; sp.g., specific gravity; c.g.s.
arc the Fr. centimetre, gramme, second ; m.s.I.
mean sea-level ; x.d., exclusive of dividend ;
ult., inst., prox., are mense ultimo, instanti,
ABBR
AbiSK
proximo, in the last, in the present, in the
next, month ; p.p.c, pour prendre conge, to
take leave; in France, s.g.d.g., sous garantie
du gouvernement, under the guarantee of the
government, i.e. patented ; Ent. Sta. Hall,
entered at the Stationers' Plall ; R.S.O., railway
sub-office, for letters; F.P., fire-plug; N. S.
is New Style, O. S. Old Style, i.e. respectively
after and before the alteration of the calendar
by Gregory XIII. in 1582, adopted in England
1751. Doubled letters indicate a plural ; as
LL.D., Legum Doctor; MSS., manuscripts;
reff., references ; N. or M., i.e. N. or NN.,
nomen or nomina, name or names ; and many
others.
Musical: Adg° or ad", adagio, slowly ; Ad lib.,
ad libitum ; Ag", agitato, in an agitated, restless
style; All' ott., or AH' 8"% all' ottava, at the
octave higher or lower than it is written ; Al
se'g., al segno, to the sign, i.e. go back to the
:§ ; At., or A tempo, in time (A battuta) ;
CD., colla destra, with the right hand; C.S.,
coUa sinistra, with the left hand ; Cal., calando,
lit. loweringly, with decreasing tone and pace ;
Can., cantoris, the chanter's, precentor's (side) ;
Cello., violoncello; Cor., cornet or horn; D.,
destra, or droite, right; D.C., da capo, over
again, lit. from the head or beginning ; Dec. ,
d?cani, the dean's (side) ; D.S. , from the sign (^see
Al seg.) ; F., forte, loud ; FF., or Fff., or Ffor.,
fortissimo, veiy loud; F.O., full organ; G.,
gauche, left ; G.O., great organ ; L., left ; L.H.,
left hand ; MM. J = 92, the crotchet-beat being
equal to the pendulum-pulse of Malzel's metro-
nome, with the weight set at 92 (remembering
that, "to be correct, the metronome should beat
seconds when set at 60 " ( Stainer and Barrett.
Dictionary of Music) ; M.V., mezza voce, with
half the power of the voice ; Obb. , obbligato,
i.e. important, and that cannot be dispensed
with; P., piano, soft; P.F., piii forte, louder;
PP., pianissimo, very soft ; PPP. and PPPP.
are used for pianississimo ; Rail., rallentando,
gradually slower; R.H., right hand; Ritar.,
ritardando, gradually slower and still slower ;
Riten., ritenendo or ritenuto, holding back the
pace ; S., senza, without ; :§, segno, sign, point-
ing the extent of a repeat ; Sfz., sforzando,
forced, i.e. emphasizing the note or chord ; S.T.,
senza tempo, without definite, marked, time ;
Tern. 1°, tempo primo, resume the original pace;
Va., viola; Vo., violina ; V. S., voltisubito, turn,
i.e. turn over, quickly ; with very many othei'S.
Abbreviators. [L. abbrevio, / abridge."] In
the papal court, condense documents, for the
preparation of bulls.
A.B.C. process of deodorizing impurities, i.e.
by alum, blood, charcoal.
Abd. \_Kr,,servant.'] Abd-Allah, servant of God.
Abderite, The. The laughing philosoplier
Democritus, bom at Abdera, in Thrace.
AbdieL [Ileb., servant of God.'] The angel
of Jewish tradition, who alone withstood Satan's
rebellious designs.
Abdomen. [L.] In the animal body, the
lower of two cavities, the upper being the
thorax, or chest, and the diaphragm in mam-
malia being the partition between the two. In
insects, it is the last of three portions into which
the body is divided.
Abductor muscles draw away from, Adductor
M. draw back to, the mesial \q.v.) line of the
body. [L. abduco, / drazv away, adduce, /
bring to.] Muscles which close the valves of
the shell of Lamellibranchiata are called Ad-
ductor M.
A-beam. {Naut.) In a line drawn at right
angles to the vertical plane through the ship's
keel, and passing through the centre of her side.
Abaft the B., any point within the right angle
contained by this line and the line of the ship's
keel in a direction opposite to her course. Be-
fore the B., neither rt^., nor abaft the B., nor
ahead (in a line with the keel forward), nor astern
(in a line with the keel aft). Starboard B., on
the right ; Larboard B. , or Port B., on the left
hand, looking forward. Weather B., the wind-
ward ; Lee B., the other side.
Abecedariaa hymns. Plymns in which the first
verse or stanza began with the first, and succeed-
ing verses or stanzas with the succeeding, letters
of the alphabet, in imitation of Heb. acrostic
poetry, e.g. Ps. cxix.
Abecedary circles. Rings of letters described
round magnetized needles, by which friends were
supposed to be able to communicate, looking at
them at certain fixed times.
Abelardians. Followers of Abelard, a dis-
tinguished Schoolman of the twelfth century,
whose opinions brought on him the censure of
St. Bernard. (Nominalists.)
Abele (2 syl.). The Populus alba, white
poplar,
Abelians, Abelites. An African sect, fourth
century, who enjoined the separate state of the
married, to avoid handing down original sin ;
after an assumed example of Abel.
Abelmoschus. [Ar. habb-el-misk, grain of
musk.] A tropical genus of mallow. The seeds
of A. moschatus are used in perfumery, and in
medicine ; and the pods of A. esciilentus, the
W. Indian ochro or gobbo, niucilagmous and
nutritive, are used in soups.
A bing placito. [L.L.] (Mus.) The time,
amount, of grace notes, etc., left to the choice
and the good pleasure of the performer.
Aber-. Cymric prefix, meaning, like Erse and
Gaelic inver, a meeting of waters, either stream
and stream, or stream and sea.
Aberrant group. [L. aberrantem, part, of
aberro, / stray from.] One differing widely
from the type of the natural group to which
they apparently belong ; e.g. Lemurs compared
with Quadrumana.
Aberration ; Annual A. ; Chromatic A. ; Circle
of A. ; Diurnal A. ; Planetary A. ; Spherical A.
[L. aberratio, -nem, aberro, I stray from.] The
apparent displacement of a heavenly body, caused
by the composition of the velocity of light with
that of the earth. The velocity of light is about
10,000 times greater than that of the earth
in her orbit, so that the stars appear displaced
through an angle of about 20-5", the displace-
ABER
ABRA
ment taking place in a plane passing through
the star and the direction of the earth s motion ;
this is called the Aberratwn, and sometimes the
Annual A. The Diurnal A. is a very minute
displacement of a like kind due to the com-
position of the velocity of light with that of the
earth's rotation. When the heavenly body has
a motion of its own, as is the case with a planet,
its velocity has to be taken into account, and
then we have the Platutary A. When a ray of
light undergoes reflexion or refraction, its
Spherical A. is the distance between the geo-
metrical focus and the point in which it cuts the
axis of the reflecting or refracting surface
supposed to be spherical. When white liglit
passes directly through a lens, the distance be-
tween the geometrical foci of the most and the
least refracted coloured rays is the Chromatic A.
The Circle of Chtomatic A. is the smallest circle
through which all the coloured rays pass near
their geometrical foci.
Abemnoate. [L. ab. from, e, out, runco, /
7L<eed. ] To pull up by the roots.
Abhorren. In Eng. Mist., the name given,
in 1680, to those who expressed abhorrence of
encroachments on the royal prerogative, while
those who demanded the summoning of Parlia-
ment were called Petitioners. It was at this time
that the words Whig and Tory came into use.
Abib. Exod. xiii., xxiiL, xxxiv ; Deut. xvi. ;
the month of green ears, seventh of Jewish civil
year, but first of ecclesiastical, as being that in
which the Passover fell ; the post- Babylonian
Aisan, March — April.
Abies. [I^] /ir; is distinguished in a general
way from Pinus {q.v.) by leaves growing singly
around the stem, by character of fructification,
and by general pyramidal form. Silver fir,
Norway spruce, larch, and cedar of Lebanon,
are representatives of its four natural divisions.
Abigail. A waiting-maid (? from Abigail Hill,
afterwards Mrs. Masham ; rather than from
Nabal's wife; see Latham's Diet., s.v.).
Abiit, ezeeuit, iv&nt, irdpit. [L., he has
gone a-u>ay, retired, escaped, ^one tearing off'.']
Originally said by ClcCro of Catiline's precipi-
tate departure from Rome.
Ab Initio [L., from the beginning] ; as, pro-
ceedings void ai initio.
Abiogenesis. (Biogenesis.)
Abjuration of the realm. An oath to leave it
for ever. [!>. almiratio, -nem, a forswearing.]
Ablactation. [L. ablactatio, -nem, weaning.]
The separation of an inarched graft from its
parent stock, but not before some union with
the new has taken place.
Ablaqae&tion. [L. ablaqueatio, -nem.] An
opening of the ground at the roots of trees, to
let in air. — Evelyn.
Ablepsia. [Gr. i3x«i|(fa, blindness, 4neg.,
$Kfiru, I see.] Incorrect term for colour-blind-
ness. (Dyschromatopsy.)
Ablepsy. (Dipl.) Wrong reading by a scribe
of that which he is copying.
AbnormaL [L. ab, from, norma, carpenter's
ntle, a pattern.] Deviating from rule or law,
e.g. in the development of living things.
Abnormis sapiens. [L.] Wise, but of no sect
or school ; naturally shrewd. — Horace.
Abolitionist. One who is for abolishing slavery
immediately and entirely.
Abolla. [L., Gr. d»'aj3oA^.] A woollen cloak,
scarlet or purple, worn by Roman soldiers,
opposed to tifga, the outer garment worn in
time of peace ; hence attributed, derisively, to
the Stoics, whose philosophy was essentially
polemical, controversial.
Aboma EpIer&tSs, Cenchria. [Or. iitiKpariis,
one who Oi'ennastcr^, Kfyxpia^, spotted like millet
seeds (Ktyxpoi).] 15oa C, Ringed B. of Trop.
America. Possesses rudimentary hind legs ; it
was worshipped by the ancient Mexicans. Fain.
Pythoiikin\
AbSmasns. Fourth stomach of a ruminant.
A bon chat bon rat. [Fr., to good cat good
rat.] Tlie jiarties are well matched.
Ab5rlglnes. [L.] Inhabitants ab origine, pre-
historic. (AatoobtlxSnSs.)
Abortion. [L. ahortio, -nem.] 1. An unnatural
expulsion of the fcetus after the sixth week and
before the sixth month. 2. In I^w, the crime of
producing this by drugs or instruments.
Abortive. FL. abortivus, ab-6rior, I fail to
rise, miscarry?\ (Pot.) Imperfectly formed. A,
branches, woody nodules in the bark of some
trees, e.g. cedar.
Abon-Hannes. Spec, of bird, identified by
Cuvier with Ibis KelTglosa, Sacred /bis, of
Egypt. Numenius I., gen. NumCnlus, fam.
Sc61op.acTdae, ord. Gralliv.
About, To go. {A'aut. ) To nut a ship's head
to the wind, and fill on the other tack. A'eady
about and about ship are orders to go about
Ab 6to usque ad m&la. [L.] From the
beginning to the end ; lit. from the egg, the
first dish, to the apples, the last, in a Roman
meal.
Aboz. (N^aut.) (Braee.)
Abracadabra. An ancient mystic word of un-
known origin ; a charm against fevers, written
on paper, folded up, and worn a certain time
in the bosom, then thrown into a stream. The
word was in the form of an equilateral triangle
inverted, each line being shorter by one letter
than the preceding, and the letter A only re-
maining as the apex. Perhars Pers. abrasas, a
mystical term for Deity, and lleb. dabar. Divine
Word ; the C is really the S of the word in its-
Greek form (Lilire). (Abraxas.)
Abrahamites. Bohemian deists of the last
century, who jjiofcssed the faith of Abraham
before circumcision. Their existence was short.
Abraham Man. An impo.stor, who per-
sonated "poor Tom of Bedlam," i.e. the harm
less incurable lunatic, who went about in squalid
dress, singing songs and driving a good trade.
(See Edgars account of himself in King
Lear.) Shamming Abraham is still slang.
Abramis. [Gr. ij3p«>j/j.] Gen. of fresh-
water fish ; Europe, W. Asia, N. America ; as
the common bream (Abramis Braina). Fam.
CyprlnTdie, ord. Physostomi, sub-class Tgldostii.
Abranehian, Abranchiate. [Gr. a neg.,
Ppdyx'ct, gills.] Without gill.><. Among Verte-
ABRA
ACAN
brates — reptiles, birds, and mammals ; among
Annelids — leeches and earthworms.
A bras ouverts. L^""] i^iifi- open arms.
Abraxas, or Abrasaz Stones. A word first used
by the Basilidians, a Gnostic sect, as expressing
the number of spirits or deities subject to the
supreme deity, 365. The letters which make
up the word A. stand in Greek numerals for i, 2,
100, I, 60, I, 200 = 365. [Pers. Abraxas or
Abrasas, God.'\ (Abracadabra.) Stones have
been found bearing this name written, together
with an emblem, the body of a man, or serpent,
or fowl.
Abrettvoir. [Fr. from L. adbiberare, to give
drink.'] 1. A drinking-place for cattle, etc. 2.
A joint between stones, to be filled in with
mortar.
Abrogation. [L. abrogatio, -nem.] The repeal
of a law by competent authority ; the inversion
of the process by which, in the Roman comitia,
the votes of the curies or tribes were asked for
a measure.
Abscissa. (Co-ordinates.)
Absentee. One who derives his income from
one country, but resides and spends it in
another.
Absentem laedit cnm ebrio qtii lltlgat. [L.]
He injures the absent who quarrels with a drunken
vian ; the absence of sense being tantamount to
personal absence.
Absinthe. An aromatic liqueur prepared from
some of the small alpine species of Artemisia.
Absinthine. The bitter principle of wormwood
[Gr. k-i/'\.v9iov\, Artemisia Absinthium.
Absit. [L. , kt him he absent.] Written leave
to be absent for one night from college, during
a term of residence.
Absit 5men, [L., may the omen be absent.]
God forbid 1
Absolute, Sir Anthony. A character in The
Rivals of Sheridan ; generous, irritable, over-bear-
ing. Captain A., a bold, adroit, determined man.
Absolve a doubt or difficult passage, = clear
up, explain. [L. absolvo, I unloose.]
Absolvi animam meam, or liberavi animam
meam. [L.] J have relieved my soul [con%ci&nct),
especially by an ineffectual protest.
Absonoos. [L. absonus.] Discordant, con-
trary to, not in harmony with.
Absorbents. [L. absorbentes, part, of ab-
sorbeo, I suek up.] A system of delicate vessels,
pervading the entire body, whose function is to
take up substances and convey them into the
mass of the circulating fluid. Of these, the
Lacteal^ [L. lac, milk] convey the chyle from
the stomach and intestines ; the Lymphatics [L.
lympha, water] absorb all redundant matter
throughout the body (Lymph). A drug which
stimulates such vessels is called absorbent, e.g.
calomel.
Absorbing wells are sunk through retentive
ground into permeable ground, to get rid, by in-
filtration, of liquids thrown in.
Absque imputatione vasti. [Leg. L., without
impeachment of waste.] Said of hfe tenure ; a
reservation securing tenant against being sued
for (non-malicious) waste.
Abstention. In Politics, refraining from the
exercise of public rights, especially from voting.
Abstersive. [L. abs,/ww, oj^, tergeo, / tvipe.]
Able to wipe away, cleanse.
Abstinence, Days of. [L. abstinentia, the
holding off from anything.] In the Roman
Church, days on which the eating of flesh is for-
bidden, as distinguished from days of fasting,
when only one meal is allowed during the
twenty-four hours.
Abstraction. ( Predicable. )
Abstract number. A number the unit of
which denotes no particular thing ; e.g. twelve
as distinguished from twelve apples.
Abstract of title. {Leg. ) Epitome of evidence
of ownership.
Absordum, Reductio ad. (Beduotio.)
Abudah. In Ridley's Talcs of the Genii, a
merchant of Bagdad, driven by a little old hag
to search for Oromanes' talisman.
Abuna. Abyssinian high priest.
Ab uno disce omnes. [L., from, one (man)
knoav all (Ids) associates^] Take this as a
specimen.
A-burton. {Naut.^ Spoken of casks stowed
athwart ship?.
Abuse of process. {Leg.) Obtaining advan-
tage by some intentional irregularity in the form
of legal proceedings.
Abuttal. The boundary of land ; land is said
to abut on this road or that river.
Academics. (Academy. )
Academy figure. A drawing generally made
in black and white chalk from a living model,
as by students at an Academy of Arts.
Academy, Philosophy of, i.e. Platonism,^ The
Academia (called after its supposed owner, the
hero Academos), being a garden in the suburbs
of Athens, where Socrates discoursed, and Plato
taught for nearly half a century. Hence A. =
seat of learning.
Acadia. Indian name of Nova Scotia.
Acajou. 1. Mahogany ; the word originally
American, and introduced with the article,
eighteenth century. 2. Applied also to the
Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale).
Acalephse. [Gr. dKaX-f]<pr), a nettle.] Sea-
nettles, sea-blubbers, jelly-fish. A class (in
Cuvier's system) of Radiata {q.v.), soft and
gelatinous, mostly with stinging hairs ; e.g.
Medusas.
Acanthlon. [Gr. tKavOa, a thor7t.] Gen. of
flat-spined porcupine ; two species. India and
Islands. Fam. HystricTdse, ord. Rodentia.
Aoanthophis. [Gr. 6.Kav6a, a thorn, o(pis, a
serpent.] Gen. of venomous serpents, allied to
vipers, having a horny spur at the end of the
tail. Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea.
Aoanthopterygii. [Gr. &Kavea,athorn,vT4p-v^,
-vyos, a fn.] Ord. of fish, with some of their
fin rays spinous, as perch. A. Pharyngognathi
have anchylosed pharyngeal bones, and are gene-
rally provided with teeth, as the wrasse; sub-
class Teleostei.
Acanthus. [Gr. &KavBa, a thorn.] 1. Brank-
ursine. Beards breech, Bear's foot, type gen. of
AcanthacetE. 2. Sometimes also the gum -pro-
ACAP
ACCO
ducing Acacia vera of Africa (Virgil, Geo. i. 1 19,
and Milton, /'rtr<7(//;a'Zi7j/, iv. 696). 3. {.Arch.)
In Cor. and Comp. orders, the foliage of the
capital ; suggested, according to Vilruvius, by
the leaves of some acanthous plant.
A eappella. [It j 1. In old Church style,
unaccompanied, as in the Sistine Chapel. 2.
Alia Breve {(j.v.),
Ae&nu. [Gr. ixop-i, -lo, mite.'\ Gives its
name to fam. Acarida, containing mites, ticks,
water-mites, as cheese-m., itch-m., nose-worm
{D^modex folliciilorum) ; class Arachnida.
Aeataleotio. [Gr. i.KaTixKi\KriKis, a neg., Kara-
A^«, I leave off. "^ In Prosotly, a verse in which
a syllable is not wanting at the end. Cataleotio
[«taTaAT>KTi«t<Jj, leaving off\ with one syllable
deficient.
Aeaoloni. [Gr. d neg., kolvKIh, a slem."} A
term bomctimes used in Bot. to mean having no
stem, or a short concealed one.
Aceadian. A name denoting the language
of the primitive inhabitants of Chaldrea, found
in cuneiform inscriptions. It is agglutinative.
Aeoelerating force. [L. acctJliJro, / hasten.'\
Force considered simply with reference to the
rate at which it increases the velocity of a
moving body ; called also the accelerating
quantity, the accelerative effect, and sometimes
merely the acceleration of the force.
Acceleration of sidereal on mean solar time.
When the same portion of time is estimated both
in mean solar units and in sidereal units, the
numerical excess of the latter over the former
is called the Acceleration ; thus, 2 h. 30 m of
mean solar (ordmary clock) time equals 2 h.
30 m. 24*64 s, of sidereal time — the 24*64
seconds boint; the acceleration.
Acceleration of the moon's mean motion. A
minute secular diminution in the length of the
lunar month, which becomes appreciable only
after centura-s.
Acceleration of a force. (Accelerating force.)
Accent. [L. accentus ; ad, to, cantus, melody-^
1. {Gram.) Stress laid on a syllable in a word,
or word in a sentence. 2. Melodic A. The
relative pitch of syllables according to special
laws in certain languages, as Greek, Latin,
Sanskrit, Hebrew, Chinese. In Greek, there
are three accents : acute (high), as \&^ov ; grave
(low), as rbi- \6r^ov ; circumflex (from high to
low), as TTJs. In French, the accents, acute ' ,
grave ^, circumflex '^, vary the pronunciation,
not the melodic pitch of vowels.
In Math, a mark put above a letter or figure :
1. To distingukh between quantities that are
alike in certain respects ; thus, in a dynamical
question it may be convenient to indicate a
number of distinct portions of time by the letters
/', /", t"\ etc. 2. To indicate the minutes and
seconds of an angle, as 15' 37". 8. .Sometimes
minutes and seconds of time are thus indicated.
4, To indicate feet and inches in working
drawings, as 5' 7" for 5 ft. 7 in.
Acceptance. An engagement by one upon
whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it
when due according to the terms expressed.
Aeceptilation. [L. acceptilatio, -nem ; lit. a
2
carrying a7vay of the thing recefved."] Acknow-
ledgment of receipt, and release from debt,
though not really paid.
Acceptor. [L.] A drawee who accepts (admits
his liability for the amount of) a bill of exchange
(<f.r.).
Accessary, subst., Accessory, adj. [L. accessa-
rius, from accessor, one xuho draws near to (Du-
cange).J 1. Contributing to a design, or to the
character and quality of a thing, either in a good
or a bad sense ; especially, 2, one not present at
the commission of a crime, yet in some way
acceding to it, consentient, either before or
after.
Accesslo cedit princlp&li. [L.] A maxim of
law ; an accessory thing when annexed to a
|)rincii>al thing becomes part and parcel of the
atter : so the trees go with the soil. Accessio,
in Rom. Law, is a mode of acquisition of
properly by natural means ; in Eng. Law,
Accretion.
A9C6U0TJ stops. {Aft*s.) Pedals, e.g. couplers,
•composition pe<lals, which act mechanically upon
others, and have no pipes in connexion with
them.
Acciatora. ( Appogg^tura. )
Accidence. An elementary book, teaching the
accidents, i.e. modification of words, as by
inflexion, declension.
Aocldens, Per. [L.] By an accidental, not an
essential, characteristic ; opposed to />er se: the
sun shines />t-r se, the moon />er atcidens.
Accident. (Predieable. )
Accidental colours. Colours depending on the
affections of the eye. If after looking steadily at
a coloured window we look at a white wall, we
see a ghost of the window in complementary
colours ; this is an A. image of the window, and
its colours are A. colours.
Accidental point. In perspective, the vanish-
ing point, that is, the point in the perspective
plane where any given set of parallel stiaight
lines in the object viewed appears to meet. It
is found by drawing a straiglit line from the
spectator's eye to the perspective plane, parallel
to the given lines. It is callctl accidental to
distinguish it from the ftincipal point, or point
of sight, which is the point where a perpen-
dicular line from the spectator's eye meets the
perspective plane.
Acclpltres. [L. accipiter, ^/V^/^j/Zr*^.] Ord.
of birds. Birds of prey, as eagles, owls, vul-
tures. Obvious external characteristics — power-
ful, crooked beak, and talons.
Accite. \\..'AQc\\\x'>,summoned.'\ To summon.
Acclamation. [L. acclamatio, -nem.] In the
language of tlie Conclave, a pope is said to be
elected by acclamation when he is proclaimed by
the voices of a sufficient number of cardinals at
once; he is elected h-^ Adoration \\\\cw a cardinal
kneels before him, and the necessary number
follow his example. ,
Acclimatise. [Gr. KXlfia, a climate.'] To
accustom a plant or animal to a climate other
than its natural one.
Accolade. [Fr.] The slight blow on the neck
[Fr. col] or shoulder ; as the last insult to be
/*' Of THl ^
ACCO
ACKE
endured (?) ; which afterwards became an em-
brace in dubbing a iinight. (radoube.)
Aocolent. [L. accolentem, part, of accolo, /
divell near. ] A borderer.
Aoconunodation. [L. accommodatio, -nem.]
Bill of exchange; a bill accepted, drawn, or
endorsed by A to accommodate B, who engages
to pay the bill when due, or at least that A
shall not be loser on the bill.
Accost. [L. ad costam, at or to the side.'\
Now meaning to address, had an earlier meaning,
to adjoin ; at the shore, land accosts the sea. So
{ffer.) Accosted or Cottised, said of a bend, etc.,
when placed between cottises, or narrow bends.
Account, Stockbroking. The fortnightly settle-
ment on the Stock Exchange, when all bargams
not settled off-hand should be concluded ; h\x\._vide
Backwardation; Contango; Continuations.
Accoutrements. (Mil.) Belts and pouches of
a soldier. [Fr. accoutrer, to dress up, perhaps =
L. L. accustodlre, to take care of ; the coustre, or
sacristan, having the care of vestments. — Skeat,
Etymological English Dictionary.
Accrescent. [L. accrescentem, part, of accresco,
/ gro7o on to/] (Bot.) Said of an organ per-
sistently growing larger, e.g. a calyx after the
flowering.
Accretion. (Accessio cedit principal!)
Accroach. [Fr. accrocher, to hook on to, croc,
a hook."] To encroach upon royal prerogative.
Accruing costs. {Leg.) Expenses incurred
after judgment.
Accrument. [Fr. accrii, part, of accroUre, to
iiureasi'.'] Addition.
Accubation [L. accubatio, -nem, accubo, /
recline at or near] or cucurnbent posture ; that of
the Romans who, at meals, reclined on the left
elbow.
Accumulation, Argument by. (Soritic.)
Ace. 1. A tinit [L. as]. 2. A card marked
with a single point or figure, as an ace of hearts.
Sometimes = the smallest quantity; "not an ace."
AcephalL [Gr. o.-Ki^a.\os, not-headed.] {Zool.)
Bivalve molluscs proper (LamellibranchTata),
as the oyster, clam, and teredo.
Acephali. [Gr. aMe<pa\os, without a head.]
1. An Egyptian Eutychian sect, fifth century,
separated from the Patriarch of Alexandria, who
had subscribed Zeno's HSnoticon. 2. Said of
bishops exempt from metropolitan or patriarchate
jurisdiction.
Aceraceee. An ord. of trees, of which the
common maple (acer campestre) is the type.
Aceric. [L. acer, -is.] Obtained from the
maple.
Acerose. [L. acerosus, acus, aceris, a pointed
thing.] {Bot.) Needle-shaped, like the leaves
of a fir.
Acerra. 1. A box for incense, at Roman
funerals. 2. An altar on which incense was
burnt.
Acetabulum. [L.] 1. A small cup for vinegar
[acetum] in Roman antiquities ; in Gr. 610-
^a.(^v, oxybaphon {q.v.). 2. {Andt.) The cup -
shaped cavity in the pelvis, into which the head
of the femur is articulated. Acetabidiferous,
having cups or suckers, like cuttle-fish.
Acetarious. [L. acetarius.] Used in salad
[L. acetana, plu.], as lettuce, etc.
Acetic acid. An acid formed by the oxidation
of alcohol. It derives its name from vinegar
[L. acetum], which is a weak impure acetic
acid. Its salts are called acetates.
Acetone. A volatile, inflammable fluid, also
called pyroacetic acid.
Achaemenidean inscriptions. Records in-
scribed in old Bactrian or old Persian, of a later
period than the Zend-Avesta, relating to Darius
(descendant of Achaemenes) and his dynasty.
Achaian (Achsean) League. A confederacy
of the twelve Achaian towns in the north of the
Peloponnesus, which rose into great historical
importance after B.C. 280. — Freeman, History of
Federal Government, vol. 1. ch. 5.
Achates. [Gr. ] The Achates of the ancients
was i.ij. modem Jasper. (Agate.)
Achates, Fidus, = a faithful companion, as
Achates was of .(^neas.
Aoheenese, or Atcheenese, of Acheen, or At-
cheen. Small independent kingdom In north-
west of Sumatra.
Achene, Achenium. [Gr. a neg., x"^''*'* ^ S'^f^-]
(Bot.) Small brittle seed-like fruit, e.g. the so-
called " seed " of the strawberry. (Indehiscent.)
AchSron. [Gr., from a root which has given
the names AchelOus, Axius, Exe, Usk, Usque-
[baugh], whiskey, and many others denotmg
7aater.] A river (l) in Thesprotia, (2) in Italy,
(3) in the nether world of Hades, mistakenly
supposed in this instance to be so named as
flowing with aches, giief, and pains, as if from
&X°^t ache, pain, and f>fa, I flow. (Lethe;
Fhlegethon; Styz.)
A cheval. \¥ v., on horseback.] (Mil) Said of
troops placed so that a river or road passing
through the centre is at right angles with the
front.
Achievement. [Fr. achever, to bring to a head
or end.] Any sign, ensign, of deeds performed;
now corrupted into hatchment.
Achilleine. The bitter principle of milfoil, or
yarrow, Achillea millefolium, ord. Compositce.
Achilles. (Nereids.)
Achlamydeous. [Gr. x^&M'^s. <i cloak.] Plants
without calyx or corolla, having no floral enve-
lope, e.g. willow.
Achne. [Gr. ^x*^' ^pctrticle on the surface.]
Small hard inflamed tubercles on the skin. Often
written, incorrectly, cune.
Achromatic. [Gr. d neg,, XP^I^^> colour.]
Not showing colour, as A. lenses, A. telescopes,
etc., in which chromatic dispersion is wholly or
nearly corrected.
Acicular. [L. aciciila, a small pin or needle.]
(Bot. and A/in. ) Slender and pointed.
Acidimetry. [L. acTdus, acid, and Gr. fitrpfTv,
to measure.] The art of measuring the free acid
contained in any liquid.
Aciform. [L, acus.] Of the shape of a «,?^fl?7^.
Acinaciform. [L. acinaces.] Of the shape <;,£
a scimitar.
Aolnifonn. [L. acinus.] Of the shape of a
grapestone.
Acker, i.e. Eager, or Eagor. (Bore.)
ACLI
ACTI
Aclinic line. [Gr. & neg., kXIvcd, I make to
slant.'\ The magnetic equator, or line joining
all those places on the earth where the magnetic
needle has no inclination or dip, i.e. where it is
horizontal.
Acm9. [Gr.] (Rhet.) The extreme height of
pathos or sentiment to which the hearer is led
by a climax [Gr. kA7/mi|, a ladder] or series of
impressions, each more intense than the pre-
ceding.
Acoemetae. [Gr. iutottLyfroi, sleepless.] An
order of nuns of the fourth century ; so called
because, in their convents, the offices were said
without interruption day and night. In the
following century an order of monks was estab-
lished at Constantinople, for the like purpose.
Ac51^. [Gr. aK6KovOoSt follcnuer, O. L. coUt.]
One of the minor ecclesiastical orders who
attends the priest in the ministry of the altar.
Aeon. (Xaut. ) A flat-bottomed boat ^ Medi-
terranean.
Ae5nite. [Gr. aK6vlrov, L. aconltum.] Monks-
hoo<l (Aconitum Napellus), onl. Kanunculacere.
A poisonous plant, with long tapering root, di-
vided leaves, and tall stems bearing racemes of
purple flowers ; cultivated in gardens for orna-
ment and for medicinal purposes ; root sometimes
mistaken for horse-radish, with fatal results.
AeotyledSnons. [Gr. & ncg., KorvKyiHv, a
cupshapfS cavity^ {Bof.) Vegetating without
the aid of cotyledons, or seed-lolies ; = Linnsean
Cryptogamia, e.g. ferns, lichens, mosses.
Acoastica [Gr. iiKovtrriKSs, having to do with
hearini;.'] The theory of sound.
Acquest. [L. acquire, I atquire.] Acquisitien ;
in Law, property not inherited.
Acquittance roll [Fr. acquitter, L. adquie-
tare] shows the debts and cretlits of each non-
commissioned officer and soldier of a regiment,
and is signed monthly by him in acknowledg-
ment of Its accuracy.
Acrilsla. [Gr. ixpaa(a, ituontinence.] In
Spenser's Faery Queen, an enchantress, personi-
fying want of self-control.
Acre. [L. ager, a field.] An area of 4840
square yards. The Scotch acre is I '27 of an
English acre, the Irish nearly i"62.
Acre>figlit. A border combat between the
English and the Scotch'.
Acre, Qod'«. , [Ger. Gbttes-acker.] A burial-
ground.
Aorita [Gr. iKplrot, not exercising judgment,
i.e. being almost destitute of sensation], i.g.
Protozoa (if. v.).
Acrito-chromacy. The being unable to dis-
tinguish [fir. &KpiTOi] colour [xpaM*]- (Dji-
chromatopsy.)
Aero-. [Gr. S/cpoj.] Topmost, extreme.
Aoroama. (Anagnostes.)
Acroamatic, Acroatic. [Gr. wpoatiiLrlKit, de-
signed for hearing, aKpodofiat, I hear.] The oral
teaching of philosophers, for intimate friends
only. (Esoteric.)
AcrSbat. [Gr. iLKp6^6,TOi, from tixpos, high,
$aivu>, /go.] A rope-dancer ; and so a gymnast
generally.
AerSgens. [Gr. ixpos, topmost, -ylyyofuu, -y*v.
I am produced.] {Bot.) One of the primary
classes of the vegetable kingdom, according to
the Natural system, = the Cryptogams of the
Linna;an. The term applies literally to those
plants whose stems increase by growth at the
summit, e.g. tree-ferns, club-mosses, etc., as dis-
tinguished from the manner of growth of Exogens
and of Endogens.
Aoroleine. [L. acrg 5l£um, curid oil.] A
pungent volatile fluid, produced by the action of
neat on fats.
AorSlith. [Gr. ixpdxlOos, from tiKpos, ex-
treme, \iOos, stone.] A name given to the oldest
Greek statues, the body being still of wood and
draped, but the extremities, head, arms, feet,
of marble ; marking the transition into marble
statuary.
Acr5mSn5grammatlcnm. [Gr. ixpos, extretne,
lx6vos, only, ypdnfia, a letter.] A poetical com-
position of which every verse begins with the
last letter of the preceding line.
Aoronj^clial. [Cir. dxpimixos, ha/<pening at
night/all.] The rising or setting of a star is
A. when it rises as the sun sets and sets as
the sun rises. The Cosmical rising and setting
is the opposite, viz. the star rises as the sun
rises and sets as the sun sets. Also spelt, incor-
rectly, Arronical.
Aer9p51is. [Gr.] The citadel, or upper town
of a Greek city.
Acrospire. The slight coil or curve [Gr.
aiti7pa] at the etui [tiKpov] of the germinating
seed, e.g. in barley.
Acrostic. [Gr. iKpicrlxov, \, the beginninfof
a verse, 2, an acrostic poem.] A piece of poetry
in which the first letters — or, according to modem
use of the word A., the first, or the last, or some
central one — of every line, taken consecutively,
make a word or a sentence.
AcrotSrion. [Gr. dKpwr'fipiov, extremity.]
{Arch.) A short i^edestal for a statue, at the
ajjex and the extremities of a pediment.
Act, Acta. In Rome, records of jiublic pro-
ceedings, as A. populi, Senatus, etc., at one time
fmblished as a kind of newspaper. Hence, in
ater times. Philosophical " Transar/zoMJ," Acts
of Parliament, Fr. acte authcntique ; and to keep
an act, i.e. perform a public exercise, for a degree.
Acta Siorna. [L.] The records of the daily
acts of the Senate, published by the order of
Julius Ca;sar.
Acta Hartl^mm. [L.] Records of the suffer-
ings of the martyrs. St. Augustine speaks of
these records as being read to the people on their
festival days.
Acta Sanctdnun. [L.] A title given to the
records of the lives of saints, the most celebrated
collection being that of the Bollandists. (Sanc-
torale.)
Actea. [Fr.^ In Fr. Law, documents (Act),
e.q. A. de deces, de mariage, certificates oj
death, marriage.
Actian Games. (Hist.) Games celebrated at
Actium, on the Ambracian Gulf, in honour of
Apollo, and renewed with increased splendour
by Octavius after his victory over M. Antonius.
Actinia. [Gr. <Ut/s, iKr'ivos, a ray of the suni]
ACTI
ADD I
Sea-anemone, giving its name to fam. Actlmdse,
class Actinozoa, sub-class Coelenterata,
Actinic rays. [Gr. oktIs, aKrlvos, a ray of
the J««.] The rays of the spectrum by which
chemical changes are produced, as in photo-
graphy.
Actinograph. [Gr. d/crfj, ■Ypi<p(i>, I write.] An
instrument for registering variations in the in-
tensity of the actinic rays.
ActinSlite. [Gr. Akt'is, \iQos, a stone.'] A
crystallized mineral, green ; a prismatic variety
of hornblende.
Actittometer. [Gr. iicris, ixirpov, measure.^
An instrument for measuring the intensity of the
sun's radiant heat.
Action. [L. actio, -nem.] (Mil.) An engage-
ment of minor proportions to those of a battle.
Action of a moving system, or Quantity of
Action, is a quantity proportional to the average
kinetic energy of the system during a certain
time, multiplied by the time. (For Action and
Reaction, vide Eeaction.)
Act of God, By the. In Law; caused by
something beyond human control, as a lightning
stroke, a hurricane.
Actuality. [L. actualis, belonging to an act.]
Real existence of some state, quality, or action ;
opposed to Potentiality (q.v.), and to that which
is Virtual (q,v.).
Actuary. [L. actuarius.] 1. In the Roman
courts, an officer who drew up contracts and
other instruments in the presence of the magis-
trate. 2. The registering clerk of Convocation.
3. A calculator of the value of life interests,
annuities, etc.
Actum est de. [L.] All is over with.
Actus non f&cit reum, nisi mens sit rea. In
Law ; the act does not make a man a criminal,
unless the intention be criminal.
Aculeate. [L. aculeus, a sting, sharp point.]
{Bot.) Covered with prickles, which are cellular;
while thorns or spines grow from the wood, and
are stiff shortened branches.
Acuminate leaf [L. acumen, a point] has a
projecting, tapering point, e.g. the common
reed ; Acute being simply pointed.
Acupressure. [Med.) The occlusion of an
artery by the pressure [L. pressura] of a tteedle
[acus] in such' a way as to arrest the circulation
through, or the hemorrhage from it.
Acupuncture. [Med. ) Pricking [L. punctura]
of the affected parts with a needle [acusj, for
remedial purposes.
Acute disease [L. acutus, sharp] is opposed to
Chronic; acute sound or accent io gi-ave ; acute
angle is less than, obtuse more than, 90°.
AouyarL {Bot.) The wood of the Icica
altissitna, a resinous tree of Guiana.
Adactyle. [Gr. dneg., SoktCAoj, finger, toe.]
Zool.) Without separated toes, as the horse.
Adage. [L. adagium.] A proverb.
Adagio. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly, leisurely.
Adamant. [Gr. dSd^uav, dneg., Sanaa), /tame.]
1. With the Greek poets, the hardest metal, it
is not certain what. 2. The diamond. Adamas,
both in Gr. and in L., has both meanings.
Another form of the word is diamond, through
Fr. diamant ; and another is Fr. aimant, a load-
stone.
Adamantine spar. Brown sapphire. (Co-
rundum. )
Adamites. A name applied to sects which,
in the early Christian centuries, and again in
the twelfth and fifteenth, professed to imitate
Adam's primitive state of innocence.
Adam's apple. The prominence in men's
throats, made by the top front angle of the
thyroid cartilage of the larynx. (Thyroid. )
Adam's neeSe. (Tuoca.)
Adams, Parson. A poor curate and scholar
in Fielding's Joseph Andrerus ; type of a
thoroughly simple manly Christian.
Adam's Peak. A mountain in Ceylon,
associated with the name of Adam and of
Buddha, whose supposed foot-print, seen near
the summit, attracts yearly thousands of
pilgrims.
Ad amussim. [L.] Lit. to the carpenter's
rule; exactly.
Adansonia. (Baobab.)
Adar. [Heb., {'i) fire, splendour.] Esth. iii.,
ix. ; sixth month of Jewish civil, twelfth of
ecclesiastical year ; February — March. Ve-adar,
i.e. additional A. = intercalary month.
Adatis. A tine cotton cloth of India.
Adawlut, Sudder. (Sudder.)
Ad Calendas Oraecas [L., to the Greek
Calends], i.e. never. (Calends.)
Ad oaptandum. [L., for catching.] Addressed
to prejudice, fancy, ignorance, rather than to
well-informed reason.
Ad oriimenam, Argumentum. [L., argument
to the purse.] An argument addressed to one's
power of or interest in spending,
Adda. Small burrowing lizard (Scincus offi-
cinalis), supposed to be remedial in leprosy and
all cutaneous diseases. Arabia, Egypt, Nubia.
Addendum. [L., a thing to be added.] In
mechanics, the distance by which the teeth of a
toothed wheel project beyond the pitch circle.
Adder. [A.S. naedre, an adder, properly
nadder, a swimming or water-snake ; some refer
it to A.S. attor, poison ] (Bibl.) Four Heb.
words are in the Authorized Version represented
by adder or asp. 1. Pethen, the cobra. 2.
Sh^phlphon, the cerastes, or horned viper. 3.
Akshub, a species of viper. 4. Tsiphonl, cocka-
trice (Isa. xi. 8), perhaps the cerastes.
Adder's tongue. (Bot.) Ophioglossum vul-
gatum, the type of an order of ferns ; so named
from the shape of the spike into which the
spore-cases are collected.
Addicti. (Nezi.)
Addiction. [L. addictio, -nem.] In Rom.
Law, the assignment of goods or slaves to another
by sale or the legal sentence of the prajtor.
Addison's disease (described by Dr. Addison,
of Guy's Hospital), or Bronzed skin. A state
of anaemia, languor, irritable stomach, etc.,
associated with disease of the supra^renal
capsules.
Additament. [L. additus, added.] An addition.
Addition. [L. additio, -nem.] (Her.) Any
mark of honour added to a coat of arms.
ADDL
II
ADM I
Addled Parliament. A Parliament of 1614 ;
so called because it had passetl no Acts before it
was dismissed by James I. (Parliament)
Addlings. (A<i«/.) Savings of pay. In Lin-
colnshire phrase, to addle is to earn.
Addorsod. [L. ad, /<?, dorsum, a ^arjfc] (Her.)
Back to back.
Adductor. (Abductor.)
Adelantado. [Sp., otie who is promoted.'] A
governor of a province in the Spanish kingdom.
AdelphL A district south of the Strand, close
to Charing Cross ; so called from the architects,
four Scotch brothers [Gr. dS(A,(^(] Adams.
Adelphia. (Bot.) Linnsean name for a col-
lection, a brotherhood [Gr. dSfXifxif, a brother]
of stamens united by filaments in a bundle. If
all are in one bundle, Linnrean class xvi., the
plants are Monadelphia ; if in two, class xvii.,
Diadelphia ; if in three or more, class xviii.,
Polyadelphia.
A,demi jeu, — Toix. [Fr.] With half itve power
of the instrument, — the voice.
Ademption. [L. ademptio, -nem, a taking
away, a seizure."] (Leg.) Alienating the subject
of a legacy during testator's life.
Aden-, Adeno-. (Med.) Having to do with a
gland [Gr. iZiiy].
Adept. Skilled. [L. adeptus, one who has
acquired, i.e. the art of alchemy ; part, of
adipiscor, I acquire.]
Adessenariani. [L. adesse, to be present^
(lUcl. Hist.) Persons holding that there is a
real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, but
denymg that it is effected by transubstan-
tintion.
Ad eondem. [L.] Said of a graduate of one
university atlmitted to the same degree [gradum]
at another.
Adhesion. [L. adhxsio, -nem, from adhacreo,
/ stick to.] 1. The force of attraction exerted
between the surfaces of bodies in contact. 2.
(Hurg.) The reunion of parts that have been
severed. %. (Path.) The morbid union of parts
naturally separated, but contiguous.
Ad h6c, Argflmentom [I^, argument for this],
i.e. of particular nnt jicncral application.
Ad nSmlnem, Argumentnm. [L., argument
to the man.] Addressed to a man's special interest
or feelings.
Adhtlo sub jtldloe Us est [L.] The matter
in dispute is not yet decided ; is still under the
fudge.
Adiabatic carves. [Gr. diiiffaroi, not to be
passed.] Show the relation between the volume
and pressure of vapour when no heat is allowed
to pass in or out of the vessel containing it.
Adiantiun. [Gr. dSiairroi>, unwetted, d neg.,
8ioiV£tf, / 7c'ct.] A gen. of ferns; so calletl by
the Greeks because the leaves are not readily
wetted by water. The number of the spec, is
very great. (Maidenhair.)
AdiaphSrites, -ists. Melanchlhon's party, who
assented to Charles V.'s Edict, the Augsburg
Interim, a.d. 1548, settling things indifferent
[Gr. d^Sidtpopoi] until certain differences could
be settled Ijy a Council.
AdiaphSrous. [Gr. aSidtpopos.] 1. Indifferent.
2. (ChiMi. and A fed.) Not acting one way or
the other, e.g. not as acid or as alkali.
Ad intSrim. [L.] In the mean while.
Adlp5cere. [L. adeps, fat, cera, 7vax.] A
fatty, waxy result of the decomposition of animals
in moist places or under water.
Adipose tissue. [L. adeps, soft fat, opposed
to sebum, hard fat.] An aggregation of minute
spherical closed vesicles of fat.
Adit. [L. aditus, an approach.] A horizontal
entrance to a mine.
Adjective. (Substantive, Nonns.)
Adjective colours [L. adjeciivus, that which
is added] require some base or mordant to fix
them for dyeing.
Adjustment. (A^aut.) Insurance ; the process
by which the net amount receivable under a
policy is determined.
Adjustment of compass. 1. The rearranging
of deranged parts of it. 2. Compensation, i.e.
the correction, byv observation, of the error in
the deflexion of the needle caused by the attrac-
tion of tlie ship, or of objects in her.
Adjutant. [L. adjuto, / assist.] An officer,
lieutenant or captain, acting as assistant to the
commanding officer ; charged with instruction
in drill ; with the interior discipline, duties, and
efficiency of the regiment ; the control of the
staff-sergeants and band ; and having the charge
of all documents and correspondence, as well
as being the channel of communication for all
orders.
Adjutant bird. (Arg^a.)
Adjutant-General. A field officer or general
officer, performing similar but superior duties to
those of an adjutant ((j.v.), for a general com-
manding either a division ((/.v.) or a whole
army.
Ad lefines. [L., to the lions.] A cry often
raised against those of the early Christians who
woukl not sacrifice to the deified Ca;sar.
Ad lib., i.e. ad llbhum. [L.] At pleasure.
Admeasurement. The art or practice of
measuring according to rule.
Adminicular. [L. adminTcrdum, a prop, ad,
to, nianus, n hand.] Supporting, helping.
Admlnlcfilum. \\a., a prop, support.] Generally
used = evidence in support of other evidence.
Administration, Letters of. 1. Granted by the
Probate Court, formerly by the ordinary, to one
api>ointed to distribute the effects of an intestate
person, 2. In Politics, the A. is the executive
power, as distinguished from the constitution ;
but is generally used as = the Cabinet or the
Ministry.
Admirable Crichton. (Crichton.)
Admirable Doctor, The. Doctor MlrabTlis,
Friar Rojjer IJacon (1214-1292).
Admiral. [O.Fr. amirail, Ar. amir, prince,
chief.] Formerly often = the leading vessel in a
fleet.
Admiral ; Vice-A. ; Bear-A. ; A. of Fleet.
(Bank.) In the Newfoundland fisheries, the first
three vessels to arrive are the A.^ Vice-A., and
Rear- A., respectively.
Admittatnr. [L.] In some American colleges,
a certificate of admission ; let him be admitted.
ADMO
ADVO
Admonitionists. A name denoting those
Puritans who, in 1571, sent an ••admonition"
to Parliament, condemning everything in the
Church of England which did not harmonize
with the doctrine of Geneva.
Admonitions to Parliament, First and Second.
A volume of addresses, drawn up under Cart-
wright (1535-1^3), sometime Margaret Pro-
fessor at Cambridge, bitterly denouncing Church
doctrine and discipline. Bishop Cooper, of Win-
chester, answered in an Admonition to the People
of England, at Whitgift's suggestion.
Admortization. [L. ad, to, mortem, deatk.'\
In feudal times, reduction of property to mort-
main (q.v.).
Adnata. [L. adnatus, grown to."] (Bot. ) Grow-
ing to anything by the whole surface, e.g. an
ovary united to the side of a calyx.
Ad nauseam. [L.] To a sickening degree ; lit.
to sea-sickness [Gr. vavaia, vavi. a skip].
Adobe. [Sp. adobar, Fr. acfouber, to prepare,
dress."] A sun-dried brick.
Adolescence. [L. adolescentia, adolesce, /
grow up."] The period between fourteen in males,
twelve in females, and twenty-one years of age.
Adonic verse. The last line of a Sapphic
stanza, consisting of a dactyl and a spondee. ^
Adonize. To deck one's self like Adonis, the
darling of Aphrodite (Venus), who died from a
wound inflicted by the tusk of a wild boar.
Aphrodite changed his blood into flowers :
hence the name Adonis given to a gen. of ord.
Ranunculacese.
Adopter, or Adapter. (Ckem.) A two-necked
receiver, placed between a retort and another
receiver, increasing the length of the neck of the
retort, and giving more space to elastic vapours.
Adoptians, A name given to the followers of
some Spanish bishops in the eighth century, who
maintained that as to His humanity Christ was
only the adopted Son of the Father. — Milman,
History of Latin Christianity, bk. v. ch. i.
Adoration. (Acclamation.)
Adpressed. [Bot.) Brought into contact with-
out adhering.
Ad quod damnum. [L.] A writ to the sheriff,
to inquire to what damage to the king or the
public the granting of certain liberties might be.
Ad rem, [L., to the thing.] To the purpose,
point.
AdscititiouB, Ascititious. [L. adscisco, sup.
adscitum, / receive, adopt.] Taken in so as to
complete ; supplemental.
Adflcriptus glehae. [L.] One who is attached
to the soil ; a serf. (Villein.)
Adsum. [L., / am here.] Answer to one's
name at some schools, as at Charterhouse ;
'• calling over" or " roll-call."
AduUamites. A term applied by Mr. Bright
in the session of 1866 to Mr. Horsman and the
members who joined him in his objections to the
Reform Bill then before the House of Commons ;
in reference to the action of David in the cave
of AduUam (i Sam. xxii. i, 2).
Adulterine guilds. Unchartered trading
societies, acting as a corporation and paying
annual fines.
Adumbration. [L, adumhratio, -nem, an out-
line, sketch in shadojo.] An imperfect account.
Adunation. [L. adunatio, -nem.] A making
into one.
Aduncity. [L. aduncTta, -tem.] {Zool.) Hook-
edness, crookedness, as in the beak of the eagle
or claw of the tiger.
Ad unguem. [L.] To a nicety ; lit. to the
nail, with which sculptors tested the smoothness
of surface in their finished works.
Adust. [L. adustus, aduro, J scorch.] Burnt
up, scorched.
Ad valorem. [L.] In Finance, a term denot-
ing the market value of commodities imported
and liable to a customs rate, varying according
to the quality of the article or the measure of its
supply.
Advanced guard. A detachment preceding the
main body of troops on a march, for the purpose
of guarding against surprise.
Advanced works. Constructed beyond the
glacis of a fortification, but still capable of
being defended from the body of the place.
Advance money. (A'rt«/.) Wages advanced
to a sailor previous to his embarkation. To work
up the dead horse is to clear off this advance.
Advance note. {Naut.') A written promise to
pay a part of a sailor's wages at a given time after
his sailing. It was negotiable ; but it ceased to
be so after August I, 1 881, by 43 and 44 Vict.,
c. 16.
Adventitious. [L. adventicius, foreign,
strange.] 1. Added from without, not inherent
in the thing itself; as the dread of an idol. 2.
{Bot.) Appearing in an unusual way, e.g. root
fibres from the stems of ivy, banyan. 3. (Afed.)
Foreign to the stracture or tissue in which it is
found.
Adventure, Bill of. (Com.) A signed
declaration that shipped goods belong to another
person who takes the hazard of transport.
Adversaria. [L. , i.e. scripta, writings, turned
ad versus, taivards one's self.] A commonplace
book ; memoranda lying in front of one.
Adversifoliate. [L. adversus, opposite, folium,
a leaf.] {Bot.) Having opposite leaves. (Alter-
nate.)
Advertise. [L. ad, to, verto, / turtt.] To
give notice or information to.
Advertisements of Elizabeth. May, 1566.
Injunctions, monitions, for attainment of uni-
formity in public worship ; having the force of
law, according to Ridsdale judgment. May, 1877;
but this decision is questioned, and the matter
not unlikely to be reconsidered.
Advice. [L. ad, to, visum, opinion, througli
O.Fr. k vis, It. avviso.] Commercial and
journalistic notice, information.
Ad vivum. [L.] To the quick.
Advocate. In Theology. (Paraclete.)
Advocate, Lord. Chief Crown lawyer in
Scotland.
Advocates, Ecclesiastical. (Doctors' Commojis.)
Advocatus diaboli [L., It. Awocato del
diavolo. ] Devil's advocate. One who brings
forward every possible objection to a proposed
canonization, and is answered by A. Dei ; hence
ADVO
13
itSCU
= one who brings a charge in order to give
ojjportunity of vindication.
Advowson. [L. advocatio, -nem, the act or
relation 0/ advd€dtus = i^X.xbn\xs.'\ (Eal.) The
right in perpetuity to present to a living ; appen-
dant, when annexed to land ; in grvss, when it
has become separated.
AdTnamio illness. [Gr. i ncg., Siy&fus,
fmoirJ^ (Mi-ii.) Illness characterized by want
of power.
Adytam. [L., Gr. &ivroy, not to be trodden.^
The shrine of an ancient temple ; called Secos
in the temples of Egypt. Cf. Holy of holies.
Adse, Addice. [A.S. adese, an axe ; cf. L.
ascia, Gr. iiijivy\.\ Wood too rough, or not con-
veniently placed, for planing, is dressed with an
A., a mattock-like instrument, with blade arch-
ing inwards, the edge being at right angles to
the handle.
Xohmildtarch. [Gr. euxf^offos, taken with
the spear, &px<i, / ru/e."] (Hist.) The governor
of the captive Jews in Chalda?a and elsewhere,
called by the Jews themselves Rosch-galuth or
Kesch Glutha, chief of the Captivity.
£dile. [L. aedilis, from aedcs, a iui/dinjr.']
A Roman magistrate who had charge of build-
>ngs» public works, theatrical performances,
games, and markets, and of the registers
of legislative measures. There were first two
Plebeian /luliles ; afterwards two Curule [q.v.)
/E. were added.
JEgilops. [Gr. ax-yl\ufif, goat-eyedJ] 1. (Med.)
An ulcer in the eve. 2. A grass supposed to
have the power of healing this disease.
iEgIn5tan marbles. Figures — pre-Phidian —
from pedmient of a temple of Athena in /Egina,
now restored, in the Glyptotheke at Munich.
They represent the goddess and eight chief
heroes of the Trojan war.
£gis. [Gr. «V»-] The mythic shield of
Zeus (Jupiter), covered with the skin of the
goat Amalthaa, which had nursctl him, and
given by him to Athena, who by fixing on it
the head of Medusa gave to it the power of
petrifying all who looke<l at it. (Oorgon.)
.ffigrescit mMendo. [L.] IaX. he gi-atvs worse
by the hiahng ; the remedy makes matters worse.
— Virgil.
■Sgrdtat [L. , he is sick.l He cannot attend
cx.nn)inaiion for honours, lectures, hall, etc.
Aei-parthfino«. [Gr., ever virgin."^ A title of
the Virgin Mary.
Ael, Eal, Al, iq. all [A.S. eal] ; as Aelwin
= all-conquering , Albert, all-bright, illustrious.
Sit- = help, Aelfwin = helping in 7'ictory.
[.'\..S. helpan, to aid."]; also = elf, as /Elfgifu,
:^iftoftheches, like the Gr. Nymphodoros.
JEmilian Frovinoes. (Emilian.)
£iieid. The great poem of Virgil, relating
the wanderings of .^neas after the fall of Troy,
and his settlement in Italy. As compared with
the genuine epic poems which have sprung from
the traditions of the people, the J^. is an arti-
ficial epic.
.Sillan. Anything relating to the Greek wind-
god Aiolos, J\Lo\\xs, the guardian of the winds,
which he kept pent up in bags in his vast cave.
JEolian attachment. [L. i^.olus, god ofioinds.']
Converts a piano into a wind instrument by
bellows attached to the pedal. (iEolian harp.)
£olian harp. Eight or ten strings of catgut
in unison, stretched across a light wooden box,
placed in a current of air and producing
harmonic sounds.
JEolian mode. (Greek modes.)
iEolio. In Gr. Hist., a name by which some
tribes were known who did not belong to the
Doric or Ionic stock.
.Eolipile, Eolipile. [L. JE6\ufi, god 0/ lainds,
pila, a playing-ball, a globe."] A hollow
globe mounted so as to be capable of rotation
round a diameter, containing water and furnished
with two nozzles in opposite directions at right
angles to a diameter and at opposite ends of it.
When the water is heated, jets of steam come
out of the nozzles, and make the sphere turn
round the diameter, round which it is free to
move. Often spelt Eolipyle, incorrectly.
JEons. [Gr. a«wi'«j, ages.] By this name
the Gnostics, referring to an order of time
in their generation, designated the genealogies of
superior intelligences, among these being the
Demiurge [Sij/Ajoufrydr], or creator of the world
out of matter, who was regarded as proceeding
from the evil principle.
JEra, Era. [L.] In Chronology, the amount
of time reckoned from some given epoch, the
Christian era dating from the birth of Christ.
(Hegira; Kabonassar, Era of; Tezdigerd, Era
of.)
JEr&rian. [L. aerarlus.] A Roman citizen
who had become a mere payer of momy [aes,
ceris] for the support of the State ; in other
words, had been degraded to the lowest rank.
(Proletarian.)
JErarlam. [L.] The public treasury of the
Roman plebs, or commonalty.
Aerated waters. Charged with gas, usually
carbonic acid, under pressure.
Aerial perspeotiTe. [L. aerius, from aer, air,"]
The art of expressing the relative distance of
objects in a picture by such faintness of colour
as may answer to the amount of air or distance
between them and the spectator.
Aerodynamics. [Gr. a.i)p, aipos, air, Siylkfus,
pori'cr.'] The science of air currents or winds.
Aerography. [Gr. i^p, air, ypa(pu, J write,
draw.'] The science of describing the atmosphere.
Aerolith, -lite [Gr. i.i)p, the atmosphere, XiOos,
a stone], or Meteorite {jxtrtupos, high in the
air]. A body, stony or metallic, which, coming
within the earth's attraction, and ignited by
friction with the atmosphere, appears as a
"falling star."
Aerophytes. (Epiphytes.)
Aery. (Eyry.)
JEmglnous. [L. reriiginem, copper rust."] Par-
taking of verdigris, rust (carbonate) of copper.
iEscnlapian, Anything relating to .(Esculaplus
[Gr. Asklepios], son of Apollo, worshipped as
the god of surgery and medicine.
.Esciilus. [L.] A gen. of plants, ord.
Hippocastaneae ; the best known species is the
P^. liippocastanum, horse chestnut.
iESIR
14
AGAR
^sir. (Asuras.)
Aesthetic. [Gr. aitre-rtriKSi, belonging to per-
ception or feeling^ In Art, having reference to
the feeling and perception of the beautiful, as
distinct from objective knowledge.
JEstlmatio capitis. [L., the value of an
individual life.'] King Athelstan fixed a tariff
of fines, pro yE. , i.e. according to the rank of the
wounded or slain ; and in Justinian's Institutes
the punishment of an injuria was to be graduated
according to the rank and the worthiness of the
injured.
Aestivation. (Vernation.)
aitheling. [A.S., from tethel, itol'/e.'] In
Eng. Hist. ; before the Norman Conquest, the
presumptive heir to the crown.
Aetheogamoos. [Gr. a.'fiOris, unusual, ydnos,
marriage.'} (Bot.) Unusually propagated.
iEthiops mineraL [Gr. Aj0toi^, an Ethiopian.'}
A black sulphide of mercury.
JEthrioscope. [Gr. aidptoi, clear, (TKoirfw, I
view.'] An instrument showing the changes of
temperature produced by a clear or clouded
sky.
.Sthtlsa. [Gr. aXdovaa, burning.'] Fool's
parsley ; JE. c^napium, ord. Umbelliferce.
.Stiology. [Gr. oJt/o, a cause, \6yos, a dis-
course.] (Med.) The doctrine of the causes of
disease.
JStolian League. (Gr. Hist.) A league of the
^tolian tribes to the north of the Corinthian
gulf. — Freeman, History of Federal Government.
Affeer. [O.Fr. affeurer, from feur, Sp. fuero,
an assize, tax.] (Leg.) To fix a sum for a fine.
Afferent. [L. afferentem, part, of affero,
from ad, to, fero, I bear.] 1. (Anat.) Carrying
from the surface to the centre, as opposed to
efferent. 2. (Physiol.) Afferent, sensory, or excitor
nerves, convey sensational impressions from the
various parts of the body to the ganglionic
centres ; Efferent or motor nerves convey from
these centres to the muscles the impressions
which call forth contraction.
Affidavit. [L.L., he has sworn to.] An ex-
parte written statement, made on oath or solemn
affirmation before an authorized magistrate, as
evidence to be laid before a court or a judge.
AflB.liated societies. In Politics, societies
depending on a central society, from which they
receive directions.
Aflinity. [L. affinita, -tern.] 1. Relation by
marriage; C(5«jrtMCM»MV)'[L.consanguinita, -tern],
by blood. 2. (Zool. and Bot.) A. expresses
a marked resemblance in important organs ;
Analogy referring to less important organs or to
outward form. 3, (Chein.) The tendency of
different substances to enter into chemical com-
binations with each other.
AfELz. [L. afflxus, part, of afflgo, from ad, to,
fixus, part, of figo, ///>.] (Gram.) An element
added to the beginning (Prefix) or end (Suffix) of
a word.
Afflatus. [L.] Inspiration.
Affluent. [L. affluentem, part: of afHuo, /
flow or stream to.] A smaller or secondary
river, flowing into a larger or primary river, or
into a lake. An important affluent is called a
tributary, as the Drave of the Danube, the
Jumna of the CJanges.
Afforage. [Fr.] A duty paid in France on
the sale of liquors.
Afforest. [L.L. foresta, a wood.] To con-
vert ground into forest ; the converse being to
disafforest.
Affreight. [O.H.G. freht, « m^?^.] To hire
a ship for conveyance of goods.
Afirontee. (Her.) Facing each other.
Affusion. [L.L. affusio, -nem, a pouting upon.]
Baptism administered by the pouring of water
is called baptism by affusion, as distinguished
from baptism by immersion, in which the whole
body of the baptized is plunged under water.
Afore. (iVaut.) Con\.rz.ry oi Abaft (q.v.).
A fortiori [L.] All the more; lit. by a
stronger argument.
Afrancesados. [Sp.] The Spanish party
which attached itself to the cause of the French
(180S-1814).
Afrit. [Ar.] An evil genius in Arabic
mythology. (Jin.)
Aft. (/Vaut.) I.q. Abaft (q.v.).
After-birth. (Placenta.)
After-body. (Naut.) That part of a ship
which is abaft her greatest width.
After-damp. (Fire-damp.)
Aftermath. [A.S. aefter, after, ma^S, a
mo7ving, mawan, to mo^u ; cf. mead ; L. meto,
etc.] The second crop on permanent grass-
lands.
After-piece. A short, light play, performed
after the principal piece of a theatrical enter-
tainment.
Aga. (Effendi.)
Agacerie. [Fr.] Provoking coquetry. Littre
refers Fr. agacer, to provoke, to Norm, agasser,
to chase away with clamour, hence to irritate.
Agallochum. (Aloes-wood.)
Agama. Gen. of lizards, giving its name to
the fam. Agamtdte, closely allied to, and the
Eastern representatives of, the Iguanida: of
the western hemisphere. This fam. contains the
flying dragons (Draco) of E. India and the
Indian Archipelago.
Aganu. Gold-breasted trumpeter of .S.
America. Gregarious bird, about the size of
the pheasant, easily tamed (Psophia crepitans).
(PsopMdae.)
Agamous. [Gr. ^70^109, umvedded.] (Bet.)
Having no visible organs of fructification.
AgapsB. [Gr. ayairt), love.] The love-feasts
of the early Christian Church. They were held
in the church in connexion with the Lord's
Supper, but not as a necessary part of it. They
were ultimately forbidden on account of the
irregularities to which they led.
Agapemone. [Gr. fiovi), abode, aydini, love.]
A fanatical conventual establishment set up near
Bridgewater, about 1849, by " Brother Prince,"
a clergyman, calling himself Witness of the First
Resurrection.
AgapetSB. [Gr. i.yairr)T6s, beloved.] (Eccl.
Hist.) In the first centuries, women under vows
of virginity, who attended on the clergy.
Agar. [Malay word.] Edible seaweed.
AGAR
IS
AGNO
Agaric. [Gr. ayapiK6v, tree fungus. "l A larpe
gen. of fungi, with fleshy cap on a stalk, of
which A. cam pest ris, common mushroom, may
be taken as a type.
Agastria. [(Jr. i n^., yaim^pf a stomach.']
(Physiol.) Devoid of internal digestive cavities.
Agate. [L. achates.] 1. (Geol.) Found in R.
Achates, Sicily. Chalcedonic nodules and geodes
in amygdaloidal lavas. Algerian A. is a calca-
reous stalaj^nite. 2. A small printing type.
AgathSdcemon. [Gr. h.yoBo'iaxy.vv.\ The good
genius or spirit, probably at first only an epithet
of Zeus (Jupiter).
Ag&Ti. [Gr. kywfls, admirabU."] A gen. of
plants ; American ; ord. Amaryllidaceae ; e.g.
American aloe.
Agenda. [L., things to be done.'\ \. A list of
things to be considered at a public meeting. 2.
Matters of duty, Credenda being matters oi faith.
Age of Beason. The age in which reason is
supposed to exclude faith, and which was thought
to have been reached by the triumph of the
French Revolution.
Ager Pnblleiu. [L.^ fhe terntory of the
Roman slate acquired by conquest ; Ager Ro-
manus being the original territory.
Age*, The four. An old tradition represents
the existence of mankind as starting with a
Golden Age, in which the earth yielded its
fruits of its own accord, and pain and sickness
were unknown. This was followed by the Silver
.•Vge, the men of which were punished for their
impiety to the gods. After which came the
Brazen and the Iron Ages, each worse than the
preceding. Between these two last the Hq»iodic
theogony insertetl the Heroic Age, or the age of
the heroes who fought at Troy.
Agger. [L.] 1. In a Roman camp, the
earth dug out from the fossa, or trench, anfl
placed on the bank ; on its outer edge was the
vallum, or stockade. 2. A mound erected be-
fore the walls of a besieged city to sustain the
battering engines.
Agglomerate. [L. agglomeratus, aggl6mero,
/ colla:t into a body."] (Geol.) With Lyell =
accumulations of angular fragments showered
round a volcanic cone or crater
Agglomerative langoaget. Such as tend to
combine many elcniciiis mlo one long aggluti-
nated or inflected word, as the dialects of
American Indians.
AgglatinatiTe languages. The languages ot
the nomadic Turanian tril)es, in which the modi-
fying suffixes are glued on to the root. To this
family belongs the Basque language of S. France
and N. Spain. (Aryan languages. )
Aggregfate. [L. aggr^gatus, flocked together^
1. .\ mass formed of homogeneous particles
clustered together, as distinguished from a com-
pound. 2. (Bot.) Flower, one of several florets
within one calyx or receptacle, e.g. daisy, chry-
santhemum. 3. (Geol.) A rock, the components
of which can be separated mechanically, as
granite.
Aggregate corporations. (Corporations.)
Aggregations, Various. Apiary of bees [L,
apiariumj. Army of rats. Band of robbers.
smu^lers, Be^y of girls, larks, quails, roes.
Brood of chickens. Burrow of conies. Clack of
women. Clutch of eggs. Colony of rooks, or
rookery. Columbary of pigeons [L. colum-
barium, a dove-cote]. Covey of partridges [Fr.
couvee, broocf]. Crru) of sailors, wretches. Cry
of falcons. Drove of horses, asses, camels, pigs,
geese. Eyry ((j.v.) of hawks, eagles. Fall of
woodcocks. Flight of geese, wild ducks, wood-
cocks, starlings. Flock of sheep, geese, turkeys,
pigeons, fieldfares, sparrows. Fry of small
young fishes, of children [Fr. frai, spawn"].
Gang of workmen, navvies, gipsies, thieves,
convicts. Herd of deer, cattle, goats, swine,
swans, Horae ot brigands. Kentiel of hounds
[Fr. canaille]. Meio (q.v.) of falcons. Muster
of peacocks. Nest of wasps, hornets, rabbits.
Nide or Nye of pheasants [Fr. nid, L. nidus].
Pack of hounds, wolves, grouse. Plump of
spears. Pod of seals, sea-elephants. Prtde of
lions. Rascall of hoys. /:"«>«/ of wolves. School
of whales. Shoal of fish [A. S. scolu]. Sifge of
herons [Fr. siege, a silting]. Singular of boars.
Skein of wild geese. Skulk of foxes. Slouth of
l)ears. Sounder of wild swine. String of red
deer or of horses. Stud of horses, greyhounds.
Swarm of msects. IVhisp or IValk of snipes.
Vaccary o( cows [L. vacca, a cow]. Vespary of
wasps [L. vcspa, a wasp]. VVarrett of rabbits.
Kir^ of poultry
-agh, -aach. [6/. Erseachadh,y£f/<j'.] A level
place, as in lialbaiigh.
Agila wood. (Aloes.)
Agio. [It.] Generally, the diflerence between
current and standard moneys ; also, the premium
paid by one who prefers payment in a metal
other than that which he can legally claim. So
in France, there is an A. on gold.
AglSsimandrum. [Gr. o.'ywai\yuaiVTpov.] In
the East, a wooden instrument used in sum-
moning the people to the church instead of
bells.
Agiotage. [Fr] Manoeuvres for raising or
lowermg the price of funds.
Agistment. [Fr. giste, glte, L. jSdta, a
lying-place. Iodising.] 1. The taking in of cattle
to pxsture. Tithe of A., tithe upon profit made
by A. 2. (Naut.) An embankment to keep out
the sea or a river.
Aglet, Aiglet. [L. Scus, a needle, dim. Iclcula,
Fr. aiguille, aiguillette.] The tag of a point
of the lace or string formerly used for gathering
together the diflerent parts of a dress.
Agnail, Angnail. Probably two distinct words
run into one (.-'). 1. A swelled gland in \.\\q groin
[L. inguen, inguTnalia, Fr. angonailles]. 2, A sore
under the nail [A. S. ang-na;gle, troubled nail].
Agnate. [L. agnatus.] In Rom. Law, re-
lated on the father s side. Cognate [cognatusj,
on the father's or the mother's.
Agnition. [L. agnilio, -nem.] An obsolete
word for acknowledgment.
Ag^5et». [Gr. iryvotu, I am ignorant of]
Heretics : 1. Fourth century, who questioned
the omniscience of God. 2. Others, sixth cen-
tury, who held that Christ knows not when the
day of judgment shall be.
AGNO
i6
AILU
Agn5men. [L.] All Romans of good family
bore three names : Preenomcn, of the individual ;
Nomen, of the class, gens ; Cognomen, of the
home, or familia ; e.g. Publius Cornelius Scipio.
A fourth, Agnomen, was sometimes added on
account of some personal distinction, e.g. Afri-
canus. Some even had a second A. \_Cf. Fr.
prenom, a Christian name.}
Agnosticism. [Gr. a neg., yyc»<rrac6s, profess-
ing knowledge (yvcoo-jj).] The theory that man
has insufficient evidence or insufficient power for
judgment concerning Divine truth.
Agfims castus. [L.] K ^x\^, Xht Vitex agntis
castiis of botanists, the branches of which were
strewed by matrons on their beds at the Thes-
mophoria, a festival of Demeter (Ceres).
Agnus Dei [L., Lamb of God."] In the
Roman Church, calces of wax are so called,
which are stamped with the figure of a lamb
bearing the banner of the cross.
Agog = a-going, i.e. on-going ; on the alert.
Agonic line. [Gr. d neg., yuvia, an angle."]
The line joining all those places on the earth
where the magnetic needle has no declination,
or variation, i.e. deviation from the true N.
Agony column of an advertisement sheet,
generally the second, headed by notices of dis-
appearances and losses, mysterious appeals and
correspondence.
Agora. [Gr., from ayflpu, I bring iogethei:']
The market-place, and so the " forum," of a
Greek town.
Agouti Gen. of rodent, ranging in size
between the hare and the rabbit ; speckled
brown fur, long hind legs. Trop. America
and Islands. DasJ^piocta, fam. Caviida;, ord.
Rodentia.
Agrarian laws. [L. leges agrarite.] (Rom.
Hist. ) Laws proposed or carried by the plebeians
against the patricians, with reference to the dis-
tribution of public lands acquired by conquest.
Agreement. (Naui.) The master of a vessel
exceeding eighty tons must enter into an A. in
a special form with each of his crew carried
from a British port.
Agricultural Holdings Act, of 38 and 39 Vict.,
has for its object the securing to tenants com-
pensation for unexhausted improvements.
Agricultural Betums. A yearly return of the
acreage in Great Britain under cultivation, and
of the nature of the crops, distinguishing meadow-
land, orchards, gardens, and woods, supplying
also the number of horses, cattle, sheep, and
P'gs- .
Agrimony. [L. agrimonia, properly arge-
monia.] (Bot.) A. Eupatoria, ord. Rosacete, is
a common wild plant, with long spikes of small
yellow-scented flowers, and unequally pinnate
leaves ; it is much used in " herb teas."
Agrostemma. [Gr. ay p6s, afield, ffrtfina, a
f crown.] A gen. of Caryophyllacese ; Lychnis A.
Githago being the well-known corn-cockle.
Agrofltis. [L., Gr. iypaxTm.] A gen. of
grasses, known by the name of £ent grasses,
having numerous spec.
Agrypnotics. [Gr. Hypvirvos, sleepless.] Tend-
ing to prevent sleep, e.g. strong tea.
Ague-cake. A tumour arising from enlargetl
spleen, sometimes following protracted ague.
Ague-cheek, Sir Andrew. A meek docile
simpleton in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night.
Ahead. (Naut. ) Abeam.
Ahold. {Naut. ) An old term for bringing a
ship close to a wind and holding it.
Ahriman. In the Zend-Avesta, or sacred books
of the Persians, the evil god or principle is called
Angio-Mainyus (spirit of darkness"), a word of
which Arimanes and Ahriman are the Latin and
English forms. This evil god was opposed
to Spento-Mainyus (spirit of light), a name for
Ahuro-niazdao, or Ormuzd, in Skt. Asuro-
medhas [Gr. ixriTis, wisdom], the wise spirit,
or Supreme and good God ; the strife between
these two principles being the dualism whicli
characterizes the theology of Zoroaster.
Ahull. (Naut.) 1. The condition of a
vessel with bare poles, and helm a-lee (g.v.).
2. Abandoned and drifting.
Ai. 1. (Aye-aye.) 2. The three- toed sloth
(Bradypus tridactylus) ; S. America ; ord.
Edentata. 3. Spec, of wild dog (Dasicj?on
Silvestris) ; Guiana, occasionally domesticated
by Arecuna Indians.
Aid. [Fr. aide, L.L. adiuda, L. adjiivo, /
help.] Originally a benevolence ; afterwards an
exaction from a tenant to his lord, in cases of
emergency.
Aide-de-Camp. [Fr.] An officer on the per-
sonal staff of a general ; in the field carrying
orders, at other times acting as secretary. 2.
The sovereign also appoints A. to herself, who
rank as colonels, from amongst distinguished
officers.
Aide-toi et le del t'aidera. [Fr.] J/elp thyself
and Heaven -will help thee. The motto of a
French political society, whose influence with
the middle classes helped to bring about the
Revolution of 1830.
Aiery, Aire, Airy. (Eyry.)
Aigrette, Egret. [O.H.G. hiegro, L. aigro-
nem, heron, Fr. aigre, aigrette.] 1. Gen. of
lesser white heron. 2. (Bot.) I.q. pappus
(q.v.). 3. Head-dress of feathers, or plume-like
ornament.
Aiguilles. [Fr., L.acTcula, a wf^rty^.] Sharp,
lofty, serrated peaks ; e.g. A. Vertes, A. Rouges,
Mont Blanc.
Aiguillette. [Fr. dim. of aiguille, L. acicula,
a needle.} Shoulder-knot composed of long gold
cords with tags, formerly worn on the right
shoulder by generals and some staff" and cavalry
officers, now only by Queen's aides-de-camp.
Ailantus. A tree, native of China, with very
long pinnate leaves, naturalized in S. Europe,
upon the leaves of which some silkworms feed
(A. gland iilosa). Ord. Simarabacece.
Ailettes. [Fr., little wings.] Small leathern
armour worn by knights, thirteenth century,
behind or at the side of the shoulders, probably
both as protection and a mark for followers ; ,
seen in brasses, stained windows, etc.
Ailurus. [Gr. alKovpos, the wavy-tailed one.]
Chitwa, Panda, Wall, a. cat-like animal,
with rich chestnut and black fur, allied to the
AIRC
17
ALBU
bears. Thibet and Himalayas. Fam. y^lurldae,
ord. Camivora.
Air-ohamber. A cavity in pumps, fire-
engines, and other hydrostatic machines, con-
taining compressed air for keeping up a con-
tinuous flow of the water by its elastic force.
Called also an Air-vessel.
Air-engine. An engine moved by heated
or compressed air.
Air-gun. An instrument for propelling bullets
or other missiles by the force of condensed air.
Air martym. (Pillar tainta ; Stylites.)
Air plants. Popular name for orchids when
first introduced into England.
Air-pnmp. 1. An engine for exhausting air
from a closed space, or receiver, so as to obtain
a more or less perfect vacuum. 3. A pump for
removing from the condenser of a steam-engine
the condensed steam, the water that has pro-
duced the condensation, and any air that may
have got into the condenser.
Airt Direction ; the point from which the
wind blows. \j2f. Ger. ort, place.\
Air thermometer. (Thermometer.)
Aise. (?) A linen napkin to cover the chalice.
Ait, Eyot. [A.S. ey, island.l An i&lct in a
river or lake.
Aitchbone. Properly edgrbone of the rump ; i.e,
presentefl edgewise, when dressed.
Aiz-la-Chapelle, Peaee of. 1. A treaty relating
to the Spanish Netherlands, made in 1 668,
between Louis XIV. and Carlos II. 8. A second
and better-known treaty, between Great Britain,
France, Germany, Holland, and Spain, confirm-
ing previous treaties, was signed in 1748.
A J&v8 prindplum. [L., the beginning (is)
Itoin Jupiter. '\ Said of a grand opening to a
narrative or poem.
Ajutage. [L. adjQto, / assist.} 1. The
brass nozzle placed at the end of a tube for
regulating the discharge of the water which
forms a fountain or jet d'eau 2. A short tube
of a tapering or conical form placed in the side
of a reservoir to facilitate the discharge of the
water.
-al. Often ends Shropshire names ; said to be
Cymric = AigA, e.g. Erc-al.
A1-. At the beginning of a word or name :
1. Often Arabic for the, e.g. Alcoran = the
Koran (Alcoran). 2. White, Celtic, as in Aln
for al-aon, rohite river. All-wen, Alan, Allan,
Alien, all meaning if,^//^ rrrrrj.
Alabarches [Gr.], jierhaps more properly
Arabarches. The chief magistrate of the Jews
at Alexandria.
Alabaster. [Gr. &x<(i9a<rTpor.] 1. Gypsum,
massive sulphnte of lime. 2. Anciently, a sub-
iianslucent, yellowish, banded, calcareous stalag-
mite, like the "Algerian agate," was called A.
A la carte. [Fr.] According to the card. Of
meals = as specified in bill of fare.
Aladdin. In the Arabian Nights' Tales, a poor
widow's son, who gets a magic lamp and ring,
on rubbing either of which, a djin appears ready
to work miracles for the rubber, like the ring of
Gygeit
A la lanteme. [Fr., to the lamppost.] A
French phrase for execution by Lynch law;
a cry of the Revolution.
A la mise en scene. [Fr.] Lit. according to
the getting up of the play.
A la mode. [Fr.] According to the fashion.
Alamoth. [Heb.] Title of Ps. xlvi., and in
I Chron. xv. 20. Virgins, probably = "for
altos or sopranos " (Speaker's Commentary).
Al Araf. [Ar. arafa, to distingftish.) The
Mohammedan Limbus, or Limbo, for ' spirits
who are excluded both from paradise and from
hell.
Alarm-post. Rendezvous for troops on the
occurrence of any sudden danger, announced by
bugle-call or beat of drum.
Alastor. [Gr. &A.c(<rTw/>, the avenging deity.]
An epithet of Zeus.
A l&tire. (Legate.)
Alb. [L. a\\ms,7vhi/e.] (Eccl.) A linen vest-
ment, fitting closely to the body, and tied by a
girdle.
Albany. (AIb]m.)
Albirium opus. [L.] In Roman architecture
prolably a superior kind of stucco.
Alb&ta. One of the many white [L. albus]
metals made at Birmingham.
Alb&ti. [L.] Christian hermits, who came
down from the Alps, A.D. 1399, to Italy,
dressed in white, living on the highways, sorrow-
ing for sins of the age ; dispersed by Boniface IX.
Albigenses. Certain religionists, numerous
and influential, in and near Alby, .S. France,
twelfth century, protesting against Roman cor-
ruptions, but charged with Paulioiamsm.
Albino. 1. White negro of the African coast ;
so named by the Portuguese voyagers. And 2,
generally, persons having white skin and hair and
redness of eyes, from absence of pigment cells.
The same thing is found in cats, rabbits, birds,
and elephants. Albinism, the slate of an A.
Albion. [L. albus, white, or some Celtic
equivalent.] England, said to be so named from
the white cliffs seen from the French coast.
Albion, New. The name given by Sir F.
Drake (1578) to California-
Albis, Dominica in. [L., the LoriPs day in
white (robes).] A name for Low Sunday, or the
Sunday following Easter Day, because then the
persons baptized on Easter Eve laid aside their
white garments. (Quasimodo.)
Albite. [L. albus, luhile.] Soda- felspar.
Albflgo. [L., 7vhileness] A dense whitening
of the cornea of the eye, generally resulting from
an inflammatory attack.
Albiun. [L.] In Rome, an official white
tablet, on which the Pontifex MaxTmus recorded
the events of the year ; or praetors wrote edicts ;
or senators' nam«s were enrolled ; hence its
modern meaning, a blank book for inscriptions,
phot<igr.i]ihs, etc.
Album calofiltim addire. [L.] 7<7 /»/ (into the
urn) a white stone ; to approve.
Album OrsBoum. [L, Greek white.] The
white fxces of dogs, chiefly bone-earth, used
in tanning.
Albflmen. [L., white of egg.] 1. One of the
protein [Gr. irpwros, first] or elementary su'j-
ALBU
i8
ALEX
stances of the animal body, represented by white
of egg, serum in the blood, etc. ; others are
fibrin, represented by muscular tissue ; casein is
the basis of cheese [L. cas6us] ; legumin is in the
seeds of all leguminous plants. 2. In Plants,
Pcrispemi, or Endosperm [Gr. irtpf, around,
ivlov, -within, fftrfpfia, seed]. A substance found
in some seeds between the coat and the embryo
which it is to nourish ; e.g. flour of com.
Alburnum. [L.] Sap wood, immediately
below the bark , opposed to heart-VMod, or
duramen [L., hardness}.
Albus liber. [L.] Title of an old compila-
tion of the laws and customs of the city of
London.
Albyn, Albin. [Alp, or alb, which seems to
be Celtic for high ; ynys, Cymric for island.]
The Highlands of Scotland, or Scotland
generally. Albany is an old name for Scot-
land.
Alca. [L.L. auca, goose, i.e. avica, from avis ;
so It. oca, Fr. oie.] Auk, gen. of marine web-
footed birds ; wings very short, used for swim-
ming under water. N. Temp, and Arctic zones.
Fam. AicTdas, ord. Anseres.
Alcabala. (Hisl.) A heavy tax on sales of
property, imposed in Spain and the Spanish
colonies, and payable as often as the land was
sold.
Alcaic verse. A metre, consisting of a stanza
of four lines attributed to the Greek poet Aica?us.
Alcaide, Alcalde. [Sp., Ar, kada, head.]
Military governor of a fortress or gaol. (Al-
g^azil.)
Alcarraza. [Sp., from Ar. alcurrar, an earthen
;ar.] A porous earthenware vessel, used for
cooling water by evaporation.
Alcedinidse. (Alcedo.) Kingfishers. Fam. of
birds universally distributed, having only one
American gen. Ceryle, ord. Picariae.
Alcedo. [L., hingfis/ter.] Alcyon, Halcyon;
gen. of AlcedinidjE (,q.v.).
Alces. [From O.G. elch, elhe; cf. Gr. oKK'i],
an elk, and perhaps ixni], strength.^ Elk,
moose ; largest of deer kind, dark brown.
N. of Europe, Africa, and America. Gen. and
spec. Alces, fam. Cervidae, ord. Ungulata.
Alceste. Hero ofMoliere's Le Misanthrope ;
type of stern unconventional uprightness.
Alchemy. [A word compounded of the Ar.
defin. art. al, and Gr. xw*^«-] The supposed
art of the land of Chemi, or Ham, its object
being the production of the precious metals,
into which it was thought that the lower metals
might be converted.
Alcinous. [Gr. "KXKivio^:] In the Odyssey,
the King of the Phceacians.
Alcluyd. Old name of Dumbarton. [{?) Alt,
steep place, cluyd = Clyde ; cf. clith, Gaelic,
strong. ]
Alcmanian metres. Those introduced by
Alcman of Sparta, lyrist, the earliest Greek
poet of love-song, seventh century B.C. ; espe»
cially the iambic trimeter brachycatalectic, or
iambic of five feet.
Aleo. A name for some varieties of shepherd's
dog. Peru and Mexico.
AloSran. [Ar., the book^ The Mohammedan
scriptures, which are said to have been dictated
to Mohammed by the angel Gabriel.
Aloomoque bark. An astringent bark, generally
cork, used in tanning.
Alcove. [Ar. el kauf, a tent, Sp. alcoba.]
A recess, in a bedroom, for the bed ; and so,
nnv recess, for books, etc. ; a covered garden
seat
AlcySnidee. [Gr. dXKv6vtiov, a zoophyte, like
the nest of the kingfisher, d^Kviiv, -6vos.] Fam.
of Alcj^onaria, or Asteroid Polypes, as Alcj^oni-
um, " Dead men's fingers."
Aldehyde, i.e. alcohol dehydvogenatns, deprived
of its hydrogen, partly. A pungent volatile
liquid, consisting of two atoms of carbon, four
of hydrogen, and one of oxygen ; i.e. alcoho-
minus two atoms of hydrogen. — Brande and
Cox, Dictionary of Art and .Science.
Alderman. [A.S. eaklorman, elder-man^
The original title of the ofiicer afterwards called
earl ; also of the chief magistrates of minor
districts ; now applied to the municipal officers
in a borough next in order to the mayor.
Aldine editions. Editions of the classics publ
lished by the three Manutii, the eldest of whom,
Aldo-Manuzio, set up a press at Venice in 149a
(Elzevirs.)
Ale. A rustic merry meeting ; as Church-
ale, Whitsun-ale. (Church-ales.)
Alea belli. [L.] \a\.. the hazard of war.
Ale-conner, or -kenner, -taster, -founder.
Gustator cervisTce, taster of beer; one who
"kens " good ale ; in very ancient times chosen
m each manor, and sworn to examine the purity
and price of ale, and to present defaulters.
Alectiyomanoy. Divination [Gr. /uovrfia]
by means of a cock [aXenrpviiv]. Grains of corn
being placed upon letters of the alphabet, pro-
phetic words were formed out of the letters
underlying the grains which he picked up,
A-lee. [Naut] The position of the helm,
when the tiller is put down to leeward, i.e. away
from the wind.
Alegar. Vinegar made from sour beer. (A
catachrestic word ; cf Peterloo, q.v )
Alemanni. (?) All men. Germans, probably
a confederacy of different tribes, within the limits
of the Rhine, Main, and Danube ; first heard of
A.D. 214, in Caracalla's treacherous massacre.
Alembic. [Ar. al, and ambeeg, a corrupt
form of Gr. S/u/3i|, a cup ] A form of still, now
obsolete.
Alexandrian Codex. (Codex.)
Alexandrian School. A school for leammg of
all kinds, mstituted at Alexandria by Ptolemy,
son of Lagos. It became especially celebrated
for its grammarians and mathematicians.
Alexandrine. An Eng. iambic of twelve
syll., e.g. the last line of the Spenserian
stanza, in imitation of the French heroic verse,
first employed in a French translation of a Latin
poem. The Alexandriad ; or (?) in an original
work on A. the Great. — English Cyclopadia,
i. 195
Alexipharmio = antidote. [Gr. ake^i<pdpixc(Kos,
from dA€|co, I keep off, (papiicutov, poison.]
ALER
19
ALLE
AlezitSries, properly AlexeUrics. [Gr. dA€(T;-
rfipios, able to keep off.\ Preservatives against
poison.
Al fresoo. [It.] In the open air.
Algse. [L. alga, seaweed."] (Bot.) A tribe of
Cryptogams, comprehending seaweeds and
fresh -water submersed spec, of similar habits,
besides some terrestrial sjyec.
Algaroba. [Sp., Ar kharoob] The bean
tree of the Mediterranean, with sweet pods
(C^ratonia siliqua) ; called also 5/. John's Bread,
as if it were the " locust " of Matt. iii. The
pods are also uscvl in tanning.
Algaroth, Powder of. An oxychloride of
antimony, discovered by Algarotti of Verona.
Algebra. [Ar. al iebr'e al mokabalah, restora-
tion and reduction.] The science of general
numerical operations and results ; a generalized
arithmetic ; whereas in arithmetic the operations
are performed on, and the results are expressed
in, specific numbers (i, 2, 3, etc.); in A. the
operations are performed on, and the results
are expressed \n, general numbers {a, 6, c, etc.)
connected by the symbols (+, — , etc.) of ele-
mentary operations (addition, subtraction, etc.).
Algor [L., coldness."] (Med.) A sudden
chill ; A'l^or, if attended with shivering.
Algorithm. [Corr. from Ar. al khowarezml ;
originally the tables used m trigonometry, which,
in the thirteenth century, came to mean Arith-
metic in Arabic numerals : see Littre, Supple-
ment.] The Arabic notation of numbers ; the
science of calculation by nine figures and zero.
AlguasiL A Spanish officer answering to the
English bailiff. The name is Arabic, as is that
of Alcalde, or the Kadi, the magistrate or judge.
Alhambra. {\t. aXhamrVij the red castle.\ The
palace of the Sloorish kings in Granada, begun
1248, completed 1 31 3. Resigned to Ferdinand
and Isabella by Boabdil, 1492.
Alias. [U] Otherwise.
Ali Baba. In the Arabian Nights Tales, a
man who enters the cave of the Forty Thieves
by means of the magic word Sesame. (Sas-
safras; Saxifrage.)
Alibi, [h., elsewhere."] Not neat the scene of
a crime at the time of committal.
Alioant, or Vino tinto, from its colour. Wine
of Alicante, in Spain.
• Alidad. [L.L. alidada, Ar. al, the, haddt,
rule.] The index of an instrument which is
capable of an angular motion ; rarelv used, ex-
cept of the line of sij^lUs <if an azimuth compass.
Ali§ni optimum frui in8&ni& [L.] ft is an ex-
cellent thing to profit by another's error.
Alienation in mortmain. The making over of
lands, tenements, etc., to a religious or other
corporate body. (Mortmain.)
Alitni Tlviri qu&dr&. [L.] To live from
another's table; i.e. as a parasite, sponge. —
Juvenal,
Alien priories. [Hist.) Inferior monasteries
in England, belonging to foreign religious houses.
A l ig nm ent. [Fr. aligner, to dress in line, L.
llnea.] (Mil.) Manoeuvre by which the same
relative parts of any body of troops are brought
into the same line.
Alimony. [L. allmonium, sustenance, from
alo, I nourish.] Allowance made to a wife out
of her husband's estate during or after a matri-
monial suit.
Aliped. [L, ala, zot«^, pes, pddis,^/.] Wing-
footed, as the bat.
AUquandS bSnus dormlt&t H5meru8. [L.] Lit.
no7u and then our friend Honwr goes to sleep; i.e.
there are dull passages in the best works. —
Horace.
Aliquot part. [L. aliquot, j^/;/^, J(7rrr7/.] A
part of a whole, expressible by a fraction having
unity for its numerator ; thus \s. 8d. is an aliquot
part of ;^i, viz. ^'j.
AUsma plantigo. [Gr. SXwfio.] (Bot.) Water-
plantain ; once thought a cure for hydrophobia ;
the gen. A. being typical of ord. Alismaceae.
Alisarine. The chief colouring agent in
madder [Sp. alizari] ; now obtained from coal-tar.
Alkahest. An imaginary imiversal solvent of
the alchemists.
AlkalL [Ar. al qali, i-elp.] Any caustic base
which changes red litmus to blue. Fixed
A., |X)tash and soda, volatile A., ammonia.
(Caustic.)
Alkalimetry. [Alkali, and Or. /icrp/w, /
measure.] The art of measuring the amount of
pure alkali contained m commercial potash or
Koda.
Alkaloids. So called from their power of
forming definite salts with the acids ; substances
remarkably affecting the human system ; having
alkaline properties in a low degree ; mostly
vegetable, as morjihia, strychnine, nicotine, caf-
feine ; but there are anmial A. also, as urea,
kreatine.
Alkanet [Fr. arcan^te], or Bugloss. (Anchdsa.)
Dyer's A., the root of which yields the fine
red dye for colouring oils, wax, etc.
Alv»iiTi», or Al-henna. (Hexma.)
Alkermes. A cordial distilletl from bay leaves
and various spices, and flavoured with syrup of
kermes and orange-flower water.
Alia breve. [It.] In Mus., = the notes in-
dividually to be made shorter, i.e. the pace to
be quicker than usual. It is a kind of common
time marked ([^ used in church music, each bar
being = a breve = 2 scmibreves = 4 minims,
but the minims being played as if they were
crotchets. The division of the bar into two
parts each = two minims is called alia cappella
time. But the use of the term is not always
clear.
Allah. [Ar.] God: as Allah Akbar, God is
great ; akin to Heb. El.
Alia prima. A method of painting in which
the colours are applied all at once [It.] to the
canvas, without retouching.
Allegory. [Gr. oAATryopfo, from &AAof , other,
dyopdcn, I speak.] Expansion into narrative of a
sense-representation of some moral or spiritual
truth, of which the leading idea would be a
Metaphor; a.s Pilgrim'' s Progress ; /'arable helng
a kind of A., but more concise and didactic ;
Fable, again, differing as admitting the non-
natural, e.g. trees and animals talking.
Allegro. [It., gay, cheerjul.] (Mus.'S A
ALLE
ALMA
quick movement. Allegretto, dim. of A., not
quite so quick. A. assai, fast enough, quicker
than A. A. con brio, with spirit; con fuoco,
with fire.
Allemande, i.e. German dance. Introduced
from Alsace, temp. Louis XIV. ; a kind of slow,
graceful waltz, the arms entwined and detached
in the different steps.
Allerion. [L. L. alario,-nem, from ala, a Tvittg.']
{Her.) An eagle displayed, without beak or
feet.
All-foTiTS. In cards, a game of chance in which
four points may be made : (l) by highest trump ;
(2) by lowest ; (3) by knave of trumps ; (4) by
majority of pips from tricks taken.
All-hallows, All-hallowmas, Hallowmas. Old
English names for All Saints' Day, November i.
iUlioe. [Ger. alose, else, ils ; cf. L. alausa,
alosa, a fish found in the Moselle (.?) ; probably
a Gallic word.] The larger (two feet long)
of the shads, the other being the twaite. Like
herring, but larger. British waters. Gen.
Cliipea, fam. Clupdidae ord. Physostomi, sub-
class Teleost^i.
Allicienoy. [L. allicio, I allure.^ The power
of attraction, e.g. in a magnet.
Alligation. [L. allTgatio, -nem, a bending or
tying to.] {Arith.) A rule by which the value of
mixtures is found from the known values and
quantities of the component parts.
Alligator apple. (Cnstard apple.)
Alligator pear. (Avocado.)
Alligator water. The brackish, white, and
muddy water at the mouths of tropical rivers.
Alliteration. [L. ad, to, lltera, a letter.] The
recurrence of the same letter, generally at the
beginning of words, for rhetorical effect ; e.g. in
Ancient Mariner, "The fair breeze blew, the
white foam flew. " Laborare est orare = IVork
is worship. (Assonance.)
Alliterative poems. Poems in metres, the
rhythm of which depends on the recurrence of
sounds in the initial letters of words. To this
class belong the old English poems, such as
Piers FloughmaiH s Vision. The practice was
maintained as late as the sixteenth century.
Allium. [L.] {Bot.) A gen. of bulbous plants,
ord. Liliaceae, to which belong onion, leek,
shallot, garlic, chive.
Allocate. To set apart, as if to a particular
place [L. ad locum]. Generally applied to sums
of money, fees, ' ' allowances. "
Allocator [L., it is allozved] = the amount of
an attorney's claim, after the costs have been
taxed. (Taxing-masters.)
Allochroite. [Gr. &Wos, other, xpoiL, colour.]
A variety of garnet, with iron, exhibiting a
variety of colours. (Garnet. )
Allocation. [L. allociitio, -nem.] 1. An address,
especially of a Roman imperator to his army,
or of the pope to the Sacred College. 2.
liiddmg Prayer {q.v.).
Allodium, Allodial tenure. Land held by a
man in his own right, and free from' all feudal
burden : opposed to fee, fief, feud. Some con-
nect with O.N. odal, Dan. Sw. odel, an estate,
and Gothic alklha, odhol, ancient inheritatue.
Others with A.S. leod, the people. Blackstone
gives all, whole, and odh. Ger. od, property.
Wollaston, that of which a man has the all, or
all-hood. (Frank-aleu.)
Allonge. [Fr. allonger, to lengthen^ 1. {Leg. )
Slip attached to a bill of exchange for super-
numerary endorsements, if there is no more
room on the bill. 2. To make a "lunge," in
fencing.
Allopathy. [Gr. tXKos, other, irdBo^, suffering,
affection^ A name given to the ordinary prac-
tice by homoeopathists. (Homoeopathy.)
Allophane. [Gr. iiAAor, other, <paivonai, /ap-
pear.] A mineral, one of the aluminous silicates,
of which clay is another ; the proportion of
water large ; pale blue, green, brown ; changed
in appearance before the blowpipe.
Allotment. {Naut.) That portion of the pay
of a sailor, or m.arine, on foreign service, allotted
monthly to his wife and family,
Allotxopy. [Gr. tlWoTpoirew, / am change-
able.] (Chem.) The same element sometimes
exists, no extraneous substance being added, in
various forms, which exhibit different properties.
So, ozone is an allotropic form of oxygen.
Phosphorus is a remarkable example ; sulphur
also.
Alloy. A combination of two or more metals,
except when one of them is mercury. Originally
such deVjasement of metal as is according to- law
[Fr. k loi].
Allspice, or Jamaica pepper. The berry of a
handsome tree, Pimenta officinalis ; S. America
and W. Indies ; ord. Myrtacese.
All the Talents. Ihe Fox and Grenville
Coalition Ministry, formed on the death of Mr.
Pitt, January, 1806.
AU-to hrake. Jndg. ix. (To-brake.)
Allnmette. [Fr. allumer, to kindle.] A match.
Alluvion. [L. adluvio, -nem, fiood, from ad, to,
luo, lavo, /wash.] Land added to an estate by
alluvial deposit from sea or stream.
Allfivium. [Neut. of L. alluvius, alluvial.]
Earth, etc., brought down by rivers and floods,
and deposited upon land not permanently sub-
merged ; e.g. many river-plains, meadow-lands.
AUuz, AUez. (Hallux.)
AUworthy, Mr. In Fielding's Tom Jones ;
type of modest worth and benevolence.
Allyl. A hypothetical substance, supposed to
exist in oil oi garlic [L. allium].
Almack's. A suite of rooms, in King Street,
St. James's, London ; so called as having been
built by a Scotchman named Macall, who trans-
posed his name. Balls of a very exclusive
character were held in these rooms, which are
now known as Willis's.
Almagest. [Ar. form of Gr. fifyiffros, greatest.]
The Arabic name for Ptolemy's work, The Mathe-
matical Construction of the Heavens, which con-
tains a complete account of the state of astro-
nomy in his time — the first half of the second
century — and from which is drawn a large part
of our knowledge of ancient astronomy.
Alma Mater. [L.] Fostering mother ; gcnazWy
applied to one's university or school.
Almanac. [Ar. al manack, the diary.] A
ALMA
ALTO
calendar wherein are noted down the days, weeks,
and months of the year ; the most remarkable
phenomena of the heavenly bodies, etc. In the
Nautical A, are given the daily positions of the
sun, moon, planets, and certain stars, the lunar
distances of certain stars for every third hour
of Greenwich mean time, and other information
of a like kind very useful to travellers by land
and sea.
Almanaoh de Ootha. Published yearly at Gotha
since 1764, and giving a large amount of in-
formation upon the principal affairs, political
and statistical, of every civilized country.
Almandine. Red transparent varieties of iron
and garnet (</.».).
Alme, Al-maL [Ar. almet, instnuted, alam, to
kn(riL',\ Singing girls of Kgypt, who live in
bands, and attend marriages, funerals, etc., sing-
ing pathetic ballads ; something like the Roman
pra.'fTca?. (Ambubaiae.)
Almery. [Fr. armoire, L. armarium, a cup-
board. \ An older form of the word ambry
(y.j'.) or aumbry.
Almohades. (Almoravides.)
Al molino, ed all* iposa, sempre manelia
qoalche co»a, [Sp.] A mill and a wife ahmys
want sonifthing.
Almonry. A room in which are kept the alms
gathered for the poor. In many monasteries the
almonries had special endowments. [Fr. aumone,
Gr. iktrifioaiyrf, an altm. ]
AlmoniTides. An Arab dynasty of N.W.
Africa, founded in the eleventh century. They
overthrew the Almohades in Africa and Spain
in the following century.
Almuce. (i^ce.)
Almog, I Kings x. ; AlQ74m, 2 Chron. ii. [f A
corn of Indian name valguka.] Probably red
sandalwoml (Pterocarpus santalinus).
Alnager. [L. ulna, an ell.] (Eng, Hist.)
A sworn officer, whose duty it was to examine
into the assize of cloth and collect the alnage
duty on cloths sold.
Alnaschar. A poor delf-seller in the Arabian
A'ights' Talis, whose dream of wealth vanishes
on his smashing a mirror, which is really his
basket kicked over in waking.
Aloadse. (Man.)
Aloes. The bitter inspissated juice of several
species of Aloe, succulent plants with fleshy,
prickly margined leaves, and erect spikes of red
or yellow flowers. The lign aloes [L. lignum
aloes] of Scripture (Numb. xxiv. ; Ps. xlv.) is
the resinous wood of Aquilaria agallocha, a drug
once generally valued for use as mcense.
Alogians. [Gr. & neg., hiyot, the Word.]
Heretics, second century, who denied the Divine
Logos, or Word ; they attributed St. John's
Gospel to Cerinthus.
Alogon. (Neat.)
Alonsine. (Alphonsine Tables.)
Alp. Any lofty mountain, particularly the
mountains of Switzerland. Also, a mountain
pasture. The word is found in Albion, Albyn,
Albania, etc. (Boathem Alps.)
Alpaca. A stuff made of the wool of the
alpaca, mixed with silk or cotton. (Anohenia.)
Alpenstock. [Ger.] A staff used by moun-
taineers.
Alphonsine Tables. Tables of the motions of
the sun, moon, and planets, in A.D. 1253 and
subsequent years, by Alphonso, King of Castile.
Alqnifon. [Fr. alquifoux.] A lead ore, used
for green varnish on pottery.
Al Bakim. In the legend of the Seven Sleepers,
a dog who has care of all letters and corre-
spondence.
Al root. A retl dye-stuff used in India.
Alsatia. Once a name for W'hitefriars, an
asylum for debtors and those who had broken
the law.
Al-«irat. [Ar.] The path, narrow as a
sword -edge, over the abyss of hell, to the Mo-
hammedan paradise.
Altaic. [From Altai Mountains in N. Asia ]
Generic name for the Tungusic, Mongolic,
Turkic, and Samoyedic groups of agglutinative
languages.
Altarage. [L. obventio altaris.] Profits arising
to the n.iri^h priest, for services at the altar.
(Obvention,)
Altar tombs. Tombs in churches, which in
shape resemble an altar.
Al-tasohith. Title of Pss. Ivii., Iviii., lix., and
of Ps. Ixxv., which is similar in spirit, i.e. destroy
not; alluding to David's answer to Abishai
(I Sam. xxvi. 9).
Alteratiye. Medicine modifying a morbid
condition by gradual change.
Alter igo. [L., another /.] A second self.
Alter Idem [L.], a second same one ; an intimate,
true friend.
Alternate. [L. altematim.] In Bot., placed
on opposite sides of an axis, but on different
levels, as the leaves of laurel, etc. ; or between
other bodies of the same whorl, or of different
whorls, as the stamens of an umbellifer, between
the petals, and A. with them. A. leaves are
distinguished from opposite, which are set on the
same level ; e.g. jessamine, which is, therefore,
an adversifoliatc plant.
Alternate angles, etc., lie on opposite sides
of the same straight line, as in Kuclid, i. 27.
Alternate generation. That process of repro-
duction in which one impregnation supplies two
or more generations, called Nursing generations.
Reproduction by impregnation then recurs.
Probably it is an internal budding or fission.
Most striking in Hydrozoa, but Entozoa and
Molluscoids supply instances.
Altlusa. [Gr. dA0ata, marsh mallmv, {iA0c«, /
heal] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Malvacea: ;
including marsh mallow, hollyhock.
Altimetry. [L. altus, high, Gr. fitrp^u, I
measure] The art of measuring heights by
instruments.
Altis. [Gr.] The sacred enclosure of Zeus
at Olympia.
Altitude and azimnth instnunent, or Alt-
azimuth instrument. (Azimuth.)
Altitude of a heavenly body. [L. altitudo,
height.] The angular distance of its centre above
the horizon measured on a vertical circle.
Alto-relievo. (Mezzo-relievo.)
ALTR
AM BR
Altruism. The doing to another [It. altrui]
as one would be done by ; opposed to egoism.
The term for the so-called religious system
adopted by Comte. (Comtism; Positivism.)
Alula. [L.] VVinglet, dim. of ala, wing.
(Wing.)
Alum. [L. alumen.] Sulphate of alumina,
combined with sulphate of potash or some other
alkali. Roman A. is extracted from volcanic
rocks near Naples. A. ore, an aluminous slate,
containing sulphide of iron.
Alumina. Sesquioxide of aluminium, the
chief constituent of clays.
Aluminium. [L. aliimen, alum.'\ (Min.)
A bluish-white metal obtained from alumina,
remarkable for its lightness. A. bronze is a
gold-coloured alloy of copper and aluminium.
Alumnus. [L.] Pupil, nursling.
Alure. [L.L. allorium.] {Arch.) A gang-
way or passage.
Aluta. [L.] Leather softened by means of
alum.
Alva-marina Dried seaweed [L. alga marina],
used for stuffing mattresses.
Alveolar. [L. alveolus, dim. of alveus,
channel. ] Relating to sounds formed by bring-
ing the side and tip of the tongue near or up to
the upper gums before articulating the consonant
{q.v.) or vowel (.q.v.).
Alveolar processes of the maxillary bones.
Those from which the teeth spring.
Amacratic. [Gr. fi/ua, together, Kpiros, strength.^
Concentrating actinic rays to a focus ; also termed
amasthenic [o/xa, togetlur, addvos, strength].
Amadis. The name of several heroes of
chivalric poetry, the chief of whom was A. the
Lion, Knight of Gaula, i.e. Wales.
Amadou. German tinder, prepared from a
fungus of the cherry, ash, etc.. Boletus igniarius.
[ Amadouer, to coax ; cf. esca, L. and It , mean-
ing both bait and touchwood.}
Amalfian Code. A collection of marine laws,
compiled by the people of Amalfi, in Italy, about
the eleventh century. (Oleron, Lavrs of; Wisby,
Ordinances of. )
Amalgam. [Gr. iJukKay^M, a thing softened.]
A combination of metals, into which mercury
generally enters, rubbed together while in a
powdery state, afterwards becoming hard , gene-
rally used for filling up the cavities of decayed
teeth, and for purposes of repair
Amaltheia, Horn of. [Gr. d.ni.Kdeia.] The
horn of the goat which suckled Zeus (31gis), and
from which flowed Nectar. Hence, a horn of
plenty, or cornucopia.
Amantium Irae amoris integratio est. [L.]
Lovers' quarrels are the renewal of love. — Terence.
Amanuensis. [L.] Originally a slave copyist ;
a manu, from, or by means of, the hand ; as a
pedibus, a footman; ab epistolis, a secretary, etc.
Amaranth. 1. (Poet.) [Gr. ofiapayros, un-
fading, from A. neg., fiapaivw, I make to wither.]
2. (Bot. ) A gen. (Amaranthus) to which belong
love-lies-bleeding, cockscomb, etc
Amaritude. [L. amaritudo.] Bitterness.
Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis). {Bot.) An ord. of
plants, mostly bulbous, and with poisonous pro-
perties ; to which belong narcissus, daffodil,
snowdrop, amaryllis, Guernsey lily, agave, etc.
Amaryllis. Proper name of women in Latin
poetry ; meton., a rustic lass,
Amassette. [Fr.] A horn instrument used to
collect [Fr. amasser] a painter's colours on the
stone during the process of grinding.
Amasthenic. (Amaoratio.)
Amate. To make, or to be, stupid, senseless.
[Cf Ger. matt and Fr. mat, dull, languid; and
It. matto, mad.]
Amati. Meton. for a violin. In Cremona,
seventeenth century, the Amati family were
famous makers of violins ; even surpassed by
one of their pupils, Straduarius, also of Cremona.
Amaurdsis. [Gr. atiavpuicns, a darkening.]
Blindness, arising not from injury, but from a
paralysis of the retina.
Amazonian. As applied to fighting women,
extraordinarily strong ; from the Amazons.
Amazons = Sisters. [Gr. i,/j.a((A>v being one
nourished at the same breast ; cf. aS(\(t>6s, one
from the same womb.] The legend of Scythian
women, who removed the right breast that they
might use the bow, arose from the error of d
being considered privative instead of copulative.
Amazon stone. Green felspar from Siberia.
Ambarvalia. [L., from ambire arva, to go
round the fields. ] Religious feasts of the Romans,
in which the victims were led round the fields.
They were celebrated by the twelve Arval
Brothers (Arvales Fratres), at the end of May.
Ambassador. [Fr. ambassadeur.] A foreign
minister of the first grade, representing person-
ally the dignity of his sovereign, and communi-
cating with the sovereign or head to whom he is
sent. England sends A. to France, Russia,
Austria, the German Empire, and the Sultan.
Ambassy. [Hind.] A State kowdah {q.v.),
with a canopy.
Amber. [Ar. anb'r, introduced at the time of
the Crusades.] A fossil resin, washed by the
Baltic out of a Tertiary lignite formed of Pinus
succTniftra. Also found on east coast of Eng-
land, between Southwold and Aldeburgh.
Ambergris. [Fr. ambre gris, grey amber.]
Found on the sea, or shore, of warm climates
chiefly ; a fatty substance, morbid (?), in the in-
testines of the sperm whale ; used as a perfume,
and to flavour wine.
Ambidextrous. [L. ambo, both, dextra, the
right hand.] 1. Using the left hand as usefully
as the right. 2. Shuffling, untrustworthy,
equally ready to take either of two sides.
Ambisexual words. [L. ambo, both, sexus, a
sex.] Equally applicable to either sex ; so
damsel [O.Fr. damoisel, L. dominicellus],
girl, man, and L. homo, were all of them
originally both masc. and fern.
Ambitus. [L.] Of a tone, in Plain song, is
its compass ; the ascent and decent between its
extreme limits.
Ambo. [L., Gr. &ixfi<i>v.] A kind ot pulpit in
the choir, from which the choir sang, Epistle
and Gospel were read, and sometimes sermons
preached.
Ambreada. [Fr. ambreade.] Artificial amber
AMBR
23
AMMO
AmbrSsia. [Gr., immortal.'] The food of the
Olympian gods, which preserves them from
death. Called by the Hindus Amrita. (Nectar.)
Ambrosian Office. One partly composed, partly
compiled, by St. Ambrose, at the end of the
fourth century ; it withstood all attempts to sub-
stitute the Roman order ; confirmed by Alexander
VI., 1497-
AmbrosuL Early Milanese coin, with figure
of St. Ambrose on horseback.
Ambrotype. [Gr, in^porot, immortal, tuitoj,
/vA"-] "'^ ]>hotographic picture on glass, the
lights of which are in silver, and the shades
formed by a dark background seen through the
glass.
Ambry, Almery, Aomery, Aumbry. [Fr. ar-
moire, L. armarium, a closet for, L. arma,
utensils.] 1. A niche or cupboard near an altar,
for utensils belonging thereto. 2. A larger
closet for charters, vestments, etc.
Amb&baisB. [L.] Syrian singing women, who
performed in public at Rome.
Ambolance. [Fr.] Hospital waggon follow-
ing tr<x)ps in the field. Hospitals attached to
an army, with their staff of surgeons etc., have
lately been called Ambulattces.
Ambulance elaases. Formed in connexion
with the .\nibulancc Department of the Order of
St. John of Jerusalem, in England ; to teach so
much of anatomy and medicine as may serve to
give Jirst aid to the sick and injured — the ap-
parently drowned, poisoned, hung, suffocated,
etc. — pending the arrival of a doctor.
Amediani. An Italian congregation of the
fifteenth century, united by Pius V. with the
Cistercians. They are also called Amis de Dieu
(Amedieu), Friends of C»od.
Ameer, Amir. (Emir.)
Amelia, from which character Fielding's novel
is named, =■ a tender and true wife.
Amen. [Heb.] So be it ; verily.
Amende honorable. [Fr.] An open, unre-
serveti acknowledgment of error ; formerly, in
France, a confession of offences against some
laws of order or morality, made by the criminal,
kneeling, in open court ; sometimes in his shirt,
with torch in hand, and rope round the neck.
Amenity. [L. &moenTtatem.] Pleasantness ;
avifnities often ironical for bitter, abusive re-
marks.
A mena& et th5ro. [L,, from board and bed.] A
legal separation ; husband and wife no longer
living together, but the maixiage tie remaining.
AmenticSsB. [L. amentum, a thong.] (Bot.)
Catkin-bearing tribe, a nat. ord. ; willow, alder,
white birch, etc., are genera.
Amenthes, AmentL (Osirii.)
Amentia. {\,., folly, madufss.] As now ap-
plied, is = congi-nital imbecility. (Dementia.)
Amercement, Amerciament. A fine imj^osed
by a court of justice, tiie olTender being at the
mercy [Fr. mercie] of the king or other lord.
Merces = penalty, or a fine as an alternative
punishment, being a mercy. Amerce, to punish
by fine (I)cut. xxii.).
American organ. A musical instrument, the
chief characteristic of which is that the air is
3
sucked through the reeds into the bellows, not
blown from bellows through reeds as in a
harmonium.
A merveille. [Fr.] To perfection.
Ametabolia. [Gr. antrJi^oXos, unchangeable.]
In wingless insects (Aptfira), absence of observ-
able metamorphosis ((f.v.).
AmethjTSt. [Gr. d/jLtOvarroi, not drunken, as
supposed to guard the wearer against drunken-
ness.] 1. A purple variety of rock-crystal.
2. Oriental amethyst, purplish sapphire.
Amharic language. (Semitic.)
Amianthua. [Gr. dju^ovros, undefled,] Moun-
tain flax, a delicate kind of asbestos (^.v.) ;
sometimes woven into cloth ; easily cleansed by
lire, if soiled.
Amice, Amictns, Amicia, Almntitim, Almuce,
Anmusse. [L. amicio, / clothe.] A square
linen collar worn over the shoulders and neck
by priests in the early Church. The ** grey
amice" is. a cape of fur, now sometimes worn
over the arm.
AmIonB oClrlSB. [L., a friend of the court.] A
member of the bar, not retained in the case,
who makes a suggestion for the benefit of the
court.
Amidine. The soluble part of starch.
Amidships. 1 The centre point of the line
of a ship's greatest length or breadth. 2. The
centre part of a ship.
Amiens, Peace of. A peace made between
England and France, 1802, leaving France
practically paramount on the Continent, and
tending to the exaltation of Napoleon, who now
became consul for life.
Amia de Dieu. (Amediani. )
Amm&h. [Heb.] A Jewish measure of length,
from the elbow to the end of the middle finger ;
a cubit.
Ammergan Play. At A., a village in the ex-
treme S. of Bavaria, a dramatic representation
of the Crucifixion is given once in every tei»
years. One of the very few remaining examples
of the mysteries (q.v.), once the only kind of
dramatic performance, and so popular from the
eleventh century to the end of the fourteenth
century.
Ammodytes. [Gr. imxo-ivrrti, sand-burrcrwer,
a kind of serpent.] (Zool.) Sand-eels, sand-
launces ; small, silvery, eel-like fishes ; the latter
spec, is the smaller. Fam. Ophldifdse, ord.
AnacanthTni, sub-class TclCostei.
Ammonia, Volatile alkali, Spirits of harts-
horn. (First procured from .sal ammoniac.)
A gaseous alkali, the oxide of a hypothetical
metal, ammonium. A. is a compound of one of
nitrogen and three of hydrogen ; obtained in this
country chiefly from pit-coal and refuse animal
substances, — hence the word hartshorn ; and A.
because obtained from camels' dung burnt near
the temple of Jupiter Ammon.
Ammoniac, Su. (First made, it is said, from
camels' dung, near the temple of Jupiter
Ammon.) Chloride of ammonium. Ammoniac
gum, a resinous gum from Persia, used in
medicine.
Ammonites. (Geol.) Fossil molluscs, cephalo-
AMMO
24
AMUL
podous, allied to the nautilus ; m shape like the
curved horn of Jupiter Amnion ; characteristic
of the Trias (of Alps), Lias, and Oolite. _
Ammonium. (For deriv. wV/t" Ammonia.) A
quasi-metal, consisting of four equivalents of
hydrogen and one of nitrogen ; not yet obtained
by itself, but known in an amalgam with
mercury.
Ammophila [Gr. i-nixos, sand, tpiKtoi, I lovc\,
or Artindo Arendria. 1. Sea-reed, sand-reed —
. the Marum, Marrum, of English and Scotch
laws— valuable as fixing shifting sand. 2.
(Entom.) Sand-wasps.
Amnesty. [Gr. dixvucrrla, a forgetting.^ A
pardon of political offences, e.g. at the Restora-
tion ; or, as part of a treaty, of offences com-
mitted in war.
Amceba [Gr. dfnoiPSs, interchangeable], or Pro-
teus animalcule. Microscopic fresh- water A.,
consisting of a living, structureless, ifl^juminous
substance (sarcode, protoplasm), of n^^particular
shape, but protruding any part as a pseudopodion,
to serve as a hand or a foot, and extemporizing
any part as a mouth and digestive cavity. Sub-
kingd. Prdtozoa.
Amoebean ode. [Gr. dfiotPaios, alternate.]
One sung by two persons in alternate strains,
e.g. Virgil, £d. i., iii., etc.
Amomum. [L., Gr Hnufiov] (Bot.) A gen
of plants, ord. Zingiberaceae, yielding aromatic
seeds, as grains of paradise, cardamom ; mostly
tropical.
AmorphouB rocks and minerals. {Geo!.) Those
which have not determinate yi>r/« [Gr /ao/j^] or
structure.
Amorphozoa [Gr. &ixop<pos, unshapen, (a>ov,
an animal.] Sponges, the skeletons of amoebi-
form bodies, which invest them when living
Sub-kingd. Protozoa. (Amoeba.)
Amortissement. [Fr., from amortir, to deaden.]
The extinguishing of debt, as by a sinking
fund.
Amortize. [Fr. amortir, to deaden.] Aliena-
tion of lands in mortmain.
Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love, often = self-
respect.
AmpMbalam. (Chasuble.)
Amphibia, Amphibians. [Gr. cin<t)iPios, double,
lived.] (Zool.) Vertebrates, when immature,
fossessing gills, which in maturity are in the
erennibranchiates supplemented, and in the
Caducibranchiates superseded, by lungs. They
are classified as follows :— Ord. L, Pseudophklia
[Gr. jievSiis, false, 6<piSiov, a small snake] ;
Cfficiliadae [L. csecilia, a kind of lizard, csecus,
blind], wonn-like animals, burrowing in tropical
marshes. Ord. ii., Batrachia Urodela [/Sarpaxoy,
a frog, ovpd, a tail, SrjAor, visible], as newts.
Ord. iii., Batrachia Anoura [av neg., ohpd, a
tail], as frogs.
Amphiboly. [Gr. afKptfioKia, i/upifidWu, I toss
to and fro.] Ambiguity.
Amphibrachys, Amphibrach, In Prosody, a
foot, ^ -^, having one long syU. and a short
[Gr. jSpoxys] one on each side of it [a/ic^i], e.g.
amare ; the converse oiAmphimacer.
Amphictyonic Council. [Gr. dju(^j/cTi5of€s,
meaning most probably dtvellers round about.]
Any council of Greek confederated tribes. The
most important was that of the twelve northern
tribes, which met alternately at Delphi and
Thermopylae.
Amphigore. Nonsense verse, as Pope's Song
by a Person of Quality [Fr. amphigoure, non-
sense, rigmarole; an eighteenth century word,
origin unknown ]
Amphimacer [Gr &n<pinaKpos, long both 7vays],
or Creticus. A foot, - « -, having one short
syll.and a long [naKpAs] one on each side \d^^\\,
e.g. dlgmtas ; the converse of Amphtbrdchys.
Amphipneost. [Gr. djui^t, t^uofold, itvi\iaTt\s,
a breather. ] Perennibranchiate, tailed, IBatra-
chians, as Proteus anguTneus {q 7a).
Amphiprostyle. [(ir 0.^1, on both sides, vp6,
before, otvKo^, a pillar.] Having a portico at
each end ; said of a temple.
Amphisbaena, Amphisbaenldae. [Gr &ju4><^-
/Saica, a kind of serpent going both ways.] (Zool.)
Fam. and gen of snake-like, footless, burrowing
lizards. .Spain, Asia Minor, N. and Trop.
Africa, and Trop. S. America.
Amphisoii = living in the Torrid zone, and
casting a shadow [Gr. anid] on both sides \a.fi.<^l<i],
sometimes north, sometimes south. ^ KfjLtplffKios
in class. Gr. is shaded around, or on both sides.]
Amphitrlte. 1. (Zool.) Tubicolous annelid.
(Tiibicolee.) 2. In Myth. (Nereids).
Amphiuma. (Zool.) Gen. ofeel-likeAmphibia,
with rudimentary feet. Southern U.S.A. Ord.
Batrachia Urodela.
Amphora. [L.] A clay pitcher, two-handled
[Gr. Ojuc^i, on both sides, <pipa), I carry], used as
a liquid measure. Gr. =9 gall, > Rom. = 6. Also
as a cinerary urn,
Amplezlcaulis, Amplezioanl, [L. amplector,
/ embrace, caulis, a. stem.] (Bot.) Said of a leaf,
which at its base embraces the stem ~, e.g. upper
leaves of shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-
pastSris).
Amplification. [L, amplificatio, -nem, from
amplTfico, / make large.] (A'het.) An enrich-
ment of discourse by epithet and image and
graphic detail ; word-painting. (Auxetio.)
Amplitude. [L. ampiitudo, wide extent.] The
angular distance of a heavenly body, when rising
or setting, from the east or west points of the
horizon. If the angular distance is taken from
the magnetic east or west, it is the Magnetic A.
Ampulla. [L., cf amphora, a two-handled
jar.] 1. A narrow-necked, globular, two-handled
bottle, for unguents ; and (£ccl. ) for oil at coro-
nations. 2. (Anat.) The globular termination
of one of the semicircular canals of the ear.
Ampyx. [Gr Sjur-uf.] A head-band or fillet
worn anciently by Greek women of rank,
i^mrita, (Ambrosia.)
Amuck, A Malay, in a mad fit of rage or
revenge, runs "amuck," amok, seeking the life
of any one he meets, until he is killed by their
efforts at self-preservation.
Amulet. [L.L. amuletum, Ar. hamalet ='a
thing suspended.] A talisman ; a gem, ornament,
figure, scroll, etc., worn to avert evil. Oriental,
Egyptian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, modem.
AMY
25
ANAL
Amy. [Ft. tim\, frietu/.] {A'aut.) A friendly
alien serving on board ship.
Amygdaleee. [Gr. afivySaXov, Fr. amande,
almond.] {Bo/.) A sub-ord. of Rosacex, including
peach, plum, cherry, etc. ; with fleshy fruit and
resinous bark.
Amygdaloid. [Gr. ifiiyiaXoi', almond, clScr,
shape.] {Geol.) A variety of ijmeous rock, in
which are embedded almond-shaped bodies,
agate, calcspar, or zeolites, tilling holes once
occupied by steam.
Amylaoeoos. Of the nature of starch [L.
amjlum].
Ana. [Gr. &vi, again.] In prescriptions, or
a, = equal quantity.
-&na. Originally neut. plu. ; e.g. Scaliger-ana,
Renthami-ana, = loose thoughts, sayings, and
leading passages of S. or K., collected.
Anabaptist. [Gr. ivoBarrl^u, I rebaptize.]
1. One who, denying infant baptism, is for
rebaptizing adults. 2. Fanatical lawless sect,
sixteenth century, in Germany.
An&bas. [Gr. dfa-^atVw, to go up, second nor.
part. ai'o/3i»] (Zool.) ferca. scanilcns, clinthng
perch. Its pharyngeal bones are so mo<lified
as to retain moisture for its gills, enabling it to
remain long out of water, when it travels con-
siderable distances, and, according to some,
climbs trees. Fam. Percldte, ord. Acantho-
pterjfgli, sub-class TJlfostCi.
Anabasis. [Gr., a going up.] A work in which
Xenophon relates the attempt of Cyrus the
younger to wrest the Persian crown from his
brother, and his consequent march or ascent to
the field of Cunaxa, where he was slain.
An&bathml. Certain Greek antiphons, the
words being from Pss. cxx. to cxxxiv., or the
Songs of Degrees {^.v.). [Gr. iyafiadnol, LXX.]
Anableps. [Gr. drafiKiwo), I look «/>.] Star-
gazer. {Zoo/.) A gen. of fresh-water fish, about
twelve inches long, havmg eyes with double
pupils, and frequently swimming with the head
out of water. Trop. America. Fam. Cyprlno-
dontiada?, nrd. I'hysostomi, sub-cla.ss Tel^ostci.
Anacanthlni. [Gr. iviKowOos, without spines.]
(Zool.) Ord. of fish without spinous rays to the
fins, as the cod and sole.
Anacards, or Cashew tribe. (Bot.) An ord. of
woody plants, W. Indies and S. America, yield-
ing acrid resin, used as varnish ; as sumach,
pislachio, mango.
Anacharsis, meton. =a traveller. A. a famous
Scythian traveller, who visited Athens in the
time of Solon ; and the only barbarian who ever
received the Athenian franchise (sec Herod., iv,
46, 76). (Seven Rishis.)
An&chdretsB, Anchorets. [Gr. afaxofpiyr^t, a
thveller apart.] Hermits dwelling alone and
apart from society ; a Canobite [KowoSTioi] being
one who lives in a fraternity [»tou'(i$ /3(oj, life in
common].
AnachrSnism. [Gr. hyaxpovtv^ki^, from ii'a,
hack, xpiivos, time.] A confusion of time, repre-
senting things as coexisting which did not co-
exist ; e.g. ancients painted in modern costume.
(Parachronism.)
Anaclastics. (Dioptries.)
AnacSluthon. [Gr. ivaK6\ov6oi>, not following.]
In Gram., a term denoting the want of strict
sequence in a sentence, the members of which
belong to different grammatical constructions.
Anaconda, Anaoondo, Anaconda. {Zool.) One
of the largest snakes, non-venomous, killing its
prey by constriction. Trop. America. Fam.
Pythonidce.
Anacreontic verse. An iambic of three a id a
half feet, spondees and iambuses, an anapaest
being sometimes substituted for the first foot ;
that of Anacreon of Teos, an amatory lyric poet,
sixth century B.C.
Anadem. [Gr. avd^rina, kvwiiiD, I bind or tie
up.] A fillet, wre.ith.
An&diplosis. [Gr. di'o8firAa»<riy, a redoubling.]
The repetition of a word in the last sentence as
the st arin g-point, exegetically, of a new thought,
as, "^^ mouse ran up the clock; the clock
strucl^^Btc.
An^Hpous. [Gr. di^aSpoju^, <z running up.]
Fish \vwii at certain seasons leave the sea for
rivers, .as the salmon, are sometimes so termed.
An&dySmine. [Gr.] An epithet of Aphrodite,
or Venus, as coming up [iiva^uofi.itni] from the
sea, or springing from its foam.
Aneemia. [Gr. dvoi/u/a, from av neg. , af/io, blood.]
Morbid poverty of blood, and the condition
consequent.
AnaesthSsia. {Pathol.) Insensibility [Gr. dviu-
ffBijaia, from dv neg. , aladivofiai, I feel] ; is opposed
to Hyperasthesia [w»/p, above], unnaturally acute
sensibility.
AnUgftllis. [Gr. di/etyoXAfj.] {Bot^) A gen. of
plants, ord. Primulace.-e ; of which the type is the
pimpernel, or .shepherd's weather-glass.
Anaglyphio, Anaglyptio. [Gr. wi, up,
yXv<poi, I engrax'e.] Fnii)ossed, in relief; sunk
work being Diaglyphic [5i<£, through]. Ana-
glyptography, the art of giving an embossed ap-
pearance to engravings.
Anagnostes. A reader [Gr. avarfvdxsrrti,
iiva.ycyvm<iK{D, I read] at meals, amongst the
Romans ; the thing read or sung being Acrddma
\dKpoiofi.au, I hear].
Anagram. [Gr. accCypa^fia.] A transposition of
letters of one word or more, so as to make a new
word or new words ; a connexion in meaning
being sometimes preserved ; e.g. dptrii, iparii ;
Horatio Nelson, honor est a Nilo.
Anagraph. [Gr. dyaypa<l>it.] A transcription,
copy of a record, etc.
Anal. (Zool.) Near the anus ; e.g. anal fin.
Analecta. [Gr., from dva-Kiyw, I gather up.]
Literary fragm'-'Us, selections.
Analemma. [Gr. dviXruiiia, a thing taken up.]
\. The orthograjihic projection of the great
sphere on the plane of a meridian or of the
solstitial colure {q.v.). 2. An astrolabe {qv.).
8. = L. .substnictio, a base ; e.g. for a-sun-dial.
Analeptics. [Gr. dvd\riitriK6$, Jit Jor restor-
ing.] Restorative medicine or diet.
Anal glands. In Comp. Anat., organs, pre-
senting every grade of glandular structure,
secreting substances, sometimes attractive, as in
the civet ; sometimes repulsive, and applied to
purposes of defence ; e.g. the sweet fluid ejected
ANAL
26
ANCII
by some aphids, the acrid vapour of ' ' bom-
bardiers," the inky fluid of some molluscs.
Analogue. [Gr. dvaXoyos, proportionate^ A
term indicating general organic similarity : the
tapir is an A. of the elephant ; a gill, of a lung.
Sometimes, less strictly used, as the "wing" of
a bat ; but the wing of a bird, compared with
an arm or with the paddle of a whale, is a
Homologue \i>^6Kofoi, agreeing^ a relatively
similar development.
Analogy. [Gr. ivaXort^cL, proportion.^ 1. A
method of argument founded on similarity of
relations, where induction is not complete. 2.
Title of Bishop Butler's work in defence of re-
vealed religion. 3. Proportion : the equality or
similarity of ratios ; thus, the ratio of 2 lbs. of
butter to 3 lbs. is equal or similar to the ratio of
4 in. to 6 in., consequently the two ratios form
an analogy or proportion. ^^^'
Analysis. [Gr. ivaXvini, d va-\it», ^^^oose. ]
1. Resolution of a whole, logical o^^Becial.
into its parts ; opposed to Synth^sis^^vQfffa,
from <Tvv, together, diais, a placing]. A., from
examining facts, arrives at principles ; S. assumes
principles, and proceeds to work out results.
2. In Physics, the resolving of a compound sub-
stance into its constituent parts ; it is called
proximate when the substance is resolved into
components which are themselves compound ;
ultimate, when it is resolved into its elements.
Qualitative A . determines the nature, Quantita-
tive A. the amount, of the various ingredients.
Volumetric y4. is a method of quantitative A. by
the use of measured volumes of reagents of
known strength. (For Spectral A., vide Spectral.)
8. The solution of geometrical problems, by
treating them as particular cases of more general
problems ; a process commonly performed by
the aid of algebraical equations ; whence alge-
braical geometry is often called analytical
geometry. 4. In Language, the substitution, as
in English, of prepositions, auxiliaries, etc., for
inflexions.
Analyzer. The part of a polariscope by
which, when light has been polarized, its pro-
perties are tested.
Anamnesis. [Gr.] Plato held that knowledge
was a reminiscence [ai/<ffii^(r«s] of the knowledge
possessed in some former state.
Anamorphosis. [Gr., z. forming anew.] 1. The
process taking place in a certain toy, by which
the true form of an object is obtained from a
distorted picture by reflexion in a properly
curved mirror. 2. (IVat. Hist.) Change in form
(usually progressive), traceable from species to
species, either contemporaneous or successive.
Ananas. A Brazilian name ; the plant which
produces the pine-apple (Ananassa sativa).
Ananke. [Gr. dvdyKTj.] (Myth.) Necessity.
Anapaest. [Gr. dvairaiffTos, struck back, re-
sounding^ A metrical foot, « w -, as, " Not a
drum I . . . not a fu | neral note ; " perhaps
meaning a dactyl reversed.
Anaphora. [Gr., a cartyingiack-^lnRhetoric,
a repetition of a word at the beginning of con-
secutive clauses or verses; e.g. "Sic vos non
vobis," etc
Anaptyzis. [Gr. dvd-Krv^is, an unfolding.]
(Etym.) The insertion of a vowel between two
consonants in a word, as in Eng. borough,
Goth. burg.
Anarthropoda. [Gr. &v-apGpos, unarticulate,
VOX)?, ir({5os, a foot."] (Annulosa.)
Anarthrous. [Gr. &vapdpos, from dv neg., UpOpov,
a joint, the article.] 1. (Zool.) Without joints, ^.^.
a mollusc. 2. (Gram.) Without the article,
6, ■^j t6.
Anasarca. [Gr. dvd ffdpKo, throughout the
flesh.] (Physiol.) A collection of sSrum in the
cellular tissues of the body and limbs ; pop.
dropsy.
Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modem Greek,
written at the close of the eighteenth century.
The celebrated Oriental romance of Mr. Thos.
Hope.
An&st&tlca. [Gr. ivdaTdai^, resurrection.]
Rose of Jericho, Resurrection flower, Mary's
yftfr/'<rr,-a-small woody annual (A. hlerochuntica),
ord. Cruclferae. Its flower, dried up into a small
ball, will, for years after being gathered, ex-
pand, if wetted, and close again.
Anastatic printing. The printing of en-
gravings, etc., which are first steeped in an acid,
then pressed on a zinc plate. The acid, eating
away the plate where not covered by an oily
ink, leaves the engraving in relief.
AnastoiJtdsis. [Gr., opening as by a mouthy
1. (Anat.) The junction of blood-vessels, being
generally the branches of separate trunks. 2.
(Bot.) The growing together of two parts meet-
ing from different directions.
AnastrSphe. (Inversion.)
Anathema, [Gr.] Properly a thing dedicated
or devoted. Hence = under a ban or curse.
(Maranatha; Baca.)
Anathema. [Gr. dvdQJ]^^.a.^^ A thing dedicated,
in a good sense ; Luke xxi., and class.
Anatidsd. [L. anatem, duck; cf. O.E. ened,
enid, Ger. ente.] (Zool.) Fam. of web-footed
birds, as ducks ; cosmopolitan ; ord. Anseres.
Anatomy. [Gr. dvaTOfx-fi, dissection.] Formerly,
often (i) the thing dissected, (2) a skeleton.
Anatomy of Melancholy, by Robert Burton
( 1 576-1640). A remarkable work, with a singu-
lar charm, professing to analyze and to remedy
M. ; quaint, learned, and abounding in quota-
tions from authors, medical and other.
Anatron. [Ar. al-nitrun, from Gr. virpov,
soda.] Glassgall ((/.v.).
Anbury, Ambuiy. 1. In horses and cows, a
soft, bloody tumour. 2. From the shape, a
disease in turnips. Club-root, or "fingers and
toes."
Anchoret. (Anachoretse.)
Anchors. [L. anchora, Gr. AyKvpa, an an-
chor.] Bower, the four large equal -sized anchors
kept ready for use on board ship. They are : Best,
or Starboard B., and Small or Port B., in the
bows ; Sheet A. and Spare A., kept to starboard
and port, abaft the fore-rigging. Stream A., a
third of the size of the B. A. Kedge, smaller than
a Stream. Grappli7ig A., or Grapnel, a boat's
anchor, with four flukes. The Floating A., a
I fourfold piece of canvas, on an iron frame.
ANCH
ANGE
suspended in the water, so as to diminish a
ship's drift to leeward.
Anchor watch. A portion of the wTitch con-
stantly on deck while a ship is at single anchor,
ready to attend to it, let go another, set head-
sails, etc., as required.
AnchQsa [Gr. iyxovtra, a/k(in^/], Bugloss
\^o\rf\*i»aaos, ox-tongue\. {Pot.) A gen. of plants,
ord. Boraginaceae ; including Dyer's alkanet, or
Anchusa tinctoria.
Anehj^losis. [Gr. ir/KiKveis, a crooking, con-
tractivn of limbs.^ (A/eiL) Unnatural union of
two bones, resulting in more or less stiflfening ;
applied to joints.
Anden regime. [Yr., the old rule.'] The system
maintainetl by the French monarchy and aris-
tocracy Iwfore the Revolution.
Ancient. Corr. o[ cnsiipt [L. insignc].
Ancient demesne. Lands named m Domes-
day Book as Terra Regis.
Ancientry. Antiquity of lineage.
Aneienta. [Fr. anciens.] Gentlemen of the
Inns of Court and Chancery.
AncDia. [L.] Shields ; i.e. the shield of Mars
which fell in Numa's time, and eleven others
made like it that the true one might not be
stolen ; carried yearly round the city, which
could not be taken while the shield was in
Rome. Corssen derives from an, on Mh sides,
cile = cut out, root skar, to cut, the A. being
panduriform {q.v.).
Ancillary. [I> ancilla, a handmaid.'] Sub-
servient to ; assisting.
AnoipitaL [L. anceps, ancTpTtis, an fur
amphi, jh both sides, caput, a head.] {Mot.)
Two-edged, compressed, so as to form two op-
posite angles or edges , e.^. stem of iris.
Anclpltii flsAi. (Contraband.)
Aneon. [Gr. kyKu>v, a hent arm.] 1. A
comer or quoin ol a wall. 2. A bracket support-
ing a corriice.
Aneony. [Gr. dyKAf.] A bar ot' iron un-
« rought at the ends.
Anctfra. [It. i.a. Fr. encore, once more, lit.
(j this hour; L. hanc hdram.] A call for the
repetition of a song.
Andabatiam. [L. andib&ta, a gladiator, who
wore a helmet without holes for the eyes.]
Lit. blindfold hghting ; uncertainty, wild argu-
ment.
Andante. [It.] Going, ue. evenly ; (Mus.) in
rather .-low time.
Andirons, also written Aondirona and Hand-
irons. Fiie-dogs. An ornamental standard of
iron, with a cross-bar, used to support the logs
of a woo<l hre.
Andreada Forest. The southern an I central
parts of Sussex m the period before the Norman
Conquest.
Andrew. In nautical parlance : 1. A man-
of-war. 2. The Government, and Government
authonties.
Andrew, Cross of St. (Cross.)
Andrews, Joseph, Fielding's novel and its
hero, a virtuous footman.
•andria. [Gr. of^p, a man, kvZpit.] {Hot.) The
first eleven of the twenty-four (Linn*an) classes
into which vegetables are primarily divided, are
characterized solely by the number of stamens.
Mon-andria = having I stamen; Di-, 2 ; Tri-, 3 ;
Tetr-, 4 ; Pent-, 5 ; Hex-, 6 ; Hept-, 7 ; Oct-,
8; Enne-, 9; Dec-, 10 £ Dodec-, 12 to 19.
Classes 12 and 13 are Ikos-andria, with 20
[(Tkoo-i] or more inserted on the calyx ; and Poly- ,
20 or more inserted on the receptacle. G^n-
andria \yvv^\, a looman] have a column, i.e. an
insertion of stamens on the pistil.
AndrcBCSum. [Gr. i,»i\p, ivSp6s, a man, oIk(7ov,
neut. adj., domestic] (Bot.) The male system of
a flower.
Androg^ons. [Gr. Jvip6ywos.] Having
characteristics of both sexes.
Anele. [A.S. ele, oil.] To give extreme
unction.
Ane^l^o. [Gr. dv neg., and electric] A
body i^^V^ily electrified by friction.
An^^^ftde. [Gr. dyd, up, and electrode
(^•''•)-rHPe positive pole of a galvanic battery.
Anemia. (Aneemia.)
Anem6mSter. [Gr. &v(mos, rvind, ixirpov,
measure] An instrument for ascertaining and
registering the pressure of wind.
Anemophilons flowers. I'hose which are
fertilized by the action of the wind carrying the
pollen from one to another. [Gr. &vtfuny wind,
^i\4ti, / loz'c.]
Anent, Anenst. [A.S. on efen, on even, on
even, on a level with.] Over against, close by,
concerning.
AnentSrons. [(>r. k neg., ttntpa, bowels.]
Having no alimentary canal.
Aneroid barometer. [Gr. & neg., vi\p6s, wet,
«l8oT, form, as not making use of mercui-y.] A
cylindrical metallic box, partially exhausted of
air, with a top made to yield very easily under
varying external pressure ; the motion of the top
is transmitted to a pointer which shows its extent,
and therefore the variation in the atmospheric
pressure producing it.
AnSthnm. (Anise.)
Aneurism. [Gr. iivfvpv<rfi6s, a widening.]
{Med.) A pulsating tumour, consisting of an
artery preternaturally enlarged. (Varix.)
AnfiractnoQS. [L. anfractus, a bending round.]
1. Winding about. 2. {Bot.) Sinuous, doubling
abruptly in difterent directions.
An^eiology, Anglology. [Gr. ayycior, a
vessel.] {Arnit.) Knowledge of the vessels of the
IxKly.
Angel. [Gr. Ar/ytKo^, New Testament, an
angel.] An old coin worth ten shillings, marked
with the figure of an angel.
Angel Doctor. (Doctor.)
Angel, Order of Golden. An order of knight-
hood, said to have been instituted by Constan-
tine. It was revived by the Emperor Charles V.
AngiUoa. [Gr. ieyytKiKSs, from its pro-
perties (.■').] {Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Umbel -
lifera; ; the hollow stalks of A. Archangelica are
candied and eaten.
Angelical hymn. {Eccl.) In the Eucharistic
Office, the hymn beginning with the words,
•'Glory be to God on high;" L. "Gloria in
Excelsis."
ANGE
2S
ANIO
Angelology, Demonology, of a people, or
period. The current belief respecting angels
and evil spirits. [Gr. &yy(\os, New Testament,
attgel ; Saifiwv, New Testament, evil spirit. \
Angelot. [Fr.] A small rich Norman cheese
(originally stamped with a figure of St. Michael).
Angelas bell. The bell rung at the time
appointed for the recitation of the Ave Maria,
or the angel's annunciation to the Virgin.
Angevin. Belonging to Anjou.
An^na pectoris. [L., tightening of the chesty
(Med.) A nervous disease of the heart, attended
with sudden excessive pain in the lower part of
the chest ; ascribed to a bony degeneration of
the cardiac vessels.
Angiosperms. [Gr. iyyfiov, a vessel, virfpfta,
seed.] {Bot.) Such exogens as have seetls enclosed
in a seed-vessel ; Gynmosperms [yuiiv^m^iakeJ]
being those whose seeds are perfectec^^Biout a
seed-vessel. ^^B
Angle ; Acute A. ; Dihedral A. ; Obl^^^. ; A.
of friction ; A. of incidence ; A. of reflexion ; A. of
refraction ; A. of traction ; Bight A. ; Solid A. ;
Visual A. [L. angulus, an angle, corner.} The
difference of direction of two intersecting straight
lines. When the adjacent angles made by two such
lines are equal, each angle is a Right A. ; an Acute
A. [acutus, sharpened] is less, and an Obtuse A.
[obtiisus, blunted] is greater, than a right angle.
A Dihedral A. [Gr. SieSpos, not in its class,
sense, but as if = having two bases, sides] is that
contained by two intersecting planes ; a Solid A.
is the angular space at the vertex of a pyramid
enclosed by three or more plane angles meeting
at a point ; the Visual A. of an object is the
angle subtended at the eye by the line joining
its two extreme points ; the A. of repose is the
A. of friction (Friction). (For A. of ituidence,
reflexion, refraction, traction, vide Beflezion ;
Befraction; Traction.)
Angle-iron. Pieces of iron of an angular form,
used for joining, at an angle, the plates of which
tanks, etc., are built up.
Angle of leeway. The difference between the
seeming and the actual course of a ship when
sailing near the wind.
Anglia, East. Name for Norfolk with Suf-
folk and Cambridgeshire.
Anglo-Saxon Cli^onicle. A narrative, in the
Anglo-Saxon language, extending from Ccesar's
invasion to the death of Stephen, 1 1 54. A vei7
important work, mostly in prose ; the work,
apparently, of many successive hands ; the latter
part, at least, by contemporary authors with
the events related.
Anglo-Saxon language; English language.
While no exact date, of course, can be assigned
to the change of Anglo-Saxon into English, it
has been proposed by the late Mr, T. Shaw, in
Student's Etiglhh Literature, p. 17, to arrange,
approximately, the chief alterations under the
following epochs : — I. Anglo-Saxon, from A.D.
450 to 1 1 50. 2. Semi-Saxon, from A.D. 1150 to
1250; from the reign of Stephen to the middle
of that of Henry III. 3. Old English, from A.D.
1250 to 1350, the middle of the reign of Edward
I.l. 4- Middle English, itovciA.T>. 1350 to 1550,
the reign of Edward VI. 5. Modern English,
from A.D. 1550 to the present day. Dr. Morris
gives a somewhat different division : — i. A.D.
450 to 1 100. 2. A.D. 1 100 to 1250. 3. A.D.
1250 to 1350. 4. A.D. 1350 to 1460. 5. A.D.
1460 to the present time ; under the titles of
English of the First Period ; of the Second Period,
etc. (Morris's English Accidence, p. 48).
Angdla cat ; A. goat. (Angora.)
Angdra cat. [Gr. 'AyKvpa, now Angora, in
Asia Minor.] Variety of cat, with long silky
fur, and frequently with eyes of different colours.
Felis catus Angorensis (Linnaeus, Buffon).
Angdra cloth. Made from the silky wool of
the goat of Angora, ancient Ancyra, Asia Minor.
(Tentmaker.)
Angora goat. (A. cat.) Variety of goat, with
long silky hair, generally white.
^igostura bark ; A. bitters. The bark of the
Gulipea cusparia, a S. American tree, common
around Angostura, in Columbia.
Angsana. A red gum from Hindostan, like
dragon's blood.
Angfuilla. [L. dim. of anguis, snake, Gr.
i-yxi\vs, eel.] Gen. of fish, as the common eel ;
only gen. found in fresh water of fam. Muraenidae,
ord. Physostomi, sub-class TeleostSi.
Anguis. [L., Gr. ^x'^-l {Zool.) Properly a
snake of the constrictor kind ; but designating a
gen. of footless lizards, as A.* fragilis [L.., fragile],
the blind-worm, fam. Scincldse.
Angular velocity. The rate at which a body
turns round an axis.
Ang^. Division of Scotland, from Saxon to
Stuart periods, nearly coincident with County
Forfar.
Angfusticlave. The tunic of the fequites, with
narrow [L, angustus] purple stripe [clavus] ;
opposed to Laticlave [latus, broad], that of the
senators.
Anhelation. [L. anhelo, I pant ^ Difficulty
of breathing.
Anhydride. [Gr. dj/ neg., vSponS'fis, watery.]
Any oxygenated compound, which by reaction
with the elements of water forms an acid.
Anhydrotis. [Gr. &v-v^pos, wanting water.]
Deprived of, or not containing, water. An
anhydrous acid is called an anhydride.
Anient. In the Indian rivers, a dam with
bottom sluice, which regulates irrigation.
Aniline. [First obtained from indigo, Ar. an
nil.] A colourless liquid, the source of many
brilliant dyes ; which, or some of which, readily
absorb moisture from the air, so that the dyed
substances keep moist.
Anima mundi. [L., the soul of the 7vorld.]
With some early philosophers, a force, not
material, but of the nature of intelligence, the
source of all sentient life.
Anime, or African copal. A gum -resin ob-
tained from an African tree, Trachylobium
Hornemannianum ; nat. ord. Leguminosoe.
Animus. [L., intent.] In libel, malicioug
purpose.
Animus fiirandi. [L.] The intention of stealing.
Anion. [Gr. avi-xv, going tip, from d.vi, up,
and Uvai, to go.] The element which goes to
ANIS
29
ANON
the positive pole, when a substance is decom-
posed by electricity. (Cation.)
Aniae, or Aniseed. [Ar. anisun, Gr. anaoy and
atnjdoy.] Fruit of Pimpinella anisum (nat. ord.
Uml)ellifen)e), which is among the oldest of
medicines and spices ; aromatic stimulants and
carminative ; used as a cattle medicine.
Anisette. [Fr.] A cordial flavoured with
afiisir(/.
Anisddaotyla. [Gr. &>>1<to$, umqual, 8aitTi;\oi,
finger ox toe.\ {Zoi>/.) Having an uneven numl)er
of toes, as the feet of the horse among Ungulata.
Anjoo. Old province of France, capital
Angers.
Anlaee. A short dagger, worn in the four-
teenth and fifteenth centuries.
Annandale. The larger and eastern part of
Dumfriesshire, from Norman to Stuart periods ;
the less and west part being Nithsdale.
Annat. [L. annus, a year.\ A half-year's
stipend due by Scotch law, A.D. 1672, to a
minister's next of kin, not to his estate, after
his death.
Annates [L. annus, a year], or Fint-frnits. A
moiety of the full value of one year's profits at
firstof every vacant bishopric, afterwards of every
other vacant benefice also, claimed by the pope,
as a beneficiary fee ; afterwards by Henry VHI. ;
given by Queen Anne to the Governors of Q. A. B.
(q.v.), for augmentation of the maintenance of
poor clergy. The valuation is that of Liber
Regis (,/.r.), A.D. 1535.
Annmling. [O.E. annelan, to kindle.] 1.
The melting and gradually cooling of glass or
metal, to remove brittleness. 8. The heating of
glass or tiles, to fix colours.
Annelids. [Fr. annelides, id., from L. inellus,
dim. of anulus, a ring.] {Zoo/.) Annulose, or
ringed worms, dislimtJy segmented, as leeches
and earth-worms.
AnnaT- [L. annexus, part, of annecto, /
join on to.] 1. A room or gallery adjoining a
larger covere<l area, especially in exhibition
buildings. 2. A paper joined to a diplomatic
document.
Annihilationists [Eccl. L. annThtlo, / bring
to nothing] understand the death which is the
wages of sin to be a gradual extinction of all
existence.
Annomination. [L. ad, to, nomen, a name.]
Emphatic opposition of words of same sound, but
different sense or use ; e.g. " The parson tolJ
the sexton. And the sexton to/M ihe bell," "And
/eaves begin to /eave the shady tree." The tone
of a piece alone determines whether A. = pun-
ning or not.
AnnSna. [L.] Vear/y froduee ; and so a
contribution of com due from a Roman pro-
vince for the use of the army and the city.
Annotta, Annotto, Amotto, Boncon. A thin
yellowish-red coating of ifaxy pulp, which covers
the seeds of Bixa orellana. It is separated and
used for colouring cheese, etc.
Annual Begister. Published since 1759, gives
principal events of importance, political and
miscellaneous, in the year.
Annual Betnms, H.M. Navy. A report of (i)
sailing qualities of ship ; (2) state of crew ; (3)
progress of young officers in navigation. Sent
to the Admiralty from every ship on commission.
Annnent muscles [L. annuo, / nod to]
throw the head forwards.
Anntdar eclipse. (Eclipse.)
Anniilata, Annulates. [L. anniilata, ringed,
from annCilus, a ring.] (Annelids.)
Annulate. [L. annulatus.] Having ringed
form or marks ; e.g. an antelope's horn.
Annnlet. 1. {Arch.) A small flat fillet
encircling a column ; e.g. those under the Doric
capital. 2. (Her.) A ring [L. anniilus] borne
(l) as a charge, or (2) as difference in the fifth
son's escutcheon.
Ann&lSid^, or £chin5zoa. Provisional sub-
kingd. of Invertebrates, including £chln6-
dennata (as star-fish) otherwise reckoned with
the Ra^ata ; and Scolecida (as the tapeworm
and vii&ai' eel), otherwise reckoned with the
AnnulofflR
Annfildsa. [L. annulus, a ring.J Sub-kingd.
of certain Invertebrates, which are composed of
definite ringed segments, " somites " [Gr. ar&fia,
a body], and containing (i) ArthripSda, or Artl-
eftl&ta, with jointed locomotive appendages, as
crabs, barnacles, spiders, centipedes, and insects ;
and (2) A.narthr5poda, without such appendages,
as spoon-worms, leeches, earth-worms.
Anniilus et b&o&lnm. [L.] The bishop's ring
and pastoral stq^, given in granting investiture.
Annnneiation, Order of the. An order founded
in Savoy, 1535, as the order of the Collar, by
Amadeus VI. ; received its present name from
Charles III.
Annns mir&bllis. [L.] Year of wonders,
1666, i.e. of the Great Fire, and of our successes
over the Dutch. Title of a poem by Drydcn.
Anoa. (Zoo/.) Gen. and spec, of wild oxen,
allietl to buffalo, but small. C61dbes, snb-fam.
Bt5vln.-v, fam. B6vidae, ord. Ungiilata.
Anode. [Gr. ivoZos, a 7vay tip, from ivi., up^
Mdj, a way.] The positive pole, or path by
which the current enters a boily being decom-
posed by electricity.
Anodyne. [Gr. d.vmvoi, i.v neg., 6Surri,pain ]
A sedative, narcotic, etc., which assuages pain.
Anolis. (Zoo/.) Gen. of lizard with expansile,
coloured throat. Trop. America to California.
Fain. Igiianula".
Anomalistic year. (Year.)
Anomaly, Eccentric ; Mean A. ; Tme A. [Gr.
ifUfiaXia, irregidaf ity, anoma/y.] The True A.
of a planet is its angular distance, measured at
the sun, from perihelion. The Eccentric A. is
a like angle measured from perihelion to the
planet's place referred (by a peqiendicularto the
axis) to the circle described on the major axis of
its orbit (Ellipse). The Mean A. is a like angle
measured to the place the planet would occupy
if it moved on the circle with its mean velocity.
Anomoeans. [Gr. dv6fiotos, unlike,] Arians,
fourth century, who held the essence of the Son
to be un/ike that of the Father, and rejected
the term Homoiousios. (Homoensiana.)
Anon. [A.S. on 4n = in one, i.e. instant.]
1. Quickly ; as in Matt. xiii. 20. 2. Sometimes.
ANON
30
ANTH
Anona. {Bot.) The custard apple ; type of ord.
AnonaceiE, W. Indies and S. American trees,
aromatic, and yielding delicious fruil.
Anonymous. (Pseudonym.)
Anoplotherium. [Gr. li.vow\os, unarmed, Oriplov,
ieast.] (Geo/.) An extinct pachyderm, between the
swine and rummants ; tuskless, two-loed, grami-
nivorous. There are some spec, of Tertiary age.
Anorezy. [Gr. dvope^ia, from dv neg., Spf^is,
desire.] Loss of appetite.
Anorthite. [Gr. eivneg., opd'fi, sc. yuvla, right
angle] (Mm.) A variety of lime-felspar ; named
from its cleavage.
Anorthoscope. [Gr. Av n^., bp06s, straight,
OKoicio), I behold.] Produces interesting figures,
etc., by means of two discs rotating rapidly
one before the other ; the anterior opaque with
vertical slits, the other transparent with dis-
torted figures. (Zoetrope.) ,
AnosMa. [Gr av neg., 3<r/i^, smelt] Loss
of the sense of smell. •*
AnoBt5mas. [Gr. &v<d, upward, arSfia, mouth.]
(Zool.) Gen. of fish, freshwater, with under jaw
so projecting that the mouth seems placed ver-
tically. Trop America. Fam. Characimdae,
ord. Physostomi, sub-class Teldostei.
Another place. (Pari.) The conventional
way, in either House, of referring to the other
Anonra. [Gr. av neg., oiipi, a tatl.] (Zool.)
The third ord of Amphibia, tail-less Batrachians,
as frogs.
Ansated. Having handles [L. ansae].
Ansae of Saturn's rings. Projections resem-
bling handles [L. ansje].
Anse de panier. [Yr., baskd handle.] Ellip-
tical arch of a bridge.
Anseres. [L. anser, goose, gander, Ger. gans,
Gr. xV-] (Zool.) Ord. of web-footed and lobate-
footed birds, as ducks, grebes. Cosmopolitan.
Answer the helm, To. To obey the rudder.
Anta, Ants, [L.] The end of a wall ter-
minating in a pillar ; the terminations of the
pteromata, or side walls, of a temple, when pro-
longed beyond the face of the end walls.
Antaeus. [Gr. 'Ai'ToToy.] (Myth.) A giant,
invincible so long as he remaincfl in contact
with the earth Heracles (Hercules) lifted him
and crushed him in the air
Antagonist muscles. [Gr. ivraywyttrr'tis, one
who contends against.] In their actions op-
posed to each other ; e.g. the form of the mouth
in health is due to such combined action j the
opposite is seen in paralysis.
Antalgics [Gr, &\yos, pain], i.q. Anodynes
(q.v.). ^
AntaiAclasis. [Gr., a reflexion, an echo.]
(Rhet.) The pointed use of the words of a
previous speaker in a different sense.
Antarctic. (Zone.)
Antarthritic. [Gr. d.p6p7Tis, sc ySffos, joint
disease.] Counteracting gout.
Antatrophic. Overcoming or counteracting
atrophy.
Antebrachium. '.he forearm [made up of L.
ante, 6e/ore, and brachium, which is sometimes
the whole arm, sometimes the lower arm from
the fingers to the elbow].
Antecedent. (Conditional proposition ; Ratio.)
Antediluvian. 1. Before the Flood [L. ante
diluvuMii]. 2. Old-fashioned, very antiquated.
Antefixes. (Arch.) Carved blocks.
Antelucan [L. anteliicanus] worship, j>.
be/ore daylight [antd lucem].
Antenate. [L.] JSom before the union of
English and Scottish crowns (James 1.), and so
not English in law ; post-nate, born after, i.e.
claiming the rights of native English.
Antenicene. Before the Council of Nice or
Nica;a, in Bithynia, A.D. 325.
Antepagment. [L. antepagmentum.) Door-
ways or architrave of doorway.
Antepaschal. Relating to the time before
Easter [riao-xa, the Passover].
Antepast. A foretaste [L. ante, before, pastus,
a feeding].
Antependium. [L. ante, before, pendeo, to
hang.] The frontal or covering of the altar, in
churches, usually made of cloth, silk, or velvet,
and embroidered.
Antepenultimate. [L. ante, before, paene,
a/most, ultimus, the last.] The last but two ;
'■ generally said of a syll. or a letter.
I Antepllani. [L.] In the Roman legion, the
I Hastati and Principes, as being drawn up
I before the Triarii, who were armed with pila,
i long spears.
I Anteport. Outward gate or door [L. porta],
j Anterides. [Gr., props.] (Arch.) Buttresses.
Antero-postSrior. P'orwards from behind ;
I e.g. compression of the skull.
Antesignani [L.] In the Roman legion, the
! Hastati, as standing in front of the standards
; [ante signa].
Anteversion. [L. anteversio, -nem.] (Med.) The
tilting forwards of a part which is naturally in-
ferior. Retroversion, the /Jar^war^ and downward
depression of a part naturally superior.
Antevert. [L. antSverto, / go before, place
before.] Prevent.
Anthelion. A bright spot, connected with a
halo, nearly opposite to the sun [Gr. avO^Kio^].
Anthelix. [Gr dj/flfAtl.] Antihclix, the
1 curved ridge of the external ear within the
helix (q.v.).
j Anthelmintic. [Gr. (Xfiivs, a worm.] (Med.)
\ Destroying or removing worms.
Anthem. (Antiphon.)
I Anthemis. [Gr. avOifiU, chamomile.] (Bot. ) A
gen. of plants, ord. Compositae, of which the
Chamomile (q.v.) (A. nobilis) is the type.
Anther. [Gr avQ7)p6s, flo^very.] (Bot ) That
part of the stamen which is filled with pollen j
the pollen -case.
Antheridia. [Dim. coined from anther] (Bot.)
Organs of Cryptogamous or flowerless plants,
.supposed to represent anthers of Phanerogamous
or flowering plants.
Anthesterion. [Gr. avdeffrripi^v.] Eighth
Attic month, beginning 197 days after summer
solstice.
Antho-. [Gr. ivOos.] Flower.
Anthocarpous. (Bot.) Having powers [&v0os]
a.ndfruit [Kopirds] in one mass, as the pine-apple.
AnthSdium [Gr. avedSris, like flowers], or
ANTII
31
ANTI
C&pltaium [L., lulle head\ {Bot.) The head of
flowers of a composite plant, as daisy, aster,
chamomile.
AnthSlitM. [Gr. 'Mos, aJUnver, XiOos, stone.\
{Geo!.) Fossil inflorescence ; e^. of the Carboni-
ferous period.
AnthSlSgiom. [Gr. avBoXoyia, a nosegay.'] In
the Greek Church, a book, in two six-monthly
parts, containing the offices sung through the
year on special festivals.
Anthology. A collection by an editor of
Greek epigrams and other short poems ; the first
known being that of Meleager, circ. B.C. loo.
There are also others, Arabic, Indian, Persian,
Chinese, etc.
Antholysis. [Gr. ivdoi, a flower, Xuffir, a re-
solving.] (Bty/.) Defined by Dr. Lindley, *' the
retrograde metamorphosis of a flower ; as when
carpels change to stamens, stamens to petals,
petals to sepals, and sepals to leaves, mure or
less completely."
Anth&riflnuB. [Gr. iy^opitrnSsf from iyrl,
against, iplCw, I define. ] (Khet.) A counter-
definition.
AnthdzSa. [Gr. tu^s, a florwer, ^Smv, an
animal. \ {Zool.) I.q. Actlnozoa (Actinia), corals
and sea-anemones, sub-kingd. Crelent^rata.
Anthrteita [Gr. &y0pa{, coal, charcoal]. Blind-
tool, Glante-coal, A black, light, lustrous sub-
Stance, burning slowly, withtmt flame, with
intense heat ; a natural carbon, formed by pres-
sure and heat from coal,
AnthracStheriom. [Gr. tiv9p9\, coal, Ojipiof, a
wild beast.\ (Geol.) An cxtmct pachyderm, near
to swine ; its remains first found in Ligurian
brown coal or lignite.
Anthrax. [Gr. tj^Opa^, coal, a carbuncU\ A
malignant lx)il ; a carbuncle.
Anthropography. [Gr. &»^p«iro}, man, yp6/pv,
1 7iriU.\ A description of the physical character
of man ; his langiiage, customs, distribution on
the earth, etc,
Anthropdlatra. [Gr. tuSptt'Tos, man, \eerptid,
nvrshi/i.] M,inu<orshippers ; name given to the
ortho<]ox Christians by the Apollinanans, who
denied Christ's perfect humanity,
Anthrdpolites [Gr. iyOpwros, man, xldot,
stone] = fossil human renuuns ; e./i'. in the coral
sand of Giiadaloupe,
Ajithropology. The science of man [Gr.
&y6parwos] uniler every aspect of his nature.
Anthropometry. [Gr. it^pwros, man, fUrpov,
measure.] The systematic examination of the
heights, weights, etc., of human Ijeings, in con
nexion with other physical characteristics, and
with age, race, locality, occupation, etc.
Anthr5p2morphites. [Gr. ayOpeenSnop^s, in
human form.] I'er^ons who regard the Deity
as having a human shape. The name is applic-
able to heathens generally, and to some Chris-
tian sects.
Anthropop&thy. {Rhet.) The ascription to
God of huiiian passion [Gr. veCOot].
Anthropoph&gy. [(ir. &i^pwiro<^«yM.] Can-
nibalism.
Anthorinm. {Dot.) A gen. of Aracese, one of
which CA. Scherzerianum) is much grown in hot-
houses under the name of the Flamingo plant ; it
has a large scarlet spathe and a twisted spadix,
and is very handsome.
Antiarin. Poisonous principle of the upas
tree ; the gum resin being used for poisoning
arrows. (Upas.)
Anti-attrition. A preparation of black lead
and lard with a little camphor, which lessens
friction in machinery. [Coined from Gr, dvr/,
against, and L. attrltio, /r/ir/;>«.]
Antl-baochitis. (Bacchlos.)
Anti-burghers. (Burghers.)
Antical, Antioous. [L. anticus, that which is
before.] (Bot.) Placed in the front part of a
flower, i.e. furthest from the axis.
Antiohlore. [Gr. ivri, against, and chlorine
(f/.-'.).] Any substance use<l to remove the excess
of chlorine from bleached rags.
Antichth5nis, [Gr, from iunl, opposite to,
xQiiiv, the earth, the ground,] Inhabitants of
opfxjsite hemispheres.
Anti-civism. A spirit hostile to the rights of
fellariocitizens [L. cives].
Anti-dimax. (Climax.)
Anticlinal line [Gr.&in-{, against, kxIw, I make
to bend], or Saddleback. (Geol.) The ridge line, or
axis of elevation, from which strata dip in oppo-
site directions. Synclinal [avv, together], the
furrow line towards which they dip,
Anticor. [Fr. anticceur.] A swelling of the
breast, opposite the heart.
Anti-Com-Law Lea^e. An association
formed in 1S36, chiefly through the energy of
Richard Cobden, to procure the repeal of the
laws regulating or forbidding the exportation or
importation of com. These laws were abolished
in 1846.
Antlcum. [L,, in front.] The front or en-
trance of a church,
Antloyra. Name of two Greek towns famed
for hellebore, an old remedy for lunacy ; meton,,
a retreat for those who act madly {vide Horace,
Sat. ii. 3, 83).
Anti-dactyl, An anapaest (q.v.).
Antidote, [Gr, iunilo'Tov, from ami, against,
818w/ui, / give.] That which counteracu evil
efl'ects.
Anti-friction wheels or rollers. Placed be-
tween two surfaces which pass over each other,
to convert a rubbing into a rolling contact.
Anti-gallicans. (Naut.) Extra backstays.
(Stoys.)
Antigraph. [Gr. drriypa^, a reply, a copy.]
A copy, transcript.
Anti-hiliz. (Anthelix.)
Anti-hypn5tio (more correctly Anihypnotic).
[Gr. ii-Kvuu, I lull to sleep.] Preventive of sleep,
AntUeg5m§na. [Gr, from iiVTiKfyu), I gain-
say.] 77iings spoken against ; books at first not
admitted to be canonical — 2 Peter, James, Jude,
Hel)rews, 2 and 3 John, and Apocalypse.
Antilibr&tion. [Coined from Gr. ktni, opposite
to, and L. libralio, a levelling.] Of words,
sentences, counterbalancing.
Antilitliic. [Gr. XlBos, a stone.] Preventive
or destructive of gravel or urinary calculi.
Antilogarithms, Table of. [Gr. avri, over
ANTI
32
ANTO
against, and logarithm (q.v.).] The number cor-
responding to a logarithm. A Table of A. gives
a series of logarithms, each differing from the
one before it by a unit in a certain decimal
place, and the numbers corresponding to them,
Antdloimic. Preventive oi plagiK [Gr. Aoijui^y].
Antimacassar. [Coined from Gr. avri, against,
macassar, a hair oil, named from a district in
the island of Celebes.] A fancy-work cover for
a chair-back or sofa.
Antimony. [Ar. al ithmidun.] A brittle bluish-
white metal. In commerce, its native tersulphide
is called antimony, the metal itself regiilus of
antimony. White A. is the native oxide. Glass
of A. is an artificial oxysulphide.
Antinephrltio. Counteractive of kidney disease
[Gr. i/e(f)plTis].
Antinomians. [Gr. Kvri, against, v6(ios, /aw.]
Opposers of law. This name was applied by
Luther to John Agricola and his followers, on
the ground that they denied to the Law all au-
thority as a rule of life, and asserted the entire
uselessness of good works (Solifidians). Gene-
rally the word is regarded as designating those
who hold that the wicked actions of the elect
are not sinful.
Antinomy. [Gr. kvrt, opposite, y6fios, /aw.]
1. A law opposed to another law. 2. The natural
contradiction of logical conclusions about matters
beyond experience, as that of the doctrine of
eternal necessary causation, and the doctrine
of a personal First Cause absolutely free.
Ant^ous. [L.] A beautiful Bithynian
youth, deified after his death by the Emperor
Hadrian. Hence the name is applied sometimes
to denote singular beauty in the young.
Anti-psedobaptist. One who opposes infant
baptism. (Paedobaptist.)
Antiperiodic. Preventing a fit [Gr. vfploSos]
of intermittent fever ; as quinine does.
Antiperistaltio. Opposing peristaltic motion
(^•^'■)-. . . - .
Antipenstasis. [Gr. atn-i, against, TKplffrasis,
a standing round.] Opposition to one quality
by a contrary quality, by which the former be-
comes more intense ; as quicklime is heated
by cold water, or as one ethical extreme seems
to beget the other. A principle of A. was once
imagined as existing in nature.
Antiphlogistic. [Gr. <{>\oyiar6s, set on fire.]
Checking inflammation.
Antiphon. [Gr. cwTi<puvos, from ivri, and
(pooirfi, voice.] Corr. into Anthem, the meaning
also being changed. 1. In Gr. Mus., = unison.
2. {Eccl.) Antiphonal singing, i.e. side answer-
ing side, as in cathedrals. See something of this
kind, Exod. xv. 21 ; i Sam. xviii. 7.
Antiphdnal, or alternate singing. (Antiphon.)
Antiph5nar. In the unreformed ritual, the
book of invitatories {q.v.), responsories (q.v.),
verses, collects, and whatever else is sung in
the choir ; but not the hymns peculiar to the
Communion Service. (Gradual.)
Antiphrasis. [Gr., from Kppdirts,- a speaking.]
The use of words in an opposite sense to the
proper one ; e.g. Jeddart justice, ?>. hanging first
and trying afterwards.
Antipope. One who assumes the office of pope
in the Latin Church without a valid election.
The antipopes belong chiefly to the fourteenth
and sixteenth centuries.
Antipyretic. [Gr. irvpfT(ii,/ever.] Remedying
fever.
Antiqultas sseciili, jiiventus mnndi. [L.]
Ancient times were the world's youth ; what is
very old to us is very young in the history of the
world.
Antirfhlntmi, Snapdragon. (Bot.) A gen. oi
plants which has, as it were, two noses [pivn]
opposite, in allusion to the shape of the flowers.
Ord. Scrophulariacese.
Antiscii. [Gr. ainltTKio^, throwing a shado70,
(TKti, the opposite 7vay.] Living on opposite
sides of the equator.
Antiscorbutic. Preserving from scurvy [scor-
butus] (q.v.).
Antiseptic. Preventing putrefaction [Gr. aifwm,
I male rotten].
Antispast. A four syll. foot, « «, •=
iambus -|- trochee, and so, one drawn in d'./'
ferent directions [Gr. avriiriraffTos] ', as Alex-
ander, reducetur.
Antistasis. [Gr.] A party, faction, political
opposition.
Antistes. [L., one who stands before another J]
Chief ]niest, prelate.
Antistrophe. (Strophe.)
Antithesis. [Gr., opposition, change, trans-
position.] 1. Contrast, in word or sentiment, as
" solitiidinem faciunt, pacem appellant." 2. In
Gram., change of letter, as illi for oUi. (Meta-
plasm.)
Anti-trades. Winds extending from the trade-
wind regions to near the poles ; very variable ;
but their general direction is towards the
poles. In the N. regions, S.W. currents of
air prevail, called the S.IV. Anti-trades ; in
the S. regions, the prevalent winds are from
the N.W., forming the N. IV. Anti-trades. (See
a useful manual of Physical Geography by
S. Skertchly.)
Antitype. [Gr. avrirviros.] Answering to the
type or figure [tuitos] , as ' ' Christ our Pass-
over" (i Cor v.).
Antizymic. [Gr. ^vri, against, (vfii), leaven.]
Preventing fermentation.
Antiers. [Cf Fr. andouiller and entoillier, the
first horns, (?) ante, before, ceil, eye (vide Littre).]
The male Cervidse, or true deer (and, in the
case of the reindeer, the females also) have solid
bony horns or antlers, shed yearly. Beginning
with a single "dag," they add a fresh "tine,"
or " tyne," on each renewal till the eighth year,
after which the additions are less regular. (Deer,
Stages of growth of.)
Antoecians. [Gr. wtI, and oIkos, a house.] In
Geog., those who live under the same meridian
but on opposite parallels of latitude.
Antonine, Itinerary of. An ancient geo-
graphical work, giving the distances on all the
provincial roads, and from post to post, through-'
out the whole Roman empire. (Itinerary.)
Antonines. Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor,
and his successor, M. Aurelius A. ; types of good
ANTO
33
APLU
rulers (a.d. 138-180) ; reign of first peaceful, of
second victorious.
Antonine, Wall of. From Firth of Clyde to
Firth of Forth ; built about A.D. 140.
Ant6ii5maaUu [Gr.] The use of an epithet,
patronymic, etc., instead of a proper name, as
the " Son of Peleus," the "Iron Duke," the
••Sick Man," for Achilles, Wellington, the
Turkish sultan.
Antony, Cross of St. (Cross.)
Antony, Fire of St, A name for erysipelas.
Antrufitions. Among the Franks, personal
dependents of the kings and counts ; so called,
beyond doubt, from the trust placed in them.
They were also known as Fideles, faithful, and
Leudes, people.
An&bis. An Egyptian deity, Kneph, with
the body of a man and the head of a dog.
Anas. [L.] The opening at the lower ex-
tremity of the alimentar)' cinal.
Anyersois. The inhabitants of Antwerp
[Fr. Anvers].
Aonlan. 1. Boeotian, AonTa being part of
Bceotia. 2. Belonging to the Muses ; Mount
Hdicon, and its inspiring fountain, Aginippe,
in Aonia, being sacred to the Muses.
A5rist. {Gr.iipiffTOi, indefinite.] In Gram.,
the tense which leaves undefined the time of the
action denoted by it.
Aorta. [Gr. dopr^, itlpw, /raise.] The main
trunk of the arterial system, from which every
artery of the body arises, except those which
supply the lungs.
A ontranee. [Fr.] To the uttermost,
Ap. \Vtl>h prefix to names = son o/| as in Ap
Thomas, I'-rice (.\p Rhys), P-ugh (.Ap Hugh).
Apagogical argtunent [Gr. ii,if«ymyti, in the
sense of a Uading nzi'ay, not = abduetion in
scientific logic] I'roves indirectly, by proving
that the contradictory is impossible, e.g. Euclid,
bk. iii. 9, 10, II, etc.
Apanage. (Appanage.)
Apantluopy. [Gr. dwcuf$p6twla, from dir6, from,
ivOpw-rrof, f/itin.] Aversion to society.
Apateon. [Gr-dvarict, /deceizv.] {Geol.) One
of the oldest known salamandroid Amphibia
from the coal measures. (Batraehia.)
Apatite. [Gr. airarcU«, / deceive.] Native
phosphate of lime, frequently found in greenish
six-sided jirisms, and resembling other minerals.
Apatfiria. [Gr. dvarovpia, from i = &na, to-
gether, and narpid ; cf. Adelphi ; Amasons.] An
Athenian festival, denoting the meeting of the
people in their Phratries. (Phratry.)
Apanme. [Fr. paume, /a/w.] {Her.) Having
a hand opened, so as to show the whole palm.
A-peek, A-peak, i.e. on peak. (Naut.) When
a ship is directly over her anchor it is A-peek.
Short-stay P. and Long-stay P. when the cable
is in a line with the fore and main stays respec-
tively.
Apellaans. (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of the second
t:entury, who are said to have maintained that
the Ixxiy of Christ perished at His ascension.
Apetalons [Gr. d neg., ni-r^Mv, a leaf]
flowers = having calyx, as anemone, but not
corolla ; or having neither, as in willows.
AphssrSsis. [Gr. dxpcdptcris, a taking- a^nay.]
In Gr., the cutting out of a letter or syll. at
the beginning of a word. (Metaplasm.)
Aphaniptera. [Gr. d neg., <l>aiv(n, I sho^c,
m-tpov, a li'ing.] (Entom.) Ord. of insects with
no perceptible wings, as fleas.
Aphasia. [Gr. d neg., ^xkffis, a saying.] Loss
of memory for the names of things, which
things are, nevertheless, in themselves as well
understood as before.
Aphelion. [Gr. air6, from, {JA/or, the sun.] The
point of a planet's orbit most distant from the sun.
Aphemia [Gr. d neg., ^^/xti, a speaking], i.</.
Aphasia.
Aphid, Aphis. Plant-louse, gen. of Hemi-
plerous insects, with enormous number of spec.
P'emales parthenogenetic to the ninth generation.
(ParthenogenesiB.)
Aphlogistic. [Gr. i(p\6yurros, from i neg.,
^Koyi^oi, I set on fire.] Buniing without flame.
Aphdnia. [Gr. d neg., ipctirii, voice.] Loss of
voice.
Aph5rism. [Gr. dipopianis, a definition, dtti,
from, ipiC'-a, I mark off by limits.] A short
comprehensive maxim.
AphrSdltfi. (Anadyomene.)
Aphthte [Gr. i<p0ai, ulcerations, thrush,
(?) HxTct, I set on fire], or Thrush. A disease,
mostly of infancy, characterized by small white
ulcers on the tongiie, palate, and gums.
Aphyllons [Gr. i.^v\\oi, from d neg., ^iKKov,
a leaf] plants = plants not having leaves ; e.g.
mushroom.
Apiaoees. [L. apIum,/arj/o'.] [,Bot^ Another
name for UmhellifCra?.
A piaeere. [It.] At pleasure.
Apiary. [L. apTarium, ipis, a bee^ A place
where bees are kept.
ApIcSs jiSiis ndn sunt jura. [Leg. L.] Nice
points of law are not laws ; i.e. laws deal with
broad princijiles, not with minute details.
Apioian food. (Aplcius, a notorious epicure
of Rome, in the time of Tiberius. ) Expensive,
luxurious.
Apieillary. At or near the Spex.
Apicolate. (Bot.) Abruptly pointed. [ApT-
ciJhis, rlim. coined from L. apex, a. point, summit.]
Apiocrinite. [Gr. &irtov, a pear, Kpivov, a lily. ]
(G<ol.) A pear-shaped encrinite (y.z'.) ; found in
Oolite ; near allies are found in the chalk, and
exist now.
Apis. In Egyptian religion, a bull which was
supposed to represent the god Apis. By the
Greeks it was called Epaphos, and was said to
be the son of lo. (Osiris.)
Aplanitic. [Gr. a neg., •w\iiV7)TiK6s, disposed
to loander.] When light, diverging from a point,
enters a refracting medium having a surface so
formed that the rays converge accurately to a
point, the surface is A.
Aplastic. [Gr. h. neg., vAc^trorv, I form, shape.]
Not easily moulded.
Aplomb. [Fr., lit. perpendicularity, k. plomb,
according to the plummet.] Stability, self-
possession.
Aplostri. [L., Gr. &(/>Aa(rroi'.] The carved
stem, with its ornaments, of a Roman ship.
APNCE
3*
APOT
Apnoea. [Gr. i-irvota, from i neg., inr4to, I
breathe.\ A suspension of respiration, in real or
apparent death.
Apocalypse. [Gr. inoKiXv^ii, an unveilin^.'\
The title of the last of the canonical books of the
New Testament The term Apocalyptic litera-
ture is applied to works treating of this book.
Apocalyptie writings, The. Portions of
Scripture which teach by visions, like in character
to the Apocalypse ; as Daniel and 2 Esdras.
The A. number is 666 (Rev. xiii.),
Apooarpous pistiL [Gr. o.ic6, mvay from,
Kapir6s, fruit.] {Bot.) One in which the carpels
(q.v.) remain distinct; e.g, ranuncvilus. (Syn-
carpons.)
Apocope. [Gr. intoKoirf), a cutling off.] (Gram.)
Loss of the beginning, more often of the end,
of a word. (Hetaplasm.)
Apocrisiarius. [Gr. k-ttiKfivis, an ansioer,
decision.] (Eccl. Hist.) The representative at the
imperial court of a foreign Church or bishop ; at
length = papal nuncio.
Apocrypha. [Gr. i.it6Kpv^aL, things hidden.]
Claiming to be in the canon, but put away ; or
as " read not publicly, but in secret " (Preface
to A., 1539).
Apocrypha of Hew Testament. Tlie Psendo-
Gospels, or Apocryphal Gospels. (Gospels.)
Apode, Apoda. [Gr. ivovs, gen. &7coSos, foot-
las.] A term which has been variously used :
with Cuvier, = the eel family ; ^vith others, =
sand-eels ; with some old authors, the Ophio-
morpha, including Crecilioe ; with Mr. Darwin,
one of the orders of Cirripedia ; with others,
again, some worm-like animals linking the worms
to Echinoderms. It has also been applied to
some intestinal worms, etc. Birds of paradise
were so called, when known only by their
skins.
Apodictic [Gr. airoSf(KT<ic($s, iaro-SflKwftt, I
show forth.] In Aristotle and some moderns,
demonstrative, not empirical, judgment.
Apodosis. (Protasis.)
Ap6dyterinm. [L., fromGr. oiroSi/T^pioi'.] An
undressing-room in Roman baths.
ApSgee. [Gr. t5 hito'^a.iav, from h.iti, from, 7^,
the earthy The point of the moon's orbit furthest
from the earth. When the earth is in aphelion,
the sun is sometimes said to be in A.
ApoUinarians. {Eccl.) The followers of
ApoUinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, who in the
fourth century maintained that the Logos sup-
plied the place of the human soul in Christ.
The doctrine was denounced by the Council
of Constantinople, A.D. 381.
Apollinaris water. Effervescing mineral water
from Apollinarisberg, on the Rhine, near Bonn.
Apollo. (Phcebns Apollo.)
Apollo Belvldere, i.e. in the Belvidere of the
Vatican. A Greek work, found at Antium, 1503.
Apollyon. [Gr. diroWuw, / destroy.] The
destroyer. (Abaddon.)
Apologue. [Gr. air<$\o7os.] A fable, gene-
rally with special application ; e.g.Aht, belly and
the members.
Apology for the Bible, etc. = a defence.
[Gr. aa-oAoyta, a defence, speech in defence.]
Apologetics, the scientific defence of Christianity ;
cf. I Pet. iii. 15.
Apomtilos Zens. [Gr. 'Aird/uwios, from mt6,
front, ixvia,afly.] Averter of flies. (Beelzebnb;
Unlagros.)
Aponeurosis. [Gr.] (Anat.) Expansion of a
muscle into a tendon [ytvpov].
Apopemptic poem. [Gr. airoTreuirriAfrfy, vale^
dictory.] Addressed to one about to leave his
country on a journey ; e.g. Horace, Od. i. 3.
Apophthegm. [Gr. aicSipQey^ia.] A terse,
sententious saying ; a maxim.
ApSph^ge. [Gr. aircxpvyfi, a Jiving off.'\
(Arch.) A curve connecting a shaft with a
fillet, either at the top or at the bottom of a
column (Hrande and Cox),
Apophysis. [Gr. oird</)i)<ris.] (Ana/.) A pro-
cess or prominence of a bone ; e.g. for the in-
sertion of a muscle. (Bot. ) A fleshy tubercle ;
e.g. from which an urn moss grows.
Apoplexy, [Gr. djro7rA7j|ia, from &r»irAii<r«ro>,
I strike off or do7i'n.] A sudden extravasation of
blood or serum in the brain, characterized by
loss of sensation and voluntary motion.
Aposidpesis. [Gr,] A figure in Rhetoric, by
which a sentence breaks off abruptly, leaving
the hearer or reader to supply the rest, as, *' Quos
ego — Sed " (Virgil),
Apostasy. [Gr. atrSffraan.] Defection ; fall-
ing away from a faith or an allegiance.
Aposteme. [Gr, dirJo-Tijyuo, an interval.] A
separation of purulent matter, an abscess ; corr.
into Apostume and Imposthume.
Apostil. A marginal to a book or document.
(Fr, apostille, a = ad, and post ilia, sc. verba.]
(Postil,)
Apostle spoon. Of old silver : the handle ending
in the figure of an Apostle ; generally presented
at christenings.
Apostles, (Naut.) (Knight-heads.)
Apostolical Canons, and (2) Ap. Coostrtntions.
Two collections — (?) Antenicene, authorship
unknown — of rules concerning Christian duty.
Church constitution, government, ministry,
worship ; the latter ascetic, and exalting the
priesthood excessively.
Apostolical Majesty, His. A title of the
King of Hungary, who is also called Emperor
of Austria. Pope Sylvester II. so named St.
Stephen, first King of Hungary, after his con-
version ; crowned A.D. ICX)0.
Apostolic Fathers, i.e. contemporary with, or
living just after, the apostles ; they are five :
Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hernias, Ignatius,
Polycarp.
ApostoUci. (Apotactici.)
Apostrophe, [Gr.] 1. (Rhet.) A sudden
breaking off from the previous method of an
address, in order to address, in the second
person, some person or thing absent or present,
2. (Gram.) The mark (') of a letter or letters
omitted ; as o'clock.
Apotactici. [Gr. airoraffffofiat, I renounce],
ApostolicL A sect of the third century, revived
in the twelfth century ; they professed to renounce
marriage, wealth, etc.
Apothecium, [Gr. diroO-fiKri, a store-house.']
APSE
{Bot. ) A flat disc, containing the asci of lichens ;
often called a Shield.
Apotheosis. [Gr.] Deification.
Apotome. [Gr.] In Geom., the difference
between two lines represented by numbers, one
or both of which are quadratic surds.
Apozem. [Gr. anco^tyLO, from kiti, from, off,
^(w, I hoiL'\ A decoction.
Appair, v. a. to impair, and v.n. to become
worse. [Fr. k pire, to rivrse.]
Appalement. [Fr. palir, io grow pale.'\ De-
pression, from fear.
Appanage. [L.L. appanagium, an allaioance
for bread {^iix{\%).\ (Feud.) An allowance to the
younger branches of a sovereign's house from the
revenues of the country. A district thus con-
ferred was called panagium.
Apparel. [ Preserving the meaning cA prepara-
tion in Fr. appareil, appareiller, to make things
///a/<^r</, pareil, L.LI parlciilus.] (Naut.) Masts,
yards, sails, ground gear, etc Apparelled,
fully equipped.
Apparent, Heir. Certain heir, in whom, if
he live, the succession vests absolutely ; opposed
to //. Presumptive, i.e. presumed, iji the absence
of A., and dependent upon contingencies.
Apparent tune. (Time.)
Apparitor. [L.] 1. An attendant on a Roman
magistrate or judge, to receive orders, etc. 2.
In ecclesiastical courts, an officer who attends in
court, receives the judge's instructions, cites
defendants, sees to the production of witnesses
(seeC.inon CXXXVIII.).
Appaome. (Apanme.)
Appellant. [L. appellantem, a/zVa/m^.] (Leg)
A party appealing from the judgment of an
inferior court. His onposer is /Respondent.
Appellate jurisdiction. (Leg.) Power of a
judicial body or a judge to hear appeals from
the decision of inferior courts. In England, the
House of Ix)rds has A. J., but modified by the
Judicature Act.
Appendie&late. [L. appendix, an addition."]
(Bot.) Added appendage, or appendicle ; accom-
panying, but not essentially ; e.g. stipules, ten-
drils, hairs, etc.
Appentis. [Fr., LL. appendTcium.J Ashed,
pent-house, ujx>n columns, or brackets.
Appian Way. Made by Appius Claudius the
censor, A. U.C. 442, from the Porta C&pena, at
Rome-, through the Pontine Marshes to C^pua ;
afterwards extended to Brundusium (Brindisi).
Applegath's machine. The first vertical-
cylindrical printing-machine ; used for the Times
since 1S4S.
Apple, Prairie. (Bread-root.)
Apples of Sodom. (Sodom, Vine of.)
Applique. [Fr.] In needlework, a pattern cut
out from one foundation, and applied to another.
Appoggiatnra. [It. appogiare, to lean upon.]
(Music.) A note of grace or embellishment, leant
upon, and borrowing one-half from the time of
the more important note which it precedes, and
with which it is now very often written as incor-
porated. It differs from the Acciatura [It. acciare,
to minee], which is simply a grace note, without
any recognized time.
Appraise. [Fr. apprecier, L. pr^tium, value.]
1. To value goods sold under distress (g.v.).
2. To praise.
Apprecation. [L. apprCcor, / ivorsAip.]
Earnest prayer.
Apprehension, Simple. [L. apprehensio, -nem,
a seizing on.] (Log.) The notion of objects as
received by the mind. It is said to be incomplex
when it is of separate objects ; complex when of
objects related to each other.
Apprentice. [Fr. apprendre, ib Awrw.] (Leg.)
Formerly a barrister under sixteen years' stand-
ing ; after which he might be a Serjeant-at-law.
Appropriation. [L. adpropriatio, -nem, from
proprius, proper.] (Eccl.) Perpetual annexa-
tion of a benefice to a corporation sole or aggre-
gate, i.e. a parson, college, etc Impropriation
[improprius, unsuitable], the holding by a layman
of the profits of ecclesiastical property.
Appropriation Claiues, The. An expression
common in the discussions in Parliament, 1833-
38, referring to certain proposed methods of
dealing with the Irish Church temporalities.
Approver. In Law, one who, being arraigned
for treason or felony, confesses the iixlictment,
and takes an oath to reveal all treasons or fe-
lonies known to him as committed by others.
Approximations, Successive. A series of
numlx;rs which approach more and more nearly
to the actual numerical valueof a quantity ; thus,
the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of
a circle is expressed more and more nearly by
the following numbers : — 3, y, ^{J, etc. , and these
are .S. A. to its actual value.
Appni. [Fr., L.L. appodiare, to support,
p6«liuni, an clei'ated place, a balcony, \ A
support.
Appurtenances. (Law.) Things belonging or
appertaining to another thing as princijwl.
Apret moi (noos) le deluge. [Fr.] jt/ter mu
(us) the fhwl.
A prime. [L.] Lit./n?/;/ the first.
A princlplo. [L.] 1-rom the beginning.
A priori [L.] reasoning is from the former,
i.e. the known fact, principle, law, intuitive con-
ception, to the result; so from knowledge of
astronomy an eclipse is predicted. A posteriori,
from the latter fact or event, etc., we reason back
to its cause ; as from the fact of an eclipse^ to its
cause and explanation.
Apron, or Stomach-piece. (Naut.) A strength-
ening timber, shaped to fit the sides of the
bows, scarfed to the fore dead-wood knee (q-v),
slanting upwards, and fitting to the stem above
the end of the keel.
A propos de bottes. [Fr.] Lit. in reference to
boots = having no connexion with the matter.
Aps&ras. [8kt. apa, L. aqua, water.] The
Nymphs of the Rig Veda.
Apse, Apsis, or Absis. [Gr. ^i^^t, an arch.]
1. (Arch.) The end of the choir of a church,
whether it be circular, polygonal, or even rect-
angular. In the early Christian churches, the
bishop's throne was placed in the apse behind the
altar, and upon the axis of the church. Usually
the word is taken to mean any polygonal termi-
nation of a building. 2. (Astron.) A point in
APSl
36
ARBI
a planet's orbit vvliere it moves at right angles to
the radius vector; the apses are the aphelion
and perihelion, and the line joining them is the
line of apsides.
Apsidal. Belonging to an apse.
Apsides, Line of. (Apse.)
Apteral. [Gr. &. neg., tmp6v, a w{ng.'\
{Arch.) A building without lateral columns, and
th.Qxe{ot:e not peripteral {q.v.).
Apterous. [Gr. fi-irrtpos, un-winged.l Wing-
less, as the kiwi, or apteryx of New Zealand,
among birds, and the flea among insects.
Apteryx. (Gr. k neg., irripv^, wing.} {Zool.)
Fam. and gen. of birds, about two feet high, with
brown, hair-like plumage, arid rudimentary wings.
Kiwi, New Zealand. Ord. Struthiones.
Aptote. (Gr. iirrarroy, not fallen or declined.]
In Gram., a noun without distinction of cases ;
'.ndeclinable,
Apuleias. (Golden ass.)
Apyretie. [Gr. « neg., iruperdj, fever."} Free
from fever.
Apyrous. (Gr. txi/por, from & neg., irvp,fire.}
Incombustible, unsmelted.
Aquafortis, [l^, strong water.} Nitric acid. A.
xeg^a, a mix,ture of one of nitric acid, to two or
more of hydrochloric acid ; royal water, because
dissolving gold, the king of metals. A. Toffana
(prepared by a woman so named), or Aquetta,
Iittl£ water, a celebrated jroison used in Rome
about the end of the seventeenth century ; (?) a
solution of arsenic.
Aqua manna, {h., sea-water.} Aqttamarim,
some blue and sea-green varieties of beryl (q.v.).
Aquam perdere. [L.] To lose time; lit. M^r
■amter of the water-clock, Clepsydra (q.v.),
which regulated the length of speeches.
Aquarius. (L.] The water-bearer; the eleventh
sign of the Zodiac, through which the sun moves
in January and February. Also, one of the
twelve Zodiacal constellations.
Aquatinta. (L. aqua tincta, water-dyed.} A
mode of etching on copper, producing imitations
of drawings ia India ink, bister, and sepia.
Aque. {Cf Aeon.] A Rhine boat with flat
sides and bottom.
Aqueous humour of the eye occupies the
anterior chaaiber of the eye, i.e. the space
between the cornea and the front of the lens.
Aqueous rocks. In Geol., rocks derived from
the action of water. These include the whole
series of fossiliferous rocks in all parts of the
■world.
Aquils. (L. for ierdifiara, parts adortted
■zvith (Gr.afToi) eagles.} (Arch.) The pediment
of a Grecian temple.
Aquila non (»pit muscas. [L.] An eagle does
not catch flies.
Aquilegia. [L., water-gatherer, in the hollow
of its leaves.] (Bat.) Columbine, a gen. nearly
related to aconite ; ord. Ranunculaceae.
Aquilo. [L., root ^-sharpness.} The north
wind.
Aquitaine. Old province of France, S. of Brit-
tany and Anjou.
-ar. [Indo-Europ.] 1. Name or part name of
rivers = flowutg (?), e.g. Ar-ar, Ar-ay, Ar-bach,
Tam-ar, Aar(?). 2. Celtic = at,on,e.g. Annorici,
on (by) the sea, Armagh, on the plain, Aries
(Ar-laeth), on the marsh.
Arab, Street. A homeless child in a city.
Araba. In Turkey, plain rough cart, or box,
on four wheels, drawn by bullocks.
Arabesque. Properly of an Arabian or
Saracenic style, in which the decorations of
walls consist of fruits, flowers, and foliage,
curiously interlaced. But the term is also ap-
plied to styles more or less resembling it, which
existed long before the rise of the Saracenic.
Arabian Nights' Tales. (Thousand and One
Nights.)
Arabii. An Arabian sect in Origen's time,
who believed the soul to be dissolved with the
body by death, but given back at the resurrection.
Arabin. Chief constituent in gum-arabic.
Arabo-Tedesco. [It., Arab-German.} A term
sometimes used to denote Byzantine art, and the
combination of Moorish and Gothic art in N. Italy.
Araxiem, or A roidea. {Bat.) An ord. of plants,
of which arum is the type gen.
Arachis. [Gr. a neg., paxts, a backbone.} [Bot.)
A plant, ord. Legumin., cultivated in warm parts
of America, Asia, Africa ; which matures its
pea-like, oily, edible fruits underground.
American name, Mandubi ; also called Pea-nut
or Monkey -nitt.
Arachne. [Gr., a spider.} A Lydian girl,
changed to a spider for vieing with Athena in
weaving ; meton., a good weaver.
Arachnldae. [Gr. dpdxv-n, a spider; cf. L.
aranfia. ] (Zool. ) Class of Annulosa or Arthro-
poda, including mites, spiders, and scorpions.
Aneostyle. [Gr. dpoKJo-TuAos, with columns
far apart.} (Arch.) A building, of which the
columns are separated from each other by four
or five diameters.
Araeosystyle. (Arch) A building in which
the columns are arranged in pairs, with space
of three diameters and a half between the pairs.
Aragonite. (Min.) Prismatic carbonate of
lime ; abundant in a ferruginous clay in Aragon.
Arak, Arrack, Araki, Haki. [Ar. arak =
exudation^ A spirit distilled from various sub-
stances — fruits, rice, palm sugar ; but principally
from the juice of the Areca palm.
Aramaic languages. The northern branch of
the Semitic family of languages, which includes
the Chaldee and Syriac dialects.
Araneous. [L. aranSosus, aranea, a spider ;
cf. Gr. dpc£x'''?-] Cobweb-like, e.g. the membrane
enclosing the crystalline humour of the eye.
Arango. [Native name.] A rough carnelian
bead, used in trading with Africans.
Arare litus. [L.] UxX., to plough the sea-shore ;
to labour in vain.
Arbalist. [O.Fr. arbaleste, cross-bow, L.
arcubalista.] Cross-bow formed of a wooden
stock with a bow of steel, and fired by means
of a small lever.
Arbiter bibendi. [L.] Master of the drinking-
feast. (Symposiarch.)
Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] A master of the
ceremonies ; an authority on matters of etiquette
and taste.
ARBO
37
ARCH
Arbor. (Shaft)
Arbor DiansB. [ L. for tree of Diana, f>. silver.]
Tree-shaped crystals of silver. Similar crystals
of lead are called arbor Saturni [L., tree of
Saturn\.
Arboretoin. [L.] A place set apart for the
special cultivation of trees [arbores] of diiferent
kinds.
Arborization. A tree-like appearance; of
bloo<l-ves>els, or in minerals, etc.
Arbor vltSB. [L.] {Bot.) Thuja, a gen. of trees,
ord. Conlfcra;, allied to the cypress; evergreens,
with compressed or flattened branchlets.
Arboscolar. Like a shrub or small tree [L.
arbusciila].
Arbfttus. [L.] {^Bot.) A gen. of evergreen
shrubs, ord. Ericeae ; its fruit a rough lierry with
five many-seeded cells. A. iin^do, the straw-
berry-tree, is a characteristic feature of the rocks
at Killamey.
Arc. [L. arcus, a boruK^ A portion of a
curved line ; as an arc of a circle. Sometimes
called an Arch.
Arc&dSs ambo. [L.] Virgil, Eel. viL 4, both
Arcadians; simple shepherds, both of them;
often used unfavourably, a pair of them.
Arcadia, The Coanten of Pembroke's. Sir
riiilip Sidney's romance, published A.D. 1590.
Arcadian simplicity, etc. Like that of
Arcadia, in Peloponnesus, mountainous and cen-
tral, therefore not conquered by the Dorians,
nor open to the sea, nor to other states.
Arnftna. [Neut. plu. of L. arcanus^ hidden.^
Mysteries (^.7'.).
Aro&ni Duclpllna. [L., discipline of the secret. \
A name given to a supposed system in the
primitive Church, by which its most important
doctrines were divulged only to a select class ;
called also the Economy, or the principle of
reserve in the communication of religious
doctrine.
Arc-boutant [Fr. boater, to set, pusA.] A
flying buttress.
Arch. [L. arcus, a boTv.] In Building, a struc-
ture disposed in a bow-like form, the materials of
which support each other by their mutual pres-
sure. An arch described from a single centre is
semicircular. If from two centres, each at the
spring of the arch, it is equilateral. If the centres
are without the spring, it is an acute-angled
A. If they are within it, it is obtuse -angled.
Arches of three and four centres are lower than
arches described from two centres, and are used
chiefly in the Later Continuous or Perpendicular
work of this country. The Tudor arches are
chiefly of this kind. A segmental A. is one, the
curve of which is less than a semicircle. A
stilted A. is one which starts from a centVe or
centres placed above the capital. Foil arches are
those which are foliatefl in outline without a
rectilineal A. to cover them. Ogee arches are
those which have their sides formed of two con-
trasted curves.
Arch-. [(Jr. i^x^y I rule.] First or most
prominent.
Archaeolithic. (Prehistoric aroheeology.)
ArchaBology. [Or. ipxo^ot, atuient, x6yos,
discourse.] The scientific study of antiquities of
art, etc.
ArchsBoptSryz [Gr. ipxctios, ana'ent, irre'pvf, a
wing] macroura \jxaKp6s, long, ovpd, tail]. (Geol.)
A fossil bird, very rare, about the size of a rook,
with some twenty free caudal vertebrse. Oolite
of Solenhofen.
Archaism. [Gr. ipxcu(rix6s, imitation of the
ancietits.] The employment of antiquated words
and phrases.
Aroh-ehanoellor. Under the Empire, an
officer who presided over the secretaries of the
court.
Arch-chemio. A name applied by Milton to
the sun, as having the greatest chemical power.
Arches, Court of Arches. [L. Curia de arcubus.]
{Leg. £ccl.) Court of appeal, whose judge
(dean) used to sit in the Church of St. Mary-le-
Bow (so called from the arcus, arches, bows, on
which the steeple was reared). (Court, Christian.)
Archetype. [Gr. apxt^iitos.] 1. The original
idea of the work as it exists in the workman's
mind before its execution. With Plato, the
cosmos as it existed before creation in the Divine
Mind. (Ideas.) 2. In Palceography, an older
MS. to which extant MSB. can be traced, not
being the original author's US.
Archil. (Litmus.)
Arohilochian verse. The dactylic semipenta-
meter, _ w « | - « w | _ ||, much used by
Archliochus of Paros, circ. 700 B.C. ; said to be
the earliest Greek lyrist, and to have invented
iambic verse ; bitter and satirical ; hence "Archi-
lochian bitterness," and '* Parian verse " (Horace,
Art. /'Oct., 79).
Archimago. [As if from a Gr. word ipxinayos,
meaning chief-wizard.] In Spensers J-'a^iy
Queen, an impersonation of Hypocrisy and
Deceit.
Archimandrite. A title of the Greek Church,
equivalent to abbot in the Latin ; the word
mandra, in the language of the Lower Empire,
signifying a monastery.
ArohimSdean screw (said to have been in-
vented by Archimedes while in Egypt). A pipe,
with one end in water, wound spirally round
a cylinder which is held in an inclined position ;
when the cylinder is made to turn on its axis
water is raised along the pipe. There are several
forms of this machine.
Arching, or Hogging. {A^aut.) The falling
of the stem and stern of a vessel when broken-
backed.
Architectonic. [Gr. ipxiTtKToinK6s.] Like or
pertaining to a master builder [ipxtrtKruy], A.
art, or scienee, one which organizes all that is
beneath it.
Architrave. (Order.)
ArchitricUnos. (Bymposiarch.)
Archives. [L. archlvum, from Gr. i.pxf'iov, a
public building, tffivn liall, etc.] 1. Places for
jjubiic records. 2. The records themselves.
Archivist, a keeper of A.
Archivolt. [It. archivolto, vattlt, arch.] 1.
An arched vault. 2. Renaissance term for the
ornamented band of mouldings round the vous-
soirs (q.v.) of a classical arch; sometimes the
ARCH
38
ARGE
mouldings occupying the face and soffits of a
niediiKval arch.
Arch-lute. A double-stringed theorbo {^.v.),
an Italian instrument, with fourteen notes, the
lowest being the bass G, for accompanying bass
voices ; very powerful ; about five feet long ; em-
ployed by Corelli, Handel, etc.
Arch-marshal. [Ger. erz-marschall.] Grand-
marshal of the empire ; a dignity once attached
to the Elector of Saxony.
Archdns. [Gr., a ru/er.] The chief magis-
trates in ancient Athens, chosen yearly, nine in
number : the first called Eponj^mos, as giving his
name to the year ; the second, Basileus, king, as
being the high priest ; the third, Polfimarch, ruler
in ti>ar, as commanding the army. The other
six were called Thesmothetae, setters forth of the
linv.
Archontics. A sect of the second century ; so
called from the Gr. &px<»*', a ruler, as holding
strange notions respecting the Deity and the
origin of the world.
Arcite. In Chaucer's Knight's Tale, Emily's
lover, killed by a fall in the lists just as he had
won her hand.
Arcograph. [A word made up from L. arcus,
a bow, and Gr. ypd<p<i>, I ivrite.\ An instrument
for describing arcs of circles in cases in which
compasses cannot be used.
Arctic Zone. (Zone.)
Arctdmys. [Gr. ipKros, dear, fits, mouse.']
(Zool.) Marmot, gen. of Rodent, something like
a rabbit; several spec, in Europe, Asia, and N.
America, at high altitudes. Fam. Sciuridae,
squirrel-kind.
Arctums. {Myth.) (Bishis, The Seven.)
Arciiate. In the form of a bow [L. arcus].
Arcnation. [L. arcuatio, -nem, an arching,
arcading.^ The bending of branches into the
ground as layers, which take root and become
separate plants.
Arcnbilist. (Arbalist.)
•ard. An element in names. 1. Celtic, high ;
e.g. Ard-rossan, Liz-ard. 2. Teutonic, strong
[Goth, hardus, A.S. heard], as in Godd-ard
Bem-ard ; exceeding in, as in slugg-ard, drunk-
ard, dot-ard.
Ardassine. Very fine Persian silk.
Arden, The Forest of. The scene of cheerful
exile and of love-making, in Shakespeare's As
You Like It.
Are. [Fr., L. area, an open space.] One
hundred square metres or ii9"6o33 square yards.
Area. [L., an open space.] The extent of the
surface of any plane figure ; to find the A. of a
plane figure or of a curved surface (as of a
sphere) is to find the square, or the number
of square units, having the same extent as the
figure or surface.
Aread, Arede. [A.S. aredan, ned, counsel.]
To declare, direct, explain.
Areca, Areek. A beautiful gen. of palms,
ord. Palmaceae. A. catechu produces the betel-
nut, universally chewed in F. India. (Arak.)
Areek, i.e. on-reek. [A.S. rec, Ger. rauch,
smoke.] Reeking.
Axety. [L. arfio, lam dry,] To make dry.
Arena. [L., sand.] 1. The sanded floor of
the amphitheatre ; and so the floor or body of a
public building. 2. (Metaph.) Contest ; place
of contest or debate, etc.
Arendator. [L.I,. arrendo, /pay rent.] A
contractor with the Russian Government for
rents of farms.
Areng. A palm of the Indian Archipelago,
yielding sago, and from which the palm wine is
made.
ArSSla. [Dim. of L. arSa.] A small space ;
interstice ; variously applied in Bot. and Anat. ;
and, especially, to the coloured ring round the
nipple, or mammilla.
Areolar tissue, formerly called Cellular T.
That which is found investing and forming the
basis of all tissues.
Areolate. Divided into small spaces [L.
areoliie].
AreomSter. [Gr. apaiii, thin, fitrpov,
measure.] A hydrometer {//.v.),
Areop&^tlca. (Areopagus.) Milton's speech
for the liberty of unlicensed printing, addressed
to Parliament, 1644.
Are5p>u. [Gr. "Apeios irdyos.] A court of
judicature at Athens ; so called as meeting on
the Hill of Ares. Its power was greatly in-
creased by Solon,
Arete. [L. arista, in the sense of a. fsh-bone.]
The narrow ridge of a mountain rock. (Arris.)
Arethasa. (Ortygia.)
Aretine ware. Ancient red pottery of Arctium
(Arezzo) ; made, on the decline of Greek and
Etruscan work, of a darker red and higher finish
than the Samian {q.v.).
Aretinian syllables : Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La,
Si. (Sol fa.)
Aretology. The science of moral virtue
[Gr. ap€Tr)].
Argala. (Marabou.)
Argali (Mongolia). Wild sheep.
Argan. In Moliere's Le Malade Imaginaire,
the hypochondriacal hero.
Argand lamp. (From M. Argand, the in-
ventor.) A lamp having a ring-shaped burner
covered by a chimney, so that the flame has a
current of air both on the inside and the outside.
Argemdne. [Gr. ap^e^wi'ij.] {Bot.) A small
gen. of plants, natives of Mexico, ord, Papa-
veracere. A. mexicana has seeds narcotic, pur-
gative, diuretic, and yielding a valuable oil to
painters. It is often a noxious weed in the
tropics.
Argent. [Fr., from L. argentum, silver.]
{Her.) White or silver, represented in engrav-
ing by a plain white surface.
Argentan. German silver [L. argentum] ; an
alloy of two parts of copper, one of nickel, one
of tin.
Argenteus C5dez. (Codes. )
Argentine. [L. argentum, silver^ {Min.) 1. A
white variety of crystallized calcareous spar,
laminated, and somewhat siliceous. 2. A white
variety of shale.
Argentine Bepublic. A confederation occu-
pying the valley of the Rio de la Plata, S.
America.
ARGH
39
ARMA
Ai^hool. An Egyptian wind instrument, a
kind of tlute made of a cane or bundle of canes ;
there are different kinds.
Argil. [L. argilla. ] Clay, or the pure earth
of clay, trisilicate of alumina.
Argillaceou*. (Geol.) Clayey, having the
characteristics of clay [L. argilla]. A. rocks,
having clay as the principal ingredient ; e.g. clay,
shale, loam, marl, etc.
Argillite. [L. argilla, clay.^ Clay-slate.
Argive. In the Iliad, the collective name
of the tribes who followed Agamemnon to the
attack of Troy.
Argo. (Argonanta.)
Argol. The crust deposited inside wine-casks.
It is an impure salt of tartar, and is used in
dyeing, etc.
ArgSnauta. [Gr. i(>yova.\m\s, a sailor in the
Argo.] (Zool.) Paper-nautilus, gen. of mollusc.
Female (poulpe) occupies single-chambered shell,
unattached ; and advances by ejecting jet of
water. Male is smaller (not one inch long), and
has no shell. Ord. Dibranchiata, class C£phil6-
poda.
Arg5naats. {Gr. Myth.) The chieftains
who went with Jason in the ship Argo to Col-
chis, to recover the golden fleece of the ram
which had borne away Phrixus and Helle from
Orchomcnos.
Argonyn, Argnesyn. One in charge of galley-
slaves.
Arg5i7. (Probably from the mythical ship
Ari^o.) A merchant-ship, generally from the
Levant
Argot [Fr ] Slang, cant phraseology. Ori-
gin of the word unknown.
Argoment. [L. argumentum.] (Z^f.) The
reasoning involved in the premisses and con-
clusion of a Sjllogiam.
Argtoientom ad hominem. [L.] An argument
pressed home for personal application. A. ad
ignoraniiam, one founded u}xjn your adversary's
ignorance. A. ad virecundiam, one addressed
to the sense of shame. A. bicHlinum [coined
from L. baculus, a sti(lc\, an appeal to force.
ArgTU, or Argos Fanoptes. [Gr., the bright,
ait-seeing one.] In Gr. Myth., the being with a
thousand eyes, guardian of the homed maiden
lo, i.e. the moon ; killed by Hermes, the mes-
senger.of the morning. The eyes of Argus are
the stars.
Argute. [L. argutus.] Subtle, acute.
Aria. [It.] The air of a song.
Ariadne. In Gr; Myth., the daughter of
Minos, and wife of Dionysus or Bacchus.
Ariaos [Arius, Alexandrian priest] denied the
three Persons in the Holy Trinity to be of the
same essence, affirming the Word to be a
creature; condemned by Council of Nice, A.D.
325-
Ariel [Heb., lion of God, or (?) hearth of Cod],
i.e. Jerusalem (Isa. xxix.).
Ariel. In Shakespeare's Tempest, a good
spirit who works wonders for Prospero.
Aries, First point of. The vernal equinox
(Equinox). 7 he Ram (Aries) is the constellation
in which the vernal ecjuinox was situated in the
time of Hipparchus ; but now, in consequence
of precession, the bright star of the Ram is about
30** to the east of the first point of Aries,
Arietta. [It.] Dim. of Aria.
Aril, ArUlns. [L. L. arilla, a piece of red cloth.]
{Bot.) A covering to the seed, derived from
expansion of the placenta ; the mace of the
nutmeg. Adj., Arillate.
Arimanes, Areimanios. Gr. corr. of Ahri-
man ((/.:•.).
Ariolation, Hariolation. [L. hariolus, a sooth-
sayer.] Soothsaying.
Arioso. [It.] Marked by melody as distin-
guished from harmony.
Arista. [L.] {Bot.) The Awn, the pointed
beard issuing from the glume, or floral scales of
grasses ; probably lengthened rib of the envelope
of the flower. Aristate, having an A. [Awn,
(?) a contraction of L. avena, oats ; or cf. Gr.
Sx«^. chaff.]
Aristarchian criticism. Bold and severe, like
that of the Alexandrian grammarian, Aristar-
chus, circ 160 B.C. He edited Homer, and
obelized numerous verses [Gr. o^t\6s, a pointed
instrument] ; an horizontal line, , being
used to denote a spurious passage ; hence to
obelize, to mark something censurable in a book
by a dagger f in the margin.
Aristocracy. (Oligarchy.)
Aristogeiton. (Hannodins.)
Aristdloohia. [Gr. iLpiffro\6x*M and -x«>-]
{Bot.) Birth-wort, a gen. of plants, found mostly
in hot countries ; ord. Aristolochiaceae ; her-
baceous plants or shrubs, often climbing.
AristolSgy. [Gr. ipiarov, the dejeuner.] A
facetious word = science of breakfasts or
luncheons.
Aristophanio. In the style of AristSphSnes ;
witty and humorous, but highly personal and
somewhat coarse.
Aristotelian. Of or after Aristotle [Gr. 'Apt-
(ttot/Atjj], the great analytical philosopher of
Greece, the first European to systematize logic,
ethics, metaphysics, and to study natural philo-
sophy practically. (Causes.)
Aristotle's lantern, i.e. shaped like a lantern,
and described by A. A unique arrangement,
in the mouth of the globular sea-urchin, of five
three-sided teeth set circularly, which triturate
food.
A rivedersL [It.] Till we meet ; {gpod-hye)
till we again see each other ; so Fr. au revoir ;
Gcr. auf wiedersehen.
Ark of the covenant. In the Jewish taber-
hacle, a coffer under the mercy-seat, containing
the golden pot of manna, with Aaron's rod and
the tables of the covenant.
Arkose. {Geol.) ZJtvJrw of granite, reconstructed
into a rock. [A most unsatisfactory term ; said to
be from a supposed Gr. adv. i.pKus, sufficiently,
i.e. to resemble granite ; or from &pKos, another
form of UpKTos, the north ; because first studied
in .Sweden!]
Aries. [A.S. earles.] Earnest money, to
bind a bargain. (Fessen-penny.)
Arm&da. [Sp., annea.] In Eng. Hist., the
fleet with which Philip II. of Spain proposed to
/
ARMA
40
ARRA
conquer England. Called by the Spaniards the
'• Invincible A."
ArmatSlL A Greek national militia, known
in the Middle Ages, and in the war of the Greeks
rising against the Turks.
Armature. [L. armatura.] 1. Body armour.
2. The pieces of soft iron placed at the extremities
or poles of magnets to preserve their magnetic
power. 3. Iron bars used as supports for the
columns or other parts of a building.
Armed. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons,
etc., differing in colour from the body.
Armenian Liturgy. (Liturgy.)
Armenians. Christians of Armenia, the first
country in which Christianity was recognized as
a national religion, in the fourth century ; at a
later time adopted Eutychian (q.v.) or Mono-
physite heresy.
Armeria. (Thrift.)
Armida. The fair enchantress in Tasso's
Jerusalem Delivered (transl. by Fairfax, A.D.
1600), who detained Rinaldo in voluptuous ease.
Her chief means of captivating was a magic
girdle.
Armlger. [L., bearing •weapons.'\ {Her.) An
esquire ; one having a right to armorial bearings.
Armilla. [L., bra/:elei.] (Or/iM.) Circular
mark at base of tibia of birds. Arniillated, pro-
vided with an A.
Armillary sphere. [L. armilla, a circular
omamenty bracelet.^ An astronomical instrument,
consisting of a set of concentric rings representing
the meridian of the station, the ecliptic, and a
meridian of celestial longitude, with an auxiliary
circle turning round the points representing the
north and south poles, and carrying the poles of
the ecliptic. It was formerly used, e.g. by Tycho
Brahe, for observations made out of the plane of
the meridian.
Armillus. Jewish name for final Antichrist.
[(?) Gr. ipiffJui-Kaos, waster of t/ie people, for
ipntiu)T-l}s Kaov.']
Arming. {iVaut.) Tallow placed on a sound-
ing-lead, to pick up objects from the sea-bottom.
Arming-press. A bookbinder's tool.
Armings. (A'aul.) Red cloths, hung fore
and aft on holidays by foreigners.
Arminians. (£ccl. Hist.) The followers of
Arminius, a Dutch divine of the sixteenth cen-
tury, who opposed the doctrine of an absolute
predestination of the elect. They were also
called Remonstrants, from a writing which they
presented in protest against this doctrine to the
States of Holland in ibog.
Armistice. [L.L. armistitium.] A suspension
of hostilities by agreement.
Armorie, or Breyonec. Language of Brittany,
representing the Gadhelic or first great Celtic
branch of the two which came westward across
the Continent. It is still spoken by a million and
a half of French subjects. Armorica = the land
upon the sea (Taylor's Words ami Places).
Armour-clad. [Naut.) A ship having her
sides covered with iron or steel plates.
Armourer. 1. One who makes arms. 2.
One who has the care of arms.
/Lrmours. (Top A—)
Army Discipline and Begulation Act. Passed
by Parliament in a.d. 1879, to supersede the
Mutiny Act (q.v.) and Articles of War (q.v.).
Army Service Corps includes the present
Commissariat, Transport, and Ordnance Store
Departments of the Army.
Arnaa, Amee, Arni. The Indian buffalo,
nearly seven feet high, black, inhabiting forests
at the base of the Himalayas. Biibalus, Buftalus.
Sub-fam. Bovlnae, fam. Bovidse, ord. Ungiilata.
Arnica, Leopard's bane. (JSot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Compositse. Tincture of A. montana,
used in medicine, .as a remedy for bruises. A
handsome perennial, with yellow marigold-like
flowers ; native of mountains of Europe.
Amoldists. (Ecd. Hist.) The followers of
Arnold of Brescia, who, in the twelfth century,
protested against the abuses of the papal court.
He was burnt at the desire of the English pope,
Adrian IV. (Nicolas Breakspear).
Amot, Amnt, i.e. Earth-nut. (Pig-nut.)
Amotto. (Annotta.)
Aroba, [Ar. ar-rub.] The fourth part.
Aroides. (Araceee.)
Aroint thee. Aroynt =gtta7ved. [Ft. ronger,
according to Richardson.] Generally considered
= begone, and etym. unknown ; but Skeat, Etym.
Diet., gives Icel. ryma, to make room ; rime ta,
make room, becoming rynt ye by an easy cor-
ruption.
A Boland for an Oliver. A phrase equivalent
to " Tit for tat," a blow from Eoland being
equal to one from his fellow-paladin Oliver.
(Paladin.)
Aroph, i.e. Aroma philosophorum, one of
several pretentious titles of medicine used by
Paracelsus and others, who pretended to possess
the elixir of life, etc.
Arpeggio. [It., harping.'] The playing of
the notes of a chord not together, but in rapid
succession, as on a harp.
Arpent. [L. arepennis, a Gallic word, a half-
acre.] The old French acre ; the A. de Paris
was 32,400 French square feet or ^ of an English
acre ; the A. des eaux et forets or mesure royale
was 48,400 French square feet, or about li
English acres.
Arquebus. [Fr. arquebuse, introduced from
It. archibuso.] The first invented firelock, with
match fixed in cock, and fired by a trigger lifting
the pan to ignite the priming. It was supported
on a rest whilst being fired.
Arquifouz. [Sp. arquifol.] A Cornish kind
of lead-ore, which gives a green varnish to
pottery ; "potter's ore."
Arra. (Arrha.)
Arrack. (Arak.)
Arragonite. (Aragonite.)
Arraigns, Clerk of. [O.Fr. aresner, arraison-
ner, from ad rationem, to account.] Assistant or
deputy to the clerk of assize, who calls over the
jury pannel, recites charges, and generally acts
as chief officer of the court.
Arrant, i.q. errant, and so, thorough-going (?) ;
or with Wedgewood, cf. Ger. arg, Dan. arrig,
Eng. arch, mischievous, troublesome.
Arras. Hangings for rooms, covered with a
ARRA
41
ARTI
pattern like wall paper (first woven at Arras, in
France) .
Arrayer, or Commissary of Musters. Title
given early in the fifteenth century ; a militia
inspector, of which there were two in each
county, perhaps the precursor of the modern
lord-lieutenant.
Arrearage. [Fr. arri^re, behind.^ The un
paid remainder of a debt.
Arrect. [L. arrectus, part, of arrlgo, I sd up.]
Set up straight, attentive.
Arrectary. [L. arrectaria, plu., upright posts.]
An upright beam, e.g. of a cross.
Arreetis aaribas. [L.] Lit. with priiked-up
ears ; all attention.
Arrentation. [L.L. arrendo, / let for rent,
Fr. arrenier.] Licensing an owner of forest
land to enclose by low hedges and small ditches
under a yearly rent.
Arreoy. In Tahiti, an association (describetl by
Cook and by Ellis) of the principal persons of
both sexes, regarded as married to one another ;
connected with almost universal infanticide
(Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 487).
Arreptitioas. [L.L. arrepticius, arrTpio, /
seize.] Seized in mind, j)ossessetl, irrational.
Arrest. [CPV. arrester, to stop, arrest, L.L.
adrestare.] Confinement of an officer pending
judicial inquiry as to misconduct. He is re-
quired to give up his sword whilst under A., and
his word of honour is trusted as to not leaving
his quarters.
Arrestation. The act of arresting.
Arrha. [L] Earnest money; a law term.
" If but a penny, it is emptionis, venditionis,
contractne argumentum" (Blackstone, Com-
mentaries).
Arride. [L. arrulCo, / smile at, please. ] To
please.
ArriSre. [Fr.] Of an army, the rear. A. ban
(Ban). A. pensee, mental reservation.
Arridre-flef. [Fr.] (Hist.) A feudal term,
answering to the English subinfeudation {({.v.).
Arrii. The edge of a stone, or piece of wood
[Fr. arete].
Arroba. [Sp. and Port] Weight and measure.
(Aroba.)
Arrogation. [L. arrogatio, -nem, from ad, to,
rogo, I ask.\ Adoption of a person of full age,
[sui juris] ; because the consent of the comltia
curiata' at Rome had to be asked.
Arrondissement. [Fr.] A city ward or an
electoral ili^tiict. (Prefect)
Arrow-headed writing. (Cuneiform letters.)
Arrow-root. Starch of the tuljerous root-stock
of maranta, especially Arundinacfa of W.
Indies. Ord. Marantaceoe. The native Indians
used it with success against the poison of their
arrows ; hence the name.
Arsenic. [Gr. a.p<Tfi'uc6i', strong.] {.Min. ) A
brittle steel-grey metal. The white arsenic of
commerce is its trioxide, which is also called
arsenious acid, and forms salts called arsenites.
Arsenicismus. Poisoning by arsenic.
Ars est celare artem. [L.] The aim of art
IS to hide lilt, i.e. to leave no trace of the work-
man. (Artis.)
Arshine. A Russian measure of length equal
to 2 ft. 4 in. ; also Archine and Arschine.
Arsis and ThSsis. [Gr. &po(s, a lifting up,
dfcris, a laying Jo^vn.] With the old Greek
orchestric musicians, the raising of the foot on
short syllables, and the lowering on long. In
Latin and modem prosody, arsis is = metrical
accent, or "ictus" stroke, i.e. the stroke of the
foot on the ground which marked it ; thesis being
of the weak syllable. But A. and T. having been
used sometimes of metrical scansion, sometimes
of accent or elevation of voice, much difficulty
has arisen. (See Stainer and Barrett, Dictionary
of Musical 7'erms.)
Ars longa, vita brSvis. [L.] Ari is enduring,
life is short.
Arson. [L. ardeo, I hum, am on fire.] The
maliciously setting fire to a building; substantive
to Incendiary.
Ars Pofitlea. [L.] The poem of Horace on
the "art of poetry."
Art and part. [From artTfex et partTceps,
contriz'er and partaker.] (Scot. Law.) Contriv-
ance and participation in a crime.
Artegal. In Spenser's Faery Queen, the
champion of true justice.
ArtSmis, Arrows of. Arrows which never
miss their mark. Artemis, in Gr. Myth., is the
sister of Apollo.
Artemisia. (8ot.) Extensive gen. of plants,
ord. Composita^ many species intensely bitter ;
e.g. A. absinthium, wormwoo<l.
Arterial system includes all the arteries from
the origin of the aorta to the beginning of the
capillaries.
ArteriotSmy. [Gr. ii^f\pla, an artery, rtfivoiy
lent.] The opening of an artery.
ArtSritis. Intlammation of an artery.
Artery. [Gr. opTijpfa.] A ramification of the
aorta. Arteries carry the blood from the left ven-
tricle of the heart to the tissues. Veins, most of
them, carry back blood from the capillaries, en-
larging as they proceed, and pour it into the right
auricle of the heart. Arteries, being found void of
blood after death, were anciently considered as
air-ducts ; hence the erroneous notion of the word
being derived from H\p, air, and rijpiv I keep.
Artesian wells, [l/jng known in Artois, L.
Artesia.] Borings or pipe-wells which allow
water to come up to or near the surface in
places where it has accumulated in basin-shaped
strata.
Arthritis. [Gr.] L Inflammation of a y«W
[^pOpof]. 2. Gout.
Arthr5p5da. [Gr. &p6poy, a joint, irovs, voi6s,
afoot.] (Anniilosa.)
Arthur, King. The great hero of British
tradition, the son of Uther I'endragon, and the
husband of Guenevere whose love for Lancelot
marred the harmony of the .society of knights
who feasted at his Round Table. He was slain
by his son Mordred, but the story went that
he would come forth alive in due time to rescue
his country from thraldom.
Articles of War. Certain regulations made by
the sovereign and confirmed annually by Parlia-
ment in the Mutiny Act, for the government of
ARTI
42
ASCI
all persons subject to military discipline. (Army
Discipline and Begulation Act.) The same
rules are applied to the army since 1879, but
changed in construction.
Articles, Statute of the Six. (Six Articles.)
Articulata. [h., jointeii, from articulus, dim.
of artus, yV'/;//j, /I'mds.] (Anniilosa.)
ArticiUation. [L. articulus, dim. of artus, a
jomi.} (Anat.) The joinings of bones. i^Bot.)
The connexion of the parts of a plant by joints ;
e.g. grasses, canes. (Node.)
A^c&li clerL [L.L.] Statutes relating to
the clergy, passed on their petition.
Articfilo mortis, In. [L.] At the point of
death.
Artificial grasses. Green crops, such as clover,
sainfoin, lucerne.
Artillery. [L. ars, artis, used, like machine —
Gr. ixrixayll — in the sense of any engine of war.]
I Sam. XX. ; instruments, bows and arrows.
Artillery, Boyal Marine. Formerly a part of
Royal Marine Regiment, now a separate corps.
Artiodactyla. [Gr. iprioi, evett, 5<{ktCXos,
finger or toe.] (Zoo/.) Division of Ungiilata ;
having an even number of toes, as the deer.
Artis est celare artem. [L.] // is the pro-
vince of art to conceal art. (Ars.)
Artiste. [Fr.] One who uses knowledge or
power of any kind dexterously ; e.g. as of
dancing, cooking, etc.
Art of war. The efficient arrangement and
ordering of troops under every circumstance,
and the control of all military appliances.
Arundelian marbles. A collection of statues,
inscriptions, etc., brought to England from
Greece in 1627, by the Earl of Arundel, many of
which are now at Oxford. (Parian Chronicle.)
Arundo. [L., reed^ {Bot.) A gen. of grasses ;
tall, growing in wet places, and with hard,
almost woody, culm. A. dffnax of S. Europe,
the tallest of European grasses ; six to twelve
feet high ; with thick, hollow, woody culms,
used for reeds of clarionets, fishing-rods, etc.
Arusha. (Erotic.)
Aruspices, Earuspices. [L.] Roman sooth-
sayers, who professed to foretell the future by
examining the entrails of sacrificial victims. The
last part of the word contains the root spec, to see;
the former part may be from haruga, a victim.
Aruspicy. The art of prognosticating. (Ara-
splces.)
Arval Brothers. [L. Fratres Arvales, brothers
of the fields^ Amongst the ancient Latins, a
college of twelve priests, dedicated to the service
of Ceres, in whose honour they carried victims
round the fields in the festival hence called
Ambarvalia.
Arvicola. [L. arvum, arable land, coIo, /
inhabit.] (Zool.) Vole, gen. of small rodents, like
rats and mice ; allied to the beaver ; as water-rat
and short-tailed field-mouse. Fam. Murida?.
Arvil supper. A funeral feast in N. of England.
Aryan. [Skt. arya, noble.] General name of
the family of nations of Europe and Asia to
which the Celts, Teutons, Sclavs, Italians,
Greeks, Persians, and Hindus belong ; = Indo-
European.
Aryan languages. The dialects spoken by
the various bianches of the Aryan family of
mankind. They are all inflexional — that is, the
root and the termination may both be modified
or corrupted, in contrast with the Turanian or
Agglutinative languages, in which the root must
remain unchanged.
As. [L.] 1. Roman copper coin weighing
half a Roman ounce, about 0'487 of an avoirdu-
pois ounce — from B.C. 217 to A.D. 14 about —
worth about 8^/. 2. A Roman pound, about
07375 of 2in avoirdupois pound ; also called
libra.
Asa dulcis. [L., sweet asa.] A drug sold
among the ancients for its weight in gold, as
having all but miraculous virtues ; from the
Thapsia, a gen. oford. Umbelliferre.
Asa foetlda, or Assa f. [L., fetid asa.] A drug,
the gum resin of the root of the Narthex or
Ferula Asa fcetida of Persia, N.W. India, etc. ;
ord. Umbelliferre.
AsardtOB. [Gr.] With the ancients, a room
paved in mosaic, so as to look as if unswept
[oIkos atraponos], and as if with crumbs, etc.,
lying about.
Asbestos. [Gr., unquenched, indestructible l>v
fire.] A form assumed by some homblendic
minerals, as actinolite, tremolite, etc. ; a fibrous
mass of parallel capillary crystals ; such as
Mountain flax.
Ascarldes. [Gr. aoKopls, -ISoi, a maru-7vorm.]
The common round worms inhabiting the in-
testines of man and some other mammals. Ord.
Nematoda [yntfxar-d^ris, thread-like], class Scole-
cida [ffKccATjl, a zoorm], sub-kingd. Annuloida.
Ascendant. The sign of the Zodiac which is
rising above the horizon at the time of a child's
birth.
Ascension, Bight. The arc of the equinoctial
between a star's declination circle and the first
point of Aries, measured from that point from
west to east.
Ascensum, Per. [L. , by ascent.] By distilla-
tion in a retort, so that the vapour ascends.
Ascetic. [Gr. a(TKr)TiK6s, belo7tging to disci-
pline.] One who leads an austere, solitary, de-
votional life ; e.g. Essenes and Therapeutae
among the Jews, and monks of Egyptian and
Syrian deserts in early Christian times.
Asci. [Gr. affKoi, plu. of aaKds, a leathern
bag.] (Bot.) Certain spore-cases of lichens and
fungi.
Ascians, Askians. [Gr. itrKtos, shadeless.]
Inhabitants of the Torrid zone, who, when the
sun is in the zenith, cast no shadow.
Ascidians [Gr. affKihiov, a small leather
bottle], Tunicata. A class of marine Molluscoida,
resembling a double-necked leather bottle, of a
leathery or gristly nature. In A., some have
seen a stage of evolution from Mollusca towards
Vertelirata.
Ascidium. [L.] A petiole or leaf-stalk which
has become leaf-like, and of which the margins
are folded in so as to form a kind of urn or
pitcher, is, if closed, an ascTdlum [Gr. affKiiiov,
a small leather bottle] ; if ojjen — e.g. the pitcher-
plant — an ampulla [L., a narrow-necked bottle].
ASCI
43
ASPO
Ascites. [Gr.] Dropsy of the abdomen [from
a<TK6i, a leather bag, the abdomen].
Asclepiad verse. Metrum AsclgpiSdeum, in-
vented by Asclepiades, Greek poet, some time
after Alcaeus and Sappho. A choriambic verse,
of which there are many variations; as "Maecenas
atavis," etc. (Horace); "Sic te, diva potens
Cypri" (Horace) ; "Grato, Pyrrha, sub antro "
(Horace) ; and others. (Choiiambns.)
Asenean Poet, The. Hesiotl ; born at Ascra,
near Mount Helicon, in Boeotia, circ. B.C. 850.
Aseptie. [Gr. i neg., trttwa, I make rotten.]
Not liable to decay.
Asgard. In Teut. and Scand. Myth., the abode
of the ./tsir, the gods whose name answers to
the Asuras of the Rig Veda, from the root as,
to breathe, hence to be.
Aahira. [Heb.] The word translated grove,
in the Authorized Version of the Old Testament,
2 Kings xxiii. 7, etc. It answers to the Linga of
Hindus and the Phallos of the Greeks.
Ashes. Commercial name for alkalies such as
pot-ash, wood-ash, etc.
Ashlar, Ashler, Aslure, Estlar. (Arch.) The
name for hewn or squared stones used in building.
Asht2retb, Astarte. Chief female Phoenician
divinity , Ashtaroth (plu.), images of A.
Asia, in New Testament, the western jmrt of
Asia Minor, abou/ = Mysia, Lydia, Caria ;
which became a Roman province, Asia Propria,
when Attalus III. left all his dominions to the
Romans, B.C. 133.
^■iHia. Deticiency of saliva [Gr. (r/iAov].
Asianism. A florid style of rhetoric, mostly cul-
tivated in Asia Minor ; opposed to Atticism, the
correct, natural style of the best Athenian orators.
Asiarohs. [Gr. 'A(r<«(px<u-1 Acts xix. 31 ; offi-
cers chosen annually by the cities of Asia {q.v.) ;
having the charge, and bearing the expense, of
public games, of religious and theatrical
spectacles, etc. ; thus sometimes called 'Apx'«P«<i-
Asiatic Societies. Of Calcutta, Bombay,
Ceylon, and others, founded in Europe, arose out
of the Calcutta Society formed under Warren
Hastings, at Sir W. Jones's desire, for the
purpose of " inquiring into the history, civil and
natural ; the antiquities, arts, sciences, and
literature of Asia."
Asinego. [Port] Young ass; simpleton.
Aaltia. [Gr.) {Mai.) Not in its proper
sense of want of food, but = loathing for food
[d neg. , a'not, food].
Askleplos. (fstiolapian.)
Asleep. (Naut.) baid of a sail just filled
witii wind.
Asmodeos. The unclean spirit mentioned in
Tobit iii. The word is a corn ot the
Acshmadaeva of the Zendavesta.
Asdm&toos. [Gr., from i. neg., aS>na, body.]
Bodiless, unsubstantial.
Asp&lathtis. [Gr. d(rirc(Aa0ot.] Ecclus. xxiv. ;
a prickly shrub, yielding fragrant oil.
Aspect. [L. aspeclus, appearance.] {.4stron.)
The angular distance of one planet or star from
another; it was cxihcr conjumtion, opposition,
trine, qiMdrate (quartile), or sextile, according as
the angle was 0°, 180*", 120", 90°, or bo**.
Aspectant. [L. aspectare, to gaze at.] (Her.)
Facing each other.
Aspergilliform. {Bot.) Shaped like ^rwxA
[L. L. aspergillum].
Aspergillum. [L. aspergo, / sprinkle.] A
kind of bnish used for sprinkling holy water.
AspSrifolisB of Linnaeus. [L. asper, rough,
folium, a leaf] = Boraginaceae.
Aspersion. A sprinkling [L. aspersio, -nem] ;
as distinct from ImmersioxL (Aihision.)
Aspersivelj. By way of aspersion, censure,
slander [I., aspergo, I sprinkle, stain],
AsporsSrlom. (Benitier.)
Asphalt. [Gr. ianpoKTos. ] A solid bitumen,
produceti by the agency of heat and pressure
upon lignitic and coal-bearing strata ; generally
black, and more or less lustrous ; found at the
Dead Sea, or Lacus Asphaltites ; in Trinidad ;
Texas ; Val Travers and Seyssel, Switzerland ;
and other places.
AsphSdel meadows. {A/jth.) The meadows
of Elysium, adonietl with asphodels, flowers of
the lily kind. (Elysian.)
AspbSdiloB, Asphodel. [Gr. aa<l>6Sf\os.] (Bot.)
the gen. of Liliacea:, having fleshy roots, long
narrow leaves, and a simple or branded scape,
bearing close racemes of white star-like flowers.
A. albus was formerly common in gardens, and
is very ornamental.
Asphyxia. [Gr. iur^pvila, lack of pulse.] (Bot.)
A temporary cessation of respiration and circula-
tion ; often applied to a state arising from air
either vitiated or insuflicient.
Aspic. [Gr. iitTitli.] 1. An asp. 2. Savoury
meat jelly, containing pieces of meat, flsh, etc.
3. A gun carrying a 12 lb. shot.
Aspidlam. (Bot.) Shield fern ; a gen. of
Ferns, of which common male-fern is the type ;
formerly including ferns in which the dot-like
sort were covere<l by a roundish cover, or, as it
were, shield [Gr. kairls].
Aspldorhynohns. [Gr. ivirls, a shield, piryxos,
a beak, snout.] (Geol.) A gen. of fossil Ganoid
fishes ; with long bony covering to the upper
jaw ; in the Lias and Oolite.
Aspirate. [L. ad, to, spiro, / breathe.] 1.
(Etym.) A mute or momentary consonant, with
a breath immediately following it, as in Irish
b^hoy, for boy. Sucii consonants are common
in Eastern languages. The chief are k^h, ^h,
fh, d'h, p'h, b'h, clih, fh. 2. (Surg.) To
evacuate the fluid contents of a cavity, such as
an abscess or the pleural cavity of the chest, by
a hollow needle, or canula, connected with an
exhausted air-chamber.
Aspiration. [L. aspi ratio, -nem.] (Etym.) The
change of an unaspirated consonant to an aspirate
(q.v.), as of SfKOfxai to Attic Stxo/juu (x = kh) ;
or the addition of a breath (an h sound) before a
word that began M'ith a vowel, as in London and
Bucks, e.g.
AsplSnitun. [Gr. i<Tir\rivos, without spleen,
for the affections of which it was a supposed
cure.] Spleenwort, a gen. of plants, ord. Ferns,
including asplenium, adiantuin nigrum, common
spleenwort, wall-rue (Bata-mOraria), etc
Asportation. [L. asportatio, a carrying away. ]
ASSA
44
ASSO
(Niaui.) The illegal taking away of a ship or
cai^o ; removal of goods, essential to larceny.
Assai. A beverage much used on the Amazon,
prepared from the assai palm fruit.
Assapan. (Zool.) Sciuropterus volucella.
(Flying squirrel)
Assart, Essart [L.L. assartum, from ex, out,
sarrio, / hoe.^ The offence of total destruction
of trees or shrubs in a forest.
AssassLo. Originally one of a military and
religious order of Ismailites (q.v.), formed in
Persia by Hassan-ben-Sabbah, in the latter part
of the eleventh century, and so called from their
immoderate use of haschish, an intoxicant made
from Indian hemp (Cannabis).
Assassination Plot A plot for a Jacobite
rising in England, together with an invasion
from France, to be followed by the assassina-
tion of William III. ; entrusted to Sir G. Barclay.
Conspirators executed March, 1696.
Assation. Roasting [L. asso, / roas(\.
Assault [O.Fr. assalt, L. assaltus, from ad,
to, salt us, a kaping.'\ Rapid attack over open
ground on any fortified post.
Assaying. [P'r. essai, a trial, from L.L.
exagium, a standard weight.\ The determi-
nation of the quantity of any metal in its ore or
alloy.
Assegai Short spear used by natives of S.
Africa, with a very thin shaft of about five feet in
length and an iron blade secured by a strip of
raw hide. When used for throwing, the blade
is convex on one side and concave on the
other, for the purpose of transmitting a rotary
motion.
Assegai tree. Curtisia f aginea — a Cape tree —
ord. Coruacece, of which the sliafts for javelins
or assegais are made.
Assembly. [Fr. assemblee.] 1. (Hist.) The
four legislative bodies of the first French Revo-
lution : I. The Coustituent A., 1789-91. 2.
The Legislative A., 1792. 3. The Convention,
1792-95. 4. The Corps Legislatif, 1795, which
appointed the Directory. (Consul.) 2. (Mil.)
Bugle-call for collecting together the whole of
the officers and soldiers of a regiment.
Assembly, General The highest court of the
Presbyterian Church, having both lay and clerical
elements, and possessing supreme legislative and
judicial authority in all matters purely ecclesi-
astical.
Assembly of Divines, i.q. Westminster A.
kq.v.).
Assentation. [L. assentatio, -nem, assentor,
I flatter. ~\ Insincere, flattering assent.
Asses' Bridge, Pons Asinorom [L.], i.e. the first
difficulty in geometry ; the fifth proposition of
book i. of Euclid, the figure somewhat suggestive
of a bridge.
Asses, Feast o£ (Fools, Feast o£)
Assessor. [L. from adsideo, ad, near, sedeo, /
j/V.] 1. A person who sits near judges in court,
to advise them or take part in their decisions. 2.
A valuer of property for taxation or rating.
Assets. [Norm. Fr. assetz, Fr. assez, enough,
from ad, to, satis, enough.^ 1. The entire pro-
perty which can be realized for distribution
among creditors. 2. {Leg.) The chargeable
property of a deceased person.
Asseveration. [L. asseveratio, -nem, assevero,
L affirm strongly.] Strong, positive assertion.
Assibilation. [L. ad, to, sibilo, / /liss.] The
change of t or d, k (c) or ^ to a sibilant {s, sh, z,
Fr. j), l^ffore a 7, », or u (z'), as in Eng. -shun
or -sh^sfor -tion, Attic av, thou, for tu.
AiSueans [Gr. 'Ao-iSoroj], i Mace. vii. 1 3 ;
i.q. Chasidim [Heb., the pious']. A Jewish party
(? bound by some vows as to external obedience),
brought into prominence at the Maccabsean
rising ; devoted, in after times, to ceremonial.
Assldent signs [L. assideo, / sit by] of a
disease, are those usually, but not necessarily
and always, concomitant.
Assientos. [Sp., agreements.] {Hist.) Treaties
made by Spain with Portugal, France, and Eng-
land, for supplying her American colonies with
negro slaves from Africa.
Assignats. [L. assignatus, allotted, assigned.}
Paper money issued by the French Government
during the Revolution, on security of unsold
Church property, lands of emigrant nobles, etc.
Assignee, Assign. [L. assignatus.] A person
appointed by or for another, to transact the
business connected with property in place of the
appointer. Lessees are assignees by deed, exe-
cutors and trustees in bankruptcy by law.
Assimilate. [L. assTmiilo, / make like to.]
To change into like substance, as we assimilate
food, etc.
Assimilation. [L. adsimilatio, -nem.] {Etym.)
The process or tendency by which different
sounds in a word come to be pronounced more
like to each other ; as "cubburd" for cup-board
{vide also Sandhi).
Assistant [L. assisto, / assist.] {Mil.) The
officer holding the appointment next under the
deputy to the head of any branch of the army.
Assize [O.Fr. assis, {i) an assembly of judges,
(2) a tax], is, in .Scotland, the jury, fifteen in
criminal cases. The word also denoted formerly
( 1 ) a royal ordinance, as the Assize of Jemsalem ;
(2) an ordinance regulating the price of victuals,
assisa venalium ; (3) Grand A., a jury of sixteen
knights, by whom a writ of right was tried.
Assizement [Norm. Fr. assize, L. assessio, n
sitting by or near.] Inspection of weights and
measures.
Assize of Jemsalem. A code of laws drawn
up in HOC, under Godfrey of Bouillon, for the
administration of the Latin kingdom of Palestine.
Association. [L. adsociare, to join with.] In
Psych., the tendency by which later objects or
states of consciousness recall earlier objects or
states with which they have some connexion.
This principle has been applied by Hartley,
Mackintosh, Bain, and others, to explain our
more complex emotions, and especially what are
tenned our moral sentiments.
Assoil To soil, stain. [L. (?) assolo, post-
class., / throw to the ground, solium ; or (?) c/.
souiller, L.L. siiciilare, to wallow like a pig.]
Assoil, Assoilzie. [O.Fr. assoiller, L. absolvere,
to acquit.] Assoilment, acquittal.
Assommoir. [Fr.] A weapon for dealing the
ASSO
45
ASTR
death-blow to animals. Hence, any overwhelm-
ing event.
Assonanee. [L. assono, / resound to.l Like-
ness of sounds ; e.g. see Mrs. Browning's Dead
Pan. (Alliteration.)
Asauetude. [L. assuetOdo.] Custom, habit
Assument [L. assumentum, assiio, I sew on.\
A patch, something added on.
Assompsit [L.., he underiooi.] {Leg.) An
action, or a verbal promise, or agreement.
Assompt In argument, an assumption ; a
thing granted. [L. assumo, I take to myself. \
AMumptiTe amu. Those assumed without
sanction of the Heralds' College.
Assurance. [L.L. assecuro, / make sa/e.] In
Law, a contract for the payment of a certain sum
on the occurrence of a certain event
Assnrgency. [L. assurgo, / rise »/.] A rising
upward.
Assnrgent [L. assur-gent-em, rising u/>.]
{Hfr.) Rising from the sea.
Astacolites. [Gr. iaraKii, a lobster, \l$ot, a
stone.] (Geol.) A name formerly given to fossil
remains of the long-tailed or lobster-like Crus*
taceans.
Ast&etu. [L., Gr. karoKis, lobster or crah.] 1.
Gen. of insects (Fabric). 2. Gen. of long-tailed
Decapod Crustaceans, as river crayfish ; giving
its name to fam. Astacldx, as lobsters. Sub-
kingd. Annulosa.
AstartS. 1. A Phoenician goddess, call'^l in
Old Testament, Ashtoreth. (Oftara.) 2. (Zool.)
A gen. of bivalve molluscs — N. and Arctic Seas
— turn. Cyprinldae, class Conchlff ra.
Astatie. [Gr. & neg., Iff-nint, place or weight
Without weight, imponderable,
Astatie needle. [Gr. a neg., <rrariK4s, causing
to stand.] An instrument formed of two equal
magnetic needles with their poles turned opposite
ways, so that its motion is uninfluenced by the
earth's magnet ism-
Asteism. [Gr. Avrtiani^.] Witty, humorous
convcrsatiun ; goo<l-naturcd banter.
Asteriadae. (Asteroidea.)
Asterisk. [Gr. ianplffKos, a little star\
Originally the mark *, by which the early gram-
marians noted omissions, additions, or anything
remarkable in manuscripts. (Aristarchian.)
Asterism. 1. A group of stars, whether form-
ing a constellation or not. 2. A marking with
an Asterisk. [Gr. iurrtpuriJiis, the same in both
meanintjs.]
Astern. {A'aut.) (A-beam.)
Asteroid. (Planetoid.)
Asterdidea. [Gr. iurrtpotiiris, star-like.] (Zool.)
Ord. of star-fishes, whose arms are an immediate
continuation of the central disc. It contains five
families : Asteriadx [Gr. aurrfpias, starred], As-
tropectinida: [L. astrum, a star^ pectinem, a
(omb], Ordastridae, AsterTnWse [Gr. d<rr^p, a
star], Brisingidae ; class fichinodermata. The
name AstC-riadae is also given by some authorities
to corals with star-like polypes.
Asterolipis. [Gr. iurriip, a star, \tirls, a scale.]
(Geol.) Gigantic Ganoids, with star-like mark-
ings on the dermal plates of the head ; in the
Old Red Sandstone.
Asterophyllites. [Gr. ourr-fip, star, <pv\Koy, leaf,
XiOos, stone.] (Geol.) Fossil plants from coal
formations.
Asthenic diseasea [Gr. a neg., trOtvos,
strength.] (Mai.) Diseases characterized by
great loss of jjower.
Astigmatism. [Gr. i. neg., (rrly/xa, a mark.]
1. The fact that, after reflexion or refraction, the
rays, which before formed a pencil, no longer
pass through a common point. 2. {Med.) A
defect of the eye, which, not having the normal
spherical form, cannot see a lucid point, e.g.
a puncture in a card, as a f>oint [ffr/y/io], or
cannot see it continuously, but more or less as an
elongation.
Astolpho. A boastful paladin of Charlemagne,
noted for a magic horn.
Astor, J. Jae. Fur trader, founder of A.
Library, New York ; richest American of his
time ; died 1848.
Astrsea. [L., Gr. iurrpaia.] 1. A daughter of
Zeus and Eos, or, as others said, of ThSmis,
law, who sojourned on earth during the Golden
Age, and was then placed among the stars.
2. (Geol.) Gen. of coral, studded with star-like
polypes.
Astrsea Bidnz. [L.] Astrcea returning; title
of Dryden's poem, celebrating the Restoration.
Astragal (Bead-moulding.)
Astr&g&lus. [Gr. ifl-TpoydAoi.] (Anat.) The
ankle-bone, one of seven composing the tarsus ;
that on which, through the tibia, the weight of
the Ixxly first falls.
Astral [L. astrum, a star.] Starry ; star-
like ; having to do with the stars.
Astrict To bind, compel [L. astringo, /
dra-M tight, p. part, astrictus].
Astringents. [L. astringo, / drtno tight,]
Medicines which contract organic fibre, and
diminish excessive discharges.
Astrolabe. [Gr. iarp6K&^os, from Hffrpa, stars,
Xa^/Savoi, / take, receive.] 1. An instrument
closely resembling the armillary sphere (<f.v.).
2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the
equator or on a meridian.
Astrology, Apotelesmatio; Judicial A.; Natural
A [Gr.a<rTpo\oyia.] 1. The science of astronomy.
2. More commonly a superstition embodied in
rules by which it was supposed that a man's
fortune could be predictctl from the configura-
tion of the heavenly bodies at the time of his
birth ; sometimes called Apotelesmatic [iiroT€-
Xtafiarittii, belonging to completion] or Judicial
A., to distinguish it from Natural A., which
essayed to trace the dependence of the weather
on the heavenly bodies.
Astronomy, Physical; PlaneA.; Spherical A. [Gr.
aTTpovofiia, from iarpa, stars, vtfxu, /class.] '1 he
science which treats of the magnitudes, distances,
arrangements, and motions of the heavenly
bodies ; their constitution and physical condition ;
and their mutual actions on each other, so far as
can be inferred from observed facts. Physical A .
deduces the observed movements of the members
of the solar .system, from the general laws of
dynamics and the special law of universal
gravity. Formal, or Plane, or Spherical^ A.
ASTR
46
ATMO
treats of the methods and principles of making
and reducing astronomical observations.
AstropheL [Gr. &<rTpov, a star, <pi\(a>, I lcn'e.'\
A Grecized form of " Phil. Sid.," i.e. Sir Philip
Sidney, in Spenser's elegy.
Astrophic. [Gr. 4 neg., <rrpo<p{i, turning,
strophi.\ Not divided into strophe and anti-
strophe, with or without epode ; said of a lyric
poem of continuous rhythm.
Asiiras. [Skt, beings.'\ In the Rig Veda, a
general name for the gods, from the root as, to
be, answering to the Teut. yEsir.
Asf Inm. [Gr. OLav\o%, safe from violence, from h,
neg., (TuAow, / plunder^ 1. A sanctuary, place
of refuge ; and so, 2. For the blind, etc, a place
of protection.
ABymptote. [Gr. iffu/xTTwroj, not falling
together.^ {Math.) A line which a branch of a
curve continually approaches, but never actually
touches ; commonly a straight line ; but there are
A. curves : thus, certain spirals have A. circles.
Asynartete. [Gr. atrvviprifTos, not joined
together.] (Gram.) Clauses or sentences not
grammatically connected.
AsyndSton. [Gr. do-ufSeros, not conjoimd.]
{Rhet:) The omission of connecting particles, as
" Veni, vidi, vici ; " the union of clauses by many
such particles being Polysyndeton [xoKvs, many],
a word formed by analogy, the Greek word being
Polysynthiton [iroAuffuj'flfToi', miuh compounded].
At&baL A Moorish tabor, kettledrum.
Atabeka A title given to rulers of several oi
the small principalities into which the empire
of the Seljuk Turks became divided ; eleventh,
twelfth, and thirteenth centuries.
Atactia [Gr. h. neg., raKTiKos, able to manage.]
Marked by Ataxy ; i.e. (i) irregularity in bodily
functions ; or (2) want of co-ordinating (g.v.)
power in movements.
Ataioan. (Hetman.)
Atarazia. Freedom from mental disturbance
[Gr. cLTopa^ia, from a neg., rapaffva), J disturb] ;
perfect calmness. The great end aimed at by
Epictetus.
A-taunto, or All a-taunto. (Naut.) The con-
dition of a ship, when the masts are in position
and fully rigged.
Atavism. [L. atavus, an ancestor^ In
animals and plants, the reappearance in a
descendant of some ancestral peculiarity. (Ee-
version.)
Ataxy. (Atactic.)
Ate. [Gr., mischief, hurt."] In the Iliad, the
spirit of mischievous folly, whom Zeus seizes by
the hair and hurls from Olympus. With the Attic
tragedians, the spirit which exacts vengeance for
bloodshed, and to which even Zeus is compelled
to submit. (Erinyes; Fates.)
-ate, -ite. {Chem.) Terminations denoting
the presence of oxygen, as sulph-ate, sulph-zV^-, ^
potassium. Each of these salts consists of sulphur,
oxygen, potassium, but a salt in -ate contains
more oxygen than the salt in -ite.
Atelettes. (Hatelettes.)
Atelier. [Fr.] Workshop ; also a studio.
fO.Fr. astelier, L. hastellarius, a place for
making hastellae, splints.]
Atellan Fables, i.e. Flays, Atellanse FabtUse,
or Ludi OscL Ancient rustic comedies of Atella,
in Campania ; played as interludes, or after-
pieces, on the Roman stage. A kind of har-
lequin, exciting laughter by his old Oscan dialect,
is probably the prototype of the modern harlequin
or clown.
Ateshaja. The place of fire ; i.e. of blue flame
of naphtha, issuing from the soil, about a mile in
diameter, on W. of Caspian Sea ; visited by the
Persian fire-worshippers.
Athanor. [Heb. tannur, an oven.] With
the alchemists, a self-feeding furnace of equable
heat.
Atharva Veda. (Veda.)
Atheling, .ffitheling = heir-apparent or pre-
sumptive. [A. S. yEthel, Athel, Ethel = «<>W^;
and -ing, the usual A. S. patronymic =jtJ«.]
AthensBTUn. [Originally, temple of Athena.]
1. A school at Rome, founded by Hadrian. 2.
A literary association. 3. The building used
for it.
Athenian Bee, The. Plato.
Athermanous. [Gr. i neg., Btpfiaivw, I make
warm.] Opaque to radiant heat.
AthSroid. In shape like an ear of com [Gr.
h.Q-i\p, gen. h.Bipo%].
Atherdma. [Gr.] A tumour having matter
like gruel [afl^prj].
Athlete. [Gr. aflXrjT^y, from 25Aos, a contest]
(Gr. Hist.) One who took part in the public
games, especially in the Pentathlon, which con-
sisted of boxing, wrestling, throwing quoits,
leaping, and running. (Palaestra.)
Athwart (A'aut. ) Across the line of a ship's
course. A. her hawse (Hawse). A. ship, from
side to side ; in opposition io fore and aft.
AtlantSs. [Gr., plu. of Atlas (q.v.).] Greek
columns, shaped like men, as supports of enta-
blatures ; the Romans used the name T6lam6n6s
\rt\aiul)vts]. (Caryatid.)
Atlantis. An island mentioned by Plato as
having existed in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the
pillars of Heracles (Hercules), and as having
been submerged by earthquakes. (Thnle.)
Atlantis, New. Lord Bacon's imaginary
island, also in the Atlantic, with a philosophical
commonwealth, devoted to art and science.
Atlas. 1. (Myth.) A brother of Prometheus.
He held up the pillars which support the heaven,
and was turned into stone when Perseus held
before him the face of the Gorgon Medusa.
Hence Atlas Mountains, Atlantic Ocean. (Gor-
gons. Promethean.) 2. (Anat.) The first of the
cervical vertebrae. 8. A kind of Indian silk or
satin, curiously inwrought with gold and silver.
Atmology. [Gr. aTfi6s, vapour, \6yos, dis-
course.] The part of meteorology which treats
of aqueous vapours.
Atmolysis. [Gr. hrft^s, vapour, xiais, a loos-
ing.] The separation of the constituents of a
mixed gas by passage through a porous sub-
stance.
AtmomSter. [Gr. oT/xfJy, /itTpov, measure.']
An instrument for measuring the rate of
evaporation.
Atmosphere. [Gr. d.TiJ.6s, a<paupa, a sphere.]
ATMO
47
ATTR
The pressure of the air per unit of area on the
surface of the earth ; as, a pressure of three
atmospheres, i.e. a pressure three times as great
as that of the atmosphere on the earth, or one
at the rate of about 45 lbs. per square inch.
Atmospherio dost. (Meteoric dost.)
Atmospherio engine. A primitive sort of
steam pumping-engine ; the piston in the first
place was forced up by steam, and then, the
steam being condensed within the cylinder, was
forced down by atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric line. The line of an indicator
diagram which would be traced out by the
pencil if the steam pressure within were exactly
balanced by the atmospheric pressure without.
Atmoipherie railway. A project for loco-
motion, the movement being produced by
atmospheric pressure against a surface which
has a vacuum on the other side.
Atocha grass. [Sp.] (Esparto.)
AtoU. [Maldive word.] A coral island, con-
sisting of a circular rim« surrounding a circular
piece of salt water.
Atom. [Gr. ixoitot, indknsible.^ 1. One of
the ultimate portions into which matter is divi-
sible, and which are assumed to be incapable of
further division. 8. A molecule (^.i'.).
At5mie philosophy. [Gr. i, neg., rifi'vta, J
diviJ€.\ The theory that all things were made
by the concourse of indivisible, eternal atoms,
XkroyLiai, oi\ of different shaj>es ; held chiefly by
the Greeks Leucippus, Democritus (B.C 460-
361), Epicurus (B.C. 342-270).
Atomic theory. In Physics, every element con-
sists of indivisible particles called atoms, of size
and weight invariable in the same element. The
atomic waghl of an element is the weight of one
of its atoms as compared with the weight of an
atom of hydrogen ; this is also called its combin-
ing 'weight.
At2my = an atom,
AtSnio. [Gr. & neg., rrffoj, tension.] {Med.)
Marked by atony, i.e. want of energy.
A tort et a tr avers. [Fr.] At cross pur-
poses.
Atrabilarian, Atrabiliotis. Melancholy [L.
atra bilis, lilnck choicr, an imaginary secrelion,
with the ancients].
Atr& cfir&, Post Squltem sSdet [I..] fllack
care sits behind the horseman ox knight (Horace) ;
i.e. cire attends the great and successful.
AtramentaL Of the nature of ink [L. atra-
mentum].
Atrito-. [Gr. irpriros, not perforated.] {Anat.)
A-trip. (A'aut.) An anchor is A. when it
breaks the ground in weighing, Saiis are A.
when ready for trimming. Yards are A. when
in position, and ready to have the stops cut for
crossing. An upper mast is A. when ready for
lowering.
Atrium- [L.] The hall, or principal room
in a Roman house.
AtrSpa. [Gr. Hrpoiroi, inflexible.] (Bot.) A gen.
of plants, ord. Solanaceae. A. belladonna [It.,
beautiful lady], the deadly nightshade, is a
tall shrubby plant, with laige egg-shaped entire
leaves, dull purple bell-shaped flowers, and
shining black berries ; it is very poisonous, and
is employed in medicine.
Atrophy [Gr. krpo<plii, a wasting away] of
the body ; defective nutrition.
Atropism. {Med.) The state induced by con-
tinual use of Atropa, i.e. of belladonna.
AtrSpos. [Gr., inflexible.] (Myth.) One ot
the three Fates (j.v.).
Attache. [Fr.] One attached to an embassy-
Attachment [It. attaccare, to fasten.] (Leg.)
1. A writ or precept for apprehension of a
person for contempt of court. 2. An order for
the securing of a debtor's goods or debts due to
him. 8. = Woodmote, the lowest of the three
ancient forest courts.
Att&gSn. [L., heath-cock, or perhaps god-
wit.] (Frigate-bird.)
Attaghan. (Yataghan.)
Attainder. [F"r. atteindre, from attingere, to
touch.] The status of a criminal condemned to
death ; corruption of blood.
Attar, Otto, Uttar. [.\r. itr, perfume.] A
strong-smelling essential oil obtained from roses.
Attemperate, adj. [L. attemp^ro, ///, adjust]
Properly adapted, proportionate to.
Attenaants. [L. attenuantcs, making thin.]
(Med. ) Diluent medicines, rendering the humours
less dense and viscid.
Attestation. [L. attestatio, -nem, testimony.]
In the army, a recruit's voluntary oath of alle-
giance to the sovereign, taken before a justice of
the peace.
Attic Bee. (Athenian Bee.)
Attic faith, AttikS pistis. (Posiea fides.)
Atticism. [Gr. 'ATxIifMrfirfr.j Concise, grace-
ful diction.
Attic salt Wit, elegance, like that of the
Athenians.
Attlctu. A name given to Addison, by Pope,
after A., the intimate friend and correspondent
of Cicero.
Attire. [Ger. zier, adornment.] (Her.) The
horns (of a stag),
Attle. [O.K. adi, ailing.] Mining rubbish,
consisting of valueless pieces of rock.
Attollent [L. attolio, / lift up] muscles, or
Levator muscles [Ifivo, / raise], raise some part ;
e.g. upper eyeli<l.
Attorneys. (Solicitors.)
Attraction. [L. adtractio, -nem, / draw to-
gether. ] The tendency which each of two bodies
has to make the other approach it. When the
bodies are at sensible distances, there is the A.
of gravitation, or in other cases magnetic and
electrical A. ; at minute or insensible distances
there are cohesive A., capillary A., etc.
(Gravity; Magnetism.)
Attrahent medicine [L. attraho, / draw
tmoards] draws the fluids to the place where it
is applied.
Attrap. To put trappings upon.
Attribute. [L. attributum, a thing ascribed, a
predicate.] 1. In Art, a distinguishing symbol,
as a trident, of Neptune ; a gridiron, of St.
Giles. 2. (I^g.) A quality, furni.shing matter
for a predicate ; as the justice of Aristides.
Attrition. [L. attritio, -nem, att^ro, / rub
ATYP
48
AUPI
against.^ 1. A wearing away. 2, {Theol.) Grief
for sin, not yet change of heart.
Atypio. [Gr. d neg., tvitoj, pattern, type.'\
Having lost its typical character.
Atiereth. [Heb.] The name given, in later
times, to the Day of Pentecost ; meaning, pro-
bably, a dosing festival ; and originally applied
to the "holy convocation," "the solemn as-
sembly," held on the day after the week of the
Feast of Tabernacles.
Aubade. [Fr. aube, darun, L. alba.] 1. Open-
air morning concert ; a kind of huntsup {q.v.).
2. Sometimes, rough music.
Aubaine, Sroit d'. In Fr. Law, the right of
the sovereign to succeed to the goods of a
deceased foreigner, not naturalized. Aubain, a
foreigner, in O.Fr. is said to be alibi natus.
Aaberge. [Fr.] An inn ; originally herberge,
i.e. a military station, from Ger, heriberge. So
the Ger. herberg has similarly changed meaning
(Liltre).
Anbin. [Fr., probably from L. ambulare, to
-walk. ] An amble ; Canterbury gallop.
Auburn. Oliver Goldsmith's Deserted Village.
Auchenia. [Gr. avxtytos, of or belonging to
the neek (aux'hy)-] (Zool.) Gen. of Camelida;,
smaller than true camels. S. America. Two spec,
(llama and alpaca) domesticated, the former in-
troduced into Australia.
Au couraut. [Fr.] Lit. keeping up with the
stream — with what is passing ; acquainted with it.
Audentes or Audaces fortuua juvat. [L.]
fortune favours the bold.
Audi alteram parl^em. [L.] Hear the other
side.
Audit. [L. audltus, hearing, examination.']
1. Periodical investigation of the accounts of a
firm or society, by or for them. 2. A banquet
in connexion with the above in colleges.
Audita querela. [L.] After listening to the
complaint.
Auditorium. [L., lecture-room, audience.]
The part of a theatre or assembly-room designed
for the audience.
Aufait. [Fr.] Lit. to the fact ; conversant
with the circumstances, at home in a subject.
Au fond. [Fr.] At bottom.
Augean. Filthy, like the stables of Augeas,
King of Elis, which Hercules cleansed.
Augite [Gr. avyit, a bright light], or Py-
roxene. {Geol.) A black or green mineral ; one
of the principal in many lavas and dolerites ;
nearly allied to hornblende.
Augment. [L. augmentum,] (Gram.) Syllabic
A., a vowel prefixed to past tenses, as t-^v, Skt.
a-bhut, he became. Temporal A., lengthening
of an initial vowel in past tenses, as edit (edo),
Skt. ada (root ad), he has eaten.
Augmentation. [L. augmentum, from augere,
to iftcrease.] (Her.) A charge added to a coat of
arms, as a mark of honour.
Augmentation of moon's semi-diameter. [L.
augmentatio, -nem, an iticreasing.] The excess of
the angle subtended by the moon's semi-diameter,
as seen by a spectator at any instant, above what
it would be if seen by a spectator at the same
instant in the position occupied by the earth's
centre ; it is this latter angle which is given for
every day of the year in the Natttical Almanac.
Augmentations, Court of, of the king's
revenue ; consisted of a chancellor and thirty-
two other members, with its seal, and full power
to dispose of abbey lands and buildings most
profitably to the king ; A.D. 1538.
Au grand complet. [Fr.] In full muster ;
none wanting ; entire completion.
Augsburg Confession. (Confession of Faith.)
Augsburg Interim. (Interim.)
Augurs. [L. augures.] Roman soothsayers,
who professed to read the future in the flight,
the cries, or the numbers of birds, as seen on the
right hand or the left (Sinister). In so doing
they were said to take the auspices (Aruspices).
Augurs, The two. (Cato.)
Augusta. [L.] The title of the wife of the
Roman emperor.
Augustan age. The reign of Octavius,
commonly known as Augustus ; rendered illus-
trious by the writings of Virgil, Horace, and
other great poets, and by the labours of great
lawyers in codifying the civil law.
Augustan history. A series of histories of the
Empire, ranging from A.D. 157 to 285.
Augustiae, or Austin, Friars. One of the
minor mendicant orders ; first entered England
A.D. 1252; famois disputants. Keeping of
Augustines meant th ; performing an act for M.A,
degree at Oxford. (Orders, Ueudicant.)
Augustines, Austin Canons, Black Monks
(wearing a black hood over the white rochet).
A religious order in the Roman Church, follow-
ing the supposed rule of St. A., established or
remodelled in the eleventh century ; their disci-
pline something between monastic and secular.
Augustinians. Divines who, professing to
follow St. Augustine, have held that grace is
absolute rather than conditioned.
Auk. (Alca.)
Auleenm. [L.] The curtain of a theatre.
Aula Regis. [L.] The coui-t oi ]\s&\\q.& of the
king, i.e. before the king himself ; the origin of all
our courts (Stephen's Blackstone, bk. v. ch. iv.).
Aularian. A member of a hall [L. aula] at
Oxford, as distinguished from a college.
Auld lang syne. Time long past, Umg syne
being the Scottish form of long since.
Auld Beekie. Edinburgh, i.e. the old town,
often reeking with dirt and smoke ; cf. Ger.
raiichig, smoky. (Areek; Gardiloo.)
Aulio Council. [Gr. avXiH6s, of the court,
ahxi].] The Reichofsrath, the second chamber
under the Empire ; at first the personal council
of the Emperor Maximilian, 1501. This council
and the Reichskammergericht, or Imperial
Chamber, were the two supreme courts. (Emperor ;
Empire. )
Aulnager. (Alnager.)
Axunbry. (Ambry.)
Aunaturel. [Fr.] In its natural state.
Aune. [Fr.] An ell ; of different lengths in
different places ; not in use now. [O.Fr. aln6,
L.L. alena ; cf. ulna.]
Au pied de la lettre. [Fr.] To the foot <^
letter ; literally.
AURA
49
AUTO
Aura. [L,, air.] 1. A supposed electric ema-
nation from a body, forming an atmosphere
round it. 2. {Fai/i.) The sensation of air
breathing or blowing ; e.g. that from below up-
wards, sometimes before an attack of hysteria or
epile])sy.
AorantXaeisB. {Bo(.) An ord. of plants, of
which tlie gen. Citron [Gr. Klrpov} includes
orange, lime, shaddock, etc. [from Ar. niranj,
Eng. orangey Latinized aurantium].
Aorea Legenda. (Golden Legend.)
Aurella. [L. aurum, gold, from its colour, as
chrysalis, Gr. xP''<'^<»^^»Jf from -jf^pvaii, gold.]
(EtUom.) 1. Chrysalis ; the gold-coloured pupa
of certain L$pTdopt6ra. 2. Spec, of Lucemarida,
or Umbrella Hydrozoa (sea-blubbers), sub-kingd.
Calentfrata.
Anreole. [Fr., L. aureSIus, dim. of aureus,
golden, from aurum.] 1. A golden halo. 2.
The glory round the heads of saints in pictures.
(Nimbus.)
Au reste. [Fr.] As to what remains to be
said ; in I-, quod restat.
Aoreufl. [L.] A Roman coin.
Au revoir. (A rivedeni.)
Auric acid. Sesfiuioxide of gold [L. aurum].
Its sails are called Anrates.
Auricle. [L. auricula, dim. of luris, an ear.]
1. (.hint.) That part of the ear which projects
from the head. 2. Aut teles, two upper cavities
of the heart. 8. (Zool.) Gen. of Pulmoniferous
Gasteropoda (G. with lungs, as the snail).
Malay and Pacific Islands only ; but fossil in
Euro]H;. Fam. Aurlciilidje, ord. Pulmonlf^ra,
class Gast^ropcVla.
Anrided. [L. auricQla] Having ear-like
appendaqe-i.
AuriciUar confession. (Eecl.) Lit. confession
made into the ear [L. aurTcQla] of the
priest. One of the seven sacraments of the
l^tin Church. The need of such confession was
formally laid down by the Fourth Council of
Lateran, 1215. (Penitence; Penance.)
Auriflamme. The ancient royal banner of
France. The origin of the word is uncertain ;
but some suppose it to be from the L. auri
flamma, a golden flame It was at first the
banner of the abbey of St. Denis. By some it
IS said to have been lost at Agincourt ; others
affirm that it was last seen in the reign of
Charfcs VII.
Auri pigmentum. (Orpiment.)
Auri sacra Hlmes. [L.] Accursed hunger for
gold
Aurochs. [Ger. auerochs, L. urus, a Celt.
word, Cx'sar ; the wild ox.] The wild Polish
and Caucasian Bison, six feet high, grey and
brown, with shaggy mane and shoulders. Bos
bonassus, fam. Bovidre, ord. Ungiilata.
Aurdra. The Latin goddess of the morning,
called by the Greeks Eos. (Eos, Tears of.)
Aurora borealia [L., northern dawn], or
Northern light. An appearance of streams of
light shooting up from the northern horizon ;
probably due to an electrical disturbance in
the upper regions of the atmosphere ; though
most frequent in high latitudes N. or S. It
is seen from time to time in all parts of the
earth.
Aurum muslvum. [L.] Mosaic gold, a bi-
sulphide of tin.
Ausculta fill [L., hearken, my son\, or Greater
Bull. Pope Boniface VIII. 's censure of Philip
of France, reasserting the claims of the Lesser
Bull (q.v.); burnt publicly at Paris, January,
1302.
Auscultation. [L. auscultatio, -nem, from
ausculto, / listen.] The investigation of disease
by means of hearing, with or without an instru-
ment.
Auspices. (Augurs.)
Auster. [L.] The hot south wind. Austral,
southern. Australasia = S. Asia. (Winds.)
Austrian Netherlands. About the middle of
the eighteenth century, comprised most of Bel-
gium and Luxemburg.
Aut CsBsar aut nullus. [L.] Lit. either Ceesar
or noboiiy ; either supreme success or nothing
at all.
Authentio [Gr. tA^tvrmii] — authoritative.
Bishop Watson distinguishes between an A.
work, i.e. containing a true statement of facts ;
and a Genuine, i.e. coming from him whose
name it bears. But this is not accurate. Arch-
bishop Trench (Select Glossary) points out the
true opposite to authentic, warranted, viz. iiia-
iroToi, not earned, anonyinotis. (EffendL)
Authentio Doctor, The. Gregory of Rimini,
died A.i). 1357.
Authentic modes. The earlier existing modes
in plain song, on which the Plagal were con-
structed. (Greek modes.)
Authentics. (Rom. Lcnv.) An anonymous
collection of Justinian's novels,
Aut5oiph&li. [Gr. ahroKi^oKoi, from ahr6^,
self, K*^aKi\, head.] (Ecel.) (i) Metropolitan
bishops not under a patriarch ; also (2) bishops
immediately under a P. and having no M.
Au^pchthons. [Gr. out($xW»'«j.] The Greek
name for the aborigines of any country. The
Athenians claimed to be such.
AutScrat. [Gr. wT0Kp6.rti>p.] (Hist.) An
Athenian general, invested with full powers,
like the R. Consul with his itnperium. Hence
any despotic sovereign, as the Czar of Russia.
Auto da Fe. [Sp., Act of Faith.] In Spain,
Portugal, and their colonies, a solemn delivery
of heretics by the Inquisition to the civil power,
for ])unishment.
Autoginous. [Gr. axnis, self, ytwdu, /
generate.] (Anat.) Developed from a distinct
centre.
Autography. [Gr. aMt, self, ypJupw, I
write.] A process in lithography, by which the
characters on paper are made to inscribe them-
selves on the stone.
Automatic. [Gr. alrriyAros, self-moving, self-
moved.] Properly, anything which has the power
of regulating its own actions. Applied wrongly
and unfortunately to things which have not this
power. Human actions, as springing from free-
will, are the true automatic actions.
Automatism, Properly free volition. Wrongly
used to denote the modern theory respecting
AUTO
50
AVOI
actions in which each condition follows on the
last by suggestion and without will.
Automaton. [Gr.] A puppet, called from its
resembling that which is really an automaton, or
self -moved thing. (Automatic.)
AutomSdou. [Gr., self-ruling.\ In the Iliad,
the charioteer of Achilles. Hence any one
skilled in driving.
Autonomy. [Gr. avrovo/xla, from avrSs, self,
vofxoi, la7i'.] Self-government of a state.
Autopsy. [Gr. avToxf/la, from avrSs, self, o<^»y,
a seein^^.] Personal inspection; often— /)osl-
mortem examination.
Autoschediastical. [Gr. aiiTocrxcSiacTTiKiis,
from ouTO(Tx«'54or, hand to hand, gen. applied to
fight, fray.] Extemporaneous, impromptu.
Autotypography. (Kature>printing.)
Autre-fois acquit. (.Leg.) At other time
acquitted ; having been tried already.
Autumnal equinox. (Equinox.)
Auvergne, Arverni. An old province of France,
comprising the departments of Cantal, part of
Haute-Loire, and Puy-de-D6me.
Auxetic. [Gr. oii{rp-»ic(Jy.] 1. Making to
increase. 2. (Rhet.) Given to amplification
{q.v.) ; in Gr. ot'fTjo'tj.
Audliary scales. (Music.)
Auxiliary screw. {A^aut.) A vessel rigged
for sailing, and also fitted with a screw-propeller.
Ava. [The native name.] A fermented drink
made from the root of the long pepper by the
South Sea Islanders.
Avalanche. [Fr.] A huge mass of snow
which descends from the higher parts of moun-
tains into their valleys [L. ad vallem, whence
Fr. avaler, to descend].
Avale. To descend, sink. (Avalanche.)
Avalon. (Avilion.)
Avant-projet. [Fr.] Rough draft.
Avanturine. (Geol.) A variety of quartz, re-
flecting light from fine spangles of mica ; re-
sembling A. glass, which is brown-rejj and
spangled, and was invented cucidentally [Fr. par
aventure] by the falling of copper filings into
melted glass.
Avast! \Cf.\i.\i7>s\.2i, enough I hold !\ {Naut.)
Hold hard 1 stop !
Avatar. \^V\.., a descent.'] {Hind. Myth.) The
descent or incarnation of a deity for a special
purpose. Thus there are ten avatars of Vishnu.
Avaunt! = begone ! lit. forward. [Fr. avant,
L. abante.]
Ave ! [L., hail thou f] Short for Ave Maria !
the invocation to the B.V. Mary beginning
thus.
Avebury, Abury. A village twenty-five miles
north of Salisbury', remarkable as having the
largest so-called druidical temple in Europe.
Ave Caesar ! moritUri te salutamus. [L.] Lit.
Hail, Cczsar! we, just about to die, greet thee;
address of gladiators to the Roman emperor
before they fought.
Avellane. {Her.) Composed of four filberts
[L. avellanae] enclosed in their husk.
Aven, or Herb benet. (Bot.) A plant [Fr.
benoite], aromatic, tonic, astringent ; Geum
urbanum, ord. Rosaceae.
Avenaoeous. Having to do with oats [L.
avena].
AvSnage. [L. avenagium, from avena, oats."]
Payment of rent by a farmer in oats, i.e. in kind.
Average. [L.L. averagium.] (Naut.) 1. The
contribution borne by the ship and cargo, or
portions thereof, for anything done to ensure
safety. 2. The quotient obtained by dividing
the sum of a set of numbers by the number of
the numbers.
Avemus. [L.] A bituminous lake in Cam-
pania, with high banks, supposed to be con-
nected with the infernal regions. Hence the
expression of Virgil, " Facilis descensus Averni,"
for the downward course which is not easily
retraced.
Averroism. (Uonopsychism.)
Averse feet. [L. aversus, turned a'way.'] Feet
of birds, when set so far back that the bird sits
upright ; e.g. auks.
Avertin. [Fr., L. averto, / turn arvay, es-
trange.] 1. A form of vertigo, especially a
vertiginous disease of sheep. 2. A popular
term for a crazy, sullen state, breaking out
into occasional fury.
AviciilidBe. [L., dim, of Svis, bird.'] Wing-
shells ; fam. of molluscs, properly with wing-like
extensions at the hinge, as pearl oysters. Warm
and tropical seas. Class Conchifera.
Avignon berries. Yellow berries of the buck-
thorn, used in dyeing (from Avignon, in France).
Avilion. In the Arthurian legends, the spot
where Arthur was buried. Said to be Glaston-
bury.
A vinoiilo matrimonii. [L.] Fro7n the bond of
marriage ; a total divorce.
Avis. [Fr.] A notice, advice, i.e. a vis [L. ad
visum], according to the view of him who gives it.
Aviso, Awiso. {Naut.) An advice-boat.
Avizandum. {Scot. Law.) To take time to
consider judgment.
Avocado pear, Alligator P. {Bot.) Persea gratis-
sima, ord. Lauracea; ; a tree of the warm parts
of America ; its fruit, which is like a large pear
in shape, and contains a large quantity of firm
buttery pulp, is called Vegetable marrow, 01 Mid-
shipman^ s butter.
Avocet. [Fr. avosette, It. avoselta.] (Omith.)
Spec, of black and white wading bird, about
eighteen inches in length, with long, upcurved
bill. Now rare in Great Britain. Gen. Rg-
curvTrostra [L. re-curvus, recurved, rostrum,
beak], fam. Scolopacidaj, ord. Grallae.
Avoidance. [L. L. ex-viduare, to empty, whence
Eng. avoid.] {Leg.) 1. The period when a
benefice is void of an incumbent ; opp. to
Plenarty. 2. The setting aside an opponent's
pleading by introducing new matter. 3. {Pari. )
A formal mode of dismissing a measure without
decision on its principle, as " that this Bill be
read this day six months."
Avoirdupois [Fr., to have weight] ; also
written Averdupois. The system used in England
for expressing the weight of all heavy articles,
and all metals except gold and silver. The
fundamental unit of mass is the pound avoirdu-
pois. (Found.)
AVON
S>
AZRA
Avon, Afon. [Celtic, river or u'atfr.\ Name
or part of name of many rivers.
Avowry. {Leg.') The plea of one who
justifies the fact of having taken a distress in his
own right when sued in Replevin.
Avnlnon. [L. avulsio, -nem, from a, froniy
vello, I tear\ {Leg-) Land taken from one
estate and added to another by inundation or
change of a river's course.
Awoeato del diavolo. (AdvSoitos dlabSlL)
Away there ! (Naut.) The mode of giving
an order to a boat's crew on a man-of-war.
A-weather. {^'aut.) When the tiller is to
windward, the contrary o{ A-lee {q.v.).
A-weigh. {A'ant.) (A-trip.)
Awn. (Arista.)
Axil, Axilla. [L. axilla, armfiif."] {Bot.)
The upper angle formed by the separation of a
leaf from its stem. Adj., Axillary, that which
grows at that angle.
Axillary thermometer. A thermometer placed
under the armpit, sometimes in the mouth or
elsewhere, to ascertain the heat of the body.
Axiom. [Gr. &{{w/M.] In Geom., a proposition
which it is necessary to take for granted, and
which therefore admits of no demonstration ; as,
" the whole is greater than its parts."
Axis. [L ] {Attat.) The second vertebra of
the neck, upon which the Atlas moves.
Axis ; M{(jor A. ; Minor A. ; A. of a leiu ; A. of a
telescope. [1,., ajcU-trce ; hence the axis of the
earth.] 1. The line within a turning body round
which the rotation takes place, and which remains
at rest during the rotation. 2. A line with refer-
ence to which all the points of a body or curved
line are sjonmetrically arranged ; as, the axis of
a cylinder, the axis of a parabola. The A. of a
lens is the line passing through the centres of
its surfaces. The A. of a telescope or microscope
is the axis of the object-glass, with which the
axis of the eye-piece should coincide. (For
Major A. and Minor A., vide Ellipse.) 8. {Bot.)
The root and stem of the whole plant. The
plumule and radicle are the axes of growth,
around which all other parts are arranged.
Axis of a crystal. 1 hrough any point within
a crystal let planes be drawn parallel to its faces
and cleavage planes ; any three lines of intersec-
tion of these planes are axes of the crystal, pro-
vided they are not in one plane. The positions
of the' faces can be determined with reference to
the axes, and if known with reference to one set
of axes, they can be determined with reference
to any other set. In most cases, however, one
particular set is selected and spoken of as the
axes ; thus, if any three intersections are
mutually at right angles, they would be called
the axes of the crystal.
Axle. [L. axis, Gr. &(»v.] 1. An axis. 2.
A cylindrical shaft on which a wheel or other
body turns, or which turns with the wheel on
the bearings. An axis is a geometrical abstrac-
tion, an axle its concrete realization. (Shaft.)
Axle-box. A peculiarly formed joum.il-bear-
ing. liy which the weight of locomotive engines
or railway carriages is transmitted to the axles,
and withm which the axles turn.
Axolotl. [Mexican.] Siredoa' [Gr. 'Ztifrrj^iiiv,
stren, g.v.] pisciforme [L. piscis, fsh, forma,
form]. {Zool.) Tailed Batrachian, retaining or
losing its gills according to circumstances.
Possibly it is the larval stage of a salamander.
It is twelve or fourteen inches long. Mexican
lakes.
Ayah. An Indian native waiting-maid or nurse.
Aye-aye. [Onomatop.] {Zool.) 1. A quad-
rumanous animal, somewhat resembling a large
squirrel, and with its mammre on the abdomen ;
"one of the most extraordinary of the mammalia
now inhabiting the globe" (Wallace) ; classed in
a fam. by itself. Madagascar. Cheiromys
Madagascanensis [Gr. x*^P> hand, fivs, mouse],
sub-ord. L^muroid^a, ord. Primates. 2. J.q.
Ai {q.v.).
Aye, aye, sir {A^aut.) = "I understand." As
an answer from a boat, it shows that a com-
missioned officer is in her. The addition of a
ship's name indicates a captain, and of "flag," an
admiral.
Ayegreen. The houseleek [L. sempervivum
{9.7'.).].
Ayrshire Plonghman, The. Robert Bums.
Ayuntamiento. [ Sji.] The council of a town
or village ; also called Justicia, concejo, cabildo,
regimiento.
Axamoglans. Foreign children brought up
among the Turks as Mohammedans and soldiers.
Asasel. Lev. xvi. 8, lo; transl. scapegoat, but
mcanint^ quite uncertain.
Azi-dahaka. (Zohak.)
Azimuth. [Ar. as-samt, a -way or path.'\
{Astron.) The arc of the horizon intercepted
between the meridian and a vertical circle drawn
through the centre of a heavenly body ; it may
be reckoned from the north point, but in
northern latitudes it is most convenient to
reckon it from the south point westward from
o° up to 360". The Magnetic A. is a similar
arc measured from the magnetic meridian ; it
is, in fact, the bearing of a point from the
magnetic south.
Aximnth and altitude instrument. An instru-
ment consisting of a horizontal circle moving
round a vertical axis in fixed supports, and a
vertical circle moving round a horizontal axis
which is rigidly attached to the former axis. The
vertical circle carries a telescope whose axis
coincides with a diameter. The altitude and
azimuth of a heavenly body can be observed by
it when properly adjusted.
Aslmnth compass. A compass furnished with
sights for observing the bearing of points from
the magnetic north or south.
Az5ic rooks. [Gr. d neg., ^uA\, life.] {Geol.)
Non-fossiliferous, destitute of life. This term,
and Hypozoio = under \vkS\ life, are obsolete as
systematic terms. (Neozoic.)
Azote. [Gr. i neg., C«^, life.] Nitrogen,
which (Iocs not support life.
Azoth. Paracelsus' panacea, or elixir of life.
Azrael. [A Semitic word.] With Jews and
Mohammedans, the angel of death, once visible
to those whom he took away, now invisible, by
reason of Mohammed's prayer.
AZTE
52
Asteos. A dwarfish people of considerable
civilization, in the high-land of Anahuac, in S.
America ; now extinct. Two children, said to
belong to this race, were exhibited in London in
i8i;3 ; but Professor Owen pronounced them to
bedwarfs, probably from S. America.
Azolejo. An enamelled tile. The Moors in-
troduced this kind of work into Spain in the
eighth century ; examples of A. of the thirteenth
century are found in the Alhambra.
Aznline. A coal-tar dye, giving a fine blue
colour with a shade of red in it.
BACK
Azare. [Pers. eazur, blueJ] (Her.) The blue
colour in coats of arms, represented in engrav-
ing by horizontal lines.
Azure stone. (Lapis lazuli.)
Azurite. 1. (Lapis lazuli.) 2. Blue carbonate
of copper.
Azygous. [Gr. i^vyos, not paired.'] {Anai.)
Said of muscles, bones, etc., that are single.
Azymite. One who uses unleavened [Gr.
ifO/ttos] bread in the Eucharist. So the Latins
and others have been termed by the Greek
Church.
B.
B is used as an abbreviation for before, as '
B.C., before Christ; or for bachelor, as B.A.,
Bachelor of Arts. Among the Greeks and
Hebrews, B denoted 2 ; among the Romans, 300,
with a dash over it, 3CXXJ. It is also the name of
one of the notes in the musical scale, answering
to the French Si.
Baal, BeL [Heb., lord, master.'] The Semitic
sun-god, worshipped as the embodiment of mere
power. (Moloch.)
BaalzSbub, Baalzebul. (Muiagros.)
Babes or Children in the Wood. Children of
the "Norfolk gentleman" of an old favourite
ballad. Their guardian uncle hired two ruffians
to kill them ; one, relenting, slew the other, and
deserted the children, who, dying in the night,
were covered with leaves by robin redbreast.
{Cf. the "Two Wanderers," in Grimm's House-
hold Stories.)
Babies in the eyes. Reflexions of one's self in
the eyes of another.
Babington's Conspiracy (named from one of
the number). That of some English gentlemen,
with some priests of an English seminary at
Rheims ; one John Savage was hired to kill
Queen Elizabeth, and an insurrection was to be
raised, aided by a Spanish invasion. Fourteen
were executed, September, 1586.
Bibism, B&bi. Persian pantheistic heresy from
Mohammedanism, founded, a.d. 1843, by Seyud
Mohammed Ali of Shiraz.
Bablah bark. [Pers. babul, a mimosa.] The
shell of the fruit of a kind of mimosa, used in
dyeing drab.
Baboon. [Cf. Fr. babouin, from the same root
as Ger. bappe, thick-lipped (Littre).] (Zool.)
Gen. of monkey, with dog-like nose, bare
(frequently bright-coloured) nasal callosities,
generally short tail ; some (as mandrill) very
large. Africa. Cynoc^phalus, fam. Cj?n6pi-
thecidae, ord. Primates.
Baboon, Louis — the French, in Dr. Arbuth-
not's John Bull. (Bull, John.)
Bacca, or Berry. In Bot., = succulent fruit,
having seeds in a pulpy mass ; e:£^. gooseberry,
grape, potato-berry ; the hawthorn raspberry
rose, not having true berries. Adj., Baccate,
Jiaccated.
Baooalanreat. The first or lower degree in
any faculty conferred in universities.
Baccarat. A gambling game at cards.
Bacchanalia. [L.] A festival to Bacchus, god
of wine, at which the celebrants were called
bacchanals.
Bacchanalian. Relating to Bacchus or Dlony-
sos, a Semitic deity representing the powers of
the Cosmos generally, whose orgiastic worship
was introduced into Greece against strong oppo-
sition from the people. The name Bacchus,
which appears as Bocchus, the title of the Maure-
tanian kings, is a corr. of Malchus, Malek,
Moloch (Brown, GrecU Dionysiak Myth, ii. 100).
Bacchante. [Fr.] A female worshipper of
Bacchus ; hence a termagant.
Bacchius. [Gr. )3okx*'<'^'] In metre, a foot,
V ; e.g. Ulysses. Anti-bacchius being the
opposite to B., i.e. - - ^ ; e.g. dilecte (,q.v.).
Bacchus. (Bacchanalian.)
-bach. [Cymric, little.] Part of names, as
Penmaen-bach.
Bachelor [L.L. baccalarius, from which this
word has been obtained] denotes a. farm servant;
hence, as some have supposed, any young man ;
and so a younger student, or one who has re-
ceived a lower degree in any faculty, e.g. B.A.,
B.D., as distinct from M.A. and D.D. The
word also denotes a lower knighthood, which
some have explained, however, as = bas cheva-
lier (?). The Latinized baccalaureus gave rise to
the notion which explained the word as = baccis
laurels donatus, crowned with a laurel wreath
(see Littre and Brachet, s.v.).
Bacile, Bacino. [It., basin.] A glazed plate,
of uncertain origin, encrusted upon church walls
in Italy. B. Amatorio, a faience plate, with
a portrait and posy.
Bacillarlee. [L. bacillum, dim. of baculum, a
staff.] A small group of Dtatdindc^ce. (Desmi-
diacSse.)
Back. [D. bac, a tray or bowl^ A large
vessel used in brewing.
Back-bond. {Scot. Law.) A deed of declara-
tion of trust.
Backing, i.g'. endorsement. B. a warrant, en •
dorsement by a justice of a warrant granted in
' another jurisdiction.
BACK
S3
BALA
Backing and filling. (Naut.) Getting to
windward by sailing and backing alternately,
with a favourable tide, in a channel too narrow
for turning.
Back-lash. The space allowed for play be-
tween the teeth of wheels, to enable them to
work in either direction without wedging them-
selves.
Back-painting. A method of staining the backs
of mezzotinto prints affixed to glass, so as to give
them the appearance of stained glass.
Baok-presaore. The resistance offered by the
air and waste steam to the motion of the piston
of a steam-engine.
Bsok-raking a horse. The removal of hard-
ened faeces by the greased hand and arm.
Backs. Leather made of the strongest oxhides.
Backshish, Bakshish. [Ar.] A gratuity.
Back-sight. I n levelling along a line, suppose
the staff to be held at points A, B, C, I), etc.,
successively, the level is first placed between
A and B, then between B and C, then between
C and 1), and so on ; in these positions the
surveyor looks back to A, B, C, etc., and for-
ward to B, C, D, etc., and in each case reads
the staff; the former readings are called back-
sights, the latter /(^r/'-j/^A/j.
Back-staff. An instrument formerly used for
taking the sun's altitude at sea.
Backstays. (Stays.)
Back, To. (Xaut.) To go stem first.
Backwardation. {Stockbrok.) Consideration
paid on settling day by bears (<f.v.), for carrying
over their bargains. (ContinoationB.)
Back-water. 1. Water held back by a dam
or other obstruction. 8. Water thrown back by
the turning of a water-wheel, and moving up
stream.
Back water, To. In rowing, to work the oar
the reverse way.
Baconian method = inductive ; Lord Bacon,
although not the inventor, having been first to
lay down rules of experiment and observation.
Bacteria. [Cr. koucrvpia, a staff".] {Zoo/.)
Short, staff-shaped, microscopic organisms, of
disputed origin and nature, found in organic
infusions, but not appearing if, after Ixiiling, none
but thoroughly filtered air is sidmitted. They are
accompanied by thread-like vibrfotus [L. vibro,
/vibrate], and are, after an interval, succeeded
by active, single-ciliated, spherical nionads, per-
hans the larvic of infusoria (q.v.).
Badaud. [Fr.] Idler.
Badenoch. District in Inverness, at foot of
Grampians.
Badger. [Heb. tachash ; Exod. xxv. 5, etc.]
{Bibl. and Zool.) 1. Probably Dogong {q.v.), or,
as some, the badger \cf. L. taxus, Ger. dachs],
2. A licensed dealer in com, etc.
Badger-bag. (Naut.) He who represents
Neptune when a ship crosses the line.
sadigeon. [Fr., stone-coloured; origin un-
known.] A fine plaster, for filling holes in
statuary.
Badinage. [Fr. badiner, to jest.] Trifling ;
playful talk, " chaff."
Badminton. 1. Outdoor game with battledores
and shuttlecocks. 2. Also a drink, a kind of
claret-cup.
Baflling winds. {JVaut.) Shifty W.
Bagala. [Ar., mule.] (A'aut.) A high-
sterned vessel of Muscat, of from 50 to 300 tons,
built rather for carrying than sailing.
Bagasse. [Fr.] (Cane-trash.)
Bagatelle. [Fr., little bundle, O.Fr. bague.]
1. A trifle. 2. A game played on a long
board with nine holes at further end, with balls
and cue.
BagandsB. A name given to peasants in Gaul,
who rose against the Romans in the third
century.
Bagnes. [Fr.] Hulks, convict prisons.
Bag on a bowline, To. (Ah///.) To fall ofi
one's course.
Bagshot-sand. (B., village in Surrey.) The
lowest series of strata in the Middle Eocene
group of the English Tertiaries.
Baguette. [Vi., a wand.] {.4rch.) A small
round moulding. (Bead-moul^ng.)
Bahsddr [I'ers.] = worshipful.
Bahr. [Ar., sea.] Lake, large river, as Bahr
Tubairyeh, the Sea of Tiberias or Lake of
Galilee.
Baidar. (Naut.) An Arctic canoe mannetl
by six or twelve paddles.
Bailee. One who is in temporary possession
of goods committed to him in trust.
Bailey. [L.L. ballium, Fr. bailie.] A castle
court between the walls surrounding the keep.
In the Old Bailey, London, the name survives
after the castle has disappeare<l.
Bailie. In Scotland, a municipal magistrate
= alderman.
Bailiwick. [Fr. bailli, baHi^, and Saxon vie
= vicus, street or divelling.] The district within
which authority is exercised ; so a county is the
B. of a sheriff, or a particular liberty is the B. of
some lord.
Bairam. The Mohammedan feast which fol-
lows the Bam&dan, or month of fasting. Owing
to the use of the lunar months, these perio<ls range
round the whole year in a cycle of thirty-three
years.
Bajaderes. Indian dancing women, who may
be compared with the Ambubaiae.
Bajoooo. [It.] A papal copper coin, worth
alx)ut a halfpenny ; said to be from bajo, bay-
coloured ; c/. "a brown," slang for a penny or a
halfpenny. No longer current.
Bajfiltis. [L.] Lit. one who carries anything.
{£cc/. ) Bajulus aquce, the bearer of holy water
in processions.
Baker's dozen. Colloquial for thirteen.
Bal-, Balla-, Bally-. [Gadhelic baile, an abode."]
In Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, = stockade,
abode, enclosure, as in Bal-moral, Bally-shannon;
cf. bailey [L. ballum, Eng. wcdl\. — Taylor,
iVords and Phrases.
Bala-. Cymric name or part of name ; effluence
of a stream from a lake, as Bala.
Balance of power. A fictitious diplomatic
phrase, = absence of any specially predominant
power ; disturbance of the status quo in Europe
is said to affect the B. of P.
BALA
54
BAMB
Balance of watch. The part which, by its
motion, regulates the beat.
Balandra. {A'^au(.) 1. A lighter. 2. A kind
of schooner. 3. A Spanish pleasure-boat.
[Sp. form of Eng. bilander (^.v.), D. bijlander,
Fr. belandre.]
Balano'id. In sAape [Gr. tlSos] like an acorn
[;8(£AaK0j].
Bilanufl. [Gr. ^iKavoi, an acorn.] . Acorn-
shell ; cessile Cirriped Crustacean, affixed by
head to rock, etc., protected by calcareous shell.
Larva (Nauplius) and pupa free. Gives its name
to fam. Balanidie.
Balas ruby. (Euby.)
Balatistm. [Gr. $a\av<rTtoy, roild pomegranate
fi(nt'er.'\ (Bot.) A term applied to pomegranate-
like fruit ; i.e. with leathery rind, and drupes
arranged in cells within.
Balcar. (Balkers.)
Baldachino [It.], Baldachin, Bawdeqnin. A
canopy, originally of rich silk from Baldacco, /.<?.
Bagdad ; hence a piece of furniture fixed over
the principal altar of a church or carried over
sacred persons or things ; the modem form of
Ciboriiun. The most celebrated is at St.
Peter's, Rome.
Balder. The white sun-god of Teut. Myth.
The first syllable of the name is found in Bjel-
bog, the pale or white spirit. (Tscnemibog.)
Balderdash. 1. Senseless talk, jargon. 2. A
trashy worthless mixture of liquor. [Accord-
ing to Latham, from Welsh balldorddus, itnperfect
utteratue ; cf. Gr. fiarToKoytu, fiarrapl^u, and L.
balbutio.]
Baldric. [L.L. baldrellus.] 1. A girdle used
by feudal warriors. 2. A bell-rope. 8. The
leather strap connecting the clapper with the
crown of the ball. 4. Broad leather belt cross-
ing the body, for suspending the sword from the
right shoulder.
Baldwin's phosphoros. (Fhosphoms.)
Bale. [Goth, bahvjan, torquere (Richard-
son).] Writhing, miser}', calamity. Bale-fire, a
fire signalling alarm.
Bale, SeiUng under the. Selling goods
unopened, wholesale. [Bale, a package, Fr.
bale, one of the many variants of the word
which in Eng. is ball.\
Baleen. [Fr. baleine, L. balaena, Gr. ^i>Aiva.
and 4)ciA7j, Scand. hvalo, and Eng. ivhale.]
Whalebone, the horny laminae through which
the whale strains its food.
Balinger, or Balangha. {Naut.) 1. A small
sloop. 2. A barge. 3. A small war-ship with-
out forecastle, formerly in use.
Baling-strips. Strips of thin iron for binding
bales.
Balister. A cross-bow. [L.L. balistarius,
i.e. arcus.] (Arcnbalist; Ballista.)
Balistraria [L.], Arbalestria [L.], Arbalis-
teria [L.]. Narrow apertures in the walls of
a fortress, for the discharge of arrows from the
cross-bow ; often cruciform ; thirteenth, four-
teenth, and fifteenth centuries.
Balk. [A.S. boelc] 1. A strip or ridge of
land purposely lef> out in ploughing. 2. Spelt
also baulk ; the sq ared trunk of the fir ; a large
beam of timber ; cf. Ger. balken, a beam.
[Query : Are these two words or only one with
some radical meaning of straightness, whence to
balk = (i) to check, disappoint ; (2) to heap up
in a ridge } Cf. 2i billiard ball "in balk."]
Balkers. Watchers on heights for shoals of
herring.
Ballast. [Of doubtful origin.] {Nai4t.)
Weighty materials, as iron, gravel, casks of
water, carried below to keep a vessel's centre of
gravity down. A ship in B. = laden with B.
only. Shifting of B. is its getting out of its
proper position through rolling.
Ball&toon. (Naut.) A small Indian schooner
without topsails.
Ballerina. [It.] A female dancer.
Ballet. [It. palletta, a little ball.] 1. {Her.)
A roundlet or small disc. (Pallet.) 2. A theatrical
representation by means of movements and
dances accompanied by music.
Ball-flower. (Arch.) An ornament shaped
like a globular flower, frequently used in build-
ings of the O^ometrical and Continuous styles
of English architecture.
Balling process. The process by which salt-
cake is converted into ball-soda. The furnace
used is called the balling furnace. (Salt-cake ;
Black-ash.)
Ballista, Balirta. [L., from Gr. $<i\\u, I
thrma.] A large military engine, used by the
ancients for throwing stones, etc., as the
Catapitlta, a kind of powerful cross-bow [Gr.
KaTttTreATTjs], was for heavy darts, arrows, etc.
Its construction, of which there were several
varieties, is not very well known.
Ballistics. [From Ballista {q.v.).\ The
doctrine of the motion of projectiles in a resisting
medium, such as the air.
Balloen. (Naut.) A Siamese State galley,
shaped as a sea-monster, with from 140 to 200
oars.
Ball-soda. (Black-ash.)
Balluster has been corr. into banister. [It. ba-
lestriera, a loop-hole for the cross-bo70 (L. balista);
afterwards applied to the columns themselves.]
Balm, Common. A plant with lemon-scented
leaves and stem, which yield oil of B. ; Melissa
officinalis, ord. Lab. An infusion of B. is a
popular remedy in fevers.
Bal masque. [Fr.] Fancy ball.
Balneum. [L.] Among the Romans, in the
singular, a private bath, as distinguished from
the Balnese, or public baths.
Balsa. S. American float or raft, resting
partly on air-tight skins j for landing goods
through a heavy surf.
Balsam. [Gr. fiaKaafioy.] A vegetable pro-
duct, containing benzoic acid. Balsams of Peru
and of Tolu are S. American balsams, used as
stimulants and expectorants. Canada balsam
and balsam of copaiba (Canada balsam ; Copaiba)
are not true balsams, but oleo-resins.
Balsamo, Jos. A famous charlatan and mes-
merist of the last century; also called Cagliosiro.
Balzarine, A light material of worsted and
cotton for ladies' dresses.
Bambino. [It., a child.] A representation
BAMB
of the infant Jesus ; sometimes, but not neces-
sarily, wrapped in swaddling clothes.
Bambocoiata. [It., from bamboccio, a puppet,
from bambo, an infant (Bambino).] A picture,
generally grotesque, of common rustic life, such
as those of Peter van Lear, seventeenth century,
nicknamed the Cripple [It. il Bamboccio].
BambuBa, Bamboo. Arborescent grasses, Asiatic
and American, ha\-ing many spec.
Bampton Lectures. Founded by Canon B. ;
a yearly course of eight sermons at St. Mar)''s,
Oxford, by the Lecturer of the year; since 1780.
Ban-. [Gaelic and Erse, wAi'te.] Name or
part name of rivers, as Bann, Ban-don.
Ban. 1. [In Slav., master.] Lords of some
frontier provinces were so called ; t/if Ban
being the Viceroy or Governor of Croatia.
/ianat, Bannat, the lordship of a B. (TabemieoB.)
2. [Fr.] A national levy of soldiers in feudal
times. Lever le banct I'arri^re ban, a summons
of the feudal lords and the tenants under them;
arriire ban being a corr. of heribannum, from
Ger. heer, an army.
Ban, Banna. [H.G. bannan, to fnd>lish a
decree.] Originally simply a proclamation, as in
Gaelic and modern Welsh ; hence banish, ban-
ditti ; ban in the sense of a curse ; ban, a levy ;
banns of marriage.
Banana. (Plantain.)
Banoo. [It.] 1. {Ug.) 2. In Commerce,
Bank money, standard money ; as opposed to
the inferior coinage which may be current ; and
which was received, in early banking times, at
this its intrinsic value only. B. now refers
generally to the Hamburg bank accounts, which
are not represented in corresponding coinage.
Banco, Banc, Sittings in. [L.L. bancus, bench.]
Sittings of a superior court of common law
as a full court.
Band ; Crossed B. ; Direct B. ; Endless B. A
broad leather strap having its ends joined and
passing over two wheels fixed on parallel shafts,
to communicate the motion of the one to the
other. The term is also applied to cords and
other wrapping connectors. A band is some-
times called an Etulless B. , and is either direct,
when its straight parts are parallel, or crossed ;
a direct B. makes the wheels turn in the same,
a crnssed B. in opposite, directions.
Bandanna. 1. Peculiar silk handkerchief made
in India. 2. Similar calico printing in England.
Bandean. [P'r.] A band or fillet, principally
as a head-dress or part of a head-dress.
Banded. {Her.) Tied with a band.
Bande Noire. [Fr.] German foot -soldiers,
part of the Grand Companies employed by
Louis XII. in his Italian wars: they carried
a black ensign when a favourite general died.
The name was similarly borne by other soldiers,
both French and Italians ; it was given also,
in the first French Revolution, to some societies
which bought confiscated property of the Church,
of emigrants, etc.
Banderol. [Fr. banderolle, from It. bande-
ruola,] Flag about two feet square, for signalling,
and also for marking the points during military
manoeuvres.
55 BANN
Bandfisb. Gen. of fish (Cepola), of ribbon-
like form. One spec, colour red, length about
fifteen inches (C. rubescens) [L., reddening].
British ; most others, Japanese. Fam. Cepo-
\\i\x, ord. AcanthoptCr^gii, sub-class Tfilfiostei.
Bandicoot. [Telinga, pandi-koku, pig-rat.]
Fam. of rat-like insectivorous marsupials,
Australia and islands. Peram^Iidoe [coined
from Gr. irf\pa, a pouch, L. mfiles or melis, a
marten or bmiger].
Banditti. [It.] Properly, persons put under
a ban and outlawed. But the word has now
much the same meaning as robber, (Ban.)
Ban-dog ; i.e. band -dog ; any large watch-
dog, kept tied up.
Bandoleers. Small wooden cases covered
with leather, for holding the charges of a musket,
and suspended from a shoulder-belt. [Fr. ban-
doulicre, from It. bandoliera.]
Bandore, Fandore. [Gr. irafSoGpo. ] A kind
of lute with twelve wire strings. The word has
been corr. into Banjo.
Bang, Bhang. A narcotic made of the larger
leaves and seed caiisules of Indian hemp ; i.q.
Haschish. (Assassin.)
Bangle. 1. A plain, or somewhat plain, metal
bracelet. 8. To waste by little and little, to
sfjuander carelessly ;
colloquial word only.
)y 1:
squander carelessly ; in Dr. Johnson's time a
Bangorian Controversy, The. Upon the rela-
tions of civil and ecclesiastical authority, between
Bishop Iloadley of Bangor, and W. Law,
author o{ Serious Call, with others, A.D. 1717.
Bangor Use. (Use.)
Bania, or Bnnnea. [Hind.] A money-lender,
banker.
Banian. A merchant cla.ss among the Hindus ;
mostly very strict in observance of fasts : hence
** Banian days," in nautical slang, = days on
which meat is not served.
Banjo-frames. {A'aut.) Frames by which
screw-projiellcrs are raised on deck, and in
which they work.
Banked fires. (Naut.) Fires drawn forward,
and covered with ashes, so as just to keep the
water in the boilers hot.
Banker. {Naut.) A vessel employed on the
Newfoundland Bank, i.e. in cod-fishery.
Bank Holidays. Easter Monday, Monday in
Whitsun week, first Monday in August, and
December 26.
Bank money. (Banco.)
Bank rate. The variable rate at which the
Bank of England advances money.
Bank stock. Shares in the property of a bank,
cspcci.nlly Hank of England.
Ban liene. [L.L. banleuca, ban {q.v,), and
leuca, Celtic, a league, an indefinite amount of
territory.] Land outside the walls of a town,
but subject to its law.
Bannatyne Club. Instituted 1823, by Sir W.
.Scott ; its object the printing in a uniform
manner of rare works of Scottish history,
topography, poetry, etc. Geo. B., antiquary,
collector of "Ancient Scottish Poems," 1568.
Bannerer. In mediaeval times, bore the
banner of the city of London in war.
BANN
56
BARD
Banneret. A feudal lord who led his men to
battle under his own banner. The privilege of
so leading them was often awarded on the
battle-field to those who had there distinguished
themselves.
Bannering. Beating the bounds [L.L. banna].
Bannerole. (Banderol)
Banmmos. [L.L., we banish.'\ Form of ex-
pulsion from Oxford University.
Bannock. In Scotland, a home-made cake,
generally of pease-meal, or pease and barley
mixed, baked on a girdle, i.e. circular iron plate.
Banquette. [Fr., a bench, dim. of banque, a
bank, from It. banca.] (Fortif.) Low bank of
earth, placed on the inside at a suitable height,
to enable the defenders to fire over the parapet.
Banshie. In Irish Myth., a phantom in female
form, supposed to announce the approaching
death of living persons, and answering to the
Grey spectre or Bodach Glas of Scotland (Scott,
IVaverley, ch. xxx.).
Banstickle. Spec, of stickleback, three-spined.
GastSrosteas [Gr. yatrrfip, belly, otrriov, bone],
fam. Gast^rostSidae, ord. Acanthopterj^gii, sub-
class Teleostdi. (Stickleback.)
Bantine Table. [L. Tabula Bantina.] A
bronze tablet, with an Oscan inscription of thirty-
three lines, found A.D. 1793, near Bantia, in
Apulia.
Banting. One who diets himself to prevent
fatness, or the diet of such, from W. Banting,
notorious (a.u. 1863) for having thus become
thin.
Bantling. [Probably = handling, an infant
in swaddling clothes.] A child ; meton., an
author's pet work.
Banyan tree of India. Ficus Indica, ord.
Urticaceae ; a native of most parts of India.
Baobab, or Adansonia dfi^Udta (Adanson, Fr.
naturalist). Monkey-Bread, Sour Gourd, an ex-
traordinary tree of Trop. Africa, nat. ord. Bom-
baceae ; the only spec, known ; in Humboldt's
opinion, *' the oldest organic monument of our
planet."
Baphio. Belonging to dyes or dyeing
[Gr. j8af^].
Baphomet. [Corr. of Mahomet.] Some kind
of figure or symbol, which the Templars were
accused of using in magical rites.
Baptistery. [Gr. jSoirriffT^pior.] 1. A part of
a church, or a separate building, for baptism by
immersion. 2. A canopied enclosure containing
the font.
Bar. (Her.) An ordinary bounded by two
horizontal lines drawn across an escutcheon, so as
to contain one-fifth part of it. In popular
language, Bar sinister = Baton (q.v.).
Bar, Confederation of. An unsuccessful asso-
ciation of some Polish nobles, fjrmed at Bar,
1767, for the purpose of freeing their country
from foreign influence.
Bar, Trml at. Trial before the judges of the
superior court instead of at nisi prius (q.v.),
generally before a special jury.
Baragouin. [Fr.] Jargon, gibberish} origin-
ally the Bas-Breton language, of which the words
bara, bread, and gwin, wine, occurred most
frequently in conversations between the Bas-
Bretons and the French (Littre, Brachcl).
Barataria. Sancho Panza's island-city, in
Don Quixote. [Sp. barato, cheap.]
Barb. An Arabian or Barbary horse.
Barba. [L., beard.] (Bot.) A sort of down
found on the leaves of some plants. Barbate,
having a B.
Barbados leg. (Elephantiasis.)
Barbarian. A word used by the Greeks to
designate all who were not Greeks. It represents
the Skt. varvara, applied by the Aryan invaders
of India to the negro-like aboriginal inhabitants
whom they found there. Another Greek form
of the word is Belleros. (Bellerophon's letters.) —
Max Miiller, Chips, vol. ii. Bellerophon.
Barbecue. A beast, especially hog, stuffed
and roasted whole. [ (?) Fr. barbe a queue, snout
to tail.]
Barbed horse. \?x.,'L.\)^x\\z.,abeard.] Com-
pletely equipped with armour. Barb means a
hooked point, armour for horses.
Barbel. [O.Fr., L. barbellus, dim. of barbus,
id., from barba, a beard.] Numerous gen. of fish,
with four barbules, two at tip of nose, two at
comers of mouth. Europe, Asia, Africa ; one
spec. British. Barbus, fam. Cyprlnldce, ord.
Physostomi, sub-class TSleostei.
Barberini vase. (Portland vase.)
Barberry. [Ar. barbaris, L.L. berberis vul-
garis.] 1. Ord. Berberidea; ; a British shrub
with racemes of yellow flowers ; the fruit is used
as a preserve. 2. Another kind, B. aquifollum,
is the well-known plant of English shrubberies.
Barber-surgeons. Corporations with certain
privileges, from Edward IV. 's time, 1461, till
18 George II. dissolved the connexion. The
barber's pole still represents the ribbon wound
round the arm before blood-letting.
Barbet. [Fr., dim. of barbe, beard.] 1. The
poodle dog, especially the small breed. 2.
(Bucconidee.)
Barbette. [Fr., barbe, beard, parce que le
canon fait la barbe, rase I'epaulement (Littre).]
Elevation of earth placed in salient works of a
fortification to give guns freer range, by being
fired without embrasures.
Barbican. Masonry fortification, formerly
used to protect the drawbridge leading into a
town ; also as a watch-tower. [Fr. barbacane,
Ar. barbak-khaneh, a rampart ; introduced, like
many other military words, by the Crusaders.]
Barbiton. [Gr. ^dppiros and -ov.] Some
kind of lyre, seven-stringed, used by the ancient
Greeks.
Barca-longa. [Sp.] 1. A Spanish coasting
lugger, undecked and pole-masted, and fitted
with sweeps for rowing. 2. A Spanish gun-boat.
Barcarolle, BarqueroUe. [Fr. barque, a baric]
Song of Venetian gondoliers, or one of the same
character.
Barcone. A short lighter ; Mediterranean.
Bard. [L.L. bardae.] Horse-trapping, armour.
Bardesanites. In Eccl. Hist., the followers of
Bardesanes, in the second century, who regarded
the devil as a self-existent being. (Ahriman.)
Bards. (Minstrels.)
BARE
57
BARO
BarC'bone. Lean, so that the bones show,
Barebone's Parliament. (I/ist.) A nickname
for the council summoned by Cromwell, 1O53,
from Praise-God IJarebone, one of the members.
Bareges [Bareges, II. Pyrenees], or Cr3pe ik
Bareges. Mixed tissues for dresses, usually of
silk and worsted ; made really at Bagneres.
Bare poles, Under. (.Vaut.) With no sails
set.
Barge [see Bark; L.L. barga]. Captain's,
or Admiral's. A man-of-war's boat for the
use of tho>e officers. State B., a large boat
sumptuously fitted. Trading B. (variously
named) is flat-bottomed, and usually fitted with
a spritsail and a mast to lower ; used on rivers
and canals. Also an east-country vessel pecu-
liarly constructed. Bnad-B., the bread or
biscuit tray or basket.
Bargeboard. Probably = Vcrgt-hcmtA ; the
ornamental woodwork carried round under a
gable roof.
Bargaest. [Guest, another form of ghost,
Ger. geist.] A horrible goblin, toothed and
clawed, in the N. of England ; supposed to
shriek at night.
Barilla. [Sp.] Impure carbonate of soda,
alkali protluccd by burning salsola (<}.v.),
B&rltun. [Gr. Bapii, /leary.] A malleable
yellowi.-h-white metal, the ba^iis of the alkaline
earth laryta.
Bark. (Cinchona tree.)
Bark, or Barque. (Barque.)
Barkantine, ur Barquantine. A three-masted
vessel, carrying only fore-«nd-aft sails on her
main and mizzen.
Bark-bound. Slaving the bark too firm or
close for healthy growth.
Barker's mill. An elementary kind of turbine.
It is capable of rotation round the axis of a
vertical tul)e having two horizcmtal tubes or
arms at the lower end, the whole being like an
inverted T ; there are openings in the horizontal
tubes near their ends, but on opposite sides ;
water flows down the vertical tube and comes
out at these holes in two horizontal jets ; the
reactions of the jets form a couple which causes
the mill to turn in a direction opposite to the
jets.
Barking smack. A smack hailing from Barking
Creek, in Essex.
Barlaam and Josaphat. A very popular me-
diaeval religious romance, in which the hermit
B. converts the Indian Prince J. Originally
Sanskrit, but transl. into many languages.
Barlaamites. {Ecc/. Hist.) Followers of
Barlaam, a Latin monk of fourteenth century ;
known chiefly from their controversy with the
Quietist monks of Mount Athos (Gibbon, Roman
Empire, ch. Ixiii.).
Barley. Pot B , of which the husk only has
been removed : Pearl B., of which the pellicle
also h.-is been removed, and the seed rounded.
Barley-corn, John, or Sir J. A humorous
personitication of malt liquor; from an old tract,
The Arraii^nin^ and Indicting of Sir J. B., Kt.
Barley-mow. A heap of stored barley. (If ow.)
Barmecide feast = unreal, imaginary : such as
the Barmecide prince first set before the hungry
Schacabac in the Arabian A'ights^ Tales.
Barmote, Bamnote, Barghmote, Berghmote.
[A.S. berg, hill, gemote, assembly.] A Derby-
shire court for miners.
Barnabee. Popular name for the lady-bird.
Bamack stone. (Bath-stone.)
Barnacle goose. Spec, of goose, about two
feet long, plumage black, white, and grey.
Temperate regions. Gen. Barnicla, fam.
Anaiidae, ord. Ans(5res (Lepas.) They were
supposed to be produced from shells found on
certain trees in Scotland and elsewhere. This
absurd notion rose from a confusion of the name
with that of the cirriped Barnacle, the bird being
originally called HibernTciila, as being found in
Ilil)ernia (Ireljind), then Bernicula, and lastly
Barnacle (Max Miiller, Lectures on Ltinguage).
Bamaclea 1. [From the likeness to spectacles.]
Pincers enclosing the muzzle of a horse, to keep
him quiet for any slight operation ; the Tivitch
(q.v.) is better. 2. Spectacles; (?) a corr. of
binocle, as binnacle also is ; or (?) connected
with obsolete bernlein, of the same meaning ;
and this with beryllus.
Barometer; Aneroid B.; Marine B. ; Moantain
B, ; Siphon B. ; Wheel B. [Gr. /3<i/>o$, 7oeight, fiir-
poy, measure.] An instrument for measuring the
pressure of the atmosphere. It consists of a tube
containing mercury, about thirty-four inches long,
held in avertical position, withitsopenend dipping
into a basin of mercury ; the sjiace within the
upper part of the tube being a vacuum, the height
of the column above the surface of the mercury in
the basin is an exact measure of the atmospheric
pressure. In the Siphon B. the lower end of the
tube is bent up, instctd of dipping into a basin of
mercury. In the IVheel B. the motion of the
mercurial column, due to changes in the atmo-
spheric pressure, is communicated to a hand which
shows the variations on an enlarged scale. The
Maritie B. is a barometer hung on gimbals, and
otherwise protected from disturbance caused by
the ship's motion, firing of guns, etc. The Moun-
tain B. is adapted for being carried from place
to j)lace by travellers ; from the readings of a
barometer at two stations, the vertical height of
the one above the other can be inferred, since,
all other circumstances being the same, the
weight of a column of air of that vertical height
equals the diflerence between the weights of the
barometric columns at the two stations. In an
Aneroid B. (q.v.) the variations in the pressure of
the air are measured by the movements of the
elastic top of a small box, which are com-
municated to a hand like the hand of a clock.
Barometc fern. [Kuss. boranez, little lamb.]
Scythian lamb; the prostrate hairy rhizome of
the Dicksonia barometz, whose appearance has
given rise to many fabulous stories.
Baron. (Hist.) Lit. the man of the Liege
lord or king. This title displaced that of Thane
in this country on the full establishment of the
Feudal system after the Norman Con<iuest, the
Ceorls and Thralls being now known as Freemen
and Villeins.
Baron and Feme, or Femme. 1. In Norm.
BARO
5S
BARY
Fr. Law, = vtan and wife. 2. {Her.) Husband
and wife. When one shield bears the husband's
arms on the dexter side and the wife's arms on
the sinister side, it is said to be parted per pale,
baron and feme.
Bsuron of beef. A double sirloin.
Barony, in Ireland, = hundred, or wapentake,
in England.
Baroscope. [Gr. j3({pos, weight, oKorio), I be-
hold.'^ An instrument for showing that bodies
are supported by the buoyancy of air, in the
same manner as they are by that of water,
though in a much less degree.
Barouche. [F., from L. birota, a hvo-wheeled
carriage^ A four-wheeled carriage, having a
top that can be raised, and front and back
seats facing each other, each seat holding two
persons.
Barque, Bark. [A word common to most
Aryan languages ; L. barca, through It. or Sp.
barca.] Generally any small ship, square-sterned,
without headrails ; but especially a two or three
masted vessel with only fore-and-aft sails on her
mizzen-mast. Bark-rigged, having no square-
sails on the mizzen-mast.
Barra-boats. Vessels of the Scotch Western
Isles, sharp at both ends, and with no floor, so
that their transverse section is V-shaped.
Barracan. [Ar. barrakan, a coarse gortm.] A
coarse strong camlet, used for cloaks, etc.
Barraooon. Dep6t for slaves newly captured.
[Fr. baraque, from It. baracca, barracks ; and
Gael, barrachad, a hut, barrach, branches of trees
(Littre).]
Barns. [Fr.] The resin of the Pinus mari-
tima ; the base of Burgundy pitch. [Having a
barred or streaked appearance when dried, Fr.
barre (Littre).]
Barrator, Barretor. One guilty of Barratry.
Barratry. \Cf. It. barratrare, L.L. baratare,
to cheat, O.Fr. barat, barete, fraud, quarrel^
(Leg.) 1. Exciting others to suits or quarrels. 2.
Fraudulent conduct towards owners or insurers
of a ship by master or crew.
Barrel [Fr. baril] of beer is thirty-six
gallons.
Barrel-bulk. (Naut.) A measure of capacity
= five cubic feet Eight barrel-bulk = one ton
measurement.
Barren flowers bear only stamens \%dthout a
pistil, as in the cucumber.
Barret-cap. [Fr. barrette.] A cap formerly
worn by soldiers.
Barrier Treaty. (Hist.) A treaty, made 1715,
between the Emperor, the King of England, and
the States-General of the United Provinces,
giving to the latter the right of holding certain
fortresses in the Spanish ISetherlands.
Barring-out. "A savage licence practised in
many schools to the end of the last (i.e. seven-
teenth) century," " the boys taking possession of
the school when the vacation drew near, and bar-
ring out the master." (See Johnson's account,
in his Life of Addison.)
Barrique. [Fr., L.L. barrica, connected with
baril (Littre).] A French barrel of wine or
brandy, of different capacity in difterent places.
The barrique of Cognac is 45*22 English gallons,
and is divided into 27 veltes.
Barris. Spec, of Baboon (i/.v.),
Barrow. [A.S. beorg, beorh, a hill, mound ;
cf. burgh, borough, Gr. irvpyos, a tower.] 1. A
burial-mound. [L. tumulus, a mound tomb.]
2. Intrenched hill, for a fenced town.
Barrulet. (Her.) A diminutive of the bar,
being one-fourth its thickness.
Barry. [Fr. barre, barred.] (Her.) Covered
with horizontal stripes alternately of two tinc-
tures. (Bar.)
Barry Cornwall. Properly Barry Peter Corn-
wall ; a i^seudonym and anagram of Bryan
Waller Procter, poet.
Barry Lindon. An Irish adventurer and
gambler ; hero of Thackeray's tale so named.
Bar-shoe. A horseshoe with a complete, ring
of iron forming a bar across the opening ; dis-
tributing the pressure, and relieving a tender
part. (See Stonehenge on the Horse, p. 563.)
Bar-^ot. Used sometimes in naval warfare
for destroying masts and rigging ; a bar with a
half-ball at each end ; in shape like a dumb-bell.
Barter. [O.Fr. bareter. It. barattare ; words
meaning both to barter and to deceive.] Originally,
the simple exchange of one commodity for
another ; secondarily, = loss of credit. Mr.
Huskisson, in 1825, said that the panic placed
England within forty-eight hours of B. ; i.e. of
such loss of credit that its notes would not
have been received, or its coin, except for its
intrinsic value as an article of exchange.
Bartholomew, St., Massacre of. (Lr. Hist. ) A
terrible massacre of the Huguenots in Paris,
August 24, 1572, in which the Admiral Coligny
was the first victim. Similar massacres took
place at the same time in the larger French
towns.
Bartizan. A small overhanging turret, a stone
closet, projecting from an angle at the top of a
tower, or from a parapet, or elsewhere ; as in
mediteval castles.
Barton. 1. A grange, courtyard. [A.S. bear
= crop, or bere, barley, and tun or ton, en-
closure] 2. A certain combination or system of
pulleys.
Barton, Elizabeth, Holy Maid of Kent,
brought forward as a prophetess, denounced the
divorce of Henry VIII. and his second marriage,
and was executed for high treason, 1534.
Baru. A woolly substance from the leaves of
Saguerus saccharifer, a sago palm ; used in caulk-
ing ships, stuffing cushions.
Barwood. A red African wood used for dye-
ing and turner's work (imported in short bars).
Baryta, Barytes. [Gr. 0apvTr)s, heaviness.]
Oxide of barium ; an alkaline earth, grey,
poisonous ; the heaviest of known earths.
Barytone, Bariton. (?) Of heavy low tom
[Gr. fiap{>s t6vos], as compared with tenor.
1. A voice in compass, and still more in charac-
ter, something between tenor and bass. 2. The
Viola de bardone, or V. di fagotto of Haydn,
now obsolete. 3. In Pros., having the low
melodic accent, which is not generally marked.
(Ozytone.)
BASA
59
BASS
Basalt. [L. basaltes, probably an African
word, = hard dark marble.] Hard dark-coloured
rock, of igneous origin, often columnar and hexa-
gonal, from geometric cracks in cooling.
(Fissures-of-retreat. )
Basanite, Toaohstone, Lydlns Ulpis, or Lydite.
A black siliceous schist, on which pure gold
rubbed leaves a certain mark, [Gr. jSdaafoy, a
toiu:hstone.\
Bas bleu. [Fr.] A Blae-stooking.
Bas chevalier. A knight of the lowest rank
of knighthood. (Bachelor.)
Basnet, Basinet, Baanet. Medieval hel-
met, light, somewhat basinshapetl, introduced
ttmp. Edward I. [Fr. bassin, a basin.]
Base. [(Jr. 0iais, a sUp.] 1. (I/er.)
(Eacutcheon.) 2. (Chem.) A body which unites
with acids to form salts ; as silver unites with
nitric acid to form the salt called nitrate of silver.
3. (Dyring.) A substance used as a mordant.
Baae-balL The national game of the U.S. of
America, somewhat like our rounders ; so
called from the four bases, one at each comer of
a square, whose side is thirty yards ; the first,
second, and third being canvas bags, painted
white, filled with some soft material, and the
home base marked by a flat plate painted white,
(bee full account, English CycloJ><edia, i. 255.)
BftM-coort. [Fr. basse cour.] 1. The outer
court of a feudal mansion, containing the stables,
accommodation for servants, etc. 2. (Leg.) An
inferior court not of record, as court-baron,
court-leet.
BaM-fe«. {Leg.) An inheritable freehold
terminated on some special qualifying contin-
gency, such as the fall of a certain tree, failure of
issue under an entail, the ceasing to be lord or
tenant of a certain manor.
Baae line. 1. In Perspective, the line where
the plane of the picture intersects the ground
plane. 2. In Surveying, an accurately measured
line on which a network of triangles is con-
structed, whose angular points are conspicuous
places, and whose distances from each other are
calculated from the base and measured angles
only.
Base of operations. The portion of country,
sea-coast, river, or the strong towns, either on
the flanks or rear of an army in the field, from
which its resources are drawn, and to which it
can retreat in case of reverse.
Bashaw. Pasha = head or master ; a Turk-
ish title of honour, given to viceroys, provincial
governors, generals, etc. : hence a swaggering
bully.
Bashi-Bazouks. Irregular troops in the
Turkish service.
Basic. {C/tent.) Relating to, or acting as, the
bau of a salt.
Basil. 1. [Fr. basane, from Ar. bithanet.]
The skin of a sheep tanned. (Besel.) 2. [Fr.
basile, from base.] The angle to which the edge
of a cutting tool is ground.
Basil, Liturgy of. (Liturgy.)
Basilian Order. (Orders, Beligious.)
Basilic (A not., Med.) = most important or
excellent ; lit. king-like [Gr. fi&olKlKos].
Basilica. [Gr. fia(Ti\nefi, i.e. a-Tod, a royal
portico in Athens, which gave the idea (?).] 1.
A public court of justice and of exchange, in
Rome, with wide porticoes, and a raised tribunal
at the end ; whence arose the form of a church,
with nave, aisles, chancel. Some Basilicas
became churches. 2. In Jurisp., the name of a
digest of laws in sixty books, by the Byzantine
Emperor Basilius, 867-880 ; chiefly an adapta-
tion of Justinian's Code.
Basilidians. In Eccl. Hist., a Gnostic sect,
who maintained the m}'stical system of Basileides,
and asserted that Simon of Cyrene suffered on
the cross in place of our Lord.
BasIUkon DorSn. [Gr., a royal gift.\ The
title of a lK)ok written by James I. of England for
the benefit of his son Henry, Prince of Wales,
BasUisk. [Gr. fiaviKlffKos, dim. of /SatriAfus,
king.] (Zool.) Name applied to gen. of
American lizard, fam. Iguanidiv ; one spec, has
a crest or crown. (JJibl.) (Cockatrice.)
Basin, Biver. The whole area drained by a
river an<l its tributaries.
Baskerville editions. Much admired as
specimens of printing. John B., typemaker, of
Birmingham, raised the art of printing to a
degree of perfection previously unknown in
England ; died 1775.
Basket-flsh. The starfish.
Basle, Confession of. The Calvinistic Con-
fession of faith, drawn up in 1530, and called
also the Helvetic Confession.
Basque. A language still spoken in the
Spanish and Frencn I'yrenees, belonging, like
the Finnic, to the Agglutinate or Turanian
group, called by the people Escuara ; the same
root appearing m "Basque," "Escuara," "Es-
quimaux," and "Gascony."
Bas-relief. (Basso-relievo.)
Bass, Bast. The inner fibrous bark of the
lime tree, of which the Russian matting used in
gardens is made. Bast is also obtained from the
leafstalks of two Brazilian palms, Attalea funi-
f^ra and Leopold inia Piassaba ; and Cuba bast
from the inner bark of Paritium datum.
Basset. [Fr. bassette.] A game of cards,
invented at Venice, fifteenth century ; introduced
into France, seventeenth century ; forbidden by
Louis XIV., after he had lost largely by false
cards.
Basset, Bassetting edge. (Afin., Gcol.) When
a slanting vein or bed shows itself at the surface,
its edge is called the Basset-edge, or outcrop.
Basset horn. A rich melodious kind of
clarionet, between a clarionet and a bassoon,
embracing nearly four octaves.
Bassia. A gen. of trees, ord. Sapotacea; ;
tropical. One kind, the Indian butter tree, yields
from its pressed seetis a white, fatty, lard-like
substance, keeping fresh for many months ;
another, the African butter tree, yields the Galam
butter mentioned by Mungo Park, an important
article of commerce in Sierra Leone ( Treasury
of Botany, i. 127, and Chambers^ Etuyclopocdia).
Bassinet. [Dim. of Fr. bassin, a basin,
nossibly a corr. of Fr. berceaunette.] A
hooded cradle, of wickerwork.
BASS
60
BATT
Bassoon. A kind of bass oboe of four tubes
bound together [It. fagotto, i.e. a htmdle], of rich
tone, very valuable to the composer. Double
B., introduced 1784, reached an octave lower,
but did not answer ; its place is supplied by the
serpent.
BassSra gum. (Sometimes shipped from
Bussorah.) A gum, said to be the exudation of
almond and plum trees ; by some supposed to be
the produce of a cactus or mesembrjanthemum.
Basso-relieyo. (Mezso-relievo.)
Basta. [It., enaugh.] {Music.) When the
leader stops some performer.
Bastard eigne. [L.L. basta, bastum, paci-
saddle, muleteer's bed; cf. O.Fr. fils de baste;
for termination, cf. -ard; for eigne, cf. O.Fr.
aisne, ainsne, eldest ^ Fr. antne, L. ante natus.]
An eldest illegitimate son whose mother is after-
wards married to the father.
Bastard-wing. (Wings.)
Bastille. [Fr.] 1. Any fort or tower outside
the walls of a city. 2. More particularly the
fortress, so called, built originally outside the
city of Paris, and destroyed by the people, 1789.
Bastinado. [Sp.] 1. An Eastern punishment,
of beating the soles of the feet. 2. Generally,
cudgelling, beating.
l^stion. [Fr., It. bastione.] Interior work
in permanent fortification, consisting of two faces
joined together in a salient angle, with two
flanks retired from their other extremities. A
demi-bastion has one face and one flank.
Baston. (Baton.)
Basuto. A .S. African tribe, lying between
Natal and the Orange River Free State.
Bat. 1. Shale. 2. Cotton wool in sheets.
3. A piece of brick less than half its length.
Batardean. [Fr., dim. of O.Fr. bastard, a
dyke.\ (Fortif.) Wall placed across a wet ditch
to retain the water ; provided with sluices and
surmounted by a conical turret to prevent access
along the top.
Batata, Patata. Batatas edulis. (Bot.) A
convolvulaceous plant with tuberous edible
roots, the sweet potato ; its name now transferred
to the Solanum tuberosum.
Batavian. [L. batavus, adj.] Dutch ; Batavi,
the Batavians, Hollanders.
-batch, -bacli (Mercia), -heck, -beo (Xorthum-
bria). Part name of streams = brook [Norse
beck], as Wood-batch, Birk-beck {birch-brook).
Bateau. [Fr., L.L. batus, from A.S. bat.]
1. A heav}', flat-bottomed, sharp-ended boat,
used on Canadian rivers and lakes. 2. A
peculiar kind of army pontoon.
Bat-fowling. Catching birds at night by a
light within a net, to which they fly when the
bushes are beaten ; hence the term.
Bath. A Hebrew liquid measure = ephah, a
dry measure (see Ezek. xlv. 11). (Cab.)
Bath Col, Bath Kol. [Heb., daughter of the
voice, = secret inspiration, post-prophetic, upon
which most Jewish traditions were founded.] A
fantastic divination of the Scriptures, like Sortes
VirgilianK (y.w.).
Bath-metal. An alloy of nine parts of zinc to
thirty-two of copper.
Bath, Order of the. {Hist.) An English
order of knighthood, instituted by Henry IV.
and revived by letters patent of George I.
Bathos. [Gr. fidOos, depth.] An absurd
descent from lofty to mean thoughts or language ;
a more than anti-climax, e.g. "And thou, Dal-
housie, thou great God of War, lieutenant-
colonel to the Earl of Mar."
Bath-stone. Fine-grained, cream-coloured.
Oolitic limestone, from the Lower Oolite of the
West ; easily wrought, hardening with exposure,
not verj- durable. From Oolitic strata come also
Caen stone, Kettering stone, Portland stone,
Barnack rag, etc.
Bathyblus. [Gr. PaOvs, deep, fiios, life.] Pro-
fessor Huxley's proposed term for a very low
form of life found in ooze dredged from the
Atlantic ; one not yet widely accepted.
Batiste. Fine linen cloth of French make ;
so called from the first maker of it. Batiste of
Cambray.
Bat-man. [Fr. bat, pack-saddle, L. bastum.]
Soldier-servant of a non-commissioned ofticer ;
also one who attends an ofificer's horse, or the
bat-horses provided with pack-saddles for carry-
ing the tents and light baggage of troops.
B&ton. [Fr.] 1. {Afusic.) i. A conductor's wand.
2. In written music, a pause of two or more
bars. [From the same root as batir, Gr. ^aard^tiv,
to hold in one's hands, eic] 2. {Her.) An abate-
ment in coats of arms to denote bastardy, a kind
of diminutive of the bend sinister. (Bend.) 3.
Staff of a field-marshal.
BatracMa, Batrachians. [Gr. fiirp&xos, a
frog.] 1. The second and third ord. of
Amphibia, comprising B. urodela (Tailed B.),
as newts, and B. anoura (Tailless B.), as frc^s.
2. Animals having the external characteristics of
frogs.
Batrachomyomachy. [Gr. jSarpaxoyuvojuaxfo.
from fidrpaxos, a frog, fivs, mouse, i^dxti C' fis^'^f-\
The so-called Homeric poem describing the
battle of the frogs and the mice — a satire on
the Trojan war and on the action of the gods
in that struggle.
Batta. [Hind, bat, a weight^ Certain extra
pay allowed to troops in India to cover excep-
tional expenses.
Battalion. [Fr. bataillon, from It. batta-
glione.] Body of infantry commanded by a
lieutenant-colonel, and composed of a variable
number of companies, but with a complete staff.
Battel. Adj., fruitful, fertile ; v.a. to make
or to become fat or fertile ; cf bait, bit, bite,
according to Richardson.
Battel, or Battle, Wager of. (Wager.)
Batteloe. An Indian vessel, lateen-rigged.
Battels. [Said to be from A.S. bat, to in-
crease, and dael, deal or portion^ Accounts due
to a college from a member for food supplied,
and other expenses.
Batten. [O.E. bat, a staff ; cf. Fr. baton,
cudgel; (?) Gr. j8ao-Tafa>, / carry (Diez).] 'A
strip of wood ; a small plank.
Batten-down hatches, To. {Naut. ) To fasten
tarpaulins over them by battens, i.e. long, thin
strips of wood nailed down.
BATT
6i
BEAL
Battering walls. {ArcA.) The walls of a
building whose sides converge.
Battery. [Fr. battre, io A,a/.] 1. Any number
of guns grouped together, and having a separate
equipment and organization of gunners. 2. The
fortitication behind which guns are mounted.
Battery, Electric. A group of electric jars, so
arranged that they can be charged and dis-
charged as one machine. A galvanic or voltaic
battery is an arrangement for producing an elec-
tric current by chemical action.
Battle of the Books. (Boyle Controversy.)
Battle of the Spurs. {Hist.) The name given
to the victory of Henry VIII. at Guinegate,
1513, from the hasty flight of the French.
Battle of the Standard. {Hist.) The name
given to the battle of Northallerton, 1 138, in
which David I. of Scotland was defeated by the
English.
&ttoIogy. [Gr. Pdrrot, onomatop, for sfa/u-
merer.] Stammering talk, senseless repetition
(Matt. vii. 7). But there is said to have been a
poet, IJattus, who composed in this style.
Battue. [Fr.] The beating or shooting down
of game which has been driven to one spot by
a circle of beaters. (TinchelL)
Battnta. [It., a dea/.] In Music, the
measuring of time by beating.
Banbee. [Said to be Fr. bas billon, l>ad copptr
coin.] In Scotland, a halfpenny ; first applied
to a copper coin of James VI.
Baulk, Balk. [A.S. bale, a ieam.] Joist
placed between the pontoons of a military bridge
to sup]x>rt the flooring.
Bavaroy. [Fr. Bavarois, Bavarian.] A kind
of cloak, originally of Bavarian make.
Bavieca. The steed of the Cid.
Bavins. [O.Fr. Ixxffc, a/a^vt.] Brush faggots.
fiawboard, i.e. lartmard. (A-beam.)
Bawdequin. (Baldachino.)
Bawn. In Ireland, an earthwork round a
house or castle ; an enclosure with mud or stone
walls for the protection of cattle.
Bawson, Bawsin, Bawsand. The badger, as
having white streaks on a dark face [from Ar.
ablaq, fem. balqa, a piibald (horse)]. {Vide
Devic's .Supplement to Littre's Diitionary, s.v.
" Balzan.")
Bay. \Cf. Fr. aboyer, L. baubor, Gr. /ia«)C«,
Ger. Jjellen, to hark.\ To bark loudly and in
an hostile iiianruT.
Bayaderes. (Bajaderes.)
Bayard. 1476-1524. The Chevalier sans
Peur et sans Reproche, who distinguished him-
self in the Battle of the Spurs. A type of the
ideal knight.
Bayard. 1. A bay horse, 2. The name of
more than one noted horse of old romance.
Bayardly. [O.Fr. bayard, a gaper.] Blindly
unreasoning, stupid ; like the leap of Bayard in
terror.
Bayberry Candleberry, Wax-myrtle. (Bot.)
Myrica ccrifCra, small spreatling shrub of N.
America, ord. Amentaceat: ; its drupes covered
with wax, used for candles.
Bay-cherry. Name of the common laurel,
Cfirasus lauro-cerasus, when first introduced into
England about the beginning of the seventeenth
century.
Bayes. Champion of rimed .(rhymed) drama
(meant for Dryden) in 7/4<f Rehearsal, a farce
ascribed to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham.
Bayeuz Tapestiry. {Hist.) A piece of needle-
work, 214 feet long, 19 inches broad, said to
have been wrought by Matilda, wife of William
the Conqueror, representing the history of the
invasion of England in 1066. Still preser\ed
at Bayeux.
Bayou Etate. State of Mississippi, from its
creeks (hayous).
Bay State. Massachusetts.
Bay, To stand at, To be brought to. [Fr. aux
abois, lit. at or to the barking. (Bay.)] Spoken of
a hunted animal when, as a last resource, it turns
round and faces the baying hounds. Fig., to turn
upon one's enemies when unable to escape them.
Basaras. A flat-bottomed boat used on the
Ganges ; it sails and rows. Corr. into budge-
ro7i<.
Bdellium. [L.] Gen. ii. 12 ; probably pearls
or some precious stone. LXX. has &vOpa^ [Gr.,
carbutule]. B. [Gr. ^hiKXiov] is the transparent
gum of the liorassus flabelllformis ; of no great
value, and not likely to be meant here {Speaker's
Commentary).
Bdellometer. [Gr. fiitWa, a leech, (lirpov, a
measure, as if = artificial leech.] A cupping
glass with an exhausting syringe.
Beaches, Baised, Shmgle £ Accumulations
of water-worn stones, piled up by wave and tide,
in exposed districts, the sand, etc., being swept
onwards to more sheltered parts ; e.g. Northam,
N. Devon. When to this movement is added a
lateral tide current, they move along the coast as
7 ravelling B. ; e.g. Chesil Bank [</. Ger. kiesel,
Jlint, pebbles], on the Dorset coast.
Bead. An Old Eng. word, signifying prayer.
Hence bidding the beads, i.e. the desiring the
prayers of the congregation. The word is also ap-
plied to the perforated balls on a string, by which
prajers are told or counted. (Chaplet; Bosary.)
Beadle. (BedeU.)
Bead-moulding. {Arch.) A moulding, the
vertical section of which is semicircular. Called
also Astragal.
Bead-roll. The list of dead persons for whom
mass was to be said. Hence any list. "Fame's
eternal bead-roll" (Spenser).
Beadsmen, or Bedesmen. Persons maintained
by alms, professedly for the purpose of praying
for the dead. Hence the word came to mean
simjily almsmen.
Bead-tool. A cutting tool, having a curved
edge, for making beading.
Bead tree. {Bot.) Persian lilac. Pride of
India; MelTa [Gr. /u(X(a], Azed arach ; an ash,
of which one spec, resembles a gen. of the nat.
ord. Meliacse.
Beagle. A small hound used for hare-hunting.
Beaker. [Ger. becher.] A well-annealed thin
glass tumbler, used by chemists for boiling, etc.
Beal. [Cf. ball, and many similar words.]
{Med.) To suppurate, to come to a head. Beal-
ing formerly = pregnant.
BEAM
b2
BEBI
Beam-engfine. A large iron lever, capable of
movement round a central axle ; by one end it
is attached to the piston-rod of a steam-engine ;
by the other it works a pump or drives the main
shaft. A steam-engine in which a beam is used
for transmitting the steam power is a Beam-E.
Beam, Before the. Lee, weather. (A-beam.)
Beam-compasses. A rod on which are two
sliding points, adjusted by screws, by which
greater distances can be set off or transferred
than by an ordinary pair of compasses.
Beam-ends. {^Nattt.) A ship is on her beam-
ends when heeled over so much that the deck
is nearly perpendicular ; beams being the trans-
verse, timbers the vertical, parts of a ship's frame
work.
Beamfleet. The north part of the estuary of
the Thames.
Beam tree. [The word beam, Ger. baum, a
treey is common to many Aryan languages.]
White beam is a tree from twenty to forty feet
high ; a native of almost all parts of Europe.
P^rus aria, ord. Rosacea; ; having very hard
wood, used for cogs ; with scarlet fruit in autumn.
Bean-cod. A small Spanish or Portuguese
fishing-boat, sharp forward, with a curving bow,
usually lateen-rigged.
Bean goose. {Zoo/.) Wild goose, Anser ftrus,
Anas sSgetum ; about thirty-four inches long,
plumage brown and grey. N. Temp, and
Arctic regions. Gen. Anser, fam. Anatida:, ord.
Ansfres.
Bean-King's Festiyal. A German social rite,
derived from France. A cake, in which a bean
has been hidden, is cut on the evening of Three
Kings' Day {t/.z'.) ; the recipient holds a court,
etc., and gives the next year's festival : a sup-
posed relic of the Roman Saturnalia.
Bear. A term used for a speculator who sells
stocks or shares, speculatively, which he docs not
j)ossess, in the hope of being able to repurchase
again at a /o7iier figure, and thereby make a pay-
ing transaction of the concern. (Boll.)
Bear, Bere. /.^. Barley.
Beard. {Prittting.) The part of a type be-
tween the shoulder of the shank and the face.
Beardil. The loach.
Bearing. (Mech.) 1. A cylindrical hole, in
which a shaft is supported and on which it
moves. 2. A surface which guides the motion of
the piece which it supports.
Bearing the bell. Taking the lead, gaining
the first place ; an expression said to have been
derived from the giving a small bell of gold or
silver to the winner at a horse-race, early in the
seventeenth century.
Bear-leader. 1. One who leads about a dancing
bear. 2. Hence, by meton., a facetious term for
a discreet person in charge of a youth of rank
in travelling, etc.
Beamais, Le. Henri IV. of France and
Navarre ; born at Pau, in the Beam, 1553.
Bear's-breech. [L.L. branca, cla-M.'\ (Acan-
thns; Brankursine.)
Bear's-foot. 1. Bear's-breech. 2. Helldborus
foetTdus, ord. Ranunculaceae.
Bear, To (iVaut.) N. or S., etc., is to be in
a line with the named point of the compass.
B. dorvn upon, to approach from windward.
B. tip or away, to go to leeward. B. up round,
to put her right before the wind. B. off from or
in ivith the land, to sail from or towards the
shore. B. sail, to carry canvas well.
Beasts, Wild, of the desert. [Heb. isiim.]
I/vtcnas. Isa. xxxiv. 14,
Beasts, Wild, of the island. [Heb. iyim.]
yacka/s. Isa. xxxiv. 14,
Beatific. [L. bdatlficus.] Making happy or
blessed. B. vision, that seeing o{ God which is the
blessedness of heaven.
Beatification. Papal declaration that a cer-
tain deceased person may be honoured by a
particular religious worship without incurring the
penalty of superstitious worship.
Beatitudes. [L. beatitudo, blessing.^ 1. The
nine sentences of blessmg with which the Ser-
mon on the Mount begins (Matt. v. 3-1 1). 2,
In the Greek Church, hymns commemorating
the saints.
Beating the bounds. (Perambulation.)
Beating the bush. (Met.) 1. From fowling,
= having all the labour, while another catches
the birds and has all the gain. 2. From hunt-
ing, = not going straight to the point of dis-
cussion ; as hunters move in a roundabout way,
not straight to the object.
Beating to windward. {N'aut.) Getting to
windward by tacking in a heavy wind. (Tack.)
Beati possidentes. [L., happy are they zuho
have.] A phrase of much the same meaning as
the saying that "possession is nine points of the
law."
Beatrice. Dante's saintly love, and guide
through Paradise.
Beats. The alternations in the intensity of
the sound produced by two notes nearly in
unison.
Beau Brummel. George Bryan B., friend and
companion of the Prince Regent ; died insane,
1840.
Beau ideal. [Fr.] Conception of perfection.
Beau monde. Lit. the f.iu zuorld ; the world
of fashion.
Beau Nash. Master of the ceremonies at
Bath in the last century.
Beauseant. (Bawson.) The black-and-white
banner of the Templars.
Beaute de diable. \¥r., fiend's beauty^ Beauty
that suggests no goodness of character ; beauty
symptomatic of disease ; or the fugitive beauty of
early youth.
Beaux yeux. [Fr.] Loz^cly eyes.
Beaver. 1. [Fr. baviere, haver, to slobber, be-
cause when down it occupied the place of a
child's bib^ Part of a helmet covering the
mouth, and movable on pivots at the jaws ;
being let down, it enables the wearer to drink.
2. An amphibious rodent quadruped, of the gen.
Castor. N. America. The name is found in
many of the Aryan languages. '
Bebirine. A tonic and febrifuge, like quinine
in action, from the bark of the biburu or green-
heart of Guiana (Nectandra rodicei), a valuable
timber tree ; ord. Lauraceae.
BEBI
63
BEGH
Bebisation. (Solmization.)
Beccabanga. (Brooklime.)
Beccafico. [It., fig-pecker, Fr. becque-figue,
Ger. feigen-drossel.] A name applie<l to almost
any warbler (Sylvia), or other small garden bird,
when fat.
Bechamel. A fine, white broth, named from
the Marquis of Bechamel, steward of Louis XIV.
Beehe^e-mer. [L. beca, fem. form of beccus.]
Lit. sea-spade (Holothuroidea). (Trepang.)
Bechio remedies. {Med.) For the relief of
cou!:li [Gr. i8^(, adj. fii\xM6i\.
Beck. A brook \cf. Ger. bach, a brook, and
perhaps Gr. irtjy^, a spring ; as in Wans-beck-
water, where the place has received three names
of the same meaning, and kept them all {cf. Bala-
lake).
'beck, -bee. (-bateh.)
Becket's Crown. The circular or apsidal
building to the east of the choir in the Cathe-
dral of Canterbury is so called.
Bed. [A word common to the Teut. and
Scand. languages.] {Meek.) The foundation or
fixed parTof a machine.
Bedchamber, Lords of the. Officers, generally
twelve, of the royal household, under the groom
of the stole, during a king's reign, waiting in
turn upon the sovereign.
Bedegoar. [Ar.] A shaggy excrescence on
the wild rose, produced by a gall insect (Cynips
rosae) ; once considered diuretic, more recently
a vermifuge.
BedelL [L.L. bedellus, A.S. bydel, mes-
senger. \ In the university and elsewhere, the
officer who attends the vice-chancellor. (Bead.)
Bedford LereL A tract on the east coast,
nearly = the Fens ; so called from the Earl of
Bedford, who, with others, made the first suc-
cessful eflTort to drain it in 1634.
Bedford Ministry. In 1763, a mixed Ministry
of the followers of Grenville (First Lord) and
Bedford, with Halifax and Sandwich as Secre-
taries of State.
Bedight, Dight [A.S. dihtan, to arran^.]
Adorned, dressed out.
Bedlam, i.e. Hospital of St. Mary 0/ Beth-
Uhem ; converted into an asylum by the city of
London, after the dissolution of monasteries.
B. bef^rs, its out-patients, real or pretended.
(Abraham man.)
Bed of justice. [Fr. lit de justice.] A pro-
ceeding by which the French kings were able
to override the rejection of their decrees by the
Parliament, by mounting their throne, called
///, and causing the decrees in question to be
registered in their presence — the Parliament
usually entering a protest.
Bedouin, Beduin. [Ar. bedawi, dwellers in
the desert.] Nomad Arabs ; said to be descended
from Ishmael ; and al)originaI Moors, who have
become settled Arabs.
Bedstraw, Ladies' B., Cheese rennet (GSIium
verum). [Gr. yiKiov, yd\a, mil/;.] {Hot.) A
branched herb, with whorled leaves and small
yellow flowers in numerous dense panicles ; ord.
Rubiaceae.
Beebee, Bibi, [Hind.] Lady.
Bee-bread. A brown substance, the pollen
of flowers, collected by bees as food for their
young.
Bee-eater. Fam. of birds, mostly in Africa
and the East. One British spec, MCrops apiaster
[Gr. fitf)o\fi, articulate-voiced, L. apiaster, apis,
a bee], eleven inches long, brown back, greenish
blue quill feathers.
Beef-brained, Beef-witted. Heavy-headed ;
dull of apprehension.
Beef-eater. [Corr. of Fr. buffetier.] A yeo-
man of the king's guard, whose place was once
near the table or side board [buflet] at cere-
monial feasts.
Beef-wood of Australia. Hard, heavy timber,
like raw beef in colour, of the Casuarina.
Bee-glue. (Propolis.)
Bee hawk-moth, Bee-moth. Sesia iipifomtis.
(Entom.) A moth with rapid flight, and bee-
like wings and body ; feetls on the poplar. Ord.
Lepldoptcra.
Bee in one's bonnet, To have a. To be rather
mad.
Beeld refuge. [A.S. byld.] Place of shelter.
Bee-line. A direct line, like that of bees
returning to the hive or nest from their utmost
distance ; a faculty a,-cribcd to their power of
sight.
Beeliebnb. (Apomuios; Kuiagros.)
Bees, Fable of tiie, or Private Vices made Pub-
lic Benefits. A poem by Bernard Mandeville
(1670- 1 733). An attempt to show that human
passions and evil tendencies work unconsciously
towards the welfare of society, which, as at pre-
sent constituted, is inconceivable without them.
He was opposed by Bishop Berkeley.
Beestings. (Biestings.)
Beetle. 1. [A.S. bytl.] A wooden mallet for
driving in we<lges, stakes, etc. 8. [A.S. beotan,
beotjan, to threaten. ] To hang over or forward,
as of cliffs or eyebrows.
Beetling. [O.E. bytl, a mallet.] The pro-
duction of figured fabrics by means of corrugated
or indented rollers.
Beetrave. Beetroot [from Fr. bette-rave,
beta, beet, and rapa, turnif].
Befi&na. [Corr. of fipiphanfa.] An old
woman, thefairy of Italian and German children,
who puts presents or else ashes mto children's
stockings on Twelfth Night, while she is look-
ing out for the returning Magi, whom she missed
as they returned home "another way."
Beffiroi (Belfry.)
Before the matt. The working seaman, as
distinguished from an officer.
Beg, Bey. A Turkish title of State officers,
= prince, chief; not very definitely used.
Beggar of Bethnal Green, The Blind. Henry
de Montfort, in disguise after the battle of
Evesham. Percy gives the ballad of Bessie, his
daughter.
Beggar's Opera, The. A play by John Gay.
Beghard. .Societies of laymen in Germany,
France, and the Netherlands, first appearing m
the thirteenth century, subsisting mostly by men-
dicancy, and little esteemed ; disappearing in the
latter part of the fourteenth century. But the
BEGL
correct use of the word is uncertain, and their
history very obscure. [L.L. beggardus, Flem.
beggen, Eng. beg (Littre).] (Orders, Mendicant ;
Terliaries.)
Begler-beg = a chief of chiefs, governor-
general of a province, next in rank to the Vizier.
(Beg.)
Begoinages. Societies of women, called
Beguines, in Holland, Belgium, and Germany,
not bound by vows ; their mode of life, like that
of the Beghards (q.T^), neither clerical nor lay.
Their principal institution is at Ghent.
Beguines. (Beguinages.)
Begum. In India, a princess or lady of high
rank.
Behemoth. Job xl. ; the hippopotamus. [(?) An
Egyptian word ; if lieb. , = great beast, or beast
of beast S.I
Beit. [Ar., i.q. beth, Heb., tent or hitii]
Abode or abodes. Beit al may be a temple
or town of
Belay, To. {I^aut.) To fasten a rope by
taking several turns round a cleat, belaying-pin,
etc. B. there! stop !
Belaying-pins. Wooden pegs or short iron
bars.
Belcher. A blue handkerchief with white
spots ; named after a pugilist.
Beldam. [Fr. belle dame.] Originally a term
of respect, especially to elders, has come to
mean hag.
Belemnite. [Gr. fiiXtfivov, a dart.'\ Popularly
Thunderbolts and St. Peter s fingers ; the conical,
internal -shell remains of a gen. of extinct
Cephalopodous molluscs.
Bel esprit. [Fr.] A sprightly, clever writer
or conversationalist.
Belfiry. M.H.G. ber vrit, a watch-tower,
became berfredus, berfroi, befTroi, i.e. a mov-
able breaching tower used in sieges ; then, from
the resemblance, a turret, and more particularly
a bell turret ; written belfry, though having
nothing really to do with bells.
Belial, Sons of. A general name for worth-
less persons, as men of recklessness or lawless-
ness ; this being the meaning of the Heb.
word represented by Belial, which is certainly
not a proper name, although the etymology is
uncertain. As Beliar (2 Cor. vi.), it is per-
sonified, = Satan.
Belinda. Pope's name for Arabella Fermor
in The Rape of the Lock.
Bell. 1. {^Arch.) The capital of a Corinthian
or Composite column, without the foliage ; which
is like a beil reversed. 2. {Naut.) Watch.
Bell, Acton, Currer, Ellis. Names assumed
by Anne, Charlotte, Emily Bronte, authoresses.
Belladonna. [It., beautiful lady.\ Deadly
nightshade, common in hedges ; a spec, of
Atropa, ord. Solanacea;. Most spec, are poisonous,
f Bella, horrida bella. [L.] Wars, dread wars.
Bell and Lancaster system, i.e. that of
mutual instruction, by aid of the boys them-
selves ; first used 1790, by Rev. Dr. B., in E.I.C.
Madras schools, there being no qualified ushers ;
perfected by L. as tlie monitorial system, in Eng-
land, in the next generation.
64 BELL
Bellarmine. (Cardinal B., died 1621.) A
stoneware jug, big-bellied, with a bearded face
on its neck ; sixteenth century ; made in Holland.
Bell-bird. {Zool.) 1. White bird, about as
large as a pigeon, with a black protuberance from
its forehead, about three inches long, usually
pensile, but erected when the bird utters its note,
like the toll of a church bell. Trop. America.
Fam. Cotingidje, ord. Passcrcs. 2. Spec, of
Honey-eater, with a note like the tinkling of a
small bell. Australia. P"am. Meliphagidae [Gr.
fif^t, honey, (payf^v, to eat^, ord. Pass^res.
Bell, book, and candle. A mode of excom-
munication, chiefly between the seventh and
tenth centuries, in the R. C. Church. After
sentence read, the book is closed, a lighted
candle thrown to the ground, and a bell tolled
as for one dead.
Bell-crank. A bent lever, with its arms nearly
at right angles to each other, for changing the
direction of the motion of a link when that
motion is of limited extent ; it resembles the
crank placed at the corner of a room, where the
bell wire goes off at right angles to its first
direction.
Belle Alliance. [Fr.] A farm, the centre of
the French position, at Waterloo.
Belle de nuit. [Fr., beojity of the nighty The
Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis Jalapa).
Belles lettres. [Fr.] Polite literature ; litera-
ture of refining, elevating character generally ;
not with reference to subject-matter.
Bell' eta dell' oro. [It.] Thejcur age of gold.
Belle etage. [Fr.] The best story in a house,
the second.
Bellerophon's letters. Letters which carry the
death-warrant of the bearer ; the Greek story
being that Proetus, whose wife had conceived for
Bellerophon a passion like that of Potiphar's wife
for Joseph, and with the same consequences,
sent B. to lobates, King of Lycia, with letters
requesting him to put B. to death. (Barbarian.)
Bell-flower. Popular name for the cam-
panulas.
Bellibone. A woman beautiful and good. [A
corr. of Fr. belle et bonne.]
Bellic, Bellique. Warlike. [L. bellicus, per-
taining to war, and, in poetry, warlike^
Bellis. [L. bellus, //v//)/.] \Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Compositse. B. perennis, the com-
mon daisy.
Bellman. A name applied to watchmen in
the streets.
Bell-metal. 80 of co])per to 20 of tin ; some-
times 77 to 23. (Bronze.)
Bell of arms. (From the generally round
shape.) {Mil.) Separate building for storing
the arms of a regiment.
Bell-ringing. Changes rung on 3 bells are
Rounds; on 4, Changes or Singles; on 5,
Doubles or Crandsires ; on 6, Bobs minor; on
7, Ti'iples ; on 8, Bobs major ; on 9, Caters ;
on 10, Bobs royal; on 11, Cinqttes ; on 12,
Bobs maxiinus. A bell is set when having the
mouth upwards ; at handstroke, when set up
so far only as that the tujuig or sallic is
held by the ringer ; at backstroke, when rung
BELL
round so far that the end of the rope is held.
Treble is the highest, Tenor the lowest, of
a set. Position of rounds, is that of B. struck
thus — 12345 ; in any other order, they are in
chants. 5000 changes are a peal ; any smaller
number a touch or flourish, i.e. a practice rather
than a performance. A bell is going up when
changing its position from that of treble in
rounds towards that of tenor, e.g. the treble in
12345, 21435, *4'35 5 ^"^'^ down, vice versS.
Place-making is striking two blows in succession
in any one place, e.g. No. 4 in 15432, 51423.
Bob and single, callefl out by the conductor,
produce certain changes in the courses of the B.,
other than those caused by the fact of the treble
leading. In Stednian's method (1640) the prin-
ciple is that three B. should go through their
changes, one bell coming down from behind to
take its part in the changes, and one going up
behind to take its part m the dodging. (See
Troytes' Changi;-J<!ini^ng.)
Bellona. [L.] The Latin goddess of war.
Bell tent. Conical dwelling of canvas, sup-
ported on one jxjle in the middle.
Bell the cat. To. To run a great risk for
others, from the fable in which an old mouse
proposes that a bell should be hung on the cat's
neck that the mice may have warnmg.
Bellna, or Bilna, miiltSnun c&pltnm (Horace).
The vtanv-fiecuUd monster ; the mob.
Belltune. Beastly, brutal. [I^ belluTnus,
bclliia, a beast, genertJly = a motister, brute.]
Bell-wether. The leader of a flock, which
wrears a bell ; meton. the leader of a subsequent
l^arty.
Belly. [A.S. baeig, a pouch.] (A/aut.) 1.
The swell of a sail. 2. The hollowed part of a
shaped timljer. To B. a sail is to fill it with
^^ind, Ttrith bellnng canvas, going free. B. to the
breeze, the sails filling with wind. B. to wind-
Ti'ard, carrying too much sail.
Belomancy. [Gr. ^tKotuarrla.] Divination
Xjuat^fi'a] by the flight of arrows [j3(Xor, an
arrow], sometimes difl'erently marked, and taken
at ran<lom from the quiver.
Belong. [Gr., a sharp point.] (Oar-flah.)
Belphoebe. A chaste, beautiful huntress in
Spenser's Pa^iy Queen ; meant for Queen Eliza-
beth as woman. (Oloriana.)
B^lt. [L. Ixilteus.] A Band.
Beltane, Belteine, Bealtine. [Ir.] Said to
mean (it can scarcely be doubted, erroneously)
/ire of Baal, the worship of whom is supposed to
liave exisited in these islands in the remotest
Druidical times ; name of a festival once ob-
ser\-ed in Ireland and the Scotch Highlands.
Belted Will. Lord W. Howard, Warden of
the Western marches, seventeenth century.
Beluga. [Russ. name.] Gen. of whale, white
whale. Arctic and Australian seas. Earn. Del-
phlnidae, ord. CetacCae.
BiloB. The Grecized form of the Syrian Bel.
(Baal.)
Belvedere. [It. bello, beautiful, vedere, to see.]
A room above the roof of a house, for fresh air
and prospect.
Belvedere, Apollo. A beautiful statue of
65 BENE
Apollo, found towards the end of the fifteenth
century, in the ruins of Antium, and placed in
the Belvedere of the Vatican {i/.v.) at Rome,
whence it has its name. — Perry, Creek and
Roman Sculpture.
Bema. [Gr., a step, a place for stepping.] 1.
The tribune or pulpit for speakers in a Greek
assembly. 2. {Eccl. Ant.) The raised plat-
form containing the altar, with the seats of the
bishop and clergy. (Apse; Fnyz.)
Bembridge beds. (Geol.) A division of the
Upper Eocene, principally developed in the Isle
of Wight. The Bembridge limestone is the
equivalent of the Montmarlre deposits, and
yields remains of some species of palxotherium,
etc. ,
Bemol [Fr.] (Music) is r*, a flat note, i.e, the
^-like sign which makes flat [mol]. Ger. mol is
minor, from the diflercnce between major and
minor thirds ; dur or durum, hard, is in
mediaeval music natural, and so major as
compared with moll, or L. mollis, soft.
Ben-. [Gael., mountain.] Part of Highland
names, as Ben-more, great mountain.
Benbow, John, Admiral, 1650-1702, kept up
for four days, off .St. Martha, W. Indies, a run-
ning fight with a superior French force, when
almost deserted by the rest of his squadron,
August, 1702. He died of bis wounds in
November of the same year.
Bencher. Senior members of Inn of Court,
who have control over students for the bar.
Benchmare. [(?) Welsh pwncmawr, big
point.] The broad arrow.
Benchmark. In Surveying, shows the starting-
point of a long line of levels, and is affixed to
permanent objects, showing exactly where the
level was held.
Bench warrant. {I^g.) A warrant, signed by
a judge or two justices, for the apprehension of
one against whom a true bill has been found, or
who has committed contempt of court.
Bend. (Her.) An ordinary bounded by two
parallel lines drawn from the dexter chief to the
sinister base. If charged with any device, it
occupies one-third part of the shield ; if un-
charged, one-fifth. Figures occupying its place
are said to be in bend. A bend sinister has the
lines drawn from the sinister chief to the dexter
base. (Escutcheon.)
Bendlet. (Ifer.) A diminutive of the bend,
being one-half its thickness.
Bends. (A'aut.) (Wales.)
Bend, To. (A'aut.) To fasten ropes together, or
to an anchor. B. a sail, fasten it to its yard,
or stay, ready for setting.
Bendy, (//er.) Covered with bands alter-
nately of two tinctures, slanting like a bend.
Benedick = a confirmed bachelor, who
marries after all, as B. marries Beatrice, in
Much Ado about Nothing.
Bene decessit. [L., he has left satisfactorily.]
Certificate of good conduct on leaving a college
or school.
Benedictines. (Eccl. Hist.) An order of
monks distinguished for their learning. They
follow the rule of St. Benedict, who founded his
BENE
66
BERR
first house at Subiaco, early in the sixth century.
To this order belonged Pope Gregory the Great
and the monks whom he sent to England under
Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury.—
Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, \i\i.. iii. ch. vi.
Benediotioii. [L. benedictio, -nem, a speaking
well of.] 1. Any form of blessing. 2. In the
Latin Church, specially the blessing of the people
with the reserved sacrament, which is held up
by the priest in the monstrance.
Benediet medicines = gentle remedies; op-
posed to Drastic, heroic.
Benefice, popularly a living, is, according to
Coke, "a large word," = "any ecclesiastical
promotion whatsoever." (Benefioiiun.)
Beneficiary. Holding a dependent, feudatory
office ; without independent power.
BenSftoium. 1. Under the Romans, a grant of
land to a veteran soldier. 8. At the beginning
of the feudal system, an estate conferred by the
sovereign and held under him, which as a
hereditary thing became a Jief. 3. {Eccl.)
A living, preferment ; on the assumption of
its being held under the pope as a superior
lord.
Beneficinm invito non datnr. [L.] A benefit
is not conferred against one's will.
Benefit of clergy. [L. privilegium clerTcale.]
Withdrawal of the clerical order, and eventually
of all who could read, from civil to ecclesiastical
tribunals in all capital charges except high
treason. Not wholly abolished till 7 and 8
George IV.
Benefit societies, or Friendly S. Associations
for mutual benefit among the labouring class,
a small weekly payment insuring a certain
weekly sum during sickness ; in some cases a
payment at death ; also in some cases a pension
after a certain age.
Bene meritns. [L.] Well -deserving.
Benet, Herb. [Fr. benoite.] (Aven.)
Benevolence. [L. benevolentia, good ■will.']
(Eng. Hist.) A tax levied by the sovereign,
under the name of a gratuity. No voluntary aid
can now be raised on behalf of the Crown with-
out authority of Parliament, the breach of this
condition being declared illegal by the Bill of
Bights.
Bengal-lights. Used during shipwreck, =
nitre 6, sulphur 2, tersulphuret of antimony i.
Benign, Benignant growths, etc. [L. b^nignus.]
{3 fed.) Local growths, not returning if removed,
not destructive of life ; opposed to Malignant [L.
malignus], cancerous and destructive of life.
Benison. [O.Fr. beneison, benai9on, L.
benedictionem.] A blessing ; c/. malison, orison,
i.e. maledictionem, orationem.
Benitier. [Fr.] A vessel for holy water, as
a font ; an aspersorium or sprinkler, or a stoup
attached to a wall.
Benjamin, Benzoin. [Fr. benjoin, from Ar.
loubban djaoni, Japanese iftcense.] A dry
fragrant balsam obtained from the benjamin
tree, and used for making incense, etc.
Benjamin tree. Corr. of Benzoin (^.v.).
Ben, Oil of. A clear sweet oil, much used
in chemistry, perfumery, and by watchmakers ;
obtained from the seeds of the Moringa
pter^gosperma, a tree of E. Indies and Arabia.
Ben trovato. (Si non e vero.)
Bents, or Bent grass. A term of general
significance, applied usually to the old stalks of
various grasses.
Benzoic acid. An aromatic acid prepared from
benzoin. Its salts are called benzoates.
Benzoin. (Benjamin.)
Benzole, Benzine, Benzine oollas. (Benzoin.)
Bicarburetted hydrogen, a colourless liquid,
obtained from coal tar. It dissolves fats, and is
a source of aniline.
Beownlf. An Anglo-Saxon epic, of great
literary and philological value. [Beo or Bewod,
with the old Saxons, the harvest month ; pro-
bably the name of a god of agriculture (Cham-
bers's Encyclopcedia).]
BerbSris. (Barberry.)
Beroeaunette. [Dim. of Fr. berceau, a cradle\
A wicker basket with a hood over the head, used
as a cradle.
Berceuse. [Fr., a cradle song, from berceau,
a cradle, L.L. bersa, wickerwork hurdle.]
Bereans. An obscure Scottish sect, a.d.
1773, who professed to reject all religion, except
credence of the written Word ; claiming to be
like B. (Acts xvii. 11).
Berengarians. Followers of Berengar, Arch-
deacon of Angers, eleventh century, who pro-
tested against the current doctrine of the Real
Presence ; recanted ; retracted ; and again re-
canted.
Bergamot. [Port, bergamota.] (Bot.) 1. A
name borne by very many difTerent kinds of pear,
not having, however, any common distinctive
character ; from Bergamo, Lombardy. 2. Also
a garden name for Monarda didyina.
Bergamot orange. (Bot.) A fragrant spec.
(Bergamia) of Citrus, ord. Aurantiacese ; its
greenish-yellow rind contains an essential oil.
Berg-mehl. [Ger.] (Geol.) Mountain meed,
Tripoli, Poller schiefer, Kicsel-guhr, Diatoma-
ceous earth, etc. Recent and Tertiary deposits of
whitish fine powder, almost entirely from the
frustules or siliceous cell-walls of Diatomacese ;
some varieties are mixed with food, increasing
the bulk, and, perhaps, slightly nutritious ; used
for polishing metals. Found in Norway, Tripoli,
Richmond, U.S., Mull, Dolgelly, Mourne Moun-
tains, etc.
Bergrmote. [A.S. berg, hill, mot, gemot,
meeting?^ Court for decision of matters con-
nected with mining.
Berlin. A four-wheeled covered carriage,
seating two persons (invented at Berlin).
Berm. [Fr. berme, patlnuay on a bank, from
Ger. berme.] (Fortif., Mil.) Narrow level space
left outside a rampart or parapet, to diminish
the pressure of earth on the escarp of the ditch.
Bemardines. (Feuillans.)
Bemicia, Bemeich. The north part of North-
umbria in the Saxon period.
Bernicle goose. (Barnacle goose.)
Bernoose. (Bonrnouse.)
Berretta. (Biretta.)
Berry. (Bacca.)
BERR
67
BIAD
-berry, -bene, -bery. [L.L. beria, a large open
field.\ Part of names, as in Dol-berry, a word
made up of two synonyms. (D0I-, Dal-.)
Benaglieri. Sharp-shooters ; riflemen of the
Sardinian army, introduced 1848.
Berserkers. [Icel.] In Icelandic tradition,
wearers of bearskins acks or coats ; noted for
their frantic outbursts of rage. (Orettir Saga.)
Berth. (Nant.) 1. A sleeping-place on board
ship. Hence, 2, the place where a ship lies.
8. A place to which any one is appointed. To
give a luide B., to keep well away from anything.
Bertbolletia. (Brazil nuts.)
Beryl. [Gr. ^-hpvKKos.] {Geo/.) A mineral,
hexagonal, of various shades of green and blue,
found in Primary rocks of O. and N. World ;
consists of silica, alumina, and glucina. Amongst
its varieties are emerald and precious B., or Aqua-
marine.
Beshrew thee = be thou syrewe [A.S., sor-
rowed, vijced] ; hence = I curse thee, wish thee
evil.
Besprent. Besprinkled. [A.S. besprengan,
to sprinkle oi'er.]
Bessemer steel. Steel made by passing a blast
of air through molten cast iron, so as to get rid
of the carbon and silicon, and then adding
enough pure cast iron to supply carbon for the
formation of steel. (Named alter the inventor.)
Bessns. In Beaumont and Fletcher's AV/i/aW
m» A'itig, a cowardly captain.
Bestead. To be in stead or in place ; and so,
1. To profit ; 2. To be circumstanced — "hardly
bestead" (Isa. viii. 21). But this should rather
be translated = hardened, hardening them-
selves {Speaker's Commentary),
Bestiaires. [Fr.] Written books, of the
eleventh, twelfth, and tliirteenth centuries, de-
scribing the animal world, real and fabled, with
drawings and symbolical explanations, in prose
and in verse, Latin and English.
Bestow. Sometimes to bury ; so Felix-stow,
burial-place of Bishop Felix.
Beteem. 1. To deign, think fit, to suffer. {Cf.
A.S. tamian, to tame ; or D. betaemcn, to be
suitaiU (Wedgwood).] 2. [A.S. tyman.] To
teem ; to bear abundantly.
Betel, Piper betel. A spec, of Piper, ord. Pi-
peraccx", the leaves of which are chewed by the
niliabitants of many parts of India with the nuts
of the Areca {q.v.) catechu. B. nut. (Areea.)
Bete noire. [Lit. black beast.] A bugbear ;
something one dreads or shrinks from.
Beth-, Bedd-. [Cymr.] 1. Grave, as in Bcdd-
gelert, grave of St. Kelert. 2. Beth- [Heb.], house,
as in Heth-el, house of God.
Betise. [Fr.] Stupidity.
Beton. The French name for concrete ; but as
the mode of preparing it is very different, it is
well to retain the use of the two names.
Betony. {Bot.) Native plant, Stachys betontca,
ord. LabiatDE ; formerly much used in medicine ;
a popular remedy still for some complaints.
Better equity. To have. To be second incum-
brancer of an estate with security, if there be a
prior incumbrancer without.
Betty, sometimes Bess. A thieves' instrument
for wrenching doors, drawers, etc. ; a jimmy ;
instruments of all kinds being frequently personi-
fied, as spinning-jenny, boot-jack, etc.
Betiila. [L.] {Bot.) Gen. of Amentaceous
trees, ord. Betulaceae. B. alba, the common
birch. B. papyracea, Canoe B. or Paper B. of
N. America, is very valuable, on account of its
durable bark, used for boxes, thatching, canoes,
etc.
Bever. [Fr. breuvage, for bevrage, L. blb^re.]
With labourers, a drinking between meals, gene-
rally at eleven o'clock, elevens, and at four
o'clock, fours.
Bevil, Bevel. [Fr. biveau.] A kind of car-
penter's square that may be set to any required
angle. A B. angle is any angle except a right
angle and half a right angle.
Bevile. (Bevil.) {Her.) A chief broken or
opening like a carpenter's bevel.
Bevil-wheels. Two portions of cones on which
teeth are cut so as to work together and trans-
mit motion from one axis to another intersecting
it and inclined to it at any angle. These axes
coincide in direction with the axes of the cones ;
and the wheels move on each other just as two
cones would do if rolling on each other.
Bevis of Hampton (Southampton), Sir. A
knight of romance (iJravton's Polyolbion, bk. ii.),
Bewpar. {Xaul.) (Pontine.)
Bewray. [A.S. wregan.] To accuse, to show,
to make evident ; cf. Ger. rcgen, to stir.
Bey. (Mnrsa.)
Bey, Beg. A Turkish or Tartar title, meaning
lord, prince, or chief.
Besan. [Fr.] A white or striped cotton
cloth from Bengal.
Besant. 1. A gold coin struck at Byzantium,
current in England in the time of Edward III.
(Dinar.) 2. (//^r.) A golden disc, named from
the Byzantine coin so called.
Beza's Codex. (Codex.)
Bezel, Basil. [Fr. biseau, a slant, bevil.]
The sloi)e or angle to which the cutting edge of
a tool, e.g. a plane, is ground ; a sloping edge to
a frame, or to that which is set in it ; the ledge
in a ring which secures the stone.
Besiqae. A game of cards, generally played
by two persons.
Bezoar stones. [Pers. pad, relieving, curing,
zahr, poison.] Concretions found in the first
stomach of some ruminants, especially goats ; of
hair, fibre, stony matter ; once thought alexi-
pharmic.
Besonian. [It. bisogno, want.] A beggar,
low fellow.
Bhagavadgita. [Skt., sacred poem.] An ex-
position of Brahmanic doctrine in a dialogue be-
tween Krishna and Arjuna in the Mahabharata.
Bhang. (Hasohish; Assassin.)
Bhisti. [Hind.] (Water-carrier.)
Bhowani. (Thugs.)
Bi-. [L. bis, bi-.] As a prefix, implies that
something is doubled, as a bichloride is a salt con-
taining twice as much chlorine as the chloride.
Biacuminate. [L. bi-, two, acuminatus,
pointed.] {Bo/.) liaving two diverging points.
Biadetto. (Bioe.)
BIAN
68
BIFI
Bianchi and Neri. [It., IV/iite and BIact:.'\
Parties or factions in the Florentine Republic in
the fourteenth century. Dante belonged to the
Bianchi, and, being banished, wrote his great
work in exile.
Biaoriculate. [L. bi-, tuio, auricula, ear."]
1. (Aiiat.) Said of the heart ; having two
auricles or cavities. 2. {Bot.) Having a pair
of earlike leaflets.
Bibasio. [L. bi-, tiuo, and Gr. &d(Tii, l>asc.]
Capable of combining with two equivalents of a
base.
Biberon. [L. bib^re, to dn'tik.'] A water-pot
with one or more conical or cylindrical spouts.
Bibiri, or Beebeeree, of Onians. Commonly
called the Grcenheart. A kind of Xectandra, ord.
Lauracese ; a large tree of sixty or seventy feet,
yielding the bibiru bark, a tonic and febrifuge ;
and, more particularly, a very valuable timber
for ship-building, strong and durable, cutting
into great lengths, placed in the first class at
Lloyd's, called the haelve-ycar class.
Bible, English. The first Bible in English was
that translated by Wyclif, about A.n. 1360.
The first printed English Bible is that of Tindal,
who was assisted by Coverdale. After Tindal's
death, the work was carried on by John Rogers,
who dedicated the book to Henry V^III., under
the assumed name of Thomas Matthews : hence
commonly called Afatt/tervs' Bible. Tindal's
version, amended by Coverdale and examined
by Cranmer, who wrote a preface for it, was the
first Bible set forth by authority, and is known
as Craniiier's Bible, or the Great Bible. The
paraphrase of the New Testament by Erasmus
was set forth in an English version in 1547, a
copy being ordered to be placed in every parish
church. In 1560 some English exiles published
at Geneva a translation, with marginal readings,
which is thus known as the Gcnez'a Bible. The
great English Bible, commonly called the
Bishops^ Bible, was printed in folio in 1568, the
translation having been made by the bishops and
others engaged to aid them, acting under the
authority and supervision of Archbishop Parker.
In the following year this translation was
published in 8vo, the chapters being divided
into verses as in the Geneva Bible. The folio
reprint of this version, in 1572, is known as
Parker's Bible. A Roman Catholic translation
of the New Testament was published in 1584, at
Rheims, and is hence called the Khciiiish Bible ;
a second, giving the Old Testament also, was
published at Douay in 1609-10. In 1603 King
James I., at the Hampton Court Conference,
ordered a new translation to be made. Forty-
seven translators were engaged upon it. This
Bible, commonly called King James's Bible, or
the Authorized Version, was published in 161 1.
A revised version of the New Testament, as
given in the Authorized Version, was published
in 1881. (Breeches Bible.)
Bible in Spain, 1844, describes the personal
adventures of George Borrow, travelling in
Spain as agent of the Bible Society.
Biblia panpemm, or B. paupenun Christi. The
books of the poor of Christ, i.e. the preaching
clergy ; a kind of medireval picture-book, of
forty or fifty pages, each giving, with a text, some
leading event of human salvation. A similar
book in rime was Speadunt HumatUB Salva-
tidnis. These were amongst the first books
printed.
Bibliomanoy. Divination [Gr. yttai^efa] from
passages in the Bible [jSi^At'ov, a book] taken at
random. (Sortes Virgilianae.)
Bibliomania. A passion for possessing old
or rare books. [Gr. fiifi\loi/, a book, fj.ai>ia,
matlness.]
Bibliophile. [Gr. fii$\lov, a book, <pX\4w, I
lo7'e.] A lover of rare editions, curious copies,
etc., of books.
Bibliopole. [Gr. $iP\ioii(i\rii.] A bookseller.
Bibnlous. [L. bibiilus.] Able to imbibe fluid
or moisture ; as sand.
Bicalcarate limb. [L. calcar, a spur.] {Bot. )
Furnished with two spurs.
Bicameral. [L. bi-, t~oo, camera, a chamber^]
Having two legislative chambers.
Bicarinate. [L. bi-, two, carinatus, keeled.]
(Bot.) Having two elevated ribs or keels on the
inner side, as some Pales (q.v.) have.
Biee. [Ger. beis.] A pigment, blue and green,
known to artists from early times ; native car-
bonate of copper ; artificially prepared also.
Hambro' blue, Paul Veronese green, etc., are B.
Biceps, Bicipitons. (Anat.) Having two
heads [L. capita] or origins, as a muscle ; having
a double insertion.
Biohe. [Fr. ; cf. Ger. bitze, Eng. bitch; vide
Littre (s.v.).] Hind, roebuck.
Biconjugate. [L. bis, t-cvice, conjiigatus, joined
together \ (Bot.) Having a pair of leaflets on
each of two secondary petioles.
Bidale, i.e. Bid-ale. An invitation to drink at
a poor man's house, and make a subscription for
him there. (Bead.)
Biddery-ware. Metallic ware, made at Biddery,
in India.
Bidding Prayer [A.S. biddan, to pray],
sometimes Allocution, before the sermon, e.g. at
the universities, and in cathedrals, specifies certain
persons and objects to be prayed for, by Canon
LV. and by very ancient custom.
Bidding the beads. (Bead.)
Bidet. A little nag. [Fr. bidet, from Gael,
bideach, diminutive.]
Bidpai, Fables of. (Hitopadesa.)
Bien chaussee. [Fr.] Wearing neat boots.
Biennial. [L. biennium, a space of two years.]
1. Occurring every two years. 2. (Bot.) Re-
quiring two seasons for flower and fruit, then
dying.
Bienseance. [Fr.] Decency, propriety.
Biestings, Beestings. (Colostrum.)
Bifarious. [L. bifarius, two/old.] Generally
in Anat. pointing two ways, and in Bot. arranged
in two rows.
Bifiln, Beaufln. A spec, of apple grown in
Norfolk ; said to be so called from its likeness
to the colour of raw beef. The apples are
slowly dried in an oven and pressed for keeping.
Bifid. [L. bifidus, bi-, two, findo, / cleave]
Cleft, divided into two part of the way down.
BIFI
Bifilar magnetometer. [L. bi-filum, lit. a
double thread.\ A bar mngnet suspended hori-
zontally by two threads of equal length, and so
adjusted that each supports half the weight, is
the essential part of a Bifilar magmtonuter or
Bifilar ; when the bar turns, the threads be-
coming inclined to the vertical, it must rise, and
thus the magnetic force is compared with the
weight of the magnet.
Biforate. [L. bi-, twc^ fbro, / hcrt^ fierce.^
Having two perforations.
Bifueation. (Crystal.)
BIga. [L.] A two -horse chariot.
Bigaroo, Bigaroon. [Fr. bigarrcau, from bi-
garre, streaked — white and red.] The large
white-heart cherry.
Big Ben. The great bell at Westminster.
Bigendians, in Lilliput, made it a matter of
conscience to break their eggs at the big end ;
heretics in the eyes of the orthodox Little-
endians. (See Gulliver's Travels.)
Bigenons shoot. [L. bi-, titv, g^nlftus, be-
^ttett.] (Bol.) Midsummer shoot; a second
feeble shoot of leaves in summer.
Bigg, Big, or in Scot. Bere. (Bot.) Hord^um
hexastichon. A grain hardier than barley, and
ripening more rapidly.
Biggin. [Fr. bcguin.] A cap or hood ; lit.
like one worn by a IJegnine ((/.v.).
Bight. {Cf. Goth, biugan, hettd, D. bogt,
Dan. bught, a bend, bay.} A bend in a coast-
line, an open bay.
Bight of a rope. Any part not an end.
Biglow, Mr. Hosea. Pseudonym of James
Lowell, author of satirical iK>ems against slavery.
Bignonia. (Abbe IJignon, temp. Louis XIV.)
(Bot. ) The Trumpet flower, typ. gen. of ord.
Lignoniaccae ; trop. or sub-trop. ; elegant climb-
ing plants ; the stems used as ropes.
Bijouterie. yVx., jewellery^ Small articles of
vertu.
Bijogons leaf. (Bot^ [L. bijfigus, tivo yoked
together, doubled^ A pinnate leaf having two
pairs of leaflets.
Bikh, Bish, Vish, Atavisha. Hindu name for a
most destructive vcgetablepoison,Ac6nilum(erox.
Bilabiate flower. (L. labium, a lif>.] (Bot.)
Having parts in two separate parcels or lips, as
the snajxlragon and dead-nettle.
Bil^unellate. [L. lamella, a small plate of
metal.] (Hot.) Formed of two plates or layers,
e.g. stigmas, placentae, etc.
Bilander. [D. bijlander, Fr. belandre.]
Small flat-lxDttomed merchant vessel used on the
coast of Holland, keeping close by land.
Bilateral contract. (Leg.) One by which
both parties [L. latCra, sides], enter into obliga-
tions towards each other, as a C. of sale.
Bilateral symmetry. (Med.) Said of organs
situated on each side of the mesial line (q.v.).
Bilberry, Common, or Bleaberry. [Blueberry
(?) cf. Ger. blaubeere.] Vacclnium myrtillus, ord.
Vacclniaccae. A small bush with dark berries,
used for tarts, etc. Other spec, are whortle-
berry, cowberry, etc.
Bubo. (Made at Bilbao, in Biscay.) A rapier,
sword.
69 BILL
Bilboes. (First made at Bilbao, in Biscay.)
Long iron bars with shackles sliding on them
and a lock at the end ; used to confine the feet
of prisoners on board ship.
Bilge, or Bulge. [Cf. ball, bole, bowl, belly,
and many other like words having the idea of
roundness or s^velling.] The bottom of a vessel,
where it is nearly flat, on each side of her
keel. B.-water, rain or sea water collected in
the B.
Bilingnal. [L. bilinguis.] Speaking in, or
written in, two languages.
Biliteral. [L. bi-, tivo, lltCra, letter.]
Consisting of two letters ; as the roots i, go (the
smooth breathing before an initial vowel being
counitf\),V\,move. 2. Containing two consonants
of roots belonging to languages with syllabaria.
(Syllabarinm ; Tiuiteral.)
Bilk. To cheat, disappoint, deceive ; originally
a slang word : some connect it with balk.
Bill. [A.S. bile, the bill of a bird.] Used as
a weapon by yeomen of the time of Plantagenets ;
consisting of a curved blade with spike at top
and back, mounted on a six-foot staff.
Billet. [Fr. billet, a note ; the medijeval L.
billa being the class, bulla.] 1. (Her.) An
oblong shape, resembling a letter or brick. 2..
Quarter compulsorily jirovided for troops, by the
inhabitants of a country, including the provision-
ing of them at a fixed rate.
Billet-doux. [Fr.] A loz-e-letter.
Billet-moulding. (Areh.) A round moulding
cut in notches so as to resemble billets, or pieces
of slick.
Bill in equity. Plaintiff's statement, written
or jninted, addressed as a petition to the Court
of Chancery.
Billingsgate. Coarse rough language (like
that of H. Market).
Billion. With French and other continental
arithmeticians, a thousand million, not as with
us a million million ; so a trillion is a thousand
billion, etc. (Numeration.)
Bill, or Declaration, of Bights, (//isf.) The
declaration of the I^ords and Commons of Great
Britain, presented to the Prince of Orange,
February, 1688, setting forth the rights and
privileges of the pc()i)lc which had been violated
l)y James II. This Hill became law November,
1689. (Petition of Bight.)
Bill of exchange. A negotiable security in the
form of a written request signed by A (drawer)
that B (drawee) will pay C (payee) the sum
mentioned, by endorsement. C can assign the
bill to D (endorsee or holder), and D to another,
ad lib.
Bill of health. A certificate given to the
masters of ships clearing out of port, certifying
the state of health in the vessels at the time of
their leaving.
Bill of indemnity. A name given to laws
passed for the relief of persons who have acted
in an illegal manner.
Billon. [Fr. copper coin, origin unknown.]
A composition of gold or silver with a larger
quantity of copper ; once common in France,
from about 1200; coined — or somethi.ig very
BILL
70
BISC
like it — ^by Henry VIIL and by Elizabeth, for
Ireland. The groschen of N, Germany is of B.
Billot. [Fr., a block of wood.] Gold or silver
in bars or masses.
Billyboy. A kind of sea-barge on the E.
coast.
Bimaoiilate. Marked with two spots [L. bi-,
^ txoo, macula, a spot\.
Bimana. [L. bi-, tioo, manus, hand^ {Zoo/.)
Two-handed. The human race, viewed as pos-
sessing two hands on the anterior extremities.
Bimbashi. A Turkish provincial dignitary.
Bimestral. [L. bi-mestris.] (£oi.) Lasting
for /7i>o months only.
Bimetallism, Theory of. The theory that the
national, and if possible international, standard
of value should be not that of silver only or of
gold only, but a mixed standard of gold and
silver, the relative value of the metals being
determined; and this probably being 15^: i,
" which has been maintained for nearly the
whole of the present century by the French
bimetallic arrangement " {NineUetUk Century,
June, 18S1).
BimB. Slang for inhabitants of Barbadoes.
Biliary ; B. arithmetio ; B. logarithm ; B. star.
[L. bini, two each.] Two ; double. In B. arith-
metic the radix is 2, so that all numbers can
be expressed by two symbols, viz. i and o ; for
in B. arithmetic 2 plays the part which 10
plays in ordinary arithmetic ; thus, iiooi, which
in the latter would mean i x 10* -f- 1 X lo'-Hi,
means in the former i X2*-Hi X2*-|- 1, or 25.
In B. logarithms the base is 2. A B. star is
a double star whose constituents revolve round
a common centre of gravity.
Binate. [L. blni, two apiece.^ (Bot.) Growing
in pairs.
Bin, Bing. 1. Properly a heap ; and so 2, a
receptacle for things stored. Wedgwood com-
pares Sw. binge, and O.N. bunga, a heap ; and
Fr. bigne, a bump, tumour.
Bind. A miner's term for shales in the coal-
measures.
Bindweed. Popular name for wild convol-
vulus.
Bing. [Dan. binge.] A heap of alum thrown
together to drain.
Binnacle, Bittacle. [Corr. of Fr. habitacle,
L.L. habitaculum, a place, habitation, for steers-
man and pilot.] The case or box on deck, in
which the compass and a light are placed.
Binomial theorem. [Fr. binCme, L. bis, twice,
Gr. vo^^, distribution.'] A formula for express-
ing any power of the sum of two numbers
by means of a sum of the powers and pro-
ducts of powers of the numbers severally ; thus,
(a-\-bY^ = a'5-f I5a'*3 -\- io5a"^* -h, etc.
Bio-. [Gr. /Si'oj, li/e.]
Biogenesis. [Gr. 0'tos, life, ytveffis, generation.]
Generation of (all) life from livnng germs, op-
posed to spontaneous evolution of life from dead
germless matter, on Bastian's theory. (Abio-
Bio-geology. [Gr. &los, life, 77}, earthy The
science which treats of the distribution of plants
and animals over the globe and the causes of
that distribution. (See Kingsley, Health and
Education, p. 173.)
Biology. The science of life [Gr. j3/os], and of
the forces and phenomena of life ; these including
the sciences of Zool. and Bot.
Biolytio. [Gr. Kvu, I loose.] Tending to
destroy life.
Biotazy. The arrangement [Gr. tc{|is] or
classification of animate beings according to
their outward organization.
Biparietal diameter. [L. paries, -etis, a
wall.] (Ana/.) The diameter between the
parietal bones ; applied to the cranium.
Bip&roos. [L. pario, / bring forth.] Bring-
ing forth two at a birth.
Bipeltate. [A word made up from L. bi-,
tivo, and Gr. irfArrj, pelton, a shield.] Pro-
tected as by a double shield or buckler.
Bipinnate. [L. _ bi-, tmo, pinna, a feather.]
{Bot.) Twice pinnate ; e.g. the frond of bracken.
Bipontine editions of classics. Published a.d.
1779, at Deuxfonts, or Zweibriicken, a town of
Rhemish Bavaria, formerly capital of an in-
dependent duchy. [L. bi-, tivo, pons, pontis, a
bridge.]
Bipupillate. [L. bi-, two, papilla, the pupil
of the ej>e.] (Entom.) Applied to a spot with
two differently coloured dots, on the wing of a
butterfly.
Biquadratic. [L. bis, tivice, quadratus,
squared.] Of or belonging to the fourth power
of a number ; in a /?. equation, the fourth is
the highest power of the unknown quantity ;
zsx* — "jx = 103.
Bird-bolt. An arrow broad at the ends, for
shooting birds.
Bird-cherry. Prunus padus, native tree, with
long white racemes of flowers ; ord. Rosaceoe.
Bird-lime. A glutinous substance from the
boiled middle bark of the holly ; it may be
obtained also from the mistletoe.
Bird of paradise. A gen. of birds, Paradl-
seidse, fam. Corvidae. The males are character-
ized by gorgeous accessory plumes, springing
in some spec, from the sides or rumps, in
others from the head, bust, or shoulders. The
natives usually cut off their legs : hence the
notion of their being legless (Butler, Hudibras).
New Guinea and neighbouring islands.
Bird's-eye. A kind of tobacco, cut so that the
sections of the stalk resemble a bird's eye.
Bird's-nest. (Naut.) A look-out place at the
masthead.
Birds' wings. (Wings.)
Bird-witted. Desultory in thought, flighty,
having no concentration.
Bireme. [L. biremis, bi-, two, remus, an
oar.] A vessel with two tiers of oars ; trireme,
one with three tiers ; so quadrireme, quinqtn-
reme, with four, with five tiers.
Biretta. [L.L, birretum, a cap.] A square
black cap, rounded at the top, worn by priests.
Birk, Birken. Birch, birchen.
Birmingham system. (Caucus meeting.)
Birthwort. (Aristolochia.)
Biscuit \Xx., from L. bis coctus, twice cooked ;
cf. Ger. zwieback] is, in pottery, somewhat a
BISD
71
BLAC
misnomer. The first baking, to preserve shape
and texture, gives the likeness, in colour and
texture, to ship biscuit ; the second firing vitri-
fies the glaze, and brings out the metallic colours.
Bia dat qui elto dat [L.] He gives twice who
gives promptly.
Bise. [Fr.] A cutting N. wind prevalent on
the northern shores of the Mediterranean.
BiMOt [L. bi-, two, seco, / cut.'\ To divide
into two equal parts.
Bisatona. [L. bis, twice, setosus, bristled,
seta, a bristle.^ Having two bristles.
Bishop. As a drink, hot port wine flavoured
with lemon and cloves.
Biahop Bamaby. The may-bug or lady-bird.
Bishopping the t«eth of hones. A method of
passing off an aged horse for a six-year-old.
The nippers are shortened to the required length,
and an oval cavity is scooped in the corner
nippers, which is then made ftiack by burning.
Bishops' Bible. (Bible, English.)
Bishops' Book, or Institation of a Christian
Man. A primer of doctrine and instruction, A.D.
1538; the culminating point of the Reformation
during the reign of Henry V'^ 1 1 1. (Blunt's Preface).
Bishops in partibns. (In partiboa infldeliom.)
Bilk, BiBqne. [Fr. bisque.] Soup of several
kin<ls of meat boiled together.
Bismillah. [Ar.] A form in use with Moslems ;
in the name of God.
Bismuth. [Ger. wismuth.] A metal, crystal-
line, reddish-white, brittle ; found native in Corn-
wall, Germany, Sweden, France, and combined
with oxygen, sulphur, arsenic ; useful in the arts
and in medicine.
Bisdma. [L. bi-, two, Gr. o-w^o, body.\ A
sarcophagus, or urn, or coffin, to hold two bodies.
Bison. [L. bison, Gr. /SiO'ctf*'.] 1. Gen. of
lk'>vid;e. 2. Spec Aurochs {f.v.), and American
bison.
Bia peee&re in bello non Ileet. [L.] One
cannot make more than one mistake in war ; i.e.
one mistake is (generally) fatal.
Bisque. 1. [Fr.] Unglazed porcelain. 8.
[Fr. (?) It. bisca, a gaming- house. \ A term differ-
ently used in different games, meaning odds, an
advantage given to one player over another.
Bissextile. Leap year, i.e. L. annus bissextus
or bissextilis ; so called because in the Julian
calendar the Z4th of February (ante-diem sextum
Kalendas Martias) was reckoned twice over in
the leap year.
Bister, Bistre. [Fr., origin unknown.] A pig-
ment, warm brown, prepared from soot of wood,
especially beechwood.
Bistoury. [(?) Pistoia, where they were made.]
A small surgical knife.
Bisulcate. [L. bi-, tivo, sulco, / furrow."]
1. Having two furrows, 2. (Zool.) Cloven-
footed, with two-hoofed digits.
Biting in. Eating away, by an acid, the
parts of the iilate not covered by the etching
ground. (Etching.)
Bitter end. (Naut.) The part of a cable
abaft the Bitts.
Bittern. 1. A bitter compound of quassia,
etc., fcT adulterating beer. 2. The liquor left
6
after salt has been crystallized out from sea-
water.
Bittern, Bittour. [Etym. unknown ; cf. Fr.
butor, L.L. bitorius ; bos taurus seems to be an
error (Littre).] Night-feeding gen. of heron
tribe, distinguished by greater length of toe, and
by being feathered to the tarsus. Cosmopolitan ;
three spec, found in Great Britain. Gen.
Botaurus, fam. Ardfldae, ord. Grallne,
Bitter-sweet. (Bot.) S5Ianum dulcamara.
Ord. Solanaccae. A common hedge climber,
with potato-like violet flowers and red berries.
Bitts. [Dan. bitte, Fr. bitte.] {A^aut.) Two
upright pieces of timber in the fore-part of a
ship, to which cables are fastened. There are
minor B., as the topsail-sheet B., to which the
topsail sheet is fastened.
Bitftmen. [L.] Includes the liquid mineral
substances, naphtha, petroleum, etc., as well as
the solid mineral, pitch, asphalt, mineral
caoutchouc, etc. (Asphalt.)
Bituminous shale. Thin-bedded clays, suffici-
ently rich in hydrocarbon to yield paraffin, etc.,
by distillation.
Bivalve. [L. bi, tivo, valvte, doors ^ Possess-
ing two valves, or doors ; term applied to shells
of certain molluscs, as cockles and small Crus-
taceans.
Bivouao. [The French form of Ger. beiwache,
by -watch.] In warfare, the halting of soldiers at
night in the open air.
Biza. (Annotta.)
Bisarre. [Sp. bizarro, valiant^ Capricious,
fantastic. Originally, valiant ; then, angry,
headlong ; lastly, strange, capricious.
Bjelbog. (Tsohemibog.)
Black Act A statute passed, 9 George I.,
against the Wed t ham Blacks, who infested the
forest near Waltham, Hants. The Act was
repealed in 1828.
Black art. Mediaeval name for nccromattcy, as
if derived from L. niger, black.
Black-ash. A mixture of impure carbonate
and sulphide of sodium, obtained from salt-cake
(y.T-.) by roasting it with chalk and coal.
Black Assize. A name given to an assize at
Oxford in 1577, from a pestilence which broke
out while it was held.
Black-band. A valuable carbonaceous iron-
stone in the coal-measures of Scotland and
S. Wales.
Black Book of Admiralty. 1. A book of
ancient Admiralty statutes and ordinances.
2. A mythical record of offences.
Black cap. Assumed by a judge, that he may
be in full dress.
Black chalk. A kind of shale or clay-slate,
containing much carbon ; used for drawing, and
ground down for paint ; in Carnarvonshire, Isle
oflslay, Spain.
Black Country. The district between Bir-
mingham and Wolverhampton, full of coal-pits
and furnaces.
Black Death. (From black spots on the body).
The Oriental plague which desolated Asia and
Europe in the middle of the fourteenth century.
Black dose, or draught Sulphate of magnesia
BLAC
72
and infusion of senna, with aromatics to render
it palatable ; Epsom salts.
Black flux. A mixture of charcoal and carbo-
nate of potash. (Flux.)
Black Friars. A mendicant order, called
from their habit, B. F. in England ; in France,
Jacobins, as living in Rue St. Jacques ; Preach-
ing F; from their office of converting Jews and
heretics ; and Dominicans, as founded by St.
Dominic, a Spaniard, early in the thirteenth
centur}'.
Black game. Heath-fowl ; opposed to red
game, as grouse.
Blaok-hole. Place of solitary confinement for
soldiers.
Black Hole of Calcutta. {Hist.) A dungeon
in which Suraj-u-Daula, 1756, shut up 146
English prisoners taken in the defence of the
city, of whom all but si.\teen were stifled to
death.
Black-lead, Flumb&go, properly Graphite,
into which no lead enters. A greyish-black
mineral, chiefly carbon, but containing alumina,
silica, etc. ; used for making pencils.
Black-letter. The old English or Gothic
letter, generally used in manuscript writing
before the introduction of printing, and continued
in types to the end of the sixteenth centur)', and
in many instances later.
Black-letter saints' days. In the Calendar
of the Book of Common Prayer, the commemo-
ration days of saints whose names are not
rubricated, and for whom no special Collect,
Epistle, and Gospel are provided.
Black list A list of the insolvent, bankrupt,
swindlers, etc., printed for the private use and
protection of the trading community.
Black mail An impost in the Highlands
and bordering Lowlands of Scotland, in the
earlier part of the eighteenth century, submitted
to as a compromise with robbers. (Mails.)
Black Monday. 1. The cold Easter Alonday
of 1360, April 14 ; when many of Edward III.'s
soldiers died before Paris. 2. The first Monday
of work after holidays.
Black Monks. (Augustines.)
Black quarter, Black spald, Quarter evlL
An apoplectic disease in cattle, especially
young cattle ; caused by rich pasture on slitf
undrained soil, by change from poor to rich
pasture, etc.
Black Bod, ITslier of the. Chief gentleman-
usher lo the sovereign ; summons the House of
Commons to the Peers when the royal assent is
given to Bills ; takes into custody any peer guilty
of breach of privilege. He belongs to the Order
of the Garter.
Black Bood of Scotland. "A piece of the
true cross," in ebony gilt, brought in the eleventh
century by the wife of King Malcolm, and left
as an heirloom of the Scottish kingdom. It was
lost by David II. at Durham, and was placed in
the cathedral, whence it disappeared at the Refor-
mation.
Black mbric, i.e. a statement, not really a
rubric or direction. The declaration at the end
of the Communion Office, respecting kneeling :
BEAT
in rubricated Prayer-books printed black; in
others printed in Roman type, not in italics.
Blacks. 1. A kind of ink for copper-plate
printing, made by charring the refuse of a wine-
press. 2. (Bianchi and Neri.)
Black ships. Indian vessels built of teak.
Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of
England. Published 1765-69. Originally lectures
at Oxford, by Blackstone, the first Vinerian
Professor of Law ; appointed judge, 1770.
Black Watch. The 42nd Regiment, into
which companies were enrolled, 1737, who had
watched the Highlands, dressed in dark tartan.
Bladud. In British legend, the father of King
Lear. He is said to have built the city of Bath,
where he was cured of his leprosy by its medi-
cinal waters.
Blague. [Fr.] Humbug, brag, intended to
mystify ; its earlier meaning, a tobacco-pouch.
Littre refers to Gael, blagh, to blow, inflate.
Blaize. (Fake.)
Blano ooursier. [Fr., white horse.'\ The
herald of the Order of the Bath (from the white
horse of Hanover).
Blanch-holding. {Scot. Law.) A tenure for a
peppercorn duty.
Blanching. 1. Whitening metal for coinage.
2. Coating iron plates with tin.
Blanching-liquor. A solution of chloride of
lime for bleaching.
Blanchisseuse. [Fr.] Washenvoman.
Blanket [Fr. blanchet.] Woollen cloth to
lay inside the tympans in printing.
Blanketeers. Were to have marched, taking
blankets, etc., with them, to petition for reform,
to the Prince Regent in London, March, 1817.
(Peterloo.)
Blank verse. The unrimed heroic verse of
five feet, or ten syllables, each foot being in
general either an Iambus or a Spondee.
Blarney stone. To have kissed the. To be
extremely persuasive, to be an adept at soft
sawder. Cormack Macarthy, Lord of Blarney,
duped Carew, a.d. 1602.
Blase. Satiated, cloyed : etym. unknown.
Littre compares blaser, to burn, blaze, a pro-
vincial use of which is = dessecher, to dry up,
from excessive use of stimulants.
Blast, Blast-pipe. The waste steam from
a high-pressure engine is driven through the
Blast-pipe into the chimney, and, causing a
partial vacuum in the smoke-box, increases the
draught through the furnace.
Blastema. [Gr.] 1. {Anat.) The albuminous
formative element in animal tissue. 2. {Bot.)
The axis of an embryo.
Blast-furnace. A furnace for smelting iron
ores, an operation requiring a very high tem-
perature, which is obtained by a strong blast of
air forced into the furnace from beneath.
Blasto-. [Gr. ^Kaaros, bud, sprout^
Blastoderm. [Gr. Sep/to, j^/«.] Ine germinal
membrane of the ovum. ,
Blastogenesis. In plants, multiplication by
buds. [Gr. fi\dffT7] and -r6s, bud, sprout,
yiu((ns, origin.]
Blatant Onomatop. roaring, bellowing;
BLAT
73 BLOW
cf. blare, blatter. B. Beast is Rumour or Slander,
of "vile tongue" and "hellishe race" (faery
Queen, bk. vi.)-
Blateroon. [L. bUttdro, -nem.] A babbler,
idle talker.
Blatter. [L. blatdro, verb.] To prate, talk idly.
Blazonry. [Fr. blason, a coat of arms.] The
art of painting or describing coats of arms
according to heraldic rules.
Bleb, Blab, Blob. Originally a drop of water, a
blister ; generally an air-bubble in glass, ice, etc.
[€/'. Ger. hlahen, to ruvlL]
Bledmom. [Gr. 3a^x«»'-] (Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Ferns. B. bor^ale, Hard fern, the
only British spec. Common in woods.
Blee. [A.S. bleoh, blewan, to blow, bloom.]
Complexion, colour.
Bleneh. [Collateral form of blanch, to grow
fale.\ To avoiil, elude, start from.
Blende. [Ger. blenden, to tlazzle.] (Afin.)
Zinc B., Gartut B., Black-jack, 1. Properly
sulphide of zinc ; in Cornwall, Cumberland,
etc, and many parts of Eurofie and N. America.
2. Popularly applied to many other lustrous
minerals.
Blenn-. [Gr. ^Xiwa, phelgni, miicus^ (.MeJ.)
Bleaa [akin to bliss, blithe], from the action
of the hand in making f , sometimes = to
brandish.
Blessed thistle (from its supposed medicinal
virtue). Carduus bcnedictus of old writers and
i)i Med. ; gen. ord. ComjwsTta;.
Blets. [Fr. blet, overripe.] Spots of decay in
apples, pears ; the work of a low form of fungus.
Bleu da roi [Fr., kin^s blue.] In china, a
deep cobalt blue.
Bleu, Gros. [Fr.] The darker variety of B.
da roL
Bleyme. In a horse, inflammation between
the sole and l)one of the foot. [(?) Corr. of Fr.
flegme, Gr. ^A^y/io, infammation.]
Blindage. Building of strong beams leaning
close together against a wall, or against another
set of beams, and covered with fascmes and earth,
for the protection of troops and stores.
Blind-coaL (Anthracite.)
Blind-fish. (Hag.)
Blind Harry. .Scotch minstrel of fifteenth
century. Author of the romance of Wallace.
Blind hockey. A gambling game with cards.
BUndman. At the General Post Office, a
decipherer of illegible or misspelt addresses.
Blind story. {Ecd. Arch.) A name for the
Triforiam, or second story above the Pier arches,
and below the Clerestory.
Blind-worm. Anguis fragflis [L., fragile
snake]. Harmless spec, of footless lizard, fre-
quently taken for venomous snake. Fam.
Scincldx.
Blink. The dazzling whiteness about the
horizon, caused by reflexion of light from fields
of ice.
Blistered steeL Steel produced by heating to
redness bars of pure iron, surrounded by
l)owdered charcoal, etc., till they have absorbed
sufficient carton. When taken out, the bars are
covered with blisters.
Blister-fly. [O.E. blaesan, to blow; cf. Ger.
blase, blister, D. bluyster, itl.] Spanish fly, Can-
tharis veslcatorla [Gr. KavOapls, name of various
beetles, L. vesica, a bladder, blister]. A beetle,
about one inch long, green, with gold reflexions ;
rare in England. Ord. Coldoptera.
Blocfc [A Teut. and Scand. word.] 1. Two
or more pulleys or sheaves placed side by side
on a common axle in parallel mortices cut in a
properly shaped piece of wood. 2. {/Vaut.) A
pulley made in four parts: (i) the shell, or out-
side ; (2) the sheave, or wheel ; (3) the pin, or
axle ; (4) the strop, a piece of rope or iron by
which the block is made fast. Building B.,
tranverse pieces of timber to support a ship when
building, or in a dry dock.
Blook-hoas& (Forti/.) Covered fieldwork,
composed of trunks of trees, with a shell-proof
roof of earth.
Block machinery. A system for manufacturing
the shells and sheaves of blocks for ship tackle,
set up in Portsmouth Dockyard by Sir M. I.
Brunei, 1802-8, and at Chatham in 1807.
Blomary. The first forge through which iron
passes, after it is melted from the ore. (Bloom.)
Blonde. [Fr. blond, fair.] A fine kind of
lace, made of silk (from Us colour).
Blood and Iron, The Man o£ Prince Bismarck.
Blood money. Money earned by giving in-
formation or by agreeing to help in bringing a
capital charge against another.
Blood mormnn. (Med.) Heard in certain
portions of the arterial system, especially in
ca.ses of anaemia (q.v.).
Blood-root of N. America, or Pttccoon. (Bot.)
.Sangulnaria Canadensis, ord. Papaveraceae ; its
fleshy root-stalk and its leaf-stalks abound in
a red juice ; acrid, narcotic, emetic, purgative ;
much used in United States.
Blood-stone. (Heliotrope.)
Bloodwit. [ I'rom A. S. blod, blood, wyte, pity, ]
A fine for bloodshed.
Bloody Assises. Those held by Judge Jeflreys
in 1685, after the suppression of Monmouth's
rebellion.
Bloom. 1. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] A
clouded appearance, like the bloom on fruit,
sometimes assumed by the varnish on a painting.
2. [From O.E. bloma, a mass.] A mass of crude
iron from the puddling furnace, while undergoing
its first hammering.
Bloomer oostame. A dress for females, de-
vised in America in 1848, approaching as nearly
as possible to that of men. The attempt to
introduce it into F^ngland was unsuccessful.
Blooming. (Shingling.)
Blowing lands. (Agr.) Lands liable to have
their surface blown away.
Blow-pipe. An instrument which, by driving
a blast through a flame, concentrates its heat on
any object. The oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe is one
in which a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is
used for the blast instead of air.
Blowsalinda. In Gay's Shepherd's Week, a
rustic lass.
Blow the gaff, To. (Naut.) To let the cat
out of the bag.
BLUB
74
BODY
Blubber. [Akin to blob, bleb, drop, lump.']
1. A bubble. 2. The oil-bearing fat of whales
an1 other fish.
Blue and Oreen factions. (Factions.)
Bluebell (Bot.) Wild hyacinth (Scilla nutans)
or Campanula rotundifolTa.
Blue-book, The, on any subject, is the report
or paper published by Parliament ; in blue paper
covers.
Bluebottle. (Bot.) Of corn-fields, sometimes
cultivated for its coloured flower-heads ; Cen-
taurea cj^anus, ord. ComposTtae.
Blue-gowns— in Scot. — or King's Bedesmen,
i.e. praying for him ; and receiving a small
bounty, with a blue gown, and badge " pass and
repass ; " and so = privileged mendicants, such
as Edie Ochiltree (Walter Scott, Antiquary).
None appointed since 1833 ; all have now died
out.
Blue-john. The blue variety of fluor-spar.
Blue Laws. A derisive name for certain
regulations in the early government of New
Haven plantation, which punished breaches of
good manners and morality; "blue" being an
epithet applied to the Puritans, after the Restora-
tion.
Blue Hantle. The second pursuivant (so
named by Edward III., from the French coat
which he assumed, being blue).
Blue-peter. [Origin doubtful.] {Naut.) A
blue flag with a white square in the centre.
When flown at the foretop- masthead, it indicates
that the vessel is ready to sail.
Blue-pill (Med.) Piliila hydrargfri ; mercury
in the metallic form, very finely subdivided ;
mixed with conserve of roses, to form a pill.
Blue-stocking. A literary lady, but pedantic,
unpractical. About 1781, B. S. Clubs, accord-
ing to Boswell, arose, of literary persons of both
sexes ; at which Mr. Stillijjgfleet, gravely dressed
and in blue stocking!, was one of the most
constant.
BlufE^ The precipitous face presented by a
high bank to the sea or to a river.
Blunderbuss. 1. A noisy blunderer. 2. A
short, wide-mouthed, noisy gun.
Boa. [L. boa and bova, a serpent; or a
water-snake, said to suck c<nvs.] Name of a
non-venomous gen. of serpents, killing its prey
by constriction. Trop. America. Fam, Pytho-
nidae.
BoabdiL (BobadiL)
Board, By tiie. (Naut.) Almost level with the
deck. Board and board, side by side, and touch-
ing. Board. (Leg.)
Boart, Bort, Carbon&do. Black diamond,
rarely in perfect crystals ; used for boring, etc.
(Diamond.)
Boast. To block out stone into a simple,
rough boss-\\Ve form, leaving the carving, etc.,
for future work, the rough projection itself being
Boatila. (N^aut.) A flat-bottomed narrow-
sterned boat. Gulf of Manar, between Ceylon
and India.
Boatswain. [From boat, and swain = A.S.
swan, a lad.] {Naut.) The officer of the first
lieutenant; he gives no orders, but reports de-
fects, and has charge of the ship's rigging,
anchors, etc. He also pipes hands to their
duties. B. captain, nickname for one thoroughly
acquainted with his duties. B, 's mate, assistant
toB.
BobadiL An Anglicized form of the Ar.
Abu Abdallah, or father of Abdallah. Also
written BoabdiL (Uatamoros.)
Bobadil, Captain. In Ben Jonson's Every
Man in His Humour, a bragging coward.
Bobbin. [Fr. bobine.] A wooden pin or reel
for winding thread on.
Bobbiuet \i.e. bobbin net]. A kind ol
machine-made lace.
Bobibation. (Solmisation.)
Bobo'link, Kice troopial. Rice bird. Reed
bird. Reed bunting (of U.S.A., not that of
Britain). (Ornith.) Butter bird of Jamaica,
Skunk bird oi Cree Indians. Gen. and spec, of
American Hang-nests ; migratory ; length, seven
or eight inches ; plumage, black, white, and
yellow. Gen. DolTchonyx [Gr. hoXXxis, long,
uvv^, clcnu], fam. Ict^ridse, ord. Passfires.
Bobstay. (Stays.)
BocaL [Gr. ^avK&xU, a water-cooler.] A
cylindrical glass vessel with a wide short neck.
Bocardo. The building at Oxford in which
Cranmer was imprisoned, by which Ridley and
Latimer passed on their way to be burned io the
city ditch opposite Balliol College, October 16,
1555. So named from an impracticable figure
in Logic.
Bocasine. [O.Fr. boccasin.] A sort of fine
buckram.
Bocca. [It., mouth.] In glass-making, the
round hole through which the glass is removed
from the furnace.
Boccaccio. (Decameron.)
Bocedisation. (Solmisation.)
Booking. A kind of coarse baize made at
Bocking.
Boclaud. [A.S.] Land held by book,
charter, or deed, and so continuing in perpetual
inheritance, while the Folc-lands, at the end of a
given term, reverted to the community. The only
burdens on Bocland were those of the Trinoda
NecessTtas, that is, the duty of contributing to the
costs of war, and the repair of castles and bridges.
Bodach Olas. (Banshie.)
Bod-, Bos-. A house ; part of Cymric names, as
in Bod-min, Bos-cawen.
Bode's law. (Astron.) An arithmetical for-
mula, expressing approximately the distances of
the planets from the sun.
Bodleian Library. The L. of the University
of Oxford ; so called from Sir Thomas Bodley,
1597) its restorer and benefactor.
Body. A term used for the paste as mixed for
manufacturing pottery or porcelain.
Body colours. Water-colours mix6d with
white, consistent, opaque ; opposed . to trans-
parent tints and washes.
Body of the place. (Mil.) Enceinte or circuit'
of a fortress, comprising the interior rampart
immediately surrounding the town fortified
[Enceinte is L. incincta, pregnant.]
BOED
75
BOMB
Boedromlon. [Gr.] Third Attic month,
beginning fifty-nine days after the summer
solstice.
BoBotian = stupid, dull, fog^-minded, as the
inhabitants of Bceotia — " crasso adre nati "
(Horace) — were said to be, untruly.
Bog-butter. In Ireland, a peculiar substance,
seventy-four per cent, carbon, formed by de-
composition of peat ; in colour and consistency
like butter ; liquid at 124° F.
Bogle. (Bogy.)
Bogomiles. [Slav. Bog, God, miloric, have
mcrcy.\ A Bulgarian sect of the twelfth century,
who are said to have been ManioheaoSi
Bog-spaviiL (Spavin.)
Bog-trotter. One of the lower Irish peasantry,
who traverse bogs with singular speed and
safety, and often elude justice.
Bogue, T& (A<zM/.) To drop off a wind.
Used only of clumsy craft.
BogOB. [Amer.] Spurious ; originally of
counterfeit coin.
Bogy, Bogle. (Myth^ Fairies or super-
natural beings, amongst whom are included the
Brownies, who answer to the Latin Laree, or
household spirits. (Pnek.)
Bohemian. 1. A gipsy. 2. One of unsettled
habits, mentally. [Kr. Bohcmien, as coming
into France from Bohemia ; r/I gypsy ; i^. enter-
ing Europe by yEgyptus, a district at the mouth
of the Danube.]
Bohemian Brethren. A sect which sprang up
in Bohemia in the latter part of the fifteenth
century. In 1535 they renounced Anabaptism,
and were united first with the Lutherans and
afterwards with the Zuinglians. The Moravian!
seem now to be their nearest representatives.
(Taborites.)
Bohemian glass. 1. A hard, scarcely fusible
glass, consisting of silicates of lime and potash.
2. Ornamental glass, containing in addition
silicate of alumina.
Boida. (Boa.)
Boiling point The temperature at which a
given substance passes into vapour, and beyond
which its temperature cannot be raised under
given circumstances of atmospheric pressure,
purity of the substance, etc. ; the B. P. of a
thermometer is the temperature of steam arising
from boiling water under a pressure of 29*905
inches of mercury.
Bold boat. (Naut.) One that stands a sea
well.
-bold, -bottle. A house ; part of A.S. or
Norse names. [A.S. botl, house, bytkan, to
build.]
Bola 1. The stem of a tree, from »he idea of
roundness ; cf. v. to boll, Ger. boliig, bowl, ball,
etc. 2. [iir. ^\os, a clod, earth.] {Geo/.) An
earthy mineral, like clay in structure, of silica,
alumma, and red oxide of iron ; found amongst
basalt and other trap rocks of the O. and N.
World. Armenian B. is used in colouring an-
chovies.
Bolero. (Said to be name of inventor.)
Spanish dance, in triple time, with marked
rhythm, representing various phases of love.
Boletus. [L.] An extensive gen. of Fungi,
resembling agarics, but having, beneath the cap
or pileus, not gills but pores or small tubes ;
some are edible.
Bolio. [Hind.] Indian river boat, longer
and narrower than a budgerbw. (Bazaras.)
Bollandists. (J. BoUand, 1643.) A succes-
^on of associated Jesuits, in Antwerp, who
published Acta Sattctorum, 1643- 1794 ; the
work, more than once interrupted, is now carried
on by aid of the Belgian Government.
Boiled. Exod. ix. ; generally understood to
mean rounded, swollen ; i.e. in the seed-vessel.
[D. bol, bolle, a head; cf. ball, bowl, bulla,
etc.] Johnson, loc., gives " to rise in a stalk ; "
Speaker's Commentary, "in blossom."
Bolognese school A school of painting, the
first being founded in the fifteenth century by
Marco Troppo, its great master being Francia ;
the second, in the sixteenth, by Bagnacarallo ;
the third, at the end of the same century, by
the Caracci.
Bolsover stone. Yellow limestone of B., in
Derbyshire, of which the Houses of Parliament
are built ; a combination of carbonate of mag-
nesia with carbonate of lime.
Bolster, i.e. boltster. A smith's tool, used for
punching boles and making bolts.
Bolter. A kind of sieve, which bolts or sifts
coarser from finer parts of meal. \Cf. Ger.
beutelen, to shaie, to bolt, and L. pulto, I strike,
knock.] Bolting, the act of sifting.
Bolt-head. A glass globe with a long, straight
neck, used by chemists in distilling.
Bolt-rope. (A'aut.) The rope round the edge
of a sail.
Bdlus. [Gr. ^\oi, clod, lump of earth.] A
medicinal preparation in a large, soft mass, to
be divided into pills.
Bombs, King, i.e. the Liar King. Ferdinand,
King of the Two Sicilies. B. is the puff of the
distended check, expressive, in Italy, of disbelief
of the thing said.
Bombardier. [Fr. lx)mbarder, to bombard.]
Non-commissioned officer in the artillery, ranking
immediately after a corporal.
Bombardier beetle. (Entom.) Brachinus cr£-
pTtans, one of the ground beetles (Carabkla;).
When handled, it discharges a volatilized acid
with an explosion. Common in England. Ord.
ColSoptfira.
Bombardo. [It.] A wind instrument of
former times, large and rude, upon which the
modem oboe, clarionet, etc., have been im-
provements.
Bombardon. A large brass bass wind instru-
ment, having a tone somewhat like that of an
ophicleide.
Bombasin, Bombazine. [L. bombycTnus, made
of silk or of fine cotton.] A fabric, of silk and
worsted mixed.
Bombast [Gr. $6n0v^, silkivorm, raw silk.]
Padding ; and so turgid language.
Bombastes Furioso. The hero of a burlesque
opera, by Rhodes, in ridicule of modern tragedy,
Bombaz. [Gr. fi6fi0v^, silk, with which
cotton was at first confounded.] (Bot.) A
BOMB
76
BOOM
gen. of plants, B. ceiba, common silk-cotton
tiee.
Bombldas, Bombns. [Onomatop. ; cf. similar
words in Gr., L., Fr., It. ; Ger. hummel, Eng.
humble-bee J] {Zoo/.) Humble-bees, Bumblebees.
Fam. of bees with thick hairy bodies, making
nests underground. Ord. Hj^menoptera.
Bomb-ketch. (Ketch.) ^
Bombolo. [It. bomlxila, a ^^///i!*.] A glass globe
with a short neck, used in refining camphor.
Bomb^clds, Bombyz. [Gr. j3({/tj8i;f.] {Eittom.)
Silkworm moths. Sub-fam. of L^pkloptera.
Bombyeilla, BombycIvSra. [Gr. /3($juj3t;|, silk-
worm, L. voro, J devour.^ (Ornith.) Names
applied by Brisson and Temninck respectively
to a portion of fam. Ampf ITdfe, including Bohe-
mian chatterer. (Chatterer, B.)
BombycInoTU. Silken, in colour like a silk-
worm. (Bombasin.)
B5na Dea. [L., the good goddess."] A Latin
goddess, whose rites were celebrated only by
women.
B811& fldS. [L.] WUh good faith, fair and
straightforward.
Bonair. Complaisant, yielding. In the
espousals of the Sarum Manual, a wife promises
to be " bonere and buxum." (Debonair.)
Bona not&bnia. In Law, goods exceeding £(,
in value, belonging to a person dying in another
diocese.
BonasBOS. [L. bonasus, Gr. fi6vaaos.'\
(Aurochs; Bison.)
BSna vacantia. [L.] In Rom. Law, goods
lying ownerless ; in Eng. Law, goods in which
the king only claims a property : royal fish,
shipwreck, treasure trove, etc., personal property
of an intestate who leaves no next of kin.
Bon avScat, manvais voisin. [Fr.] A good
Icncyer is a bad tuighbour.
Bond. [A.S.] (Arch.) The arrangement of
materials in a wall — "tied" together — in a
way which shall show harmony of structure ;
known as English and Flemish B. (Stretcher.)
Bondager. [A.S. bonda ; cf, Icel. bondi, a
husband majt^ (Hind.)
Bond-Stone. One reaching through the whole
thickness of a wall, and so binding together its
two faces.
Bond-timber is worked into a wall longitu-
dinally ; to tie the work as it is setting, and
permanently.
Boneblaek. Animal charcoal, made by cal-
cining bones in closed vessels.
Bone-caves. (Caves.)
Bone earth. The ash left when bones are
burnt, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime ;
used as manure and for cupels.
Boneset (Comfrey.)
Bon Oanltier. Pseudonym of Professor
Aytoun, author oi Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers,
and Theodore Martin, who published a volume
of ballads under this name.
Bon gre, mal gre. [Fr.] Willing or unwil-
ling, L. nolens volens ; gre, accord, being from
L. gratum.
Bon homme Jacques. [Fr.] A name given to
the peasantry of the Jacquerie {q.v.).
Boniface. In Farquhar's Beauj^ Stratagem,
an ideal innkeeper.
Bonito. [Sp.] Two spec, of Tunny fish.
(Zool.) (i) Thynnus Pfilamys. (2) Scombei
Rochei, about two feet and a half long, mottled
blue back, white belly ; this has four dark lines-
lengthwise each side of the belly. May be
caught with artificial flying-fish. Mediterranean
and Atlantic, occasionally British coasts. Fam.
Scombrida;, ord. Acanthopterj?gTi, sub-class Tfi-
Idostei.
Bon marche. [Fr., good market, cheapness."]
Adopted as the name of the vast business of the
late Achille Boucicault.
Bonne. [Fr.] Nursemaid, nursery governess.
Bonne bouche. [Fr.] A dainty morsel.
Bonnet. [Fr. bonnet, cap, L.L. boneta, some
kind of cloth.] 1. (Mil.) Small raised work oi
two faces, placed on the salients in fortification,
to increase the height of the parapet. 2.
(Anat.) Retkiilum [L., little net], Jlomy-comb
bag. Second stomach of a ruminant. 3. (Naut^
(Preserving the original idea of Fr. bonnet, stuff ;
etymology unknown.) A piece of canvas, laced
to the bottom of fore-and-aft sails in a light wind.
Bonnet laird. Owner of a cottage and an
acre or two of land ; who wore, till lately, the
old braid bonnet of the Lowland Scottish
peasantry, broad, round, blue, with red tuft.
Bonnet piece. A beautiful native gold coin of
James V. of Scotland ; with bonnet instead of
crown.
Bonnet rouge. [Fr.] The red cap of Liberty.
(Liberty, Cap of.)
BonidbeL [Fr. bonne et belle.] A girl fair
and good.
Bono Jshnny. Pigeon English (q.v.) for Eng-
lishman.
Bon ton, [Fr., good tone.] Good breeding.
Bonus. [L., good.] A premium or advan-
tage. In Insurance, a share of profits given to
policy-holders.
Bon vivant. [Fr.] A/i-eeliver.
Bonze. (Talapoins.)
Bonxes. The European name for the priests
of the religion of Fo or Buddha in the Chinese,
Birman, and Japanese empires. [Skt. bandya,
i.e. vandya, deserznng praise.]
Booby-hatch. (A'aut.) A smaller companion,
lifting off in one piece.
Bookland. (Bocland.)
Book of Sports. Proclaimed at Greenwich by
James I., May, 1618, sanctioning certain amuse-
ments for Sunday after service ; revived by
Charles I., 1633 ; ordered by Lords and Com-
mons, 1643, to be publicly burnt.
Boom. 1. (Naut.) [Cf. beam, Ger. baum, a
tree or pole.] A long spar used to extend the
foot of a sail. B. forwards, carry all possible sail.
B. of, keep ofl!' with spars. To top one's B.,
start off. Booms of a ship. (Decks.) 2. Any
obstacle across a river or harbour, for protection
in war, as spars, an iron chain, etc.
Boomerang, Bow-shaped Australian missile,
of hard wood, for war, sport, or chase, about two
inches and a half broad, two feet long ; with
one side flat, the other rounded. On failing
BOON
77
BOTT
to strike its mark it returns in its flight to the
thrower.
BooiL [Gael, bunach.] The refuse from
dressed flax.
Boot and saddla {Aft'/.) Preparatory trumpet-
call for cavalry mounted parade.
Bootikin, Boot, Boota. Used judicially in
Scotland — not after 1690. A case of wood for
the leg, into which wedges were driven, to ex-
tort confession.
Boots. (Cinderella.)
Booty. Id Ireland, one of nomadic, unsettled
life.
Boraehio. L A bottle or cask. [Sp. borracha,
a /'I'x'-.shH boltl^.^ 2. A drunkard.
Borage, Common. A spec. (Officinalis) of
Borago, a gen. of plants, ord. Boraginea;,
Growing wild in many parts of Europe. Its
owers and leaves are used in flavouring claret-
cup.
Borassna fl^belliformit, or Fan palm. [L. fla-
bellum, a Jan.] (Bot. ) The only spec, of the gen.
B. or Skt. TaJa,oT Palmyra, the finest of palms ;
the sap yields palm wine, or toddy, and sugar.
Borax. [Heb. borak, white.] liiboraie of
soda, used as a flux and in soldering. (Boron ;
lineaL)
Border jostice. Jeddart justice, hanging first
and trying afterwards. (AntiphraiiB.)
Bord-Mtrice. Tenure of bordlands, from which
b maintained the lord's board or table.
Bordore. [Fr.] {Her.) A border round an
escutcheon, containing the fifth part of the
field.
Bor*. [Gcr. bor.] {l^aut.) A tidal wave of
great height, confined to certain rivers and inlets
of the sea, e.g. .Severn. It conies suddenly with
a peculiar roar, and returns as suddenly. In the
Petticodiac, Bay of Fundy, it is seventy-two
feet high.
BSnTaa. [Gr.] The N. wind, or rather
N.N.i:. ; Aquflo. (Wind.)
Boreeole, or Spronta. A variety of BrassTca
obC-racca, ord. Crucifcrae. [Corr. of broccoli (?).]
Borea An Iri^h dance.
Borel, BorreL [O. Fr. burel, coarse cloth for
peasantrv, L. burra.] Knde, illiterate, clownish.
Borer-fish. (Hag.)
Born aliv& In Law, manifesting life after the
extrusion of the whole body.
Boron. An infusible element of a dark olive
colour, resembling carbon in its properties. It
was first obtained from Ixiracic acid. Us trioxide,
the salts of which are called borates. (Borax.)
Borough English. A mode of descent in some
ancient Iwroughs and manors, in which the
owner's youngest son, or his youngest brother
(if he has no issue), is the heir. (Oavelldnd.)
Borrowing days. Three days of April, which
before the change of style were April i, 2, 3,
and so seemed more properly to belong to
March.
Borsholder. [A.S. burh-ealdor.] (///>/.) The
elder or chief of a borough or tything.
Bort. The smaller fragments removed from
diamonds in cutting them. (Boast)
Borten. A narrow wooden staff.
Bosa. [Pers. bdza.] An Eastern drink made
from fermented millet seed.
Boscaga Underwood, land covered with
thickets. [Fr. bocage, O.Fr. boscage, boscati-
cum, from L.L. boscus, wood.] Bosky, contain-
ing thickets, copses.
Boshes. [Ger. boschung, slope.] The lower
part of a blast furnace, sloping inward to the
hearth.
Bos in lingoi. [L.] An ox is on his tongue,
i.e. some weighty reason for silence (or, less pro-
bably, a bribe, a coin stamped with an ox) ; cf.
j3oCy t-rX ■yKuffori (/Eschylus, Agam., 36).
Boqesman. The Dutch name for some African
tribes, akin to the Hottentot, called by the Eng-
lish Bushmen.
Bosky. (Boscage.)
Boss. [An Amer. word.] 1. A master work-
man ; said to lie D. baas, master. 2. One who
is superior, in any way, to his fellows.
Bossage. (Boast)
Bot [Gael. botus, boiteag, a maggot.']
{Entom.) Larva of botfly. (Kstrus dqui [Gr.
cilinpoi] deposits its eggs on the horse's hairs ;
by his licking the place they are transferred to
his intestines, where they are hatched. tE. bovis
burrows in the skin of the cow. CE. 6vis infests
the frontal sinus of sheep. Ord. Diptfira.
Bot&nomaney. Divination [Gr. navrtla] by
means of plants, flowers [/Sorit^, herb, grass],
practised by the ancients to discover their loves ;
and by Teutonic nations ; e.g. Marguerite and
the star-flowers in Faust.
Botarga [Sp. botarga.] A sausage, made
with mullet roe, inducing thirst.
Bote. [A.S. bot, from betan, to repair.'] 1.
Necessaries used off an estate for its mainten-
ance ; as hay-lx)te, wood for repairing hedges.
2. Kci^nration, as in bootless.
Botelliferons sponges. HaWng straight swelled
branches. [L. b6tellus, dim. of botulus, a sausage.]
Bothia [Gael, bothag, a cottage.] This word
has come to mean a house or barrack of lodgings
for unmarried labourers in E. and N.E. parts
of Scotland.
Botree of Ceylon, Feepol of India. Ficus
religiosa, somewhat like the ban}'an ; held sacred
by Buddhists, planted near every temple.
Botryo'idaL (Bot., Min.) Having the shape
or likeness [Gr. «Z5oj] of a cluster of grapes
{^6tpvs].
Bottcher wara (From its discoverer.) A
kind of reddish-brown pottery, unglazed, but
polished by a lathe, and afterwards covered with
a dark varnish and painted or gilded.
Bottom. {Naut.) Hull of a ship ; put by
Synecdoche (q.v.) for the ship itself; thus,
British B. means British ship, Dutch B. Dutch
ship, etc.
Bottom, Kick. The silly conceited weaver
with an ass's head, with whom Titania in
Shakespeare's Midsummer Night^s Dream fell
in love.
Bottomry. Hypothecation of a vessel (a
bottom) as security for money lent, which is lost
to lender if the vessel be totally lost.
Bottonny. [Fr. bontonni.] (Her.) Having
BOTU
78
BOWC
each arm terminated with three semicircular buds
[Fr. boutons], arrayed like a trefoil.
Botfilifonn. [L. bolulus.] Shaped like a
sausas;c.
Bouge. [(?) Fr. bouche, a mouth ; cf. bonne
bouche, a dainty morsel?^ Victuals, allowance of
food. .
Bouget [Fr.] {Her.) An ancient vessel for
carrying water.
Bought, or Bout, of the plough. [A.S. bec^an,
bigan, bugan, to bend; cf. bight; Dan. bagt,
a bay, Ger. biegen, to bend.} The course of the
plough both up and down the space cultivated.
Bought-note. Transcript of a broker's signed
entry of a contract given to the seller, .iiold-
note, ditto to the buyer.
Bougie. [Fr., a 7uax-candle, first made at B.,
in Algiers.] (Med.) A small rod, metal or
other, for distending contracted mucous canals
in various parts of the body.
Boulder-clay. [Geo/.) An important member
of the Glacial deposits. Northern drift. Erratics,
etc., of the post-Tertiary system. The glacial
beds, produced from glaciers, coast -ice, and ice-
bergs, differ in the several parts of England.
They comprise the Lower B. clay (a sandy clay,
with pebbles and boulders of granite, greenstone,
grit, etc.), the Middle drift of sands and gravels,
and the Great Upper B. clay. Arctic shells occur
in some places. In Scotland, the Till, a dark
clay with boulders of old hard rocks, is the chief
member.
Boulders, Erratic blocks. (Geoi:) Large an-
gular or subangular masses of rock, often striated,
which have been carried by ice to great distances
from the parent rocks.
Boule. [Fr.] Inlaid work in wood, gilt-metal,
or tortoiseshell ; so called from a cabinet-maker
or Shtiste of the time of Louis XIV., whose
name has been corrupted into Buhl.
Boulevard. [Fr., O.Fr. boulevart, from Ger.
boll-werk, a fortificaiion\ Formerly a broad
rampart, but now any open promenade in a
town.
Bouleversement [Fr.] An upsetting, over-
turning of one's plans ; bouleverser, to make to
turn [L. versare] like a ball [bulla].
BouUmy, BtUImy. [Gr. &ov\ifila, excessive
hunger.'\ Ravenous insatiable appetite ; a disease,
lit. ox-hunger {^ovs, an ox] ; so (J«/-rush, ^x-daisy,
horse-c\ie%\.nnX, horse-\?Mgh, etc, = on a large
scale. (Bucephalus.)
Boulogne sore-throat Original name some
twenty-five years ago for diphtheria (q.v.).
Bounty Board. The trustees, governors, of
Queen Anne's Bounty, (ftueen Anne's Bounty.)
Bounty money. Gratuity given to soldiers
after their enlistment.
Bouquotin. [Fr.] The ibex {q.v.). [(?) Dim.
of bouc, buck ; or (?) corr. of bouc-estain, the
Ger. stein-bok.]
Bourd. [Fr. bourde, a falsehood, sham.'] A
jest.
BourdoiL [Fr.] 1. A droning bass sound ;
a burden or drone accompaniment, as in a bag-
pipe. 2. A stop on an organ, or imitation of it
on a barmooium.
Bourgeois. 1. [Fr.] Properly, any member
of a borough or burg, i.e. a fortified town [Gr.
■ttvpyos, a lofty place, or stronghold] ; hence
akin probably to the Teut. berg, a hill. (Bour-
geoisie.) 2. (Probably from the inventor.) A
kind of type, as —
London.
Bourgeoisie. [Fr.] The class of citizens
including the merchants, manufacturers, and
master tradesmen.
Bourgeon. [Fr. subst. bourgeon, from O.H.G.
burjam, to lift, push.] (Bot.) To sprout, put
forth buds and leaves.
Bourn, i.q. Burn. A stream, rivulet. [A.S.
byrna ; cf. Ger. brunnen, a well, spring.]
Bourne. [Fr. borne.] Limit, boundary.
Bournouse. [Ar.] 1. A large woollen mantle
with hood, N. African. 2. An adaptation of
it worn in France and England, after the con-
quest of Algeria.
Bourree. [Fr.] A jig, in common time ; often
employed formerly as one of the movements of
a sonata.
Bourse. [Fr.] A purse, and so, Exchange.
[L. byrsa, Gr. fivptra, a hide]
Bouse. (A^aut.) To haul up with pulleys.
B. up the jib, to tipple.
Bovs M yKiiffcrp. (B08 in lingua.)
Boustrophedon. [Gr., from fiovs, ox, (rrp(<piii,
I turn.] A stage of writing among the Greeks,
in which the words were written alternately from
right to left, and from left to right, after the
fashion of ploughing. This stage was inter-
mediate between the Semitic form, which went
only from right to left, and the Kuropean form,
which goes only from left to right.
Bout. A turning, winding, one of several
similar turns ; cf. bow, bough, and obsolete
bought, viz. a bending, twisting.
Boutade. [Fr.] A whim, freak ; from a sense
of attacking, pushing [bouter, to push].
Boutique. [Fr.] A shop ; corr. formed from
apotheca, a store-house [Gr. airofl^jK??].
Boutisale. A sale where things go for as little
as in the sale of booty.
Bouts-rimes. [Fr.] A social amusement ;
rimed endings are given,and verses constructed
by each person present.
Bovate. (Carucate.)
Bovey-coaL (B., in Devon.) A variety of
lignite {q.v.), of the Tertiary age.
BovidsB. [L. boves, oxen^ Hollow-horned
Ruminants. A fam. of R., comprising sheep,
goats, antelopes, oxen, and bulTaloes. Absent
from Madagascar and adjacent islands, Australia,
New Zealand, and Polynesia, Central and S.
America, and adjacent islands. Ord. Ungulata.
Bow bells. The bells of Bow Church, in
London, mentioned in the legend of Whittington
as cheering him with the chime, "Turn again,
Whittington, Lord Mayor of London." Those
born within the sound of Bow bells are called
Cockneys {q.v.).
Bow china. That made at the earliest (1730)
English porcelain manufactory ; having various
marks — anchor, dagger, arrow, bow and arrow ;
moulds, etc., transferred to Derby about 1776.
BOWC
79
BRAC
Bow-eompass pen. The instrument or pen
used in mechanical drawing, with a ruler or
straight edge for inking-in straight lines, is a
Saw-pen; when one leg of a compass is re-
placed by a bow-pen we have a Bow-compass,
which is used for inking-in circles. The bow-
compass is often called simply a Bow, and the
bow -pen simply a Drawing-pen.
Bowdlerism. (From Bowdler's family edition
of Shakespeare.) Literary prudery.
Bower. [Ger. bauer, knave.\ The best card
in the game of euchre.
Bower anchora. (Anohora.)
Bowers. [^V-S. biir.] In the house of an Old
English noble, separate sleeping-chambers for
the ladies, built apart from the great wooden
hall, in the berths of which the men slept. (Tun.)
In Scotland, a bouroch is a shepherd'shut. (C/l
Byre.)
Bowie-knife. [Amer.] A large clasp-knife,
called after Colonel Bowie, a Western trapper.
Bowline. {Naut.) The rope by which the
weather edge of a squaresail is kept taut for-
ward, when sailing on a wind.
Bowling, Tom. A British sailor in Smollett's
Roderick Kandom, and in a popular song.
Bow of a ahip. (Nattt. ) I'he part towards the
stem, from where the planks arch inwards. Bold
B. a wide, Lecm B. a narrow, one. On the port
B. or Starboard B., within an angle of forty-five
degrees, contained by the line of the ship's
course and a line drawn from the stem forward
to the left or right respectively.
Bowsprit, sometimes written Boltsprit ( A<zw/.)
A large spar extending over the bows. Beyond
it are the jibboom and flying-jil)l)oom.
Bowtelt Boutell, Bottle, Boltell (? like a bolt).
An old term for a round moulding, or bead ;
also for the small shafts of clustered pillars,
jambs, mullions, etc. ; the Eng. term lor the
t6rus and astragal of classical architecture. —
Parker's Glossary of Architecture.
Bowyer. One who uses a bow ; formerly,
also, a maker of bows.
Boz-haoling. (A'aut.) A method of turning
a vessel in a small space by putting her helm
a-lee, bracing the head yards aback, squaring
the after yards, taking in the mizzcn or spanker,
and then, as she comes to the wind, hauling the
sheets- of the headsails to windward. As she
gathers stem-way, the helm is shifted and sails
are trimmed.
Box the compass, To. (Naut.) To repeat its
thirty-two points, backwards and forwards, and
to answer any question about them.
Bojard, Boyar. General name for Slavonic
fief-holders by tenure of military service.
Boyau. [Fr., lit. an intestine; O.Fr. boyel,
L. botellus, a sausai^e.} (Mil.) Trench by which
the besiegers approach under cover in a zigzag
direction towards a fortress.
Boy Bishop, The. 1, St. Nicholas, Bishop of
Myra, in Lycia, famed for early piety ; patron
samt of boys and scholars. 2. One of the
choristers, chosen yearly, in mediaeval times, to
act the part of a bishop in mimic ceremonies ;
buried in bishop's robes if he died a B. B. The
tomb of a B. B. may be seen in Salisbury
Cathedral.
Boycotting^. An excommunication, ordering
tradesmen to refuse supplies to a purchaser.
(From an Irish landlord, named Boycott, who
was so treated in i88o.)
Boyle Controversy. Respecting the so-called
Epistles of rhAlHris ; their genuineness main-
tained, 1695, by Hon. C. Boyle, afterwards Earl
of Orrery, with the help of Atterbury ; disproved
by Bentley. Dean Swift, who took the wrong
side, satirized the B. C, in his Battle of the
Books.
Boyle Lectures. Founded by Hon. R. Boyle,
in defence of Christianity ; eight delivered yearly
since 1692.
Boyle'slaw. (Hon. R. Boyle, 1627-1692.) The
fact that the volume of a given quantity of gas
varies inversely as the pressure per square inch
that it exerts, provided the temperature con-
tinues constant ; thus, if the volume is halved,
the pressure per square inch is doubled.
Brabantine. Relating to Brabant ; old name
of the middle of Belgium, between the rivers
Scheld and Meuse.
Braeoate. [L. braccae, breeches^ {Omith.)
Having feathers descending from the tibia and
concealing the feet.
Brace. [Fr. bras, an arm, L. brachium.] A
slanting piece in a trussed partition or roof,
dcsignetl to give stiffness to the joints ; a brace
is commonly in a state of compression.
Brace, To (/Vat4t.), yards, bring them to either
side with the Braces, i.e. ropes, one at each end
of a yard, either fastened to it or rove through
blocks. 7'o B. sharp, to bring the yards as
nearly as may be in a line with the keel, and
still hold a wind. 7'o B. a-box, to B. them
square.
Brach. [Fr. braque, from Ger. braccho.] A
kind of hunting dog.
Braohelytrons, Braohyelytrons. [Gr. fip&x^^t
short, tKinpov, a sheath or covering.] (Etitom.)
Insects whose elytra do not cover more than
one-third of the abdomen, as Devil's coach-
horse, .Staphj?linus olens.
Brachiate branches. [L. brachium, an arm.]
(Bot.) Standing opposite to each other, nearly
at right angles to the stem from which they
proceed.
Br&clii2p5da, Braohiopods. {Zool.) Bivalve
moUuscoids, with dorsal and ventral valves ; as
Terebratulae, or lampshells [L. brachium, an
arm, Gr. iroui, iroSdy, a foot] ; a misnomer.
Called also Pallio-bramhs, i.e. mantle-gills [L.
pallfum, a mantle, Gr. /Bprf^x"*. .f'^^-f]. the mantle
serving f(ir gills.
Braolustochrone. (Curve.)
Brachycatalectic. (Catalectio.)
Brachycephalic. [Cir. /3pdx'5*i short, and
KffpaK-ft, head.] A tenn applied by some to
skulls whose transverse diameter is more than -^
of their longitudinal diameter. Such are gene-
rally the skulls of the Turanian nations. Skulls
which exhibit a less proportion between the two
diameters are known as Dolichocephalic [Gr.
ioKixiif long].
BRAC
80
BRAS
1 Brachygr&phy. [Gr. $paxvi, short, ypd(pa>, I
tan'/£.] Shorthand, stenography.
BrachylSgy. [Gr. fipaxvKoylcu] Brcvilo-
qtuntia, in a writer — especially of Attic Greek —
conciseness, pregnancy of expression ; as, In-
Atura is vhKTo. [Gr.], ended into the night ; i.e.
lasted into the night, and then ended (Thucyd.).
Brachypteroos. [Gr. fip&x^^i short, m-fpov,
wingi] Birds whose closed wings do not reach
the base of the tail ; as auks, penguins, etc.
Bracklesham beds. (B., in Hants.) A highly
fossiliferous member of the nummulitic series,
and equivalent to the Middle Bagshot sands.
Bract [L. bractea, thin plate of metal.] The
leaf or leaflet at the base of the flower-stalk ;
dim. Braeteole [bracteola].
Brad-, Broad-. Part of Saxon names, as in
Brad -ford ; i.e. broad ford.
Bradypaa [Gr., from $paSvs, sloto, vois,
foot.] Gen. of sloth, arboreal mammal, about
two feet lon['. Trop. America. Fam. Bradj^-
podldne, ord. Edentata.
Bragg^adocio. In Spenser's Faery Queen, the
braggart and impostor.
Brahmanas. (Veda.)
Brahmans, or Brahmins. The first or highest of
the four castes of Hindus. The priesthood is
confined to this caste, which is said to have pro-
ceeded from the mouth of Brahm, the seat of
Wisdom. (Caste.)
Braiard. A promising growth of seed, etc.,
[A Scot, word.]
Braid. Generally, as by Dr. Johnson, under-
stood as deceitful, fickle, with the notion of
entangling (cf. brede, to deceive, obsolete) ; but
by Wedgwood (s.v. " Bray ") = resembling ;
" Frenchmen so braid," in Diana's speech in
All's Well that Ends Well, being = thus
mannered.
Braidism (i.e. so called after Mr. Braid).
Hypnotism (</.?'.).
Braille. [Fr.] (Invented by Louis Braille,
a blind Frenchman.) A method of writing
words or music for the blind, by means of raised
dots only, the number and position of which
denote the required character. Simple, inex-
pensive ; largely used on the Continent.
Brails. [O.K. brayle ; O.Fr. braiel ; Ir. brog,
agirdle, breeches, breeks.] (A^atit.) Ropes working
in pulleys, and fastened to the outer leech of
a sail, by which it can be trussed up close to the
mast and gaff, or to the stay.
Brake, All to-. Judges ix. To-brake is perf.
of to-breken ; all or al being an adv. = utterly ;
and " all to-brake his skull " is, therefore, broke
it utterly in pieces. 7'o is a particle common
in O.E., meaning asunder ; it is sometimes in-
tensive, as to-bite, to-cleave, etc (see Morris's
English Accidence, p. 226).
Brake, Break [akin to L. frango, frac, -tum,
' Gr. p^yvvfit, poLKos, Ger. brechen], -block ; Clip-B. ;
Friction-B. ; Slipper-B. An instrument for ar-
resting or regulating the motion oi a body, as a
train ; the Brake-B. is the piece pressed (by
levers, atmospheric pressure, etc.) against the
circumference of the wheel of a railway car-
riage ; a Stiff er-B. is pressed by levers against
the top of the rails, so as to take some of the
weight off the wheels, and cause a considerable
friction ; in the Clip-B. the two sides of the rail
are gripped. The Priction-B. is a band 01
wrought iron surrounding, without touching, a
wheel (as in a crane, etc.), until by pressure on
the end of a lever it is made to clasp the wheel
with a great and easily regulated friction. All
these brakes act by friction. There are also
Atmospheric Brakes, Continuous B., Pump-B.,
Fan-B., etc. 1
Brake, Common bracken. {Bot.) Pteris
aquilina ; the most abundant British spec, of
the ord. FTlices, Perns ; covering large spaces,
sometimes in parks, heaths, hillsides.
Bramah's press. (Hydraulic press.)
Bran. Fingal's dog.
Brancard. A horse litter; originally a Fr.
word, a brancard being a branche stripped
of its leaves, a stick, a shaft ; then a litter made
of crossed sticks. — Brachet, Etym. Diet.
Brancher. [Fr. branchier, probably from
branche, in the sense of a branch (Littre) ; It.
branca, talon, brancare, to grife.] A young
hawk that has begun to perch.
Branchiee. [L., Gr. ^piyx^.] (Anat.) Gills ;
an apparatus for breathing in amphibia and
fishes, containing cartilaginous leaflets, through
which the blood, circulating, is purified by the
oxygen contained in water.
BranchI5p5da. [Gr. ^pdyx^i gJUs, irois, nSSos,
the foot.] (EntoNi.) Div. of small Crustaceans,
breathing by their feet, as Daphnia pulex, branch-
horned water-flea, common in ponds. Sub-class
Entomostraca.
Brandenburg Confession. A document drawn
up to end the disputes occasioned by the Con-
fession of Augsburg. (Confession of Faith.)
Brangle. [Fr. branler, to move, shake (?), or
obrandiller, to brandish (?) or be-wrangle (?), or
perhaps a modification of wrangle.] To dispute,
menace, quarrel.
Brank. Buckwheat. [Brace or brance, a
Gallic term for some kind of white corn.]
Brank, Branks, Scold's bridle. A hoop of
iron, with hinges at the sides, a plate of metal
projecting inwards, and a padlock at the back ;
passing over the head and gagging the tongue.
Formerly a punishment for scolding women, and
sometimes for immorality. \Cf. Brank in Scot-
land, and Teut. pranghe, = a bridle^ Hence
Branks, in Scotland = mumps.
Brankursine. [L.L. branca ursTna, bear's
cla7v, Ger. baren klau.] (Acanthus.)
Bransle. [Fr.] Corr. into Brawl ; a country-
dance of the time of Queen Elizabeth.
Brash. (Pyrosis.)
Brash, Shivers, Eubbles. (Geol.) Masses, layers
of angular fragments of rock, often derived from
an underlying rock.
Brass. 1. [A.S. brses.] An alloy of copper
and zinc ; misused sometimes in old writings for
Bronze, as in Exod. xxxviii. 2, and elsewhere ;
sometimes for Copper, as in Job xxviii. 2, and
elsewhere. 2. A brass sleeve, or Bush.
Brassage. A deduction, in former times, from
the value of the coin, for the expense of coinage ;
BRAS
8i
BREC
said to be from bras, an arm, as if brachiorum,
/odour.
Brassart, Bnuset [Fr. brassard, from bras,
an arm.] The piece of armour which protected
the arm above the elbow.
Brasses, Monnmental. Slabs of brass, bearing
in outline the effigies of the dead, or some other
de\'ice. The earliest known is that of Sir John
d'Abemon, who died 1277, and was buried at
Stoke d'Abemon, in Surrey.
Brasset. (Brassart.)
Bnuudoa. [L., cal>l>age.'\ {Bat.) A remarkable
group of plants, ord. Crucifene, including common
cabbage, borecole, turnip, rape, etc., and pro-
bably the mustards. Brasskdcea is, with some,
another name for CriicTf?rae.
Brattioe, Bretise. 1. Corr. of bretage, any
boarded defence, as a tcstudo, parapit [Fr.
bretesche] ; now, 2, boarding round machinery
or in a mine ; 8, any partition between an up-
cast and a down-cast shaft. [Scand. bred. Get.
brett, I), herd, a plank or board (Wedgwood).]
Brattishong, Brandishing, Bretise, Bretise-
menL A crest, battlement, or other parapet.
[Fr. bretechc.] (Brattioe.)
Bravest of the Brave. Marshal Key's title
with the French army, after the defeat of the
allied Russians and Prussians at Friedland,
June 14, 1807.
Bravo. Formerly in Italy, esftecially in Venice ;
a hired assassin, who undertook any danger for
money. Plu., Brcni.
Bravflra. (It, dash, brilliatuy^ {Music.)
An air containing difficult passages, with a large
proportion of notes, requiring volubility, ac-
curacy, and spirit in the execution.
Brawling. [Fr. brouiller, to embroil ; or (?)
Fr. braasle, branle, from branler, to shake.] In
Church Law, the molestation of a clergyman or
f)reacher during any ministration in any place
icenscfl for service.
Brazy, Braxes, Bracks. In sheep, generally
a plethora or a disease of the intcstmes, caused
probably by food too nitrogenous ; lasting from
one to six hours ; marked by staring look,
laboured breathing, and convulsions. But the
term is used vaguely.
Bray, Scot. Brae ; (?) cf. brow. Raised
ground, bank, overlooking ground used in forti-
fication.
Bray, Vicar of. Lived, according to tradition,
from Henry VIII. to Elizabeth ; according to the
song, from Charles II. to George I. ; trimming to
suit Court relif^ion and retain his benefice.
Brazen Age. (Ages, The fonr.)
Braziline, Breziline. The colouring matter in
Brazil wood.
Brazil nuts. The seeds, in a large woody
shell, of the magnificent Berthollctia excelsa
(from Berthollet, chemist) of the Orinoco and
N. Brazil ; 100 to 120 feet high.
BrazU wood. Dark red and yellowish brown,
valuable in dyeing, the produce of Caesalpinia
echinata and other spec. S. America and
W. Indies. Brazil is said to be named from
B. W., of which the old native name was Braxilis
(see Chambers's Etuyclopadid).
Brazing. Soldering with an alloy of brass and
zinc.
Bre-. [Celt., promontory^ Part of names,
as in Bre-don.
Breach of close. {Leg.) Wrongful entry of or
trespass on another's land, whether enclosed or
not.
Breadalbane. District of Scotland in Tudor
period, mostly included in W. Perthshire.
Bread-fruit. 'J he fruit of Artocarpus incTsa
[Gr. &pTo?, bread, KopirSs, /ruit], a native of the
South Sea Islands and parts of Indian Archi-
pelago : about the size of a child's head ; when
baked, like the crumb of a wheaten loaf.
Bread-root of N. America, or prairie apple,
Psoral^a esculenta [Gr. \\iwpa\fos, ^carted], i.e.
having tubercles. A papilionaceous plant, grown
along the Missouri, with tuberous carrot-like
farinaceous roots.
Breadth. That treatment of the subject
painted which shows at once the leading idea,
without over-finish of details.
Break. A large four-wheeled carriage, with
a straight body, seals for four, with calash top,
and seats for driver and footmen.
Break bulk. To. {A'aut.) To open the hold
and begin to unlade the ship.
Breakers. {Naut.) 1. Waves breaking over
reefs, etc., either at or immediately below the
surface of the water. 8. Small casks used on
board ship.
Break-ground. (Afil.) The opening of the first
trench of a siege.
Breaking the line. (A^aut.) Advancing in
column, and cutting the enemy's line in two ;
then enveloping one half with the whole fleet ;
e.g. Rotlney s defeat of the French off Dominica,
April, 1782.
Break-water. A structure such as a mound,
a wall, etc., placed near the mouth of a harbour,
to break the force of the waves coming in.
Bream, To. (A'aut.) To clean a ship's bottom
by fire.
Breast. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The
curved trough extending from the sluice to the
tail-race, within which a breast-wheel turns, and
which prevents the escape of water from the
buckets until they are over the tail-race.
Breastplate of Jewish high priest ; described
Exod. xxviii. ij, et sea.
Breast-plough. A kind of plough, driven by
the breast, for cuttinj:; turf.
Breast-summer. (Bressumer.)
Breast-wheel. CWater-wheel.)
Breastwork. Earthen parapet sufficiently low
to admit of being fired over from the level of the
adjacent ground.
Breath figure, Boric figure. A likeness of
itself, impressed by a coin, etc., on a plate with
which it has been left nearly or quite in contact.
An electrical B. F. is formed by passing an
electric current from the coin through the plate.
By breathing on the plate these figures are ren-
dered visible. [L. ros, ror-em, de^o.]
Breccia. [It.] {Geol.) Angular breakings of
pre-existing rock, not far distant, cemented into a
new rock ; rounded pebbles form Conglomerate.
BRED
82
BRID
Breda, Deolaration. of. (Hist.) A document
sent by Charles II. from Breda, 1660, promising
that no man shall be disquieted for differences of
opinion in matters of religion which do not dis-
turb the peace of the kingdom.
Brede. [A.S. bredan.] Another form of
braid, to knit together, weave.
Breeches Bible, or Geneva B., 1557. Trans-
lated there by English divines, in Queen Mary's
reign. So called from the word used in the
translation of Gen. iii. 7, "made themselves
breeches. " ( Bible, English. )
Breeching-rope for gun. {Naut.) A rope,
one end fastened to a vessel's side, the other to
the breech of a gun ; long enough to allow the
gun to be run in and loaded, and to stop ex-
cessive recoil.
Breech-loader. Firearm, with its barrel open
at the stock, through which aperture the charge
can be inserted.
Breem. [A.S. bremman, to be vioteni ; (?) cf.
Gr. PptfitDf L. fremo.] Furious, excessive,
fierce.
Breeie-fly. [Onomatop. ; cf. Ger. bremse,
O.E. brimse, briose.] (Entoni.) Gad-fly, Cleg,
Dipterous insect, with blood-sucking females.
Tabanus bovTnus [L. bovlnus, belonging to oxen],
fam. Tabanldae.
Bregma. [Gr., from jSpt'x", /w^^V/^w.] The
top of the head, because in infancy this part is
longest in hardening.
Brehon laws. Ancient Irish laws ; so called
from a word signifying judges ; some being as
old, perhaps, as the first centuries of the
Christian era. (Pale.)
Breme. To bring forth young abundantly ;
to teem.
Brentford, The two Kings of^ = once rivals,
now reconciled ; like the two kings in the
Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, Duke of
Buckingham.
Bressnmer, Breast-summer. [Fr. sommier, a
pcuk-saddle, a lintel.] (Arch.) A beam or sum-
mer, like a lintel, but supporting the whole front,
or nearly so, of a wall ; e.g. over a shop-front.
Bretage, Bretise. (Brattice.)
Bretexed. Embattled. (Brattice.)
Brethren, Elder and Younger. (Trinity
House.)
Bretigny, Peace of. A treaty between France
and England, 1360, by which Edward III.
renounced his pretensions to the crown of
France. (Salio law.)
Bretwalda. In O.Eng. Hist., the title of an
office which assured' a certain supremacy to one
of the Anglo-Saxon princes. According to
Beda, the first who held this office was Ceaw-
lin, the grandson of Cerdic.
Breve. [L. brevis, short, as compared with
long(q.v.) and with maxim (q.v.).] (Music.) The
average whole note of the sixteenth century, as
the semibreve is of our own time. "It is certain
that a sound lasting four beats may be expressed
and has been expressed by six different forms —
the maxim, the long, the breve, the semibreve,
the minim, the crotchet" (Hullah, quoted by
Stainer and Barrett).
Brevet. [Fr., from L.L. brevetum, L. brfivis,
short.] (Mil.) An honorary rank conferred on
officers in the army above that which they hold
in their own corps.
Brevete. [Fr.] A patentee, from brevet, a
patent.
Breviarinm of Alaric. A collection of laws,
Roman and Teutonic, for the Goths in Italy.
Breviary. [I^. breviarium.] An abstract of
various books before used ; a daily office of
prayer, praise, and instruction in the Roman
Church, made up of: (i) Vespers, at sunset. (2)
Compline [completorium], about 9 p.m., a com-
pleting of the day's devotion. (3) Nocturns, or
Matins, at midnight. (4) Lauds, or Matin
Lauds, before break of day. (5) Prime, at sun-
rise, or at six o'clock. (6, 7, 8) Tierce, Sext,
None, every third hour afterwards. Recited
daily, by all ecclesiastical persons, in public or
private, at some time ; at the canonical hours
by many religious orders.
Brevwry of Quignon. A breviary, published
at Rome by Cardinal Quignonex, in 1536. It is
said to have been used in the compilation of the
Book of Common Prayer of the Church ol
England.
Breviate. [L. breviatum, from brevio, I abbre-
viate.] An abstract summary abridgment.
Brevier. A kind of type, as —
Inclusive.
Breviloquentia. (Brachylogy.)
Brevipennate. [L. breves pennse, short
wings.] (Ornit/i.) 1. Swimming birds whose
wings do not reach to the tip of the tail.
2. With Cuvier, short-winged birds, as the
ostrich.
Brgvis esse labSro, obscQrus flo. [L.] / try to
be concise, and 1 become obscure (Horace).
Brewer of Ghent. Jacob van Artevelde,
popular leader in Flanders, who declared for
Edward III. ; murdered in a tumult at Ghent,
1345-
Brewis. 1. Pieces of bread, soaked in gravy.
2. Broth, pottage ; /lom A.S. briw, brewis, A.S.
breowan, to brew ; or (?)f/. Welsh hx'iyf, broken ;
and Eng. bribe, which originally, both in Fr.
and in Eng., meant a sop, a hunch of bread.
Breziline. (Braziline.)
Brezonic, i.q. Armoric. Language of Brit-
tany.
Briarean. Like the giant Briareos, Briareus,
with his hundred arms.
Bric-a-brac. [Fr.] Odds and ends ; old
stores, articles of curiosity ; a word formed from
de brie et de broc, one way or another (see
Littre, j.z/. "Broc").
Brickie. Vessels and graven images (Wisd.
XV. 13), easy to break, brittle, as the word is
now written.
Brick-nogging. (Arch.) Brickwork carried
up and filled in between timber framing.
Brick tea. Tea made into cakes, with fat,
etc. ; used in Thibet.
Bride of the Sea. Venice, whose doges every
year, on Ascension Day, were married to the
Adriatic, throwing a ring into the sea ; on the
BRID
83
BROA
first occasion, as a privilege, granted by Pope
Alexander III., 1177, when the League of
Lorabardy had defeated the Emperor Frederic
Barbarossa.
Bridewell. A house of correction. B., a
palace, built 1522, by Henry VIII., to receive
Charles V. ; given, 1533, to the city as a house
of correction. Near the well of St. Bridget, or
Bride, between Fleet Street and the Thames.
Bridge. (Girder; Skew; Sospension; Tabn-
lar.)
Bridge of Sighs. {Hist.) The Venetian Porta
de Sospiri, leading from the lower part of the
ducal palace to a prison, the door of which is
now walled up.
Bridgewater Treatises, '• On the Power,
Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in
Creation," by eight different authors ; for which
;^8ooo was left by Earl of B., 1829.
Bridlegoose, Jadge. In Rabelais's /'an/^.^rw^/,
Juge IJritloye ; he decides causes by dice.
Bridle-port. {Natit.) A port in the bows for
taking in Bridles, i.e. the upper part of moor-
ings.
Brieb [L. br^v?, a document, efiistle] and Bolls
[l)ulla, a doss, the seal of lead]. 1. Pontifical
letters : ( I ) less ample and solemn, more like
letters to individuals, or to bodies ; (2) solemn
decrees of the pope, as head of the Roman
Catholic Church. They differ in many ways
(see Hook's Church Dictionary ; English Cytlo-
padia, i. 365). 2. In Prayer-book, Church
Briefs, or Queen's Letters, letters patent, au-
thorizing collections for charitable purposes ;
now discontinued.
Brig [an abbrev. of irigantine] is a two-
masted, square-rigged vessel. B. schooner (Her-
maphrodite).
Brigade. [Fr. brigade, from It. brigata.] 1.
Body of troops, composed of from two to four
battalions of infantry, with a relative proportion
of cavalry and artillery. 2. In the artillery
branch alone, B. corresponds with a battalion
of infantry. 3. The officer who commands a
B. in the English army is called a Brigadier.
4. In the French army, a Brigadier means a
corporal.
Brigadier. (Brigade.)
Brigandine. Jer. xlvi. 4 and li. 3 ; coat of
mail, equipment of a brigand ; formerly = a
light-armed soldier. [It. and Med.L. briga,
strife.\
Brigantine. [It. brigantine, akin to brigand,
a piratical vessel.] A vessel rigged as a brig,
except the mainsail, which is like a schooner's.
Bright's disease. A name for several forms of
disease of the kidneys ; with urine generally
albuminous, and other important signs of
structural change. First described by Dr. Bright,
of Guy's Hospital.
Brigae. To contest, canvass. (Brigandine.)
Brilliant diamond. So called from the effect
of the facets, 56-64 generally, with upper octa-
gonal face, into which it is cut ; only a good
stone being thus treated. Rose D., broad in
proportion to their depth, have a flat base, with
two rows of triangular facets, and six upper-
most, uniting in a point. Stones still thinner
are cut as Table D.
Brills. [(?) Cf. Ger. brille, spectacles:\ The
hair on the eyelids of a horse. — Johnson.
Bring-to, To. {Naut.) To bend or fasten a
sail to a yard. B.-to a ship, to stop her way by
letting the sails counteract each other. B.-to an
anchor, to let go the anchor. "Jo bring up, to
come to an anchor.
Bring np with a ronnd torn, To. {Naut.) 1.
To slop a running rope by taking a turn round a
cleat, etc. 2. To do a thing effectually, but
suddenly. 8. To bring a man to his senses by a
rating.
Bnoohe. [Fr., connected with broyer, to crush
(Liltre).] 1. A kind of cake. 2. A circular
sofa cushion.
Brisket. The breast-piece of meat ; probably
the same word as breast [A.S. brest, or =
breast -stcak\.
Bristol board. A thick, stiff paper, for draw-
ing ; first made at B.
Bristol Boy. The poet Thomas Chatterton,
who died at eighteen, A.D.1770.
Bristol diamonds. liright crystals of colourless
quartz (y.r.), found near B. and elsewhere ;
called also Cornish D., Bagshot D., Irish D.,
Diamants ePAlenfon, etc.
Bristol riots. The most prominent of the
riots which have occurred at Bristol took place
in 1831, during the agitation for reform in Parlia-
ment. The city was set on fire, and many houses
were burnt.
Brisnre. [Fr. briser, to break.l (Fortif.) Break
in the rampart of a fortress, where the enceinte is
withdrawn to form a concave flank.
Britannia metal averages, of tin 85^ parts,
antimony 10.^, zinc 3, copper i.
Britisn gam. A brown, soluble substance,
formed by heating dry starch, and used for
stiffening calicoes, etc. It is also called Dextritte,
from its power of rotating a polarized ray of
light to the right [L. dextra].
British seas. (Qoatnor Maria.)
• British ship. One owned by a British subject,
registered, and flying the flag.
Britomart. The impersonation of chastity,
in Fa^ Queen, bk. iii.
Britnka. [Pol. bryczka, dim. of biyka,
freight xuaggon.] A long, four-wheeled travelling
carriage, with a movable hood.
Brisa. (Bot.) A gen. of grasses, belonging to
the tribe Festucete ; amongst them are the
quaking grasses.
Broach. [Fr. broche, a spit, L.L. brocca.]
The morse or clasp of a cope is sometimes so
called.
Broach spires. Spires, the junction of which
with the tower is not marked by any parapet or
other division.
Broach-to, To. Unintentionally to let a ship
come head to wind.
Broad arrow, >JV [origin quite uncertain], de
notes Crown property ; is used also to mark
Ordnance .Survey stations, and property under
arrest by Customs' officers ; and, in other ways,
BROA
84
BRUN
by Government officials. It is illegal — 9 and 10
William III., 1698 — to use, for private owner-
ship, the B. A. Said by some to have been
suggested by the three nails of the cross.
Broad Bottom Administratioii. That of H.
Pelham, 1744 ; a grand coalition of all parties of
weight, in which nine dukes were placed.
Broaidoloth. Fine woollen cloth, over twenty-
nine inches broad.
Broad gauge. (Gauge of railways.)
Broad pennant. (Flag.)
Broadpiece. The name of any coin wider than
a guinea.
Broadside. 1. Any large page printed on one
side of a sheet of paper ; and, strictly, not
divided into columns. 2. {A^aui.) The side of
a ship above the water. The simultaneous dis-
charge of all the guns from the whole side.
Broadsword. Straight, double-edged sword,
with a broad blade.
Brobdingnagian. Gigantic. (Otilliver's Travels.)
Brocade. [Fr. brocher, (0 prick, to figure j\
A thick silk stuff, with a raised pattern.
Brocage, Brokage, Brokerage. The business
of a broker.
Brooard. In Fr. a taunt, jeer ; in Eng. a
principle, maxim [Brocard, Bishop of Worms,
author of Regulce EccUs.y eleventh century
(Littre)].
BrooateL [Fr. brocatelle.] A kind of imita-
tion brocade made of cotton.
BrochTire. [Fr. brocher, /o s/iicA.] A
pamphlet, a short treatise.
Brock. [A.S. broc] The badger, Mdes
taxus, gen. Meleninse, fam. Mustelidse, ord.
Carnivora,
Brocken spectre, Brockengespenst. The
shadow of objects, magnified, thrown at sunset
upon the mists of the Blocksberg, the highest
summit of the Harz Mountains.
Brocket. [Fr. brocart, icl., from broche,
s/iiJke.] (Deer, Stages of growth of.) A small
spec, of deer (Subulo), with horns consisting of a
single dag. S. America.
Brog. A kind of bradawl.
Brogue, Brog. 1. A rude coarse shoe of the
early Irish and Scottish Highlanders. 2. By
melon. = the pronunciation of the wearer.
Brokage, z.^. Brocage.
Broken-backed. (Naui.) (Arching.)
Broken wind. In a horse, a rupture, in-
curable, of some of the air-cells ; from inflamma-
tion, too much chaff, exertion just after feeding,
etc. ; expiration has become a double effort, in-
spiration being still a single one.
Brokerage. Commission charged to investors
by brokers, for ordinary shares and stocks.
Bromby. [(?) Name of person or place from
which its progenitors escaped.] The wild horse
of Australia.
Brome, Bromos. [Gr. fipofios, a kind of oats.']
A gen. of grasses, belonging to the tribe
Festueeae. About eight spec, are natives of
Britain.
Bromio acid. (Chem.) An acid composed of
bromic and oxygen, the salts of which are called
Bromates, (Bromine.)
Bromine. [Gr. fipUfwi, stink.] A liquid,
reddish-brown element, found in sea-water.
Bronchi. [Gr. Pp6yxos,tvifui/>i/t\] (A not.) The
bifurcations of the trachea, or windpipe, and
their division into smaller tubes ; ramifying into
the lungs. Bronchitis, inflammation of the
bronchial tubes.
Bronchocele. [Gr. tdiXv, a tumour.] (Med.)
Goitre, Derbyshire neck ; a swelling in the fore
part of the neck, being a morbid enlargement
of the thyroid gland.
Bronohot5my. The making an opening into
the air-passages to prevent suffocation. (Bronchi.)
Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin, i.q.
Gun-metal, Bell-metcU, etc., with sometimes a
little zinc or lead ; i.q. Gr. x**^"*^* ^^^ L. ses ;
used from very remote antiquity.
Bronze, Age of. (Prehistoric archaeology.)
Brooch. A painting all in one colour, as a
sepia painting.
Brooklime. {Bot. ) Plant common in ditches,
with opposite leaves and small blue flowers.
Beccabunga veronica, ord. Scrophulariacese.
Broom at masthead. Shows that the vessel
is for sale. B., To. (Bream.)
Broom-rape, Orobanche. [Gr. opopdyxv, from
opofios, bitter vetch, i.yx'»j ^ strangle.] (Bot.)
Parasitical gen. of plants, ord. Orobancheoe.
Brose. Boiling broth, or water, poured on
oatmeal, pease-meal, stirred into a lumpy con-
sistency. (Brewis.)
-brough. (-bury.)
Brown-coal. (Lignite.)
Brownie. In Scotland, a character like Robin
Goodfellow and the Ger. kobold ; a good-
humoured goblin in farmhouses, who drudges
for the family when they are in bed. (Bogy.)
Browning. The process of colouring gun-
barrels, etc., brown, to keep off rust.
Brownists. Certain Puritans of the sixteenth
century, follower of Robert Browne, who
denounced all Church government, and the
use of all forms in prayer, etc. (Independents.)
Brown spar. (Geol.) Certain crystallized
varieties of dolomite ; reddish, brownish ; owing
to oxide of iron.
Bruin. [D.] Quasi-personal name for the
bear [brun, the brown one], in the mediaeval
popular Ger. epic, Reittecke the Fox.
Bnunaire. [Fr., foggy, misty, L. bruma,
winter.] The second month in the calendar of
the first French Republic ; October 22 — Novem-
ber 20.
Brumal. [L. brumalis.] Belonging to winter
or winter solstice [bruma].
Brummagem. [Corr. of Birmingham, " Ber-
mingeham " in Domesday Book.] A sham
article.
Bnmonian theory. That of J. Brown, M.D.,
Edinburgh, 1 733-1788, that life is sustained
during health by external exciting agents in
equilibrium ; if these agents exhaust excitability
too rapidly, asthenic diseases (q.v.) arise, re-
quiring alcohol ; if excitability accumulate,
sthenic diseases [Gr. adtvos, strength] arise, re-
quiring opiates.
Brunswick-green. Oxychloride of copper.
BRUS
85
BUDE
Bnuh-wheel. Wheels working under incon-
siderable forces, like toothed wheels, but in
which sliding is prevented by bristles or buff
leather on the circumferences.
Brosquerie. [Fr.] Abruptness, bluntness of
manner.
Brussels sproats. A cultivated variety of
cabbage, having the stem covered with little
close heads.
Bmtte. [Fr. brouter, to eat tlu shoots or
drou/s.] To browse.
Brfltum folmen. [L.] A harmless thunder-
bolt, i.e. a great but ineffectual threat ; the first
meaning of L. brutus being unwieldy, ponderous ;
if. Gr. $apvs, fipldvs.
Bryology. [Gr. $f>6oif, tree-moss.} {Bot.) The
science of mosses.
Bryony, CommoxL [Or. fipviyri.] The only
British spec, Dioica, of the gen. Bryonia, ord.
Ciicurbitac^se ; the root purgative, and used for
bruises.
Bryosda. [Gr. 0piioy, moss, C**'"'> animal.}
(Entom.) An ord. of compound polypes, which
incrust foreign bodies like moss, as the J'lustra,
or sea-mat.
Brynm. [Gr. 0p6or.] A gen. of mosses ;
abundant in Britain.
Bftb&lus. [L., which originally, like Gr.
fioifi&Kis and -os, meant a kind of antelope, but
came to mean, i.q. urus.] Buffalo. Oen. of
hollow-homed ruminant, wild and domesticated.
Africa and India (as the Amaa, q^>.), and S.
Europe. Sub-fam. Bovlnse, fam. BSvIda, ord.
Ungulata. Not to be confounded with Bison.
Bubble, South Sea. (South Sea Company.)
Bubbles. Financial or commercial projects
started to cheat investors.
BucoaneerSb Associated pirates, mostly Eng-
lish and French, of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, in the Caribbean Sea, who attacked
Spanish ships and settlements. The Caribbee
boucan is a place for smoke-dried meat ; so B. =
meat-preserving W. -Indian settlers. The French
called themselves filibustier, i.e. freebooter.
Buecina Anus. [L.] The trumpet of fame.
Buccln&tor. \y.., trumpeter.} Muscles in the
substance of the cheek, the contractions of
which force out the cheeks when distended with
air.
BuocSaldsB. [L. buccar, the piffed cheek ; if
there wxs the It. word buccone, it would mean
the big puffed cheek.} (Ornith.) PufT-birds,
brabers. Fam. of climbing and fly-catching
small birds, like kingfishers, but dull-plumagcd.
Trop. America. Ord. PicarTae.
Bucentaur. [Gr. Bois, an ox, Kivraupos, a
centaur.} An imaginary monster, the name
being chiefly known as that of the galley of the
Venetian doges, in which, by the dropping of a
ring into the water, they yearly espouscfl the
sea in the name of the republic. (Bride of
the Sea.)
Bflcephalus. [Gr. /3ou*t«<>>aXoi, bull-headed.}
The horse which Alexander the Great broke in,
fulfilling, it is said, the condition of the oracle
necessary for gaining the Macedonian crown.
Buchan. District of Scotland from Saxon to
Tudor period, north part of Banffshire and
Aberdeenshire.
Btichanites. Vicious fanatics in W. Scotland,
A.D. 1783, followers of Mrs. or Lucky Buchan,
who gave herself out as the woman of Rev. xii.
The last is said to have died in 1846.
Buck. [Cf. Fr. bouc, Ger. bock.] The male
of several animals connected with sport, as
fallow deer and ferrets. Buck, To, to soak linen
in a solution of wood ashes. [Gael. adj. bog,
soft, moist ; but see Wedgwood.]
Buck, Complete. (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Buoket. The vessels on the circumferences
of an overshot wheel which contain the water
by whose descent the wheel is turned.
Buek-eye, A. 1. = belonging to Ohio, where
the buck-eye, or yEsculus Ohiotensis, American
horse-chestnut, is abundant (Webster). 2. In the
horse, a too convex cornea, causing indistinct-
ness of the image falling upon the retina;
congenital.
Bucking. 1. [Ger. bochen, /<7^(fa/.] Crushing
ore by hammering it on a flat plate. 2. (Capriole.)
Buckle. [(?) F"r. boucle, the boss of a shield,
or (?) A.S. bugan, to bend ; cf. bough.] To
bend, shrivel up, as scorched paper ; or become
hollow from pressure, as a weakened wall.
Bnekler. [Fr. boucle, L. bucula, boss of a
shield.} Shield of stout leather, worn on the
left arm and sometimes studded with metal
bosses.
Bnckra. With negroes, = a white man ; in
the language of the Calabar coast, a demon,
a po^ivrful and superior being. — Webster.
Buoloram. [Fr. bougran.] A coarse linen
cloth, stiffened with glue.
Buckwheat [Ger. buchweizen], i.e. Beech-
wheat, the seed being like beech-mast ; a plant
valuable as food for game, growing on very
poor soil. p'agopyrum esculentum, ord. Poly-
gonacex.
Bucolics. [Gr. $ovko\m6s, pastoral.} Poems
which were supposed to be the songs of herds-
men, as the Eclogues of Virgil.
Bnoranla. [Gr. fiovKpifia, from fiovs, ox,
Kpavlov, skull.} (Arch.) Ornaments in the shape
of an ox's head, on the walls of buildings.
Buddha. (Buddhism.)
Buddhism. A religion which numbers a large
majority of the whole human race as its ad-
herents. The name Buddha (or the enlightened,
from the same root with L. videre, and Eng.
wit) was given to the traditional founder, Gau-
tama, whose system was publicly recognized
by Asoka in the third century B.C. Buddhism
was expelled from India by the Brahmans, be-
tween A.D. SCO and 700. It teaches especially
the necessity of separation from the world by
prayer and contemplation, in order to exempt
the soul after death from renewed imprisonment
in matter, and to secure for it Nirvana, i.e.
absorption into the divine essence from which
it sprang.
Budding. In Zool., i.q. gemmation (q.v,).
Buddie. [Ger. butteln, to shake.} A large
trough for washing ore in.
Bude light. A very bright light made by
BUDG
86
BULW
supplying an ai^and gas-jet with oxygen (first
used at Bude, in Cornwall).
Budge. [L. bulga, a leathern bagj\ Lamb-
skin fur.
Bndgerow. (Bazaras.)
Budget. [Fr. bougette ; and this from Gael,
bouge, whence L. bulga, a leatJtcrn bag.\ 1. A
portable bag ; and so, 2, a stock store. 3. The
yearly statement of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer.
Buffa. [It., funny, \ Comic ; as aria buffa,
opera buffa.
Buffalo chips. Dry dung used as fuel.
Buffer, Buffing apparatus. A plate or cushion
projecting from the frame of a railway carriage.
Buffers are placed in pairs at each end of the
carriage, and are fastened by rods to a spring of
flat steel plates or other material under the
framework, to deaden the concussions caused
when the velocity of part of the train is checked.
The buffers, rods, and springs are sometimes
called the Buffing apparatus or Buffing ar-
rangement.
Buffet. [Fr.] Counter for refreshment.
Buffet a billow, To. (A^a«/.) To go against
wind and tide.
Bufiy coat. {^Med.") On blood drawn in a
diseased condition, a crust of greyish corpuscles,
the red particles sinking.
Bug, Bugbear. A spectre or some other
frightful appearance ; cf. Welsh bwg. (Pnok ;
Bogy.)
Buggy. A name used in India for a light
vehicle, with four wheels and one seat, drawn
by one horse.
Bugle. [Lit. the horn of a btigle ; L. buciila,
a young cow.] Military trumpet without keys,
used for sounding the different calls in an infantry
regiment.
Bugloss. (Anchusa.)
Biihlwork, Boulework, Boolwork. (Boule.)
Buhr-stone, Burr-stone. (Geo/.) A siliceous
rock, hard, cellular ; very valuable for millstones ;
the best from the Paris basin.
Build a chapel, To. {A^aut.) Suddenly to
turn a ship by careless steering.
BtiL [Heb.] I Kings vi. 38; month of ra/«,
second of civil, eighth of ecclesiastical, Jewish
year ; the post-Babylonian AlarcJusvan ; October
— November.
Bulb. [L. bulbus. Or. /3oX)3<{s.] [Bot.) Psetido-
B. [Gr. ■ifivZi\'i,false\ — e.g. some orchids — is an
abov^round tuber, the stem being thickened by
deposit of bassorine {q.v.).
BulbuL [Pers. name for nightingale.] 1.
Fam. of birds, Fruit-thrushes, Pycnonotidse
[Gr. •jTuKj'cJy, thick, varros, bach.] Popularly
confounded with the nightingale, Curruca lus-
clnia. Africa and the East. 2. With Byron and
Moore, the nightingale.
Bulinus, properly Bulinus. [Zool.) A very
extensive gen. of Pulmoniferous molluscs, most
abundant in Trop. S. America. Fam. Helicidae
(snails).
Bulimy, Bulimia. (Boulimy.)
Bulkheads. (A'aul.) Wooden or metal par-
titions between decks to separate one part from
another. Compartment B. , extra strong bulkhead,
separating the vessel into water-tight compart-
ments. By this means a vessel (although struck
and filling) may be kept afloat, the water being
unable to get through the compartment bulk-
heads to the rest of the vessel.
Bull. 1. (Briefs.) 2. A term used for a specu-
lator who buys stocks or shares in the hope of
selling at a higher figure, thereby taking a cheer-
ful view of things ; being the exact opposite of
the Bear, who takes a gloomy view of the
situation. 3. Irish bull, a sentence expressing
ideas which a moment's consideration shows to
be incompatible and their conjunction absurd.
Bulla. [L.] A boss or stud, mostly of gold,
worn by noble Roman youths, till 17, and then
consecrated to the Lares, at the putting on of
the toga virilis.
Bullace. [Prunusinsititla, plum, as if = used
for grafting (?).] A wild plum.
Bull and Mouth. Sign of an inn, i.e. Bou-
logne mouth, or harbour.
Bullarium, Bullary. A collection of bulls.
(B.-iefs.)
Bull-dog, oi- Uuzzled bull-dog. (Naut.) 1.
The great gun in the wardroom cabin. 2. Main-
deck guns.
Bull-dogs. University proctor's servants, who
arrest or summon disorderly persons in the
streets, and chase students if they run from a
proctor.
Bulletin. [It. bulletina.] Originally a gene-
ral's despatch ; report of the health of some royal
or eminent person ; sometimes a document from a
scientific society.
Bullet-tree, Bully-tree. [Bot. ) A tree of Guiana,
a spec, of Mimusops, ord. Sapotacese ; having
very solid heavy wood, and cherry-like delicious
fruit.
Bullet-wood. (Bullet-tree.)
'Rvilh.^e.di, A/iller^s thumb. (Zool.) Large-headed
fish, four or five inches long, dark brown, with
spotted sides and white belly. Fresh-water
streams; Europe. Cottosgobio, fam. Trighidae,
ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Teleostei.
Bullion. [Fr. billon, copper.] Uncoined gold
and silver after smelting, often in bars or ingots.
Bull, John, = the English ; from the History
of John Bull ; or. Law is a Bottomless Pit, by Dr.
Arbuthnot, friend of Swift and Pope ; a political
Jeu (tesprit, satirizing national quarrels ; Lewis
Baboon being the Frenchman, Nick Frog the
Dutchman.
Bull, Papal. (Briefs.)
Bull's-eye. (Naut.) 1. A block made with-
out a sheave. 2. Hemispherical pieces of ground
glass to admit light below. 3. The central point
of a target.
Bull, Wild. [Heb. to, or t^o ; Isa. li. 20.]
(Bibl.) Spec, of large bovine antelope, pro-
bably Alcephalus bubalis.
Bulrush, i.e. large rush. If any particular
one be meant, it is Scirpus lacustris, ord.
C^peraceae ; its root astringent and diuretic,
once used in medicine. The name is often
applied to Typha latifolia.
Bulwark. [Ger. boUwerk, a fortification^ 1.
BUMS
87
BURL
Any artificial defence to keep off invaders. 2.
In a ship's sides, it means the protection raised
above the upper deck to keep off the waves.
Bnm-bailinl [Bound (?) and L.L. bailivus,
porter, lit. ivalker, errand-runner ; root ba, go\
Sheriff's officer, who serves writs and arrests for
debt.
Biunboat A clumsy boat used in traffic
between shore hucksters and vessels.
Bonunaree. 1. In Billingsgate, one who
buys from the salesmen and retails bonne maree
[Fr.], good fresh fish. 2. In a bad sense, a middle
man who makes too much out of both producer
and consumer.
Bompkin, Bmnking, or BormkiiL (Aa»/.)
1. A small boom ; one projects over each Ixjw
of the ship, to extend the clew of the foresail to
windward. %. Those on the quarters for the
blocks of the main brace. 8. A small outrigger
over the stern of a boat, on which a mizzcn is
usually extended.
Bongalow. In India, a kind of rural villa or
house, generally of one story, but of all sizes
and styles.
Ban^Tun, Buncombe. 1. = Constituent body,
as distinguished from Congress. A tedious
member for Buncombe, U.S., once, as members
left the House, continued the speech which "B.
expected." Hence, 2, mere speech-making.
Btmsen's borner. A tube in which, by means
of holes in the side, the gas becomes mixed with
air before consumption, so that it gives a non-
luminous, smokeless flame.
Bunt 1. (Smat) 2. Of a sail, the middle part,
made slightly b.-iggy (as it were bent) to gather
wind. S. In a furled sail, that part which is furled
over the centre of the yard. B. -lines, ropes to
turn up the foot of a course, or topsail, forward,
and thus diminish the effect of the wind.
Boater. A woman who picks up rags, and so
a low woman. Bunts are perhaps bent or
broken bits (Richardson).
Bnntine, Bunting. Thin woollen material, of
which ships' flags and signals are made (to bunt
being to sift meal ; the loose open cloth' used is a
^«M/m^-cloth. — Wedgwood).
Bnoyanoy; Centre of B. [Fr. bouee, origin-
ally baje, a buoy ; fastened by a chain or rope,
L.L. lx)ja.] The upward pressure of a fluid on
a body- wholly or partly immersed in it, which
equals the weight of the fluid displaced. The
cantre of gravity of the immersecl part of the
body supposed of uniform density, i.e. of the fluid
displaced, is the Centre of B. (Kankine, 122, 123).
Bur, Burr, Common. [Fr. bourrc, hair,flo<k.\
(Bot.) 1. The rough fruit of the burdock, Arctium
lappa, ord. ComposTtse, abundant in waste
places throughout Europe. 2. Rough edge left
m turning, engraving, etc., metal. 8. The lobe
of the ear. 4. The rough annular excrescence
at the root of a deer's horn. All these, with
similar words, from Gael, root borr = protrude,
sivell. — W ed g wood .
BurdelaiB, Burlace. A sort of grape (Johnson).
Burden, or Burthen. (Naut.) The amount of
tons weight which a ship can carry ; rather less
than twice her tonnage.
Burden. [Fr. bourdon, the drone stop in an
organ.] 1. Of a song, the refrain at the end of
each stanza. 2. The bass of the bagpipe.
Bureaucr&cy. Government by officials. [Coined
from Fr. bureau, a writing-table, an office, and
Gr. Kpdros, poioer, rule.]
Burette. [Fr., dim. of O.Fr. bure, a bottle.]
1. A cruet. 2. A graduated glass tube, used by
chemists for pouring out measured quantities of
liquid.
-burg, (-btiry.)
Burgage hold^g. Scotch tenure by which
lands in royal boroughs are held of the sovereign
under service of watch and ward.
Burgage tenure. Tenure of old borough
lands, site of houses, of a lord for rent ; a kind
of free socage.
Burgee. (Flag.)
Burgeon. (Bourgeon.)
Burghbote. An ancient impost for maintain-
ing the defences of a city.
Btirgeri ; Anti-burghers. The Session Chamber
of Scotland, A.D. 1745, who were for election z'.
patronage, but divided (i747) as to the lawfulness
of the oath taken by burgesses, to which the A.
objected. Reunited in 1820, they are now the
United Presbyterian Church.
Burgh-maiJA. (Scot. Lcnu.) Yearly payments
to (."rown, like Eng. fee-farm rents.
Burghmote. The old English name for the
boro-ugh court.
Burgomaster, Biirgermeitter. [Ger. and D.]
Chief magistrate of a municipal town, = mayor.
Burgonet, Burganet (Bourgogne). [O.Fr.
bourguignote.] Jhtrgundian helmet.
Burgoo. With sailors, oatmeal gruel seasoned.
Burgrave. [Ger. burg-graf.] Under the
Empire, a castellan having the right of private
justice and of imposing taxes, etc.
Burgtudy. (From Burgundi, a tribe of Van-
dals.) There were two kingdoms, Upper and
Lower B., before A.D. 1032 ; a third, nearly the
same as the province of B., from A.u. 880-1361 ;
it then became a dukedom. Upper B. .became
Franche-Comt^. B. forms the departments of
Yonne, Cote-d'Or, Saone-et-Loire, and Aix in
the E. of France.
Burgundy pitch. The purified resia of the
spruce fir, used for making plasters.
Buridan's ass. The ass between two bundles
of hay. John Buridan, Schoolman, fourteenth
century, propounded the problem that if the
bundles be equidistant from the ass, he will
starve from indecision, or else of two equal
attractions one is greater, or, thirdly, the ass has
free-will.
Burin. 1. A graver, the principal instrument
used in engraving on copper. Used, 2, meton.
= a style, a clear B., a soft B. [Cf. bore, L,
forare, Gr. it6pos, etc.]
Burking. A name for the practice of provid-
ing subjects for medical dissection, from a man
named Burke, who in 1820 obtained some by
murder. Hence to burke is to bring anything
suddenly or violently to an end, and hush it up.
Burl. [Fr. bourre, hair, Jlock, bourrelcr, to
rack.] To dress cloth, clearing it of the knots.
BURL
88
BUTT
Bnrlace. (Bxirdelais.)
Burleigh's nod, Lord. In Sheridan's Critic,
Lord B. says nothing, but gives his head a shake,
to which Puff gives an absurd amount of
meaning.
Burletta. A comic operetta. [It. burlare, to
jest, from which also burlesque.^
Barling. (BorL)
-bom, -boorne. [A.S. byrna, Ger. brunnen.]
Stream ; part of Saxon names, as in Ty-bum,
Brox-bourne.
Bomet, Common. {Bot. ) Sanguisorba oPTicT-
nalis, ord. Rosacece ; a native plant. Poterlum
sanguisorba is salad B., once grown for salads.
Borning-honse. The furnace in which tin
ore is burnt to remove the sulphur.
Burnish. [Fr. brunir, to folish.] To polish ;
as a neut. verb, to grow bright. (Varnish.)
Bturnisher. A tool with smooth hard round
surface, generally agate, for rubbing and bright-
ening gold leaf.
Bamt>ear. In corn. (Smut.)
Barrel. A pear, the red butter pear. (Bury
pear.)
Borrook. [A.S. burh, beorh, hill, -ock, dim.
suffix.] A small dam or weir for fishing pur-
poses.
Bursars. [L.L. bursarjus, a purser.^ 1. In
the English universities, the treasurers of col-
leges and halls. 2. In the Scottish and foreign
universities, persons aided in the costs of their
residence by grants from a burse or fund set apart
for that purpose. Bursary, in Scotland, the
grant or exhibition thus received.
Burschenshaft. [Ger.] An association formed
in 1815, among students in German universities,
for the liberation and union of Germany.
Burt. [Cf. Ger. butte, D. bot, a flat- fish. ^
(Zool.) Fish of turbot kind, fam. Pleuronectidae,
ord. Anacanthinre, sub-class Teleostel.
-bury, -burg, -burgh, -brough, -borough, -berry.
[Goth, baurgi-s, O.S. burg, A.S. byrig, fortified
post.] Part of Teutonic names. Often marks
site of a camp ; -bury is distinctively Saxon.
Bury pear, i.e. Beurre, as if butter pear.
Busby. (.Mil.) The head-dress worn by
hussars, artillerymen, and engineers in the army,
and consisting of a fur hat with a bag hanging
from the top on the right side.
Bush. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] The
brass or white metal lining of the bearing of an
axle or journal box, with which the revoUang
piece is actually in contact, and which takes the
wear caused by friction.
Bushel. [Fr. boisseau, L. buscellus, a vessel
for measuring grain.] A measure of eight gallons
or 22i8'2 cubic inches ; a Winchester B. was
2 1 50*4 cubic inches, and a heaped B. one third
more.
Bushman. (Bosjesman.)
Bushranger. One who roams about the woods ;
generally in a bad sense, as an escaped criminal.
Busiris. In Egypt. Myth., a being of whom
the most contradictory accounts are given by
ancient writers, some speaking of him as a king,
others affirming that the name meant simply the
tomb of Osiris.
Busk. To prepare, get one's self ready.
Buskin. [Gr. K6dopvos, and L. cothurnus.] 1.
The high-soled boot, reaching to the middle of
the leg, worn by tragic actors. 2. By meton.
= tiagedy ; so soccus, the flat-soled shoe of
comedians and slaves, = comedy. [Cf. Flem.
brosekin, from which also It. borzacchino, and
Fr. brodequin.]
Busking. {Naut.) 1. Piratical cruising. 2.
Beating to windward along, or standing on and
off from, the coast.
Buss. 1. A kiss [L. basium]. 2. {Naut.)
A two-masted Dutch fishing-boat, from 50 to
70 tons burden. 8. A herring-boat (British),
from 10 to 15 tons.
Bustard. [L. avis tarda, slo^v bird, Sp.
avutarda or abutarda.] {Ornith.) Fam. of birds.
Inhabits open districts in E. hemisphere. Two
spec, occasionally visit Great Britain: (i) Otis
[Gr. iiris, the eared ofie\ tarda, Great bustard,
about forty-five inches long ; plumage of male
white, pale chestnut, and black. (2) Otis tetrax,
Little bustard, about seventeen inches long, black
throat, with white collar and gorget. Ord.
Grallae.
But and ben. A Scotch term, applied to the
two rooms of a cottage, kitchen and parlour,
opposite to each other ; the speaker considers
himself as being in but.
Butcher-bird. (Shrike.)
Butcher's broom. Formerly used for sweeping
blocks ; a native plant, in bushy places and
woods, shrubby, evergreen ; Ruscus aculeatus,
ord. Liliaceae.
Butt. 1. Of beer, is 108 gallons. 2. [Fr.
butte, rising ground, knoll.] Earthen mound
placed behind a target for the purpose of check-
ing the further progress of balls.
Butte. [Fr.] An isolated high hill ; origin-
ally the rising knoll on which the butt or mark
stood.
Butter and eggs. Popular name for Narcissus
incomparabilis of the Mediterranean, common
in gardens ; also for the toad-flax (Linaria
vulgaris), in allusion to the two shades of yellow
in the flowers.
Butter-box. {Naut.) 1. A lumpy brig. 2.
A Dutchman.
Butter of antimony, tin, zinc. (Chem.) The
trichloride of antimony, bichloride of tin, chlo-
ride of zinc, being semi-fluid buttery substances.
Butter tree, huiian B., the kernels of which
yield a firm, white, rich butter, keeping fresh
for months. Bassia butyracea, ord. Sapo-
tacese. The African B., or Shea, is B. Parkii.
Button. The romui mass of metal left in a
cupel after fusion.
Button's. A cofTee-house in Russell Street,
Covent Garden, where wits assembled in Ad-
dison's time.
Buttress. [Fr. buttee.] A projection from a
wall, giving it greater strength ; so called from
its butting or pushing. Flying buttresses, ix.
buttresses connected by an arch either with
other buttresses or with the wall of the building,
seem first to have been used in the Lancet or
Early English style. (Geometrical style.)
BUTT
89
CABL
Butts. 1. The stoutest part of tanned ox-
hides, used for harness, etc. 2. A kind of door-
hinges (from being screwed on to the part which
butts against the casing).
Bntyrie add. An acid found in butter [L.
butyrum].
Buxom. In O.E., bough-some [cf. Ger.
biegsam, compliant, obedient, easily bmved, and
so flexible, brisk, lively ; but the word may be
connected with the Scand. pege, a maidgri].
(BonaLr.)
By. In competitions, the position of the
odd competitor drawn without a match in a
heat or tie.
-by. [Norse, abode, village, O.N. b^, fthtvll,
bu, dioelling-place ; cf. A.S. bOan, to dtvell, Gr.
^v, make to he, become. \ Part of names in Danish
and Norwegian districts.
By-and-by. Mark vi. 25 ; Luke xxi. 9 ; imme-
diately. [Gr. ^{ourflj, t\i9iai.\ (Presently.)
By-blow. An illegitimate child.
By-law, Bye-law. \Cf. Sw. by-lag.] 1. A
law for a particular " by," or town ; and so, 2,
laws for any special association, as a particular
railway, (-by.)
By, or Surprise, Plot. A plot, formed in
1603, for sci2ing James I., and compelling him
to grant free exercise of religion ; so called to
distinguish it from the Main Plot, formed at the
same time by George Brooke and others for
placing Arabella Stuart on the throne.
Byre. [A.S. bur, a chamber, from biian, to
diL'cll ; cf. boiocr.\ Cow-shed.
Byssiii. [Gr. ^\xiao%, a fine flax.\ Made of
bysse, or fine linen.
Byssus. [L., Gr. fiitrffos, afineflax.'\ "With
Greeks and Romans, as with us, the bundle of
silky filaments by which many bivalves adhere
to rocks, etc. The beautiful silky B. of the
Pinna was once woven into cloth, highly valued.
Bysant. (Bezant.)
Byiantine arohiteoture includes the several
styles from the foundation of Constantinople,
A.D. 328, to its conquest by the Turks, 1453.
Its typical ecclesiastical form, a Greek cross with
central cupola and apse, was fixed by the church
of St. Sophia at Constantinople, now the Great
Mosfjue.
Bysantine empire. The E. Roman, Eastern,
or Greek empire.
Bysantine historians. Greek historians, living
between the sixth and fifteenth centuries. Their
works were collected and published by order of
Louis XIV., in thirty-six vols., folio.
a
0. This letter is used in ancient MSB. as an 1
abbrev. for Caius, Caesar, Consul, Civitas, etc. ;
in the Roman law courts it was the sign of con-
demnation, in contradistinction to A, for Absolvo,
/acquit, the former being therefore called Litera
tristis, the latter Litera salutaris. As a numeral,
it denotes loo.
Caaba. The temple of Mecca ; so called from
the black stone worshipped there before the
time of Mohammed, and now seen in the north-
east comer of the building. The stone is pro-
bably an aerolite.
Cab. Mentioned only in 2 Kings vi. 25 ; the
smallest dry measure with the Jews; according
to Josephus, = aliout two quarts.
Cabal. [Fr. cabale.] In Eng. Hist., a name
given to the five Cabinet ministers of Charles II.
— Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley,
and Lauderdale — 1667-74, because the initials
of their names happened to form the word.
Cab&la. A Hebrew word, denoting the
general body of tradition interpreting the
canonical books in their figurative as well as
their direct sense, the Masorah, or unwritten
tradition, setting forth its literal meaning.
(Pharisees; Saddnoees; Talmnd.) As dealing
with the seconflary meanings of Scripture, the
Cabala became associated with magic, and the
Christian Cabalists made a profession of divining
by combinations of scriptural characters. (Sortes.)
Caballine. [L. caballinus.] 1. Belonging to
a liorsc- [caballus]. 2. As a subst., horse-aloes.
Cab&ret. [A Ft. word, of unknown origin.
with various meanings.] 1. A set of tea-things ;
properly, including a china tray. 2. A tavern,
public-house.
Cabas. [Fr.] A flat basket.
Cabbage. To steal pieces of cloth, said ot
tailors ; hence to pilfer generally.
Cabbling. Breaking up flat masses of iron to
be reheated and wrought mto bars.
Cabinet-pietnre. A small picture, generally of
a finished character, suitable for a small room
[Fr. cabinet].
CabIrL [Gr. ire(j3«pot.] Mystic deities, specially
worshipped in the northernmost islands of the
yl'Igean. Like that of Bacchus or Dionysos, their
worship was introduced from Syria, and their
name is identified with the Hebrew word
Gibborim, the mighty ones (Brown, Great
Dionysiak Myth). (Bacchanalian.)
Cable, {kaut.) The rope, or chain, to
which an anchor is made fast. A shot of C, two
spliced together. C. length in charts, i.e.
accurately = 6o7"56 feet, or -j^j of a sea mile.
C. distance, roughly about 600 feet. In making,
600 to 690 feet. A cablet, 720 feet. Ditto,
hawser laid, 780 feet. Cables are named after
the anchor with which they are used, as Stream
cable.
Cable-moulding. A bead-moulding, in later
Norman work, cut in imitation of the twisting
of a rope.
Cable's length, sometimes Cable-tow. Gene-
rally, 120 fathoms = 720 feet.
Cabling. A round moulding frequently
CABL
90
worked in the flutes of columns, pilasters, etc.,
in classical architecture. — Parker's Gloss, of
Architecture.
Cablish. [Gr. KarafioXfi, a throwing down,
through Fr. accabler, to overwhelm.'^ Brush-
wood, windfalls of wood.
Cabob. [Pers. cobbob, roast nuat.] A small
piece of meat roasted on a skewer.
Caboched, Cabashed. [Fr. caboche, /leacf.]
{Her.) Full-faced, and without neck.
Caboose, more correctly Camboose. [D.
kombnis, a cook's room.] {A'aut.) The kitchen
of a merchant ship.
Cabriolet. [Fr., from cabrioler, tobointd.'] A
one-horse carriage, having a hood and a seat for
two persons.
C&csenua. [Gr. Koxis, bad^ eJjua, blood.] A
bad state of blood.
Cacao, or Cocoa. The ground seeds of the
TheobromaC., ord. Sterculaceae. InW. Indies,
Brazil, etc. They contain a peculiar principle,
called Theobromine.
Cachalot [From the Catal. quichal, Sp.
quircal, a /t7^M (Littre).] {Zool.) Physeter ma-
crocephalus [Gr. ^varfrfip, a blower, ficucpoKt-
<pa\oi, long-headed], one of the largest Cetacea,
yielding ambergris, as well as spermaceti, but no
whalebone.
Cachectic. [Or. Kax«{fa, a bad state or habit
{Koicfi <{iy) of body.] In a state of cachexia.
Cache-marL {Ft., hide husband.] Slang for an
/pergne, or large flower-stand, on a dining-table.
Cacbepot. [Fr. cacher, to hide, pot, a J>ot.]
An ornamental case to hold a flower-pot.
Cachet, Lettres de. [Fr.] In France, before
the Revolution, letters under the private seal
[cachet] of the king, used at first to interfere
with the ordinary course of justice, and after-
wards for the illegal detention of citizens.
Caohinnatioii. [L. cachinnatio, -nem, cachinno,
I laugh aloud; cf. Gr. Kayxo^ow : onomatop.]
Loud, excessive laughter.
Cacbiri. A liquor like perry, made in Cayenne
from the manioc root.
Cacbolong. (Geol.) A beautiful hard white
opaque mineral, probably a variety of opal ; from
river Cach, Bokhara, cholong, (?) precious stone,
in Kalmuc. Faroe Islands, Greenland, etc.
Cacbolot, or Spermaceti whale. (Cachalot.)
Cacique, Casdque. [Hayt. word, adopted by
the Sp.] A name for chiefs of Indian tribes of
Central and S. America.
Cacochymy. [Gr. Kax6s, bad, x"M<^*> juice,
liquid.] (Med.) Bad condition of the juices or
humours.
Cacodemon. [Gr. KaKodainuv, from kukSs, bad,
Saifiaiv, as used in New Testament.] Evil spirit.
CacodyL [Gr. KaKciSris, stinking, v\ri, stuff.]
{Chem.) An inflammable liquid, prepared from
zinc and chloride of arsenic, and acting as a base.
Caooethes [Gr. rh KaKdriBes, ill habit] scri-
bendi. An itch, or passion, for scribbling.
Cacogpraphy. 1. Bad handwriting [Gr. Ka.K6t,
bad, ypd<pu, I -write]. 2. Bad spelling ; opposed
to Orthography [opflos, straight, right].
Cacophony, Cacophonia. [Gr. Kaxis, bad, (fxavTi,
sdund, voice.] 1. An ill-sounding effect in words.
CADU
2. Harshness in musical effect. 8. {Med.) A
depraved state of voice.
Cadastral Survey. [Fr. cadastre.] A survey
of an extensive tract of country, made with exact
instruments, such as the Ordnance Survey ; origin-
ally, one serving as a register [L. capitastruni],
regulating the imposition of taxes on real
property.
Cadaver. [L.] A corpse.
Caddis worm. Case worm. Larva of Phry-
gandidce [Gr. <pp\i'^o.vov, a faggot], Neuropterous
(or (?) TrkhoptCrous) insects ; living under water
in tube constructed of fragments of rush, stone,
etc.
Caddow, Caddess, Cadow. The young of the
crow. Richardson mentions the suggestion caw,
and dcnv or dow.
Cade. [L. cadus.] A cask.
Cade lamb. [(?) Fr. cadet ; or cf. Dan. kaad,
wanton, frolicsome (Wedgwood).] A pet lamb,
a somewhat spoilt child.
Cadence. [L. caddre, to fall.] 1. (Her.)
Family descent ; cadency. 2. (Music. ) The close
of a musical passage or phrase. If harmonized,
a Perfect C. is when the chord of the key-note
is preceded by the chord of the dominant ; a
Plagal C. is when the key-note is preceded by
the chord of the subdom., major or minor. All
other cadences are termed imperfect.
Cadene. [Fr. cadene, from L. catena, chain.]
An inferior Levantine carpet.
Cadet. [Fr. cadet, younger, L.L. capitettum,
little head.] Formerly meant the younger
branches of any noble family, but now applied
to young gentlemen who are being trained for
the profession of arms. Naval C, one training
for a midshipman on board a man-of-war.
Cadi, Kadee. [Ar., a judge.] (Alcaide.) With
Mohammedan nations, a judge, who passes
sentence in all cases of law ; in India, chief
judge ; in the dominions of the Ottoman sultan,
subject to the mufti.
Cadis. [Fr.] A coarse serge.
Cadit quaestio, [L.] The matter for discus-
sion falls to the ground ; there is an end of it.
Cadmeiau victory. [Gr. KoS/ie/a vikij.] A
victory won to one's own ruin, referring to the
story of the armed men who sprang up when
Cadmus sowed the dragon's teeth, and who slew
each other ; or, as some have said, to the fratri-
cidal war of Eteocles and Polyneikes, the sons
of (Edipus.
Cadmia. [Gr. Kalixda.] The old name for
Calamine.
Cadmium. [Gr. KoS/uta.] A soft white metal,
generally found in zinc ores, such as calamine.
C. yellow, used as a pigment, is its sulphide.
Cadogan. A teapot, filled from below.
Cadre. \Fx., frame, outline, from It. quadro.]
The nominal establishment of officers of a
regiment.
Caducary. [L. caducus, falling.] (Leg.)
Relating to lapse, escheat, forfeiture, or con-
fiscation.
Caducous. (Myth.) The staff of Hermes. The
word is probably a Latinized form of the Gr.
KvpvKfiov, or herald's staff.
CADU
91
CALA
Cadadbranohiate. [L. caducus, liable to fall,
Gr. fipdyx"^, S'^^s-] (Amphibia.)
Caducity. [L. caducus, fa/ling' or fallen.'\
1. A tendency to fall ; e.g. Bot., in the petals of
the cistus. 2. Feebleness.
Cadns. [L.] A large jar, especially of earthen-
ware, for wine.
Cseciibaii wine. The choicest Roman wine
before the age of Augustus.
CsBonm. [L. ccecus, hlitid.} A blind sac or
bag ; in man, the first portion of the colon.
Ceedmoa. An Old English poet of the seventh
century, who sang of the mysteries of creation
and redemption in alliterative (q.v.) verse.
CeBl&tQra. [L.] The Roman term for work-
ing raised, or partly raised, figures in metal.
Caen stone. From the quarries of C, Nor-
mandy ; a member of the Oolitic group. (Bath*
stone.)
Caer-. [Cf. Erse cathair, fortress.^ Part of
Cymric names, as in Caer-marthen.
Cses&rem vehis, Fortflnamqne ejus. [L.]
Thou carriest C. and his fortune. An apo-
strophe spoken to the ship in which C. sailed ;
applied to any vessel, carriage, train, etc.,
carrying some one precious in the eyes of the
speaker.
Cseearian operation (Pliny's belief being that
Caesar was named " a aeso matris fittro ").
Extraction of the foetus by incision of the ab-
domen. The same story is told of Macduff, and
of many of the large group of Fatal children.
CaBMuism. The theory of irresponsible de-
spotism.
Cteiinm. An alkaline metal, having a pair of
blue [L. caesius] lines in its spectrum.
CmIub. [L. csedo, I strike, slay.] A Roman
pugilist's leather strap of bull's hide, often
M'cighted with balls of lead or iron, bound round
the hands and arms ; a gauntlet.
C8Bt(lra. [L., a cutting, called also roft.4t and
comma, Gr. ki^/k/m.] In Pros., a pause or me-
trical break near the middle of the line, caused
by the separation of the first syllable of a foot,
forming the last of a word, from the next syllable,
which forms the first of another word ; as in the
Latin hexameter, e.g. '* Arma virumque cano |
Trojce qui primus ab oris."
CaetSra desnnt [L.] At the end of an in-
complete copy of a work : the remainder is
7vantins;.
CflBtiris p&rTbos. All other things being equal ;
e.^. C. P. a preference to natives of , in
awarding a scholarship.
Caffeine. {Vt. cafeine, from cafe, coffee.] The
essential principle of coffee and tea, also called
theine [theine, from the, tea]. (Alkaloid*.)
Caftwi, Kaft&n. [Turk, gaftan, a robe of
honour.] A robe, cloak, presented by the
sultan to visitors of distinction, especially to
ambassadors.
Cage. [Fr. cage, L. cavfa.] (Mech.) A
piece put over a valve, which, while giving the
valve freedom of motion, prevents it from being
displaced.
Cagliostro. (Balsamo.)
Cag-mag. [(>) Onomatop. from the effort of
eating.] Coarse, tough meat ; properly a tough
old goose.
Cagots. Gipsy-like people (? descendants of
ancient leper communities ?) in Beam and other
parts of Gascony ; once badly treated, and still
socially degraded. Similar are the Caqueux in
Brittany, and the Colliberts in Poitou, Maine,
Anjou. [Ca, Prov. = canis, dog (I. Taylor).]
Cahar. [Hind.] Palanquin-bearer.
Cahier. In Fr. Hist., a report of certain
assemblies and their proceedings ; e.g. of the
States-General, clergy, etc. ; lit. a writing-book,
of four learc'cs [L. quatemum].
Caimacan. (Kaimakan.)
Cainites. Gnostics of the second century,
who held Cain to have been the work of a
mighty power, Abel of a weak one ; and that
the way to be saved was to make trial of all
things, evil as well as good.
Cainosoic, CeenoEoic. (Neozoic.)
Caique, or Kaique. A small vessel of the
Levant. The Constantinople skiff, fast but
crank, whose traditional wave-line is the same
as the one reckoned a triumph of modern marine
architecture.
Qa ira. [Fr., that will go on, i.e. succeed.]
The refrain of the Carillon National, or Revolu-
tionary song of 1790.
Caird. [Ir. ceard.] A tinker, vagrant, tramp.
Cairn. [Gael, kaern, a heap.] 1. A heap of
stones, piled in memory of the dead over stone
chests, urns, etc., containing their remains;
Keltic. 2. Similar heaps used as marks in
trigonometrical surveys ; called in S. Africa a
pile. (Tumulus.)
Cairngorm stone. {Geol.) A brown or yellow
quartz crjstal, having a little oxide of iron or
manganese ; when brown-black it is called
Monon. In C. Mountains of Aberdeen ; near
Orleans ; in Brazil. (Quarts.)
Caisse. [Fr., L. capsa, a chest, case.] Case,
strong box, cashier's office. Livre de C, Compte
de C, cash-book, cash account. C. d'amortisse-
ment, sinkim^fund.
Caisson. [Fr. caisson, waggon, caisse, a chest,
L. capsa.] 1. (.4rch.) Sunk panels, lacunaria,
of flat or arched ceilings, etc., or of Soffits. 2.
A flat-bottomed frame of large timbers, used for
laying the foundations of a bridge. 3. Case
containing receptacles for shells, when they are
buried for explosion. 4. Ammunition-waggon.
Cajeput oil. The pungent, aromatic, volatile
oil of the Melaleuca C. of the Moluccas; ord.
Myrtaccje.
Calabar, or Ordeal, bean. The seeds of
Physostigma vcnenosum, a plant resembling our
scarlet runner, but with a woody stem ; employed
as an ordeal in \V. Trop. Africa in the case of
persons suspected of witchcraft.
Calabar sldn. The skin of the Siberian
squirrel.
Calabash [Sp. calaboza] ; for goblets, cups,
etc. 1. The hard shell of the fruit of the
Trop. American tree Crescentia, ord. Big-
noniaceic. 2. Vessel made of a dried ^«r</.
Caladlum. [Gr. KaKiOiov, basket.] A gen.
of plants, ord. Aroideae. W. Indian anu S.
CALA
92
CALC
American. Cultivated in hot-houses for their
beautiful spotted leaves, etc.
Calamanco. [Sp. calaraaco.] A glossy woollen
stuff.
Calamander wood. (Coromandel wood.)
Cal&m&ry. [Gr. KoKandptoi/, pen-case, ndKafios,
reedy pen.] Not to be confounded with Cala-
maria, whiich is a gen. of dwarf ground-snakes.
(Squid.)
Calambao. (Eagle-wood.)
Calambour. [Pers. halambak.] A fragrant
aloe-wood used by cabinet-makers.
Calamiferous plant. Producing a hollow,
knotted stem like a reed [L. calamus].
Calamine. [L. calamus, a reed.] (Min.)
Carbonate of zinc ; adhering in a reed-like form
to the base of the furnace when smelted.
Electric calamine is native trisilicate of zinc,
which is electric when heated. (Cadmia.)
Calamint. [Gr. •coAo/xfvOij.] (Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Lamiac^te, to which belong cat-mint,
basil, thyme, etc.
C^amite. [L. calamus, a reed.] (Geol.) A
frequent and characteristic gen. of fossil plants,
found chiefly and abundantly in the coal-mea-
sures ; resembling EquTseta.
Cal&mos. [\^.,recd.] 1. A gen. of grass-like
palms, E. Indian mostly, which furnish the
rattan canes of commerce. 2. In Exod. xxx.
23 ; Song of Sol. iv. 14 ; Ezek. xxvii. 19 ; the
yiveet cane ; probably the root-stock of an aro-
matic reed, the Acorus [Gr. 6,Kopos] calamus.
Cal&mQS root. Used with oils of cloves,
lavender, rosemary, in aromatic vinegar ; the
rhizome of Acorus [Gr. &Kopos] calamus, or Sweet
flag, ord. Aroidece. Brought from Asia in the
fifteenth century ; now naturalized in Europe.
Calando. [It. calare, to decrease.] (Music.)
Decreasingly, both as to sound and as to time.
Calandra. [Gr. KiKoj/ipa, a kind of lark.] 1.
(Omith.) A short-billed lark, the largest
European spec. (Cuvier). 2. (Entom.) C.
grandrta [L. granum, grain], C, dryza [tpv^a,
rice], etc.. Corn iverjil. Rice W., etc. Gen. of
weevils, KhyiuSphdra \plrf)io^i snout, ^optlv,
wear], long-snouted beetles, whose larvae are
destructive of com, rice, etc.
Calash. [Slav, kolaska.] 1. A four-wheeled
carriage, opened or shut by a movable hood. 2.
The hood itself. 3. A large hood, protecting
the head, for going out at night ; worn by
ladies.
Calathiform. Of the shape of a daskct [L.
calathus].
Calatrava, Order of. An order of Spanish
knighthood, instituted by Sancho III. of Castile,
1 1 58.
Calcaire grossier. [Ft., coarse limestone.] (Geol.)
A member of the Middle Eocene of the Paris
basin, and representative of Bracklesham Eocene,
is composed of fossil marine molluscs and fora-
minifera, and is the building stone of Paris.
Calcaneom, or Os calcis. [L.] The heel-bone.
Calcar. [L. calcaria, limekiln.] An oven
used for calcining sand and potash in glass-
making.
Calcarate flower. Having a spur [L. calcar].
A hollow projection from the base of the petals ;
as in larkspur and some orchids.
Calcareous. [L. calcarius, of or belong to
lime.] (Geol.) Containing a considerable amount
of lime.
Caloeolate. (Bot.) Of the shape of a slipper
or small shoe [L. calceolus] ; e.g. calceolaria.
Calcination. (Calx.)
Calcitration. [L. calcUro, / kick.] The act
of kicking.
Caloinm. A malleable pale yellow metal, the
basis of lime [L. calx].
Calcium light. A white dazzling light ; that
of the melting at red heat, under a current of
air, of calcium, a metal present in various com-
pounds o{ lime [L. calx, calcis].
Caloogfr&phy. [L. calx, lime, Gr. yp<l(f>fiv, to
write.] The art of drawing with chalk.
Calc-sinter. [Ger. sinter, dross.] Incrustations
deposited by siliceous and by calcareous springs
arc Siliceous sinter and Calc-sinter.
Calc-spar, Calcareous spar, Calcite. (Geol.)
Crystallized carbonate of lime ; found in nu-
merous forms and degrees of purity.
Calc-tuft, Calcareous tuft. Chemically, nearly
i.q. marble ; but cellular, spongy, generally
friable ; sometimes good for building, e.g. the
Travertine at Rome.
Calculating-machine. A mechanical con-
trivance by which arithmetical operations (ad-
dition, multiplication, etc., of numbers) can be
performed. Napier's rods (or Napier's bones)
are an early form of machine for multiplying and
dividing numbers. Another was Pascal's. Of
later forms, the best known is Babbage's C.-M.,
which is, strictly speaking, a difference machine,
i.e. it is adapted for calculating a series of
numbers separated from each other by a common
difference ; by means of subsidiary contrivances,
the common difference can be varied ; the
machine is therefore adapted for the calculation
of mathematical tables, such as tal)les of the
logarithms of numbers, etc. Another well-
known modern machine is that of M. Thomas,
of Colmar.
Calciilas. [L., a small stone.] (Med.) A
hard, stony secretion in any part ; most frequently
applied to a concretion in the bladder.
Calculus of finite differences ; Differential C. ;
Integral C. ; C. of variation. A collection of rules
or theorems applicable to calculations performed
with certain defined classes of magnitudes.
Conceive two magnitudes connected in such a
manner that a change in the one necessitates
a corresponding change in the other, e.g. the
radius and the area of a circle. Any corre-
sponding changes which these two magnitudes
undergo are called their differences. If these
differences are finite, a collection of theorems
may be formed having reference to the relations
existing between them, and such a collec-
tion of theorems is called the C. of Jinite
differences. If the differences are indefinitely
small, such as would occur when the change
takes place continuously, we have the Differential
C. The theorem of the Integral C. relates to
the total finite result of a continuous change,
CALD
93
CALL
the rate of which at each point is known, i.e.
to the determination of functions from their dif-
ferential coefficients. These and similar calculi
are commonly carried out into numerous details ;
and, in particular, most treatises on the Diffe-
rential and Integral C. explain the applications
of these calculi to questions of geometry, etc.
It is not unusual to speak of the differential
and integral calculus as The C, on account of
its numerous applications to physical questions,
most changes in nature being continuous. (For
C. of variation, vidt Iw-.)
Calda. [L. and It.] Warm spiced wine and
water.
Caldarlmn. [L.] In the Roman baths, the
chanil>er containing the warm bath.
Caldas, Caldelas. In Spain and Portugal,
•warm springs, from which many places are
named ; e.g. C. da Rainha, etc.
Caldehe, Calaah. [Fr. caleche.] A light
carriage for four, with movable top and sepa-
rate seat for driver.
C&led5nia. Scotland, north of Firths of Clyde
and Forth, under the Romans.
Calefacient. [L. cal£facientem,ma>(^m/u/arm.]
Cau-sing a sensation of warmth ; e.g. a mustard
poultice.
Calembeg. A kind of olive-green sandalwood.
Calembonr. [Fr.] A pun : " le nom de
I'abbc de Calemberg, personnage plaisant de
contes allcmands," Littre ; who compares es-
pit^le, sprightly, harmlessly mischin>ous, espi^-
glerie, sharp saying— a, word which passed into
Ft. from a translation of the life of Till Eulen-
spiegel, Owts Looking-glass, a German, circ.
1480, famous for petites fourheries inganeuses.
Calendar, Jolian, Gregorian. (Calends.) 1.
A rqjistcr or list of things, as a C. of .State
papers. 2. A book or table containing the
order and sequence of all the days of the year ;
an almanac ; an £phemeris [Gr.]. In \.he Julian
C. the year is = 305 days ; but every fourth year
has an additional day, = 366 days. In the
Gregorianox Reformed C, threeof these additional
days are omitted in the course of 400 years ; so
that only 97 years in the 400 are 366 days long.
The rule is that the year consists of 366 days
when its number is divisible by 4, as A.u.
18S0, 1884, etc. ; but it consists of 365 days when
its number, though divisible by 4, consists
exactly of centuries and is not divisible by 400 ;
thus, A.I). 1900 will have only 365 days, but
A.u. 2000 will have 366 days.
Calendars, The three. In the Arabian Nights'
Tales, sons of kings disguised as b^[ging der-
vishes.
Calendering. The process of passing linen or
calico. between cylinders, so as to flatten out the
threads and give a closer texture.
Calends. [L. calenda?.] In the Roman
calendar, the first days of each month. The
Greek month had no Calends : hence the phrase
" Greek Calends " is equivalent to the 30th of
February, iron., = never.
Calenduline. Mucilaginous matter found in
the leaves of common marigold (Calendilla
ofncioalis).
Calenture. [Sp. calentiira.] An ardent fever,
mostly attacking seamen when sailing into hot
climates, the sufferer often imagining the sea a
green field ; the term nearly obsolete.
Calfat. (Nant.) (Caulk.)
Calf 8 skin = part of a fool's dress, in Shake-
speare's time.
CaU. (KaU.)
Calibre. [(?) Fr. of the sixteenth century,
cqualibre, L. equilibrium ; Littrd suggests
Ar. kalib, a form, mould. \ 1. The bore of a
gun, diameter of a bullet. 2. Meton. quality,
power. C. of a ship, the known weight repre-
sented by her armament, 3, To calibrate a
thennometer-tube is to ascertain the size of its
bore.
Calidore, Sir. [Gr, KoXis, fair, Supov, gift.]
In Spenser's Fairy Qtteeti, type of courtesy,
meant for Sir Philip Sydney.
Caliduct. [L. calulus, hot, duco, / lea^/.] A
flue for hot air or water. (Caloriduot.)
Caligation. [L. calTgatio, -nem.] Darkness,
mistinos.
Caligorant. In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, a
giant entangled in his own net, and captured by
Astolnho ; type of a sophistic heretic,
Cahgraphy. Not so correct as Calligraphy
Calila and Dimna. (Panchatantra.)
Calin. [F"r.] An alloy of lead and tin, used
by the Chinese for tca-canistcrs, etc.
Calipash and Calipee. (Callipash.)
Caliph [Ar. khalif] = a lieutenant or deputy,
i.e. of Mohammed ; a title at first given to the
sovereigns of the Muslim Arabs, as successors,
vicars, spiritually, of the prophet ; but generally
applied to certain dynasties only of Mohammedan
sovereigns.
Caliphat. In the Hist, of Islam. 1. The
office of the successor and vicegerent of Moham-
med. But the question of the true representation
of the prophet has been often fiercely debated,
(Abbasides; Fatimites; Onuniad Caliphs; Shia;
Suni.) 2. The country subject to the caliph,
Calippio. (Cycle.)
Calisaye bark. One of the best kinds of
Peruvian bark, valuable as a source of a quinine.
Caliver. An old word for a musket (q.v.).
(Another form of Calibre.)
Caliztines. 1. A branch of Hussites ; called
also Utraquists, who demanded the cup [L.
calix] for the laity, or administration in each
fart [in utraque parte] of the sacraments.
2. Followers of George Calixtus, or Callisen,
Lutheran di\'inc, seventeenth century, who was
for reuniting Roman Catholics, Lutherans, etc.,
on the basis of the Apostles' Creed.
Calk. [ Probably from L, calco, / tread in,
stuff. '\ 1. To stop with tow the seams, or leaks,
of vessels. Calkers, £zek, xxvii. 9, 2. I.q. cal-
culate [L, calculus, a pebble]. Calkings, i.e.
calculations, as of nativities, etc.
Calk, Calkin. In the heel [L, calx] of a horse-
shoe, a sharp-pointed armature to prevent slip-
ping on ice, etc.
Call. 1. A demand from shareholders of a
public company for an instalment if the capital
CALL
94
CAMA
is not all paid up. 2. (SiocMroi.) (Put and
eaU.)
Callidity. [L. callidita, -tern.] Shrewdness ;
lit. as of a practised, hardened person [callum,
iAirJb sh'/t].
Calligraphj. [Gr. KaWtypa(pla, from ndWos,
beauty, ypdipu, I write.\ Good, beautiful hand-
writing.
Calliope. [Gr., beautiful-voiced. '\ The Muse
of epic or heroic poetry.
Callipash and Callipee. [(?) Corr. of Carapace
(.q.v.), or (?) of Calabash.^ 1. The turtle's upper
and under shell respectively. 2. The green fat
of the one, and the yellow flesh of the other, in
Chelone viridis, green turtle.
Calliper-compasses ; Callipers. Compasses with
bowed legs for measuring the diameters of
cylinders. (Calibre.)
Callisthenios. Gymnastics, exercises of
strength [Gr. trOeVos], only to develop grace
[/coAXos] ; not as feats of strength or activity.
CalUato. (HosM.)
Callosity. [L. cJtllosita, -tem.] Hardness of
skin. (Callidity.) \
Callow. [O. E. caluw, colo ; (?) cf. L. calvus,
bald.'\ Unfledged, tender, as young birds in the
nest.
Callfbia. [Gr. KoWiivu, I make beauti/ul.'\
(Bot. ) A gen. of plants, ord. £rice£e, having one
spec. Vulgaris, Common heath.
Callus. 1. New bony growth, uniting fractured
ends. 2. Sometimes i.q. callosity.
Calorie. The (imaginary) principle of heat
(L. calor] ; it was supposed to be a fluid sub-
stance diffused, but unequally, through all
bodies, aiid producing the sensible effect of
heat.
Caloriduct. [L. calSrem, heat, duco, I lead. ^^
A better form than Caliduet (t/.v.).
Calorifere. [Fr., L. calor, heat, fero, /bring.]
A stove.
Calorimeter ; Calorimetry. [L. calor, heat, Gr.
fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for ascertain-
ing the quantity of heat required to raise a given
quantity of a given substance from one specified
temperature to another, or to make it change its
state, e.g. from ice to water, or from water to
steam. Calorimetry is measurement of quantities
of heat, which must be distinguished from mea-
surement of temperature.
Calotte. [Fr.] A skull-cap, worn by eccle-
siastics.
Calottistes [Fr.], or Begiment de la Calotte.
A bold satirical society {temp. Louis XIV.), whc
sent to any public character who had made
himself ridiculous, a calotte or skull-cap for the
weak part of his head.
Oalotype. [Gr. Ka\is, fair, rlnros, type.] A
method of photography in which a negative
picture is obtained on paper covered with iodide
of silver.
Caloyer. [Mod. Gr. KoXSytpos, good old man,
from KoXis, good, yipaiv, old man.] A general
name for monks of the Greek Church. There
are also C. nuns. All follow St. Basil's rule
only.
Caltlia. [L.] {Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord.
Ranunculaceae ; the marsh marigold (C. palustris)
is a well-known British plant, with large yellow
cup-shaped flowers, blooming in marshy places
in early spring.
Caltrop. [A.S. coltrjeppa.] 1. {Bot.) A
small prostrate plant, Tribulus terrestris. Ord.
Zygophyllacese. In S. Europe. It has prickly
fruit, dangerous to the feet of cattle. 2. {Mil.)
An iron instrument, with four points so arranged
that, three being in the ground, the fourth pro-
jects upwards. Used for harassing the enemy's
cavalry, as by Bruce at Bannockburn.
Calomba root. The bitter tonic root, large,
fleshy, deep yellow, of the Jateorhiza palmata of
Mozambique. Ord. Menispermacese.
Calumet, or Peace-pipe, of N. -American
Indians, with long reed stem and marble bowl ;
smoked, by representatives of both sides, in
making a treaty.
Calvary. [L. calvarium, a skull = Gr.
Kpavlov (Luke xxiii. 33).] A representation of
the Passion, with the figures of St. John and the
B.V. Mary, generally life-size, in a church or
on some eminence.
Calver. To shrink, when cut, not falling in
pieces ; said of fish, especially salmon, prepared
in a particular way, when fresh and firm.
Calville. A kind of apple. White winter C,
grown on the Continent, is a choice variety.
Calvinists. (Eccl.) The followers of Calvin,
the head of the Reformed Church in Geneva, in
the sixteenth century. (Sublapsarians.)
Calx. [L., quicklime.] A term derived from
the alchemists, = the products of calcination,
i.e. of the heating or roasting the various metallic
ores.
C&lycfilus. [L., dim. of calyx {g.v.).] 1.
{Bot.) A partial involucre, containing but one or
perhaps two flowers. 2. The external bracts of
a capitulum, when they form a distinct ring or
rings. — Treas. of Botany. Adj., Calyculate.
Calyon. [Fr. caillon.] Flint, pebble stone,
used in building houses, walls, churches, e.g. in
eastern counties.
Calypso. [Gr. Ka\v\\i(S>.] In the Odyssey, a
nymph or sea-goddess who detains Odysseus
(Ulysses) for seven years on his way home to
Ithaca. She is the Venus of the Tanhaiiser
legend, and the Fairy Queen in that of Thomas
of Ercildoune.
Calyptra. [Gr. KoXvirrpa, a woman^s veil.]
{Bot. ) The hood of a moss.
Calyx. [L., Gr. koXd^, the cup of a flower.]
The external envelope of a flower.
Calzoons. [Corr, of Fr. calefon or It. calzoni.]
Drawers.
Cam. [A Gael, word.] 1. Crooked. \Cf
KifiitTu, I bend, L. camurus, crooked.] The rivers
Cam ; More-cambe, crooked sea, one of which
the coast takes many bends. 2. {Mech.) A
single tooth which either rotates continuously or
oscillates, and drives a sliding or turning-piece
either constantly or at intervals.
Camaieu. [Fr.] A painting executed in
different shades of one colour only ; and thus
resembling a cameo {q.v.).
CamaU. [Fr,, Prov. capmail ; L. caput,
CAMA
95
CAMP
head, and maille, a mesh, L. macula.] 1. A
coat of mail, covering head and shoulders.
2. A clerical short cloak, like in shape, but
longer.
Camaldillites. Benedictine monks, established
at Camaldoli, in the eleventh century.
Camaraderie. [Fr.] Good fellowship.
Camarilla. [Sp., L. camera, a chamber^] A
stnall room or audience chamber of the king ;
and so = his secret cabinet.
Cambel and Triamond. Inpersonations of
friendship, Spenser's Faery Qtieen, bk. iv.
Camber. [Fr. cambre, arched.] The con-
vexity on the upper side of a beam, to prevent its
bending under the weight it has to sustain.
Camber, To. [Gr. ko/xttw, I bend, L. camfirus,
crooked.] 1. To curve planks. 2. (A'a«/.) C.
baeked keel, one slightly arched, but not enough
to constitute actual arching (</. v.). 8. A C, a
place for storing and cambering timber.
Cambistry. The science of money exchanges.
[L. cambiare, to barter, whence Fr. changer.]
Cambium. [L. cambio, / exchange.] 1. A
viscid secretion in spring, between the bark and
alburnum (q.v.), the supposed material of new
wood and bark. 2. A (supposed) restorative of
bodily wear, residing in the blood.
Camboge. (Damage.)
Cambrai, League of. An alliance, 1508,
between the pope, the emperor, France, and
Spain, against Venice.
Cambrai, Peaee of. A treaty between France
and the emjK-ror, 1529.
Cambranne. [Fr. cambr^sine.] A kind of
fine linen, like cambric (Cambrai, the place of
manufacture),
Cambria. Old name of Wales; land of
Cymry.
Cambrian, Cumbrian. Professor Sedgewick's
term for some of the oldest known fossiliferous
rocks, underlying the true Silurian ; occurring
extensively in Wales (Cambria) and in Cumber-
land.
Cambuaean. The model king in Chaucer's
Squire s Tale. (Canaoe.)
Camden Soeiety. (In honour of Wm. Camden,
buriwl at Westminster, 1623.) Publishes early
historical and literary remains.
Came. Lead cast into thin rods, used for
framing the glass of casements.
Camel. [Gr. K(£/i7iAof, a Semit. word.] 1.
(Zool.) A ruminant. The two spec, of this
gen. are the common camel and the Drometlary.
2. (Naut.) A wooden case enclosing a ship, to
float it over shallows.
Camelopard. [Gr. Ka^i;Xoir(£p8iA<f, from
KifjLTiKos, a camel, wipi&Kis, a pard, panther, etc.]
{Zool.) C/r<z^ [Ar. zurafa] ; a ruminant. The
tallest extant quadruped, and the only spec, of
its gen. and fam. Nubia and adjacent south-
west open country of Africa. Ord. Ungulata.
(Wrongly pronounced cameleopard.)
Camelot. The city in which Arthur had his
court and his Bound Table.
C&milus saltat. [L.] The camel is dancing;
said of one doing something very unlike his usual
habits.
Camense. [L.] Latin deities whose names,
as shown by the forms Carmcntis and Carmenre,
were connected with [carmen] song. Hence
they were identified with the Greek Muses.
Cameo. [Fr. camaieu and camee. It. cameo,
and L.L. camseus.] Carving, in relief, of shells ;
and of agate, onyx, sard : opposed to Intaglio,
an incising ; as for a seal.
C&mer&, In. [L.] /« a chamber, privately.
Cameralistios. [L. camera, a chamber.]
Science of public finance.
C&mera l&clda. [L., a bright chamber.] An
optical instrument invented by Dr. Wollaston,
in 1807. Originally a four-sided prism of glass
set in a brass frame ; used by artists for obtaining
an accurate outline of a distant object. The
faces are inclined at such angles that, when it is
placed in a proper position, light from the object
after two internal reflexions forms, on — or more
strictly behind — the paper, an image which the
artist can then trace.
C&mira obsoftra. [L.] A darkened chamber
or box, in one of the walls of which is placed a
convex lens or combination of lenses, by
means of which the image of an external object
can be formed on a screen placed in a proper
position ; in the form used by photographers
It is often spoken of simply as a Camera.
Camerel, Cambrel. A wooden notched crook,
by which large pieces of meat are hung. [Cj.
cam ('/.z'.) and L. camurus, crookea, in E. Ang.
croopit.\
Camerlengo = Chamberlain. The pope's
Minister of Finance, and of civil aflairs gene-
rally ; temporary head of the Church " sede
vacante ; " sole head in things temporal ; assisted
by other cardinals in things spiritual,
Cameroniana. 1. (Richard Cameron, killed
16S0.) Resisting Charles II. 's attempts to settle
Church government, became a definite sect,
after 1688 ; a very small body now. 2. The 26th
Light Infantry ; raised from the Cameronians
in 1688.
Camlsards, The. (Fr. Hist.) Insurgents in
the Cevennes Mountains, at the beginning of the
eighteenth century ; so called from the white
shirt or jacket which they wore to recognize
each other by night. (Dragonnades.)
Camlet. [Fr. camelot, from Gr. Ka/zTjXwr^, a
caiiufs skin.] 1. A fine cloth made of goat's
hair. 2. A similar cloth made of wool mixed
with linen or cotton.
Camouflet. [Fr. ; origin very uncertain ; see
Littrc* {s.v.).] 1. A puff of smoke in the face.
2. An affront. 8. A small mine established from
the galleries of a besieged fortress, in the wall of
an enemy's gallery, for the purpose of blowing
in the latter.
Camoua, Camoused, Camoys. [(?) Cf. L.camus,
Gr. Kv/i^s.a muzzle.] Depressed, as the negro's
nose.
Campagna, Campagna di Boma. [It.] An undu-
lating, unhealthy, uncultivated plain surrounding
Rome, including the larger part of the ancient
Latium ; the ground almost entirely volcanic.
Campagnol. [Fr. campagne, country.] (Zool.)
A kind of field-mouse, Arvicola arv&lij.
CAMP
96
CANE
Campanile. The Italian name for a bell-
tower, the structure in Italy being usually or
often detached from the church.
Campanology. [L.L. campana, a bell, and Gr.
\ityo%, discourse. '\ Knowledge of bells and of the
art of ringing.
Campanolate. {Bot.) Shaped like a bell
[L.L. campanula].
Campeachy wood. (Logwood.)
Campeador. [Sp.] A champion.
Camp equipage. Includes the tents, bedding,
implements, and utensils used by an army when
encamped.
Camp fight. Trial of a cause by duel or combat,
Camphene, Camphilene. An artificial camphor
obtained from turpentine.
Camphine. A spirit of turpentine obtained
from the Pinus australis of the S. States of
America. Used for burning in lamps.
Camphire. [Heb. cophcr, Gr. Kxnepos.'\ In
Song of Sol. i. 14 and iv. 13 ; a small shrub,
Lawsonia inemiis, with white and yellow sweet-
scented flowers ; its leaves yielding the henna of
the Arabs, used to dye the nails, palms, etc.
Camphor. [Ar. kafru.] A solid essential oil,
distilled from the wood of the Laurus camphora.
Malay, Borneo, Sumatra, or hard C, is found in
masses in the Dryobalanops aromatica. By some
chemists all volatile oils which are concrete at
ordinary temperatures are called Camphors.
Campion. {Bot.) The English name for the
spec, of the gen. Lychnis, ord. Caryophyllaceae.
Campo Santo, [li.. Holy fielJ.] 1. A ceme-
tery ; especially, 2, one for persons of dis-
tinction ; so called from that of Pisa.
Camas, Camis. A light tunic. [L. camisia, a
night-gou-'H ; whence Pr. chemise.]
Camwood. A red dye-wood, mostly from
Sierra Leone ; used also in ornamental turnery ;
from a leguminous shrub, Baphia nitida.
Can, Ken, Kin. [Cf. Gael, cenn, head.'\ Part
of a name, as in Ken-more, Can-tire.
Canaanite. Matt. x. 4 ; a misprint for Can-
anite ; most likely from Heb. kana, to be zealous,
and = Zelotes, Luke vi. 15, the Zealot (q.v.).
Canace. A model woman, daughter of Cam-
buscan {q.v.) ; owner of the mirror which showed
the true or false lover, and of the ring which
explained the language of birds.
Canada balsam. An olco-resin from the balm
of Gilead fir, Abies balsamea, which grows
abundantly in Canada and Northern U. S. It is
used for making colourless varnish.
Canada clergy reserves. One-seventh of all
lands in Upper C, and of those of the townships
in Lower C. ; with which in 1853, by 16 Vict.,
the Legislature was empowered absolutely to
deal, life-interests being untouched.
Canaille. [Fr., mob, rabble. It. canaglia, lit.
a pack of dogs. \ The likeness in form and mean-
ing to L. canalicolae is accidental.
Canakin. [Dim. of <:««.] A cup, or small can.
Canaliculate. {Bot. and Anat.). Channelled,
h2i\'mgSL stnall passage ox furrozu [L. canaliculus].
Canard. [Fr., a duck.] A French satirist of
the last century told a story of a number of ducks
which devoured their companions as each was
killed, until one only remained, with the flesh
of all in his stomach. This story, made up in
ridicule of travellers' tales, was revived more
recently for the same purpose in America, and
the word has thus come to denote an extravagant
tale or hoax.
Canariensis. (Bot.) A common garden name
for Canary creeper (Tropaeolum peregrlnum).
Ord. Geraniacece.
Canaries. A lively dance of former times, in
f time, imported, it is said, from the Canary
Islands ; though probably it had been exported
thither previously from Normandy by Eethen-
court, who invaded them in the fourteenth cen-
tury (£ng. Cyclop.). To canary is an obsolete
verb.
Canary, or Sack. Wine made in the C.
Islands.
Canary wood. (From the colour.) A light
S. -American wood used for cabinet-work, etc.
Canaster. [Sp. canasta, a basket.] A coarse,
dry smoking tobacco, originally brought from S.
America in rush baskets.
Can-buoys. (Naut.) Large, cone-shaped
buoys over shoals, sunken vessels, etc.
Canoelier. [Fr. chanceler, to stagger, reel.]
To waver in flight ; to turn upon the wing ; said
of a hawk.
Cancellate. [L. cancelli, plu., railings, a lat-
tice.] (Bot.) Consisting of a network of veins.
Cancelled ticket. (A^aut.) One with the
corner cut off for bad conduct, still valid, as
showing the time of a sailor's past services.
CancellL [L.] 1. Rails in a basilica sepa-
rating the court from the audience ; whence the
Eng. chatuel. 2. A gate of rails or lattice-work.
(Carceres.)
Candelabrum. [L.] Candlestick or lamp-
holder.
Candent. [L. candentem, glowing "with heat.]
In a state of white heat.
Canderos. A clear white Indian resin.
Candidates. [L. candidatus, clothed in white.]
Applicants for public offices in Rome ; so called
either from their then wearing a white toga or
putting white marks on their dress.
Candide. Hero of Voltaire's Candide, a cynical
optimist indifferent to accumulated misfortunes.
Candleberry. (Bayberry.)
Candlemas Day. The festival of Purification
of B.V. Mary ; numerous candles having been
used, in reference (?) to Luke ii. 32. (Hypa-
pante.)
Candle-waster. One who keeps late hours, as
spendthrift or as student.
Candock. A weed that grows in rivers. —
Johnson.
Candour, Mrs. In Sheridan's School for Scandal,
a slanderous gossip, " with a very gross affecta-
tion of good nature and benevolence."
Candroy. A machine used in preparing
cotton cloths for printing.
Candy. 1. A weight of 20 maunds, either in
Madras or Bombay. 2. A dry measure of 24^
English bushels.
Canella. [Fr. cannelli, dim. of canne, cane.]
(Bot.) White cinnamon, or White^vood bark, the
CANE
97
CANT
bark of the young branches of C. alba, of W.
Indies and S. America ; stomachic and stimulant
tonic.
C&n§ph5ri. [Gr. Kcanj<p6poi.] In Gr. Ant.,
figures bearing on their heads baskets with the
materials for sacrifice. (Caryatidea.)
Canefloent. [L. canesco, / g^row wAtU.]
Growing white.
Cane-sugar. The non-fermenting sweet ele-
ment in cane, maple, beet-root, etc. (Olnoose;
Sucrose.)
Cane-trash. The dry splinters, used as fuel,
into which sugar-canes are turned after their
third compression, in sugar-making ; called also
Bagasse, from Sp. bagazo, a residuum.
Cangica wood. A yellowish-brown S.-Ameri-
can wood, used for cabinet-work, etc.
Canicular [L. canicula, belonging to the Dog-
star] period; C. year. The C. year was the
fixed year of the Egyptians, of 365J days,
reckoned from one heliacal rising of the Dog-
star to another, as distinguished from the
wandering year of 365 days, by which they
regulated their festivals. (For C. period, viae
Sothic period.)
Canldia. [L.] A sorceress in Horace.
Canister-shot. Cylindical tin cases containing
a number of shot which scatter as they are dis-
charged from the gun.
Canker. [L. cancer, crab.^ 1. In the horse's
foot, a fungoid growth between the hoof and
the sensitive part. 2. In the dc^'s ear, inflam-
mation of the lining membrane. 8. {Bot.)
(Bedeguar.)
Canker- worm. [Heb. yeleg.] (Bibl.) Larva
of l«x:ust.
Cann&bis s&tiva. [L., Gr. K<£c**&j3a.] Common
hemp.
Cannel-eoal, i.e. tandle-eoal. Coal of a kind
not lustrous, nor soiling the fingers ; compact,
breaking conchoidally ; burning readily, giving
out a clear yellow flame, without melting.
Cannibals. Devourers of human flesh, called
by the Greeks Anthrojwphagoi. The origin of
the word is uncerlain : it may be a corruption of
the name Carilil)ce.
Cannon or Shank of a horse's leg. [L. canna,
a reed.] The front and largest bone of the three
between the knee and the fetlock, the two
smaller an<l hinder bones being splinti.
Cannon-ball tree. Couroupita Guiancensis. A
Trop. American tree. Ord. Myrtacex ; so
called from a])i)carance of fruit.
Cannuck, Cunnick, Canuck. [Amer.] Nick-
name for a Canadian.
Canon. [Gr. koviSiv, a ru/e.] 1. Any rule or
principle, as the canons of criticism. 2. Laws and
ordinances of ecclesiastical Councils ; whence the
C. law made up of them. 3. The C. of Scrip-
ture, the authorized catalogue of the sacred
books. 4. In cathedral and collegiate churches,
one who performs certain services in the church,
and is possessed cf certain revenues connected
with them. 6. In Music, a perpetual fugue, the
production of harmony by the parts, each of them
taking the same melody, but beginning it at
separate times. Tallis's Evening Hymn is a C.
of two parts. 6. In Printing, a large type, seldom
used except in posting-bills. 7. (A/af/i.) A
general rule or formula for the solution of mathe-
matical questions. 8. A table of the numerical
values of sines and tangents of angles was called
the Tri^nometrical C. 9. The solar table con-
structed by Hipparchus to show the place of
the sun with respect to the fixed stars was called
theC.
Canon. [Sp. ; one of very many words meaning
a hollow, or tube-like form ; e.g. Gr. Kii/va., L.
canna, cane.] A deep gorge or ravine between
high and steep banks worn by a stream of water.
The term is in common use in the territories of
the U.S. bordering on Mexico.
Canonical hours. The name given to the
seven hours for devotion, imposed on the clei^ of
the Latin Church by Canon law, namely, matms,
with lauds, prime, terce, sext, none, vespers,
compline. (Breviary.)
Canonization [Eccl. L. dLnon, a list or roll],
which succeeds beatification (q.v.), enrols a de-
ceased person among the saints.
Canon Law. Regulates the discipline of the
Church of Rome ; being made up of various
books of Decretals (q.v.), decrees of popes,
and Canons of Councils.
Cant, Cantle. [Fr. chanteau, L.L. cantellus.]
1. A corner, an edge. 2. The hind bow of a
saddle. 8. Verb, (1) to raise, or rise, on the edge
or comer, e.g. to decant ; {2) to cut off the angle
of a square building ; (3) to edge in, put a
border ; cf. Ger. kante, corner, border.
Cantab. One who belongs or has belonged
to the University of Cambridge [L. Canta-
brigiensis).
Cantibit v&ouua cdnun latrdne vi&tor. [L.]
A traveller with empty pockets will whistle before
the highwayman ; poor folks have no fear of
thieves, burglars, etc.
Cantidlver. (Arch.) A block or bracket sup-
porting a balcony or cornice.
Cantaloupe, or musk-melon. Cultivated at the
papal villa of Cantaluppo.
Cant&ta. [It., L. canto, /«'«?•.] Properly a
short lyric drama, with airs, recitatives,
choruses ; e.g. Purcell's A fad Bess ; but the
word is now used indefinitely.
Canteen. [Fr. cantine, from L. quintana, a
camp market (Littre).] 1. Sutler's establishment
provided in barracks for the use of the soldiers.
S. A vessel for containing food, attached to a
soldier's knapsack. 3. A chest for holding the
different table requisites of an officer.
Cantera. (Naut.) A Spanish fishing-boat.
Canterbury. A low wooden stand with
divisions fur holding music, etc.
Canterbury gallop, or Canter. A slow gallop,
like that of the pilgrims, ambling to Canterbury.
(Canter, if from canterius, & gelding, would have
appeared in continental languages.)
Canterbury Tales. By Chaucer (died 1400) ;
are told, each of them, by some one of a party
of pilgrims at the Tabard Inn, Southwark, on
their way to the shrine of St. Thomas of Canter-
bury ; and give various pictures of English life
of tne time.
CANT
98
CAPI
Canth&rldes. [GT.Kiv0apos,Kaveapi5os.] (Eiitom.)
A coleopterous insect, of the fam. Cantharidae ;
called also Spanish fly. The blister-fly {q.v.)
of the apothecary.
Canthus. [Gr. Ka»Q6%^ The comer of the
eye.
Oantiole. [L. canticulum, dim. of canticum,
a song.\ A name used to denote the songs or
psalms introduced into the Order for Morning
and Evening Prayers in the Prayer-book. The
Song of Solomon is sometimes spoken of as
Canticles.
Canting heraldry. A coat of arms or motto,
containing a pun on the name of the bearer ; as
the device of a broken spear for Brakspeare, or
the motto " Ver non semper viret " for Vernon.
Cantire. Gael. = heaJlami. (Can.)
Canto fermo. (Cantos firmns.)
Canton. [Fr.] {Her.) A st^uare figure,
occupying one-third part of the chief, generally
on the dexter side.
Cantonmenta [Fr. canton, a district. 1 (Mil.)
Permanent station, where troops of all arms are
massed together away from the native in-
habitants.
Cantoon. Fustian, with a fine cord visible on
one side, and a saling surface of yarns on the
other.
Cantoris side. [L., of the chanter."] In a
cathedral, that of the precentor ; opposed to that
of tJu dean [Decani], who is generally on the
south.
Cantor Lectnres. (Dr. C, died 1861.) Three
courses of six each, in connexion with Society
of Arts, covering a wide range of subjects.
Cantrap. A Scand. word, denoting a spell or
incantation ; hence spiteful mischief.
Cantred, Cantref. [Welsh.] A district of a
hundred [cant] villages [tref, a village].
Cantiu firmus [L.], Canto fermo [It.]. (Mtisic.)
1. In chanting, the chief melody, the air ;
which, now taken by the sopranos, was once
sung by the tenors. 2. The subject or theme of
counterpoint.
Cantos pianos. (Plain song.)
Cantwara. [Cant-, a British tribal name ;
wara, Teut., host.] Man of Kent.
Can&la. [L. cannula, dim. of canna, a reed.]
In Surgery, a metallic tube ; a portion of the
surgical instrument troclmr and canula. (Aspira-
tion.)
Canzone. [It., L. cantionem, a singing.] A
kind of lyric poem, adopted with alterations
from the poetry of the troubadours in Italy, in
the thirteenth century ; divided, like the Greek
strophic ode, into stanzas. The dim. canzonet,
a kind of C. in short verses, a favourite form
with the poets of the fifteenth century. Canzonet
also means a short song ; sometimes, like the
Neapolitan and Sicilian C., a rondeau.
Caootchooc. [Native S.-Amer. name.] India-
rubber, gum elastic, a vegetable compound found
in all plants with a milky juice,, especially in
the moraceous, euphorbiaceous, arto-carpaceous,
and others. Ficus elastTca of India, Siphonia
elastica of S. America, yield it largely.
Cap. (Xaut.) A strong piece of timber or
iron fitted to a masthead (having two holes in
it, one round and the other square) to confine
an upper mast to a lower.
Capability Brown. A successful landscape
gardener of last century ; much given to using
the word C.
Capacity. [L. capacTtatem.] The solid contents
of a body. The Thermal C. of a substance is
the number of units of heat required to raise a
unit weight of the substance one degree of tem-
perature.
Cap-a-pie. [O. Fr. (de) cap a pie, from head
to foot.] Said of a man when fully armed.
Caparison. [O.Fr. caparason, from Sp.
caparazon, L.L. caparo, hood.] A cloth over
the saddle of a horse, often richly ornamented.
Capax d51i. [L.] Capable of deceit. (Callidity.)
Capel Cotirt. Where the members of the Stock
Exchange meet, is, by meton., often used as =
Stoch Exchange.
Capelmeister, Kapellmeister, Maestro di
Capella. [Chapel-master.] Director, often com-
poser, of music, and choir-trainer in a royal or
ducal chapel ; a post of honour and importance.
Palestrina, Handel, Bach, Haydn, Mendelssohn,
and other great musicians were C.
CaperoaSzie, Capercali, Caperkally. [Horse
of the ri'oods (VeT\ndir\\.).] [Ornith.) Wood-grouse,
cock of the wood. Male, three feet long ; wings,
from tip to tip, four feet. Female much smaller,
and with plainer plumage. N. parts of Europe
and Asia. Lately reintroduced into Scotland.
Tetrao urogallus, fam. Tetraonidje, ord. Galllnre.
Cape, To. (Afattt.) To keep a course; e.g.
How does she C. ? i.q. How is her head? [L.
caput].
Capias. [L.] You are to seize ; writ of arrest
for debt. (Mesne process.)
Capias ad satisfaciendom, commonly called
Ca. sa. A writ of execution taken out by a
plaintiff after having recovered judgment against
the defendant, whom the sheriff is therein
directed to keep and bring on a day named to
Westminster, that the plaintiff may have satisfac-
tion for his demand; "issuable now in a very
limited class of cases, viz. where imprisonment
for debt or final judgment is still permitted "
(Brown, Law Dictionary).
Capillaire. Syrup of maidenhair fern, pre-
pared from Adiantum capillus VgnSris, and
also from the fragrant root-stock of an American
spec, Adiantum pedatum ; and flavoured with
orange flowers.
Capillary [L. capillaris, pertaining to the hair,
capillus] action; C. attraction ; C. repolsion; C.
tobes. Tubes of very fine bore are called C. tubes.
When a C. tube of glass is dipped into water, it
is found that the water rises in the tube above
the level at which it rests outside ; the force of
adhesion of water to the glass being greater than
the cohesion of the parts of the water to each
other. The like is true of other liquids and
tubes, provided the liquid can wet the tube.
These are instances of C. attraction. That term
is, however, applied more generally to all cases
in which the surface of the liquid is raised above
its general level where it is in contact with a
CAPI
99
CAQU
substance which it can wet. If the cohesion of
the parts of the liquid to each other exceeds the
force of adhesion of the liquid to the solid — as
in the case of mercury and glass — there is de-
pression instead of elevation ; and in this case
there is said to be C. repulsion. The term
C. action is = C. attraction or repulsion.
Capillary vesselB. 1. ^Anat.) A network of
minute vessels, connecting the veins and the
arteries. 2. C. kari'cs (Bot.), hair-like ; e.j.
fennel.
C&plta aut nayim. [L.] With Roman boys,
= AeaJ or tail ; lit. heads of the two-faced
Janus on one side of the as, or ship on the other.
Capital. (Mil:) An imaginary line bisecting
the salient angle formed by the two faces of any
fortification.
Caplte oenai. [L., reckoned by the AeaJ.]
Roman citizens, who from poverty paid no taxes.
(Proletarians.)
Capite, Tenure in. {/.eg:) Tenure in chief,
of lands held directly from the Crown ; they are
now held in common socage,
Capitol. [L. capit51ium, the head of the «/y.]
. of J
the TariH-'ian Mount.
In ancient Rome, the great temple of Jupiter on
Capitnlariei. [L. capItQla, little chapters;
articles of instruction from bishops to their
clergy.] A term applied to ordinances issued
by the Frankish kings, many of them concerned
with the government of the Church.
Capitaium. [L., a little head.] (Bot.) The
head of flowers in a composite ; e.^. the daisy.
Capnomancy. With the ancients, divination
[Gr. iiamtia] from the smoke [KoarwSi] of victims.
Capoo. Cotton too short and fine to spin,
used as cotton wool.
Capoch, Caponch. [Fr. capucc.] 1. A monk's
hood. 2. The hi)()d f. fa clerk.
Capo di Honte China Manufactory. Formerly
near Naples. Articles were made in coloured
relief (1736-1821). The moulds and marks are
now in use at La Doccia, near Florence.
Caponniere. [Fr., from Sp. caponnera, a
fattening-coop.] (Mil.) Covered passage pro-
tected by stockade work and earth, sunk across
the dry ditch of a fortification, which is also
utilized for its defence.
Capote. [Fr.] A long cloak with a hood.
[Dim. of Fr. cape, a cape, cloak ; this being,
according to Littre, the Picard pronunciation of
chape. It. cappa, L.L. capa, a cope, from
capere, as containing the whole body.]
Cappadine. The last part of the silk which
cannot be wound off the cocoon.
Cappagh brown. (Geol.) A bituminous earth,
found at Cappagh, near Cork. It contains oxide
of manganese and iron, and is used as a pigment
in oil-painting.
Cap-paper. 1. A coarse brown paper, used
for m.ikinfT c.ips to wrap sugar, etc. 2. Foolscap.
Capped hock, or elbow. (Spavin.)
Capreolate. [L. capreolus, a tendril.] (Bot.)
Havinj^ tendrils, or spiral claspers, for support.
Capriccio [It., freak, fancy], or Pantaaia.
A musical piece, fanciful and unrestrained in
subject and treatment
Capricorn. (Zodiac.)
Caprification. [L. capriflcatTo (Pliny).] 1.
In the Levant, the maturation of figs, by placing
over them branches of the icild fg, capri-
ficus, on which are insects, which, puncturing
the fruit, are said to hasten the ripening. 2.
The shakings of male flowers from wild dates
over the cultivated palm. (Y ox fertilization, see
Herod., i. 193.)
CaprifoilB. The honeysuckle family, Capri-
fbliacea;, Lonicerere.
Caprifole. [O.Fr.] The wild climbing vine.
Capriole. [L. capreolus, a wj7(/^rt/.] A leap
of a horse from all fours at once, upwards only,
with a kick of the hind legs ; called by Austra-
lians, bucking.
Capstan, Cabestan, Capstem, etc. [Perhaps
from L. capistrum, Sp. cabestro, L. capere, to
seize, hold.] (A'atit.) A machine for lifting the
anchor, usually a flat-headed cylinder revolving
on an iron pin, with square holes cut in the side
of its head, into which bars are inserted, radiat-
ing from the centre, and so giving great leverage.
Capsnle. [L. capsula, a small box or chest.]
I. (Bot.) Any dry, many-seeded fruit opening
by valves or pores, as foxglove, poppy. 2.
(Physiol.) Any membranous, bag-like expansion,
investing a part. 3. (Chem.) A small saucer,
used for melting ores, etc. 4. Metallic covering
for the corks ofbottles.
Captain, Hayy. (Bank.)
Captain's cloak. 1 ho thirty-sixth Article of
War ; so called from its sweeping character.
Captation. [L. captatio, -nem, a catching a/.]
The act or the disposition of courting favour or
popularity.
Caption. [L. captio, -nem, a taking.] (Leg.)
That part of an instrument which shows its
authority.
Capncha. (Capooh.)
Capuchin Friars. A seceding order of Fran-
ciscans, established bv Clement VII. ; when th«
pointed cowl (Capooh) was added to the F.
habit.
Capulet. In a horse. (Spavin.)
Capulets and Montagues. In .Shakespeare's
play of Komco and Juliet, rival houses of nobles
of Verona.
Caput JejOnlL \V.., head of the fast.] A name
for Ash Wednesday, and sometimes for the
Wednesday preceding.
Caput mortuum. [L., dead head.] 1. In
Hist., this word denotes the residuum of a
traditional narrative after all the supernatural or
extraordinary incidents have been cast aside.
What remains may be possible or likely, but
rests on no evidence. (Euemerism.) 2. With
the old chemists, the inert residue of the dis-
tillation and sublimation of different substances :
its symbol being a death's-head and cross bones.
Capybara. (Zool.) Hydrochoerus [Gr. vS&p^s,
watery, x^'poy, hog], water-hog, the largest known
existing rodent ; three to four feet long ; the
water-horse (i.e. D. water-haas, water-hare) of
Demarara. Banks of rivers in Trop. S. America.
Fam. Cavudae, ord. Kodentia.
Caqueux. (Cagots.)
CAR
CARD
Car-. [Cymr., city, fortified post. ^ Part of
names, as in Car-lisle. (Caer-.)
Carabas, The Marquis of. The title assumed
by the young miller in Puss in Boots ; hence
any arrogant, pretentious /ar»^««.
Carabine. (Carbine.)
Caracal. [Turk., black-ear.'] (Zoo/.) Spec, of
(or (?) gen. allied to) lynx, as large as a bull
terrier; reddish brown. S. Asia and Africa.
Caracal m^lanotis, fam. Felidoe, ord. Camivora.
Caracana. ( Oniith. ) Carrion hawks. Trop.
America. Pandlon (Cuvier). Gen. P61j?b6rinas
[Gr. ieo\vfi6pos, mtuh-devouring\, fam. Fal-
conidjE, ord. AccTpTtres.
Carack, Carrak, or Carriok. (Oalleon.)
Caraool. 1. A half-turn to right or left, of a
horseman. 2. A winding staircase. [Sp.
caracol means both of these ; also a sftai/. ]
Caracoli. An alloy of gold, silver, and copper,
used for cheap jewellery.
Caraoora, or Caracol. {jVaut.) Of Borneo and
Eastern isles, a kind of prahu (i/.v.).
Caracterea de civilite. [Fr.] In Printing, the
cursive characters used in the sixteenth century,
by the printer Granjon, of Lyons.
Carafe. [Fr., from It. caraflfa, a decanter.] A
water-bottle.
Caragheen. (Carrageen.)
Caraites. A Jewish sect, which adheres to the
letter of Scripture, and rejects the rabbinical
interpretations and the Cabala.
Carambole. [Fr.] A cannon in billiards ;
origin unknown.
Caramel. [Sp. caramello.] The brown mass
which cane-sugar becomes at 420° heat ; used to
colour sugar, coffee, malt, spirits, etc.
Caramoassal. {JVaut.) A Turkish merchant
ship, with pink stem. (Pink.)
Carapace. [From Sp. carapacho ; another
form of the Catal. carabassa, a calabash.] (Zool.)
Upper shell of tortoises and turtles, of lobsters,
etc., and of certain infusoria. (CbelonidsB.)
Carat. [Gr. KtpaTiov, a small horn-shaped
seed, a carat.] 1. A weight of four grains of
barley ; the jeweller's C. at Vienna is o'2o6o85
grammes = 3'I9 grains. In London, for
diamonds, the ounce troy is divided into 151^
carats, making a C. 3" 1 7 grains. 2. As applied
to gold, the ounce is divided into 24 C, and if
of the twenty-four parts by weight, two, three,
four, etc. , parts are alloy, the gold is said to be
twenty-two, twenty-one, twenty, etc., carats
fine.
Car&van. A Persian word, denoting a com-
pany of travellers associated for self-defence in
crossing deserts or other dangerous regions.
Four regular caravans yearly visit Mecca.
Caravansary, properly Caravanserai. An
unfurnished public building for the lodgment of
a caravan on its journey.
Caravel, Caravela. (Carvel.)
Carbasse, or Karbaty. A Lapland boat.
Carbazotic acid. (Carbon and azote.) {Chem.)
Picric acid (q.v.).
Carbine. [Fr. carabine, from It. carabina.]
Short musket used by cavalry and artillerymen.
One regiment of English cavalry retains the
name Carbiniers, but the term has lost its
former acceptation.
Carbolic acid. {Chem.) An oily liquid ob-
tained from coal-tar, used as a disinfectant.
Carbon. [L. carbo, a coal.] {Geol.) A non-
metallic element, existing in a pure state as
diamond or charcoal.
Carbonaceous rocks. (Geol.) Containing fossil
carbon largely ; e.g. shales of central l3evon-
shire.
Carbonado. [Sp., from L. carbonem, coal,
charcoal.] Meat cut across for broiling.
Carbonari. [It., from L. carbo, -nem, char-
coal.] A secret association first instituted amongst
the charcoal-burners of Germany, who found it
necessary in the vast forests of that country to
aid one another against robbers and enemies by
conventional signs known only to themselves,
their oath being called *' The Faith of Charcoal-
burners." In the early part of the present
century the association, having spread to France
and the Netherlands, was extended into Italy,
where its object was the expulsion of the Aus-
trians and union of the people of the peninsula
into one state, an object which has been attained
by the establishment of the Italian kingdom.
Carbone notare. [L.] To mark with charcoal.
(Creta notatus.)
Carbonic acid. (Chem.) "D'wxiAq oi carbon ; a.
suffocating gas. Its salts are called carbonates.
Carbon&erous [coal-bearing] system (Geol.) =
PalcEozoic strata, resting upon the Devonian, and
covered by the Permian ; a vast series of beds
of sandstone, limestone, shale, and coal.
Carboy. A large glass bottle, cased in wicker,
for holding vitriol, etc. ; cf. Fr. carafe, Sp.
carabba, etc. ; probably an Eastern word.
Carburation. The uniting of anything with
carbon. (Blistered steel.)
Carburet, Carbide. (Chem.) A compound of
carbon with another element.
Carcanet. [Fr. carcan, an iron collar.] A
collar of jewels.
Carcass. [Fr. carcasse, from It. carcassa.]
(Mil.) Shell filled with a highly inflammable
composition, which, on being fired against
buildings, speedily ignites them through three
holes in the metal.
Carcass of a ship. (Naut.) The keel, stem
and stern posts, and the ribs.
Carcelage. \y..c2sc&x, a prison.] Prison fees.
— ^Johnson.
Carcel lamp. (From the inventor.) A lamp
in which the oil is raised through tubes by clock-
work.
Carceres. [L. plu. of career, prison.] In
Roman race-course [circus], stalls with gates
[cancelli], whence the chariots started.
Carcindma. [Gr. KapKli/ufia, KapKivos, cancer.]
(Med. ) A variety of cancer ; a form of malig-
nant disease.
Cardamine. [Gr. ndpSa/xov, cress.] (Bot.) A
gen. of CruciferDe. C. pratensis, the cuckoo
flower, or ladies' smock, a common spring
meadow flower.
Cardamoms. [Gr. (capScf/itw^oi'.] (Bot.) The
aromatic capsules and seeds of several kinds of
CARD
CARO
amomum, especially of Amomum (or Eleltavia)
cardamomum, native of the Malabar coast.
Cardiac. [Gr. Kopiia, the hiart ; \.hc extremity
of the stomach, nearest the heart. ^ 1. Cordial,
invigorating. 2. Relating to the heart. 3.
{Med.) Plexus, a system of ganglia connected
with the heart and great blood-vessels.
Cardialgia. [Gr. itapSfo, heart, &\yos, />ain.]
(Ma/.) Neuralgic affection of heart.
Cardinal. [L. cardinalis, from cardinem, a
hinge.] {Eccl. Hist.) The title of the seven
bisho)^ of Rome, and of the clergy of the
twenty-eight principal churches of the city, who
composed the College of Cardinals. This collie
now has generally seventy members.
Cardinal bird. {Ornith.) Also called Car</j«a/
grosbeak, a sub-fam. of the Fringillidae.
Cardinal nnmbers; C. points; C. ngns; C.
winds. The numlx-rs which answer the question,
" How many?" i.e. one, two, three, etc., are C.
numbers. The C. points of the horizon are the
N., S., E., and W. points ; the two former are
the points in which the meridian cuts the horizon
near the north and south poles of the heavens
respectively ; the two latter those in which the
prime vertical cuts the horizon near the points
where the sun rises and sets respectively. The
C. signs of the Zodiac are Aries, Libra, Cancer,
and Capricorn. The C. wittds are those which
blow from the C. points of the horizon.
Cardinal Tirtaes. Temperance, fortitude, jus-
tice, prudence.
Carding. [L. carduus, a thistle.] Combing
out wool or flax to prepare them for spinning.
Cardaoa benediotns. (Blewed thistle.)
Careen, To. [L. carina, keel.] (Nattt.) To
incline to one side, so as to show the bottom.
Careme. [Fr., O.Fr. Quaresme, L. Quadra-
gesima.] The forty days of Lent ; hence Lent.
Carent vate saero. [L.] 7 hey are without a
sacred bard (Horace). No poet has sung their
praises and made their name live.
Cirex. {h., sedge.] (/iot.) A gen. of grassy,
rush-like plants, of which there are many native
spec, in Britain ; ord. Cyjieraciae.
Carfax. As at Oxford, a place where four
roads meet [L. quatuor furcas].
Cargason. [Sp. cargazon.] Sometimes used
as = cargo.
Cariboo. [Native name;] An American \-ar.
of the reindeer. Tarandus, fam. Cervidae, ord.
Ungulata.
C&ries. [L.] Destructive softening of bone.
Carillon. Chimes played by instruments or
finger-keys; properly on four bells [L.L. quad-
rilionem],
C&rlna. [L., a heel.] The union in a keel-
like form of the two oblique front petals of a
Papilionaceous flower ; e.g. sweet-pea.
C&rinat». [L. carina, Xw/.] (Ornith.) Birds
with a keel to their breastbone, flying birds.
Cariole, Carriole. [Fr. carriole, L. carnis, a
cart.] A small light open carriage.
Cark. [A. S. care, care, cearig, anxious, fear-
ful.] Anxious care, worry.
Carline, Caroline. A silver Italian coin,
named from Carlo (Charies) VL of Naples.
Carlines. [Fr. carlingue. It. carlinga.] (Naut.)
Small timbers let into the beams, and joining
them. On the C. and athwart the vessel are
placed ledges, to which the deck planking is
nailed. Carlitu knees are what would be beams
if a hatchway did not intervene. They support
the deck.
Carline thistle. (Boi.) CarlTna vulgaris, ord.
Composite ; common in chalky parts of Great
Britain. (Carolus, i.e. Charlemagne, to whom
an angel is said to have shown the root, as a
remedy for plague in his army.)
Carlisle table, or Table of mortality. (Life
assorance.)
Carlock. (Charlock.)
Carloving^an king^. (Carolingian kings.)
Carmagnole. (C, in Piedmont, home of the
Savoyard players. ) 1. A song and dance, popular
in the French Revolution ; hence, 2, a dress worn
by the Jacobins. S. Turgid and fanatical reports
of French successes in the field.
Carmelites, White Friars. Hermits gathered
for safety in the twelfth century to Mount C.
Albert, Patriarch of Jerusalem, gave them rules,
confirmed by Honorius HI., A. D. 1224. They
left the Holy Land after jieace between Frederick
II. and the Saracens. (Orders, Mendicant.)
Carminatives. (Med.) Allay, as if by a charm
[L. carmen], spasmodic pain in the bowels, and
expel flatus.
Carmine. [L.L. carmcsinus, from Ar. karmesi,
the kermes insect.] A red pigment prepared
from the cochineal insect, chiefly used in water-
colour painting.
Carnation. [L. caro, carnis, flesh.] The
flesh tint in painting.
Cameito Apollo. The name for Apollo as
worshipped at Sparta, probably connected with
that of Ashtaroth Karnaim, or the horned
Astartc, of the Phoenician tribes.
Camelian. (Chalcedony.)
Camify. To make flesh [L, carnem facfire]
by assimilation of food; L. carnifico being to
execute.
Carnival, Camaval. [In Med. L. carnis ISva-
men, carnClcvamen, solace of the flesh.] A feast
before the fast of Lent.
CamlvSra. [L. c^rncm, flesh, voro, T devour.]
Flesh -eaters, an ord. of Mammals comprising
Pinnigrida (seals and walruses), Plantigrada (as
bears), and DTgltTgrada (as cats and dogs).
Camosity. (Med. ) A fleshy overgrowth.
Carob. (Alg^oba.)
Caroohe. [Fr. carrosse. It. carfszza.] A
carriage, coach.
Carol, Carolle, was originally a dance [L.
choreola, dim. of chorea] ; then any song of
rejoicing, especially a Christmas hymn. Wedg-
wood prefers corolla, dim. of corona, = a round
dance; quoting a "karole" of stones, i.e. a
circuit, from Robert of Brunne.
Caroline. (Carline.)
Carolingian kings. (Hist.) The dynasty of
Frank kings ; so called from Charles the Great
(Charlemagne), son of Pepin.
C&r51ns. [L., darling, dim. of carus, dear ;
hence Charles.] An old coin worth 2y.
CARO
I02
GARY
Caroteel. A large cask, in which dried fruits,
etc., are packed.
Carotids. [Gr. /capwr/Ses, from Kopdw, I make
drowsy, as compression of C. does.] {Med.)
Two great arteries of the neck, which carry
blood to the head.
Carons. {Naut.) A kind of gallery in ancient
ships, fitted on a pivot, and raised by ropes and
pulleys, so as to be swung out-board, and to
render it easier to board another vessel.
Carpal. Pertaining to the wrist [L. carpus].
Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the day ; use the
present time.
Carpel. [Gr. Kofntis, fruit.'] (Bot.) One of
the cells of an ovarj'.
Carpocratians. In Eccl. Hist., the followers
of Carpocrates, who is called by Eusebius the
father of the Gnostic heresy. His system was
based on the assertion that men cannot free
themselves from the power of evil except by
compliance with evil ; in other words, that the
only road to righteousness is through iniquity.
Carp51ite. [Fr. carpolithe, Gr. Ka(nr6s,Jruit,
\leos, sfom:] {Geol.) Petrified fruit.
Carpology. That part of botany which
relates to fruit [Kapir6i\, i.e. to the structure of
seeds and seed-vessels.
Carrageen, Carageen, Irish moss. Chondrus
crispus, a seaweed— not a moss — on the rocky
shores of most parts of Europe, and of Eastern
N. America ; yielding a nutritious jelly. Ord.
Alg£E.
Carrara marble. A white saccharine lime-
stone, from Monte Sagro, near Carrara; about
sixty miles S.W. of Modena.
Carreau. [Fr.] Heavy square-ht&AeA arrow,
whicli, with creur {heart, i.e. courage], pique
{pike\ and trefle [trefoil], are the originals of
the diamond, heart, spade, and club of playing
cards.
Carriage, i Sam. xvii. 22, Gr. cKeuTj in LXX.,
is baggage; so Acts xxi. 15, aroiXKfvaffiixfvot,
" we took up our carriages."
Carrick. [Erse carraig, crag, rock.] Part of
Gadhelic names, as in Carrick-fergus.
Carriere. [Fr ] Career, course.
Carronade. (First made at the Carron Iron
Works, Scotland.) {Mil. ) Short, light iron gun
without trunnions, and having a chamber with
slight windage. They are fastened by a loop
underneath.
Carron oil, Linseed olL Equal portions of
lime-water and of linseed oil, shaken together ;
in use for nearly a century for bums, etc , at the
C. Works.
Carrousels. [Fr.] A kind of knightly exer-
cise, common in all countries of Europe till the
beginning of the eighteenth century ; in imitation
of the tournament.
Carrows. In Ireland, needy strolling gamesters.
Carry away, To. {A^aut.) To break, as "a
rope has carried away," i.e. has broken. To
cany on, to carry all sail, even if dangerous.
Carse. [Cymr. kors, fen.] In Scotland,
low lands adjoining rivers ; sometimes only the
level alluvial land ; sometimes used to include
undulations at a greater distance.
Carstone. A hard ferruginous Cretaceous
sandstone in the E. counties.
Carte, A la. (A la carte.)
Carte blanche. [Fr., zvhite card.] 1. A blank
paper signed, and given to another to fill up as
he likes ; and so, 2, unconditional authority.
Carte de visite. [Fr., visiting card.] Com-
monly used to denote photographic portraits of
the size of a visiting card.
Cartel. [Fr. cartel, from It. cartello.] 1. Agree-
ment between hostile forces for the exchange of
prisoners. 2. A challenge. 8. A ship bearing
a flag of truce, or carrying prisoners of war for
exchange.
Cartesian geometry. (Co-ordinates.)
Cartesian philosophy. That of Des Cartes,
French philosopher (born 1596, died 1650).
Carthamine. {Chem.) The colouring matter of
saftlower [L. L. carthamus]. Alkalies change it
from red to yellow.
Carthusians. 1. A very rigid monastic order,
founded A.D. 1086, by St. Bruno, at Chartreuse,
near Grenoble ; one of their houses being
Charterhouse, in London, a corr. of Chartreuse.
2. A Carthusian, one educated at Charterhouse.
Cartilage. [L. cartilago.] Gristle, a smooth
elastic solid in the body, softer than bone.
Cartilag^ous fishes. [L. cartilaginosus,
gristly. ] (ChondropterygiL )
Cartoon. [It. cartone, pasteboard, or large
paper.] A sketch or drawing for fresco or
tapestry. The word is specially applied to the
seven well-known compositions of Raphael, at
Hampton Court.
Cartouch. [Fr. cartouche,- from L. carta,
paper.] 1. {Mil.) Wooden case, with holes for
the reception of each charge for any firearm. 2.
{Arch.) Oval or oblong enclosure in hieroglyphic
inscription. (The It. cartoccio, and its deriva-
tive Fr. cartouche, have both meanings.)
Cartulary, Chartulary. [L. chartiilarium.] A
collection of charters belonging to a corporation,
civil or eccles. , or to a family ; very common in
the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Carucate, or Plough-land. [L. carruca, some
sort of four-wheeled carriage.] An ancient
division of land, not fixed, but as much as would
employ a plough and team during the year ;
more or less, according to the soil. Where oxen
were used, a similar division was an Ox-gang or
Bovate [L. bovem, an ox].
Carunoule. [L. caruncula, dim. of caro,
flesh.] 1. {Med.) A small fleshy growth, natural
or morbid. 2. {Bot.) A wart or protuberance
round or near the hilum of a seed.
Carvage, Carve. One hundred acres of plough
[L.L. carruca] -land.
Carvel. A light lateen-rigged vessel, un-
decked. Spain and Portugal. C. -built ship or
boat, one the planks of whose sides do not
overlap.
Caryatides. [Gr. KapvdnSfs.] In Gr. Arch.,
figures of women employed instead of colujnns
to support entablatures. Male figures so used
were called Telamones, and sometimes Persians.
(Canephori.)
Caryophyllaceous. {Bot.) A nat. ord. of which
GARY
103
CAST
the type is the common pink (Dianthus caryo-
phyllus) : the corolla has five petals, with long
narrow claws. [Gr. K&pi6<pvWoy, lit. nut leaf,
the clove tree. ]
CaryopsiB. {Bot.) A dry; one-seeded fruit,
and so far having the appearatue [Gr. C(^«v] of
a nut [xapOof], with no distinction between
seed-coat and pericarp ; e.g. a grain of wheat,
barley.
Ca. sa. A writ addressed to shcrifT, capias
ad satisfaciendum, you are to seize with a view to
satisfaction ; under which a man was imprisoned
until he made satisfaction (for debt).
Caseabel. Reverse end of a cannon ; that part
which lies behind the base ring.
CaMarilla. An aromatic bark yielded by more
than one species of Croton {q.v.).
Caae. 1. (Beliqoary.) 2. {Naut.) A ship's
planking outside ; casing (i) the covering of the
beams, and (2) a bulkhead round a mast.
Caaehardening. The process of converting
the outer surfc»ce of iron goods into steel, by
heating them in charcoal.
Casain, Caaeine. The nitrogenous substance
contained in milk and chtcte [L. cas^us].
(Albumen.)
Caaemata. [Fr. case-mate, from Sp. casa-mata,
casa, a house, mala, to slay.] (Mil.) Vaulted
masonr}' chamlK-r made shell-proof under a ram-
part for the kxlgment of troops and guns.
Caserne. [Fr., barracks, from Sp. caserne.]
Caahew-nnt. [Fr. acajou, name of the tree.]
The fruit of a tropical tree, Anacardium occi-
dentale, nat. ord. Anacardiacex.
Cashier. 1. [¥r. casser, to annul, L. quassare.]
(Mil.) To dismiss an officer from the service
with di^race. 2. [Fr. caissier, caisse, a case or
chest.] A ke«MX'r of money.
Cashmere, Caehemere. Textile fabric, made
of the downy wix)l at the roots of the hair of the
Thiljet goat ; first made in the valley of C, in N.
India.
Cask, i.q. Caaqae. A helmet [probably L. cidis-
cus, dim. of cadus, an earthen vessel],
CaskeU. (Xaut.) (Gaskets.)
Cassandra's prophecies. Prophecies which are
justified by events, but which no one believes
when uttered. The story was that Phrebus
Apollo sought to win the love of Cassandra,
daughter of Priam, and gave her the gift of pro-
phecy,-but, when she resisted him, laid on her
the doom that her predictions should l)e always
verified, but never credited. (Paris, Judgment
of.)
Cassareep. A condiment made from the juice
of the manioc plant. (Cassaya.)
Cassation. Reversal of judicial sentence [L.
cassare in Cod. Just, being = cassum redd^re,
to render null and ivia\.
Cassava, or Manioc. (Bot.) Manihot utilis-
sima; Trop. American plant, ord. Euphorbia.
From its large roots, when dried and powdered,
a very nourishing food is obtained, of whicu
tapioca is a preparation.
Caase paper. [Fr. casser, to break into frag-
ments, L. (juassare, to shatter.] In Printing,
broken paper, the two outside quires of a ream.
8
Cassia. Exod. xxx. 24 ; an ingredient in the
anointing oil, aromatic bark of more than one
kind of cinnamomum.
Casaimere. [Fr. casimir.] A thin twilled
woollen cloth.
Cassinette. [Sp. casinete.] A stuff" made of
cotton warp and woollen woof.
Caasiteridis. [Gr.] Islands which produce
tin. Supposed by some to be the Scilly Islands,
by others the Isle of Wight, or the coasts of
Cornwall.
Caasiiuh Purple of. (From Cassius, a German
of the seventeenth century.) A stannate of gold
and tin, used for painting china.
Cassolette. [Fr.] A box with a perforated
lid to emit perfumes.
Caaaonade. [Fr., from O.Fr. casson, a large
chest.] Unrefined sugar (imported in chests).
Cassowary. [Malay kassuwaris.] An ostrich-
like bird of the gen. Casuarius. It is a native
of Malacca, Java, and the neighbouring islands.
Cast. A tube for conveying metal into a
mould.
*' Castagnao Capt." Said of states in Turkey ;
all patched together.
Castalian spring. (Pamassns.)
Caste. [Sp. and Port, casta, perhaps from
L. cast us, /ttr<r.] A name denoting the heredi-
tary classes into which the population of Hin-
dustan is divided. According to the book
containing the ordinances of Menu, the four
castes sprang severally from the mouth, arm,
thigh, and foot of Brahma. These are (i) the
Brahmans ; (2) the Kshatryas, or warriors ; (3)
the Vaisyas, or merchants ; and (4) the Sudras,
or tillers of the soil. But the Sudras were pro-
perly outcasts, the Aryan conquerors of India
belonging to the three castes only.
Castellan, Ch&telain. In the Middle Ages,
the keeper, warden of a castle [L. castellum, Fr.
chateau].
Castellany. The lordship attached to a castle ;
its authority and extent of jurisdiction.
•caster. [L. castra, fort i fed camp.] Part of
names of towns in England, as in Don-caster.
Casteth. The steamy air rising from a shaft
on winter mornings.
Cast-horse. One which has been pronounced
unfit for further retention in the military service.
Castigatory. [L. castigo, / chastise.] (Cook-
ing-stool.)
Castile. Old kingdom of Spain, all except
Navarre, Aragon, and Granada, afterwards New
C, Old C, two provinces.
Casting. The warping of wood by weather,
etc.
Casting aoooxmts. (Naut.) .Sea-sickness.
Castle of Indolence. A poem by Thomson ;
an enchanter entices the unwary into the C. of
I., where they lose all strength and good aspira-
tions.
Cast-offs. Landsmen's clothes.
Cast of the lead, To get. (Naut.) (Heave.)
Ccstor. Beaver ; slang for hat ; made of fur,
before the invention of silk hats.
Castor and Pollox. [Gr. Kiarvp and ko\v
iwidts.] 1. Mentioned in Acts xxviiL ll| undei
CAST
104
CATA
the title Dioskouroi, or the twin sons of Zeus,
as the figure-head of a ship. In the heavens,
they reappear as the constellation Gemini. In
Gr. Myth., they are brothers of Helen. (Paris,
Judgment of.) 2. A pair of electric flames seen
on the mastheads of vessels, etc., at sea, as
being tiinn lights.
Caator-oil plant. {Bot.) RicYnus communis
(ord. Euphorbiac^ae), much grown lately for its
ornamental foliage. The well-known oil is
made from the crushed seeds.
Castor ware. Roman pottery made near
Castor, Northamptonshire ; ornamented with
reliefs usually of a difl'erent colour from the
ground.
Castrametation. [L. castra, plu., a camp, me-
tatio, a tncasuring.\ (Mil.) The art of laying
out an encampment for troops, on the principle
that they may occupy the same frontage as when
drawn up in order of battle.
Casual poor. Vagrants and travellers wanting
casual shelter and relief.
Casual suffix. [Gram.) Terminations form-
ing cases [L. casus] of nouns.
Casuist. [L. casus, a falling, a condition.^
( Theol.) One charged with the decision of cases
of conscience.
Casuistry. The science of the treatment of
conscience, with its rules and principles in prac-
tice. (C/l Jeremy Taylor, Dtutor Dubitantium ;
Bishop Sanderson, Cases of Conscictue.)
Casiila. (Chasuble.)
Casus belli. [L.] A case for war; a suffi-
cient ground for going to war.
Casus omissus. [L., omitted case,] {Leg.)
Point unprovided for by statute.
Cat. {A^aut.) A strong vessel of about 600
tons (usually a collier or timber-ship), built on
the lines of a Norwegian, but having a deep
waist, narrow stern, projecting quarters, and no
ornamental figure-head.
Catabaptists. A word formed on a false
analc^y [from Gr. Kurd, against, and fiairri^w, I
baptize], and applied to all who deny the neces-
sity of baptism, or oppose that of infants.
Catacbresis. Lit. a misuse [Gr. /caraxptjo-jj].
1. In Etym., as alegar, Peterloo, in imitation
of vinegar, Waterloo ; and oftener, 2, in Rhet.,
a strained use of words ; as in Hamlet, act iii.,
" or to take arms against a sea of troubles."
Cataclysm. [Gr. KaTaK\vafjL6s.] An inunda-
tion ; a sudden bursting of waters.
Catacombs. [L.L. catacumbae; but the origin
of the word is doubtful.] {.4rch.) Passages
excavated in the soil, with recesses or chambers
for graves or bone-houses. At Rome, the cata-
combs were also used as places for worship
during the times of persecution.
Catacoustics. [Coined from Gr. Hard, back, in
composition with verbs of motion, olkovcttikSs,
relating to hearing^ The science of reflected
sounds, a branch of acoustics (q.v.).
Catadioptric. [Gr. /caro, down, and SioTrrpiK6s,
from Uom-pov, spying-glass.] Relating to the
reflexion and refraction of light, as a C. tele-
scope, i.e. a reflecting telescope.
Catafalque. A decorated temporary structure
used in funerals ; originally a place from which
to see a show. [L.L. scadafaltum, from which
come also echafaud, and its Eng. equivalent
scaffold.] (See Brachet, s.v. "Echafaud.")
Catalan. Belonging to Catalonia. (Naut.) A
Spanish fishing-boat.
Catalectic. [Gr. KaraKi\KriK6s, deficient.] In
Gr. and L. Prosody, a verse wanting one syllable
of its proper length ; if wanting two syllables, it
was Brachycatalectic. (Acatalectic.)
Catalepsy. [Gr. KOToATjifis, a seizing, ^a/a-
Ay^jj, a variety of hysteria.] (Afed.) A suspen-
sion of sensation and volition ; the limbs and
body remaining as they are placed ; a condition
'of the body resembling death.
Catallactics. [Gr. KaTa\\aKTiK6s, from kotoA.-
Xdjffw, I exchange.] The science of exchanges ;
political economy.
Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] List of books,
with a short account of the character of their
contents.
Catalysis. [Gr. KardXvais, from Hard, down,
Kxifiv, to loose.] (Chem.) The influence by
which (as some chemists have thovight) sub-
stances are decomposed and recom posed, by the
contact of substances which do not enter into
actual composition with the original elements,
as in the formation of ether from alcohol through
sulphuric acid. — Webster.
Catam&ran. 1. A kind of raft, of three planks
lashed together, the middle serving as a keel,
used on the Coromandel Coast, Brazil, W.
Indies. 2. Bonaparte's floating batteries, for
invading England, were so called. 3. An old
hag.
Cat-a-mountain. [Sp. gato montes.] (Zool.)
One of the wild Felidse, not accurately defined ;
with Ray, the N. -American lynx.
Catanadr5mous. [Gr. Kard, dozun, kva-^poni\,
a running up.] A term which has been applied
to fish which descend and ascend rivers to and
from the sea, as the salmon.
Cataphract. [Gr. KaTd(ppaKTos, mailed.] 1. An
armed horseman. 2. A coat of mail ; armour.
Cataphrygians. (Montanists.)
Cataplasm. [Gr. KaTa7rAo(r/ua.] A poultice.
Cataptilt. [L. catapulta, Gr. KaraTreKrris.] A
kind of huge cross-bow for throwing stones,
javelins, etc. (Ballista.)
Cataract. [Gr. KaToppdKTris, a fall of water.]
In the eye, an opaque condition of the crystalline
lens or its capsule.
Catarrh. [Gr. Kardppoos, a flowing down, a
catarrh.] A cold, with running from the head.
Catasterism. [Gr. KaTaaTeptfffi6s, a placing
among the stars.] Of Eratosthenes, a list of 475
principal stars according to their constellations ;
published about sixty years before the time of
Hipparchus.
Catastrophe. [Gr., a sudden turn or end.]
1. The change or final event of whatever kind,
in a drama or romance. 2. A calamitous change,
more or less sudden.
Catastrophic changes. {Geol.) Those brought
about by abrupt, sudden action; opposed to
Uniformitarian, the result of steady, continuous
action.
CATA
105
CATH
Catastrophist. (TTniformitarian.)
Catawba. A light, sparkling wine, made near
Cincinnati, U.S., from a native grape.
Catch a crab, To. (A^aui.) To be knocked
backwards by one's oar catching water too much
when rowing.
Catchpole. A bailiff, to caU/i, if necessary,
the /■o// or head [c/. Fr. happe-chaire, catch-JUsh\.
Catch-work. {Agr.) A series of nearly
parallel channels on a slope to be irrigated,
catching and redistributing the water succes-
sively.
Catechism. [Gr. Karijx^^i ''<' sound in one's
ears.] Instruction by word of mouth, specially
by question and answer. In Eccl. Hist., the C.
of Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, taken mainly
from that of Poynet, Bishop of Winchester, was
approved by Convocation in 1563. Overall's C.
added the questions and answers on the sacra-
ments. The C. known as the Assembly's Larger
C, drawn up by the Westminster divines, was
approved by the Church of Scotland in 1648. A
shorter form of this C. was prepared at the same
time.
Catechists. [Gr, »caTijx«<rT^j, KoTTjxiJT^r.] An
order of men appointed to catechize cantlidatcs
for baptism in the primitive Christian Church.
The catechetical school of Alexandria, to which
Origen belonged, was widely celebrated.
Catecha. (Bi>/.) A watery extract of the bark
of Acacia catechu and A. suma, of E. Indies,
ord. Legum. containing lai^e quantities of
tannin.
C&tichlimen. [Gr. Ketnfxov/iifyot, taught by
word of mouth. \ 1. One "who is> being instructed
in the rudiments of the faith, before baptism ;
a neophyte. 2. A bt^inner in any kind of
knowledge.
Categorematio. [Gr. Kar7ty6priiJM, a predicate.]
In Logic, any word capable of being employed
liy itself as a Predicate. Such are all common
nouns. (Syncategorematic.)
Categorical proposition. In Logic, a propo-
sition which .TiTirms or denies aljsolutely the
agreement of the Subject with the Predicate, as
distinguished from one which does so condition-
ally or hypothetically.
Categoiy. [Gr. KOTTryopfa.] In Lc^ic, a class
under which a family of predicables may be
rangec). The complete number of categories
would thus embrace the whole range of human
thought and knowledge. Aristotle framed ten
categories which may be reduced to four — sub-
stance, quality, quantity, relation ; but many
other schemes have been put forth, none of which,
perhaps, can be regarded as final.
Catelectrode. [Gr. Koai, do7vn, and electrode.]
The negative pole of a galvanic battery.
C&tena. [L., a chain.] A regular uninter-
rupted succession.
catena Patrum [L., a chain of the Fathers],
i.e. a series of passages from the F., elucidating
some portion of Scripture, as the Catena Aurea
of Thomas Aquinas-
Catenary curve. {Geom.) The curve formed
by a cord hanging between two points of sus-
pen.sion not in the same vertical line.
Cateran, Caterran [Gael.] = robbers, banditti ;
so Loch Katrine, originally Loch Cateran.
Cater-cousin. Cousin in the fourth [Fr.
quatre] degree.
CaterpUler. [Heb. khosll ; i Kings viii. 37,
etc.] (8iH.) Probably locust or its larva.
Caterwauling. [Probably onomatop.] To
make a noise like cats, or any other offensive
or quarrelsome noise.
Cates. Provisions, delicacies. [Said to be a
corr. of delicates, or dainty meats ; more probably
from Fr. acheter, to buy, formerly acater, L.
ac-capitare, originally to receive as refit.']
Catfall. {A'aut.) A rope used in hoisting the
anchor to the cathead.
Cat-fish, (/chth.) Sea-cat, IVo/ffsh, AnAtxhi-
chas lupus ; carnivorous, naked fish living at the
lx)ttom of shallow seas and tidal waters. W.
Indies. Gen. Anarrhichas, fam. Blennidce, ord.
Acanthopter^gii, sub-class Telfostei.
Catgut is made from the intestines of sheep.
[{?) Corr. of cord-gut, or of gut-cord.]
Cathiri. [Gr. Koeapoi, pure.] {.Eccl. Hist.)
An Eastern sect, probably the same as the
Faulicians. (Novatians.)
Cath&rists. \(j'i. Ka.%o.p[^io, I cleanse.] Mani-
cha>ans {q.v.) who professed especial purity ;
holding matter to be the source of evil, renounc-
ing marriage, animal food, wine.
Cat-harpings. {.\'aut.) Ropes keeping the top
of the shrouds taut.
Cathartic [Gr. KaBoftriKJt, from KaOcJiptt, I
cleanse, purge] remedies purge more mildly ;
Drastic, more severely [Bpoffrucdi, effective,
drastic].
Cathaj. An old name for China ; Cathay or
Khitai being the Mongolian and Russian name
for North China ; as Chin was the Indian and
Portuguese name for South China.
Ca^ead. (A a///.) A curved timber, which
passes through the bulwark forward, and from
which the anchor is suspended (when being
hauled up) clear of the vessel's bows.
Cathedrals of the New Foundation. The
cathedral churches of sees founded by Henry
VIII., from funds obtained by the suppression
of the monasteries, the cathedrals of the sees
already established being called henceforth the
C. of the Old Foundation. The new sees were
those of W^estminster, Oxford, Peterborough,
Bristol, Gloucester, and Chester.
Cathedrals of the Old Foundation. (Cathedrals
of the New Foundation.)
Catherine wheel, or Bose window (<].v.).
St. C, an Alexandrian of royal descent, con-
fessing Christ at a feast appointed by the
Emperor Maximinus, was tortured on a wheel,
and put to death, A.D. 307.
C&th6t§r. [Gr. KaOtT-fip, KaOi-rifii, I send down. ]
A surgical instrument for emptying the bladder.
Cat£etometer. [Gr. KikBfros, adj., let dottm or
in, subst. a plumbline, ftfrfiov, a measure] An
instrument used for the accurate determination
of differences of level, e.g. the height to which
a fluid rises in a capillary tube above the ex-
terior free surface. It consists of an accurately
divided metallic stem which can be made vertical
CATH
io6
CAUT
by means of three levelling screws on which the
instrument stands. On the stem slides a metallic
piece carrj'ing a telescope — like the telescope of
a theodolite — whose axis can be made horizontal
by a level. The telescope is first directed to one
object, and moved by a delicate screw till a
horizontal wire in the focus of the eye-piece
coincides with the image of the object ; the stem
is then read. The process is repeated for the
second object. The difference of the readings
is, of course, the differehce of the levels of the
objects.
Cathode. [Gr. KiddSos, descent.^ The nega-
tive pole, or path by which the current leaves
a body which is being decomposed by electricity.
Catkoles. (A'aut.) Two holes astern, above
the gun-room ports, through which hawsers may
be passed.
Catholio emancipation removed all civil dis-
abilities from Dissenters, 1829.
Catholio Mi^os^i Host. Title of the kings of
Spain.
Cat-in-pan, (?) To tnm. "A cunning which
lays that which a man says to another as if
another had said it to him " (Bacon, quoted by
Johnson) ; to be a turncoat, to change sides
unscrupulously.
C&tion. [Gr. Korlotv, going dcnvn, from KoerA,
doiim, Uvcu, to go.\ The element which goes to
the negative pole when the substance is decom-
posed by electricity. (Cathode.)
Catlings. Catgut strings.
Catoptrics. [Gr. KaToirrpiK6i, having to do
with a viirror, KiroifTpov^ The part of optics
which treats of the formation of images by
mirrors and other reflecting surfaces, and of
vision by means of them.
Cato Street Conspiracy. A conspiracy formed
in 1820 by Thistlewood and others, for murdering
the ministers, seizing the Bank, and setting fire
to London.
Catraia. [^Natd.) Pilot surf-boats of Lisbon
and Oporto, about fifty-six feet long by fifteen
feet broad, propelled by sixteen oars.
Cat-rig. (A"<j«/.) Vessels rigged with a large
fore-and-aft mainsail only, set on a boom and
gaff, and having the mast stepped near the stem.
Suitable for light winds only.
Catsalt. A fine granulated salt.
Cat's-eye. {A/in.) A variety of quartz, trans-
lucent, yellowish, greenish, and greyish-brown.
Found in Malabar, Ceylon, etc.
Cats'-paw. A dupe who does perilous work for
another, as in the fable the cat's paw was used by
the monkey to pull the chestnuts out of the fire.
Caucasian races. An incorrect term, = what
is now divided into Aryan, or Indo-European,
and Semitic ; most of the Caucasian tribes being
Turanian {i/.v.).
Caucus meeting. 1. A general meeting of
party. In 1770, a fray between some British
soldiers and Boston ropemakers resulted in
democratic meetings of ropemakers and caulkers ;
called by the Tories caucus meetings. 2. In
England now — sometimes called the Birmingham
system — the management of all electioneering
business by a representative committee of voters.
Caudate. {Bot.) Prolonged into a kind of
tail [L. Cauda].
Caudle, Mrs. A nagging wife, who delivers
Curtain Lectures ; by Douglas Jerrold.
Caul. (Perhaps a modification of ccnvl.) 1.
Membrane sometimes covering the face of a
child, at birth. 2. The omentum, or fatty net-
work in which the bowels are wrapped. 3.
Small net for the hair.
Caulk, To. [Akin to L, calcare, to ram in
7uith the heel, Gael, calc, to drive, ram.] (Aaut.)
1. To go to sleep in your clothes, lying on deck.
2. To fill in cracks or seams with oakum or
other material driven in tight.
Caulker. 1. One who caulks, or pays the
seams. 2. A morning dram. Caulker s seat, a
box slung over the ship's side, in which a caulker
sits and works. (Pay.)
Caulopteris [Gr. Kav\6s, stem, vrtpls, fern]
(Geol.) = fossil tree-fern stems; Carboniferous
system.
Causa (i) eognosoendi [L.], the cause of our
knowing a fact ; (2) essendi, the cause of the
fact itself; e.g. (2) " the ground is wet, because
it has rained ; " but (i) "it has rained, because
the ground is wet," i.e. this is how we know it.
Causa I&tet, vis est ndtisslma. [L.] The cause
does not appear, the effect is most evident (Ovid).
Cause oelebre. [Fr.] An important or inte-
resting trial, which has become historical.
Causerie. [Fr.] Chat, gossip.
Causes. With Aristotle and the logicians,
are four : Material, that out of which the effect
is produced ; Efficient, that by which, as tlie
agent ; Formal, that according to which, as
the regulating idea ; Final, that for which, as
the purpose. Thus, of a cup, cause i is the
clay ; 2, the maker ; 3, the design intended ; 4,
drinking.
Causeuse. [Fr. causer, to talk, chat, L.
causari, to defend a cause, discuss.] A small sofa.
Causeway, Causey. [Fr. chaussee.] A raised
pathway or road for crossing wet land.
Caustic. [Gr. /cai/CTiKcJs, burning.] 1. In
Optics, the curve (or surface) formed by the
intersection of consecutive rays reflected from a
mirror or other reflecting surface. The bright
curve seen by lamplight on the surface of a cup
of milk is the caustic formed by the intersection
of the rays of light reflected from the inside of
the cup. A C. is also formed by the intersection
of consecutive rays refracted through a lens or
other refracting substance. 2. Lunar. (Lunar
caustic.) 3. Any medicament producing an
eschar (q.v.).
Cautel. [L. cautela.] Caution, proviso.
Cautela, £z abundanti, or pro majdre. [L.]
In Law, out of greater caution ; to make certainty
more certain ; as when, in a legal instrument,
some provision is inserted, which the law would
itself imply as being just and equitable under
the circumstance. — Brown's Law Dictionary.
Cautery. Searing by hot iron [L. cauterium,
Gr. KavT-qpiov, branding-iron],
Cautio. [L.] Security, in law or contracts.
Cautionary. Given as a security ; so caution
money paid at matriculation.
CAVA
107
CENA
Cavalier. [Fr. ca^'alier, from It. cavaliere.]
1. (Fc>rti/.) A raised work placed in the interior
of and corresponding in shape with a bastion.
2. A mounted knight.
Cavaliere servente. [It.] A man who dis-
plays tlevotion to a married lady.
(Ja va sauB dire. [Fr.] That is taken for
granted ; lit. thai goes without saying.
Cavatlna. [It., short air.] Properly an air
of simple, gentle character, haNnng one move-
ment : sometimes preceded by a recitative.
C&via. [L.] The semicircular space for
spectators in a Roman theatre.
Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the purchaser
beware ; e.g. let him take reasonable care that
his purchase is really what he expects.
Cive e&nem. [L.] Bavare of the dog;
frequently inscribed on Roman vestibules.
Cavendish. Tobacco mixed with molasses
and pressed into cakes.
Cave ne litterai Bell§r5phontis adfSras. [L.]
Take care you do not bring Bellerophon's letters.
Cavers. Persons stealing ore from Derbyshire
mines.
Caves. As spoken of in Geol., are generally
excavations made by water along the fissures of
limestones ; in France, Switzerland, Bavaria,
Belgium, S. Wales, Devon, Derbyshire, York-
shire, etc. ; sometimes containing relics of animals
and men inhabiting them in long-past ages.
Caveson. [F"r. cavecon, .Sp. calxiza, L.L.
capitium.] A kind of bridle or noseband, used
in breaking in a horse.
Caviar. [Fr. and Port.] Salted roe of
sturgeon and other fish ; a Russian luxury.
Cavity. {Naut.) The displacement of water
caused hy a vessel floating in it. Centre of C,
Displacetnent, Immersion, or Buoyancy is the
mean centre of such part of a ship as is under
water, i.e. considering the whole as homoge-
neous.
Cavo-relievo. [It.] A kind of car>nng in
relief, where the highest surface is level with the
plane of the original stone, giving .an effect like
the impression of a seal in wax. (Alto-relievo.)
Cavy, Cavia, Cobaia. [Brazilian name.] {Zool.)
Aperea. Gen. of fam. Caviidae ; as the guinea-
pig, Kesthss cavy. S. America, Ord. R^entla.
Cawker. (Caulker.)
Caziqne. (Cadqae.)
Cecity. Blindness [L. caecTtatem].
Ceoropian. Anything relating to Cecrops,
Kekrops, a mythical king or founder of Athens.
Sometimes applied to the bees of Hymeitus,
w ith the general meaning of Attic or Athenian.
Ceoatiency. [L. ccecfitio, I am blind or tuarly
blind.] A tendency to blindness.
Cedant arma tSgae. [L.] Let arms give way
to pt-acc ; the military to the civil.
(JedUla [It. zediglia, dim. of zeta] ^ in Fr.
before a, o, u ; showing that c is pronounced
soft ; as soupfon.
Celadon. 1. In Thomson's Summer, lover of
Amelia, who is killed in his arms by lightning.
2. Sea-green porcelain.
Celandine. [Gr. x«^»8<*»'<o»'.] 1. (Bot.) Cheli-
donium majus, the only spec, of the gen. C,
ord. Papaveraceae ; a glaucous annual, with small
yellow flowers and orange-coloured juice ; not
uncommon ; its flowering once thought to be
connected with the coming of the shallow
[xcAtSctfi']. 2. C. of Wordsworth and other
poets, as also of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and
Pliny, is the Ranunculus ficaria or pilewort,
allied to buttercup.
Celatnre. [L. crelatura, carving.] Emboss-
ing, or the thing embossed.
•eele. [Gr. ic^Atj, a tiimour. ] (Med. )
C61§res. [L.] In old Roman tradition, a body
of cavalry instituted by Romulus, divided into
the three centurions of Ramnes, Titienses, and
Lucires.
Celestial Empire. A name often used in
speaking of the Chinese empire.
Celestines. An almost extinct order, founded
in the thirteenth century by Pietro di Morone
afterwards Celestine V. ; a branch of the Bene-
dictine.
Celibaey. [L. cazlebs, unmarried ; probably
from ca-, a particle of separation, and the root
which has given the Teut. leib, the body, as
in Zi/i"-guards ; similar formations being seen in
the L. ceccus, cocles, blind or one-eyed, from
ca- and ac, oc, the root of oculus, Ger. auge,
the eye, and in the Eng. ceorl = ca-eorl, churl,
halt = ha-lith, deprived of or maimed in a lith
or limb, and half = ha-leib, with divided or
separated body. The L. crclebs would therefore
closely represent the Eng. half (Bopp, Com-
parative Grammar').] (Eccl.) The condition of
unmarried life, imposed as a necessary obligation
on all the clergy of the Latin Church, and by
the Greek Church on all who are not married
before receiving holy orders.
Cell. [L. cella.] 1. Of an ancient temple,
the naos or enclosed space within the walls ;
hence a room in a monastery, prison. 2. (Biol.)
A definite portion of sarcmie, ox protoplasm, con-
taining a nucleus [L., a kernel] ; whether or not
assuming the form popularly called a cell.
Cellarer, Cellarist. In a monastery, i.q. a
bursar.
CelllU&res. {Bot.) The simplest plants, formed
of cellulose (q.v.) ; e.g. fungi.
Cellular tissue.' 1. {Bot.) Coherent cells,
not united into continuous tubes or vessels. 2.
(Med. ) (Areolar tissue.)
Celltilose. (Chcm.) 1. A compound of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen — C. 24, H. 29, O. 10 ;
the basis of vegetable tissue. 2. The colourless
material of the woody fibre of young plants,
which forms the walls of the cells [L. cellulae].
Celts. Weapons of stone or bronze, wedge-
shaped or socketed, used by the early inhabitants
of Europe (? connected with the name Celts ;
or (?) with a supposed L. celtis or celtes, a
chisel; cf. Welsh cellt, a flint. — Evans's Stone
Implements).
Cementation. [Eng. cement.] The process
of heating a solid body surrounded by the powder
of other substances, so that without fusion its
nature is changed by chemical combination.
(For an instance, vide BUstered steel.)
Cenacle. [Fr.] 1. A guest-chamber [L.
CENA
io8
CENT
ccenaculum]. 2. A picture of the Last Supper ;
and, especially, Leonardo da Vinci's is so called.
3. Rhinion of literary men, intimate, and with
some degree of mutual admiration.
Cena, Coena. [L.] The chief meal of the
Romans, dinner rather than supper. The fashion-
able hour in the Augustan age was from 1.30
to 2.30 p.m.
Cenci, Beatrice. Heroine of Shelley's The
Cetui, executed at Rome for conspiring against
her unnaturally brutal father's life.
Cendres, Jour de. [Fr., L. dies cin^rum,
day of ashes. \ French name of Ash Wednesday.
Ce n'est que le premier pas qui oolite. [Fr.]
Lit. it is but the first step which costs; the first
effort, the first outlay, is the chief difficulty.
Cenobites. (Coenobites.)
Cenotaph. [Gr. Kivori<piov.'\ Lit. an empty
tomb [Ktv6s Ta4>os] ; a monument only, the body
being elsewhere.
Censors. [L. censores.] In Rom. Hist., two
magistrates appointed for eighteen months out
of each lustrum, or period of five years, for the
purpose of taking the register of the citizens.
(Lustration.)
Cent. 1. A httndred [L. centum], as five per
cent., i.e. five in the hundred. 2. A coin used
in the U.S., made of copper or copper and
nickel = -j^u of a dollar, or about a halfpenny.
Cental. A new English weight = 100 lbs.
avoirdupois.
Centaurs. [Gr. Ktmavpos, Skt. gandharva.]
{Myth.) Beings, half man, half horse, who are
said to have lived in Thessaly.
Centaury. {Bat. ) Erythnea Centaurium ; ord.
Gentianacese. A British plant, with numerous
small bright pink flowers, frequent in dry places,
and collected for use as a tonic.
Centenary. [L. centenarius.] 1. A hundred
of anything ; as a C. of years. 2. The hundredth
anniversary.
Centesimation. The picking out of every
hundredth [L. centesTmus) person; cf. Deci-
mation.
Centiare; Centigramme; Centilitre; Centimetre.
[Fr.] Measures of the hundredth part of an
are, gramme, litre, metre respectively. (Are;
Gramme; Litre; Metre.)
Centigrade. (Thermometer.)
Centime. The hundredth [L. centesimus]
part of a franc (q.v.).
Centimetre. The hundredth part of a metre,
i.e. of 39i inches ; about = f of inch, nearly.
Centner. 1. In Prussia, 1 10 lbs. or 220 marks,
equal to about II3'4 lbs. avoirdupois. 2. The
ZoUverein C. is 50 kilogrammes, or iioj lbs.
avoirdupois.
Cento. [L., Gr. Keyrpav, a patchwork cloak."]
1. Patchwork. 2. A collection of verses from
one or more poets, so arranged as to form a
distinct poem.
Central force. An attractive or repulsive force
which originates in a determinate point of space,
and acts round that point in such a manner that
its intensity at any point of space depends on the
distance only and not on the direction ; thus,
gravity is a C. F.
Centre [L. centrum, Gr. Kfvrpov] ; C. of a
curve; C. of gravity; C. of gyration; C. of
inertia ; C. of a lens ; C. of mass ; C. of oscilla-
tion; C. of percussion; C. of position; C. of
pressure ; C. of a surface. A term used vaguely
to mean the middle point or part of anything.
The C. of a curved line or surface is the point
(if there be one) which bisects all straight lines
that are drawn through it and are terminated at
both ends by the line or surface, such as the C.
of a circle, ellipse, sphere, spheroid, etc. The
C. of gravity is that point of a body through
which the force of gravity on the body will act,
in whatever position it may be placed ; conse-
quently, if that point is supported the body will
rest in any position. It must be remembered,
however, that this definition presupposes that
the forces exerted by gravity on the parts of the
body act along parallel lines. The C. of gravity
is called also the C. of iiurtia, and sometimes
the C. of mass and the C. of position. The C.
of gyration is a point into which, if all the
particles of a rotating body were condensed, its
moment of inertia, with reference to the axis of
rotation, would continue unchanged. The C.
of oscillation is that point of an oscillating body
at which, if all the particles of the body were
condensed, the small oscillations would be
performed in the same time as the actual small
oscillations of the body. The C of percussion
is the point of a rotating body at which it must
strike an obstacle, so that there may be no jar on
the axle or hinges. It coincides in position with
the C. of oscillation. The C. of pressure of a
plane surface immersed in a fluid is the point in
which the resultant of the pressures of the fluid
meets the surface. This term is sometimes used
to denote the metacentre (q.v.). The C. of a lens
is a point fixed with reference to the lens having
this property : if the part of a ray of light within the
lens tends towards the centre, the parts outside ot'
the lens are parallel. In the case of an ordinary
double convex lens, the centre is within it.
Centrebit. A tool for boring circular holes.
Centrifugal force. [L. centrum, centre, fugio,
Ifiy from.\ When a body moves in a circle
there is a second body, which may be called the
guiding body, and whose place is commonly
the centre, by whose action the moving body is
deflected from its rectilinear course and caused
to move in the circle ; the reaction which it
exerts against the guiding body is the C. F. of
the moving body. When a stone is whirled
round in a sling it endeavours to leave the hand
that guides it ; and by that endeavour stretches
the sling, and stretches it more the faster it
moves. The stretching of the sling is due to
two forces, the action of the hand and the re-
action of the stone; the latter is the C. F. of
the stone.
Centring. A temporary wooden support for
vaults, arches, etc., while building.
Centring, Error of. In astronomical instru-
ments it commonly happens that the centre of
the divisions of the divided circle is not exactly
coincident with' the centre on which the circle
itself turns — although great pains are taken to
CENT
109
CERT
attain coincidence. This being so, the reading
taken at a fixed point past which the divided
circle turns will differ from the true reading by
the E. of C. When this error is small, its effects
are completely avoided by taking the arithmetical
mean of two readings made with reference to
two fixed points at opposite ends of a diameter.
Called also Error of Eccentricity.
Centripetal force [L. centrum, centre, peto,
1 seek\ is the force by which bodies are every-
where drawn, impelled, or at all events tend,
towards some point as to a centre. Such a
force is gravity, in virtue of which bodies tend
towards the centre of the earth ; or the force of
magnetism, by which iron is drawn towards a
magnet. The term is used by Newton for what
is now more commonly called a Central force.
Centrobario. [Gr. Kivrpov, L. centrum, r^-w/r^,
Pipoi, wei^^'At.] Appertaining to the centre of
gravity. There are cases in which the attraction
exerted by a body (A) according to the law of
gravity on another body (B) is reducible to a
single force in a line which always passes through
a point fixed relatively to the second body. In
this case the second body (B) is said to be C.
relatively to the first (A). When this is the
case, the second body (B) is also C. relatively to
every attracting mass, and it attracts all matter
external to itself as if its own mass were collected
in that point. It has been proposed to call this
fixed point the Centri of gravity of the body (B),
and to distinguish by the name C. of mass or C.
of iiurtia the point which is usually called the C.
of gravity.
Centrciclinal, or Cyeloelinal, strftta. [I>.
centrum, a centre, Gr. kuxAot, a circle, KXivu, I
make to slant.] (Geol.) Strata dipping inward
concentrically, like basins one within another ;
e.g. Forest of Dean coal-field.
Centrolinesd. [L. centrum, centre, lTn?a, a
lifu.\ An instrument for drawing lines con-
verging to a centre which is outside of the paper
on vhich the lines arc to be drawn.
Centum vir. [L.] Hundred-man ; racmhct oi
a committee or court of a hundred.
Centuriators of Magdeborg. (Magdeburg,
Centuriators of.)
Centuries. [L. centurice.] In Rom. Hist.,
the divisions, supposed to be each of icx), in
which the people voted in the Comitia, or meet-
ing (rf Centuries. In the Legion the C, was
one-half of the Maniple, and the one-thirtieth
part of the Legion.
Cepaceous. {Bot.) Having the character of
an onion ( L. cfxjpa] in shape of smell.
Cephalalgia remedies are for tain [Gr. iXyot]
of the head [Kt((A\-i\].
Cephalaspis. [Gr. xc^dA.^, a head, atrirls, a
shield.] (Geol.) A fossil fish, with bony body-
shield shaped like a cheese-knife ; found by
Hugh Miller in the Old Red Sandstone.
Ceph&lic. Relating to the head ; generally
medicines for afTcctinns of the head.
CiphilSpdda, Cephalopodf. [Gr. KttfAxi), head,
■Koii,woUi,foot.] (Zool.) Highest class of mol-
luscs. They have eight or more arras ranged
round the head and provided with suckers ; most
are naked, as the cuttlefish, but nautili have
shells.
Ceramic [Gr. KfpaixiK6si of pottery.] Relating
to pottery.
Cerastls. [Gr. Ktpdarrii, homed, from nr/por,
horn ; cf. L. cornu.] {Zool.) The horned viper, a
venomous viperine snake. Egypt and adjacent
parts. About two feet long ; greyish colour.
Cerbims. [Gr. Ktpfftpos.] (Myth.) The
three-headed dog which guards the entrance to
the kingdom of Hades, the fellow-monster
being Orthros. These two names are found as
yar\ara and Vritra in the Rig Veda.
Cerdonians. The followers of Cerdon [Gr.
KtpStDv], who in the second century maintained a
system of Dualism, combining with it the
opinions of the DocetSB. (Ahriman.)
Cere. [L. ccra.] 1. Wax. Ccrcd, waxed.
Cerecloth, one smeared with wax, or similar
matter; unless this is A.S. sore-cloth, a cloth
for sores. Cerement [L.L. cerementum], a waxed
winding-sheet. 2. (Ornith.) The naked space
at the base of the bill of some birds.
Cereals. [L. ceredlis, relating to Cfres, god-
dess of agriculture.] (Bot.) Grasses cultivated
for their edible seed : wheat, barley, oats, rye,
maize or Indian corn, rice, millet. ^
CerSbel, Cerebellum. [L. dim. of cerebrum,
the brain.] The under and posterior portion of
the brain.
Cerebration, TTnoonsoions. The non-voluntary
working out and reproduction of ideas, under
certain nerve conditions.
C6r58. [L.] (Myth.) The Latin goddess
answering to the Greek Demeter. (Elbusinian
Mysteries.)
Cerevisia. [L., a Gallic word.] In old legal
statutes and elsewhere, beer.
Cerinthians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Cerinthus, who in the first century propounded
opinions agreeing essentially with those which
were set forth by the Cerdonians in the second.
Cerium. A rare greyish-white metal, named
after the planet Ceres.
Cemuous. [L. cernttfis, looking dtnvnwards,
probably from an old cer = Gr. xipa, the head
(as in cer-vix, the neck, which carries, vehit, the
head) and nuo, nutus, nod.] (Bot.) Hanging
down at the top, drooping ; e.g. a snowdrop.
Cerography. [Gr. nripus, wax, ypdijxiv, to
71'rite.] Engraving on a copper plate coated
with wax, from which a stereotype plate is
taken.
Ceroplastio art. [Gr. Hy\po-K\a<rriK6i, from
K7ip6s, 7i'ax, trXiffffuv, to mould.] The art of
modelling in wax.
Certent et cygnis filfilae. [L.] Let owls too vie
with swans; i.e. if bad authors vie with good ones.
Certification. [L. certus, sure, facere, to
make.] (.Scot. Law.) Assurance to a part of
the consequences of non-appearance in court or
neglect of a court order.
Certiorari. [L., to be more fully informed.]
(Leg.) Name of a writ commanding an inferior
court to return the records of a case before it, so
that such case may be removed into a court of
equity.
CERT
CHAI
Certosa. [It., corr. of Carthus-ia.] 1. A
Carthusian monastery. 2. A burying-ground.
CerOmea. [L. cera, max.] A secretion of the
ear.
Oenue. 1. Carbonate of lead, commonly
called white lead. 2. A white-lead cosmetic
preparation. [Fr. ceruse, L. cerussa, with same
two meanings.]
Cervloal. Belonging to the tuck [L. cervicem].
(Cemaoos.)
Cervine. [L. cervTnus, from cervus, deer, the
Aorrud heast.] Relating to deer.
Cespititioas. Made of turf [L. ccespes,
csespitis].
Cespitose. [L. caespTtem, a sod, a inod,]
{Bot.) Growing in tufts.
Cess. [L. census, ratingj] Assessment or tax.
Cessante causa, cessat et effeotus. [L.] The
cause ceasing, the effect also ceases ; a saying of the
scholastic logicians, "cause" being used in its
fullest sense ; e.g. the flatness of the metal does
not cease when the hammering ceases : but cause
includes the ductility of the metal, as well as the
blow of the hammer.
Cessante ratiSne leg^, cessat ipsa lex. [L.]
On the reason for a law ceasing, the law itself
ceases (to exist).
Cess&Tit. [L., he has ceased.] In Law, a writ
issued when a tenant has ceased to perform the
conditions of his tenure.
Cesser. [L. cessare, to cease.] {Leg.) 1. Neg-
lect of service. 2. As in proviso for C, ter-
mination of trusts.
Cession. [L. cessio, -nem, a^Wwg'w/.] (Eccl.)
Of a living, the giving it up, upon appointment
to some dignity which cannot be held with it.
-cester, -Chester. [L. castra, fortified camp.]
Part of Saxon names, as in Wor-cester, Dor-
chester, Chester, Chester-field.
C'est fait de lui. [Fr. ] // is all over with him.
C'est le crime qui fait la honte, et non pas
rechafaad. [Fr.] // is the crime that makes the
disgrace, and not the scaffold.
Cestoids. [Gr. Kfffr6s, girdle, dSos, form.]
Intestinal worms, like the tapeworm.
Cestnun. [L., Gr. Keffrpou.] A graving-tool,
used by the ancients in encausting painting.
C'est tout egal. [Fr.] It is all the same.
Cestni-que trust. [Norm. Fr.] {Leg.) Equit-
able owner of estate legally vested in a trustee.
Cestoi-qae use. [Norm. Fr.] The enjoyer of
equitable or beneficial interest in estate legally
held by the feoffee to uses {q.v.).
C'est une autre chose. [Fr.] That is another
thing.
Cestus. (Caestus.)
Cestus. [L., Gr. KtarSs.] A girdle; es-
pecially the girdle of Venus.
Cestraen, Cistvaen, Eistvaen. An enclosure,
like three sides of a box, with a stone cover,
often found in barrows, generally at the east
end ; for burial, generally, and covered with
earth ; perhaps in some instances made for
other purposes. [A hybrid word ; kiVttj, chest,
"Welsh maen, stotu (Latham).]
Cetacea. [Gr. ktito^, sea-monster.] (Zool.)
An ord. of mammals without posterior leet,
adapted to an aquatic life, warm-blooded, with
horizontal tail ; including whales, narwha}s,
dolphins, porpoises.
Ceterach. {Bot.) A gen. of polypodiaceous
ferns, of the group Aspleniae ; to which belongs
the common Scale-fern.
Cevenol. An inhabitant of the district of the
Cevennes Mountains, P'rance.
C. 0. 8. unit. (Dyne.)
Chace. The extreme length of a cannon.
Chaoonne [Fr.], Chacona [Sp. , from Basque
chocuna, pretty]. A slow, graceful dance in
triple time, Spanish ; generally in a major key.
Passacaglia, a similar dance, being generally in
a minor. P. has been treated classically, by
Bach.
Chacun a son goiit. [Fr.] Every one accord-
ing to his oxvn taste.
Chadband, Eev. Mr. In Dickens's Bleak
House, a hypocrite.
Cheeronean, Cheronean, sage. Plutarch, born
at Choeroneia, in Boeotia, where he spent most of
his life.
ChSBtSdon. [Gr. xa.[rr\, hair, o8o(;r, -6vtos,
tooth, = having rows of bristle-like teeth. ] {Ichth.)
Gen. of fish, with deep, compressed bodies and
strongly marked colouring. The beaked C.
catches flies by squirting water at them. Trop.
seas. Fam. Squamipennes, ord. Acantho-
ptprygii, sub-class Teleostei.
•Chaiery. [Fr. chaufferie, from chauffer, to
heat.] A forge where iron is wrought into bars.
Chafing-dish. [Fr. echauffer, to chafe.] A
portable vessel of hot coals, for heating anything.
Chafing-gear. {N^aut.) Anything put on
rigging oi spars, to prevent them iiom being
rubbed or worn.
Chafron. [Fr. chanfrein, from L. camus, Gr.
Kriix6s, a muzzle, and Fr. frein, a bit, curb ; a re-
duplication by which a rare word is explained
by a commoner one (see Littre, s.v,).\ Iron
mask, frequently with a spike on the forehead,
worn by a war-horse.
Chagigah. [Heb., festivity.] A voluntary
peace offering made by private individuals, at
the Passover, from the flock or the herd.
Chain, Ounter's. (Gunter's chain.)
Chain-moulding. In the Norman style, a
moulding resembling a chain, common on Nor-
man window and doorway arches.
Chain-pump. A machine for raising water.
It consists of an endless chain passing over two
wheels, one above and the other below the
water, the former being worked by a winch ; to
the chain discs or buckets are attached ; the
chain with the buckets is made to pass upward
through a tube, and thereby brings the water up
when the winch is turned. (Chain- wheel.)
Chain-rule. A rule in arithmetic for working
a sum in compound proportion = double rule of
three.
Chains, Chain-wales, or Channels. {Naut.)
Blocks of wood fastened to the outside of a
ship a little aft of the masts, to which the
Chain-plates (iron plates, the lower end fastened
to the ship's side, the upper provided with fixed
dead-eyes) are attached, by which they are kept
CHAl
CHAM
off so as to carry the shrouds clear of the bul-
wark. In the chains, stationed between two
shrouds to cast the lead.
Cliain-wheel. A machine the reverse of the
chain-pump. In it, the water falling down
the tube communicates motion by means of the
brackets to the upper wheel, which therefore
becomes a prime mover ; in much the same way
that a water-wheel, or turbine, is a prime mover.
Chalaia. [Gr. x'^«C«i haiL\ (Bo/.) The
point of union, at the base of an ovule, between
the nucleus and integuments.
ChaleedSny (abundant near Chalcedon, on the
Asiatic side of the Bosphorus). {G^o/.) A beauti-
ful variety of silica, sub-translucent, milk-white
or coloured. AgcUe is laminated C. ; C. red,
yellow, white,' is Carrulian, called from the red
Idnd [It. carniola, came, y?«A] ; rich red is
Sard ; C, in layers, is Onyx. C. of Rev. xxi. 19
= carbuncle ; but includes also Chrysocolla, or
Native verdigris, an ore of copper, sometimes
called copper emerald. — King, Precious Stones.
Chaloogr&phy. [Gr. x<i^^^>> copper, ypd^tiy,
to write.] Engraving on copper.
Chaldee language. The language of the Jews
after the IJahylunish captivity, being a Hebrew
dialect, differing little from the Syriac, or old
Assyrian. (Aramaic languages.)
Clialdee Paraphraaes. Running commentaries
on the Old Testament, called Targums.
(Talmud.)
Chaldron, or Chalder. [L. caldarium, a 7>essel
for hot water.] .An old dry measure, latterly
used as a measure for coals and coke. A chaldron
of coals was 36 heaped bushels, or about 27 cwts.
Chalet. [Fr.] Summer hut for Swiss herds-
men ; also Swiss wooden houses generally.
Chalk. [A..S. cealc, L. calx, calcem, litne-
stone.] A white earthy limestone, largely com
posed of coccoliths ancl globigerina ; the upper-
most Secondary formation in England and in
France ; 1000 feet thick ; represented in Germany
by sandstones, etc. (Foraminifera.)
Challenge. Exod. xxii. 9 ; claim. [O.Fr.
chalonge, L. calumnia.]
Challenge of jurors. An exception or objection
against those empannelled ; (i) a challenge to
the array being against the whole number, on
account of partiality, or for some other reason ;
(2) a challenge to the polls being against one
or more -individuals.
Challia. A fine twilled woollen fabric.
Chalumeau, Chalameao. [Fr., whence Eng.
shaxvm ; L. calamcllus, dim. of calamus, a reed.]
Pastoral reed-pipe ; the lower notes of the
clarionet are said to have a C. tone.
Chalybean steel = steel of the best make ; the
Chalybes of Asia Minor having been famed
as workers in iron.
Chalybeate waters. [Gr. x«^«4> x<^>')3oi,
harJetud iron.] Mineral waters in which the
iron predominates.
Cham. (Khan.)
Chama. [Gr. x^MI. a cockle, a gaping shell.]
(Zool.) Giant clams, fam. of Conchlftra,
Bivalve molluscs. Tropics.
Chamade. [Fr., It. chiamare, L. clamare.
to cry out.] The beat of a drum, or the soxmd
of a trumpet summoning the enemy to a parley.
Chamseleon. (Chameleon.)
Chamber. [L. camera.] The cell in a mine
or gun, where the powder is deposited.
Chamberlain, Lord, or King's C. An officer
of very high standing in the royal household
(formerly an influential member of the Govern-
ment), a member of the Privy Council. He has
also to do with the licensing of certain theatres
and new plays ; inquires into the status of
persons desiring to be presented ; issues the
queen's invitations, etc.
Chamberlain, The Lord Great. Holds a here-
ditary office, very ancient, and once very impor-
tant. He has the government of the palace at
Westminster, receives upon solemn occasions
the keys of W. Hall ; prepares the Hall for
coronations. State trials, etc. ; has charge of the
House of Lords during the session.
Chambers, Judges'. Rooms where judges sit
for despatch of business which does not require
a court.
Chombre ardente. [Fr., buming-chamber.l
(I/ist.) The court instituted by Francis I. for
trying and burning heretics.
Chambre des Comptes. [Fr.] A French court,
before the Revolution, for the registration of
edicts, treaties of jieace, etc.
Chameleon. [Gr. x"^*^^*^"* ground-liott, a
lizard which was supposed to change its colour.]
1. {Min.) Manganateof potassium, the solution
of which changes colour from green to purple.
2. (Zool.) A gen. of saurian reptiles, popularly
supposed to live on air, and to change its colour
at will. It lives on insects, and the modifica-
tions of colour are produced by the varying
proportions in the pigments contained under the
rete mucosutn, or coloured layer of the skin.
Chamfer. [F"r. chanfrein.] (Arch.) The edge
of any right-angled object cut a-slope or on the
bevel. (Chafron.)
Chamois. [Ilcb. zomer.] (Bibl.) Probably
Moufflon (ii.v.).
Chamomile, Camomile. [Gr. xaMR^Mn^oK, earth-
apple.] (Dot.) Anthimis nobilis (ord. Compo-
sitx«), a herb with finely divided leaves and daisy-
like flowers, the latter used in fomentations, etc.
Champarty, Champerty. [I>. campus, field,
partem, part or share] (Leg.) A bargain be-
tween A, a party to a suit, and B, a third party,
that B maintain the suit on condition of a share
of the object of the suit if A win.
Champ olos, Au. [Fr.] \X\.. in closed field, ■=
in judicial combat or in tournament.
Champ de Hai. [Fr.] (Hist.) The assembly
of the Champ de Mars was, under Pepin and some
of his successors, held in May, and so called.
Champ de Mars. [Fr.] (I/ist.) A public
assembly of the Franks, held in the open air
yearly in March. The name of the open space
m Paris of this name was probably suggested by
the Campus Martius at Rome.
Champignon. [L. cam])iuiun«:iii, as growing
in the campus, or open field.] (Bol.) A small
kind of AgarTcus, or mushroom (Agarkus
oreades).
CHAM
CHAR
Champion. [Fr., Sp. campeon.] {Feud.)
One who appeared in the wager of battle to
fight in behalf of another. In Eng. coronations
the king's champion appeared to defend his right
against all assailants. For this service he held
the manor of Scrivelsby in grand serjeanty.
Champ leve. [Fr., raised fidd.'X A process of
cutting down a metal plate, so that the pattern is
left raised, and the interstices afterwards filled
with enamel.
Chanoel. {Arch.) Literally, a place enclosed
within cross-bars [L. cancelli]. Hence the
sanctuary of a church.
Chancellor. [L. cancellarius.] 1. {Hist.)
Under the Roman emperors, a notary, or scribe ;
so called from the cancelli, or rails, within
which he sat. 2. (Ecc/.) The principal judge of
the consistory court of a diocese. 8. The Lord
High C. of England, the highest judicial officer of
the kingdom (Seal, Great; Speaker). 4. Anciently,
ecclesi-ecdicus, Church lauyer, an ecclesiastical
officer, learned in Canon law, who holds courts
for the bishop ; advises and assists him in
questions of ecclesiastical law. 6. C. of a cathedral,
generally a canon, has general care of the litera-
ture and schools belonging to it ; sometimes also
lectures in theology. 6. C. of unix>ersity, the
supreme authority of a British university, gene-
rally a nobleman or statesman.
Chanoe-medley. [Fr. chaude, hot, melee,
fray.^ {Leg.) A casual affray ; also the slaying
an assailant in sudden self-defence, or hasty slay-
ing of one committing an unlawful act.
Chancery. \Cf. Fr. chancellerie, from chan-
celler, chaiuellor.\ Original seat of chancellor,
royal chaplain and amanuensis, keeper of the
royal conscience. Under Edward L arose
the extraordinary inter\'ention, between private
parties, of the king as the sole source of equity.
By Lord Selborne's Judicature Act, 1873, the
Court of C. became the C. Division of the
Supreme Court of Judicature, while equity rules
are to override common law when they are at
variance, so that a fusion of law and equity is
attempted. (Cancelli.)
Chances. (Probability.)
Chandoo. An extract of opium, for smoking.
Changeling. 1. Something left, especially a
child, in the place of another. 2. A fool, sim-
pleton. 8. One given to changing sides, want-
ing in fixity.
Change-ratio, C.-wheels. If A and B are
two parallel axes connected by toothed wheels
which work with each other, then A's velocity
of rotation will bear to B's a ratio depending on
the number of teeth in the wheels. Now, if it be
required to change this ratio from time to time
into some other assigned ratio, this can be done
by furnishing the axes A and B with wheels, the
sums of whose pitch radii are equal, and on whose
circumferences are cut a proper number of teeth ;
the wheels are placed on the axles in such a
manner that when A is shifted to the right or left
on its bearings by one definite distance, one pair
of wheels is brought into action ; by shifting it
through another distance a second pair of wheels
is brought into action, and so on. These wheels
are called C.-wheels, and the corresponding
ratios of the velocities of rotation of the axles
the C. -ratios. Suppose the wheels on A have
60, 36, and 72 teeth respectively, and those on
B, 120, 144, and 108 ; when the first pair is
brought into play, A's velocity has to B's the ratio
of 2 : I ; when the second pair, 4^1; when the
third, 3 : 2. These ratios are the C.-ratios.
Chanks. Conch-shells.
Channel-gropers. {Naut.) Vessels kept on
service in the Channel. Applied formerly to
those on the look out for smugglers.
Chansons. [Fr., song.'\ Short lyrical com-
positions sung by the Troubadours.
Chanticleer. The cock [Fr. chante-clair,
sing clear}, in Reinecke the Fox {q.v.).
Chantry. [Fr. chanter, L. cantare, to sing.^
A chapel or altar, with endowment for a priest
to offer Masses for the soul of the founder or
others.
Chap-books. Various old and now scarce
tracts, miscellaneous, of inferior manufacture,
sold by chapvun ; at one time the only popular
literature ; treating of religion, historical per-
sonages, weather, dreams, ghost stories, etc. ;
dating from early part of the seventeenth cen-
tury, and succeeded by the still inferior Penny
C. B., which included stories of humour n?^
roguery. (Cheap-jack.)
Chapeaubras. [Fr.] A kind of cocked /^(t/*,
which could be flattened and carried under the
arm [bras] ; worn by regimental officers till
about 1812.
Chapelle ardente. [Fr.] A chapel, lit with
many candles placed round a catafalque, or bier,
in the funeral rites of the Latin Church.
Chapelle de fer. [Fr., L.L. capa or cappa,
a cape.] Close-fitting iron skull-cap; formerly
the head-piece for both infantry and light horse.
Chapellet. [Fr. chapelet.] A pair of stirrup
leathers with stirrups.
Chaperon. [Fr. chape, L. cappa, a hooded
cloak, whence, by meton. , its usual meaning.]
1. A hood. 2. A hood or cap worn by knights
of the Garter.
Chapiter, Chaptrel. [Fr. chapitre, O.Fr.
chapitle, L. capTtulum.] The capital of a
column, as in Exod. xxxvi. 38 and elsewhere.
Chaplet. [Fr. chapelet.] In the Latin Church,
a string of Beads on which prayers are counted.
(Eosary.)
Chapman. [A.S. ceapan, to buy; cf. Ger.
kaufmann.] A trafficker, especially a buyer.
Chapt. Jer. xiv. 4 ; cracked, gaping open,
from the heat ; to chap (probably the same word
as chip, chop, etc.) being to cleave, to crack.
Chapter. [L. capitulum, from caput, head.]
The assembly of the dean and canons, forming
the council of the bishop, in a cathedral church ;
or of a superior abbot and his monks in conven-
tual houses.
Chapter House. {Arch.) The room in which
the Chapter holds its meetings.
Char. [Celt, cear, red.] {Ichth.) Spec, of
salmon, about twelve inches long, back brown,
belly yellow. European lakes. Salmo salvellnus,
S. umbla, Ombre chevalier of Lake of Geneva.
CHAR
"3
CHAS
Char, Chare. 1. [A.S. eyre, a turn.] An oc-
casional job or turn at work, a separate employ-
ment. 2. To hew, work. Charred stom [Fr.
carre, L. quadratus], hewn stone. (See Parker's
Glossary of Architecture.)
Char-a-bancs. [Fr.] Pleasure-van.
Charact, Charect. [Gr. x'V^''^^P> stamp, im-
press.] 1. Distinctive mark. 2. An inscription.
Characteristie of a logarithm. (Index.)
Charade. [Fr., Prov. charada, L. L. carrata,
eart-load.] An enigma consisting of equivocal
descriptions of the idea conveyed by the parts
and the whole of a word which is to be guessed.
The descri]nion may be verbal or dramatic.
Ch&radrQda. [Gr. x^/x>2p«^^> ^i^'l freqtunt-
ing clefts, x«f>^8paj, x<H>^<satiy, cleazr.] (Omith.)
Fam. of birds of the plover (Charadrius) kind.
Cosmopolitan. Ord. Grallne.
Charah. An Afghan knife or sword.
Charbon. [Fr., coaJ, charcoal; cf. carbuncle,
from L. carbuncOlus.] (fV/. Surg.) A malig-
nant pustule.
Chard. 1. A kind of white beet. 2. The
fool-stalk and midrib of white beet, and some
other plants, blanched.
Charegites. [Ar., rehel.\ A name given to
the sect by one of whom the Caliph Ali was
murdered, a.d. 66 i. ( Awairin .)
Charge. 1. (///r.) Any figure borne on an
escutcheon. 2. (/icel.) liishop's or archdeacon's
address to clergy. 8. A N-igorous military
attack ; the explosive materials in a mine or
gun.
Charge d'affaires. [Fr.] A foreign minister
of the third grade.
Charge de Marseille. An old French com
measure, still used ; equal to about 4*4 English
bushels.
Charineer fA.S. cearig, chary, careful.]
Scrupulous carefulness, circumspectness.
Charism, Chiiriain&. [Gr. xc^pu^Mo-] (Eccl.) A
special gift or talent, ^..^. ofhealing; I Cor.xii.28.
Charites. [Gr.] (iSracet.)
Charity-sloopa. The ten-gun brigs built at the
beginning of this century. Said to have l)ecn
intended to give employment to ofScers ; hence
their name.
Charivari (?), 1. In France, formerly, a mock
seren.ide, with pans, kettles, etc., rough music.
2. Any uproar expressive of dislike. 8. Satirical
polilicil papers, as the C. of Paris.
Charlatan. [It. ciarlatano, ciarlare, to praitle.]
A quack ; one who pretends to knowledge.
Charles's Wain. The constellation of the
Greater Bear ; the term is, however, generally
limited to the seven stars which are most con-
spicuous in that constellation. (Bishis.)
Charlock, {fiot.) A wild mustard, SInapis
arvensis, ord. Crucifcrx.
ChirSn. [Gr.] (Afyth.) The ferryman who
rows the dead across the Stygian lake in the
under world. (Styx.)
Charpie. [Fr., li/tt, past part, of O.Fr. charpir,
L. carperc, to pluck.] A substitute for Imt,
made of small pieces of old linen.
Charpoy, [Hind.] A pallet-bed.
Charqoi. [L, caro cocta, cooked flesh.] Lean
beef dried in the sun ; corr. into Eng. jerked
beef.
Chart. [L. charta, paper, that which is
7i^ritten upon paper.] There is no clear distinc-
tion between a map and a chart. Either is the
delineation on a plane surface of the relative
positions of a number of points on the surface
of the terrestrial or of the celestial globe.
Thus we speak of a chart of a coast or of a
celestial chart.
Chart, or Sea-chart. {A^aut.) A sea-map,
i.e. a projection of some part of the sea and
neighbouring coast, with the harbours, bearings,
lights, known depths, currents, and kinds of
bottom, etc., carefully marked. The coast-line
is shaded seaward in maps, and landward in
sea-charts.
Charta, Magna. [L.] The Great Charter of
the realm, signed by King John, 1 2 15, renewed
by Henry III., providing against the unlawful
imprisonment of the subject and the imposition
of taxes without the consent of the Council of the
kingdom.
(^arta de &n& parte. [L.] {Leg.) A deed-
poll {</.v.).
Charta LIhert&tnm. [L.] Magna Charta and
Charta de Foresta, the latter consisting of
forest laws confirmed by Edward I.
Charte. [Fr.] 1. A document containing a
statement of constitutional law ; and especially,
2, that of Ix)uis XVIII., 1814, acknowledging
the rights of the nation.
Charter, To. {A'aut.) To hire a vessel under
a Charter-party, i.e. a deed, or written agree-
ment. A gewral ship is one which ships goods
from others than charterers.
Charterhouse. [Fr. Chartreux.] A college in
London, founded by Thomas Sutton; once a
monastery. (Carthnsians.)
Charter-land. (Booland.)
Charter-party. A written agreement by
which a shi])owncr lets the whole or a part of a
ship to a merchant for the conveyance of goods,
and the merchant pays an agreed sum by way of
freight for their carriage.
(^artists. In Mod. Eng. Hist., those who
maintain what is called the People's Charter,
of six points : universal suffrage, vote by ballot,
! nearly Parliaments, payment of members, abo-
ition of property qualification, and equal electoral
districts. Of these the second and the sixth
have become law.
Chartolary. (Carttdary.)
Charybdis. (Boylla; Incidit.)
Chase. [Fr. ch.isse, a reliquary, L. capsa.]
An iron frame in which type is wedged, before
being placed in the press for printing.
Chase-ports. (A'aut.) The gun-ports in the
bow and stern.
Chasidim. (Assideans.)
Chasing. [Fr. enchasser.] Working raised
figures on metal.
Chasse marees. French coasters of the Chan-
nel. Bluffly built, and generally lugger-rigged,
with two or three masts and a topsail.
Chassepot. A rifle introduced into the French
army before the Franco-German war.
CHAS
114
CHER
Cliassear. [Fr., from chasser, to hunt, L.
captare.] Light infantry soldier in the French
army ; Chasseur d cheval being the name for
light cavalry.
Chas&ble, Chaslble, Chedble. [L. casula, casu-
biila.] (Eccl.) A vestment representing the
Roman paenula, which was circular, with a hole
to admit the head in the centre. Modern use
has left it oblong, so as to expose the arms. It
is prescribed as the vestment in the rubric of the
first Prayer-book of Edward VI.
Cliateaa. [Fr., L. castellum.] In France, a
gentleman's country seat, which in feudal times
was generally fortified as a castle.
Chateatuc en Espagne. \¥x., castles in Spain.},
Romance castles, castles in the air.
Chatelaine. [Fr.] 1. The mistress of a man-
sion. 2. An ornament with chains for hanging
useful articles to a lady's waist.
Chatelains. (VaTasaon.)
Chatoyant. [Part, of Fr. chatoyer, to have a
play of colours.\ Having an undulating lustre,
like the eye of & cat [Fr. chat], (Cat's-eye; Na-
ereoQs.)
Chats, Chit. Twigs, young shoots. Chatvjood,
little sticks fit for fuel.
Chattah. [Hind.] An umbrella.
Chattels. [L.L. catalla, cattle, O.Fr. chaptal,
from capita, heads. \ (Z<f.) Goods not in the
nature of freehold or part and parcel thereof.
Personal C. belong immediately to the owner's
person, as most movable goods. J<!eal C. also
appertain to some lands or tenements in which
the holder has use or interest, as a box with
writings of land or issue out of some immovable
thing, as a lease,
Chi&tterer, Bohemian. (Ornith.) Bohemian
waxiving, European representative of fam.
Ampelidse [Gr. i.(i.-Kt\os, vine] ; about the size
of a starling, with chestnut-coloured crest, and
homy appendages to the wings, like red sealing-
wax. Or . Pass^res.
Chatterers. (Ornith.) Cotinou/a ; an extensive
fam. of birds, characteristic of Trop. America,
as the umbrella bird. Ord. Passeres.
Chauffer. [Fr. chauffer, to heat.} An iron
stove.
Chansses. [Fr., drawers."] Close-fitting chain-
mail for legs and feet.
Chauvinism. (FromChauvin, the veteran of the
First Empire, in Scribe's Soldat Laboreur.) Idola-
try of French military prestige of the Napoleonic
idea.
Chavender, Chevin. [L. capTtonem, a big-head
fish.] (Ichth.) Chub, spec, of fresh -water fish,
Great Britain, Leuciscus cephalus [Gr. XevniaKos,
the white mullet, K((t>a\os, a large-headed sea
fish (? a mullet)], fam. Cyprinldse, ord. Physo-
stomi, sub-class Tdleostei.
Chay-root. [Sp. chaya.] An Indian root used
as a red dye.
Cheap, -cheap. Purchase market ; Saxon name
or part name, as in Cheap-side, West-cheap,
Chipping Norton, Chippen-ham,- Copen-hagen.
Cheap-jack. Popular name for a Chapman.
Cheaters, Escheators. Collectors of Crown
escheats (q.v^, often oppressive and fraudulent ;
hence the verb to cheat is said to come; but cf.
A.S. ceat, L. captio, deception.
Cheeky. (Her.) Covered with alternate squares
of two different tinctures, like a chess-board.
Cheek. (Fort if.) The side of an embrasure.
Cheeks. 1. The two solid parts upon the
sides of a mortise. 2. The side walls of a lode.
Cheer, Be of good. In Gospels and Acts ; be
of good countenance. [Fr. chere, Gr. Kapa, a
/lead OT face.] Spenser, Faery Queen, pt. ii. 42.
Cheetah. (Zool.) //untingleopard,Fe\\& ]uha{a.
(mamd) or Cynselurus, dog-cat, as being in form
and habit a sort of connecting link, though a
true feline ; long domesticated, and employed in
the chase. Africa and S. Asia ; in Persia called
Youze.
Chef. [Fr.] Chief, head-cook ; i.e. chef de
cuisine.
Chef d'oBUvre. [Fr.] Master-piece ; \i\.. head of
work.
Cheiromys. (Aye-aye. )
Cheiroptera. [Gr. x^^Pi hand, irTtp6v, wing.]
(Zool.) Bats; an order of mammals with a
patagiura [L., border or stripe, ■Ka.Tayftov] or
membrane, which enables them to fly, connecting
the fingers and toes, and the fore and hind limbs
on each side, and sometimes the hind limbs and
tail. They are insectivorous, carnivorous, or
frugivorous. Universally distributed.
Cheirotheriom. Hand-beast [Gr. x«^P. Gy\piov\
(Geol.) A wild beast, whose hand-like footprints
appear on Red Sandstone, probably a Laby-
rinthodont reptile [Gr. Ka.&ipivQos, a labyrinth,
6S0VS, a tooth, from the peculiar internal structure
of the teeth].
Chelate. (A^at. Hist.) In shape like a claw
[Gr. xV^ill
Chelonla. [Gr. x<^<^«^» tortoise.] (Zool.) The
fifth ord. of reptiles ; tortoises and turtles.
Chelonidae. (Chelonia.) (Zool.) Sea-turtles.
Chelone viridis. Green T. (Atlantic), supplies
soups, etc. ; Hawk's-bill T. (Indian and Pacific),
tortoiseshell.
Chelsea china. China ware made at C, 1745-
1784 ; leading marks, anchor or triangle ; moulds
transferred to Derby.
Chemio. A solution of chloride of lime for
bleaching.
Chemin des rondes. [Fr.] In old fortifications,
a broad pathway concealed by a hedge or wall
formed outside the parapet, to enable officers to
go their rounds.
Cheng. A Chinese musical instrument, a kind
of small organ ; a bundle of tubes held in the
hand and blown by the mouth.
Cherem. (Niddin.)
Cheroot. A kind of cigar, made in Manila
and elsewhere.
Cherry-laurel. (Bot.) Prunus laurocSrasus.
A common shrubbery plant, in no way connected
with the true laurel (Laurus nobilis). Water
distilled from the leaves is used in flavouring,
and cases of poisoning have resulted from its
employment.
Chersonesus. [Gr. xep<''<^«'''?<ros, a land island.]
A long peninsula, like the Thracian coast on the
N. side of the Hellespont.
CHER
"5
CHIE
CSiert (formerly Cherts; cf. Ger. quarze).
(Geo/.) A granular siliceous rock ; either of (i)
pseudo-morphosed granular limestone, as in the
Carboniferous limestone ; or (2) cemented sponge-
spicules and sand, as in the Upper and Lower
Greensands.
Cherabio hymn, or BerapMo hymn. (Ter-
Sanctus.)
Cherfibim. [Heb.] 1. An order of angels,
with attributes resembling those of the Seraphim.
2. Two symbolical figures placed on the mercy-
seat of the ark, in the tabernacle and temple.
Chervil. A culinary vegetable, used in soups
and as a garnish, esf>ecially in some parts of the
Continent. Anthriscus cajrfifolium (Pliny, for
Xcup(<pvK\ov), ord. Umbelliferae. Naturalized in
England.
Che sara, Mura. [It.] ir/iai will be, will be.
Chesil Bank. (Beaches.)
Chess, riank laid on the platform of a
pontoon bridge to form the roadway.
ChesseL The wooden vat in which c^ese is
pressed.
Chessom earth = "mere mould, between the
two extremes of clay and sand." — Bacon, quoted
by Johnson.
(Hiess-tree. (iVaut.) A piece of oak with a
hole in it, or an iron plate with thimble-eycs,
fastened to the top sides of a vessel for passing
the maintack through, so as to extend tne clue
of the mainsail to windward.
Chester, -ohester. (-eester.)
Chest of Chatham. An ancient institution for
wounded and injured seamen of Royal Navy.
Re-established by Queen Elizabeth in 1590,
maintained by a proportioned contribution from
the pay of each seaman and apprentice, called
Smart money.
CheTage, Chiefage. [From Fr. chef, hemi,
L.L. chevagium.] A kind of poll tribute formerly
paid by villeins to the lord of the manor.
Cheval glass. [Fr. chevalet, an easel.] A
large mirror swinging in a frame.
Chevalier, Bas. [Fr.] A knight of the lowest
grade, or a young knight, knight bachelor.
(Bachelor.)
Chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] One of the swell
mol), a swindler.
Chevaoz de frise. [Fr., first used in de-
fensive warfare in Friesland.] Beams of wood
transfixed by pointed stakes or sword-blades, as
temporary barriers to a passage.
Cheveltire. [Fr.] Head of hair.
Cheveril. [Fr. chevre, a^i?a/.] Kid leather;
adj., pliable, yielding, in a hoA sense.
Chevisance. [O.Fr.] ^Leg.) 1. An unlaw-
ful l)argain or contract. 2. An indirect gain in
point of usury. 3. An agreement or composition,
especially between debtor and creditor.
Chevron. |Fr., L.L. caprionem, a goat.]
1. A rafter. 2. Zigzag moulding, Norman, like
a pair of rafters. 3. (//«.) An ordinary in
the form of a pair of rafters. 4. i^Mil.) Dis-
tinguishi"(T stripe >, denoting rank, on the sleeve
of a non-commissioned officer's coat.
Chevy Chase. Old ballad founded on the
battle of Otteibum, Northumberland, 1388, in
which the Earl of Douglas was killed, ^d
Henry Percy (Hotspur), son of the Earl of
Northumberland, taken prisoner.
Chewing of oakum, or pitch. {Naut.) E.x-
pressive of leakage caused from insufficient
caulking.
ChL The Gr. x> ^ mark used anciently by
the Greeks, in reading, to note passages as
spurious ; but -X; X *^'h points on each side,
noted excellent [Gr. x/"J<'"''<^*] passages.
(Chrestomathy.)
Chi&ro-sctiro. [It., clear-obscure.] In Painting,
the proper disposition of lights and shadows.
Chiasm. [Gr. x'(«^M<^^> ^ marking with jf.]
1. (Chi.) 8. A crosswise arrangement of words
or clauses, as " Begot by butchers, but by bishops
bred."
Chiasma. [Gr. x^V^y *^' mark of x-] The
crossing of the fibres of the optic nerve.
Chibbal. [Fr. ciboule, L. csepulla.] A kind
of small onion.
Chibouque. [Turk.] A Turkish pipe.
Chio. [Fr.] In Mod. Eng. slang, = style,
the correct thing. In Fr. (l) originally sharp-
ness in practice ; now (2) a term of the workshop
» rapid, easy execution, e.g. in painting. Littre
inclines to think (l) an abbrev. of Chicane ; and
(2) a distinct word, the Ger. Schick, arrangenunt,
despatch.
Chiea. [Sp.] 1. A popular Spanish and S.-
American dance ; said to be Moorish ; hence
jig(^). 2. A fermented liquor made from maize.
8. Red colouring matter, used by the Indians,
from the wood of the climbing Bignonia C. of
the Orinoco.
Chicanery. Sophistry, sharp practice ; origin-
ally, dispute over \hc ganu of mall [Byz. r^vKct-
Kiof ] ; then, over lawsuits.
Chieard. The harlequin of the modern French
carnival.
Chiches. [Fr. chiche, L. cTcer.] Chick-pease.
Chichevaohe and Byoome. Two fabled mon-
sters, of whom B. feeds on obedient husbands
and is very fat, C. on patient wives and is almost
starved.
Chicks. [Hind.] Venetian blinds in India.
Chicory, Succory, Common. (Hot.) CIch6rium
int5'bus, ord. Comjx)sita; ; a perennial plant,
wild in England and most parts of Europe,
having long carrot-like roots, for the sake of
which it is cultivated.
Chief. [Fr. chef, L. caput, head.] (Her.) An
ordinary occupying the upper part of an escut-
cheon, and containing one-third part of the field.
(Esentcheon.)
Chief, Examination in. (Leg.) First Question-
ing of a witness in the interest of self of the party
who calls said witness ; opposed to cross-exami-
nation and re-examination.
Chief Baron. (Leg.) Presiding judge in Court
of Exchequer (q.v.) of Pleas at Westminster.
Chief-rents. (Qnit-rents.)
Chiefrie. A small rent paid to a lord para-
mount.
Ohievanoe. [(?) Fr. achevance, a finishing,
bringing to an end, L. caput, O.Fr., chief] The
extortio.i of unfair discount in a bargain.
CHIF
Ii6
CHIR
CJuffonier. [Fr.] 1. A collector of rags and
odds and ends. 2. A wooden stand, furnished
with shelves for odds and ends or bric-a-brac. 3.
An ornamental sideboard with drawers.
Chignon. [Fr.] The nape of the tuck ; h^nce
a mass of hair, often chiefly false, worn at the
back of the head.
Chigoe. (Eftiom.) Jigger, Sattd-flea ; vi'm^css
insect breeding under the human skin (Piilex
penetrans).
Child, Childe. 1. Old title of an eldest son
while heir-apparent or while candidate for knight-
hood, as Childe Rowland. 2. A young man ; e.g.
Song of the Three Children. 3. In Elementary
Education Act, 1876, one between five and
fourteen.
Childermas. [A.S. childa-maesse daeg.] In-
nocents' Day, December 28.
Child-wife. 1. Formerly, a wife who has
borne a child ; now, 2, a very young wife.
Chiliad. [Gr. x'^*»^-] A thousand in num-
ber ; a cycle of a thousand years.
Chiliarch. Commander [Gr. ipx"^^] of a thott-
sand [x^Kioi\ men. ^
Chiliasts. [Gr. xiXuuTrai, from X'^""> "^
thousand.\ Believers in a millennium, or blissful
reign of the saints on the earth for a thousand
years after the final judgment. Papias, Bishop of
Hierapolis, in the second century, is said to have
been the first who held this opinion.
Chill; Chilled shot; Chilled wheel. When
castings of iron are rapidly cooled, they become
extremely hard ; the iron is then said to be
chilled, and the mould in which such iron is cast
is called a chill. Chilled shot is shot for heavy
ordnance, made of chilled iron. A Chilled wheel
is a wheei of a railway carriage whose tire is
hardened by chilling ; such wheels are exten-
sively used in U.S.
dulled. 1. Varnish is said to be chilled,
when through dampness a bloom (q.v.) appears
on a picture. 2. (Casehardening.)
ChillL [Sp. chili.] The pod of the cayenne
pepper.
Chiltem Hundreds. A tract extending through
part of Bucks, and of Oxford. The steward was
an officer appointed by the Crown to preserve
order there. A member of Parliament, as he
cannot strictly resign, vacates his seat by ac-
cepting a nominal office under the Crown, such
as this stewardship. The hundreds are Burnham,
Desborough, and Stoke, once forest-land infested
by robbers.
ChimaeridsB. [Gr. x^f'^V^ ^ monster with a
lion^s head, a goat^s body zuith secotid head, and a
serpent for a tail; hence a monster getierally.\
{IchtA. ) Fam. of shark-like fishes ; N. and S.
Temperate latitudes. British spec, Chimtera
monstrosa, Kabbit-fish, King of the herrings,
Sea-cat ; three feet long, white with golden-brown
markings, large head, whip-like tail. Ord. H6I0-
cephala, sub-class Chondropterj^gli.
Chimera. [Gr. x'/i""?"'] A monster slain by
Hipponoos, who is also called Bellerophon. (Bel-
lerophon's letters.) The word meant simply
goats of a year old, strictly winterlings ; and as
the sun slays the winter, the creature slain would
be a chimera. It now means commonly a wild
fancy or an object impossible of attainment.
Adj., Chimerical.
Chimere. [Fr. cimarre. It. zimarra.] The
upper robe of satin, black or red, with lawn
sleeves attached to it, worn by bishops of the
English Church.
Chimin. [Fr. chemin, L.L. caminus, way,
road.] (Leg.) Away. Private roads are either
C. in gross, when a person holds the road as pro-
perty; or C. appendant, as when a person cove-
nants for right of way over another's land to his
own.
Chiminage. [Fr. chimin {^.v.).] (Leg.)
Toll due by custom for way through a forest.
Chimming. [Ger. kimme, the edge of a cash.]
Dressing ore in a tub or keeve.
Chimney money, or Hearth tax. An impost
levied in the reign of Charles II., and abolished
in that of William III. and Mary.
China clay, A clay found in the west of
England, used for making china. China stone
is a kind of granite used for glazing fine pottery.
China grass. Grass cloth, a fine glossy
fabric, made from the fibre of the Boehmeria
nivea of Assam ; not a grass, but allied to the
nettle ; ord. Urtlcaceae.
Chinampas. (Floating islands.)
Chinche. [L. cimicem.] 1. (Entom.) A bug.
2. (Zool.) Chinchilla, burrowing gregarious
rodents of the high Andes of Chili and Peru ;
of about fourteen inches in length, with long
hind legs, valued for their soft grey fur. Fam.
Chinchillidae, ord. Rodentia.
Chincough. [(?) Onomatop. similar names
occurring in other languages.] Whooping-
cough.
Chine and chine. Casks stowed endways.
Chinese white. Oxide of zinc, used as a
pigment.
Chinse, To. To caulk slightly or tempo-
rarily, by working in oakum with a knife.
Chintz. [Hind, chhint.] A cotton cloth,
printed in five or six colours.
Chioppine. [O. Fr. escapin, It. scapino, sock.]
A kind of clog or patten, once worn by ladies.
Chippendale. Furniture inlaid with coloured
woods (made by Chippendale, in the last
century).
Chippers. Women who dress the best ore in
lead-mines.
Chipping. (Cheap.) A market-place; part of
A.S. names, as in Chipping Norton, Chippen-
ham, _ Copen-hagen
Chlragra. (Mea.) Gout in the hand [Gr.
Xfip-dypa, as iroS-dypa, gout in ('it. a trap for) the
feet]._
Chirk. \Cf Prov. Ger. schirken, to chirp.]
To chirp ; Loc. Amer. adj., cheerful. Onomatop.
of various sounds of birds and insects.
Chirograph. [Gr. x^^P^yp^'pov, a thing written
with the hand, a bond.] A diplomatic document,
in two copies, on one sheet, between which was
written chirdgrdpkum, or some such word, so
that through this word cut lengthwise the parch-
ment might be divided into authentic duplicates.
Chirographist. [Gr. x*^P> ^ hand, ypdfu, 1
CHIR
CHOR
ivriU.] One who tells fortunes by palmistry, i.e.
by inspecting or reading the lines of the palm.
Chirology. [Gr. x*Tp» ^ hand, \6yos, dis-
course. ] Deaf-and-dumb language.
Chiromanoy. [Gr. x«P<'M<"^*"'-1 Divinations
by the lines of the hand. (Palmistry.)
Chiropodist. [Coined from x*^P> hand, xois,
to5<5j, foot.] One who cuts nails and treats
corns, etc.
ChlroptSra. (Cheiroptera.)
Chirurgeon, now abbrev. into Surgeott, [Gr.
Xf'povpySs, unyrking by the hatui, a surgeon.]
Chislea. Ninth month of the sacred, the third
of the civil, Jewish year ; November — December.
Chit. [Mind., awrittendocument of anykind.]
(Ad«/.) A note. Formerly one given by a
divisional officer, authorizing the purser to supply
" slops ; " has to be presented to the purser.
Chitine. [Gr. x^tij, hair, mane.] A sub-
stance allied to horn, of which the skeletons of
insects and crustaceans are formed ; in insects it
forms the elj^tra also, and some internal organs ;
and in some annelids the loco-motor bristles.
Chiton. [Gr. x'Ttiv. ] A tunic, with or without
sleeves, fastened with a girdle or zone [Gr.
iuvj]]. The Ionic C. reached to the feet.
ChIt5nId8B. [Gr. x*^*^") ^M""'-] (Zool.) Fam.
of gasteropodous molluscs, the only known in-
stance of a protecting shell of many portions —
not valves, but overlapping plates.
Chitterling. 1. A short frill. 2. The frill-like
small intestines of the hog.
Chittim, Kittim. '1 he Island of Cyprus was
known to the Phcenicians and Jews by this name.
Its chief town, Kition, was a great emporium
for the Phoenician slave-traders. Numb. xxiv.
24, and elsewhere.
Chitty fao«. [Fr. chiche-face.] A mean-
faced fellow.
Chitin. Amos v. a6; generally regarded as
the name of an idol. The word may also mean
the pedestal or support of an image.
Chive, or Cive. [L. caepa, an onion.] {Bot.)
Allium Schoenoprasum, ord. Liliacese.
Chivey. {jVaut. ) A knife.
Chladni's figoret. (Nodal figures.)
Chlamyphore. [As if Gr. x^Mv5o<^(^por, x^"
ftis, r/iaiit/c, <poptu, / uvar.] (Zool.) Gen. (two
spec.) of armadillo; small. \a Plata and Bo-
livia. Chlamjdophorus, fam. Dasypodida", ord.
Edentata. -
Chl&mys. [Gr. x^^^^-\ ^^ oblong outer
garment, a mantle.
Chloral. (Chem.) A colourless, pungent liquid,
obtained by the action oi chlorine upon a/cohol.
Chloric acid. (Chefn.) An acid obtained from
chlorine. Its salts are called Chlorates.
Chlorine. (Chem.) A greenish-yellow [Gr.
Xf^<>>p6s] gas ; one of the elements.
Chloroform. (Chlorine and formyl, it being a
terchloride of formyl.) A powerful anaesthetic,
composed of oxygen, hydrogen and chlorine.
Chlorometry. [Gr. x^<^<^'> yellowish green,
lurpov, fiicasure.] (Chem.) The process of
testing the bleaching power of any combination
of chlorine.
ChlorophylL [Gr. x^<«P<(>> g^e'»t <(>l)KKov, a
leaf.] (Chem.) A substance to which green
leaves owe their colour ; minute, somewhat
waxy granules floating in the fluid of the cells.
Chldrdsis. [Gr. x^»P<^j] !• (Bot.) I.q.
Etiolation (^.t'.). 2. (A/ed.) Green sickness, a
disease arising from deficiency of red corpuscles
in the blood.
Chlorous acid. ( Chem. ) An acid containing
equal parts of oxygen and chlorine.
Chocolate gale. (Naut.) A smart wind from
N.W. of Spanish Main and W. Indies.
Choir organ. (Organ.)
Choke-damp. (Fire-damp.)
Choke-pear, Choke-plum. A harsh pear,
scarcely eatable ; and so, metaphorically, a
silencing, sarcastic speech.
Choke the IvSL (A'attt.) To get the fall of a
tackle between the block and the leading part,
so as to prevent it from running through the
block. Slang for to be silenced, and to get a meal
to stay hunger.
Chokl [Hind, chaukt, guard-house. "l A cus-
tom-house or police-station in India ; hence
choki-dar, an officer of customs or police.
Cholagogue. [Gr. x<»^<«7«»7'<^J-] (Med.) A
medicine which increases the flow of bile.
ChSlesterine. [Gr. <rrfpt6s, solid.] A fatty
constituent in bile [x«^^]i the basis of biliary
calculus.
Choliamhio. [Gr. x«>^^aM/3o^ ^ halting iam-
bus.] An iambic trimeter, acatalectic verse
[senarius] ; the fifth foot always being an iambus,
the sixth a sjiondee. Also called .Scazonic (i/.v.).
Chondro-. [(ir. x<^'''po^> cartilage.] (Anal.)
Chondroptlrygii. [Gr. x^f'^P"^' g^^^^^t
■wripv^.jin.] (Ichth.) Sub-class of fish, with
cartilaginous skeletons, comprising chimseras,
sharks, and rays.
Chopine. (Chioppine.)
Chor&gio monument. (Gr, Arch.) A monu-
ment in which the tripod bestowed on the
Ch6ragus who best performed his office was
publicly exhibited, as those of Lysicrates and
Thrasyllos at Athens.
Chor&gus. [Gr. x^P^l^^t leader of a chorus.]
At Athens, a citizen who defrayed the cost of
the public choruses in the great yearly dramatic
exhibitions. The office was a Liturgy.
Chord. [L. chorda, Gr. x^P'^' cord.] The
straight line joining two points of a curve, as a
chord of a circle, of an ellipse, etc.
Ch5r6a. \Q,x. x<'9*^^y "■ ^lancing.] (Med.) ^\.
Vitus's dance ; a nervous afl'ection characterized
by irregular and involuntary muscular move-
ments.
Ch5rlpiic5piu. [Gr. x<»'P-*''"^<'^*<'*'<'*» country
bishop.] In the early and mediaeval times, most
likely = sufl"ragan bishop, having delegated
authority only, like present Bishops of Notting-
ham or Dover ; but doing the work also now done
by archdeacons, rural deans, and vicars-general.
ChSreus. [Gr. xop««oJ> i-c- iroiJs, a metrical foot
belonging to the chorus.] 1. l.q. trochee. 2.
With later metrists, i.q. tribrach.
ChSriambus. [Gr. x'^9^'»^^°^\ (Pros.) A
foot, = a trochee -f an iambus, - w v - ; as
anxiStas, Ileligdland.
CHOR
Ii8
CHRO
Ch5rion. [Gr. X'^f"'»'» "■ caul.^ {Physiol.)
Outer envelope of the ovum ; the membrane
enveloping the fetus.
ChSroid. Like a chorion, in the multiplicity
of its vessels ; e.g. the choroid coat, one of the
internal tunics of the eye.
ChSriis. [Gr. x°9^^-\ I" ^^ Greek theatre, a
^ band of singers and dancers who performed the
odes introduced into each drama.
Chonans, Choaanerie. 1. A name given, in
1830, to certain insurgent royalists of the west
of France during the Revolution of 1 793 ; and
used again in 1832. 2. Applied also to the
adherents of the elder branch of the Bourbons.
[(?) Chouan, a screech-owl, as if describing
nocturnal predatory habits ; or as being the nick-
name of Cottereau, one of their leaders. Chouan
has been corr. into chat-huant (Littre, s.v.).\
Chough. Cornish chough, red-legged crow.
Choule. I.ij. jowl. [(?) A.S. ceole, the Jaw ;
or Fr. gueule, L. gula.]
Chow-chow. [Chin. J A kind of Indian mixed
pickle.
Chowder. A stew of fresh fish, pork, onions,
etc. C. beer, a fermented liquor ; an infusion of
black-spruce and molasses.
Chowry. [Hind, chaunry.] A fly-flapper.
Chrematistics. [Gr. xP»/A«»'''«rTrJc^.] That part
of political economy which has to do simply with
■money [xp'^/**''""]'
Chrestomathy. [Gr. xp'?<'"''o;u(iOfia.] A collec-
tion of choice passages, excellent [x/^JfTiJy] for
any one to learn \}i.adtiv\ in acquiring a language.
Chriemhild, Kriemhild. [Ger.] Heroine of
the Nibelungcn Lied ; changes from a type of
gentle womanhood to a revengeful fury on her
beloved husband's murder.
Chrism. [Gr. xp^afxa, unguent.'] Consecrated
oil used at baptism, confirmation, ordination,
orders, and extreme unction, in the Roman and
Greek Churches. Ckrismatory, a small vessel
for C.
Chrisome. A white vesture, in token of
innocence, placed at baptism on the child, to
keep the oil [Gr. XP'"^/*") <^f^ unction. New
Testament] from running off. Chrisome-chihi,
one shrouded in its C, because dying between
its baptism and the churching of the mother ;
sometimes incorrectly used to mean one dying
before baptism.
Christ-cross row. Cris-cross ro^v, the alphabet
arranged in the form of a -|- , with A at the top
and Z at the foot ; in old primers.
Christians of St. John. (Sabians.)
Christinas tree. Among the Teutonic nations,
the stem of a tree, generally fir, lit up with
candles, and bearing gifts which are tied on to
the branches. It represents, in all likelihood, the
world-tree Tggdrasil.
Christmas rose. Common in gardens, bloom-
ing in winter and early spring. Helleborus
niger, ord. Ranunculace^e.
Christology. Discourse respecting the nature
and work of Christ ; the doctrine of the Person
of Christ.
Christopher North. N'om de plume of Jonathan
Wilson, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edin-
burgh, 1820, and writer in Blackwood; author
of A'or/cs Ambrosiana.
Christ's thorn. {Bot.) Paliurus aculeatus, ord.
Rhamnacece ; of S. Europe and W. Asia ; a
deciduous thorny shrub. Another Paliurus bears
the name of C. T. also, i.e. Zizyphus Spina
Christi, used for hedges ; a native of countries
bordering on the Mediterranean and of W. Asia.
Opinions differ as to the identification of the
"thorns" of Matt, xxvii. 29.
Chromate. (Chromium.)
Chromatic. [Gr. ■xpnnt.a.r'iKis, florid, relating
to colour.] 1. Having semi-tonic intervals, other
than those of the diatonic scale. C. scale, one
of successive semi-tones throughout. 2. In Gr.
Music. (Diatonic.)
Chromatic dispersion. (Dispersion of light.)
Chromatrope. [Gr. xP'i'j"") colour, rpotrf], a
tumirig.] An optical toy, consisting of a revolv-
ing disc, painted with circles of various colours.
Chromatype. [Gr. xP«*/'*<*» '^ colour, rlnros,
type.] A photographic process in which the
picture is obtained on paper treated with bichro-
mate of potash.
Chrome (i.e. Chromium) green. Oxide of
chromium. C. orange and yellcnv are chromates
of lead. C. red is generally made of red lead.
Chromium, Chrome. [Gr. xP'i'M*) eolour.] A
whitish brittle metal, very difficult to fuse ; pro-
ducing many compounds, from which colours
are obtained. Chromic acid is derived from it,
the salts of which are called Chromates.
Chromo-lithogfraph, [Gr. xP'^/'<'> colour,
AfOos, a stone, ypd^u, I draw.] Reproduction
of pictures by the use of coloured inks in
lithography.
Chronic disease. [Gr. xP<"'"'<^y> relating to
time.] One of continuance, of permanent
recurrence ; as opposed to Acute, i.e. more
severe, rapid in progress, and short in duration.
Chroniclers, Bhyming, more properly Biming,
A series of early English verse writers, which
became conspicuous at the end of the thirteenth
century.
Chronogram. [Gr. XP^*">^> time, ypixfiiia,
writing, from ypd<pa), I write.] An inscription
of which such letters as are Roman numerals,
if added, make up a specific date ; as on a medal
of Gustavus Adolphus, struck 1632 : " Christ Vs
DVX ; ergo trIVMphVs ; " whereof the capitals
make MDCXVVVVII., i.e. MDCXXXII.
Chronograph. [Gr. xp<^''<'s, time, ypd^fiv, to
zvrite.] A watch so contrived that the second
hand marks the dial when required, as at the
beginning or end of a race.
Chronograph, Electro-chronograph. [Gr.
XP^vo's, titne, ypi<pw, J write.] An instrument
for showing instants and intervals of time
graphically. It consists of an electro-magnetic
recording apparatus put into communication
with the pendulum of an astronomical clock in
such a manner that the circuit is broken at a
certain point of each oscillation, and in con-
sequence the seconds' beats of the pendulunl are
indicated by a series of equidistant breaks or
points in a continuous line described on a roll of
paper to which a uniform motion is given by
I
CHRO
119
CIDA
machinery. The instant of the occurrence of a
phenomenon — such as the passage of a star
across one of the wires of a transit instrument —
can then be indicated by a dot made by similar
means amongst the equidistant dots which
denote the seconds. There are other Electro-
chronographs or Chronoscopes used in researches
on the velocities of shot, etc.
Chronometer. [Gr. xP^yos, time, fi4rpoy,
truasure.] A very accurate portable time-keeper.
A ship's C. is a large C. hung on gimbals, and
designed to show the Greenwich mean time
wherever the shin may be.
ChrononhotontnologOB. A pompous character
in H. Carey's burlesque of the same name.
Chronoscope. [Gr. xp^""^) time, vkohuv, to
observe.] 1. An instrument to measure the
duration of luminous im])ressions on the retina.
2. An instrument fur determining with great
accuracy short intervals of time. The chrono-
graph is also called a C.
Corysaor. (Pegasus.)
Chryselephantiiie. Made oi gold [Gr. xp^cr6%]
and ivory {iKi<pas] ; like the celebrated statue of
Zeus at (Jlympia by Pheidias.
Chrysoberyl. [Gr. xp^'^^ft S^'^'^y MpvX^os,
der}'/.] (A/in.) A hard green or yellowish-green
semi-transparent gem, of which nearly 80 per
cent, is alumina, and nearly 20 per cent, is the
rare earth glucina. Found in Ireland, Brazil,
Ceylon, etc.
Chrysolite. Gold-stone [Gr. xp^a6t \(floj.]
(Geot.) A name applied to the paler and more
transparent crystalline variety of olivine, silicate
of magnesia and iron. In volcanic rocks, Au-
vergne, Vesuvius, Mexico, Egypt, etc. (Topas.)
Chrysology. [Gr. XP"*^*^*. gold> K6yos,
reckoning. ] Branch of political economy which
concerns the production of wealth and money.
Chrysolyte of Rev. xxi. 20 [Gr. xt^aiKiBo{\
is probably the Oriental topaz, a yellow variety
of the true sapphire. — King, Precious Stones, etc.
(Topaz.)
Chrysopraae, Chrf wSpr&sus [Gr. XP«'<''<^».
go!d, ■Kpdaov, a leek], i.e. yellowish-leek -green
or apple-green variety of Chalcedony. In Ix)wer
.Silesia and Vermont. C. of the ancients, un-
certain. C. of Rev. xxi. 20 is probably the
Indian chrysolite (^.f.).— King, Precious Stones.
Chrysgtype. [Gr. XP''<^<^». I^old, rlnto^, type.]
A photograph taken on paper prepared with
chloride of gold.
Chuck. The piece fixed to the mandrel of a
turning-lathe for holding the material that is to
be shaped in the lathe ; there are fork chucks,
eccentric chucks, oval chucks, etc.
Chnett, Chewett. Pie or pudding made of
small pieces of meat ; to chew = to compress, to
crush, to break up.
Chuff. A coarse clown. Chuffy, blunt,
surly.
Cunkra. Iron quoit with sharp edge, six or
eight inches in diameter, used as a weapon of
offence in India.
Chunam, 'ITie Indian name for lime.
Chupkun. [Hind.] A native's vest in India.
Church-ales. Annual festivals formerly held in
9
churchyards or near a church, on the anniversjiry
of its dedication, or at Easter, or Whitsuntide ;
as Easter-ales, Whitsun-ales, Churchwardens'
brewed ale ; the profits were appropriated to
church repairs. Church-ales grew into fairs, often
noisy and riotous. Long discontinued, they are
now represented by village fairs, wakes, etc.
Churohdom. Institution, government of a
church.
Churches, Bobbers of. Acts xix. 37 [Gr.
UpoavKovi] ; retains an earlier use of the word
church as applied to any kind of temple.
Churl. (Earl.)
Chyle. [Gr. x^Aiii, /«!«, chyle.] (Med.) A
milky fluid into which chyme is converted, and
which is absorbed into the lacteals. Adj.,
Chylcueous. Chylo-poietic oigans, those which
have to do with making [Gr. iroirjTi/tdi] chyle.
Chyme. [Gr. xi'M"» j**^'^^^ chyme, or chyle.]
(Med.) The pulpy mass into which food is con-
verted by the action of the stomach.
Clbfirlum [Gr. Kifiipiov, a cup], corr. into
Severey. (.irch.) 1. A bay or compartment of a
vaulted ceiling. 2. A vaulted canopy over an
altar.
Cle&da. [L.,;V/.] (Entom.) Treecricket. Gen.
of Ilemipterous insects ; of which the male has a
remarkaole musical apparatus at the base of the
abdomen. Hot countries mostly. Sub-ord.
Ilomoptera.
Cicala, i.q. Cicada.
Cicatrice. [L. cicatrix, -cem.] (Med.) A scar.
Clo&trloula. [L., a little scar.] 1. The point
of germination in an egg. 2. The same as
the scar, in a seed.
Cicerone. (P'rom the orator Cicero.) So
called from his garrulity, a guide to art
treasures in Italy ; and, generally, a guide of
the same kind anywhere.
CIch8rium. [L., Gr. ittxop^f succory.] (Bot.)
A gen. of Composite, including the chicory and
endive ; having ligulate florets and a milky juice.
Cioiibeo. [It.] A term applied to a knot of
ribbons attached to a fan or a sword-hilt ; and
so to a cavaliere scrvcnte, one of a class of per-
sons who dangled at the side of married ladies
with the devotion of lovers. The practice, sup-
posed to be drawn from ages of chivalry, is now
nearly extinct.
CIcdnla. [L., stork.] (Omith.) A widely
spread gen. of the stork family, to which it
gives the name of CTconTTdce. Two spec, the
Black S. (C. nigra) and the White S. (C. alba)
occasionally visit Britain. Ord. Grallae.
Ciourate. [L. cTcuro, J make tame.] To tame
an animal, to render harmless, e.g. something
poisonous.
Clcflta. [L.] (Bot.) A deadly gen. of Um-
belliferae; C. virosa, the Cawfane, or Water
hemlock, dangerously poisonous, occasionally
found wild in England by the side of ditches
and ponds.
Cid, Bomanoe of the. A Spanish epic poem,
relating the exploits of Cid [Ar. seid, a lord]
Roderigo, or Ruy Diaz, known also as El Cam-
peador, the Champion, in the eleventh century.
Cid&ris. [Gr. KlSipts.} 1. A Persian head-
CIDE
CIRC
dress, or turban. 2. The mitre of bishops. 8.
The triple tiara of the pope.
-oide = slayer^ as in regicide, parricide [L.
caedo, I slay ; in comp. -cido].
Cider originally meant strong liquor, i.q. Gr.
alKfpa, in LXX. and New Testament ; so trans-
lated by Wiclif in Luke i. 15. [Grecized from
Heb. shakar, to be intoxicated.}
Ci-devant. [Fr.] Hitherto, formerly ; ci being
ici, here, and devant, before [L. de abante].
Cilia. [L. cIlTum, an eyelash. \ (Bot. and
Zool.) Hairs, hair-like, fringe-like processes.
Ciliary motion. [L. cilia, eyelas/us.} {Zool.) A
rapid, vibratile motion of a multitude of minute
hair-like processes of the epithelium, even when
detached, in all animals, except the Articiilata.
Its mechanism and source unknown ; independent
both of the vascular and the nervous systems.
Cilieioos. Of cilicium [L.], i.e. cloth made
of the soft under-hair of the Cilician goat, or of
similar material. (Tentmakers.)
Cimmerian darkness. Like that of the fabled
Cimnierii, who lived beyond the ocean in per-
petual gloom, "enveloped in mist and cloud"
(Odyssey, xi. 14). Another mythical tribe of Cini-
merii dwelt in caves between Baiae and Cumae.
Cf. Cymry, Cimbri, Cumbri.
Cinchona tree. {Bot.) Of S. America, ord.
Rubiaceae ; an important gen., native of the
tropical valleys of the Andes, and now much
cultivated in India ; yielding the medicinal bark
known as Peruvian bark, yesuits" B., Quin-
quina, etc.
Cinchoniae. An alkaloid obtained from Cin-
chona V:)ark.
Cincture. [L. cinctura, agirdle."} 1. {Eccl.)
A band or cord by which the Alb of the priest
is tied round the body. 2. {Arch.) The fillet
which separates the shaft of a column from the
capital or the base.
Cinderella. In popular stories, the girl who,
like Boots, sits among the ashes, but is the
future bride of the king.
Cinematics. (Kinematics.)
Cinereous, Cineritious. [L. cinereus, cTn^-
ricius.] Resembling ashes in form or in colour.
Cingalese. Of or belonging to Ceylon.
Cinnabar. [Gr. Knvd0api, some red vegetable
dye.] The native red sulphide of mercury, from
which the pigment vermilion is obtained.
Cinnamon-stone. A variety of lime-garnet ;
the finer specimens valuable. In Scotland, Ire-
land, Ceylon, N. America, etc. (Garnet.)
Cinque-cento. [It. for /ive hundred.] The style
of art which arose in Italy after the year 1500.
Cinque-pace. [Fr.] A lively dance, i.q.
galliard.
Cinque ports. Sandwich, Dover, Hythe,
Romney, Hastings, to which afterwards, before
the reign of Henry III., were added Winchelsea
and Rye ; a separate jurisdiction in some respects
from the counties of Kent and Sussex ; originally
after the battle of Hastings, erected into a kind of
county palatine, under a Warden at Dover Castle.
Cion, i.q. Scion. [Fr. scion, from scier, to saw,
L. secare.]
Cipango, Zipangri A marvellous island in
the Eastern seas, described by Marco Polo ;
sought for by Columbus, etc.
Cipherhood. [Ar. sifr, empty ; cf. ciffro, L.
zephyrus, a gentle tvind.] The condition of a
cipher, worthlessness.
Ciphering. The continued sounding of an
organ pipe when no note is down, from derange-
ment of the mechanism.
Cippus. [L.] A small low pillar, used as a
milestone, landmark, or gravestone.
Circean. Belonging to Circe, one of the
moon-goddesses of the Odyssey, who can turn
men into swine. She is thus the magician or
sorceress.
Circensian games. (Circus.)
Ciroinate. [L. circinatus.] In Bot., rolled
together downward, as in the foliation of ferns.
Circle ; Antarctic C. ; Arctic C. ; C. of declina-
tion ; Galactic C. ; Great C. ; Horary C. ; Hour C. ;
Meridian C. ; Mural C. ; Beflecting C. ; Bepeat-
ing C. ; Small C ; Transit C. ; Vertical C. 1.
The line traced out by a point moving in
one plane at a constant distance from a fixed
point. 2. The figure enclosed by this line.
Of circles on a sphere those whose planes
pass through the centre of the sphere are Great
C. ; those whose planes do not pass through the
centre are Small C. The Arctic and Antarctic
C, are parallels of latitude as distant from the
north and south poles respectively as the tropics
are from the equator, i.e. about 23° 28'. {Vertical
C. are great circles passing through the zenith
and nadir ; they are therefore at right angles to
the horizon. I/our C, or C. of declination, are
circles on the great sphere passing through the
poles of the heavens. The Galactic C. is the
great circle of the heavens to which the course
of the Milky [Gr. 7oAaKT»/c(Jj] Way most nearly
conforms. A Meridian C, or Transit C, is a
metal circle with its circumference or limb
divided into degrees, minutes, etc., fastened to
an astronomical telescope whose axis coincides
with one of its diameters. It is adjusted so as
to move round its axle in the plane of the meri-
dian. It serves for the simultaneous deter-
mination of the right ascensions and polar
distances of heavenly bodies. A Mural C.
(q.v.) [L. muralis, belonging to a 7f a//] resembles
a transit circle, but is mounted in such a manner
as to serve only for the determination of the
polar distances of heavenly bodies. A Reflect-
ing C. is an instrument constructed on the same
principle and destined for the same uses as a
sextant, but it is more complete, as the graduated
circle is entire and the divisions are carried all
round it. A Repeating C. is an instrument
designed for the accurate measurement of angles.
By a certain mechanical contrivance the obser-
vation of the angle is repeated many (say ten)
times, and then the arc that is read off is ten
times the required angle. The errors in the
final result are of two kinds : (i) errors of
observation, — these tend to neutralize each other
when the observations are numerous ; (2) the
error in the final reading, — this is divided by the
number of observations, i.e. by 10 in the case
supposed. It might, therefore, be expected that
CIRC
CIVI
an angle would be determined by this instrument
with extreme accuracy ; but practically the
repeating circle has not been found to answer
the expectation that was formed of it. The
Horary C, or Hour C, on a sun-dial, are the
lines which show the hours.
Circle of Ulloa. (TTUoa.)
Cirooit. [L. circuitus, a gving round.'\ The
continuous path of an electrical current.
Circuits. [L. circuitus, from circum, ahoiit, to,
f go.\ (Leg.) Eight districts visited by judges
twice or thrice a year for assize, by commissions
of the peace, of oyer and terminer, of general
gaol delivery, and of nisi prius. The C. are
the Northern, Home, Western, Oxford, Midland,
Norfolk, North Wales, South Wales. The
Scotch C. are Southern, Western, Northern.
Ciroolar argument. In Logic, an ai^umcnt
which arrives at a conclusion stated or involved
in the major premiss of the syllogism.
Circular notes. Drafts issued by bankers to
an intending traveller, and accompanied by a
printed letter of indication, bearing his signature
and introducing him to certain foreign bankers
who will cash a C. N. if signed in their presence
and upon production of the letter.
Ciroolar poets. (Cyclic poets.)
Circiun-. \\^., around, about. \ Often used as
prefix.
Circumambient. [L. circum, around, ambio,
/ encompass. ] Encompassing on all sides ; as
*.^. air.
CiroumeelliSnes. [L., from circum, around,
cella, hut, cottage.] Donatist Christians of the
fourth century, fanatics who went from town to
town, professing to reform manners, redress
grievances, liberate slaves. Given to violence,
and, in desire of martyrdom, to self-destruction.
Circumcursation. [L. circumcurso, / rt/n
about.] A running about; a rambling, inco-
herent method.
Circumferentor. [L. circumf?ro, / earry
round. ] A particular form of surveyor's compass.
Cireumforaneons. [L. circumforaneus.] Stroll-
ing alKjut in the market plcue [L. forum] ; attend-
ing fairs, etc.
Circumgyration. [L. circumgyro, / turn
round, gyrus, a circle.] The act of turning
round and round.
Circumlocution OflBce. In Dickens's Little
Dorrit, a fictitious public office ; a satire upon the
delays and roundabout ways of Eed tape \<j.v.).
Circumrtantial evidence. (Z<».) Evidence
not of the fact to be proved, but of circumstances
from which, when proved, the fact may be more
or less satisfactorily inferred or presumed.
Circumvallation. [L. circumvallo, I surround
•with a wall.] In ancient sieges, an earthen
embankment thrown up round a town to prevent
succour from without. An inner bank, or Con-
travail at ion, was also raised to guard against
sorties from the place.
Circus. [L.] {Arch.) A long building at
Rome, semicircular at one end, m which the
races, called Ludi Circenses, were held. By the
Greeks such buildings were termed Hippodromes,
Cirque [Fr.J, i.q. Circus.
CirrlpSdia, Cirripeds, CirropSda. [L. cirrus,
a filament, pedem, afoot.] (Zool.) Filament-
footed; the lowest class of Crustaceans, as the
barnacle.
Cirrus. [L. cirrus, a curl.] Long streaks of
white cloud, spreading in all directions. Cirro-
cumulus and cirro-stratus are combinations of
this cloud with cumulus and stratus (qq.z'.).
Cisalpine Bepublic, a.d. 1797 to 1S02. A
state formed in N. Italy west of the Apen-
nines, under the protection of Napoleon I. It
mei^ed into the //a//a« Hep., which in A.D. 1805
become Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy.
Ciselnre. [Fr.] The chasing of metals.
Cist. [Gr. Kl<rrn.] Mystic chest. Like the
baskets carried in the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Cistercians. A monastic order, founded at
Citeaux (Cistercium), in Burgundy, towards the
end of the eleventh century, as a reformed and
stricter branch of the Benedictines.
Cistus. (Rock-rose.)
Cital, i.q. /Recital.
Citation. [L. citatio, -nem, a calling out.]
1. Summons to appear at a court of visitation of
clergy. 2. Quotation of something said or
written.
CItli&ra. [L.] Ancient lute, something like
a guitar, which is the same word.
CIth&rista. [L.] played the cithara only;
Cfthtlnedus sang while playing.
Cithern, Cittern. [Gr. KiBipa, a kind oi lyre.]
A kind of guitar with eight wires.
Cities of the Plain. Sodom, Gomorrah,
Admah, Zeboim, and Bela or Zoar.
Citizen-King. Louis Philippe, elected, A.D.
1830, constitutional monarch of France.
Citric, Citrine. [Gr. Klrpoy, citron.] Belong-
ing to lemons, limes, etc.
Citric acid. [L. citrus, the citron tree.] An
acid formed from lemon or lime-juice.
City. [Fr. cit^, L.L. cTtatem, i.q. civTtatem.]
A town incorporated, which is or has been the
see of a bishop ; as London, Bath, Westminster.
City of the Sun, transl. of the Syrian name,
Baal-bec. A ruined city in Coele-Syria ; with
the Greeks and Romans, Heli5p61is, which also
means City of the Sun.
Cindad. [.Si)., i.q. It. civita.]
Cives, i.q. Cnives.
Civet. [Pers. zabad.] The brown, musky
secretion of the civet cat.
Civet cat. (Zool.) A long-tailed African
carnivore (not a cat), black and white, three feet
and a half long, secreting "civet" in a pouch
beneath the arms. Viverra civetta, fam. Viver-
ridae. Other spec, secrete a similar scent.
Civic crown. [L. corona civica.] Of oak
leaves, for saving a Roman citizen's life ; called
also quercus cTvIlis.
Civil Bill Court. (Leg.) In Ireland, analogous
to County Court.
Civil death. The being dead in law was the
result once of entrance into a monastery, or of
abjuration of the realm ; now, of outlawry for
treason, or felony, or other cause. Hence the
use, in conveyance, of the term natural death.
Civilian. 1. Properly, one learned in the civil
CIVI
CLEA
or Roman law. Hence a member of the College
of Doctors of Law in the English Ecclesiastical
and Admiralty Courts. 2. Popularly, one not
belonging to the army or the navy.
CivS law. 1. The law of particular states or
cities, municipal law. 2. J.q. Roman law,
especially as consolidated by Justinian. (Corptu
Juris Civilis.)
Civil list. Annual sum of ;^385,ooo, granted
by Parliament at the sovereign's accession, for
maintenance of royal household and establish-
ment, together with ;^l20O per annum for pen-
sions to such as have a special claim on the
country, as men distinguished in literature and
science, or their relations. The sovereign, on
accession, surrenders the hereditary revenues of
the Crown, and is freed from all obligations in
reference to expenses for war or the civil ad-
ministration of the country.
Civil Service is = all duties performed for
and by the State, not being naval or military.
C. S. estimates are all State expenses not in the
Army and Navy E.
Civism. Citizenship ; citizen-like conduct.
Clack-valve. (Valve.)
Clairvoyance. [Fr., from clair, clear, voir, to
see.\ An extraordinary power of sight, said to
exist in the mesmerized, in other parts of the
body than the eye.
Clam, Clem. In the dialect of Lancashire,
hungry.
Clamp. [D. klampen, to fasten together.'\ A
mass of bricks heaped up for burning, or of ore
for smelting, etc.
Clamp, Clamping-screw. (Astron.) To clamp
is to fasten the movable arm of an astronomical
instrument ; this is done by pressing a piece of
metal against the fixed part of the instrument by
means of a clamping-screw. It is usual to set
the instrument very nearly in the position it is
finally to take, and then to clamp it ; the final
adjustment is given by means of the tangent, or
small motion screw, which generally forms part
of the clamping apparatus.
Clancnlar. [L. clancularius.] Conducted with
secrecy [clam, secretly^
Clapboard. A stave for making casks.
Clapdish. A wooden bowl or dish, with noisy
lid, used by beggars to attract attention.
Clapper. [P"r. clapier.] A burrow for rabbits.
Clapperclaw. To scold [from clap and claw].
Claque. [Fr. claquer, to clap.'\ Preconcerted
applause to gain success for a public performance.
In Paris, claqueurs have been organized and
trained for the last fifty years.
Clarence. (Called after the Duke of Clarence.)
A close four-wheeled carriage with a single seat.
Clarencieux. (Originally herald to the Duke
of Clarence.) The second king-at-arms in the
Heralds' College.
Clarendon, Constitutions of. A statement of
the relations between the civil and the temporal
powers, subscribed at Clarendon, near Salisbury,
by the bishops, 1 164; Becket, the Archbishop
of Canterbury, alone refusing.
Clarendon Press. The printing-press of the
University of Oxford.
Clare, St., Order of. An order of women in-
stituted by St. Francis, in 1213, and so called from
the first abbess, Clara of Assisi. The nuns are
called Minoresses and Poor Clares.
Clarichord. (?) A corr. of clavichord (q.v.) ;
or (?) some kind of harp.
Clarum et venerablle nomen gentlbus. [L.]
A renowtud name, andotie reverenced by {distant)
peoples.
Clary water. A cordial made with flowers of
Clary (Salvia sclarea), a plant of the same gen.
with sage ; a native of S. Europe.
Clasper. (Bot.) A tendril.
Claudication. [L. claudico, / limp.] Lame-
ness ; inequality of muscular power in the two
legs.
Claustral. Relating to a Cloister.
Claustim fregit. [L., he broke the close.] In
Law, = he committed a trespass ; he made, in
whatever way, an unwarrantable entry on
another's soil.
Clavam Herciile eztorquere. [L.] To wrest
the club from Hei-ctiles ; to attempt impossibilities.
Clavate. (Clovate.)
Clavated. [L. clava, a club.] Club-shaped ;
growing thicker towards the top.
Clavefin. [Fr.] A harpsichord. Clave9inist,
a performer on it. C. is clavi-cimbalo, or keyed
dulcimer ; cimbalo (denoting, perhaps, a cymbal-
like ring) having once in It. been = dulcimer.
Clavichord. [L. clavis, a key for tuning ;
chorda, a string.] A musical keyed instrument,
mediaeval, used till middle of the eighteenth
century, soft-toned, with muffled strings pressed
by brass pins projecting from the keys ; the
origin of the spinet.
Clavicle. [L. clavicula, a small key.] (Attat.)
The collar-bone, somewhat like an ancient
key.
Clavier. [L.L. claviarius, clavis, a key.]
(Music. ) A key-board, whether manual or pedal.
Claviform, Clavate. Shaped like a chtb [L.
clava].
ClavigeroTis. [L. claviger.j Bearing a club
[clava] or a key [clavis].
Clavus hystericus. [L.] [Med.) An acute
pain of the head, as if a nail [L. clavus] were
being driven in.
Claw. (Bot. ) The narrow end of a petal.
Claw, or Claw off. (Naut.) To beat slowly
and with difficulty off a lee shore to avoid ship-
wreck.
Claymore. [Gael, glai-mor, great sword ; cf.
L. gladlus major.] Long, straight, double-edged
sword with a basket-hilt ; at one time much
used by the Highlanders of Scotland ; about
three feet and a half long, and weighing six or
seven pounds.
Clean ship. (Naut.) A whaler without either
fish or oil.
Clearance. (Naut.) The written permit of
the custom-house to allow a vessel to clear out,
or sail.
Clearers. Spectacles whose glasses are weak
convex lenses.
Clearing House, City. The place (at corner
of Post Office Court, Lombard Street) where
CLEA
J23
CLIN
each London banker (for himself or as corre-
spondent of country banks) sends daily bills and
drafts drawn on other bankers. The C. clerks
strike balances at the end of each day, make out
each banker's account, and settle differences
by transfer to and from accounts kept for the
purpose by C. and bankers with the Bank
of England. Thus transactions amounting to
millions are settled without employinfj money.
Clearing House, Bailway. The place where
railway companies, which do business In common,
have their shares of expenses and receipts ad-
justed on the principle of the City C. (<l.v.).
Clear-story. (Clerestory.)
Cleats, Cleets. (A'a»t.) Pieces of wood to
which ropes are fastened. Fixed pegs or pieces
of wood, to fasten ropes upon, or prevent their
slipping.
Cleavage. (Geol.) Planes of natural division,
(i) in minerals, due to original constitution ; (2)
in slate, to a superinduced structure, lateral pres-
sure having squeezed all the unmixed particles
into parallel position (Sorby). Schist has im-
perfect cleavage,
CleaTage-plane. [Geol.) Crystals have a
tendency to separate along certain planes whose
directions are determinate ; any one of these
planes drawn through an assigned point is a
Clcai-agc-plane.
CleaVers. [Ger. klebkraut.] (Bot.) Goose-
grass, catchweed.
Cleche. [Fr. cleche.] (A't-r.) A cross voided.
Clef. [L. clavis, a key.\ A sign giving the
name and pitch of the notes, as, G or treble clef,
C or tenor, F or bass.
Cleg. A common name, in some parts, for
horse-fly.
Cleishbotham, Jedediah. Sir W. Scott's ficti-
tious editor of TaUsof Aly Landlord, the flogging
schoolmaster.
Cleistogamous flowers. [Gr. K\*iari%, clostd,
ydfxos, niarriagi:] Those which do not open,
and are conseciuently necessarily self-fertilized.
Clem&tis. [Gr. itXTj/ifirii, dim. of Kktina, a
twig.] (Bot.) Common Traveller's joy. Old
man's beard, a native climbing hedge shrub, with
sweet white flowers, C. vitalba, ord. Kanun-
culacex.
Clementines. A collection of Decretals {q.v.)
and Constijutions published by Pope Clement V. ,
in the Council of Vienna, A.D. 1308, followed in
IJ17 by the Extravagantes of John XXII.
Clepsydra. [Gr. from KXhtrw, I steal, CStop,
ica/er.] A water-clock, the principle being that
of the hour-glass of sand ; used to time speakers
in law courts.
Cleptomanla. [Gr. KXhrrv, I steal, fiauia,
viadness.] A mania for stealing, without motive
or purpose.
Clerestory, perhaps Clear-story. (Arch.) The
range of windows in Gothic churches or build-
ings, interposed between the main roof and the
roof of the aisles.
Clergy, Benefit of. (Benefit of clergy.)
Clerical error. A mistake in copying.
Clerids laicos. [L.1 Title of the famous bull
of Pope Boniface VIIL, 1295 ; severing Church
property from all secular obligation, and de-
claring himself the one trustee of all the property
held by clergy, by monastic bodies, and by
universities. — Milman's Hist, of Latin Chris-
tianity, vii. 60.
Clerks to the Signet. (Signet.)
Cleromancy. [Gr. K\r\pos, a lot,no.vTt[a, divina-
tion.] Divination by throwing dice and seeing
how they turn up.
Clevy. A cross-piece at the end of the tongue
of a waggon, etc
Clew. (Naut.) Of a sail. (Clue.)
Cliohe. [Fr., stereotype ; clichcr being another
form of cliquer ; cf. Ger. klinke, latclut.] 1.
The impression of a die in melted metal. 2.
Stereotype.
Click. 1. (Batohet.) 2. Consonants occurring
in African languages, as Hottentot and Zulu,
formed by separating the articulatory organs after
or with sticking in of breath, all other consonants
involving emission of breath. The v.irieties are
guttural, palatal, and dental, of which the two
last sound not very unlike English tch.
Client. (Patron.)
Clientele. [Fr.] 1. The condition of a client.
2. The body of clients with whom a lawyer,
banker, broker, etc., have to do.
Clifford, Paul. Hero of Lylton's novel, P. C,
a romantic highwayman, who marries a lady and
reforms.
Climaeterie. [Gr. K\lfiaKr-t\piK6i, having to do
ivith a critical time, from KAi/iOKT^p, the round
of a ladder, a climacteric] 1. A critical time in
life, supposed to be every seventh year ; the
sixty-third year being the Grand C. 8. The
perio<l of cessation of menstrual life.
Climatology. The science which deals with
the conditions determining climate.
Climature. An obsolete word for climate.
Climax. [Gr., a ladder.] (Khet.) The
E lacing of a series of propositions before a
earer in such an order that the impression shall
increase in intensity, until it reaches the AomS.
The opjxjsite process is called Anti-climax.
(Bathos.)
Clinoh. [Cf. Ger. klinke, latch, from a Teut.
word comes Fr. clinche. ] Lit. a holdfast;
mctaph. a pun or double entendre.
Clincher, or Clinker built. A ship or boat,
the planks of whose sides overlap. Iron ships
thus built are called lap-Jointed.
Clinic, Clinical. [Gr. K\Xv'iK6i, pertaining to
abed (kKIvj\).] \. (Eccl.) Of baptism, admmis-
tered to one on a sick-bed. 2. (A/ed.) Confined
to the bed by illness ; of lectures, delivered at
patients' bedsides.
Clinker, Humphry. Hero of Smollett's novel
of the same name.
Clinkers. [Ger. klinker.] 1. Bricks run to-
gether and glazed by great heat. 2. Lumps of
slag.
Clinkstone {i.e. ringing musically when struck),
or Phonolite. [Gr. ^vli\, sound, \i0os, a stone.]
A compact fissile rock of the trachyte family,
usually bluish-grey or brownish ; composed
almost entirely of felspar.
Clinometer. [Gr. «cA/m>, / make to slant.
CLIO
124
CLYD
HfTpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring
the dip of mineral strata.
Clio. [Gr. K\f(w.] {Myth.) The Muse of
history.
Clip. To fly or move more rapidly ; a term
in falconry.
Clipper. A fast sailer. C. -built, i.e. on the
model of the sharp-built, low-lying, rakish (q.v.)
American schooner.
Clique. [Fr.] A knot of exclusive persons,
a small party.
Cloaca. [L., a sruvr.] 1. C. Maxima,
ascribed to Tarquinius Priscus, the most famous
of many Roman drains and sewers, which carried
rain and foul water into the Tiber. 2. {Zool.)
In birds, reptiles, many fishes, and some mammals,
a pouch for the excretions of the intestinal canal
and of the generative and urinary organs.
Clock. [A word common to Teut. and Scand.
dialects.] 1. The C. in ordinary use, supjx)sed
to be perfectly adjusted, shows local mean time ;
the astronomical C. , used in observatories, shows
local sidereal time. (Time.) 2. In a stocking,
figured work at the ankle. 8. Proper name for
beetle.
Clookard. (Belfry.)
Clock-calm. (Xaut.) Dead calm.
Clog almanack, Bim stock, or Prime staff.
A primitive kind of calendar ; a square piece of
wood, containing three months on each of the
four edges ; the days are shown by notches,
every seventh large sized ; certain marks and
symbols denote the golden number or the cycle
of the moon ; saints' days are marked by symbols
of the several saints. Used till end of the seven-
teenth century ; some perfect, as at Oxford.
[(?) A.S. ge-logian, to place, regulate.]
Cloisonne. [Ft., partitioned, L..L,. closionem,
a partition.] Enamel inlaid between narrow
partitions of metal.
Cloister. [L. claustrum, from claudo, I shut.]
A covered walk in conventual or other buildings.
The members of monastic houses are said to be
cloistered.
Clonic. [Gr. k\6vos, disturba7ue .] {Med.)
Having a quick, convulsive motion.
Close. {Her.) Having the wings folded or
closed.
Closed works. {Mil.) Those in field Fortif.,
which are entirely surrounded by earthworks,
affording an equal cover in all directions from
the fire of artillery.
Close harmony. (Open harmony.)
Close-hauled. {A'aut.) Sailing as nearly as
possible in the direction from which the wind
blows. To do this, the sails are C, i.e. brought
nearly in a line with the ship's course. Called
also on a taut boviline, and oti a wind.
Close-reefed. {N'aut.) With all the reefs of
the sails, which are set, taken in.
Close time. A portion of the year during
which it is forbidden to kill game or fish, while
breeding.
Closet. {Her.) A diminutive of the bar,
being one-half its size.
Closet play. A drama to be read, not per-
formed.
Closh. [Fr. clocher.] Skittles or ninepins.
Cloth in the wind. {A^aut.) 1. Sailing so
near the wind that the sails shake. 2. Tipsy.
Clot-poll, Clod-poll. A blockhead.
Cloture. [Fr., from an assumed L. clausTtura,
an enclosing.] With other meanings, has that
of summary termination, definite closing of a
subject ; especially the termination of discussion
V)y enforced silence, by shutting up an obnoxious
speaker.
Cloud, Palace of St. Built in 1572, by Jerome
de Gondy; purchased by Louis XIV., it)58 ;
purchased again from the Orleans family by
Louis XVI., 1782, as a residence for Marie
Antoinette.
Clough, Claugh, Clengh. [Cf. A.S. cleofan,
to cleave, cleft, O.N. kljiifa, Gr. 7X0(^01, 7Ai5<^o>,
L. glubo, scalpo, sculpo, J holloiv out ; cf. D.
kloof, narroxo valley.] 1. Part of A.S. names,
as in Claugh-ton, Buc-cleugh. 2. A sluice for
letting water gently off warped lands. (Warp.)
3. A hollow in a hill-side.
Clout. [O.E. chit, a little cloth.] An iron
guard-plate on an axle-tree.
Clout, Colin. 1. Spenser's name for himself.
2. Character in Gay's Pastorals.
Clovate. Like a clove or nail [L. clavus] in
shape ; of a shell.
Clove. Of wool, half a stone, or seven pounds.
Cloy. (Spike.)
Clubbing. {N'aut.) Drifting down a current
with an anchor out, so as to be able to steer. C.
a fleet, manceuvring it so as to get the first
division to windward.
Club-haul, To. {Naut.) In tacking, as soon
as the wipd is out of the sails, to let go the lee
anchor, which brings the vessel's head to the
wind ; then, as she pays off on the other tack,
the cable is cut, and the sails trimmed for that
tack : done only in extreme cases, and when
otherwise the ship is expected to miss stays.
Club law. Law oi force majeure {q.v.).
Club-moss. (Lycopodium.)
Cluck. (CUck.)
Clue. [A Teut. and Scand. word, akin
perhaps to L. globus and glomus.] {Naut.) The
lower comer of a squaresail. C. garnets, C. lines,
tackle for hauling up the C. to the yards in
lower and upper sails respectively. From C. to
earing, i.e. from one extremity to the other ;
thoroughly.
Clugniacs. A reformed order of Benedictines ;
so called from the Abbey of Clugny, on the
Saflne. — Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity,
bk. viii. ch. 4.
Clunch. Popularly, stiff indurated clay ; more
strictly, the harder chalk, such as is used for
stonework in chimney-places, in the inside of
churches, etc.
Clutch. 1. In machinery, a projecting piece,
whereby one shaft can be rapidly connected or dis-
connected at pleasure with another shaft. 2. The
number of eggs for a hen to hatch at a time.
Clyde, Clwyd, Cloyd, Clydach. [Celt.] River
names ; cf. Gael, clith, strong.
Clydesdale. Old name of Lanark County,
from the Norman to the Stuart period.
CLYP
"5
COCK
Clypeate. {Bt>t.) Like a round shield
[L. clypeus].
Clyster. [Gr. K\v<rrl\p.'\ A liquid injected
into the lower intestines.
Co-. 1. (Math.) Frequently an abbrev. of
Complement (q.v.), as in co-sine, co-latitude. 2.
[L., together.^ Frequent prefix to words,espe-
cially of L. origin.
Coaoerrate. [L. coacervatus, heaped up, from
con-, together, acervus, a heap.\ 1. To pile, to
heap. 2. Piled, heaped.
Coadjfltor. [L. co-, and adjutor, a helper. ^
{Eccl.) The assistant of a bishop or prelate.
In the Latin Church, such assistants are generally
bishops of sees in partibus infidelium. (Titular
bishops.)
Coa^om. [L.] A curd, a clot.
CoiUc. The round piece forming the middle of
a wheel.
Coal-whipper. La1x)urer who unloads coal
from the hold of a ship.
Coamings, or Combings, of hatches. A raised
wooden ledge, preventing water on deck from
getting into the hold.
Coan of Cos. Fine and transparent like the
ancient textures woven in Cos (Kos).
Coarctation. [L. coarctatio, -nem, from
coarcto, / confine, from co- {q.v.), arctus, close,
narroiv.] 1. Contraction of the dimensions of
anything. 2. Restraint of liberty. 8. (Physio/.)
The encasing and complete concealing of parts.
Coat-eard. Playing-card with a coated figure
on it, king, queen, or knave ; corr. into Court-card.
Cob. {A.S. cop, cob, Ger. kopf, head ;
borrowed from Celt. ; c/. Cymr. cop, cob, top.'\
1. A lump. 2. Clay and straw for making wails.
3. A stout, short-legged weight-carrying horse.
4. [Amer.j The receptacle on which the grains of
maize grow. 6. The spider cobweb = spider's iivli
Cobalt. {Ger. kobalt.] (Min.) A brittle,
reddish-grey metal Cobalt bloom is the native
arsenate. Cobalt glance, the sulpharsenate. Co-
balt blue is a pigment compounded of alumina
and cobalt. Cobalt green is a pigment contain-
ing iron and cobalt.
Cobb, Cobble. [A.S. cuople, Ger. kiibcl, tub.]
A fishing-boat.
Cobbing. (A'aut.) Beating with aflat piece
of wood, called ihccobbing-board ; an old punish-
ment.
Cobbles. Large pebbles or round stones, used
for paving.
Cobcal. A sandal worn by ladies in the East.
Cob-loaf. (Cob.) A loaf rounded at the top,
not baked in a tin.
Cob-rake. An instrument used in washing
crushed lead-ore from mud.
Cob-wall. Wall made of clay and straw.
Coca. (Bol.) The dried leaf of a wild Peru-
vian tree, £rythroxylon (red wood). Coca, a
stimulating narcotic, very pernicious to mind and
body. Its cultivation extensive and very lucrative.
Cocagne. [Fr.] Pays de C, Country of
Cockayne, an imaginary place or condition, in
which every one has an abundance for eating and
drinking, without the trouble of getlii^g it. [L.
coquere, to cook; Picard. couque, a hitc/un.]
CoecUns Indlcns. [L., little Indian berry.]
(Bot.) The black, kidney-shaped, intoxicating,
poisonous berry of a climbing shrub, gen. Ana-
niirta, otd. Menispermaceae, used in adulterating
beer.
Cochineal. [Fr. chounille, Sp. cochinilla,
dim. from L. coccus, scarlet.] A scarlet dye-
stuff, consisting of the dried bodies of insects
found on several kinds of cactus in Mexico.
Cochin leg. One affected with elephantiasis ;
common at Cochin, Malabar Coast.
C8chl§a. [L., a snail, snail's shell.] (Anat.)
Spiral structure in the bones of the ear.
Cochlearifonn. Of the shape of a spoon [L.
cochlear], pointed at one end for drawing out the
snail [cochlea], and howl-shaped at the other.
Coohleary, Coohleated. Screw-shaped.
Coohleate. (Bot.) Like the bowl of a spoon
[L. cochlear] ; e.g. pods of Medicago maculata.
Cochon de lait. [Fr.] Suching-pig ; man of
a pink-and-white complexion.
Cock-and-bull story. A highly exaggerated
account of a trifle, or a long story invented
merely to suggest an idea; so called from a
particular tale of the kind.
Cockatrice. Isa. xi. 8, and elsewhere ; crested
serpent, basilisk. Imaginary ; a device in
Heraldry.
Cockayne. (Cocagne.)
Cock-bill. (A^aut.) Anchors perpendicular to
the cat-head, cables hanging perpendicular, and
yards set slantwise to the deck (a sign of mourn-
ing) are a-cock-bill.
Cock-boat, or Cogge. (h^aut.) A small river
or in-shore boat. \ yawl.
Cocker. [(?) Akin to cook, as coddle, origin-
ally = parboil.] To fondle, coddle.
Cocker, According to. Edward C, arithme-
tician of the time of Charles II.
Cockett, or Coquets. [From quo quietus, words
of the old L. form.] (Naut.) 1. A custom-
house warrant, allowing shipment of certain
goods. 2. Slang name for fictitious ship's papers.
Cocket-bread, i.t/. Sea-biscuit.
Cook-feather. Of an arrow, the F, at right
angles to the direction of the notch.
Cock Lane ghost. (C. L., Smithfield.) The
work of " a naughty girl of eleven," to which
Dr. Johnson was " weak enough to pay serious
attention," going " with some friends at one in
the morning to St. John's Church, Clerkenwell,
in the hope of receiving a communication from
the perturbed spirit." — Macaulay's Biography.
Cockle. 1. A stove for drying hops. 2. [A.S.
cocccl.j Popular name for Lychnis githago.
3. In Job xxxi. 40, Bao shah, translated
" wild grapes" in Isa. v. 2 ; some foetid weed,
perhaps some kind of arum.
Cockney. This name for a citizen of London
is as old as the twelfth century, being found in
some verses attributed to Hugh Bagot, Earl of
Norfolk, in the reign of Henry II. (Cocagne.)
C. school, a nickname which J. G. Lockhart
hoped to give to a school of writers, including
Shelley, Keats, Hazlitt, and Leigh Hunt, whom
he thoucht vulgar.
Cockpit. (A'aut.) The part of a man-of-war
COCK
126
COEX
inhabited by the midshipmen, under the lower
gun-deck, and near the after hatchway. Fore C,
where, in large ships and during war, the boat-
swain and carpenter have their cabins leading to
their storerooms and the magazine.
Cocktail. 1. An American kind of drink,
chiefly spirit or wine. 2. (?) For cocked tail, like
a sorry nag ; poor, worthless.
Cock to fsoulapioB, To sacrifice a. The dying
Socrates bade a pupil do this on his behalf, pro-
bably to signify his belief in the continuance of
life after death, the cock being the bird of
the morning, and i£sculapius being the great
healer.
Coooa. (Cacao.)
Cocoon. [Fr. cocon, id., from coque = L.
concha, a shell.] 1. The silky covering of the
pupa of many insects, and of the eggs of spiders.
2. The chitinous capsules containing the eggs of
leeches and earthworms. (Chitine.)
Cooote. [Fr.] Fast woman.
Cocas-wood. The wood of the cocoa palm.
Coc^tns. [Gr. KVK\ni%, lamentation.] (Myth.)
One of the rivers of the infernal regions, denot-
ing deep and clamorous grief.
Coda. [It., tail.] 1. The tail of a note. 2. A
few chords or bars added to show the conclu-
sion of a piece, generally of contrapuntal ; of
music. Dim. Codetta.
Codeine. [Gr. Ka>S(lo^ a poppy head.] One of
the alkaline substances found in opium.
Codez. [L.] 1. A manuscript, originally as
being written on the bark of a tree ; cf. L. ITber,
Eng. book = beech. The most ancient MSS.
containing parts of the Old and the New Testa-
ments are : The C. Alexandrinus, sent to Charles I.
by Cyrillus Lucaris, Patriarch of Constantinople,
and now in the British Museum ; the Vatican
MS. ; both belonging probably to the fifth cen-
tury. The C. Sitiafttcus, discovered by Tischen-
doif, in 1844, in the library of St. Catherine's
Monastery on Mount Sinai, may, perhaps, be
somewhat older, if its genuineness, which there
seems no reason to doubt, may be admitted.
The C. Cottonianus, also in the British Museum,
and containing portions of the first and the
fourth Gospels, may belong to the end of the
fourth century. The C. Beza, in the University
Library at Cambridge, has been supposed by
some to be the oldest of all known MSS. of the
New Testament, and contains the Gospels and
Acts with some omissions. (Abbreviations.) 2.
(/>f.) A code of laws, as the C. Gregorianus,
Theodosianus, Justlnianus. (Corpus Juris Civilis.)
Codez Alexandrinus. (Codez.)
Codez Argentens. [L., Silver Volume.] The
MS. containing the Gothic translation of the
Gospels by Ulphilas. Formerly at Stockholm,
now at Upsala.
Codez Aureus. [L., Golden Volume.] An
important Latin MS. of the Gospels, in the
Town Library at Treves ; (?) eighth century.
Codez Bezae. (Codez.)
Codex Cottonianus. (Codez.)
Coiex Sinaiticus. (Codex.)
Codez Vaticanus. (Codez.)
Codices of New Testament. (Ablreviations.)
Codicil. [L. codTcilli, small tablets, short
writing; dim. of c5dex.] A supplement to a
will, adding to, explaining, or revoking its pro-
visions.
Codilla. [L. caudicula, a little tail.] The
coarsest part of flax.
Coefficient, Literal; Numerical C. [L. con-,
together, eft"icio, e^'ect.] The number prefixed
to an algebraical symbol to show how many
times the number denoted by that symbol is to
be taken. Thus, if x denotes any number,
known or unknown, lOr signifies a number that
is ten times x, and 10 is said to be the coefficient
of or in the expression lox. A coefficient is not
necessarily a whole number ; it may be a frac-
tional or incommensurable number, or even a
number which is a combination of algebraical
symbols, so that there are literal coefficients as
well as numerical coefficients.
Coehom. 1. Distinguished Dutch engineer,
contemporary of Vauban, 1632 to 1704 a.d.
2. Small mortar invented by him, throwing an
eight-pound shell.
CcelatQra. [L., chasing.] The Roman term for
working raised or half-raised figures in metal.
Coelenterata. [Gr. koIKos, hollow, ivrtpa, the
boivels.] (Zool.) Sub-kingd. of Invertebrates,
comprising part of Cuvier s Radiata, as corals
and sea-anemones. In C. the mouth opens into
the body-cavity, which may, perhaps, be con-
sidered as an intestinal canal.
Ccellac, Celiac. [Gr. KoiMa.K6s.] Pertaining
to the cavity of the belly.
Caelum, non &nlmam, mutant qui trans mare
currunt. [L.] They change their climate not
their mind who wend across the sea (Horace).
Coemption. [L. coemtio, -nem, from coemo,
/ buy up. ] Purchase of an entire estate or quan-
tity of goods.
Caenaoiilum. [L.] Dining-room, usually an
upper chamber among Romans. (Cenacle.)
Coena Domini, In. [L., in the Supper of the
Lord.] (Eccl. Uist.) The name of a papal bull,
setting forth the rights claimed by the popes
over kings and their subjects, and anathematiz-
ing all who impugn them. It was so called as
being read annually on Holy Thursday.
Coenaesthesis. [Gr. Koivii oXaOr^ffis.] Lit. coin-
mon feeling.
Coenobites, Cenobites. [Gr. Koit>60iot, livinq
in common.'] Persons living under rule in a
community, as opposed to solitaries. Anchorets,
or hermits.
Coercive, Coercitive, force. [L. coercere, to
compel.] The force which renders a body slow
to acquire and part with magnetism.
Coercion Act. Of Lord Grey, 1833, gave the
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland power to suppress
any meeting or association which he thought
dangerous to peace, to declare any district dis-
turbed, and to suspend the Habeas Corpus Act,
with other powers. A Coercion Act was passed
in the session of 188 1.
Coeval. [L. cosevus, from con-, with, sevum,
age.] Of the same age.
Coexistent vibrations. The simple harmonic
vibrations of diflferent periods, by whose coexist-
COFE
127
COLL
ence any complex vibratory motion of a body
tan be rep.esented.
Cofering. [D. koflfer, a dox.] Putting a ridge
of c!av round a mining shaft to keep out water.
Coffer. [Fr. coffre.J {ArcA.) A sunk panel
in vaults or domes.
Cofferdam. [D. koffer, a box, dam, a drain.]
A water-tight enclosure formed of timber erected
on the bed of a river ; from the space thus
enclosed the water is pumped out, leaving it
clear for the erection of a pier, an abutment, a
wharf, or other such work.
Coffin-bone. [L. os pedis, bone of the foot.] In
a horse, a small sjx>ngy bone in the middle of
the hoof, very liable to disease.
Coffle. [Ar. kafala, caravan.] A gang of
slaves on the way to markeL
Cog; Cog-wheeL [Welsh cog, a short piece of
■wood.] 1. When the teeth of wheels are sepa-
rate pieces let into mortises, they are called
Cogs; and the wheels are Cog-wheels. 2. A
rough square pillar left to support the roof of a
mine.
Cog a die. To cheat [Welsh co^law, to
deceh>e\ with dice.
Cogge, Coggle, or Cog. (Coek-boat.)
Co^to, ergo sum. [L.] / think, therefore I
exist ; Descartes's famous reason for asserting the
fact of self-existence.
Cognate. (Agnate.)
Cognition. [L. cognltio, -nem, the becoming
acquainted with.] In Moral PhiL, one of the
three phenomena of Consciousttess, and = the
faculties of knowledge ; the others being feeling
= capacities of pleasure and pain ; and Desiring
attd IVilling — eflfort in action ; according to
Kant, and, after liim. Sir W. Hamilton.
Cognizance, Cogniaanoe. [O.Fr., from L.
cogc\ox^xi\xx^ knowledge.] (Leg.) 1. The judicial
hearing of a cause, judicial knowledge. 2.
acknowledgment of a fine. S. The pleading of
l>aililT or agent as defendant in Beplevin. 4.
(Her.) An heraldic badge, worn by a retainer
(whereby his lord was known).
Cognisee, Cogniue. [L. cognosco, / acknmo-
Icdge ; cf. connoiseur.] (I^g.) One to whom
a fine of land is acknowledged, the acknowledger
tlit-reof being the cogiiizor.
Cognizor, Cognizcr. (Cognizee.)
Cognomen. (Pnenomen.)
CognoicentL [It.] Well-informed (plu.);
knowing f)nes.
Cognovit. [Leg.L. C. actionem, he hath
admitted (\hc justice of) the action.] A defend-
ant's written confession that he has no available
defence.
Cohobate. [L.L. cohobare, cohobatum.] To
distil over again.
Cohorts. (Centuries; Legion.)
Coif. [Fr. coifTe, L.L. cofea, cuphia, kuppa,
kuppha, mitre; cf. A.S. cop, top, head.] A kmd
of cap, the badge of serjcants-at-law.
Coign, Coigne, Coin, Quoin. [Cf. L. cfinfius,
-.i'cdge.] A jutting ixjint, an external angle.
Coin. (Mil.) Wedge [L. cunC-us] used for
elevating or depressing heavy guns.
Coir. The fibrous covering of the cocoa-nut.
Coistril. [O.Fr. coustillier, groom, lad.] 1.
An esquire's attendant. 2. A young fellow.
CoL [Fr.] Lit. neck ; a high pass over a
shoulder of a mountain or between two ridges.
Colander. [L. c51o, / strain.] A strainer,
often a tin vessel with the bottom and lower
part of the sides perforated.
Colbertine. (Named after M. Colbert.) A
kind of net lace.
Colcothar. (Word invented by Paracelsus.)
Sesquioxide of iron, used as jewellers' rouge.
Colder. (A^r.) Short broken ears or pieces
of straw thrown offin threshing ; eaten by cattle.
Coldshort. Brittle when cold.
C5l§opt6ra. [Gr. KoKt6irrtpos, sheath -ivinged.]
(Entom.) Beetles; ord. of insects with many
thousand spec. ; four-winged, the first pair con-
verted into elytra, and the second, when not in
use, folded crosswise under the first. They are
divided into four sections, according to the num-
ber of joints in the so-called tarsus, heel — Tr!-
m^ra, Tetram^ra, I'entamera, and Heteromdra ;
as ladybirds, weevils, cockchafers, and blister-
beetles, respectively.
Coleraine Co., i.q. Londonderry.
Coliseum. [L. Colosseum, from Gr. KoKotKris^
a huge fi^^ure ; cf. col, hill.] The Amphitheatre
of Vespasian, at Rome
Collabor&tear, fern, -trioe. [Fr.] Fellow-
worker, assistant.
Collar. [L. coUum, the neck.] 1. (Arch.) A
horizontal piece of timber connecting two rafters.
2. In machinery, a circular projection on a shaft,
made to give it a bearing, so that it may not be
shifted by a force applied in the direction of its
length.
Collate. [L. collatus, part, of conffro, /
compare] Jo compare, especially diplomatically
to set down the various readings of different M88.
Collation. [L. collatio, -nem.] (liccl.) Ap-
pointment to a benefice by a bishop as patron
or by lapse. (Institution.)
Collectanea. [L. coUectaneus, belonging to a
collection.] A collection of excerpts, an an-
thology, miscellany.
Collects. [L.L. collecta, from colligcre, to
bring toji^ether.] Short and comprehensive
prayers, found in the Liturgies of all Churches.
College. (L. collegium.] (Hist.) Any so-
ciety bound by the same laws or customs. In
Europ. Hist., the term is applied especially
to societies of persons belonging to imiversities.
These are generally independent foundations,
under the superintendence of a visitor.
College of Cardinals. (Cardinal.)
College of Electors. The society of princes
who had a voice in the election of the emperor.
(Electors.)
College of Heralds. A society dating from the
time of Edward III., and consisting of three
kings-at-arms, Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy ;
six heralds, and four pursuivants.
Collegiatea. (Meunonites.)
Collet. [Fr.] Ihat part of a ring in which
the stone is set.
Colletic. Of the nature of gltu [Gr. K6K\a].
Collibert. (Cagota.)
COLL
128
COLU
Collimating eye-piece; Collimation, Error of;
Liae of C. ; Collimator. The Liiu of collima-
tion is the imaginary line joining the optical
centre of the object-glass to the intersection
of the wires in the field of view of an astro-
nomical telescope. When the axis on which the
telescope turns is not exactly at right angles to
the line of collimation, the defect from the right
angle is called the Error of C. This error
is corrected by viewing a distant object, first
when the telescope is in a certain position,
and again when the axis of rotation has been
reversed on its bearings. It may also be cor-
rected by means of an eye-piece so constructed
that the observer can see at the same time the
wires in the field of view, and their image formed
by reflexion in a basin of mercury ; this is called
a Collimating eye-piece. The error can also be
corrected by the use of a small telescope floated
on mercury, the wires in whose field of view
serve as a distant object ; this instrument is called
a Collimator. {Collimation should have been
written from the first, Collineatioii ; a false reading
of collimare, in a passage of Cicero, for collineare
— con, together, linda, a line — Shaving caused
the error. See Littre, s.v.)
Collodion. [Gr. KoA.X{68rjs, glue-likc,\ A
solution of gun-cotton in a mixture of ether and
alcohol. It is used in photography.
Colloid. \Q)X. Ki\Ka, glue, ^0%, form. ^ Any
substance which in its solid form is not crystal-
line ; as gelatine, glass, etc.
CoUuvies. [L.] Refuse, filth.
CoUyridians. [Gr. KoWvpis, a roll of bread.^
(Eccl. Nist.) A sect of the fourth century, in
Arabia and Thrace ; so called from their offering
cakes in honour of the Virgin.
Collyrium. [L., Gr. KoWipa, a kind of pastry.]
Eye-salve, eye-lotion.
•coin. [L. colonia, a Roman colony.] Part
of names, as in Lin-coln, Coln-ey Hatch, Col(n)-
chester.
Colocynth. [Gr. KoXoKivQi), a gourd.] (Med.)
A purgative ; dried powdered pulp of the C.
gourd. Bitter apple, or Coloquintida. Common in
Asia, Africa, Spain. Gen. Cuciimis, ord. Cucur-
bitaceae.
Cologne, Three Kings of. The three Magi,
whose bodies were said to have been taken to
Constantinople; thence to Milan; thence, a.d.
1164, to Cologne ; and who are popularly known
as Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior.
Cologne earth. (From Cologne, in Germany.)
A violet-brown bituminous earth, used as a water-
colour.
Colon. [Gr. k6\ov, misspelt kuXov.] 1. Part
of the great intestine, from the coecum to the
rectum. 2. A stop in punctuation, marked thus
[ :] ; showing a pause longer than the semicolon,
marked [;], and shorter than the period, or full
stop, marked [.].
Colony. Acts xvi. 12 ; a colonia [L.] ; a foreign
town, to which had been granted the rights and
privileges of Roman citizenship.
Colophdn. [Gr., top, finishing stroke.] In
MSB. and old books, usually at the end, the
scribe's or publisher's notice of the title of a
work, his own name, date, and place of issue ;
now given on the title-page.
Colophony. (From Colophon, a town in
Ionia.) The dark resin obtained by distilling
turpentine.
Colossus. [Gr. KoXoaaSs ; cf. col, hill.] A
statue larger than life. In Hist., the most
celebrated of these statues were the Colossus at
Rhodes, absurdly supposed to have bestridden
the harbour ; and the Colossus of the Sun, set up
at Rome by Nero before the Golden House. The
Flavian Amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum,
is said to have been so called, as being built on
the site where this figure had stood.
Colostrum. [L.] First milk secreted after
confinement.
Colour ; Colour-blindness ; Colours, Comple-
mentary ; C. of thin plates ; Primary C. ;
Scale of C. The sensations produced by dif-
erent kinds of light are Colours. The Primary
C. are red, green, and violet (or blue).
Sometimes red, yellow, and blue are (erro-
neously) called the three primary colours ; and
sometimes there are said to be seven primary
colours, but in that case certain compound
colours are called primary. When any two
colours mixed in proper proportions produce
white, they are Complementary ; as, red and
green, or blue and yellow. Colour-blindmss is
insensibility to one or more of the primary
colours. The commonest form is " red-blind-
ness," or insensibility to red, whether as a separate
colour or as mixed with others. To a person
who is red-blind, all colours are blue or green, or
combinations of them. The C. of thin plates
are produced by the interference of light reflected
from the upper and under surfaces of the plate ;
such are those seen in soap-bubbles. Neivtcrfi^s
scale of colours is the succession of colours due
to successive variations in the thickness of these
plates, and is exhibited in the coloured rings
formed when two lenses are pressed together.
Colourable. [L. color, colour; in Rhet., pre-
text, a plea which primA facie implies some right
in an opposite party.] Specious, evasive.
Colportage. [Fr.] //aw^?;?^; distribution by
colporteurs, hawkers especially of religious pub-
lications.
ColstaflF. [Fr. col, the neck.] A staflf for
carrying burdens on the shoulders of two persons.
Colt's-foot. (From the shape of the leaves.)
{Bot. ) A native plant, in clayey and moist chalky
places throughout Europe. Tussilago farfara ;
ord. Compositse [L. tussis, a cough, the leaves
being used to relieve asthma and cough, either
by smoking or by decoction].
Columbae. [L.] (Ornith.) Ord. of birds, com-
prising the pigeons and doves (Columbidae) and
the three spec, of dodo (Dldidse), all of which
latter are extinct. Some authorities class the
Columbae and GalllnDe together, under the name
of Rasores, Scratchers.
Columbarium. [L., lit. pigeon-cote.] 1. A
dovecote. 2. A tomb, with niches in the sides
for sepulchral urns.
Columbary. (Columbarium.)
Columbia, Federal Bepublic of. Name some-
COLU
129
COMM
times applied to the United States of America ;
from Columbia, the district containing Wash-
ington.
Colombier. Drawing-paper thirty-four and a
half inches by twenty-three and a half.
Coltimbine. (Aqnilegis.)
Colombiam, Tantalum. First found in N.
America.
Column. [L. c61umna, a piUar.'\ 1. {Bot.")
The combined stamens and styles forming a
solid central body, as in orchids. 2. {Mil.)
Massed formation of troops, showing a small
front. 8. (Order.)
Colnre. [Gr. al xikov^ot, i.e. ypa/inal, the
colures, the docked, trutuated, lines.] The decli-
nation circles on the great sphere which pass
Uirough the equinoctial and solstitial points are
called the equinoctial colure and the solstitial
colure ; they divide both the celestial equator
and the ecliptic into four equal parts.
Cdljmblda. (Gr. KoKvfiBls, a sea-bird, diver. ^
(Orniih.) Dizers ; fam. and gen. of sea-birds.
Northern regions. Ord. AnsJres.
Coin. [Sp.] A kind of cabbage whose
seeds yield oil for lamps.
Colza oil. (Colia.)
Coma. 1. [Gr. Ki\t.i\, hair.^ The luminous,
nebulous sul>st.ince .surrounding the nucleus of
a comet. The nucleus, with the coma, forms the
head of the comet 2. [Gr. kShul, sleep, lethargy. ]
A profound insensibility, resulting from cerebral
compression, or .some narcotics, as opium.
Comatose. More or less in a state of C5ma.
Cdmit&la r6s&eH. [L. cdmatiilus, having
the hair delicately curled, r6saceus, rose fashion.]
(Bot.) Feather star. A small and very beau-
tiful, and the only British spec, of the fam. of
Crinoids [Gr. Kpivor, a lily, tlSot, appearance].
Radiated fichinodermata ; free when mature ;
stalked when young, in which state it has been
described as an independent spec., Penlacrinus
Europieus [ir«W«,yfev, xplror, a lily].
Comazanta. .St. Elmo's fires.
Comb. A toothed instrument for separating
and cleansing fla.x, etc.
Combe, Comb, Coombe. [C/. Welsh cym,
hollo^u, ravine.] A dry ravine or gully at the
head of a valley.
Combers, Oraas. {Nduf.) Farm labourers
who have volunteered as seamen.
Combination. InCrystallc^., a figure bounded
by the faces of any number of forms.
Combination-room. The common room in
which the fellows of a college meet.
Combination!. (A/at A.) Of dilTerent things,
are the different collections that can be made of
them without reference to the order in which
they are arranged. If there were ten balls
marked I, 2, etc., it would be possible to select
three of them {e.g. 2, 7, 8 ; 5, 4, 9, etc.) in 120
different ways ; there are, therefore, 120 combi-
nations of ten things taken three and three
tc^ether.
Combings. (Coamings.)
Combing sea. A rolling wave ready to turn
over.
Combining weight. (Atomic theory.)
Comessation. [L.L. comessatio, L. cpmissatio,
-nem, Gr. KUfud^w, I revel.] A revelling.
Comet. [Gr. koju^ttjj, long-haired, a comet.]
A body having a nebulous appearance, moving
in the planetary regions under the influence 01'
the sun s attraction.
Comfit. [Fr. confit, from L. confectum.] A
dry sweetmeat.
Comfrey [L.L. confirma, = a strengthener],
in O.E. Boneset. {Bot.) A gen. of plants,
Symphjftum, ord. BorageaceDe; natives of Europe
and N. Asia ; formerly esteemed as a vulnerary
(q.v.). Prickly C. (.S. asperrimum), a native of
the Caucasus, a tall rough plant, is much spoken
of as food for cattle.
Comltla. (Centuries; Plebiscite.)
Comitia of tribes. (Plebiscite.)
Comity of nations. [L. comit, -atem, cour-
teousness.] The mutual recognition of each other's
laws, wherever they are applicable ; e.g. extra-
dition {if. v.).
Comma. [L., from Gr. K6fina, clause, a thing
cut off.] 1. The smallest stop in punctuation,
dividing clauses ; its sign is [ , ]. 2. A short
clause. 8. In Music, a very small interval,
about the ninth of a tone. 4. Pros. , = Caesura
{q.v.).
Commandant. {Mil.) The chief executive
officer commanding a garrison or combined
detachments of troops.
Commandary. A manor or chief messuage
with land and tenements thereto pertaining,
belonging to the Priory of St. John of Jerusalem,
governed for the use of the society by a com-
mander.
Commander. (I^avy.) (Rank.)
Commander of the Faithful. [Ar. Emir al
Mumcnin.] A title of the caliphs, assumed by
Omar. (Miramamolin.)
Commandery, Commandry. (Preceptories.)
Command of a work. (Mil.) Relative, the
height above a work, in front of it ; Absolute,
the height above the level of the ground. C. of
fire, when an effective fire can be delivered over
the heads of the defenders of a work without
injury to them ; C. of observation, when not.
Commedia, La Divina. (Divine Comedy.)
Commedia dell' Arte. [It. ] The Italian popu-
lar comedy.
Comme il faut. [Fr. , as it should be. ] Proper,
appropriate.
Commemoration. At Oxford, the annual
festival in honour of the benefactors of the
university. (Encaenia.)
Commemorative symptoms. [L. commemoro,
I remind of] {A/ed.) Indicate some previous
condition of the patient.
Commencement. At the University of Cam-
bridge, the day from which all degrees conferred
for a year preceding date, and on which they
are confirmed by recitation before the congrega-
tion of the Senate.
Commendam, In. [L.L.] In Canon law,
one to whom the custody, without profits, of a
void benefice was for a time committed, Jield it
for a trust ; but by various devices the holding
of a living thus became the means of enjoying
COMM
130
COMP
pluralities, with their revenues. Sometimes
bishoprics insufficiently endowed were thus
assisted. Commendams abolished 6 and 7 Wil-
liam IV.
Commendatory letters. (Literse formatee.)
Commensurable. [L. commensurabilis, that
can be measured with another. ^ Two magni-
tudes are said to be commensurable when a
third magnitude (called their common measure)
can be found of which the two are exact mul-
tiples. The ratio of two C. magnitudes is ex-
pressed by a vulgar fraction. Thus, li foot is
C. with I J yard, their common measure being
^ foot, and their ratio being expressed by /j.
Comme sur des roulettes. [Fr.] As though
on wheels ; metaph. of matters which proceed
smoothly and quickly.
Comminuted fracture. (Med.) Said of a bone
broken into several pieces [L. comminutus, ^art.
of verb comminuo].
Comminution. [L. con, thoroughly, minuo, /
make (minor) less.\ 1. Reducing to very small
particles. 8. Continuous removal of small
particles.
Commissariat. (Mil.) Department in charge
of Government stores and arrangements for sup-
plying provisions and transport. The officers
are Commissaries.
Commissary. [L.L. commissarius, commis-
sum, a trust.] 1. One who, under the bishop's
commission, exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction
in particular causes and in parts of a diocese
inconveniently distant from the B.'s principal
Consistory Court. In the Clementine Constitu-
tions, " ofdciaUs foraneus." 2. (Commissariat.)
Commissary of Musters. (Arrayer.)
Commission. [L. commissum, a thing en-
trusted.] Authority from the sovereign, con-
tained in a document, for the exercise of certain
specified powers. Military commissions were
until lately under the sign manual.
Commission, Putting a ship in. In the Navy,
hoisting the pennant ; after which the crew are
under martial law. Generally used to mean
fitting her out for a voyage after she has been
laid up.
Commissioned officers. {Navy.) Lieutenants,
and upwards.
Commissure. [L. commissura, a joining to-
gether.] Place of union of two parts, a closure,
seam.
Commis voyageur. [Fr.] A commercial tra-
veller.
Committee of the House of Commons. One
to which a Bill, after the second reading, is
referred. It may be either a selected one
or a C. of the whole House, i.e. one formed of
every member, the Speaker quitting the chair,
sitting and debating as the rest, another member
being appointed chairman.
Commode. [Fr.] 1. Head-dress of women.
2. Chest of drawers, bureau, night-stool.
Commodore. [Probably contr. from It. com-
mandatore, a cotnmander.] 1, (Bank.) 2. The
convoy-ship, carrying a light in her top.
Commonage. A joint right on common land
or water. The most important of these rights
is that of pasturage. Among other similar rights
is that of cutting turf, called C. of turbary ; of
cutting wood, called C. oiestoners; and of fishing,
called C. o{ piscary.
Commoner, The Great. William Pitt, after-
wards Earl of Chatham, Secretary of State,
1756.
Commoners. (Pensioners.)
Common law. (Leg.) Sometimes opposed
to Statute law, and = unwritten law, sometimes
to Civil and Canon law, often to Equity, some-
times to Lex mercatoria. Unwritten law includes
general and particular customs, and rules and
principles not expressly and specially authorized
by the Legislature.
Common measure. (Commensurable.)
Common Prayer, Book of. The first English
Prayer-book, known as the first Prayer-book of
Edward VI., was put forth in 1549, with the
approval of Convocation and Parliament. His
second Prayer-book was issued in 1552, without
the sanction of Convocation. A third book,
differing little from the second, was put forth in
1 559 by Elizabeth, who in 1 560 issued a book
in Latin for the use of the universities. The
last revision took place in 1661, after the Savoy
Conference. A Prayer-book for use in Scotland
was issued in 1635.
Common purple, or Purptira. [L.] {Conch.)
Purpura l&pillus ; like a small whelk, white
with reddish-brown bands. One of the molluscs
secreting that which furnished the Tyrian purple.
Common and widely distributed. Fam. Buc-
cinidse, ord. Prosobranchiata, class Gastero-
poda.
Common sense. [Gr. Koivhs vovs, L. commu-
nis sensus.] A supposed sense, which was the
common bond of all others ; a judge and con-
troller, to which they referred the sensations
which they themselves received indifferently and
unintelligently.
Commonwealth of England. {Hist.) The
name given to the form of government estab-
lished in England on the death of Charles I.
Commorant. [L. commoran, -tem, p. part,
of com-, moror, I tarry.] Abiding, dwelling in
a certain place.
Commune. [Fr. commun, L. communis, com-
mon.] 1. One of the small districts into which
France is divided. 2 The name given to the
insurgent socialists of Paris, 1871.
Communication. In strategy, a line of C. is
any practicable route between the different por-
tions of the same army.
Commutation Acts, Tithe, i.e. 6 and 7 William
IV. and others. By these there has been sub-
stituted for tithe a rent-charge payable in money,
but varying on a scale regulated by averages of
the price of corn — wheat, barley, and oats — for
the seven years preceding.
Commutator. [L. commutatio, -nem, an inter-
changing. ] A contrivance for reversing or stop-
ping an electric current.
Compaginate. [From p. part, of L. compa-
gino, I join together, from pagina, page, leaf.]
Unite, hold together, connect.
Companion. {Naut.) 1. The framing and
COMP
131
COMP
sashlights on the quarter-deck, or round-house.
2. In small merchantmen, the hood over the
cabin staircase. C. ladder, that by which the
officers ascend to, and descend from, the quarter-
deck. C. way, the stairs, etc., leading to the
cabins.
Company. [Fr. compagnie, cm of the same
district (L. pagus).] (Alil.) Separate body of
infantry, commanded by a captain, and possess-
ing its own interior economy.
Company, John. Nickname of the East India
Company.
Comparative grammar. The science which
determines the relations of kindred languages
by examining and comparing their grammatical
lorms. It could scarcely be said to exist until
European grammarians became acquainted with
Sanskrit, the ancient language of the Aryans of
India.
Comparative mythology. The science which
compares the popular traditions and l)eliefs of
different countries, for the purpose of classifying
them and determining their origin and the mode
of their growth. This science has come into
existence since the discovery of the Sanskrit
language and literature by European scholars,
and without it it would perhaps have been im-
possil>le.
Comparative scienee. Short for comparative
study of a particular science, i.e. its study with
a view to the comparison of genera and species
and the registration of points of similarity and
difference, wheuce general conclusions may be
drawn by induction. It is opposed to descriptive
or mere analytical science.
Comparison, or Simile. (Rhet.) The com-
paring of one thing with another in some point
common to both. It differs from Metaphor only
in form, the latter only implying, while the
former states the likeness.
Compartment bulkheads. (Bolkheads.)
Compass, Azimuth ; Mariner's C. ; Frismatio C. ;
Surveying C. The Azimuth C. is a magnet, to
which a properly divided circular card is at-
tached, mounted by means of a double suspen-
sion by gimbals ; it is furni.shed with a line of
sights, or some equivalent contrivance, which,
being directed to the sun, enables the observer
to determine its bearing from the magnetic
north ; by means of an observed altitude of the
sun and a calculation based thereon, its bearing
from the true north at the same instant can be
found ; by comparing these two results, the
bearing of the magnetic north from the true
north can be inferred, i.e. the direction of the
magnetic meridian at that time and place can be
found. In the Mariiurs C, the Prismatic C,
and the Surveying C, which are modifications
of the same instrument, the approximate con-
stancy of the direction of the magnetic needle
over a considerable tract of sea or land is ap-
plied to the determination of directions with
sufficient accuracy for many purposes of naviga-
tion and surveying. In the prismatic C, a pris-
matic lens is used to show the wire and gradua-
tion lines below it in the same field of view, so
that the observer obtains the reading without
losing the coincidence of the wire with the
distant object.
Compassionate allowance. Pensions given since
the Crimean war to the children of deceased
officers left in reduced circumstances, till they
attain a certain age.
Compass-roof. (^Arch. ) An open-timbered roof,
also called Span-roof.
Compass-timbers. {Naut.) Those which are
carved or shaped.
Compellation. [L. compellatio, -nem, an ac-
costing.^ Appellation used in addressing a person
or persons.
Compensate; Compensation balance; C. bar;
C. pendulum. An instrument designed for
exact measurement is said to be compensated
for temperature, or simply to be coyupensated,
when its parts are combined in such a manner
that the points on which the measurement de-
pends continue fixed relatively to each other,
although the parts severally expand or contract
with the ordinary changes of temperature.
For the exact measurement of distance, a brass
and a steel bar, of precisely the same length
at o® C, are riveted together at the middle ; at
each end a metal tongue, a few inches long, is
loosely riveted to both, and projects at right
angles to the bars. In consequence of the un-
equal rates of expansion of brass and steel, points
properly chosen on the tongues will remain fixed
at a constant distance apart, though the tem-
perature vary. The measurement is effected by
means of the fixed points. The instrument is a
Compensation bar. The compensation of the
^fl/a«^^-wheel of a chronometer is effected by
an application of the same principle. (For C.
pendulum, vide Pendulum.)
Compensation. [L.compensatio,-nem.] {Gram.)
The lengthening of a vowel to make up for the
loss of part of a consonantal group (and, as some
hold, also to make up for the loss of a syllable) ;
as Ktyaiy for A^7oi'(tj), Otis for fleV''')^-
Comp^tentes. [L., qualified.^ Those of the.
catechumens (q.v.) who were immediate candi-
dates for baptism.
Competition Wallah. A candidate for an ex-
amination for a Government office in India.
Complt&lia, Ltldi compltallcii. [L.] A yearly
Roman festival in honour of the L&res compitales,
celebrated in the winter.
Complacence. [L. complSceo, / am very
pleasing.] In Moral Phil., = moral esteem; a
love for that which is itself benevolent.
Complain, To. {Naut.) To creak, as masts,
etc.
Complement; Arithmetical C. [L. comple-
mentum, that which completes,] When two
angles together make up a right angle (or 90°),
the one is said to be the C. of the other.
When the sum of two numbers is 10, the one is
the Arithmetical C. of the other.
Complement, Moon in her. {Her.) The full
moon.
Complementary colours. (Colour.)
Complete Angler. A treatise on fishing
with descriptions of river scenery ; reflexions
on God's goodness ; and charming dialogue.
COMP
132
CONC
A book unique in its way; by Izaak Walton
(.5)3-1683).
vomplete-baok. {Naut.) A book containing
full information concerning every one on board
serving for wages ; as to name, age, place of
birth, rating, time of entiy, etc.
Compline. (Breviary ; Canonical hoars.)
Complatensian Polyglot Bible. Printed at
Alcala, in Spain (Complutum), A.D. 15 14 and
1515 ; the work of Cardinal Ximenes.
Compliiviiua. [L.] A square open space in
the middle of a Roman atrium {q.v.), towards
which the roof sloped so that the rain [pliivia]
fell into a tank [impliivium] below.
Compo. (Naitt.) The portion of wages paid
monthly to a crew.
Component. (Composition.)
Compony. [Fr. compone.] {Her.) Composed
of a row of squares alternately of two tinctures.
Composing. Placing types in proper order for
printing.
Composing-stiok. A small frame, held in the
hand, wherein the compositor sets up the lines
of type.
CompSsItSB. [L.] [Bot.) The largest known
nat. ord. of plants, having several florets collected
into a head or a common receptacle ; e.g. dahlia,
daisy, aster.
Composite ship. (Naut.) One built partly of
wood and partly of iron ; having an iron frame
and wooden planking.
Composition. [L, composftio, -nem, from
p. part, of compono, I arrange.^ {Leg.) 1. An
amicable arrangement of a lawsuit. 2. An agree-
ment for the remission of tithes on some con-
sideration in lieu thereof. 3. A private arrange-
ment with creditors, they agreeing to accept part
payment in satisfaction of their claims. (Tithes.)
Composition of forces ; C. of proportion ; C. of
ratios; C. of velocities. The determination in
magnitude and direction of the single force
equivalent to two or more given forces is the
C. of those farces ; the single force thus found
is their resultant ; and they are the components
of the resultant. The terms Composition, Compo-
ttent, and Resultant are similarly applied to
velocities. When two or more ratios are ex-
pressed numerically, the ratio which the product
of their antecedents bears to the product of their
consequents is said to be the ratio which is com-
pounded of those ratios. When four magnitudes
are proportional, it may be inferred that the first
and second together are to the second as the
third and fourth together are to the fourth ; this
inference is said to be drawn by composition or
simply componendo.
Compos mentis. [L.] In full possession of
mental powers.
Compost. [L. com-positus, plcued together.']
Manure made by mixing dung and urine, especi-
ally the latter, with leaves and earths of various
kinds, according to the use which is to be made
of it.
Compostella, The Order of. {Hist.) An order
of Spanish knighthood, founded in the twelfth
century, for the purpose of protecting the road
to the shrine of St. James at Compostella.
Compos voti. [L.j Having obtained {ox graii-
fed) a wish.
Compotier. [Fr. compote, L, composita.] A
dish for preserved or stewed fruits.
Compound. In India, the precincts of an
English residency.
Compounder. ( Univ. ) A master of arts who
pays down a sum in lieu of all annual college
and university fees, for keeping his name regis-
tered as a member of the college and Senate.
Compound flowers, i.q. Composite. {Bot.) C.
leaf, one divided into separate leaflets ; e.g. ash.
Compound householder. One who is occupier
of a ratable tenement in common with others.
Compressor muscles. Such as compress the
parts on which they act.
Compte rendu. [Fr.] A report of an officer
or agent.
Comptoir. [Fr.] Counter, counting-house.
Comptroller. [Fr. controleur, from contre-
role, L. contra-rotiilus, counter-register.] An
examiner of accounts, or reports, or returns.
Compurgation. [From L. compurgare, to
purify.] In Eng. Hist., an ancient mode of
trial in civil and criminal cases, which allowed
the accused to clear himself by his own oath
confirmed by the oaths of eleven of his neigh-
bours. (Jury, Trial by.)
Comtist. In Philosophy, a follower of Auguste
Comtc. (Positivists. )
Cdmus. [L., Gr. kw/uos, band of revellers, song
of ditto.] 1. The chorus which sang a triumphal
or complimentary ode in Greece, and the friend
who accompanied it. 2. {Myth.) A winged
youth, god of festivity. Milton, in Comus a
il/aj^«^, makes him a vile enchanter. 3. {Naut.)
Class of ships (like C. and five others, beginning
with letter C, now, or lately, in construction) ;
steel-clad battle-ships ; steel replacing the stout
iron plates hitherto used.
Conacre. In Irish usage, the subletting by
a tenant of a portion of his farm for a single crop.
Con amore. [It.] Lit. with love ; with en-
thusiasm, zeal.
Concave, Double; Concavo-plane ; Concavo-
convex. (Lens.)
Concentric. [L. con-, together, centrum, a
cattre.] Curves and surfaces which have a
common centre are C. (Centre.)
Concept. [L. conceptus, conceived.] {Log.)
The result of the act or the process of mental
representation, as distinguished from the process.
Conception. [L. conceptio, -nem, a conceiv-
ing] {Log.) The mental act by which we
combine a number of individuals together by
means of some mark or character common to
them all.
Conceptualists. (Nominalists.)
Concession. [L. concessio, -nem, from con-,
cedo, / grant, give up.] {Finance.) Permission
conceded by a government to a person or com-
pany to undertake enterprises, such as mining,
making canals or railways ; generally subject to
fixed conditions and limitations.
Concetti. [It. , conceits.] Ingenuities of thought
or expression, jeux d" esprit, etc., introduced m
serious composition ; the production mostly of
CONC
»33
CONE
the sixteenth century ; generally in false taste.
It., Sp., and Fr., and, e.g. Donne and Cowley,
Eng.
Conchoid. [Gr. Kiyxn, o muscle-shell, cTSos,
form.\ Shell-shaped.
Conohs. {Naut.) The wreckers of the
Bahama reefs.
Conch-shelL [L. concha, Gr. K6yxi\, Skt.
gankha, j-^^//-/fjA. ] (Zool.) Sea-frum/>e/ {Triton
variegatus) ; twelve inches or more long ; white,
mottled with brown and yellow ; inside, white,
streaked with black. Used as trumpet by South
Sea Islanders and Australians, who bore a hole
about one-fourth the distance from the tip, and
blow it as a flute. Warm seas. Fam. Muricldae,
ord. Prosobranchiata, class Gasteropoda.
Conoiator. [It. conciatore.J The person who
dispenses and mixes the m.iterials in glass-making.
Concierge. (Ostiarios.)
Conciliation Act Lord North's, 1777, after
Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, granted all
American demands short of independence.
ConcDiom BSgiSn&le. [L.] A district court.
Concinnity. [L. concinnitas, from concinnus,
tteat, Tixll-arrangcd, from con-, iw'M, cinnus, lock
of hair. \ Internal harmony, proper adjustment
and projwrtion of parts.
Concision. [L. conclsio, -nem.] Phil. iii. 2
[Gr. itaTOTo/i^l, amputation, mere cutting off,
not the true Circumcision [rfpiro/x'^].
Conel&m&ttun est [L.] Wr.. the {dead maTC s)
name has been called ; as the Romans did when
a death was ascertained ; all is over.
Conclave. [L., from con-, ivith, and clavis, a
key.\ (Eccl. Hist.) The name given to the
CoU^e of Cardinals, especially when shut up in
the Vatican for the pflrpose of electing a pope.
< Cardinal.)
Conolnsion. [L. conclusio, -nem.] {Log.)
The projxwition inferred from two former pro-
positions, termed the premisses of the ailment,
or Syllogiam.
Concordat. [L. concordare, to agree together.^
An agreement ( i ) originally as to mutual rights
of bishops, abbots, priors, etc. ; (2) l)etween the
pope and some temporal sovereign, regulating
things ecclesiastical in the dominions of the
latter.
Concordia disoors. [L.] A discordant comord ;
harmony l)etween things naturally at variance.
Concrete. [L. concretus, solidified.\ A mixture
of lime, sand, and gravel, which dries into a
solid mass.
Concrete ntunber. [L. concretus, grown to-
gether, hardened. \ Numbers are said to be con-
crete when the units of which they are com-
posed have a particular name ; as seventeen men,
twenty-five apples, etc.
Concrete term. {Log.) A term used when
the notion of a quality is regarded in conjunction
with the object that furnished the notion, as
wise. The quality regarded in itself is denoted
by an Abstract term, as wisdom.
Condensation ; Condense ; Condenser. [L. con-
densatio, -nem, from densus, thick, close.] To con-
dense, (i) to make (or become) closer or more
compact ; as when we speak of condensed air.
In this sense. Condensation is opposed to Hare-
faction. But {2) frequently it implies that the
substance condensed undergoes a change of
state, as when gases or vapours are condensed
into the liquid or solid form. The Condenser of
a steam-engine is the vessel into which the steam
is withdrawn from the cylinder, and in which it
is condensed by the injection of cold water.
Condenser. 1. An instrument for reducing an
elastic fluid into a smaller volume. 2. An instru-
ment for concentrating electricity.
Condensing engine. (Steam-engine.)
Conder. (Baloar.)
Condictio. In Rom. Law, a personal action ;
Vindicatio being a real action.
Condignity. [L. con-, 7oith, dignus, worthy.]
(Theol.) A scholastic term of the Thomists,
denoting that men by divine grace may become
worthy of eternal life as a reward for their
holiness. (Congmity.)
Conditional proposition. (Log.) A pro-
position asserting the dependence of one cate-
gorical or positive statement on another, the
former statement being called the antecedent, the
resulting proposition the consequent.
Conditioned, The philosophy of the. Sir W.
Hamilton's expression in reference to the
inability of the mind to apprehend or to reason
about the abstract and the infinite.
Condottieri [It., leaders.] In It. Hist.,
mercenary adventurers of the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, who commanded bands, or
even small armies, whose services they sold.
Condnot. 1. As at Eton, etc., a chaplain;
as being, 2, an imperfect member of a corporate
body [L. conductus, i.e. hired, salaried], for
certain services, but not taking part in the general
management.
Conduction of heat. The flow of heat from
the hotter to the colder parts of a body, or from
the hotter to the colder of two bodies in contact.
Condaetiyity, Thermal. The quantity of heat
which passes in a unit of time through a unit of
area of a wall of a given substance ; the wall
being a unit thick, and its opposite sides having
temperatures which differ by a unit. As thus
defined, the T. C. of silver is about four times
that of brass, and ten times that of iron.
Conductor. [L.] 1. {Mil.) Warrant officer
of the Army Service Corps. 2. (Phys.) A sub-
stance that transmits heat, electricity, etc.
Conduit. [Fr., from L. conductus, part of
conduco, I lead together.] {Arch.) Properly a
passage giving secret communication between
apartments. Also a pipe or passage for dis-
tributing water.
Condyle. [Gr. k6vK\os, the knwkle, or
similar knob of any joint] (Anat.) The rounded
head of a bone.
Condy's fluid. (From inventor.) A mixture
of manganate and pennanganate of potash.
Cone [Gr. kuvos, math, cone, a fir-cone] ;
Conical surface. 1. {Math.) (i) The solid
generated by the revolution of a right-angled
triangle round its perpendicular ; (2) more
generally, a solid whose surface is generated
by a straight line which moves so as always to
CONE
»34
CONI
pass through a fixed point, and to conform to
some other condition, such as to pass through a
given curve whose plane does not contain the
point. The surfaces of these soHds are often
called Cones, though, strictly speaking, they are
Conical surfaces . 2, {Boi.) A dense spike of
female flowers, -covered with woody scales ; e.g.
fir.
Coney. [O.Fr. conil, L. ciinTculus ; said to be
originally Sp.] (Zoo/.) 1. The rabbit (Ldpus
cunlciilus). 2. In the Bible, the Shaphan, or
Aschkoko (Hj^rax S^rTacus) ; gregarious pachy-
derm, like the marmot in appearance and size ;
spec, of a single gen. forming fam. Hj^racoidSa ;
in some points apparently resembling the gen.
Rhinoceros. Syria and Africa.
Confi&rTeation. [L. confarreatio, -nem.] An
ancient solemn form of marriage with the
Romans, dread [far] being sacrificially offered
in the presence of the Pontlfex Maximus, or
Flamen Dialis, and ten witnesses ; its dissolution
being Diffarredtio.
Confederation, Germanio. {Hist.) An alliance
of German states, formed at the Congress of
Vienna, 1815, and designed to supply the want
of the ancient imperial government dissolved
in 1806.
Confederation of the Ilhine. A league of
several German states, formed in 1806, by
Napoleon, who made them declare themselves
separated for ever from Germany, and united
by offensive and defensive alliance with France.
Dissolved in 18 1 3.
Conference. [Hist.) A name applied some-
times to meetings for theological discussion, as
the Hampton Court Conference, 1604 ; the
Savoy Conference, 1660.
Confervse, Confervaoese. [L. conferva, a water-
plant supposed to have healing power.] (Bot.)
Simple tubular jointed spec, of algse, inhabiting
fresh water.
Confession, Auricular. (Auricular confession.)
Confession and Avoidance. In Law, an ad-
mission of the truth of the allegation, in part at
least ; followed by reasons against drawing the
legal consequence drawn by the opposite side.
Confession of Faith. (Eccl. Hist.) A formu-
lary setting forth the opinions of a religious com-
munity, as the Nicene Creed. The word is
applied especially to the Lutheran and other
Protestant expositions of belief, as the Augsburg
Confession, 1530; the General Confession of the
Scotch Church, 1581 ; the Westminster Con-
fession, 1643.
Confessor. [Eccl. L.] 1. One persecuted, and
ready to lay down his life for the gospel, but
not actually martyred. 2. One authorized to
hear confessions.
Confirmation of a bishop. The election of a
B. by conge cfelire having been certified to the
king, the royal assent goes to the archbishop,
with direction to confirm and consecrate. He
subscribes Jiat confirniatio ; and the vicar-
general then cites to Bow Church all opposers ;
and thus, after certain details, the election is
ratified.
Confluence ; Confluent. [L. confluens, flowing
into another river; hence, Coblenz = con-
fluentes.] The point of junction where two
rivers meet ; the smaller is then a confluent of
the larger river.
Conformable strata (Geol.) = lying one upon
another in parallel order. Unconformable = over-
lying another set at a different angle ; the latter
condition indicating lapse of time.
Conformity, Declaration of, i.e. to the Liturgy
of the Church of England. Required of all
persons who are to be licensed or instituted to
an ecclesiastical charge.
Confrere. [Fr.] Fellviv-nieinber of a fra-
ternity ; intimate associate.
Confucianism. The system of the Chinese
philosopher, Kong-fu-tzee, Confucius (about
B.C. 550). It was confined to Ethics, to the
exclusion of all religion. (Taouism.)
Conge. [Fr., leave.^ Permission, leave of
absence, discharge. Jour de C, holiday. [L.
commeatus, aui/iorization, permission.^
Conge d'elire, or eslire. [Fr.] Leave to
choose, especially the sovereign's licence to a
dean and chapter to elect a bishop to a vacant
see.
CongSner. [L. , from con-, with, genus, genSris,
kind.\ One of the same genus or kind.
Congenital. [L. cong^nltus, born with.'] Be
longing to a person from birth.
Congeries. [L., from con-, together, gero, /
carry.\ A collection into one mass, a heap.
Congestion. [L. congestio, -nem, a crowding.]
An undue determination of blood, or other fluid,
to an organ.
Congiary. [L. congiarium.] A present of
corn made by Roman emperors to the people,
measured by the gallon [congius].
Conglomerate. (Breccia.)
Congou. [Chin, kung-foo.] A superior black
tea, having large leaves.
Congregation. [L. congregatio, -nem, from
con-, and grex, a flock.] 1. At Oxford and Cam-
bridge, the assembly of masters and doctors, for
transacting the ordinary business of the uni-
versity ; and at which degrees are given. 2. In
the Latin Church, any company of religious
persons forming subdivisions of monastic orders ;
a committee of cardinals for transaction of the
business of the see of Rome.
Congregationalists differ little from Inde-
pendents, except in admitting a communion of
Churches.
Congress. [L. congressus, a stepping to-
gether.] (Hist.) 1. A meeting of the sovereigns
of states, or their representatives, to arrange
international matters. 2. The title of the national
legislature of the United States of America.
Congruity. [L. congruita, -tem, agreement.]
( Theol. ) A term used by the Scotists to denote
the necessary bestowal of divine grace on those
who so live in their natural state as to be fit re-
cipients of it. (Condignity.)
Conic sections. The curves formed by the in-
tersection of a cone with a plane. They are of
three kinds — Ellipses, Hyperbolas, and Para-
bolas, according to the direction of the cutting
plane. A point traces out a conic section when
CONI
135
CONS
it moves in such a manner that its distance from
a fixed point bears a constant ratio to its per-
pendicular distance from a fixed line. The fixed
point is called the/ocus, the fixed line the directrix
of the conic section.
Conieoid. [Gr. kuvIkJs, conical, cTSo;, form.'\
A surface of the second degree, i.e. one of the
class of surfaces which correspond to the conic
sections in plane geometry.
Conine. [Gr. Kiitytiov, heinlock.\ An alkaloid
obtained from hemlock.
Conirostrals, Conirostres. [L. conus, cone,
rostrum, bill.^ {Omith.) Conical-billed birds.
A large tribe or fam. of Pass^res, or Insessores,
in those systems which characterize birds by the
form of their bills. It includes larks, crows,
starlings, hombills.
Conistra. [Gr. Kovtffrpa, a plcue covered with
dust (icoWj).] An arena, the pit of a theatre.
Conlnm. [Gr. iccvt'cioy. ] (Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Umbelliffnc, of which C. mScxilatum
{Spotted in stem) is common hemlock. Found in
Britain and in Europe generally, in waste
places, by the sides of ditches, etc.
Coiyee. (Aa«/.) Rice-gruel.
Conjogata; C. diameten; 0. fod. [L. con-
jugatus, y(j//W together in fairs, jugum, a fair."]
1. (Math, and Phys.) When points, lines,
planes, etc., in pairs, are related in such a
manner that the first stands to the second in
a relation precisely similar to that in which the
second stands to the first, they are often said
to be Conjugate. C. foci of a lens are two
points such that light diverging from the first
is concentrated by the lens at the second ; they
are conjugate, l^ecause light diverging from
the second will be concentrated by the lens at
the first. If there be two diameters to an ellipse
or hyperbola such that the first is parallel to the
tangents drawn through the extremities of the
second, then it follows that the second will be
parallel to the tangents drawn through the
extremities of the first, and the diameters are
called C, diameters. 8. (Bot.) Growing in
pairs.
Co^jnnetion ; Inferior C. ; Superior 0. [L. con-
junctio, -nem, a joining together.] 1. (Astron.)
When two planets have the same heliocentric
longitude, they are in Conjunction ; but when
the earth is one of the planets, the other planet
is said to be in C. when it passes behind the
sun, i.e. when its geocentric longitude equals
that of the sun. If, however, the planet is an
inferior planet (Venus or Mercury), this conjunc-
tion is distingxiished as a Superior C, ; and when
either of these planets passes between the sun
and the earth, they are zX. Inferior C. 2. (Gram.)
A part of speech expressing the relation of pro-
positions to each other.
Co^jonotlTa [L.], tv. membrana. The mucous
memi>rane which, lining the eyelids, is continued
over the cyeh.-ili.
Conjunctive mood. (Gram.) The modification
of the verb which expresses the dependence of
the event intended on certain conditions.
Conn, Con, or Cnn, To. (JVaut.) To direct
the steersman. Connings are reckonings.
10
Connate leaves. [L. connatus, bom at the
same time with.] (Bot.) United at the base by
adhesion, e.g. the leaves of the yellow-wort
(Chlora perfoliata), the stalk of which is there-
fore perfoliate (q.v.).
Connecting-rod. (Crank.)
Connivent [L. connlveo, / close together,
7tnnk.] 1. Inattentive. 2. (Anat. and Bot.)
Lying close together, converging ; e.g. the anthers
of a borage blossom C. around the style.
Connoissear. [Fr.] A person thoroughly ac-
quainted with a subject, especially with an art ;
a skilled critic.
Connxuanoe, Connsance. [Fr. connoissance,]
1. (Leg.) Cognizance. 2. (Cognizance.)
Conoid; Conoidal surface. [Gr. kwcociS^s,
cone-shaped. \ 1. The surface generated by a
straight line which passes at right angles through
a fixed straight line, and is guided in its motion
by a given curve is a C. surface or a Conoid.
2. Formerly, any one of the surfaces formed by
the revolution of the conic sections round a
principal axis, i.e. round a line drawn through
the focus at right angles to the directrix. (Conic
sections.)
Conquistador. [Sp.l One of the Spanish
conquerors of Peru and Mexico.
Conscia mens recti. [L.] A mind conscious
of rectitude ; a good conscience.
Conscience clause. A clause introduced into
the Revised Code for national education in i860,
for parishes where only one school is needed. It
provided for the admission of Dissenters, and
exempted them from the religious teaching of
the school.
Conscript. [L. conscriptus, ^wro//.?^.] (Mil.)
One taken by lot to serve in the army under a
Conscription.
Conscript Fathers. [L. Patres Conscript!.]
(IJist. ) The senators of ancient Rome.
Conscription. [L. conscriptio, -nem, a -written
list.] (Hist.) Compulsory enrolment for mili-
tary service by land or sea. In ancient Rome
the conscription was made by the will of the
consuls, who selected as they pleased. In France
it is detennined by lot.
Consectary. [L. consectarius.] Consequent
deducible, to be inferred.
Consecutive intervals. (Music.) Similar inter-
vals in sequence, as C. fifths, octaves ; forbidden
generally when between the same two parts.
Consecutive symptoms, or Sequelae, occur
after or during the decline of a disease without
being directly connected with it. (Sequela.)
Conseil d'Etat. [Yr., Council of State.] The
French House of Commons.
Consenescence. [L. consSnesco, I grow old.l
Growing old, decay from age.
Consensual. [L. consensus, consent.] Resting
on mutual consent as a C. contract ; e.g. marriage.
Consensual actions. Instinctive reflex actions
of animals, the result of impressions made on
the sensory ganglia, as distinguished from the
cerebrum. — Carpenter's ^/f«A Phys., p. 81.
Consentes, Lii. [L.] The name by which the
Romans spoke of their twelve great deities — ^Juno,
Minerva, Ceres, Vesta, Diana, Mars, Venus,
CONS
136
CONS
Mercury, Neptune, Vulcan, Apollo, and Jupiter
the father of all. Also called Dii complices.
Consequent. (Conditional proposition; Batio.)
Conservancy. [L. conservo, / take care of.\
A board which takes care of a river and regulates
the traffic.
Conservation of areas; C. of energy; C. of
force; C. of momentum; C. of motion of centre
of gpravity ; C. of motion of rotation ; C. of mo-
tion of translation ; C. of vis viva. It is a
fundamental principle of Physics that the total
energy of any body or system of bodies is a
quantity which can neither be increased nor
diminished by any mutual action of these
bodies, though it may be transformed into any
of the forms of which energy is susceptible.
Thus some of the mechanical or kinetic energy
of the system may disappear, to be replaced
by an exact equivalent of heat. This principle
is termed that of the C. of energy. The term C.
of force is sometimes used as equivalent to the
C. of momentum ; but more commonly it is used
(though inaccurately) as equivalent to the C. of
energy. The term C. is used in several con-
nexions in the science of dynamics. Thus it
is proved that, in the case of a body acted on by
any forces, the motion of the centre of gravity is
the same as if all the mass were collected at the
centre of gravity and all the forces applied to it
unchanged in magnitude and direction, while the
motion of rotation round the centre of gravity is
the same as if that point were fixed and the
forces unchanged. These theorems are called
the principles of the C. of the tnotion of the
centre of gravity, and of the motion of rotation.
The C. of momentum is the theorem that, if the
particles of a system are acted on only by their
mutual attractions and repulsions, the sum of the
momenta estimated in a given direction is con-
stant. The C. of areas is the theorem that, in
the last case, if the mass of each particle is mul-
tiplied by the area (referred to any given plane)
which it describes round a fixed point, the sum
of these products will be proportional to the time
of description. Kepler's second law is a par-
ticular case of the C. of areas. The term C. of
vis viva is also used.
Conservatoire. [Fr.] A school especially of
music, a museum.
Consignee. [Fr. consigne, L. consignatus,
sigiud.\ One to whom goods (a consignment)
are sent, the sender being the consignor, who
consigns or delivers them on trust to the carrier.
Consistentes. [L.] In the ancient Church,
the last order of penitents, standing with the
faithful after dismissal of the rest, joining in
common prayer, and seeing the oblation offered,
but not offering nor communicating.
Consistory Courts. (Court, Christian.)
Consolato del mare. [Sp.] A code of mari-
time laws compiled for the old kings of Aragon.
Console. [Fr.J {Arch.) C. table, a table or
slab supported by brackets.
Consols. Stock in the English Funds, con-
sisting of different kinds of annuities severally
consolidated into capital, bearing interest at three
and three and a half per cent, for ever.
Consomme. [Fr.] Gravy or jelly-soup.
Consonant. [L. consonantes, from con-, 7vith,
sono, / soiotd.] {Gram.) A sound in speech
produced by an opening action of the articulatory
organs, and which must be sounded with a vowel
{q.v.). As adj., in harmony with, agreeing with.
Constable. [Fr. connetable, from L. comes
stabiili, cottnt of the stable.] {Hist.) A title
which is supposed to have originated in the
Lower Empire. The Constable of France was
the first dignitary under the Crown. In Eng-
land, the permanent office of Lord High Con-
stable was forfeited by the attainder of the Duke
of Buckingham, in 1522.
Constable of the Tower. Governor of the
Tower of London, who is one of the senior
generals in the army ; the appointment having
been anciently one of high importance and trust.
Constans, Type of. (Type of Constans.)
Constant. [L. constan, -tem, part, of con-
stare, to stand together.] In Math., a quantity
or number whose value in regard to any
question or class of questions is fixed. Con-
stants generally sers'e to define the relations ex-
isting between variable magnitudes. Thus, if s
denotes the number of feet through which a body
will fall in / seconds, it is known that s = ibt'^
(approximately) ; here the constants, 16 and 2,
serve to define the relation existing between the
variable magnitudes s and /.
Constantia. A red wine made at the place so
called, near Capetown.
Constantino, Donation of. An alleged gift to
the pope by the Emperor Constantine after his
conversion, conveying to him the city of Rome
and the whole Western Empire. The document
is supposed to be a forgery of the eighth century. —
Milman, //ist. of Latin Christianity, bk. i. ch. 2.
Constellation. [L. constellatio, -nem.] {As-
tron. ) A group of stars. The division of stars
into constellations is purely arbitrary. The large
stars within the group are distinguished as o, (3,
etc. ; as, a Leonis, 3 Aquilae, S Ursse Majoris,
etc.
Constituent Assembly. In Fr. Hist., the first
of the national assemblies of the Revolution.
Dissolved in 1791. (Assembly.)
Constrictive. [L. constrictlvus, constringo, /
draw together.] Able to bind together, astrin-
gent.
Construct ; Construction. [L. constructus,
part, of construfire, to put together.] To draw
by geometrical rules ; as "to construct a figure
similar to a given rectilineal figure." Mathe-
matical problems are in many cases solved by
algebraical processes ; but it frequently happens
that the steps of the process correspond to the
drawing of certain lines on paper, by means of
which a line or other magnitude can be deter-
mined which serves as a solution of the problem.
Under these circumstances the problem is said
to be solved by C.
Constructive. {Marine Insur.) Taken for
certain. A constructive total loss is reckoned
when salvage is highly improbable, and, on
abandonment of all claim to salvage, owners
recover against underwriters as for total loss.
CONS
137
CONT
It also occurs when it would cost more than a
ship's value to repair her. (Abandonment.)
Consnalia. (Ludi oiroenses.)
Consnbstantikl. [L. con-, with^ substantia,
substance. ] ( Theol. ) This word translates the
Greek homoiousios, used in the Nicene Creed
to denote the oneness of substance between the
Father and the Son. (Homoiousian.)
Consubstantiation. ( Theol. ) The name given
to the Lutheran doctrine that, while the bread
and wine in the Eucharist retain their natural
substance, the body and blood of Christ are at
the same time transfused into them, and thus
that both substances are partaken of together.
(Transubstantiation.)
ConsoL [L.] 1. The two supreme magis-
trates of Rome after the expulsion of the kings
were called Consuls. They held office for one
year. (Aatocrat.) 2. In France, the title was
conferred in 1799 on the persons entrusted with
the provisional government of the country after
the dissolution of the Directory. 8. It is also
given generally to public officers who act on
behalf of foreign states partly in a diplomatic
and partly in a commercial character.
Coiualan. [L. consularcs.] Roman citizens
were so called after having served as consuls.
Conaoltation, Writ of. In Law, a writ by
which a cause, removed into the King's Court by
Prohibition out of the ecclesiastical court, is
returned thither again.
Contadino. [It.] Feasant, countryman.
Cont&gium &nlm&tiun, or TlTun. A living
disease germ ; a mediaeval expression, antici-
patory of the modern germ-theoiy of contagion.
Contango. {Stoekbrok.) The commission
charged to bulls for carrying over a bargain from
one settling day to the next, if stock has fallen
in price since he bought. (Continuations.)
ContempSr&nea ezpositio est optima et for-
ti—Vma in lege. [L.] An exposition delivered at
or near the date {of a law or deed) is the best and
most powerful in law.
Content*. {Naut.) A document containing
a merchantman's destination, cargo, etc., which
must be delivered to the custom-house before
sailing.
Conterminous. [L. contermlnus, from con-,
together, tci minus, boundary. "[ Having the same
bounds, bordering upon, contiguous.
Contestation. [L. contestatio, -nem, a calling
to Tvitness.] 1. A contesting, a controversy. 2.
• Attestation.
Continental system, (//ist.) The name given
to the plan of the first Napoleon Bonaparte, for
excluding English merchandise from all parts of
the Continent.
Contingent. [L. contingens, -tem, part, of
contingcre, to concern.] (Mil.) 1. Allowance
made to captains for repair of arms, pay of clerk,
purchase of documents, the keeping each soldier
efficient in kit, and as compensation for risk of
taking charge of public money. 2. Establish-
ment of troops organized, equipped, and kept in
efficiency, at the disposal of a neighbouring
superior state.
Continual proportion. If there are any mag-
nitudes such that the first bears to the second the
same ratio that the second bears to the third,
and the second to the third the same ratio that
the third bears to the fourth, and so on, the
magnitudes are said to be in a Continual or Con-
tinued P.
Continuations. (Stockbrok.) The carrying
over of a time bargain from one fortnightly
settling day to another, for which a commission
is charged, called contango if a buyer defer set-
tlement, hack'uiardation if a seller defer.
Continued fever. Abating, but never entirely
intermitted. (Intermittent fever.)
Continued fraction, A fraction whose nume-
rator is unity and denominator a whole number
plus a fraction ; this fraction has for its numerator
unity and its denominator a whole number plus a
second fraction of the same form as the preceding,
and so on ; as
7 +
I 2 c
which equals — ^
I 183
3+ I
Continued product of three or more numbers
is obtained by multiplying the first by the
second, their product by the third, and so on.
Thus the continued product of 7, 12, and 15, is
1260.
Continuity ; Equation of C. ; Law of C. ; Con-
tinuous. A variable magnitude is said to change
continuously when it passes from one assigned
value to another without breaks or jumps. If
we suppose the magnitude to be always on the
increase or decrease between the assigned values,
it changes continuously when it passes succes-
sively through every intermediate value. The
Law of C. is the doctrine that no change
in a natural phenomenon takes place with per-
fect suddenness or abruptness ; thus the gaseous
and liquid states of matter may be made to pass
one into the other without any interruption or
breach of Continuity. The Equation of C. in
hydro-dynamics is an algebraical or symbolical
statement of the fact that at any point of a fluid
in motion the rate of diminution of the density
bears to the density the same ratio that the rate
of increase of the volume of an infinitely small
portion bears to the volume of the portion at the
same instant.
Continuous lines. (Mil.) Any series of field
works without break or interval.
Continuous style. (Arch.) More commonly
called Perpendicular. (Geometrical style.)
Contorted. [L. contortus, part, of contorqueo,
/ whirl round. ] (Bot. ) Twisted so that all the
parts have a similar direction ; as the segments
of an oleander flower.
Contour line. [Fr. contour, contour.] 1. (Geog.)
A line on a map showing all those points on the
surface of the ground which are at an assigned
height (say 100 feet or 200 feet) above the sea-
level. 2. (Mil.) Represents the intersection
of a horizontal plane with the surface of a hill.
Contra audentior ito. (Ne cede malis.)
Contraband. [L. contra, against, bannum,
public prohibition.] Goods, such as munitions
of war, belligerents* property, which neutrals are
CONT
138
COOR
prohibited from importing or exporting to or
from a belligerent's ports.
Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good con-
diut, against morality.
Contradictory propositions. (Log.) Propositions
which have the same term differing in quantity
and quality, Contrary propositions being two
universals with the same terms — the one negative,
the other affirmative.
Contranitency. [L. contra, against, niter, /
strive.] Resistance to force employed.
Contrary motion. {Music.) (Motion.)
Contrary propositions. (Contradictory pro-
positions.)
Contrate-wheel. A Crown-wheel.
Contravallation. (Circumvallation.)
Contreotatio rei aliense animo furandi est
fortnm. [L. ] T/ie touching of another's property
-with intention of stealing is theft.
Contredanse. [Fr., corr. into country-dance.]
An English dance ; the performers being in two
lines opposite to [L. contra] each other.
Contretemps. [Fr.] Lit. against time; an
unexpected accident.
Control. [Fr. controle, O.Fr. contre-role, a
counter-roll, a duplicate, for verification.] {Mil.)
Department having entire charge of all payments,
stores, quarters, and equipage of an army.
Contumacy. [L. contiimacia.] Obstinate dis-
obedience to the rules and orders of a court, or
neglect of a legal summons.
Contusion. [L. contuslo, -nem, from contundo,
/ bruise, crush.] (Med.) An injury without
apparent wound, caused by a fall, blunt weapon,
etc.
Conundrum. A kind of riddle involving an ab-
surd comparison, by means of a punning answer,
between unlike things.
Conusee. (Cognizee.)
Convection; Convective. [L. convectio, a
bringing together.] When a heated body is
placed in or near a fluid, the neighbouring part
of the fl«d has its density diminished, and, as-
cending, is replaced by some of the colder part of
the fluid, which in its turn grows warm and
ascends ; a current is thus set up which is called
a C. current, and the heat is said to be diffused
by C. C. currents may be set up by other means,
as when electricity is the thing carried, e.g. when
a conductor ending in a fine point is strongly
electrified, the particles of air near the point will
be charged with electricity, and then carried to-
wards any surface oppositely electrified. This
constitutes a Convective discharge of electricity.
Convener. [L. con-, together^ vfinio, / come.]
A Scotch county official.
Conventicle Act, First, 1664, made liable to
fine and imprisonment any over sixteen years of
age present at any exercise of religion not allowed
by the Church of England, where there were five
persons more than the household. C. A., Second,
1670, modified these penalties, but gave part of
the fine to informers. (Declaration of Indul-
gence.)
Convention. [L. conventio, -nem, a coming
together.] (Hist.) 1. An assembly of national
representatives meeting under extraordinary
circumstances, without being convoked by legal
authority. Such was the I'arliament which re-
stored Charles II. in 166 1, and the Parliament
which, in 1688, declared that James II. had ab-
dicated the crown. 2. In Fr. Hist., the as-
sembly which proclaimed the republic in 1792.
(Assembly.)
Convergent series. [L. con-, together, vergo,
/ incline.] A series such that the sum of its
first n terms cannot be made to exceed a certain
assigned number, however large n may be ; e.g.
'+5 + i + J + T8 + ^^^M cannot be made to ex-
ceed 2, however many terms may be taken.
Conversazione. [It.] A social gathering for
conversation, especially one at which experts
and amateurs in literature, art, or science meet.
Convex, Double; Convexo-concave; Convexo-
plane. (Lens.)
Conveyance. {L. con\&;\o, I convey.] (Leg.)
An instrument which assumes the transfer of
property to a living person.
Conveyancing. (Leg. ) The art or science of
the alienation of property.
Convocation. [L. convocatio, -nem, a calling
together.] (Eccl. Hist.) The Council of the
Church, consisting of the clergy of a province
summoned by the archbishop. Edward I. first
summoned convocations in England for the pur-
pose of obtaining subsidies from them. The
power of taxing their own body was taken from
them in 1664, when the clergy were allowed to
vote in elections of knights of the shire. The
House of Convocation in the University of
Oxford is the assembly which ratifies decrees and
statutes.
Convoy. [Fr. convoi, L.L. conviare, to escort. 1
1. (Mil.) Guard accompanying stores and
baggage for their protection. 2. (A'aut.) A
merchant fleet under the protection of armed
vessels. 3. The armed vessels themselves. 4.
A drag to check carriage-wheels in descending a
hill.
Convulsionists, Convulsionaires. [Fr.] Fana-
tical Jansenists, in France, early in the eigh-
teenth centurj', exhibiting contortions resembling
the movements of all kinds of animals. (Dancing
mania.)
Coolies, Coulies. Originally the name of one
of the hill tribes of Hindustan ; many of these
being employed as labourers and porters in Bom-
bay, etc. The word C. became —porter ; but
it is used now to denote emigrant labourers from
India and China to other countries.
Coom. [Ger. kahm, mildew.] Soot or coal-
dust.
Coomb. [(?) Cf. L. ciimiilus, a heap.] A dry
measure of four bushels, or half a quarter.
Coomings. (Coamings.)
Cooptation. [L. cooptatio, -nem, from con-,
together, opto, / choose.] Election of fresh
members to a board or college by the existing
members.
Co-ordinate axes; C. geometry; C. planes.
Co-ordinates ; Orig^ of C. ; Oblique C. ; Eectan-
gular C. ; Spherical C. If a point in a plane is
taken and through it are drawn two lines or axes
which are then produced indefinitely both ways,
COOR
139
CORA
the plane is evidently divided into four portions.
Suppose a point taken anywhere in the plane,
its position relatively to the two straight lines or
axes can be defined thus : Through the point
draw a line parallel to the one axis to cut the
other ; the line thus drawn is called the ordinate,
and the intercept the abscissa. If the lengths of
the abscissa and ordinate are known, the position
of the point is known, provided it be known in
which of the four portions of the plane it is
situated. If, however, the signs + or — pre-
fixed to the abscissa indicate that it is measured
to the right or left of the fixed point, and the
same signs prefixed to the ordinate indicate that
it is to be measured up or down, it is plain that,
the signs and magnitudes of the ordinate and
abscissa being known, the position of the point is
determined without ambiguity relatively to the
axes. The ordinate and abscissa are called the
C. of the point, the axes or lines of reference are
called C. axes, and the point through which they
both pass is called the Origin of C. ; when the
axes are at right angles to each other the C. are
rectangular, when otherwise the C. are oblit^ue.
The position of a point in space may be defined
by an extension of the same method with
reference to three C. planes. The position of
a point on the surface of a sphere may be
similarly defined by arcs of two great circles
which are called its Spherical C, e.g. the latitude
and longitude of a place on the earth's surface
(as commonly defined) are the spherical co-
ordinates which fix its position. C. geometry is
an application of algebra to geometry, based on
the determination of the position of a point by
means of its co-ordinates. It is sometimes called
Cartesian geonutry, from the name of its inven-
tor, Des Cartes. (For Poleur co-ordinates, vide
Badios-Vector.)
Co-ordinating power of the brain brings mus-
cular movements into harmony; it is absent,
e.g., in intoxication.
Copaiba, Copaiva, Capiyi [Braz. cupauba.]
An oleo-resin from a Brazilian tree of this name.
It is used medicinally and in oil-painting.
CupaL An Indian resin (Mexican, copalli),
much used for artists' varnish.
Coparcenary. [L. co-, with, O.Fr. par9on-
nere, from L. partior, I share. ^ {Leg.) Joint-
ownership of an inheritable estate without par-
tition, by two or more persons possessing equal
title, their several claims descending to their
" respective heirs. C. differs from joint-tenancy
{q.v.) and tenancy in common {q.v.), inter alia,
in origin, kind of seising, and methods of dissolu-
tion ; also from joint-tenancy in not involving
benefit of survivorship (jus accrescendi).
Coparcener. Co-tenant by descent.
Cope. [L.L. cappa, a ca/e.] 1. (Eccl.) A
semicircular vestment worn by the clergy in
processions. The rubric of the first Prayer-book
of Edward VI. enjoins its use by priests adminis-
tering the Holy Communion as an alternative with
the vestment. 2. The top of a founder's flask.
Copeck. (Boable.)
Cophetna, King. A legendary king in Africa,
in Percy's Reliqtus, who married a b%gar-maid.
Coping of a wall. {Arch.) The covering
course, often sloping on the upper surface to
throw off water.
Coppel. (Cupel.)
Copperas. [ 1 1. copparosa, from L. cupri rosa,
rose of copper. \ Sulphate of copper, iron, or
zinc, accordingly as its colour is blue, green, or
white, respectively.
Coppice, Copse. [O.Fr. coupeiz, from couper,
to cut.] Wood grown to be cut every few
years.
Coprolite. [Gr. tc6wpov, dung, \l6os, stone]
Fossilized excrements, chiefly of saurians and
sauroids ; popularly misapplied to all the phos-
phatic nodules dug up for artificial manures.
Copts. Properly the people from whom the
country of Egypt received its name. More par-
ticularly the Monophysite or Jacobite Christians
of Egypt, who use the Liturgies of Basil, Cyril,
and Gregory.
Copiila. [L.,al>and.] {Log.) The part of a
proposition which affirms or denies the predicate
of the subject. In strictness, the only copula is
the present tense of the verb to be, with or with-
out the negative sign.
Copy. Paper twenty inches by sixteen. In
Printing, a technical term for an author's manu-
script.
Copyhold. {Leg.) A lease tenure nominally
at the lord's will but really free by custom.
C. is a parcel of a manor which has a court,
and must have been demisable by copy of
court-roll from time immemorial. The manor
court as relating to copyholders is a customary
court.
Coq-a-l'&ne. [Fr., a cod on an ass."] A story
without any connected transition ; d'un sujet cL
un autre {\J\i\.xi) ; probably the original meaning
of cock-and-bull story.
Coqnecigrue. [Fr.] As explained by Littre,
an imaginary animal, sometimes C. de mer ; the
word being variously used : e.g. the coming of the
C. (Rabelais) is = never; He is a C. = one
who romances ; It is a C. — nonsense, false-
hood ; originally meaning a kind of rest-harrow,
a sticky troublesome weed.
Coqoilla nut. [Sp. coquillo, dim. of coco, a
cocoa-nut.] A Brazilian fruit, with a hard brown
shell used in ornamental turning.
Coraole. [Welsh corwgh, from cwrwg, round
body.] A veiy light boat of leather or oil-cloth
stretched over wicker-work ; used by a single
person.
Coraooid bone. [Gr. KopaKo-n^s, crow-like,
as resembling a crow's bill.] A bone in birds,
answering to the coracoid process of the scSpula
in mammals.
Coracora. (Koraeora.)
Coralan. {Naut.) A small open boat of the
Mediterranean, used for coral-fishing.
Coral wood. (From the colour.) A fine red
wood, used in cabinet-making.
Cdram non jUdlce. [L.] Before otu who is
not a Judge ; i.e. in a court not having juris-
diction.
Coram popiilo. [L.] Before the peopU.
Coran. (Alcoran.)
CORA
140
CORO
Cor Anglais, English horn. [L. cornu, a
horn.] (Alusic.) 1. The tenor hautboy. S.
A reed-stop in an organ.
Coranto. [It. correre, to run, Fr. courante,
courir.] 1. A kind of country-dance, quick, in
triple time ; Italian. 2. In Handel's and other
lessons for the harpsichord, a courante is gene-
rally introduced as one of the movements.
Corban. [Web., an offering ox gift.] Among
the Jews, anything offered to God, especially in
fulfilment of a vow. Any one might thus inter-
dict himself from assisting any one, even parents
in distress (Matt. xv. 5).
CorbeL [Fr. cor beau.] {Arch.) A projecting
bracket, supporting a superincumbent object,
or receiving the spring of an arch. A corbel-
table is a parapet or cornice resting on a series
of corbels.
Corbel-table. (Corbel.)
Corbie steps. (Arch.) Small battlements
running up the sides of gables.
Cord. A pile of wood eight feet long, four
high, and four broad, containing 128 cubic feet.
(From the cord with which it is measured. )
Cordate. {Bot.) Shaped like a /i«rar/ [L. cor,
cordis] ; e.g. leaf of violet.
Cordeliers. The Friars Minor, or Minorites,
of the order of St. Francis ; so called from the
cord tied round the waist. The name was also
assumed by a Parisian revolutionary club, of
which Danton and Marat were prominent
members.
Cordon. [Fr., from corde, a string, L. chorda.]
(Mil.) 1. Line of troops spread out for obser-
vation. 2. A band of stonework placed along
the top of a revetement. 3. Ribbon, twist.
Cordon blen. [Fr.] Lit. blue ribbon, a first-
rate cook.
Cordovan. Goatskin leather from Cordova,
in Spain.
Cordtiroy. [(?) Fr., corde du roi, king's cord.]
A thick cotton stuff with corded or ribbed
surface.
Cordwainer. [Fr. cordonnier.] A shoemaker,
originally a worker in Cordovan leather.
Cores. Baked earth placed in the centre of a
mould to form a cavity in the casting.
Corf. [Ger. korb, (?) L. corbis, large basket.]
A large basket used for coals in mines.
Coriaceous. Like skin or leather [L. corium]
in texture.
Coriander. [Gr. Kopiavvov.] (Bot.) Exod.
xvi. 31 ; Coriandrum sativum, ord. Umbelliferte ;
yielding round aromatic fruits ; wild in Egypt
and Palestine ; but much cultivated also.
Corinne. Heroine of Mad. de Stael's novel
Corinne, who pines away on being deserted by
her lover.
CSrinm. [L., skin, leather.] (Physiol.) The
part of a mucous membrane which is below the
Epithelium.
Corm. [Bot. ) A fleshy underground stem, re-
sembling a Btilb, but not scaly ; e.g. crocus.
Cormontaigne. French engineer who invented
a system of fortification at the beginning of the
eighteenth century.
Combrash. ( Gcol. ) A coarse shelly limeistone.
Oolitic ; a brash \cf. breccia], i.e rock broken
up by frost, etc., and good for corn-fields.
Cornea. [L.] (Anat.) The transparent disc
forming the anterior of the eye, set in the scle-
rotic ; somewhat horny [corneus] in texture.
Cornel, or Dogwood. (Bot. ) A bushy shrub in
hedges and thickets (Cornus sanguinea) ; type
of ord. Cornese.
Comer. [L. L. cornerium, from L. cornu, a
horn, an end. ] (Stockbrok. ) A combination of
speculators with a view to influencing prices by
getting all available supply of a stock or com-
modity into a few hands.
Comet. [L. cornu, a^(w->;.] 1. A kind of horn
or trumpet with keys, formerly much used in
Church service ; in the King's Chapel especially,
and in several cathedrals. \ (Mil.) Formerly,
a commissioned officer of the cavalry, who carried
the standard.
Cornice. (Order.)
Comiche, The [Fr.], or Corniche Road. From
Genoa to Nice, along the Riviera di Ponente ;
narrow, like a ledge or cornice ; very beautiful,
and, in places, 1600 feet above the sea.
Corniculated. [L. corniculum, a little horn,
dim. of cornu.] 1. (Anat.) Having processes
like small horns. 2. (Bot, ) Shaped like a small
horn.
Coring. The process of forming gunpowder
into grains.
Comings. [Eng. corn.] The small shoots in
malt.
Cornish, or China stone. (Geol.) Disintegrated
rock, consisting of quartz, felspar, and a talcose
mineral. Cornish, or China clay, artificially pre-
pared kaolin (q.v.) from Cornwall. (Peh-
tun-tze.)
Com laws. Laws for the supposed protec-
tion (?) of British agriculturists, prohibiting im-
portation of foreign corn for home use unless
prices rose above a fixed rate ; abol. 1846.
(Anti-Com-Law League. )
Cornopean, or Cornet-a-piston. A small brass
instrument, modern, like a trumpet, but shorter,
with valves or pistons, to produce a complete
chromatic scale.
Comstones. ( Geol. ) Calcareous concretions in
the Old Red Sandstone of Herefordshire and
Scotland, often containing fossil fishes (pteri-
chthys, etc.), and yielding lime for agriculture;
hence the name.
Comucopise, incorrectly Cornucopia. [L., horn
of plenty.] A representation of a horn full of
fruit and flowers, an emblem of abundance.
Cornwall, Barry. Nom de plume of Bryan
Waller Procter, poet, of whose name Barry Peter
Cornwall is an anagram.
Cornwall, Duchy of. Hereditary title and
estate of the eldest son of the reigning sovereign
of the British empire.
Corody, Corrody. [L.L. corrodium, corredium,
li. coxrtAaxe, to fit out, furnish.] (Eccl.) 1. A
defalcation from a salary, for some other than
the original purpose ; e.g. an allowance given to
a servant by the king, from a monastery which
he had founded ; and generally, 2, allowance of
food, clothing, lodging.
CORO
141
CORS
Corolla. [L., a small wreath, ox crown, dim.
of corona.] (Bot.) The inner whorl or envelope
(composed of petals) surrounding the organs of
fructification ; popularly called theflmuer.
CoTomandel wood. A red, hazel-brown varie-
gated wootl, from the Coromandcl or eastern
coast of India, used for making furniture.
CSrona. [L., a wreath, crown.] 1. A lumi-
nous appearance of concentric coloured rings
sometimes seen round the sun and moon ; pro-
bably caused by diffraction of light due to the
moisture in the atmosphere. 2. The circle of
light which appears to surround the dark body
of the moon during a total eclipse of the sun.
3. An aurora boreal is in the form of a circle
round the magnetic pole.
C5r5na eastrensiB, or valliris. [L.] Crown
given to the first scaler of the rampart [vallum]
of a foe's camp [castra].
Coronaoli, Cronaoh. [Gael. , akin to Eng. croon,
etc. ] Funeral dirge among the Irish and Scottish
Celts.
05r5na, Oa. [L.] (Anat.) ^on^ of the shape
of a coronet, in the horse ; one of the phalangeal
bones of the foot ; below the os suflfraginis {g.v. ).
CoronaL [L. cSronalis, from corona, crou>n.\
1. A crown, wreath. 2. Adj., pertaining to a
crown.
Coronary sobstanoe. In a horse, a fibro-
cartilaginous band between the skin of the leg
and the hoof, liberally supplied with blood ;
necessary to the formation of horn ; attached to
the upper part of the coffin-bone.
Coroner. [L. coronator.] (Hist.) The title
of an office established before the Norman Con-
quest, the holder, as his name shows, being
especially the officer of the Crown. His functions,
which extended to property generally as affected
by the rights of the Crown, are now practically
confined to the holding of inquests on those who
die or are supposed to die a violent death. He
is also the sheriff's substitute when the sheriff
is interested in a suit.
Coronet. In a horse. (Coronee, Ot.)
Coroio. Nut of a kind of palm, whose con-
tents harden into a white, close-grained substance
known as vegetable ivory.
Corporal [L. corporalis, relating to the body.]
1. (Eccl.) A linen cloth used for covering
the consecrated element of bread after com-
munion. 2. ( Mil. ) A non-commissioned officer,
the lowest whose rank is defined, and distin-
guished by two stripes on the sleeve above the
elbow. A soldier acting as C. has one stripe,
and is called a Lance- C.
Corporation. [L. corpus, a body.] {Hist.)
A body of persons capable of receiving and
granting for themselves and their successors.
Corporations may be either sole, as a king, a
bishop, a parson ; or agf^regate, as colleges in the
universities, the municipalities of towns, etc.
Corporation Aets. 1. Acts regulating munici-
pal corporal ions. The Corporation and Test Act,
passed 1 661, was rejiealed 1828. 2. The popular
name of the statute 25 Charles II., c. 2, which
ordained that all persons holding any office,
military or civil, should have taken the oath of
allegiance, and should in the previous year have
received the Eucharist according to the rites of
the Church of England.
Corporeal herecUtament. Any subject or item
of real property.
Corposant, or Compsant. [It. corps santo,
holy body. ] (Naut.) ( Castor and Pollux. )
Corps. [Fr., L. corpus, a My.] (Mil.) A
body of troops ; is now used as = an army com-
plete in itself, under separate commander, an
army C.
Corps diplomatique. [Fr., diplomatic body.]
The assemblage of ambassadors and diplomatic
persons at a court.
Corpse. (A'aitt.) Slang for a party of marines
on board ship.
Corpse candle. A light seen in churchyards,
etc., caused by gas evolved from the decaying
bodies.
Corpus Christi [L., the Body of Christ.]
(Eccl.) In the Latin Church, a festival in
honour of the Eucharist, instituted by Urban IV.,
in 1264, and celebrated on the first Sunday after
Trinity Sunday.
Corpuscle; Corpuscular. [L. corpusciilum, a
little body.] The ultimate particles by the aggre-
gation of which the ordinary forms of matter are
supposed to be composed are called Corpuscles.
The mutual forces which the cojfpuscles exert on
each other and to which their a{:^egation is due
are called Corpuscular forces. J
Corpus delicti. [L., the bodyyyf the crime.]
The subject of a crime which foioi>s an essential
part of the proof of most crimes. -
Corpus Jaris CivUis. [L.] The imperial or
civil Roman law consolidated by Justinian.
Its four parts are — Institutiones, Digesta or
Pandecta, Codex Rfpfitltae Praelectionis (nine
books, together with Jus Publicum, three books),
and Novellae.
Corral. [Sp.] In S. America and colonies,
a yard or stockade for cattle.
Correi. [Scot.] A hollow on a hillside.
Correlation. [L. con-, with, r^latio, relation.]
Reciprocal relation. Correlative terms, in Logic,
are such naturally and expressly, as parent off-
spring. Such terms as white and black are
relative only.
Corrigendum, plu. corrigenda, [L.] A thing
or things to be corrected.
Corrosive sublimate. (Sublimate,)
Corrugated, [L. corrugatus, wrinkled.] Bent
into parallel furrows and ridges.
Corruption of blood. An immediate conse-
quence of attainder, both upward and down-
ward ; so that neither inheritance nor transmis-
sion of land was any longer possible. By 3 and
4 William IV. abolished as to all descents hap-
pening after January I, 1834. — Brown's Law
Dictionary.
Corrnptio optlmi pesslma. [L.] The cor-
ruption of that which is best is the worst of all
corruption ; the greater the height, the lower
the fall.
Corsair. [L.L. corsarius, from L. cunere,
Qwx^yxm, to run.] (Naut.) A pirate, especially
of Barbary.
CORS
142
COTT
Corsnedd. [A.S.] The morsel of execration,
a form of ordeal among the English before the
Norman Conquest. A piece of bread or cheese
was supposed to cause convulsions to the guilty
who tried to swallow it. {Cf. the stoiy told of
the death of Earl Godwine, father of King
Harold.)
Cortege. [Fr.] A train of attendants, a pro-
cession.
Cortes. [Sp.] {Hist.) The old assembly of
the states in Leon, Aragon, Castile, and Por-
tugal ; the Spanish Parliament.
Cortical. 1. Having the nature of bark [L.
corticem]. 2. Acting as an external covering,
as the C. layer of the cerebrum.
Cortile. [L.L.] {Arch.) A quadrangular
area, open or covered, surrounded by domestic
buildings or offices.
Corundum. [Hind, korund.] (Min.) Some-
times termed Adamantine spar ; a mineral, cry-
stallized or massive, of alumina, nearly pure ; the
hardest known substance next to the diamond.
Tinted varieties of precious C. are sapphire and
ruby. China, India, America, etc.
Coruscation. [L. coruscatio, -nem.] A flash,
a flashing.
Corvee. [Fr.] {Hist.) The obligation of the
inhabitants of a district to perform certain ser-
vices, as the repairing of roads, etc. , for the sove-
reign or the feu/'.al lord. (Trinoda necessitas.)
Corvette. (J^ai/t.) A flush-decked war-ship
with one tier q ^uns.
Corybantes. }j( Cybele. )
Corydon. [i^: KopvSuy.] Name of a cowherd
in Theocritus' fourth idyll, borrowed by Virgil,
representing a rustic swain generally.
Corymb. [Gr. K6pvfj.fios, a highest point, a
cluster of jUrtvers.'X \Bot.) An inflorescence, of
which the axis develops lateral pedicels, elon-
gated so as to make the flowers level, or nearly
so ; e.g. centaury. Compound C, if the pedi-
cels are branched. (Cyme.)
Coryphaeus. [Gr. Kopv<i>aios.] A leader in the
dance, or a conductor of a chorus.
Coryza. [Gr. KopvCa.] A cold in the head
[k6pvs], with running at the nose ; e.g. catarrh.
Cosas de EspaSa. [Sp.] Customs or luaj/s
of Spain, e.g. a bull-fight. The phrase has
not the meaning of the French Chdteaux en
Espagtu.
Coscinomancy. [Gr. kovkXpo - iMvrela, sieve-
divination. The practice of divination by ob-
serving tlie rest or motion of a suspended sieve.
Cosecant; Cosine; Cotangent. (Trigonometrical
function.)
Cosmical. [Gr. KOfffiixis, from K&aixos, universe,
order. ^ Pertaining to the universe, or to the
solar system as a whole.
Cosmical rising and setting. (Aoronychal.)
Cosmogony. [Gr. Kofffjuryovia, creation or origin
of the luorld.'X The science of the origin of the
universe.
Cosmography. [Gr. K6fffioypatpla, universe-
description.] The science of describing the
constitution of the universe and the mutual
relation of its parts, or a description of the
universe.
Cosmopolitan. [Gr. K6afM-iro\lTr]r, world-
citizen.'] Pertaining to a citizen of the world,
free from ties or prejudices due to a special home
or country.
Cosmorama. [Gr. Koaftos, "world, Spafxa, sight,
spectacle.] An exhibition through lenses of scenes
in various parts of the world, with arrangements
for making the pictures look natural.
Cosmos. [Gr. kScixos, order, harmony, used
by Pythagoreans first for the unirjerse.] The
univei-se, or the essential principle of order in
the system of the universe.
Cossack. . Tartar irregular horseman.
Cosset. [A.S. cote, house, sittan, to sit.] 1. A
lamb reared by hand in the house. 2. A pet.
3. To C, to pet, to fondle.
Costa, {la., a rib.] {Bot.) The midrib of a
leaf.
Costal. [L. costa, a rib.] Pertaining to the
ribs.
Costeaning. [Cornish cottas stean, dropped
tin.] The discovery of lodes by sinking pits
in their vicinity transversely to their supposed
direction.
Costermonger. [Costard, a kind of apple, for
O.Fr. custard, custard; cf. Welsh caws, curd,
and A.S. mangere, dealer, from mangian, to
trade ; cf. L. mango, dealer, slave-dealer.] Huck-
ster of fmit.
Costrel. [Welsh costrel, L.L. costrellus, (?)
from costa, side, or canistra, basket.] An earthen
or wooden bottle with ears for slinging it at the
side.
Coterie. [Fr.] A set of persons connected
by common interests, who often enjoy each
other's society, and are more or less exclusive.
Cothurnus. [L., for Gr. K^Qopvo^.] The high-
soled boot laced up the front, worn by Greek
tragic actors ; originally a hunting-boot, a buskin.
Coticular. [L. coticula, small rvhetstone (cos,
cotis).] Belonging to or fit for whetstones.
Co-tidal lines. Lines drawn across a map of
the ocean, to show at what places the times of
high tide are the same.
Cotillon. [Fr. cotte, cotille, a petticoat.] A
lively dance, something like a country-dance ;
name and special character given to it in France.
Cotswold. [A.S. cote, mud hut, weald,
forest.] A range of low hills, mostly in Glouces-
ter, in which the Thames rises ; noted for a breed
of sheep.
Cottabos. [Gr.] A Greek game, in which
liquid was tossed out of a cup into a metal dish
so as to make a peculiar sound.
Cotter. A wedge used for connecting certain
parts of machinery. If a shaft have one end
enlarged and formed into a socket which the
end of a second shaft fits, the two may be firmly
held together by a wedge driven into a properly
formed hole passing through both, and then
they will act as a single shaft. The wedge
is a C.
Cottier. [Leg. L. cotarnis, from A. S. cote or
a like Teut. word.] A cottager who holds in free
socage iy.v.) for a certain rent and occasional
personal service [metayer] ; the rent is often a
fixed proportion of the yield of the land.
COTT
143
COUP
Cottise. [Fr. cote, a rib, L. costa.] (Her.)
A diminutive of the bend, being one-fourth its
size. A bend between two cottises is said to be
cottised.
Cottonade. A stout, thick cotton fabric.
Cotton Famine. The cessation of work in the
mills of Lancashire ; no cotton arriving whilst
the American ports were closed, 1851-65.
Cotton-gin. A machine for separating the
cotton fibre from the seed.
Cottonian Library. The remains of the library,
containing records, charters, and other MSS.,
founded by Sir liobert Bruce Cotton (1570-163 1),
given to the nation 1 700, placed in the British
Museum 1757.
Cotyla. [L., for Gr. KoriXij.] Originally a
cup, then a liquid measure = half a pint nearly.
C5tj^lddon. [Gr. KorXiKifitiiv, a cuplike hoUou>. ]
(Bo/.) The seed-leaves or seed-lobes of the
embrj'o.
Co^liform. [Gr. kotvXii, cup, L. forma,
/orm.] Hollowed like a cup, as the thigh-bone
socket.
Conae. [Onomatop.] The i^uack of inartistic
blowing of the clarionet or hautboy.
Cone£. 1. A preliminary layer of size, etc.,
in painting or gilding. 2. A layer of barley for
malting, when spread out after steeping.
Conchant. [Fr.] (I/er.) Lying down with
the head erect.
Conohing. [ Fr. coucher, to ptU to bed. ] ( Med. )
Pushing downwards, by a needle, of the
cataractous lens into the vitreous humour.
Congoar. Puma, or American lion, not a
lion (Felis concolor) ; the " painter," i.e. panther
of N. -American farmers.
Conline. [ Fr. ] A side scene in a theatre, a
space between the side scenes.
Coulter. [O.E. culter, a knife, from L., id.\
Knifc-Iike iron of the plough, cutting the soil in
a vertical plane.
Conmann. (Bot.^ A camphor-like sweet sub-
stance, the cause of perfume in the tonquin-bean
of perfumers, the Coumarou of French Guiana,
the woodruff, the sweet vernal grass, and other
plants.
Conneil, Privy. The chief council of the Eng-
lish sovereign. Its jurisdiction is mainly appel-
late, appeals from all parts of the empire being
made to it in the last resort. The Star Chamber
and the Court of Requests were formerly com-
mittees of the P. C.
Connsala of perfection. (TJuol.) In the Latin
Church, counsels of holiness not applicable to
all, but binding on those who undertake to
follow them. These are poverty, chastity, and
obedience.
Count. [L. comes, a f(?w/(i«/o«.] (Hist.) In
most of the European states, a title corresponding
to that of the British earl. Under the Byzan-
tine empire, the ten highest of the forty-three
duces, clukes, or great military commanders,
were called comftes, counts, or companions of
the emperor.
Counter-approach. (Mil.) Trench made by
the garrison of a Ijesiegeil place beyond their
fortlEcations, to check advance of the besiegers.
Counter-battery. (Mil.) Guns employed by
besiegers to silence the guns of a fortress.
Counter-drawing. [Fr. contre, over against. ^
Copying by means of transparent paper.
Counterfort. (Mil.) Buttress of masonry
placed behind a revetement as a support.
Counter-gfuard. (fort if.) Work constructed
in front of and parallel to a bastion or ravelin,
covering its faces.
Counter of ship. (Naut.) That part abaft the
stern-post.
Counterparts. (Original.)
Counterpoint. [It. contrappunto.] The art
of composing music in parts.
Counter-proof. An impression of an engraving
obtained by pressing plain paper on a freshly
printed proof, so as to give a reversed copy.
Countersearp. (Mil. ) Outer side of the ditch
of a fortification. (Escarp.)
Countersign. (Mil.) Secret word or sentence
entrusted to sentries for preventing any but au-
thorized persons passing their posts. (Parole, 2.)
Countersink. A bit for widening the upper
part of a hole, so as to receive the head of a
screw.
Countervail. [L. contra valeo, / am worth on
the other hand.] Esth. vii. 4 ; to compensate for.
Count of the Saxon shore. [L. comes littoris
Saxonlci.] During the Roman occupation of
Britain, an officer whose jurisdiction extended
from what are now the coasts of Norfolk to those
of Sussex. According to some, he had to guard
the country from the invasion of Saxons ;
others hold that he had the government of Teu-
tonic inhabitants already settled in this country.
Count Palatine (Hist.) represents the
comes palatii of the empire, who originally held
office in the court, but afterwards obtained
within his own district the jurisdiction which
the comes palatii had in the palace. Hence the
German title pfalzgraf, English palsgrave.
(Paladins.)
Count-wheel. The wheel which causes a clock
to strike the hours correctly.
Coup. [Fr., blo7v, stroke.] C. de bonhenr, a
piece of good luck ; C. du del, a special provi-
dence ; C. d'essai, a first attempt ; C d\'tat, a
stroke of policy, an unexpected State measure
more or less violent ; C. de grAce, stroke of
mercy, finishing stroke ; C. de main, bold sudden
stroke or surprise ; C. d'ail, glance, prospect ;
C. de thidtre, an unexpected sensational event,
something done for effect ; C. de pied de V&ne,
the kick of the ass, given to the dying lion, — a
contemptible insulting of fallen greatness ; C.
de vent, sudden squall. [Coup is L. colpus,
a later form of colapus, or colSphus, a bloiv with
the fist, a box on the ear, Gr. KrfAa(j)oj.]
(Jamac.)
Coup d'oeil. [Fr.] Viciv taken in at a glance.
Coup de soleil. [Fr.] A sun-stroke.
Coup de theatre. [Fr.] Theatrical stroke : an
unexpected event or manoeuvre, a piece of clap-
trap.
Coupe. [Fr. for cut off.] 1. The front com-
partment in a French diligence ; also in some
railway carriages. 2. (Her.) Cut off short.
COUP
144
COVE
Couple. [L. copula.] 1. Two equal forces,
acting on a body in opposite directions along
parallel lines. A C. tends merely to cause rota-
tion in the body on which it acts. 2. One of the
pairs of plates of two metals which compose a
voltaic battery.
Couple-close. {Her. ) A dim. of the chevron,
being one-fourth its size.
Coupler. In an organ, mechanical appliance
for connecting manuals with each other or with
pedals.
Coupling-box. A hollow cylinder, into which
the ends of two shafts fit and are fastened, for
the purpose of connecting them in a line.
Coup manque. [Fr.] A miss ; a wrong move.
Coupon. [Fr.] An interest or dividend
warrant.
Coupure. [Fr., a cuttitig, couper, to cut.'\
{Mil.) Retrenchment made across the terreplein
of a fortification, to prevent the enemy, when in
possession of one end of a rampart, from having
access along the whole face.
Courant. [Fr.] (Her.) Running.
Courbaril. [Native name.] A S. -American
resin used for varnish.
Coureau. [Fr.] {Naut.) 1. A yawl of the
Garonne. 2. A narrow channel.
Course, A ship's. ( Nat4t. ) The C. is estimated
by the angle which it makes with the meridian,
and is reckoned either in points of the compass
or degrees ; e.g. if she sails N.E., her C. is
four points or forty-five degrees.
Courses. {A'aut.) The sails hanging from
the lower yards. Trysails are, and lower stay-
sails may be, included in the courses.
Court, Christian, Ciiria Christianitdtis, = the
ecclesiastical courts as a whole, distinguished
from civil ; these being in the Church of Eng-
land theoretically six in'number. 1. The Arch-
deacon^ s C, the lowest, held wherever the arch-
deacon, either by prescription'or by composition,
has jurisdiction, the judge being called the
official of the archdeaconry. 2. The Consistory
C. of each bishop, held in his cathedral, for trial
of all ecclesiastical causes within the diocese ;
the bishop's chancellor or commissary being
judge. 3. The Prerogative C, at Doctors'
Commons, for proving wills, granting adminis-
trations upon the estates of intestates in certain
cases. 4. The Arches C. (held anciently, till about
1567, in the Chiurch of St. Mary de Arciibus, or
Le-Bow), the supreme court of appeal of the
archbishopric] of Canterbury in all ecclesiastical
causes except those of the Prerogative C, the
judge being the official principal of the arch-
bishop. 6. The C. of Peculiars, of Archbishop
of Canterbury, subservient to and in connexion
with that of Arches. 6. C. of Delegates, the
judges being delegated, under the great seal, to
sit pro hac vice, upon appeals to the king. But
its powers now, in England, are transferred to
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ;
and those of the others, in a great degree, to
the Courts of Probate, Divorce, and Matrimonial
Causes. (See Hook's Church Dictionary.)
Court-haron. [L. curia baronis.] 1. The court
in which the barons who held of the king in
grand serjeanty exercised both civil and criminal
jurisdiction. %. {Leg.) A manorial court, not of
record, for the maintenance of services and duties
of tenure, and determining petty civil cases not
concerning more than forty shillings debt or
damage.
Court-oard. (Coat-card.)
Court-leet. [A.S. leod, Ger. leute, people.\
{Leg. ) A court of record held once a year by
the lord of a hundred or manor, on grant by
charter for the viewing of Frankpledges, and
presentment and punishment of trivial mis-
demeanours.
Couscous. An African dish, chiefly consisting
of meat and millet-flour.
Coute que coute. [Fr.] Cost what it may
cost ; at all hazards.
Couvade. [Fr. couver, to brood. '\ A custom
practised among negroes, American Indians, and
in the Basque country, which compels the hus-
band to take to his bed when his wife bears a
child, lest harm happening to him should extend
to the infant also.
Covenanters. [From L. convenio, through
Fr. convenant.] (/List.) Those of the Scottish
people who signed or expressed their adherence
to the covenant of 1638.
Covenants, Scottish. These were chiefly
two. 1. National C, subscribed at Edinburgh,
A.D. 1638, embodying the Confession of Faith
of 1580 and 1501 ; caused by Charles I.'s
attempt to enforce Episcopacy. 2. Solemn
League and C, ratified by General Assembly
at Edinburgh, A.D. 1643 ; an endeavour to en-
force Presbyterian uniformity in the three king-
doms, an army being sent into England against
Charles. Subscribers bound themselves to
mutual defence, and to the extirpation of
popery, prelacy, superstition, heresy, schism, and
profaneness.
Coventry, Peeping Tom of. (Peeping Tom.)
Coventry, Sending to, Putting into. Exclud-
ing from all social intercourse ; said to be derived
from the Cavaliers forcing inoffiensive Puritans
to go to the Puritan stronghold, Coventry.
Cover. [L. coopSrio, / cover.'\ {Mil.) Any
screen from direct observation, concealing from
an enemy's fire.
Covered way. {Mil.) Road on the immediate
exterior of the ditch in a regular fortification,
following its course, and covered by the glacis.
Covering party. {Alil. ) Detachment of armed
troops placed in front of the trenches for the
protection of the working party.
Coverley, Sir Boger de. A genuine English
country gentleman in the Spectator, by Addison
and Steele, full of ingenuous weaknesses and un-
obtrusive virtues.
Covert-baron. {Leg.) Married, under the
protection of a husband [L. L. baron].
Coverture. [O.Fr., from couvir, Eng. cover.
It. coprire, from L. c66p6rlre, to cover. '\ {Leg.)
The state of a married woman, as she and her
property are under the power and protection of
her husband, except in so far as his common law
rights are limited by marriage settlement or
the Married Woman's Property Act (1870).
COVI
'45
CRAS
Covm. [O. Fr. covine, from convenir, L. con-
venire, to come together, agree.] A collusive
agreement between two or more persons for the
injury of another.
Cow-pox, Vacdnia. [L. vaccinus, of or from
a cotu (vacca).] (Med.) An eruptive vesicular
disease, of which the morbific matter was first
obtained from the cow ; caused by vaccination ;
a prophylactic of small-pox.
Cowne, Cowry, Oowry. [Hind, kauri.] Cy-
pncidae, fam. of gasteropodous molluscs. All
seas. C. moneta, money C, is used in parts of
India and Africa as coin.
Cozarian. Relating to the hip-joint [L. coxa].
Cozendiz. [L.] The hifi, the hip-bone.
Cozwain, Cockswain. (A'aut.) One who
steers, or pulls the after oar in a boat, and, in
the absence of an officer, commands it. (Boat-
•wain.)
Crab. KVXnA o{ crane iq.v.).
Crab, or Crab-capstan. {Xaut.) 1. A wooden
cylinder, the lower end passing through the
deck and resting on a socket, the upper end
having four holes through it at different heights
for the reception of long oars ; used to wind in
a cable or any weight. 2. A portable winch
for loading and unloading timber-ships, etc.
Crabbed. [From crab, sotir, rough, as in crab-
apple, crab-faced ; akin to cramp, as in cramp-
barkj] Sour, harsh, rough, difficult, vexatious.
Crabbing to it. (Naut.) Carrying too much
sail in a ^eeze, so as to crai, i.e. drift to lee-
ward.
Crabbier. (Krabla.)
Crackle, Cracklin (i.e. crackling) ehina. A
kind of china covered with a networkof veins or
fine cracks, artificially caused by unequal expan-
sion of body and glaze. (Body.)
Cradle. [O.K. cradel.] A steel instrument
used in preparing the groimd of a mezzotint
plate.
Cradlings. (Arch.) The timber ribs in arched
ceihngs or coves to which the laths arc nailed in
order to receive the plastering.
Craig and tail. ( Geol. ) A conformation of hill,
which has a precipitous front on one aspect, the
opposite being a gradual slope, as the Castle
Rock at Edinburgh.
Craik, or Crake. A diminutive of earrick
(iJ.V.).
CrambS repetlta. [L.] Cabbage repeatedly
served up (Juvenal) ; i.e. stale repetitions.
Cramois. [Gr. KpanBls, <-a^^rt(y-caterpillar.]
( Entom. ) The common grass-moth of meadows
in summer, or Vetuer. Gen. of L^pidopt^ra
nocturna, fam. Tlnfidae.
Crambo. " A play at which one gives a word,
to which another finds a rhyme" (Johnson). By
an easy transition, we get the game of Dumb C.
Cramp. [A word common to many Teut.
languages.] An instrument consisting of a piece
of iron bent at the ends with a screw at one end
and a shoulder at the other, used for compressing
closely the joints of frameworks, and for other
purposes.
Cramper. (I^aut.) Yam or twine fastened
round the leg, as a cure for cramp.
Cramp-fish. (Torpedo.)
Crampings. (Naut.) Fetters and bolts for
offenders.
Cramp-rings. Rings formerly used on the
supposition that they could cure cramp and
epilepsy, especially if they were blessed by
sovereigns. (Zing's evil. )
Cranoe. (Naut.) The cap of the bowsprit,
through which the jibboom passes.
Crane. [A.S. cran, Gr. ytpavos, L. grus.]
A machine (so called from its likeness to the
long-reaching neck of the bird) for raising weights
by means of a rope or chain passing from an
axle, on which it can be wound up, over a pulley
placed at the end of an arm (the jib) which is
capable of horizontal motion round a vertical
axis.
Cranial. Relating to the cranium [L.], or
shti/l [Gr. Kpavlov].
Crank [a Teut. and Scand. word] ; C.-pin.
A piece capable of turning round a centre,
connected by a link, called a connecting-rod,
with another piece which moves backwards and
forwards. A Crank is used to convert an alter-
nating motion into a continuous circular motion,
or vice versd. Thus the alternate motion of the
piston is converted by the crank into the con-
tinuous motion of the driving-wheel of a loco-
motive engine. The cylindrical piece which
joins the crank-arm to the connecting-rod is
called the C.-pin.
Crank, or Crank-sided. (Naut.) Easy to
capsize.
Cranmer's Bible. (Bible, Englisb.)
Crannoge. In Ireland and Scotland, a Lake-
dwelling.
Cranny. 1. A Portuguese or native office
clerk or subordinate employS of the Indian
Government. 2. An iron instrument for forming
the necks of glasses.
Crantara. [Gael. cx&2in'ixc\^, cross of shame.]
The fiery cross which was passed from place to
place in the Highlands of Scotland to rally the
clans.
Crapand, Johnny. Lit. Johnny Toad ; nick-
name of Frenchmen.
Cr&pfila. [L., Gr. Kpavnixi).] The sickness
and headache consequent on drunkenness.
Crare, or Crayer. (N^aut. ) An old name for
a heavy merchantman.
Crauu [L. crassus, coarse.] A coarse linen
cloth.
Crasis. [Gr. Kpafftt, a mixing.] 1. (Gram.)
A mixing of two words by the coalescence of the
final and initial vowels into one long syllable, as
iyd) oISo into 4y^Sa, rh vvo/xa into ro&uofjLa, rh
axirh into rainh. (Synaeresis. ) 2. Temperature,
constitution, as if a result of a »«J«»/ of various
properties.
Crass&mentnm. [L. crassus, thick."] The thick,
red, clotty part of blood, from which the thin
watery part, sSrum [L., whey] separates during
coagulation.
Crassa Minerva. (Uinerva. )
Crassa negllgentia. [L.] Gross, criminal
negligence.
CiussiilacesB. [L. cxzssms, thick, fat; the leaves
CRAT
146
CRES
being fleshy.] {Bof.) Houseleeks, a nat. ord.
of polypetalous exogens ; succulent, growing in
very hot, dry, open places of temperate regions ;
many cultivated for their beautiful flowers.
Crataegus. [Gr. KpdTuiyos.] (Bot.) C.
oxyScantha ; hawthorn, may bush. Ord.
' Rosaceje. [*0|i;s, sharp, 6.KavOa, thorn.']
Cratch-cradle, Cafs-cradU. [Cratch = crib,
manger ; cf. Fr. creche, fromTeut. kripya, crib']
A game played by two persons holding an endless
string symmetrically in the fingers of the two
hands, and taking it off each other's hands so as
at once to form a new pattern.
Crater. [L., from Gr. Kparfip, a mixing-bowl.']
1. A large kind of antique lx)wl. 2. The mouth
of a volcano.
Crateriform. (Bot.) Shaped like a bawl
[Gr. Kpariip] ; e.g. flower of cowslip. Cyathi-
forni, more contracted at the orifice, like a
cup [kv&Qos] used in drawing wine from the
Kparrfip : e.g. flower of buttercup.
Craa. Between Aries and Marseilles, a
singularly ston^y plain, "Campus lapideus" of
the ancients, of 30,000 acres, covered with rolled
boulders and pebbles, once deposited by the
Rhone, Durance, etc. ; partly barren, partly
irrigated by the Canal de Craponne, and very
productive.
Cravat. [Fr. cravate, Croatian.] A neck-
cloth. The French took this piece of dress
(1636) from the regiment le Royal Cravate, which
was dressed in the Croat fashion. The Croats
(Cravates) are a Sclavonic people in the south-
east of Austria.
Craw. [Ger. kragen, neck.] Crop.
Crawl. \Cf. D. kraal, an enclosure.] An
enclosure of hurdles or stakes in shallow water
for fish.
Crawling off. (Naut.) Slowly working off
a lee shore.
Cream of lime. The scum of lime-water.
Cream of tartar is purified tartar (from its rising
to the top Uke cream).
Cream ware. Pottery of that colour made
by Wedgwood and others. Queen Charlotte
gave to Wedgwood's the name of Queen's
ware,
Creance. [Fr. creance, credence.] A small
line tied to an untrained hawk when lured.
Creatine. [Gr. Kpias, -aroi, flesh.] A crystal-
lized substance obtained from the flesh of
animals.
Creazes. The tin in the middle part of the
huddle.
Creche. [Fr., Prov. crepcha, O.Sax.
cribbia.] Lit. a crib, manger ; a public nursery
for children.
Credat Judaeus. [L.] Let a Jav believe it;
an expression of incredulity, Jews being thought
very superstitious by Romans.
Credence table, or Credential. [Perhaps from
It. credenzare, to taste meats or drinks before
they are offered to another.] (Eccl.) A table or
shelf on one side of the altar, for receiving the
utensils needed in the celebration of the
Eucharist.
Credit foncier. [Fr.] Credit on land, in
France; a company for lending money on
security of landed property.
Cree. A tribe of Indians in Canada, north
west of Lake Winnipeg.
Creed of Pius IV. A creed put forth in 1564,
summing up the doctrines laid down by the
Canons of the Council of Trent.
Creel. [Gael, craidhleag, basket; cf. Gr.
KaKadoi, L. corbis, from root kar, bend.] Osier
basket for carrying fish in Scotland.
Creeper. (Naut. ) A small grapnel for getting
things up from the bottom of rivers, harbours,
etc.
Creese. Dagger with a wavy blade, used as a
weapon by the Malays.
Cremaillere line. [Fr. cremaillere, a pot-
hook, the O.Fr. cremaille being L. cramaculus
(Brachet).] (Mil.) Intrenchment composed of
alternate long and short faces, to give a certain
amount of flanking defence.
Cremation. [L. crematio, -nem, from cr^mc,
/ burn.] Burning; especially the disposal o\
dead bodies by fire.
Cremona. Melon, for violin. (Amati)
Crenate. [L. crena, a notch.] (Bot.) Having
rounded notches, as the margin of the leaf of
ground ivy. Serrate [serratus, serra, a saw],
saw-edged, as a rose leaf. Dentate [dentatus,
dens, a tooth], having pointed notches, and con-
cave spaces between them, as the leaves of
speedwell.
Creneau. [Fr., from L. crena, a notch, dim.
crenellum.] Narrow slit made for firing through
in old castle walls.
Crenellate. [Fr. creneau.] (Arch.) To (vLrmsh
a building with battlements; hence to fortify.
In the twelfth century, licences to crenellate
were permissions to build a castle.
Crenelle. Properly the embrasure of a battle-
ment. Hence the battlement itself.
Crenelled. In Nat. Hist., having notches.
(Crenate.)
Creole. [Sp. criollo.] In S. America and
W. Indies, generally an individual born in the
country, but of a race not native ; more particu-
larly one born in the country, of pure European
blood ; not an emigrant ; not the offspring of
mixed blood, such as a Mulatto (white father
and negro mother) or a Mestizo (white father
and Indian mother).
Creosote. [Gr. npiai, flesh, trdi^uv, to pre-
serve.] An antiseptic fluid, obtained from the
oil of distilled wood tar.
Crepitus. [L.] In Surg., the grating or
crackling of ends of bone against each other, in
a case of fracture.
Crepuscidar. [L. crSpusculum, t7vilight, early
dawn.] 1. Like to or characterized by the
half-light of late evening or early dawn. 2.
( AaA //ist. ) Flying only at those times.
Crescent, (f/er.) A 'waxing [L. crescens]
moon, with its horns turned upwards. It is
borne (i) as a charge, (2) as the difference in
the second son's escutcheon.
Crescit amor nummi quantum ipsa peciinm
crescit. [L,] The love of the shilling groius as
much as the grotving hoard of money.
CRES
147
CROM
Cresoive. [L. cresco, / grow.] Possessing
the active power to grow or increase.
Cresselle. [Fr. crecelle, a ra/ZAr.] {Ecc/.) A
wooden instrument used in the Latin Church
instead of bells before Church services during
Passion Week ; a temporary return, probably, to
primitive custom.
Cresset. [Fr. croisette, /////<? cross, with which
tombs were once adorned.] An open burner on
a pole to serve as a torch or beacon.
Cresting. (Arch.) An ornamental bordering
in stone or metal work, running along the ridge
of a roof or a canopy, etc.
Cretaoeons system. [L. cretacens, chalk-li}:c,
crtiz., chalk.] (Geo/.) The uppermost of the
Secondary group ; consisting, in England, of the
gault, greensand, and chalk.
Cr8t& n5t&tTU. [L.] Market/ with chalk; of
a lucky or well -omened day ; the unlucky day
being marked with charcoal [carbo]. Hence the
phrase of Horace, *' Creta an carbone notandus."
CrStlons. [Gr. Kfri^uco%.] In Metre, a foot,
- « -, as diliges, nightingale. (Amphimaoer.)
Cretin. In Switzerland and other mountainous
countries, one in a state of idiocy or semi-idiocy,
with more or less of deformity, often goitre.
C, probably another form of chretien, as if =
innocent. So Fr. benet, benedictus, silly, which
again is Ger. selig, blessed.
Cretonne. (From the first maker.) A kind of
chintz for covering furniture, etc.
Creoz. \ytAot a hollow.] An intazlio(q.v.).
Crevet. [Fr.] A goldsmith's crucible.
Crewel-work. [Crewel is for clewel, from
clew; cf. Ger. kleueL] Coarse embroidery
worked with worsted.
Cribbage. A game at cards, in which the score
Is marked on a Ixiard, and its four great points
are to make fifteens, flushes, flush sequences,
and pairs.
Cribble. [Fr. cribbler, to sift, crible, sieve,
from L.L. criblus, from L. cribrum, sieve.'\ To
sieve, to sift.
Cribration. [L. cribro, I sift.] A sifting.
Cribriform. Like a sieve [L. cribrum], per-
forated.
Crichton, The Admirable. James C. , a Scotch
gentleman of rare learning, wit, beauty, and
accomplishments in the sixteenth century. He
took the degree of M.A. at Paris when fourteen
years old, and was murdered in his twenty-third
year.
Cricoid. (A-nat.) Ring-shaped [Gr. KpiKos, a
ring], lowest cartilage of the larjnx ; its lower
margin parallel to the first ring of the trachea.
Crimen laessB m&jest&tlB. [L.] Lese-majesty;
the crime of injured majesty; high treason.
Criminal letters (Hcot. Lcnv) answer to
English indictment by a private prosecutor.
Criminate. \V.. cxxxalaai, I accuse.] To accuse,
to prove guilty.
Crimp. \Cf. Ger. krimmen, to seize with the
clau's or beak.] One who entrapped persons for
impressment into the British navy. The word
is also applied to those who get hold of seamen
on landing, ply them with liquor, get all they can
out of them, and ship them off again penniless.
Crimson. [Kermes, the cochineal insect, Heb.
tola, a worm ; Isa. i. 18.] (Bibl.) Cochineal.
Homopterous insect, from which the dye is
obtained.
Crined. [L. crinis, hair.] (Her.) Having
hair different in colour from the body.
Cringle. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] A short
piece of rope containing a thimble worked into
the bolt-rope.
Crini§re. [Fr., from crin, horsehair, L.
crinis.] Plate armour worn on the neck of a
war-horse.
Crino'id. Shaped like a lily [Gr. Kpivov].
Crino'idea. [Gr. Kpivov, a lily, «l5oi, form.]
Fossil echinoderms, with lily-shaped radiated
disc on a jointed stem (encrinite, pentacrinite,
etc.).
Crispin, St. The patron saint of shoemakers.
Criss-cross (Christ-cross). 1. A mark like + .
2. A game played on slate or paper with the
figure t4-> ^Iso called Noughts and crosses.
Criss-cross row. (Christ-cross row.)
Cristate. Having a tuft or crest [L. crista],
Crith. The weight of a litre of hydrogen.
Crithomancy. [Gr. KpXQo-\jiavriia~, from xpifl^,
barley, fiavrfla, divination.] Divination by
inspecting barley cakes or barley meal sprinkled
on a sacrificial victim.
Critical angle of a transparent medium, one
whose sine equals the reciprocal of the refractive
index. Thus the refractive index of water is \,
and the angle whose sine is J is about 48° 36' ;
this is therefore the critical angle for water. If a
ray of light moving in water makes an angle
with the vertical exceeding this angle, it cannot
get out of the water into air, but is totally re-
flected internally at the surface. The like is
true of all transparent media.
Criole. [Ger. grieselig, speckled.] A rough-
ness on the surface of glass which clouds its
transparency.
Croat. (Cravat.)
Crochet. [Fr.] A fancy fabric made by loop-
ing wool or thread with a small hook (crochet).
Crockets. (Arch.) Ornaments resembling
foliage, running up along the edge of a gable or
pinnacle. The word is probably connected with
crook, a curve.
Crocldng. Blackening with soot or crock.
Crocodile's tears. Hypocritical, forced ex-
pressions of grief.
Crocus of antimony. (Chem.) Oxysulphide of
antimony, of the colour of saffron [L. crocus].
Crocus of Mars is sesquioxide of iron, known
also 0.5 jewellers' rouge (Colcothar).
Croft. [L. crypta, Gr. Kpinrrr], crypt.] 1. A
covered way, an underground chamber. 2. A
small enclosed field.
Croissant, Cross. (Her.) A cross the ends
of which terminate in crescents [Fr. croissants].
Crome, Croom. A crook, a hooked staff.
Cromlech. (Archaol.) A horizontal slab
resting on two or three or more rude upright
stones, once called ''Druidical altars," now
admitted to be places of sepulture ; surrounded
by a circle of rough upright stones, and formerly
often covered witn earth. Found in Britain ; in
CRON
148
CROW
France, especially in Brittany, and there called
Dolmhis [Gael, daul, table, maen, stone], and
elsewhere in Europe ; in N. and S. America ;
Hindustan, etc. [Welsh cromlech, an inclined,
an incttmbent flagstone (Skeat).]
Crone. [Celt, crion, to vither.'] (Sheep,
Stages of growth of.)
Croodle. To cower down, to lie close.
Crook-rafter. (Knee-rafter.)
Croon. [Scot.] To hum or murmur in a low
tone [cf. Eng. groan]. (Coronach.)
Crop. 1. Ore of the best quality when prepared
for smelting. 2. [A.S. crop ; cf. Gael, crap, a
ktwb.] The receptacle which opens out of a bird's
gullet, and in which its food is softened.
Croquet. [Fr.] 1. An almond biscuit, a
small portion of some meat encased in a biscuit-
like crust. 2. An outdoor game in which
wooden balls are knocked through hoops with
a wooden mallet on a smooth lawn.
Crore. [Hind.] Ten millions of rupees.
Cross. [L. crux, Ger. kreuz.] 1. {Eccl.)
Among the many forms assumed by the cross, the
most important are: (i) The Greek cross, with
equal limbs. (2) The I.atin, with a transverse
beam one-third shorter than the vertical. (3)
the Maltese, or eight-pointed cross. (4) Cross of
Zona, or Irish cross, a Latin cross with a ring
over a part of the vertical and transverse limbs.
(S) Cross fletiry, having fleur-de-lis at the three
upper extreme ends. (6) Cross fitchS, crossletted
on the three upper ends, and pointed at the
bottom, representing, it was said, the Crusader's
sword. (7) St. Andre-id's cross, or the Cross
saltire, shaped like the letter X. (8) St.
Anthony's, or the Tau cross, shaped like the
letter T. (Crux simplex.) 2. (Her.) An
ordinary consisting of two broad stripes, one
horizontal, the other vertical, crossing each other
in the centre of the escutcheon.
Cross-birth. (Med.) A delivery when the
child's head is not first presented.
Cross-bow. Short bow fixed horizontally in a
stock for shooting arrows. Used as late as the
time of Elizabeth by some of the English army.
Cross division. This logical error is when the
members into which a class is divided do not
exclude each other. Man is divisible, according
to race, into Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian ;
according to religion, into Christian, Moham-
medan, Jew, and Pagan ; but a division into
Christian, Jew, Mongolian, ^Ethiopian — even if,
as a fact, every man could be ranged under one
only of these four classes — would be a CD.,
because not dividing " man " upon one principle
of division only, whether of religion, race, or
any other.
Crosse, La, or Lacrosse. A Canadian game,
learnt from the N. -American Indians ; played
with a crosse, or battledore, five or six feet long
(across which strips of deer-skin are stretched,
but not tightly), and an indiarubber ball, eight
or nine inches in circumference ; the object be-
ing to drive the ball (which is not handled, but
picked up by the bent end of the battledore),
through a goal, like that used in football.
Crossettes. [Fr.] (Arch.) Small projecting
pieces in the stones of an arch, which hang upon
the adjacent stones.
Cross-examination. (Leg.) Examination of
a witness by or for the side which did not call
him or her, generally but not necessarily after
examination-in-chief (Voir dire), to make the
witness alter or amend or throw discredit on his
own evidence or give evidence in favour of the
other side. In C, E. leading questions are
allowed.
Cross-fertilization. (Fertilization of flowers.)
Cross-fire. In which the range of any firearm
sweeps across a space already grazed by fire.
Cross-hatching. [Fr. hacher, to cut.] Draw-
ing a series of lines across each other at regular
angles so as to increase the depth of shadow in
engraving.
Cross-head. The piece which connects the
piston-rod and the connecting-rod of a steam-
engine. It consists of a socket to which the
piston-rod is keyed, and a journal or two journals
on which the connecting-rod works. The cross-
head is connected with the guiding apparatus
which maintains the rectilineal motion of the
piston-rod.
Crossjaok-yard. (Naut.) Pronounced crojeck-
yard. (Yards.)
Crosslet. [Dim. of cross.] (Her.) Having its
arms terminated with small crosses.
Cross-trees. (Naut. ) The timber laid across
the upper ends of the lower and top masts, the
former supporting the top, and the latter ex-
tending the top-gallant shrouds.
Crotdn. [Gr.] (Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord.
Euphorbiacese ; many having important medical
properties. C. tiglium, a small tree of the
Moluccas, Ceylon, and other parts of E. Indies ;
very actively and dangerously drastic, yielding
C. oil.
Crouch ware. Salt-glazed stoneware, made
at Burslem and elsewhere, 1690-1780. Some-
times called Elizabethan.
Crouds, Shrouds. (Arch.) An old name for
the crypt of a building, as in Old St. Paul's.
Croupier. \¥x., partner.] At a gaming-table,
the dealer or dealer's assistant.
Croupiere. [Fr., from croupe, frz///^r.] De-
fensive armour covering the haunches of a horse
down to the hocks.
Crowdie. (A^aut. ) Cold meal and milk mixed,
or a mixture of oatmeal and boiled water with
treacle, or sugar and butter.
Crowfoot tribe. (Bot.) /.<7. Ranunculacere.
Crown or Demesne lands. (Hist.) Lands,
estates, or other real property belonging to the
sovereign or the Crown, acquired by purchase,
succession, forfeiture, or in other ways. The
practice of granting Crown land to subjects in
perpetuity was abolished by Parliament, 1702.
Crowner. (Coroner.)
Crown-glass. Glass composed of silicates of
soda and lime ; made by blowing a large bubble
and twirling it when reheated till it becomes a
flat disc.
Crown-paper. (From the original water-mark. )
Paper twenty inches by fifteen. Double crown
is thirty inches by twenty.
CROW
149
CRYS
Crown-saw. A saw formed by cutting teeth
on the etlge of a hollow cylinder.
Crown-wheeL A wheel with teeth set at right
angles to its plane, and therefore parallel to the
axis of rotation.
Crown-work. (Mil.) Large outwork placed
beyond the enceinte of a fortress, consisting of
two fronts with long branches enclosing the
ground in rear. It may broadly be considered
as a double horn work {<f.v.).
Crow-qoilL A nom de plume of Alfred H.
Forrester, the humourist ; bom 1805.
Crow's-foot. (Mil.) The Roman tribulus or
caltrop ; an obstacle against cavalry, a small
block of wood with four iron spikes inserted,
one always projecting upwards as it lies on the
ground.
Crow's-nest (yaut.) A shelter for the look-
out man at the top-gallant masthead.
Crueet-honsa. " A chest short and narrow,"
and not deep, " with sharp stones," in which a
man was placed and crushed. (See Mrs. Armi-
tage's Childhood of tfu English Nation: Horrors
of Stephen^ s Reign.)
Craelble. [L.L. criiclbulum, as being formerly
marked with a + ; or (?) from criicio, /torture,
metals having been formerly spoken of as tor-
tured to yield up their virtues.] A vessel for
heating and fusing glass, metallic ores, etc.
Cmdfers, or Cabi>age tribe, Crfiolfirss (i.e.
bearing flowers like a Maltese cross), Crftd&tae,
BraadMOSSB [L. brasslca, cabbage]. (Bot. ) A very
extensive nat. ord. of plants, including mustard,
turnip, cabbage, wallflower, stock, etc., of some
2000 spec. ; absent from parts excessively cold
or tropical.
Crude form. (Gram.) Professor Key's name
for the Stem of an inflected word.
Croral. [L. crus, cruris, a leg.\ Pertaining
to or like the thigh or leg.
Crosades. [Fr. croisade, from L. crux, crucis,
a cross.] (Hist.) Exj^ditions undertaken by
men who bore on their arms the symbol of the
cross, under a vow to wrest the Holy Sepulchre
from the unbelievers.
Cruse. [Cf kroes, akin to crock, Get. krug,
pitcher.] A small vase or bottle.
Cruset. [Fr. creuset.] A goldsmith's crucible.
Cmshroom. A hall in a theatre where the
occupiers of boxes or stalls can wait for their
carriages.
CrostfteSa. [L. crustata, id. , crusta, a crust or
shell.] (Zool.) Class of Arthr6p6<la (Annulosa),
with external skeleton of chitine, breathing by
gills or surface, possessing more than eight legs;
as the crab. (Cnitine.)
Cmtohed Friars (or Crouched Friars) =
Crossed Friars. [Crouch ; cf. O.K. cross, is akin
to crotch and crutch. It. croce, L. crux, gen.
crucis. ] Part of a street io the City of London,
near Mark Lane.
Cmth, Crwth, Crotta, coxt. into Crowd. A
kind of harp or violin, six-stringed, anciently
introduced into Ireland and thence into Wales.
C. or some such instrument was used by the
Druids in accompaniment ; hence Crowther,
Crowder, = a fiddler.
Crux simplex. A single upright piece, without
transom. Vkussata, or St. Andrciu^s, like a
d^cussis, i.e. X ; Commissa, or ..V^. Anthony's, T
worked on his cope ; Immissa, or Latin Cross, + ,
with place for title specifying the crime. (Cross.)
Cry. [Fr. cri, Prov. crida, from L, quiritare,
freq. of queror.] Afar, a long way. A C. 0/
players — company ; a C. originally = a pack
of hounds.
Cryophoms. [Gr. Kpios, try cold, <p4pu, I bear.]
An instrument for showing the cold produced by
evaporation. It consists of a glass tube with a
short bend at each end, to which are fastened
glass bulbs (A and B) which the tube serves to
connect. The bulbs can therefore be placed
inside two basins or tumblers on a table. One
bulb (B) is partly filled with water, and, as the
air has been withdrawn and the instrument her-
metically sealed, the other bulb (A) and the tube
are filled with vapour of water. If the tumbler
in which the bulb A is placed be filled with ice,
the vapour in A is condensed, and the vacuum
thus formed is filled with vapour from the water
in B ; but this in turn is condensed, and thus a
rapid evaporation of the water in B is set up.
In this process so much of the heat of the water
in B is rendered latent that its temperature
rapidly falls, and at last it is converted into ice.
Crypt. [Gr. Kpxnrris, hidden.] (Arch.) The
hidden part of a building, that is, the foundation
story, supporting the main fabric.
Crypteia. [Gr. Kpvimia.] (Gr. Hist.) A
system of espionage carried out in Sparta. Ac-
cording to some its object was to keep down the
numbers of the Helots by secret murder ; but this
is not likely.
Cryptograms. [Gr. Kpvirr6s, hidden, ydfios,
marriage. ] (Bot. ) Linnrean Class xxiv. , flower-
less plants. Phcenogams \(^aXvui, I make to
appear], or Phanerogams \<^a.vfpis, manifest],
being flowering plants, having the organs of
reproduction visible, (-andria.)
Cryptograph. An esoteric style of writing
cypher, which beneath the outward form of
statement contains another concealed [Gr. Kpvirriis]
meaning for the uninitiated ; so in some stories
of the Talmud the rabbis are thought to have
inculcated polemical views which could not
safely have been given in an undisguised form.
Czyptography. [Gr. Kpvirrds, secret, ypcl<pa>,
I write.] The art or practice of writing in
cypher.
CryptOlOgy. [Gr. Kpwr^s, hidden, Xiyai, I
speak. ] The art of obscure speech, of enigmatical
utterances, as those of the Delphic oracle.
Crypt8portIcus. [L.] A covered passage, a
vaulted hall.
Crystal [Gr. KpvaraWoi, clear ice, rock-crystal] ;
Attractive C. ; Biaxial C. ; Negative C. ; Optic axis
of C. ; Positive C. ; Bepulsive C. ; Uniaxial C. A
solid, which may he either natural or an artificial
product of chemical operations, bounded by plane
surfaces and exhibiting when broken a tendency
to separate along planes which either are parallel
to some of the bounding planes or make given
angles with them. In a crystal exhibiting double
refraction, there will be one or two directions
CRYS
150
CULT
along which the refracted ray passes without
division (or bifurcation) ; these are the Optic
axes of the C. If there are two such direc-
tions, as in topaz, the crystal is Biaxial ; if only
one, as in Iceland spar, it is Uniaxial. Of uni-
axial crystals, those are positive or attractive in
which the extraordinary ray is more refracted
than the ordinary ray ; those are negative or
repulsive in which the contrary is the case.
Crystalline. M ineral or rock made up of indis-
tinct crystals, sparkling, shining, but not crystal-
lized in one crystal. Sub-crystalline, the same,
hut in a less degree.
Crystallization, Water of. The water which
a salt takes into combination in order to assume
a crystalline form.
Crystallized mineral. [Gr. fcpvcrroAXo;, ice,
crystal.] Presenting a certain definite geometric
form.
Crystallography. The mathematical doctrine
of the forms of crystals.
Crystalloids. [Gr. KpvoraWoi, ice, «I8os,
for/n. ] Substances capable of crystallization, as
opposed to Colloids.
Crystallotype. [Gr. KpivraWos, ice, Tineos,
type. ] A photograph on glass.
Ctenoid, [ijx. kt(Is, nrtvis, a comb.] (Iclith.)
With Agassiz, an ord. of fishes, with scales im-
bricated and having toothlike pectinations on the
hinder margin ; e.g. perch. This mode of classi-
fication of fishes, however, is very imperfect.
(Ichthyology.)
Cube; C. root; Cnbio equation; Cnbio foot,
yard, etc. A Cube, in Geometry, a solid with six
square faces ; m Arithmetic, the product of
three equal numbers is the cube of one of
them ; thus, 64, or 4 x 4 X 4, is the cube of 4.
The C. root of a given number is that number
which, when cubed, produces the given num-
ber ; thus 4 is the cube root of 64. A Cubic
foot, yard, etc. , is a space whose volume equals
that of a cube whose edge is a foot, yard, etc.,
long. An equation which, after reduction to its
simplest form, contains the cube of the unknown
number is a Cubic equation ; as x* — 3jr = 53.
Cnbicnlar. [L. cubicularius, from cublculum,
bedchamber,] Pertaining to or like to a bed-
chamber.
Cnbilose. [L. ciibile, bed, lair, nest.] The mu-
cous secretion, in some of the swallow tribe, of
which the Chinese edible nests are entirely made.
Cubit. [L. ciibitus, the elbo^v as leant upon,
a cubit.] An ancient measure of length, in use
particularly amongst the Jews. The length of
the Common C. was 1*817 foot ; that of the
Sacred C. was 2*002 feet. The Great C. was as
long as six common cubits.
Cucking-stool {Ducking-stool, or Choking-stool).
(Sucking-stool.)
Cuckold. [L. ciiculus, a cuckoo.] One whose
wife is unfaithful.
Cuckoo. [Used to transl. Heb. shachaph, to
be lean.] (Bibl.) Lev. xi. 16; probably includes
gulls and terns, LSrldae.
Cuckoo flower, or Ladies^ smock. (Bot.) Car-
dSmine pratensis, ord. Cruciferse ; also Lychnis
flos cuciili, as coming with the cuckoo.
Cucullate. [L. ciicuUus, a hood.] {Bot.)
Hooded, rolled inwards, so as to conceal any-
thing within ; e.g. flower of monkshood.
Cucullus non tacit mSnachum. [L.] The
cozal docs not make the friar. (L'habit.)
Cucurbit. [L. cucurblta, gourd.] A gourd-
shaped vessel used for distillation.
Cuonrbitaceous. {Bot. ) 1. Resembling a gourd
[L. ciicurblta]. 2. Belonging to ord. Cucurbi-
taceoe, or gourd tribe.
Cudbear. (Introduced by Dr. Cuthbert
Gordon.) A violet powder made from lichens,
used as a dye.
Cuddy. {Nattt.) 1. The small cabin of a
barge, or lighter. 2. In ocean-going vessels,
the cabin under the poop-deck. 3. The little
cabin of a boat.
Cue. [O.Fr. coue, Fr. queue, from L.
Cauda, a tail.] 1. A twist of hair like a tail at
the back. 2. ( Theat. ) The last words of an
actor's speech, which tell the next speaker when
to begin ; hence a part to be played immediately,
a hint or prompting. 3. A straight, tapering rod
used for playing billiards.
Cuerpo. [Sp., body.] To be walking in C,
to be without proper body clothing, to be un-
protected.
Ctiffey. A nickname or name for negroes.
Cui bonol [L.] Lit. to whom is it for a
good ? who will be the better for it ?
Cnillbet in sua arte pSrIto credendum est.
[L.] In his own art the skilled man must be
trusted ; a legal maxim of frequent application
in estimating the value of evidence.
Cuirass. [Fr. cuirasse, from It. corazza.]
The breast and back plate of armour.
Cuisine. [Fr.] Kitchen department, style
of cooking.
Cuissart. [Fr., from cuisse, thigh, L. coxa.]
Armour covering the thigh.
C^jusvis homims est errare. [L.] Any man
may make mistakes.
Culdees. [Probably Gael, gille De, servants
of God, words corresponding to the L. cultores
Dei, from which it was mistakenly thought to be
derived.] An Irish religious order, said to have
been instituted by Columba, who founded the
monastery of lona in the sixth century.
Cul-de-sao. [Fr.] Bottom of the bag ; z ?Xrttt,
road, or lane which has no egress at one end.
Ciilex. ['L.,id.] {Entom.) Gen. of dipterous
insects. Male (harmless) has plumed antennie ;
female sucks blood.
Culinary. [L. cullnarius, from cullna (colina),
a kitchen, from root kak, to cook,] Belonging to
the kitchen or to cookery.
Cullet. [Y lom 'Eng. cv\\, to pick out.] Broken
glass, used as an ingredient in making fresh glass.
Culm. 1. [L. culmus, a stalk, especially of
grain.] The straw of grasses. 2. [Welsh cwlm.]
A hard, slaty coal.
Cult. [L. cultus, tending, worship.] A system
of religious belief or worship.
Cultch, Cutch. Rough stones and the like,
laid down to form an oyster-bed.
Cultirostrals, Cultirostres. [L. culter, knife,
rostrum, (5/7/.] {Ornith.) Knife-billed birds ; a
CULV
iSi
CURS
tril)e or fam. in those systems which characterize
them by the form of their bills. It includes
herons, cranes, storks, etc.
Culverin. [Fr. couleuvrine, couleuvre, a
snake, L. coluber.] (Mil.) The first kind of
cannon of great length invented when the system
of hooping (q.v.) was discarded.
Ctunber (Luke x. 40, irepucnraTo, and xiii. 7,
«taTaf>7«r) retains its earlier sense [cf. Ger.
kiimmern], to cause distress, not simply to be
an encumbrance.
Cambria. Name of the district comprising
Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire,
from the Saxon to the Plantagenet period.
Cumbrian. (Cambrian.)
Cum grano s&lis. [L.] IVith a grain of salt ;
said of accepting a statement with doubt or
reservation.
Cumin, Cummin. The fruits of a small annual
umbelliferous plant [L. cCimlnum, cyminum],
native of the East, mentioned in the Old and
New Testaments (Isa. xxviii. 25, 27 ; Matt, xxiii.
23) ; used in many places as a carminative, and
sometimes mixed with food.
Cum multia aliii. [L.] With many otfurs,
or other thini^.
CumulfttiTe. [From L. ciimiilatus, p. part, of
cumuio, I heap «/.] Formed by accretion or
addition. A C. argument is a series of considera-
tions of which each suggests some conclusion
without proving it, but which taken together form
a proof of more or less validity.
Cumfilut. [L., a heap.] Thick white clouds,
ragged and broad at the base, ascending in the
form of peaks. Cumula-strattts is a compound
of this cloud with stratus {q.v.). Cuinulo-cirro-
stratus is the same as nimbus (q.v.).
C&niblila. [L.] Cradle, earliest abode, origin.
Cunctando restltuit rem, Unua hSmo ndbia.
[L.] 0>u man restored our po7L>er by delaying ;
said by Ennius of Q. Fabius Maximus, who, by
declining to engage, but hanging about Hannibal
in the Second Punic War, weakened his force
seriously.
Cunctltor. [L.] ^A^- /J^-Zajrr; title of Quin-
tus Flbiiis Maximus. (Cunotando.)
Cfinii. [L.] The wedge-shaped blocks of
seats in a Roman theatre or amphitheatre.
Cuneiform. [L. ciin^us, vxdge, forma, shape. '\
\Ve(lge-sh.ipcd. (For C, inscriptions, vide
Arrow-headed.)
Cuneiform letters. The name given to the
' inscriptions found on old Babylonian and Persian
monuments, the characters being formed like a
wedge [L. cuneus]. This is the oldest form of
syllabic writing known.
Cnnette. [Fr.] Drain run down the middle
of a dry ditch to carry off any water.
Cupel, or Coppel. [L. cupella, a small cask,
dim. of cfipa.] A small flat crucible used in
assaying metals ; made by pressing moistened
bone-ash into circular steel moulds.
Cnpellation. The assaying of silver, etc., by
melting it with lead in a cupel exposed to the
air. The lead, being oxidized, dissolves the im-
purities, and all but the pure metal is absorbed
ty the cupel (q.v.).
11
Cupid. [L. cupido, desire.] The Latfn name
of the god of love, who was called by the Greeks
Eros.
Cup-leather. The leather which serves as a
packing to the ram of a hydraulic press. It pre-
vents the water from oozing out between the
ram and the cylinder when force is applied to
the machine.
CupSla. [It.] In Arch., a dome.
Cupping. [Fr. couper, to cut, rather than
from the shape of the glass used.] Bleeding, by
incisions with a scarifier made in a surface to-
wards which blood has been drawn by the ex-
haustion of the air in a cuppmg-glass.
Cuprio, Cuprous. [L. cuprum, copper.] Con-
taining copper. Cuprous contain a larger pro-
portion of copper than cupric salts.
Cupule. \L.. Q\\}^\.\\2i, a little tub.] (Bot.) A
small cup, formed by the bracts of an involucre
cohering round the base of the fruit ; e.g. an
acorn.
Cura9oa. A liquor flavoured with orange
peel (made in Curafoa).
Ctir&re cfitem. [L.] To take care of the skin ;
to take care of the health, especially by bathing
and gymnastic exercises.
Curari, Ourari, Urali, Wourali, Woorara. The
arrow-poison of S. -American Indians, which
destroys the powers of motion, leaving those of
sensation intact. Used by vivisectors for experi-
ments on dogs and other animals, which are thus
put to excruciating agonies.
Curate. In Prayer-book, one having the cure
[L. cura, care] of souls.
COr&tor. [L.] Superintendent, custodian.
Cure. [Fr.] Parish priest.
Curetea. (Cybele.)
Curia. [L.] The name usually applied to the
temporal court of the Roman see.
Cilridsa interpretatio repr5banda. [L.] A
legal maxim. Ingeniously subtle interpretation
should be rejected ; for the framer of the law, etc.,
is not likely to have intended it.
Curioso. [It.] A person of great curiosity ;
sometimes Virtuoso.
Curious. [L. curiosus, carefttl, inquisitive,
from cura, care.] Exhibiting care or skill,
abstruse, recondite.
Curmudgeon. A corr. not of corn merchant
but of cornmudgin, i.e. corn-mudging, = corn-
hoarding or corn-withholding. Hence a nig-
gardly, grasping fellow (Skeat).
Curraoh. [Welsh cwrwg.] A skiff formerly
used in Scotland. (Coracle.)
Curra-ourra. (N'aut.) An extremely fast boat
of the Malay Islands.
Currency. [L.L. currentia, from currens,
running, current.] 1. Circulation, general es-
timation. 2. Circulating medium of exchange
of publicly recognized value.
Currente calamo. [L.] With flowing pen ; oi
rapid composition.
Current-sailing. Calculating a ship's coutse
as affected by a current.
Curriciilum. [L.] A course'; often used of a
course of studies.
Curse of Scotland. A name for the nine of
CURS
rs2
CUSP
diamonds in cards, for the origin of which many
reasons have been assigned, no one perhaps
being of more value than the rest. One of these
assigns it to the nine lozenges on the shield of
John Dalrymple, Earl of Stair, concerned in the
massacre of Glencoe. — Chambers's Encyclopcedia.
Curators. [L., from cursus, course.^ (Leg.)
Clerks of course, clerks of the Court of Chancery,
who made out original writs, now done in the
Petty Bag Office.
Cursive. [From L. curro, IrunJ] Running ;
said of writing in which the letters of a word are
all connected and the strokes generally slant ;
in MSS. opposed to Uncial (q. v.).
Cursorius. [L., pertaining to running.^
(Ornitk.) A gen. of birds, fam. Glardolidse
[L. glarea, gravel]. Pratincoles and Coursers.
India, Africa, and S. Europe. Ord. Gralloe.
Cursory. [L. cursorius, from cursor, runner.]
Hasty, careless, superficial.
Curtain. [L. cortlna, in medioeval sense of an
enclosed court, a wall between two bastions.]
{Fort if.) The part of a rampart which connects
the interior extremities of the flanks of two
adjacent bastions.
Curtal friar. A term used by Sir Walter
Scott, in Ivanhoe, as equivalent to irregular clerk
or hedge priest, and applied by him to Friar
Tuck, of Copmanhurst. He may have coined
the phrase to denote a pious monk with a frock
shortened for convenience of moving about.
Curtana. [L. curtus, cut short.] The point-
less sword of mercy, called the s^vord of Edivard
the Confessor, borne naked before British sove-
reigns at their coronation. (Sword of State.)
Curtate distance. [L. curtatus, shortemd.]
The C. of a planet from the sun or earth is its
distance measured along the ecliptic, i.e. the dis-
tance from the centre of the sun (or earth) to the
point in which the ecliptic is met by a perpen-
dicular drawn to it from the centre of the planet.
Curtein. (Curtana.)
Curtesy of England. (Leg.) The right of a
husband, under certain conditions, to hold during
his life the lands of his wife after her death.
Curtilage. [L.L. cortilagium, curtilagium,
from L.L. cortile, curtile, dim. from L. cohors,
cohortis, a yard.] (Leg.) A yard belonging
to a dwelling-house.
Curule magistracies. (Hist.) In ancient
Rome, the highest offices of the State, the
holders being allowed to sit on ivory chairs,
sellcB curules, when discharging their functions.
Curvature [L. curvatura, a bending] ; Centre
of C. ; Circle of C. ; Double C. ; Badius of C. ; C.
of surfaces. When a moving point traces out a
curved line, its direction changes from point to
point ; the rate of this change of direction at any
point per unit length of the curve is the Curva-
ture at that point. The Circle of C. at any
point of a curve has the same curvature as that
of the curve at that point ; the centre and radius
qf C. are the centre and radius of this circle.
So far it has been supposed that all the points of
the curve lie in one plane. When this is not
the case, the curve is tortuous, and is said to
have Double C, or more strictly curvature and
tortuosity ; the hfilix or thread of a screw is a
curve of double C. The C. of a surface at any
point will depend on the direction in which the
C. is considered ; e.g. in the case of a common
cylinder there is evidently no curvature parallel
to the axis, while at right angles to the axis the
C. is the same as that of the circular base of the
cylinder.
Curve, Bradustochronous ; C. of equal pres-
sure ; Tautoohronous C. The curve along which
a body will descend from one point to another
in the shortest possible time is the Brachisto-
chronous curve [Gr. fipix^fros, shortest, xp'^i'os,
time], or the C. of shortest descent. When a
curve is such that a body descends along it to
the lowest point in the same time from what-
ever point it starts, it is said to be a Tauto-
chronous C. \b aiTi!^, the same], or a C. of equable
descent. Curves of tqual pressure are such that,
when a body descends along them, the pressure
against the curve is the same at all points.
Curves, Method of. When one quantity un-
dergoes a series of changes depending on the
progress of another quantity, this dependence
can be expressed to the eye by means of a curve.
Suppose It were required to register the varia-
tions in the height of a barometer throughout the
twenty-four hours of a day. A sheet of paper
can be placed on a cylinder in a vertical position,
and made to revolve uniformly by clockwork ; if
a pencil point pressed against the paper rises and
falls with the mercury in the barometer, it will
plainly trace out a curve on the paper. Now,
suppose the paper to be unwarped, a horizontal
line on it, if properly divided, will show the pro-
gress of the time throughout the <lay, and vertical
lines drawn from the horizontal line to the curve
will show the corresponding heights of the
barometer. The variations in the heights of the
barometer are thus completely represented by this
method, which is one instance of the Method of
curves. Indicator curves, adiabatic lines, co-
tidal lines, etc. , are other instances of a method
which admits of application in every branch of
physics.
Cusefonu. (Naut.) A Japanese long open
whale-boat.
Cushat. [O.E. cusceat.] The quest, ring-
dove, or wood-pigeon.
Cushion of a horse's foot. (Frog.)
Cushion capital. (Arch.) Capitals shaped in
the form of large cubical masses projecting over
the shaft, and rounded off at the lower corners.
Cusp. [L. cuspis, a point.] 1. (Arch.) A
projecting point in the foliation of arches or of
tracery of any kind. 2. (Geom.) A singular
point on a curve, at which two of its branches
have a common tangent in such a manner that,
if we suppose the curve traced out by a point, it
moves up to the cusp along one branch and
then moves back along the other. 3. (Astron. )
Either point of the horns of a crescent moon or
planet. 4. {Anat.) The point or projection on
the summit of the crown of a tooth. (Cuspidate.)
Cuspidate. [L. cuspis, cuspidis, a spear.]
(Bot.) Rounded off, with a projecting point in
the middle ; e.g. many species of bramble
CUST
153
CYCL
CuBtard apple. (Anona.)
Customary freehold. [Leg.) (Privileged
copyholds. )
Gustos morum. [L.] Guardian of morals.
Gustos rotulorum. [Leg. L.] Keeper of the
rolls; the principal justice of the peace in a
county, who has charge of the rolls and records
of the sessions of the peace.
Cnteh. Catechu (q. v.).
Gutohery. A Hindu court of justice.
Gut his painter, To. (Naut.) 1. To die, 8.
To go off suddenly or secretly. (Painter.)
Gnticle. [L. cuticiila, dim. of cutis, skin.'\
(Physiol.) The insensible external layer of the
skin ; the Epidermis, or scarf-skin.
G&tis. [L., J>t»M.] (Physiol.) The true skin,
condensed areolar tissue. C. ansSrIna, Goose-skin,
or goose-flesh; a roughness of the skin, produced
by cold or fear.
Gut of the jib. ( A'aw/. ) 1. The look of a ship.
2. Metaph. of a person.
Cutter. (.Xaut. ) A small vessel with a single
masl and straight, running bowsprit, carrying a
large fore-and-aft mainsail and jib ; also a gaff-
topsail, and a stay-foresdil. C. brig, a vessel
with squaresails, fore-and-aft mainsail, and a
jigger-mast. Shifs C, a ship's lx>at, broader,
deeper, and shorter in proportion than the barge,
or pinnace, and more fitted for sailing.
Cuttle, Captain. A one-armed retired sea-
captain in Dickens's Dombeyand Son, ingenuous,
eccentric, and kindlv ; often saying, " When
found, make note of. *
Cnttle-Aali. SepTIdae, fam. of d {branchiate
upkalopods {(J. v.), with traces of a shell, and
rudiments of internal skeleton. All seas.
Catty. [Gael cut, a short tail, Eng. scut;
if. L. cauda, tail.\ A short clay pipe.
Cntty-ftool. A seat or gallery m a Scotch
kirk, painted black, on which offenders against
chastity were compelled to sit and make pro-
fession of penitence, and to be publicly re-
buked.
Cuvette. [Fr.] A Lirge clay pot, in which
the materials for plate-glass are melted.
Cyan-, Cyano-, = blucness. [Gr. KJ&fo;, a
dark blue substance ; of what kind (?).]
Cyanogen. [Gr. kuovoi, blue, ytway, to beget.]
A gas comix)sed of one part of nitrogen and two
of carbon.
CyanomSter. [Gr. Kiewot, blue, iiirpov,
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
degree of blueness in the sky.
Cyanotype. [Gr. Kvwot, blue, ruirot, type.]
A photograph of a blue colour, developed by
ferrocyanide of [>otassium.
Cy&thlfonn. Having the shape [L. forma] of
acyathus. (Craterifonn.)
Cy&thus. [L., from Gr. icv&doi, a cup.] A
cup especially for drinking.
CyMU. [Gr. Ki;/3«Atj.] {Myth.) An Asiatic
goddess, whose rites were celebrated with great
excitement by her priests, who were named
Corybantes, Curetcs, Galli, etc. Lord Byron
makes the penult of the name long, thus making
it answer to the Greek form Kybebe. (Baccha-
zudian ; Dionysian.)
Cycadaceee, Cycads. [Bot. ) The Cycas tribe, a
nat. ord. of chlamydeous dicotyledons ; small
palm-like trees or shrubs, with cylindrical un-
branched trunks, pinnate leaves, and dioecious
flowers. Natives of tropics and temperate parts
of Asia and America.
Cyolades. [Gr. KvK\aiis.] The group of
islands in the archipelago east of Eubcea and
Attica, round [iv KVK\tf] Delos.
Cycle [Gr. kvk\o^, a ring, circle] ; Calippio
C. ; C. of indictions ; Lunar C. ; Metonio C. ; C.
of operations; Eeversible C. ; Solar C. I. The
continual recurrence of a set of events in an
assigned order. 2. The period during which
the occurrence of one set takes place. The
Solar C. consists of twenty-eight Julian years,
after the lapse of which, on the Julian system,
the same days of the week would always return
to the same days of each month throughout the
year. The Lunar C. consists of 235 lunations,
which do not differ from nineteen Julian years
by quite an hour and a half. Consequently, if
in any one period of nineteen years the days of
the occurrence of all the new moons (or full
moons) are noted, they will be found to recur
on or very near to the same days in the same
order in the next period of nineteen years, and
so on. These nineteen years constitute a
Lunar or Me tonic €., the fact of the recurrence
having been discovered by Meton, an Athenian
mathematician, circ. 432 B.C. The Golden
Number of a year denotes its place in the lunar
C. The Calippic C. (Calippus, of Cyzlcus, circ.
320 B.C.) was designed as an improvement on
the Metonic C., and consists of seventy-six years,
or four Metonic C. The adoption of this C. in
combination with the Julian calendar brings the
succession of new moons back to the same day,
and nearly the same hour of the day. C. of
indictions, a period of fifteen years, used in the
courts of law and in the fiscal organization of
the Roman Empire under Constantine and his
successor ; it was thus introduced into legal
dates as the Golden Number was introduced
into ecclesiastical dates. To find the prime
number or year of the solar C, add 9 to the
number of the year a.d. and divide by 28 ; to
find the Golden Number or year of the lunar C,
add I and divide by 19 ; to find the indiction,
add 3 and divide by 15 : the remainder, if any,
is the required year ; if none, the year is the
twenty-eighth, nineteenth, and fifteenth of these
C. respectively. C. of operations, in thermo-
dynamics, a series of operations by which a
substance working in a heat-engine (as steam in
a steam-engine) is finally brought to the same
state in all respects as at first. When a C. of
operations can be gone through first in a given
order, and then in the reverse order, the cycle
is said to be a Reversible C. If a heat-engine
were capable of performing a reversible C. of
operations, it would be dynamically perfect.
CyoUca. [Gr. KVKKiK6s, circular.] (Entovt.)
Section of coleopterous insects, TetrSmSrous
(Coleoptera), as longicorn, beetles, and weevils.
Cyclic chorus. [Gr. KiifcXtor X'^P"*-] The
chorus which danced round the altar of Diony-
CYCL
IS4
CZAR
sius (Bacchus) in a circle, in contrast with the
square choruses of the tragic drama.
Cyclic poets. (Hisi. ) The supposed authors
of those poems which treated of the heroic and
mythological ages of Greece. The Iliad and
Odyssey were at first included in this epic cycle,
which was arranged at Alexandria in the second
century B.C.
Cycloid. [Gr. jcuKAofjS^y, in class. Or. cir-
cular. '\ The curve which is traced out in space
by a point on the circumference of a circle,
which rolls in a plane along a straight line.
Cycloid fishes. [Gr. kvkKos, a circle.] An
ord. with Agassiz, having C. scales, i.e. formed
of concentric layers, not covered with enamel,
and with margins not toothed ; c.^. herring,
trout.
Cyclone. [Gr. kvk\6<i>, I make to whirl round.]
A storm which combines a rotatory with a pro-
gressive motion.
Cyclopean. {Arch.) Ancient buildings are so
termed in which the walls are composed of large
stones laid without any mortar, as at Mykenee
and Tiryns.
Cyclopes. [Gr. KukAwtsj.] (Afy/A.) A race
of gigantic beings who are represented in the
Odyssey as shepherds, having only one eye in
the midst of their forehead. Such was Poly-
phemus, from whom Ulysses made his escape.
They are described also as forging the thunder-
bolts of Jupiter, and they are supposed to have
raised the buildings called Cyclopean.
Cyclopteris. [Gr. kvkKos, a circle, irrepls,
fern.] (Geol.) Applied to two different kinds of
fern-like fossil plants, with rounded leaflets, (i)
from the coal-measures, (2) Oolite.
Cylinder. [Gr. KvKivSpos, a cylinder.] The
part of a steam-engine in which the piston is
driven alternately up and down by the steam.
Cymar, Si mar, A light covering, a scarf.
(Chimera. )
Cymbiform. {Bo/. ) Of the shape of a doal or
sii^ [L. cymba] ; e.g. glumes of canary grass
and other grasses.
Cyme. [Gi. Kv/m, a young s/^oul.] (Bot.) An
umbel-like inflorescence ; a panicle, of which the
pedicels are unequal in length, and the flowers
thereby brought to nearly the same level ; e.g.
elder.
Cymric, Kymric. [Welsh.] Division of Celtic
(Keltic) ; often includes the kindred Cornish and
Armorican dialects.
Cynanche. [Gr. KwayxVi from kvoiv, a dog,
and i7x<», I squeeze tight.] Has been corr. into
Quinsy. C. cleiicorum, i. q. Dysphonia clericonun.
Cynanthropy. The malady of a [Gr. kvA*-
6p<eTtos] a man \&vOpwitos] who fancies himself a
dog[Kia)v]. Cf. Lycanthropy.
Cynegetdcs. [Gr. kuvtjttjtIkJj (t€X»^)-] Art
of hunting with dogs.
Cynics. ( Hist. ) A sect of Greek philosophers ;
so called, it is said, from their snarling and surly
humour, the name being derived from kvuv, a
dog. It was founded by Antisthenes, a disciple
of Socrates ; and Diogenes belonged to it.
Cynosarges. [Gr. Kvv6aafrfti.] {Hist.) An
academy in the suburbs of ancient Athens, in
which Antisthenes taught (Cynics. )
CynSsure. This word has been supposed to
denote a dog's tail, from Gr. Kvv6aovpa : but the
first syllable of this word, as of Cynosarges, has
probably nothing to do with kvuv, a dog. It was
applied by some philosophers to the constellation
of the Lesser Bear, and has hence come to mean
any point of special attraction.
Cypres. [O.Fr.] {Leg.) As nearas fossible ;
a rule of approximate construction if strict con-
struction be impossible or involve public hann.
CyprlnldsB. [Gr. Kivpis, name of Aphrodite,
from Kurrpoj, Cyprus,]' {Zool.) Fam. of bivalve
molluscs. Universally distributed. Class Con-
chlftJra.
Cyrenians. (Hist.) The followers of Aris-
tippus, a disciple of Socrates, who founded a
school at Cyrene, a Greek colony on the north
coast of Africa, and whose opinions approached
those of Epicurus.
Cyst. [Gr. kIxttis, the bladder, a bag.] {Med.)
An abnormal development in shape like a pouch,
or sac. Cystitis, inflammation of the bladder.
Cystoid, like a C. , in appearance.
Cystalgia. Fain [Gr. iAyos] in the bladder
{Kvaris].
Cytherea. [L. , Gr. Kuflepeio.] A Greek name
for Aphrodite, Venus, from the island of Cythera,
where she had a well-known temple.
Cytlsus. [In L., a kind of clover.] {Bot.)
Broom ; one of many allied gen. Ord.
Leguminosae, sub-ord. Paplllonacese. Common
Broom, C. scoparius, from L. scopje, plo.,
twigs, a broom.
Czar, Zar, or Tsar. A title given by many
Slavonic tribes to their chiefs. Ivan II. adopted,
in 1579, the title of Czar of Moscow, The wife
of the czar is called the Czarina, and the eldest
son of the emperor is the Czarowitch.
Czarina. (Czar.)
Czarowena. Wife of the czarowitch, Piincess
Imperial of Russia.
Czarowitch, Czarowita. (Czar.)
155
DAME
D.
D. 1. As a Roman numeral, signifies 500 ;
and among Roman writers, stands for Divus,
Decimus, etc. D.M., in Roman epitaphs, is
for Diis Manibus. 2. In naval affairs. (Ab-
breviationa.)
Da ospo. [It.] [Afusic.) From the beginning,
— revert to the commencement of a subject.
D'accord. [Fr.] Agreed, in harmony.
Dacoits, Daooos. In India, thieves who go
about the country in gangs. They prefer gene-
rally to rob without violence, being thus chiefly
distinguished from the Thugs.
Dartyl. [Gr. SctxrCXos, ajinger.'\ (Pros.) A
metrical foot, of a long syllable followed by two
short ones. (Spondee.)
Daetylioglyphy. [Gr. 8airr«;Aioj, a ring,
yXvififiv, to c-figraz'e.] The art of engraving
gems.
Dactyliomanoy. [Gr. ioKrvKio-itatn-tlcul Fin-
ger-ring-divination.
Daotylolfigfy. [Gr. ZhervXot, finger, X^s,
speech.\ The art of talking on the fingers by
means of a manual alphabet, chiefly practised by
the deaf and dumb.
D& dextram mlsim. [L.] Offer your right
hand to the wretched.
Dado. [It.] (Arch.) 1. The part of a pe-
destal, called the die, in the middle between the
base and the cornice. 8. The wainscoting of a
wall, which would be supposed to represent the
dado of the pilasters arranged round it.
DflBdalean. [Gr. 8cu8aA<a.] An epithet ap-
plied to works of art cunningly wrought ; from
the mythical Daedalus, whose name describes
him as (he skilful worker. Dxdalus is said to
have built the labyrinth in Crete for the Mino-
taur. He escaped from the island on wings
which he had made ; his son Icarus, flying with
him, fell into the sea and was drowned.
DsemSna daemSne pellit. [L.] J/e drives out
one da'il by another.
Dagh. [Turk.] Hill, mountain.
Daguerreotype. (M. Daguerre, inventor,
1839.) One of the earliest successful forms of
photography. A copper plate is silvered and
polished, and by the action of vapour of iodine
covered with a film of iodide of silver. A picture
of the object is then formed on the surface by
means of a camera obscura. As iodide of silver
is decomposed by sunlight, the silver surface will
be restored where the lights of the picture fall,
but the film of iodide of silver will remain where
the shadows fall. The result thus obtained is
rendered visible and permanent by vapour of
mercury, which easily combines with and tar-
nishes the plate where the silver is exposed to its
action.
Dahm. (Naut.) A decked Indian or Ara-
bian l)oat.
Daily progreu. (Maut.) A return made daily
by a vessel as to progress of equipment while in
port.
Daimio. WTien the Shc^inate, or authority
of the Tycoon, was abolished by the Mikado of
Japan, the daimios (or barons) resigned their
fiefs into the hands of the latter, with whom the
whole power of the state has rested since 187 1.
Daireh. [Turk.] The Khedive of Egypt's
private landed estate.
Dais. [Fr.] 1. The raised platform at the
upper end of a dining-hall. 2. The upper table
on its platform. 3. The seat, sometimes with
canopy, for guests at this table. 4. The canopy
over the seat of a person of dignity.
Daker, Dakir, Dicker. [L.L. dacra, decara, L.
d^curi.i.] 1. A number of ten units. 2. A score.
Daker-hen. The moor-hen.
Dakoity. The system of Dacoit robbery.
-dale, -dell. [6/. Ger. thai, valley, O.H.G.
tal, A.S. dal, O.N. dais, Gr. Q6\os, excavated
chamber, Skt. dharas, deep place.\ Part of
Saxon names, meaning valley, as in Annan-dale,
Arun-del.
D'Alembert'B principle (French mathematician,
17 1 7-1 783) in Dynamics asserts that when a
system of rigidly connected particles moves
under the action of any forces impressed on it
from without, forces equal to the effective forces,
but acting in exactly opposite directions, applied
at each point of the system, would be in equili-
brium with the impressed forces.
Daletmaa. Inhabitant of a valley, especially ^
of the dales of the north of England. '
Dalgetty, Dugald. A mercenary soldier in
Scott's legend of Montrose, bold, shrewd, un-
scrupulous, and pedantic.
Dalmatic. A gown or robe with sleeves, worn
by deacons in the Latin Church over the alb.
It represents a dress imported into Rome from
Dalmatia by the Emperor Commodus.
D& 16cam milidribus. [L.] Give place to
your betters.
Dalriadio. (Dalriada, old name of Antrim.)
Pertaining to Antrim.
DaltoniBm. Colour-blindness (^.w.) ; so called
from Dalton, the chemist, who was colour-blind.
Dalton's theory. The atomic theory. (Atoinio
philosophy.)
Damage feasant. [O.Fr. damage faisant,
doing damage, L.L. damnaticum faciens, from
damnum, damage. '\ (Leg.) Doing injury, tres-
passing.
Damara, Dammar gam. [Malay damar.] A
resin from the Indian Archipelago, used for
making varnish.
Damask. A stuiT woven with raised figures
(originally made at Damascus).
Damaskeen. (Damascus, where first made.)
Iron or steel inlaid with gold or silver.
Damasse. [Fr.] A Flemish linen in imitation
of damask.
Damassin. [Fr.] A kind of damask worked
with gold and silver patterns in the warp.
Dame. (Madam.)
DAME
156
DATU
Damelopre. [D. damloper = bilander {(/.v.),
from dam, tiam, loopen, /o run; cf. Ger. laufen.]
{Naut.) A flat-floored Dutch vessel, formerly
used for carrying heavy cargoes over shallows.
Damenisation. (Solmisation.)
Bamna minus oonsueta movent. [L.] Loss
to which on£ is uitacctistomed affects one {espe-
cially).
Damnant quod non intelllgunt. [L.] They
condemn what they do not understand.
Damnonia. Name of Cornwall and Devon in
the time of the Roman occupation.
Damnosa heredltas. [L.] An inJicritance or
legacy -vhich entails loss.
DamScles. A courtier whom Dionysius I.,
Tyrant of Syracuse (b.c. 405-367), allowed to
take his place and state at a banquet, but had
a sword hung over him by a hair, to illustrate the
dangers incident to wealth and power.
Dam5n and Pythias. 1. Two Pythagoreans of
Syracuse, in the time of Dionysius I. , famous for
their close friendship, which made them each
willing to die for the other. 2. Damon, shep-
herd in Virgil's eighth Eclogue; hence any rustic
swain. The Damon of Eel. iii. is the master of
a goatherd Titj^rus.
Damosel. (Ambisexual words.)
Dampers. In a piano, pieces of wood covered
with cloth, and (when the loud pedal is not used)
checking the vibrations of the wires when struck.
Dao. [O.Fr. don, Sp. don. It. donno, from
L. dominus, master.^ An old title of respect,
like sir, as Dan Geoffrey ( Chaucer) in Spenser.
Dance Macabre. (Dance of Death. )
Dance of Death. In a series of woodcuts, said
to be by Hans Holbein. Death is represented as
dancing with persons of all kinds from Adam
downwards. This dance is sometimes called the
Dance Mcuabre, perhaps from St. Macarius. It
was painted on the north end of the cloisters of
Old St. Paul's, London.
Dancette. (Her.) Zigzagged, generally with
three projections.
Dancing mania, which spread through a large
part of Middle Europe in the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries, a wild delirium, with re-
ligious delusions. Similar were the tarantism
of S. Italy, the leaping ague of Scotland, the
dance of St. Weit (St. Vitus), and many other
phenomena,
Dandie. [Hind.] A boatman.
Dandies. (iVaut.) The rowers of the Ganges
biidgerozus {q.v.).
Dandin, George. The hero of Moliere's play
G. Z>., a rich French bourgeois, whose marriage
into a noble family brings him endless disagree-
ables, whereupon he continually exclaims, "Tu
I'as voulu, George Dandin ! " (" You would have
it so, George Dandin ! ").
Dandiprat. Child, little fellow, dwarf.
Dandy. {Naut.) A sloop or cutter having
a jigger-mast, which carries a lugsail.
Dandy Dinmont. A Liddesdale farmer in
Scott's Guy A/annering, who has given a name
to a celebrated breed of long-backed Scotch
terriers.
Danegelt. In Eng. Hist., a tribute of twelve-
pence laid by the Danes upon the Anglo-Saxons
for every hide of land throughout the country.
Danelagh, Danelaw. [A.S. Dene-lagc.]
(Hist. ) A name applied to the part of England
beyond Watling Street, as the region in which
the Danish law remained in force after the peace
of Wedmore, by which the Northmen evacuated
Wessex and the part of Mercia south-west of
Watling Street, A.D. 878-880. — Freeman, Norm.
Cotiquest, vol. i. ch. 2.
Daphne. The Greek word for laurel. The
nymph who fled from Apollo was said to be so
called, because she was changed into a laurel
bush.
Darby and Joan. Representatives of a happy
old married couple, hero and heroine of a ballad
of the end of the eighteenth century. The
originals were claimed by Healaugh, a village in
the West Riding of Yorkshire.
Daric. [Gr. SopeiKc^y.] Greek name of a
Persian gold coin.
Darien scheme. A disastrous speculation for
forming an entrepot between the Eastern and
Western hemispheres (1695-1701), put forth by
W. Paterson, founder of the Bank of England,
who was fully convinced of its practicability. —
Macaulay, Hist, of England.
Darks. (A'^aut.) Moonless nights.
Darning the water. {Naut.) Blockading a
port by cruising off it.
Darogah. [Hind.] A superintendent, overseer.
Darraign, Darrain. [O.Fr. desrener, L.L.
derStionare, from ratio, -nem, reason.'\ {Leg.)
To clear an account, to settle a controversy.
Darrein. [Cf. Fr. dernier.] Last.
Darsena. [It. , from Ar. dar-9ana, a place of
constructio7i.'\ {iVaut.) An inner harbour. A
wet dock (Mediterranean).
Dasymeter. [Gr. Zaaii, dense, fxtTpuv, to
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
density of gases.
Dasypus. [Gr. 8a<rwroi/s, hairyfoot.] {Zool.)
Originally the hare ; it now gives a name to
the armadillo family,_ DSsypodldae. Central and
S. America. Ord. Edentata.
Dasyurl. [Gr. Saarvs, hairy, oiipd, tail.} {Zool.)
Fam. of rapacious marsupials, Native cats (as
the Tasmanian devil, DSsyurus ursinus), rang-
ing in size from a mouse to a shepherd's dog.
Australasia.
Datary. [It. datario.] In the pope's court,
an officer — a prelate, sometimes a cardinal —
who receives petitions concerning the provision
of benefices. He dates a petition, if registered,
writing "Datum Romae," etc. ("Given at
Rome," etc.).
Data tempore prosunt. [L.] Timely gifts
are beneficial.
Datisoa yellow. A permanent vegetable dye,
used in Cashmere.
Datoo. 1. West wind in Straits of Gibraltar.
2. A Malay mark of rank.
Datum, plu. Data. [L. p. part. neut. of do, /
give.] An admitted fact or proposition which
forms a ground for an inference or deduction.
Datum-line. [L. di^Kyxxn, a thing given.] In
levelling, the horizontal line drawn on the pic-
DAUK
157
DEBA
ture of a section of the ground to which the
heights of all points on the surface are referred.
Dauk, Dawk. [Hind.] The mail-post.
Dauphin. The title of the heir-apparent of
the French crown before the Revolution. It had
been borne by the Counts or Lords of Vienne, in
Dauphine, froni the twelfth century or earlier,
and was probably of heraldic origin.
Da vei^am lacrymu. [L.] Grant indulgence
to ft-ars.
Davits. [Fr. davier.] (Naut.) Pieces of
timber or iron projecting over a ship's side or
stem, from which the boats are suspended.
Fish-D., that by which the flukes of an anchor
are raised clear of the vessel to the top of the
bow ; doing this is c&Wed /ishing the anchor,
Davy luip. (Invented by Sir Humphry
Da\7, 1 778-1829.) A lamp used by coal-
miners. Instead of glass a wire netting surrounds
the candle. When a stream of sub-carburetted
hydrogen (fire-damp) passes through a fine wire
netting, it may be ignited on one side without
the flame passing back to the other side of the
netting. Consequently, when the lamp is in air
charged with fire-damp, the flame of the candle
ignites only the gas within the lamp ; the out-
side gas does not ignite till the wire becomes
white hot. (Oeordy lamp.)
Davy'i locker, or Davy Jones's looker. A
sailor's phrase, denoting the depths of the sea.
The name Davy is akin probably to devil [Ger.
tcufel]. (Old Niek.)
Dawk-boat. (A'^aut.) A mail-boat (Indian).
Day. (Xaut.) Is reckoned from noon to
noon, i.e. from one observation to the next.
D. -book, old name for log-book.
Day, Apparent solar; Astronoxnieal D. ; Civil
D. ; Lunar D. ; Mean solar D. ; Sidereal D. The
Apparent solar D. is the interval l>etween two
successive transits of the sun's centre across the
meridian. The average length of a very large
number of apparent solar days is a Mean solar
D. The Astronomical solar D. is reckoned
from noon to noon ; the Civil D. from midnight
to midnight. The interval between two succes-
sive (superior) transits of a given star is a
Sidereal D. ; it is the interval of time in which
the earth makes one revolution on her axis, and
is 3 mins. 55*91 sees, of mean time shorter than
a mean day. The sidereal D. begins when the
first point of Aries is on the meridian. The
interval between two successive transits of the
moon is called a Lunar D. Its average length
is about 54 mins. of mean time longer than a
mean day.
Day-fly. (Ephemeridte.)
Day-role. (/.<<,'. ) A permission to a prisoner
to leave prison for the purpose of transacting
necessary business.
Daysman. Umpire, arbiter deciding between
two parties after judicial hearing (Job ix. 33).
Day at one time = (i) law day, also (2) day for
the meeting of an assembly.
Days of grraoe. (Grace, Days of.)
Day's work. {Naut.) The reduction by
trigonometry of the ship's courses and distances
Irom noon to noon, after allowing for currents,
leeway, etc. , and so determining her latitude and
longitude, i.e. by dead-reckoning.
Dead-angle. Space between any two lines of
intrenchment not swept by musketry fire.
Dead-colouring. The first layer of colouring,
generally grey ; so called because not seen when
the painting is finished.
Dead-eye, or Dead man's eye. {Naut.) Flat,
rounded pieces of wood with one or more holes
in them, through which a lanyard (or small rope)
is passed, so as to get a purchase.
Dead-freight. (Leg.) Freight paid by a
merchant, who does not ship a full cargo, for the
part not shipped.
Dead-heat. The result of a contest in which
two or more competitors are equally first.
Dead horse. {Nattt.) (Advance money.)
Dead-lights. {Naut.) Wooden shutters fitted
into cabin windows.
Dead-lock. 1. A lock without a spring or
latch, which can only be worked with key. 2.
Metaph. a standstill in negociations or opera-
tions.
Dead-men. {N^aut.) Reef or gasket ends
left dangling from a yard, when a sail is furled
in a slovenly manner.
Dead-points. Those points of the circle de-
scribed by the end of a crank at which the
crank and connecting-rod are in the same
straight line. In this position the driving power
has no tendency to turn the crank, which is
carried past the dead-points only by the inertia
of the machine.
Dead-reckoning. (Day's work.)
Dead-ropes. {Naut.) Ropes not passing
through a block.
Dead-set. 1. Attitude of a pointer giving
warning of game. 2. A conspiracy to cheat at
cartls.
Dead-wood. {Naut. ) Blocks of timber fayed
on to the upper side of the keel, and at the ex-
treme ends, to a considerable height one upon
another. Dcai-wood knees, the top pieces of
dead-wood fore and aft, shaped so as to fasten the
keel to the stem and stern.
Dead-works, Upper, or Supernatant worksc
So much of a laden vessel as is above water.
Deal. [A.S. daslan, to divide.\ As in Exod.
xxix. 40 ; a portion.
Deal beach, Boiled upon. {Naut.) A pock-
marked man ; also called Cribbage -faced.
De &Ueno cSrio Ub^r&lis. [L.] Liberal at
another's expense ; lit. from another's skin.
Dean of Christianity. (Decani.)
Dean of Faculty. (Decani ; Faculty Court.)
Dean of the Arches. (Decani.)
Dean of the City. (Decani.)
De &8ini umbra disceptare. [L.] To dispute
about an ass's shadoxu ; to indulge in idle, useless
disputations.
Death in the pot. Poison which has ac-
cidentally found its way into an ordinary meal
(2 Kings iv. 40). (Sodom, Vine of.)
Death-watch. {Entom. ) Gen. of small beetle
(Anoblum), which calls its mate by tapping with
its mandibles. Fam. Ptinidae.
Debacle. [Fr.] A breaking up of river ice;
DEBE
158
DECK
a sudden violent flood carrying all before it ;
lit. an unbarring [bacler, to bar with a wooden
bar, bSculus].
Debellatioii. [L. debellare, to utterly over-
come in 7mr.'\ Utter subjugation, the carrying
of a war to an utterly successful issue.
Debenture. [From L. debeo, / <7wv.] A
deed-poll charging property with repayment of
money lent at a given interest. Pubjic com-
panies often raise money by D. The interest on
D. stock is a primary charge on the company's
property.
Debenture stock. (Debenture.)
Deblai. [Fr. deblayer, to clear cnvay, L.L.
debladare, to clear a field.\ Excavation from
which the materials remblai [Fr. remblayer, to
embanJk] have been obtained for constructing
fortifications.
Deboisement. [Fr.] Clearing off of wood
[bois].
Debonair. [Fr. d^bonnaire, de bon air, of
good appearance. (For the history of the word
air, see Littre and Wedgwood.)] Graceful,
gentle, courteous.
Debouch. [Fr. deboucher, to clear, uncork,
bouche, a mouth, L. bucca.] To pass through
the outlet, or debouchure, of any defile.
Debruised. (Her.) Having an ordinary
placed across it.
Debutant, -ante, fern. [Fr.] On€ who makes
a debut, or first appearance, especially on the
stage.
Decade. [Fr. decade, L.L. decada, from
ScKcts, -a'Soy, a number of ten.'\ A sum or aggre-
gate numbering ten, especially a period of ten
years.
Decagon. (Polygon.)
Decagramme; Decalitre; Decametre. [Gr.
St/ca, ten, and Fr. gramme, etc.] Measures of
ten grammes, ten litres, and ten metres respec-
tively. (Gramme; Litre; Metre.)
Decameron. [Gr. StKa fiepwv, of ten parts, or
Stxh/J-fpos, lasting for ten days.] A famous col-
lection of stories by Boccaccio (fourteenth cen-
tury), supposed to be told in ten days ; whence
Chaucer, Shakespeare, etc., got material.
Decani. [L.] (Eccl.) St. Augustine speaks
of the chief of ten monks as a Decanus. Hence
the dean of a cathedral church is one who is
supposed to preside over ten canons or preben-
daries at least ; and a Decanus Christianitatis,
or Dean of Christianity, was so called as having
jurisdiction over a district of ten churches. He
was also known as Urban Dean, or Dean of the
City. Thus, also, the Deans of Faculty in
universities presided over their respective
faculties, and maintained discipline. The Dean
of the Arches is the judge in the metropolitan
court of Canterbury, this court baring been
anciently held in the Church of St. Mary of the
Arches, or le-Bow.
Decap5da. [Gr. Scko, ten, irovs, iroSSs, foot.}
(Zool.) 1. Cephalopods with ten suckers, as
cuttlefish. 2. Crustaceans with ten thoracic feet,
as crabs.
Decarburation. The freeing of any substance
from [L. de] carbon. (Bessemer steel.)
Deoastioh. [Gr. 5^«a, ten, ffrlxfs, lines.] A
verse or poem of ten lines.
Decasyllabic. [Gr. 5«(co, ten, avW&P^, syllable.]
Of ten syllables.
Decoan. A district of high tableland in
Central Hindustan, between the Nerbuddah and
the Kistnah.
Decemvirs. [L. decemviri, /^m w^«.] (Hist.)
This name, applying to any body of ten men, is
used especially to denote the commission of ten
appointed to revise the laws of Rome in the
302nd year after the foundation of the city. As
the result of their work, they are said to have
put forth the laws of the Twelve Tables.
Decennary. [L.L. d^cennarium, from d^cen-
nium, from decern, ten, annus, year.] 1. A
period of ten years. 2. The day which ter-
minates such a period or begins the next.
Decheance. The French term for Forfeiture.
Deciduous. [L. de-dduus, that falls do^vn or
off.] 1. (A'at. Hist.) Shed during the lifetime
of the creature. 2. (Bot.) D. trees, not ever-
green.
DScies rep§tita plEcibit. [L.] Though re-
peated ten times, it will be pleasing.
Decigramme ; Decilitre ; Decimetre ; Decistere.
[L. declmus, tenth, and J"r. gramme, etc.]
Measures of the tenth part of a gramme, litre,
metre, and sterc respectively. (Oramme ; Litre ;
Metre; Stere.j
Decimal; Circulating D. ; D. fraction; D. no-
tation; D. place; Recurring D. ; Bepeating D.
Reckoned by tens. The D. flotation is that in
common use for expressing numbers by units,
tens, hundreds, etc. K D. is a fraction ex-
pressed by an extension of the decimal notation,
by tenths, hundredths, etc. ; thus, 27372,? i^
expressed by 273 "568, i.e. 200 + 70 + 3 -I- ^^5 +
TOii + TSBO 5 according as a number stands for so
many tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc., it
stands in the first, second, third, etc., D. place.
It is found that by this notation all numbers can
be expressed either exactly or to any assignable
degree of approximation. When after any
assigned place a decimal consists of a group
of digits repeated to infinity in the same order ;
as, 2 '5 1 834834834, etc., it is a Circtdating, or
Recurring, or Repeating D. ; the group of digits
repeated is the Repetend.
Decimation. \yi.Ahc\vpa:tQ, to decimate.] 1. The
selection of every tenth man for punishment, as
after mutiny of Roman soldiers under the empire.
2. A destruction of one in ten, or ten per cent.
Deck-, or Bound- house, A cabin on the deck,
with gangways on each side.
Decks. In a line-of-battle ship (three-decker) :
Poop-D., that which reaches from the mizzen-
mast to the taffrail. The Upper or Spar D.,
from stem to stern, divided into Quarter-D.,
that part abaft the mainmast ; Waist or Booms,
between the fore and main masts. Forecastle,
from the foreshrouds to bows. Main-D., or
Gun-D., the whole length of ship below the
spar-D.; then the Middle-D., succeeded by
Lower-D. and Orlop-D. In a two-decker, the
Middle-D. is omitted. Flush-D. is one con-
tinued the whole length of a vessel.
DECL
•159
DEFE
Seolaratioii for liberty of conscience. (Seven
bishops.)
Declaration of Indnlgenoe, Tbe, by Charles II. ,
March 15, 1O72, suspendetl all penalties against
Dissenters. (Conventiole Acts; Five-Mile Act.)
Seolension. [L. decllnatio, -nem, Gr. icTua-is,
slanting, inJUxion.\ (Gram.) The indication by
change of form or auxiliary words (prepositions)
of the relation of the idea of a noun to other
ideas expressed in a sentence. (Aptote.)
Declination ; D. circle ; Magnetic D. ; Parallel
of D. [L. decllnatio, -nem, a bending aside.]
The circle drawn through the poles of the great
sphere which passes through the centre of a
hieavenly body is its D. circle ; its D. is its an-
gular distance north or south of the celestial
equator measured on its declination circle ; its
Parallel of D. is the small circle drawn through
it parallel to the celestial equator. The Maputic
D. at any place is the angle between the direc-
tion of the magnetic north and the meridian; i.e.
the bearing of the magnetic north east or west
of true north.
Declinometer. [Eng. dt-cliney Gr. nirpop, a
tneasurc] An instrument for measuring the
declination {q.v. ) of the needle.
Decollation. [From L. decoUare, to take off
from the neck (collum).] Beheading ; especially
used of the martyrdom of St. John Baptist.
DScor Inemptos. [L.] Unbought grace.
Decree nisi. A decree in the first instance of
divorce or nullity ; to be made absolute in six
months, unless cause to the contrary be shown
in the mean time.
Decreet. [L. decretum, p. part, of dccemo,
/decree. ] (Scot. Law. ) Final decision of a court.
Decrement. [L. decrementum, decrease.]
{//cr. ) The wane of the moon.
Decrements. [L. decrementa, diminutions.]
Charges in l>attels at Oxford for wear and tear
of tabic furniture, etc.
Decrepitating salts. [L. de, and crdpTtare, to
crackle.] .S.nlts which crackle when heated.
Decrescent, Moon. (Her.) A waning [L.
decrescentem] moon, having its horns turned to
the sinister side.
DecrStals. [L. decretalis, decretum, a decree.]
1. A portion of Canon law, the decrees or written
answers of early popes upon disputed questions.
So the Romans had regarded the responsa pru-
dentum when unanimous, as law ; and the em-
peror's opinion, afterwards, when all legislative
power became, centred in him. 2. (Hist.) This
name is specially used to denote the collection
of letters and decrees of the twenty popes from
Clement to Melchiades, published during the pon-
tificate of Nicholas I., 858-867. These spurious
decretals, which were certainly completed after
829, assert the papal supremacy, and contain the
whole Roman system of dogma and discipline.
— Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity.
Diets et tOt&men In armis. [L.] An orna-
ment and protection in battle (Virgil) ; of a
breast-plate.
Decnssate. [L. d^cusso, / divide by X , the
sign of ddcussis, ten.] (Hot.) Crossing at right
angles ; e.g. the leaves of Pimelea decussata.
Decypher, Decipher. [Fr. dechifiTrer, It. deci-
ferare.] To interpret secret writing (cipher), or
illegible writing, or unknown language, as that of
Etruscan or cuneiform inscriptions.
DedScSrant benS nata colpse. [L.] Faults
disfigure natural advantages.
Dedication, Feast of. The annual feasts, com-
memorating the dedication of churches, were in
this country called wakes, i.e. vigils or eves. In
his instructions to Augustine, Gregory the Great
allows the yearly celebration of these feasts in
churches made out of the heathen temples. The
custom was kept up to the seventeenth century,
when the Puritans raised their voices against it ;
and although it has fallen into disuse in some
counties, it is still observed generally in the north.
De die in diem. [L.] From day to day.
DSdImns pStest&tem. [L.] (Leg.) IVe have
given the poivcr ; a writ or commission to a private
person or private persons to forward some act
pertaining to a judge or court.
Deduction. [L. deductio, -nem, a bringing
down.] A proposition in geometry, the proof
of which can be deduced from Euclid's pro-
positions.
Deed-poll. (Leg.) A deed (■w'nYi a. polled edge
as opposed to an indenture; g.v.), executed by
one party only, manifesting the grantor's act and
intention, when he undertakes certain obligations
without any being imposed in return on the
grantee.
Deemster, Doomster. [A.S. dom, doom.] The
title of judges in Jersey and in the Isle of Man.
In Scotland, an officer so named reads out the
sentence awarded by the court.
Deep. (Naut.) More than twenty fathoms.
Deep-sea line. A sounding apparatus for use
in the deep sea.
Deer, Stages of growth of. [O.E. deor; cf.
Ger. thier, Gr. 0-l}p, L. ffra.] The young of the
A'ed deer (Cervus SlSphus) is termed a calf, and
becomes in successive years a Brocket, a Spade
or Spayed, a .Staggard, a Stag, and a Hart. The"
corresponding terms in the Falhno deer (Dama
vulgaris) are Fajvn, Pricket, Sorrel, Soare, Buck
of the first head. Complete bttck. The young of
the Koe (Caprdolus capraea) is termed a Kid,
and becomes successively a Gird and a Hemu^e.
(Antlers.)
De facto. [L.] A legal phrase, denoting
possession without reference to title ; de jurt
denoting right of title without reference to pos-
session.
Defalcation. [L. defalcatio, -nem, defalcare,
from falx, falcis, sickle.] A cutting off or de-
duction, especially unlawful abstraction by an
employ^ or officer of money entrusted to him.
Defeasance. [From O.Fr. defesant, Fr. defai-
sant, pres. part, of defaire, to undo.] 1. A
defeat. 2. A rendering null and void. 3. (Ltg.)
Defecate. [L. defrecare, to cleanse from dregs
(faeces).] To purify, make clear, clarify.
Defender of the Faith. This title (in L., Fidei
Defensor) was bestowed by Pope Leo X. (1521)
on Henry VIII., for the publication of his book
against Luther. On the suppression of the
monasteries, the pope withdrew the title, which
r^^ Of TETl ^
DEFE
i6o
DELI
was afterwards bestowed on the king by Parlia-
ment (1544).
defensio Pop&li Anglican!. [L., Defence of the
English PeopU.\ Milton's pamphlet, written
in justification of the execution of Charles I.,
in answer to Salmasitis, i.e. De Saumaise, a
very learned man, employed by Christina of
Sweden to write an invocation of divine ven-
geance upon the Parliament.
Deferent. (Epioyle.)
Deferred stock. Stock on which no interest
is paid until the holders of preference and ordin-
ary stock have received interest at the rate of so
much per cent.
Deferrewenee. [L. defervesco, I cease boiling.']
A growing cool, a subsiding from a state of ebul-
lition or agitation.
Defide. \L,., of the faith.] {Eccl.) Essential.
Defilade. {Yt. Atfilex, to fie off.] (Mil.) To
arrange the heights of the earthworks of fortifica-
tion so as to conceal the interior from the fire of
an enemy.
Deflagrate, To. [L. deflagrare, to be burned
up.] To cause to burn with sudden and spark-
ling combustion.
Deflagrator. [L. deflagrare, /■<> fe 3«rw^flfi//.]
A kind of voltaic battery used for producing
great light and heat.
Deflfiviam. [L.] A flowing or falling off, as
of the hair.
Defterdar. [TnxV., book-keeper.] The Turkish
Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Degage. [Fr.] Unembarrassed, at ease.
Deglntinate. [L. deglutlnare, to unglue, from
gluten. To separate by moistening or warming,
to unglue.
Deglutition. [From L. degluttio, / swallow
dow7i.] 1. The act of swallowing down. 2. The
power of swallowing.
Degradation. 1. (Geol.) Gradual waste and
removal, as of hill, rock, etc. 2. (Phys.) D. of
force or energy, the change of a small quantity
of force of a higher intensity into a larger quantity
of lower intensity.
Degrade. [L.L. degrSdare, to make to step
(grSdi) down (de).] 1. In theUniversity of Cam-
bridge, to put off competition in an examination
for a degree with honours for a year or more, on
some plea to be approved by the authorities. 2.
(Her.) To terminate in steps.
Degree [L.L. degrSdus, a step, degree] ; D. of
an equation ; D. of latitude ; D. of the meridian.
1. The 360th part of the circumference of a
circle. 2. The angle subtended at the centre
by that part. If two stations are taken on the
same meridian such that the directions of the
plumb-lines at them, when produced, contain an
angle of 1°, they are said to be a Z>. ^ latitude
apart ; the length of the arc of the meridian
between them is a D. of the meridian ; the length
of a degree of the meridian is greater near the
poles than near the equator. The D. of an
equation is the highest power of the unknown
quantity, e.g. 3^ — 7^; -|- 6 = o is an equation of
the third degree.
Degree in University. (Faculty; Begent
masters.)
Degrees. Fifteen songs of, or psalms of, Ps.
cxx.-cxxxiv. inclusive. A very obscure term.
(?) Chanted on the return from Babylon ; (?)
written for pilgrims going up to feasts at Jeru-
salem ; (?) chanted upon the fifteen steps leading
from the court of the women, in the temple, to
the court of the men of Israel ; so LXX., " 'flSij
Twi' avaPadft&v."
De guBtibus non est disputandum. [L., we
must not dispute about tastes.] There is no ac-
counting for tastes.
Dehiscent fruits. [L. dfhisco, I part asunder.]
(Bot.' Opening by a suture, which allows the
seeds to escape ; e.g. legumes. Indehiscent,
when the sutures do not give way at the ripen-
ing ; e.g. nut, wheat.
Dehors. [Fr.] Foreign to, outside.
Deianeira. (Nessns, Shirt of.)
Dei gratia. [L., by the grace of God.] A
formula commonly used in describing the title
of a sovereign ; first used by the clergy.
Deip&ra. [L.] Translates the Greek Theo-
tokos, mother of God ; the title of the Virgin
Mary in the Eastern Church.
Deipnosophists. [Gr. A^vKvo-aoipuiTal, supper-
philosophers.] The characters in Athenneus's
(third century) work of the name, in which he
professes to record the learned table-talk of
Galen, Ulpian, and others.
Deira. A large district of Northumbria in
early Eng. Hist.
Dejeuner. [Fr., from L. de, from, jejunium,
a fast.] A morning meal, breakfast.
DejQre. (De facto.)
Dekoyts. (Dacoits.)
Delai Lama. (Lama.)
Delation. [L. delatio, -nem, an informing
against.] An information, a charging with a
crime.
Del credere. [It.] Guaranty or warranty by
a factor of the solvency of a purchaser.
Dele. [L.] Erase, remove from the text ;
commonly used (or d only) in correcting proofs
or the press.
Delectable Mountains. In Bunyan's Pilgrim^ s
Progress, mountains whence the Celestial City
could be descried.
Delegates, Court of. (Court, Christian.)
Delenda est Carthago. [L.] Carthage must
be destroyed ; the continual contention of the
elder Cato.
Delete. [L. deletus, p. part, of deleo, I destroy,
erase.] To blot out, remove from a text.
Delft ware, Delf. Coarse earthenware made at
Delft, in Holland.
Delian problem. (Duplication.)
Delibation. [L. dellbatio, -nem.] A tasting, a
slight trial.
Delicately. In its older sense, wantonly [Gr.
<riraToA&)<ra, I Tim. v. II].
Delimitation. [L. de, off, limitare, to enclose
by boundaries, from limes, limitis, limit.]
Settlement of frontiers or boundaries.
Deliquescent salts. [L. dellquescfire, to melt
away.] Salts which melt by attracting moisture
from the air.
Delirant reges, plectuntfir ichivi. [L.] The
DELI
i6i
DEMO
chiefs act madly; the Achcean people are
punished.
Deliration. [L. dellratio, -nem, madness, de-
lirium, from dellrare, to draw aside the furrow
(lira).] Delirium, mad delusion.
Delitesoenee. [L. delltesco, I hide arvay.^
(Med, ) Sudden subsiding of a tumour or disease
generally.
Delivery. [Fr. delivrer, L.L. dellWrare, to
deliver, from de, from, lib^rare, to make free
(liber).] (Leg.) Of a deed, an actual or im-
plied handing it over.
Delia Cruaca. [It., of the sieve.] The
Academia della Crusca was founded in Florence
in 1582, and is now incorporated with the Ac.
Florentina. The dictionary published by this
academy established the Tuscan dialect as the
standard of the Italian language.
Delia Cruaoan. Name of a class of silly
poetasters at the close of the eighteenth century,
txjrrowed by one of the members as signature,
from the Florentine academy, Delia Crusca.
Delia Sobbia ware. (From inventor's name.)
Terra-colta has-relicfs, thickly enamelled with a
tin-glaze ; matie at Florence, circ. 1 400- 1 530 ; in
France, circ. 1530- 1567.
Deloe. (Ortygian shore.)
Delphi. (PamaMos.)
Delphio. [Gr. A*K<t>ot.] Oracular, ambiguous.
Delphic oraele. The oracle Apollo at Delphi,
the most celebrated in Greece for the wisdom or
the amhijjuity of its answers.
Delphia Classiot. [L. delphinus, dolphin.
(Dauphin.)] Name of an edition of the classics
prepared for the Dauphin of France, afterwards
Louis XV.
DelphlnldtB. [Gr. i«\<f>ls, dolphin.] (Zool.)
Fam. of carnivorous cetaceans, as the porpoise.
Universally distributed.
Delta. A triangular tract of alluvial land or
mud ; so called from its likeness to the sha()e of
the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet, A. The
largest deltas arc those of the Mississippi, Ganges,
Nile, Rhone, Po, and Danube.
Deltoid mosele. The triangular-shaped muscle
of the shoulder, in shape [tTSot] like a delta, A.
De mal en pis. [Fr.] From bad to vjorse.
Demaroh. [Gr. S^/iofx^^t from irjuos, district,
ipxfw, to rule.] The mayor of a Greek town-
ship.
Deme. (Demos.)
De mgdietate lingnae, A jury. [L., of a moiety
of one's own tongue.] One of which half are
foreigners, if they can be found ; a privilege of
foreigners indicted for felony or misdemeanour.
Dimentia. [L., madness.] In Path.. = diminu-
tion, through injury or disease, of mental powers
which hxul been fully developed. (Amentia.)
Demesne. [O.Fr. demainc, Fr. domaine, L.
dominium, property.] That part of an estate or
manor retained by a lord in his own occupation.
Demi-bastion. (Bastion.)
Demi-gorge. (Fort.) Line from the interior
extremities of a face or flank of a work in forti-
fication, to the capital (q.v.).
Den4iohn. [Vx. Dame Jeanne, Lady Jam,
from Demaghan, a town of Khorassan, renowned
for glassware.] A large glass jar or bottle with a
small neck, covered with wickerwork.
Demi-lone. [Fr., half -moon.] {Fortif.) In
primitive fortification, a semicircular work, now
occupied by the ravelin (q.v.).
Demi-monde. [Fr., half world.] Those on
the outskirts of the fashionable world. The word
got a disreputable sense during the reign of
Napoleon III.
De mlnlnuB non o&rat lex. [L.] The law
docs not concern itself about trifles ; otherwise an
undignified use would be made of its courts, and
petty litigation encouraged.
Demi-rilievo. [Fr. demi, half, and It. rilievo,
relief.] Carving in which the figures are half
raised from the background.
Demise. [Fr. demise, from demettre, L.
demittfire, to lay or /*•/ do^vn.] 1. (Leg.) A
transfer, grant by lease. 2. Hence the death
of a sovereign, upon which the kingdom is at
once transferred to the successor, as signified by
the phrase, " The king never dies."
Demission. [L. demissio, -nem, a letting
doxon.] A lowering, abatement, depression.
Demi-tint. Half-tint, that is, the colour of an
object neither in the full light nor full shade.
Demiurge. [Gr. hrjniovf>y6s, 7t>orking for the
people, from Z4\fxios, of the people, ipytiv, to work.]
1. The maker of the universe employed by the
Supreme Divine Mind according to Plato's Ti-
ma;us, regarded by Neoplatonists and Gnostics
as the source of all evil. In the Zoroastrian
system, the Demiurge is Ahriman. 2. A magis-
trate in some Peloponnesian states, as Mantinea
and the Acha?an League.
Demi-vill. [Fr. demi, half, vill, Fr. ville, It.
villa, township.] A township containing only
five freemen. (Frankpledge.)
Demivolt. [Fr. demi, half volte. It. volta,
from voluto, L turn.] An artificial motion of a
horse, in which he gives a half-turn with the
fore legs raised.
Demoorats. {Amer. Polit.) One of the two "
great political parties in the U.S. (Eepublicans.)
Demogorgon. [Gr. Salfiuv, deity, yopy6s,
terrible to behold.] A terrible embodiment of
supreme power in the superstitions of the first
centuries of our era ; mentioned by Milton in
Paradise Lost.
Demoiselle. [Fr.] (Damosel.)
Demon. A word now used to denote evil
spirits. The Greek word which it represents is
supposed to mean simply wise or intelligent ;
and in the Lliad and Odyssey there is practically
no distinction between gods and demons. In
the Hesiodic Theogony, the men of the Golden
Age become after their death guardian demons
of the earth. Demons afterwards were classified
as good and bad, and ultimately were regarded
only as evil. The Latin genii answered in some
respects to the Greek demons ; but the Oenius
or guardian of each man was as mortal as
himself.
Demonetize. To withdraw money from
currency, or in any way deprive it of'^ current
value.
Demonology. (Angelology.)
DEMO
163
DEPO
Demonstrator. \L,., oru tnho points o:it.'\ An
exhibitor of dissected parts ; a teacher of
anatomy.
De mortnis nil nisi bSnnm. [L.] Nothing
but good (should be said) about the dead.
Demos. [Gr.] 1. The people, especially the
sovereign people of ancient Athens ; often
treated as a person by the comic poets. 2. The
Demoi of Attica were districts or boroughs, into
which the members of the tribes Were divided.
Commonly called Denies by English writers.
Demosthenic. Pertaining to or like Demos-
thenes, of exalted eloquence or patriotism.
Demotic. [Gr. 5»j/toTi>t(Jy, belonging to Srnidrcu,
private citizens, commoner s.^ D. character,
a simplified form of the hieratic character of
Eg)'ptian writing. (Enchorial.)
De mota proprio. [L.] At his mvn instance ;
of one who is the real as well as the technical
promoter of a suit or measure.
Dempster. [A.S. deman, to judge, deem, and
-ster, suffix denoting agent.] \Old Scot. Laiv.)
The officer whose duty it was to pronounce the
sentence or judgment of the court. (Deemster.)
Demnlcent medicines, etc. [L. d^mulceo, /
caress. ^ Soothing, diminishing irritation.
Demurrage. [O.Fr. demourer, Fr. demeurer,
L. demorare, to delay.'\ (A^aut.) An allowance
made by a freighter to owners of a ship detained
in port longer than agreed upon in the contract
of affreightment.
Demurrer. 1. (Demurrage.) 2. (Leg.) A plead-
ing by a defendant (generally in a civil suit),
which, admitting the facts of the opponent's case,
takes exception to the indictment, information,
or endence, and asks the court to decide if such
case stands in law. The chief heads of exception
are to the jurisdiction of the court, to the person
of the plaintiff, to the substance or form of the
bill.
Demy. [L. dlmidius, half.'\ 1. A scholar (half
a fellow) of Magdalen College, Oxford. 2. A
kind of paper about twenty-two inches by seven-
teen.
-den. [(?) Celt.] Part of names, as in Ar-
den, meaning deep, wooded valley in a forest.
Denarii de earltate. [L.] Pence of charity ;
oblations made anciently to cathedral churches,
by parish priests, going with some of their pa-
rishioners to visit them ; these became, in time, a
settled charge.
Denarius. [L.] A Roman silver coin con-
taining ten, afterwards sixteen, asses, = eight-
pence or nearly thirteen-pence. The aureus D.
= twenty-five silver D.
Dendrite, Dendritic. [Gr. JitviptTi\s, of or
belonging to a /n:^, SfVSpoj'.] {Geo/.) Branching
crystallization or oxidation on the surfaces of
fissures and joints in rocks ; mistaken, some-
times, for fossil plants.
Denier. (Livre.)
Denis, Abbey of St. The burial-place for the
French kings from A.D. 775.
Denizen. [O.Fr. deinzein, from deinz, = L.L.
de inlvis, from within (Skeat).] 1. An adopted
citizen or subject. 2. A resident in a foreign
country. 3. Dwellers in, inhabitants.
Denominations, The Three. An association of
Dissenting ministers of London and Westminster,
A.D. 1727 ; Presbyterian (now Socinian), Inde-
pendent, and Baptist.
Denominator. (Fraction.)
Denoftment. [Fr. denouer, to untie, L. de,
and nodare, to hnot.] The discovery, the cata-
strophe of a drama or plot, a scene of discovery
or detection in real life.
Denshiring. Dressing land with ashes of burnt
stubble, turf, or parings of top soil.
Density [L. densita, -tem] ; Specific D. The
Density of a substance is the quantity of matter
in a unit of its volume. Specif c D. , or Specific
gravity, of a substance is the ratio which the
weight of any volume of it bears to the weight
of an equal volume of some standard substance ;
which for solids and liquids is commonly dis-
tilled water at some specified temperature, e.g.
60° F. or 3*94° C.
Dentation. [L. dens, dentis, tootk.'\ Formation
of the teeth.
Dentirostrals, Dentirostres. [L. dentem, tooth,
rostrum, bill.'^ (Ornith.) Tooth-billed birds, a
tribe or fam. in those systems which characterize
them by their bills. It includes shrikes and
thrushes.
Dentition. [L. dentitio, -nem.] The time, the
symptoms, of cutting teeth.
Deobstruent. [L. de, from, obstruo, I stop up.]
Medicines removing obstruction.
Deodand. [L. Deo dandum, to be given to God.]
In English jurisprudence, a practice, now abol-
ished, of inflicting a fine in cases of homicide on
the chattel which was declared to be the cause
of the death.
De omnibus rebus et quibusdam aliis. [L.] On
all things and some others.
Deontology. [Gr. rb Mov, gen. ^iovros, that
which is binding, right.] J. Bentham's name
( 1 747-1832) for his system of morality, based
upon what Dr. Priestley had defined as the object
of government, " the greatest happiness of the
greatest number."
Deorum clbus. [L.] Food for the gods.
Department. [Fr. depart ement.] In Fr.
Hist. , the name given by the Constituent Assembly
to the eighty-three new divisions into which the
whole French territory was divided (1787-90).
Departure. (Naut.) 1. The difference in
longitude made good by a ship from the meridian
from which she departed. 2. The bearing of
an object from which a voyage commences.
Depectible. [1,. A^, z.nA -p^cio, I comb off.] Of
tenacious cohesion, viscous.
Depilatory. [L. depilo, I pull out hairs (piW).]
Of use for removing superfluous hair.
Depletion [L. depleo, / empty out] = blood-
letting.
Deploy. [Fr. deployer, to unroll.] {Mil.)
When troops from a close formation are extended
into line.
Depolarization ; Depolarize. A ray of polarized
light falling at a certain angle on a plate of glass
is found not to be reflected ; but if a double re-
fracting substance is interposed before the ray
reaches the glass, it is now reflected, and is said
DEPO
163
DESY
to be Depolarised ; this result is due to the com-
bination of the first polarization with a second.
If the interposed substance be a very thin plate,
the light, if originally white, becomes coloured,
the colour varying with the thickness and posi-
tion of the plate.
Deponent. [L. depono, / lay dtntm, depose.'\
1. (.Le;^.) One who makes an affidavit, a
witness. 2. ( Gram. ) Z>. verb, one which has a
passive form but an active or intransitive sense,
as sSquor, I follo-M ; moror, / tarry.
Depositary. [L. deposltarius.] One with
whom any property is deposited in trust. De-
pository, the place in which it is so deposited.
Depot. [Fr. depot, deposit, L. depftsTtum.]
{Mil.) 1. A storehouse. 2. Establishment for
the collection of war material. 3. A reserve for
the training of officers and men for the service
companies.
Depreeationi. [L. depr^catTo, -nem, from
precor, / pray.\ In the Litany, the sentences
which begin with the word " From."
Depreseidn of a heavenly body. Its angular
distance below the horizon measured on a vertical
circle.
Depression of the dew-point. The number of
degrees that the dew-point is below the tempera-
ture of the atmosphere.
De prineipatibtu. (Machiavellian.)
Depurate. [L. de, thoroughly, puratus, p. part.
of puro, / cleanse.} To free from impurities or
alien matter.
Depntlet, Chamber of. [Fr. Chambre des
Deputes.] In Fr. Hist., the lower of the two
legislative chambers under the monarchy, from
1814 to 184S.
Depnty-lientenant. The deputy of the lord-
lieutenant of a county. There are several in
each county. A uniform attaches to the office.
Deracinate. [Fr. deraciner, from racine, root.'\
To pluck or ili)^ up by the roots.
Deraign. Detain, Dereyn. (Darraign.)
Derbyshire neck. (Goitre.)
Derbyshire spar, i.e. abundant in D. lime-
stone. (Fluor-spar.)
Derelict. [L. de, and rilictus, utterly aban-
doned.] 1. (K'aut.) A vessel forsaken at sea. 2.
Of lands, suddenly left bare by retirement of the
sea. i.e. generally by raising of the coast-line.
De rigeur. [Fr.] Necessary according to
etiquette.
Deringer. [Amer.] A kind of pistol named
hora the original maker.
Derm. [Gr. iif>na, skin."} The true skin,
lying under the rctS mucosum, which is covered
by the cpiflcrm.
Dermaptlra. [Gr. S/p/xo, the skin, wr*p6y, a
Tving.\ (Entom.) Eanvigs,YoTC\c\x\\dx. Insects
having leathery elytra. Ord. Orthoptdra.
Dermatology. ( Dennis. )
Dermis. The vascular layer of the skin [Gr.
Hpna\ ; the cutis vera, or true skin. Dermal,
relating to the D., or equivalent outer covering.
Dermatolog)', an account of the skin, its functions,
diseases, etc.
Dernier resort. [Fr.] Last resource, last resort.
Derogatory. [L. derdgatorius, dctrcuting
from.] (Leg.) D. clause in a will, a secret
clause known only to the testator, with a condi-
tion that no future will not containing this clause
word for word shall be valid.
Derrick. A crane on which the jib can be set
at different angles with the crane-post.
Dervise, Dervish. This Persian word, signify-
ing poor, denotes certain classes of so-called
religious persons among the Mohammedans, some
living in monasteries, others as hermits, and
belonging to many orders.
Descant. In mediaeval times the addition, at
first improvised, afterwards written, of parts to
a subject ; the tentative beginning of modern
harmony.
Descensum, Per. [L. for by descent. '\ By
distillation through a pipe from the bottom of a
crucible, so that the vapour descends.
Description-book. (Naitt.) Contains age,
place of birth, and description of each of crew.
Descriptive geometry. A part of practical
geometry, treating of the representation of points
and lines in space by means of their orthographic
projections on two planes at right angles to each
other.
Deshabille. [For Fr. deshabille, undress,
morning dress.] A careless light toilet, undress.
Desiccation. [L. desicco, / dry up.] A
thorough drying up.
Desired. [Fr. d^sirer, L. desld^rare, to regret
the loss of.] Mourned for, regretted, missed
(2 Chron. xxi. 20).
Desmidl&cesB. [Gr. Sftr/t/r, -lioi, a bundle,
hit), I bind.] One of the lowest groups of or-
ganic life, propagated by budding and subsequent
fission, distinguished \->y their green colour, and
non-siliceous composition from the DidtSmdc^a,
which contain much sile.x. Found in ponds and
streams. It is disputed whether they are animal
or vegetable.
Desmology. [Gr. itafxit, a band, bond.] That
part of Anatomy which has to do with ligaments. .
De son tort. [Fr.] Ofhismun vfrong ; said
of a stranger who ventures to act as executor.
Des Foblados. [Sp.] (Foblados.)
Desponsation. [L. desponsatio, -nem, from
desponsare, intens. of despondere, to betroth.]
Act or ceremony of betrothal.
Despomation. [L. despumare, to take froth
off, from ^\i\\mvi, froth, foam.] The actor pro-
cess of skimming off scum or froth.
Desquamation. [L. de-squamo, / make to
scale off] A separation of the cuticle in small
scales, e.g. after scarlatina.
DfistriotSrinm. [L.] A chamber in the
Roman thermae for the rubbing and scraping
down after the perspiration.
Desudation. [L. desudatio, -nem.] A violent
sweating.
Desuetude. [L. desuetudo, disuse.] Disuse,
discontinuance of custom or practice.
DSsultdres. [L., vault ers.] Men who leajit
from one horse to another when riding, especially
equestrian performers in the circus.
Desynonymize. Words at first synonymous
must in time shade off into somewhat different
meanings, and are said to D. (Synonym.)
DETA
164
DEVO
Detached work. (Mil.) Such fortifications as,
being beyond the body of the place, have to
depend on their own garrison for protection.
Detachment. Small body of troops sent to
garrison a post away from their regiment.
Detail of duty. {Mil.) Roster (q.v.) of the
numbers of each rank with the names in turn
for military duty.
Detent. (Batchet.)
Detenu, ue. [Fr.] Prisoner.
Detergent medicines [L. detergeo, 7 wipe
away^ cleanse ulcers, wounds, etc.
Determinable freeholds. (Determine.)
Determinant. {Math.) When « — i numbers
satisfy n linear equations, the algebraical ex-
pression obtained by their elimination "is the
D. of that set of equations. The properties of
determinants form an important branch of modem
algebra.
Determine. [L. determino, / put bounds
(termini) /o.] (Leg.) To bring to a conclusion ;
e.g. if a widow have an estate granted to her
during widowhood, her marriage determines the
estate. Estates held for life only subject to a de-
termining contingency are determinable freeholds.
Determining bachelor. A bachelor who will
be entitled to the degree of master at the end of
the current term.
Determinism. The theory, in its extreme form,
of heredity ; that every organism is mainly deter-
mimd — is what it is — by aggregation of inherited
qualities and tendencies, influenced by circum-
stances. Experientialism, less absolutely, holds
experience to be the foundation of all knowledge ;
and all primary beliefs {e.g. personal identity,
uniformity of nature, etc. ) to be generalizations
of our own or others' experience. Intuitionalism
holds them to be instinctive, naturally implanted,
and spontaneously developed. (As to Exp. and
Int., vide Carpenter's Ment. Phys., pp. 226, 227.)
Detonating tube. [L. detonare, to thunder. \
A stout glass tube used for exploding gaseous
mixtures by electricity.
Detractor muscle. [L. detrlho, I dra7vaiuay.'\
{.Anat.) One which draws the part to which it is
attached away from some other part.
Detriment, Moon in her. [L. detrlmentum,
loss.'\ {Her.) An eclipsed moon.
Detriments. [L. detrimenta, plu., rubbing off,
damages, from detdro, I rub off.^ Collie charges
at Cambridge, for wear of table linen, etc.
Detritus. [L., part, of det^ro, / rub or wear
away.'\ (Geol.) Accumulations of wasted rock-
surfaces.
De trop. [Fr.] Lit too much ; and so, in
the way, not wanted.
Detumescence. [L. detumescSre, to cease
s'welling.'] Diminution of swelling, subsidence.
Detur digniori. [L.] Let it be given to one
more worthy.
Deus ex machlna. [L.] A scholastic phrase,
borrowed from the stage, where gods might be
represented as flying in the air. It was applied
to philosophers who, when unable to solve a
difficulty by ordinary means, resorted to the aid
of a supernatural power.
Deus nobis hsec otia fecit. [L.] A Gad has
provided this ease for us (Virgil, Eel. i.) ; motto
of the Chelsea pensioners.
DeutSro-oanonical. [Gr. SfiJrfpoy, second,
kcwovikSs, canonical.] {'Iheol.) Books read as
lectures in the Church, without being included in
the canon of Scripture. The term was also
applied to those books of the New Testament
which were not at first generally received. (Anti-
legomena.)
Deuteroscopy. [Gr. Ztvrtpos, second, aRtmiw,
I sec.] 1. Second sight. 2. A second, less
obvious meaning not seen at first.
Devastavit. [L.] {Leg.) lAi. he has 7uasted ;
a waste of property by an executor or adminis-
trator.
Developable surface. One described by the
motion of a straight line in such a manner that
it could be unrolled and laid flat without tearing
or stretching ; a cone is a developable surface.
Devexity. [L. devexita, -tem, from dev^ho, I
carry do7cn.] A bending down, a sloping, a
curving downwards.
Deviation of the plumb-line. The angle at
any station between the actual direction of the
plumb-line and the perpendicular drawn at that
place to the mean surface of the earth assumed
to be an ellipsoid.
Devil. {jVaut.) The seam next to the water-
ways. Z>. to pay, and no pitch hot (Naut.) =
the troublesome water-seam to fill in with pitch,
and none ready ; a troublesome job, and no one
ready to undertake it. [D., a nickname for the
water-seam ; pay being the O.Fr. empoier, to
daub with pitch.] (Pay.)
Devil and bag 0' nails. Sign of an inn ; i.e.
Pan and the Bacchanals.
Devil-cart. One with a pair of large wheels
and a long trail {q.v.), for the purpose of con-
veying logs of timber.
Devil's advocate. (Advocatus diaboli.)
Devil's coach-horse. {Entom.) Black cocktail,
StSphjrlfnus oleus, of same fam. as the small one
which gets into the eyes, ord. Coldopt^ra.
Devil's Wall. A huge Roman wall about 368
miles long, begun in Adrian's time, extending
from Ratisbon on the Danube to below Cologne
on the right bank of the Rhine, and completing
the northern frontier of the empire.
Devil- worshippers. (Jezids.)
Devise. [Fr. deviser, from divido, divide,
p. part, divisus, to sort into parcels.] {Leg.)
Properly to transmit real property by will, as
bequeath is used of personal property ; but D.
also = bequeath.
Devoir. [Fr.] Duty, respects, becoming act
of civility.
Devolution. [L.L. devolutio, -nem, act of
rolling donm, from L. devolvo, act. and neut.,
/ roll off, away.] 1. A power claimed by the
pope of appointing to a see, if the chapter
appoint an unworthy person, or neglect to
appoint. 2. Act of rolling down. S. A pass-
ing on to a successor.
Devonian. ( Geol. ) The marine equivalent of
the Old Red Sandstone, typically developed in
Devonshire ; often applied also to the Old Red
Sandstone, and to both together.
DEWE
16S
DIAL
Dewel, Dole, Dool, DoweL [O.E. divl, a
for/ion, da:lan, io divide ; cf. Ger. theilen, D.
deelen, tV/.] A post, stone, or strip of un«
ploughed land marking a boundary.
Dewlap. Loose flesh which hangs from the
throats of oxen.
Dew-point. When a body is in process of
cooling, its temperature, at the instant when
dew begins to be deposited on it, is the dew-
point in that particular state of the atmosphere.
Dexter. [L., right. \ (Her.) The right-hand
side of an escutcheon, which is, of course, to
the left hand of a person facing it.
Dextrine. 1. British gum. 2. {Bot.) Starch,
in its soluble condition, during its conversion
into sugar for the nourishment of plants ; e.g. in
germinating barley. At 400° F. , viewed by polar-
ized light, starch has the property of turning the
plane of polarization to the right [L. dextra].
DextroM. [L. dextra, right. \ Grape-sugar,
which turns the plane of polarization towards
the right. (Polarisation.)
Dey. 1. tFrom Turk, dai, maternal uneie.]
Title (misnomer) of the ruler of Algiers ; pro-
rrly, title of the commander of the Janizaries.
Scotch for dairy-maid. [C/. Prov. Eng.
day-house, day-Jtvman, O.Swed. dc^jgja, Gr.
0ri-ff6ai, Goth, daldjan, ta sueh.]
Dhirxee, Dinee. [Ilipd.] A tailor.
Dhobee, Dobee. [Hind.] A washennan.
Dhole, Sed dog, Xholrin. (Zool.) Spec, of
wild dog, light bay colour, the size of a small
greyhound ; hunts almost silently, in packs.
Western Ghauts, and other mountainous parts
of India. Cuon diikhuensis, gen. Cuun, fam.
Cflnldse, ord. Mammalia.
Dhony, or Dhouey. (Doney.)
Dhotee. [Hind.] A native's waist-cloth in
India.
Dhow. An Arabian vessel (of from 150 to
250 tons burden), about 85 feet long by 20 feet
9 inches in beam and 1 1 feet 6 inches deep,
carrying small cargoes, fitted for defence, and
rigged with a single mast forward, carrying a
large lateen, whose yard is the length of the
vessel, the tack fastenc<l to the stem, the hal-
yards leading to the taffrail.
Di-. (Chem.) (Bi-.)
Di-, Di»-. 1. L. prefix, = in twain, in dif-
ferent directions ; also used as a negative, as in
displease. 2. Gr. prefix [8tr, twice\ = contain-
ing t7iv chemical equivalents.
DfllibStea. [Gr., from iia, through, fiaiyu, I
go.^ {Med.) A disease of the general system,
characterized by excessive hunger and thirst,
with great increase of urine containing almost
always more or less of sugar ; its true antecedents
still obscure.
Diachylon, commonly pron. Diaailum. [Neut.
of Gr. 8«ix''^''*» thoroitghly juicy, succulent.]
Common healing plaster, of red oxide of lead
and olive oil.
Diaeonlcnm. [Gr. ZiaKOinKiv, serviceable. ^ In
Greek Church, a vestry, sacristy, or credence
table.
Diaeonsticfl. [Gr. 8((((), through, iutoiw, I
hear.] The branch of acoustics which treats
of the passage of sounds through different
media and of consequent refraction j also called
Diaphonics.
Diaoritioal. [Gr. SmkpitikSs, able to distin-
giiish.\ D. marks, marks in type or writing,
added to letters or combinations of letters to
give them a special pronunciation, as the cedilla
under c in French, to show it is to be sounded
as s., e.g. fa9ade ; and the hyphen or dots (marks
of diaeresis) in proem, pro-em.
Diacolom. Qoxx. ol Diachylon {q. v.).
DiasresiB. [Gr. 5«a/pe(rw, separation. ~\ {Gram.)
The resolution of a diphthong or a contracted
syllable into two syllables.
Diaglyptio. [Gr. 5«c£, through, y\v<l>cii, I
chisel.] Pertaining to carving in intaglio ; op-
posed to Anaglyphic, or carving in relief.
Diagnosis, [Gr. ^idyvwffis, a distinguishing,
discerning.] (Med.) Distinction of the charac-
teristics of different diseases, especially the
discriminating knowledge of a particular case,
from a study of all particular circumstances taken
together.
Diagometer. [Gr. StcCyctc, to transmit, fierpoy,
a measure.] An instrument for measuring the
power of bodies to conduct electricity.
Diagonal scale. [Gr. Staydvios, diagonal.] A
scale on which, by means of lines drawn obliquely,
distances can be read off true to the hundredth
of an inch (or other unit) by means of subdivi-
sions a tenth of an inch long. It is to be found
engraved on most ivory protractors.
Dialect. [Gr. SiciKeKT6<i, speech, local variety
of speech.] Variety of speech. There is no
fixed distinction between a D. and a language,
but generally D. is preferred for varieties of
speech which are comparatively limited in area
or literary importance, or for the form of speech
of a member of an ethnological family descended
from a mother language.
Dialectic. [Gr. ZiaKfKTuch.] A name used by
Plato as synonymous with metaphysics, or the
highest philosophy. It is applied in a narrower
sense to that portion of logic which treats of
modes and rules of reasoning.
Dialectics. [Gr. iia\tKTiK6i, pertaining to
discourse. ] 1. Platonic, though invented by Zeno,
the method of scientific investigation by question
and answer, involving the classification of par-
ticulars under generals and generals under uni-
versals, and the reverse process of division. 2.
Aristotelian, the art of maintaining a tenet in
conversation. 3. Kantian, the science of illusory
phenomena.
Diall&ge. [Gr., interchange.] (Rhet.) A
figure of thought under which several arguments
are brought to establish one point, the L. con-
summatio.
DialSgism. (A'hct.) The reporting, in the
third person, of a dialogue between two or more
speakers.
Dialj^sis. [Gr. Sid-Mnn, dissolution.] 1.
(Gram.) Diaeresis. 2. (A'het.) Asyndeton. 8.
The separation of the crystalloids from the col-
loids in a solution containing both, by the diffu-
sion of the former into water through paper
parchment. (See Graham's Chemistry.)
DIAM
i66
DICH
Diamagnetic. (Paramagnetic.)
Diamagnetic body. [Gr. Sid, across, (xayin^s,
ma^yut.] A body tending, when suspended
between the poles of a magnet, to place itself at
right angles to the line joining those poles.
Diameter ; Apparent b. [Gr. Sid fierpos.] Any
chord drawn through the centre of a central
curve or surface, as a diameter of a sphere. The
angle subtended at the eye of the observer by
the diameter — supposed not to be foreshortened
— of a heavenly body is its Apparent D.
Diamond necklace, Tbe amur of the. A plot
by which the name of Marie Antoinette, wife of
Louis XVI., King of France, was tarnished, on
the supposition that she was pri\'y to the intrigue
by which the Countess of Lamotte Valois ob-
tained possession of a diamond necklace bespoken
for Mad. du Barry by Louis XV., and at that
time in the hands of the queen's jewellers.
Diamond type. [Fr. diamant, (?) from Gr.
&Sajuas, unconquerable. ] A kind of printing type,
as —
OoapusHn,
Dianoetie. [Gr. Sjo-vot'o^oi, / think over.]
Pertaining to the discursive comparative ana-
logical faculty.
Dianthtis. [Gr. SiavO'fis, double-flowering,
variegated.\ {Bol.) A gen. of plants, ord.
Caryophyllaceae, of many spec, annual and pe-
rennial, as pink, carnation, sweet william, etc.
Di&pason. [Gr. Sia iracrav, i.e. xopSHv,
through all the strings.'] (Gr. Music.) 1. An
octave. 2. In an organ, D. or principal, certain
important stops extending usually through the
whole compass. (Open diapason.)
Diaper. Figured linen cloth. [Mr. Skeat
traces the word to the O.Fr. diaspre, O.It.
diaspro, jasper, rejecting the derivation from
d'Ypres, of Ypres, the clothworking Flemish
city.]
Diapering. [Fr. diaprer, to diaper.] Orna-
menting with flowers or arabesques, repeated in
squares or other regular patterns.
Diaphanous. [Gr. Sia(pavf)s.'\ Transparent.
Diaphdnics. [Gr. 5io, through, <pci>v€u, I
sound.] Diacoustics (t/.v.).
Diaphoretic. [Gr. Sia<t>op7iTiK6s.'\ Promoting
perspiration.
Diaphragm [Gr. Sid^pveypM, Sta(ppayvvfii, I
barricade], or Midriff [K.?,. midrife, hrife, intes-
tine]. (Anat.) The transverse muscle in mam-
malia generally, separating the cavity of the
thorax or chest from that of the abdomen or belly.
Diastase. [GT.Sidffraais, separation.] (Chem.)
A nitrogenous substance formed in germinating
seeds, which by fermentation converts starch into
sugar.
Diastem-, Diastemato-, = longitudinal division,
fissure. [Gr. Sidarriixa, interval, severance.]
Diastole. [Gr.] 1. (Gram.) The lengthen-
ing of a short syllable, opposed to Systole. 2.
(Physiol.) Dilatation of the heart and arteries
on the entrance of blood ; opposed to Systole
[ffvaroXii, avareWoD, I draw together], contrac-
tion, or Systaltic action : these being the first
and second heart-sounds, and both together mak-
ing one rhythm.
Diatessaron. [Gr., through four.] (Eccl.
Hist.) A name given to harmonies of the
Gospels. The earSest, now lost, was the work
of Tatian in the second century.
Diathermal [Gr. SidStpnos, warmed through] ;
Diathennanons [Gr. SiaOepiiaivw, I warm
through]. Capable of transmitting radiant heat ;
thus, rock-salt is diathermanous.
Diathesis. [Gr., disposition.] (Med.) Con-
dition of the system generally, with the idea of
predisposition to some kind of disease.
DiatSmacSse. [Gr. Sidrojuos, cut in tivo, the
individual consisting of a double frustule, and
easily separable from the rest of the series.]
Simple organism of protoplasm, with delicate
siliceous crust, developed in long linked strings.
(Desmidiaoeae.)
Diatonio scales. [From Gr. SianoviK6vy but
with different meaning.] 1. The major and minor
of modern music. D. melody = using no notes
not found in the D. scale. Opposed to Chromatic.
2. The Siirovov ytvos, the simplest of three
genera of music with the Greeks. (For explana-
tion, see Diet, of Greek and J^oman Antiquities.)
Diatribe. [Gr. SioTpTjS^, ^uearing cnvay, pass-
ing of time, discussion.] A continuous discourse ;
especially a sustained flow of invective, an
elaborate attack. Usually pronounced as a word
of three syll. in English,
Dibasic acid. [Gr. Siy, twice, Piiiris, base.]
(Chem.) Any acid containing two atoms of
hydrogen in its composition.
Dibbs. 1, Slang for ready money. 2. A
small pool. 3. An old game, Greek and English,
of throwing up the small bones of the legs of
sheep and catching them on the palm, then on
the back of the hand.
Di bene vertant. [L.] May the god give a
good turn to affairs.
Dibranchiata. [Gr. 8«s, double, $pdyxia, gills.]
(Ichth. ) 1. Cephalopods with one pair of gills, as
cuttle-fish. 2. Cirripeds with one pair of gills.
Dicast. [Gr. SiKouTT'fis, a Judge.] One of the
5000 free citizens at Athens who were yearly
balloted for and sworn in to serve as judges in
the law courts. A judicial panel consisted of
many d leasts, often of 500 or more ; they voted
by ballot on the verdict, which the majority
decided.
Dichogamons flowers. [Gr. Sfxa, apart, ydfxos,
marriage.] Those in which the anthers are
developed before the pistil, and vice versd.
Dichorsetxs. [Gr. S'l-x^pnos (irous).] (Metr.)
A double chorseus or trochee ; thus, — « — «, as
willy-nilly, emlnerd.
Dichotomy. [Gr. Sixorofiia, a severing.] 1.
(Astron.) The moon's dichotomy is when she
is at half-moon at the end of her first and third
quarters. 2. (Log.) The division of a class
into two sub-classes, opposed to each other by
contradiction, as Earl and CiuuA, male and
female, living and dead, fire and not fire. 3.
A division of the more general into two more
particular subdivisions ; a Pythagorean method
adopted by Plato ; thus the political is divided into
the legislative and the iudicial (i.e. so far as
theory is concerned).
DICK
167
DIFF
Dicker. 1. [C/. L.L. dacra, dicora, probably
from a Celt, form, iA< twinber ten.'\ Half a score,
especially of hides. 2. [Amer.] A petty bartering.
lieotyledonoas plants. (Bot.) Those of which
the embr)0 is furnished with two c6t5'ledons
opposite to one another ; corresponding to
Exogens (q.v.).
Diet&tor. [L.] In Rom. Hist., an extraor-
dinary magistrate invested with absolute power
for six months.
Diotxun. [L.] Expressed opinion ox command.
(Obiter dictum.)
Dictum de omoi et nullo. [L.] In the Aris-
totelian logic, the assignment of an object to its
class, or the placing of one class under another
class, so that whatever is true of the class shall
be true of every member included in the class.
Didaetie. [Gr. StSoJcriic^f, from hiiioKw, I
teacA.] A name applietl to any writings which
treat of the rules or principles of any science or
art, but more especially to poetry of an ethical or
reflective character, and to poems embodying a
scientific treatise, as the Phancnuna of Aratus,
De Ferum Natura of Lucretius.
Didaotyle. [Gr. lilinrvXos, lis, hoice, Hx'
riXof, ^n^vr, fof.] (Zoo/.) Two-toed.
DiddpUa. [Gr. iis, /wire, StX^is, uterus.^
Having a double uterus. The second sub-class
of mammals, containing the marsupials, as the
kangaro<js ami ()|)<)>sums.
Didelphj^Idae. (Didelphia.) The true opos-
sums. Trup. America. Ord. Marsuplana(^.v.).
Die. (Dado.)
DiigMi. [Gr., from iii, through, jiyioficu,
I leati.\ Narration, statement of a case.
Dielectric. [Gr. Sii, through, and electric]
A non-conducting body.
Diemperdidi! [L.] / have lost a day! ex-
clamation of the Roman emperor Titus, after
passing one day without doing anything for his
subjects' ^ood.
Dies on^nim. [L., day of ashes. \ Ash
Wednesday.
Dies dolorem mlnoit. [L.] Time abates grief.
Die-sinking. Engraving a steel die for the
stamping of coins or medals.
Diesis. [Gr.] In Gr. Music, at first a semi-
tone, afterwards came to mean a quarter-tone,
or a third of a tone ; (?) from a sense of dissolving
the note [5it»7/w].
Dies non. [L. {sc jurTcus).] Not a court-
day ; a day on which no legal proceedings go
on and no business transactions are completed,
or if so are invalid.
Die-stock. A contrivance to hold the dies for
cutting screws.
Diet. [L.L. dicta, from dies, a day, Ger.
Reichstag.] The chief national assembly of the
Empire, summoned twice each year by the
Emperor; also of other states, as Hungary,
Switzerland, etc.
Dieu et mon droit. [Fr., Go<l and my right. ^
The motto of the royal family of England. First
assumed by Richard I.
Dieu et son acts. [Fr., God and His act.]
The act of God ; said of an inevitable accident.
Diffarre&tio. (Confarreation.)
12
Difference. [L. differentia.] 1. {//cr.) A
mark added to a coat of arms to distinguish
different branches of a family or different sons
of one house. 2. In Logic, the predicable, which
distinguishes the subject from all others from
the point of view in which it is then regarded.
The genus, with this difference, is said logically
to make up the species. (Predicable.)
Differences. {Stockbrok.) The sums lost and
won in speculative time-bargains, being the
difference between the price of the stock or
shares concerned agreed to on the day of pur-
chase and the available price on settling day.
Differentia. ( Differentiation. )
Differential; D. calculus; D. coefficient; D.
motion ; D. screw ; D. thermometer ; D. wind-
lass. If the magnitude of one quantity depends
on that of a second quantity (as the volume of a
sphere on its radius), sp that if the second quan-
tity is increased that of the first will be increased
(or diminished) ; the ratio which the increment
of the first bears to that of the second when they
are indefinitely small is the D. coefficient of the
first quantity with respect to the second. The
indefinitely small increments, considered as
separate magnitudes, are Differentials. (For
D. calculus, vide Calculus.) When a compa-
ratively quick motion is made to communi-
cate a slow motion by means of the difference
of the velocities of two pieces, it is said to com-
municate a D. motion. Thus, in the D. wind-
lass, the barrel consists of two cylinders of nearly
equal radii, the weight is fastened to a pulley in
the loop of a rope whose ends are fastened to
the cylinders and wound round them in opposite
directions ; on turning the winch the rope is
wound on to one and off the other cylinder ; so
that the rope in the hanging loop is shortened
(or lengthened) by the difference between the
lengths wound on and off. A heavy weight
attached to the pulley is thus slowly raised with-
out unduly weakening the barrel. The same •
principle is applied in the D. scrav. The D.
thermometer is an air thermometer with two
bulbs, for ascertaining the 'difference between the
temperatures of two substances or places, when
the actual temperature of each is not required.
Differentiation. [From L. differentia, differ-
ence.] 1. (Log.) Exact definition by the differ-
entia, or characteristic peculiarity essential to
classification, of a species. 2. (Biol.) The de-
velopment in evolution of specific distinctions.
3. Resolution of a homogeneous aggregate into
its heterogeneous constituents. 4. (Math.) The
process of finding differential coefficients.
Diffiraction of light. When a small opaque
body is placed in light radiating from a point, its
shadow is found not to be its true geometrical
projection, but to be surrounded by iris-coloured
fringes. The light, therefore, does not proceed
in accurately straight lines past the edges of the
body, and is said to be diffracted by them.
Diffraction is one kind of interference of light.
Diffusion. [L. diffusio, -nem, diffundgre, tff
slud abroad.] The action by which gases or
fluids become intermixed when in contact.
Diffusion of gases. The tendency of two 01
DIGA
i68
DINA
more gases in contact to intermingle with each
other.
Digamy. [From Gr. 8f-, 8/j, •tmce, yifios,
marriage.] Marriage by one who has lost his
first wife.
Digest. [L. digesta, neut. plu. p. part, of dlg^ro,
I arrange J\ A systematically arranged work on
law ; especially Justinian's fifty books.
Digester. A strong closed vessel for heating
water above boiling point.
Digesting. Softening by heat and moisture.
Digests. [L. digestus, brought into order.]
{Hist.) Compilations of the Roman law; the
best known being that of Justinian, which is also
called the Pandects, or general collection, from
the Greek words xm, edl, and Stx^rfloi, to receive.
Digit. [L. digitus, a finger.] 1. Any one of
the ten numerals. 2. The twelfth part of the
diameter of sun or moon. The term is used in
estimating the extent of an eclipse, e.g. when
three quarters of the diameter of the sun are
hidden by the moon, nine digits are eclipsed.
Digitalis, Foxglove (Folks' glove, i.e. Fairies'
glove). {Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Scrophu-
lariaceae. D. purpurea. Common F., native of
Britain, is much valued in medicine, and grown
as an ornamental plant.
Digitate leaf. (Palmate.)
Digitign^da, Digitigrade. [L. digitus, finger,
toe, gridior, / 7i'rt//('.] {Zoo/.) Carnivorous quad-
rupeds which walk upon their toes, as the cat.
Digladiation. [From digladlari, to fight hand-
to-hand, from dis-, apart, gladius, sword.] Sharp
contention.
Digna c&nis pab&lo. [L.] A dog deserves
food ; it is a poor dog that does not deserve a
crust.
Digraph. [Gr. 8»-, 8/j, twice, ypa(l>i>), Iivrite.]
A combination of two letters to indicate a single
articulate sound, as oo in book, ch and ie in
chief.
Digression. (Farecbasis.)
Dihedral angle. (Angle.)
Diiambus. [Gx.U-^his,t7vice,Xaixfios.] [Metr.)
A double iambus ; thus, %/ - %/ - , as Smaenitas.
Dii consentes. (Consentes, Dii.)
Dikast. (Dicast.)
Dike, Dyke. [O.E. die, (i) a mound, (2) a
trench, something dug ; cf. D. dijk, Fr. digue,
an embankment.] In the south of England, a
ditch, with or without a bank ; in the north,
a stone fence.
Di laneos pedes h&bent. [L.] The gods have
feet of wool ; i.e. the approach of their vengeance
is unheard.
Dilaniatioii. [From L. dilSniare, to tear in
pieces.] The act of tearing to pieces.
Dilapidation. [L. dllSpIdatlo, -nem, a wasting,
lavishing.] The result of neglect, on the part of
an incumbent, to repair the chancel, glebe house,
or any other edifices of his living ; or of wilful
waste, committed or suffered to be committed
upon glebe, woods, or any other inheritance of
the Church.
Dilettante. [It.] An amateur devotee of fine
art and antiquities.
liganca. [Fr., L. diligentia.] 1. A heavy
stage-coach, used in France. 2. {Scot. Law.)
I'rocess of arrest or seizure for debt, or com-
pulsory production of evidence.
Dilligroat. Pottage formerly made for the
sovereign on the day of coronation.
Dill-water. For relief of flatulence and griping
in children, in which oil of dill is used, which is
obtained from the seeds of the common dill
(Anethum grSv^olens).
Diluvial agency. [L. diluvium, an inunda-
tion.] {Geo/.) Powerful exceptional agency of
water ; opposed to Alluvial.
Dilving. Washing tin ore in a canvas sieve in
a tub of water, so that the waste runs over the
edge of the sieve.
Dimanohe. The French form of the Latin
Dominica [sc. dies], the Lord's day.
Dime. A silver coin used in the U.S., a tenth
[Fr. dime, L. d^cima] of a dollar.
DI melius- [L.] A/aj/ the gods grant it {sc.
dent) better ; Ovid goes on -qoam nos mfineamos
talia quenqoam, than that I sfuntld give such
advice to any one.
Dimension. 1. In Geom., length, breadth,
and thickness are the. three dimensions of space.
2. In Algebra, each of the letters which occur in
a product is a dimension of the product ; e.g.
x^y' is a product of five dimensions, or of the
^fth degree.
Dimeter. A verse having two metres [Gr.
SI^fTpoj], or four feet; as an iambic D., e.g.
Horace, Epod. i. — x.
Dimetrio system. [Gr. Slixfrpos, of two
measures.] In Crystallog., the pyramidal system
{q.v.).
Dimidiated. [L. dimidiatus.] Halved.
Dimidiom facti qui coepit habet. [L.] He
who begins has half his task {done) ; well begun,
half done (Horace).
DImidium plQs toto. [L.] The half is more
than the whole ; the golden mean is best, a Latin
version of Hesiod's " XiKiov ^fjntru TtavrSs."
Diminished. {Music.) Made less than minor ;
e.g. C natural to B flat above being a minor
seventh, the C sharpened would make a di-
minished seventh, i.e. by a semi-tone.
Dimissory letters. In the ancient Church:
1. L. to clergy about to leave one diocese and
settle in another, granting the bishop's leave to
depart. 2. In the Church of England now,
D. L. are a licence from a bishop in whose
diocese a candidate for holy orders has a title
to another bishop, granting leave to ordain.
(LitersB fonnatae.) Dlmissdrice {sc. iTterae),
Roman law, a written notice, remitting a case to
a superior judge.
Dimity. [Gr. Sl/xWoi, of double thread.] A
stout white cotton cloth ribbed or figured.
Dimorphism. [Gr. SifjLopipos, txvo- formed.]
Crystallization of a substance in two different
systems ; thus carbonate of lime in some forms
crystallizes as Iceland spar in the rhombohe-
dral system, and as aragonite in the prismatic
system.
Dimsel. {Naut.) A standing water, too
large for a pond and too small for a lake.
Dinar. A modern Eastern corr. of the L,
DING
169
DIPT
Denarius, a coin originally worth ten asses, and
answering to the Gr. Drachma, the value being
about that of the modern franc-piece. In the
English New Testament, the Gr. ^nvipiov is
translated by the word penny.
Dinghey, or Dingy. 1. A small Bombay boat
with sail and paddles. 2. The boats of the
Hooghly. 8. A small extra ship's boat.
Dingo. (Native name.) Variety of dog, about
two feet high, reddish brown, wild, savage, hunts
in packs. Australia. Believed to be an im-
portation.
Diomont. (Sheep, Stages of growth of. )
Dinmont, Dandy. (Dandy. ) A store farmer,
in Scott's Guy Mannering, whose name attaches
to a valuable breed of long-backed Scotch
terriers.
Mnomis. [Gr. Ztat6i, terrible, Spyts, bird.}
{Ornilh.) A gen. of very large birds, tribe BrS-
vlpennes, of New Zealand; local name, moa;
extinct since seventeenth century (?).
DinoMinrians. [Gr. ifiv6s, aavpot, /izard.]
(Geol.) A group of gigantic reptiles, chiefly of
the saurian type and of high-class organization.
From the Lias to Cretaceous. Iguanodon, me-
galosauras, etc.
DInSthirinm. [Gr. t*iv6%, 9ripioy, beast.]
(Geol) Huge pachyderm, with tusk-like incisors
and proboscis ; found in the Miocene of France,
Germany, etc. ; its true zoological position un-
certain.
Dioeletian ten, or JEra of martyrs, is counted
from the beginning of the reign of Diocletian,
A.r». 284.
DIoeeisiB. (Paroikia.)
Dioecious. (Monoecious.)
Dionysia. [Gr. Aiovvata.] Festivals of Diony-
sus. There were four in the four shortest months :
(i)The Lesser, or Rural; (2) Lenaea ; (3) An-
thesteria ; (4) City, or Great, D. Conie<iies and
tragedies were performctl at these festivals.
Dionfslan. [Gr. Aton/cricuciit.] Relating to
Dionysus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and SCm^le
daughter of Cadmus of Thebes. He is said to
have brought from the East the orgiastic worship
with which he was honoured. He is known
also as Bacchus. (Bacchanalian.)
Diophantine analysis or problenu. (Diophan-
tus, mathematician, of Alexandria.) Question in
indeterminate ecjuations, involving .squares or
cubes of the unknown quantities, as to divide
a given square number into two other square
numbers ; thus, 17* = 8* -I- 15*.
Dioptrics. [Gr. SioxtpTkJt, having to do with
a mirror (Sioirrpoi').] The part of optics which
treats of the refraction of light ; it includes the
formation of images by lenses and combinations
of lenses.
Diorama. [Gr. 8(({, through, iQana, a vieiv.]
A painting seen from a distance through a large
opening, and having the effect heightened liy
light directed on its surface or shining from
behind through the transparent portions.
Diorite. [Gr. iiopi(w, /distinguish.] (Gedl.)
An igneous rock (greenstone, etc.), composed of
felspar and hornVjlende.
Diorthotio. [Gr. ZiopOuriKSi, from Gr. iiopdiw,
I correct, from 5«d, through, 6pd6s, upright.]
Pertaining to correction or emendation.
Dioscuri, Dioskouroi. [Gr.] Sons of Zeus.
(Castor and Pollux.)
Diota. [Gr. Siwros, two-eared.] A large
amphora with two handles.
Dip. 1. The inclination of the magnetic
needle to the horizon. (Dip of the horizon.) 2.
(Geol.) The inclination of strata from the ho-
rizon, measured by the angle it makes with the
plane of the horizon ; the strike [Ger. streich,
stroke] being the line of outcrop of a stratum,
and at right angles to its D.
Dip, Dipt ware. Pottery ornamented by ex-
pressing coloured clays, in arborescent or other
forms, upon the article as it turns slowly on a
lathe.
Diphtheria, DiphthSrItis. [Gr. Supetpa, pre-
pared leather.] A form of very fatal sore throat,
occurring epidemically, with low dangerous
fever and formation of a false membrane upon
the surface of the mucous membrane of the
fauces.
Diploma. [Gr., lit, a letter folded double.]
In Rome, formerly a State letter of introduc-
tion for travellers, a magistrate's grant of
some privilege ; now any document conferring
authority, and especially a licence to practise
physic or surgery.
Diplomatics. [Gr. Ziir\a>fjM, anything folded
double.] The science which deciphers and de-
termines the dates of ancient writings. Its
principles were fully developed in the great
work of Mabillon, De A'e DiplomcUica, 1681.
(Palaeography.)
Dipnoi. [Gr. Zi-itvoos, double-breathing.]
(Zool. ) Afud-fshes, a sub-class of fish, containing
three gen. of one spec, each, by some reckoned
amphibia. Cfratodus [k^/joj, -aros, a horn,
hlivs, a tooth], an Australian spec, presents
characteristics suggesting the combination of the
sub-classes TflSostel, Dipnoi, and Ginoiddi-
under the last name.
Dip of the horizon ; Magnetic D. The angle
at the eye of the observer between a plane at
right angles to the plumb-line, and a line drawn
to a point on the visible horizon or line which
seems to bound the ocean. When a magnet is
suspended so as to swing freely round a
horizontal axis at right angles to the magnetic
meridian, it comes to rest at a certain definite
inclination to the horizon ; this angle (which is
different at different places) is the Magnetic D.
Dipolarization. (Depolarization.)
Dipping needle. A magnetic needle so sus-
pended as to show the magnetic dip.
Dipsomania. [Gr. Zi^a, thirst, navla, mad-
mss.] A thirst for stimulants not to be con-
trolled.
DiptSra. [Gt. Sl-nrtpos, tJc/o-Tvinged.] (Entom.)
Ord. of insects with two wings, the hind pair
represented by short halterfe, balancers, as house-
flies and gnats.
DiptSros. [Gr. S/irrcpos, from 8f for 8fs, twice,
irTfp6i>, 7m'ng.] (Arch.) A rectangular temple or
building with a double row of supporting columns
on all sides. (Peripteral.)
DIPT
170
DISP
Diptych. [Gr. Si'ttOxos, folded double?^ A
tablet of wood, metal, or other substance, folded
like a book of two leaves. Used at first for
registers. The diptychs of the Greek Church
contain on one side the names of the living, on
the other those of the dead, which are to be re-
hearsed during the office.
Direct motion. {Afusic.) (Motion.)
Direct motion of a planet. (Proper motion.)
Direetorium. [L.] (Eccl.) A book of rules
for the performance of the sacred offices, as
Direetorium Anglieanum.
Directory. 1. A book of regulations for
divine worship, drawn up in 1644 by the
Assembly of Divines in England, and set forth by
the Lords and Commons to be used instead of the
Prayer-book. 2. The name given in 1795 to
the executive body of the French republic,
overthrown four years later by Bonaparte.
(Assembly.)
Direotrik. 1. (Conic sections.) 2. In Solid
Geom., when a surface is described by a moving
line which slides on one or more fixed guiding
lines, any one of the fixed lines is called a
Direetrix.
Direct taxation. (Indirect taxation.)
Dirge. A contraction of L. dirige, direct,
which occurs in the first nocturn of the Office for
the Dead. Hence (i) music for that office, (2)
any mournful tune.
Duig^g. (Dirge.)
Diriment. [L. dlrlmo, / take aivay, annul.]
D. impediments to a marriage are absolute bars
which would make it void ab initio.
Dirt-beds. (Geo/.) Layers of black dirt, old
vegetable soil, in the Lower Purbeck beds, with
numerous fossil cycadeous stems standing up-
right, and coniferous trunks lying down.
DImit, sediflcat, mutat quadrata rotnndis.
[L.] //e pulls down, builds up, changes square
for routul.
DiB. (Pluto.)
Dis-, Di-. [L.] Prefix denoting separa-
tion, hence used with privative and negative
force.
Disabling Statutes. Acts of Parliament re-
straining and limiting rights and powers.
Disafforest. To throw open forest ground to
the public, or to enclose it for cultivation.
Disaggregation. [L. dis-, prefix of separa-
tion, and aggrego, I bring to the flock (grex,
gregis).] Distinction of an aggregate into com-
ponent parts.
Dis alitor visum. [L.] The gods determi/ted
otherwise.
Disbar. To expel from the bar, a power
vested in benchers of the four inns of court, sub-
ject to appeal.
Disbench. To expel from the position of a
bencher, a power vested in the benchers of an
inn of court.
Disboscation. [L. dis-, priv. prefix, and
L.L. boscus ; cf. Fr. bosquet, thicket, from Teut.
bosk, Eng. bush.] The bringing woodland into
cultivation or pasturage.
Discalced clerks of the passion. (Fassionists.)
Diace aut discede. [L.] Learn or go.
Disceptation. [L. disceptatio.] Debate, dis-
cussion.
Discharged living. {Eccl.) One released
under 6 Anne from payment of firstfruits.
Discharger. An instrument for discharging a
Leyden jar.
Disciplina, Arcani. (Arcani Disciplina.)
Discobolus. [Gr. StffKofi6Kos.] A quoit-
thrower. A celebrated bronze statue of Myron,
fifth century B.C., of which several marble copies
exist.
Discoid. [Gr. Si<rKo-tiB-l}s, quoit-shaped.] Of
the form of a disc.
Discommon. 1. {Univ.) Of a townsman, to
make it punishable for persons in statu pupillari
to have any dealings with him, a power of the
collective heads of houses. 2. {Leg. ) To make
no longer common or commonable, as of land by
enclosure.
Discontinuous. Not continuous. (Continuity.)
Discovert. {Leg.) A widow, a woman not
in coverture.
Discovery. [L. dis-, neg. prefix, and coopSrire,
to cover.] {Leg.) A bill of D. in equity prays
that the court compel the defendant to disclose
facts or discover (give access to) documents
material to the plaintiffs case, provided such
discovery be not perilous to the defendant.
Discrepancy. [L. discrfipantia, discordance.]
Disagreement, variance.
Disembody. To deprive a military force of its
arms and accoutrements, and release them from
service for a limited period.
Disembogue. To discharge.
Disesteem. To feel no esteem for, to deprive
of esteem.
Disherison. [L. dis-, neg. prefix, and Fr.
heriter, from L. hseres, heir.] The act of de-
barring from inheritance.
DisintSgfrate. To break up a whole into com-
ponent parts, to deprive of cohesion, of unity.
Disjeoti membra poetse. [L.] The limbs of
the dismembered poet (Horace).
Disjunctive. [L. disjunctivus, from dis-, neg.
prefix, and jungo, //'o2M.] 1. {Gram.) Express-
ing an opposition or separation of ideas, as the
D. conjunctions : but, else, although, unless, lest,
either — or, neither — nor. 2. {Log.) Involving
opposition or separation of ideas, as the D.
syllogism: "It is either good or bad, or
both ; but it is not bad, therefore it is not both,
therefore it is good."
Disk. [Gr. BiffKos, a round plate, quoit.]
{Bot.) A fleshy circular organ enlargement
between the stamens and ovary, as in spindle-
tree (Euonymus).
Dislocation of memory. (Path. ) The curious
effects upon it of injury, disease, or decay.
Dislocations, Slips. (Geol.) Displacements
of stratified rocks from their original sedimentary
position by fracture. (Fault.)
Dismal Swamp. About thirty miles north to
south by ten miles of country around Lake
Drummond, chiefly in Virginia, partly in
Carolina, U.S.
Dispark. To throw or lay open, as a Park.
Dispart. [(?) Fr. disparite, disparity.] The
DISP
171
DIVE
excess of half the diameter of the base ring of a
gun over half the diameter of the muzzle.
Dispauper. To disqualify from suing in forma
pauperis one who has been admitted to sue thus,
either because he has subsequently acquired pro-
perty or for any other sufficient cause.
Dispensatory, i.ij. Pharmacopaia {q.v.).
Dispensing power. (Hist.) The power of
the English sovereign to dispense with penalties
on things forbidden by law but not by moral
obligation. James II. regarded this power as
authorizing him to dispense with tests against
Roman Catholics and Dissenters.
Disperaioa of light, or Chromatio D. of light.
The separation of a pencil of rays of white light
into rays of coloured light by means of a prism
or other refracting medium.
Displacement (A'aut.) (Cayity.)
Displayed. [Fr. deiiloyer.] {Her.) Having
Us legs spre.id and wings expanded.
Dispondins. [L.] A double spondee; thus,
, as desoliti.
DisMina. [Fr. dissaisin.] A deprivation of
actual seisin (q.v.) by force or fraud, a turning
out of an owner in actual possession of a freehold.
Dissepiment [L. dissepTmentum, dissepio, /
hed^e off], or Septum [L., an enclosure]. (Bot.)
A vertical partition, division into cells, of com-
pound fruit ; e.r. wallflower. (Loenlus.)
Diaddentt. [L. dissldentes, sitting apart.]
(Hist.) Dissenters in Poland from the Roman
Catholic or established religion, who were
allowed the free exercise of their faith. After
the partition of the country, they were placed on
the same footing with the members of the Latin
Church.
Diaiilient. [L. dissTlio, / start asunder.]
Starting open, opening with elastic force.
Dissimilation. [L. dis-slmllis, unlike.]
{Gram.) Change of one of two contiguous
similar or identical sounds, or avoidance of the
juxtaposition of such sounds, as rlOiini for $i$ri/u,
equester for equetter, vdril'tas not v&riitas.
Disdpat Svins oOras id&ees. [L.] IVine dis-
perses gnawinjr cares ( Horace).
DistaA [6.E. distaef.] A cleft stick for
holding the bunch of flax, etc., from which the
thread was drawn in hand-spinning.
Distemper. [Cf. dis-ease, dis-order.] 1. In
dogs, an affection, typhoid, contagious, of the
upper air-passages; somewhat like strangles in
horses, and scarlatina in children. 2. //» /torses,
D. means influenza, an epidemic catarrh, severe,
attended with great weakness. 3. In cattle,
sometimes, epizootic {q.v.), pleuro-pneum6nia
{q.v.). 4. [It. tempera.] Painting on a dry
surface of plaster, etc., with colours mixed in
some aqueous vehicle, such as size.
Distich. [Gr. S/irTixoi, of two rows, or
verses.] In poetry, a rhymefl couplet.
Distillation. [L. distillatio, -nem, distillare,
to drip daiim.] The process of heating a sub-
stance so that it gives off a vapour afterwards
condense<l Vjy cold.
Distinguishing pendant. A special flag to dis-
tinguish signalling-ships in a fleet or squadron.
Distrait. [Fr.J Preoccupied, absent.
Distress. [O.Fr. destresse, from districtus, p.
part, of distringo (distrain).] The act or fact ot
distraining.
District. [L.L. districtus, a crossing over.]
{Mil. ) Province occupied by troops commanded
by one general otBcer. England is divided into
nine, Scotland one, Ireland three, Channel
Islands two.
Distringas. [L., that you distrain.] {Leg.)
A special writ of execution addressed to a sheriff,
issued against a corporation aggregate ; or to re-
strain transfer of stock or payment of dividends
by the Bank of England.
Ditheism. [Gr, 8/-, 8^$, twice, 6(65, god.]
Belief in two gods, (Dualism.)
Dithyramb. [Gr. hlOvpaixBos.] A kind of
lyric poetry, in honour of Dionysus Bacchus,
then of the other gods also ; cultivated especially
at Athens ; degenerating from its wild lofty
style, D. became = bombast (origin of the
word unknown, but perhaps akin to Gr. Bpiofi-
fioi, L. triumphus).
DI tibl dent annos. [L.] May tlu gods give
thee years.
Ditrochsetu. [L., for Gr. inp&x^^o^.] A foot
consisting of two trochees. (Dichorseus.)
Dittany, Common or Bastard, or Fraxinella.
{Bot.) Native perennial of S. Europe, cultivated
in England ; Dictamnus fraxinella, ord. Kiitacese ;
containing a quantity of lemon-scented oil, and
giving off enough from its erect, rose-coloured,
sometimes white, raceme, to take fire from a
light, D. of Crete, a febrifuge, is the woolly
labiate Origanum dictamnus, growing abun-
dantly on Mount Dicte,
Dittay. [From L, dictare, to assert, freq. of
dic^re, to say.] The matter of a charge or in-
dictment against an accused person, in Scotland,
Taking up D. , collecting the information neces-
sary for trial,
Dittology. [Gr, 8iTToXo7«o,] A double reading
or interpretation of a text.
Ditty-bag, A sailor's bag, to hold smaller "
necessaries. D.-box, that in which he keeps his
valuables.
Diurnal motion ; D, circle; D, 'aberration. The
apparent daily motion of the heavenly bodies,
which is due to the rotation of the earth on its
axis. Consequently each star seems to describe
a circle— its D. circle — in the course of a day.
(For D. aberration, vide Aberration.)
Divan. [Pers. diwan, a book of many leaves,
a council.] 1. A council. 2. A council-cham-
ber. 8. A salon with cushioned seats. 4. A
cushioned seat or sofa along a wall.
Divaricate. [L. divarlcatus, splayed, spread
asunder, from di- for dis-, apart, and varus,
awry, grown afart.] 1. Widely divergent. 2.
To diverge widely.
Divellent. [L. dlvellens, -entis, p. part, of
divello, / pluck asunder.] Drawing asunder,
pulling apart, tending to separate.
Divergent series. (Math.) A series such that
the sum of its first n terms can be made to ex-
ceed any assigned number, however great, by
taking « large enough ; ^.^. I + 4 + i + i, etc.,
is a divergent series.
DIVE
172
DOEJ
Di Vemon. The heroine of Scott's Rob Roy,
in whom beauty, courage, straightforwardness,
and purity of heart are singularly blended.
DiTersions of Purley. Written by Home-
Tooke, 1786, et seqq. A series of dialogues on
language.
DiTersum vitio vitlum pr5p6 m&jus. [L.]
The opposite of a vice is almost a fprater vice ;
e.g. asceticism is often as selfish as self-indul-
gence.
DItSs agris, dives posltis in fenSre nummis.
[L.] Rich in lands, rich in tnomy laid out at
interest (Horace).
Divide. (Math.) To mark with graduation
line, as to divide the arc of a sextant. Dividers,
compasses used in mechanical drawing.
DIvidi et imper&. [L.] Divide and rule ;
if you can bring about disunion and disintegra-
tion in a people, you can easily keep it in
subjection.
Dividend. [L. dividendum, sum to be dtvided.'\
(Finance.) 1. Amount available to be paid to
creditors or share or stock holders, by pro rata
division. 2. The sum paid to each, the share
determined by such division. 8. The percentage
on the debt or capital so divided.
Divi divi. A Central-American plant, the
pods of which are used in tanning and as a
mordant.
Divine Comedy, La Divina Commedia. The
immortal work of Dante, or Durante Alighieri
(1 265-1321); divided into Inferno, Purgatorio,
Paradiso ; a vision of Torment, Expiation,
Bliss ; with powerful invective against existing
corruptions in Church and State ; entitled by
Dante La Commedia, because ending cheerfully,
Divina being an addition of after-times.
Divine Doctor, The. Title of Jean Ruysbroek
{1294- 1 381), a celebrated mystic and schoolman.
Divine Legation of Hoses. Bishop Warbur-
ton's work, in answer to the deisticsd works of
Shaftesbury, Tindal, and others.
Divining-rod. A rod, usually hazel, forked at
the top, used by those who pretend to find water
or metals by occult means.
Division. (Mil.) Two or more brigades (^.i'.)
of an army.
Divot. [Scot.] (Peal and dnst.) A thin
turf used for roofing cottages.
Dixie, Dixie's Land. An ideal paradise in the
Southern states. In the popular mythology of
New York City, Dixie was the negro's paradise
on earth in times when slavery and the slave-
trade were flourishing in that quarter. Dixie
owned a tract of land on Manhattan Island, and
also a large number of slaves ; and his slaves
increasing faster than his land, an emigration
ensued, such as has taken place in Virginia and
other states. Naturally, the negroes who left it
for distant parts looked to it as a place of un-
alloyed happiness, and it was the "Old Vir-
ginny " of the negroes of that day. Hence
Dixie became synonymous with an ideal locality,
combining ineffable happiness and every im-
aginable requisite of earthly beatitude. — Bart-
lett's Americanisms.
Djerrah. A Turkish barber-surgeon.
Doa. (A'aut.) A Persian trading-ship.
Doab. 1. Ttvo rivers ; the Skt. equivalent to
the Gr. Mesopotamia, L. Interamna. 2. Applied
particularly to the district between the Jumna
and the Ganges.
Doccia. A pottery and porcelain manufactory
near Florence, established 1735 ; where Capo di
Monte and Delia Robbia ware are largely
imitated.
DocetsB. [Gr. SoK^Toi.] In Eccl. Hist., those
who maintained that Christ suffered in appearance
only. (Cerdonians; Cerinthians.)
Dochmiac. [Gr. ^6xh-^os, athivarl, name of a
foot in prosody.] (Pros.) A measure of which
the type is an iambus followed by a cretic ; thus,
•^lL^^, as ^[\oi pouSaTot : but it admits of
about thirty variations.
Docimastic art. [Gr. ^omni^tw, to test.'\ The
art of assaying metals.
Docket, Docquet. 1. A small piece of paper or
parchment containing a summary or abridgment
of a greater writing. 2. A register of cases in a
court. 3. A label tied to goods, containing the
name of owner or consignee or the name of place
of delivery.
Dock herself, To. \Naut.) To settle in the
mud.
Dock-warrant. Certificate of the possession
of goods stored in a dock ; they are negotiable,
so that the rightful holder is owner of the goods
specified.
Doctissimus Bomanonim. [L.] Most learned
of the Romans ; title of the grammarian Varro.
Doctor. [L., a teacher. '\ A word first used
as a title of learned distinction in the twelfth
century. With some further epithet it has been
applied to many of the schoolmen and divines of
the Middle Ages. Thus, Thomas Aquinas is the
Angelic or Universal Doctor ; William of Ock-
ham, the Invincible ; Alexander of Hales, the
Irrefragable ; St. Bernard is the Mellifluous;
Roger Bacon, Mirabilis or Wonderful ; Thomas
Bradwardine, the Profound; Bonaventura, the Se-
raphic ; and Duns Scotus, the Subtle Doctor.
The four Greek doctors are — Athanasius, Basil,
Gregory Nazianzen, and Chrysostom. The
four Latin are — Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine of
Hippo, and Gregory the Great.
Doctrinaire. [Fr.] Given to applying favourite
doctrines in practice ; one who applies abstract
principles of a special study in practical matters,
regardless of the logic of facts.
Doddrat. \^Cf. (S.o^\^^o\\, stupid perscm.'\ 1. A
sort of hockey-stick. 2. A stupid fellow.
Dodder. (Bot.) A plant parasitic on furze,
heath, thyme, etc., with red thread-like stems,
somewhat resembling catgut. Cusciita epithy-
mum, ord. ConvolvulaceK.
Dodecahedron. (Polyhedron.)
Dodecasyllabic. Consisting of twelve [Gr.
S<tf5€»ca] syllables [(riiAAo;3ai].
Dodo. A recently extinct bird of the pigeon
kind, weighing forty or fifty pounds. Plumage
grey and brown, wings aborted. Mauritius.
Didus Ineptus, fam. and gen. Dididae, ord.
Columboe.
Doe, John. The fictitious plaintiff in an eject-
DOES
173
DOMl
ment, abolished, with equally fictitious defendant
Richard Roe, in 1852, by the Common Law
Procedure Act.
Doeskin. A close, twilled cloth.
Doff. [From do^ in old sense *' put," and off.'\
To put off, either of a dress or a suitor or
claimant. (Don.)
Dog. The carrier of a lathe.
Doge. [L. dux, ducis, a kader.'\ The supreme
magistrate of the Venetian republic. The office
had its origin towards the end of the seventh
century. The same title was also given to the
chief magistrates of Genoa. (Bneentanr. )
Dogfish. (Ichth.) Small sharks. Several
British spec. Eighteen to thirty-six inches long ;
horny eg^s ; familiar as Mermaids^ fitrses, Sea-
purses. Scj'llium and Pristiurus, fam. Scylllldce,
ord. PlSgiostomSta, sub-class Chondropt^rygii.
Dogger. [D., codfish.\ Dutch fishmg-smack
about 150 tons, generally two-masted, used in the
Dogger Bank fishery.
Doggy. A colliery superintendent, under a
butty.
Dog-star. The star a Canis majoris, or Sinus ;
the brightest of the fixed stars ; it is due south at
midnight at Greenwich about the 1st of January,
and at an altitude of about 22°.
Dog-tooth moulding. {Arch.) An ornament
in the form of four leaves arranged pyramidally
and placed in a hollow moulding. Frequently
seen in late Romanesque and Early English or
lancet-work.
Dog-vane. (Vane.)
Dog-watch. ( Watch. )
Dogwood. A small kind of underwood, used
for butchers' skewers, etc.
Doit. [D. duit.] A small Dutch coin.
Dolabriform. {Bot.) Of the shape of a /;a/<-^<-/
[L. doLabraJ ; e.g. leaves of some mesembry-
anthemums.
Dolee far niente. [It.] A phrase denoting the
pleasure of doing nothing, with reference gene-
rally to previou-s strain of work.
lloldrums. 1. Sailor's name for the region of
calms near the equator. 8. Ennui, listlcssncss.
Dole. [A.S. doel, division, Ger. theil, Goth,
dailis.] 1. A distribution, or dealing out. 2.
A portion given. 8. A boundary mark.
Dolerite. [Gr. %o\*p6i, deceit ful.\ An igneous
rock (lava, etc.) composed of felspar and augite.
D51i c&pax. [L.] {Uf;.) Capable of crime.
DoUchoceph&lic. (Braohycephalio.)
Ddllom. \X-,ciz'cry large jar.\ {Zoo/.) Gen. of
whelk, A/>/>/e tun-shell, barrel-sha)^d and with
short spire. Mediterranean and Pacific.
Dollar, i.q. Thaler. (Joachims-thaler.) A
silver coin, having different values in different
countries. In the U.S. its full weight is 416
grains, of which 37 li grains are pure silver. It
is the unit of money value in the U.S., and is
worth about 4J. 2d. The Spanish duro, or hard
dollar, has about the same value. The Prussian
thaler is worth about 2s. I \d. % the rix-doUar of
Bremen, alwut y. 4^., etc.
Dolmen. [Turk, dulaman.] A long gown
worn by Turks.
Dolmen. (Cromlech.)
Dolomite. (M. Dolomieu.) {Geol.) A crystal-
line variety of magnesian limestone.
Dolphin. {Naut.) A buoy, or a post on a
quay or beach, to make fast to. D. of the viast,
a strap of plaited cordage fastened round the
lower yards. D. -striker, a short gaff spar under
the bowsprit-end, suspended perpendicularly for
guying down the jibboom.
Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requlrat 1 [L.]
Whether craft or valour, who asks in the case of
a foe? (Virgil).
D61usm<u. {l^., evil craft.'] {Leg.) Fraud;
opposed to dolus bonus, honest stratagem.
-dom. [From A.S. dom, judgment, state ; cf.
OffjM, deposit, district, Skt. dhaman, dwelling-
place, lazu, condition, from root dha, to place,
lay, do.] Termination of words, meaning state
condition ; answering to -thum in German.
Dom. [L. dominus, master.] 1. In the
Middle Ages, a title of the pope, and afterwards
of dignitaries of the Latin Church and of certain
monastic orders. 2. The German word for
cathedral [L. domus].
Domdaniel's cave. A cave sometimes supposed
to be near Babylon ; the imaginary abode of evil
spirits, genii, and enchanters.
Dome-book, (-dom.) A book of local customs
as to judicial proceedings. Liber fudlcialis ; com-
posed under King Alfred ; lost since Edward IV.
Domesday-book. This book, called Liber
jfttdicidrius or Censudlis Anglite, and drawn
up by order of William the Conqueror, contains
a general survey of English lands, describing the
amounts under the several forms of culture, and
giving, in many cases, the number of the inhabit-
ants, free or bond.
Domett. A mixed woollen and cotton cloth.
Domicile. The place which the law regards
as that of a man's abode [L. domicilium].
Domiciliary. [L. domicilium, private resi-
dence, regular abode.] A D. visit, a visit of
officers by authority to search a private dwelling.
Dominant. [L. dcimlnans, -tis, governing.]
{Music.) 1. The fifth above the key-note. 2.
In Greg. Music, the prevailing note in the re-
citation.
Dominant tenement. {Leg.) In relation to
servitudes, the tenement in favour of which the
service is constituted.
Dominica. (Dimanche.)
Dominica in Albis. (Albis, Dominica in; Quasi-
modo. )
Dominical letter [L. Dominica, sc. dies, the
Lord's day], or Sunday letter. The days of the
year are marked in the calendar by the letters
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, repeated in order, the
1st of January being marked A. The letter
written against the first Sunday in any year is
the Dorninical letter of that year. The 29th of
February has no letter.
Dominicans. Friars of the order of St. Do-
minic, instituted in the thirteenth century.
(Orders, Mendicant.)
Dominie Sampson. The awkward but devoted
tutor, who has failed to pass his ordeal as a
preacher ; a well-known character in Scott's
Guy Mannering.
DOMI
174
DOUB
Dominion of Canada, = all British N. America
except Newfoundland. In February, 1867, upon
the combined principles of federation and local
self-government, Ontario and Quebec, i.e. Upper
and Lower C, with New Brunswick, were formed
into one dominion, under a governor-general.
Senate, and House of Commons. Afterwards
were added Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince
Edward's Island.
Domino. [It.] 1. A long cloak with a hood,
worn at masquerades. 2. A kind of mask.
Domlnus. [L.] (Univ.) Title attached to
the degree of bachelor.
-don. [Celt, dun, a hill /or/.] 1. Part of
names, as in Lon-don, Dun-mow. 2. Name or
part name of rivers, as the Don and the Ban-
don.
Don. [Sp., from L. dominus, lord, master.]
1. The Spanish form of Dom, sir, mister. 2.
( Univ. ) A fellow of a college or a professor in
the university. 8. To D. [from do, in old sense
of " put," and on\, to put oh, assume. (DofT.)
Donation of Charlemagne. (Hist.) A gift
made to the pope, A.D. 774, by Charles the
Great, of the powers which he had by conquest
over the Lombard kingdom and the exarchate
of Ravenna. It confirmed the Donation of Pepin ;
but the extent and conditions of the gift are not
known. — Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity,
bk. iv. ch. 12.
Donation of Pepin. {F/ist.) The presentation,
by the Frank king Pepin to the pope, in A.D.
755, of the keys of the chief towns in the exar-
chate of Ravenna, which he had wrested from the
Lombards.
Donations of Constantino. A clumsy and au-
dacious forgery, circ. a.d. 760, granting from C.
to the pope and his successors " palatium nostrum,
et urbem Romam, et totius Italias et occidentalium
regionum provincias, loca, civitates," etc. ; when
the seat of empire was transferred to Constanti-
nople. (See Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity,
bk. i. 72.)
Donatists. (Eccl. Hist.) A religious faction,
raised in Africa early in the fourth century by the
Numidian bishops opposed to Cecilianus, Bishop
of Carthage. Two persons named Donatus are
mentioned as leaders of this party. The name
Circamcelliones was given to the bands of country-
people who took up arms in their cause.
Donative. [L. donatlvum, a largess.] 1. Lar-
gess given by a Roman emperor to his soldiers.
2. A kind of advowson; when the king, or a
subject by his licence, founds a church or chapel,
which shall be in the gift or disposal of the
patron, and vested absolutely in the clerk by
mere donation, without presentation, institution,
or induction.
Donatory. [From L. donator, a donor, or for
donatary, L.L. donatarius, from p. part, of don-
are, to give.] {Scot. Law. ) A donee of the Crown
and recipient of escheated property.
D5nax. (Arundo.)
Donee. [Fr. donne, L. donatus.] The object
of a gift or donation.
Donga. A ravine with steep sides (S. Africa).
Donkey-engine. A small steam-engine used
as subsidiary to a large engine, pumping water
into its boilers, etc.
Donkey frigate. One carrying twenty-eight
guns, and having an upper deck.
Donna. [It., L. domlna.] Title of ladies.
Dono dedit. [L.] He gave as a gift,
Don Quixote. (Quixotism.)
Donzel. [It. donzello, O.Fr. donzel, from L. •
domlnicellus, dim. of dominus.] A young squire
or knight's attendant.
Doolah. A passage-boat of Canton river.
Dooley, Dhoolie. Covered Indian litter,
carried by a pole on men's shoulders, for the
sick and wounded.
Dop. The copper cup which holds diamonds
while being polished.
Doraz. A renegade Portuguese in Dryden's
play Don Sebastian.
Dorcas. (Dragon.)
Dorcas Societies make or collect and distribute
clothing to the poor (Acts ix. 39).
Dorey. A flat-floored, W. -Indian boat of
burden.
Dorian mode. (Greek modes.)
Dormant. [Fr.] (Her.) Lying down with the
head resting on the fore paws, as if asleep.
Dormer window. (Arch.) A window placed
in a gable projecting from a sloping roof.
Domock. A stout figured linen (made at Dor-
nock, in Scotland).
Dorsal. [L. dorsum, back.] Of or belonging
to the back, as dorsal fin in fishes.
D'Orsay, Count. A celebrated French beau
and politician, friend of Napoleon III.
Dorsibranchiate [L. dorsum, the back, Gr.
fipdyxta, gills], Notobranchidta \ySiiTos, the back,
/3po7X"», gills]. Annelids having gills along
their backs, as the sea-mouse (Aphrodite).
Dort, Synod of. An assembly of Protestant
divines, who, at D., near Rotterdam (a.d. 1618-
19), decided in favour of absolute decrees, and
excommunicated the Arminians.
Dorture. [From L. dormio, / sleep.] A
dormitory of a convent.
Dos a dos. [Fr.] Back to back.
DoBitheans. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Dositheus, who, in the first century, seems to
have given himself out as the Messiah.
Dossal, Dorsal. [L. dorsualis, on the back.]
That which hangs on the back of anything. The
cloth or hanging behind an altar. (Seredos.)
Dot. [Fr.] ZJ^Zfry, tocher, heiress's property.
Dotation. [From L. dotare, to endow, give a
marriage portion (dos, dotis) to.] 1. Act of
bestowing a dowry. 2. Endowment.
Dotheboys' HaU. The "Yorkshire school"
kept by Squeers, in Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby,
where boys were beaten, made drudges of, and
starved.
Dotted Bible. A folio edition of the Bible,
published in London, 1578.
Douane. [Fr.] Custom-house.
Douanier. French custom-house officer.
Douay Bible. (Bible, English.)
Double a ship, To. (NatU. ) To line or case
her with planking not less than two inches
thick.
DOUB
^75
DRAG
Doable-banked. {A^aut.) A boat where two
men sit on one thMrart, either each to an oar or
both to one. Double-bankers, sixty-gun frigates,
with guns along the gangway.
Double Cabinet. (King's Men.)
Doable conscioasnesa. A morbid condition,
in which the patient imagines himself, at times,
more than one person ; or, without knowing it,
has two independent sets of observation and
recollection ; thought to be connected with un-
conscious cerebration (q.v.), but not yet ex-
plained.
Doable entendre. [Fr.] Double meaning;
a speech capable of a questionable construction
as well as an innocent one.
Doable entrj. A system of book-keeping, in
which the cost price of each article or item sold
is entered by the selling price, or whereby the
debit and credit of each transaction is exhibited.
Doable qaarrel. (Daplex qaerela.)
Doable star. Two stars which appear as one
to the naked eye, and are seen as two only
when looked at through a telescope of some
power. The brightest star of the Twins (a
Geminorum) is a double star. There are many
others.
Donblet [O.Fr. doublet, dim. of double,
double, pair, from L. duplus.] 1. A throw of two
identical numl)ers with dice. 2. Doublets, a game
in which a list of words is formed, containing the
same number of letters, each of which only
differs in one letter from the next, the first and
last Ijcing given : thus, turn cat iniodog — cat, can,
tan, ton, don, dog. 3. A pair of words arising
out of the same root, but differing somewhat in
form and meaning ; so from L. abbreviarc
(through the Fr. ), abbreviate and abridf^ ; Yr.
NoUt and natal; endroit and indirect. ( Variants. )
4. A waistcoat. 6. A counterfeit gem, formed
of two pieces of crystal with a colour between
them. 6. A word or phrase accidentally re-
peated in printing.
Doabling. The lining of the mantle borne
about an escutcheon.
Donbloon. A Spanish coin, worth about ;f 3 Sj.
Spelt also Doblon. The modern doblon is, how-
ever, worth five hard dollars, or alxiut 2.0s. \od.
Doubly obliqae prismatio system. In Cry-
stallog., consists of those crjstals whose axes
contam unequal angles, and whose parameters
are unequal ; when transparent, they are optically
biaxial, as blue vitriol.
Donee pere. [Fr.] One of the twelve peers
[douze, pairs\ of French romance.
Doncenr. [Fr., sweet ness.\ A present, es-
pecially one intended to mollify or corrupt.
Donehe. [Fr.] A jet of water used in
bathing.
Doaey. {Naut.) A one-masted, flat-bottomed
vessel, of the Coromandel coast.
Dongh-boys. {Naut.) Hard dumplings boiled
in sea-water.
Doagh-fkces. A contemptuous nickname ap-
plied to the Northern abettors of negro slavery.
The term generally means a pliable politician,
one who is accessible to personal influences and
considerations. — Bartlett s Americanisms,
Doulocraoy. [Gr. 5ouAo-(fpoT»o. ] Slave-govern-
ment, government by slaves.
Doye's dung. Chiryonim, 2 Kings vi. 25 ;
some kind of pulse, called in Arabic dove's dung
or sparrow's dung ; or perhaps the root of Orin-
thogaium umbellatum ; or (?) some kind of fuel ;
or (?) to be understood literally.
Dovetail. When two boards are to be joined
neatly and securely with their faces at right
angles to each other, wedge-shaped projections
are cut on the one piece which exactly fit notches
cut in the other. The joint thus formed is called
a dovetail, from the shape of the notches and
projections.
Dowel (corr. oi Dovetail). [Fr. douille, socket. 'X
A small wedge or piece of wood driven into the
joints of brickwork, to which other pieces of wood
may be fastened by nails ; a vertical iron rod
fixed into a wall and also into a body which is
to be attached securely thereto, as a cross on
the wall of a church. (Coak.)
Dowlas. [(?) O.H.G. dwahilja, tozvel {g.v.).]
Coarse linen cloth.
Down-haal tackles. Those used to prevent
lower yards from swaying while being struck.
Downs, The. A road for ships, six miles long,
off Kent, between N. and S. Forelands.
Down with the helm. (Naut.) Put the tiller
to leeward.
Dow-parse. A sum of money presented by
the bridegroom to the bride, in some parts, on
the weddmg night.
Doyen. [Fr., L. d&anus.] Meaning a dean,
is often colloquially = the senior member of an
associated body.
Doien ; Baker's D. ; Devil's D. ; Long D. [Fr.
douzaine, L. duodecim.] Twelve. A Baker's D.,
a Devil's D., or a. Long D., = thirteen.
Drab. [O.E. drabbe, dregs.] A wooden box
for holding salt when taken out of the boiling-pan.
Drabler. Extra canvas to deepen a Bonnet.
Drachma. (Dinar.)
Draconic. Exceedingly severe ; said of laws,"
regulations. Draco is said to have been author,
or perhaps compiler, of the first written laws
[Otfffiot] of Athens, which made death the
penalty of almost all crimes. But the word is
unfair ; the legislation of D. , as far as we know
it, being a mitigation of existing law.
Draft. 1. (l^g.) A rough copy of a docu-
ment. 2. (Com.) A written order for the
payment of money, i.j. a bill of exchange.
Dragoman. [L.L. dragomannus, drogamen-
dus, from Ar. tardjuman (Targam), more rarely
truchman and trudgman.] An interpreter in
Turkey and the Levant.
Dragon. [Gr. SpoKtci', keen-sighted, Heb.
tan, Job XXX. 29, etc., tanan, to extend.] (Bibl.)
1. A beast of the desert, most probably the
jackal. 2. [Tannin, Ps. cxlviii. 7, has same
root as, but is different word from, tan, as above.]
(Bibl.) An aquatic animal. (Leviathan and
Whale.) 3. With the Greeks, any creature with
keen sight, the gazelle being called from the
same verb Dorcas. 4. A noxious serpent,
especially in Myth., those which cause drought.
(Sphinx.)
DRAG
176
DRUM
Dragonet, Skulpin. Name of two British spec,
of fish, Gemmeoiis D. (Callionymus lyra)
[Or. KaXKiiitvvfLos, beautiful-named] ; and Sordid
D. (C. DrScunculus), nine to ten inches long,
with large pectoral and ventral fins. Fam.
Gobiidse, ord. Acanthopterygii, sub-class Te-
leostel.
Dragonnadefl. Persecutions of the French
Protestants by Louis XIV. and Louis XV. ; so
called because dragoons were employed in them
against the people.
Dragon's-blood. A resin which exudes from
the fruit of a palm (Calamus dr&co), native of
Malaya, used in varnish.
Dragon's teeth. (Cadmeian victory.)
Drag-ropes are attached to guns to assist in
moving them on an emergency. D. issued to
our cavalry are lassoes.
Drakkar. (Naut.) A pirate boat formerly
used by the Normans.
Dr&matis personae. [L.] The actors in a
play. (Person.)
Drapier's Letters. Those of Dean Swift,
writing under this pseudonym in an Irish paper,
to warn the Irish against giving gold and silver
for IVoocTs halfpence, i.e. ;^ 180,000 worth of
bad copper, which W. Wood was by patent
empowered to coin.
Drastic medicines. Especially purgatives ;
acting powerfully [Gr. 5paflrTi/«<s].
Draught. 1. {Mil.) Detachment of soldiers
from the depot reinforcing the main body. 2.
^^Naut.) Of a vessel, her depth in the water.
Dranght-honse. 2 Kings x. 27 ; cesspool. So
draught. Matt. xv. 17 [Gr. d(f)«5pc5»'a].
Dravidian. Name of a family of agglutinative
non- Aryan languages, in Central India, such as
Tamil and Telegu.
Draw, To (as a sail). To fill.
Drawback. A term used to signify the paying
back of duties previously levied on goods upon
their exportation.
Draw-bar; D.-hook; D.-spriog. The hooks
which carry the coupling connecting one railway
carriage with another are Draw-hooks. The
D.-bar is the prolongation of the hook by
which it is fastened to the buffer spring, when
only one spring is used for buffers and draw-
hook ; or to the D. -spring, when each buffer
and draw-hook has its own spring.
Draweansir. The braggart in Villiers's The
Rehearsal.
Drawer. The person who creates a draft or
bill of exchange.
Drawing-room. (Levee.)
Draw-plate, or Wire-drawet' s plate. A steel
Elate furnished with a graduated series of conical
oles, through which wire can be drawn suc-
cessively till its thickness has been reduced to
the required amount, without subjecting it to a
force that would break it.
Dresden china. A delicate, semi-transparent,
highly finished china.
Dreykonigstag. With the Germans, Twelfth
Night ; Three Kings' Day, i.e. the three Magi
of tradition— Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar.
Drift, Northern D. (Boolder-clay.)
Driftland, Drofland, Dryfland. {Leg.) Yearly
rent paid by tenant for the right of driving
cattle through a manor.
Driftsail. A sail allowed to drag in the
water to check drifting.
Driftway. A passage between two shafts in
a mine.
Drill. [Ger. drillich.] 1. A coarse linen or
cotton cloth. 2. A borer. 3. An agricultural
implement.
Dripstone. (Arch.) The Moulding placed over
doors, windows, archways, etc., to carry off rain.
It is also called weather-moulding, water-table,
label, and Hood-moulding.
Driver. 1. (Mech.) A piece which com-
municates motion to another piece ; e.g. when
two toothed wheels work together, the one
which communicates motion is the D., and the
one which receives the motion is the Follower.
2. (Sails.)
Driving notes. (Music.) In syncopated pas-
sages, the notes which send on the accent to
that part of the bar which is not generally
accented.
Driving-wheels of a locomotive engine. The
wheels which are connected by means of a crank,
etc., to the pistons, and communicate motion
to the train.
Drofland. (Driftland.)
Drogheda, Statute of. (Poyning*s Law.)
Drogher. (A'atit.) A small vessel of the W.
Indies, to take off sugar, rum, etc., to ships.
Lumber- D. is a W. -Indian coaster.
Droit d'aubaine. (Fr. Law.) Right of the
king to the property of an alien at his death.
Dromio. Name of twin brothers exactly like
each other, in Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors.
Dromoes, Dromos, Dromonds. Vessels of large
burden, ships of war.
Drop-scene. The painted sheet let down in
front of the stage of a theatre, between scenes
and acts of a play.
Drosera [Gr., deTt>y], Sundew. A gen of.
curious little plants, Exogens, ord. Droseraceae,
natives of Britain, having leaves covered with
viscid red glandular hairs, in which insects are
caught, the plant being thus nourished. Mr.
Darwin's researches upon the sundew are well
known.
Drosky. [Russ. drozhki.] A low, open, four-
wheeled carriage.
Drosometer. [Gr. Sp6ffos, dew, fitrptly, to
measure.] An instrument for measuring the fall
of dew.
Drown the miller, To. (A'aut.) To put too
much water into wine, etc.
Drugpgers. (N^aidt.) Small French vessels of the
Channel ports, which carried fish to the Levant,
and brought back spices, etc.
Drugget. [Fr. droguet.] A coarse, thick
woollen cloth, stamped on one side with figures.
Druidical altars. (Cromlech.)
Drum. 1. A cylinder revolving on its axis,
on to which (or off from which) ropes are wound.
2. (Arch.) The upright part of a cupola, above
or below a dome ; generally the part belov/ it.
3. A large social gathering at a private house ;
DRUM
177
DULC
(?) from the phrase, "John Drum's entertain-
ment " (Shakespeare).
Drum, Sacred. Among Laplanders, formerly,
a kind of necessary household god in every
family ; a hollowed section of fir or beech,
covered with skins on one side, hung with rings,
beaten with a reindeer's horn ; divination was
by the movement of the rings.
Drum-Alban. Formerly name of the Gram-
pian Mountains.
Drum-head court-martial (the D. serving as
an impromptu writing-table). One held in the
field, for treachery, plundering, killing the
wounded, or other gross offence ; the sentence
is carried out on the spot.
Drum-major. The non-commissioned officer
in charge of drummers and their instruction.
Drumming. In mercantile phrase, means the
soliciting of customers. It is chiefly used in
reference to country merchants, or those sup-
posed to be such. — Bartlett's j4ptericanums.
Dmmmond light. A light produced by heat-
ing a piece of lime in the name of a jet of oxygen
and hydrogen (invented by Captain Drummond).
DnxMS. A people of the Lebanon, reaching
as far as Baalbec Regarded by the Maronites
as atheists. Some, styling themselves Okkals, or
Spiritualists, make great claims to purity.
Drjads. [Gr. ipuii, hpv6Zos.'\ In Myth., tree-
nymphs ; also called Hamadryads.
DryaaduBt, The Bev. Dr. Representative of
dry, dull learning, in some of Scott's prefatory
letters before his novels.
Dry ducking. Suspending a person a short
distance alx)ve the water. D. floggings fitting
with clothes on.
Dryfland. (Driftland.)
D17 goods. Cloths, stuffs, laces, etc., as db-
tinguished from groceries.
Dry light. (L. siccum lumen.] The clear,
bright light of the intellect, not heated by pas-
sion nor clouded by prejudice.
Dry pile. A voltaic pile, in which the liquid
b rcnlaced by leather or paper, and which is
chiefly used for electroSrtpes.
Dry point. Etching with a sharp needle with-
out the use of acid.
Drysalter. 1. A dealer in drugs and chemicals.
2. Originally a dealer in cured meats, pickles, etc.
D. 8. Q. (A'<i///.) (Abbreyiations.)
Dualism. The (i) concurrent or (2) antago-
nistic working of two principles in the same
object-matter; as (l) matter and spirit, or (2)
the Manicha-an idea of good and evil in outward
nature. (Ahriman.)
Dub. To strike, as with the flat sword, in
making a knight ; (?) the last affront he was to
endure, like •he blow of liberation from a Roman
master in the manumission of a slave. [Dub
and the Fr. adoubcr, with It., Sp., L.L., and
other forms, probably from Ger. dubban, to
strike (Liltr^).]
Du Barri. (Pompadour.)
Dubber. [Hind, dahljah.] A bottle of leather.
Dubbing. [O.E. dubban, to stn'Jte.] A greasy
dressing for leather.
Duoat. The Dutch and Austrian ducats are
gold coins worth about 9^. 4d. ; the Neapolitan
D. is a silver coin worth about 3^^. 4(2'. The
first coined ducats were Sicilian, in the twelfth
century, bearing the inscription, " Sit tibi,
Christe, datus, quem Tu regis, iste Ducatus,"
i.e. Duchy.
Duoatoon. A half-ducat, worth about ^s.
Duces tecum. [L. ] You shall bring -with you ;
name of a subpoena requiring a person to bring
into court as evidence any written instrument, etc.
Duck. [Ger. tuch, cloth.\ A light canvas,
used for sails, etc.
Duck at the yardarm, To. An old punishment
in the French navy. A rope is passed through a
block at the yardarm, to one end a cross-piece
of wood is fastened, and the prisoner sits lashed
on it ; he is then hauled up to the yardarm, and
dropped into the sea as often as ordered. D.
up, haul up a sail when it hinders seeing how to
aim a gun, or to steer.
Duck-billed platyptis. (Omithorhynchtis.)
Ducking-stool, or Cucking-stool, Coke-stool,
Gogin-stool, Castigatory, Trebucket. A stool in
which common scolds were tied and soused
in water; from the fifteenth to the eighteenth
centur)'.
Ductor Diibltantium. A treatise on questions of
casuistry, by Bishop Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667).
Buots. \L. AviC\.\x%, a leading.^ (Bot.) Tubular
vessels marked by transverse lines or dots.
Duddeeu. [Ir.] A very short clay pipe.
Dudder. A hawker of cheap goods (duds).
Duds. {Naut. ) Clothes or personal property.
Duenna. [Sp.] 1. The chief lady-in-waiting
of the Queen of Spain. 2. An elderly chaperone
or governess.
Duessa, or Fidessa. In the Fagry Queen,
"clad in scarlet red," Falsehood ; signifying the
faith of Rome, not without reference to Mary
Queen of .Scots, as representing Romish hostility
to Elizabeth. D. is the double one. Truth being
Una (q.v.).
Duff. [Eng., dough.\ A stiff flour pudding. "
Duffle. [D. duffel.] A coarse woollen cloth,
with a thick nap.
Dugong. [Malay diiy6ng.] Sea-cow, an
aquatic herbivorous mammal, similar to, but
three times as long as, the manatee. (Manatidae.)
Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea.
Dug-out. A canoe made of a hollowed tree.
Duke Humphrey, To dine with. To get no
dinner at all ; said to refer to D. H.'s walk in
Old St. Paul's, a promenade for the dinnerless.
D. H., son of Henry IV., was reported to have
been starved to death.
Duke of York's School, or Royal Military
Asylum, Chelsea, opened 1803, for 700 boys
and 300 girls, children of deceased soldiers. The
girls school has been discontinued.
Dukes. Gen. xxxyi. ; leaders of the people
[L. duces] ; so Solinus is D. of Ephesus, in
Comedy of Errors ; Theseus D. of Athens, in
Midsummer Night's Dream.
Dulcamon. Name for "The Asses' Bridge,"
the fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid.
Dtiloe est desipere in 15oo. [L.] ^Tis sweet
to play the fool in season (Horace).
DULC
17S
DURA
Dnloe et dScdrom est pro patria m5rL [L.]
// is s-u'cc( atid honourable to die for one's country
(Horace).
Duleimer. [It. dolcimela, as if dolce, sweet,
fx4Kos, song.] 1. In Dan. iii., probably bagpipe,
Heb. sumphoniah, LXX. avfKfxovla. 2. D., the
origin of the piano ; an ancient instrument, found
in some form almost everywhere ; is at first a
flat piece of wood over which, on raised con-
verging strips, strings are stretched, which are
struck by hammers held in the hand.
Dnloinea. The rustic love of Don Quixote.
Dnlla. [Gr. Sov\fla, slavery.'] In the Latin
Church, three degrees of worship are dis-
tinguished : D., the reverence paid to angels
and saints in general ; Hyperdulla, the special
veneration paid to the Virgin Mary ; and Latria,
the service of God only.
Bulooraoy. (Dooloeracy.)
DombHsraft. (Naut.) 1. Lighters, lumps,
etc., without sails. 2. The screws used in
lifting a ship.
Biua bSne se gessSrit. [L.] While ht shall
behave himself well, during good conduct.
Dumb-waiter. A set of circular shelves turn-
ing on a pivot, on which dishes and table
necessaries are placed, and brought within reach
by turning it.
Snm loqnlmnr fogit setas. [L.] While we
are speaking time is flying.
Dnmose. [L. dumus, a thorn or bush.] (Bot.)
Of compact, bushy shape.
Bomoiui. [L. dumosus.] Full of brushwood.
Dump. An old dance, somewhat slow ; named
(?) from a trick of the players striking the lute
with the fist at intervals.
Bumpage. 1. Fee paid for dumping rubbish
from carts. 2. The right of dumping, i.e. un-
loading a cart by tilting.
Dumpy level. A short instrument fitted with
a telescope, for taking levels.-
Dum spiro, spero. [L.] While I breathe 1
hope.
Dunce. A word said to be derived from Duns
Scotus Erigena, the Subtle Doctor (Doctor) ; on
the principle by which a bully is called Hector,
and a blockhead Solomon, that is, from the rule
of contraries.
Duneiad, The. Pope's satire on " dunces," i.e.
on his critics (cf. Byron's English Bards and
Scotch Reviewers).
Dunder. The lees of sugar from which rum is
made.
Dunderhead. {Naut.) 1. The devil. 2. A
stupid fellow.
Dune. [Gael, dun, hill.] (Geol.) A hillock
of drifted sand.
Dun-Edin. Name for Edinburgh in Scotch
poetry.
Dunes. [Akin to A.S. dun, do7vns.] Low
hills of blown sand, which skirt the shore in
Holland, Spain, and other countries.
Dunging. Immersing calico in a bath of
cowdung and hot water.
Dungiyah. (Naut. ) An Arabian coaster, with
great beam and a flat bottom, trading between
the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Malalior.
Dun-head. (Naut.) The after-planking of
E. -country barges, making the cabin.
Dunkers. (Origin of name unknown.) A
sect of Baptists, formed under peculiar rules in
Pennsylvania, in 1724.
Dun^ks. Dunkirk pirates.
Dunmow flitch. A prize for any married
couple who will swear that they have not
quarrelled or repented of their marriage within a
year and a day of its celebration ; instituted a.t
D., in Essex, 1244, by Robert Fitzwalter.
Dunnage. Anything packed amongst the
cargo to keep it from shifting, or placed below a
dry cargo to keep it from bilge- water. D.
battens, a second floor, slightly above the other,
to keep the cargo, etc., dry in case of a
leakage.
Duodecimals ; Duodenary. In Duodenary
arithmetic the base is 12, just as in ordinary
decimal arithmetic the base is 10 ; e.g. in the
former, 257-81 stands for 2 X 12* -f 5 X 12 -|- 7
+ A + n« J just as in the latter it stands for
2 X 10* -H 5 X 10 -I- 7 -I- f, -f jj,. Practically, a
partial use of the system is made in Duodecimals,
where the subdivisions of the foot are reckoned
by twelfths : i foot =12 primes, I prime =12
seconds, etc.
Duodenum, [L. duodeni, /it^/w^arA.] {Anat.)
The first of the small intestines in immediate
connexion with the stomach ; about twelve
inches in length.
Duos qui sequitur lepSres neutrum oapit [L. ]
//e ■zohofollo7t's two hares catches neither.
Dfiplex querela. [L.] A process, by which
an appeal from an ordinary who refuses institution
to a benefice is made to his next immediate
superior ; who may grant it if the grounds of
refusal seem insufficient.
Duplicate. (Original.)
Duplicate of a ratio. If three magnitudes are
in continued proportion, the ratio of the first to
the third is the duplicate or double of the ratio
of the first to the second. The duplicate of
the ratio of two numbers is the ratio of their
squares ; thus, 16 : 25 is the duplicate of the
ratio of 4 : 5.
Duplication. [L. duplicatio, -nem, from du-
plico, / niaJie double.] (Lang.) The process
by which one word or form develops into two
different meanings becoming attached to dif-
ferent pronunciations (or spellings), as custom
and costume from O.Fr. coustume.
Duplication of the cube. The Delian problem,
viz. to find by elementary geometry the edge of
a cube whose volume is double that of a given
cube. Under the conditions the problem is
insoluble. It can be solved to any degree of
nearness by extracting the cube root of 2. It is
a particular case of the problem of inserting two
mean proportionals between two given magni-
tudes ; i.e. given a and b find x and >/ such that
a: X :: X -.y and x ly ::y : b.
Dura mater. [L.] The outermost, as /%z il/.
is the innermost, covering enveloping the general
nervous mass of the brain. Matres, because once
imagined to give rise to the other membranes of
the body.
DURA
179
DYSE
Dflramen. (Albumiun.)
Durandal. The marvellous sword of Orlando
or Roland in romance. (Exoalibur.)
Dnranto bene plaelto. [L.] (Z<rf.) During
the sovereign's good pleasure.
Durbar. [Hind, darbar, audience-hall. \ A
lev/e held hy a chief or a representative of the
British empire in India.
Dnrden, Dame. A notable housewife of an
English popular song.
DnreBS. [O.Fr. duresse, from L. duritia,
hardness.] 1. Restraint of liberty. 2. {Leg.)
State of compulsion by wrongful imprisonment
or threats of confinement, murder, mutilation,
or mayhem, which makes a contract voidable.
Durmaat. (Bo(.) The sessile-cupped, or short-
stalked oak, Quercus sessiliflora ; this and the
common O., p^dunculata, having stalks, being
two spec., or varieties of the same spec. Com-
mon throughout Euiope.
Dnatooree. [Hind.] Custom, duty on goods.
Datch auction. A sale in which goods are
put up at a price higher than their value, lower
E rices being gradually named till some one
uys.
Duteh eaper. A light-armed D. privateer of
the seventeenth century.
Dutch olinker. [Ger. klinker.] A hard brim-
stone-coloured brick, made in Holland. Dutch
pink is chalk or whiting dyed yellow, used for
paper-staining. Dutch rush, a rough kind of
rush used for scouring and polishing. Dutch
gold, leaf, foil, mineral, or metal, is an alloy of
eleven parts of copper and two of zinc, rolled or
beaten into thin sheets.
Dutch eel-tkuyt. (Naut.) A flat -bottomed
sea-boat with lee boards, cutter-rigged and round-
looking, with two water-tight bulkheads for
keeping live fish.
Dutcniiy, To. {Naut.) To turn a square stem
into a round one.
Dutch pump. The punishment of drowning,
for one who did not pump hard. D. reckoning,
a bad day's work, everything wrong.
Dutch school. A school of painting, charac-
terized by accuracy of representation and coarse
homeliness of subject. Its chief painter was
Rembrandt.
Duty of a steam-engine. The number of foot-
pounds of work done by a steam-engine in con-
sequence of the consumption of an assigned
quantity of coal, generally a bushel (eighty-four
or ninety-four pounds) or a hundredweight.
DuumvIrL [L.] A body of two persons
who fill an office. D. scurorum, the two
keepers of the Sibylline books in ancient Rome.
Duvet. [Fr.] Down, wool, nap.
Dux fSmlna faeti [L.] A u>omctn the author
of the achievement (Virgil, of Dido).
Dyad. [Gr. Jwdi, the number t-uH>.'\ A metal
one atom of which replaces two of hydrogen in a
compound.
Dyaa. (Permian system.)
Dying Oladiator. A celebrated statue in the
Capitoline Museum ; the figure of a Gaul, with
Celtic torques or necklace. (See Byron, Childt
I/arold, canto iv. 140.)
Dying man's dinner. (N'attt.) Food hurriedly
eaten when a vessel is in great danger.
Dyke. [A.S. die, D. dijk ; cf. Gr. ruxos, wall,
Skt. dehi, rampart, mound. ] A mound or wall
of earth, as the Devil's Dyke, near Newmarket.
(Dike.)
Dykes. [An older form of ditch, from A.S.
dician, to dig.l {Geol.) Solidified walls of
molten material filling up, from below, fissures
in stratified rocks ; D. meaning walls or fences,
in Scotland.
Dynam. [Gr. ivvafit5,po7ver.'\ A unit, some-
times used for measuring the rate at which an
agent does work, viz. the work done when a
kilc^ramme is moved against gravity through one
metre in a second of time. 76 dynams = i
horse-power.
-dynamia. [Gr. SCvo^uiy, power, in sense of
excess."] {Bot.) The Linnosan xiv. and xv.
classes are Di-dynamia, having four stamens, two
longer than the others. Tetra-dynamia, having
six stamens, four being longer than the others.
(•andria. )
Dynamio. [Gr. S6y&iuK6s, poTvetful, elective.]
(Lang.) Intended to express change of meaning
or the reduplication {q.v.) of the root in forms
which express completed action.
Dynamics. 1. The science which determines
the motion of a body when the forces applied to
it are not in equilibrium (Poisson). 2. The
science which treats of the action of force, com-
prising two divisions : Statics when the forces
maintain relative rest, and Kinetics when force
produces acceleration of relative motion (Thomp-
son and Tait). In the former sense D. is exactly
equivalent to the subdivision Kinetics, when D. is
used in the latter sense.
Dynamite. [Gr. Sci'Sfiis, power.] A combi-
nation of three-fourths of nitro-glycerine with
one-fourth of powdered silica ; of a pasty consis-
tency ; exploded by a percussion cap, which
brings both percussion and fire to bear.
Dynamometer. [Gr. Ivvatus, poTver, fihpoy',
measure. ] An instrument for measuring ( i ) force,
as a spring-balance ; (2) force and motion and
therefore work, as the steam-indicator.
Dynasty. [Gr. iwaffrtla, from Svvatrrfifiv, to
be a ivyaariis, ruler, from iiva/xai, / have power.]
A succession of rulers of the same race or line,
as the /Ethiopian D. in ancient Egypt, the
Bourbon D. in France.
Dyne. A unit of force [Gr. Hvv&fiis], viz. the
force which, acting for one second on a mass of
one gramme, produces a velocity of one centi-
metre a second. It is called a C. G, S. unit.
Dynevor. The southern division of Wales in
the .Saxon period.
Dys-. [Gr. 8i;<r-.] A prefix in some compound
words, with a general notion of badness, harsh-
ness, unfavourableness ; theopposite being«2, well.
Dyschromatopsy. [Gr. Suff-, with iiifficulty,
Xpufia, -Tos, colour, H^f/is, appearatue.] Colour-
blindness.
Dysentery. [Gr. tvffttntpla, from Sixr-, tvrtpa,
boTvels.] A disease of the mucous membrane of
the colon ; with marked fever, great pain, bloody
stools, etc.
DYSP
i8o
EAST
Dyspepsia. [Gr. SvaTrf\f/ia, from Svff-, »«V(rw, /
cook, ii'ix'c'st.] Impaired or difficult digestion,
Dysphonia clericorum [Gr. Sva<l>wvia, rough-
ness o/sound], ClergyniatCs sorethroat. A general
name for those various affections of the throat
to which public speakers and singers are liable.
(Cynanohe.)
Dyspnoea. [Gr. Zvaitvoia^ from 8i;<r-, iry/w, /
breathe. \ Difficulty of breathing.
Dytisoas. [Dim. of Gr. 5cti}s, a diver.]
IVater-beetle, PentXmerous (i.e. five-jointed)
aquatic colSopt^ra.
Dyvnorint. An old name for the north of
Devonshire.
Dyvour. (Scot. Law.) Bankrupt.
Dwarf incarnation. (Myth.) The Avatar of
Vishnu as Hari, the new-born sun, who in two
strides becomes a giant, and in three accomplishes
his course.
Dwergar. (Pygmy.)
E. The fifth letter in the Greek and other
allied alphabets ; denotes, as a Latin number,
250. In Music, it marks a note of the scale
corresponding to the tni of the French and
Italians.
-«a, -«y. [Cf. ay, a, oe; A.S.] Part of
names, meaning island, as Chels-ea, Cherts-ey.
Eagle. 1. [Fr. aigle, L. Squila.] A gold coin
of the U. S. , of the value of ten dollars ; so called
from its bearing on the reverse the figure of the
American eagle. There are also double-eagles of
twenty dollars, as well as hal/a.T\d quarter eagles.
— Bartlett's Americanisms. 2. [Nesher, Micah i.
16, etc.] (Bibl.) Spec, of vulture, great griffon
V, (Gyps fulvus), four feet long, plumage yel-
lowish brown, with nearly black quill feathers
and white frill.
Eagle, or Spread eagle. (A^aut.) A man
fastened to the shrouds by his extended arms
and legs ; an old punishment.
Eagle-stone. (Nodule.)
Eagle-wood (eagle being the Malayan name
agila). Agallochum aloexylon, a very fragrant
wood, yielding incense, burnt from very early
times in India and in China.
Eagre, Eager, or Hygre. (Bore.)
Ealdorman. (Alderman.)
Eame. [A.S. earn, Ger. oheim.] Uncle.
£an. (Yean.)
Eanling. (Yeanling.)
Ear, Earing. [L. aro, Gr. i.p6u, I plough.]
Gen. xlv., i Sam. viii., etc. ; ploughing, any
manner of preparing ground for seed.
Earings. (A^aiit.) Small ropes by which the
upper corners of sails are fastened to the yard.
Earl. [Norse jarl.] At first any person of
noble race, eorl ; all others being included in the
class ceorl, or churl. (Celibacy ; Ealdorman.)
Earles-money. [Earles, from Fr. arrhes, L.
arrha, security, from a Phcenician word.]
Earnest money.
Earles-penny. The same as Earles-money.
Earl-marshal. (Marshal.) The hereditary
head of the Heralds' College.
Early English style. (Geometrical style.)
Ear-mark. The mark made on the ear of a
horse, cow, pig, or sheep by its owner ; and
hence the token or signal by which a thing is
known. So used also in the north of England.
The laws of several of the states require the ear-
mark of every proprietor to be recorded with
the town clerk, as evidence for reclaiming strays,
etc. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Earnest. In commercial transactions, the
paying down any part of the price of goods, if
it be but a penny, on the delivery of any portion
of the goods ; which, according to Blackstone,
is called in the civil law, arrha [L., earnest], and
interpreted to be " eihptionis, venditionis, con-
tractse argumentum," a proof of a real buying
and selling.
Earsh. (Earing.) Grass that grows after
ploughing.
Ears of a boat. (Naut.) The pieces of timber
forward at the same height as and outside of the
gunwale of a boat.
Earthshine, Earthlight. The faint light on
the dark part of the disc of the moon in her first
or fourth quarter, due to the sunlight scattered
from the earth, which would render the earth
visible to a spectator in the moon.
Easel. [Ger. esel, donkey.] An artist's frame
for holding the canvas on which he is painting.
Easement. [Fr. aisement.] In Law, accord-
ing to the old writers, " a service or convenience
which one neighbour hath of another by charter
or prescription without profit ; " having reference
to rights of way, watercourses, ancient lights,
etc. ; e.g. a right to divert or pen back a stream,
or to pollute it, or the air, to a certain extent
Similar are the ServUfites of Roman, and the
Servitudes of French and Scotch laws. (See an
exhaustive account in Brown's Laiu Dictionary. )
Ease the helm. (Naut.) Put it a little down.
Eassel and Wessell. Lowland Scotch for east
and west. (See Scott's Guy Alannering, ch. i.)
East Anglia. Name of Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Cambridgeshire in early English history.
East Country. (Naut.) Countries bordering
on the Baltic.
Easter eggs. ((Eufs de Paque.)
Easterliug. (Sterling.)
Eastern Empire. The Greek or Byzantine
empire, 395-1453.
Eastern States. The six states of New
England, in America — Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut.
East India Company. A chartered English
company, originally founded in 1600 for trading
EAST
i8l
ECLA
with India. Since 1748 it acquired great politi-
cal power, and at the time of its political anni-
hilation (1858) it governed as subject or tributary
the vast empire of India, which then passed to
the Crown.
Eastminster. Original name of the cathedral
church of St. Paul's, London.
East Sea. Old name of the Baltic.
Eat the wind out of a vessel, To. To steal
to windward of an opponent by very smart
seamanship.
Eaa de Laoe. [Fr.] A compound solution of
ammonia, mastic, and oil of amber, used as a
remedy for snake-bites (invented by Luce).
Ebb ; Ebb-tide. The reflux of the tide towards
the sea.
Ebbsfleet. The channel between the Isle of
Thanet and Kent in the Saxon period.
Ebeiutceotis. [From L. £b£nus, ebony.] Con-
sisting of or like ebony.
Ebionites. (Ecc/. Hist.) A sect of the first
century, who, holding opinions resembling those
afterwards maintained by the Arians, insisted on
the observance of the Mosaic Law and rejected
the authority of St. Paul.
Eblia. Arabic name of the prince of the rebel
angels exiled to the infernal r^ons for refusing
to worship Adam.
Ebonite. [Eng., ebony.] A hard, black,
elastic compound of indiarubber and sulphur,
also called vulcanite.
Ebony. 1. A punning name given to W.
Blackwood, original publisher of BlackuwuTs
Alagazitu, by James Hogg, the "Ettrick Shep-
herd." 2. '^\cVx\7sxn^iox Bloc hwHMrs Magazine.
Ebridffi Insolas. Name of the Hebrides under
the Romans.
Ebullition. [L. ebulllre, to boil over.] Boil-
ing or effervescence.
£earte. [Fr.] A game at cards, generally
played by two, in many respects like whist, but
if the hands dealt contain Lad cards the players
may throw out [ecarter] cards and take others in
their place from the pack till one is satisfied.
Eob&sis. [Gr. fK^ans, from ii€, out, fiaivu, I
go.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a necessary
consequence from a projxjsition concerning the
matter in hand is exhibited ; e.g. " Education
lessens crime, therefore excess of crime shows
defective education. "
Eebatic. (Eobasis.) {Gram.) Relating to or
indicating a result or consequence.
EcbSle. [Gr. iK^K'fi, a throioing out, from
ix, from, fidWf IV, to throw.] {A'Aet.) A digres-
sion in which a person is introduced speaking
in his very words.
Eccaleobion. [Gr. iKKa\4u, I evoke, $los,
Ir'/e.^ A hatching-machine.
Eccentric [CJr. fKKtvrpos, out of the centre] \
E. obuek; E. gear; E. strap; £. rod. 1. The
apparent proper motion of the sun is nearly
accounted for by supposing him to move uni-
formly in a circle whose centre does not coin-
cide with that of the earth. Such an orbit —
whose centre does not coincide with the centre
of motion — was called an E. in the old astro-
nomy. 8. {Meek.) A modified crank convert-
ing the circular motion of the main shaft into an
alternating rectilinear motion for working the
slide-valves of a steam-engine. It consists of a
circular disc or sheave keyed on to the shaft,
with whose axis the centre does not coincide ;
this disc is embraced by a hoop, the E. strap,
furnished with an arm, the E. rod ; the disc can
slide within the hoop, and consequently, if the
arm is properly guided, its end moves backwards
and forwards when the shaft is turned. The E.
gear is the whole of the E. apparatus. An E.
chuck holds a piece in a lathe in such a manner
that the tool cuts on it E. circles.
Eccentricity. 1. Of an eccentric circle, the
distance from the centre of the orb to the centre
of motion. 2. Of an ellipse, the distance from
focus to centre, or ratio of that distance to semi-
major axis.
Eccentricity, Error of. (Centring, Error of.)
Ecohjmosis. [Gr. iKyyyidiais.] Livid spots in
the skin, made by extravasated blood in or
under the skin ; e.g. a black eye.
Ecclesiastical Polity, Laws of. Richard
Hooker's great work, 1594, in defence of the
Church against Puritans.
Ecclesiolog7. [Gr. iKKKt\a[a, a church, xSyos,
discourse] The science which studies all matters
relating to the fabrics of ecclesiastical buildings —
their furniture, decorations, etc.
Ecdysis. [Gr. #K-SC<ris, a stripping off.]
Putting off the skin, as is doqe by snakes.
Eohelle. [Fr., L. scala.] Musical scale.
Echelon. [Fr., the step of a ladder, echelle,
L. scala.] (Mil.) Tactical movement by which
a battalion moves either directly or obliquely to its
front, by each company marching in a parallel di-
rection to, but not following the one preceding it.
Echidna. [Gr. , the throttlcr, properly of con-
strictors.] (Zool.) Australian hedgehog. Porcu-
pine ant-eater. One of the two gen. of the ord.
Monotremata (the other being the Ornithorhyn-
cus) containing two spec, E. hystrix and E.
setosa. Australia.
Eohinite. [Gr. ^x'*""* sea-urchin.] (Geol.)
Any fossil echinoderm, related to Echinus.
Echinoderm. [Gr. ^x'""^* sea-urchin, Sfpua,
skin, shell.] {Zool.) A class of Annnloida,
having an integument firm, coriaceous, or crus-
taceous, and very generally spinous, like the
sea-urchin.
Echinus. [Gr. ixivos, a hedgehog.] 1. {Arch.)
A kind of moulding under the capital of an Ionic
column, of which the chief feature is a row of
egg-shaped ornaments in relief. 2. (Zool. ) Sea-
urchin, sea-hedgehog. Gen. of class EchTnoder-
mata, having its rays connected, and their tips
turned in, so as to form a hemispheroidal
envelope of its leathery integument, which be-
comes a shell with upper and under orifices.
Eckhardt, The faithful. An old man of Ger-
man legend, who drives folk indoors on Maunday
Thursday, to save them from the terrors of a pro-
cession of the dead. Tieck made E. a fn-'hful
servant who perished to save his master's children
from the temptations of fiends.
ilclaircissement. [Fr.] A clearing up, a dis-
covery.
ECLA
182
EDRI
Eclat. [Fr.] Brilliant effect.
Eolectios. [Gr. iKKtKriK6s, picking out.'] Pro-
perly, any who borrow from other systems of
thought to complete their own. In this sense
Plato and Aristotle, and perhaps all thinkers, are
eclectics. But the name was specially applied in
the second century to the New Platonists of Alex-
andria. (Neoplatonism.)
Eclectic school. [Gr. ixMieTUcis, picking out.]
(Bolognese school.)
Eclipse [Gr. €»cAtn|'ij, a forsakins^, an eclipse] ;
Annular £.; Lonar £.; Partial iE.; Solar £.;
Total E. A Solar E. is the obscuration of the
sun caused by the moon passing between the sun
and the spectator, and is partial or total accord-
ing as the sun is partially or totally obscured at
the place where the r jscuration is greatest. If
at any place the whole disc of the moon is seen
against the sun, so as to appear surrounded by a
riiig of light, the E. is annular. A Lunar E. is
the partial or total obscuration of the moon
caused by her partial or total immersion in the
earth's shadow.
Eeliptie. The circle on the great sphere along
which the sun appears to move round the sphere
in the course of a year ; its position is marked
out in the heavens by the signs of the Zodiac.
The earth's actual motion in her orbit — to which
the sun's (apparent) proper motion is due — takes
place in the plane of the E.
Eoliptio limit. The angular distance from a
node, or the point of intersection of her orbit
with the sun's orbit, within which the moon
must be at conjunction with the sun for an eclipse
to be possible. As these orbits are inclined, it
follows that when the new moon is more than a
certain distance (17**) from a node, she passes
above or below the sun, and there is no solar
eclipse visible anywhere on tiie earth ; and when
the full moon is more than a certain distance
(11*) from a node, she does not dip into the
earth's shadow, and there is no lunar eclipse.
EolSge, Ecl5g&. A choice collection [Gr.
fKXoyn] of authors. Eclogce, elegant extracts;
and by the grammarians the Bucolics of Virgil are
also called Ecldga, Eclogues, or BucSllcon E.,
collections of Bacolies.
Eoole Folytechniqne, (Folytechnie School.)
Economic botany. [Gr. oiKovofiia, management
of a household.] B. as concerned with all arts
which supply human needs or comforts.
Economy. (Beserve.)
Economy, The. (Arcani Disciplina.)
E converso. [L.] {Log.) Conversely ; said of
a proposition formed from another proposition
with transposition of the subject and predicate,
as '' Queen Victoria is the Queen of England."
Ecorehe. \Yr., flayed.] A representation of
an animal flayed so as to show the muscles, etc.
Ecossais. [Fr.] Scotch.
Ecphasis. [Gr. fK<pa<Tis, from Ik, out, friftit I
%peak, say.] An open statement.
Ecphoneme. [Gr. iK^<iivf\yjx, exclamation.]
(Gram.) A note of admiration, thus — !
Ect&sis. [Gr., a stretching out, from e'/c, out,
relvoi, I stretch.] (Pros.) Lengthening of a
short syllable ; which was generally, however, the
going back for once to the original length of a
vowel which had become short in course of time.
Eothesis. [Gr. ^KOetTis, an exposition.] (Hist.)
A decree of the Emperor Heraclius, a.d. 639,
drawn up to put an end to the Honothelite con-
troversy. Withdrawn by the Emperor Constans,
who in 648 issued his Type, by which he imposed
silence on both sides.
Eothlipsifl. [Gr. 4K0Klrpis, a squeezing out,
from iK, out, and 0\lfieiv, to press.] (Bros.) The
elision in Latin of a syllable consisting of a
vowel followed by m, as, *' O et pr3esidi(um) ct
dulce decus meum " (Horace, Od. i. 2).
Ectypal. [Gr. iK, from, rihros, stamp, pattern,
model.] Copied, imitated.
Eotypography. [Gr. iK, out, riwos, type,
ypitpfiv, to write.] Etching in relief.
Ecurie. [Fr.] A stable.
Eozima. [Gr. iK((na, from iKCfw, I boil out or
over.] An eruption of small aggregated vesicles
on various parts of the skin.
Edda. This Norse word, signifying Grand-
mother, denotes the collection of the most ancient
Scandinavian poetry. Of the two Eddas the
Older, ascribed to Ssemund Sigfusson, is sup-
posed to have been reduced to writing about
the end of the eleventh century. The New Edda,
bearing the name of Snorri Stirluson, about two
centuries later, is an aljridgment of the Older
Edda, the parts being also rearranged. — Thorpe.
Eddish, Earsh. [A.S. edisc, from ed, again ;
cf. L. ?ii, yet, Gr. ?t(, yet, still.] Grass which
grows again after mowing or reaping, aftermath.
EdelweiBS of the Alps. Leontopodium alpi-
num, ord. Compositoe.
Edema. [Gr. oiSrj/io.] A swelling; adj.,
Edematous.
Edentata. [L. e-dentatus, having the teeth
knocked out.] (Zool.) An ord. of mammals,
some entirely toothless, as the great ant-eater
(Myrmecophaga jubata) ; all destitute of in-
cisors, as the sloth (BrSdypus).
Edessa. A principality on the Euphrates,
north and north-east of Aleppo, in the time of
the Crusades.
Edible nests. (Cnbilose.)
Edict. [L. edictum, that which is spoken out.]
In Rom. Hist., the ordinances of the Praetors,
who on taking office laid down their rules for
regulating the practice of their courts.
Edict of Milan. A proclamation issued by
Constantine, a.d. 313, securing the civil and
religious rights of Christians.
Edict of Nantes. A proclamation issued by
Henry IV. of France, 1578, securing to Protest-
ants the free exercise of their religion. Revoked
by Louis XIV., 1685.
Edition de luxe. [Fr.] A very beautifully
got up edition of a work.
Editio princeps. [L.] The original printed
edition of ancient works, often of great value to
critical scholars, as being records of readings
of manuscripts since lost.
Edredon [Fr.], i.q. eider-down; formerly
ederdon, from Ger. eider-dune.
Edrisites. A dynasty ruling in Fez in the
ninth century.
EUUC
183
ELAS
Edaot. [L. eductum, p. part, of e-duco, /
bring out.'\ That which is educed or brought
to light.
Edaleiration. [L. e, out of, dulcorare, to
suureUn.] The act of cleansing by repeated
affusion of water.
Edward VI.'s first Prayer-book. (Common
Prayer, Book of.)
Edward VI.'s second Prayer-book. (Common
Prayer, Book of.)
Eerie. [Scot.] Wild, weird.
E, Ex. L. prefix, = from, mtt of, and with
intens. force ; added to official titles, it denotes
one who used to bold the office indicated, as
ex-premUr.
Effeotive. [L. effectlvus, from efflciS, /
effect.^ {Com.) Specie or hard cash, opposed
to bills or p.iper money.
EffectiTe force. (Dyn.) The force that must
be applied to a detached particle to make it
move m precisely the same manner as that in
which it actually moves when forming part of a
moving system.
EffendL A Turkish corr. of the Greek word
avOtrnit, meaning /or J or superior, and applied
to civil functionaries as opposed to military, who
are calle<l Agas.
Efferent. (Afferent.)
EffldreMonee. [L. effloresce, I blossom forth.']
(Min.) The appearance of a whitish saline
crust on material changed by the atmosphere
from a crystalline to a powdery state ; e.g. alum
in caves, sulphate of iron on pyrites, etc.
EfiSdinntnr 6pis irrlt&menta m&15rum. [L.]
Piches the incentives to evils are dug out of the
p'ound.
Egalite. [ Fr. , equality. ] Nametaken(i792)
by Louis Philipp)e Joseph, Duke of Orleans.
Sg««ti. [ Things carried off OT out (L. egestus).]
Excretions ; matters thrown from or out of the
bodies of animals.
Eggcr. (Eggs.) (Entom.) Lasiocampa, gen.
of moth, spec. L. quercifolia, popCilifolia, etc.,
according to the trees, etc., which it affects.
Sub-fam. Bombycldae, ord. L^pTdaptdra.
Eggs, Easter. ((Eofk de P&qne.)
Egg^ Mundane. (CEofs de Paque.)
Eggshell china. China turned down in a
lathe till little but the glaze is left.
Ego. (SnbjectiTe and objeotiTe.)
Egoism. [Coined from L. Cgo, /, Fr. ego-
Isme.] 1. {Metaph.) Subjective ideality; the
tenet which limits knowledge to personal expe-
rience and existence to its phenomena. 2. Self-
love, habitual reference to self.
Egress. [L. egressus, a ^ot«^ w//.] {/Istron.)
The end of a transit of Venus or Mercury when
it is seen to pass off from the sun's disc.
Egret. [Fr. aigrette, id., O.H.G. heigro,
L.L. aigronem, O.f'r. hairon, Fr. heron.] The
white heron ; found in both hemispheres. Two
spec., the Great E. (Ardea alba) and the Little
E. (A. garzetta), occasionally found in Britain.
Fam. ArtUidae, ord. Grallae.
Egrette. (Aigrette.)
Egyptology. The scientific study of Egyptian
antiquities and language.
13
Eiconoclastes. [Gr. tiKdv, an image, K\iw, 1
break. ] Milton's answer to Eikon Bdsillke {q.v. ).
Eider-down. The down of the eider-duck
[Sw. ejder].
Eidograph. [Gr. cTSos, form, ypd<peiv, to
write.] An instrument for copying drawings.
Eidolon. [Gr., an image.] 1. A form, phan-
tom. 2. (Sdent.) A baseless theory.
Eigne. (Bastard eigne.)
Eikon Basillke. [Gr., image of the king.]
{Hist.) A Fortraiture of His Sacred Majesty
in His Solitude and Sufferings, ascribed to
Charles I., but probably written by Gaud en,
Bishop of Exeter. The recent discovery in the
Record Office of a prayer in Charles L's writing,
identical with one in E. B., has reopened the
question. The Daily News, April 24, i88o,
argues in favour of the authorship of W.
Dugard, High Master of St. Paul's, but more
recent criticism tends to confirm the authorship
of Gauden.
Eire. (Eyre.)
EirSnlkon. \Gx., pecueful.] A name for works
designed to reconcile opposite schools in politics
or theology, by showing that the points on which
they agree are more in number than those on
which they differ, or that their differences are
not fundamental.
Eisteddfod. [Welsh eistedd, to sit.] 1. An
assembly or session of Welsh bards, with com-
petition in native poetry and music ; the judges
commissioned by Welsh princes, and, after the
conquest, by English kings. The last commis-
sion was issued in 1568. 2. By a late revival,
meetings held in Wales for recitation of prize
poems, performances on the harp, etc.
Ejectment. [From L. ejTcio, / eject.] A
mixed action to recover possession of real
estate and damages and costs for wrongful
withholding, the best method of trying a title
to landed estate. The action lies against a
tenant, the plaintiff being either a claimant to
the estate or his legal representative (as trustee
or guardian), or the landlord for forfeiture by
nonpayment of rent.
Eke; also A.S. ^c, ^can, akin to L. aug-ere,
to increase, prolong.
Elan. [Fr.] Vehement impulse, such as is
supposed to characterize French soldiers when
entering into action, as contrasted with the
quieter but more steady endurance of the English.
Elastic [Gr. iXo-risf i\ourr6s, beaten out] curve;
E. fluid ; £. limits. The £. curve is the figure
assumed by the longitudinal axis of a slender
flat spring of uniform section under the action of
two equal and opposite forces. Air and other
gases are called E. fluids, because when a portion
of gas is enclosed it expands or contracts freely
when the containing space is enlarged or dimi-
nished. The E. limits of a given substance are
the extreme amount of the strain (elongation,
compression, etc.) that the substance can undergo
without permanently altering its form.
Elasticity; Modulus of £. ; Perfect E. ; etc.
The tendency of a strained (elongated, com-
pressed, distorted) body to return to its original
volume and form when the straining forces cease
ELDE
184
ELEV
to act. The E. is perfect when the body, having
been brought into a certain state of strain by the
action of certain forces, requires the continued
action of those forces to keep it in that state of
strain. The Modulus of E. of any substance is
a column of the same substance capable of pro-
ducing a pressure on its base, which is to the
weight causing a certain degree of compression
as the length of the substance is to the diminu-
tion of its length. The modulus of E. is fre-
quently given in pounds per square inch of the
cross-section of the compressed prism.
Elder Brethren. Name of the Masters of the
Trinity House.
Eldest Son of the Chnroh. A title of the Kings
of France.
El-Dorado. [Sp., the golden region.'\ The
name given by the Spaniards in the sixteenth
century to a country supposed to lie between the
Orinoco and Amazon rivers in S. America. It
is now applied to any fabulous lands of bound-
less wealth.
Eldritch. [Scot.] Ghastly, weird, fiendish.
Eleanor orosses. Memorial crosses erected on
the spots where the bier of Eleanor, wife of
Edward I., rested on its way to Westminster,
the last of these halting-places being at Charing
Cross.
Eleatic philosophy. (Hist.) The philosophic
system of Xenophanes, in the sixth century B.C.
It was confined to what he regarded as the only
objects of real knowledge, namely, the ideas of
God, or of being as it is in itself and as con-
trasted with the world of changing phenomena.
Elecampane. (Bot.) Large-leaved yellow-
flowered plant, Iniila h^Idnium [Gr. kkiviov],
ord. Composite. Native of damp meadows
in Mid. and S. Europe ; rare in Britain. Its
root once much used in medicine.
Election. {Theol.) (Arminians.)
Electors [L. electores, choosers\ under the
Empire, were princes having a voice in the
election of the Emperor. The Elector of Hesse-
Cassel is the only one who still retains the title,
the rest having become kings, grand-dukes, etc.
(Emperor ; Empire.)
Electro-biology. [Gr. ^jA-ewrpoi', amber, plos,
life, \iyo5, discourse. '\ A word used to mean a
kind of induced reverie.
Electro-chronograph. (Chronograph.)
Electrode. [Gr. tjKtKrpov, and o5os, a way.'\
The surface through which the electric current
enters the substance to be decomposed, in
electrolysis.
ElectrolysiB. [Gr. I^XfKrpov, and hiais, a
lcosening.'\ The decomposition of a body by an
electric current. Electrolyte, a body capable of
being thus decomposed.
Electro-magnet. A mass of soft iron tempo-
rarily magnetized by being placed within a coil of
wire through which an electric current passes.
Electro-plating. Precipitating a coating of
silver, etc., on some other metal by voltaic
agency.
Electnary. [L.L. electarium, elingo, / lick
out.] A medicinal compound of the consistency
of honey, into which honey, sugar, etc., enter.
Eleemosynary. [L.L dleemcsunarius, adj.,
from Gr. eAeTjjuoerwrj, alms.] 1. Relating to
alms. 2. Subsisting on alms.
Elegiac. [Gr. t\tyeiaK6s, adj., from i\eyf7ov,
a distich consisting of a (dactylic) hexameter and
a pentameter, the commonest metre of iKtyoi,
songs of mourning.] 1. Plaintive, expressing sor-
row or complaint. 8i (Metr.) Consisting of
i\eyua (see above).
I^egit. [L., he has chosen.] Name of a writ
bidding the sheriff give the judgment-creditor
the lands and tenements belonging to or occu-
pied by the debtor, to be held and enjoyed until
the debt is paid. The property is said to be
extended on an E. (Extend.) Before the right
of entry is given, the sheriff empannels a jury to
value the debtor's goods and chattels in case
they may satisfy the debt.
^8?y- [^^'f- ^Aeyoy-] A song of mourning,
a lament. (Elegiac.)
Element. [L. elfimenta, plu., first principles.]
1. A substance which cannot by any known
means be split up into any simpler form of
matter. (Abbreviations, Chimistry.) 2. (Math.)
An indefinitely small, portion of a curved line, of
a surface, or of a solid.
Elementary mathematics. A term frequently
used to denote those parts of mathematics which
can be treated without systematic reference to
infinitesimals or limits.
Elemi. A resin used for varnish.
Elenchns. [Gr. tknyxos.] (Log.) 1. Con
vincing argument in refutation, especially re-
ductio ad abstirdum or ad impossiblle. 2. Dis-
proof, refutation.
Elephant. Drawing-paper measuring twenty-
eight inches by twenty-three (from its size).
Elephantiasis [Gr. i\t<pavTid<ris, from 4\e<pas,
an elephant], or Barbados leg. 1. A disease com-
mon in hot countries, the skin becoming livid,
rugous, tumid, especially in the leg, which becomes
an elephant's leg, i.e. large, misshapen. 2. E.
GrcEcorum, a blood disease, in which the skin
becomes thick, rugous, and insensible, with
falling off of all hair except from the scalp,
hoarseness of voice, and disfiguration of the
countenance ; giving rise to the term Satyriasis
[craTupioins ; which, however, in Gr. was dif-
ferently applied].
Eleusinian Mysteries. (Gr. Hist.) A festival
held yearly at Eleusis, near Athens, in honour of
Demeter, or Mother Earth. The ceremonial set
forth the revival of nature in the spring-time, as
the return of the maiden (Kore) Persephone
(Proserpine) from the kingdom of Hades, who
had stolen her away from the plain of Enna in
the late autumn.
Elevation. [L. elSvare, /^ raw^ «/.] 1. Of a
gun, the angle made by the axis of its bore with
the horizontal plane. 2. The representation of
a building or other body on a vertical plane, by
means of perspective or some other ordinary
projection.
Elevation, Angle of ; E. of the pole. The
Angle of E. of a point is the angle, in the ver-
tical plane passing through the point and the
eye, between a horizontal line and a line drawn
ELEV
i8S
EMBA
from, the eye to the point. The E. of the pole
at any station is the arc of the meridian between
the (elevated) pole and the (rational) horizon.
It measures the latitude of the station.
Elevator. 1. A mechanical contrivance for
lifting grain, etc., to an upper floor ; also a build-
ing containing one or more elevators. 2. A
mechanical contrivance now in use at large hotels
for carrying guests to the upper stories. — Bart-
lett's Americanisms.
Eleve. \yx.\ Pupil.
Elgin marbles. A collection of statues and
other works, derived chiefly from the ruins of the
Parthenon at Athens, brought to England by Lord
Elgin, 1814, and now deposited in the British
Mu.seum. (Purthenon; Arnndelian marbles.)
Elia. A^om de plume of Charles Lamb.
Ella, Essajra of. Chief literary work of Charles
Lamb (died 1835).
Elimination. [L. e-lTmino, ItaJke out of doors. \
(Math.) The process of finding the equation
which connects certain numliers, when two
equations are given connecting those numbers
and one more number which is commonly un-
known. By an extension of the process, n
unknown numbers can be eliminated from n •{■ l
equations.
Eliot, George. Nom de plume of Mrs. Cross,
nJe (Marian) Evans, author of "Adam Bede,"
etc. (died December, 1880).
Eliquation. [L. eliquare, to strain.'] The
separation of silver from copper by adding
lead, and then melting out the silver and lead
together.
Elision. [L. elisi5nem.] {Gram.) The cutting
ofl" or the suppression of a vowel at the end of a
word, as in Greek, Latin, and Italian poetry.
Ellison. [Fr. eliseurs, c/wosers.] Two clerks
of the court or two other persons of the county,
sworn to choose a jury if the sheriff" and coroners
are challenged as partial, etc. Their choice
cannot be challenged.
Elite. [Fr.] The select few, the pick.
Elization. \1.. clixo, I thoroughly boil.] De-
coction.
Elixir. [Ar. el-ikser.] 1. The philosopher's
stone, for transmuting metals into gold. 2. A
tincture for prolonging life.
Elizabethan ware. (Crouch ware.)
Elizabeth's Prayer-book. (Common Prayer,
Book of.)
Ell. [D. eln, O.Fr. alne ; cf. L. ulna, Gr.
itKiin), forearrft.] 1. English, 45 inches. 2.
French, aune de Paris, 44 French inches or 46'9
English inches.
EUandonan. District near Kintail, in Ross-
shire, in the Tudor period.
Ellipse. [Gr. (Wfi\f/ts, a defdepuy.] (Afaih.)
The plane curve described by a point which moves
in such a manner that the sum of its distances
from two fixed points (the foci) remains the same
in all its positions. It is a central curve, and its
greatest and least diameters are called its major
and minor axes. (Conic seotions.)
Ellipsis, Ellipse. (Gram.) An omission of
words the meaning of which is implied, as,
" He struck me, not I him."
Ellipsoid [Gr. «\\ej\|»«s, an ellipse, tlSos,
form] ; E. of revolution. A solid (resembling an
egg) all whose plane sections are ellipses or
circles. An £. of revolution is formed by the
revolution of an ellipse round its greatest or least
diameter ; it is often called a Spheroid, which in
the former case is said to be prolate, and in the
latter oblate.
Elliptic compasses are made for the descrip-
tion of ellipses, as ordinary compasses for the
description of circles.
Ellipticity of the earth. The figure of the
earth is very nearly that of an oblate spheroid ;
the equatorial being the greatest diameter, the
polar the least. The ratio which the excess of
the equatorial above the polar diameter bears to
the equatorial diameter is called the E. of the
earth, and is very nearly I : 300.
Elmo, Fire of St. A name of the electric
glow known as Castor and PoUuz.
Eloge. [ Fr. ] A funeral oration.
Eloigne, Eloine, Eloign. [Fr. eloigner, from
L. clongare.] To remove to a distance.
Elongation. The angular distance of a planet
from the sun.
Eloquent Doctor, The. Doctor Facundus,
Peter Aureolus, Archbishop of Aix, fourteenth
century.
Elul. The twelfth month of civil, sixth of
ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; August — September.
Elutriate. [L. elutriare, to wash off, from
eluo, as Pliny uses it.] To cleanse or free from
alien matter by washing, especially of an aggre-
gate of heavy particles, from which hghter
particles are to be disengaged.
Eluzation. [L. e, out, luxatlo, -nem, disloca-
tion. ] Dislocation of a joint.
Elvan. A name for felspathic dykes or veins
in Cornwall.
Elves. {Afyth.) An old English word, de-
noting prol)ably beings inhabiting the waters.
(Demons; Fairies; Nymphs.)
Elydoric. [Very badly coined from Gr. iKaxov,
oil, aSup, water.] A mixture of oil and water-
colour painting.
Elysian. [Gr. iiXvffiov.] Relating to Elysium,
the region to which the souls of the good were
carried after death. It was supposed to be in
the west, beyond the columns of HerSkles
(Hercules).
Elytrum. [Gr. fKvrpoy, a cover, iXvoo, to
cover.] (Entom.) The anterior wing of a beetle,
etc., converted into a horny (chitinous) sheath
for the hinder one.
ElzSvirs. Books beautifully printed are some-
times compared to Elzevirs, that is, to works
published by the family of Elzevir, properly
Elzevier, at Amsterdam and other places, in the
seventeenth century. (Aldine editiotu.)
Em (M). The portion of space occupied by
the letter M ; used as a unit in measuring
printed matter.
Embargo. [Sp., from embargar, to arrest,
detain.] An order preventing vessels leaving
port, a detention in port.
Exnb«rrM de richesse. [Fr.] A perplexing
superabundance of riches. .
EMBA
1 86
EMPH
Embattled. [Her.) Having an outline like
the battlements of a tower. Embattled grady, or
battled embattled, signifies that each side of each
battlement rises by degrees, like a flight of steps
[L. gradus].
Ember days. [L. quatiior tempora, four
times, passing into ember through the form
qucUember, D. temper, Sw. tamperdagar, ymber-
dagar.] Fast -days, occurring at the times in the
year appointed for ordinations, being the Wed-
nesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first
Sunday in Lent, Whit Sunday, September 14,
and December 13.
Emblements. [O.Fr. embleer, It. imbiadare,
io sow with com (Fr. ble. It. biado) ; cf. A.S.
blaed, short, leaf, fruit, Ger. blatt, leaf, re-
motely akin to L. fl5s, flower, bloom, Gr. ^\(tiy,
to teem.l Growing crops of vegetable produc-
tions which are planted or sown with a view
to speedy return, as grain, root crops, or vege-
tables, tiot trees, shrubs, or grass.
Embless de gentz. [O.Fr.] Old Parliamen-
tary rolls, stealings from the people.
Embody. (Mil.) To incorporate for service
troops previously enrolled.
Embolism. [Gr. i/x-fioXifffiSi, insertion, or
ifi^6\i<Tfxa, a thing inserted ; cf. Fr. embolisme.]
1. Intercalation, insertion of days, or months,
or years between consecutive corresponding
divisions of the ordinary modes of reckoning.
2. The time inserted as above.
Embonpoint. \Yx.,in goodcase.\ Plumpness,
fulness of figure.
Embossing. [Prefix em, = L. in, and Ger.
butz, point. \ Working figures in relief, whether
by casting, cutting, or stamping.
Embouchure. [Fr.] A mouth, an opening,
as of a defile, a river, etc.
Embowed. {Her.) Curved like a bow.
Embracery. [Norm. Fr. embraserie.] An
attempt to bribe or corrupt a jury.
Embrail. To use the Brails.
Embrasure. [Fr., of doubtful origin (Littrtf).]
Opening cut in a parapet through which a gun
can be fired whilst the gunners are protected.
(Crenelle. )
Embrocation. [Gr. ifi$pfx<i>, I make to soak
/■;/.] {Med.) 1. The rubbing of a diseased part
with medicated liquid. 2. The liquid itself.
Embryology {Anat.) traces the develop-
ment of life in the fcetus, or embryo [Gr. tfifipvov,
from if, 7i'ithin, fipvw, I grow in fulness^ from
the first to the time of birth.
Emerald. A kind of type, as—
Chriatmas.
Emerald g^een. Arsenite of copper, a pigment
of this colour, very poisonous.
Emerald Isle. Name of Ireland, from the
exceeding greenness of the vegetation, caused by
the damp climate.
Emenl. [Fr., from Gr. afivpis, emery. 1 A
glazier's diamond.
Emeritus. [L.] 1. A Roman soldier was so
called after serving his full time. 2. Hence
any one who has reached the end of his term
of office.
Emerods. Deut. xxviii. 27 ; i Sam. v. ; corr.
of Heemorrhoids.
Emery. [Fr. emeri. It. smeriglio, Gr. iTfuvpis.^
A granular variety of Corundum (i/.v.), generally
mixed with iron ore ; chiefly imported from
Naxos ; found also in several parts of Europe,
Asia Minor, America, and India ; crushed and
sifted to various degrees of fineness.
Emeute. [Fr., of doubtful origin (Littre).]
Disturbance, riot.
Emication. [L. emicatio, -nem, a springing
forth.] A flying off in drops, sparks, or any small
particles, a sputtering.
Emigre. [Fr., an emigrant.] A political
refugee.
Emile. J. J. Rousseau's ideal of a perfectly
trained youth.
E milia . 1. Heroine of Chaucer's Knight's
Talc. 2. lago's wife, in Shakespeare's Othello.
Emilian Provinces = the Romagna {q.v.), to-
gether with the duchies of Parma and Modena ;
through which the ancient Via ALmilia, a con-
tinuation of the Via Flaminia, or great northern
road, passed ; formally annexed to Sardinia,
i860.
Eminent domain. {Leg.) The right of a
government to take the land of private persons
into public use.
Emir, Amir, Ameer. \^Ax., commander.] 1. An
Arabian ruler. 2. One of Mohammed's descend-
ants. The khalifs took the title of Emir-al-
Mumemin, Chief of the Faithful, corr. in the
West into Miramamolin.
Emmett's Bebellion. Napoleon having by his
agents excited discontent in Ireland against the
Government, E., son of a Dublin physician, after
interviews with the first consul at Paris, planned
a general rising, July 23, 1803. It ended in little
more than a city riot.
Empalement. [Fr.] {Her.) Conjunction of
two coats of arms in one escutcheon, parted by
a vertical line down the middle. (Pale.)
Empannel. {Leg.) The writing on a parch-
ment schedule by the sheriff the names of jurors
summoned by him.
Empawn. To pawn {q.v.), to pledge.
Emperor. {Hist.) This word, which repre-
sents L. imperator, denoted the military authority
of the consuls. On the fall of the republic, the
title was conferred first for a term of years, then
for life on Octavius (Augustus) ; and by it his
successors were known. Hence the emperor is
properly the head of the Roman world. The
imperial power conferred, a.d. 8ck>, by Leo III.
on Charles the Great (Charlemagne) was only a
revival or extension of the Western Empire. As
assumed by some sovereigns in modern times,
it is a mere arbitrary title. (Aulic Council.)
Emphysema [Gr. i/xtpvarifia, an inflation],
or Pneumatosis [Gr. , inflation]. {Med. ) A collec-
tion of air in the cellular membrane, arising
sometimes spontaneously, but generally from
some wound which affects the lungs; rarely,
the effects of certain poisons.
Emphyteusis. [Gr. in.<t>vTfV(ns, in-planttng.]
{Rom. Law.) A new ownership planted on the
real dominion, when lands or buildings are let
EMPI
187
ENDE
for yearly rent for a long term or even in per-
petuity. E. included the letting of agri vecttgdlcs.
The tenant was Emphyteuta.
Empire, The. This phrase denotes strictly the
Roman Empire, afterwards called the Holy
Roman Empire. (Emperor.) But it is also
applied to any widely extended dominions of a
single power, as the British empire.
finpiricism. 1. Knowledge which is non-
scientific, and founded upon experience [Gr.
^/iTftp^a] only. 2. In a bad sense, = quackery.
Emplastie. [Gr. ifi-irKeuniK6s, pertaining to
plastering.^ Adhesive, suitable for a plaster.
Emplastrum. [Gr. iyncXwaiiv^ a thing smeared
over ; in Galen, f/iirAa<rTpoi'. ] Medicaments of
an adhesive character spread upon leather or
other texture and applied to the botly.
Emplead. [O.Fr. empiaider.] To indict, to
accuse.
Emporiom. [Gr. itkii6piov.'\ Mart, port, depAt.
Empreuement. [Fr.] Impressive exhibition
of anxiety, eagerness, heartiness.
Empriae. [O. Fr. ; cf. It. impresa, under-
taking, from in (Fr. en, em) and premiere (Fr.
prendre), /<; /rtjJv.] Enterprise.
Empoaa. [Gr. f/i«roi/o-a.] A donkey-footed
[ocfiKwAor, "ovoaK*\[i\ hobgoblin sent by Hecate,
or identified with Hecate ; a horrible phantom.
Empyrean. [Gr. ffurvpos, ifiitbptos, from iv,
in, -Kvpffire.] A sphere of fire, supposed to exist
above the sphere of air, because the element of
fire being lighter than that of air, it would
naturally occupy the highest place.
Emp^oma. [Gr. i intvptviia.'l The smell or
taste of animal or vegetable substances burnt in
a close vessel.
Empyrenmatio. [Gr. i/nrlptviio, thing set on
{ty)Jire (wvp-).] Like burnt animal or vegetable
substances in taste or smell.
Emulsion, Mulching. As used by gardeners
= manuring.
Emunctoriee. [L. emungo, / d/ow the nose.]
Parts of the body where things excrementitious
are coUectetl for ejection.
En-. Prefix : 1. Fr. en-, from L. in, in, on,
into, against (and with intens. force), as in en-
treat ; with Tout, words, as in en-thra!l. 2. iv,
in, on (and with intens. force), as in en-tonic. 3.
Teut. for .\..S. on, c/. iwi, up, as in en-lighten.
Enaliosanria [Gr. iva\ios, marine, (raupos,
lizard] (Geol.)= great fossil aquatic lizards, as
ichthyosaurus, plesiosaurus, etc.
Enall&gS. [Gt., interchange.] (Gram.) Inter-
change of words or of modes of inflexion
between words of a sentence, as [L.] Virtus est
vltium fiigire, to flee vice is virtue, for Virtutis est
vitium fucdre, or Virtus est fiiga vitiorum.
Enamel. [Fr. ^mail.] An opaque or semi-
transparent glaze.
Enarmed. (Her.) Armed.
Enarridre. [Fr.] In the background.
EnarthrSfii. [Gr. ivdpOputris, 6.p0pov, a Joint.]
(Anat.) A ball-and-socket joint, the head of
one bone Ijeing received into the concavity of
another, as in the hip and shoulder joints, ad-
mitting an extensive range of motion. Gingly-
inus [L., Gr. fifl^^i^^At ^ ^rue hinge-joint.
two or more prominences fitting into correspond-
ing concavities, as the ankle-joint, and giving
no lateral motion.
En attendant. [Fr.] While waiting.
En avant [Fr.] Onwards, in advance.
En bloc. [Fr.] In a mass, collectively.
Resolutions ai a meeting are sometimes carried
en bloc, instead of being discussed one by one.
Encaenia, Enoenia. [Gr. ijKalvia, Eccl. Gr.,
feast of dedication.] At Oxford University, a
Commemoration of benefactors. (Dedication,
Feast of.)
Encaustic tiles. [Gr. iyicavffriKSs, from ^7-
Koidv, to burn in.] Ornamental tiles, the colours
of which are fixed by burning them in.
Enceinte. [Fr.] 1. (A/il.) (Body of the place.)
2. Pregnant, with child.
Encephalo-. [Gr. iyKt<pa\os.] The brain.
Enchiridion. [Gr. ^7x<ipf5«<H', manual, from
^"i '", X*'P> hand.] 1. Manual, handbook. 2.
A dagger.
Enchorial. (Bosetta stone.)
Enolitio. [Gr. i-yK\vTiK6i, from iv, on, k>Avw,
I lean.] (Gram.) A word, generally a particle
or pronoun, which cannot be used without a
preceding word, the accentuation of which it
often alters, as the L. interrogative -ne : audJsne ?
do you hear ? but aiidis, you hear.
Encomiastio. [Gr. 4yKutA.iaarr'iK6s, concerned
in praise, from iyK^yaov, encomium.] Laudatory,
panegyrical, full of praise.
Encondtim. [Gr. iyK<inioy (sc. ftros), an ode
sung by a Kufio^, band 0/ revellers, in praise of a
victor or distinguished man.] Elaborate praise,
panegj'ric, laudation, eulogy.
Encore. [Fr., from L. banc horam, this hour.]
A word used in demanding repetition of music.
Encr&tites. [Gr. iyKpar^fii, temperate.] (Eccl,
Hist.) A Gnostic sect, which condemned mar-
riage.
Encrinite, ^Vow-///)'. \Qxx.Kp\vov,lily.] (Geol.)
A crinoid (q.v.), with cylindrical stem; abundant
in the Muschelkelk. Allied forms abound in
many Paleozoic limestones, and some also in
Secondary rocks.
Encyclical. [Gr. iyKVK\tos, circular.] A
circular letter, whether from a Council, pope, or
bishop (see Acts xv. 23).
Encyclopaedia. [Gr., from iyKlKMos (in a
circle), iroiSeia (education) ; in late Gr., the circle
of arts and sciences. ] A work containing a general
survey of all branches of knowledge in general
articles on arts and sciences and special articles
on particular ol)jects.
Encyclopaedists. (Hist.) The French writers
whose works prepared the way for the Revolu-
tion are sometimes so called.
Encysted tumour. [Gr. iy, in, Kvffns, the
bladder.] Enclosed in a sac or cyst.
Endeavour. [Fr. en devoir, in the phrase, Se
mettre en devoir de faire, lit. to place one's self
in the task of doing, to set one's self to do; O.E.]
To cause or make to try, originally with reflexive
pron., as in " E. ourselves,' in the Ordinal and
elsewhere in Common Prayer-book.
Endeavour one's self. (Endeavour.)
Endemic, Endemial. Disease peculiar to the
ENDE
i88
ENGL
people [Gr. 8^;uos] or country ; naturalized and
always existing there.
Endermio, Endermatio. Remedies rubbed
into the skin [Gr. 5«'f>M«] or applied after the
removal of the cuticle.
End for end. {Naut.) Reversing logs,
spars, etc., e.g. if you shift a rope end for end
in a tackle, the fall becomes the standing part,
and 7nce versd ; also if a running rope runs out
through a block, or a cable runs entirely out, it
is end for end.
Endless band; E. screw. A band, strap, or
belt with its ends-fastened together, placed over
two pulleys so as to embrace a part of the cir-
cumference of each and stretched tightly enough
to enable it to take hold of them and com-
municate motion from one to the other. An
E. screw is a screw mounted so as to be capable
of rotation only, which gives motion to a re-
volving follower, or wheel furnished with
properly shaped teeth cut on its circumference,
which work with the thread of the screw.
EndohranoMata. [Gr. (viov, within, fipiyxia,
git/s.] (?) Tectibranchiate, as tornatella.
Endocarp. [Gr. evSoy, within, Kapir6s, fruit.]
(Pericarp.)
Endogenite. (Geo/.) Fossil stem of endogenous
structure. £ndogenites, a special fossil plant of
the Wealden strata.
Endogens. [Gr. tv^ov, within, ylyvofiou, yev-,
I am produced. \ {Bot.) Growing by additions
to the inside, the outside being the oldest and
hardest part ; as grasses, lilies, palms. Exogens,
by additions to the outside [«!«], with separable
bark and concentric heart-wood ; as forest trees.
Endorse. {Her.) A diminutive of the pale,
being one-fourth its size.
Endorsement. (Indorsement.)
Endosmosis ; Exosmosis. [Gr. ^fSoy, within,
t\<ii, without, wfffxSs, a thrusting.] In the
passage of fluids of different densities through
animal or vegetable membranes or porous solids ;
Endosmosis is from the outside to the inside,
Exosmosis from the inside to the outside.
Endromis. [Gr.] 1. A strong hunting-shoe.
2. A thick rug worn after running [SpSfius].
Endymion, Sleep of. -Deep and dreamless
sleep. The phrase refers to the Greek myth of
Endymion, the darling of Selene (the moon).
En effet. [Fr.] /« ej'ect.
EnSma, pron. enema. [Gr. ivt^ia, from ivlrifxt,
/ send in.] An injection, clyster.
Energetics. [Gr. fvtpyriTiK6s, active.] The
science which treats of the various transforma-
tions of Energy.
Energomens. [Gr. ii>epyoifityoi, worked in or
upon by others.] A general name for all persons
under demoniac influence. In the primitive
Church they formed a distinct class, and were
under the direction of exorcists.
^crgy [Gr. ivfpyeia, action] ; Actual E. ;
Intrinsic E. ; Kinetic E. ; Potential E. Capacity
for doing work. Actual or Kinetic E. is the
capacity of a body for doing work in virtue of
its velocity, and is proportional to its mass
multiplied by the square of its velocity. The
Intrinsic E. of a body is the work it can do in
virtue of its actual condition, without receiving
energy from without. Potential E. is the
capacity of a body for doing work in virtue of
its position relative to other bodies, or of its
parts to each other ,- e.g. when the weight of a
clock has been wound up it has potential energy
due to its position ; so the mainspring of a watch,
when wound up, has potential energy due to its
configuration.
En famille. [Fr., in family.] Without
ceremony.
Enfant gate. [Fr.] A sfo'.icd child.
Enfants perdus. [Fr., lost children.] A
forlorn hope (q.v.).
Enfant terrible. [Fr.] Lit. terrible child ;
one given to making inconvenient remarks,
more or less clever, and mostly personal, to the
confusion of present company.
Enfant trouve. [Fr.] A Joundling.
Enfeoffment. [From L.L. infeoffare, to invest
with a feud or fee. ] The act of or instrument
of investment with a feud or fee {q.v.).
Enfilade. [Fr., from enfiler, to thread.] (Mil.)
Fire from a gun or musket raking a line of
troops or the interior of the parapet, and at
the same time grazing its whole length.
En fin. \Yx., at the end.] Finally!
Enfranchise. To make free, to invest with a
franchise.
Engaged columns. {Arch.) Columns, or
shafts, of which a portion is attached to or con-
cealed by the wall. They never stand out less
than half their diameter.
Engaged wheels. Toothed wheels working
with each other.
Engagement, The, substituted by Cromwell's
Parliament for subscription to the Covenant,
bound all who ministered to swear "to be true
and faithful to the Government established,
without king and House of Peers."
En gar9on. [Fr.] In bachelor fashion.
Engineer [from L. ingenium, native talent or
power, through Fr. ingenieur] ; Civil E. ; Me-
chanical E. ; Military E. ; Royal E. Originally
one who manages engines, but now used in
several connexions. A constructor or designer
of the larger kinds of machines and engines is
a Mechanical E. One who designs and erects
structures subservient to the use of engines is
also an Engineer ; a Civil E., if the engines are
for civil usis, as locomotive engines ; a Military
E. , if the engines are for warlike uses, as heavy
guns. Hence nearly every kind of structure,
roads, bridges, canals, fortifications, are raised
by engineers, and works preliminary to their con-
struction are performed by E. Military engineers
in England are called Royal E., because their
works are carried on under royal authority.
There are also Gas E., Marine E., Mining E.,
Sanitary E., Telegraphic E., etc. ; but in some
of these c^es the word engineer has no mean-
ing, and is merely a name by which some men
choose to call themselves.
England, New. (New England.)
English. A kind of type, as —
Irish.
ENGL
189
ENTE
l}T»gli«^ pale. The portion of Ireland to
which, for some centuries after its invasion by
the English under Henry II., the dominion of
the latter was confined.
Englishry. \Villiam the Conqueror, to check
the assassination of his unpopular Normans, laid
under a heavy amercement the hundred in which
an assassinated person was found ; and he was
presumed to be Norman, unless four nearest
relations proved his E.
Engobe. [Fr., from verb engober ; Littre
compares s' engober, to stuff orWs self with food,
in Normandy.] A layer of Slip {q.v.), for semi-
liquid paste, applied to the surface of pottery.
Engoidee. [Fr., from en, m, and gueule,
mouth.^ (Her.) Having the end in the throat
of an animal.
SngraiL [Fr. engreler, from grSle, hail.^ 1.
To spot as with hail, to indent or make jagged
at the edges. 2. (J/er.) To border by a line
formed of small semicircles with the points
turned outwards.
En grand seigneur. [Fr.] In the style of a
grandee, in great state.
En groe. [Fr.] Wholesale.
EngroH. [L.L. ingrossare, to make large.']
1. To increase in bulk. 8. (l^g.) To write
out fair, in large hand (a deed or instrument).
S. (Com.) To buy up as much as possible of
anything, in order to sell at advanced rates ; to
forestall. 4. Hence to occupy wholly, to take
up all one's attention.
Enhanced. [O.Fr. enhausser, /of'jra//.] (Her.)
Placefl higher than usual on an escutcheon.
Enharmonio. [From the E. scale in Gr. Music,
y4»ot 4yapfioyiK6¥, which admitted a quarter-
tone between E and F.] 1. Having interA-als
less than semi-tones ; thus, an £. scale would
have more than the twelve piano-divisions of the
octave, and give separate sounds for GJ and
A!>. But, 2, £. modulation or change, is a
change of the name only of the note, i.e. a
treatment of notes theoretically different as if
really the same ; e.g. of A l> as if it were G S.
8. For E. Gr. Music — a short statement of which
would probably mislead — reference must be
made to such works as Stainer and Barrett's
Dictionary of Afusie.
Enlarge, To. (Naui.) Said of the wind when
it gets more astern.
Snlarger Testate. (Leg.) A kind of release
by which ulterior interest in an estate is con-
veyed to a particular tenant.
Enlightened or Illnminated Doctor. Raymond
Lully (1235-1315), a very distinguished school-
man, whose system, Ars Lulliaua, undertook to
show that the mysteries of faith were not con-
tranr to reason.
Kimanche. [Fr. manche, sleeve.] (Her.)
Covered with a sleeve ; said of the chief when
lines are drawn from the middle point of the top
to the lower corners.
SnnnL [Fr., perhaps from L. in odio, in
hate, — hateful.] Listlessness, from lack of em-
ployment, want of interests, or satiety, indiffer-
ence to pleasures and excitements. (Tedium
TitSB.)
Ennnye, fern. ee. [Fr.] One suffering from
ennui (q. v. ).
Enoch, Book of. A book written probably in
the century preceding the Christian era. It
was lost after the time of Jerome, who mentions
it ; but two Ethiopic copies were discovered by
Bruce, the African explorer. A passage from
this book is quoted in the Epistle of St. Jude.
Enodation. [L. enodatio, -nem, from enodare,
to free from knots (nodi).] Clearing from knots,
solution, untying
En petit comite. [Fr., in a small company.]
In a snug little party.
En plein jour. [Fr.] In open day.
En rapport. [Fr.] In agreement with, in
harmony with, especially of connexion by mes-
meric influence, secret sympathy or private
understanding.
En revanche. [Fr., in return.] To make
amends.
Enrollment, Enrolment. [From en- and roll.]
Recording, registration, record, register. Differs
from enlistment, as not necessarily implying
consent to military service.
Ensanguine. [En- and sanguine (verb or
sub><t.). ] To stain deeply or widely with blood.
Ensconce. To cover by a Sconce, to hide
securely.
Ensemble. [Fr.] A whole, a complete col-
lection of parts taken [L. in slmul] together.
Ensient, Enseint. (Leg.) Enceinte (q.v.), -with
child.
Ensiform. [L. ensis, a sword, forma, form.]
(Bot. ) Like a straight, narrow sword-blade ; e.g.
iris-flag.
Ena^. [Fr. ensei^, one carrying military
decorations, L. insignia.] (Mil.) The title,
until lately, of an oflicer of infantry upon receiv-
ing his first commission.
Ensigned. [L. insigne, a badge.] Adorned.
Ensilage. [Fr.] The name given to the
method of preserving Indian corn or other
fodder in a green state for winter feeding.
Ensne. [O.Fr. ensuer, L. in-sfiquor.] To
follow after.
Entablature. (Order.)
Entail. 1. (Arch.) The O.E. form of the
It. intaglio, denoting any kind of carved or
moulded decoration. 2. An estate or fee limited
to particular heirs or descendants. (Tail.)
Entanglement. A military obstacle, stems of
trees half cut through and the upper parts
picketed down to the ground, or strong wire
twisted round top of pickets a foot in length.
Entasis. [Gr.] (Arch.) The almost imper-
ceptible swelling of the shaft of a column in the
Greek orders.
Entelechy. [Gr. ^i^eXf'x*"*-] The actual
being of a thing, as opposed to simple capability
or potentiality.
Entente cordiale. [Fr.] (Dipl.) Cordial
understanding, generally between countries and
statesmen.
Enteric. [Gr. Hyrepa, bowels.] Intestinal.
E. fever, i.q. typhoid.
Enter short. (Bank.) To note down par-
ticulars of bills paid in to customers but not due
ENTE
190
EPAC
on a previous columiv not putting the amounts
into the cash column until paid. If the banker
becomes bankrupt, the customers are entitled to
their bills so entered or to the proceeds if paid.
Entete. [Fr.] Wrong in the head [tete],
obstinate, vain, captivated.
Enthymeme. [Gr. ^»'0ii/*7;;ua.] (Rhet.) 1. A
syllogism of which the premisses relate to the
contingent in the sphere of human action. 2.
Often wrongly used for an incomplete syllogism,
i.e. with one premiss suppressed.
Entire. [Fr. entier, L. integer, whole.']
Among brewers, beer combining the qualities of
different sorts, so that it can be drawn at once
without after-mixture.
Entire contract. (Leg.) A contract wherein
everything stipulated for on one side must be
performed as condition of everything being per-
formed on the other side.
Entireties, Tenancy by. {Leg.) Tenancy of
a man and wife to whom an estate is conveyed
or devised during coverture, and who are seised
per tout, each of the whole estate.
Entomology. [Gr. tv-roixov, an insect, x6yos,
an account.] The science of insects, including
other articulated animals, though possessing
more than six legs, undergoing no proper meta-
morphosis, and not having compound eyes.
Entomostraca. [Gr. itnofiov, iarpoKov, a
shell.] Small Crustacea, of low type, some bi-
valved, such as Cypris, Cythere, £stheria, etc.,
others provided with a carapace. Common in
very many formations ; e.g. Cypridiferous Weal-
den clay.
Entourage. [Fr.] Surroundings, associcUes.
Entr* acte. [Fr.] 1. The interval between the
acts of a play. 2. Any entertainment provided
at such times.
Entrance. (Alaut.) The shape of the bow
below water where it meets the sea. Also the fore
foot : it is opposed to the run.
Entrechat. [Fr., caper.] Rapid piece of
execution in dancing.
Entre chien et loup. [Fr., between dog and
wolf.] Said of twilight.
Entree. [Fr.] 1. Right of entering, privilege
of visiting. La grande E. , admission on a
formal footing ; la petite E., on a footing of
intimacy. 2. A made dish of the course before
the joint or pike de resistance.
^tre les denx vins. [Fr., between the two
wines.] Neither quite sober nor quite in-
toxicated.
Entremets. [Fr. entre, between, mets, a dish.]
1. Side dish, the chief dishes being entrees, the
joints being known as pieces de resistance ; but
originally, 2, short allegorical or dramatic enter-
tainments held during feasts. (For their con-
nexion with the Crusades and the modern opera,
vide Stainer and Barrett, Dictionary of Music.)
Entre nous [Fr.], Inter nos [L.]. Between
ourselves, in confidence.
Entrepot. [Fr., warehouse.] Magazine for
goods meant for exportation.
Entrepreneur. [Fr., contractor.] Especially,
one who brings out musical and theatrical per-
formers.
Entresol. [Fr., between the floors.] A part of
a building on a level between those of two
floors, especially the ground and first floors ; a
suite of rooms approached from a landing on a
flight of stairs. (Mezzanine.)
Enucleate. [L. enucleo, / take out (e) the
kernels (nuclei).] To explain, clear up, solve.
Enure. (Inure.) 1. To habituate, to accustom.
2. {Leg.) To take place, to be available.
Envelop. {Math.) The line or surface which
touches each of a family of lines or surfaces ;
thus, if a great number of equal circles are drawn
with their centres on the circumference of a given
circle, the envelop is two circles concentric with
the given circle.
I^velope. [Fr. enveloppe, envelopper, to
wrap up.] {Fortif.) Earthwork constructed to
shelter some weak point in the ground before
a fortification, without being brought into the
general scheme of defence.
En verite. [Fr.] In truth, really.
Envermeil. [Fr. en- and vermeil, vermil,
vermilion.] To dye red.
Environment. [Fr. environner, from en- and
viron, circuit, from L.L. virare, to turn about.]
Of any organic being, the aggregate of circum-
stances by which it is surrounded.
Envoi, Envoy. [Fr. envoye, sent.] An
address to readers or to the work itself, at the
end of a literary work.
Eocene. [Gr. ■^e6s, morn, kmvSs, new.] {Geol.)
That on which the dawn of life appears, i.e.
the lowest group of the Tertiary. Miocene [ixtiov,
less] = Middle Tertiaries, as having a smaller
percentage of recent species than Pliocene \ir\(iov,
more] — Upper Tertiary group. Pleistocene
\itKtt(fTos, most] being = post-Tertiary ; its
organic remains belonging almost wholly to
existing species.
Eolian accumulations. {Geol.) Formed by
the drifting of winds [^Eolus, god of winds] ;
called also Sub-aerial.
Eolian mode. (Gregorian modes.)
Eos, Tears of. Eos was, in Gr. Myth., the
dawn. When her son Memnon was killed,
her tears are said to have fallen from the sky in
the form of morning dew.
Eozo'io rocks. [Gr. ^(i>s, morn, (u'fi, life.]
The oldest fossiliferous rocks ; the Laurentian and
Huronian of Canada, Bohemia, etc.
£oz5on. [Gr. ijds, morn, ^wov, an animal.]
A foraminiferal organism of the Eocene rocks,
£. Canadense.
Ep-, Eph-, Epi-. Gr. prefix, ivi, =■ to, on,
over, in addition to, against, and with intens.
force.
Epact [Gr. rinfpat ivaKToi, days added, intro-
duced] ; Monthly E. ; Annual E. The Monthly
E. is the excess of the calendar month above
the lunar month. The Annual E., the excess of
the solar year above the lunar year of twelve
synodical months. The E. of any given year in
the lunar cycle is the number of days of the
moon's age on the 1st of January ; thus, during
the present century, when the golden number is
5 the epact is 14 ; in the year 1847, the golden
number was 5, and it appears from the nautical
EPAG
191
EPIG
almanacs for that year that the age of the moon
at noon on January I was fourteen days.
Epagogio. [Gr. iirayuyucis.] The same as
Indaotive.
Epanadiplosis. [Gr., added repetition.'\ {Rhet.)
The repetition of the first word of a sentence at
the end, as, " Oh, Sophonisba 1 Sophonisba,
oh!"
Epao&lSpsis. [Gr.] (Rhet.) Recurrence to
the same word or phrase.
Epanaphora. [Gr. ^irofcU^piL] (Anaphora.)
Epanastrophe. [Gr. it&vaarpo^.^ (Rhet.)
Repetition of the end of a clause at the beginning
of the next, as, " The public blame the butchers,
the butchers try to shift the responsibility on to
the farmers ;" or as, " The mouse ran up the
clock, the clock struck ' one,' " etc.
EpinSdo*. [Gr., return.] [Rhet.) 1. Re-
petition of a clause of a sentence with its parts
(which maybe slightly altered) in inverted order,
S. A return to subjects already mentioned to-
gether for separate treatment.
Ep&northdsiB. [Gr. iw&ySpBcxrtt, correction.]
(Rhet.) An effective correction of something
just said, as, " His fault, perhaps I should rather
say, crime," etc.
Ep&phos. (Apis.)
Epaulement. [Fr. ^paulement, ^paule, a
shoulder.] (Mil.) Open, covering parapet,
thrown up merely for the concealment of troops.
Epaulette. [It., from epaule, shoulder, L.
spitula.] Bullion ornament worn on the top of
tne shoulders by commissioned officers. Abo-
lished for the English army in A.D. 1 854, and
now replaced by a bullion cord,
Epiaitio. [Gr.
(Rhet.)
iwawtT'iK6s, from (-watyot,
Laudatory or encomiastic
J>raise.]
oratory.
Ep«nthSsi«. [Gr., an insertion.] In Gram.,
the insertion or doubling of a letter in a word.
(Metaplasm.)
Epergne. [Fr.] An ornamental stand for the
centre of a dinner-table ; the centre-piece of a
dinner or dessert service.
EpexSgisiB. [Gr.] Explanation. (Ezegesia.)
Ephah. (Omer.)
EphSmirldse. [Gr. i^-^fi*por, an insect living
for a day.] Neuropterous insects, of which the
may-fly or day-fly is the type.
EphSmSria. [Gr. i<^i\tupii.] 1. (Astron.) (1)
A statement, in the form of a table, of the position
of a planet on each day of the year ; as the
ephemeris of Mars. (2) A collection of these and
similar tables, published from year to year,
as The A^autical Almanac atid Astronomical
Ephemeris. 2. A journal, diary. 3. A record
of events arranged according to the day of the
year on which they have occurred.
Ephod. A sacred robe of the Jewish high
priests, afterwards worn by ordinary priests.
On the part of the ephod which covered the
shoulders of the high priest were two large
gems, each bearing the names of six of the
tribes. The ephods of the ordinary priests were
of fine linen.
Ephon. [Gr. iipopoi, overseers.] (Hist.) Chief
magistrates in many Dorian states of ancient
Greece. Those of Sparta are the most pro-
minent.
Epicede, Epicedium. [Gr. imKT]^eiov.] An
elegiac funeral song.
Epicene. [Gr. iTs'iKoivos.] (Gram.) Common
to both genders of a word, which does not change
its masc. or fem. grammatical gender whether it
stands for male or female, as L. aquila, fem.,
eagle.
Epiohlreme. [Gr. ^irixe/pr/jua.] (Rhet. and
Log.) An attempted proof, a proposition of
which the premisses need proof, and to which a
reason for their adoption is appended.
Epio poems. [Gr. tiros, a word or tale.]
Popular poems relating events belonging to
national tradition or mythology. Such are the
Iliad and Odyssey of the Greeks, the Mahahha-
rata and Ramayana of the Hindus, the Shah-
nameh of Firdusi, the Nibelungen Lied of the
Germans, etc. (JEneid.)
Epioranium. [Gr. iiti, upon, xpaylov, the skull.]
(Anat.) The scalp.
Epicurean. Anything supposed to resemble
or to belong to the philosophy of Epicurus, who
taught at Athens in the third century B.C., and
whose system is popularly regarded as making
pleasure of a sensual sort the main end of life.
Epicnri de grege porcns. [L.] A hog of
Epicurus' s herd.
Epicycle. [Gr. iiriKVKXiu, I revolve.] In the
ancient astronomy, a mode of representing the
apparent motion of a planet was that of suppos-
ing it carried round by the revolution of a small
circle — called the E. — whose centre moved uni-
formly along the circumference of a large circle
— the deferent — which was supposed to have the
earth in its centre. If necessary, a second E.
was imagined to which the first was a deferent.
Epioyolio train. [Gr. ^m/cu/cA«'w, / revolve.]
A train of mechanism the axes of which are
carried by a revolving arm or frame. Such
trains are used in various orreries, in the bobbin
and fly-frame, etc.
Epicycloid. [Epicycle (q.v.), and Gr. tlios,
form.] The curve traced out by a point on the
circumference of a circle which rolls without
sliding on a fixed circle with which it is in ex-
terior contact — the two circles being in the same
plane. If the circles are in interior contact, the
curve is a Hypocycloid.
Epideictic. [Gr. ^ttiSsiktikJj.] (Rhet.) Per-
taining to public exhibition or showing off
[^irtS(t((s, from iinZfiKvvw, I make a show] of
speeches neither forensic nor deliberative, such as
panegyrics, funeral orations, etc.
Epidemic disease. [Gr. M, upon, Stj/ioj, the
people.] One attacking many persons ft the
same time and in the same place ; opposed to
Sporadic (q.v.).
Epidermis. [Gr. iinSfpfiis, from iirl, upon,
Sfp/xa, sh'n.] Cuticle.
Epidote. [Gr. MSocrts, increase, the base of
the primary form exhibiting an increase in some
secondary forms.] A green mineral ; silicate of
alumina with lime, iron, and manganese.
Epigastriom. [Gr. iiriydffrpiov, from M,
upon, ycun-f)p, the belly.] (Med.) The upper
EPIG
192
EQUA
part of the abdomen ; popularly the pit of the
stomach.
Epiglottis. [Gr. ivlyXanris, from M, upon,
yXurris, the glottis, mouth of the windpipe.^
(Med.) Cartilage covering the opening of the
windpipe in deglutition.
Epigonotlkon, Epigonation. [Gr.] (Ecel.) A
lozenge-shaped ornament hanging from the right
side of the girdles of Eastern bishops and other
dignitaries ; in the West, used by the pope only.
Epigram. [Gr. M ypafifM, inscription, from
^ir/, on, ypd<p<i), / torite.] 1. A short, li%'ely, and
pointed poem, generally satirical. 2. A saying in
the style of such poems. 3. A Greek inscription.
Epigraph. [(jr. i-Ktypa(p4\, inscription.] 1.
An inscription. 2. A quotation placed before a
book or chapter as a motto.
Epigraphy, Epigraphe. [Gr. iinypSufrf), in-
scription.'] The study of inscriptions.
Epilogue. [Gr. iirixoyoi.] An address to
the audience at the end of the play. (Prologue.)
Epimetheus. (FrometheuB.)
Epinglette. [Fr., from epingle, a pin, L.
spinula.] (Mil.) Iron pricker for piercing the
canvas covering of the charge for a cannon.
EpIphSra. [Gr. iirt<popi, a dejluxion.] In-
voluntar)' constant trickling of tears. (Stillioide.)
Epiphysis. [Gr. liti^vai%, an on-gro7vth.\
(Anat.) At the end of the long bones ; an ossi-
fication from a separate supplementary centre.
Epiphytes [Gr. itrl, upon, <t>vT6v, a plant], or
Aerophytes {a-hp, air]. (Bot.) Air-plants;
generally orchidaceous, attached to trees, but
nourished almost entirely by the air. Parasites
[irapiffiTos, otu who lives at another's table], e.g.
mistletoe, feed upon other plants.
Epiplezis. [Gr., striking at.] (Rhet.) Per-
suasive upbraiding.
Epiploce. [Gr. ivitrXoicf], a plaiting on to.]
(Rhet.) Statement of several particulars in a
gradation of importance.
Episode. (Episodical.)
Episodical. [Gr. fTtiuriSiov.] Anything of
the nature of a digression or incidental narrative
not essential to the main plot of a poem, the
episode of the Greek drama being originally
the portion of dialogue between the songs of
the chorus.
Epistazis. [Gr., from itnari^v, I bleed at the
Ttose.] (Med.) Hemorrhage from the nose.
. Epistdla non erubescit. [L. , a letter does not
blush.] You can write things, especially in ask-
ing favours, which you cannot so easily say.
Epistoler. The reader of the Epistle in the
Communion Office.
Epistrophe. [Gr. i-Kiffrpo^, a turning to.]
(Rhet.) The ending of several consecutive
clauses or sentences with the same emphatic
word or phrase.
Epistylium, Epistyle. [Gr. iiriffrliXiov, from
ixi, on, (TTvXoi, pillars.] The lintel resting on
pillars of a building, the architrave.
Epitasis. [Gr., a stretching.] 1. The tighten-
ing of the strings and raising of the pilch, of
instrument and voice, HvtaiT being the slack-
ening. 2. The thickening of the plot of a play ;
the tension, as it were, of the main thought.
EpIthalS,iniu]n. [Gr. 4-iriea\dfxios, nuptial.)
A nuptial song or ode, such as those of Theo-
critus and Catullus.
Epithelium. [Gr. iirl, and OvX-f), the nipple.]
(Anat.) The thin cell-tissue investing the nipple,
lips, mucous membranes, etc., investing the
closed cavities also, e.g. the great serous mem-
branes, the ventricles of the brain, the interior
of the heart.
Epitrite. [Gr. dvlrptros, one and a third, as
4/^3.] A metrical foot of four syll., any one of
them being short ; a combination of spondee =
four beats with trochee or iambus = three.
Epitroohoid differs from an Epicycloid (^.v.)
in this, that the describing point is within (not
on) the circumference of the rolling [Gr. M-
Tpoxos] circle.
Epizda, [Gr. inl, upon, (wov, an animal.]
Haustellata, crustacean parasites attaching
themselves to the bodies of fish.
Epizootic diseases. [Gr. 4vl, upon, Cc»ot>, an
animal.] (Med.) Attacking brute animals at
the same time. (Epidemic disease.)
E plurlbus flnum. [L.] A unit formed out
of many ; motto of the United States.
Epoch. [Gr. iiroxh, a check, a point of time.]
In I'hys. Astron., the moment of time when a
planet is at some precisely determined point of
its orbit.
Epode. [Gr. 4it<6^6s.] 1. In the strophic
choruses of the Greek drama, the strain following
the strophe. 2. Horace's E. are = added to the
Odes. (Strophe.)
Eponymous, Eponym. [Gr. inc&yvfios, giving a
name.] In Gr. Hist., the gods or heroes were
so called whose names were borne by Greek
cities. Thus Athene was the eponym or name-
giver of Athens. (Archons.)
Epopee. [Gr. ivimoua.] Epic writings ; an
epic poem.
Epopts. [Gr. i-KOTrrai.] (Hist.) All persons
initiated in the Eleusinian Mysteries.
Epsom salts. Sulphate of magnesia.
E' pur si muove. [It., yet it moves.] Words
said to have been whispered by Galileo, when
abjuring the Heliocentric theory of astronomy.
EquEd temperament. (Music.) (Temperament.)
Equant. [L. part, of sequans, making even.]
In order to represent the observed motions of
the planets, Ptolemy supposed that in certain
cases the deferent was eccentric, and the motion
in it uniform, not about the centre, but about
another point, the Equant. (Epicycle.)
Equation [L. sequatio, -nem, «« equalizing] ; E.
of centre ; £. of a curve ; E. of payments ; E. of
time; Personal E. (Math.) When two algelsraical
expressions are connected by the sign of equality,
the whole is called an E. The E. of a curve
(or curved surface) is the algebraical relation
between the co-ordinates of any of its points.
E. of payments is a rule for answering such
questions as the following : — A owes B several
sums of money falling due at different dates, and
bearing interest from those dates ; at what time
must the whole be paid in a lump, that neithei
party may sustain loss ? In Astronomy, E. often
means the quantity by which the actual value at
EQUA
1^3
ERGO
any instant of a variable magnitude must be
increased or decreased to make it equal to its
mean value at that instant. The E. of time is
the number of minutes and seconds to be added
to or taken from the apparent solar time at an
instant to make it equal to the mean solar time
at that instant. The E. of the centre is the
difierence between the true and the mean longi-
tude of a planet at any instant. The Personal
E. of an observer is the constant error of his
observations, due to the individual peculiarities
of his organs of perception.
Equator; Celestial £. ; Magnetio S. 1. {Geog.)
The great circle on the earth's surface which is
equidistant from the poles, and divides the
earth into a northern and a southern hemisphere.
Strictly speaking, the equator is an irregular line
which is very nearly a circle and still more nearly
an ellipse. 2. {Astron. ) The great circle of the
great sphere, which is at every point 90** distant
from either pole of the heavens ; called also the
Equinoctial and the Celestial E. ; its plane coin-
cides with that of the equator of the earth,
supposed to be a sphere or spheroid. The Mag-
netic E., the line joining a series of points near
the equator at which there is no magnetic dip.
Equatorial. If a telescope can turn freely
round a fixctl axis (A) at right angles to its
direction, it will plainly sweep over a single
great circle of the heavens — or, at least, so much
of it as is above the horizon. Now suppose this
axis (A) to be firmly fixed at right angles to a
second axis (B) which can turn on fixed pivots
at its ends. The telescope can now be made to
sweep over the whole heavens in successive great
circles, which will all pass through a point in the
prolongation of the axis B. Now suppose that
this axis (B) is fixed in a direction parallel to the
earth's axis ; the telescope will now be able to
sweep over the whole heavens along great circles
passing through the poles (declination circles).
Such a telescope is said to be equatorially
tnounted, and, if supplied with properly gradu-
ated circles, is called an E. Tne axis (B) can
be turned on its pivots by clockwork, so that
when the telesco|)e is set on a particular star,
its motion is the same as that of the star, which
will therefore remain as if fixed in the field of
view as long as it is alxjve the horizon.
Eqoatori^y motmted. (Equatorial)
Equerry. [Fr. ^cuyer, from L.L. scutarius,
shield-bearer.] 1. An officer of State, under the
Master of the Horse. 8. A personal attendant
of royal or princely personages.
Equinoctial; E. oolure; E. gales; E. points.
The celestial equator. The E. points are the
points in which the celestial equator cuts the
ecliptic. The E. gales are the winds which are
believed to be prevalent about the time when
the sun, in virtue of his proper motion, passes
through the equinoctial pomts, in the spring and
autumn. (For E. colure, znde Colure.)
Equinox [L. Ecquinoctium, the time of equal
days and nights], Auttunnal ; Vernal E. That
equinoctial point through which the sun passes
from the southern to the northern hemisphere is
the Venial E. ; so called because it takes place
about the 21st of March, in the (northern)
spring ; that through which the sun passes from
the northern to the southern hemisphere is called
the Autumnal E., because it takes place about
the 23rd of September, in the (northern) autumn.
Equipage. [Fr. equiper, O. Fr. esquiper, to
fit out, properly to rig a ship, Goth, skip.]
{Mil. ) Different requisites for enabling an army
to move from one place to another.
Equipollent. [L. aequipoUeo, to have like
value.] In Log., propositions equivalent in
substance, though differing in expression.
Equites. [L., horsemen.'] In ancient Rome,
a class of citizens who served on horseback in
the army.
Equity follows law, MqttKtas s^uttitr legem
[L.], i.e. the courts of equity follow, in con-
struing documents and determining rights, the
same principles as the courts of common law,
but with some important exceptions.
Equivalent. [L. jequus, equal, vSlere, to
avail.] (Chem.) The weight of a substance that
in a compound will replace one atom of hydrogen.
Equivocal chords. (Music) Common to two
or more keys, the resolution of them being
therefore uncertain.
Equivocal generation. Apparently spon-
taneous. E. symptoms, belonging to several
diseases.
Equivoque. [Fr.] An ambiguity.
EquilleuB. [L.] A sharp-edged plank, on
which the victim is placed astride as on a horse.
Era. (Gelalsean era; Nabonassar, Era of;
Sothio period ; Tezdigard, Era of; Yugs.)
Eranian, Iranian. Name of the family of
languages comprising Zend, Old Persian, and
Armenian.
Erased. [1,. lt?isyxs, scraped off,] (Her.) Tom
off so as to leave a jagged edge.
Erasmus's Paraphrase. (Eible, English.)
Erastianism. The undue or disproportionate
exercise of secular authority in things spiritual.
( Erastus, physician to Elector Palatine Frederick
III. — died at Bale, 1583 — writing against ex-
cessive use of censures, has been supposed to
hold that all ecclesiastical authority should be
subordinate to civil.)
Er&to. [Gr.] The Muse who presided over
love poetry.
Erbium. (Tttrium.)
Erd-ktinde [Ger., earth-lore] = "Knowledge
of the face of the earth and its products," for
which the only "English name" is "physical
geography." — Kingsley's Health and Education.
ErSbus. [Gr. "Epe/Sos.] Popularly any place
of darkness, a hell. In Gr. Myth., E. was a
son of Chaos and Darkness.
ErSm&causis. [Gr. iipifia, gently, and navvi^,
a burning.] (Chem.) The gradual decay of
organic compounds ; that of slow combustion, or
oxidation, at ordinary temperatures.
Ergot. [Fr., the spur of a bird ; origin un-
known.] 1. The soft horny stub behind a horse's
pastern. 2. Ergot ot rye ftnd other grains ; a
morbid condition of the oVary, which becomes
dark and like a long spur ; caused by a minute
fungus ; sometimes administered as a medicine.
ERIC
194
ESCU
Erie, Eriach. [Ir. eiric] (Jr. Law.) A fine
paid to the relatives of a murdered person.
Erin. Early and poetic name of Ireland, in
its Latin form lerne.
Erin-go-bragh ! Ireland for ever !
Erinyes, The avenging. In Gr. Myth., the
beings who exact vengeance for bloodshed are
so called. Thus the Erinyes of Clytemnestra
haunt her son Orestes. The Erinys is the
Skt. Saranyu (the morning, whose light reveals
the hidden things of darkness).
Erl-king. [Ger. erl-konig.] A destructive
goblin of the Black Forest, especially fatal to
children ; subject of a poem by Goethe. The
legend is borrowed from Norse sagas.
Ermine. [L. pellis Armenia, the fur of the
Armenian rz.\..\ {Her.) A white fur with black
tufts. Ermines is a black fur with white tufts.
Erminois is a golden fur with black tufts.
Erminites is a white fur, with black tufts having
a red hair on each side.
Erminia. Heroine of Tasso's Jerusalem
Delivered.
Ermin Street. The Roman street or road from
London to Lincoln.
Erosion. [L. erosio, -nem, a gnawing away.]
( Geol. ) A wearing away ; e.g. a valley formed
gradually by water-erosion.
Erotic. [Gr. ipurXK6s, from tp<as, love.] 1.
Anything relating to love. 2. The works of
poets and others who write of love, as of Sappho,
Anacreon, Ovid, etc. In Gr. Myth., Eros is
one of the great cosmogonic powers. The name
reproduces that of the Vedia Ariisha, the new-
bom sun, described as a child with wings.
Erpetology. (Herpetologn^.)
Erratic. [L. erratkus, r^w/w^.] {Geol.) Carried
from its original site by water, ice, etc. ; said of
blocks, gravel.
Erse. Irish ; Erse language, a division of the
Gadhelic branch of Celtic.
Erst. [A.S. aerest, superl. of ser, ere; cf.
Ger. e.x%i, first.] First, at first, long ago.
Eructation. [L. eructatio, -nem.] A belch-
ing ; loud, sudden ejection of wind from the
stomach.
Erudition of any Christian Han, The Necessary.
(King's Book.)
/ Erysipelas. [Gr. 4pv<rivf\as, usually derived
v'^ from 4pv6p6s, red, and we'XAa, skin.] (Med.)
Inflammatory and febrile disease of the skin,
with diffused redness and swelling, largely
affecting face and head ; sometimes epidemic.
Called also Ignis sacer, the Rose, St. Anthony's
fire.
Escalade. [Fr., from It. scalata.] {Mil.) To
climb the walls of a fortress by means of ladders.
Escalloped. Edged or covered with curves in
the form of a scallop-^oW.
Escapade. [Fr.] A breach of propriety y a
freak.
Escapement ; E.-wheel. The part of a clock
or watch which oscillates with the pendulum or
balance and enables it to escape at each beat
from the action of the wheelwork, the motion
of which — produced by the weight or main-
spring — it thus regulates, is the E. The E.-
7vheel is the wheel on which the pendulum acts
directly, and which is under the continuous
action of the weight or mainspring. Called also
Scapement and Scape-wheel.
Escargatoire. [Fr. escargotiere.] A nursery
of snails [escargots].
Escarp. [Fr. escarpe, from It. scarpa.]
(Fortif.) Slope beyond a parapet or rampart,
forming the inner side of the ditch.
Escarpment. [Fr. escarpe, the outward slope
of a fortification.] The abrupt steep face of a
hill.
Eschar. [Gr. iaxiffi, fireplace, eschar.] (Med.)
Dry slough caused by burning or by caustic.
Escharotic, producing eschar.
Esoh&tology. [Gr. ^<rx«Tos, last, x6yos,word,]
1. (Theol.) The general body of opinions set
forth respecting the last things leading to the
consummation of the divine kingdom. 2. =
terminology, rek ^(rxora being the terms of a
proposition.
Escheat. [O.Fr. eschet ; cf. Fr. ^cheance,
escheat.] Corruption of blood. It differed from
forfeiture in operating on inheritance, not merely
on rents and profits.
Escheator. (Escheat.) {Old Law.) A county
officer appointed by the Lord Treasurer to make
inquest of titles by escheat.
Eschevin. The head man of an ancient guild.
Eschew. [O.Fr. eschever, eschiver, P'r.
esquiver, from. Teut. form akin to O.H.G.
skiuhan, Ger. scheuen, avoid, shun, Eng. shy.]
Flee from, shun, avoid, escape.
Escobar. A great Spanish writer on casuistry.
Escot. (Scot.) An old tax in boroughs and
corporations, paid towards the common mainten-
ance.
Escritoire. [O.Fr. ; cf Fr. ecritoire, from
L. scriptorius, pertaining to writing.] A writing-
desk.
Escrow. [O. Fr. escroue, escrowe, scroll {q.v.)^
A sealed writing delivered by A to C, to be held
until B performs some condition, upon which it
becomes an absolute deed, and C hands it over
to B, for whose benefit it purports to be drawn.
Escuage. [O.Fr.] Scutage (^.z/.).
Escurial, or Escorutl. A royal palace in Spain,
about twenty-two miles from Madrid, begun by
Philip II., in 1563.
Escutcheon. [Fr. ecusson, L. scutionem, dim.
of scutum, shield.] 1. {Her.) A
shield on which armorial bearings
are painted. If it be divided into
three equal parts by horizontal lines,
the upper part is called the chief,
the lower part the base, and the
middle part the fess. A is called
the dexter chief, B the middle chief, C the
sinister chief, D the honour point, E the fess
point, F the nombril [Fr., L. umbiliculus] or
navel point, G the dexter base, H the middle
base, I the sinister base. An E. of pretence is
the small shield in the centre of his own, on
which a man bears the coat of arms of his wife,
if she is an heiress (to show his pretension to her
lands). 2. {Naut.) The place in a ship's stern
where her name is.
ESK
195
ESTU
Esk. Celt, name of rivers \cf. Gael, and
Erse ui^e, 7vater, as in whisky ; Welsh wysg,
Ji. Usk ; also Ex, Exe, Axios, Axe, Ux-,
Wash, Wis-].
Sskdale. Name of the north-east part of
Dumfriesshire in the Stuart period, formerly part
of Annandale.
Esmaroh bandage. Brought out by Professor
E., German, in the Franco-German war ; used
by Ambulance classes (q.v.) ; simple, and most
valuable as first aid to the injured, pending the
arrival of a doctor ; may be used in thirty-two
different ways. A yard of calico, cut diagonally,
makes two E. B.
Esmond, Henry. Hero of Thackeray's novel
Esmond, a chivalrous Jacobite of Queen Anne's
reign.
Esneoea. Royal yacht, or perhaps transport,
of the twelfth century.
Esneey. [From O.Fr. aisn^.] ^Ltg.) The
right of the eldest coparcener to choose first in
the division of the inheritance.
Esoteric. (Exoteric.)
Espalier. [Fr., from It. spalla, shoulder.\ A
tree, trained to spread on stakes or poles, or
along a wall.
Esparto. [Sp., from Gr. trwipros.] A kind of
Spanish nish, used for making cordage, paper,
etc.
Espials. [ATau/.) Night watches in dock-
yards and harbours ; usually a boat told off for
the purjiose.
Espieglerie. [Fr.] Koguishruss, archness.
(Calemboor.)
Espionage. [Fr.] Employment of spies, ob-
servation by spies.
Esplanade. [Fr., from It. splanata.] (Mil.)
Open spaces left between glacis of citadel and
town, to prevent latter from being used as cover
in attacking former.
Espousals. [L. sponsalTa, from spondeo, /
pledge J\ Contract of marriage, betrothal. In
the Eastern Church, betrothals precede mar-
riage, and are binding, as they are in Germany.
Esprit de corps. [Fr.] IjoyvA attachment to
a body of which one is a member, zeal for one's
order.
Esprit fort. [Fr.] Advanced thinker, bold
spirit.
EsqoIIine. [L. EsquTlinus (collis).] The
Esfjuiline Hill on the east of Rome.
Esquire. [Fr. ^cuyer, escuyer, L. scutarius,
one who carries a knight's shield (scutum).]
A gentleman bearing arms under the rank of
knight. A captain's commission confers the title.
Esqnisse. [Fr.] The first sketch of a picture
or motlel of a statue.
Essay on Education. That of John Locke
(1632-1704) ; important, as having mainly con-
tributed to the change by which a more enlarged
and liberal education replaced the universal and
excessive attention to mere philology ; and by
which the appeal to a pupil's conscientiousness
replaced tyrannical authority.
Essay on the Human Understanding. The
most celebrated and most important work of
John Locke (1632-1704); the first application
of the inductive method to the consideration of
mental phenomena ; which are traced to sensa-
tion and deflexion only ; in opposition to the
doctrine of innate ideas.
Essenes. A sect of Jews, mentioned by Philo
and Josephus as leading a life of solitude and
contemplation, as believing in the life to come,
and interpreting all the Scriptures allegorically.
Essential notes. {Music.) The key-note, third,
and fifth.
Essential oil. [L. essentia, the very being.'\
A volatile oil to which a plant owes its charac-
teristic odour.
Essoin, Essoign, Assoign. [O.Fr. essoine, L.L.
sonia, excuse, exoniare, essoniare, toexcuse.'\ (Leg. )
Excuse for non-appearance to answer an action,
etc., by reason of illness or other just cause.
Essorant. [Fr. s'essorer, to soar, L. ex-aurare.]
{Her. ) With outspread wings in act to fly.
Estafette. [Fr.] A courier who takes mes-
sages, etc., as one of a system of relays, an
express messenger.
Estaminet. [Fr. ; " origin unknown," Littre,
who gives, as conjectures, etamine, stuff, of the
tablecloth ; Ger. stramm, in sense of fatigued ;
Flem. stamenay, from stamm, family stock, as
if = familiar gathering.] A tap, smoking-room.
Estanques. Weirs or kiddles in rivers.
Estates of the realm, Three. Clergy, nobles,
and commons.
Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a viedium
in all things.
Estoilee. [O.Fr. estoile, star.'\ Having the
form of a star, generally four-rayed.
Estoliland. Name given to a great tract of
Arctic N. America by imaginative persons in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Est opirsB pretilum. [L.] It is tvorth while.
Esto perpettia. [L.] Be thou everlasting ;
addressed to Venice by Paiil Sarpi.
Estopilla. [Sp.] A long lawn or mixed linen
fabric made in Silesia.
Estoppel. [From O.Fr. estoper, L.L. stup-
pare, to stop up with tow (L. siuppa).] (Leg.)
A conclusive admission which bars further
pleading on the point or points concerned, as
that one who disputes a title is the possessor's
tenant, and therefore debaiTed from disputing
the title.
Estovers. [From O.Fr. estoffe, Fr. etoffe,
'l»ff;<f- Ger. %\.oW, material.] (Leg.) Neces-
saries of life, sustenance, alimony.
Estrade. [Fr. estrade, Sp. estrado, It. strato,
L. stratum, a parchment, a coverlet, from root of
stemo, / spread out.] A level space, a level
dais in a room.
Estreat. [O.Fr. estrait, from L. extractum,
extract.] (Leg.) The true extract, copy, or note
of a writing or record, especially of recognizances,
fines, amercements, etc., entered on the rolls 01
a court.
Estrioh, Estridge. (Ostrich.)
Estuary. [L. aestuarium, a part of the coast
covered at yf^otZ-Z/V/f only.] (Geog.) An inlet at
the mouth of a river into which the tides of the
sea enter ; as the estuary 'of the Severn.
Estuation. (Bestuation.)
ETAB
196
EUEM
Etablissement. [Fr.] Establishment, institu-
tion, shop.
Etagere. [Fr.] A whatnot, a piece of furni-
ture with several shelves or stages.
Etappen. [Fr. etape, rations, formerly estaple,
L. stapula.] The arrangements for establishing
depots and forwarding supplies along the com-
munications of an advancing army.
Etat in^jor. [Fr.] Staff, staff office.
Etching. [Ger. atzen, to eat or corrode. '\
Producing designs on metal or glass by corrod-
ing it with strong acid, the rest of the surface
being protected by a coating of wax called the
etching-ground.
Etesian winds. [Gr. irriffiai {ivefioi), yearly
vtnds.] Monsoons, especially north-west winds
which blow in the i?igean Sea for forty days
after the rising of the Dog-star.
Ethanim (i Kings viii.), or Tisri (q.v.). First
month of civil, seventh of ecclesiastical, Jewish
year, September — October.
Ethelo-proxenoB. (Proxenos.)
Ether. [L. aether, Gr. al&i)p, the upper air."]
1. (FAys.) A medium of perfect elasticity and
extreme tenuity, supposed to pervade space, and
to propagate imdulatory movements which affect
us with the sensation of light and radiant heat.
2. (Chetn.) A light volatile liquid obtained by
distilling alcohol.
Ethics. [Gr. ^iBikSs, from ^Oos, mora/ temper.]
The science which treats of the nature and laws
of voluntary actions in man, and so seeks to
determine his moral duty. Ethics therefore and
morals denote the same thing.
Ethiopian language. (Enoch, Book of.)
Ethiops mineral. (^Ithiops mineral.)
Ethnography. [Gr. iQvoi, race, ypd<f>oo, J
write.] The descriptive branch or view of
ethnology {q.v.).
Ethnology. [Gr. iQvoi, race, \6-yos, account.]
The study of the characteristics, relations, and
origin of the various races of mankind.
Etiam periere rulnas. [L.] £ven the ruins
have perished.
Etiolation. [Fr. etioler, L. stipulare, from
stipula, a stalk.] (Bot.) Blanching, natural or
artificial.
Etiology. (JEtiology.)
£t monere et moneri. [L., to warn and to
be warned.] Both to give and to receive advice,
reproof; with Cicero, one of the essential marks
of friendship.
Etrennes. [Fr.] New Year's gift, Christ-
mas-box.
Etraria, Kingdom of. 1. Constituted under
the ancient name out of the territory of Tuscany,
from 1801 to 1814. 2. Name of the chief pottery
district in Staffordshire ; so called owing to the
celebrity of the ware of ancient Etruria.
Etruscan language. The speech of the people
of ancient Etruria. It is probably a Turanian
dialect. — Taylor, Etruscan Researches.
Etsba. [Heb.] A Jewish measure of length,
= a finger's breadth.
Ettrick Shepherd, The. Name given to the
Scotch poet, James Hogg (1772-1835), a shep-
herd in the forest of Ettrick, Selkirkshire.
Et tu, Brute ! [L. ] You too, Brutus ! said by
Coesar on seeing his friend Brutus among his
assassins.
Etymologicum Magnum, Eiym. Mag. A
large Greek etymological lexicon, compiled in
the eleventh century, useful, but necessarily quite
untrustworthy as to derivations.
Etymology. [Gr. iTvixoKoyla, from frvfiov,
etymon (q.v.), \6yos, account, discourse.] 1.
(Lang. ) The branch of philology, or of the science
of language, which traces the history of special
words and inquires into their early forms, mean-
ings, and elements. 2. (Gram.) Classification
of the inflexional changes exhibited by the
words of a language, and of phonetic changes
from the earliest recorded forms of the language.
Etymon. [Gr. tTvixov (Ion. Gr.), that which
is real.] (Lang.) 1. The original sense of a
word determined by tracing its derivation. 2,
The original form of a word as restored approxi-
mately by the comparative method. 3. A primi-
tive item of speech, a radical.
En- [Gr. eS, 7vell.]
Eucalyptus. (Bot.) A large gen. of Austra-
lian trees, known as gum-trees. • E. globiilus is
much planted in S. Europe as a preventive of
malaria and fever. Ord. Myrtaces.
Eucharist. [Gr. euxop'o'Tfa, thanksgiving.]
( Theol. ) The sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
(Consubstantiation ; Sacrament ; Transubstantia-
tion.)
Euchelaion. [Gr., oil used with prayer.] In
the Eastern Church, penitents conscious of
grievous sins are anointed with oil which is
consecrated once a year by the bishop. (Extreme
Unction.)
Euchologium. [Gr. *6x<'^<'7^<"'> ^ prayer-
book.] (Eccl.) The chief liturgical book of the
Greek Church, containing everything relating to
religious ceremonial. Euchologium sometimes
= (Rom.) Uissal or Breviary.
Euchre. A German and American game of
cards, in which the knave of trumps, the right
bower [Ger. baur, knave], is the highest card.
Eudiometer. [Gr. ^hhia,, fair weather, fiLfTptIv,
to measure.] An instrument invented for analyz-
ing air, or determining the proportion of oxygen
present. Its use is now extended to the analysis
of various gases.
Eudoxians. (Eccl. Hist.) A branch of the
Arians, who adopted the opinions of Eudoxius,
Bishop of Antioch, in the fourth century.
Euerggtes. [Gr. , a benefactor.] A title be-
stowed by the Greeks on some who deserved
well of the State, and applied especially to some
of the Egyptian Ptolemies ; Luke xxii. 25. A
title common on the coins of the Syrian kings.
Euemerism, Euhemerism. The system by
which Euemeros, a Sicilian author of the time of
Alexander the Great, converted mythology into
plausible historical narrative by setting aside all
unlikely, or impossible, or extraordinary incidents
recorded in ancient traditions. Thus Zeus, or
Jupiter, became a mortal man who, for benefits
done to his fellows, was after his death worshipped
as a god. We find the germs of this system both in
Herodotus and in Thucydides. (Caput mortunm.)
EUGU
197
EVIC
Eugabine, EnguTine, Tables. Seven tablets
inscribed with prayers and formulae in Umbrian,
tlie ancient dialect of N.E. Italy ; probable date
as early as the third century B.C. Found at
La Schieggia, near Ugubio, the ancient Eugu-
bium, 1444.
Eulenspiegel, TylL [Ger., Tyll Oivl-glass.']
Hero of a popular comic German tale of the
fifteenth or sixteenth century, a mechanic of
Kneittingen, in Brunswick.
EolSglflB. {Gt. (iiKoylai, blesstn^.'\ The Greek
name for the Pant's benedidus, pain beni^ or
bread over which a blessing is pronounced in the
Latin Church, and distributed to those who are
not qualified to communicate.
EumSnldSs. (J/yM.) This Greek word,
meaning gentle, was a name given to the Erinyes,
as it was supposed, by the figure of speech called
Eaphemitm. In later times it clenoted the
three Furies — Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphlne.
(Erinyes.)
Eonomians. {Ecct. Hist.) The followers of
Eunomius, who maintained an Arianism more
extreme than that of his friend Eudoxius.
(Etidoxians.)
Eup&trids. [Gr. tMLTplim, weU-Jathered.\
(Hist.) Tlie dominant class in ancient Athens,
answering to the Patricians at Rome.
EaphSmism. [Gr. ctf<fn7/tier/u$s.] (Rhet.) The
substitution of a word or phrase for another
which may give offence. Thus the Furies, it
was said, were called Eamenides, and the Black
Sea Euxinc [Gr. cC^^ifOT], or hospitable.
Euphony. [Gr. *v<ptovia, good sound, from tZ,
well, ^tH), sound.} {Gram.) Agreeable sound,
the avoidance of disagreeable combinations of
articulate sound in si)eech.
EnphSrla. [Gr. ti^pia, the fewer of bearing
easily.} A feeling of bodily well-being.
Euphrosyni. [Gr.] One of the Graces.
Eaphaism. (Hist.) An affected style of
speaking and writing in vogue in the time of
Queen Elizabeth, and carried to its height by
John Lilly in his work called EuphUa [Gr.,
graceful}.
Eup5da. [Gr. *t-itovs, -iroSof, well-footed.}
(Entom.) Fam. of tetrimSrous beetles.'
Eurasian. A half-breed between a .£'«ropean
and an Asia\!\c parent.
Eureka I properlv Heurfka ! [Gr. *i(n\Ka ! /
have found !} Said by Archimedes when he dis-
covered the principle of specific gravity ; hence
used in connexion with any discovery.
Eur5eI|^don. [Gr. tvpoKKviatv.} This word,
probably denoting a storm from the east, is men-
tioned in Acts xxvii. 14 ; but there are many
readings, one of them being Eurakylon^ the
north-cast wind [L. Euraqullo].
EurSpa. [Gr. thpi>-Ki\.} (Myth.) The daugh-
ter of the Athenian Agenor, and sister of Cad-
mus. She was carried over the sea to Crete by
Zeus in the form of a white bull, and there
became the mother of Minos, Rhadamanthys,
and i^cus.
Sunu. (Wind.)
Sury. The linen-room in the royal house-
hold.
Eurydlce. (Myth.) (Orpheus.)
Eurypterus. [Gr. evpvs, broad, irT(p6v, wing,
fin.} (Ichth.) A fam. of extinct crustaceans,
with broad swimming feet; ranging from the
Upper Silurians to the coal-measures.
Euskarian. Dialect of the Basques, non-
Arj'an inhabitants of the Pyrenees.
Eustachian tube leads from the tympanic
j cavity of the ear to the pharj-nx. (Eustachius,
I its discoverer, Italian anatomist, died 1574.)
i Eustathians. (Bed. Hist.) The followers of
! the monk Eustathius, whose opinions were con-
I demned by the Council of Gangra in the fourth
I century.
I EuterpS. (Muses.)
I Euthanasia. [Gr., from «5, 7vell, B&v&ros,
j death.} Easy death.
1 Eutychians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
j Eutyches, abbot of a monastery at Constanti-
I nople, a vehement opponent of Nestorius. The
I latter asserted that there were two distinct
natures in Christ, the former that His human
nature was merged in the divine. (Nestorians.)
Evacuation Day. The day on which the
British army evacuated the city of New York
(November 25, 1783), the annual return of
which has been celebrated in that city for nearly
a century. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Evangelical Prophet, The. Isaiah. (Prot-
evangelion.)
Evangelic Doctor, The. Wyclif, the Reformer.
EvaniadsB (so termed by Dr. Leach ; etym. ?).
(Entom.) Gen. of hymfnopterous insects, parasi-
tical in cockroaches, blattidse.
Evaporatometer. (Atmometer.)
Evection. [L. evectio, -nem, a carrying out
j or forth.} (Astron.) The greatest of all the
! inequalities of the moon's motion, due to the dis-
turbing influence of the sun, which causes a
variation in the form and position of her orbit
considered as an ellipse ; so that rhe is some-
times as much as 1° 20' 30" before or behind
har position as it would have been had her"
elliptic motion been undisturlied.
Evelyn's Memoirs. Published 1818 ; a Diary
of events carefully observed from 1641 to 1706;
with much other curious and valuable matter ;
by John Evelyn, of Wotton, scholar, author,
and a very perfect country gentleman, of the
highest Christian character. Sir Walter Scott
" h.id never seen a mine so rich." (Sylva.)
Evening gun, The. (Naut. ) Fired in summer
at nine, in winter at eight o'clock.
Evening star. The planet Venus when she
sets after the sun.
Even keel, On an. (Naut. ) Said of a vessel
drawing the same depth of water at the stem and
stern.
Evens, or Vigils. The evenings or nights
before certain holy days of the Church, the word
Vigil being used when the evening is a fast.
Every inch of that. (Naut. ) Belay without
easing the rope. Every rope an end, coil down
running rigging, etc. ; also, see every rope clear
for running.
Eviction. [L. evictio, -nem, from e, out of ,
vinco, I conquer.} (Leg.) 1. Recovery of pro-
EVIL
198
EXEG
perty by a judicial process. 2. Expulsion from
a tenement by the landlord.
Evil eye. According to an ancient and widely
spread superstition, some persons have the
power of injuring those upon whom they look.
The idea formed part of the Gr. ficuTKavla, and
of the L. fascinatio ; it is the Kakomati of
modern Greece, the Malocchio of Italy ; and the
belief exists in Turkey, Egypt, Ireland, Scot-
land, and some parts of England. (See Virg.,
Ed. iii. 103.)
Evisoerate. [L. eviscfirare.] 1. To take oitt
[e] the bowels [viscera], to disembowel. 2.
(Metaph.) To deprive of matter or strength.
ETOlate. (Involate of a carve.)
Evolution. [L. evolutio, -nem, an unrolling.']
1. (Arit/i.) The process of extracting the roots
— square root, cube root, etc. — of numbers. 2.
(Biol.) A development of more complex from
more simple organization. In Darwin's theory,
which ascribes physical and moral phenomena
to continuous E., breaches of continuity are
explained by the hypothesis of natural selection.
3. (Mil.) Execution of a tactical movement.
Evovse. A word used = the ending of a Gre-
gorian tone ; e, u, o, u, a, e, being the vowels of
"sEcUlOrUm, AmEn."
Ewe-necked hone. Having the neck not
arched, but somewhat hollowed out ; as seen in
the sheep, goat, etc.
Ewrar, Ewary. An officer in the royal house-
hold, who attended with rcver for the washing
of hands after meals. Forks were not used till
at least as late as Elizabeth's time.
Ex-. 1. L. prefix = out, out of, from, tho-
roughly. 2. Celt name of rivers ; Rom. Isca
(cf. Eak).
Ex abondanti oantSla. [L.] From excessive
caul ion.
Exacerhate. [L. exacerbare, from ex-, intens.
acerbus, sour.] To irritate, exasperate.
Exacerbation. [L. exacerbo, / exasperate.]
1. Bitterness of spirit. 2. (Aled.) Aggravation
of the symptoms of disease.
Ex aequo et bono. [L.] In equity and good
conscience.
Exaltados. [Sp., exalted.} In Sp. Hist., the
liberal party in politics.
Exaltation. [L. exaltatio, -nem.] (Afed.)
Morbid activity of the brain.
Exanimation. [L. ex, out of, anima, breath,
life.] Want of life, real or apparent.
Exanthematoos diseases. [Gr. f^dvOrtfia, (i)
efflorescence ; (2) cutaneous eruption.] (Med.)
Eruptive.
Exarch. [Gr. t^apxos.] The title of the
viceroys of the Byzantine emperors in the Italian
and African provinces. The E. for Italy was
known as the E. of Ravenna. (Donation of
Pepin ; Donation of Charlemagne.)
Excalibur. In the Arthnr legend, the sword
which Arthur alone is able to draw from the
stone into which it had been fixed, thus proving
his title to the kingdom. It answers to Gram,
the sword of Odin ; to Durandal, the sword of
Roland ; to the Glaive of Light in the Scottish
stroy of Esaidh Ruadh (Campbell, Tales of the
West Highlands) ; the sword of Apollo, Chrysaor,
and many others.
Ex cathedr&. [L.] From the chair of pro-
fessor or bishop ; i.e. spoken with authority.
Exceptio prSbat regiUam de rebus non exceptis.
[L.] A special exception to a rule proves it (to
hold) concerning things not (specially) excepted.
A legal maxim, of which the first three words
are often misapplied as meaning "the fact of
there being an exception proves the existence of
a rule," or "an exception is essential to every
rule."
Excerpt. [L. excerptum, thing plucked out.]
An extract, a selected passage.
Exchanges, Theory of. In Heat, the doctrine
that when bodies are in the same region all
radiate heat, the hotter bodies radiating more
heat, the less hot less heat ; so that an exchange
of heat takes place between them.
Exchequer. [O. Fr. exchequier, L.L. scac-
carius, chess-board.] 1. Court of E. Chamber,
a superior court of revenue ; so called from a
checked cloth originally on the table. 2. The
public treasury. 3. A treasury generally, pos-
sessions in money.
Exchequer bills. Bills of credit issued by
authority of Parliament, bearing interest per
diem according to the usual rate at the time.
First issued, 1696.
Exchequered. (Naut^ Seized as contraband.
Marked with broad arrow.
Excise. [O.E. accise, L.L accisia.] 1. A
charge or impost on certain articles of home
production and consumption, as malt, alcohol,
hops, or on trade licences. 2. Revenue raised
by taxing inland commodities or traders, i.e. by
indirect taxation.
Exciting cause of disease; its immediately
preceding cause, as distinguished from predispos-
ing cause.
Exclusion, Bill of. (Hist.) The bill intro-
duced into Parliament during the reign of
Charles II., for the purpose of excluding the
Duke of York, as a papist, from the succession.
Excommunication. [Eccl. L. excommuni-
catio, -nem.] A censure, casting the offender
out of the communion of the Church ; the Lesser
E. depriving of sacraments and public worship,
the Greater, of all society of the faithful also.
Ex concesso. [L.] From what is admitted.
Excoriate. [L. excoriare, from ex, off, corium,
ski7t.'\ To wear off the skin, to remove skin by
striking, rubbing, or the use of acrid substances.
Excursus. [L., a running forth.] An essay
on a special point appended to a section of a
book.
Exeat. [L., let him depart. "^ A permission
or order without which no person in statu,
pupillari may go out of residence at a university
or college, or from a religious house.
Executive City, The. Washington.— -Bartlett's
Ainericanisms.
Exedra. [Gr.] (Eccl. Ant.) A building
distinct from the main body of the church, as a
cloister, baptistery, sacristy, etc.
Exegesis. [Gr., a narrative, explanation,
from i^, out, riytonai, I lead.] Exposition, inter-
c
^i^F01^t^
EXEQ
199
EXPI
pretation, especially of sacred or classical
works.
ExSqu&tor. [L. , let him execute (the duties of
the office).'] Instrument recognizing one as con-
sul or commercial agent for Government, and
conferring his authority.
Exequies. (Ezseqoies.)
Exergue. [Fr.] In Numismatics, the lower
limb of a coin or medal, marked off by a straight
line from the rest of the surface, where the date
is placed.
Exfoliation. [L. exfolio, / strip of leaves.]
A throwing off of dead from living tissue ; e.g.
a separation of a deail portion of bone.
Exhatution, Method of. 1. (Math.) A geome-
trical method used by the ancient geometers for
proving indirectly the equality of certain mag-
nitudes and ratios. Suppose it can be proved
that A + X is greater than B, and that h— y'ls,
less than B ; and suppose that, consistently with
this, it can be shown that x and^ can be dimi-
nished till their magnitude is exhausted, and they
at length become less than any magnitude that
can be assigned ; then it can be inferred that
A must equal B. 2. (Log.) When it is known
that A, or B, or C, or I), or E was the doer,
and it has been proved that not A, B, C, or £
did it, it follows that I) did it.
Exhibit. [I>. exhibitum, n. p. part, of ex-
hfbeo, I exhibit.] Something shown to a witness
when giving evidence which is referred to by
him in his evidence.
Exhibition. [Leg. L. exhibltio, -nem, main-
tenatue. ] ( Univ. ) Yearly allowance for mainten-
ance given to students who do not thereby
become scholars on the foundation of the college.
Eidgant. [L., let them demand.] (Leg.)
Name of a writ calling on the sheriff to have a
defendant, who non est inventus, demandetl at
five county courts or five London hustings, after
which, unless he appear, he is outlawed.
Exigeant, -ante. [Fr.] Exacting.
Exigi f&ciaa. [L., do thou cause to be de-
manded.] (Leg.) I.q. exigant.
Exinanition. [L. exlnanltio, -nem, from ex-
inanire, to empty.] 1. Privation, emptiness,
humiliation. 2. (Med.) Bodily emptiness and
exhaustion.
Exit [L.] He, ox she, goes out.
Ex miro mdto. [L., on mere impulse.] Of
one's own will.
ExSdIa. [Gr.] In ancient Rome, burlesques
acted after other plays. With the Greeks the
Exodion was the final chorus in a tragic
drama.
Ex oflScIo. [L.] By virtue of office.
Exogens. (Endogens.)
Exdmia. [Cr. ] A sleeveless tunic hanging
from the shoulder [2fios], worn in ancient
Greece by women, slaves, and poor men.
Zxon. An officer of the yeomen of the Royal
Guard.
Exorcism. [Gr. ^(opwio-fiiff.] The adjuration
by which evil spirits were bidden to depart from
the Energumens.
Exordium. [I«] A beginning, introduction
of a work ; its first meaning being the warp of
14
a web ; from ordior, / weave [cf. Gr. opSfu, 1
begin a web, opSrifjLa, a ball of worsted].
ExSriare aliquis (nostns ex oesibus ultor)
[L.] = Oh for some deliverer! lit. Ok, mayest
thou rise up, some one or other, out of our bones,
i.e. descendants, as an avenger! (Virgil).
Exosmose. (Osmose.)
Exostosis. [Gr. i^&aTtactis.] A morbid
growth of bone ; e.g. splint, in a horse.
Exoteric. [Gr. i^arrtpiKdi, outward.] The
published writings of Aristotle were called
E., that is, designed for the people. These
had the form of dialogues. The treatises which
he prepared for his pupils were termed Esoteric ;
but the notion that these conveyed mysterious
doctrines not to be found in the others has no
foundation.
Expansion. [L. expansio, -nem, an extending.]
1. In Algebra, when a succession of terms of
which one does not contain x, and the others are
multiples of x, x*, jr*, etc., is found whose sum
equals an assigned function of jr, that function is
said to be expanded in ascending powers of x.
Thus, if the function is (i -f- xY", the expansion
is I -h lar -f 45jr* -\- i2cur* -|-, etc. 2. In the
steam-engine, if the connexion between the
steam in the cylinder with that in the boiler is
cut off when a portion only of the stroke is com-
pleted, the engine is said to work by E., because
through the remainder of the stroke the piston
is urged forward by the force which the steam
exerts in the act of expanding.
Ex parte. [L.] On one side.
Expectation of life. 1. The mean or average
duration of life (q.v.). 2. More exactly, the
probable life, or the number of years more which
a person of given age has an even chance of
living. According to the Carlisle Table, a
person twenty years old has an even chance of
living 44 "8 years more.
Expectation Week. (Eccl.) The interval
between Ascension Day and Whit Sunday; at.
which time the apostles waited for the promise
of the Comforter.
Ex pSde Herciilem. [L.] (Youcan judge of)
Hercules from his foot ; as Pythagoras is said to
have calculated Hercules' height from the length
of the Olympic foot. The saying implies that you
can judge of the whole by the part. (Ex nngue
leonem.)
Expense magazine. (Md.) Contains the
immediate supply of ammunition for the batteries
of a siege, and is fonned under the parapet.
Experimentalism. (Determinism.)
ExpSrlmentum oriicis. [L.] A decisive ex-
periment ; so called, according to Lord Bacon,
because, like a cross or finger-post, it shows men
which of two ways they are to go along.
Expert. [L. expertus, experienced.] One
who has scientific knowledge of a subject ; said
especially of witnesses on matters of science,
handwriting, etc.
Ezperto crede. [L. ] Believe one who has tried.
Expllation. [L. expilatio, -nem, from expilo,
I plunder.] A plundering, ravaging, pillaging.
Expiration. [L. exspirare, to breathe out, to
die.] (Leg.) Reversion of a fee to the lord od
EXPL
EYEG
the failure of the intestate tenant's family, or
formerly when a tenant had been attainted of
treason or murder. In England, estates escheat
to the Crown if heirs fail one who holds of the
Crown, by E.
Expletive. [L. expletlvus, from expleo, I fill
out. ] 1. A word or phrase inserted in a sentence,
which has no meaning, but often serves the
function of emphasis ; e.g. the old certes. 2.
Hence euphemistic for an oath or coarse ex-
pression.
Explicit. [For L. explTcitus est liber, the
book is finished. ] A word formerly put at the
end of books, as Finis is now. (Colophon.)
Exploitation. [Fr., from exploit, exploit, pro-
duct, from L. explTcitus, unfolded, exhibited.^
A turning to account, exhibiting, etc.
Explosive. [L. explosus, p. part, of explodo,
/ drive out by clapping.^ In Lang., relating
to or produced by explosion ; as E. sounds,
E. consonants, of which the commonest are
k (q), ch, t, p, g, J, d, b, with their aspirated
forms and the spTrUus lenis. They are also
called momentary or shut sounds, being incap-
able of prolongation, and produced by the open-
ing action of the articulatory oi^ans which are
previously in contact so as to stop the emission
of breath.
Exponent. In Algebra, the index of a power ;
thus, X is the exponent of a*. Exponential series,
the expansion of «' in ascending powers oi x.
Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament. In the
Latin Church, when the Host is exposed for the
devotion of the people, it is watched night and
day with prayers.
Ex post facto. [L.] By an after act.
Expression. In Algebra, a collection of alge-
braical symbols ; as, '^a'^b + "y.
Exprobration. [L. exprobratio, -nem, from
exprobro, / consider a shameful cut (probrum).]
Severe reproach, condemnatory censure.
Exseqoies. [L. exsequiae, from ex, out, root
of sequor, I follow. \ Funeral procession, cere-
monies of burial.
Exstipnlate leaves. {Bot.) Leaves from
which Stipules are absent.
Ex tempore. [L., from the occasion {time).]
Oflf-hand ; said of speaking or preaching im-
promptu, without book or paper to refer to.
Extend. {Afil.) A light infantry movement,
in which skirmishers take up stated intervals.
Extension. [L. extensio, -nem.] 1. (Afed.)
Of a fractured or dislocated limb, pulling it
strongly in order to reduce it. 2. {Mech. ) The
property of a body in virtue of which it occupies
a portion of space.
Extensor muscle. [L. extendo, / stretch
out."] It extends the part on which it acts.
(Flexor muscle.)
Extensum. [N. p. part, of extendo, /"stretch
out.'] (Eccl.) The full written text from which
a brief is drawn up. Hence in extenso, as
opposed to an abstract.
Exterminate. In Algebra, to eliminate.
Extillation. [L. ex, out, stillare, to drop.]
(Distillation.)
Extispicious. [L. extispicium, from exti-spex,
entrail inspector.] Pertaining to divination by
inst>ection of entrails [exta].
Extradition. [L., from ex, out, and traditio,
-nem, a giving up, from trans, over, do, I give.]
Delivering up, in a foreign country, a person ac-
cused of non-political crime to the authorities of
his own country for trial, usually according to
an international convention.
Extrados. [Fr., from L. extra, beyond, Aox-
%\xxa, the back.] (Arch.) The external curve of
the arch. (Intrados ; Soffit.)
Extramural. [L. extra, beyond, murus, a
■wall.] Beyond or outside the walls.
Extravagants. [L. extravagantes.] The de-
cretal epistles of popes after the Clementines, at
first ranged without, not included in, Canon law.
But the collection called Comtnon Extravagants
was embodied in the Canon law, a.d. 1483.
Extravaganza. [It.] A musical or dramatic
piece of great wildness or absurdity.
Extravasated blood. [L. extra, beyond, vas,
vasis, a vessel.] {Med.) Forced out of its pro-
per vessels into the surrounding tissues ; e.g. in
discolouring bruises. (Ecchymosis.)
Extra vires. [L.] Beyond one's poivers.
Extreme, or Extreme term. (Proportion.)
Extreme Unction. In the Latin Church, the
last of the seven sacraments. Administered to
the dying, only when all hope of recovery is
given up. The oil is consecrated by a bishop
yearly on Maunday Thursday. (Euchelaion.)
Extrinsic. [L. extrinsecus, from without.]
Unessential, not given by nature, adventitious,
coming from without ; correl. to Intrinsic.
Extrusion. [L. extrusus, p. part, of extrudo,
I push out.] A thrusting or driving out.
Ex ungue leonem. [L.] Fro»i the claw, a
small but characteristic thing, judge of the lion ;
so Ex pede Herculem, from the foot, or foot-
print, judge of Hercules.
Ex uno disce omnes. [L.] From one learn
the character of all.
Exilvlee. [L., from exuo, I divest myself of]
Originally the shed skin of tlie snake ; now
{Med., Bot., Gcol.) the outward parts of animals
or plants which are shed, or cast off; skin,
shells, slough, etc.
-ey. Part of Anglo-Saxon names, = island,
as in Romn-ey. (-ea.)
Eyalet. [Turk.] A Turkish principality, a
district under the government of a pasha of the
first class.
Eyas. [O.E. nyas, nias, Fr. niais, itupid,
silly, L. nidacem, fresh from the nest (nidus).]
1. A young hawk just taken from the nest. 2.
An infant.
Eye. {JVaut.) The loop of a shroud or stay
placed over the mast. A collar generally. Eyes
of a ship, or E. of her, the foremost part in the
bows, the hawse-holes.
Eye-glass, Eye-piece ; Erecting E. ; Inverting
E.; Negative E. ; Positive E. The eye-piece of
a telescope is the combination of lenses to which
the eye is applied, and which serves as a micro-
scope for magnifying the image formed by the
object-glass or reflector. In astronomical tele-
I scopes, an Inverting E. (Ramsden's or Huy-
EYET
FACT
ghens's) consisting of two lenses is commonly em-
ployed ; the object is seen through it inverted.
When Ramsden's eye-piece is used, the image is
actually formed by the object-glass before it is
viewed by the eye-piece, and it is called a Posi-
tive E. The rays converging from the object-
glass are intercepted by Huyghens's eye-piece
before the image is actually formed, and it is
called a Negative E. In terrestrial telescopes
the eye-piece commonly consists of four lenses
through which the object is seen upright ; this
is an Erecting E. In some telescopes the image
formed by the object-glass is seen through a
single lens, which is called an Eye-glass. \
Eye-teetii. The canine, or two upper cuspi- I
date, of which the fangs extend far upwards in
the direction of the eye.
Eyot, Ait, Eight. [Dim. of -ey.] A small
island in a river.
Eyre. [Fr., from L. in, itmere, on the jour-
ney. '\ Court of justices itinerant.
Eyry, more properly Aery. An eagle's nest.
[Icel. ara-hreior, hreiSr corresponding to our
wreath, but used in Icelandic in the special
sense of a tust. Akin to Icel. are, an eagle, are
the Sw. orn, A.S. earn, heron, Gr. 6pv\.%, all
containing the root AR, to raise one's self. The
word has, therefore, nothing to do with egg, as
if it were an eggery.—^'^&zX, Etym. Diet. ofEng.
Lang., s.v. ** Aery."}
F.
F. With the Romans, was used as an abbre-
viation of Filius in letters and inscriptions, as
M.F. = Marci Filius, son of Marcus. In Eng.
usage, it was employed in branding, the letter
denoting the word " Felon : " the custom was
abolished by law in 1822.
P's, The three. Of the Irish Land League :
Fair rent, Fixity of tenure, Free sale.
F&ber qnisqae fortilns vam. [L.] Every
one is the architect of his oivn fortune (Sallust).
Fabian policy. (Rom. Hist.) The policy of
avoiding engagements, by which Q. Fabius
Maximus is said to have foiled Hannibal in the
Second Punic War. (Cunetando.)
Fables of Bidpai, or Filpay. (Hitopadesa.)
Fabliaux. [Fr.] The metrical tales of th^
TroQTires, or poets of the Langue d'oil, or
northern French dialect.
Fibiila quanta fui ! [L.] What a subject for
to7on-talk have I been !
Faburden, i.e. Eaux bourdon [Fr.], or Falso
burdone [It.]. An early method of harmonizing
Plain Song \q.v.). (Bourdon.)
Fafade. [Fr. ; cf. It. facciata, from L. IScies,
front, face. ] The whole front aspect of regular
architectuml building, the front elevation.
Face. {Mil.) Of a bastion in fortification,
means the two ramparts which meet in a salient
angle and terminate at the shoulders.
Face of a oryataL Any one of its bounding
planes ; a cleavage-plane is always parallel to a
plane which is or may be a face of a crystal.
Face of workings. The portion of a coal-
seam which is in process of removal.
FaoStia. [L.] Witty, humorous sayings or
writings, pleasantry, droll phrases.
Facets. [Fr. facette, dim. ol face.'\ 1. Small
faces or surfaces into which the surface of a stone
is divided by angular cuttings. 2. The faces of
a natural crystal.
Facial angle. In Ethn., the angle between a
straight line from the opening of the ear to the
bottom of the nose, and another straight line
from the most forward central point of the fore-
head to the corresponding pomt of the upper
jaw. The higher the average cerebral develop-
ment in man, the larger is the average F. A.
Fades, non uxor, amatur. [L.] Her face,
not the wife herself, is loved.
Facile est imperlum in bSnis. [L.] Ruling
over good people is easy.
F&olle princeps. [L.] Easily first. Pre-
eminent.
F&cm ssBvItm nggat. [L.] With good-
humoured cruelty she refuses (Horace).
Facllis descensus Avemi. [L.] (Avernus.)
Facing-sand. A compound used for the sur-
faces of moulds in founding.
F&clnus majdrls &boIl8B. [L.] A crime of a
longer cloak, i.e. of a philosopher.
F&clnu8 pulcherrlmum. [L.] A most noble
deed.
Faok. (Fake.)
Fa^on de parler. [Fr., a fashion of speaking,]
A mere trick of speech.
Fac-simile. [L.,\\\.. make a copy.] An exact
copy, especially of handwriting or printed work.
Facta o&nam, sSd Srunt qui me finxisse 15-
quantur. [L.] / 7vill sing of facts, but there
will be some to say I have romanced (Ovid).
Factions. In the ancient games of the Circus,
parties distinguished by their colours. To the
earliest, the red and the white, were added
afterwards the blue and the green ; and the four
were supposed to represent the four seasons.
By others the blue and green were regarded as
denoting the conflict of the earth and the sea.
These factions were causes of serious disturb-
ances in Constantinople. — Gibbon, Roman Em-
pire, ch. xl.
Factitious. [L. factlcius, made by art, from
factus, p. part, of facio, I make, do.] Artificial,
unnatural.
Factor ; Prime F. [L., a maker.] 1. {Math.)
Numbers which when multiplied together
produce a number are its factors. When they
are prime numbers they are called its Prime P\
A number may be divided into factors in several
ways, but into prime factors in only one way ;
e.g. 315 can be divided into 15 x 21, or 5 x 63,
FACT
FALD
or 45 X 7 ; but in prime factors it is = 3 X 3 X 5 X 7.
2. In Com., an agent or commission merchant,
especially in foreign ports. 8. In Scotland, a
bailiff or steward to an estate.
Factorial. A product whose factors are in
arithmetical progression, as 3 X 5 X 7 X 9, whose
F. is 945.
Factory. 1. A place where factors, t.e. com-
mercial agents, reside. 2. The collective body
of such agents.
Fac-totom. [L., lit. do the whole.'] One who
performs service of all kinds.
Factum. [L.] (Leg.) 1. A person's act and
deed. 2. Anything stated or proved.
Factum obiit, moniimeiita manent. [L.] The
ez'ent has fasseJ tnvay, memorials thereof remain
(Ovid) ; motto of London Numismatic Society.
Facidty. [L. facultas, ability, poiver.'] 1.
Permission, authority, privilege. 2. A body
possessed of authority and privileges ; as the
graduates in a special department of learning,
or the members of a learned profession. 3. A
special department of knowledge or a learned
profession ; as the F. of Divinity, Law, Medi-
cine. In Scotland, the Dean of F. is the pre-
sident of the F. of advocates, or barristers.
Faculty Court, The. Belongs to the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury ; not holding pleas, but
granting rights to pews, monuments, etc., and
dispensations to marry, to eat flesh on prohibited
dkys, to hold two or more benefices, etc.
Fadaises. [Fr.] Nonsense, rubbish. Brachet
derives Fr. fade, insipid, from L. vapidus, Jlat,
savourless ; Littre from fatuus.
Fadladeeu. Grand-chamberlain of the harem
in Moore's Lalla Rookh.
Taerj Queene. The title of the celebrated
poem of Edmund Spenser, the first part of
which was presented to Queen Elizabeth in
1590. It contains a double allegory, illustrating
the triumph of Holiness over Sin ; and also that
of Truth over Falsehood, in the history of the
Reformation.
Faex populi. [L] Dregs of the people.
Fafnir. In Northern Myth., the dragon who
guards Brynhild and her treasure on the glisten-
ing heath. (Python; Volsunga Saga.)
Fag. A lying servant in Sheridan's Rix>als.
Faggot votes. Votes obtained by splitting up
a property into a number of small holdings just
large enough to confer the qualification. When
_ this is done by those who pretend to have an
identity of interest with the voters of a consti-
tuency, though they have none, only for the
temporary purpose of excluding a certain candi-
date, the practice is considered dishonourable.
Fagin. An old Jew trainer of young thieves
in Dickens's Oliver Tivist.
Fagotto. (Bassoon.)
Faience [Fr.], and sometimes Faenza [It.].
Glazed and coloured earthenware, called in
Italy Majolica; in France, Faience. (From a
town in the province of Ravenna, the original
place of manufacture.) Known also as Raphael
■ware, from Raffaelo Ciarla of Urbino, in the six-
teenth century.
Faikes, Fakes. (Geol.) In Scot., = shaly
sandstone, of irregular composition ; bituminous
shale being Blaize.
FaiUis. [Fr. faillir, to fail."] In Her., a
fracture in an ordinary, as if a splinter were
taken from it.
Faineant. [Fr. ] Do-nothing.
Faints. The impure spirit which comes over
first and last in distilling whisky.
Fairies. [Fr. fee, It. fata, from L. fatum,
fate ; not connected seemingly with the Pers.
peri, pronounced by the Arabians feri.] Ima-
ginary beings, belonging chiefly to the mytho-
logy of the Celtic tribes of Wales, Scotland,
and Ireland. They are small in size, and are
sometimes seen by human eyes. Mortals have
sometimes been decoyed into fairyland, as in
the case of Thomas the Rimer of Ercildoune.
Fairservice, Andrew. A coldly calculating,
selfish, but somewhat humorous Scotch gardener
in Scott's Rob Roy.
Fairway. (N^aut.) The navigable channel
of a river or harbour. Pilot's F., one requiring
a pilot.
Fairy rings. Green circles or segments of
circles sometimes seen in grass, caused by
agarics growing from a centre and fractifying at
the circumference, but popularly ascribed to the
dancing of fairies.
Fait accompli \Yx., accomplished fact. "l Some-
thing definitively settled or achieved.
Faitour. [Norm. Fr. ; cf. O.Fr. faiteur, from
L. factor, doer.\ An evil-doer.
Fake, Fack, or Falk. {Naut.) One of the
circles forming the coil of a rope.
Faking. The cutting of slits or slices in a
dog's ear, altering its configuration, often in a
very slight degree indeed ; a dishonest attempt
to add to the number of points required in
estimating the excellence of a dog.
Fakirs. [Ar., poor.^ In the East, enthusiasts
who renounce the world and give themselves up
to religious austerities. (Dervise.)
Falbalas. [Fr.] Finery, frippery, fal-lalls.
(Furbelow. )
Falcated. [L. falcatus.] Shaped like a scythe
[fal-cem].
Falcon. (Husket.)
Falconet. In fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,
the smallest kind of cannon, the ball weighing
from one to three pounds, the gun from five to
fifteen hundredweight.
Falcula. [L.,dim. of falx, ^/V//^.] (Ornith.)
The compressed curved talon of a bird of
prey.
Faldage. [L.L. falda, «>/</.] [Leg.) An-
ciently, the privilege of setting up folds for sheep
in fields within the limits of a manor, for the
purpose of manuring them.
Faldistory. [L. faldistorium.] The bishop's
seat or throne, in the chancel ; the chair in
which he sits to address the candidates at or-
dinations.
Faldstool. [L.L. faldestolium, perhaps from
L.L. falda, afold.'\ A small desk at which the
Litany is recited. (Fauteuil.)
Faldworth. {Leg.) One of age to be reckoned
in a tithing or decennary {q.v.).
FALE
203
FANN
Falernian wine. Of the Falernian district in
Campania ; highly prized in ancient Rome.
Falk. (Fake.)
Falkland. Hero of W. Godwin's novel Caleb
Williams, driven by passionate love of fame to
crimes revolting to his nature.
Falk laws. (Dr. F., minister of justice.) In
Prussia, in 1873, made the sanction of the State
necessary for the exercise of all religious func-
tions ; and required, before ordination by a
bishop, an examination implying previous educa-
tion at a public university ; so as to keep out of
the Church foreign or other anti-national
tendencies.
FalL The fall of the leaf; autumn.— Bartlett's
Americanisms.
Fall, a fall ! The whaler's cry when a whale
is harpooned.
Fall&eior undis. ' [L.] More treacherous than
the wai'es.
Fallacy. [L. fallacia, from fallo, / deceive.)^
In Log. and Rhet. , any argument which pro-
fesses to settle a question while really it does
not. Logical fallacies are strictly those only
which are so in dictione, in the words, »>. in
which the conclusion does not follow from the
premisses. If the premisses themselves are un-
sound, the fallacy is said to be extra dictiottem,
i.e. in the matter, and thus to be beyond the
province of logic.
Fal'lalla. Bits of finery.
Falling ofll (Nam.) The turning of a ship's
head to leeward, especially when sailing near
the wind or lying by ; the opposite of Griping,
or Coming up to the wind.
Falling lieknesi. Poi^ular name for epilepsy.
Falling star. (Aerolith.)
Fallitvir aagfirio spes b2na s»p8 ino. [L.]
Fair hope is often cheated by its own augury
(Ovid).
Fall of a tackle. (Naut.) The loose end;
i.e. the end one hauls upon.
FallSrI an arm& tSnantl [L.] Am I mis-
takett ? or do 1 hear the clash of arms ? (Ovid).
Fallow. [A. .S. fealu, yello^vish ; cf pale, L.
pallidus.] Originally land left for a year with-
out cropping, and without culture beyond one or
two ploughings ; now generally represented by
turnips and clover, or dispensed with. (Eotation
of crops.)
False keeL {Naut.) An additional keel
below the main one.
False kelson, or Kelson rider. (A'aut.) A
piece of timber fastened lengthways to and
above the main kelson.
False ribs. In Anat., the five inferior, of
which the last two arc \\\(t floating ribs.
False stratification, Drift bedduig. In Geol. ;
so called when a stratum is made up of smaller
beds [L. stratiila] set oblique to its upper and
lower horizontal planes, by the shifting tides and
deposition of sand over a bank or beach edge
from a higher to a lower level.
Falsi crimen. [L.] {Leg. ) Fraudulent subor-
nation or concealment with intent to deceive, as
by perjury, false writing, or cheating by false
weights and measures.
Falstaff, Sir John. A fat, sensual, cowardly,
humorous braggart in Shakespeare's Merry
Wives of Windsor and Henry JV.
Falstxm In tlno, falsnm In omni. [L. ] False
in one point, false in all.
Fama nihil est cSlerlos. [L.] N^othing is
swifter than rumour (Livy).
Fames optimum condlmentom. [L.] Hunger
is the best sauce.
Familiar. [L. familiaris, from familTa,
family.'] An attendant demon or evil spirit.
Familiars of the Inquisition. Officers and
assistants of the I., often from the nobility, to
whom great privileges were granted for appre-
hension of accused persons ; the king himself
being protector of the order.
FamiUsts, Family of Love. Enthusiasts of
the latter part of the sixteenth century, an off-
shoot of Dutch Anabaptists; who denied Christ's
Person, the Resurrection, etc., interpreting
Scripture mystically.
Family Compact. A treaty, signed at Ver-
sailles, August, 1 761, between Louis XV. and
Charles III. of Spain, as a mutual guarantee
of protection ; no one external to the house of
Bourbon was to be admitted.
Fan. (Mech.) A leaf of a wheel whose
revolution produces a current of air.
FanaL [Fr., from L.L. fanale, Gr. f&ySs,
bright.] A lighthouse or its light.
Fanatic. [L. fanatTcus, from fanum, a temple.]
A word applied at first to priests of Cybele or
other deities, who performed their rites with
extravagant wildness. Hence zealots or bigots
in religion. (Bacchanalian.)
Fancy stocks. A species of stocks which are
bought and sold to a great extent in New York.
Unlike articles of merchandise, which may be
seen and examined by the dealer, and which
always have an intrinsic value in every fluctua-
tion of the market, these stocks are wholly
wrapped in mystery. No one knows anything
about them except the oflicers and directors of
the companies, who, from their position, are not
the most likely men to tell the truth. They
serve no other purpose, therefore, than as the
representative of value in stock gambling.
Nearly all the fluctuations in their prices are
artificial. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Fandango. [Sp.] A lively Spanish dance,
in I or f time, the dancers wearing castanets ;
probably brought into Europe by the Arabians,
to whom it was known in remote ages.
Fanfare. [Fr., from Sp. fanfa, bragging.]
A flourish of trumpets. Fanfaronade, bragging.
Fan&ron. [Fr., Sp. fanfarron.] Swaggerer,
boaster, bully, blusterer. (Fanfare.)
Fang. 1. A sherifi''s officer in Shakespeare's
Heniy IV., pt. ii. 2. A niche in the side of
an adit or shaft for ventilation.
Fang, With the. [A.S. fang, a taking or
thing taken; cf. Ger. fang and v. fangen.]
With the stolen property on his person. The
phrase was once common, and is still used,' in
Scotland.
Fanning-machine ; F.-mill. A machine for
separating chaff" from grain.
FANT
204
FATH
Fantasia. fit., fatu:y, imagination^ Gr.
^avraaioL ] In Music, much the same as Capriccio
[g.v.), but generally involving more execution.
Fantoccini. [It.] Puppets which move by
machinery so as to act dramatic scenes ; a set of
marionettes,
Fantods. (ATaut.) Crotchety orders, fancies,
of officers, nicknamed jib-and-staysail-jacks.
Fan vaulting. (ArcA.) A form of vaulting,
much used in the Perpendicular or Continuous
style of English architecture, the ribs radiating
like a fan from the spring of the vault. The
finest specimens are those of King's College
Chapel, Cambridge, and Henry VI I. 's Chapel,
Westminster.
Faraday's wheeL (Phenakistosoope.)
Farandole. [Fr., from Prov. farandolo, from
Sp. farandula, comic acting."] A popular dance
of Provence and neighbouring parts of Italy ;
lively, and sometimes associated with great
popular excitement.
Farcy, in horses. [L. farcio, I cram."] Inflam-
mation, with ulceration of the absorbent glands
and vessels of one or both hind limbs ; infectious,
and generally an accompaniment of glanders.
Fardel-bag. [Fr. fardeau, burden."] The third
stomach of ruminants, in which the food is fully
softened.
Farding-deal, i.q. Farthing-deal. [(?) From
A. S. feor<5ung, yi>Mr/A part.] The fourth part
of an acre of land ; also corr. into Farundel.
Fare-crofts. {^Naut.) Vessels formerly plying
between England and France.
Farina. \L..,flotir.] Starch.
Farleu. 1. ^Leg.) Money paid in lieu of a
heriot (q.v.). 2. Often the best chattel as dis-
tinguished from the best head of cattle.
Farmer George. A nickname of George III.,
from his plain dress, homely manners, and saving
habits.
Faro. An old game of cards.
Farouche. [Fr.] S/iy, wild.
Farrago. (011a podrida.)
Parse. [L. farsus, p. of farcio, / stuff up.]
Explanations in the vernacular tongue, intro-
duced into various parts of the offices of the
Latin Church, as the Kyrie, the Epistle, etc.
Farthingale. [O.Fr. verdugalle, vertugalle,
Sp. vertugado, from verdugo, a rod or shoot of a
tree, Sp. verde, L. viridis, green.] A hooped
petticoat, a set of hoops to make the petticoat
stand out, something like a crinoline.
Farthing-land. (Farding-deal.) A measured
portion of land, quantity not known.
Farundel. (Farding-deal.)
Faryndon Inn. An old name of Serjeants' Inn.
Fasces and Secures. [L.] (Hist.) Bundles
of wooden rods, with an iron axe protruding from
them ; an ensign of authority of the superior
Roman magistrates, carried before them by
officers called Lictors.
Fascet. An iron rod on which glass bottles
are carried to the annealing furnace.
Fascia. [L., battd, bandage.] In Anat., a
tendinous expansion or covering of the muscles.
Fasciation, a bandaging. Fasciate (Bot.),
banded.
Fascicled, Fascicular, Fasciculated. [L. fascis,
a bundle, dim. fasciculus.] United or growing
in bundles, tufts ; e.g. the roots of a dahlia.
Fasciculus. [L.] A little bundle; hence any
small collection of things which may be thought
of as tied together, such as writings, etc.
Fascination. [L. fascinalio, fascino, Gr.
fiaaKaivw, I enchant, akin to ^i\yii.] The sup-
posed influence of the evil eye ; but, more
properly, charming through incantations.
Fascine. [Fr., from L. fascis, plu. fasces, a
bundle of sticks.] (Mil.) Faggot of brushwood
for forming the revetment to sujiport earth.
F&8 est et ab hoste doceri. [L.] // is lawful
to be taught even by a foe.
Fast (Evens.)
Fast and loose pulleys. Two pulleys set side
by side, one fast and the other loose, on a shaft
driven from another .shaft by means of a band.
When the band is shifted by a fork from the fast
to the loose pulley, it no longer turns the shaft ;
and vice vcrsA.
Fasten-penny, Fessen-penny. The money,
usually a shilling, given by the farmer to fasten
the engagement of a servant hired at a Mop (q.v.).
Fastem's Eve. A Scotch name for Shrove
Tuesday,
Fasti. [L.] 1. (Hist.) The records of the
ancient Roman state. 2. The poem of Ovid,
so called, gave an account of the Roman year.
3. Sc. dies, days on which legal business could
be transacted. 4. A calendar, almanack.
Fastigiate. [L. fastigium, a tot>, gable.] (Bot.)
Narrowing towards the top, as the Irish yew.
Fatal children. In folklore, a group of
children, often born immediately before the
death of their mothers, destined to bring ruin
on their parents, and to rise to greatness or
sovereignty.
Fata Morgana. [It.] A phenomenon of
mirage, supposed to be brought about by the
queen of the fairies, the Morgan le Fay of the
Arthurian legends and the story of Olger the
Dane.
Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates stand in the
way.
Fata volentem ducnnt, nSlentem tr&hnnt.
[L.] The Fates lead the Txnlling, drag the un-
willing.
Fates. [L. fatum, the spoken word.] In
Myth., the beings who determine the destiny of
men. They were supposed to be three — Clotho,
the spinfter ; Lachesis, the allotter ; and Atropos,
the unchangeable, who cuts the thread of human
life. By the Greeks they were called Mcerje ;
by the Latins, Parcas, pitiful. (Eumenides;
Euphemism; Noms.)
Fatetur facinus is qui judicium fiigit [L.]
He ackncnvledges guilt who flees from trial.
Father. (Aa«/.) He who constructs a ship
for the navy.
Father of Equity, The. Lord Nottingham.
(Chancery.)
Father of History. Herodotus, Greek his-
torian, boiTi B.C. 484, at Halicarnassus, in Caria.
He describes the struggle for supremacy between
the Persians and the Greeks.
FATH
205
FECU
Fathom. [A.S. fethm, D. vadem.] A
measure of length = two yards.
Fathom, Count FerdinaacL The villain of
Smollett's novel of that name.
Fatidical. [L. fatkllcus, from fatum, destiny,
and root of dico, I tell.'] Prophetic, foretelling.
Fatigue duty. [L. fatigo, / weary.] (Mil.)
Any duly entailing labour, other than military,
upon a soldier.
Fatiloquist. [From fattloquens, from fatum,
fate, and loquor, / speak.] A foreteller of
destiny, a fortune-teller.
Fatlmitei. Caliphs reigning in Egypt, claim-
ing descent from Ali, A.D. 910-1171. (Shiahs.)
Fatlnte. A mixture of pipe-clay and linseed
oil. (Luting.)
Fattdro. [It.] A bailiff or steward to an
estate; the Scottish ybtfor.
Fatnona. [L.fatuus.] Silly, senseless.
Faubourg. [?>., suburb.] A corr. o{ for-
bourg [L.L. foris burgumj, the part outside
the city wall.
FaueaL [From L. fauces, plu., opening of the
tkroat, phirynx.] (Lang.) Articulated in the
pharynx, or top of the larynx, above the vocal
chords ; as the spiritus lenis, or deep gutturals ;
e.g. the Heb. caph.
Faoeea. [L.] The opening of the mouth into
the pharynx.
Faneet [Fr. fausset ; origin unknown.] A
tube for drawing liquor from a cask.
Faolt. (Geol.) Any fissure in a rocky crust,
accompanied with a raising or a lowering ojf
strata on either side. (Dislocations.)
Fann. (Fauna.)
Fanna. A name derived from the Fauns, or
rural deities of Rom. Myth., and used to
denote the animals peculiar to a country.
FauBse-braie. [Ft., false coat, lit. breeches, L.
bracae.] (Fortif.) A work of low relief, with
parapet, constructed on exterior of rampart of
enceinte of fortress, to give a grazing fire.
Fansse Biviire. [Fr., false river.] A lake
of Louisiana, once the bed of the Mississippi,
which, about 1 7 14, took a shorter course to the
sea.
Faust. Goethe's student, who makes a com-
pact with the devil MephistophSles, to regain a
period of youth and sensual gratification.
Fansted. Refuse lead ore reserved for another
dressing.
FauBtus, Dr. Marlowe's sorcerer, a vulgar
Faust, with the addition of a familiar spirit.
Fante de mienz. \y'c.,for want of something
better.] Failing some better arrangement.
Fauteuil [Fr.], formerly Fatidesteuil [L.L.
faldestolium]. 1. An armchair. 2. A seat in
the French Academy. (Faldstool.)
Fantor. [L,, from faveo, //az/i7«r.] A sup-
porter or abettor.
FauvettA. [Fr. fauve, Ger. falb; its colour
being light brown, inclining to olive.] Garden
warbler, small olive-brown migratory bird.
Curruca hortensis, sub-fam. Silvilnse, fam. Sil-
viid<E, ord. Passdres.
Faux pas. [Fr., L. falsus 'p9S&x&, fcUse step\
A mistake, an ill-bred act or speech.
Favel, To curry, is to curry the chestnut
horse ; to pay particular attention to one
with whom we would stand well ; corr. into
" currying favour." Fdvel [Fr.] is = chestnut
horse ; and curry is the Fr. corroyer, to curry
(leather), from Fr. corroi, L.L. conredium, a
hybrid word, = cum, xvith, and redum, arrange-
ment ; cf. Flem. reden, to arrange, and A.S.
rid an, to regulate.
Faveolate, Favosa. Honeycombed [L. fSvus,
a honeycomb\.
Favete Unguis. [L.] Lit. favour it^ith yout
tongues ; i.e. be siletit, so as to utter nothing un-
propitious during a religious solemnity.
Favour, To curry. (FaveL)
Fawn. [Fr. faon, originally /,^^^^««_^(2/"a«;v
beast ; formerly feon, L. fcetonem, from fcetus,
brood.] (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Fay, Fairy. Elf, sprite. (Fairies.)
Fay, To. (A^aut.) To join pieces of wood
with no perceptible space between them.
Fay-fena. (A^aut.) Agalleyof Japan, carrying
thirty oars.
Faytonr. (Faitour.)
Feal and dust (Scot. Law), = Eng. right of
turbary for fuel, and turf for roofing.
Feal and leal. (Leg. ) Faithful and loyal, as
tenants by knight's service swore to be to their
lords. [Feal is O.Fr., from L. MkWs, faithful.]
Feam. (A^aut.) The windlass of a lighter.
Feamaught, or Dreadnaugbt. (Naut.) A
stout, woollen felt, used for port linings, etc.
Feast of Fools. (Fools, Feast of.)
Feast of Weeks. (Pentecost.)
Foateous. [O.Fr. faitice, fetis, well made,
from L. facticlus, made by art.] Dexterous,
skilful, neat.
Feather. [Ger. feder, Gr. irripov, a feather.]
1. A ridge on an axle fitting a groove in the
eye of a wheel, to ensure their turning together.
2. (Naut.) A vessel cuts a feather when she
makes the water fly F. fashion from her bow.
To F. an oar, in rowing, is to turn it horizontally "
when clear of the water.
Feather, White. (White feather.)
Featly. [From O.E. feat, O.Fr. fait, well
made, neat, from L. factus, p. part, of facio, /
make. ] Dexterously, skilfully, gracefully, neatly,
prettily.
Feaze, To. (IVaut.) To untwist a rope, to
make it into oakum.
Febrifuge. [L. febris, yh'«-, and ffigo, I put
to flight.] (Med.) That which drives away or
mitigates fever.
Februation. [L. februatio, -nem.] Purifi-
cation.
Fecket. (A''aut.) A guernsey.
Fectila. (Bot.) 1. Starchy, nutritious sub-
stance of tubers, as potato, arrowroot. [L.
fa?ciila, dim. of ix%, sediment, salt of tartar,
deposited as a crust and used as a drug (Horace,
Sat. II. viiL 9).] 2. Any kind of starch. 3.
Chlorophyll, the green colouring matter of
plants.
Feonndl o&Uces quem non fScSre disertumi
[L.] Whom have not brimming cups made elo-
quetit? (Horace).
FEDE
206
FEMO
Fedelini. [It.] A small kind of vermicelli.
Federal currency. The legal currency of the
United States. Its coins are : The ^'old eagle of
ten dollars ; the double-eagle, twenty dollars ;
half and quarter eagles, of proportionate value.
The silver dollar, of one hundred cents ; its half,
quarter, tenth, and twentieth parts. The coin
of ten cents in value is called a dime ; that of five
cents, a half-dime. The lowest coin in common
use was the copper, now supplanted by the
nickel, cent. Half cent coins have been made,
but few or none of late years. — Bartlett's Ameri-
canisms.
Federal government. [L. faedus, a treaty. "X
A government by the union of several states,
each of which surrenders a portion of its sove-
reign power to the central authority ; as that of
the Swiss cantons. — Freeman, Hist, of Fed.
Government.
Federals. Name of the loyal Americans in
the civil war of North against South, 1861-1866.
Fee. [O.Fr. fie, fiee, fieu, fief, fied, fief,
feu, feed, feud.'\ {Leg.) 1. Property, pos-
session. 2. A fief, a manor held in possession
by some tenant of a superior. 3. An estate of
inheritance held ultimately from the Crown. 4.
In America, an estate transmissible to heirs
held absolutely.
Fee. [A. S. feoh, cattle; cf Goth, faihu,
money, O. H.G. vihu, beast, money, L. p^cus,
pficu, head of cattle, p^ciilium, small private pro-
perty held by husband's, father's, or master's
consent, p^cunia, money, riches.] 1. Remunera-
tion for professional services, honorarium. 2.
A perquisite, a douceur paid to officers or
servants.
Fee-base. (Base-fee.)
Feed; F.-heater; F.-motion; F.-pipe; F.-
pump. In Mech., to feed a machine is to supply
it with the material on which it operates. J4 F.
or a F.-motion is the part of the machine which
brings the material up to the working point.
In the steam-engine, the F.-pipe supplies the
boiler with water, which is raised by a F. -pump,
in most cases from a F.-heater, i.e. a reservoir
in which the water is heated by waste steam.
Feeder. (Float.)
Feeding-part of a tackle. {Naut) The part
which runs through the block ; opposed to Stand-
ing-part.
Feed of grass. {Naut.) Supply of vege-
tables.
Fee-farm rent. {Leg.) Rent reserved on
granting an estate in fee, of at least a fourth of
the annual value of the lands at the time of
reservation.
Feel the helm, To. {I\Faut.) Spoken of a
ship when she steers quickly ; also when she
gets enough way on to answer the helm.
Fee-simple. (Leg.) A freehold estate of
inheritance absolute and unqualified, enjoyable
in all hereditaments as well as in personalty.
(Fee.)
Fee-tail. [L.L. feodum talliatum.] A free-
hold estate limited to a particular line of descent.
Feigned diseases. (Afed.) Real, but volun-
tarily induced or aggravated.
Fel-. (Field.)
Felicitate. [L.L. fellcTtare.] To wish a per-
son joy, as one may even wish for a successful
rival ; to congratulate [congratulari] being to
unite cordially in the joy.
FSlidse. [L. felis, cat.] (Zool.) Digitigrade
carnivora of the cat kind, specially distinguished
by retractile claws and lacerating teeth, ranging
from the cat to the lion and tiger. Found
everywhere, except W. Indies, Madagascar and
adjacent islands, Australasia, and Polynesia.
Felix fanstomque sit. [L.] May it be happy
and blest.
FeU. [Goth, filla, A.S. fel, fell, Ger. fell,
L. pellis, Gr. xe'Wa, from palna.] Skin, hide
of a beast.
Fell. [Ger. fels, Dan. fjiild, mountain, rock."]
A barren, rocky hill.
-fell. Part of names of hills [of Norw. origin,
from a form akin to fjeld, hillside, as in Snae-
fell].
Fellah, plu. Fellahin, Fellaheen. A peasant in
Egypt, a cultivator of Egyptian soil.
Fellmonger, formerly called also a Glover.
[A.S. fel, a skin; cf. L. pellis, Gr. ittKKa, a
hide."] One who prepared skins for the leather-
dresser, by separating the wool from the hide.
Fellow. [Perhaps O.K. felau, Norse felagi, a
partner in goals.] The title of members, or the
higher members, of colleges in the universities,
who form the governing body of the college,
and divide a large portion of its net revenues.
Hence, generally, the members of any society.
Fellow-commoner, in Cambridge, or Gentle-
man commoner, at Oxford. A resident in
college, iti statu pupilldri, allowed on payment
of extra college fees to live at the Masters of
Arts', etc. , or Fellows' table ; now almost ex-
tinct in both universities.
Fellowship. In Arith., a rule for dividing
profits and losses amongst partners.
FeUy. [Ger. felge.] The rim of a wheel.
Felo de se. [L., felon concerning himself]
{Leg.) One who commits suicide, being of
sound mind.
Felspar. [(?) Ger. feld-spath, field-spar, i.e.
found on the ground ; or fels-rock, as being
common in granite or on mountains.] {Geol.)
A very abundant mineral, silicate of alumina
with soda, potash, lime ; of various colours ; an
ingredient of nearly all igneous and of many
metamorphic rocks.
Felstone, Felsite. A rock composed wholly
or largely of felspar.
Felucca. [Ar.] {Naut.) 1. A narrow-decked
vessel of the Mediterranean, with one, two, or
three masts, carrying lateen sails. 2. A small
Mediterranean craft, with six or eight oars,
in which the helm may be shipped at either
end.
Femme-couverte [Leg. Fr.], also Feme-
covert. Married woman. (Covert-baron.)
Femme sole. [Leg. Fr.] Single woman,
spinster, or widow.
FemSra. (Triglyph.)
FemSral. [L. femur, the thigh.] {Ana/.)
Relating to the thigh-bone.
FENC
207
FETL
Fence-month. (Leg.) Fawning-month of deer,
when they may not be hunted.
Fence-time, or Close-time. The breeding-time
of fish or game, when they should not or must
not be caught or killed.
Fendble. (Mil.) Soldiers formerly enrolled
for a limited time for service in a particular
country ; ^e.g. Malta Fencibles.
Fencing. Buying stolen goods much below
their value. Fence, one who so buys them.
Fenders. [Abbrev. for de/endt-rs.'\ (iVaut.)
1. Planks placed to prevent the chafing of a
ship's sides by things being hoisted on board.
2. Pieces of old cable, etc., put over the side to
prevent one vessel from touching another, or the
side of a dock, etc.
Fend off; To. (Naut.) To keep a vessel from
coming into contact with anything, by means of
spars, fenders, etc. Fend the boat, keep her off
the ship's side.
Feneration. [L. feneratio, -nem, from fen^ror,
/ lent/ on interest (fenus).] Lending on interest,
usur\'.
Fi^neetrae. [L., windows.} (Anat.) Of the
ear, two holes in the cavity of the tympanum.
FeneetraL [From L. fenestra, window.} Of
or pertaining to windows or a window.
Feniani. [Perhaps fiom Finn (Fingal) and
his Feni, a militia.] An association of Irishmen
formed in America, in 1^65, with the professed
purpose of separating Ireland from England.
Fenks. The refuse of whale-blubber, used in
making Prussian blue.
Fenri*. In Myth. (Loki)
Fen*. [A.S. fen, Goth, fani, O.H.G. fcnna,
marsh, mud.} Marshy land, especially the re-
claimed marsh-land of W. Norfolk, N. Cam-
bridgeshire, S.E. Lincolnshire, intersected by
the rivers Cam and Ouse, Nen and Wei land.
Feofiea. [Fr. feoflt.] (Fee.) One to whom
a. corporeal hereditament is "given, granted, and
enfeoffed."
F§raB nat&ne. [L., of wild nature.] Wild
animals, as rabbits, hares, deer, game, and
savage kinds of beasts ; they are not absolute
Kroperty, but landowners or privileged persons
ave a qualified property in them while they
remain within the limits of their land or liberty.
FeraL [L. fCralis, from iera, wild animal.}
Wild descendants of domesticated spec.
FSrto. [L.] L (Hist.) Latin ioi festivals.
The most important were the Feriae Latinae,
celebrated on <he Alban Mount by all the Latin
states. 2.(Eccl.) In the Latin Church, any days
which are not feasts ; ordinary weekdays.
FeriaL [From feriae, holidays.} In the Latin
Church, not festive, of or pertaining to non-
festal days.
Feriation. [L. feriatus, keeping holiday.} A
keeping holidsiy.
Feridnn. (Zohak.)
Feringhee. The Oriental name for European :
probably from the Varingii, IVarings, Norsemen
who took service at Constantinople under the
Byzantine emperors ; or, as some think, from
the Franks.
Feman-bag. (Naut. ) 1. A small ditty-bag,
used for carrying tobacco, etc. 2. A monkey's
pouch.
Ferracnte. A pagan giant of chivalric
romance, slain by Orlando.
Ferrara. A kind of sword made at F., in
Italy ; an Andreiu F. being one of the make of
Andria di F., especially prized.
Ferret. 1. [Heb. anaza, in Lev. xi. 30.] (Bill. )
Unidentified ; perhaps a lizard. 2. [Fr. for a tag,
dim. offer, iron.} The iron used to try whether
molten glass is fit for working. 3. A narrow
kind of tape.
Ferretto. [It. ferretto di Spagna, little iron of
Spain.} Copper calcined with brimstone or
white vitriol.
Ferric salts. [L. ferrum, iron.} (Chem.)
Salts containing iron. Ferrous contain a larger
proportion of iron iht^n ferric salts.
Ferrotype. [L. ferrum, iron, Gr. rlmos,
type.} A photograph taken with ferrous salts.
Ferruglnons. [ L. ferruginous, from ferrugo,
iron rust.} J.q. chalybeate (q.v.).
Fertiliration of flowers. (Hot. ) This is accom-
plished by the contact of the pollen with the
stigmatic surface. Cross-fertilization, the fer-
tilizing of a blossom by pollen from another
blossom on the same plant or on a different
plant of the same spec. This is often effected
by means of insects, who, in their search for
honey, carry the pollen from one blossom to
another. Mr. Darwin's researches into the sub-
ject are well known.
Fervens difflclli bile tilmet jeoor. [L.] My
liver is inflamed and nvollen with bile from til
temper (Horace).
Fescennine verses. (Rom. Hist.) Recited
extemporaneously by the youth of Latium and
Elruria, first, it is said, at Fescennia, a town
of Etruria, at rustic festivals ; playfully abusive ;
out of which grew Satire, the only native poetry
of Italy.
Fescne. [L fesiuca, a stalk.} An important
gen. of grasses ; Meadow F., Festuca pratensis, '
being one of the most valuable for pasture.
Fess. [L. fascia, a girdle.} (Her.) (Es-
ontcheon.)
Fessen-penny. (Fasten-penny.)
FesLina lente. \X,., hasten gently.} More haste,
worse speed.
Fetch of a bay, or gulf. (Naut.) The line
between the points enclosing it.
Fete-champetre. [Fr.] An outdoor enter-
tainment, a large garden-party.
Fetials. [L. fetiales.] (Hist.) The heralds
of ancient Rome, whose duty it was to declare
war and conclude peace. (Pater patratus.)
Fetish, Fetishism. [Fr. fetiche, Port. feiti9o,
charm, from L. facticius.] The worship of
material substances — stones, weapons, plants,
etc., prevalent amongst barbarous nations, es-
pecially those of negro race ; tribes, families,
individuals, having their special F. " It is,
perhaps, not so much a worship of natural
objects, ... as a system of incantation by a
sorcerer class" (Kingsley, At Last, p. 287)
(Obi.)
Fetlock. The lock, tuft of hair, that grow
FETT
208
FIEL
behind the pastern-joint (y.».) on the feet of
horses.
Fettle. [O.E. /vj/.] 1. In Athletics, order,
condition, preparation. 2. (AWw/.) To fit,
repair, put in order ; also used as a threat.
Fetwah. [Ar.] A written judgment of a
Mohammedan mufti on a point of law.
Feu. In Scot. I^w, = feud, fee, limited,
however, to vassal tenure, wherein the return
service is payment of grain, or money.
Feuar. In Scot. Law, one who holds a Feu.
Feudal system. (Hist.) A system in which
the sovereign is regarded as the proprietor of all
lands, the holders paying him homage and
swearing featly or faith. The chief is thus
suzerain, and the tenant is his vassal.
Feu-de-joie. [Fr., lit. fire of joy.] (Mil.)
Troops in line firing in the air \a succession, to
commemorate any occasion of rejoicing.
Feu d'enfer. \¥x., fire of hell. \ A very hot
fire from firearms.
Feuillaus. (Eccl. Hist.) A religious order,
branching off from the Bernardines, and estab-
lished at Feuillant, in Languedoc. The Cltib
des Feuillans was a revolutionary society in
Paris, in 1791-92.
Feuillemort. [Fr. feuille morte, dead leaf]
The colour of a dead leaf.
Feuilleton. [Fr., dim. of feuillet.] 1. Part
of a newspaper devoted to light literature,
criticism, and belles lettres, etc. 2. An article
on light literature ; a part of a novel published
in a journal.
Fet [Turk.] A brimless cap of cloth or
felt.
Fiacre. [Fr.] A kind of hackney coach in
France, a four-wheeled cab ; the first carriages
for hire in Paris having been stationed at the
Hotel de St. Fiacre, 1640. F., an Irish saint
of the sixth century, is in France the patron
saint of gardeners.
Fiametta. [It., little flame.] Boccaccio's
name for his lady-love.
Fiance, fem. -ee. [Fr., betrothed.] Intended
husband or wife.
Fiar. In Scot. Law, the person in whom
the property of an estate is vested, subject to
the estate of the life-renter.
Fiars. A term used in Scotland to denote
the regulations fixing the price of grain yearly
in the different counties.
Fiasco. [It., a flask.] A failure in singing,
acting, etc. (See, for an ingenious account of
the word, Stainer and Barrett, Musical Diction-
ary ; and cf ampulla, meaning lit. bottle, meton.
bombast.)
Flat. [L. , let it be done.] An effective com-
mand to action ; a decisive or operative decree,
especially a divine decree which involves its own
immediate realization.
Fibril. [L. fibrilla, a coined dim. of fibra, a
fibre, filammt .] A minute or terminal fibre.
Fibrine. [L. fibra, a fibre, filament.] In
animals and plants, anorganic compound, closely
resembling albumen and caseine ; distinguished
by the very delicate filaments in which it appears
when dissolved in fluid. (Albtimen.)
Flbiila. [L.] \, A brooch, a buckie. 2.
(Anat. ) The small bone of the leg, attached to
the outer side of the tibia, or great bone of the
leg ; long and slender, and somewhat resembling
the pin of a brooch.
Fico. [It., a fig.] An action expressing con^
tempt ; the placing of the thumb between two
fingers.
Fid. (A^aut.) 1. A square bar of wood or
iron passed through a hole in the foot of an
upper mast, the ends of which rest on the
trestle-trees to support the weight of the upper
mast. 2. A wooden pin to open the strands ot
a rope. 3. The piece of oakum placed in a gun-
vent. 4. Fid of anything ; a quid, or small
thick piece. When the F. has been inserted in
the mast and the mast-rope slackened, the mast
is Fidded.
Fiddle. (Naut.) Small cords to prevent
things rolling off a table at sea. F.-block, one
having two sheaves, the lower one being the
smaller. F.-head, one finished by a scroll turn-
ing aft, in contradistinction to a Scroll-head, which
turns forwards.
Fiddler's Oreen. A nautical Mohammedan
paradise.
Fiddlewood. [Fr. fidele, tntsty.] A hard
W. -India wood used for carriage wheels, etc.
FIdei commissuiu. [Leg. L.] Property given
by testament to one person who is obliged by
operative words of request to transfer it to a third
person ; trust property.
Fidei Defensor. (Defender of the Faith.)
Fide jussSres. In Kom. Law, sureties for any
one on bail, came in Eccl. L. to mean sponsors ,
called also Sponsores susceptores [Gr. kviboxot,
Eng. gossips (i.e. God-sibs, or relations in God),
Godparents]. The term Fide jussores is now used
for bail sureties in the Instance Court of the Ad-
miralty. — Admiral Smyth's Sailor's Word-Book.
Fidessa. (Duessa.)
Fiduciary. [L. fiduciarius, from fiducia,
trust, from fidus, trusty.] \. (Leg.) One who
holds property in trust. 2. In Theol., one who
denies the necessity of good works, insisting on
faith only.
FIdiis Achates. [L., faithful Achates.] The
trusty follower and tried friend of vEneas (Virgil,
^fieid) ; hence any staunch friend.
Fief. [L.L. feodum, from Goth, faihu, A.S.
feoh, cattle ;hence other goods, especially money ;
hence property in general.] An estate in lands
held of a feudal superior. (Fee.)
-field, -feld, as part of geographical names,
is the A.S. feld, a clearing in forest-land, where
trees have been felled ; as in Cuck-field, Fel-sted.
Field. [A.S. feld.] (Her.) The whole sur-
face of an escutcheon.
Field fortification. (Mil.) The throwing up
of such works as are required for retrenching
villages, camps, and posts, in aid of temporary
operations in the field.
Field officer. (Mil.) Every officer holding
the rank of colonel, lieut. -colonel, or major in
the army.
Field of the Cloth of Gold. (Hist. ) The name
given, from the splendour of the ceremony there
FIEL
209
FINF
observed, to the spot, between the French towns
of Ardresand Guines, where Henry VIII. with
Wolsey met Francis I. (1520).
Field-pieoe. (Mil.) Light artillery (drawn by
horses) which takes part in the evolutions of
troops.
Fieldwork. (Mil.) Any earth or stockade
work constructed for the protection of troops in
the field.
Fi§ri faclEas. [L., cause thou to be made.]
(Leg.) A judicial writ, commanding a sheriff
to levy the amount of debt or damages recovered
in the Queen's courts by execution on goods
and chattels.
Fi. fo. (Fieri faeiaa.)
Fife>rails. (A'aut. ) The rails above the bul-
wark of poop and quarter-deck, and round the
mainmast.
Fifth-monarchy men. (Hist.) A faction or
sect which regarded the protectorate of Crom-
well as the foundation of a fifth monarchy
(succeeding those of Assyria, Persia, Greece,
and Rome), in which Jesus Christ would reign
visibly for a thousand years. (Millenninm.)
Figala. (A'aut.) An £. -Indian boat, having
one mast, and paddles.
Figiro. Beaumarchais's barber of Seville, and
in J^ Manage 0/ F., a valet de chambre. An
adrfiit, unscrupulous inlrij^uer.
Figger. (.\'(/«/.) A Smyrna trader.
Figgie-dowdie. [Figs and dough.] {Naut.)
A kind of j>!um-pudding.
Fighting-lanterns. (Naut.) Used in night
actions, generally one to each gun.
Fighting-«ail*. (Naut.) In sailing-ships,
Usually the courses and tof>sails only.
Fighting-water. (Naut.) Casks of water,
dashed with vinegar, placed on the decks, for
use in action.
Fights. (Naut.) Wfetecloths hung about a
ship, to hide men from the enemy. Close-fights,
i.q. close quarters.
Figurant, fcm. -ante. [Fr.] An inferior
operatic dancer; fern., a ballet-girl.
Fignrate numbers. (Math.) Such as can be
written as fractions in Which numerator and de-
nominator are factorials of the same number of
factors having unity for a common difference ; the
first factor in the denominator is unity, but in
the numerator it may be any number whatever ;
7.8.9
e.g. -J-— = 84, which is a F. N. (Factorial.)
Figure. [\^. f\g\xrz, shape, form.'] I. (Naut.)
The principal ornament at a ships head. F.-
head, a carved bust or figure at the prow. 2.
(A'het.) An effective mode of expression, which
c'eviates from the plainest form of utterance.
There are /'. 0/ thought, as a simile ; and /^ 0/
language, as antithesis, chiasmus. Figures
affect clauses and sentences, while a Trope affects
a single word.
Figured. (Her.) Bearing a human face.
Figured bass. In Music, with numbers above
and below, is a kind of musical shorthand,
indicating the harmonv.
Filacer, Filacer, Filuer. [Fr. filace, from L.
fllum, thread.] (Leg.) An officer of superior
courts, who filed original writs, etc., and issued
processes thereon. The office is now abolished.
Filadiere. (Naut.) A small, flat-bottomed
boat of the Garonne.
Filature. [Fr.] A reel for winding off silk
from cocoons.
File. [Fr. file, thread, L. fllum.] (Mil.)
The front and corresponding rear rank man of
any double rank of soldiers drawn up in line.
Filiated colleges. Educational institutions,
residents at which can proceed to degrees at the
filiating (i.e. adopting, as L. filius, a son) uni-
versity upon examination only.
Filibuster. A freebooter, of which word it is
a corr. Hence the Sp. filibote, flibote, a fast-
sailing vessel. (Buccaneer; Fliite.)
Filiform. (Bat.) Slender and round, like a
thread [L. filum] ; e.g. stem of dodder.
Filigree. [Fr. filigrane, from It. filigrana, L.
fllum, a thread, granum, a grain, i.e. bead.]
Network of silver wire adorned with beads.
Filidque. (Nicene Creed.)
Filius mtilieratus. [L.L.] (Leg.) Eldest
legitimate child of a woman who cohabited with
her husband before marriage.
Flilus nulUns. [L., son of nobody.] Illegiti-
mate child or son of an obscure person.
(Hidalg^.)
FlUui p8p41i {L., son of the people.] Illegiti-
mate child.
Filler, Fill-horse. (Thiller, Thill-horse.)
FiUet [Kr. filet, thread.] (Her.) The
diminutive of the chief, being at most one-fourth
its size. The chief being divided into four equal
horizontal strips, the lowest strip would be the
fillet.
Fillibeg, Fhilabeg. [Scot. Gael, filleadhbeag,
little plaid (Latham, s.v.).] A kilt, or kind gf
petticoat reaching only to the knees* worn by
the Scotch Highlanders.
Fill the mainyard. To. (Naut.) To fill the
main-topsail, after it has been aback.
Filoselle. [Fr., L.L. folasellum, firosellum.
It. filugello ; corr. of a dim. of L. filum,
thread.] A coarse-twisted floss silk.
Fimbria. [L., a fringe.] (Anat. and Bot.)
A fringe-like part, or process; e.g. the margin
of a pink.
Fimbriated. [L. fim\>na.ias, fringed.] (Her.)
Having a border of a different tincture.
Finely John. Nickname of the late Earl
Russell, who thought the Reform Bill of 183 1 final.
Fine. [L. finis, end.] (Leg.) 1. A lump
sum paid to a landlord on entrance into tenancy
or on renewal of a lease. 2, An assurance by
record (often with four terminal proclamations
in the Court of Common Pleas) of a transfer of
property founded on a fictitious pre-existing right
— the transferer being called the deforceant,
conusor, or recognizer ; the recoverer the plain-
tiff, conusee, or recognizee.
Fine-drawing. Sewing up a rent so that the
seam is not visible.
Fine metal. White cast iron.
Finesse. [Fr.] Artifice, acuteness, nicety,
trickery.
Fin-foot. (Zool.) Water-bird, about thirteen
FINF
FISH
inches long, with lobated feet like grebes.
America, Africa, and Borneo. Sub-fain.
I Heliornithinae [Gr. ^\»os, sun, Spvi-s, -dos,
bird}, fam. Rallidoe, ord. Grallas.
I Fingers and toes. ( Anbory. )
Finul. [L. finis, an endj\ {Arch.) The
top or finishing of a seat, pinnacle, or gable.
(Crockets. )
Finis cor5nat 6pus. [L.] The end crowns the
work.
Finner. (Zool. ) Gen. of whales with dorsal
fin and skin furrowed. Temperate and cold
latitudes. Ord. Physalus.
Finnic. {Lang. ) Name of a northern Tura-
nian or agglutinative group of languages ; also
called Norse.
Finos. [Sp.,_/f«^.] Second best Merino wool.
Fiord. [Norw. form of the word frilh or
firth.\ A narrow inlet of the sea, penetrating
Ikr inland.
Fioritnre. [It.] {Music.) Florid passages in
melody or accompaniment.
Fir-bome, Fire-bare. [(?) Ger. feuer, fire,
baum, tree. ] Old names for a beacon.
Fire, Greek. (Greek fire.)
Fire and lights. In Xaut. slang, the master-
at-arms.
Fire-annihilator, Phillips's. A contrivance
for extinguishing fire by pouring in streams of
carbonic acid, sulphurous acid, and other gases
which do not support combustion. Drops of
sulphuric acid are made to fall from a bottle,
when broken, upon a mixture of chlorate of
potash and sugar ; and the intense combustion
of the sugar fires a surrounding mixture of char-
coal, nitre, and gypsum, and dense volumes of
the above-mentioned gases are evolved. — Cham-
bers's Eticyclopadia.
Fire-ball. 1. A luminous meteor, like a large
shooting star. (Elmo, Fire of 8t ; Castor and
Pollux.) %. {Mil.) Globular framework of iron
containing an inflammable composition projected
from mortars during the night to discover the
positions of the trenches of besiegers.
Fire-bill. {Naut.) The placing of officers and
men at fixed stations in case of fire. F.-booms,
spars to keep off burning ships, etc. F. -screens,
pieces of feamaught put round hatchways in
action.
Firebote. {Leg.) Necessary fuel allowed to
be taken off the land by tenants.
Fire-box ; F.-tubes. The chamber of a loco-
motive engine in which the fire is placed is the
Fire-box ; the tubes passing through the boiler
which convey the heated air from the fire to the
smoke-box are F.-tubes.
Fire-clay, Fire-brick. A nearly pure silicate
of alumina, able to retain its form against a
great degree of heat, owing to the absence of
lime, etc., which would act as a flux. The
clay-bed, or seat-earth, underlying nearly every
coal-seam, is good fire-clay ; its carbonaceous
blackness goes off with burning.
Fire-damp, in mines ; or Mcursh gas, as being
generated in bogs, etc. Light carburetted hydro-
gen ; After-da7np, Choke-damp, or Stythe, being
the carbonic acid gas formed by the explosion.
Fire insurance. (Life assurance.)
Fire-raising. In Scotland, arson.
Fire-ship. {Naut. ) A ship fitted with grap-
pling irons, and filled with inflammable materials,
to set fire to the enemy's ships.
Fire-swab. A mop of rope-yam, wetted, and
used to cool a gun and mop up loose powder.
Fire-water. The name given by some of the
Indian tribes to ardent spirits. — Bartlett's Ameri-
canisms.
Fire-worshippers. (Guebers.)
Firkin. [Dim. o{ four ; cf. farthing, fir lot. ^
1. Of ale, nine gallons. 2. Of butter, fifty-six
pounds. 3. Of soft soap, sixty-four pounds.
Firlot. [Said to be A.S. feortha hloi, fourth
lot, or part.] An old Scotch dry measure,
= a quarter of a boll, which latter varies in
quantity according to the locality and the article
measured ; but in the case of oats is = six
bushels.
Firman, or Ferman. [Pers.] In Persia and
the Turkish empire, any mandate of the sove-
reign, from an ordinary passport to an instru-
ment conveying extraordinary privileges. (Hatti-
sherif.)
First-fruits. (Annates.)
First intention. (Intention. )
First-pointed style. (Geometrical style.)
Firth-guild. [A.S. ferd, army, and guild
{q.v.).'] An association of a hundred men to
carry out a deadly feud or avenge manslaughter.
Fiscal. [L. fiscalis, from fiscus, money-
basket, emperor's privy purse.] 1. Pertaining
to the public treasury. 2. {Scot. Law.) A
public prosecutor in petty criminal cases.
Fish, Fish-piece. A long spar, round on one
side, hollowed on the other, bound to masts or
yards to strengthen them. To F., to strengthen
them thus. To F. the anchor, to turn it upside
down for stowing.
Fish-beam; F.-bolt; F.-joint; F.-plate. A
Fish-beam is one flat at top and curved below,
being thickest in the middle — like a fish's belly
— so as to offer at all sections a resistance bear-
ing a uniform ratio to the bending moment ;
the beam is thus equally strong at all sections.
A F.-joint fastens two rails end to end, by
means of F.-plates, which are flat pieces of iron
an inch thick placed on each side of the rails
and fastened by four screw-nuts and bolts, called
F. -bolts, two of which pass through the foot of
the one rail, and two through the head of the
other.
Fisherman's ring, In Latin, Anniilus piscd-
toris. A seal of the pope ; its device being St.
Peter in a boat casting his net.
Fisherman's walk. {Naut.) A very small
space ; "three steps and overboard."
Fish-fag. {Naut.) 1. A woman who carries
a fish-basket. 2. A slattern.
Fish-fights, Siamese. The Ctenops pugnax, a
small fresh-water fish, is kept for this purpose ;
exhibitions of fights between these are licensed,
yield considerable revenue, and are connected
with desperate gambling.
Fishing hawk. (Osprey.)
Fish-stew. [Low Ger. stauen, to stop, to make
FISS
FLAG
a dam (stau).] A pond for rearing and fattening
fresh-water fish.
Fission. [L. fissio, -nem, a splitting.'\ Re-
production by di%'ision of the parent, either
partial, as in many corals, or complete, as in
some hydrozoa.
Fissiparons. [L. fihdo, sup. fissum, / cleave,
pario, / beget.'\ Dividing into parts, each of
which is a reproduction of the original. (Oem-
mation.)
Fissiped. [L. fissi-pddem.] Cloven-footed,
as deer ; a division of Ungiilata.
Fissirostrals, Fisairostres. [L. fissus, split,
rostrum, bill.'\ (Ornith.) Wide-billed birds ; a
tribe or fam. in those systems which characterize
birds by their bills. It includes swallows and
goat-suckers.
Fiastires-of-retreat (Geol.) 1. In granite and
basalt, due to contraction in solidifying from a
molten state. 2. In septarian nodules (i/.z'.), to
solidification from a soft wet state ; so also mud-
cracks, i.q. suncratks, found fossil, are F.
Fistiila. [L.] 1. A shepherd's pipe, generally
a Pan's pipe. 2. (Afed.) A tubular ulcerous
channel, with constant dischai^e.
Fitch. [O.E. fitchew, polecat.'] The fur of
the polecat.
Tuehes. Isa. xxviiL 25 ; the same word as
vetches [l„ viciit].
Fitchett, Fitchew. (Polecat)
Fitohy. \,iler.) Sh.-iri)cned to a point, so
that it might beylr.rrt/[Fr. fichejin the ground.
Fita of eaay transmission and reflexion.
Newton supposed that the molecules of light in
their progress through space pass continually
into alternate states which recur periodically at
equal intervals. In one of these it is disposed
to obey the reflective forces of the body which it
meets ; it is then in a Fit of easy reflexion. In
the other stale it is disposed to oliey the re-
fractive forces of the body, and is then in a
Fit of easy transmission. Newton proposed
by this means to account for the colours of thin
plates.
Fitter. A skilled workman who exactly ad-
justs the parts of a machine to each other before
it is finally put tc^ether.
Fits-. Part of names, = son of [for Norm.
Fr. fiz, = Fr. fils, from L. filius] ; often form-
ing surnames of royal bastards ; as Fitz -James,
Fitz-William, Fitz-IIcrbert
Five-Mile Act, Oxford Act (Eccl. Hist.) An
Act passed, 1665, ordaining that, except in
travelling, no Dissenting teacher who had not
submitted to the declaration required by the
Act of Uniformity should approach within five
miles of any corporate town.
Five points. (Eccl. Hist.) Five doctrines
debated between Calvinists and Arminians :
(l) Particular election ; (2) particular redemp-
tion ; (3) total depravity of human nature ;
(4) irresistible grace ; (5) final perseverance.
Fives. A game in which a small hand-ball is
hit by the hands before the second bound against
the front or side walls of a three-sided court ;
played sometimes with one wall only.
Five-share men. {Naut.) Men who enter on
whalers, etc., and agree to take a share of the
proceeds of the voyage as pay.
Fixed air. An old term for carbonic acid gas,
from its existence in a fixed state in limestone,
etc.
Flag. [From flag, to droop ox flutter (Skeat).]
(Naut.) Taking a Flag to be oblong, the Cornet
is a swallow-tailed F., in signalling called a
Burgee; which, otherwise, tapers either to a
point (and is then, in signalling, a Pennant) or
to a pair of swallow-tails, which latter is the
shape of a Broad pennant. In the R.N., a
Pennant, Whiff, or IVhip is flown at the mast-
head, and is lengthened according to a ship's
Flag- time, i.e. period of foreign service. The
leading British nautical flags are as follows : —
1. The National F., viz. (i) the Union Jack,
a combination, heraldically incorrect, of the
crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St.
Patrick, with a broad white border ; and (2) the
Bed Ensign. 2. ThQ Blue E., restricted to the
Naval Reserve, certain Government services, and
Royal Yacht Clubs. 8. The IVhite E. with a
red cross, or St. Georges E., is restricted to the
R.N. and the R.Y. squadron. Each E. bears in
the upper corner next the mast the U.J., the use
of which, undifferenced, is similarly restricted to
the R.N., where it is flown in the bows, but by
the admiral of the fleet at the main. 4. Ad-
mirals, Vice-A., and Rear-A. fly the old English
colour, or St. George's fack, i.e. plain white with
plain red cross, at the main, fore, and mizzen,
respectively; formerly they flew the R., the
W., and the B. E. respectively; rank in each
division being further denoted by the mast at
which each E. was flown. A commodore flies a
Broad pennant at the main or fore, according
to his class ; all of a lower rank fly the ordinary
White E. at the peak or flagstaff. 6. The
Pennant, flown by all ships in commission,
White for the R.N., and Blue for armed Colo-
nials, etc., bear a St. George's cross next the
mast. There are many, other British flags appro-
priated to various services, colonies, and de-
pendencies ; as the Royal Standard, showing that
one of the royal family is on board ; the Red
E. with the Dominion arms in the fly for
Canada; the Green, Red, White Tricolour
(horizontal), with the U. J. in the upper corner
next the mast, for Heligoland. Some foreign
merchantmen's flags are subjoined. War and
governmental F. vary, sometimes very widely,
from merchantmen. France: blue, white, red.
Italy: green, white, red. Belgiu?n: black,
yellow, red. Portugal: blue, white ; all vertical,
and reckoned from the mast outward. Holland:
red, white, blue. Bussia: white, blue, red.
Germany: black, white, red. Spain: yellow,
red, yellow, red, yellow. Austria: red, white,
with two coats of arms, half red and half green.
Greece: five blue, four white, with Jack in corner;
all horizontal, and reckoned from the top down-
ward. Denmark: red with white cross. Nor-
way : red with blue cross, and Jack in corner.
Sweden: blue with yellow cross, and Jack in
comer. U. S. A. : red and white horizontal
stripes, with white stars on blue ground in corner,
FLAG
FLEM
corresponding in number to the states in the
Union. Turkey: green, with white crescent on
red central disc. Egypt : red, with white cres-
cent and three stars. The terms Flag and Pen-
nant are sometimes used to denote admiral and
commodore respectively.
Flagellants. [L. flagellantes, from flagello, /
whip, scourge."] Fanatics who, first at Perugia,
A.D. 1260, and elsewhere through Italy, then, at
intervals, in many other parts of Europe till the
sixteenth century, found in self-scourging a vent
for wild religious feeling. — Milman, Hist, of
Latin Christianity, bk. vi. 334.
Flagelliform. (Bot. ) Shaped like the thong
of a :uhip [L. flagellum].
Fl&geUTun. [L., <z scourge, a young shoot."]
(Bot.) A vegetating node, a runner; e.g. straw-
berry.
Flagrante delicto. [L., while tlu offence is hot.]
In the very act.
Flag share. The admiral's share, one-eighth,
in prizes.
Flake-white. The purest white lead, m flakes
or scales, used in oil-painting.
Flambeau. [Fr., a torch.] A large wax-light
for illuminations.
Flamboyant. [Fr.] (Arch.) The French term
for the style of architecture answering to the
Flowing English, from theyfaw^-like forms of the
tracery. (Geometrical style.)
Flamen. The Latin title for the priests of any
particular deity, as distinguished from priests in
general.
Flamingo. [S p., from its colour.] (Zool.) A
gregarious, wading bird, five or six feet high.
Full plumage, red, with black quill feathers.
Tropical and Southern countries, but not Austral-
asia ; occasionally S. Europe. Phoenicopt^rus
fGr. <l>oti/lK6-irTtpos, crimson-wing] ruber, gen.
P., fani. PhcEnTcopterid?e, ord. Grallae.
Flamingo plant. (Antburium.)
Flaminian Way, Via Flaminia. Made by C.
Flaminius, B.C. 221 ; led from Rome to Ari-
minum ; continued to Milan, as the Via Emilia.
(Emilian Provinces.)
Flanohe. (Her.) An ordinary bounded by
two circular arcs projecting, one from each side
of an escutcheon. A Flcisqtu is of the same
shape but wider, and a Voider wider still.
Flancois. [Fr. flanc, flank, L. flaccus, as
being the w(ak, flabby part (Littre).] Cover-
ing of armour for the flanks of a horse.
Flaneur. [Fr. flaner, to stroll about.] A
lounger, idler, man alx)ut town.
Flandrin. [Fr.] 1. A Fleming, or man of
Flanders. 2. As a nickname, a lanky, meagre
fellow.
Flange; F.-beam; F. -joint; F.-rail; F.-
wheel. A projecting edge or rib. A Flange-joint
consists of projecting pieces on two shafts or
pipes, by which they may be securely bolted
together end to end. A F.-rail has a projecting
edge on the outside, so that a wheel with a flat
tire may not slip off it. Railway cars have
F. -wheels, the flange being the projecting part,
of larger diameter than the rest of the tire, which
restrains the wheel from leaving the rail. A
F.-beam has along its length a flange at its upper
and under side, the part between them being
often thin (and called a web), so that the re-
sistance it offers to bending is mainly exerted by
the flanges. (Flank.)
Flank, probably from L. flaccus. (Flancois.)
1. (Mil.) Either extremity of a line of troops.
2. (Fortif.) The rampart at the extremity of a
face of a work.
Flanked angle. A salient in fortification,
defended by a cross-fire from some other work.
Flash. Burnt sugar and capsicums for colour-
ing spirits.
Flashing signals (Naut.) are effected by dots
and dashes as in electric telegraphy. At night
a white light is exposed and quickly covered
for a dot, and left longer exposed for a dash.
In the daytime the dots and dashes are indicated
by collapsing cones.
Flask. [Gar. flasche, bottle.] The box in
which moulds for castings are made.
Flasket. [Welsh fflasged.] A long shallow
basket.
Flasqne. (Flanohe.)
Flat aback. (Ahxut.) . Sails so much aback as
to give stern-way.
Flat-fish. (Pleuronectidee.)
Flatting. [Probably Fr. flou, softness of touch
(Flou).] 1. A mode of painting, which leaves
the work without gloss. 2. A method of gilding,
where it is unburnished but covered with size.
8. Rolling out metal into plates.
Flavescent. [L. flavescentem, p. part, of
flavesco, I groiv yello^v (flavus). ] Turning yellow.
Fleam. [L.L. fl^botomum, fletum (Phlebo-
tomy).] (Vet.) A short lancet projecting from
the side of a straight piece of steel, used by
percussion for bleeding horses and cattle.
Fleche. [Fr., an arrow, M.H.G. flitsch.]
1. (A/il.) A work in the shape of an arrow,
at the foot of a glacis, covering the communi-
cations with advanced works. 2. (Arch.) A
slender spire.
Flecherra. (A/'attt.) A swift despatch-vessel ;
S. America. ^
Flectere si neqneo supSros, Acheronta movebo.
[L. ] If I fail to bend the gods above, I will stir
up hell belffiu (Virgil). (Acheron.)
Fleece, Order of the Golden. An order of
European knighthood, founded by Philip III.,
Duke of Burgundy, 1430. (Golden fleece.)
Fleet. A. S. name or part name, = channel
[Norse fliot ; cf. A.S. fleotan, to float], as in
Fleet Street, Pur-fleet.
Fleet marriages. Until a.d. 1754, mutual
consent alone sufficed for legal civil marriage in
England ; but a full marriage as to Church
communion and its important consequences bear-
ing upon baptism, legitimacy, probate of wills,
etc., required a priest. Numberless secret mar-
riages had been performed in "lawless churches,"
i.e. in churches claiming exemption from the
ordinary's jurisdiction ; amongst them Fleet
marriages by clergymen imprisoned in the Fleet.
Abolished by Lord Hardwicke's Act, A.D. 1754.
(See ^w^. Cycl., ii. 1016.)
Flemings. \Cf. O.E. fleem, outlaw, from
FLEM
213
FLUC
A.S. flean, to slay.'] The tribe which gave its
name to Flanders ; perhaps = outlaws or their
descendants.
Flemish. Of or from Flanders.
Flemish aoconnt. In Naut. parlance, one
showing a deficit.
Flenush school. A school of painting, estab-
lished by the brothers Van Eyck, at Ghent
and Bruges, early in the fifteenth century, and
marked by excellence of drawing, colour, and
chiaro-scuro. Rubens, Vandyke, and Teniers
were the great masters of the second period.
Flensing. [Dan. flensen.] Cutting up the
blubber of a whale.
Flesh trafae. {A^aut.) Slave-trade.
Fleta, sen Comment&riam JOris AngUeanL
[L.] (I'tg.) A treatise on the whole law, after
IJracton and Glanville, composed in the reign of
Edward I.
Flenr-de-lis. [Fr.] 1. The lily of the royal
arms of the French kings, represented in a form
more like that of the head of a javelin. 8. In
Her., used (i) as a charge, or (2) as difference in
the sixth son's escutcheon.
Flexor mnscle. [L. flecto, /Ai-wy.] It bends
the part on which it acts. (Extensor mosole.)
Flexure, contrary, Point of. (Singular point.)
Flight A Dutch canal-boat.
Flint-glass. Glass composed of silicate of
potash and oxide of lead, used for table glass
and for optical instruments.
Flint implements. Instruments of various
kinds ; weapons, arrow-heads, knives, and —
when fixed to wooden handles — hatchets, etc.,
usetl by primitive and by savage man.
Flipper. (A</«/.) The fin or paw of seals,
etc. ; melon, the hand.
Flitter-mouse. [Ger. fleder-maus.] The bat.
(Cheiroptera.)
Float. 1. The channel which distributes
water for irrigation. 2. A wooden trowel used
in plastering.
Float-board. A board fastened radially to
an undershot water-wheel, or to a paddle-wheel
of a steamer, to give the water a hold for
turning the wheel or propelling the steamer.
Floating anchor. (Anchors.)
Floating coffins. A nickname of the old ten-
gun bri^>. Unseaworthy vessels.
Floating islands. In lakes and slow rivers ;
sometimes a collection of driftwood and alluvial
soil, e.g-. those carried out fifty to a hundred
miles from the mouth of the Ganges ; sometimes,
as in Scotland and Ireland, masses of floating
peat ; others appear and disappear, e.g. one
m Derwentwater ; some, as the I-loating Gardens
of Cashmere, and the Chinampas of Mexico, are
artificial, and very ancient. (Bafts.)
Floating ribs. (False ribs.)
Floccillation. [L. floccillus, coined dim. of
floccus, u<ool.\ A delirious picking of the bed-
clothes before death.
Flock. [L. floccus.] The refuse of cotton
and wool, used for stuffing mattresses, etc.
Flogging the glass. {Naut.) Shaking the
half-hour glass, by which the bells are regulated,
to make the sand run quicker.
Flood anchor. {A^aut.) The anchor used
during the flood-tide.
Floor. {Naut.) The bottom of a ship ;
strictly, what rests on the ground when a ship is
ashore.
Flora of a country or geological epoch =
the plants belonging to it. (F., the goddess of
flowers.) (Fauna.)
Floralia, Florales Liidi. [L., floral games.]
A Roman festival in honour of Flora, from
April 28 to May 2, conducted by the ^diles,
and celebrated with theatrical performances, and
much general licence.
Floreal. Eighth month of French first Re-
publican calendar, from April 19 to May 20.
Florin. A coin having different values in
different countries : the Austrian florin (or gulden)
is worth about 2j. ; the Bavarian F. or G. about
IJ. &/. ; the Polish F. about 5 W. (Originally a gold
coin struck at Florence, in the thirteenth century,
having on one side the head of the Baptist, on
the other a lily : called from the city, or from
the flower (?).)
Flory. [Fr. fleuri.] {Her.) Adorned with
fleurs-de-lis.
Floss. [L. flos, flower.] 1. Untwisted fila-
ments of silk, used in embroidery, etc. 2. A
glassy scum floating on iron in the puddling
furnace.
Flota. The Spanish word for fleet, applied
to the ships sailing under convoy from Cadiz, or
other ports, to the Transatlantic possessions of
Spain.
Flotant [Fr. flottant.] {Her.) Floating in
the air.
Flotation, Plane of. [Fr. flot, a wave, L.
fluctus.] The imaginary section of a body made
by a plane coinciding with the surface of the still
water in which it floats.
Flotsam, Flotson {i.e. floating). Derelict or
shipwrecked goods floating on the sea ; as dis-
tinguished ixom Jetsam, oxjetson [L. jactationem,
a throwing over], goods thrown over and sunk ;
Lagan \i.e. lying ; cf. Ger. legen, to lay], goods
sunk with the wreck, or attached to a buoy, as a
mark of ownership.
Flou. [Fr.] A term in painting, meaning j^-
ness of touch ; ioxmerXy flo, the Flem. flaun, or L.
fluidus (Littre) ; but are not these connected?
Flower-Girl Brigade. A society of flower-
girls in London, founded by Lady Burdett Coutts,
1879, which seeks to improve their condition
by regulating the supply of flowers, the con-
ditions, places, etc., of sale, with fixed payment
or commission.
Flower of the winds. {Naut.) The compass,
as drawn on maps and charts.
Flowers of snlphnr ; F. of zinc. Sulphur, or
white oxide of zinc, condensed from sublimation ;
so called from their appearance.
Flowing sheet, With a. \Naut.) With the
wind at about right angles to a shi]5's course.
Flowing style. (Oeometrical style.)
Fluctuation. [L. fluctuatio, -nem, a wavering
motion.] (Med.) Undulation of fluid in any
cavity of the body, as distinguished by proper
manipulation.
FLUE
214
FOCU
Fluent. [L. fluentem, p. part, of fluo, IJlmv.^
{Math.) A quantity whose value changes con-
tinuously ; thus the length of the path described
by a moving point changes continuously with the
time. In Newton's language, a F. is what is
more commonly called an Integral.
Fltinunery. [Welsh llymry, a kind of oat-
meal gnitl.] 1. Pap. 2. Metaph. silly talk,
finniking ornament.
Fluorescence. If we look through a solution
of sulphate of quinine at the end of the solar
spectrum which is beyond the violet rays and
dark to the naked eye, we see a blue-coloured
light, arising from a lessening of the refrangi-
bility of the itiys beyond the violet rays ; i.e. the
solution reduces the rate of the ethereal vibrations
to within the limits at which they produce the
sensation of light. This phenomenon — which
can be exhibited in several forms — is called F.
Fluorine. A colourless gas, one of the ele-
ments, occurring \n fluor-spar.
Fluor-spar [a word coined from L. fluo, 1
flmu ; i.e. useful as a flux in fusing iron ore], or
Derbyshire spar [q.v. ). ] (Min.) Fluoride of cal-
cium, calcium fluorine ; a mineral common
in some metalliferous lodes.
Flush at cards. A hand in which all the
cards are of one suit.
Flush-deck. (Seeks.)
Fiate, Armed en. [Fr.] {Naut.) Partly
armed, as a flute, fluyt, ox fly -boat {q.v.) might
be. (Filibuster.)
Fluviatile. [L. fliiviatilis, belonging to a
river (fliivius).] {Geol.) 1. Produced by river
action. 2. Of or belonging to rivers.
Fluz. [L. fluxus, rt^(;7i//w^.] Any substance
used to promote the fusion of minerals.
Fluxion. [L. fluxio, '-nem, «y?<nf/«^.] {Math.)
The rate of change per unit of time of a Fluent,
i.e. of a magnitude whose value changes with the
time ; thus the velocity of a moving point at
any instant is the F. of the length of the path
described up to that instant. A F. is the name
given by Newton to what is now commonly
called a diflerential coefficient.
Fluxions, Method of. A mathematical method
invented by Newton, equivalent to the differ-
ential and integral calculus subsequently pro-
mulgated by Leibnitz.
Fly; Fly-wheel. A Fly consists of two or
more vanes set on an axis to prevent the ac-
celeration of the velocity of a falling weight by
means of the resistance (which increases very
rapidly with the velocity, and soon becomes
equal to the weight) offered by the air to their
motion. A F. -wheel is the heavy wheel keyed
to the main shaft of a steam-engine ; it serves as
a store of energy to keep the angular velocity
of the shaft uniform.
Fly-away, Cape. A cloud-bank mistaken for
land ; i.q. Dutchman's cape.
Fly-boat. (Fliite ; Filibuster.) {Naut.) 1. A
Dutch vessel, from 300 to 600 tons burden, flat-
bottomed and high-sterned. 2. A fast canal-
boat.
Fly-by-night. {NarU.) L An extra sail like
a studding-sail, used in sloops when before a
wind. 2. A spare jib set from topmast-head to
the yardarm of a squaresail.
Flyer. A venture. To take a F. in stocks is
the expression used in Wall Street when persons
not stockbrokers, or dealers in stocks, occasion-
ally make a venture. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Flying buttress. {Arch.) A buttress, shaped
like an arch, springing from a mass of masonry
on the external wall, and abutting against the
springing of another arch. The flying buttresses
of Amiens and Cologne Cathedrals are among
the finest specimens.
Flying camp. Troops leaving their quarters,
with provisions for two or three days and a
limited amount of baggage, for the purposes of
training under canvas and of constantly moving.
Flying colours, With (Mil.), = victorious ; to
exhibit the colours or flags of a regiment being
considered somewhat of a display suited to
important occasions. Only certain regiments
may march through London with F. C.
Flying Dutchman. (Naut.) 1. Spectre ship
supposed to haunt the Cape of Good Hope. 2.
Any phantom vessel.
Flying-jib. (Sails.)
Flying-jibboom. (Bowsprit.)
Flying-kites. (Naut.) The lofty sails, as sky-
sails, royal studding-sails, and those above them.
Flying-light. (Naut.) Crank from insufiici-
ent ballast or cargo.
Flying-sap. (Mil.) Intrenchment foraied on
open ground by placing a row of empty gabions
on end touching one another, and filling them
as rapidly as possible from the earth immediately
behind them.
Flying squirrel. [From Gr. ffKi-ovpos, shadoiu-
tailed, through L.L. dim. sciuriolus, Fr. ecureuil.]
(ZpoI.) Two gen. of squirrels, Scmropt^rus (flat-
tailed) and Pteromys (round-tailed), having the
skin of their flanks so modified that, when they
extend their legs, it extends correspondingly,
enabling them to glide from tree to tree. Some
spec, measure nearly three feet across. Sciuro-
pterus is found in E. hemisphere from Lapland to
Borneo, and in W. hemisphere from Labrador
to California ; Pteromys in E. hemisphere only,
from Himalayas to Borneo.
Flying-to. The ship's head coming up to the
wind very quickly.
Fly of a flag. (Hoist.)
Fo. 1. The Chinese name for Buddha. 2.
The dog of Buddha, the lion-like animal often
forming the knob of a China vase-cover.
Focal length. 1. Of a lens or mirror, the
distance from the surface to the principal focus.
2. Of a telescope, that of the object-glass.
Focus [L., a hearth}; Actual F. ; Geometrical
F. ; Principal F. ; Virtual F. 1. In Optics, the
point to or from which rays falling on a lens or
mirror converge or diverge after refraction or
reflexion ; in the former case the F. is Actual,
as the rays meet in the focus ; in the latter
Virtual, as the rays proceed as if they diverged
from the focus. When the incident rays are
parallel to the axis, the point is a Principal F.
If the surfaces of lens or mirror are spherical,
the convergence to a point is accurate only on
FCEDU
215
FORE
the supposition that their extent is indefinitely
small ; the focus is always determined on this
supposition, and when it is necessary to draw
attention to the approximate character of the
determination it is called a Geometrical F. 2.
(For Focus in Geom., vide Ellipse; Hyperbola;
Parabola.)
Poedum ineeptu, foedom exItXL. [L.] Dis-
graceful in the outset, disgraceful in the issue
(Livy).
Fcenom Ubit ia coma. [L.] Lit. he has
hay on his horn ; said of a dangerous head of
cattle ; he is a dangerous character (Horace).
FoBtus. [L.] The unbom child, from the
time of quickening.
Fog. [L.L. fogagium, /&f»/ w/Wtjr/flj/wr^.]
(Agr. ) Grass not eaten down in summer. To
F. is to shut pasture early in May, and to feed it
from November or December till the next May.
Fogram. [(?) Catachr. from Grogram (Grog).]
[^Naut.) Indifferent liquor.
Fohn. [Ger.] In Switzerland, the moist
south wind of spring ; the L. Fav5mus (Horace,
Od. I. iv.). (Pan.)
Foil arches. (Areh.)
Fololand. [.\. S.] Land of the people,
either held in common or parcelled out to in-
dividuals for life under the sanction of the free-
men in their local meetings (folc-gemote). It was
assignable to freemen and to thegns. (Bocland.)
Fold. [A.S. falod.3 Originally an inclosure
of felled trees.
Folio. [L. folium, leaf.^ A book formed of
sheets so folded as to make two leaves each.
Folk-lore. The popular tales, traditions, and
superstitions of a country ; often of high antiquity.
Folkmote. [A..S. folc-mot.] Any public
meeting of the folk of a given place or district,
and varying with the latter in importance.
Follicle. [L. foUis, a bag, dim. foUiculus.]
1. {Atiat.) Small hollow gland of the skin, or
mucous membrane. 8. (Bot.) A carpel not
having dorsal suture, and dehiscing by the
ventral suture.
FolUcilus Urii. [L., air-bag.'\ Formed by
the duplicated lining membrane at the large end
of a bird's egg.
Follower. In Machinery. (Driver.)
Followers. In sea phrase, men allowed to be
taken by a captain in the navy when he changes
his ship.
Ffimis. [L., /«<?/.] {Med.) Any substance
retaining contagious efHuvia.
Fonda. [.Sp.] An inn.
Fondas. [Fr. fondre, melted.^ A style of
printed calico, etc., in which the colours melt
or shade into one another.
Fontange. [Fr.] A knot of ribbon on a
head-dress, a top-knot (introduced by Mdlle. de
F., 1679). — Brachet, Etym. Diet.
Fontlcfilos. [L., little fountain, dim. of fons.]
{Med.) An issue.
Fools, Feast of. {Hist.) A feast celebrated
anciently in French churches on New Year's Day ;
a survival, probably, of the Roman Saturnalia.
Foolaeap. Paper twenty-seven inches by
seventeen.
15
Fools' paradise. (Limbo.)
Foot-pound. A unit of work — the work done
when a pound weight is raised vertically one foot.
Foot-ropes. {A'aut.) (Horse.)
Foots. Settlings of oil, sugar, etc., at the
bottom of a hogshead.
Forage. [Connected with fodder and forray,
L.L. foderare, to demand y^(/^-rt^if for man and
horse (Wedgwood).] {ATil.) 1. Allowance of
oats, hay, and straw, given to horses. 2. The
searching for provisions of any kind is called
Foraging. 8. The undress head-covering of a
soldier is a F.-cap.
F5r&men. [L. foro, / bore, fierce.'\ 1. An
opening, hole. 2. {Bot.) The small orifice in
the integument of the ovule.
F6raminif&ra. [L. foramen, an aperture, fSro,
/carry.] 1. {Zool.) Ord. of Rhizopoda (mouth-
less Protozoa, capable of emitting pseudopSdia, i.e.
extensions for prehension and locomotion), with
a test, or shell of carbonate of lime or of cemented
sand-grains, filled, and sometimes invested, with
sarcode. The pseudopodia are emitted from the
mouth of or through holes [foramina] in the
shell, which is sometimes simple, and sometimes
compound like that of the Pearly nautilus. Sub-
kingd. Protozoa. (Amoeba.) 2. (Geol.) Their
remains are found in the sands and ooze of exist-
ing seas, and in very many sedimentary strata,
especially Fusulina limestone, chalk, Nummulitic
limestone, Miliolite limestone.
Foree [L.L. fortia, strettgth, from fortis,
strong] ; F. of inertia ; Living F. Any cause
which changes or tends to change the state of a
body as to rest or motion ; it is measured by the
quantity of motion {i.e. the momentum) which
it generates (or would generate if constant) in a
unit of time. This word is often used loosely
and even inaccurately. F. of inertia is the re-
action of a body against another body by whose
action its velocity is changed in magnitude or
direction. (For Living F., vide Vis viva.)
Forced men. {A^aut.) Men serving on board
a pirate from compulsion.
Force majeure [Fr.] is used as = a power
against which one can do nothing. Sauf les
cas de F. M., except in the case of impossibilities.
(Vis major; Forlorn hope.)
Forceps. [L.] A pair of pincers or tongs.
Forcing-pump. A pump with a solid piston
or plunger, and two valves in immediate con-
nexion with the barrel ; one opening upwards at
the top of the suction-pipe, the other outwards at
the junction of the exit-pipe. On the upstroke
water comes up the suction-pipe into the barrel,
on the downstroke it is forced out of the barrel
into the exit-pipe, and so to the cistern. The
one valve keeps the water from returning out of
the barrel into the suction-pipe, and the other
out of the exit-pipe into the barrel.
Fore-and-after. {Naut.) 1. A cocked hat
worn peak in front. 2. A schooner without any
squaresails, or with only a crossjack-yard.
Fore-and-aft sails. {Naut.) Any sails not set
on a yard.
Forebear. Ancestor, ancestress.
Forecastle. In a man-of-war, the upper deck
FORE
216
FORU
before the after fore-shroud ; in a merchantman,
the seamen's cabin forward. Top-gallant F.,
a raised deck extending from the bows to the
foremast, which it includes.
Foreclose. [L.L. foris claudSre, to exclude
from.'\ (Leg.) To take over property on which
one holds a mortgage upon non-fulfilment of the
mortgagor's agreement ; to apply for the ex-
tinction of the mortgagor's equity of redemption.
Poreolosore. A closing off or shutting off oiz.
mortgagor from all right or equity of redemp-
tion. (Foreolose.)
Forefoot. (Naut.) The curved timber which
joins the stem and keel.
Forel, Forril. [O.Fr. forel.] Sheepskin pre-
pared for binding, for drums, etc.
Forelock. (\aut.) An iron wedge driven
through a bolt to hold it in its place.
Foremast-man. (Before the mast.)
Forensio. [L. forensis, belonging to the
forum.] Pertaining to courts of justice and law ;
e.g. F. medicine {q.v.).
Forensic medicine, i.q. Medical jurisprudence.
Medicine as bearing upon questions arising in
law courts — of death, or injury, sanity, legiti-
macy, etc.
Fore-peak. {Maut.) 1. The narrowing part
of a vessel's hold. 2. The part under the lower
deck, close to the bows.
Fore-sheets of a boat. {Naut.) The part
afore the bow oar.
Fore-sight. (Back-sight.)
Forestall. [A.S. foresteallan.] (Leg.) To
buy up goods before they get to the market
stalls, with intent to push up prices.
Forest courts. Old courts for governing the
royal forests. They were : Woodmote, held by ver-
derers every forty days, to try offences against vert
or venison ; court of regard, every third year, for
expeditation of mastiffs ; sweinmote, thrice a year
before the verderers and a jury of sweins (free-
holders) ', justice seat, before the justice in eyre.
Forest fly. Hippoboscus [Gr. i-mo^oaKis, horse-
feeding]. (Entom.) Gen. of dipterous insect,
round-bodied, producing its young advanced to
the pupa stage. Gives name to fam. Hippo-
boscidae ; forest flies and sheep-ticks.
Forest-marble and Fuller's-earth Oolite,
(Geol.) Thin-bedded Lower Oolitic strata in the
west of England, yielding roofing-stone, fuller's
earth, etc.
Forfeiture. [L.L, forisfactura, expulsion or
outlawry.'] (Leg.) Punishment annexed to
some illegal act or negligence in the owner of
real property, by which his interest in it is trans-
ferred to another,
Forgavel. (Leg.) Quit-rent.
Forged Decretals. An imposture of the ninth
century, ascribed to Isidore Mercator ; a spu-
rious collection of D., professedly of above
thirty successive popes of the first three centuries.
They -make the papal power supreme over
bishops, give appeal to Rome in all cases, from
all parts of the world, etc. (Decretals.)
Fork, (Fast and loose pulleys.)
Forkers. (A'aut.) Thieves or receivers of dock-
yard stores ; or dealers in them when stolen.
Forlorn hope. [A.S. for-loren, lost utterly.]
(Mil.) Formerly the officers and men who
volunteered to lead the way in some specially
dangerous assault ; a work now carried out by
those next for duty. {Hope, D. hoop, Ger.
haufen, Eng. heap, is body of men.] (Force
majeure; Life Guards.)
Form [L. forma] ; Hemihedral F. ; Holohe-
dral F. Form, in Crystallog., consists of a face
and of the other faces which by the law of
symmetry must coexist with it ; the Holohedral
F. [Gr. oKoi, whole, 'iSpct, seat, base] of a system
are such as possess the highest degree of sym-
metry ; the Hemihedrcd F. [^M*-» half] are
obtained from the holohedral by the omission in
certain ways of half the faces.
Form& panpgris, In. [Leg. L.] In the charac-
ter of a destitute petitioner.
Formation. [L. formatio, -nem, a shaping.]
(Geol.) Strictly, subordinate to System, and =
special groups of strata.
Forme, [L. forma.] In Printing, the type
from which an impression is to be taken,
arranged and secured in a chase (q.v.).
Formic acid. An. acid obtained originally
from red ants [L. formica;].
Formication. [L. formica, an ant.] A feel-
ing like that of ants creeping over any part.
Form-line. A line used in surveying to give
the outline of the shapes of hills, and to mark
the points where the changes in the slopes take
place,
Formtila. [L.] In Math., a rule or theorem
expressed by means of algebraical symbols.
Formulary. [L, formula, forma, a form.] .
(Feci.) 1. Any book containing the ceremonies,
rites, or offices of the Church. 2. Any writing
containing an official oath.
Forsan et hsec olim meminisse jiivabit. [L.]
Perhaps it will one day be a pleasure to remember
this too (Virgil).
Fortem posce animum. [L.] Pray for a
brave spirit (Juvenal).
Fortes creantur fortlbus et bonis, [L.] The
brave spring from the brave and good (Horace).
Fort-major. (Mil.) Performs duties in a
garrison for the commandant, analogous to those
which an adjutant does in a regiment.
FortunsB filius. [L.] A (favourite) child of
fortune.
Forttlna fortes adjiivat. [L,] Fortune helps
the brave (Terence).
Fortuna multis dat nimium, nulli satis. [L.]
Fortune gives too much to many, enough to none.
Fortuna non mutat gSnus. [L.] Fortune does
not change the breed (Horace).
Fortnnatus. Hero of a popular German story,
who had an inexhaustible purse, and a wishing-
cap which took the wearer instantly to any part
of the world ; these two miraculous possessions
proved F,'s ruin. (Hermes.)
Forty thieves. (Naut.) Forty line-of-battle
ships which were built at the beginning of the
century, and turned out badly.
Forum. [L.] In Rom. Ant,, any open space
in front of buildings, especially before sepulchres.
There werefora for merchandise, as well as for
FOSS
217
FRAN
judicial and civil purposes. Especially the
large market-place at Rome, where courts of
justice were held, public speeches made, and
money transactions carried on.
Fosse. [Fr., from L. fossa, a ditch.\ In
Fortif., the ancient term for ditch.
Fossil lightning. (Fnlgorites.)
Fossils. [L. fossTlis, dug up.\ A word now
applied to petrified organic remains, but formerly
these were termed "extraneous fosi^ils," and
minerals were the real F.
Fossway. One of the great Roman roads,
from the south-west of Cornwall, by Tetbury,
Coventry, and Leicester, to Lincoln.
Fothering. (.Vaw/.) Stopping a leak by pass-
ing a prepared sail over it ; i.q. Thrumming.
Fot^ass. [Fr. fougasse, L. focus, a fire-
plcue.\ (Afi7.) Small mine, not more than ten
feet underground, ignited from surface ; con-
taining merely a bursting charge, loaded shells,
or a heap of stones, to destroy a small work or
check an assault.
Fonl anchor. (Miut.) An anchor is foul, or
fouled, (i) when it hooks anything under water,
as the cable of another vessel ; (2) when the slr.ck
of the cable gets round its stock, or fluke. The
Admiralty badge is a F. A. of the second kind.
Foulard. [Fr.] A thin fabric of silk or silk-
cotton ; origin of the word unknown.
Fool bertii. (A'au/.) When two ships are so
anchored that they and their cables cannot swing
clear.
Fomnart (Poleoat)
Fount, Font. [Fr. fonte, from fondre, to casi.]
A comiilete set of printing types of one size.
Fotir-oentred aroh. (Ajoh.)
Fonrehee. [Fr.] (//i^.) Having the ends
forked or branched.
Foar-conrso shift. (Botation of erops.)
Fotirierism. A system of socialism ; so called
from Charles Fourier, of Besan9on, its pro-
mulgator, who died in 1837.
Fowler's service. (Bowan.)
Fox. [Heb. shu'al.] {.BibL) Includes the
jackal.
Foxing. 1. Turning sour; said of beer. 2. Co-
vering boots, etc., with new front upper-leather.
8. The appearance of spots upon paper.
Fox-tail. (Bot.) An important gen. of grasses,
of which Alopecurus pratensis, ord. Graminese
[Gr. iA.wir«'«coi/poi, from ixiiii\^, a fox, oi/pi, a
tair\, is one of the best for pastures and for
lawns.
Foyer. [Fr.] (Theatr.) The green-room.
[L.L. focarium, a fireplate^ (l) A fireplace;
then {2) a home ; then (3) a particular room.
Foying. {Naut.) Going off to ships, with
provisions, or to aid them.
Foytt. {Naut.) OXAmxa&ior Brigantine^q.v.).
Fraoas. [Fr. fracasser, to shatter. It. fracas-
sare.] Noisy interruption, quarrel in public,
disturbance.
Frache. In glassworks, a flat iron pan, in
which glass vessels are put, to be placed in the
oven.
Fraeted. [L. fractus, droien.] {Her.) Having
a part displaced, as if broken.
Fraction. [L. fractio, -nem, a breaking.\ In
Arithmetic, one or more aliquot parts of unity.
A F. can be expressed only by two whole num-
bers, one to denote the parts into which the unit
is divided, and the other to show how many of
these parts are taken to form the F. The first
of these numbers is called the denominator, and
the second the numtrator.
Fra DiavSlo. [It., Brother Devil.] 1.
Michele Rezza (1740- 1806), Calabrian bandit
and guerilla chief against the French. 2. Name
of a bandit in Auber's opera of that name.
Fradublo. [It. fia, between, dubbio, doubt.\
In Spenser's Faery Queene, a type of the un-
decided in that day in the matter of Rome and
the Reformation.
Frail. [Norm, fraile.] A rush basket,
Fraise. [Fr., a fringe, from Sp. fresco.]
(Mil.) Pointed stake, a row of which, inclined
downwards, is placed along the upper edge of a
ditch, to increase difficulty of an assault.
Frame of a machine. The part which sup-
ports the moving pieces.
Franc. The French unit of money. It is a
coin made of nine parts of pure silver and one of
copper, and weighs five grammes ; = lod., nearly.
rrancesoa of Rimini. One of the women
whose doom is related by Dante, in his Inferno.
Franciscans. One of the four mendicant
orders founded by St. Francis of Assisi, in 1209.
(Dominicans; Orders, Mendicant. )
Franeonia. Name of a German province
before 1714, now almost included in N.W.
Bavaria.
■ Frano-tirenr. [Fr., lit. frce-shooter\ Ir-
regular sharp-shooter, generally raised from
amongst the dependents of the French country
gentry during the late war with Germany ; a
revival of a kind of soldier common in the
Middle Ages.
Frangas non flectes. [L.] You may break,
you icill not bend (Juvenal).
Frangipanni. [It.] A scent, derived from a
W.- Indian flower.
Frank-alen. In feudal language, land acknow-
ledging no superior ; hence not a tenure. (Allo-
diom.)
Frankalmoigne. [Norm. Yx.,free alms.] A
gift of lands to those who were consecrated to
the service of God, upon the condition tliat
Masses and divine service be said for the grantor
and his heirs ; the only way, anciently, of alien-
ating without an heir's consent lands which had
come by descent ; and the tenure by which,
mostly, Church lands are held now by corpora-
tions sole or aggregate (q.v.).
Frankenstein. Mrs. Shelley's student, who
makes a soulless monster, endowed with a kind
of human life, but debarred by its hideousness
from sympathy. By a series of horrible crimes,
it inflicts a terrible vengeance on the author of
its wretched being.
Frank-fee. Preehold lands exempt from all
services except homage.
Frankfort black. A German pigment obtained
from calcined vine branches.
Frankincense. Exod. xxx. 34 ; a constituent
FRAN
218
FRES
of incense, the fragrant gum of three spec, of
Boswellia (see Spea/ier's Commentary, and
" Boswellia " in Eng. Cycl.),
Frank letters, To. To send them free of
postage. Members of either House of Parlia-
ment could do this, by signing their names out-
side. In January, 1840, when the penny post
was introduced, the privilege was abolished.
Franklin. [O.E.] A bailiff or steward of an
estate.
Frank-marriage. (Leg.) A kind of tenure
by which tenements were held when given to a
man and his wife, she being daughter or cousin
to the donor, for them and the heirs of their
body, with no service except fealty.
Frankpledge. {Feud.) A surety given by a
lord for his tenants, or by a tything for its mem-
bers, making the lord or the tything responsible
for the tvere, or money payment of offences com-
mitted by those who might abscond. The
tythings, as thus pledged, were called Frith-
borhs, peace-boroughs. This word became cor-
rupted into FrUorhs, and the Normans hence
invented the phrase Frankpledge. (Leet, Court.)
Franks. A Germanic confederacy of tribes,
freemen, who established themselves in and gave
the name to France.
Frank-tenement. (Leg.) A freehold estate
held under tenure of (l) knight-service, (2) of
free socage.
Frap. (A^aut.) A boat for shipping salt
(Mayo, Cape de Verde). 7'o F., to brace tightly
together. To F. a ship, to pass a large rope
round her four or five times, so as to strengthen
her ; also, to snap your fingers, and to beat
[Fr. frapper].
Frater consangningus. [L.] A half-brother
by the father's side ; F. fitSnnoa, by the mother's.
Fraticelli. [It., brethren.] (Eccl. Hist.) A
Franciscan sect founded in Italy in the thirteenth
century. At the Reformation they embraced
the doctrines of Luther.
Frau. [Ger.] Wife, Mrs.
Franlein. [Ger.] Young lady. Miss.
Fraonhofer's lines. First examined by F., of
Bavaria (died 1826). A great number of very
narrow dark lines crossing the solar spectrum at
right angles to its length. (Spectrum analysis. )
Frazinella. (Dittany.)
Fray. [Fr. effrayer, L. exfrigidare.] Deut.
xxviii. 26 ; to affray, scare.
Freebenck. (Leg. ) Dower of a widow out
of copyholds, to which the custom of some
manors entitles her ; generally a third for life.
The right does not attach till the husband's
decease, while the right to dower attaches at
marriage.
Free-board. (Naut.) A ship's side from the
water-line to the gunwale.
Free-borough men. (Leg. ) The great men,
who were exempt from frankpledge.
Free cities, German. Hamburg, Bremen,
Lubeck, Franfort-on-the-Maine; sovereign mem-
bers of the German confederation.
Freedmen. In Gr. and Rom. Hist., persons
set free from slavery. (Libertines.)
Presold. (Leg.) 1. Tenure in free socage,
originally feudal, now the only free lay mode of
holding property, only the honorary services
of grand serjeanty being retained after the Re-
storation. 2. An estate in rea] property held in
fee simple, fee tail, or for life.
Free imperial cities. In Europ. Hist.,
cities which acknowledged no head but the
emperor, and were thus virtually independent.
Some of these cities formed themselves into
leagues. (Hanseatio League.)
Free lance. An independent person ; metaph.
from the mercenaries of the Middle Ages, who
offered their services to any side.
Freeman. (Leg.) 1. One bom or made free
of certain municipal privileges and immunities.
2. One having a franchise. 3. An allodial pro-
prietor.
Free-martin. A cow-calf, twin with a bull.
Freemason. Properly a guild or fraternity of
builders, the word being not improbably a con-
traction for "freestone" mason. In the Middle
Ages this guild was especially patronized by the
see of Rome ; and to this fraternity we owe
probably the stately magnificence of our great
churches and cathedrals. In Scotland the Abbey
of Kilwinning was built by the freemasons in
the thirteenth century ; and the Kilwinning and
York lodges are the most ancient in Scotland
and England. A severe Act was passed against
the association by the Parliament of 1425, but
it seems to have remained inoperative ; and
Henry VII. was succeeded by Cardinal Wolsey
as Grand Master of the order. The first grand
lodge in London was formed in 1717 ; the first
French lodge, in 1725 ; the first American, in
1730; the fii-st German, in 1735.
Free ship. (Naut.) A pirate, in which all
share plunder equally.
Free socage, (^--eg.) Plough-service, a free
tenure of property originally distinct from the
military tenures of knight-service or tenure in
chivalry, grand serjeanty, and comage ; and
comprising petty serjeanty, tenure in burgage,
and gavelkind.
Free-warren. (Z<?j.) Royal franchise granted
for the care of beasts and fowls of warren.
Freezing point. (Thermometer.)
Freight. [Ger. fracht.] 1. The sum paid for
the use of a vessel, or carrying of goods. 2. The
load itself.
Fremden-blatt. [Ger.] List 0/ visitors.
French-berries. Buckthorn berries, which
give a green or purple dye.
French-chalk. A kind of hardened talc, used
for drawing lines on cloth, etc.
French white. Pulverized talc.
Fresco. [It., fresh, L. frigid us.] Painting
on fresh plaster with water-colours.
Freshen, To. (A'aut. ) To move anything so
as to lessen the strain, to relieve a certain part
or to give it a different effect ; as to F. a hawse,
to F. ballast.
Freshet. [From fresh.'\ A river swollen by
rain and rushing to the sea with a current wider
and more rapid than usual.
Freshman. (Univ.) An undergraduate
student in his first year of residence.
FRET
219
FRIU
Fret 1. (Arch.) An ornament consisting
of small fillets cutting each other at right angles.
2. {Her.) An ordinary consisting of two
diagonal bands, called laths, interlaced with a
mascle. An escutcheon cross-barred with many
interlacing laths is called Fretty.
Frets. [Fr. ferrette, flM»r<7« f/awi/.] {Musu.)
Small projections across the finger-board of
guitars, etc. ; by pressure of the finger upon
them the vibrating length, and therefore the
pitch, is regiilated.
Fretwork. In woodwork, a pattern sawn out.
Freya. (Thor.)
Friar. [Fr. frere, L. frater, brother,'\ A
general name for the members of any religious
order, but applied especially to the mendicants.
(Orders, Mendieant.)
Friborough, Frithburgh. (Frankpledge.)
Frieandean. [Fr.] A ragout or fricassee of veal.
FrieatiTe. [From L. fricaius, a rubbing.]
(Lang.) A continuous consonant, for which
the articulating oi^ns are approximated during
emission of breath just before the separation
which completes the consonantal articulation.
In English the principal fricatives are sh, xh (s
in pleasure), y, r, /, n, th, s, z, /, v, w, m.
Friotion [L. frictio, -nem, for fricatio, -nem,
a rubbing] ; Angle of F. ; F. brake ; Coefficient
of F. ; F. cones ; F. coupling ; F. rollers ; Boil-
ing F. ; F. wheels. Friction is the tangential
resistance offered by one body to the sliding
of another body over it. Coefficient of F.,
the ratio of the tangential resistance to the
normal reaction of a body against another bo<iy
which is sliding, or on the point of sliding over
it. Angle of F, an angle so taken that its
(trigonometric) tangent equals the coefficient of
friction, /bolting F., the resistance offered by
one body to the rolling of another over it, due
to the mutual compression at the point of con-
tact F. coupling, a mode of connecting two
pieces by their friction when liable to sudden
changes of force or velocity ; e.g. by a turn of
a screw a number of metal plates carried by
one piece may be pressed against a number of
wooden plates, and then the connexion between
the pieces is established by a force equal to the
friction multiplied by the number of contacts
between the plates ; another kind is a pair of
/'. cones, viz. a solid cone on one shaft fitting
into a hollow cone on the other. F. rollers are
placed under a heavy body that is to be moved
forward, so as to substitute rolling friction for
the much greater resistance of ordinary friction.
For a like reason an axle is sometimes placed
in the angle between each of two pairs of F.
7vkeels instead of being placed on two fixed
supports. (For F. brake, vide Brake.)
Friends, Society of. More generally known
as Quakers (q.v.).
Friends of God. (Ifist.) A secret brother-
hood, not organized, formed in the fourteenth
century, by certain who held that union with
God was not to be limited by the observance of
particular ordinances. — Milman, ffist. of Latin
Christianity, bk. xiv. ch. 7. (duakers.)
Frieie. 1. (Arch.) (Order.) 2. Coarse
woollen cloth, with a nap on one side , perhaps
originally = cloth of Friesland.
Frigate. [Sp. fregata, a word of uncertain
origin.] In the Navy, ranks after a line-of-
battle ship. Formerly built for swift sailing, and
carrying from twenty-eight tosixty guns. F. -built,
with raised quarter-deck, and forecastle. Vessels
having a flush-deck are galley-built.
Frigate-bird. (Ornitk.) Fregetta, gen. and
spec, of birds , adult male about three feet long
and eight across ; black with red pouch. Tro-
pical seas. Fam. PelScanidce, ord. Ans^res.
Frig&toon. (Naut.) 1. A square stemed
Venetian vessel with only main and jigger
masts, and a bowsprit. 2. A sloop of war,
ship-rigged.
Frigldarinm. [L.] The cooling-room in a
Roman bath.
Friling, Freoling. A freeman bom.
Frimaire. [Fr frimas, hoar-frost.] Third
month of the first French Republican calendar,
from November 21 to December 20.
Fringes of shadows. (DifEraotion of light.)
FringilUdae. [L. fringilla, fnch.] {Ornitk.)
Finches, an extensive fam. of small, short-billed
birds, ord. Passfires. Some authorities class the
Emb^rlzidce [Ger. ammer, emberitz], buntings,
among them ; others exclude the Australian
finches, so called.
Friponnerie. [Fr. fripon, a gourmand, then
a cheating trickster ; friper, to rumple, to gulp
do7L<n.] Rascality, trickery.
Frisian. Of Friesland, north of Nether-
lands. F. dialects are Low German.
Frisket. [Fr. frisquette.] 1. A light iron
frame which turns down over the sheet to be
printed, to hold it firm and keep the margin
clean and fresh [Fr. frisque (Littre)]. 2. The
paper with which wood-engravers, when taking
a proof of their work, cover that portion of the
woodcut which is not cut away, but which forms
no part of the engraving.
Frit. [Fr. fritte. It. fritta, fried.] 1. Semi-
vitrified earthenware, often pounded and used
for glaze. 2. The material for glass, after cal-
cination, but before fusion.
Frith-. [A.S. frithn, O.H.G. fridn, Ger.
friede.] Peace. (Frankpledge.)
Fritii gilds, i.e. Peace clubs. Voluntary asso-
ciations of neighbours for purposes of order and
self-defence, general throughout Europe in the
ninth and tenth centuries ; on the Continent
roughly met and suppressed ; in England recog-
nized, as aiding social order. — Green's Hist, of
English People, p. 191.
Frithman. ^iember of an association for the
keeping of the peace.
Frithsoke, Frithsoken. [A.S.] (Leg.) The
right of liljerty of frankpledge.
Fritillary. [L. fritillus, dice-box.] (Bo/.)
Snake's-head, Fritillaria meleagris, ord. Lilia-
cece ; a native bulbous plant, with chequered
tulip-shaped flower ; in meadows and pastures,
throughout Europe.
FritUi, corr. of Fdrum Julii. Not marked in
modern maps, once capital of Venetia ; after-
wards a Lombardic duchy ; ceded at the fall of
FROG
JIJLL
Venice (1797) to Austria ; in extent = modern
province of Udine.
Frog. 1. [Possibly a corr. of /^r^, which it
resembles in shape (Skeat) ; but the Greeks
also called it fidrpaxos, frog.\ Projection in
the hollow part of a horse's hoof, 2. Strip of
leather attached to the waist-belt for carrying
the sword or bayonet. 8. Loops of braid which
hang from the undress coats of some officers.
Froglanders. {.Naut.) Dutchmen.
Froissart, Chronicle of, i.e. by Sire Jean
Froissart. A very valuable, abundant, and
lively record of contemporary character and
manners, from 1326 to 1400, i.e. about = reigns
of Edward III. and Richard II.; the greater
part derived from his own life at the courts of
Edward and Philippa, of David Bruce, with
the Black Prince in Aquitaine, with the Duke
of Clarence in Italy and Amadeus of Savoy
(Chaucer and Petrarch being his companions),
with the Duke of Brabant, Count of Blois, and
Richard II. It is written in Anglo-Norman
French,
Frond. [L. frons, frond, -em, a leaf.'\ {Bot.)
A combination of leaf and stem, as in many
algK and liver^vorts ; also applied to ferns.
Fronde, War of the. [Fr. fronde, a sling.']
In Fr. Hist., the war waged by the partisans
of the Parliament against the government of
Cardinal Mazarin in the reign of Louis XIV.
Frondenrs. [Fr.] The supporters of the
Parliament in the war of the Fronde.
Front! nulla fides. [L.] ( There is) no trust-
worthiness in outward features (lit. brvw)
(Juvenal).
Front of fortification. The part constructed
on one side of a polygon, consisting of the face
and inner flanks of two collateral bastions with
their connecting curtain.
Frou-frou. [Fr.] A rustling ; as of leaves,
of silk, etc. ; onomatop.
Fructidor. [Fr., a mongrel word, from L.
{r\xct\is, /ruit, and seemingly Gr. iHpov, a gift.\
The twelfth month in the French Republican
calendar, August 18 to September 16,
Fructification, In Bot., the parts of the
flower ; or the fruit and its parts.
Fructuary, [L. fructuarius, productive, enjoy-
ing usufruct, from fructus, fruit, enjoyment.]
(Leg.) One who has use of the produce of pro-
perty, one who enjoys the usufruct.
Fruit. [L. fructus.] That part of a plant
which consists of the ripened carpels and the
parts adhering to them.
Frumenty. [L. friimentum, wheat.] Food
made of wheat boiled in milk and sweetened
and spiced.
Frump, To, = to mock ; to insult. A very
old word, occurring in the dictionaries of Cot-
grave and Minshew. "I was abas'd and
frumped, sir " (Beaumont and Fletcher). This
old word, though long out of use in England,
still lingers among the descendants of the first
settlers in New England. — Bartlett's American-
isms.
Frustum. [L., a piece, bill] The portion of a
solid — in most cases of a pyramid or cone —
which is left when the top is cut off by a plane
section.
Fnoites, Fucoids, [L. fucus, rock-lichen,
wrongly translated seaxvecd.] (Geol.) Seaweed-
like impressions, occurring in many strata ;
often due to tracks and burrowings of worms
and small crustaceans,
FuoivSrouB, [L. fucus, or rather Gr. ^vkos,
seaweed, voro, / devour^ Eating seaweed.
Sheep in Iceland are F,
Fud. Woollen waste.
Fuer. [L. fiig6re, to flee.] {Leg.) Flight;
fuer in fait, actual flight ; fuer in ley, non-ap-
pearance when called in a county court.
Fueros, [Sp.] (Hist.) The name given to
the rights and privileges of certain Spa^iish sub-
jects. It corresponds to the O. Fr. for or fors,
and may come from the L. forum, or from Sp.
fuera, without. These privileges especially dis-
tinguish the Basque provinces,
Fu-fu, (Naut.) Barley and treacle made
into a kind of pudding.
Fugitatioa [From L. fiigito, I flee, freq, of
fugio, I flee.] In Scot. Law, sentence of forfei-
ture of goods pronounced against one who does
not obey a citation to answer a charge in court.
F&ghvhdra. [L.] Time is flying.
Fiigit irrev6cabile tempus. [L.] Time is
flying, not to be recalled (Virgil).
Fugleman. [Ger. flUgelmann, from fliigel, a
wing.] (Mil.) 1. Specially well-drilled soldier
posted in front of a battalion to give the time to
the others in perfomiing the musket exercises.
2. Leader, guide, director in general.
Fugue. [Fr,, L. fiiga, a flying.] (Music.) A
contrapuntal composition, not easily defined.
The parts, not beginning at once, follow or
pursue one another at intervals, A short theme
or melody generally begins ; then follows the
answer, i.e. the same theme a fifth higher or a
fourth lower. The third part gives the original
subject in the principal key but an octave higher
or lower, and is also followed by its answer.
The themes are treated with freedom and variety,
and recur at diminished intervals of time.
Fuit ilium, [L.] Troy has been, ix, ceased
to be.
Fulcrum. (Lever.)
Fulg^ation. [L. fulgiiratio, -nem, from fulgur,
lightning.'] The sudden brightening of a metal
in assaying as the last impurity is driven off.
Fxilgurites. [L. fulgur, lightning.] Vitrified
sand-tubes, mostly vertical, twenty feet or more
in depth, produced by lightning through sand ;
called sometimes Fossil lightning.
Full and by. (Naut.) Sailing as near as pos-
sible to the wind without letting the sails shake.
Full-bottomed. (A'aut. ) A ship designed to
carry a large cargo.
Full due. (Naut.) 1, For good, for ever,
complete. 2. As an order, = belay.
Fuller's earth. A compact, friable, unctuous
clay, not plastic, falling to pieces in water ; often
greenish ; absorbing grease, and once much used
in fulling. In Oolite (Somerset) and Cretaceous
and Neocomian systems (Surrey).
Fuller's Worthies of England and Wales.
FULL
221
FUTH
Bit^raphical notices of eminent Englishmen, ah
abundant treasure of curious stories and observa-
tions, by Thomas Fuller, a royalist clergyman,
and "a wise and leamed humourist" (1608-
1661).
Fnllingf. [L. fullo, a fuUer.'\ In Manuf.,
scouring, cleansing, and thickening clolh by
beating it with hammers in a mill.
Full man. (A'^m/.) In coasting vessels, i.q.
A.B. (q.v.).
Fulmar. (Ornith.) A gen. of birds, fam.
Proceliariidje (petrel kind), ord. Anseres. A
spec, supplying food and oil inhabits St. Kilda,
Hebrides ; it is about twenty inches long ;
plumage grey above, white below, white head
and neck.
Folminatiiig [L. fulminare, fulminatum, to
Ughlen\ gold, silver, merenry. Explosive com-
pounds formed of the oxides of these metals
combined witli ammonia or nitrogen.
Fomage. [L. fumus, smokeJ\ A chimney
tax or hearth money ; abolished in the reign of
William III.
Fomarole. [It., from L. fumare, to smoke.]
An opening in a volcanic region, from which
steam and gaseous vapours escape.
FumltSrj, Common. (Bot.) A wild plant,
Fumaria ofTIcinalis, ord. Fumariaceae, exhaling
an unpleasant smell like smoke [L. fumus].
Foaambolut [L. funambulus, rope-dmtcer,
from funis, ropt, ambulo, / 7valk.\ A rope-
dancer, a performer on ihe rope.
Fund, Sinking. (Sinking fund.)
Fundamental lawa. (Organic laws.)
Funds. [L. fundus, bottom, depth.] Origin-
ally the taxes or funds appropriated for the dis-
charge of the principle of Government loans
upon terminable annuities ; now the various
stocks constituting the public debt, of which far
the largest part consists of three per cent. Con-
sols, i.e. Consolidated annuities, formed from the
throwing together of several separate stocks
(1750-
Fonglblles ret. [Leg. L.] Movable goods
which can be replaced so that the difference
could not be distinguishetl, they being estimated
by weight, number, or measure.
Funieular polygon. [L. funlciilus, a slender
rope.] The form assumed by a thread supported
at both ends- when weights are fastened to dif-
ferent points of it.
FtLnlcfilos. [L., a little cord.] (Bot.) The
stalk by which some seeds are attached to the
placenta.
Funny. {Naut.) A long, narrow, clinker-
built boat, propelled by one sculler only.
Funny-bone. Not a bone at all ; popular name
for the sensation produced by pressing on the
ulnar nerve as it passes between the inner con-
dyle of the humerus and the olecranon process
of the ulna.
Furbelov. [Fr. falballa, a word traced to the
time of Louis XIV., of unknown origin; ac-
cording to Menage, a word invented in a joke
(see Littr^, s.v.).] A flounce, a plait, on any part
of a dress.
Fnrcam et fiagellum, Per. [Leg. L., by gal-
lorvs and whip.] The lowest servile tenure,
when the lord had power of life and limb over
the bondman.
Furcifer. [L.] Among the Romans, one
who had to bear the furca, a two-pronged in-
strument in shape like the letter V, for carrying
burdens. Hence any low rascal or scoundrel.
Furies. (Erinyes ; Eumenides.)
Furlong. [Corr. oi furrow-long.] The eighth
part of a mile, or 220 yards.
Furlough. [D. verlof, leave.] {Mil.) Leave
of absence granted to a non-commissioned officer
or soldier.
Furniture. [Fr. foumiture.] 1, In Printing,
wood or metal pieces to place around the type
in "locking up," i.e. tightening in the chase,
or iron frame, the types when ready for printing.
2. (Naut.) The rigging, sails, spars, etc., pro-
visions, and every article with which a ship is .
fitted, including boats.
Furor anna ministrat. [L.] Hage supplies
weapons (Virgil).
Fuse. [Fr. fusee, originally a spindleful of
thread, L. ftisata, and so any pipe-shaped
hollow.] (Mil.) Funnel-shaped tube of beech
wood filled with a composition of gunpowder,
fixed into the side of a shell for the purpose of
causing it to explode at a regulated time after
leaving the gun.
Fusee. [Fr. fusee, a spindleful oi thread, L.
fusata.] Of a watch, the conical wheel round
which the chain passes in a spiral groove to the
barrel containing the mainspring. It is designed
to equalize the action of the mainspring by
enabling it to act at a greater leverage as its
force is diminished by its gradual unwinding.
Fusel. [Ger. fusel, bad liquor. "^ A poisonous
alcohol found in new spirits.
Fusible metal. An alloy of one part of bis-
muth, one of lead, two of tin. It melts at a heat
below the boiling point of water.
Fusiform. (Bot.) Of the shape of a spi/idle
[L. fusus], thickest in the middle and tapering •
upwards and downwards, as the root of a radish.
Fusil. (/J^r.) An ordinary shaped like a
spindle [L. fusus] or elongated lozenge.
Fusil. \Yx.{\x%\\, hammer of a gun.] (Mil.)
Short musket formerly carried by sergeants and
certain regiments called Fusiliers.
Fust. (Naut.) A low, roomy, armed vessel,
fitted with sails and oars, used as a tender to
galleys. Also a scampavia (q.v.), barge, or
pinnace.
Fustet [Fr., dim. of O.Fr. fust, fflt, forest
•wood, L. fust is, a long piece of wood. 1 The wood
of a shrub (Sumach) of S. Europe, which yields
a fine orange colour.
Fustian. [O.Fr. fustaine, from Fostat, i.e.
Cairo, where it was made.] A kind of coarse
twilled cotton stuff, including corduroy, vel-
veteen, etc.
Fustic. [Fr. fustoc and -tok.] A W.-Indian
wood used in dyeing yellow. Young fustic is
another name for Fustet.
Futhorc. Ancient Runic alphabet ; its first
six letters are /, «, ///, 0, r, c. — Isaac Taylor,
Greeks and Goths.
FUTT
222
GALE
Fnttocks, or Foot-hooks. (JVaut.) The pieces
of timber composing a ship's frame. There are
four or five in each rib. Those next the keel
are Ground F., or navel- timbers, the others
Upper F,
FntnritioQ. [Fr.] Future state.
Fjrrd, Fyrdxmg. The militia. (Trinoda nS-
eessltas.)
Fyrdwite. {Leg.) Fine for neglecting to join
the fyrd.
G. Was used by the Romans as an abbrev. for
Gens. G.L. stood for Genius loci, and G.P.R.
for Gloria populi Romani. As a numeral, it
denoted 400.
Oabardine, Gaberdine. [It. gavardina. a word
of Celt, origin.] A coarse frock, a smock. (The
O.Fr. galleverdine, galvardine, suggest yar/A»«-
gale, q.v.)
Oabarre. [Ndut.) French store-ship ; formerly
a lighter.
Oabart, Oabbert, or Gabert. {A^aut.) A kind
of lighter on Scotch rivers and canals.
GabeL [A.S. gafel, perhaps from gifan, to
give.l Any impost or tax. In France the gabelle,
when used by itself, came to denote especially
the duties on salt ; otherwise it was spoken of as
the Gabelle de vins, de drape, etc. (Gavel.)
Gabelle. (Gabel.)
Gabion. [Fr., from It, gabbione, and this
from gabbia, cage.'\ (Fortif.) Strong cylindrical
basket without top or bottom, three feet high by
two feet in diameter. Gabions are filled with
earth, and used for supporting earthworks in a
steep position.
Gable, or Gabulle. (A^aui.) Old name for a
cable.
Gad. [O.Fr. gad, goad or sting.'\ A pointed
wedge used by miners.
Gad-fly. [O.E. gad, a point, a goad.]
(Breeze-fly.)
Gadhelio. (Lang.) Keltic languages are di-
vided into Cymric and G., which latter includes
Erse, Gaelic, and Manx. (Keltic languages.)
Gad-yang. (Naut.) Cochin-China coaster.
Gaelic (Gaidheal, Gael). The dialect of the
Scotch Highlands, a branch of the Gadhelic divi-
sion of Celtic (Keltic). (Erse.)
Gaffi [Ir. gaf, Welsh caff, a hook, grapple^
(A^aut.) The sp.ir which extends the upper end
of fore-and-aft sails, other than stay and sprit
sails. The end next the mast is the/aTf, the other
end the peak. The jaw is semicircular and fits
on the mast, to which it is secured by the jaw-
rope, which has wooden balls, called trucks,
strung on it to lessen the frictioiu
GaSer. [A corr. of gramfer, as gammer is of
grammer, the west of England forms of grand-
father and grandmother (Halliwell, quoted by
Skeat).] Old fellow, once a title of respect.
Gaffoldgild. (Leg^ Payment of custom or
tribute (gafol). (Gavel.)
Gafl'oldland, Gafol-land. Property subject to
Gaffoldgild.
GafoL (Gavel.)
Gage. [O.Fr. gauger.] {A^aut.) The depth
to which a ship lies in the water. A ship to
windward of another has the Weather-G., to lee-
ward the Lee-G., of her.
Gage. [Fr. gage, L.L. gadium, vadium, from
Teut. vadi, akin to L. vas, gen. vadis, surety ;
cf. Ger. wette, bet, A.S. wedd, pledge, from root
vadh, carry home ; cf. Skt. vadhu, young wifc^
Pledge. Estates in G. are held in vivum vadium,
vifgage (q.v.), or mortuum vadium, mortage
(jr.t-.).
Gage d'amoor. \?x., pledge of love. '\ Love-
token.
Gaillardise. [Fr.] Excessive merriment ; in
the plu., indecent jokes, from Fr. gaillard,
sprightly ; cf. Cymr. gall, strength, Gael, galach,
courage.
Gained day. (Naut.) In the navy, when the
globe is circumnavigated to the eastward (by
which a day and night are gained) pay is given
for that day.
Gain the wind, To. {Naut.) To get to wind-
ward of another vessel when both are going to
windward.
Gair-fowl. [Celt, gairan, to call.] (Ornith.)
The great auk. (Alca ; Auk.)
Galaotometer, Lactometer. [Gr. yiXa, yi-
XaKTos, milk.] An instrument for testing the
specific gravity of milk,
Galahad, Sir. The pure knight of King
Arthur's Round Table, who found the Holy
Grail. (Sangreal.)
Galanga. [Ar. khalaudjad.] An aromatic
root from India or China, used as a spice.
Galatea. (Nereids.)
Galaxy. [Gr. -ydKa^ias, from yciXo, milk.] The
Milky Way, a faintly luminous belt surrounding
the heavens, which is found on telescopic exa-
mination to consist of stars scattered by millions
on the black ground of the heavens. Its general
direction is that of a great circle whose northern
pole is in R.A. 12 hrs. 47 mins. and N.P.D. 63".
Galbanum. [Heb. helbenah, Gr. x«^^*»''>-]
Exod. XXX. 34 ; the gum-resin yielded by two or
more spec, of Ferula, ord. Umbelliferae, from
which was obtained one of the ingredients of the
"holy perfume."
Galbiilas. [L., a cypress cone.] {Bot.) Any
small cone with scales all consolidated into a
fleshy ball ; as juniper.
Gale. (Leg.) Periodical payment of rent.
(Gavel.)
Galena. [L., lead ore, Gr. 7aA^wj.] Native
sulphide of lead ; the most abundant and pro-
ductive of lead oi"es. •
Galenic. Relating to the doctrines or method
GALE
223
GALL
of Galenus, physician at the court of Rome. He
died circ. A.D. 2(xx
Oaleniats. 1. {Eccl, Hist.) A subdivision of
the Waterlandians. 2. (Mai.) The followers
of Galen, a physician of the second century, and
opposed to the alchemists. (Alchemy.)
Oalenites (Mennonites.)
Oale of wind. (Xaut.) Hard or Strons> G.,
number 10 in the scale of wind-force. Stiff G.,
not so strong. Fresh G. , still less strong, one in
which reefed topsails may be carried, when on a
wind. Top-gaiiant G., when not too strong to
allow these sails to be carried. Gentle G., when
royals and flying-kites may be carried ; number
of force, 4. To gale away, i.q. to go free.
G&lSdpIthScof. [Gr. 7aX(7}, weasel, wIOtikos,
ape.] {Zool.) Flying lemur (so called). Fore
and hind legs and tail connected by skin ex-
tension. It is doubtful whether it should be
placed in fam. LSmflr6idea, ord. Primates, or
at head of ord. Insectlvora, though a vegetable
feeder. They are nocturnal and arboreal, and
sleep hanging by their tails. One spec. , Malacca,
Sumatra, Borneo ; another, Philippines.
Oftlire. {¥t., a galley.] 1. Vogue la G., = come
what will ; lit. let the galley or penal-ship row,
as the consequence. 2. Que diable allait-il faire
dans cette G. ? What business had he to get into that
mess ? from Moliire's Fourberies de Scapin ; the
reiterated question of G^ronte, when S. tells him
the trumped-up story that his son L^andre has
been enticed on board a Turkish galley, and will
be carried as a slave to Algiers, unless a ransom
of 500 crowns is paid within two hours.
Oftlette. [Fr. galet, O.Fr. gal, a pebble.]
French pastry, biscuit.
Oalilee. The cathedrals of Durham, Lincoln,
and Ely have appendages called by this name ;
but beyond their name these buildings have little
in common. These Galilees, which may have
had some connexion with discipline, were all
built in the latter part of the twelfth and the
early part of the thirteenth centuries.
0»1nnatiM [Fr., (?) L.L. ballimatia, cymbals ;
but see Littre (j.r. ).] A confused mixture (of
language), gibberish, utter nonsense.
Galipot. [Fr. ; origin of the word unknown.]
A white resin from pine or fir trees.
GUIom. (Bedatraw.)
OalL 1. [L. galla, an oak-apple, gall-nut."]
A vegetable excrescence on the oak. 2. [A.S.
gealla, L. fel, Gr. xo^^-l B'Je.
Galleon, or Gallon. [L.L. galea, a gallery.]
(Naut.) Formerly a war-ship, with three or
four batteries ; now the largest Spanish ships
trading to the W. Indies and Vera Cruz. Portu-
guese vessels trading to India resemble these,
and are called Caragues. The Carracks were
galleons fitted for fighting as well as commerce ;
they had great depth, and were chiefly Spanish
and Portuguese.
Galleot, or Galliot. {Naut^ 1. A small
(Galleon) galley, carrying one mast and from
sixteen to twenty oars. All the men carried
muskets, as she was designed for chasing only.
2, A Dutch or Flemish trader, having a main-
mast carrying a square mainsail and a mizzen-
mast far aft, very round in the ribs, and nearly
flat-bottomed. 3. A bomb-ketch. (Ketch.)
Gallery. [Fr. galSrie, from It. galeria.] 1.
{Mil.) Underground passage of a mine leading
from the entrance to the Chamber. 2. {A'aiit^
A balcony projecting over the stem, from the
admiral's or captain's cabin, and extending the
breadth of the vessel. Quarter- G. , in large ships,
a kind of balcony with windows, on the quarters.
Galley. (Galleon.) {NatU.) 1. A low vessel,
with one deck, propelled by sails and oars.
2. An open rowing-boat of the Thames, pulling
six or eight oars ; used by the Thames police,
etc. 3. A clinker-built, fast-rowing man-of-war's
boat, larger than a gig, and appropriated to the
captain. 4. A ship's kitchen. 6. In Printing,
a ledged board which receives the types from
the composing-stick.
Galley-nose, etc. [Naut.) The figure-head.
Galley-packets, unauthenticated news. Galley-
pepper, soot or ashes in food. Galley -stoker, an
idle skulker.
GaUi. (Cybele.)
Galliard. [Fr.] (Qaillardise.) One full of
animal spirits.
Galliard, Gaillard. [Fr., a jovial felkno
(Gaillardiae).] An ancient dance in \ time, by
one couple only ; the origin of the minuet, but
more lively.
Oallias, or Galeas. (Naut^ A heavy, low
trading-vessel.
Gallic acid. An acid obtained from gall.
Gallioan Church. The distinctive title of the
Church in France, which maintains a certain de-
gree of independence in respect of the Roman
see. The liberties of this Church, first asserted
in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1438, were defined
and confirmed by the Propositions of the Galil-
ean Clergy, promulgated in 1682. The Galilean
Church suffered a very severe defeat in the early
part of the French Revolution, when its leaders
sided to a considerable extent with the party of
progiess, and accepted the " civil constitution "
of the clergy. The Concordat made by Napoleon
with Rome had no tendency to reconstitute the
Galilean Church as it had stood in the eyes of
the famous Bossuet, who drew up the Declaration
of 1682. Since the time of the Concordat with
Bonaparte, the influence of the Ultramontane
party seems to have increased steadily.
Oallican Liturgy. (Liturgy.)
Gallicism. [From Galli, ancient Celtic in-
habitants of France and N. Italy.] A French
idiom or mode of expression.
Galligaskins. Large open hose, worn origin-
ally by seafaring Gascons. Wedgwood regards
the word as a corr. of Greguesques, a Greekish
kind of breeches, worn at Venice.
Gallimatias. (Galimatias.)
Gallimatifry. [Fr. galimafree ; origin un-
known.] 1. A hash of various meats. 2. A
ridiculous medley. (Farrago; 011a podrida.)
GalllnsB, Gallinaceous birds. [L. galllna, a
hen.] Poultry and game birds (except bustard,
woodcock, and snipe), sometimes called Rasores
[L., scrapers] from their scratching habits, and
made to include Columbtdae.
GALL
224
GANG
Gallivats. {A^aut.) Armed Indian low-boats,
generally from fifly to seventy tons.
Gallon. [A word of unknown origin.] A
measure of capacity. The English imperial
gallon is the volume of ten pounds of distilled
water weighed in air at tempeiature 62° Fahr.,
the barometer standing at 30 inches ; it con-
tains 277*274 cubic inches (or 277-27 cubic
inches). The old wine G., fixed by 5 Queen
Anne, contained 231 cubic inches; the old ale
G., 2S2 cubic inches; the old com G., 268*8
cubic inches, which was in fact the Winchester
G. as fixed by l William and Mary ; there
was also an old wine G. containing 224 cubic
inches.
Galloon. [Fr. galon, from galonner, to lace
with gold, silver, silk, etc.] 1. A kind of orna-
mental ribbon, usually interwoven with gold or
silver threads. 2. Cotton or silk tape for bind-
ing hats, etc.
Galloway. 1. A S. -Scottish full-sized pony,
a clever hack generally, with some Eastern
blood ; seldom above fourteen hands. The
breed lost, and the term obsolete. 2. Applied
also to a breed of cattle ; large and black.
Gallows. [A.S. galgo.] {A'aut.) Cross-pieces
(for stowing booms, etc.) on the bitts by the
main and fore hatchway. Called also Gallowses,
G.-bitis, G.-staiichions, and G.-tops.
Galoche. [Fr., L. calopedla, in mediaeval
writers, a wooden shoe, Gr. koAoit^Sjoi/ (Brachet).]
An overshoe, galoshe.
Galore. [Erse gu leor, enoughi\ In plenty,
in abundance. An old word, found in Irish
ballads ; now obsolescent.
Galvanism. (From Galvani, the discoverer.)
Electricity developed by chemical action between
different substances without friction.
Galvanized iron. Iron coated with zinc. The
best sort receives first a thin coat of tin by gal-
vanic action.
Gamba. \\.\.., leg, shank.'\ {Music.) 1. Violdi
G., an old instrument, a sort of viol, smaller than
the violoncello, six-stringed, held between the
knees. 2. An organ stop, somewhat like a
violoncello.
Gambe. [O.Fr. gambe, now jambe ; cf. Gr.
Kafiirri, a bending.'] {Her) A leg.
Gambeson [etym. uncertain], or Wambeys.
Quilted tunic, stuffed with wool, worn under a
shirt of mail.
Gambet. [It. gambetta, dim. of gamba,
shank.] (Ornith.) Red-shank, with imperfect
plumage. Totanus calidris, fam. Scolopacidae,
ord. Grallre.
Gambler. (Native name.) An astringent ex-
tract from a Malayan plant used in tanning.
Gambit. [Fr. gambit, from It. gambetto =
croc-en-jambe, lit. a mean trick (Littre).] In
chess, an offered and accepted sacrifice in open-
ing a game, to give the first player a good
position.
Gamboge. A yellow gum-resin, from Cam-
bodia, in India, used as a pigment.
Gambrel. [O.Fr. gambe, for jambe, legs.] A
crooked stick, used by butchers for suspending
slaughtered animals.
Gambroon. [Sp. gambron.] A twill linen
cloth for lining.
Game. [A.S. gamen, gomen, sport, O.II.G.
and O.N. gaman, joke.] In England (i and
2 William IV., c. 32), includes "hares, phea-
sants, partridges, grouse, heath or moor game,
black-game, and bustards;" and (25 and 26 Vict.,
c. 114) also "the eggs of game, woodcocks,
snipes, rabbits." In Scotland, G. is not so
clearly defined ; but the difference is trifling,
mainly of importance in dealing with each sepa-
rate Act. In Ireland, G. includes "deer, hares,
pheasants, partridges, grouse, landrails, quails,
moor-game, heath-game, wild turkeys, or bus-
tards." — Stonehenge's Bn't. Rural Sports.
-gamia. (Bot.) (Cryptogams; Polygamia.)
Gamin. [Fr. ; etym. unknown.] A street
Arab, urchin.
Gammarina. [L. gammarus = cammarus,
Gr. Kufifxapos, a crab or shrimp.] {Zool.) Small
crustaceans, as the sand-hopper (Talitrus locusta)
and fresh-water shrimp (Gammarus pfilex).
Gammer. [For etym., vide Gaffer.] Old
woman, once a title of respect.
Gammer Gorton's Needle. A comedy of rustic
life, the earliest English comedy, probably, but
one ; circ. 1565 ; (?) by J. Still, afterwards
Bishop of Bath and Wells. Humorous, but some-
what coarse (see Shaw's Student's Eng. Lit.).
Gammon, To. [O. Fr. gambon, from gambe, a
leg.'\ (Naut.) To pass a lashing over the bow-
sprit, and through a hole in the cut-water in a
peculiar manner, so as better to support the
foremast stays.
Gamp, Mrs. Sarah. A vile nurse in Dickens's
Martin Chuzzleivit.
Gamut, Gammnt. [O.Fr. gamme.] {Music.)
The series of seven sounds which constitute the
musical scale, said to be from "gamma" (7,
third letter of the Greek alphabet), which desig-
nated the first of the parallel lines upon which
the notes were placed by Guide Aretini ; but
vide Sol-fa.
Gang (from the gang, or course, taken ;
this being the earlier meaning of the word).
(Agr.) A party of labourers provided by a
middle-man.
Gang-board. (Naut.) 1. (Gai^way.) 3. A
plank used forgetting in and out of boats, where
the water is shallow.
Gang-casks. [Naut.) Used for bringing off"
water in boats, and holding about thirty-two
gallons.
Ganger. {Agr.) The middle-man who pro-
vides a Gang.
Ganglion. [Gr. 7077X10^, a tnmour under tlie
skin.] {Biol.) A knot or enlargement, some-
times a central mass, of nerve-trunks. Gang-
lionic system. (Sympathetic.)
Gangue. [Fr., from Ger. gang, mineral vein,
Eng. a going or course.] The stony matter in
which veins of ore are found.
Gangway. [From M.E. gang, a way, with the
word way unnecessarily added, after the sense of
the word became obscured (Skeat) ; cf. Wans-
beckwater.] \. {Naut.) In deep- waisted vessels,
the narrow platforms next the sides, which con-
GANN
225
GARR
nect the quarter-deck and forecastle, sometimes
called G. -board. 2. The openings in a vessel's
side, or bulwarks, by which one enters and
leaves. To bring to the G., to flc^ a .seaman,
lashed to the grating, i. {Pari.) The passage
across the House of Commons, below which
junior and independent members sit.
Oannet. [O.E. ganot, sea-forvl; cf. gander,
Ger. gans, L. anser, Gr. x^*-.] (Omit A.) Gen.
of birds, found in all climates. British spec.
(Solan goose, Sula alba), about three feet long,
nearly all white ; young, black, streaked, and
spotted with white. Fam. PelficanTdae, ord.
Ans^res.
Oannister. [Local term.] A compact siliceous
sandstone, used in the formation of furnaces ;
found under certain coal-beds in N. England.
0&n5idSi, Ganoids. [Gr. yewHrit, from yiyos,
brightness, tlho^, appearance, of. a bright appear-
anee.] (Jchth.) Sub-class of fish, mostly with
ganoid, i>. enamel-covered, bony scales, bucklers,
or spines, and heterocercal tails, as the sturgeon,
and gar-pike. Dr. Giinther now combines the
sub-classes T^ldost<iI and Dipnoi with the
Ganoidei. (Dipnoi)
Gant-lin«. (Oiit-line.)
Gantlope, Ganntlope, Gauntlet, and Oantl«t,
To mn the. [Sw. g.-itlopp, from gata, a street,
iane, and lopp, a course ; cf. Eng. leap, loafer,
Ger. laufen, to run.] To run, stripped to the
waist, between two rows of men, each of whom
had a knotted cord, knittle, originally a gauntlet,
with which he struck the offender as he passed.
Gantois. [Fr.] An inhabitant of Ghent.
Oanymide. [Gr. T«i>vyAfii\%.\ This word,
which is sometimes used to denote any beautiful
youth, is in the Iliad the name of the son of
T ros, who is said to have been carried away by
an eagle to Olympus, where he became the cup-
bearer of Zeus, or Jupiter.
Gaol delivery. A commission to judges, etc.,
to try and deliver (to freedom or punishment)
every untried jicrson in gaol, on their arrival at
the assixe town.
Oarancise. [ Fr. garance, madder^ An extract
of madder for dyeing.
Garb. [Fr. gerbe ; ef. L. carpire, Gr. Kapw6s,
fruit, Ger. herbst, Eng. harvest.] (Her.) A
sheaf.
Garble, To. (S'aut.) To mix rubbish with a
cargo stowed in bulk.
(Htrbler of spicee. [.\r. girbhal, a sieve
(Skeat).] An old officer in London city, who
may enter places where spices and drugs are
sold, and garble (clean) them.
Garboard-strake, or Sandstreak. (Naut.) The
planks upon a ship's bottom next the keel, and
rebated into it, and into the stern and stem-
posts.
Garfoo. [Fr. ; origin of the word very un-
certain.] Lad, waiter ; in Irish gossoon.
Gardant. [Fr., guarding.] (//fr.) Turning
its head to gaze full-faced.
Garden Cxty. Chicago ; so called from the
number of its gardens. — Bartlett's Americanisms,
Oardiloo ! [Corr. of Fr. gare k I'eau I look out
far the waierl] In Edinburgh, formerly, a cry
to passengers to beware of slops about to be
thrown out of window.
Gare ! [Fr. ; cf. Eng. heware, O.H.G. waron,
to take care.] Look out!
Gar-fiah. [O.E. gar, a lance.] (Ichth.) Sea-
pike, Mcukerel guide ; about two feet long, bluish-
green back, white belly, elongated jaws, homo-
cereal tail. British coast. Bfilone vulgaris,
fani. Scombrfis6cid£e, ord. Physostomi, sub-class
TSleostdl.
Gargantua. The giant of Rabelais's romance
of that name, with a vast mouth and swallow.
Gariah, Gairish. [From gare, to stare, a
variant of M.E. gasen, to gaze, by the frequent
change of j to r (Skeat).] Excessively bright,
staring, flaunting.
Garland. [A word of uncertain origin.]
(Naut.) 1. A rope collar round the head of a
mast, used to prevent chafing the shrouds, and
for other purposes. 2. A wreath, made by
crossing three small hoops covered with ribbons,
etc., hoisted on the wedding day of any of the
crew. 8. A net, with a hoop at top, used for
keeping food in.
Garnet. [A corr. of granat, from the colour
and shape of the seeds of the pomegranate,
L. granatum.] 1. {Jl/in.) A common mineral in
some metamorphic and igneous rocks ; the
several varieties being (i) Lime-G. (Grossular,
etc.); (2) Magnesia G. ; (3) Iron-G., Precious
and Fire-G., Pj^rope, Carbuncle, and Common
G. ; (4) Manganese G. ; (5) Iron-lime G. ; (6)
Lime-chrome G. The best come from Bohemia,
Pegu, Ceylon, and Brazil. 2. (A'aut.) A pur-
chase fixed to a ship's mainstay, and used for
lifting cargo in and out.
Garnish. [A word of O.L.G. origin, seen
in A.S. warnian, to be%vare of (Skeat).]
(Naut.) 1. A large amount of carving, etc.,
about a ship. 2. Money, formerly exacted by
pressed men from newly pressed men coming on
board.
Garnishee. [For etym., z'/V/t' Garnish.] (L^g.)
One warned not to pay a debt to one indebted
to a third person.
Garniture. [Fr.] Embellishment, ornament,
furniture, decoration. (Garnish.)
Garons. [Gr. ydpov, L. garum, a highly
flavoured condiment prepared from fish. ] Of the
nature of garum.
Gar-pike. [O.E. gar, a lance, pic, a point, of
Celtic origin (Brachet) ; cf. Fr. brochet, pike,
from broche.] (Ichth.) Bony pike, gen. of ganoid
fish, several feet long, covered with scales,
elongated jaws, heterocercal tail. N. America
to Mexico and Cuba. LSpidosteus, fam. LfipTd-
ostdi, ord. H61ost6i.
Garrooka. (A^aut.) Native name for.a fishings
vessel in the Persian Gulf.
Oarrote. [Sp.] 1. A mode of execution by
strangling with an iron collar (fixed to a post),
which is gradually tightened. 2. To seize by
the throat from behind, as robbers frequently
do.
Garrtili. [L., chattering.] (Ornith.) Gen. of
jays ; sub-fam. Garriilinse, fam. Corvldse, ord.
Pass^res.
GART
226
GAVE
Oartar. [Fr. jarretiere, from jarret, the ham,]
(Her.) 1. A diminutive of the bend, being one-
half its size. 2. The principal king-at-arms.
Oarter, Order of the. The highest order of
English knighthood, said by some to have been
founded by Richard I., while others accept the
story which assigns it to Edward III. and the
dropping of the Countess of Salisbury's garter.
The order was, however, either founded or re-
stored by the latter sovereign.
Garter-fish. (Ichth.) Scabbard-fish; various
spec, of fish, some five feet long. British spec.
silvery colour, gen. Lepidopus [Gr. A«ir-fs, -iSos,
a scale, irovs, a foot\ fam. Trichiaridae [Op(|,
rplx^ia, hair], ord. Acanthoptdrjrgii, sub-class
Teleostei.
Garters. (Aa«/.) Ship's irons, bilboes.
Garth. \Yiom A.S. gyrA&n, to surround.] 1.
(Leg.) An inclosure round a building, a close.
2. A dam or weir.
Oanun. [L., from Gr. yapov.] A dainty
sauce of small fish preserved in brine.
Gasconade. [Fr. gasconnade.] Bragging talk ;
said to have been characteristic of the Gascons,
the Vascones, Basques of Navarre.
Gadcets. (A'aut.) Cord, etc., wound round
a furled sail.
Gaskin, shortened from Galligaskins. In a
horse, the lower thigh of the hind legs, the part
just above the hock, corresponding to the fore-
arm of the front legs.
Gas-pipe. In Maut. slang, a breech-loading
rifle.
Gassing. Burning off the small fibres of cloth
by passing it through gas-jets.
GasteropSda, Gasteropods. [Gr. yaar-iip, -tpos,
belly, Kovs, iroSds, foot.] Class of land and water
molluscs, with single shell or naked, progressing
by ventral disc, by vertical fin, or by tail, as
snail, whelk, sea-lemons (Doris), Carinaria [L.
carina, htvl].
Gastriloqnist [a mongrel word, made up of Gr.
ycLffT-np, the belly, and L. loquor, / speak], i.q.
Ventriloquist.
(Jastritis. Inflammation of the stomach [Gr.
yaaTi\p\.
Gastrolator. [From Gr. ycurr'fip, stomach, belly,
\drpris, worshipper^ One ' ' whose god is " his
"belly."
Gastromancy. [Gr. yaffriip, belly, /xavrda,
divhiation.] 1. A kind of divination by sounds
from the stomach. 2. Divination by appear-
ances in round transparent vessels.
Gastronomy. [Gr. yoffrip, stomach, vSfios,
law.] The art of promoting the welfare of the
stomach, generally confounded with the art of
luxurious feeding.
Gas-water. Water which has been used for
purifying gas ; called also Gas-liquor.
Gatchers. The after-leavings of tin.
Gate. In founding, the channel leading to the
mould from the sprue,' or hole into which the
metal is poured.
Gate, or Sea-gate, To he in a. (Naut.) Used
of two ships thro\\ n one on board the other by
a wave.
Gate, To. (Univ.) To order a persoii in
st&tu papillari not to leave his college or lodg-
ings after a certain hour of the day for a time, as
a punishment.
Gate of Janus. (Janus.)
Gate of Tears. Straits of Bab-el-mandeb, a
transl. of the Arabic name.
Gatling gun. (Mil.) A gun composed of a
series of six barrels arranged round a central
shaft, each being fired almost simultaneously by
an independent revolving lock.
Gauoh, Gaunch. To kill, as in Turkey, by
dropping a man on to hooks, and so leaving him
to die.
Gaucherie. [Fr., from gauche, the lejt hand.]
Awkwardness.
Gaudy. [L. gaudium, ^<K/«<rjj.] (Oxf.UtUv.)
A college feast-day.
Gauge [a word of uncertain origin ; in L.L.
gaugstum] ; Broad G. ; Narrow G. ; Bailway-G. ;
Bain-G.; 8alt-G.; Steam-G. ; Tide-G.; Vacuum-G.;
Water-0. ; Wind-G. To ^-aM^v a cask is to as-
certain the quantity of liquor it contains or is
capable of containing. Gauge, a measure or
standard ; generally used as part of a com-
pound word. A Kailway-G. is the distance be-
tween the two rails on which the train runs,
viz. 7 feet in Broad-G., and 4 feet 8^ inches
in Narrow-G., lines. A Steam-G measures the
pressure of steam in a boiler ; a Water- G., the
depth of water in a boiler; a Salt-G., the quantity
of salt in the water in a boiler. A l^acuum-G.
measures the pressure of the air or vapour in the
condenser of a steam-engine or the receiver of
an air-pump. A Kain-G. measures the quantity
of rain that falls at a given place in a given time ;
a Tide-G., the height of the tide at any instant
or the variations of height during any assigned
time; a Wind-G., an anemometer, the force of
the wind, e.g. in pounds per square foot.
Gauge. [O.Fr.] A kind of plaster used for
mouldings on a ceiling.
Ganger. Surveying officer under the Board of
Excise.
Gaul. [L. Gallus.] Celtic inhabitant of what
is now France.
Gault, Gait. (Geol.) Provincial name for clay ;
but applied, more strictly, to the cretaceous
clay below the chalk at Folkestone and else-
where.
Gauntlet. [O.Fr. gantelet, from gant, Sw.
wante, a glove.] 1. Glove covered with scales,
with metal cuff. Hunning the G., formerly a
militaiy punishment, the offender being forced
to pass between two lines of men facing inwards,
each of whom struck at him as he passed.
Ihr owing down the G. was formerly a challenge
to fight in the tilting ring. At the coronation of
an English sovereign, the hereditary champion
thus challenges any one who disputes the right
of succession. 2. (A^aut.) A rope round a vessel,
fastened to the lower yardarms, for drying ham-
mocks. (Gantlope.)
Gavel. [O.Fr. gavelle, It. gavella, handful.]
A small heap of loose wheat or other cereal.
(Gabel; Gabelle.)
Gavel, Gabel. [A.S. gafol, gaful, Fr.
gabelle, from L.L. gabella, gabulum, from
GAVE
227
GENl
O.H.G. geban, A.S. gifan, to give.] (Z<f.)
Tribute, toll, tax.
Oavelgeld. (Z<^.) Paymentof tribute or toll.
OaTelkind {h'n3 of land which yields ^zr/,
not military service). [A.S. gafol, tribute
(Oabel; Oabelle).] A mode of descent more
general before the Conquest, and still retained in
Kent, by which the land of the father is at his
death divided equally among his sons, or of a
brother among his brothers, if he has no sons
of his own. (Borough English.)
Oa^IaL {Zool.) Gen. of crocodile; long-
snouted. Ganges, Borneo, and N. Australia.
Oavot, Gavotte. [Fr.] 1. A dance, stately
and spiritetl, popular in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries ; originally a dance of the
Gavotes or people of Gap, Hautes Alpes. 2.
Tune written for the dance, or whose measure
and rhythm were suggested by it ; e.g. those of
Bach, Handel, etc. A G. properly li^ns on
the second half of the bar.
Oawain, Sir. King .Vrthur's nephew, a knight
of the Round Table.
Oay sdenee. (Troubadour.)
Oase, At. {Her,) Standing still and turning
its head to gaze full-faced.
Oaxette. [It. gazzetta, a Venetian coin worth
about \d., the price of the first paper at Venice.]
A newspaper or journal, especially official. The
G. is the London Gazette, containing all State
proclamations, appointments and promotions of
officers, notices of dissolution of partnership and
of bankruptcy.
Oear [a Teut. word] ; OMuring ; O.-chain.
Gearing, a means of transmitting motion par-
ticularly by toothed wheels ; two wheels are
in G. when their teeth are engaged together,
and out of G. when disengaged so that the one
can no longer drive the other ; the terms are
also applied to any driver and follower, however
connected. A G.-chain is an endless chain
whose links are adapted to work with the teeth
of wheels so as to transmit motion from one to
the other. Spelt also Geer, Geering, etc.
Oears. (Jeers.)
Oeei. (Lang.) An early Abyssinian dialect,
also called ^Ethiopian.
Gehenna. [Gr. yitwa.] Means in Hebrew
the valley of Hinnom, where the Jews burnt their
children in the fire to Moloch. In the English
Authorized Version of the Scriptures, it is trans-
lated by hell. By medixval writers it was used
fenerally in the sense of pain and suffering,
lence the verb gehenner, to torture, which has
fassed into the Mod. Fr. gener, to annoy. In
ndia the word has assumed the form Jehanum.
Geist. [Ger.] Great intellectual gifts, genius,
vivacity, spirit.
Gelalaean era. The era, fixed to March 15,
1079, drawn up in the reign of Maiek Shah
(1072-1092), one of whose titles was Gelaleddin,
Glory of the Faith, — Gibbon, Roman Empire,
ch. fvii.
Gellywatte. [Gael, geola, a ship's boat ; cf.
Dan iolle, a yawl, and the modem corr. into
iolly-boat,] (Naut,) An old term for a captain's
boat.
Gem&ra. (Talmud.)
Gemel. [L. gemelli, t^cins.'} (Her.) Double.
Gemini. (Castor and Pollux.)
Gemmation. [L. gemma, a bud.] Reproduc-
tion by buds, inside or outside an animal's body,
developing into independent beings, attached to
or separated from the parent, as in sea-mats
(Flustra) or in tapeworm (Taenia). (Fissi-
parous.)
Gemote. [A.S.] Meeting.
Gendarme. [Fr.] Formerly a man in armour,
and written gent d'arme ; but now a policeman
of a military character. The gendarmerie of a
country is a police force organized and disci-
plined on military principles.
Gene. [Fr.] Boredom, annoyance. (Gehenna.)
General Assembly. (Assembly, General.)
General average. (Naut.) A claim upon
owners and cai^o by those whose property has
been sacrificed for the general good.
General Confession of the Scotch Chtiroh.
(Confession of Faith.)
General ship. (Charter, To.)
Gener&trix. [L, llnea, the line that produces.]
The point or line whose regulated motion de-
scribes a line or surface.
Genet. [Sp. gineto, a light horseman^ I.q.
fcntiet. A small breed of horses ; Spain.
Genet. [Ar. djemeith.] /.^. Genette. Gen.
of sub-fam. Viverrlnae, sharp-nosed, long-tailed,
with spotted or striped fur, and with feeble
musk-secreting apparatus. S. Europe, Africa,
and adjacent parts of Asia. Fam. Viverridpe,
ord. Carnivora.
Genethllao. [L. genethlTacus, from C>r.
ytvtdKi}, a birth.] 1. Belonging to nativities,
calculated according to the rules of astrology.
2. A birthday poem.
Genethliacs. In ancient Rome, those who
told fortunes by means of the stars presiding over
a man's birth. They were sometimes called
Mathem&lici, from the diagrams which they
used.
Genetical. [Gr. yivfriKos, from root of f[-
yvofxai, I become, come into bang.] Relating to
origin, genesis, mode of production, line of
descent.
Genette. (Genet.)
Geneva. [Fr. gen'icvTe, juniper, L. junlp^rus.]
A spirit distilled from grain, and flavoured with
juniper berries,
Geneva Bible, (Bible, English.)
Gen, fil. [For L. gdnSrosi fllius.] Son of a
gentleman.
Geniculate stem. [L. g^niciilum, a little knee.]
(Bot.) One which bends suddenly in the middle,
like a knee ; e.g. stem of knot-grass.
Genii, The ginn or djinn of Eastern nations,
beings created from fire, whose abode is Ginnis-
tan, the Persian Elysium, are sometimes so
called. (Genius.)
Genista, [L.] A gen. of leguminous plants,
Planta genista. Whin, the gen of the Celts,
genet of the French ; the badge of a race of Eng-
lish kings, but it is not known what kind is
meant — perhaps the common broom.
Genitive case. [L. genitlvus, relating to
GENI
228
GKOM
^enus.] (Gram.) That inflexion of the noun
which denotes relation or procession.
Genius. [L.] In the Old It. Myth., a guardian
spirit, whose life ceased with that of the person
whom he guarded. (Hamadryads.)
Genius loci. [L.] The genius or presiding
deity of a place, the pervading spirit, influence
of associations, etc., of a place.
Gennet, Order of the. An order of knight-
hood, founded by Charles Martel after his victory
over the Saracens at Tours, in 726 ; so called
from the gennet, or wood-martin, to denote the
aid supposed to be given by St. Martin of Tours
in the battle.
Genoese Bepnblio. The free government of
Genoa (N.W. Italy) at various times from 1000
to 1815, especially from locx) to 1326, and 1428
to 1694.
Genonilllre. [Fr., knee-piece, from genon, a
knee, formerly genouil, L. gSniculum.] (Fortif.)
The part of the parapet between the sole of an
embrasure and the terreplein of a battery.
Genre. [Fr.] As applied to Painting, is
perhaps = a familiar every-day life treatment
of a subject, not in itself an important one ; as
opposed to the sacred, classical, severe, typical.
G., not reproducing simple essential charac-
teristics, emphasizes minor details. Similarly,
Dickens's treatment of a character, as contrasted
^vith .Shakespeare's, may be called G.
Gens do condition. [Fr.] People of quality.
Gens d'eglise. [Fr.] Churchmen, ecclesiastics.
Gens de guerre. [Fr.] Military men.
Gens de lettres. [Fr.] Men of literature.
Gens de robe. [Fr.] Men of the law.
Gentile. [L. gentilis.] With the Latins this
word denoted all who belonged to the same gens,
or class, in which many families were united.
After the rise of Christianity, it came to signify
those who adhered to the old religions, as did also
the Gr. idviK6s, ethnic, or heathen. (Apatnria.)
Gentleman-at-arms. One of a corps composed
of retired officers or those who have formerly
served in the army, marines, militia, or yeomanry
(although civilians were formerly admitted),
forming the sovereign's body-guard on State
occasions. Established in a.d. 1509.
Gentleman commoner. (Fellow-commoner.)
Gentoo. [Port, gentio, hcathen.'\ A Hindu or
Brahman.
Genns. In Logic. (Difference.)
Geocentric theory. [Gr. 717, the earth, kIvt^ov,
centre.] (Astron.) The theory which makes
the earth the centre of the movements of the
heavenly bodies, the earth herself being supposed
to be at rest. (Heliocentric theory.)
Geode. [Gr. 7(ti;5ijj, earthy.] {Geol.) A
rounded hollow nodule, popularly potato-stone,
the interior of which is often lined with crystals.
(Nodnle.)
Geodesic line; G. stirvey; Geodesy [Gr.
7€«5ai(rfa, a dividing of the earth, from yri, earth,
8otft>, I divide]. A Geodesic survey is a survey of
a large tract of country conducted with extreme
exactness, for the pui-pose of determining the
form and dimensions of the earth. Geodesy, a
systematic account of the methods of observation
and calculation used in a geodesic sui-vey. A
Geodesic or Geodetic line is the shortest distance
between two points on a given surface, measured
along the surface.
Geognosy. [Gr. 717, earth, yvSxns, knowledge.]
1. Study of the actual condition of the earth's
crust, without reference to its causes, history,
etc., which latter belongs to Geology. 2. With
some, i.q. Geology.
Geograffy. In Naut. slang, a drink made by
boiling burnt biscuit.
Geography [Gr. yfwypafpia, from yri, the
earth, ypd<p(», I draiv or describe] ; Astronomical
G. ; Physical G. ; Political G. A delineation or
description of the earth. Astronomical G. treats
of the methods by which the relative positions of
points on its surface, and its form and magnitude,
are determined. Physical G. treats of the forms
of continents and seas, rivers and mountains,
climates and products ; Political G., of the ap-
propriation of the surface of the earth by com-
munities of men.
Geomancy. [From Gr. ytu-, stem in compo-
sition of 7^, the earth, and ^cwrtfo, divination.]
Divination by figures and line of points, origin-
ally marked on the groutui.
Geometrical style. (Arch.) The style in
which window and other tracery is composed
entirely of pure geometrical figures, as the circle
or the spherical triangle. This style succeeded
the Early English, or Lancet, or I'irst Pointed
style, and is itself also known as the Second
Pointed, or Middle Pointed. It was followed by
the Flowing style, in which the window tracery
is carried up from the mull ions to the arch in
soft wavy lines ; and this in its turn was succeeded
by the Continuous, or Perpendicular, known also
as the Third Pointed, in which the lines of the
tracery are carried up to the window arch in
straight lines.
Geometry [Gr. ytwixtrpia, land-measuring,
geometry] \ Algebraical G. ; Analytical G. ; Co-
ordinate G. ; Descriptive G. ; Elementary G. ;
Higher G.; Modem G.; Plane G.; G. of position;
Practical G. ; Solid G. ; Spherical 0. ; G. of three
dimensions ; G. of two dimensions. Geometry is
the science of space, or the science which treats
of the position, form, and magnitude of bodies or
portions of space. If the bodies aie on a plane
the science is Plane G., or G. of two dimensions ;
if they .are not in a \)\^nc, Solid G., or G. of three
dimensions ; if they lie on the surface of a sphere,
Spherical G. The part of the science which can
be deduced from the axioms and definitions of
Euclid's Geometry, and involve the properties
of straight lines and circles only, is Elementary
G. ; all beyond this belongs to the Higher G.
The division between elementary and higher G.
is, however, sometimes drawn a little differently
from this. For Algebraical, or Co-ordinate, G.,
vide Co-ordinate; this kind of geometry is often
called Analytical G., because the use of general
symbols enables us to prove propositions by an
analysis of algebraical expressions that are more
general than the propositions themselves.
Modern G. is a collection of methods — invented
in recent times and in most cases depending on
GEOP
229
GIBB
a combination of algebra with G. — to facilitate
the discovery and proof of geometric truths.
G. of position is a branch of modem G., relating
to the conditions under which three or more de-
fined straight lines will have a common point,
three or more defined points will range in a
straight line, and the like. Praciital G. is a
body of rules for the actual delineation of the
problems of G. ; in its higher branches it fur-
nishes rules for the delineation on paper of con-
structions in solid space, and then is subdivided
into Linear perspective. Descriptive G., Ortho-
p-aphic and other kinds o{ Projection (q.v.).
Oeoponios. [Gr. 'ytvitovM6s, from •^twfthoi,
husbandman, from 7€«-, stem in composition of
yr\, earth, and leivoi, labour.'\ Science of tillage,
of agriculture.
Oiorama. [From Gr. -fy, earth, Spo^io, viezv,
spectacle.] A hollow globe on the interior surface
of which the earth's surface is depicted so that
one standing near the centre of the sphere gets
a comprehensive view of the geography.
Oeordy lamp. A lamp, similar to the Davy
lamp, invented at the same time by George
Stephenson.
George, A. In Her., a figure oi St. George on
horseback, worn by the knights of the Garter.
George Eliot. A'om de plume of Miss Marian
Evans, afterwards Mrs. Cross (died December,
1880).
Georgiet. [Gr. ri ytwfrfiKi, things belonging
to husbandry, from fti, earth, and tpyov, work,}
A poem of Vii^l ; so called as treating of
agriculture and farm management generally.
Oeorginm sidiu. [L.] (Planet.)
Oeotoopy. [From Gr. y*t»; stem in composition
of yji, earth, and aKovtct, I lock at.\ Inspec-
tion of the earth, study of the results of such
inspection.
OerbiL (Ziw/.) Gen. of mouse (Leaning
mouse), with long hind legs, like the gerboa,
but classed in fam. Mfiridje. Several spec.
Africa and Asia. (Gerboa.)
Gerboa. [Heb. and Ar. 'akbar, id.\ {Zool.)
Several spec. Europe, Asia, and Africa ; one spec.
N. America. Fam. Dlpcklldse, ord. Rodentia.
This fam. includes the Spring-haas, or Cape
Leaping hare (Helimys Capensis), about tne
size of the common hare ; it will leap eight or
nine yards at a bound. (Gerbil.)
Geri and FrekL In Myth., the wolves of
Odin.
German. [L. germanus, -a, having both parents
the same, said of brothers and sisters.] Nearly
related by blood, closely akin.
Germane. (German.) Closely allied, appro-
priate, relevant.
German sohool. Of Painting, a school marked
by careful and matter-of-fact truthfulness. Its
head was Albert Durer (born 1471).
German tUver. An alloy of copper, zinc, and
nickel (resembling the product of an ore at
Henneburg, in Germany).
Germinal matter = albumen (q.v. ) ; so called
from the belief that albumen alone is concerned
with generation and nutrition.
Gerontoofimlnm. [From Gr. y^prnf, -oyros, old
man, and koh4w, I take care of.} A hospital 01
asylum for old people.
Gerund. [L. gSrundium, from g^ro, I bear.]
(Gram.) A verbal adjective in Latin, used foi
the oblique cases of the infinitive mood, and so
bearing the function of case-government, like the
verb; stem ending is -nd ; as, Urbem videndi
causa, for the sake of seeing the city.
Gerundive. [L. g^rundlvus, from gerundium,
gerund.} (Gram.) A verbal adjective, ending
in Latin in -ndus, etc., serving as a present
participle passive, and as a " participle of neces-
sity," or future participle passive ; as, Urbis
videndae causS, for the sake of seeing t/ie city ;
Urbs videnda est, or, urbem videndum est, the
city must be (is to be) seen.
Gerflsla. [Gr. ytpovaia, an assembly of elders.}
In Gr. Hist., the Spartan senate.
Gesta Bomanorum. [ L. , deeds of the Romans. }
An olla podrida of mythical stories, monkish
legends, romances, classical tales, ghost stories,
etc., gathered from all sources and translated
into Latin, some of which furnished themes to
Chaucer, Shakespeare, and others ; light reading
for monks on winter evenings (see Collier's
Eng. Literature). (Panchatantra.)
Gests. (Minstrels.)
Gesture language. A term expressing the
communications of savages by gestures which
represent not letters but ideas. — Tylor, Primitive
Culture.
Geysers. [Icel., raging.} Spouting fountains,
boiling, intermittent ; produced by rain and
snow-water subterraneously heated in the neigh-
bourhood of Mount Hecla.
Ghaut. [Hind, ghat, a mountain pass, gate.}
1. A mountain pass. 2. A range of mountains,
especially along the Malabar ( W.) coast of India.
8. Steps down to a river.
Gheoer. [Pers. ghebr, infidel.} (Gueber.)
Ghee. [Hind, ghi.] A butter made of
churned curds, used in India, and used in sacri-
fice by Brahmans.
Ghetto. [It.] The Jews' quarter in Rome.
Ghibellines. In It. Hist., the party which
maintained the supremacy of the Emperor over
the Italian states. (Guelfs.)
Ghirdawar, Girdwar. [Hind.] Inspector or
superior officer of police.
Ghoul. [Pers.] An evil being of Eastern
legend, supposed to prey on corpses.
Ghrime^ail. (Afaut.) Old name for a smoke-
sail, i.e. one so hoisted as to prevent the smoke
from the galley blowing on to the quarter-deck.
Ghyll. (-gill.) Mountain torrent, gulley, goil.
Oiallolino. {li., yellow.} (Massicot.)
Giaour. A Turkish word, meaning infidel,
and denoting all non-Mohammedans, especially
Christians.
Gib. Quasi-personal name of a cat (Chaucer,
Romance of Hose, 6204).
Gibberish. [From the old verb gibber, formed
as a variant oi jabber, and allied io gabble (Skeat).]
Utter nonsense, unintelligible jargon.
Gibbous. [I-. gibbus, /lumped, gibbous.} Said
of the moon or of Venus when more than half
the disc is bright.
GIBI
230
GIRT
Gibier. [Fr. giboyer, to hunt; origin un-
known.] Game, wild-fowl. Gibier de potence,
a galliTMS bird.
Gibraltar. (Pillars of Herakles.)
Gier-eagle. [Heb. racham, the tender one,
from its affection to its young.] {Bibl.) Lev.
xi. 18 ; the Egyptian vulture, Neophron percno-
pt^rus. Fam. Vulturidse, ord. AccTpitres.
Gifiard iigeotor. A contrivance for introducing
water into a boiler without pumping. A pipe
comes from the top of the boiler, out of which
a jet of steam issues into a vessel containing
water, by which part of it is condensed ; a
partial vacuum is thereby formed near the end
of the pipe. As steam (or any air or gas) enters
a vacuum with a very great velocity, the un-
condensed part of the steam enters the water
with a great velocity, and thus sets up a cur-
rent of water warmed by steam, which, being
directed into a second pipe, is injected into the
water in the boiler. The velocity of this current
is sufficient to keep the water in the boiler from
flowing out along the second pipe.
Gift-rope. (Guest-rope.)
Gig. [A word of Scand. origin, the root being
perhaps ga, to go, which seems to be redupli-
cated (Skeat).] {Naul.) A narrow, clinker-
built ship's boat, adapted for expeditious rowing
or sailing
Gigantology. [Gr. yiyas, -avros, a giant, and
K&yoi, an account.} An account of giants, study
of, or a treatise on, giants.
Gigot. [Fr. gigue, a leg ; origin unknown.]
Leg of mutton, piece of meat.
Gil Bias. Hero of Lesage's romance of the
name.
Gild. [A.S. and Goth. ; cf. Ger. gilde, corpora-
tion.] {Leg.) Tax, tribute, contribution. (Guild.)
-gill. Norse part of names in Lake district,
= ravine, as in Stock-gill ; Scottish -goil.
(GhylL)
Gillie. [Gael, giolla, Ay.] A Highland at-
tendant.
Gilpin, Jobn. Hero of a humorous poem by
Cowper.
Gilpy. In Naut. parlance, a hobble-de-hoy.
Gimbal, or Gimbol, sometimes Gymbol-rings.
[L. gemellus, twin.] A mode of suspension by
which a chronometer, a compass, etc., remains
horizontal in spite of the oscillation of the ship.
The chronometer is hung within a ring on an
axis coinciding in direction with a diameter ; the
ring is susp)ended inside a second ring on an
axis coinciding in direction with a diameter at
right angles to the former; the second ring
(which may be a box or case) is suspended on
an axis at right angles to the second and parallel
to the first axis. If the third axis is tilted, the
second, and with it the first, remains horizontal ;
if the second axis is also tilted, still the first
remains horizontal. Now, any oscillatory move-
ment of the ship whatever is equivalent to
movements round two axes at right angles to
each other, and therefore cannot do more than
tilt both the second and third axes ; so that
under all ordinary circumstances, the first axis
will remain horizontaL
Gimoraolc. [O.E. gim, neat, crack, braggart.]
A dainty toy, a trivial piece of work.
Gimmer. [Icel. gymbr.] (Sheep, Stages of
growth of.)
Gimp. fO.Fr. guimpe, the pennon of a lance.]
A kind of braiding used in trimming furniture.
Gin [Fr. engin, L. ing^nium, (i) skill, (2)
in later L., a war-engine] ; Cotton-G. ; Whim-G.
Gin is a contraction of the word engine, and is
used in connexions in which the very general
sense of that word has nearly dropped out of
sight. Thus, a certain engine of torture is a
G. ; a tripod with block, and tackle, and wheel,
and axle for lifting cannon is also a G. ; a horse-
capstan is a VVhim-G., i.e, a turning engine ; an
engine for separating the seed from the cotton is
a Cotton-G. (Engineer.)
Ginevra. An Italian bride in S. Rogers's
poem of the name, who hid in an oaken chest,
and, the lid closing on her, was buried alive.
Gingerbread hatches. (Naut.) Sumptuous
quarters. G. work, gorgeously carved ship's
decorations.
Gingham. [Fr. guingan, said by Littre to be
a corr. of Guingamp, the town where such
fabrics are made.] Cotton fabric, originally
made, it is said, in India.
Gingival. Relating to the gums [L. gingiva,
a gum],
GinglymuB. (Enarthrosis.)
Ginseng. [Chin, yansam.] A medicinal root
used in China.
Gip, Teu (l^aut.) To take entrails out of fish.
Giraffe. (Camelopard.)
Girandole. [Fr., It. girondola, L. gyrare, to
gyrate.] As commonly used, a branched chan-
delier ; meaning also circular displays of jets
(Teau, and of fireworks.
Gird. (Deer, Stages of growth of)
Girder ; G.-bridge. A Girder is a long rectangu-
lar structure, consisting of two beams, one above
and one below, built up of plates of wrought
iron riveted together ; the two are connected,
not by a continuous web, but by strong bars
arranged obliquely and dividing the intervening
space into triangles. In a G.-bridge the space
between the piers is spanned by two or more
parallel girders, which support the roadway.
Girdle of Venus. The magic cestus of Aphro-
dite, which subdues all to love.
Girdwar. (Ghirdawar.)
Gironde, The. In Fr. Hist., a revolutionary
party, the members of which are called Giron-
dists, from the department of La Gironde, which
returned three of its chief leaders to the Legis-
lative Assembly of 179 1. (Assembly.)
Girrock. (Oar-fish.)
Girt. In Naut. language, a ship moored so
taut by two distant anchors that, when she
tries to swing, she is caught by one cable while
doing so, is girt, i.e. lies with side or stern to
wind or current.
Girt-line, or Gant-line. {Naut.) A rope
passed through a single block at the head of a
lower mast, by which rigging and riggers are
hoisted up. The first rope fitted to a vessel
when rigging her.
GISE
231
GLED
Oisement. (Z<f.) Cattle taken in to graze
at a certain price ; also the said price. (Agist-
ment)
out. (Oiste of aotion.)
Olste of action. [Fr. giste, L.L. gista, i.e.
jacita, from L. jaceo, ///<•.] (Leg-) The cause
for which an action lias ; hence Gist, the main
point in some matter ; that on which it turns.
(Agistment.)
Oitano. [It.] A gypsy.
Oittith, " to the chief musician upon G." Ps.
viii., Ixxxi., Ixxxiv. ; some instrument or strain
of music for stirring occasions of praise, but it
is not known what. G. perhaps = of Gath
(vide Speaker's Commentary).
Oinard. [Fr.gesier, L. gigeria, plu.] (Ana/.)
The muscular division of the stomach, in birds,
below the liver, on the left side of the alxlomen,
resting on the intestines ; in which food is tri-
turated by sand, gravel, etc.
Olabrons. [L. glabcr.] {Boi.) Smooth,
having no hairs.
Olaee. [Fr. glacer, iog/ase, L. glacia, a secon-
dary form of glacies, ice.] Glazed.
Olscial. [L. glacialis, iVy.] Having a cry-
stalline appearance, as glaeial acetic acid.
Olaeial epooh. (Geo/.) A time, succeeding
the formation of the Pliocene strata, of arctic
condition in the now temperate latitudes of
Europe, giving rise to the Glacial drift, or boulder
formation. (Boolden.)
OlMier. [Fr., from L. glacies, »rA] A stream
of ice [Fr. glace], which moves slowly down a
valley below the limit of perpetual snow, and
is continually fed from the snow-fields above
with snow which is compressed into ice in its
descent.
Olaeitret [Fr. glace, ice\ Ice-caves. Caves,
chiefly in the Alps, full of ice ; not connected
with any glacial system, the surface of the earth
being much above freezing point.
Olaeis. [Fr.] (FortiJ.) The outside of a
fortress where the superior slope of the parapet
of the covered way is gently produced till it
meets the level of the surrounding ground with-
out giving cover to the assailant.
Oliidet. EvergLides ; tracts of land at the
south, covered with water and grass. — Bartlctt's
Americanisms.
Oladiaton. [L. gladiatores.] Swordsmen,
employed by the ancient Romans to fight at
funerals, and appease by blood the manes of the
dead. They were afterwards introduced into
the public amphitheatres.
OUHdio snodnetos. [I^, girt with the sword.]
So an earl was said to be, as having jurisdiction
over his county ; of which the sword was the
symlxjl.
Olair. White of e^ [L.L. clarium ovi,
clams, clear] or any similar viscous sub-
stance.
Olaive of Light. (Zxoalibnr.)
Olamoor. [Scot.] A bewitching influence
on the eyes, making them see things differently
from ordinary healthy sight.
Olanee. [Ger. glanz, lustre.] (Geol.) A
term applied to certain coals and metallic ores
16
which are lustrous ; e.g. copper-glance, glance-
coal or anthracite (q.v^.
Oland. [L. glans, = galans, akin to Gr.
fiiXovoi, an acorn.] A loose piece of brass
forced down on the packing of a stuffing-box
(c.f. the stuffing-box at the top of the cylinder
of a steam-engine, through which the piston-rod
works) by two or more bolts for compressing
the packing so as to prevent leakage.
Glanders. In horse, mule, and ass ; an in-
flammation, often acute and dangerous, of the
glandular system, especially of the nasal mucous
membrane ; contagious, sometimes, to man, and
even fatal.
Glands. [L. glandem, an acorn.] 1.
(Physiol.) Various organs, which produce the
chief secretions; e.g. lachrymal, mammary, liver,
kidneys. 2. Some, being ductless, i.e. with no
excretory opening, as the spleen, though called
G., are not true G. 3. (Bot.) Elevations of
the cuticle, containing generally acrid or
resinous substances.
Glass. [One of a vast number of words con-
taining the root gal, /i»j^»«<f.] (A^aut.) A half-
hour sand-glass, used on board ship to measure
time by ; e.g. three glasses = an hour and a
half. Half-minute and quarter-minute glasses
are used to measure the running out of the log-
line.
Glasse, Mrs. Name or nom de plume of the
authoress of the first English cookery-book.
Glass-gall. The scum which collects on
melted glass.
Glassites. (Sandemanians.)
Glass-paper, Paper covered with powdered
glass, used for polishing.
Glass-soap. Black oxide of manganese, or
any other substance used to take away colour
from glass.
Glauber's salts. Sulphate of soda (discovered
by Glauber).
GlaueSpis. [Gr. 7AavKanrij, gleaming-e^'ed.}
1. (Entom.) Gen. of Sphinx moth, fam. Zygce-
ntdie {(,vyaiva, some kind of shark]. 2. (Omith.)
Brush-bird, about the size of a magpie ; plumage,
brown with white stripes lengthwise on back ;
red wattles. Australia. Gen. Anthocsera [(?)i
iivOoi, flo^ver, Kaip6u, I weave], fani. MfiliphagT-
dra> [iu*A*, honey, (paytiy, to eat], ord. Passfires.
Glaacoos. [L. glaucus, bluish-grey^ (Bot.}
Covered with bloom ; e.g. a plum.
Glancos. [Gr. yKavKiit, gleaming.] (Zool.)
Sea-lizard ; nudibranchiate mollusc, dark blue
back with white stripe, white belly, class
Gasteropoda.
Glaze. [Akin to Glass.] A substance which,
being applied to or deposited on the surface of
pottery or porcelain, vitrifies with heat, and
unites with the body. Salt, or flint combined
with lead or tin, is the chief G.
Glaser. A wheel covered with emery, used
for polishing cutlery, etc.
Glazing. Applying a very thin layer of colour
over another, to modify its tone.
Glede. [O.E. glida, glidan, to glide.] 1.
(Kite.) 2. (Biil.) Buzzard, Buteo, fam. Fal-
conidae, ord. Accipitres,
GLEE
232
GNOS
Oleemen. In Old Eng. Hist., itinerant
dingers, who after the Norman Conquest were
called Kinstrels.
Glen. [A.S. ; cf. Welsh glyn, Gadh. gleann.]
Narrow valley, retired hollow between hills or
through raised ground.
Olenlivet. A superior Scotch whisky (from
the place where it is made).
Glenoid. [Gr, yXTjvoetSTjs, from f\i\vr\, the
{^2\\o\\) socket of a joint^ {Anat.) Pertaining
to a shallow articular cavity.
Glimmer. (Glass.) The miners' name for
mica ; so called from its sparkle.
Glissade. [Fr.] A sluiing.
Gloaming. [Xkinio gloom.'\ Twilight, dusk.
Globe-rangers. A Naut. nickname for the
Royal Marines.
Globular chart; G. projection. The Globular
projection of the circles of a sphere is the same
as the stereographic, except that the point of pro-
jection is removed from the sphere by a distance
equal to the sine of 45°. A chart drawn on this
projection is a G. chart. The ordinary map, in
which the surface of the world is represented on
two circles, is — save for a few convenient inac-
curacies — a G. chart of the eastern and western
hemispheres.
Glomeralls. A name applied at Cambridge
University to commissioners appointed to
arrange disputes between gownsmen (students)
and townsmen.
Gloriana. Spenser's Queen of Fairyland,
meant both for Gloiy and for Queen Elizabeth,
who is also called Belphoebe and Britomart.
It was a court fashion to address her as Gloriana,
Oriana, Astrsea, Cynthia, etc.
Gloss. [Gr. ^A&iffo-a, language, word.} 1. In
the Rhet. of Aristotle, a word which needs ex-
planation. Hence, 2, an interpretation, com-
ment, generally attached to the text and so mar-
ginal or interlinear ; especially remnants of old
Welshand Irish language preserved on Latin MSS.
Glossary. [L. glossarium, from Gr. yKixTtra,
language, 7i.'ord.] 1. A collection of difficult
words or terms in a book or author explained.
2. A limited dictionary of special terms and
words, as of an author, a science, a dialect.
GI0B8O-. [Gr. y\wa(ra, t/ie tongue.]
Glossology. [Gr. y\u<T(ra, lans^uage, word,
\6yos, account.] 1. The science of interpreting
words and terms. 2. = Glottology.
Glottis. [Gr. yXwTTis.] (Physiol.) The chink
or aperture in the larynx for breathing and
speaking, somewhat like a small tongue in shape.
Glottology. [Gr. yKwrra, language, \6yos, ac-
count.] The science of language in the most
comprehensive sense.
Glover. (Fellmonger.)
Glubdubdrib. The fictitious island in Swift's
Gulliver's Travels, where sorcerers evoked the
spirits of the dead.
Glucina. [Gr. y\vKvs, szcvet.] (Geol.) Oxide
of glucinum, a rare earth, and a constituent of
emerald and beryl.
Glucinom. A rare white metal, resembling
aluminium in its properties. Its salts have a
ru-'eet [Gr. yKvKvs] taste. It is sometimes called
Beryllium, because it exists in the beryl. Other
names are Glycinum, Glycium.
Glucose. [Gr. yXvKvi, sweet.] Grape-sugar;
the fermented product of starch, cane-sugar, and
woody fibre.
Glumdalclitch. The little girl of nine years
old, only just forty feet high, who took care of
(Swift's) Gulliver in Brobdingnag.
Glume. [L. gluma, a husk^ {Bot.) The
chaff, bracts, of the grasses.
Glycerine. The s^oeet [Gr. y\vK(p6s] principle
of oils and fats. A clear, viscid liquid, which
never dries at ordinary temperatures.
Glyn-. Part of Welsh names, = glen, as in
Glyn-neath.
Glyphography. [Gr. y\v<pu, I engrave, ypd<l>a>,
I write.] The taking an electrotype cast of an
etching, to be used as a block to prmt from.
GlyptSdon. [Gr. y\\nrT6s, carved, oiois,
gen. 6S6vTos, tooth, i.e. having fluted teeth.]
(Zool.) An edentate gen. of fossil animals,
allied to the armadillos.
Glyptography. [Gr. y\uirr6i, carved, ypi<p(iv,
to write.] The art of engraving on gems.
Glyptotheca. [Gr. yKvitr6i, carved, O-fiKtj, a
store] A building in which sculptures are pre-
served ; as the Glyptothek at Munich.
Gnatho-. [Gr. yv&Ooi, the jaw.] In Anat.
Gn&tho. [Gr. yv6iliwv.] A representative
parasite in Terence's Eunuchus.
Gneiss. [Ger.] (Geol.) A name for the
lowest series of stratified (metamorphosed)
Primary rocks ; compounded, like granite, of
quartz, felspar, and mica. Some gneiss is a
metamorphic rock of much later age.
Gnome, [Gr. yvdifiri, a maxim, wise saying.]
A brief and weighty sentence, a maxim, as
*' Know thyself."
Gnomes (properly Gnomons, from Gr.
yvufjuiiv, hiowing). Elemental spirits who, ac-
cording to the Cabalistic writers, inhabited the
earth, and who were regarded as goblin dwarfs.
Gnomic poets. [Gr. yviefiiKds, dealing in
maxims.] Greek poets, whose works consist
chiefly of short precepts or reflexions, as those
of Theognis and Solon.
Gnomon. [Gr. yviifiuv, the gnomon or index
of a. sun-dia\, a carpenter's rtele^ 1. {Geom.) Let
a parallelogram be divided into four others by
lines parallel to the sides and intersecting in a
diameter ; if one of the parallelograms, across
which the diameter passes, be removed, the
figure formed by the remaining three is a G.
2. (Astron.) A pillar, the length of whose
shadow on the level ground was used by the
ancient astronomers for finding the altitude of
the sun. 3. (Dialling.) The style or pin of a
sun-dial, whose shadow marks out the hours.
Gnomonical projection. A representation of
the circles of a sphere on a tangent plane, the
projecting point being at the centre.
Gnomonics. The art of constructing dials.
Gnostics. [Gr. yv<ii(TriK6s, from yvaiais, know-
ledge.] (Eccl. Hist.) Properly, persons laying
claim to or possessed of knowledge. More
particularly, those who in the first centuries of
the Christian era mamtained doctrines similar in
GNU
233
GOND
their essential features to those of Zoroastrianism.
(Ahriman.) Matter to them was simply the pro-
duct of evil ; and this conclusion brought them
sometimes to great asceticism, and sometimes to
the grossest licence. The Gnostics, as time
went on, split into various sects, distinguishetl
rather by differences in their cosmogonical
systems than by any real divergence of principles.
Among these were the Basilidians, Carpocratians,
Cerdonians, Cerinthians, Valentiniaiis, and
others.
Gnu. [Hottentot gnu or nju (Littr^).] {Bot.)
A gen. of antelope, with mane, and bull-like
head. S. Africa. Gen. Catoblepas [Gr. kdrtu,
dffion, $KtTw, I look], sub-fam. AlcClaphinse,
fam. BovTdx, ord. Ungulata.
Ooal [Welsh gob, a ftai/>.'\ The waste place
or material in a colliery.
Oo-ashores. In Naut. slang, a sailor's best
clothes.
Goat, wad, [Heb. ago.] (Bibl.) (Ibex.)
Goat and Companet. Sign of an inn; i.e.
"God encompasses us."
Goat-sucker. {Omith.) An almost universally
distributed fam. of night-flying, insectivorous
birds, with enormous gape of beak ; plumage,
moth-like in colouring, owl-like in texture. The
British spec.. Night- jar, Ni^^ht-hawk, Moth-haivk,
is between ten and eleven inches long. Gen.
Caprimulgus, fam. Caprlmulgidae [L. caprl-
niulgus, goat-mi Ik fr\, ord. I'icaria: (Cuvier,
Fissirostres, ord. Pass£res).
Gobelin tapestry. French tapestry ; so called
after Giles Gobelin, a well-known dyer in the
reign of Francis I.
Gobe-monche, or Gobe-monehes. [Fr. gober,
to gulp, niouchc, a Jly.\ 1. The fly-catcher, a
bird ; hence, 2, a silly gossip, ready to swallow
any news.
Gobllda. [L. gobius, Gr. Km0t^s, a kind of
fish, sometimes identified with gobio, the
gudgeon, which, however, belongs to ord. Phy-
sostomi.] (Ichth.) Fam. of carnivorous fresh
and salt water fishes — temperate and tropical
waters-«»-as Gobies, Dragonets, and Pfirioph-
thalmus [Gr. ittpfo^aKfios, properly round
the eye, but here meaning iviih eyes that look all
round]. This last gen. (Africa and the East)
hunts its prey on the mud. Ord. Acantho-
pterygTi, sub-cla5s Tel^ostel.
Godown. A storehouse, E. India.
God's acre. [A. S. cecer, L. ager, /<•/</.] The
churchyard.
Ooelette. [Fr.] . {Naut.) 1. A schooner.
2. A war-slocp.
Goffering^. [Fr. gaufrer, to figure cloth, gaufre,
a honey-comb ; cf. Eng. ttVT^r-cake. ] Plaiting
or fluting frills.
Gog and Magog. Two symlwlical warriors
noticed in some lMx>ks of the Old Testament.
In the Apocalypse they denote the enemies of the
Christian faith ; and in the Koran the names are
in like manner used to mark the opponents of
Islam. Two wooden giants in the Guildhall,
London, are also known by this name.
Going through the fleet. {Naut.) Being
towed in a launch from vessel to vessel (the
dnimmers playing the rogue's march), and re-
ceiving a certain number of lashes alongside
each.
Goitre.] Fr.] 's>'vi6'\&i\Xi&<^',i.q.Bronchocele
{q.v.).
Gold-beater's skin. A delicate membrane,
prepared from the peritoneal membrane of the
ox; pieces of gold are interleaved with leaves of
G. for further beating, after the process of
attenuation by vellum leaves.
Golden Age. (Ages, The four.)
Golden apple. (Paris, Judgment of.)
Golden ass. (Psyche.)
Golden BidL [L. aurea bulla, the seal at-
tached having been encased in gold.] 1. In
Ger. Hist., the edict by which Charles IV.
settled the law of imperial elections, the un-
certainty of which had had the effect of placing
the decision, mostly, in the hands of the pope ;
enacted at Niirnberg and at Metz, 1356. 2.
Any papal bull sealed in gold.
Golden fleece. In Myth., the fleece of the
golden ram which bore Phrixus and Helie to
Colchis. (For Order of G. F., vide Fleece.)
Golden Gardens. The Great and Little Schiitt,
about half-way between Vienna and Pesth,
islands inclosed by the dividing waters of the
Danube. Other large tracts of soil are similarly
formed by the D.
Golden Horn. "The harbour of Constanti-
nople . . . obtained, in a very remote period,
the denomination of the G. H.," expressive of
"the cur\-e which it descrilies," and "the riches
which every wind wafted from the most distant
countries." — Gibbon, Decline and fall of the
Rom. Empire, ch. xvii.
Golden Legend. A collection of lives of
saints, compiled under the title Aurea Legenda,
by Jacobus de Voragine, in the thirteenth century.
Golden rose. A rose of beaten gold, blessed
by the pope on Mid-Lent .Sunday, and usually
sent by him as a gift to some female sovereign.
Golden wedding. The fiftieth anniversary of
the wedding of a couple, who are both still
living in wedlock.
GoUt [Akin to Sw. kolf, a bolt, Ger. kolbe,
a club.] 1. A Scotch game, in which a small
ball is knocked into a set of holes in the ground,
in as few strokes as possible. 2. {Her.) A
purjDle round let or disc.
Gomascites. {Eccl. Hist.) The Calvinistic
followers of Francis Gomas, in the Dutch
Church of the seventeenth century.
Gomashtah. [Hind.] An £. -Indian factor or
agent.
Gombron, or Gombroon ware. (From G.,
otherwise Bunder Abbas, opposite Isle of
Ormuz, in the Persian Gulf.) Persian fayence,
and, according to some, Chinese porcelain im-
ported vid G.
GomphSsis. [Gr. '^ofi.^io), I nail.] {Anal.)
A nailing, an articulation with immobility, or
nearly so ; as that of teeth in the alveolar
processes.
Gomnti. [Malay.] A fibre, resembling black
horsehair, obtained from the Gomuti palm.
Gondola. [It.] {Naut.) 1. The well-known
GONE
234
GOUT
boat used in Venice. It is about thirty feet
long and four wide, nearly flat-bottomed, sharp
and high at the stem and stem, always painted
black, and usually propelled by one long oar,
which is plied by the gondolier, standing. 2.
A six or eight oared boat of other parts of the
Italian coast.
Oone. In Naut. phraseology, carried away.
Gone-goose, an abandoned ship, or one given
up as lost.
Oonfalon. [It. gonfalone.] (Oonfonon.)
Oonfanon. [O.H.G. guntfano, from gundja,
combat, fano, banner (Littre).] 1. Small pennon
attached to the lance, of the eleventh century ;
restored to lancer regiments of the Army of
Occupation, 1815. 2. The banner of the papal
army, shaped like the Lali&nuii.
Goniometer [Or. foiv'M, an angle, fiirpov, a
measure;] ; Sefleetiiig G. An instrument for
measuring the angles between the faces of
crystals. In the Reflecting G. the measurement
is effected by observing the angle through which
a crystal must be turned in order that the images
of a signal A, formed by reflexion on two faces,
may successfully coincide with the signal B.
Ooniometry. The measurement of angles.
The goniometric functions of an angle are its
trigonometric functions (q.v.).
Gooroo, Gilrtl. [Hind., Skt. giiru.] Spiritual
teacher,
Goosefoot. Chenopodium [Gr. x^". goose, and
irovs,-irol6i,foot]. (Bat.) A gen. of weedy plants,
ord. ChenopocUum ; on dunghills and waste
places, known as Fat hen, Good King Henry,
etc., to which belongs the Quinoa of Peru
{<l-v.).
Gopher. (Zool.) A fam. of rodents (Pouched
rats), with food-carrying pouch projecting from
each cheek, and some with long hind legs like
Gerbils (^."'.). American Rocky Mountain region,
mostly. Saccomyidae. Not to be confounded
with the marsupial Pouched mice (small Das5^-
iiridae) of Australia.
Gopher wood. Gen. vi. 14 ; untranslated ; the
meaning is mere matter of conjecture.
Gor-eock. (Gair-fowL)
Gor-crow. The common crow ; from gore, in
the sense oi filth ; compare the provincial name
midden crow, and vide Middings.
Gordian knot. {Hist.) A knot said to have
been made by Gordius, a Phrjgian king, and so
intricate that no one could untie it. Alexander
the Great, it is said, cut it with his sword.
Gordon riots. Anti-popery riots, incited or
headed by Lord George Gordon, 1760.
Gore. [O.E. gar, /<7Hf^.] (Her.) An abatement
denoting cowardice. It is bounded by two
curved lines meeting in the fess point.
Gorge. [Fr., from L. gurges, a 'whirlpool, a
throat.] 1. {Mil.) The contracted space be-
tween the interior extremities of the faces or
flanks of a fortification. 2. A narrow passage
between two hills.
Gorged. {Her.) Wearing a crown or the
like round the throat [Fr. gorge].
Gorget. (Gorge.) {Mil.) A piece of metal
armour protecting the neck and throat, after-
wards modified into a crescent-shaped ornament
suspended on the chest and worn by the officer
on duty.
GorgvnldaB. [Gr. Topydv, the Gorgon, a
monster oijearful {^ofy6%) aspect.] Sea-shrubs ;
arborescent corals, as Corallium rubrum. Red
coral. Fam. Alcj^onaria, ord. ZSantharia, class
ActlnozSa, sub-kingd. Coelent6rata.
Gorgons. [Gr. rop7^i'€y.] {Myth.) In the
Hesiodic theogony, three sisters, of whom one
was Medusa, whose head turned to stone all
who looked on it. (iEgis.)
Gos-hawk. [O.E. gos-hafoc, goose-hawk.]
{Ornith.) A short-winged British hawk, used
mainly for ground game. Male, eighteen inches
long, female, twenty-four inches. Plumage,
grey-brown above, white dashed with black
below ; young birds, gentil falcons, are more
of a red colour. Astur palumbarius [L., hawk
used for doves (palumbes)], sub-fam. Acclpi-
trlnse, fam. Falconldse, ord. AccipTtres.
Gospeller. The minister who reads the Gospel
in the Eucharistic Office.
Gossip. [A.S., from God, and sib, kindred.]
This word now denotes only a tattler, or busy-
body. Anciently it was applied to sponsors, as
contracting a spiritual kinship with the baptized
child ; and in some parts it still retains its
original meaning of a godparent. Similarly
commere [Fr., a godmother] has acquired the
meaning of a gossip.
Goth. In modern phrase, a representative of
tasteless barbarism.
Gotham. Three wise men of Gotham ; they
"went to sea in a bowl," it is said. G. is a
village in Nottingham, with a reputation for
folly ; said to be due to absurd customary services
attached to land tenure there ; but the stories
told of the men of Gotham are to be found
almost everywhere.
Gothamist. Wiseacre, silly blunderer. (Go-
tham.)
Gothenbnrg system. That by which the
municipal body is the only proprietor of public-
houses in the town, and the only tfeder in
liquor ; the publican being their salaried ser-
vant, and having no interest in the amount of
drink consumed.
Gothic language. A Low German dialect,
preserved in the translation of the Bible made
by Ulphilas in the fourth century for the Goths
of Moesia ; preserved in a single MS. (fifth
century) now at Upsala, in Sweden.
Gothic styles. (Bomanesque styles.)
Gothic version. The version of the Scriptures
made for the use of the Goths by Ulphilas in
the fourth century. (Gothic language.)
Gouache. (Guazzo.)
Gouge. [Fr.] A chisel with a semi-cylin-
drical blade.
Gourmand. [Fr. , a glutton ; origin unknown ;
(?) onomatop.] One fond of high living, but
deficient in taste as to food.
Gourmet. [Fr.] A dainty lover of luxurious
food, a fastidious devotee of the pleasures of the
table.
Goftt. [Fr., L. gustus, iastel\ Taste, relish.
GOUV
235
GRAN
Oouvemante. [Ft., gtnffntfss.l G. de manage,
housekeeper.
Oovernor. [L. gubemator, Gr. Kvfitpvw, to
sfeer.] 1. {A/i/.) An officer placed in supreme
authority, both civil and military. 2. (A/eeA.)
A contrivance for regulating the supply of steam
to the cylinder, so as to prevent the motion of
the piston from exceeding a certain assigned
rate. The commonest form (Watt's) consists
of two heavy balls at the end of arms fastened
by hinges to a vertical spindle turned by the
machine ; as the speed of the rotation increases,
the distance between the balls increases, and
motion is given to the end of a lever connected
M'ith a valve in the steam-pipe, which is thereby
partially closed.
Oowria ConBpiraey. An alleged attempt on
the part of the son of the Earl of Gowrie,
executed for his share in the Raid of Ruthven,
to get possession of the person of James VI.
(i6oo).
Oojenda. [Hind.] Informer^ police agent.
Orab. (Nattt.) An Indian coasting-vessel of
150 to 200 tons, generally two-masted.
Graee. Of a university senate, an act or
decre* of such a deliberative body.
Ontee, Dajs of. {Leg.) Time of indulgence
granted to an acceptor for the payment of his
bill after it has become due, if not payable at
fight or on demand. The number varies in
different places, but Sundays are always reckoned.
OrMd-onp. The cup passed . round after a
formal dinner in a college and elsewhere, where-
with the feasters drink, standing, to the opposite
and left-hand men, who also stand, and also
sfimetimes to an institution or benefactor's
memory.
Orao* notM. In singing or playing, orna-
mental, not neces-sary, turns, shakes, etc.
Graeea. [L. Gratia^] In L. Myth., the
G ratine answered to the Greek Charltes, of whom
Ilesiod names three. They are embodiments
of beauty. The name is found in that of the
Sanskrit Hants, the horses of the sun ; so called
as gleaming with ointment or light.
Gradgrind, Thomaa. A thoroughly practical
utilitarian in Dickens's Hard Tinus.
Gradient The rate of ascent or descent of a
road ; generally spoken of as a gradient of I in
so many ; as, I in 10, i.e. one foot of vertical
rise or fall to every ten feet of horizontal dis-
tance.
Gradin, Gradine. [Fr.l Seats of a theatre or
amphitheatre, arranged one above another.
Or&dftiLle, Gradual, Grail, Grayl«. 1. In the
Rom. Church, a book containing the musical
portions of the Mass. 2. An anthem between
kpistle and Gospel, sung while the deacon as-
cends the steps [I- gradus] of the altar.
GrtBoafldSs. [L., Greek loyalty. '\ Treachery,
duplicity. (Poniea fidei.)
Grail, The Holy. (SangreaL)
Grain. [L. granum, a small seed, com.] 1.
The Tu'tToth part of a pound avoirdupois. The
grain was originally the weight of a grain
granum] of barley. 2. A red dye made from
kermes (kermes).
Graining. 1. Painting in imitation of the
grain of wood. 2. A process in leather-dress-
ing, by wliich the skin is softened and the grain
is raised.
Grains of paradise, Meleguetta pepper. Seeds
of the Amomum grana paradisi, one of the
ginger family, from Guinea ; used to give
fictitious strength to spirits and beer. Brewers
who possess them, and chemists from whom they
buy them, are liable to heavy fines, ;^50O and
;^200.
Grakle. [L. gracuhis, jay or jackdaw.]
{Omith.) A designation given by some to
certain birds of the starling kind (Stumus),
peculiar to the eastern hemisphere, as those of the
gen. Pastor [L., feeder] and Acridotheres [Gr.
hMpis, -«5oj, locust, dijpiu, I hunt], in common
with others of the fam. Icteridce [iKTfpos, jaun-
dice, according to the notion that the sick re-
covered on seeing the bird, and it died].
Grallae, Grall&tdres. [L., stilt-walkers, from
grallic, stilts.] (Ornith.) Wading and running
birds, an ord. ranging from the snipes to the
bitterns and flamingoes.
Gram. 1. (Excalibnr.) 2. An Indian grain
on which horses are fed.
Gramarge. [Fr. grimoire, conjuring-book.]
The art of divination.
Gramercy. [PV. grand' merci.] Great thanks.
Grammalogae. A word [Gr. \6yos] written
(especially in phonographic shorthand) as a letter
[ypinita], i.e. represented by a single sign, as
& = and.
Grammar, Comparative. (Comparative gram-
mar.)
Gramme. [Fr.] The weight of a cubic centi-
metre of distilled water, at a temperature of 4* C.
(39-2° Fahr.) ; it equals 15-43235 grains.
Grampus. [Fr. grand (?) or gras (?) poisson,
large ox fat fish.] (Ichth.) Gen. of dolphin.
The Common grampus (sometimes thirty feet
long, with black back and white belly) ; attacks
the whale. Ranges from North Sea to Cape
of Good Hope. /.^. Thresher or Killer, fam.
Delphlnidae, ord. Cetacea.
Grampus, Blowing the. (Naut.) Sluicing
any one with water.
Granadilla. [Sp., dim. of granada, pottu-
gratiate.] The fruit of a climbing vine, found
in Brazil and W. Indies.
Grand Alliance. (Hist.) A league formed
against Louis XIV., by Holland, England, the
Emperor, Spain, and Saxony, 1689- 1694 ; re-
newed between the Emperor, Great Britain,
Holland, Prussia, and Hanover, 1 701.
Grand coup. [Fr.] Great stroke, great hit.
Grand division. (Mil.) Tactical formation,
in which two companies stand abreast.
Grandee. [Sp. grande de Esjmna.] The
highest title of Spanish nobility. (Hidalgo.)
Grandiloquent. [From L. grandi-loquus,
grandly speaking.] Bombastic in style of speech.
Grandison, Sir Charles. The title of a novel
by Richardson. On the hero thus named For-
tune lavishes all her gifts. Hence persons of
superlative grandeur and good luck are some*
times so called.
OT THl
TJHI7BRSIT7
GRAN
236
GREE
Orandjea. [Fr.] The /«////«>', or strength,
of an organ or harmonium.
Orand Lama, Llama. Buddhist high priest of
Thibet, regarded as divine.
Grand larceny. (Petty larceny.)
Grand serjeanty. An old mode of tenure by
military service, or an equivalent payment.
(Tenure.) It has now become freehold, though
some honorary services are retained.
Granite. [It. granlto, formed of grains.]
(Geo/.) Strictly and typically, formetl of quartz,
felspar, and mica. Most is igneous, but some of
metamorphic character : in the latter case passing
into gneiss ; in the former, into syenite.
Granitic rocks (Geol.) = granite proper,
graphic granite, syenite, gneiss, and others,
more or less like G. in character and appear-
ance.
Grant. [O.Fr. graanter, craanter, creanter,
from L. credo, / believe.] (Leg.) Originally a
deed transferring incorporeal hereditaments and
expectant estates where transfer by livery of
seisin was impossible. This conveyance is now
the usual mode of transferring real property, and
if uses are superadded, it is called G. to uses.
(Seisin.)
Grantee. (Leg.) One to whom a grant is
made.
Granth. The scriptures of the Sikhs, the
writings of gurus, beginning with Nanek, in
the fifteenth century.
Granular casts. (Path.) Granular matter
adhering to kidney tubecasts ; found in the
urine, denoting chronic disease in the kidneys.
Granulating. [Fr. granuler.] Forming into
small masses or grains.
Granulation. [L.L. grantilum, a little grain.]
In healing of wounds and ulcers, minute red
vascular particles, the materials of new texture.
Grape-shot (general shape of bunch of grapes).
(Mil.) Projectile composed of layers of shot,
either arranged in a canvas bag round an iron
pin on a circular plate or without the canvas
bolted between four plates.
Grape-sugar. (Glucose.)
Graphic. [Gr. ypd<piK6s, pertaining to 7vriting
or delineation.] Clearly and vividly described,
expressed, or delineated.
Graphic method. The Method of curves
(,/.v.).
Graphite. [Gr. ypd<pa>, I write.] Black-lead
(q.v.).
Graphitoid. [Graphite, and Gr. elSos, /^r;«.]
Resembling graphite, or black-lead.
Graptolite. [Gr. ypairrSs, written, \ldos,
stone.] 1. With Linnaeus, appearances on stone,
as of drawings, maps, vegetable forms. Now, 2,
fossil zoophytes — Silurian — resembling the sea-
pens of our own seas.
Grasseye. [Fr.] (fMng.) Pronounced with
a guttural trill or uvula vibration, as the Fr. r.
Grasson, Grassum. [A.S. gearsum.] A fine
paid on the transfer of a copyhold estate.
Gratia. [L] For thanks (only), for nothing.
Gravamcu. [L.] A grievance, inconvenience ;
in conversation, ihe substantial part of a com-
plaint.
Gravel. [Fr. gravier, O. Fr. grave, rough sand
mixed with stones.] Irregular, subangular stones
of hard rock, left by rivers and lakes. Shingle
consists of pebbles.
Graver. An engravins; tool.
Graving. (Naut.) Cleaning a ship's bottom,
and coating it with tar or the like.
Gravitation. The mutual force by which any
two particles of matter in the universe attract or
tend to draw each other together. The force is
directly proportional to the two masses and in-
versely to the square of the distance j i.e. it is
represented by the formula, .
Gravity, Centre of. (Centre.)
Gravity, Specific. (Density.)
Great Bear. In Astron. and Myth. (Bishis,
The Seven.)
Great Bible. (Bible, English.)
Great Cham, or Khan. The supreme ruler of
Tartary.
Great circle. (Circle.)
Great-circle sailing (or Tangent sailing).
That method of navigation by which a ship's
course is directed along the arc of a Great circle
(q.v.), that being the shortest distance between
two points on the globe's surface.
Great Commoner, The. William Pitt, after-
wards Earl of Chatham.
Great Divide, The. The Rocky Mountains,
which constitute the chief watershed of N.
America.
Greater Bull. (Auscolta fill)
Greater Excommunication. (Excommunica-
tion.)
Great Forty Days. Those between the Re-
surrection and the Ascension.
Great Mogul, The. Title of the Mohammedan
emperors of Delhi, of Mongolian race.
Great organ. (Organ.)
Great Seal of England. The seal, in the
keeping of the Lord Chancellor, used for giving
the royal assent to all charters, commissions,
grants of land, letters patent, franchise, liberties,
etc. Privy Seal, in the keeping of the Lord
Privy Seal, that used for sanctioning issues of
treasure.
Great tithes. (Tithes.)
Greave. (Mil.) Armour to protect the legs.
Greaves, Graves. The sediment of melted
tallow.
Grebe. [Ger. grebe, from Mod. Gr. yXd^os,
a gull (Littre, Devic's Supp.) ; or Celt, krib,
a crest (Skeat's Etyvi. Diet. ?).] (Ornith.) A
universally distributed fam. of diving-bivds, with
lobated feet set so far back that the bird has a
difficulty in walking. The dab-chick is the most
familiar British spec. Fam. PodicTpIdse [L.
pSdicem, fundament, caput, head], ord. Anseres.
Grecian. 1. A boy of the head class at Christ's
Hospital. 2. A Greek scholar. 3. A Jew who
knew Greek (Acts vi. i).
Grecian steps. At Lincoln and elsewhere.
A corr. of gresen steps, grese being the O.E.
form of Fr. degre, L. gradus, a step, Gresen
steps is, therefore, a tautology.
Greek Calends, or Kalends. (Calends.)
GREE
237
GRIM
Greek Church. The same as the Eastern or
Orthodox Church. (Nioene Creed.)
Greek cross. (Cross.)
Greek fire, i.e. used in defence against the
Saracens by the Byzantine G., who, ciic. A.D.
673, learnt its use from CallTnicus of Heliopolis,
as it is said. Its composition supposed to be of
nitre, sulphur, naphtha ; highly inflammable,
and said to bum under water. Its use spread
through W. Europe in time. GrecqiUy through
the form Creyke, becomes cracker.
Greek modes, or scales, or divisions of the
interval between two octaves, were fifteen, the
Principal, or Authentic, being five : viz. Dorian,
from D to D, with us ; Ionian, or Jastian, E
to E b ; Phrygian, E ; ^olian, F ; Lydian, F %.
From these were constructed all the Church
M. of Plain song, Plagal [Gr. ■wxhrfios, oblique,
indirect^ M. being added, formed from Authentic,
by taking the fourth below as a new key-note.
Thus, Hypo- Dorian is our A. Authentic M.
were also distinguished as Hyper- ; e.g. Dorian
is i.q. Hyper-Dorian. (But Hyper- has not
uniformly this meaning.)
Greenbacks. Legal tender notes. The national
paper-money currency of the U.S., first issued
on the breaking out of the late civil war. The
backs of notes so issued by the Government,
and by the national banks, are printed in green,
mainly for the purpose of preventing alterations
and counterfeits. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Qmm. Cloth, Court of. A court having juris-
diction over all matters of justice in the king's
household ; .ibolishcd in 1 849.
Green-eyed monster. Jealousy.
Greenheart (Bibiri.)
Green Man and Still. Sign of an inn ; i.e.
herbalist and disiilkr)'.
Oreenaand (Geo/.) = (i) Upper greensand,
or G. proper, and (2) Lower, or Neocomian
(q.v.), which two are divided by the gault. The
lower part of the Cretaceous system, of which
the chalk is the upper ; containing, in some
beds, numerous greenish specks of glauconitic
silicate of iron.
Green sickness. Popular name for Chlorosis
(q.v.).
Greenstone, Diorite. A variety of trap rock,
found in masses and dykes, associated with
various other rocks.
Gr^o. [It. Greco, Creek.] A short cloak of
coarse cloth, worn by Levantines.
Gregorian Calendar. (Calendar; New Style.)
Gregorian epoch. The epoch of the Grego-
rian Calendar.
Gregorian modes, or tones (collected and ar-
ranged by Gregory the Great, circ. A.D. 600).
Certain Church modes, chants, melodies, of
Plain song, taken, as is generally held, from the
Greek modes {q.v.), or from some diatonic system
common to Hebrew and to Greek music, and
thence derived to the early Church.
Gregorian telescope. A particular kind of
reflecting telescope, named after its inventor.
Professor Gregory, and described by him in
Optica Promota, 1660. (Telescope.)
Grenade. [Sp. granado.] (Mil.) A large
shell or bomb. A hand.-G., barely two pounds
in weight, used for throwing against storming
parties, at a distance of about twenty-five yards.
The tallest soldiers, when formed into compa-
nies or regiments by themselves, are called
Grenadiers, having been raised for this duty by
Charles II.
Grenadillo, Granilla, [Sp.] A pale W.-
Indian cabinet wood.
Grenadine. [Fr.] A thin silk for dresses,
shawls, etc.
Gres. [Fr., sandstone, gritstone, O.H.G. gries,
gravel.] Stoneware.
Gres de Flandre ; so called. Stoneware, ap-
parently German.
Gresham Lectures, Free scientific lectures
delivered in the City of London, under the will
of Thomas Gresham.
Gretna-Green marriages. Marriages cele-
brated at Gretna Green, being the first place
across the Scottish border that could be reached
from Carlisle by persons wishing to avail
themselves of the facilities afforded by the Scot-
tish law of marriage. Such marriages are no
longer celebrated, a residence of twenty-one
days being now required in Scotland as in Eng-
land.
Grettir Saga. The Icelandic story of a hero
whose exploits answer to those of the Greek
Herakles. (Berserkers.)
Grex venalium. [L.] A venal throng
(Suetonius).
Greybeard. In Pottery. (Bellarmine.)
Grey Friars. Franciscans ; so called from the
colour of their habit.
Greyhonnd. [Heb. zarzir mathnaim, girded
of the loins.] (Bibl.) Prov. xxx. 31 ; probably
horse (vide margin of Authorized Version).
Grey spectre. (Banshie.)
Oreystone. (Trachyte.)
Greywaoke. [Ger. grauwacke, gre)', coarse
rock.] An indurated argillo-arenaceous rock,
sometimes gritty; Silurian and Cambrian, chiefly.
But the term is not strictly defined.
Grioe. [(?) Fr. gris, grey.] A young wild
boar, or domestic pig, or badger.
Gridiron. (N^aut.) A timber frame, between
high and low water marks, for a ship to rest on,
to allow an examination of her bottom.
GrifSji. 1. [Gr. ypv^l/.] A fabulous being of
mediaival fiction and romance, but answering
practically to the dragon of the Gardens of the
Hesperides, or of the Glistering Heath in the
Volsung tale. (Saga.) 2. [Anglo-Ind.] New-
comer to India. 3. An heraldic animal, with a
lion's body and an eagle's head and wings.
Grilse. Salmon in second year, returned from
sea.
Grimalkin, 1. Quasi-personal name of a
(properly she- )cat. 2. Name of a familiar of one
of the witches in Macbeth. Graymalkin suggests
the idea of a cat such as assists at the orgies of
witches, in connexion with a witch-song begmning
" Grauwolcken," Grey clouds. Dr. Latham and
others say gri-malkin =■ grey scarecrmu. Richard-
son quotes, " Grimalkin's a hell-cat ; the devil
may choke her" (Ballad of Alley Croker). [Mai-
GRIM
238
GUAR
kin is for Moll-kin, dim. of Moll, Mary, with
suffix -kin.]
Grime's Dyke. Wall of Antoninus, from the
Forth to the Clyde.
Grimgribber. [(?) Fr. grimoire, a conjuring-
book.^ The jargon of legal sophistry.
Grimm's law. (Lang.) The generalization
of Jacob Grimm, as to the change of early ex-
plosive consonants in Teutonic about the first
century, and a further partial change, especially
in dentals, in O.H.G. Represented as three
stages in column, we have —
Early stage : UH ; g ; k : dh ; d ; t : bh ; b ;
Teut. ch. :g; k ; h(g) :d ; t; M(d): b; p ; /(b)
O.H.G. ch. : k ; cA, A4 ; A (g) : t ; z.sz; d : p;yib);/(z^,b)
Small capitals are aspirates, italics are spirants,
or breathings. There is scarcely any passage
from spirants in O.H.G., except from the dental
th, which seems to have been distasteful.
Grindery. Shoemaker's materials.
Griping. (A'aiit. ) (Falling off.)
Griqoas. A S. -African race, sprung from
Dutch settlers and Hottentot women.
Grisaille, En. [Fr.] Ornamented with de-
signs in grey.
Griselda. The very patient wife in Chaucer's
Gierke of OxenforcTs Tale.
Grisette. [Fr.] 1. A coarse grey dress. 2.
A woman who wore it.
Grison, Grisonia, vittata. [Fr. grison, gris,
grey\ (Zoo/.) An animal of the weasel kind,
about two feet long, light grey back, black belly ;
playful when tamed, but mischievous. Galictis,
sub-fam. MustellnjE, fam. Mustelidae, ord. Car-
nivora.
Grist [O.E.] That which is ground in a mill.
Grit = any stone made up of particles more
or less angular (mostly siliceous), cemented to-
gether, as shell-grit, which is calcareous ; mill-
stone grit, siliceous.
Groat. [D. grote schware, great S. = five
little schware.] Any great or large coin. An
old English silver coin, equal to fourpence of
our present money.
Groats. [O.E. grotz, w/^rt/ of wheat or barley.]
Oats deprived of the hulls, or outer coating.
Grocer's itch. A kind of Eczema (q.v.) on
the hand, from the irritation of sugar.
Grog. 1. Rum and water, introduced as a
regular navy drink by Admiral Vernon, called
" Old Grog" from his grogram cloak. 2. Any
mixture of spirits and water.
Grog, Old. Admiral Vernon, who took Puerto
Bello, New Granada, in 1739 ; known by his
grogram cloak ; originator oi grog.
Grogram. [O.Fr. gro-grain, coarse grain^ A
coarse stuff, made of silk and mohair.
Groins. [Connected with Icel. grein, Sw.
gren, Dan. green, a branch or arm^ (Arch.)
The lines formed by the intersection of arches
crossing each other at any angle.
Grolier. •(From the inventor.) A kind of
decoration for bookbinding, consisting of a
scroll, embracing curves, semicircles, and angles.
Grommets, or Grummets. (Naut.) Rings of
rope, used to fasten the sail to a stay, and for
other purposes.
Gronrngenists. (Eccl. Hist.) A subdivision
of the sect of Anabaptists.
Groom of the Stole. In the royal household,
the first lord of the bedchamber ; so called from
the long robe, or stole, worn by the sovereign on
State occasions.
Gros. [Fr.] Thick, strong ; used in many
compound words for silk goods, as gros-de-
Naples, etc.
Groschen. [Ger., dim. of gross, and originally
= any somewhat thick or large coin. ] A German
coin ; 30 silver G. = 24 good G. = I thaler.
Orossierete. [Fr.] Coarseness, vulgarity.
Grotesque. [Fr., It. grottesco, in grotto style.\
Quaint, irregular, whimsical.
Grotios. Of Delft, Holland, the great pub-
licist of Europe (born 1585).
Groundage. Wharfage.
Ground bass. (Music.) A bass passage of four
or eight bars, repeated frequently, each time
with a variation of melody and harmony.
Ground-tackle. (Nat4t.) Anything used in
anchoring or mooring a ship.
Grow, To. (JVaut.) Used of the direction of
the cable towards the anchor ; thus : " The cable
grows on the port bow " means that it inclines
to the left side.
Grub Street. Near Moorfields, where many
literary hacks lodged in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. It is now Milton Street.
It supplies an epithet for worthless authors and
their works.
Gruesome, Grewsome. [Scot.] Ugly, fright-
ful.
Grummet. (Grommets.)
Grumous blood. [L. grumus, a little heap of
earth.] 1. Thick, clotted. 2. (Bot.) Knotted,
clubbed.
Grundy, Mrs. A dame often referred to by
Dame Ashfield, in Morton's Speed the Plottgh, as
to " What will Mrs. Grundy say ? " Hence the
name stands for respectable English society and
its censorious propriety.
Gryptfsis. [Gr. 7puir«(ni, a crooking.'] A
growing inwards of the nails.
Guacharo. [Sp., screamer ; cf It. guajare, to
yell.] (SteatomithidaB.) G. caves, in the valley
of Caripe, Venezuela, the haunt of the G., a
remarkable nocturnal bird, described by Hum-
boldt ; of ord. Insessores, tribe Fissirostres, and
referred to Caprimulgidae ; but widely differing
from Insess., as being strong-billed, frugivorous.
From the fat of the young a valuable oil or
butter is obtained.
Guachos. Half-breed inhabitants of the
Pampas of La Plata, of Spanish and native
American extraction.
Guanches. The aborigines of the Canary
Islands ; now extinct.
Guano deposits. Of Pacific and other tropical
islands ; the droppings of sea-fowl, with their
skeletons and eggs, bodies and bones of fishes,
seals, and other animals ; 60 to 120 feet deep ;
a valuable manure. The word is Spanish.
Guarana. A kind of chocolate made from a
Brazilian plant.
Guardacosta. [Sp., coastguard.] (Naut.) 1.
GUAR
239
GULF
War-vessels formerly employed in the preventive
service on the coasts of S. America. 2. Spanish
revenue-vessels are still so called.
Onard-boat. (Naui.) 1. A boat used in har-
bour to see that officers and crews are on the
alert, by rowing amongst the men-of-war. 2.
One employed to enforce quarantine.
Uoardian of the spiritualities. The person or
persons in whom resides the ecclesiastical juris-
diction of a diocese, when a see is vacant by
death or translation.
Oaardians of the poor. (Poor laws.)
Goard-moonting. (J//7.) Form of parade
preparatory to guards leaving the inspection-
ground for their respective posts.
Onardo. [Sp.] (Naut.) A guard-ship, or
man belonging to one. G., a trick upon a lands-
man, generally in a guard-ship.
Guard-ship. (Naut.) A man-of-war, stationed
in a harbour to superintend marine affairs there,
and inspect nightly vessels not in commission.
In fleets, each ship takes the guard in turn for
twenty-four hours, commencing at 9 a.m., and
during her tour of duty hoisting the Union Jack
at the mizzen.
Guars. (Baf.) Fruit of the Psidium pomt-
ffrum and pJ^rifCrum ; extensive gen. of Myrta-
ceae, of Trop. America only.
Onasw). [lL,^uac/u.] A very durable kind
of distemper painting.
Onbbio ware. Fayence made or finished at
Gubbio, in Italy, about 1518-1537. Noted for
its ruby and other metallic lustres.
Gudgeon. The iron piece at the end of a
wooden shaft on which it turns ; as the gudgeon
of a water-wheeL
Onebers. This word, meaning infidel (Giaour),
is applied by the Mohammedans to the worship-
Ersof fire, who in India are called Parsees, as
ving come originally from Persia. Their
sacred books are the ZendaTesta.
Guelfs. (//. Hist.) In the twelfth century,
the Welfs, or Guelfs, dukes of Bavaria, were
constantly at war with the house of Hohen-
stauffen, whose chief adversary in Italy was the
pope. The popes thus became the heads of the
Guelf party, as opposed to the Ghibellines, or
supporters of the emperor ; and the struggle
between the two became a contest between the
spiritual and temporal powers.
Gnenevere. (Arthur, King.)
Gueridons. [Fr.] LootahU.
Guerilla. [It., dim. of guerra, O.H.G. werra,
war.\ One of a band of men carrying on
irregular warfare and subsisting by plunder.
Guerre a la mort. [?"r.] War till iL'atk.
Guerre a I'outrance. [Fr.] War to t/u (bitter)
etui.
Gueit-rope, or Guest-warp. One carried to an
object at a distance, either to warp a vessel or
make a boat fast Guest-warpboom, a swing-
ing sjMir outrigged from a vessel's side, to
fasten boats to.
Onicowar. [Hind.] Lit cowherd; title of
the sovereign of Gwalior. Also written Gaik-
war.
Guide-pulley. A pulley used to alter the
direction of a belt and enable it to transmit
force from one axle to another to which it is not
parallel.
Guides, or Guide-bars. The pieces in which
the cross-head of the piston-rod slides, and by
which the motion of the rod is kept parallel to
the cylinder.
Guidon. [Fr., from guider, to guide.^ (Mil.)
Standard of a regiment of heavy dragoons ; light
dragoons not canying them in the English
army.
Guidones, or Guides. Priests established by
Charles the Great (Charlemagne), at Rome, to
aid pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem.
Guild. [A.S. gildan, to pay.] A brother-
hood or society, religious, social, commercial,
acting with funds contributed by the members.
In the Middle Ages there was a general tendency
to the formation of such societies in all trades.
Ultimately the guild became coextensive with
the corporate body of the town or borough.
(Gild.)
Guillemets. [Fr., from name of inventor.]
Quotation marks or inverted commas.
Guillemot. [Fr.] (Oniith.) Gen. of rock-
inhabiting, diving sea-birds. The common
guillemot of Great Britain, with black and white
breast, is about eighteen inches long. Gen.
Uria [Gr. obpia, water-bird], fam. Alcidae, ord.
Anseres.
Guillotine. The French instrument of de-
capitation, introduced, or improved, by Dr.
Guillotin, who died 1814.
Guimauve, FIte de. [Fr.] A lozenge made
of the root of the marsh-mallow [guimauve].
Guimbarde. [Fr., originally a waggon ; etym.
unknown.] Jew's-harp.
Guinea-fowL (Named from locality whence
introduced.) An African bird, domesticated in
Great Britain, and acclimatized in America and
W, Indies. Gen. Numidinoe [L. Numidian],
fam. PhasianTdae [Gr., of the Phasis river], ord.
Gallina;.
Guinea-grains. Grains of paradise (brought
from Guinea).
Guinea-pig. [(?) Corr. of Guiana.] The rest-
less cavy. (Cavy.)
Guinea- worm, Filar ia drcicuncHltts, or Me-
dlnensis. A parasite. In hot climates, e.g.
Arabia, Upper Egypt, Guinea, etc. ; especially
affecting the leg ; from a few inches to three or
four yards long.
Guipure. [P"r.] 1. Originally a thick thread
or cord, over which is twisted a thread of silk,
gold, or silver ; applied, 2, to thread-lace, with
G. reliefs ; and so, 8, to all lace without grounds,
the various patterns of which are united by
brides, i.e. irregular uniting threads. — Mis.
Palliser, History 0/ Lace.
Guisards. In Scotland, masquerade actors,
answering to morrice-dancers in England.
(Morrice-4ance.)
Gulden. (Florin.)
Gules. [¥r. gntnXe, a throat.] (Her.) The
red colour in coats of arms, represented in en-
graving by vertical lines,
Gult (Uniz/,) To give a common pass
GULF
240
GWEN
degree to a candidate who has been examined
(or honours.
Gulf Stream. A warm oceanic current, which
originates in the Gulf of Mexico, passes through
the Straits of Bahama, skirts the coast of N.
America, and then widens out and crosses the
Atlantic mainly in a north-easterly direction.
Onlliver's Travels. The title of a romance by
Dean Swift, relating the adventures of Gulliver
in Lilliput, the land of pygmies ; Brobdingnag,
the land of giants ; Laputa ; and the land of the
Houyhnhnms, in which horses are the head of
creation, while a degraded race of human beings,
called Yahoos, are their servants. The last of
these narratives seems to be a fierce outburst of
scorn for mankind. The first is a satire referring
to the court and politics of England, Sir Robert
Walpole being represented by the premier
Flimnap. The third is levelled at the abuses
of philosophical science by pretenders or charla-
tans. The second is of a more general character,
exhibiting human action and feeling as they
might appear to beings of enormous size and of
cold reflecting dispositions.
Gum tragacanth. The gummy exudation
from the stems of several Eastern spec, of
Astragalus ; used as a demulcent, and for im-
parting firmness to lozenges and pill-masses.
Gum-tree. (Eucaljrptus.)
Gun-boat {A'aut.) A war-vessel, of small
draught, and carrying one or more guns in the
bow ; now propelled by steam, but formerly by
sails and sweeps.
Gun-cotton. Cotton soaked in sulphuric and
nitric acids, and then dried ; used as gun-
powder.
Gunfire. (Nau/.) Morning, at daybreak ;
evening at 8 p.m. winter, 9 p.m. summer.
Called " the admiral falling down the hatch-
'a'ay."
Gunge. [Hind.] A granary, dep6t, a whole-
sale market ; as Ranee-gunge, the queen's market.
Gungnir. [From the root of gang, to go, as
in Rolf the ganger, or -walker.} In Teut.
Myth., the spear of Odin.
Ouqjah. Dried hemp, from which the re-
sinous juice has not been removed.
Gun-lod. (Naut.) An explosive fire-ship.
Gun-metaL An alloy of about nine parts of
copper and one of tin, for making cannon, etc.
Gunnel (Gunwale.)
Gunner of a ship. A warrant officer, who has
charge of guns and stores belonging to them,
and instructs the crew in their use.
Gunny. [Hind, gon, sack.] Coarse sacking,
used in India for rice-bags, etc.
Gunroom, The. (Naut.) In large vessels, is
situated at the after end of the lower gundeck,
and partly occupied by junior officers ; in small
ones, below the gundeck, and is the lieutenants' '
* messroom. In frigates, stern-ports are cut
through the gunroom.
Gunten. (Naut.) A merchant-vessel in the
Moluccas.
Gunter's chain ; G. line ; G. scales. The chain
commonly used by surveyors ; it is sixty-six feet
long, and consists of a hundred links ; ' ten
chains make a furlong, ten square chains an
acre. When lines are measured in chains and
links, areas can be calculated decimally. G.
scales show the logarithms of numbers, of the
sines, tangents, etc., of angles ; they are used
for finding products and quotients of numbers,
and for solving triangles, by measuring distances
with a pair of compasses, on the same principle
that multiplication of numbers is performed
by addition, and division by subtraction, with
the aid of a table of logarithms. The scale
which gives logarithms of numbers is called G.
line.
Gunwale, or GunnttL (Naut.) Strictly speak-
ing, the plank placed horizontally npon the
timber-heads, so as to cover them, but often
used for plank-sheer, i.e. the uppermost plank
in a vessel's side. G. of a boat, a binder going
round the uppermost plank. G.-to, having the
G. level with the water.
Gurgoyle. [Fr. gargouille, a water-shoot. '\
(Arch.) Spouts for carrying off water, often
shaped in the form of human or other heads and
bodies. The word is akin to our gargle and
gurgle.^
Gurjun. A thin Indian balsam or oil.
Gurnard. [O.Fr. gournauld, grougnaut, id.
(Cotgrave), Fr. grogner, L. grunnio, I grunt ; cf.
Yx. grondin, Ger. knurrhahn, id., {xon\ grunting
when taken.] (Ichth.) Widespread gen. of fish,
mostly salt-water, head and cheeks protected by
bony plates ; one spec, flies. Several British spec.
Trigla, fam. Triglidae, ord. AcanthoptSrJ'gii.
Gurrah. [Hind. gorhS.] A plain coarse
Indian muslin.
Gusset [Fr. gousset.] A square patch
doubled over the ends of a seam to secure
them.
Gustus, Gustatio. [L.] The first part of a
recta coena ; of lettuces, eggs, shell-fish, etc., to
whet the appetite.
Gutta c&vat lapldem. [L.] The drop hollows
out the stone (Ovid). Non vi sed ssepe cadendo,
not by force but by frequent fallitig.
Guttapercha. [Malay gutta, gum, percha,
the tree from which it is procured.] A concrete
juice resembling indiarubber.
Gutta Serena. [L.] Th^ drop serene of Wi\-
ton, i.q. Amaurosis (q.v.) ; so called because the
cornea remains bright and transparent.
GuttiiraL [L. guttur, throat.] An articulate
sound pronounced with the back of the tongue
and the back of the palate ; also called back
palatals. The commonest are k, g, gh, ng, ch,
as in Ger. narA, kh (x).
Gutty. (Her.) Sprinkled with drops [Fr.
gouttes].
Guy. [?>\>. gmz., a guide.] (Naut.) Guy-rope,
1. One used to steady or guide anything. 9. A
large rope, slack, and extending from masthead
to masthead, to which a tackle is fixed for load-
ing or unloading a vessel.
Guyon, Sir. Type of temperance, in Spenser's
Faery Queene, bk. ii.
Guze. (Her.) A sanguine (blood-coloured)
roundlet or disc.
Gwent, Kingdom of. A Celtic kingdom com-
GWYN
241
HABE
prising Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire.
G. = champaign land.
Owynedd. [VV'elsh.] Old name of the counties
of Carnarvon, Denbigh, and Flint.
Owyniad. [Welsh gwyn, 7vhite.^ (/chth.)
Schelly, fresh-water herring, like the herring.
Spec, of Coregonus, fam. Salmonidae, ord. Phy-
sostSmi, sub-class Tdl^stel.
Oyall. (Zool.) E.-Indian jungle ox (Bos fron-
talis) ; supposed original stock of humped breed.
Gybe. (Jibe.)
Oymnasiarch. [Gr. yvuvaalapx"^-^ ((^''- Hist.)
The officer who had charge of the gymnasia.
(Liturgies.)
Oynmasiam. [L., Gr. '/v/u'citf'tov.] 1. An
open space covered with sand, for the purpose
of athletic games. 8. Buildings for the general
training of the young. The most famous gym-
nasia at Athens were the Lycaeum and the
Academy.
OymnSdontefl. [Gr. yvurJs, naked, liiov^,
ohivroi, a ioof/i.] (/chth.) Fam. offish. Globe-
fishes, Sun-fishes. Temperate and tropical seas,
occasionally Great Britain. Ord. Plectognathi.
OTnmogenB, or Oymnofpermons plants. [Gr.
yviiv6%, Htil:e<l.\ (/iot.) In Lindley's system,
flowering plants, with exogenous stems and
naked seeds ; a separate class, of which Conifera?,
Taxaceae, Cycadace:e, and Gnetacea:: are orders.
Oymnosopliista. [Gr. yvfu/otTo^iffrai, naked
philosophers.] The Greek name for Fakin and
Dervises, from their ascetic habits.
Oymndtos. [Coined from Gr. yviivds, naked,
virroi, baek.\ Gen. and spec, of fish. Electric
eel, five to six feet long. Marshes of Trop. S.
America. Fam. Gymnosidae, ord. Physost5mi,
sub-class T€l<k>stCI.
OynsNiam. [Gr, y^ivtuKtiov, from tCiwik-,
stem of ywi\, woman.'] Female apartments.
O71UMO-. [Gr. 7<»»^, a uvman, gen. yvva,iK6i.^
OyiUBeooraey. [Gr. yKivaiKOKparia, rule of
women, fnjm yvvaiK-, stem of yiivi], voman, and
tcpartu, / rule.] A constitution under which a
woman is or can be sovereign.
OTnandroiu. (Bot.) Having stamens, style,
and ovary, all in one body ; e.g. orchids.
.gynia. [Gr. yirti, a ttwman.] {Bot.) Each
of the twenty-four Linnxan classes is divided
into two or more orders ; in the first thirteen
depending on the number of pistils. Monogynia
have one pistil ; Di-, 2 ; Tri-, 3 ; Tetra-, 4 ;
Penta-, 5 ; Hexa-, 6 ; Hepta-, 7 ; Deca-, 10 ;
Dodeca-, I2 ; Poly-, many.
-grynous. [Gr. yOv^.J {Bot.) Refers to the
styles of a flower.
Gyp. {Camb. Univ.) A college servant.
Gypsies. [A name which is said to be a corr.
of the word Egyptian, but of which the Ger.
zigeunes, the Russ. tzigan, the It. zingaro, the
Sp. gitauo, seem to be cognate forms.] A vagrant
people, called by the French Bohemians, who
appeared in Western Europe early in the
fifteenth century, and who form everywhere a
distinct race. Many still live in England,
dwelling in camps or carts, and exist by fortune-
telling, selling brooms, baskets, etc., and beg-
ging. Some are dishonest, but seldom towards
those who show them kindness. They call them-
selves Romany.
Oypsnm, [L., Gr. yv'^os, chalk.] Sulphate
of lime + water, very widely diflfused in strata
essentially differing. Plaster of Paris is G., the
water being driven off by heat.
O/rate. [L. gyro, / turn in a circle (Gr.
^I'pjj).] To revolve round a (frequently moving)
point or axis, to move in a spiral or circle, to
rotate.
Gyration [L. gyro, / make to turn round in a
circle] ; Centre of G. ; Badins of G. Rotation ;
the Radiut of G. is the distance from the axis
to the Centre of G. (For Centre of G., vide
Centre.)
Gyres. [L. gyrus, Gr. yvpo^.] A revolution,
a turn of circular motion.
Gyr-faloon. [Ger. geier-falk, ha7uk-falcon.]
(Orttith.) Largest of true falcoi'f. ; plumage,
dull brown when young, nearly pure white when
mature ; difficult to train. N. Europe and N.
America. Falco gyrfalco, sub-fam. Falconinae,
fam. FalconTdae, ord. AccTpitres.
Gyron. [O.Fr.] (Her.) An ordinary bounded
by two lines drawn from the fess point, one to
an angle of the escutcheon and the other to the
middle point of an adjacent side. An escutcheon
divided into eight equal triangles by lines drawn
through the fess point is called gyronny.
Oyrosoope. [Gr. 70^01, a circle, trKoirfto, I
behold.] A machine, made in several forms, to
exhibit the composition of rotatory motions.
Gyres, Gives. [Welsh gefyn.] Fetters.
H. Was used by the Latins as an abbrev.
of Hom6, Hrcres, etc. As a numeral, it ex-
pressed 200. In music it is used by the Germans
to designate our B flat.
Eaai-boat [Dan. hsev, the sea.] (Naut.)
One used in the deep-sea fishery of the Shet-
land s and Orkneys.
E&beas Corpus. [L.] (Leg. ) Name of several
writs, of which the most famous is H. C. ad
subjiciendum, addressed to any one who detains
a person in custody, commanding him to have
the body to annver ; i.e. to produce in court,
that the rightfulness of such detention may
be considered. It is issued by the Lord Chan-
cellor or any vacation judge, unless a due
committal of the prisoner be proved. It is the
frreat safeguard of personal liberty. Date of
H. C. Act, 1679.
Habemos oonfltentem ream. [L.] Lit. ivt
have the accused person confessing ; in argument,
HABE
242
HALF
= here is an important admission on the
opposite side.
Habendum. [L., to be had, gerundive of ha-
beo, I have.'\ (Leg.) That part of a deed which
determines the amount of interest conveyed.
Habitants, Habitans. [Fr.] French farmers
of Lower Canada.
H&bltat. [L., hi inhabits.^ The totality of
stations occupied by any given organized being.
Habitue, -ee. [Fr.] One accustomed to
frequent a place ; as an H. of a theatre, public-
house, etc.
Haolush, Haaohisoh. An intoxicant, made
from Indian hemp (Cannabis), from remote times,
in the Levant. (Assassin.)
Haohure lines, or Hatching. [H. in Fr.,
hatching, hache, a hatchet.^ On maps, short
broken strokes ; the shading of sloping ground.
Haeienda. (Banch.)
Hackery. [Hind, chhakrd, cart.l A Bengal
street cart, drawn by oxen.
Hackney. [Fr. hacquenee, ambling nagJ] 1.
A nag. 2. A horse for hire. 8. A IL -coach,
a coach and horse for hire ; first used in London,
1634.
Hactenus invidise respondimus. [L.] Thus
far have we made answer to envy (Ovid).
Had&n. (Huenin.)
HadSs. [Gr. o5rjj, also ifSrjs.] {Gr. Myth.)
The land of the dead, possibly as being unseen.
Hence the king of that land, the husband of
Persephone. The name may be compared with
that of Hodr, the slayer of Balder. (Eleusinian
Mysteries.)
Hades, Helmet of. (Tamkappe.)
Hading. [Ger. halde, slope. \ The angle at
which a vein of ore is inclined to the vertical.
Eadj. The Mohammedan pilgrimage to
Mecca and Medina. Those who have per-
formed the pilgrimage are called Hadji.
Hadji (Hadj.)
Hadrian's Wall, or the Wall of Severus,
ran from Wallsend (Wall's End), near New-
castle, to Carlisle.
Haema-, Hsemat-, Hasmato-. [Gr. <)X\ui, blood,
gen. ai^uoToj.]
Haemal. Pertaining to the blood [Gr. al/uo] in
blood-vessels.
■ Haematite. [Gr. oTjuo, blood. "X {Geol.) Red
and brown kidney-iron ore ; native peroxide of
iron, found in veins and masses ; impure,
Limonite ; earthy, Ruddle ; crystallized, Specular
iron ore.
Haematuria. {Med.) Bloody uriiu [Gr.
oS/jov].
Haemony. Comus, 629, et seqq., "A small
unsightly root," with "bright golden flower . . .
of sovran use 'gainst all enchantments, mildew,
blast, or damp, or furies." (Moly.)
Haemoptysis. (Med.) Spitting [Gr. ttvo-jj]
of blood [af/ua].
Haemorrhage. [Gr. alfioppHyla, from eSfia,
and a root of {tyiyvvfui, I break.] {Med.) Flow
of blood from a ruptured vessel.
Haemorrhoids. [Gr. alixoppotSts, sc. <p\e0fs,
blood-discharging veins.] {Med.) Bleeding piles ;
corr. into Emerods.
Haemostatic. [Gr. ffra.T'iK6s, causing to rest.]
(Med.) Stopping haemorrhage.
Haeretloo Comburendo. [L.] The title of the
writ which handed over the person of the heretic
to execution by burning.
Haeret l&t6ri IStalis arundo. [L.] The deadly
shaft remains fixed in her (his) side (Virgil) ; of
the wounds of passion.
Haffle. To speak unintelligibly, as "a
hafilin' callant" (Scott's Guy Mat'mering) ; to
prevaricate.
Hafic The great lyric poet of Persia. -
Hag. (Ichth.) Myxine, Borer, etc.; spec, of
worm-like, eyeless fish, twelve to fifteen inches
long, which works into the inside of other fish,
and eats them away. Gen. Myxinida; [Gr.
p.v^vo%, slime-fish], ord. Marsipobranchii, sub-
class Cyclostomi.
Hagadoth. [Heb., legends, narrations.] A
collection of legendary matter, Halachoth \rHles\
one of traditional customs, belonging to the
oral law of the Jews, and eventually reduced
to writing. (Talmud.)
Haggis. [Scot.] A pudding of sheep's or
lamb's entrails, chopped fine, with suet, herbs,
leeks, and spices, boiled in the paunch.
Hagiogr&plia. [Gr.] Scured.-ufritings.
Hagiology. Biography of the saints [Gr.
S.yioi\.
Ha-ha, Haw-haw. (Haugh.) A sunk fence,
a fence in the middle of a depression, so that it
cannot be seen at a short distance.
Haigh, Hay. [Cf. D. hang, inclosure, Ger.
hagen, to fence,] A place surrounded by a hedge
for purposes of chase, as Kothwell Haigh ; so
Haye Park, Horse-hay.
Haik. [Ar.] A piece of woollen or cotton
cloth worn over the tunic by Arabs.
Hail, To. [A word containing the root of
call.] (Naut.) To //. from a place, to belong
to it. To H. a vessel, to inquire whence it
comes and whither bound.
Hainanlt (Geog.) A province of the Nether-
lands (S.), now partly in France, partly in
Belgium.
Hakim. [Ar.] Wise man, physician.
Halachoth. (Hagadoth.)
Halbert. [Fr. hallebarde, from It. alabarda.]
A kind of pike, formerly carried by sergeants,
having under the spear-point a hatchet at one
side and a hook at the other.
Halcyon days. Fourteen days of winter, when
the kingfisher [Gr. h.\Kvwv], it was thought,
builds its nest, and the sea is calm.
Hale. ICf. O.H.G. halon, holon, Ger. holen,
to dra-tu, pull.] To pull, tug, tow.
Haler. (Punt.)
Half-deck. (Naut.) 1. The space imme-
diately below the quarter-deck, between its foiie-
most part and the steerage. 2. The steerage.
3. A J/. -decked \essel is one not decked through-
out.
Half-press. The work done by one man at a
printing-press.
Half-topsails, Under. (Naut.) When only the
upper half of a ship's topsails is visible ; i.e. about
twelve miles off.
HALI
243
HAND
Halibut. [A.S. hali, holy, but - ftat-fish.\
(Ickth. ) Halibut, one of the largest of flat-fishes,
five to seven feet long. British and Northern
seas. Hippoglossus [Gr. lint6y\ti(T<T05, like a
horse^s tongtu] vulgaris, fam. Pleuronectidoe, ord.
Anacanthini, sub-class Tflfostci.
Halldom. [A.S. halig<lom, Ger. heiligthum.]
1. Holiness. 2. The holy or consecrated thing,
as a relic. 3. The place where it is preserved.
Hence, 4, a sanctuary ; or, 5, the possessions of
a religious house, as the Halidom of the Abbey
of Melrose (Scott), 6. An oath sworn by the
holy thing or place.
Eallamshire. Sheffield and the neighbouring
district.
Hallel [Heb., praise], or Paschal hymn of
the Jews, consisted of I's. cxiii., cxiv. , cxv., the
first portion sung in the early part of the feast ;
and Ps. cxvi., cxvii., cxviii., sung at the con-
clusion of the supper (see Matt. xxvi. 30).
Ealliarda, Halyards, or Haolyardi. [From
hale or haul, and yarJ ] (\aut. ) The ropes,
or tackles, by which sails are hoisted and lowered
upon their yards, etc. ; in lower sails called
jeeri. The cross-jack and spritsail yards are
generally slung.
Hall-mark. The official stamp of the Gold-
smiths' Company or other public assayers, on
genuine gold and silver articles.
Hallowe'en. The evening of October 31, being
the eve or vigil of All-hallows, or All .Saint?
Day, Noveml^r i , devoted once in England to
amusements, in Scotland to customs somewhat
superstitious. (See Bums's Ilallowe^en.)
Hallneinationa. [L. halluclnor, I wander in
mind, dream ] Morbid conditions, in which, no
impression having been made upon the senses,
the object is believed to be existing. H. are
often felt to be H., being different from delusions^
and consistent with sanity, as in the case of Ber-
nadotte, Swedenborg, etc.
Hallux, HaUez, Allux, Allez. [L.] (Anat:)
The great toe. The class, forms arc allex and
hallex.
Halm. (Hanlm.)
Halo. [Gr. &Awt, a halo ] 1. A coloured circle
often seen in the colder months of the year sur-
rounding the sun or moon at distances of about
22* and 46° from their centres ; such circles are
probably caused by refraction of light through
elementary crj'stals of snow in the atmosphere ;
they are frequently attended by secondary circles.
2. A bright ring surrounding the heads of saints
in pictures.
Haloioope. An instrument for exhibiting phe-
nomena resembling halos.
HaliCang. (Healfang.)
Halyards. (Halliards.)
•ham, Ham-. [Cf. Goth, haims, home, Ger.
heim, inclosure, geheim, hdme, Eng. ham-let,
Gr. Ki^.t\, village, KVfiai, from root «ti, i>e quiet. \
Part of A.S. names, as in Ingham.
Hamadryads. [Gr. &^8pw£8»j.] (Afyth.)
Nymphs who were supposed to live and die
with the trees which they guarded. (Oenii.)
Hamburg white. A pigment composed of two
parts of ba^ta and one of white leao.
Hameln, Piper of. (Orpheiu.)
Hamesueken, Homesoken. [Cf. Goth, sakan,
to quarrel.] (Scot. Law.) The offence of
wrongfully assaulting a man in his own house.
Hamiltouian system (James Hamilton, mer-
chant, died 183 1 ). Reactive against the exces-
sive study of grammar before reading or speaking
languages, took the pupil at once to the language
itself, which he learnt, if with a teacher, by word-
for-word translation, or if alone, by interlinear
translation ; the grammatical and the practical
knowledge being gained simultaneously.
Hamitic. (From Ham, son of Noah.) (Lang.)
The N. -African family of languages, including
Egyptian (Coptic), Berber (Libyan), Ethiopian.
Hammerbeam. {Arch.) A horizontal piece
of timber, acting as a tie at the feet of a pair of
principal rafters, but not extending so as to con-
nect the opposite sides.
Hammereloth. [Of uncertain origin.] A cloth
which covers the coach-box.
Hammerslag. The coating of oxide formed
on heated iron, which is removed by hamnuring
the metal when cold.
Hampton Court Conference. Held by James
I., A.I). 1603, at H. C, first between the king
and the representatives of the Episcopalian party,
then between these and the representatives of the
Puritans, for the settlement of disputes. (Mil-
lenary Petition.)
Hamster, Cricetus friimentdrius, [Ger.] (Zool.)
A destructive, burrowing rodent, about fifteen
inches long, with greyish-fawn back, black
belly. N. Europe. Fam. Muridje.
&unstring. To cut the tendons of the ham.
Hanaper. [A. S. hnap, a cup, or borvl. ] (Leg. )
A treasure, = exchequer.
Hanaper, or Hamper, Clerk of the. An officer
of the Court of Chancery, who received all money
due to the king for the seals of charters, patents,
commissions, and writs, and the fees due to the
officers for enrolling and examining them. —
Brown, Law Dictionary.
Handfasting. In the border country formerly,
the living as man and wife for a year and a day,
after which came either separation or marriage.
(See Scott's Monastery.)
Handicap. 1. A game at cards, something
like loo, in which the winner of one trick has to
hand »■' the cap, i.e. put in the jx)ol, a double
stake, the winner of two tricks a triple stake, and
so on. (See Pepys's Diary, September 18, 1660.)
2. A race in which less weight or distance or
more time is given to competitors, in presumed
proportion to their inferiority, so that, theoreti-
cally, the worst has as good a chance as the best.
Handmast-spar. (Naut.) A round mast.
H.-M.-piece, a small round mast. H. -spike, a
capstan bar, round, with square head.
Hiwdsaw, in phrase, " Not know a hawk from
a H.," is for Heronshaw, Hemshaw.
Handsel. 1. Something delivered [A.S. sel-
Ian, syllan, to handover] into the hand, especially
a first payment, or gift, or purchase, or use, re-
garded as an omen. 2. [Leg.) Earnest money.
Handsomely. In Naut. language, gently.
Handspike. (Mil.) Wooden lever for slightly
HANG
244
HARP
moving the trail (q.v.) of a gun in taking aim, or
for raising any kind of weight.
Hanging Gardens. Of Nebuchadnezzar's
palace, at Babylon ; raised terraces, supported
on piers of brickwork. Said to have been built
for his Median queen, Nitocris, to remind her,
in the unbroken naked plain, of her native hills
and woods.
Hangnail. (Agnail)
Hank. [Dan., « handle.'] A parcel of two or
more skeins of yarn or thread tied together.
Hanks, hoops or rings, with which the fore part
of a fore-and-aft sail is confined to its stay.
Hankey-pankey. Professional cant, specious
talk, properly the chatter of conjurers to divert
attention from their doingjs.
Hulk for hank. (Afaut.) Used of two ships
beating together in racing, etc.
Hannibalian War. (Ponio Wars.)
Hansard. 1. Reports of Parliamentary pro-
ceedings (nametl from the publisher). 2. (From
Nanse.) Citizen of a town belonging to the
Hanseatic League.
Hanseatic League. (Hist.) A confederacy
of the Hanse towns on the coasts of the Baltic,
formed in 1239. It numbered at one time eighty-
five cities.
Hanse towns. [O. H.G. hansa, associatwn.l
(Geog.) Towns of the Hanseatic League, for
defence of commerce, formed in the thirteenth
century ; the chief being Lubeck, Hamburg, and
Brunswick. The two first and Bremen now
constitute this league for hansa.
Hansom. (From the inventor.) A light two-
wheeled carriage, with the driver's seat elevated
behind.
Harakiri. The Japanese suicide, especially
upon being insulted, which entails the suicide of
the insulter.
Haras. [Fr., a stud, from Ar. faras, a horse.]
Stud for horses for the use of an army.
Hard. (Naut.) 1. //l a-Z^-if, when the rudder
is to windward ; or the order so to place it. 2.
N. a-iveather, or up, when the rudder is to lee-
ward ; or the order so to place it. 8. //. a-port,
when the rudder is to starboard ; or the order so
to place it. 4. H. a-starboard, when the rudder
is to port ; or the order so to place it. 5. A
hardy seaman is said to be H. a-weather.
Hard dollar. {Amer. Finance.) Silver dollar ;
opposed to Soft, i.e. paper, dollar. Name of the
U. S. party which advocates resumption of specie
payments.
Hardle, Hartle. To prepare a dead hare or
rabbit for carriage in the hand or on a pole, by
cutting the tendon Achillis immediately above
the hock in one hind leg, and making between
the tendon and the bone in the other an incision
through which the first foot is passed beyond the
hock, the projection of which prevents the foot
from slipping back.
Hard paste. (Paste.)
Hards. Tow.
Hardware. Ware made of metal, as cutlery,
fenders etc.
Harem. \PiX.\\^TX.xa, forbidden, or sacred^ In
Eastern houses, the rooms set apart for women.
Hariolation. [L. hariolatio, -nem, from hario-
lus, diviner (Haruspices).] Divination, sooth-
saying.
Harits. (Graces.)
Harl. [O.G. harluf, rope.] The threads of
hemp or flax.
Harlequin. [It. arlechino.] Originally a
droll, greedy rogue of Italian comedy, servant
of Pantaleone, and lover of Columbina ; now a
dancing masked magician of Christmas panto-
mime. (Scaramouch.)
Harmattan. [Afr.] A dry, hot wind, blowing
from the interior of Africa towards the Atlantic.
Harmodius. An Athenian, who, with his
friend Aristogeiton, murdered Ilipparchos, the
son of Peisistratos, and so led to the downfall of
the family of the Peisistratidai.
Harmonia. [L., Gr. kptt.ovia.] (Med.) A
Joining together oi hones, e.g. the nasal, by simple
apposition.
Harmonic [Gr. ^ apfxoviKf), the musical, i.e.
science] ; Acute H. ; Grave H. (For Harmonic
or Acute H., vide Tone.) The Grave //. is heard
in certain cases when two perfectly just notes
are sounded together depending on the difference
of their pitches ; thus when the middle C and
its major third (whose pitches are as 4 : 5) are
sounded together, a very faint C two octaves
lower (whose pitch is as 5 — 4 = l) is heard ;
it used to be considered that this note was due
to the coalescence of the beats into a continuous
sound, but now it is thought to be due to the
fact of the vibration having a finite, though very
small, extent.
Harmonic ftinotion; E. motion; H. progn^es-
sion. If a point moves uniformly in a circle, the
foot of the perpendicular let fall from it to a
fixed diameter has a simple Harmonic motion ;
the algebraical expression for such a motion is
a Simple H. function ; the sum of two or more
S. li. functions is a Complex H. function. The
motions which occasion sound, light, etc., can
be represented by H. F. (For H. progression,
vide ProgressioiL)
Harmonics. [Gr. apfioviKSs, skilled in
harmony.] Tones of a vibrating body given off
in addition to the original tone ; e.g. the octave,
the fifth above the octave, the double octave, etc.,
of a note struck on the piano. (Nodes ; Tone.)
Harmost. [Gr. apixoar-f}s.] {Hist.) A
magistrate sent out from Sparta to govern ?,
conquered state. We hear also of Theban
harmosts.
Harness. [Hamais, the full fitting out of a
knight and his horse, formerly harnas, a. Celt,
word (Brachet).] i Kings xx. 11, and else-
where ; body-armour of a soldier.
Haroun-al-Raschid. The caliph of the
Arabian Nights^ Tales, a despot who used to
mingle with his subjects in the streets of Bagdad,
in disguise. He was a contemporary of Charles
the Great (Charlemagne).
Harpagon. Moliere's L'Avare, an utter
miser.
Harpies. [Gr. &pirvMt, from apirw, ap7rd(a), J
seize.] In Gr. Myth., the storm-winds. In
Hesiod they are described as the beautiful
HARP
245
HAUS
daughters of Thaumas and Electra. In Virgil
they are of repulsive ugliness, and insatiably
greedy.
Harpings, or EarpenB. {Niaui.) 1. That
part of the wales which incloses the bow, and
is made extra thick. 2. The pieces of oak, bolted
to the shape of a vessel, which hold the fore and
after cant-bodies together, until planked ; but
generally applied to those at the bow. Cat-H.,
ropes crossing from futtuck-staff to futtuck-staff,
below the tops.
Earpdcr&tSs. The Greek form of the
Egyptian words Har-pi-chruti, or Horus the
Child, who is represented as a naked boy sitting
on a lotus flower, with his finger in his mouth.
Harpoon. [Fr. harpon.] A long spear with
a flat, barbed head, for striking lai^e fish.
Harpsiehord. [Corr. of Fr. harpe-chorde.]
A stringed instrument, in shape like a grand
piano, sometimes having two manuals — one loud,
the other soft ; the sound independent of the
degree of pressure, and produced by plectra
moving the wire ; compass about four octaves.
Harpy. [Gr. 'Apirwja.] {Her.) An heraldic
animal, with a woman's head and breast and a
vulture's body and legs.
Harp7 eagle. (Harpiea.) {Ornith^ Largest
of eagles, three feet and a half and upwards in
length. Plumage (adult), back slate-coloured,
belly white ; it has a frill and two-pointed crest,
which it can raise at pleasure. Central and S.
America. Thrisaetus, sub-fam. AccTpItrinse, fam.
Falconldas, ord. AcclpTtres.
Harridan. \Cf. Fr. haridelle, knacker, Jade.']
Shrewish old hag.
Hany, To. [A.S. herian, to ravage as an army
(here, Goth, harjis).] To pillage, ravage, worry.
Hart. [O.E. heort.] (Deer, Stages of growth
of.)
Hartshorn. An impure carbonate of ammonia
obtained by distilling hart's horn or any kind of
bone.
Hamsplees. (Amspiees.)
Harreian Oration. One annually delivered in
London, in honour of Harvey, discoverer of the
circulation of the blood.
Harvest-moon. The moon near the full at
about the time of the autumnal equinox, when
the daily retardation of its rising is partly
counterbalanced by its comparatively rapid
motion in north declination, so that it rises for
several days together at about the time of sunset.
Haschiui. (Assassin; Hachish.)
Hassock. [Scot.] Lit. tujt of grass. 1.
Hence besom, or piece of turf for a seat. 8. A
kneeling cushion for church or chapel.
Hastate leaf. [L. hastatus, bearing a hasta,
j/Vflr.] (Bot.) Halbert-shaped, like an arrow-
head with the barbs at right angles ; e.g. Atri-
plex hastata.
Hast&tL [L., from hasta, a spear.] The
first ranks of the Roman legion, consisting of
young men armed with spears. Behind these
stood the Principes, and behind these the Triarii.
(Antepilani; Antesignani.)
Hatch. [O.E. haca, the bar of a door.] 1.
An opening into a mine, or in search of one ;
from the hitch-ga.\.e, which kept cattle from
straying (Taylor, Words and Flares). 2. Part
of names near old forests, as Colney Hatch.
Hatch-boat. (Naut.) A small pilot-boat,
with a deck mainly composed of hatches, i.e.
movable coverings of the hold.
Hatchel. [Ger. hechel.] (Heckle.)
Hatchet, To bury the. To forget past quarrels,
as the N. -American Indians bury the tomahawk
when peace is made.
Hatchet-face. A lean, miserable, ugly face.
Hatching. [Fr. hacher, to chop.] Shading
by cross lines with pen or pencil. (Hachtire lines.)
Hatchment. [Corr. from achicvemait.] A
square frame bearing the escutcheon of a dead
person.
Hatchways. (Naut.) The openings in the
decks of a vessel, through which access is gained
to the lower decks and hold.
H&telettes. [Fr.] Morsels of meat cooked
on a spit.
Hatt. Short for Hatti-sherif.
Hatti-sherif. An edict signed by the hand of
the sultan himself. (Firman.)
Hatto, Bishop. Devoured by rats in his castle
in the Rhine, for hoarding grain and burning a
bam full of poor people in a time of scarcity ;
as told by Southey.
Hanberk. [O.G. halsberge, A.S. healsborg,
from hals, the neck, and bergen, to hide.] A
jacket of chain-mail, with a hood, and sleeves
reaching below the elbow.
Hand ign&ra mali, mislris succnrrSre disco.
[L.] A'ot ignorant of evil, I learn to help the
wretched. Words put by Virgil into the mouth
of Dido. j
Hangh. [Scot. ; cf. haw, A.S. haef, inch-
sure, haga, hedge, Ger. haj, hedge, inclosure,
Dan. hauge, garden.] A low-lying meadow.
Hani her wind, To. (Naut. ) A vessel coming
up to the wind is said to //. her wind,
Hani in, To. (Naut.) To sail closer to the
wind, so as to approach, to N. off, so as to
get away from, an object.
Hauling-down vacancy. (Naut. ) One caused
by the promotion given to a flag midshipman
or lieutenant, when an admiral hauls down his
flag. Hauling sharp, having only half-rations.
Eanlm, Halm. [O.E. healm, haulm, or straw;
cf. Ger. halm, Fr. chaume, id., L. calamus, Gr.
Kh.\i^^.^t\, a stalk, strcnv, or reed.] (Agr.) Stalks
left after reaping or after gathering the seeds of
culmiform crops
Hanlyards. (Halliards.)
Hanrient. [L. hauriens, drinking.] (Her.)
In a vertical position, with the head upwards.
Hausmannize. To renovate a city with ex-
travagant magnificence, as Hausmann did Paris,
under Napoleon III.
Hanstellate. (Zool.) Provided with an haus-
telliim (i/.v.).
Hanstellum. [Dim. from L. haustrtim, id.,
haurio, / draw water, etc.] Apparatus for
pumping or sucking, in the mouths of certain
cruslaceous insects, as Eptzoa (q.v.),
Haast5rinm. [L. haurio, / draw out, draw
water.] A sucker.
HAUT
246
HECA
Santboy. [Fr. hautbois, i^. instrument of
iMod, bois, having a shrill, haut, sound.] (Oboe.)
EaQtear. [Fr.] Loftiness of manner.
Haut gout. High seasoning.
Haut mal. With the French, = severe form
of epilepsy ; distinguished from Petit mal, the
ordinary form.
Haversaok. [Fr. havre-sac, knapsack, origin-
ally a bag for oats (Ger. haber).] {Mil.)
Wallet used by soldiers for carrying their day's
provisions.
Havildar. [Hind.] Sergeant of Sepoy troops.
Havilee. [Hind.] Superior house in India,
of brick or stone ; flat-roofed, on one story
raised from the ground.
Haw. (Haugh.) 1. Hedge, inclosure. 2.
Berry of the hawthorn, i.e. hedgethom.
Haw, ox Nictitating membrane {q.v.), of horse,
dog, etc. A cartilage lying just within the
inner comer of the eye, but capable of being
thrust outwards, so as partially to cover it when
irritated by dust, etc.
Hawk's bell. (Arch.) A name considered
by Mr. Parker more appropriate than £all-
flffiver (Glossary of Architecture, vol. i. 53).
Hawse. [From A.S. halse, the neck.] 1.
That part of the bow where the H. -holes for
the cable to pass through, are. 2. The position of
the cables when a vessel rides with both anchors
out, one to starboard and the other to port. 8.
The space between a vessel at anchor and the
anchor. Bolit //., the H. -holes high above
the water. H.-full, pitching bows under.
Hawser. \I.e. a raiser, to hawse being to
raise, Fr. haulser, hausser. It. alzare.] A cable-
laid rope, not so large as a cable, but larger than
a tow-line. H.-laid rope, made of three or
four strands of yam, considered proportionately
stronger than c€d)le laid rope, which is made of
small ropes more tightly twisted. H.-laid lo^p^
is used for rigging, etc. ; cable-laid in water, etc.
Hazo easemate. (Mil.) An earth-covered
masoniy chamber placed on the terreplein of a
work, for the protection of guns firing through
embrasures (q.v.) of a parapet, and acting also
as a traverse (q.v.).
Hay. (Haigh.)
Eaybote. Hedgebote, an allowance of wood
to a tenant for repair of fences.
• Hayward (i.e. hedge-guard). An officer who
has to take care of hedges and impound stray
animals.
Headborougb. (Leg.) In frankpledge, the
chief of the ten pledges or freemen of a tithing,
or decennary ; also called Borvwhead, Borsholder,
Tithingman, etc.
Headland. (Agr.) The upper part of land
left for the turning of the plough.
Head-quarters. (Mil.) Station of a general
commanding.
Headsails. (Naut.) All those set on a fore-
Dttast, bowsprit, jib, and flying-jibbooms.
Healds. The harness for guiding the warp-
threads in the loom.
nealfang, Halsfang. [A.S., a catching of the
neck.\ The old English name for the pillory.
Eearth money, Hearth penny. A chimney
tax (Fumage) levied from the reign of Charles
II. to the Revolution.
Hearth tax. (Chimney money.)
Heart-sound. (Diastole.)
Heart-wood. (Duramen.)
Heat. [A word common to many Aryan
languages.] (Racing.) When all competitors
cannot walk, run, or row together, they race in
divisions, which races are called heats. The
various winners then race with each other.
The deciding race is the final H. In coursing
and wrestling, the term tie is used.
Heat-apoplexy, i.q. popularly Sunstroke.
Undue determination of blood to the brain, from
exposure to the heat of the sun or other intense
heat.
Heath. [Her. avar.] Jer. xvii. 6 ; xlviii. 6 ;
Juniperus sablna, a dwarf juniper, in barren,
rocky places of the desert.
Heave, To. [Ger. heben, /<? ////.] (Naut) To
throw overboard, to cast, as to H. the log ; to
haul, drag, prize, etc., as, to H. at the anchor.
To //. the log, to ascertain a ship's velocity by
aid of the log-line and sand-glass. To H. the
lead, to ascertain the depth of water with the
hand lead-line. To get a cast of the lead is to
ascertain it with the deep-sea lead and line.
Heave down. To. (Naut. ) To careen a ship
by purchases on the masts. To heave keel-out,
to careen a vessel so much that the keel shall be
out of water.
Heave offering. (Wave offering.)
Heave-to, To. (Naut.) 1. To bring-to (q. v.).
2. In a gale, to set only enough sail to steady the
ship.
Heavy marching order. (Mil.) That of a
soldier equipped and carrying, besides his arms
and ammunition, complete kit, and great-coat,
amounting altogether to about sixty pounds ; to
which are occasionally added a blanket and
three days' provisions.
Heavy spar, Hepatile, Bologna spar. (Geol.)
Native sulphate of barytcs (q.v.), common in
many mining districts ; used as a white paint,
and in adulterating white lead.
Hebdomadal. [From Gr. i^Sofxis, the number
seven, a week.'] Weekly, as in Oxf. Univ., the
H. Council, the board elected by the Senate to
prepare and regulate university business, which^
meets at least once a week during term.
Hebe. [Gr., youth.] (Gr. Myth.) The cup-
bearer who handed round nectar to the gods at
their banquets. She answers to the Latin
jfuventas.
Hebetation. [L. hSbetatio, -nem, dulness, from
hebes, hebetis, blunt, dull,] A making or a being
dull, blunt, stupid.
Hebetude. [L. hSb^tudo, bluntness.] Insensi-
bility, dulness.
Hecate. [Gr. iKdrrj, fem. of Hecatos, the far-
shooter.] (Gr. Myth.) A goddess who repre-
sents the moon ; not mentioned in the /Had or
Odyssey, but described by later writers as a
daughter of Perses and Asterla.
Hecatomb. [Gr. (KarSfiPij.] A sacrifice of a
hundred [Ikot^i'] oxen \^6is] ; hence a great
sacrifice to a god or gods.
HECK
247
HELI
Heek. [Akin to Aooi.] An apparatus by
which the threads of warps are separated into
sets for the heddles.
Eeekle, Hackle, Hatchel. [Ger. hechel, dim.
of D. haak, /looi-.] A comb for separating the
coarse parts of Hax or hemp from the fine.
Heckling. [Scot.] Worrying, putting ques-
tions to a candidate for Parliament.
Hectare. [Fr., from Gr. iKiriv, a hundred,
Fr. are, L. area.] A French measure, equivalent
to 2 '47 1 1 English acres. (Are.)
Heotio fever. [Gr. iKriK6i, belonging to the
habit («(«»).] Constitutional, long-continued,
more or less intermittent ; often attending the
termination of organic disease.
Hectogramme, Hectolitre. [Fr.] Measures
of a hundred grammes and litres respectively.
(Gramme ; Litre.)
Heddle. (Healds.)
Hedonie sect. [Gr. it^ovutis, pleasant. 1 A
name sometimes given to the Cyrenaic school of
philosophy, founded by Aristippus, circ. B.C. 424.
They are said to have despised speculative and
mathematical studies, making pleasure [^801^]
and a general sense of quiet engagement the
basis of their ethical system.
HeeL {Naut.) 1. Where the keel and stem-
post join. 2. The lower end of a mast, bow-
sprit, boom, or timber. To H., to incline to one
side. H.-knee, the shaped timber which con-
nects the keel with tne stern-post. H.-rope
that which is fastened to the H. of spars (other
than topmasts) to ship them.
Heelrall. A composition of bees-wax, tallow,
and lampblack, used for blackening leather.
Heel-tool. A tool used b^ turners for the first
rough shaping of a piece of iron.
Hfigimoay. [Gr. ^c/mWo.] The presidential
or guiding jxiwer possessed by a state over other
states in alliance with it. Such H. was claimed
by Athens and Sparta over the members of their
respective confederacies.
Hegira. (///>/.) The Mohammedan era,
marked by the flight of Mohammed from Mecca
to Medina, A.n. 022. It is strictly lunar.
Heighta of Abraham, The. Above the city of
Quebec ; here Wolfe defeated Montcalm, and
Quebec fell into the h.ands of Britain (Sep-
temlier, 1759).
Heimakringla. (Saga.)
Heir. [O.Fr., from L. haeres.] (I^g.) One
entitled to succeed to an estate of inheritance.
_ In Scotland H. is also applieil to successor to
rrsonal property. There are eight kinds of H. :
H. -apparent, who must succeed if he live long
enough. 2. //. by custom, by peculiar custom,
as Borough Engliih, gavelkind. 3. //. by de-
vise, made H. only by will. 4. //. general, H.-
at-law, in whom right of inheritance lies after a
possessor's death, a term applicable to most
neirs on succession. 6. H, -presumptive, who
will succeed unless one be bom with better right.
6. Hneres sanguinis et heretlltatls, //. of blood
and inheritance, a son who can be disinnerited.
7. H. special, e.g. by custom or entail 8. Ul-
timus haeres, last heir. (Escheat.)
Heirloom. [From heir, and A.S. geloma,
17
goods^ {Leg.) A movable or personal chattel,
as an ornament, weapon, or piece of furniture,
which by special custom goes with the inherit-
ance, though an owner while living may dispose
of it.
Hektemorians. (Thetes.)
Heldenbuch. (Minnesingers.)
Helen. (Paris, Judgment of.)
Helena. {Mcteorol.) (Castor and FoIInz.)
HeliacaL [Gr. iiXiaxos, belonging to the j««.]
(Astron.) The //. rising or setting of a heavenly
body takes place at nearly the same time as that
of the sun. A star rises heliacally when it is
seen to rise before the sun, i.e. just after it
emerges from the rays of the neighbouring sun.
Helisea. [Gr. ^Aia/a.] In Athenian Hist.,
the chief of the ten courts among which the
Dioasts, or jurymen, were distributed.
Helicon. (Fegasns.)
Heliocentric theory. [Gr. fi\ios, the sun,
Ktvrpov, centre.] (Astron.) That which makes
the sun the centre of the motions of the planets,
including the earth, and explains the apparent
movements of the heavenly bodies by the rota-
tion of the earth on her axis, and her motion
round the sun in her orbit ; it was propounded
by Aristarchus of Samos, in the third century
B.C., and established by Copernicus, De Rev.
Orb. Ccelest. (1543). (Geocentric theory.)
Heliochromy. [Gr. ^\ios, sun, xP"/*«» colour.]
A process of photographing objects in their
natural colours.
Heliogram. [Gr. fiMos, the sun, ypi<i>a), I
■write.] A sunshine message.
Heiiography. [Gr. fiAtov, the sun, yp<i<pu, I
■write] Photography.
Heliometer. [Gr. 'f\Kios, the sun, ncrpov,
measure.] A large telescope mounted equato-
rially, whose object-glass is divided along a
diameter, the parts being mounted in separate
frames capable of relative motion produced and
accurately measured by a screw ; each half
forms its own image ; the images are seen side
by side through the eye-piece, and can be moved
by the screw. It is used for the exact measure-
ment of small astronomical distances, e.g. the
diameter of a planet, the distance between the
components of a double star, etc.
HelioBtat; Heliotrope. An instalment for
throwing the reflected light of the sun in any
required direction.
Heliotrope (Min.), or Blood-stone. A deep-
green stone ; a jaspery variety of silica, with red
spots, caused by oxide of iron. (Heliostat.)
HSliz. [Gr. f'Xif, adj. and subst., spiral.] 1.
(Mech.) A spiral line of the same form as the
thread of a screw ; right-handed, when it
ascends from the right hand to the left hand
of a person standing within the coil ; left-
handed, when it ascends in the opposite direc-
tion. 2. {Anat.) The reflected margin of the
outer ear. 8. (Arch.) The curling volutes
under the flowers of a Corinthian capital. 4.
(Zool.) Gen. of pulmoniferous mollusc. Cosmo-
politan ; more than 2COO spec. Gives its name
to fam. Helicidae, snails, with 6000 spec. Class
Gasteropoda.
HELL
248
HERC
Hellanodlcse. [Gr. 'ILWavoBtKai, jud^s of the
Hellenes.] The two judges at the Olympian
games.
Hellenism. [Gr. 'l.\Xf)vianis, imitation of
'e.^K-i)vts, Greeks.] 1. Greek civilization adopted
and reacted on by aliens, especially after Alex-
ander the Great's death ; adj., Hellenistic. 2.
The best civilization of unmixed independent
Greece (Hellas), as the word is used by Grote
and others ; adj , Hellenic.
Hellenistio Greek. The Greek used by Jewish
writers. It diftered from other Greek chiefly in
its frequent use of Oriental metaphors and
idioms.
Hellenists. [Gr. "E.\Xi\vi<fTai.] In the New
Testament, a body, including not only pro-
selytes of Greek, or foreign, parentage, but also
Jews who, settling in foreign countries, adopted
the forms of Greek civilization and the use of
the common Greek dialect.
Helm. 1. [O.E.] A heavy cloud on the brow
of a mountain. Helm wind is the wind attend-
ing such a cloud. 2. [A.S. helma.] {Naut.)
The tiller, which was always rigged in- board, and
in the phrase, " Helm alee," etc., is still always
so understood. 3. Applied to the rudder, and
the wheel or other means used to turn it.
Helmet of Hades. (Tarnkappe.)
Helminthology. [Gr. eA/itj/i, a worm, \6yoi,
discourse.] The natural history of worms.
Helots. [ElKdrai.] (Hist.) The slaves of
the Spartans, supposed to be so called from the
Laconian town Helos ; but the name probably
merely denotes captives. They resembled the
mediaeval serf in being attached to the soil.
(Villein.)
Helve. [A.S. hielfa, O.H.G. helbe ; cf
Gr. <fo\ax-Ta', / peck, chisel.] 1. Head of an
axe or hatchet. 2. Handle of an axe or hatchet.
Helvetic Confession. (Basle, Confession of.)
Hemerobaptists. An ancient Jewish sect ; so
called from their washing daily [Gr. ri/ifpa, a
day] as a religious solemnity. Perhaps the
same as the Sabians.
Hemlopsia. [Gr. ^/iw-, half, i^is, eyesight.]
(Med.) Faulty nsion, the patient seeing only
half an object
HSmlplegia. [Gr. form ^^mirAjjffo, from vijh-,
half, and 5rA^|is, a striking.] (Med.) Paralysis
of one side. Paraplegia [iropoirATj^fa, -Ko^i., by the
side op], paralysis of the lower half of the body.
Hemiptera. [Gr. ^/ixj-, half, irT(p6i>, a tving.]
(Entom.) Rhyncota. Ord. of insects, containing
three sub-orders : Homoptdra, as aphides and
ficadas ; H^tCroptSra, as land and water bugs ;
Thj^sanoptera, the gen. Thrips, destructive in
green-houses, etc.
Hemisphere of Berosns (Babylonian astro-
nomer). A hollow hemisphere, with its rim hori-
zontal, and having the end of a style as the
centre : the shadow of this point on the concave
surface would show the zenith distance of the
sun. It was used, however, as a sun-dial.
Hemistich. [Gr. ^/uio-Tfx'o"-] A half-verse ;
e.g. either iialf of a pentameter. The unfinished
verses in the .Mneid, as bk. i. 534, 636, are
called H.
Hemnse. (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Hendeoasyllabio. [Gr. fVSeKo, eleven, cruWafii),
syllable.] A verse of eleven syllables, e.g. that
of Catullus, " Passer deliciae meae puellae," or
a heroic verse lengthened by a syllable, as in It.,
Ger., and Eng. verse.
Henna. [Ar. huina.] A paste made of
pounded leaves, used by Asiatics for dyeing
their nails, etc., of an orange hue. (CampMre.)
Henotheism. (Monotheism.)
Henotloon. [Gr., capable of uniting.] {Eccl.
Hist.) The Edict of Union, issued A.D. 482,
by the Emperor Zeno, with the view of ending
the Monophysite controversy by avoiding ex-
pressions offensive to either side (Milman, Hist,
(f Latin Christianity, bk. iii. ch. l).
Eenricians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Henry, an Italian monk of the twelfth century,
who rejected infant baptism, and declaimed
against the vices of the clergy (Milman, Hist,
of Latin Christianity, bk. ix. ch. 8).
Henri Deux ware (Henri II. of France). A
peculiar ware of fine pipe-clay, inlaid with
coloured pastes, in arabesques, interlaced letters,
and other devices, and enriched with reliefs of
lizards, masks, etc. It appears to have been
made temp. Francis I. and Henri II., in Touraine,
at the chateau of Oiron, the chapel of which is
paved with tiles of identical composition. Only
fifty-three pieces are known.
Hepar. \fjx.\i(aLf, liver.] (Chem.) Liver of
sulphur.
Hepatic. Belonging to the liver [Gr. ?irap,
gen. ^iroToj].
Hephsestos. [Gr. {i4>a<o-Tos.] (Myth.) One
of the Greek gods of fire.
HephthemimeraL [Gr. i(p9riixiixfp7is, containing
seven (iirrd) half- (^M*) parts (/t^/JTj).] (Pros.)
Of or after three feet and a half.
Heptachord. [Gr. tTrra, seven, xopS^, string^]
(Music.) 1. A series of seven notes. 2. A
seven-stringed instrument.
Heptarchy. [Gr. kvTi., seven, ilpx"> I govern^
(Eng. Hist.) A division of England into seven
kingdoms — Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, East
Anglia, Mercia, Northumberland, which are
supposed to have existed at the same time with
and independently of each other. In point of
fact, this was never the case.
Hera, or Here. (Gr. Myth.) The wife of
Zeus, or Jupiter, and Queen of Olympus ;
answering to the Latin jFuno.
Heraoleids. In Gr. Myth. Hist., the de-
scendants of Heracles, or Hercules, who are
supposed, after a long series of conflicts, to have
divided the Peloponnesus between them.
Heracles. (Gr. Myth.) The hero called by
the Latins Hercules.
Heralds, College of. (College of Heralds.)
Herbal. [From L. herba, herb, plant.] 1. A
book on plants. 2. = Herbarium.
Herbarium. [L.L.] 1. A collection of
dried herbs [herbae], a hortus siccus. 2. A book
for dried specimens of plants.
Herculean. Belonging to or like Hercules,
who represented the Greek Heracles, a hero of
invincible strength, whose life was a series of
HERE.
249
HESS
labours, set down by later poets as twelve in
number. The Latin Hercviles, or Herculus,
was properly a god of boundaries and fences,
and had nothing to do with the Greek Heracles.
Hereditament. [L.L. hazrcditamentum, from
L. haereditas, heirship.] Inheritable property
or rights of which any property is susceptible.
Corporeal hereditaments are lands ; incorporeal
H., rights arising out of lands, of which the
chief are advowsons, tithes, commons, ways,
offices, dignities, franchises, pensions or coro-
dies, annuities, and rents.
Hereford Use. (Use.)
Heresiaroh. [Gr. alptarlapxos.] The leader of
a party, usually of a religious sect.
Heretoch. [A.S., Ger. herzog.] The old Eng-
lish name for the persons chosen at the Folkmote
to lead the armies of the kingdom.
Heriot. [From A.S. here, army, geatu,
supply.] Originally the horse and habiliment
of a deceased tenant, given as tribute to the lord ;
thea the tenant's best beast (averium) or best
dead chattel (or money in its stead).
Heritor. (Scot. Law.) A landholder in a
parish.
HersuB. [Gr. ipiuu.] In Gr. Hist., small
shafts, with the top shaped into a head, perhaps
of Hermes, set up on the side and at the
crossing of roads.
Hermaion. (TroavaiUe.)
Hermann's Consnltatioii. (Theol.) A treatise
drawn up by Hermann, Archbishop of Cologne,
for the pur|>ose of bringing about a reformation
of doctrine and ceremonies. An English trans-
lation of the Latin work was published in 1547.
Hermaphrodite. (Atiai. and Bol.) Partaking
of the characteristics of both sexes (Hermaphro-
ditos, supposed son of Hermes and AphrSdite).
Hermaphrodite, or Brig-schooner. (Naut.)
Two-masied vessel, carr)ing fore-and-aft sails
only on mainmast, and square-rigged, but with-
out a top, on foremast.
Hermeneata. [Gr. tpixriytvrcd, interpreters.]
In the public worship of the ancient Church,
translated one language into another ; the minis-
trant and the people being often unacquainted
with each other's tongue.
Hermeneutics. (Hermes.)
Hermes. (Gr. Myth.) The messenger of the
f;ods, to whom, in Acts xiv. 12, St. Paul was
ikened, as being "the chief speaker." In the
_ Rig Veda the name occurs in the form of
SavarnS, a word denoting the dawn, with the
fresh morning breeze. Hermes is thus the god
of the moving air, which can either discourse
sweet music or fill the forests with its roar. As
messenger of the gods, he is the interpreter of
secrets. Hence Jfermetuutics, the science of
interpretation, especially as applied to the
Scriptures. (Caduoeus ; Fetasns.)
HermSs TrismSgistns. Neoplatonic name of
the Egyptian god Theuth, the inventor of letters
and the arts and sciences, to whom many works
were ascribed which really belong to the fourth
century a.d.
Hermetically sealed. Said of a glass so
closely stopped that no exhalation can issue
from its contents. The neck of the vessel is
heated by a blow-pipe till on the point of melt-
ing, and then nipped with hot pincers. (Her-
metic art.)
Hermetio art, Alchemy. So called from
Hermes Trismegistus, its supposed discoverer.
Hermit. [Gr. ^pTj/tfxTis.] One who dwells in
deserts. (Ecd. Hist.) A solitary, as opposed
to those who live in common under rule. (Coeno-
bites ; Begnlars ; Seculars.)
Hernia. [Gr. tpvoj, sprout.] Protrusion of
an internal organ, or a part of it from its natural
cavity, through an abnormal or accidental
opening.
Hemshaw. (Handsaw; Heronshaugh. )
Heroic Age. (Ages, The four.)
Heroic treatment, or remedies. [Gr. tipuXkSs,
belonging to heroes.] (Med.) Violent, as opposed
to mild, benignant.
Heron-shaugh, -shaw (Egret.) [Shaugh, or
shaw, a -woo J.] 1. A wood where herons breed.
2. The heron. (Handsaw. )
Herpes. [Gr. t'pmjs, from tpirw, I creep.]
(Med.) A skin-disease, with clustered vesicles
on an inflamed base, ending in desquamation ;
not contagious.
Herpes loster. [Gr. C^ffx^p, a girdle.] The
shingles [L. cingulum, a girdle], vesicular patches
of which usually go about half-way round the
waist.
Herpetology. [Gr. ipreriv, a reptile, \6yos,
an account.] The science of reptiles, the third
class of vertebrates, cold-blooded, with nucleated
corpuscles, never provided with gills. Dr.
Giinther classifies them as follows : —
Sub-dasses.
I. Squ3m3ta [L.,
scalyi.
Orders,
,1. Ophldra [Gr,
Examples.
Serpents.
dim. of o0i{, a
serpenil.
Lacertllla [L. Lizard*,
lacerta, a li-
zard\.
Rhyncijcepha- The Hatteria, Tua-
llna [Or. flu^xo*. 'ara of New Zea-
a stujut, K«f>a\i], land (one gen.
a Mead]. one spec).
Crucudilia. Crocodiles.
5. ChelOnIa iff.v.). Tortoises.
II. LOtTcSU [L.,
provided wit A
a brtastptate\.
III. Cataphracta
[Gr. tcara^uaKTa,
clad in/ull
armour].
Herring-bone masonry. In Arch., masonry
with rows of stones or bricks laid sloping in
different directions in alternate rows.
HersoheU. (Planet.)
Hership. (Scot, Law.) The crime of forcibly
carrying ofl" cattle.
Hervarar Saga. (Saga.)
Hesperldes, Gardens of the. (Myth.) A region,
much like that of Elysium (Elysian), where the
nymphs called by this name keep the golden
apples given to H5ra on the day of her marriage.
Hessian. 1. A hireling, a mercenary poli-
tician, a fighter for pay. Derived from the tra-
ditional dislike toward the Hessian soldiers
employed by England against her American
colonies in the war of the Revolution (Bartlett's
Americanisms). 2. A half-boot, with tassels.
HEST
250
HIEK
Hesyohasts. [Gr. fi<rvxa<rTod.] The Quietists
of Mount Athos. (Barlaamites.)
Hetseria. [Gr. iratpfia.] A Greek word, de-
noting any association. In Mod. Hist., it belongs
to two societies, which had much to do with the
liberation of Greece from the power of the sultan.
Hetero-. [Gr. trfpos, other, different. '\
Heterocercal, HomoceroaL [Gr. trtpos, other,
different, 6fi6s, the same, KtpKos, tai/,] (Zool. and
Geol.) In existing fishes, the tail is, 1, simple,
e.g. eel ; or bifurcate, e.g. roach ; or rounded,
e.g. gilt-head ; these all being Horn. Or it is, 2,
J/et., i.e. unequally bilobate, e.g. shark, ray,
sturgeon, i.e. not symmetrical, the vertebrae run-
ning along the upper lobe. All strata older
than Oolite have Net. only ; in and above
Oolite are mostly Horn. (Ichthyology.)
Heteroolite. [Gr. ir*p6K\X'roi, differently de-
clined.^ (Gram.) 1. A term applied to terminal
forms which have a diflferent declension from the
form to which they are referred, as, L. jugSra,
neut. plu. (third decl.) of jugerum (second
decl.), an cure. 2. A noun variously declined,
i.e. having forms of different declensions, as,
domus, house, domo, domos (second decl.),
domibus, domus (fourth decl.).
Heterodynamio words. Spelt alike, but [Gr.
iTfpo-Swo^os] of different pffwer or meaning ; as
school [L. schola], and school of whales [A.S.
sceol] ; Fr. loiier [L. locare], and louer [L.
laudare].
Heterogeneous. [Gr. %T%po%, other, yivos,
kind, gender.] 1. Different in kind, having
elements or component parts of different kinds.
2. (Gram.) Nouns varying in gender, as L.
tapes (masc), tapete (neut.), a carpet.
HeterSgenSsis. [Gr. tT«pos, different, -yi-
vidii, production.] The production of offspring
very unlike to the parent, and showing no ten-
dency to revert to the parental type.
Heterographie. [Gr. crepos, other, ypdfu,
I -write.] Using the same combinations of
written letters to express different sounds, as
English spelling does, according to which -ough
stands for seven different sounds — e.g. in hough,
though, through, thorough, cough, enough, ought.
Het&roptera. (Hemiptera.)
Hetman. [Russ. ataman, Ger. hetmann.] A
Cossack commander or chief.
Heurtoir. [Fr., from heurter, to strike, ruti
counter to.] (Mil.) A piece of timber laid
along the head of a platform to prevent the
wheels of the gun-carriage from damaging the
interior slope of the parapet.
Hezachord. [Gr. «'|, six, x<*P^^> string.]
(jH/usic.) A series of six notes.
Hexagon. (Polygon.)
Hexagonal system. [Gr. (^dywyos, hexagonal.]
In Crystallog., a name sometimes given to the
rhombohedral system (q.v.).
Hexahedron. (Polyhedron.)
Hexameter. (Pentameter.)
Hexapla. \Q,r., sixfold.] (Theol.) The com-
bination of si.v versions of the Old Testament by
Origen, ^^z. the Septuagint, those of Aquila,
Theodotion, and Symmachus, one found at
Jericho, and one at Nicopolis.
Hexastich. [Gr. k\i.arixo%.] A piece of
poetry o{ six lines.
Heybote. (Haybote.)
Heyloed. A burden laid on tenants for repair
of fences.
Hiatus. [L., a gaping, a cleft.] 1. (Pros.)
A meeting of vowels, concursus vocalium, as
in ille^amat. 2. In Lit., a missing passage in
the MS. of an author.
Hiawatha. The hero of N. -American In-
dian civilization such as it is or was ; his legend
is told by Longfellow.
Hibemaole. [L. hibernaculum, ivinter qtiar-
ters.] A protection or shelter during winter.
Hibernate. [From p. part, of hibernare, to
pass the winter.] 1. To winter. 2. To pass
the winter in repose or seclusion, like bears, etc.
Hibemicism. [Hibernia, L. for Ireland.] An
Irish mode of expression, an Irish bull.
Hic et tiblque. [L.] Here and ei'crynvhere.
Hie jaoet. [L.] Here lies; beginning of
many Latin epitaphs.
Hickory. [L. juglans, ^valnttt.] (Bot.) The
wood of several spec, of H. , a gen. of N. -Ame-
rican trees, allied to walnut. Ord. Juglandacea;.
Hickory, Old, General Jackson, President of
U.S.
Hie vSr asslduum. [L.] Here is perpetual
spring (Virgil).
Hie victor cestus artemque rep5no. [L.]
Here on my victory I give up my cestus (q.v.) and
my art (Virgil) ; quoted in reference to retire-
ment from active pursuit of an art or profession.
Hidage. A tax formerly paid to the sovereign
on every hide of land.
Hidalgo. [Sp. hijo d'algo, son of somebody.]
An obsolete title, which denoted Spanish noble-
men of the lower class. (Grandee.)
Hidden fifths; H. octaves. (Music.) A se-
quence like in character to consecutive fifths,
octaves, and giving to the ear almost the im-
pression that they have been actually played,
when they have not. (For a full explanation, see
examples given in theoretical works on music. )
Hidebound. 1. (Anat.) Morbidly tightened
in skin. 2. (Bot.) Barkbound ; the bark not
swelling enough with the growth of the tree.
3. (Met.) Close, harsh, penurious.
Hide of land. [L.L. hida.] A measure of
variable size; (?) 120 acres, or 100, or even
much less ; at first, probably, = enough for one
household ; A.S. hid, or higid, being another
term for hi wise ; cf. A.S. hi wan, domestics
(Skeat, Etym. Did.).
Hidgild, Hidegild. Money (Gild) paid by a vil-
lein or servant to save his hide (skin) a whipping.
HidrosiB. [Gr. JSp<Jft>, I sweat:] (Med.) Ex-
cessive perspiration.
Hiemation. [L. hi^matio, -nem, a wintering. ]
Shelter from the cold of winter.
Hieratic. [Gr. UpdriKSs, priestly.] The sa-
cerdotal style of Egyptian writing, especially on
papyri, half-way between hieroglyphics and a
syllabarium, or alphabet. (Demotic.)
Hierocracy. [Gr. Iep6s, sacred, Kparioi, I
rule.] Government by ecclesiastics, as in Jeru-
salem after the Captivity.
HIER
*5i
HIPP
HieroglypMos. [Gr. UpayKv^iK6s, from Tcpor,
sacred, and yKwpv, I engrave.\ Sculpture-writ-
ing, or writing by pictures, in which ideas are
represented by visible subjects. The likenesses
of these objects were in course of time modified,
until they assumed the forms of letters in the
Phrenician, Greek, and Roman alphabets.
Hierogram. [Gr. Up6s, sacred, ypifina, loritten
Utter, from ypixpot, I wn'te.] A specimen of
hieratic or hieroglyphic writing.
Hierology. [Gr. Up6s, sacred, \6yos, an
account. '\ The study of sacred writings, espe-
cially of Egyptian inscriptions and other writings.
Hieromngmon. [Gr.J In Gr. Hist., the name
of one of the two deputies sent to the Amphi-
ctyonic Council by each city belonging to the
confederacy.
Hieronj^mites. A religious order, with St.
Jerome [L. Hieron^mus] Tor its patron, and fol-
lowing him in fixing their convents in moun-
tainous and solitary positions.
Hi6r5pluuitB. [Gr. l*po<t>ayHis, a shmver of
sacred things.^ (I/ist.) The title of the priests
who initiated candidates at the Eleusinian
Mysteries.
Higgle. [Cf. haggle, cut in pieces, from
hack.] 1. To hawk provisions. 2. To carry on
petty discussion over a V)argain.
Bigh and Low Dnteh. The Teutonic dialects
spoken by the German peoples on the upper and
lower course of the Rhine. Englis)^ as having
been brought to this country from Anglia, Fries-
land, and Jutland, is a Low German dialect.
ffigh-blowing. In some horses, a habit of
forcible and ra|)id expiration ; not to be con-
founde<l with roaring.
High Celebration. The celebration of the
Eucharist with full apparatus of choir and music,
known in the Roman Church as High Mass,
in distinction to Lmu Mass, or celebration by
the priest alone with a single attendant.
ffigh Commission, Court of. (I/ist.) A court
erected by Elizal)eth, without power to fine or
imprison. Under Charles I, it Ixrcame a court
for trying ecclesiastical offences of all kinds, and
was abolished by the Lon;.; Parliament.
Highfaluten, Highfalnting. [Amer.] High-
flown language, b<jmbxst. There can be little
doubt of its derivation from " highflighting "
(Bartlctt's Americanisms). ■ It is also used in
East Anglia.
Highflier*. A nickname given to the bigoted
-and extreme maintainers of the doctrine of pas-
sive obedience, in the middle of the seventeenth
century.
High German. [Ger. HochDeutsch.] (Lang.)
The dialects of S. Germany ; opjjosed to Lew
German [Piatt Deutsch] of N. Germany, the
Netherlands, and England.
High-low. A boot just covering the ankles.
High Ha88. (High Celebration.)
High-pressure steam. (Steam.)
Hight. [I'rcs. tense and pass. part, of A. S.
hatan, to call, name, be named ; cf. Ger. heiszen,
to call, name, be said, mean, Goth, haitan, O. N.
heita ; the past tense is bote.] Called, named.
Hikenhilde Street. Heykenyldc Strete, from
St. David's, by Worcester, Wycombe, Birming-
ham, Lichfield, Derby, Chesterfield, York, to
Tynemouth.
Hilary Term. One of the legal English terms,
appointed by statute to begin on the lith and
end on the 31st of January ; so called from
January 13 being a black letter day in remem-
brance of Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, circ. 350 A. n.
Hllnm. [L.] (Bot.) The scar on a seed
when separated from the placenta.
Himyaric inscriptions. Inscriptions found in
Arabia, in the oldest form of the language
spoken in S. Arabia.
Himyaritic. (Lang.) Name of dialects of
S.W. Arabia ; not now spoken.
Hinc illee lacrlmee. [L.] /fence those tears.
Hind, Hine. [O.E. hfna, a male domestic. \
(Agr. ) A farm labourer hired ^y the year. He
hires at the yearly fair one or more bondagers
(females), who keep house for him, and whose
services he lets to the farmer. Hinds with girls
of their own are now preferred, and extra
women-workers are hired by the farmer direct.
Hindi. (Lang.) Dialect of the Hindus of the
north-west provinces of India, akin to Sanskrit
(Indo-European), but much corrupted, and mixed
with Persian words.
Hindley's screw. An endless screw, the
threads of which are cut on a solid whose sides
are terminated by arcs of the same radius as that
of the toothed wheel with which it works ; in
this machine several teeth are at work at once,
and the pressure on each is diminished by being
distributed.
Hindustani. (Lang.) Speech of the Hindus,
also called Urdu ; a variety of Hindi, with an
admixture of Arabic and Persian. The modern
Aryan dialects of India are roughly classed as
Hindi, Mahratti, Bengalee.
Hinny. The offspring of the horse and the
ass.
Hipped roof. (Arch.) A roof in which two
sides at least must intersect.
Hippo-. [Gr. Tinro-, horse. \ P^art of names, as
hippo-centaur.
Hippooampns [from resemblance to Gr. vtne6-
Kofxirot, a sea-horse], Mi^'or and Minor. (Anat. )
Two long, curved eminences or convolutions of
the brain.
Hippoeras. Aromatic, medicated wine, vTnum
Hinpocratis. (Hippocrates, a Greek physician,
fiftn century B.C.)
Hippooratio face; i.e. described by Hippo-
crates. That seen in death, or after long illness
or excessive hunger ; pale, sunken, contracted,
with pinched nose, hollow temples, eyes sunken.
Hipp2or8nS. [Gr. liriroKpiiinj, a horse-foun-
tain.] A fountain at the foot of Mount Helicon,
supposed to have been laid bare by the hoof of
the horse Fegasns. (Muses.)
Hipp5drome. [Gr. iwirSSpofios.] (Arch.) A
place for horse exercise. The most celebrated
hippodromes were those of Olympia and
Constantinople, (Circus.)
Hippogryph, Hippogriff. A fabulous animal,
partly horse [Gr. 'iniros], partly griffin \.yph^] ;
a winged horse.
HIPP
252
HOLO
Hippophagy. [Gr. Imros, a horse, ipayfTy, to
eat. ] The eating of horseflesh.
Kippurite. {Geol.) 1. Fossil plant of the coal-
measures, resembling the common Mare's-tail
[Gr. 'iwirovpis] of stagnant waters. 2. A large
coarse shell of the chalk, related to chema.
Hint, Hurst. (Geog.) A 7vood, especially as
part of names, as in Chisel-hurst.
Hirsute. [L. hirsutus, hair ; cf. horreo, /
Irristle, am horrid, Eng. grisly^ Ger. grau,
horrible.^ Hairy, shaggy.
Hispanicism. [L. Hispanus, Spaniard^] A
Spanish mode of speech.
Histology. [Gr. Iffr6%, a loom, \6yos, dis-
course.] (Ana/, and Bot.) The description and
classihcation of tissues.
Histriomastix. A title coined by Prynne, a
barrister of Lincoln's Inn [from the L. hister,
histrio, a» <utor, and Gr. /xeurTiJ, a scourge], for a
treatise, published in 1634, against stage-plays,
dancing, and public amusements generally.
Histrionic [L. histrio, an ac/or] affection. A
spasmodic affection of the muscles supplied by
the facial ner\e.
Histrionic art. A name for the dramatic art,
from the old Etruscan word hister, an actor.
Hitch. (.\'aut.) A knot by which ropes are
joined together and made fast. There are
many kinds. (Knot.)
Hithe. [A.S. hydh.] Port, landing-place,
especially as part of names ; as Green-hithe,
Lambeth (Lamb-hilhe).
Hitopadesa. [Skt. , a /riendfy instructor.] A
collection of fables, commonly called by the
name of Bidpai, or Pilpay. Part of this collec-
tion, under the title Calila and Dimna, has found
its way into Europe.
Hobble-de-hoy. (Hoyden.)
Hobbler. [A.S. hobeler.] 1. A man of Kent,
a "hoveller," partly smuggler, partly unlicensed
pilot. 2. A man who tows a vessel from shore.
3. One who watches a beacon. 4. (Leg.) A
feudal tenant, bound to serve as a light (hobby)
horseman or bowman.
Hobby. [Dan. hoppe, a mare, Fris. hoppa ;
cf. L. caballus, a nag.] 1. A nag. 2. A
horse's head on a stick. 3. A subject or plan
which one is always riding, as a child might
a toy horse.
Hobiler. [(?) Cf. hobin, an ambling horse,
hobil, a light, quilted snrcoat (?), hobby, a small
horse (?).] Light cavalry soldier— fourteenth
century to sixteenth century — armed with lance,
and mounted on a small horse ; principally
employed on reconnoitring duties. (Hobbler.)
Hobson's choice. A case admitting of no
alternative, choice between one thing and no-
thing. (From Hobson, a Cambridge horse-
dealer, who would not let out any horse out of
its regular turn.)
Hoc age. [L.] Do this, attend to this, very
nearly i.q. " Attention !"
Hoc erat in v5tis. [L.] This is what he
kept 'wishing for ; as, e.g. a busy man might
desire, and at length obtain, literary leisure.
Hoc juvat et nielli est. [L.] This pleases
and is as hoticy.
Hock, Hough. [A.S. hoh, the heel, the ham.]
The joint between the knee and the fetlock, in
a horse's hind leg. Hock-joint, the hinge formed
by tibia and astragalus.
Hooketter, Hocqueteur. A knight of the post,
a decayed man, a basket-carrier (Cowell).
Hocus. 1. To drug, especially with narcotics ;
of liquor. 2. To cheat, hoax.
Hocus-pocus. [Said to be corr. of L. hoc est
corpus, this is the body, in the Canon of the
Mass.] A piece of trickery.
Hodge. [Corr. of Rogcr^ 1. Gammer Gur-
ton's goodman. 2. Any simple rustic.
Hodgepodge, Hotchpotch. [Fr. hochepot,
shake-pot.] A mixture of divers ingredients, a
medley, a farrago, olla podrida.
Hodograph. [Gr. b^6i, a way, ypdupu, I
draw.] The diagram of the velocity of a moving
point. If a line fixed at one end is always
parallel to the direction, and has its length pro-
portional to the velocity of the motion of the
point, its moving end traces out the H.
Hog, Hoggaster, Hoggerel, Hogget. (Sheep,
Stages of growth of.)
Hogden. (Hoyden.)
Hogging. (Naut.) (Arching.)
Hog-in-armour. (Naut.) An iron-clad.
Hogmanny [Said to be from Norm. Fr.
au gui menez, lead to the mistletoe.] The Scotch
name for the last night of the year.
Hogshea^. A measure of capacity. The
hogshead of wine is 63 gallons. The word is
often used vaguely for any large cask containing
wine ; thus the H. of hock is 30 gallons ; of
claret, 46 gallons ; of tent, 52 gallons.
Hog-wallow. [Amer.] On some of the
Western prairies, but particularly those in Texas,
the ground has every appearance of having been
torn up by hogs ; hence the name. — Bartlett's
Americanisms.
Hoist. (Naut.) The perpendicular height of
a sail or flag ; in the latter opposed to the //>',
i.e. its breadth horizontally from the mast.
Hoisting. (Naut.) Taking up a command,
as admiral. H. the pendant, commissioning a
ship.
Hold. (S^aut.) The interior of a vessel,
between the floor and lower deck, in a war-ship.
That portion of a vessel, below the deck, con-
structed for carrying cargo, in a merchant-ship.
Hold on the slack. (Naut.) Do nothing.
Hold water, To. (Naut.) In rowing, to hold
the oar in the water, as if stopped in the middle
of a stroke.
Holibut. (Halibut.)
Holiday. (A'aut.) Any part left unpainted,
untarred, or the like.
Hollock. A sweet wine used in the sixteenth
century.
Holograph. [From Gr. o\os, whole, all, and
ypa<pw, I write.] (.Scot. La%v. ) A deed entirely
in a grantor's handwriting, held valid without
witnesses.
H6l6thur6iidea. [Gr. 6\o0ovptov, a kind of
zoophyte, tI5os, appearance.] Sea - cucumbers,
Trepangs, Btches-de-mer. (Zool.) Ord. of worm-
like, leathery-coated Echinodermata. One spec..
HOLS
253
HOMO
HSlothuria argiis, is a Chinese delicacy. Sub-
kingd. Annuloida.
Holster. [D., O.H.G. hulst, a saddU.^ A
leathern case for pistols, carried in the front of
the saddle.
-holt. [A.S., Ger. holz, a wood.'\ The ending
of the names of many places in England which
were originally in the forests. (Horrt.)
Holy Alliance, The. A league of the chief
sovereigns of Europe, formed after the defeat of
Napoleon at Waterloo. It became practically
an engagement to uphold all existing govern-
ments.
Holy Coat of Trdvei. A coat kept at Treves,
which is said to be the garment worn by Christ
at the Crucifixion. Many coats, for which the
same claim is made, are kept in other places.
Holy Maid of Kent (Nun of Kent.)
Holy Bood, or Holy Croas, Feast of the. The
commemoration of the exaltation of the cross,
September 14, in the calendar of the Latin
Church.
Holystone. (I^aut.) A kind of sandstone
used to clean and whiten the decks.
Holy Thorsday. Ascension Day.
Homage. [L-L. homagium, the service of
the man or vassal of a feudal chief.] The
act acknowledging feudal dependence. Lie^e
hamage was rendered to the person of the sove-
reign, and could not be renounced ; simple
homage bound the vassal only while he held a
fieC
Home Cirooit (/<^.), or SotUh-Eastem Cir-
cuit, = Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Herts, Surrey,
Kent, SiLsscx. (Circuits.)
Home Counties. (Circuits.)
Homirio poems. A title generally used to
denote the Iliad and Odyssey, and the hymns in
honour of Apollo, Hermes, and other Hellenic
deities and heroes.
Homsrids. [Gr. ^/xnptScu.] A family or guild
of poets or rhapsodists of Homeric poetry, in
Chios, claiming personal descent from Homer.
HomB Sule {vide Fortnightly Kevirw, Feb-
ruary, 1880). A scheme which proposes a
national Parliament — Queen, Irish Lords, and
Irish Commons — legislating for and regulating
all internal affairs of Ireland, with full control
over Irish resources and revenues ; under con-
dition of contributing a just proportion to im-
perial expenditure ; the Imperial Parliament
alone dealing with foreign and colonial ques-
tions, and the defence of British possessions.
Home Rulers. Those who wish to carry out
the scheme of Home Eule.
Homesoken. (Hamesuoken.)
Hominy. [N.-Amer, Ind. auhUminea, parched
corn.] Crushed maize cooked by boiling.
Homo-. [Gr. 6fi6s, the same.] One and the
same.
Homooereal. [Gr. 6ft6t, the same, K^pKot, a
tail.] [Ichth.) Having a tail consisting of
symmetrical lobes, as the perch. (Heteroceroal.)
HomoBO-. [(jr. 8/M>ios, like.]
Homoeopathy. A system of treatment which
professes to remedy by setting up a similar
affection [Gr. Sfioior wiOos], so as to assist nature
rather than combat disease. Its motto is " Si-
milia similibus curantur."
Homogangliate. [Gr. 6^65, one and the same,
yayy\tov, a plexus of the nerves.] (Biol.) Having
the nervous system arranged symmetrically.
Homogeneous. [From Gr. iitj.6s, same, yivos,
kind.] 1. Having the same nature, similarly
constituted. 2. Consisting of identical or similar
constituent parts or elements.
Homographio. [From Gr. h/xis, same, ypaffxa,
I write.] Expressing the same sound always by
the same distinctive sign ; said of certain systems
of spelling. Opposed to Thcterographic.
Homoioptoton. [Gr. SfioiS-irTWTov, with similar
{ifioioi) cases (Trrda-fis).] (Hhet.) The ending
of consecutive clauses with words in the same
case or inflexion generally.
Homoiousion. [Gr. iftoiovaios, from S/uotos,
like, oiiffia, substatue, essence.] A term assert-
ing the likeness of substance in the Son and the
Father, which some Arians wished to substitute
for the term Jlomoonsion \h^>.6i, the same].
(AnomoBans.)
Homoiozoic sones. Belts on the earth's sur-
face, marking similar [Gr. inowi] forms of
animal life \iwov, an animal].
Homologate. [From L.L. homologare, from
Qt. biutXoytiv, to agree.] (Scot. Law.) To ratify
an act previously void, voidable, or defective.
Homologous. (Math.) In a proportion, the
antecedents of the ratios (i.e. first and third
terms) are like or H, terms ; and so are the con-
sequents (i.e. second and fourth terms). The
corresponding sides of similar figures are H.
because they would enter the proportions formed
between the sides as H. terms, i.e. two similar
sides would be both antecedents or both con-
sequents.
Homologue. (Analogue.)
Homology. (Com p. Anat. and Bot.) Corre-
spondence or equivalence of certain parts with
reference to an ideal type or to similar parts,
homologues, in other organisms ; e.g. arm, wing,
seal's fore foot. (Analogue.)
Homomorphous. [From Gr. b^kis, same, juop^,
shape.] Similar or identical in shape.
Homonymous. [Gr. 6fuivv^los, from Sfxis,
same, &voixa, name.] Having different meanings ;
said of a word used more than once, or of either
of two words identical in sound but differing in
sense, as " the being of a being; " fee = re-
muneration, forfaihu, head of cattle ; fee = estate,
for feodum.
Homonymy. (Metaphor.)
Homoousion. [Gr.] The term in the Nicene
Creed, asserting the consubsf antiality of the Son
with the Father. (Homoiousion.)
Eomophagy, Misspelling for Omophagy
[Gr. oiyuo^a-y/a], the eating of raw flesh [«/tos,
raw, and i^vytiv, to eat].
Homophones. [Gr. bti.i<^<t)VQ%i\ In Lang.,
words or syllables having the same sound,
although written with various combinations o(
letters. Such words abound especially in some
monosyllabic languages of Asia.
H5mopt§ra. [Gr. Ini6s, one and tlie same,
wTep6y, a wing.] (Hemiptera.)
HOMO
254
HORN
Homo sum ; hfimani vShSl & mi aliennm piito.
[L.] / ant a man ; I think nothing hitman
void of interest to myselj.
Homo trium literamm. [L.] A man of
three letters, i.e. fur [L.], a thief.
Homo tuilas libri. [L.] A man Uj one
book.
H5muiicula8. [L.] A little man; dim. of
homo.
Honey-dew. 1. (.Bot.) A clammy, saccharine
substance, on the leaves and stems of some trees
and herbaceous plants ; the sap of the plant,
flowing, probably, from the punctures of aphids,
etc. ; probably, also, from other causes, as the
ruptured tissue; in warm, dry weather. It falls,
sometimes, in drops, abundantly. 2. An exu-
dation of aphids themselves, different from but
mingling with that of the plant.
Hong. [Chin.] A mercantile house or fac-
tory in Canton, for foreign trade, or a national
department therein,
Honi soit qui mal 7 pezise. [Fr.] Shame be
to him 'who thinks ill of it ; motto of the Order
of the Garter.
HonSrarium. [L., a fee."] The word is often
used delicately, to avoid the actual mention of
money (post-class. = a present, a douceur, given
by one admitted to some post of honour).
Honorarium jui. {Crv. Laiu.) The law of
the praetors and the edicts of the sediles of
ancient Rome.
Honour. [L. honorem.] 1. {Leg.) A seigniory
of several manors held under one baron or lord
paramount. 2. At Whist, the ace, king, queen,
or knave of trumps. 8. {Com.) To H. a bill or
cheque, etc., to admit the claim of the drawer,
or the drawee.
Honour point. (Escutcheon.)
Honours of war. {Mil.) Vanquished troops,
when permitted to march out, carrying their
arms with them, from a besieged town, drums
beating and colours flying, are said to have
capitulated with H. of W.
Hood-moulding. {Arch.) The moulding which
throws off the rain from tracery or protects it
from dust. (Dripstone.)
Hookali. [Ar. hukkah.] An Oriental tobacco-
pipe, with a long flexible stem from the mouth-
piece to a closed vessel containing water, into
which the stem from the bowl passes, so that the
smoke is drawn through the water. It is an
elegant form of Hubble-bubble.
Hooker, or Howker. {N'aut.) 1. A small
fishing or pilot boat. 2. An endearing term for
one's ship, as, " My old hooker."
Hooke's law. The fact that, initially, the
elongations of elastic bodies are proportional to
the forces producing them.
Hookland. Land ploughed and sown every
year.
Hooped guns. {Mil.) First system on which
large guns were constructed, of staves, hooped
together with metal rings like a cask.
Hope. [Perhaps a Celt, word.] A valley.
Hoplites. [Gr. h%\1rai, from oirXa, arms.]
{Hist.) The heavy-armed infantry of the Greek
armies. (Phalanx.)
Hoppo. [Chin.] A collector, an overseer of
commerce.
H6r». [L., Gr. Spot.] {Myth.) The god-
desses (i) of the seasons, (2) of the hours of the
day.
Horary circle. (Circle.)
Hdras nUmgro non nisi sgrenas. [L.] /
count but the sunny hours ; a motto for a sun-
dial.
Horde. The Tartar word denoting the en-
campment of the nomadic tribes,
HordeSlum. [L. hordeolus, a stye tn the eye,
dim. of hordeum, ^flr/ty.] (Med.) A stye.
Horizon [Gr. bpiC<'>v, defining, limiting]. Ap-
parent ; Artificial H. ; Celestial H. ; Dip of the
H. ; Rational H. ; Sensible H. ; Visible H. The
/National horizon of a station is the plane drawn
through the centre of the great sphere at right
angles to the direction of the plumb-line at the
station. If the radius of the earth is taken to
have sensible magnitude, there is a Sensible H.
parallel to the former, and passing through the
station. The circle in which these planes cut
the great sphere is the Celestial H., or the
Horizon. The circle which bounds the visible
part of the earth or ocean is the Visible or
Apparent H., and is sometimes called the Sen-
sible H. (For Dip of the //., vide Dip.) An
Artificial H. is a little trough of mercury. An
observer measures the angle between a star and
its image formed by reflexion in the mercury,
and thus obtains the double altitude of the star.
Hornbeam. {Bot.) A tree, with a hard white
wood, much used by turners, wheelwrights, etc.,
CarpTnus betulus, ord. Amentaceoe ; attaining
great height and beauty in some parts of
Europe.
Hombill. {Omith.) Isolated fam. of birds,
BucSrotida; [Gr. fioiKtpws, ox-, i.e. huge-, homed],
with huge bills having on the upper mandible a
bony excrescence, in some spec, nearly as large
as the bill, which in the Rhinoceros H. is ten
inches long. Ord. Picariae.
Hornblende. [Ger. horn, horn, blenden, to
dazzle.] {A/in.) A silicate of lime, magnesia,
iron, and manganese ; a dark green or black,
lustrous mineral, frequent in syenitic and dioritic,
trappean, and metamorphic rocks ; with horn-
like cleavage.
Horn-book. A child's first lesson-book wss
once a thin board, about the size of a slate, on
which were the letters of the alphabet, the Arabic
numerals, and sometimes the Lord's Prayer ;
protected by a transparent plate of horn.
Horner, Little Jack. Supposed to have been
sent to Henry VIII., by the Abbot of Glaston-
bury, with a pie full of deeds of manors, one of
which, "a plum," he abstracted.
Hornpipe. 1. An old wind instrument, "of the
shawm or waits character," the open end or bell
of which was sometimes made of horn ; but it
may have been so called from its curved shape ;
called in Wales, Cornwall, Ireland, and Brit-
tany, the Pib-corn, pib or piob being i.q. pipe,
and corn being i.q. horn. 2. A dance of English
origin; called from the instrument played.^
Stainer and Barrett, Dictionary of Music.
HORN
255
HOUR
Homa. \Cf. L. comu, Gr. Kipa.%, x/pdros.]
(Antlers.)
Honu of a dilemma. A metaphor for grave
practical difficulties when of two or more courses
of action both or all appear equally imprudent
or dangerous ; borrowed from the argument so
called, in Logic [Gr. S/Ai;^/ia], in which an
adversary is caught between two difficulties.
Honutone. (Geol.) A variety of compact
quartz ; hornlike as to appearance and degree
of transparency.
Homwork. (Fortif.) Outwork consisting of
two half-bastions connected by a curtain, with
long branches directed for defence on the faces
of a work in rear of it.
HoroMope. [From Gr. &pa, a time, a season,
and oKoxfw, 1 obsene^ 1. The sign of the
Zodiac rising at the time of a child's birth.
2. A figure of the twelve signs of the Zodiac,
wherein was marked the position of the heavens
at the time of the child's birth, from which
astrologers made predictions as to his fortunes
in after life.
HoroMOpf. The calculation of nativities.
Horreaco refirens. [L.] / tremble as J relate.
Horror of a vacanm. An imaginary prin-
ciple by which the action of pumps, siphons,
suckers, etc., was thought to be accounted for ;
the real explanation being the pressure of the
atmosphere. The theory was Aristotle's.
Hon de eomb«t. [tr.] Out of the combat,
disabled from action.
Hon d'oniTret. [Fr.] From a meaning of
accessory, not essential, 1. The lesser details
in a painting of figures. 2. Sometimes, side-
dishes.
Hon*-. As a prefix, = large, coarse, of its
kind, as H.-play, -laugh, -mint, -muscle,
-mackerel, i.e. the scud ; so Ox-, as Ox-hunger,
-daisy ; compare Gr. Imto- and ^v-.
Hone. {Naut.) 1. A foot-rope fastened at
both ends of, and hanging below, a yard, for
the men to stand on when reefing, etc. 2.
Various large ropes in the running rigging. 3.
The iron hex across the deck on which the
sheets of a fore-and-aft sail travel. 4. A cross-
piece, upon standards, on which booms, boats,
etc., are lashed.
Hone-farnitnre. (Mil.) The caparison of a
military horse.
Hone latitude*. Those between the westerly
winds and trade-winds, i.e. in the tropics, ap-
proximately ; subject to long calms.
Horte-power ; Actual H. ; Indicated E. ; No-
minal H. A unit for estimating the rate at
which an agent works. It works with one
horse-power when it performs 33,000 foot-
pounds of work per minute. The Nominal H.
of a steam-engine is estimated by its dimensions.
The Actual or Indicated H. is that of the steam
on the piston in the actual working of the engine,
and is ascertained by the steam-indicator.
Hortative. [L. hortatlvus, from horto, /
advise.\ {Gram.) Expressive advice or exhor-
tation ; term given to what used to be called
the imperative use of the Latin subjunctive
mood.
Hortos si'scos. [L., a dry garden.] A col-
lection of plants or botanical specimens, dried
and pressed ; a herbarium.
Honu, Hor Apollo. (Harpoorates.)
Hosanna. [Heb., save, I beseech thee.'\ A
word much used by the Jews in their Hosanna
Rabba, or Feast of Tabernacles.
Hose. [A.S. hose.] (Printing.) A case con-
nected by hooks with the platin, for keeping it
horizontal and lifting it from the forme.
Hospitaller. [L.L. hospitalarius.] One resid-
ing in a monastery, to receive strangers and the
poor. Knights H., a religious order, formerly
settled in England, founded circ. A.D. 1092,
who, to protect and provide for pilgrims, had
built a hospital at Jerusalem ; much favoured by
Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Jerusalem ;
called also K. of St. John of fertisalem, K. of
Rhodes (1310) after settling there, and after loss
of R., K. of Malta, where the chief of the
order still existing under this title resides.
(Orden, Beligious.)
HospSdar. [Slav.] An officer formerly ap-
pointed by the sultan for the government of
the Christian principalities of Moldavia and
Wallachia.
Host. [L. hostia, a victim.'\ In the Latin
Church, the Eucharistic elements after conse-
cration.
Hostel. [L.L. hospitalis, from hospes, a
stranger, or guest^ 1. A place of lodgment for
students at the universities. 2. A detached
building forming part of a college.
Hosti&rias. The title of the second master in
some endowed schools, as at Winchester. If
the word be another form of L. ostiarius, a
door-keeper, the modern usher may be derived
from it.
Hotblast. A current of heated air driven by
blowers into a furnace.
Hotchpotch. (Hodgepodge.)
Hot-oookles. A game in which one is
blindfolded, and guesses who strikes him or
touches his hand \cf. Fr. game main chaud, hot
hand].
Hotel de ville. [Fr.] Town hall, city hall.
Hotel Dieu. [Fr., hostel of God.] The prin-
cipal hospital in a French city.
Hot-pressed. Pressed while heat is applied,
so as to receive a glossy surface.
Hoond-fish. (Ichth.) Smooth-hound, Ray-
mouthed dog. A small British shark, about
eighteen inches long ; eatable. Squalus mus-
telus, fam. Carchariidse [Gr. napxapias, a kind
of shark, Kapxdpos, Jagged], ord. Plaglostomata,
sub-class Chondroptcrygii.
Hour-angle ; H.-circle ; H.-line ; H. of longi-
tude ; H. of right ascension ; Sidereal H. ; Solar
H. The twenty-fourth part of a solar day is a
Solar hour ; of a sidereal day, a Sidereal H. The
H. -angle of a heavenly body at any instant is
the angle at the instant between the meridian
and the declination circle of the heavenly body.
The H. -lines on a sun-dial indicate the hour nl
the day when the shadow of the style coincitlcs
with them. An H. of longitude or of right
ascension is merely i^^ ; thus, longitude 2 hrs.
HOUR
256
HUMA
15 mins. E. is the same as longitude 33° 45' E.
(For H.-cirde, vide Circle.)
Honri. [Ar. hur al oyfln, black-eyed.] A
Mohammedan nymph of paradise; "a higher
and purer form " of which idea " we see in the
Valkyries of Norse Myth., who guide to the
Valhalla the souls of all heroes dying on the
battle-field.'" — Cox's Aryan Mythology:
Honse. 1. In Astrology, any one of the
twelve parts into which the whole circuit of the
heavens was divided by astrologers. 2. {Naut.)
To enter "within board." To H. an upper
mast is to lower it and to secure its heel to the
lower mast. To //. a gun is to run it in and
secure it. To H. a ship is to cover it with a
roof when laid up. Housed in, built too narrow
above, "pinched."
House-boat. One fitted with cabins, and
suited for towing only.
Housebote, {/^g.) An allowance of wood to a
tenant for repairs and fuel ; also called Estovers.
Honse-carls, or Thinga-men. {Hist.) A force
embodied by the Danish Cnut, King of Eng-
land, receiving regular pay, and forming the
germ of a standing array. Under Cnut they
may be regarded as a sort of military guild, with
the king at their head. — Freeman, Norman
Conquest.
Household Troops, or the Guards. Six regi-
ments : three of cavalry — ist and 2nd Life
Guards, and the Horse Guards, or Oxford
Blues ; and three of infantry — Grenadiers, Cold-
stream, and Scots Fusiliers.
Housel. [A.S. husul, offering.] The conse-
crated bread in the Eucharist.
Hoosemaid's knee. From kneeling on hard,
damp stones ; inflammation of the bursa, or sac,
between the knee-pan and the skin, resulting in
the effusion of fluid.
House of Keys. In the Isle of Man, an as-
sembly, composed of twenty-four principal com-
moners of the island, having both a legislative
and a judicial character.
Housing, or House-line. (A'aut.) Line,
smaller than rope-yarn, and used for swinging
blocks, etc. H. of a loiver viast, the part
below deck. H. of a bowsprit, the part within
the knight-heads.
Houyhnhnms. (Gulliver's Travels.)
Hove. 1. {Naut.) H. doifn, or out, i.q.
careened. H. off, got clear of the ground. //.
up, hauled up into a slip, etc., on a gridiron,
y/. in sight, just come into view. H. in stays,
position of a vessel in the act of going about.
H. short, when the cable is taut. H. ivell
short, when a vessel is nearly over her anchor.
H. to = brought to, etc. 2. (Agr.) Used of
cattle swollen with eating green food.
HowadjL [Ar.] Traveller, merchant.
HowdaJi. [Hind, haudah.] A seat for one or
* more on the back of an elephant or camel.
Howe, How. [Cf. haugh, Norse haugr, mound,
M.H.G. houc, Ger. hUgel, hill.] A hill.
Howel. [Fr. hoyau, a mattock.] A tool used
for smoothing the inside of a cask.
Howitzer. [Ger. haubitze.] (Mil.) Short,
light kind of ordnance, with a chamber, used
principally for projecting shells nearly horizon-
tally.
Howling dervishes. (Dervise ; and see
Catherine and Craufurd 7 ait, p. 516.)
Hoy. [Dan. hoy, Ger. heu.] (Naut.) A
vessel carrying goods and passengers from point
to point along a coast, or to and from ships.
Hoyden. A clownish, ill-bred girl ; originally
applied, and more frequently, to men ; the same
word as heathen [D. heyden], lit. dwellers on
the heath, rough, wild. (See Trench, Select
Glossary!^
Hub. [Ger. hub, heaving.] The central part
of a wheel.
Hubble-bubble. (Hookah.)
Hub of the Universe. Wendell Holmes's name
for Boston State-House. Hub = protuberance,
nave of a wheel.
Huckaback. A kind of linen with raised
figures on it, for table-cloths and towels.
Huddock, The. Ihe cabin of a keel, or coal-
barge.
Hudibras, Sir. Presbyterian knight ; S. But-
ler's poem (1663), ridiculing Puritan doctrine
and manners
Hue and Cry, 1. An ancient process for the
pursuit of felons, which the common law pro-
vided, and may still make use of, as it seems,
although unnecessary in these days. 2. Gazette
published by authority, containing the names of
deserters, persons charged with crime, and other
particulars of police news.
Hufkyn. [(?) Ger. hauptchen, dim. of haupt,
head.] Iron skull-cap formerly worn by
archers.
Huggins, Muggins. Names implying preten-
tious vulgarity.
Huginn and Uuninn. In Teut. Myth., the
two ravens who sit on the shoulder of Odin, as
symbols of wisdom [from the words hugr,
thought, and munr, mind, as in Menu; Minerva;
Uinos ; and man],
Hubertsburg, Peace of. (Seven Years' War.)
Huguenots. [Perhaps from Ger. eidgenossen,
oath-associates, corr. into Eignots.] A distin-
guishing name of French Protestants from the
time of Francis I.
Huissier. [Fr., from L. ostiarius, door-
keeper^ (Leg.) The usher of a court.
Hulk. [A.S. hulce.] (Naut.) Usually an
old vessel unfit to go to sea, used for stores,
etc. ; e.g. a Sheer H., one fitted with sheers (q.v.).
Hull. [A.S. hule.] (Naut.) The body of a
ship, without masts, etc. To H., (i) to hit with
shot ; (2) to drift without rudder, sail, or oar.
To strike H, to take in all sails, and lash the
helm a-lee ; called also To lie a-hull. Hull to,
situation of a ship lying a-hull. Hull-down,
said of a ship when only masts and sails are
above the horizon.
Hulsean Lectures. Originally twenty, now
eight, sermons delivered yearly at Cambridge,
under will of Rev. J. Hulse (a.d. 1777).
Hum. A cloudy appearance on well-annealed
glass.
Humanitarians. A name for Arians, as be*
lieving Christ to be a mere man.
HUM A
257
HYAL
H&m&ntun est errare. [L.] // is human to err.
Humble Access, Prayer of. The first prayer
ID the Canon in the Eucharistic Office.
Humble-bee. (Bombidae.)
Humectation. [L. humectatio, -nem, irriga-
Hon.\ The steeping of a medicine in water;
the application of moistening remedies.
Humeral. Connected with the shoulder [L.
humerus].
Hometty. ^Her^ Having those parts cut
off which would touch the edges of the
escutcheon.
Honunelliiig barley. Removing the awn from
the grain after threshing, by a hummeler, a set
of blunt knives passing frequently through the
grain.
Hamming-bird moth, Macroglossa stellatarum
[Gr. ficucp6s, long, yXwaaa, tongue, L. stellatus,
set with stars]. {Entom.) A moth with pro-
boscus long enough to suck the honey from
flowers without alighting. Fam. Sphingida;.
Hnmmoms, Hammams. [Ar. hammam, bath.]
Baths, especially Turkish.
Hnmoor. [L. humdrem.] Galen and later
f>hysicians believed the human temperament to
)e made up of the choleric, the phlegmatic, the
sanguine, and the melancholy ; and the tem-
perament of the individual to be caused by the
prevalence of one or other of these humours
over the others.
Humphrey, Duke. (Duke Humphrey.)
Htindred. (Eng. Hist.) A division of a
county, for the administration of justice. (Couirt-
baron; Court-leet; Wapentake.)
Hundred Days, The. In Fr. Ilist., the time
which elapsed between the return of Napoleon
to France from Elba, and his defeat at Waterloo,
1815.
Hundredor. A man of a hundred, fit to serve
on a jury, liable for damage caused by felonious
rioting.
Hundredweight. One hundred and twelve
pounds.
Hundred Years' War. (Salic law.)
Hungary water. A distilled water from rose-
mary flowers.
Hunger traces. Lines of depression across
the nails, the result of want of food, or of
deficient nutrition of nail-tissue during some
previous disease.
Hunks. A miser, a niggard.
Hunter, Hunting watch. A watch having its
glass protected l>y a metallic cover.
Huntei's screw. A kind of differential screw.
(Differential.)
Hunting cog. When two toothed wheels are
to work tc^ether, the larger wheel is commonly
made to have one tooth more than the just
number, to prevent the same teeth continually
working together ; this extra tooth is the H. C.
Huntingdonians. Members of the Countess
of Huntingdon's connexion, formed by George
Whitetield when, after his separation from the
Wesleys, he became her chaplain.
Hunt's up. Noisy music in the early morn>
ing, like that which rouses to a hunting expe-
dition. (Aubade.)
Hurdy-gurdy. An old instrument of four gut
strings, set vibrating by a resined wheel, to
which a handle is attached ; two strings forming
a drone bass ; the other two, acted upon by keys
pressing them at different lengths, giving the
tune.
Hurly-burly. [From O.E. hurl, tumult.]
Tumult, commotion.
Hurricane. [A Carib. word huracan, whence
Sp. huracan, Fr. ouragan, etc.] A storm com-
mon in the W. Indies, in which the wind is
furious and liable to sudden changes of direction.
Hurricane-deck. A light deck above the
others. Hurricane-house ^ any temporary build-
ing on deck.
Hurst, Hirst. A word with the same meaning
as Holt in the names of places in England.
Hurtle. [Fr. heurter, to strike.] To clash,
to rush noisily.
Husband, or Ship's husband. (Naut^ An
agent to receive money, retain claims, make
payments, advance, and lend, in matters relating
to the vessel ; but not to insure or borrow.
Httsgable. {Leg.) House rent (Qabel) or
tax.
Hushing. Damming up water and then letting
it rush down so as to lay bare new surfaces of
ore.
Hush-money. A bribe to prevent the giving
of inconvenient information.
Hussites. {Eccl. Hist.) Followers of John
Huss, of Bohemia, a very zealous advocate of
Wyclifs opinions (a.D. 1407) ; burnt alive (A.I).
14 1 5) by decree of the Council of Constance.
Hussy. [Huswif, housewife^ A pert or
worthless girl.
Hustings. (Hus-thing.)
Hus-th5ig. [A.S., from hus, hotue, thing,
assembly, or council.] (Eug. Hist.) A court
held in a house, as distinguished from one held
in the open air. Anciently the chief municipal
court of the City of London. Hence, incor-
rectly, the modern Hustings. (Thing.)
Hutchinsonians. The followers of Hutchinson,
who, rejecting Newton's theory of gravitation,
maintained the existence of a plenum.
Huttonian or Plutonic theory (Dr. H., died
1797) accounts, by internal heat, for the eleva-
tion of strata, and many other phenomena ; the
IVemerian (Werner, of Saxony, died 18 17) or
Neptunian theory supposes a universal dissolu-
tion and suspension of mineral substances in
water.
Hy&dSs. [Gr. iiXts, from Zdv, to rain."]
{Myth.) Daughters of Atlas, who wept so
violently on the death of their brother Hyas
that the gods took them to heaven, where they
form a cluster of five stars on the face of
Taurus. (Pleiades.)
Hyaline. [Gr. uaMfi/os, crystal, of glass.] 1.
Crystal, glassy. 2. A crystal surface, as of the
sea.
Hyilltis. [Gr. 8o\oj, glass.] (Med.) In-
flammation of the vitreous humour of the eye.
Hyalography. [Gr. SoXoj, glass, ypitpw, I
■write.] The art of engraving on glass.
Hyalotype. [Gr. CoAov, glass, rivos, type]
HYBR
258
HYGR
A positive photograph on glass, copied from a
negative.
Hybrid. [L. hybrida, hibrida.] 1. Produced
by mixture of species or genera ; mongrel, as a
mule. 2. Compounded of elements belonging
to different languages ; said of a word, as demi-
god.
Hycsos. (Shepherd kings.)
Hyd. (Hide of land.)
Hydatid. [Gr. uSdr/s, a 'watery vesicle^
1, Morbid cysts in various parts of the body.
2. Cyst-like entozoa.
Hyde. (Hide of land.) A measure of land.
Its contents are uncertain.
Hydr-, Hydro-. [Stem, in composition, of
Gr. uhdap, water ^
Hydra. [Gr. Wpo, a -ivatcr-serpent ; so named
from its reproduction by artificial division, as the
Lemoean hydra produced two heads for every one
cut off.] 1. {Zoo/.) Gen. and ord. of fresh-water
f)olypes, consisting of a tube with tentacles at
one end. It is reproduced sexually and by
budding, and, if artificially divided, every seg-
ment becomes a perfect polypite. Sub-kingd.
Coelentdrata. 2. (Afyt/i.) A monster supposed
to infest the marshes of Lema. As fast as one
head was cut off by Heracles (Hercules), two
sprang up, until the hero cauterized the necks.
The story probably refers to the bubbling up
and drying away of springs in marshes.
Hydrant. [Gr. vSpaiyw, I irrigate^ A pipe
or spout by which water may be drawn from the
mains.
Hydrargyma. [Gr. uSpop^Cpoi.] Quicksilver.
Hydraulic cement. [Gr. xi^poiXiK^s, pertaining
to a 'Luater-organ.\ A cement, containing silicate
of aluminia, and hardening under water.
Hydraolie press ; called also the Hydrostatic
P. and Bramah's P. A machine in which the
force applied to a small piston is transmitted
through water to a large piston ; as the pressure
per unit of area is the same in both cases, the
whole pressure on the large piston is to that on
the small piston in the ratio of their areas. The
principle of the machine was known to Pascal ;
it was practically realized by Bramah, who
invented a leather collar which enables the
pistons to work water-tight.
Hydraulic rtlm. A machine in which the
momentum produced by the fall of a stream from
a small height is made to raise a small column
of water to a much greater height.
Hydraulics. (Hydraulic cement.) As com-
monly used, is the science of the motion of water
in pipes, canals, etc. , i.e. under the circumstances
in which the science subser\'es the purposes of
engineering. (Hydrodynamics.)
Hydro-. {Chcm.) (Hydr-.)
Hydro-carbons are naphtha, pStrol^um, asphalt,
bituminous substances generally ; as being com-
])osed of hydrogen and carbon in some propor-
tion or other.
Hydrodynamics. [Gr. vS&fyfis, watery, Sivafiis,
fower.^ Commonly means the theory of the
motion of fluids. Sometimes used as a general
term for the science of the effects of force applied
to a fluid medium, the subdivisions being
Hydraulics, or Ilydrokvtetics, when the fluid is
in motion. Hydrostatics when it is at rest.
Hydrography. [Gr. 68ap^j, ivatery, ypd<bci>, 1
describe. '\ The branch pf geography whicK relates
to the construction of maps of the boundaries of
land and water, and of the configuration of land
below water as indicated by soundings, whether
in the deep sea, in shoal water, or in rivers.
Hydrokinetics. (Hydrodynamics.)
Hydromancy. [Gr. vSpofiavris, a water-
prophet^ Divination by water, of which there
seem to have been many modes.
Hydromel. Honey [Gr. /te'Xi] diluted with 7vater.
Hydro-metallurgy. [Gr. 05wp, ivater, and
metallurgy.] Assaying or reducing ores by liquid
reagents.
Hydrometer. [Gr. iSap^j, watery, fifrpov,
measure.] An instrument which indicates the
specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which
it sinks, or by the weight required to sink it to
a certain depth, in that liquid.
Hydropathy. Water-cure, = the treatment of
disease [Gr. irddos, affectiott\ by cold water, out-
wardly and inwardly.
Hydroscope. [Gr. vha>p, water, vKwrfiv, to
look.] The same as Hygrometer.
Hydrostatic balance; H. paradox; H. press.
A balance arranged for ascertaining the weight
of a body suspended in liquid, the balance and
weights being in the air. //. parculox, the ill-
chosen name of an instrument which exhibits the
fact that a comparatively light column of water
can support a heavy weight in virtue of the
fundamental laws of the transmission of pressure
through a fluid. (For H. press, vide Hydraulic
press.)
Hydrostatics. The science which treats of the
equilibrium of fluids under the action of forces,
and of the pressures which they exert on or
transmit to the sides of the vessels containing
them or the surfaces of bodies in them. (Hydro-
dynamics.)
Hydrotherapeutics [Gr. e«pojr«u«, / treat me-
dically], i.q. Hydropathy.
Hydrothermal agency {Geol.) = that of heated
water [Gr. vSapiis, watery, 0fpfj.6s, hot].
Hydrozoa. [Gr. SSpa, hydra, (ciop, an ani-
mal.] (Zool.) Class of Coelenterata, of which
the Hydra {q.v.) is the typical form.
Hydrus. [Gr. vZpos, a water-serpent, v^ap^s,
watery.] {Zool.) Gen. of fresh-water snakes
(Linnaeus).
Hyetogpraph. [Gr. v('t6s, rain, ypd(t>u, I
write.] The science of the geographical distri-
bution of rain.
Hygieia. [Gr. byiua, health.] (Myth.) The
Greek goddess of health, the daughter of
Asklepios, or ^sculapius. Hence Hygiene, the
science of matters relating to health ; by some
used especially of diet, and generally what used
to be called non-naturals (q.v.) of the sick.
Hygiene. (Hygieia.)
Hygrometer. [Gr. iypos, wet, fxirpov, mea-
sure.] An instrument for ascertaining the pro-
portionate amount of moisture in the atmosphere.
In Daniell's H. the measurement is effected by
an observation of the dew-point, on the principle
HYGR
259
HYPO
of the cryophorus ; in De Saussure's H., by the
variations in the tension of a hair in different
states of the atmosphere.
Hygrometric. [Gr. xiypii, ivet, utrpov, Mea-
sure.] Showing the degree of moisture in the
air ; f.^. the H. property of seaweed, or of the
Anastiitica (q.v.).
Hygrosoopie. [Gr. vyp6s, 'uvt, <nroK(w, I be-
hold.\ Having the property of readily imbibing
moisture from the atmosphere and thereby serv-
ing as an indicator of its state as to dryness or
dampness.
Hymen. [L., Gr. 'Tm^k.] {Myth.) The god
of marriage.
Hymeneal. Anything relating to marriage
(Hymen), as a song or.an ode.
HymSniom. [Gr. {tnwov, dim. of ^m^"! a
meinbratu^ {Bot.) The membrane of the gills
of fungi, where the spores are placed.
Hymeno-. [Gr. iniA\v, i/i*yoi, a mc»il>rane.'\
HymenoptSra. [Gr. vtt.(v6'irTfpos, vicmbra>u-
•u'ingni.] (Entom.) Ord. of insects with mem-
branous wings, as bees ; ovipositor frequently
modified into a saw, an awl, or a sting.
Hynden. An association of ten men, from
whom, in case of deadly feud, the consacramen-
tals (sworn avengers of blood) were chosen. H.
were subdivisions of firth-guilds.
Hyoid bone. (Auat.) Between the root of
the tongue and the larynx ; in appearance [Gr.
«I8ot] somewhat like the Greek letter 1;.
Hypaethral. [Gr. inttiiOptoi, from mtJ, under,
eudrip, dir.] (Arc/t.) A building or temple not
covered by a roof.
Hypall&g8. [Gr. vKoWayft, a change.} In
Gram, and Rhet., an inversion in which, while
the same sense is conveyed, the predicates are
transferred from their proper subject to another ;
as, " Dare classibus austros," to give wind to the
fleets (Virgil), instead of, to give the ships to the
wind.
H3rp&pantS. The Greek name for the Purifi-
cation of the B.V. Mary ; the meeting [Gr.
trirairavT^, post -class.] of Simeon and Anna with
our Lord.
Hypaapist. [Gr. iirainrttrrfis, from vwd, under,
iffirls, shield.] A shield-bearer.
Hyper-. [Gr. vnfp, L. s-iiper, Skt. upar-i,
Goth, ufar, Eng. over, Ger. iiber, over, above.]
1. Gr. prefix, denoting over, beyond, or excess,
as in hyper-critical, overcritical. 8. (Chetn.)
(Per-.)
Hypenemia. \Med.) Superabundance of ^^<j</
[Gr. oT^a] in the capillaries ; congestion.
Hyperaesthesia. (Anaesthesia.)
Hyperbaton. [Gr. vntit^arov, from inr€p, over,
and root of /3aiVa», /go.] {Gram.) A reversing
of the proper natural order of words so as to
separate words or clauses which should be
tCH^ther.
HyperbSla. [Gr. xnrtp^oX'h, excess, from intip,
mer, and root of $d\\w, I throw (Ellipse).] 1.
\,Math.) One oflhe Conic sections. Itisdescribed
by a moving point, the difference of whose dis-
tance from two fixed points (its /fa) is always
the same ; it consists of two distinct parts con-
tained within the opposite angles formed by two
straight lines ; it continually approaches but
never actually meets these lines, which are called
its asymptotes. 2. (Khet.) An exceedingly
exaggerated representation of one's meaning, as,
" He is able to pierce a corselet with his eye"
(Shakespeare).
Hyperbole. (Hyperbola.)
Hyperboreans. [Gr. oi 'Tir*p/3o'p€(oj.] {Myth.)
Literally, those who dwell beyond Boreas, or
the North Wind, a region supposed to be much
like Elysium, or the Gardens of the Hesperides.
Hence Hyperborean comes to mean "happy."
(Elysian.)
HypercataleotiLc. [Gr. intfpKaTa\r)KT'iK6s, from
vKfp, oz'cr, KaTaXtiKTlMs, catalectic (q.v.).] (Pros.)
Having a syllable or two beyond the stated
metre ; said of verses.
Hyperdnlla. (Dulia.)
Hypericum. [Gr. {nrtpuKov and ineipiKov.]
St. John's wort, the (only) British gen. type of
ord. Hypericinice.
Hyperion. [Gr. "tirtpioiv,] A Greek name
for the sun as he ascends the heavens before
noon.
Hypermetrical. [Gr. vrcp, over, fitrpov, mea-
sure.] {/ros.) Having a redundant final syl-
lable, which in Latin ends in a vowel or m,
and is elided with the initial vowel of the next
line.
Hypertrophy. [Gr. rpi<pw, I nourish.] 1. A
condition arising from greatly increased nutrition.
2. An enlargement of any part, which still re-
tains its natural organization and action.
Hyphen. [Gr. v<(i' iv, in one.] A short line
to show that two words or parts of words are to
be connected.
Hypnotic [Gr. vitv<irTtK6s, inclined to sleep]
medicines. Causing sleep.
Hypi^otism [Gr. (nrvdw, I put to sleep], or
Braidism (discovered by Mr. Braid). Artificial
somnambulism ; induced by gazing for several
minutes on a bright object near to and just above
the eyes.
Hypo-. [Gr. hiti, under, (i) in point of
situation, (2) somewhat in degree.] {Chem.)
A prefix denoting that the compound contains
less oxygen, as hyponitrous acid, which contains
less oxygen than nitrous acid.
Hypobole. [Gr. wrojSoA^, from hni, under, and
root of j3a\A«, / throw.] (Khet.) Anticipation
of several objections to one's own argument.
Hypocaust. [Gr. inA-Kavarov] (Arch.) A
chamber of hot air with Jire [ncu'w, / burn]
under [(nr6] it.
Hypochondria, HypochondriasiB. [Gr. rh
inroxofSpiov, the part under the cartilage (x<ivSpoi)
of the breast-bone.] Extreme nervous sensibility,
with symptoms of disordered digestion, much
gloom and melancholy, and great suffering from
imaginary ailments ; but there are distinct
varieties.
Hypocycloid. (Epicycloid.)
Hypodermic. [Gr. imd, beneath, Stpfia, shin.]
Existing under the skin, or applied there.
Hypodiastole. [Gr. {nroitaaroK-t), from uirrf,
under, hia.a-roX'i], diastole (q.v.).] A mark to
distinguish certain Greek pronouns followed by
HYPO
260
IC
an enclitic, as rd,re, S,Ti, from similar com-
pounds, as r6rf, ori.
Hypogene [Gr. into, from under, fivviM^ I
producc\ (Geol.) = nether-formed ; granite,
gneiss, and other crystalline rocks, svipposed
never to have been formed, or at least to have
taken their present aspects at the surface.
Obsolete term.
Hypostasis. [Gr. ^rftrroffij.] {TTieol.) The
Greek Fathers use this word to denote the dis-
tinct personality of the Father, the Son, and the
Holy Ghost. The Latin F"athers felt themselves
obliged to retain the word, because substantia,
which translates it, was used by them to denote
the essence or being common to each of the
hypostases of the Godhead.
Hypostatic anion. The union of Christ's
human nature with the divine; constituting two
natures in one person.
Hypotenuse. [Gr. j) {nrortivovan, \!a& subtend-
ing line.) 'J'lie side of a right-angled triangle
opposite to the right angle. Spell incorrectly,
Hypothenuse.
Hypothec. [Gr. vToO^Kri, pledge, deposit,
mortgage, from wro, under, and root of ri6i)tii, I
place. \ i^Siot. Ltno.) Security in favour of one
creditor, especially a landlord, over the property
of his debtor.
Hypothecation. (Hypothec.) {Leg.) The act
of pledging property as security for debt or
demand, witliout transfer of possession of
personal property, as by giving bottomry bonds.
Hypothetical baptism. If the priest cannot
ascertain, from the answers of those who bring
a child to baptism, whether it has been really
baptized or not, he is to baptize it hypothetically,
or conditionally, saying, ' ' If thou be not already
baptized, I baptize thee," etc.
Hypotrophy. [Gr. inc6, under, rp4<pu, I
nourish.^ State of deficient nourishment.
Hypozoic. (Neozoic.)
H]rpsometer ; Hypsometry. [Gr. S;^oj, height,
Herpov, measure.] Hypsomet)y, the measure-
ment of heights ; the word generally implies
that the measurement is effected not by a
triangulation, but by a portable instrument such
as an aneroid or mercurial barometer. In an
Hypsometer, advantage is taken of the fact that
the boiling point of water is lowered when the
atmospheric pressure is reduced, to effect the
measurement of heights by observing the tem-
perature of the boiling point of water.
HyracS'idSa. [Gr. ifpo^ (Hyrax), tilos, kind.]
{Zool.) Ord. of mammals, containing but one
gen., Hyrax. (Coney, 2.)
Hyraz. [Gr. 0po|, L. sorex, whence Fr.
souris.] (Coney, 2.)
Hyssop. [Heb. ezob, Gr. Stratetros.] Exod. xii.
22, and elsewhere ; probably the thorny caper,
Capparis splnosa.
Hysteria. [Once supposed to be connected
with the 7i'omb (Gr. itrrtpa).] (Med.) Includes a
vast number of symptoms known as nervous dis-
ord3rs, all dependent upon a peculiarly suscep-
tible state of the nervous system. (Hysterical
jjints.)
Hysterical joints. (Nenro-mimesis.)
Hysteron-protiron. [Gr. vffTfpov-vpdrtpov,
latter-former.] {A'het.) Inversion of the natural
order of ideas or logical propositions ; a putting
of the cart before the horse.
Hystrix. [Gr. Strrpi^, id.] (Zool.) The porcu-
pine, giving its name, HystricTdje, to the fam. of
true porcupines, with quills generally long and
hollow, and with non-prehensile tails. S.
Europe, N. Africa, India, China, and adjacent
islands. Ord. Kodentia. The Cercolabida^,
tree porcupines, of America are a closely allied
fam., but Cercolabes (S. America) has a pre-
hensile tail.
Hythe. (Naut.) A pier or wharf for loading
I or unloading at. (Hithe.)
I. As a Roman numeral, denotes I ; and, if
placed before V or X, it diminishes by a unit
the number expressed by those letters.
Iambics. [Gr. la/xfios.] Metres in which the
feet are chiefly of two syllables, of which the
first is short, as amant.
latro-. [Gr. taTp6s.] A physician.
Ibex [L.], Steinbeck [Ger.], Eock-goat.
{Zool.) Capra ibex, an Alpine and Pyrenean
spec, moderately gregarious. The adult male is
about two feet eight inches high at the shoulder ;
reddish brown in summer, grey in winter ; the
horns are sometimes three feet long. Sub-fam.
CaprlnjE, fam. Bovidse, ord. Ungtilata.
Ibidem. [L.] In the same place; written
biid. or ib., and used in references to a passage
or book which has been already quoted.
Ihi omnis effusos labor. [L.] There all his
labour 7vas lost (Virgil) ; of Orpheus when he
lost Eurydice.
Ibis. [L., Egypt, phib, Gr. 7)3(y.] {Ornith.)
1. Niimemus I., Sacred I.; spec, of birds, about
two feet high, white, with black pendent
secondaries. Migratory between Ethiopia and
Egypt. Gen. Numenius, fam. Scolopacidse, ord.
Grallee. 2. Gen. of birds, as Scarlet ibis. Trop.
and N. Temp. America. Fam. Platalgidae, ord.
Gralloe.
-ic, -OUB. {Chem.) 1. Terminations of the
names of the hydrogen salts — as chloric acid,
which is chlorate of hydrogen ; chlorous acid,
which is chlorite of hydrogen, (-ate, -ite.) 2.
Terminations distinguishing the salts {ous) in
which the combining power of a metal's atoms
is partly expended on uniting them with one
another, from those {-ic) where this power is
ICEA
261
IDEA
wholly employed in combining them with
atoms of another body, as ferrous, ferric salts.
loe-anehor. {Naut.) A curved iron bar,
hooked into ice.
Iceberg ; I.-field ; I.-floe ; Oround-I. ; I.-island ;
Paek-I. An Ice-floe is a large mass of floating
ice ; if it is so thick as to rise high above the
sea-level, it is an Iceberg. An I.-field is the
frozen surface of the sea when it extends oh all
sides further than the eye can reach, called also
Pack-I. ; if its limits are within sight it is an
I. -island, Ground-I. is ice formed at the
bottom of running water. Icebergs have
generally been detached from glaciers ; ice-
fields, ice-floes, etc., are merely the frozen sea-
water.
loe-blink. A bright appearance, caused by
the reflexion of hght from ice below the
horizon.
Ice-boat. {Naut.) A sledge-boat fitted with
a sail, used on the ice.
Ic»-«sTe«. (Olaeiires.)
Icelaod-flpar. (Geol.) Finest, most transparent
variety of calc-spar ; found in large crystalline
masses in I. trap-rock.
leh dien. [Ger., / serve.'\ Motto of the
Prince of Wales's coat of arms, assumed from
that of the King of Bohemia at the battle of
Cressy.
Ichsites. [Gr. Ix'oi, a footstep.^ {Geol.) A
general term for fossil footprints. Ichnology, that
part of Geol. which has to do with I. Omith-
khnites are such as have been referred to birds
lohnogrsphy. [Gr. fx'o'j footstep, ypdipv,
I describe. ] The ground-plan of a building.
lobor. [Gr. «x«6/>.] The watery part of blood.
1. {Myth.) The element flowing through the
veins of the gods. 2. (Med.) Thin, aqueous,
acrid discharge, as distinguished from proper
pus
Ichthyolitefl. [Gr. Ix'^is, a fish, KiOos, astonf.]
{Geol.) Fossil remains of fishes.
Ichthyology. [Gr. Ix^vs, a fish, Kiyos, an
account.] The science treating of fish, their
classification, etc. In this work the classifica-
tion of Dr. Giinther's British Museum Catalogue
has been adopted (as by Mr. Wallace in his
Geographical Distribution, etc.), and not his later
arrangement, which fuses the first three sub-
classes under the name of Ganoidfii. This is,
however, indicated by brackets.
Sub-clasv
. TJleosta [Gr.J
liXeiK, per/ect,\
oarioif, a 6o>u\.
Orders,
^canthoptcrygli {a.v.\
Acanthopterygii Ph
II. Dipnoi.
III. GSnSIdfi.
hSryngS-
gnaihi [(jt.ipu(>ufi,-^io^,the
pharynx, ^vaOot, t/u jaw}.
3. AnScanthIni (g.z'.).
4. Ph^sostumi [Gr. <pvaat», to
blow, iTTofia, the mouth],
5. Luphubranchit [Gr. Ao^ot, a
tu/t, fip'iyx"^, giUA-
6. Plectognathi [Or. irAocrot,
clasped, yva^ot, the jaw].
J, Sirinoidci [Gr. attprfv,
(Siren), e«'ao<. appear-
ance].
8. Hulostei [Gr. oA-oorcof,
wholly bone].
9. Chondrostei (Gr. xovh^tn,
grittle, uvriov, bone).
Sub-class.
IV. Chondro-
pterygli.
V. Cj'clostomata
[Or. KuxXof, a
circle, a-rofia,
the mouth].
VI. Leptocardii
[Or. XeJTTOr,
slender, Kapiia,
the heart].
Orders,
/xo. Hulocephala [Or. oAos,
wlwle, Kt<paKi\, the head].
II. Plaglostomata [Gr. irXaTJot,
slanting, a-rofxa, -ajoi, the
mouth].
Sub-ord. Selachuidei [Gr.
<T€Xaxo-tid/;f, ii/ce the
o-t'Xaxof, kind of Chon-
drosteousfish].
Sub-ord. Batuidet [Gr.
/3uT0«, the ray, ctduf, ap-
\ pearance].
13. MarsTpubranchTi [Gr. /urip-
fffirot, a pouch, fipayxia,
gills].
13. Cirrostom! [L. cirrus, a atrl,
Gr. (TTo/Lia, the mouth).
lehthyomancy. [Gr. «xfl(5y, a fish, fiavrtla,
diz'inalio/t. ] Divination by inspection of fish.
lohthyophagy. [Gr. txOvo<pccyla, from txOvs,
a fish, <t>ayf7v, to eat,] The practice of living on
a diet of fish.
Ichthyopdda. [Gr. «x^^» a fish, 6^it, appear-
ance.] (Zool.) Fish, and amphibians when
classed together as Branchiate vertebrates, i.e.
as V. possessing temporary or persistent gills.
Icbthyosaorus. [Gr. IxOis, a fish, iravpos, a
lizard.] (Geol.) A gen. of extinct marine
reptiles, resembling saurians, fishes, and, in
some respects, cetacea. Triassic to Cretaceous.
Ichthj^Ssis. [Gt. IxOvi, -vo?, a fish.] (Med.)
A disease in which the skin assumes somewhat
the appearance of fish-scales.
lehthys. [Gr., a fish.] In Eccl. Art, the
emblematic fish, the word exhibiting the initials
of the words lesous CHristos, Tileou Yios,
Soter, yiesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.
Iconinm, or Bonm, The kuxgdom of. A large
portion of Asia Minor, contiguous to the Eastern
Empire about the time of the Crusades.
IcSnoclasts. [Gr. flK^v, an image, K\dM, I
break.] Image-breakers of the eighth century.
The I. movement began with the Emperor
Leo III.'s edict,A.D. 726, forbidding the honour
paid to sacred images. Upon this subject the
East and West have been divided ever since.
loSnog^phy. [Gr. tlKovofpa^ia, sketch, de-
scription.] A name denoting works descriptive
of monuments of art, as Didron's Iconographie
Chretienne.
Icosahedron. (Polyhedron.)
Icteric, Icterical. (Med.) 1. Relating to
jaundice [Gr. iKripos], affected with it. 2. Pre-
venting jaundice.
Ictus. [L., stroke.] {Pros.) Stress of voice
or a prolongation of a syllable of a word or
measure, which coincided with a prominent
rhythmic beat, as in the case of the first, third,
and fifth arses (Arsis) of a hexameter verse.
-Id. [Gr. tUos.] Appearance, form, as
Typho-id, Aro-id-ere, Ctenoid.
-Ide. (Chem.) A termination denoting a
compound of two elements, as chloride of iron,
a compound of chlorine and iron.
.Idealogae. [Gr. Mia, idea, and root of Ae^w,
I tell.] A theorist, a speculator.
Ideas. [Gr. iSiai, forms, 01 shapes.] In the
IDEM
262
ILIA
Platonic philosophy, the eternal prototypes of
being, and the efficient cause of all that is. Of
these ideas there is necessarily an indefinite
number, for since ever>' generic and specific con-
cept is according to Plato substantial, there
must be as many ideas as there are genera and
species. — Zeller, Plato and the Older Academy.
I demons, et ssevas curre pSr Alpes, ut pnlris
pl&c&as et dedamatio flas. [L.] Go, madman
{J.C. Hannibal), rush oz'cr the horrid Alps, that
you may delight lads and be made the subject of
school themes (Juvenal, Sai. , x. ).
Idem per Idem. [L. ] The same by the same ;
of an illustration or reference which really adds
nothing to the consideration of a case.
Idem Telle et idem nolle. [L.] To have the
same likes and the same dislikes, the same tastes
and the same aversions ; Sallust's account of
firm friendship.
Identity, Personal. The sameness of the con-
scious subject throughout the several stages of
existence. The fact which, in strictness of speech,
is the only fact absolutely known to each man is
that he is a conscious thinker ; all other facts
being learnt only by inference from this one.
This consciousness, which it is impossible to
define, constitutes P. I. (Individuality ; Mono-
psyohism.)
Ideographic characters. [Gr. l^ia, an idea,
ypd^, I Torite.] Written characters which
express notions, instead of the arbitrary signs of
an alphabet. Such are the Chinese, and such
also were the Egyptian, Hieroglyphics.
Ideographic writing. (Phonetic writing.)
Ideology. [Gr. IS fa, a form, or idea, \6yoi,
discourse.] The science of mind. The term was
first used by the disciples of Condillac, who
developed the sensational philosophy of Locke.
(Sensational school.)
Ideo-motor movements. Muscular movements
arising from simple ideas apart from emotion.
(See Carpenter's Mental Physiology, p. 124.)
Ides. [L. idus.] One of the three divisions
of the old Roman month, being near the middle
of it. The Ides of March, on which Csesar was
assassinated, has become an expression for an
unlucky day.
Id genus omne. [L.] All that class
(Horace).
Idio-electric. [Gr. X^iot, peculiar, and electric]
Naturally possessing electric properties.
Idiom. [Gr. «5ittf/ia, a peculiarity, from TSios,
one's 07un, private, peculiar.'] 1. A mode of
expression peculiar to a language, dialect, or
smaller division of speech; e.g. "world without
end." 2. The general character or system of
expression of a particular language.
Idiopathy. [Gr. TSioy, private, iraOos, affection.]
I. Peculiar sensibility. 2. (Med.) A diseased
condition, primary, not symptomatic of or fol-
lowing upon any other.
Idiosyncrasy. [Gr. ISioavyKpatrla, from IZios,
one's own, avv, together, and Kpaais, mixture.]
Constitutional peculiarity, e.g. as shown in effects
of medicine, food, etc., and of other agents, dif-
ferent from the effects generally produced.
Idiot. (IdiotaL)
Idiotai. [Gr.] In the primitive Church, a
name for laymen as being private persons ; also
for monks not in holy orders.
Idlers. {Naut.) On a man-of-war, those
excused from the night watches ; also civil
officers.
Idle-wheel. A wheel introduced between a
driver and its follower, to make the latter revolve
in the same direction as the former without
changing the ratio of their velocities.
Idols. [Gr. «Mo)A.a, false appearances.] So
Bacon, in the NSvum Orgdnon, calls the custom-
ary sources of error in men's reasoning. They
are : 1. /. Tribes, I. of the Tribe, errors common
to the whole human race. 2. /. Speeds, I. of the
Cave, arising from the circumstances within
which the individual is, as it were, inclosed — his
nationality, age, religion, etc. 3. /. FSri, I. of
the Market-place, arising from popular, careless,
undefined phrase. 4. /. Theatri, I. of the
Theatre, arising from false systems of thought,
attractively disguised and presented.
IdrSsis. Should be ttidrosis [q.v.).
leme. Old name of Ireland.
Igneous [L. ignis, yfr^], or Pyrogenous [Gr. vvp,
fire], rocks are divided into plutonic, trap-
pean, volcanic, as to general character, not by
exact lines of demarcation.
Ignis fatuus. \y.., foolish fire.] Light appear-
ing by night over marshy grounds ; so called
from misleading travellers.
Ignis saoer. (Erysipelas.)
Ignoramus. [L.] 1. We are ignorant ; an
ignorant person. 2. (Leg.) We ignore; formerly
written on a bill thrown out by a grand jury.
Now "not a true bill," or "not found," is
used.
IgnSrantia non ezoHsat legem. [L.] {Leg)
Ignorance is no plea against the law,
Ignoratio elenchi. [L.] An ignoring (or
inability to imderstanct), a refutation, of one's
position.
Ignotum per ignStins. [L.] What is un-
known by what is more unknown ; of an explana-
tion or illustration which is more obscure than
what is to be explained.
Iguana. {Zool.) Gen. of lizard, with pendu-
lous dewlap. S. America and W. Indies. Some
spec, (as I. tiiberciilata, four feet to five feet
long) much esteemed as food.
Iguanodon (i.e. like iguana, in teeth [Gr.
oSovs, a tooth]) . (Geol.) Extinct gigantic herbi-
vorous dinosaurian reptiles. Wealden strata.
I.H.8. (Abbreviations.)
Ikenild Street. (Hikenhilde Street.)
II a la mer a boire. [Fr.] He has the sea to
drink ; he has undertaken a gigantic enterprise.
II a le vin mauvais. [Fr.] He is quarrelsome
in his cups.
n faut attendre le boiteuz. [Fr.] We must
wait for the lai/te man ; we must wait for con-
firmation of a hasty report.
Iliac. (Med.) Relating to the ilia [L.], or
lower bo7vels.
Iliad. [Gr. 'I\tas.] A Greek poem consisting
of twenty-four books, relating to incidents
belonging to the war of Troy.
ILIA
263
IMPE
Qlas m&ldmin. [L.] A {rvhole) Iliad of dis-
asters.
nk. 1. [Scot.] Each; the A.S. aelch, MfA.
8. [Scot., A.S. ylca, tke same.] Of that I. = of
that same (named) place, of one whose name is
the same as that of his estate.
Dlaqueate. [From p. part, of illaqueo, / en-
tangle, from in, in, laqueus, a noose.\ To en-
tangle, ensnare.
Native eonTerrion. In Logic, a conversion
in which the truth of the converse follows from
the truth of the proposition given.
nii robttr et ses triplex circ& pectus Srat, qui
fra^em traci oommlsit pelago ratem primus.
[L.J He had oak and threefold brass about his
breast who first entrusted a frail bark to the re-
morseless sea (Horace).
Iliamliuti. [L., enlightened.] 1. In the
early Church, the newly baptized. 2. I., or
AUumbrados, a Spanish sect, which spread into
France — about A.D, 1675 to 1735 — claiming a
special illumination, which needed mental prayer,
but not good works or sacraments.
TUnmiTiftting. [Fr.] Ornamenting a manu-
script with drawings in body colours and gold.
II Tino 6 una messa eorda [It.], wine and
an open heart — In vino Veritas [L.], 7uine brings
out the truth.
n 7 a des reproches qui louent et des louanges
qui medisent. [Fr.] There are censures which
praise and praises which defame (Roche-
foucault).
Image. The figure formed of any object at
the focus of a lens or mirror j e.g. the picture in
a camera obscura.
Imaginary Conversations. The title of a work
of Walter Savage Landor (died 1864).
Imaginary quantity or expression. In Algebra,
one which involves the square root of a negative
number, as »/(— 3).
Imam, or Im&n. A title (i) of the successors
of Mohammed, (2) of the inferior order of
ministers in Islam. (Mushtahids.)
Imbibition. [L. imbibo, / drink j«.] The
interpenetration of a solid by a fluid.
Imbrioated. [L. imbrTcatus, covered with
gutter-tiles.] (Bot.) Overlapping, as tiles on a
roof ; e.g. Araucaria imbricata.
Imbroglio. [Fr.] An entanglement, an in-
tricate plot, a complicated embarrassing state of
things.
Imbued, (ffer.) Wetted [L. imbutus] with
■blood.
Imitatores, servum pious. [L.] Imitators, a
slavish herd.
Immaculate conception. In the Latin Church,
a term which denotes the conception of the
Virgin Mary without the taint of original sin.
Immanent acts. [L. immaneo, / remain in.]
In Moral Phil., are such as produce no eflect
outside the mind ; as e.g. simple, intellectual
operations ; Transitive acts being such as pass
on, have an eflect upon, external objects.
Immersion. [L. immersid, -nem.] Baptism
by the dipping of the whole body under the
surface of the water.
Immolation. [L. immolatiq, -nem.] (Rom.
18
Ant.) A ceremony in which some corn or frank-
incense was thrown on the head of the victim
in a sacrifice, together with the mola, or salt-
cake.
Immovable feasts. Feasts the recurrence of
which does not depend on the day on which
Easter falls ; for instance, Christmas Day,
Circumcision, Epiphany.
Impact. [L. impactus, p. part of impingo,
I make to strike against.] A blow ; the word is
often used in mechanics as an abbreviation of
the words impulsive action ((j.v. ).
Impalement. [Eng., pale.] (Her.) The
division of a shield into two by a line passing
vertically through the centre, as a pale does.
Impanation. [L. in, and panis, bread.] A
word conveying a meaning akin to that of
Consubstatttiation.
Impannel, Impanel. (EmpanneL)
Impar congressus Achilli. [L.] Unequally
matched with Achilhs (Virgil).
Imparl. (I^g-) To get leave from a court to
settle a litigation amicably.
Imparlance. (Leg.) 1. Time to plead. 2.
Leave to plead at another time, without the
assent of the other party.
Imparsonee. A parson inducted into a bene-
fice.
Impartible. A word used by Blackstone in
the sense of indivisible, as if from part ; by
others, as if from impart, with the meaning of
"capable of being imparted or communicated."
Impasting. [It. impasto.] 1. The laying on
of colours thickly. 2. An intermixture of lines
and points in engraving, to represent thickness
of colouring.
Impasto. [It. pasta, paste.] The thickness
of the layer of colour on a picture.
Impatronisation. [From patron.] Absolute
seigniory, full possession, a putting into full
possession.
Impeachment. [From L. imp^t^re, to prose-
cute.] A process against persons charged with
treason or other public crimes. The House of
Commons has the power of exhibiting articles of
impeachment against any peer or commoner.
The evidence required is that of the ordinary
courts of justice. (Attainder.)
Impeachment of waste, Without. In Law,
implies, in one to whom an estate is granted for
life or a term of years, power to cut timber, etc.,
and do many things not allowable to ordinary
tenants ; abuse of which is preventible by injunc-
tion of Court of Chancery.
Impgdimenta. [L.] Baggage, luggage.
Impenetrability. [FromL. in, not, and pene-
trabilis, penetrable.] In Physics, the property of
matter in virtue of which one body excludes,
other bodies from the space it occupies.
Imperatorial. [L. imperatorius.] Pertaining
to the office of a Roman general, who after a
great victory during the republic received the
special title impdrator, which afterwards, from
being one title of the Roman emperors, canie
to be the distinctive title.
- Imperial. [Fr. imperiale.] 1. An outside en
a diligence. 2. A case for luggage carried oii
IMPE
264
INCA
the top of a coach. 3. Paper thirty inches by
twenty-two.
Imperium. [L., command.] In Rom. Hist.,
the absolute power conferred by the Comitia, or
assembly, of Curies, on the consuls, as com-
manders-in-chief of the armies of the republic,
so long as they were not within one mile of the
walls of the city.
Imperium et libertaa. [L.] Empire and
freedom ; misquoted by Earl Beaconsfield, No-
vember 9, 1879 ; (?) from Cicero's fourth Philip-
pic, " Cum (D. Brutus) . . . populique R.
libertatem imperiumque defenderit ; " or (?)
" Res olim dissociabiles miscuerit (Nerva), prin-
cipatum ac libertatem " (Tacitus, ^^., 3).
Imperium in impSrio. [L.] An absolute
rule within an absolute rule ; power assumed in
opposition to constituted authority.
Impermeable. [From L. in, per, through,
and meare, to go.] Not allowing a passage, im-
penetrable.
Impersonal verbs. (Gram.) Those verbs
which are used only in the third person, their
subject being the proposition which they serve
to introduce.
ImpStigo. [L., skin eruption, impeto, /
attach.] (A/ed.) Humid or running tetter, a
disease of the skin, in which pustules appear,
burst, and dry up in little yellow masses ; not
accompanied by fever, nor contagious.
Impetration. [L. impetrationem.] Obtain-
ing by earnest petition. It was applied espe-
cially to the preobtaining from the Roman see
of benefices belonging to lay patrons.
Impetus. jMomentum (q.v.).
Implger, Iracundus, inezdr&bilis, acer. [L.]
Kestlcss, full of fury, pitiless, eager for the fray
(Horace, of Achilles).
Impl&vium. [L.]. The aperture in the centre
of the ceiling of the atrium of a Roman house,
towards which the roof sloped so as to conduct
rain [pluvia] into the reservoir [compluvium]
below.
Imponderable fluids. Hypothetical fliuds
without weight ; their existence was imagined in
order to render the phenomena of heat, mag-
netism, electricity, etc., more conceivable.
Imposing-stone. In Printing, the stone on
which the pages or columns of types are imposed
or made into formes.
Imposthume. Corr. of the word Aposteme
{q.v.).
Impound. [From in, and pound.] (Leg!) 1.
To place a suspected document in the custody
of the law. 2. To place in a pound or safe place
of custody, especially stray cattle.
Impresario. [It.] One who gets up and
manages concerts and operatic performances.
Imprescriptible. [It. imprescrittibile, from
L. in, per, through, scribSre, to write.] 1. Not
capable of being lost or impaired by neglect,
as certain rights are. 2. Not depending on
external authority, self-evidencing, as mathe-
matical axioms.
Impress. To force into the service of a coun-
try. It has been more applied to the naval than
the military branch.-
Impressed force. In Dyn., the forces acting
on a body from without ; thus, if a body is hung
up from a fixed point and allowed to swing, the
impressed forces are its weight (gravity) and the
reaction of the fixed points.
Impress-gang. (Press-gang.)
Impression. 1. Colour which is laid on as a
ground. 2. Any coating of a single colour.
Imprimatur. [L., let it be printed.] 1. A
licence to print some work, granted by those
with whom the censorship of the press rests.
2. Wrongly used as = approval, sanction.
Imprimis. [L.] Among the first, in the first
place.
Imprint. Whatever is printed on the title-
page, especially the date, printer's name, etc.
Impromptu. [L. in promptu, in recuiiness, in
sight.] Off-hand, without preparation.
Impr8p6ria. [L.] In the Latin Church, the
Reproaches, a Good Friday anthem.
Impropriation. (Appropriation.)
Improvisatdre. [It., from L. improvise, unex-
pectedly.] A person who is able to recite verses
without preparation. After the revival of letters,
Italy possessed improvisatores in Latin as well as
in Italian.
Impudicity. [L. impudicitatem, from in-
ncg., pudlcus, modest.] Immodesty.
Impulsive aotion. The mutual action between
two bodies, when it is so large as to cause a
sensible change in their velocities in an insensibly
short time ; as that between a hammer and the
nail it drives, or a cricket-bat and the ball it
strikes. (Impact.)
-in, more commonly -ine (Chem.), = the
active principle of ; as achillein, nicotine.
In-, un- before labials, ir- before r, il- before /.
1. L. prefix = on, in, into, or intensive [cf. iv,
ivi, Teut. in]. 2. L. privative or negative pre-
fix [cf. d, kv-, Teut. un-], as in in-grate, un-grate-
ful, im-proper, il-lc^ical, ir-rational.
In-and-in. 1. The name of a gambling game,
played by three persons with four dice. 2.
Of cattle, breeding from animals of the same
parentage.
Inanition. [It. inanizione, from L. inanis,
empty.] Depletion, starvation.
Inappetency. [It. inappetenza, from L. in-
neg., and appetens, desirous of, greedy.] Lack
of appetite, indifference.
In aqua scnbis. [L.] You are zvriting on
water.
Inarticulate. [L. in- neg. , articiilus, a joint.]
{Nat. Hist.) Not jointed, or articulated.
In artlciilo mortis. [L.] At the point of
death.
Inauguration. [L. inaugurati5, -nem.] The
ceremony by which the Roman augurs conse-
crated a person or thing to the service of the
gods. It is now commonly, but very wrongly,
used to denote the beginning of any undertaking,
In-board. (Naut.) Within the ship ; opposed
to Out-board.
Inca, or Unca. The title of the ancient kings of
Peru, whose empire was overthrown by Pizarro.
Incalescent [L. incalescentem, from calor,
heat.] Growing wfirm, increasing in heat.
INCA
265
INDE
- IncameratioiL [Fr., from L. in, and camera,
a chamber.^ The uniting of lands, revenues,
etc., to the pope's domain.
Incandescent. [L. incandesce, I gimv.^ White
hot, having a more intense degree of heat than
if red hot.
In capite. [L.] (Leg.) In chief; said of
tenancy immediately from the lord paramount.
Incarnadine. [Fr. incamadin. It. incarnalino,
from L. in, in, caro, carnis, flesh\ 1. Flesh-
coloured, of the colour of a carnation. 2. To
dye red, raw-flesh-coloured.
Incarnation. {Afed.) The making of new
flesh [L. carnem] in the healing of wounds. In-
earnative, or Sarcotic [Gr. <rapK6v, I make into
flesh\, causing I.
Incessn p&toit dea. [L.] The goddess was
manifest by her gait.
Inoli. [L. uncia.] The twelfth part of a foot,
or the thirty-sixth part of a yard ; the French
inch, which was the twelfth part of the Paris
foot, was I '06578 English inches ; the French
cubic inch was therefore i'2lo6 English cubic
inches.
Inch-. In Scotland, a prefix to the names of
some small islands, as Inch-mamock, Inch-keith ;
so Inis, in Ireland, to some islands, and to
towns on lakes or rivers, as Inis-hark, Innis-
killing. [(?) C/. »^«ror, an island, and L.
insuKi.]
Inohoata. [L. inchoatus, p. part, of inchoo,
I begin.] Just begun, incipient, incomplete.
liundenoe, Angle ot The angle between the
direction of a ray of light just before reflexion or
refraction, and the perpendicular to the surface
of the reflecting or refracting body.
Incldit in Scyllam cftpiens vlt&re Ch&rybdim.
[L.] He falls upon (the rock) Scylla when eager
to avoid (the whirlpool) Charybdis ; out of one
peril into another as great.
Incineration. The reducing of a substance
into ashes [L. in cTntres].
Incisor teeth. [L. incldo, / cut into.] Four
front teeth in each jaw, for cutting or dividing
food.
Ineiviim. [Fr. incivisme, from L. in- neg.,
civis, a citizen.] Lack of love for the state of
which one is a citizen.
Inolave. [Fr. enclave, a boundary.] (Her.)
In a form resembling the parts of a dovetailed
joint.
Inclination. [L. incltnatio, -nem, a bending.]
In Mag., the angle which the magnetic needle
makes with the plane of the horizon ; i.e. the
dip of the needle.
Inclination of the orbit of a planet. The
angle between the plane of the orbit and the
plane of the ecliptic.
Inclined plane. A plane inclined at a greater
or less angle to the horizon. It is reckoned a
mechanical fozoer, because a weight can be raised
along it by agents who would be unable to lift
the weight directly.
Inclinometer. [L. incllnare, to incline, Gr.
fiirpov, measure.] An apparatus to determine
the vertical component of the magnetic force.
Inclose, or Reclnse. [L., shut up.] (Eccl. Hist.)
Hermits in single cells, on the doors of which
the seal of the bishop or abbot was impressed.
In coena Domini [L., at the Lord's Supper.]
The title of a celebrated papal bull, giving ex-
tracts from different constitutions of popes, and
declaring the rights claimed by the see of Rome
from Gregory VII.'s time, with anathema against
those who violate them ; read once at least every
year in all Roman churches.
In commendam. (Commendam, In.)
Incommensurable. [L. incommensurabilis,
that cannot be measured with another.] Not
having a common measure ; e.g. a side and a
diagonal of a square are incommensurable, be-
cause no line, however small, can be found
which, being an aliquot part of the one, is an
exact aliquot part of the other.
Incompossible. (Log.) Said of two or more
things possible separately, but not conjointly.
Incomprehensible. [L. incomprehensTbilis.]
That which cannot be confined in space. This
is the sense in which it is used in the Athanasian
Creed.
Inconcinnity. [L. in- neg., and concinnity
(q.v.)^ Want of harmony or agreement.
Inoonsonanoy, [L. in- neg., and consonant,
soundiiij^ uiith.] In Music, discordance.
Incorporating langpiages. (AgglomeratiTe
languages; Folysynthetio.)
Incorporeal [L. incorporeus, from in- neg.,
corpus, a body.] (Leg.) Not capable of actual,
palpable seisin or possession, as rights, dig-
nities, etc. I. chattels, = I. rights incident to
chattels, as patent rights, copyrights.
Incremation. (Cremation.)
Increment. [L. incrementum, an addition,
increase.] In Rhet., an amplification without a
strict climax.
Increment [L. incrementum, increase] ; Incre-
ments, Method o£ (Math.) The amount by which
a variable magnitude increases under specified
circumstances. The Method of I. is the calculus of
finite diff'erences. (Calculus of finite differences.)
Increscent, Moon. (Her.) A waxing [L. in-
crescentem] moon, having its horns turned to
the dexter side.
Incubation of a disease. [L. incubatio, -nem, a
brooding.] (Med.) The periotl between its con-
traction and the ajipearance of distinct symptoms.
IncubL (Succubi.)
Incubus. [L., nightmare, from inciibo, 2
brood.] 1. Fairy demon. 2. Nightmare, a sen-
sation of pressure on the chest and of an im-
possibility of moving, speaking, or breathing.
3. Melon, a load, weight, discouragement.
IncOnabiila. [L.] Swaddling clothes, birth-
place, origin, beginning.
In c&ria. [L.] (Leg.) In court.
Incus. [L., an anvil.] (Anat.) From its
shape, a small bone of the middle ear.
Indefinite proposition. In Log., a proposi-
tion with a common term, but without any sign
to show whether it is distributed, or undis-
tributed, i.e. the universal or particular ; as,
"Barbarians can be civilized." Here it is in«
definite whether all be meant, or some.
Indehiscent. (Dehiscent ftiiits.)
INDE
266
INDI
Indemnify. [L.L. indemnifico, from indem-
nis, without damage, loss (damnum), and root of
facio, / make.} 1. To secure against loss, harm,
or punishment. 2. To compensate for past loss
or expense.
Indenizen. To naturalize. (Denizen.)
Indent, sometimes Requisition. {Mil.) Offi-
cial document demanding the supply of stores for
Government consumption. (Indentore.)
Indentation. [L. dentem, a tootli.] In Print-
ing, the act of beginning the first line of a para-
graph further in from the margin than the other
lines (called a common indentation), or of begin-
ning the second line and those following it further
in than the first line (called a hanging indentation.)
Indentore. [From indent, to make notched
like teeth (dentes).] (Leg.) A deed recording
mutual obligation, of whicli two or more parties
have duplicates ; so called from the duplicates
having originally been written on one skin, which
was divided by a jagged cut, so that the cor-
respondence of the two halves was manifest at
once. (Deed-poll)
Independence, Declaration of. A document
drawn up by the second Congress of the United
States of America, May, 1776, and declaring
the colonies absolved from all allegiance to
Great Britain.
Independents. In Eccl. Hist., a sect which
maintains that every congregation forms a Church
or independent religious society in itself, and
therefore condemns anything like a national
establishment of religion.
Indeterminate analysis; I. coefficients; I.
equation; I. problem. If two (or more) un-
known quantities enter an equation, for every
value of the one there will be generally a corre-
sponding value of the other ; such an equation,
not serving to determine either, is an Indetermi-
tiate equation. A problem whose algebraical state-
ment gives rise to such an equation is wn.1. problem.
It may happen that the solutions of such an
equation may be limited by a condition, e.g. that
only positive integral values of the unknown
quantities are admissible ; the rules for finding
such values, if any, are the subject of /. analysis.
The method of /. coefficients consists in assuming
the form of the expansion of a function, and
using the assumption as a means of finding the
value of the terms successively.
Index [L., a discen'erer, a sign] ; I. error ; I.
of a logarithm; Befractive I. (Math.) The
number denoting the power to which a given
number is raised ; e.g. in a' the number 5 is the
Index of the power to which a is raised. The /.
of a logarithm is its integral part or characteristic.
The /. error of a sextant is the reading when
the planes of the fixed and movable mirrors are
parallel ; in which case the reading would be
zero if the instrument were in perfect adjust-
ment. (For Refractive I., or /. of refraction,
vide Befraction.)
Index Expnrgatorins. [L.] A book issued at
Rome, specifying erroneous or heretical passages
to be expunged from the literature of the day.
Index Frohibitoritis. [L.] A book kept at
Rome, containing a list of works which, owing
to their errors, the faithful are not allowed to
read.
Indian ink. (Sepia)
Indian red. A fine purple ochre.
Indian summer. The short season of pleasant
weather usually occurring about the middle of
November ; so called from the custom of the
Indians to avail themselves of this delightful
time for harvesting their corn. — Bartlett's Ameri-
canisms.
Indian yellow. A golden yellow pigment,
used as a water-colour.
Indicative mood. (Gram.) That inflexion of
the verb which expresses a simple or uncon-
ditional judgment.
Indicator ; I.-diagram ; Steam-I. The Steam-
indicator is an instrument for showing the
actual pressure of the steam on the piston of a
steam-engine at any point of the stroke. It
consists of a small cylinder in which a small
piston works against a spring of known power.
When steam from the cylinder of the steam-
engine enters the indicator, its pressure and its
variations are shown by the compression of the
spring. The rod of the indicator's piston is made
to carry a pencil, the point of which touches
a paper wrapped round a roller, whose motion
follows that of the engine ; the curve thereby
traced out during an up-and-down stroke or re-
volution is the /.-diagram ; it serves as an exact
register of the working of the engine during one
stroke.
Indicator muscle. [L. indico, / point out.]
The extensor of the index or forefinger.
Indices of the face of a crystal. If the parts
of the axes cut off by the face be multiplied by
certain positive or negative whole numbers, lines
are obtained proportional to the parameters ;
the whole numbers are the indices of the face.
Indicia, plu. [L.] (Leg.) Discriminating
marks, tokens.
Indiction. [L. indictio, -nem, a declaring.] In
Chron., a cycle or period of fifteen years, used in
the courts of law and in the fiscal organization of
the Roman empire under Constantine and his
successors, and thence introduced into legal dates.
The year of I. corresponding to any year of our
era is found by adding 3 to the date, and divid-
ing the sum by 15. The remainder is the year
of I. Thus 1880 was the eighth year of the
125th I. (Cycle.)
Indictment. [Fr., L. indico, I proclaim, irom
in, among, dlco, I tell.] 1. (Leg.) A written ac-
cusation of a crime of a public nature, preferred
to and presented by a grand jury. 2. (Scot. Law.)
The form of process against criminals' trial at
the instance of the Lord Advocate. (Criminal
letters.)
Indifferently. In Prayer for Christ's Church
militant ; impartially, without distinction [L.
indifferenter].
Indigitate. [L.L. indigitare, from in, and
AigHws, fijiger.] To point out, indicate.
Indigo. [L. Indlcum, the Indian dye.] A
vegetable dye-stuff of a deep blue colour, made
in the E. and W. Indies.
Indirect taxation. Taxation by duties laid on
IJJDI
267
INFE
articles of consumption ; direct taxes, as the in-
come tax, being levied on the taxpayer personally.
Indiam. A soft grey metal, discovered by two
indigo lines which it shows under spectrum
analysis.
Individiiality. In moral science, the person-
ality of each man. According to Bishop Hutler's
philosophy, this personality i<; indivisible, and
therefore immortal. (Moaopsychism ; Identity,
Personal)
Individuate. [L.L. indivTduatus, p. part, of
individuo, from in- neg., dlviduus, divisible.] 1.
To distinguish as an individual from other mem-
bers of a sf)ec., to reduce to single instances. 2.
To cause to exist as an individual whole.
Indivisibles, Method o£ Nearly the same
thing and applicable to the same class of
questions as the Method of exhaustion (q.v.).
Indo-European. In Ethn., a term denoting
certain nations of Europe and Asia, which have a
common origin. The name Aryan is now gene-
rally sul)stituted for it.
Indolence. [L. indolentia, an invention of
Cicero's in transl. kiriOtia.'] Painlessness.
Indolent [L. in- neg., doleo, I am in fain.l
(Med.) Not suffering pain.
Indorse. (Endorsa)
Indorsement. [L. in, and dorsum, the dock,']
The writing of a name on the back of an accept-
ance or bill of exchange. This is done by the
holder of a bill on receiving payment, or when
he hands it over to another. The word is used,
very wrongly, to denote assent or approval
generally.
Indra. In the Rig Veda, the sun-god, who,
by conquering Vritra, the demon of drought, lets
loose the rain. Indra thus speedily became the
supreme deity.
Induction. [L. inductio, -nem, a leading into.]
1. {Fhys.) The property by which a body,
charged with electricity or magnetism, causes or
induces it into another body without direct con-
tact. 2. (Eccl.) The act of putting an incum-
lient, after institution (^.z'. ), into actual possession
of the church and of all temporalities. 8. {I^g.)
The raising of individuals into generals, and of
these into still higher generalities. 4. (Math.)
A method of proof applicable to cases in which
a theorem is to be shown to hold good in an in-
definitely great number of cases, which may be
arranged as first, second, third, etc. Suppose
that by any means the theorem is shown to hold
-good in the first case, and further that it can be
proved to hold good in any case if it hokl good in
the preceding case : this constitutes the proof ;
for as the theorem is true in the first case, it
must also be true in the second case, therefore
in the third case, therefore in the fourth, and
so on. This form of proof is called a Mathe-
tncdical I.
Inductive. (Log.) Belonging to induction [L.
inductio, -nem, a leading in\, the process which
raises individuals into generals, and these into
still higher ^Generalities.
Indulgences. [L. indulgentTa.] A power
claimed by the Latin Church of granting re-
mission for a certain term, either on earth or in
purgatory, of the penalties due to sin. The
practice was introduced in the eleventh century,
as a recompense to those who incurred the. perils
of the Crusades. Indirigences are said to be (i)
Plenary, or complete ; or (2) Partial.
Indtilts. [L. indultum, an indulgence.] In
the Church of Rome, patronage of benefices
granted to certain persons by the pope ; e.g. to
kings, emperors, the Parliament of Paris.
Indurated [L. induro, / harden] (Geol.) =
hardened by the action of heat or otherwise.
Ind&sium. [L., an under-garment.] (Bot.)
The membrane overlying the sori of ferns.
Inequality, f L. in- neg. , aequalis, f ^«a/.] In
.\stron., any variation in the motion of moon or
planet from that which it would have if it moved
in strict accordance with Kepler's laws. In
the case of a planet, such inequalities are due to
the attraction of other planets ; in the case of the
moon, to the attraction of the sun.
Inerrancy. [L. in- neg., errare, to wander.]
A word rarely used, denoting freedom from error.
Inertia; Inertise, Vis. [L., inactivity.] The
indifference of a body to a state either of rest or
of motion. The tendency of a body to continue
in the same state of rest or of uniform motion in
a straight line, except so far as it is compelled to
change its state by the action of external forces.
The resistance it offers to such change is its P'is
inerti(e.
Inescuteheon. (Her.) A small escutcheon
borne as a charge in a man's escutcheon.
In esse. [L.] In actual existence ; in posse
being said of that which may at some future
time be.
In extenso. [L.] In full, without abridgment.
In extremis. [L.] In desperate circumstances,
at the last gasp.
Infair. [A.S. infoere, entrance.] The " re-
ception" party or entertainment of a newly
married couple. West and South. — Bartlett's
A mericanisms.
Infandum, reg^Ina, jtibes r§nov&re dSlorem.
[L.] Thou biddcst me, queen, icncw an un-
speakable woe (Virgil) ; said by /Eneas when
Dido asked him to tell of the fall of Troy.
Infangenthef, Infangthef. [A.S.] The privi-
lege of judging thieves taken on their manors or
within their franchises, granted to certain lords.
Infante, Infanta. [Sp.] The title of the
younger sons and daughters of a Spanish sove-
reign ; more anciently given to the children of
all Hidalgos. The word childe was used in the
same way in England.
Infantry of uie line [L. infantem, used in
the Middle Ages in the sense of boy or servant,
who went on foot ; hence infanteria became the
name of foot-soldiers in general], or Begulars,
consist of the foot-soldiers comprised in the
regiments numbered I to 109, with the addition
of the Rifle Brigade. These numbers have been
lately replaced by territorial titles.
Infeomnent (.Scot. Law.) The act or instru-
ment of feoffment. (Sasine.)
Inferias. [L.] Sacrifices offered by the an-
cients in honour of the dead.
Inferior planet (Planet.)
INFE
268
INLI
Infeudation. (Fee.) (Leg.) 1. A placing in
possession of a freehold estate. 2. A granting of
tithes to a layman.
Infibolation. [L. infibtilare, from fibula, a
btukk.] The act of clasping, or confining as
with a padlock, etc.
InfinitesimaL An indefinitely small quantity.
The /. calailus is equivalent to the differential
and integral calculus. (CalotUns of finite differ-
ences.)
Infinitive mood. In Gram., the inflexion of
the verb which expresses the mere conception
of the subject, without affirming or denying it.
Inflamed. {Her.) Adorned \\'\\.\\.flanus.
Infi&tns. [L.] An inspiration, an access of
inspiration.
Inflexion. [L. inflexio, -nem, a bending, from
in, and flexum, sup. of flecto, / bend.\ (Lang.)
1. A grammatical change of words to express
different relations, including declension of nouns
and conjugation of verbs, and generally deriva-
tion by addition of suffixes and prefixes. 2. A
suffix or prefix.
Inflexional languages. (Aryan languages.)
Inflexion of light ; Point of I. The change
in direction which rays of light seem to ex-
perience in passing near the edge of an opaque
body. (Diffraction of light) A /^oint off. o( 3.
curve is one at which the branches on either
side of it are bent in opposite directions, and at
which the tangent cuts the cur^'e.
Inflorescence. [L. infloresco, / begin to blos-
somi\ [Bat.) The flowering of a plant, generally ;
the commonest forms being spike, raceme, panicle,
corymb, cyme, umbel, capTtulum (qq.v.).
Influenza. [It., as if from the influence of the
stars.] Severe epidemic catarrh, due to some
atmospheric peculiarity (?), with serious febrile
s)Tnptoms and rapid prostration ; affecting
animals as well as man.
Infoliate. [L. in, folium, a lea/.] To cover
with leaves or with forms resembling leaves.
In f5ro consoientise. [L.] (Leg.) At the
tribunal of conscience.
Infra, [L.] Below, under, further on in a book.
Infra dignitatem. [L.] Beneath one's dignity ;
also, infra dig.
Infundlb&lum. [L., funnel, from infundo, /
pour ;'«.] (A not. and Bot.) Applied to certain
parts having a funnel shape. Adj., Infundibuli-
form ; e.g. convolvulus.
Infosoria. [L. in-fusus, a pouring in, infu-
sorium being properly the vessel used.] (Zool.)
Minute, mostly microscopic, Protozoa, possess-
ing a mouth and digestive cavity ; frequently
developed in organic infusions. Some authorities
reckon Diatomacese as I., and not as plants ;
some place here the Rotifera, which are annu-
loids.
-ing. Teut patronymic suffix, as in Wok-ing,
Birm-ing-ham ; or topographic, as Bromley-ings,
men of Bromley.
Ingannation. [It. ingannare, to deceive, over-
reach^ A cheat, imposture, deception.
Inge. [A.S. ing.] A meadow, a pasture.
Ingennas didlcisse fidellter artes, Emollit
mores nee sinit esse feros. [L.] To have dili-
gently studied liberal accomplishments rcfnes the
manners and does not allo7o them to be boorish.
Ingesta. [L. ingestus, carried /«.] (iMed.)
Things introduced by the alimentary canal.
Ingot. [Fr. lingot.] A mass of gold, silver,
etc., cast in a mould.
Ingprain. 1. Dyed with grain, or kermes.
2. Dyed in the grain. 3. Ingrain carp't, a
double or two-ply carpet. 4. Triple ingrain
carpet, a three-ply carpet.
Ingressa. (Introit.)
Ings. (Agr.) Saltings, or tidal salt-water
marshes.
Inguinal Relating to ihtgivin [L. inguen,
inguinis].
Inheritable. [L. in, hseres, an heir."] (Leg.)
1. Capable of being transmitted through blood.
2. Capable of being an heir or conferring heir-
ship.
Inhibition. [L. inhibTtio, from inhib^, J
restrain, from in, in, habeo, / hold.] 1. {Leg.)
A writ from a higher court, forbidding a judge
of an inferior court to proceed with a case. 2.
(Scot. Law.) A process to restrain sale of land in
prejudice of a debt, or a writ to prohibit giving
credit to a wife. 3. A writ from a bishop, pro-
hibiting another bishop or clergyman from under-
taking any ecclesiastical duties in his diocese.
Inhoc, Inhoke. A comer of a common field
ploughed up and sowed.
Iiiumation. [L. in, hiimus, the ground.}
The act of l^urying.
Initiated. [L. initiati.] 1. Persons made ac-
quainted with any mysteries, as with those of the
heathen world. 2. In the primitive Christian
Church, the baptized.
Injected parts. [L. injicio, / throw inJ]
(Path.) Having an increased quantity of blood
in the vessels.
Injection; I.-cock; I.-pipe. Tlie cold water
thrown through a rose at each stroke of the
piston into the condenser of a steam-engine, to
condense the waste steam and form a vacuum.
It is thrown through the I.-pipe from the I.-cock.
Injunction. [L. injunctio, -nem, a command,
from injungo, / enjoin.] (Leg.) A writ of an
equity court, requiring a party to do or refrain
from doing certain acts. A common I. restrains
a suitor from prosecuting his legal rights in a
court of common law.
Injunctions of Queen Elizabeth. (Advertise-
ments of Elizabeth.)
Injuria [L.] is, in Law, the opposite to jus,
and = everything done 'without a right to do it.
Inkle. A kind of broad linen tape.
Inlagation. [L.L. inlagatio, from A.S. lagu,
law.\ (Leg.) The restoring an outlaw to legal
rights, inlawing.
Inlagh. [O.E.] (Leg^ A person protected
by la-v ; opposed to utlagh, outlaw.
Inland. (Leg.) Demesne land ; opposed to
Outland, let to tenants. I. has, as adj., Inlantal.
Inlier. (Geol.) An exposure of a lower
stratum through a locally denuded overlying
stratum ; often in broken anticlines.
In limine. [L.] At the threshold, by way of
preliminary.
INLQ
269
INSt
In 15oo parentis. [L.] In the place of a
parent.
In m§dias res, Bnere. [L.] To rush into the
middle oj the subjeit (Horace).
In midio t&tisslmos Ibii. [L.] Thou wilt
go niost safely in the middle.
Inner hoase. {Stot. Laio.) Chambers of the
first and second divisions of the Court of
Session.
Innings. (I^g.) Land recovered from the sea.
Innii. [Gadh.] (Ineh-.)
Inniirfail. An old name of Ireland, = island of
destiny.
Iniua Forda = long island. Celt, name of
Lewis and N. and S. Uist.
Inn* of Chancery. Institutions consisting
chiefly of attorneys, formerly occupied by clerks
who studied the framing of writs which belonged
to Conitori. They are appendages of the Inns
of Court
Inna of Court. Four institutions for the en-
rolment and instruction of law students — the
Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn,
Gray's Inn. The Benchers have the right of
admitting persons to practise at the Bar.
In nftblbut. [L.] Jn the clouds.
Innuendo. [L., by nodding.\ 1. An in-
direct hint. % (l^g.) Used in pleadings to
indicate the application of alleged libels or
defamations to certain parties or subjects.
Inooulstion. [L. inoculo, / engraft.] 1.
{Med.) Communication of a disease by a specific
poison introduced into the blood, especially that
of small-pox. 2. (Bot.) Insertion of buds under
the baik for propagation. 8. The placing frag-
ments of turf at short distances on prepared
ground, to grow tf^ether and form a lawn.
Inopercular. Having no covering, or lid
[L. operculum],
InoMulation. [L. in, into, osculatio, a kissing,
an itwsculaiion.] (Anat.) Generally i.q. Ana-
stSmdsis {q.v.), but sometimes A. denotes union
of vessels by minute ramifications, I. a direct
communication by trunks.
In p&ri mitSri&. [L.] In similar subject-
matter ; where the same rules and method of
reasoning apply.
In partihuB infidelium. [L. , in the parts of the
infidds.\ In the Latin Church, a phrase applied
to those bishops who ser\-e in other dioceses
than those of which they bear the title.
Inpeny and Outpeny. (leg-) Customary
• payments on alienation of tenants, etc.
In personam. [L.] (Leg.) (In rem.)
In petto. [Il] In reserve ; lit. in the breast.
(Cardinal)
Inpignoration. [L. in, in, pign5ro, / pledge,
from pignus, pignoris, pledge.] The act of
pawning, or depositing as a pledge.
In posse. [L.] (Leg.) In possible being,
potential. (In esse.)
In propria personi. [L.] In one^s awn person.
In pfiris natilralibus. [L.] In a simple state
of nature, naked.
Inquest [O.Fr. enqueste, from L. inquTsita,
p. part, of inquire, /»w/«/>-(r.] (Coroner.) Grand
I., grand jury. /. of office = inquiry by the
proper officer into matters affecting Crown ot
State interests in property.
Inquinate. [L. inquinatus, p. part, of inquino,
I defile.] To pollute, befoul.
Inquiry, Writ of. (Leg.) A process addressed
to a sheriff, ordering him with aid of a sworn
jury to ascertain the quantum of damages after
an interlocutory judgment let go by default.
Inquisition. [L. inquisitio, -neni, a seeking
for.] In Latin Christendom, a court armed with
special powers for inquiry into offences against
religion. The first I. was set up in S. France
after the conquest of the Albigenses in the
thirteenth century.
In rS. [L.] (Leg.) In the matter of.
In rem. [L.] (Leg.) On the subject-matter ;
said of a civil action as to the status of some
particular subject-matter, not for recovery of
damages against a person in personam.
Insanire jtivat [L.] // is pleasant to play
the fool.
^iscribe. [L. inscribo, I write on.] (Geom.)
To draw one figure within another, so that their
boundaries are in contact at certain points ; e.g.
a circle is inscribed in a rectilineal figure when
its circumference touches each side of the figure ;
a rectilineal figure is inscribed in a circle when
every angular, point of the figure is on the cir-
cumference of the circle.
Insect-fertilication. (Fertilization of flowers. )
Inseotivora. [L. insecta, insects, voro, /
devour.] (Zool.) Insect-eating, an ord. of
Mammalia (q.v.), also of birds.
InseotiTorous plants. (Bot.) Such as Venus's
fly-trap, consume and assimilate the insects
caught ; " their recognized number is greatly on
the increase " (Report of British Association,
1879, p. 368).
Insessdres. [L.] (Omith.) Perching-birds,
i.q. Passfres.
In situ. [L.] In the (original) site or position.
Insolation. [L. insolatio, -nem.] Exposure to
rays of the sun.
In sSlIdo. [L.] (Leg.) In the whole, of a
joint contract.
Insomnia. [L.] (Med.) Sleeplessness, rest-
lessness. (Jactation.)
Insouciance. [Fr.] Affectation of carelessness.
Inspeximus. [L., we have inspected.] 1. The
first word of an old charter, a royal grant. 2.
An exemplification of the enrolment of a charter
or of letters patent.
Inspissated. [L. inspissatus, p. part, of
inspisso, / thicken.] Thickened, as fluids by
evaporation.
Instance Court of Admiralty. (Leg.) The
Court of Admiralty when not a prize court. I. =
process of a suit.
Instanter. [L.] (Leg.) Instantly, at once.
Instantly. Luke vii. 4 ; Acts xxvi. 7 ; earnestly
[Gr. airovhaiais, iv iKTfviia\. (Presently.)
In st&tu quo. [L., in the state in which.] In
the same condition or state as prevails at any
specified time. I. S. Q. ante, in the stale or con-
dition 7ohich prevailed be/ore a specified cause of
modification, as war, negotiations, etc.
Instauration. [L. instauratio, -nem, from in-
INST
270
INTE
stauro, / repair, renew.] Renewal, restoration,
renovation.
Institute. [L. institQtus, appointed, from in,
in, statuo, I place. \ {Scot. Laiv.) A person to
whom an estate is first given by destination or
limitation.
Institutes. [L. institutiSnes.] A treatise on
the elements of the Roman law, published by
order of Justinian, a month before the Pandects,
in four vols., containing ninety-eight titles, com-
posed by Trebonianus Dorotheus and Theophi-
lus, chiefly from Gaius's InstitQtiones.
Institutes, of Lord Coke, four vols., 1628.
The first vol., known as Coke upon Littleton, is
a comment on a treatise on tenures ; the second
vol., a comment on old Acts of Parliament ; the
third vol., on pleas of the Crown ; the fourth
vol., an account of various courts.
Institutes of the Christian Beligion. Calvin's
great work ; first edition, 1536.
Institution [L. inst'itutio, from instituo, /
ordain, appoint], sometimes called also Investi-
ture [investio, I clothe]. Verbal admission of a
clerk to a benefice by the bishop. (Collation.)
Institution of a Christian Man, or Bishops'
Book. A book of instruction in faith and duty,
by a committee of the bishops and other divines
(May, 1537). ^ .
Instrumental case. {Gram.) (Locative case.)
Insucken multures. {Leg.) Quantities of
corn paid in by those who are thirled to a mill.
(Thirlage.)
Insuetude. [L. insuetudo, from in- neg.,
suetus, p. part, of suesco, / become used.] Ab-
sence of use, habit, custom.
Insulate. [L. insula, an island.] In Ther-
motics, to protect a hot substance in such a
manner that none (or at least very little) of its
heat or electricity is transferred to other bodies.
Insulse. [L. insulsus, without salt, from in-
neg., salsus, p. part, of salo or sallo, / salt.] In-
sipid, dull, tasteless, lacking salt (metaph.).
Insulsity. The state of being Insulse.
Intaglio. [It., from -intagliare, to cut /«.] A
carving in which the figures sink below the
background.
Intakers. {Leg.) Receivers of stolen goods.
Integral [L. integer, ivhole] ; I. calculus ; In-
tegration. {Math.) When the differential co-
efficient of a function is given, the process of
finding the function itself is Integration, and
when thus found the function is called an /«-
tc:^ral. (For /. calculus, vide Calculus of finite
differences.)
Integfument. [L. intfigiimentum, a covering?^
1. {Anat.) The skin, membrane, shell, which
covers any part. 2. {Bot.) The cellular skin of
seed, leaf, stem.
Intelligence Department. {Mil.) A branch
of the War Office, lately established, for collect-
ing, classifying, and arranging all information
with regard to the physical and political geo-
graphy of our own and of every country with
which we are ever likely to be hostilely engaged,
tc^ether with their resources in men and war
material.
Intempesta nocte. [L.] At dead of night.
Intendment of law. [L. intellectio logis.]
{Leg.) The intention or true meaning of a law
or legal instrument.
Intenerate. [L. in, tener, tender.] To make
tender. Rare.
Intentio mentis. [L.] Close attention 0/
mind.
Intention, first and Second. {Log.) A dis-
tinction drawn between acts of thought relating
to an object out of the mind, as mountain,
stream, etc., which a.iefrst intentions, and those
in which the mind expresses its own states of
consciousness, as generalization, abstraction, etc. ,
which are second intentions.
Intention, first, Healing by, is when a wound
heals without suppuration. By second, when
after suppuration.
Intentio sacerddtis. [L., the meaning of the
priest.] In the Latin Church, the validity of
the sacraments is made to depend on the con-
dition that the priest, while he confers them,
has at least the intention of doing what the
Church does.
Interoadenee. [L. inter, between, cado, I fall.]
{Med.) An occasional supernumerary beat in
the arterial pulsations.
Intercalation. [L. intercalo, / proclaim the
inserted days.] The insertion of days out of the
ordinary reckoning.
later c&nem et ifipum. [L.] ^ Twixt dog and
wolf, twilight.
Intercept. {Math.) The part of a line in-
cluded between two points.
Interoessio. [L.] In Rom. Law, the becom-
ing surety. (Fide jussores.)
Interdict. [L. interdictum, a prohibitory
decree^ An ecclesiastical censure, forbidding
spiritual services of every kind.
InterfaciaL [L. inter, facies, a face.] In-
cluded between two plane surfaces, an inter-
facial angle being formed by the meeting of two
planes.
Interference. The coexistence of two undu-
lations in which the length of the wave is the
same. At certain points of the medium two
such undulations may cause the vibrating par-
ticles to move with the sum of the movements
due to the undulations severally, at other points
with their difference. In the case of light, this is
equivalent to saying that at some points the light
is much stronger, at others much weaker, than
that which is due to either undulation separately.
Diffraction fringes and many other phenomena
of light are explained by I.
Interfretted. [L. inter, between, and fret.]
{Her.) Interlaced.
Inter hos vivendum, et mSriendum, et, quod
est durius, tacendum ! The words of some con-
temporary of Galileo, quoted by Lacordaire.
Such are they amongst whom one has to live and
to die, and, what is harder still, to keep silence I
Interim. [L., in the mean time.] {Hist.) A
decree is so called which was issued in 1548 by
the Emperor Charles V., for the purpose of re-
conciling the opinions of the Protestants and
the Catholics.
Interior planet. (Planet.)
INTE
271
INTR
Interlacing arches. (Arch.) Arches, usually
round ones, intersecting each other. The inter-
lacing of round arches exhibits a succession of
highly pointed arches.
Interlocutory. [L. inter, between, loquor, /
speai:.\ Decided in the course of an action, but
not finally determinate. In common law, judg-
ment by default when only damages are sought
is I. before the writ of Inqniry.
Interlude. [L. inter, between, ludo, I play ^
Music played between the verses of a hymn or
song, the acts of a drama, etc
^terludes. [L. inter-ludo, I play in the midst
0/.] Grotesque, merry performances, which,
arising out of the Alaralities {q.v.), made an ap-
proach towards the regular drama ; held during
the Reformation controversy in England ; each
side ridiculing the other ; well-known persons,
events, corruptions, being ridiculed on the stage.
Interlnnar. {Asiron.) Belonging to the time
when the moon is invisible between old and new
moon.
Intermittent fever. [L. intermitto, in neut.
%tQf&^ I cease for a while\ (Med.) Ceasing for
a time and then returning, the patient not suffer-
ing in the intervals.
Intermittent iprings. An example of the
common siphon. If, towards the bottom of a
subterranean region, the water which eventually
appears as a spring escape by an ascending
siphon-like passage, the flow will continue till
the reservoir be nearly emptied. Between this
time and the rising of the inflowing water to
the highest point of the siphon the spring will be
intermittent. Examples, the Great Geyser, and
the Sabbatic River of Josephus and Pliny, near
Tripoli, now the Neba el Edarr (Thomson, The
Land and the Book, p. 263).
Internal forces. (Dyn.) Are exerted be
tween the parts of a moving system ; thus, if
Jupiter and its satellites are regarded as forming
a system, e.g. moving together round the sun,
the mutual attractions between Jupiter and the
sateUitcs would be I. E. In like manner the
cohesive forces which bind together the parts of
a solid body are I. E., when the motion of the
body as a whole is under consideration.
Internecine. [L. inter, between, neco, I kill. ^
Mutually destructive, causing mutual slaughter,
i.e. between kinsfolk, fellow-citizens, fellow-
countrymen.
Intemode. [L. intemodium.] (Bot.) The
space between two nodes [nodus, a knot] or
points from which normal leaf-buds issue.
Intemuncius. [L.] A papal envoy sent to
inferior states. (Nuncio.)
Interpellation. [Er. interpeller, to call upon,
to challenge.] In the Erench Senate, a direct
challenge to some particular members to give
information, in answer to some question or
charge, etc.
Interpleader, Bill ol If the same claim be
made on a person by more than one party, he
can seek relief by B. of I., praying that the
claimants may contest their rights inter se.
Interpolate. [L. interpolo, / polish here and
there, patch up.] 1. (Astron.) To find values
of a function intermediate to values already
found ; thus, when the sun's right ascension at
every Greenwich noon is given, its value at any
other time is found by Interpolation. 2. The
insertion, in a MS. or any writing or literary
work, of spurious words and passages.
In terrorem. [L.] For the purpose of terri-
fying-
Intersect. [L. inter, s^co, I cut\ {Math.) To
meet and cut mutually, said of lines, surfaces, etc.
Interstellary. [L. inter, stella, a star.]
Lying among the stars, i.e. beyond the solar
system.
InterstitiaL [L. interstitium, a space between.]
(Anat.) Occurring in the interstices of an organ.
Interstratified. (Geol.) Laid down at the
same time with, and among, other strata.
Interval, Intervale. I^ow or alluvial land on
the margins of rivers. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Intervertebral substance, or cartilage. (Anat.)
A layer of elastic, chamois-leaiher-like cartilage,
acting as a buffer, and preventing any jar be-
tween the vertebra. The re-expansion of it adds
sometimes half an inch to the height of the body
when a good night's rest has succeeded to a day
of fatigue ; and its gradual contraction and
diminishing moisture shortens the body in old
age.
Interview. To question, to obtain informa-
tion by questioning, to " pump a person for the
purpose of obtaining secrets."— Bartlett's Ameri
canisms.
Intestate. [L. in- neg., and testatus, p. part,
of tester, / make a will.] (Leg. ) Without having
left a will, or testament.
In the wind. (Naut.) Said of a vessel thrown
nearly head to wind. All in tlie IV., with every
sail shaking.
Intinction, Communion by. The administering
of the consecrated elements in the Eucharist
mingled. This is the practice for the laity in
the Eastern Church.
Intone. [L. intono, / call out loudly.] To
recite the prayers on one note — generally G — and
sing the suffrages and Litany ; to monotone
being to keep to one note only throughout.
In totldem verbis. [L.] In so many words.
Intrados. [Er., from L. intro, within, and
dorsum, the back.] (Arch.) The lower line of
anarch. (Eztrados; Soffit.)
Intransitive verbs. (Gram.) Verbs denoting
actions the effects of which do not pass on to an
object.
In transItiL [L.] On the passage, often
from the owner of goods to the consignee.
Intrinsic. [L. intrinsecus, on the ittsidc.]
Inward, internal, genuine, inherent, essential.
(Extrinsic.)
Introit. [L. introitus, entry.] (Eccl.) Verses
chanted at the entry of the clergy into the choir
for the celebration of the Eucharist. In the
Ambrosian ritual, Ingivssa.
Intromission. [Erom L. intro-mitto, / send
within (intro).] (Scot. Law.) The assuming
possession, etc., of property Ijclonging to another.
IntroBusception. 1. (Intussusception.) 2.
(Path.) The deposition, interstitial ly, of those
INTR
272
IRIS
particles which replace the waste of a living
body.
Intrusive rocks. [L. intrudo, / thrust into.]
{Geo/.) Igneous rocks which have thrust them-
selves in sheet-like masses, vertical, oblique, or
flat, through or between sedimentary strata,
affecting them on both sides, or above and
beneath ; some igneous rocks are contemporary
and interstratified with sedimentary strata, alter-
ing only the strata beneath them.
Intuitionalism. (Determinism.)
Inttimescence. [L. intCimescentem, swelling.']
The process of swelling.
Intussusception, Introsusception. [L. intus,
intro, imthin, susceptio, -nem, undertaking.'] 1.
^Vhen one portion of the bowel is forced into
another, either above or below, and is contracted
by it ; as one part of a glove-finger into an adjacent
part, sometimes, in withdrawing the hand. 2.
The taking into the system of some foreign
matter. In sense (i) sometimes called Invagina-
tion [vagina, a sheath],
Inuline. A substance intermediate between
jam and starch, found in many roots, especially
elecampane [L. inula].
Inura [Norm. Fr. enurer, from L. inaugurare,
to consecrate, establish, open.] (Leg.) To take
effect.
Innsitation. [L. in- neg., usitatum, wonted^
commonly used.] Neglect of use. Rare.
Invagination. (Intussusception.)
Inveoted. [L. invectus, carried in.] (Her.)
Bordered by a line formed of small semicircles
with the points turned inwards.
Invention of the Cross. [L. inventio Sanctse
Criicis.] The day commemorating the discovery
of the cross by Helena, mother of Constantine,
May 3, 326.
In ventre de sa mSre. A Fr. Law term.
Every legitimate child in the womb of its mother
is so termed, and is in law, for many purposes,
supposed to be born : e.g. it may receive a
legacy, a devise of lands, and this equally with
children of the same family born before, etc.
Inver-. (Aber-.)
Inversion. [L. inversio, -nem, Rhet., a trans-
posing of 7i'ords.] (Music.) 1. The various
transpositions, having a common root, of the
component parts of a chord are called I. 2. Of
intervals, is by making the octave below of the
upper note into the lower, or the octave above of
the lower into the higher ; so a fifth becomes a
fourth, and a fourth a fifth, etc. 3. Of subjects
or phrases. (Per recte et retro.)
Invertebrata, Invertebrates. [L. in- neg.,
vertebrata (</.''.).] (Zool.) Animals without a
backbone, as the oyster, beetle, starfish, hydra.
Investiture. [L. vestis, a garment.] (Hist.)
1. The delivery of a fief by a lord to his vassal,
with certain ceremonies. 2. The endowment
of a bishop with the temporalities of his see.
(Institution.)
Invincible Doctor. (Doctor.)
Invincible ignorance. [L. invincibilis, un-
conquerable^ Is said, in Moral Phil., to be (i)
in itself, e.g. an act of the insane ; (2) in itself,
but not in its cause, as an act of the drunken.
In vino Veritas. [L.] Jn wine there is truth.
Invita Hlnerva. [L.] Against Minerva's
7vill (Horace) ; said of work composed without
signs of talent, Minerva being goddess of wisdom.
Invitatory. [L. invltatorius.] Some text
chosen for the occasion of the day, used
anciently before the Venite, which is also the
Invitatory Psalm.
In \lrldi observanti&. [L.] In fresh obser-
vation ; seen recently, and by many.
Invoice. [Fr. envois, plu., sendings, things
sent ; cf. lettre d'envoi, letter oj advice of goods
scnt.'\ (Com.) An account of particulars of
goods sent by a seller, with prices and charges
annexed.
Involucre. [L. involucrum, a wrapper.]
(Bot. ) A whorl of bracts on the outside of a
calyx or flower-head, which wraps up the unex-
panded flower.
Involute of a curve. The curve described by
the end of a thread unwound from that curve,
the part of the thread that leaves the curve
being kept straight during the unwinding. The
curve from which the thread is unwound is the
Evolute.
Involution. The squaring or cubing of a
number, or raising it to any other power.
Iodine. [Gr. jcoSt;;, violet-like, from the colour
of its vapour.] (Chcm.) A bluish-black solid,
of metallic lustre ; one of the elements.
Ionian mode. (Oreek modes.)
Iota. [Gr. Iwra, /, Heb. yod.] The smallest
letter of the Phoenician and Greek alphabets ;
and so, a jot, a smallest part.
lotacism. (Iota.) (Lang.) A tendency in a
language to change other vowels to the sound of
iota. It. ;, as in modern Greek.
Ipse dixit. [L., Gr. aurij ?4>r?.] He himselj
said. Plato applied the Greek phrase to the
sayings of Socrates.
Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very identical
words.
Ipso facto. [L.] (Leg.) By the very fact.
Irade. [Ar. irada, tw//, desire.] In Turkey,
an imperial decree.
Iridectomy. [Gr. Ipu, the iris, lKrofJ\, a ait-
ting out.] The cutting out of the s^ment of the
iris, for an artificial pupil.
Iridescent Having colours like the raintow
[L. iris, iridis].
Iridium. [L. iris, the rainboiv.] A rare
white metal, generally associated with osmium in
connexion with platinum. (From the iridescence
of some of its solutions.)
Iris. [Gr. Tpij, rainborv, iris.] 1. (Anat.) A
thin flat membranous curtain of the eye hanging
in the aqueous humour and before the lens ;
perforated by the pupil for the transmission of
light. 2. (Myth.) The messenger of the Olym-
pian gods, connected especially with the rainbow.
Irish cross. (Cross.)
Irish deer. A large cervine animal, r.llied to
the fallow deer, and now extinct ; found in peat-
bogs in Ireland and the Isle of Man.
Irish elk. Probably not an elk. (Irish deer.)
Irish pennants. (Nant.) Ropeyarns, loose
reef-points, etc., hanging about a ship.
IRMI
273
ISO
Irmin Street (Ermin Street)
Iron Age. (Age*, The four ; Prehistoric
archaeology.)
Iron Cross. A Prussian order of knighthood,
instituted by Frederick William III.
Iron crown. The crown of the ancient Lon-
gobardian kings ; said to have been the gift of
Gregory the Great. A plain fillet of iron, said
to be a nail of the true cross, encircled by a
jewelled hoop of gold, kept in the cathedral of
Monza.
Iron Doke. The first Duke of Wellington.
Iron Gate, Dtmir Kapi, four miles below
New Orsova. A broad plateau of rock, 1400
yards wide, over which the Danube formerly so
rushed as to bar the ascent to all vessels draw-
ing more than two feet and a half. Recent
blasting has enabled vessels of eight or nine
feet draught to pass at certain seasons of the
year.
Iron Kask, Man of the. A prisoner who,
having been imprisoned in He Ste. Marguerite,
afterwards died in the Bastille, 1703. M. Taine,
JJ Homme en Masqufde Fer, satisfied himself that
this prisoner was Mathioli, minister of the Duke
of Mantua ; but although his arguments are
strong, they have been disputed, and the mystery
is scarcely cleared up.
Irona. (Xaut.) A ship is in irons when so
brought up into the wind that she loses steerage
war and will not come round of herself.
ironatone. (Geol.) 1. Highly ferruginous sand>
stone, as in the Neocomian greensand of Surrey.
8. Beds and notlules of clay ironstone, or carbon-
ates of iron, more or less argillaceous, abundant
in clays associated with vegetable remains, as in
the coal-measures, Wealden, etc.
Inmwood, i.e. very hard and very heavy. A
name given to severed different woods in different
countries.
Irony. [Gr. tlpuvtla, from ftfxnv, one who dis-
sembles, as saying less than he thinks.] (Rhet.)
According to Aristotle, irony was an artful repre-
senting of things as less than they really are.
The ironical man was thus one who hid his own
qualities. The irony of Socrates was employed
to lead into contradictions or absurdities those
who affected to take for granted the argu-
ments of the si^aker. The word now denotes
A subtle kind of sarcasm, in which seeming
praise really conveys disapprobation.
Irradiation. (L. in, and rSdius, a ray.} The
• ajjparent enlargement of bright objects seen on
a dark ground ; it is generally, perhaps always,
an affection of vision.
Irrational expreesion. In Algeb., one of
which the root cannot be extracted, a surd.
Irrefragable. [Fr. irrefragable, L.L. irre-
fragabilis, from L. in- neg., refragor, / oppose.\
Not to be argued against, unanswerable, incon-
trovertible.
Irrefragable Doctor. (Doctor.)
Irremeable. [L. irremeabilis, from in- neg.,
re-, back, meare, to go.\ Allowing no return (as
he waters of the Styx).
Irreflolvable nebula. (Kebnla.)
Irritability of planti. {Bot.) A name for
the imperfectly understood "sleep of plants,"
occurring mostly at night ; ciliary motion of the
spores of many cryptogams ; the action of sen-
sitive plants, and of Venus's fly-trap, etc., and
many similar phenomena ; more or less found in
every plant.
Irritant [From L. irrttus, ««//, fromin- neg.,
ratus, established.} {Leg.) Making null and
void. (Poison.)
Irvingitea The followers of Edward Irving,
of the Scotch Kirk, who in 1830 claimed utter-
ances of unknown tongues. They style them-
selves The Catholic and Apostolic Church.
Their Liturgy, formed in 1842, was enlarged in
1852.
leagogic. [Gr. tlaayorffi, introduction^ In-
troductory.
Isatine. [Gr. lains, woad.} A yellow crys-
talline substance obtained by the oxidation of
ind igo.
Ischial, Isohiatic, Sciatic. [Gr. i<rxiaSiK6s.]
Having to do with the hip [iffxiov].
Isfendyar. (Bustem.)
-i«h. [Teut. -isk, Gr. -iitk-o, -jo-k-tj.] Dim.
suffix, as in reddish, ratlier red.
Ishtar. The Assyrian goddess Ashtaroth.
(Astarte.)
Islac-worship. The worship of the Egj'ptian
goddess Isis, the wife of Osiris and mother of
Horus. (Harpocrates.)
Isidorian Decretals. (Forged Deoretala)
Islam. [Ar., submission.} The collective
name for all who believe in the mission of Mo-
hammed.
Islands of the Blessed. In Myth., a region
corresponding to Flysium (Elysian), the Hyper-
borean gardens, ami the Gardens of the Hespe-
rides. (Hyperboreans.)
Isle of Saints. Name of Ireland in the
Middle Ages.
Ismaelians. A Mohammedan sect, formed in
the tenth century into a secret association, from
which sprang the society of the Assassins.
Iso- [Gr. Jfffoj, equal to] ; Isobaric ; Isochro-
nous ; Isoclinal ; Isodynamio ; Isogonio ; Iso-
metrical projection; Isoperimetrical problems;
Isothermal. A prefix signifying equality, much
used in forming scientific words, especially in
the case of lines which represent graphically
equality of phenomena; thus, lines drawn on a
map to show places where the average barometric
pressures are equal, are Isobaric lines; places
where the needle has the same dip are shown
by Isoclinal lines ; places where the magnetic
intensity is the same are shown by fsodynajnic
lines ; places where the deviation of the magnet
is the same, by Isogenic lines ; where the mean
annual temperature is the same, by Isothermal
lines. Isoperimetrical problems relate to such
questions as finding the greatest area inclosed
by a given perimeter. The questions are com-
prised in the calculus of variations. (Calculus
of finite differences.) Isochronous \xp6vo%, time],
performed in equal times ; e.g. a cycloid is an
isochronous curve because the oscillations of
bodies moving in equal cycloids are performed
in equal times whether the arcs described be
ISOB
274
IWIS
long or short. J sonietrical projection is a species
of perspective, in which the edges of a cube
are represented as of equal length, and the
measurements of the three visible faces equal
in all respects.
Isobar. [Gr. iaosy equal, fidpos, 'weight.'\ An
isobaric line. (Iso-.)
Isooardla. (Zoo/.) [Gr. Uoi, eqtial, KopSla,
heart. ] Heart-shaped molluscs with equal valves,
as cockles. Class Conchif^ra.
Isochimenal lines, where the average winter
[Gr.x<iMa]. antl Isotheral lines, where the average
summer [flf'pos], temperatures are equal.
Isoclinal line. [Gr. Tffoj, equal, KKlvtiv, to
incline^ A line passing through all the places
where the magnetic needle has the same incli-
nation, or dip.
Isodynamio. [Gr. ttroi, equal, Zvvafii%,
force.] Pertaining to, or showing, equahty of
forces.
Isogonic line. [Gr. \aos, equal, yuvla, angle.]
A line passing through all the places where the
magnetic needle has the same deviation from
the true N.
Isohyetose lines. [Gr. i<roi, equal, vfr6s,
rain.] Lines connecting those places where the
mean annual rainfall is the same.
Isomeric. [Gr. iaos, equal, nfpoi, part.] Con-
sisting of the same elements in the same propor-
tion, but differing in physical qualities and in
the size of its molecules.
Isometrioal perspectiTe. /.q. Isometrical pro-
jection. (Iso-.)
Isomorph. [Gr. tcroi, equal, nop<fyfi, form.]
(Geol.) A substance having the same crystalline
form as another.
Isomorphism. [Gr. Iaos, equal to, like, ixop^pi),
form.] The cr)-stallization in very nearly the
same form of substances whose chemical compo-
sitions differ by one element, as carbonate of
lime and carbonate of magnesia.
Isonomy. [Gr. Xaovofnia.] An equality of
rights and privileges under equal \t(Tos] laws
\v6iJL0s].
Isosceles. (Triangle.)
Isotheral, or Isothermal. (Isochimenal lines.)
Issuable. (Leo.) On or in which issue may
be taken, as I. terms, Hilary and Trinity, in
which issues (single material points of law or
fact) are made up for the assizes.
Issuant. [O.Fr.] {//er.) Rising out of,
Issue, or Pontlcfilus. [L., a small spring.]
(Med.) A small ulcer produced and continued
artificially, by the insertion of some round
body.
Issue price. (Finance.) The real price at
which shares, bonds, or stock are sold on their
first issue above or below the nominal value.
Isthmian games. One of the four Greek
national festivals, anciently celebrated on the
Isthmus of Corinth every other year, from B.C.
585 probably till about A.D. 312, in honour of
Poseidon ; said to have been founded by
Theseus, in place of the nocturnal festival of
Melikertes (q.v.). The games were like the
Olympic, the prizes being garlands of pine
leaves, and dried.
Italia irredenta. [It.] Unredeemed Italy j i.e.
Trent, Trieste, and whatever else once belonged
to Italy, but does not now.
Italian pink. A transparent pigment prepared
from the juice of yellow berries or from quer-
citron bark precipitated upon whiting.
Italic Version. [L. VetCis Itala, i.e. Old
Italic] The Latin translation of the Scriptures,
generally used until St. Jerome's time, who,
dissatisfied with it, made the new translation
known as the Vulgate, which by degrees ob-
tained universally in the Latin Church.
Itch, Bc&bies, Fsdra. (Med.) A contagious
vesicular disease of the skin, due to the presence
of the itch-mite.
ItohiL Province on east of south coast of
Asia Minor about the time of the Reformation.
-ite. (-ate.)
Item. [L., also.] 1, An additional particular.
2. A hint.
Ite, missa est [L., go, it is sent.] The last
words of the Roman Mass. The origin and
meaning of the expression is not known.
Iteration. [L. itSratio, from itero, / repeat,
from iterum, again.] Repetition.
Itihasas. The name given to the two
great Hindu epics, the Ramayana and Maha-
bharata.
Itinerary. [L. iter, itinfris, a journey.] A
work, naming places and stations to be met
with along a particular line of road, as the Latin
itineraries, the most important of which is that
of Antoninus. The /. of Jerusalem describes
the journey between Bordeaux and the holy
city.
-itis, -Ins. Termination of Gr. adj., fem.,
as jiaxirts, i.e. v6aos, disease of the spine [pd-x^s] ;
rickets (q.v.),
Ivan IvanoTitch. A fictitious personage, re-
presentative of Russian character, as John Bull
of English.
Ivory black. A pigment formed of ivory
charred in closed vessels.
Iwis — not I wis, as if = I know, but — an
adv., meaning certainly [AS. gewis, certain].
275
JANI
J.
J. The same letter as I. It is only within
the last century that any distinction has been
made in their forms.
Jaechtu. {Zoo/.) The marmorets, HapalTdse,
a fam. of platyrrhine monkeys, about the size of
squirrels. Trop. S. America.
Jaohin and Boas. [Heb., probably Ife vnll
establish, in strength.] Two brazen pillars " in
the porch " of Solomon's temple ( I Kings vii. 2) ;
or, more likely, isolated columns " at the
porch" (see Speakei's Commentary, v. 15).
Jadnth. Of Rev. xxi. 20 [Gr. haKiv%o<i\ ;
probably the true sapphire. — King, Precious
Stones.
Jaek. 1. {Tchth.'S A pike, £sox iQcius, under
three pounds weight. 2. {Naut.) (Flag.) 3.
The cross-trees. J.-staff, that on which the
Union Jack is hoisted at the bowsprit cap.
Jaek; J.-aerew. A portable machine for lifting
heavy weights through small distances ; when
worked with a screw it is a J.-screw.
Jaokaaaet. (Aa»/.) Rough and heavy boats
of Newfoundland.
Jaek-booti. (Mil.) Long cavalry boots, such
as are worn by our Life Guards.
Jacket. A covering of a non-conducting
substance put over a hot body to keep the
heat in.
Jaok-in-the-green. The principal character
of the mummers who go about in England on
May-dav.
Jack Ketch. (Ketoh, Jack.)
Jack-pudding. A zany, a merry-andrew.
Jack-stones. Bedded masses of clay iron-
stone in the S. -Welsh coal-fields. Penny-stones
are similar, but smaller, in Coalbrookdale, etc.
Jaeobin Club. (/r. Hist. ) A society of pro-
minent members of the First Assembly ; so
styled as holding their meetings in a suppressed
Jacobin monastery. Hence the word yacobih
came l4l>e synonymous with revolutionary.
Jaeobina. In Eccl. Hist., the French Do-
minicans were so called, as having their chief
convent near the Rue St. Jacques, in Paris.
Jacobites. 1. (Eccl. Hist.) The Mono-
physite Christians of Syria ; so called from Jacob
Baradzi, who revived their belief and ritual in
the sixth century. 2. {Eng. Hist.) The parti-
sans of the Stuart dynasty after the Revolution
of 1688.
Jacobus. A gold coin worth 25^., struck in
the reign of James I.
Jaconet. [Fr. jaconas.] A thin cotton fabric
between cambric and muslin.
Jacque. [Fr. jaque.] English archer's
leather tunic, made of overlapping flaps.
Jacquerie. (Hist.) A revolt of the French
peasantr)-, which occurred during the captivity
of their king John in England, in 1356 ; so
called from Jatques Bonhomme, a title of de-
rision applied by the nobles to the peasants.
Jactation, Jactitation. [L. jacto, jactito, /
toss about.'] (Med.) A tossing about in bed,
great restlessness. (Insomnia.)
Jactitation. [L. jactito, / boast.] In Law, a
false boasting, y. of marriage, the giving out
that one is married to some other, by which a
common reputation of their marriage may en-
sue. It has been applied also to a false claim to
a seat in church ; also to a false claim to tithes.
Jade. [Fr. jade.] A term applied to three
different minerals having some resemblance in
colour ; they have been generally termed ne-
phrite (q.v.). 1. Jadeite, allied to the epidotes ;
China, Mexico. 2. Oriental J., allied to horn-
blende ; China, Australasia. 3. Oceanic J.,
allied to pyroxene ; New Caledonia and Mar-
quise Isle.
J'adoube. [Fr.] In chess, = I touch this piece,
to put it better in place, not to move it. (Dub.)
Jaganath. (Juggernaut.)
Jaggery. [Hind, jagri.j Dark coarse sugar
made of the juice of the cocoa-nut palm.
Jaghir. [Hind.] An assignment of the rent
and revenue of an Indian district to a military
chief by the English Government. Jaghirdar,
the holder of a J.
Jaguar. [.Sp.] (Zool.) Felis onca, the American
leopard, like but larger than that of Asia and
Africa.
Tax jete la manche apres la cognee. [Fr.]
I have thnnon the helve after the hatchet. "We
have burnt our ships."
Jail delivery. (Gaol delivery.)
Jalousie. [Fr.] A Venetian blind.
Jambs. [Fr. jambe.] (Arch.) The side
pieces of any opening in a wall, supporting the
piece that discharges the weight of the wall
above them.
JamdarL A kind of figured Indian muslin.
James, Palace of St Built by Henry VIII.,
on the site of a leper hospital founded in iioo.
It became a royal residence after the destruction
of WJiitehall by fire, 1698.
James, St., 01 the Sword. (Hist) An ancient
military order in Spain and Portugal.
Jamma. [Hind.] Rent paid to the Govern-
ment of India.
Jam proximus ardet UcalSgon. [L.] Already
is neighbour Ucalegon('s house) on fire (Virgil) ;
said of dangers aflecting others which we fear
will reach ourselves.
Jam r^dlt et Virgo ; rSdeunt Satumia regna.
[L.] Already too is the virgin returning, the
Hatumian rule returns (Virgil) ; i.e. Astrsea,
goddess of justice and the Golden Age.
Jam satis! [L.] Hold, enough!
Janissaries, Janiz&ries. [Turk, yeni-ischeri,
new troops.] The militia of the Ottoman empire,
established probably by Orchan in the fourteenth
century, and supplied chiefly by the capture of
Christian slaves. It was suppressed, after a
terrible struggle, in 1826.
Janitor. [L.] Door-keeper, porter.
JANS
276
JETS
Jansenists. A body of French Roman Catho-
lics, who, following Jansen, Bishop of Ypres,
formed a considerable party in the latter part of
the seventeenth century. In their opinions they
leant to Calvinism. They were defeated in their
celebrated controversy with the Jesuits.
Janta. A machine used in India for raising
water for the irrigation of land.
Janoia olausis. [L.] WliA closed doors; in
secrecy.
Janus. [L.] (Afyth.) A god whose name is
the masculine form of Diana. The gate bearing
his name was open in times of war, and shut only
when the Roman republic was at peace.
Japanning. 1. Painting and varnishing wood,
metal, etc., after the Japanese manner. 2.
Lacquering.
Jardiniere. [Fr., gardener's zui/e.'] A pot or
vase for plants.
Jamao, Coup de. [Fr.] An attack unfair,
unexpected, fatal ; like the dagger-stab in the
leg which J. gave Chateigneraie in the ju-
dicial combat fought (1547) before Henri II. ;
" manoeuvre perfide, deloyale " (Littre).
Jaaher, or Jaahar, Book of. A book, referred
to in the Books of Joshua and Samuel, of
which nothing further is known with certainty.
— Home, Introd. to Study of the Bible ; Donald-
son, Jashar.
Jasper, [Gr. loffwii.] (/?//«.) An amorphous
silica ; red, brown, yellow, green, often banded ;
the result of igneous and hydro-thermal action
on clays. (For J. of Rev. xxi. 19, vide Plasma.)
Jasper ware. A compact hard paste, capable
of a high polish, and of being tinted throughout
by metallic oxides ; invented by Josiah Wedg-
wood.
Jaunting-car. An Irish vehicle, on which
the passengers ride sideways, sitting back to
back.
Javelin. [Fr. javeline, from It. giavelina.]
Short spear or large dart, thrown by the hand.
javelin-men. Yeomen retained by the sheriff
to guard the judge of assize.
Jaw, Jaw-rope of a gaf^ or boom. (Oa£)
JazaiL [Afgh.] Long gun — sometimes ten
feet — with narrow stock, used by the natives of
Afghanistan.
Jaserant. [O.Fr.] A frock of linked or
twisted mail, somewhat lighter than the haubCTk.
Jean. (From the town of Genoa.) Twilled
cotton cloth.
Jean Jacques. Forenames of the French
philosopher Rousseau (i 712-1778).
Jean Paul. Nom de plume of the German
author J. P. Friedrich Richter (i 763-1825).
Jedburgh justice. (Jeddart justice.)
Jeddart justice. Hanging first and trying
afterwards.
Jeers. {^A'aut.) (Halliards.)
Jehovist. 1. One who holds that the vowel
points in the word Jehovah are the proper
vowels ; in opposition to those who insist that
they are the vowels of the word Adonai. 2. The
supposed writer or writers of those passages in
the Pentateuch in which the word Jehovah
occurs, as distinguished from the Elohist writer
or writers, who use the word Elohim to denote
the Deity.
Jehu. By melon. = a fast driver (see 2 Kings
ix. 20).
Jejtlnum. [L., fasting, hunger.] {Med.)
The second portion of the small intestine,
generally found empty after death.
Jelba, or Jerba. (Maut.) A large coasting-
boat used in the Red Sea.
Jemadar. [Hind.] (Afil.) Native commis-
sioned officer of Sepoy troops, ranking with
lieutenant.
Jemmy Ducks. {Maul.) The ship's poulterer.
Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] / htozv not what.
Jenkins's Ears, Fable of. Burke's name for a
story which excited the English people against
Spain, 1739; that of one J., whose sloop had
been searched in Jamaica by a Spanish guarda-
costa, and his ear, as he said, torn off; with an
assurance that the king would have been similarly
treated.
Jennet (Genet.)
Jeofail. [For Fr. j'ai failli, / have failed.']
{Leg.) An oversight in pleadings or other legal
proceedings.
Jerboa, (Oerboa.)
Jereed. (Jerreed.)
Jeremiad. A name suggested by the Lamenta-
tions of Jeremiah, but applied satirically to
stories or speeches full of absurd pictures of
exaggerated or imaginary evils.
Jerked beef [Corr. of Fr. charcuit, cooked
flesh.] Beef cut in thin stripes and dried in the
sun.
Jerkin. [Dim. of the D. ']\iTk,afrock.] A
jacket.
Jerquing a ship. {IVaut.) The searching on
the part of the custom-house for concealed goods
in ships professedly unloaded.
Jerreed. Blunted Turkish javelin, darted
from horseback with great force and precision.
Jersey. 1. The finest wool. 2. A jacket of
coarse wool.
Jerusalem, 8t John of, Knights of. (Orders,
Beligious.)
Jerusalem Itinerary. (Itinerary.)
Jessant [O.Fr.] {//er.) Springing up.
Jesse window. {Eccl. Arch.) A window ex-
hibiting a Jesse tree, or the genealogy of our
Lord from Jesse, father of David. A window
in the church of Dorchester, near Oxford, shows
this tree worked in stone with the aid of the
mullions.
Jester. (Minstrels.)
Jesuits, {//ist.) The Society of Jesus,
founded by Ignatius Loyola, in 1 534, on the basis
of implicit submission to the commands of the
holy see.
Jet [(?) A.S. geotan, to pour ; cf. Ger. giessen,
id^ A large, wooden-handled ladle for taking
water out of a pond, and the like.
Jet, Gagate, [Gr. T(xyo.Tt\s, Gagas, a Lycian
river.] A peculiar form of pitch-coal, electrical
when rubbed. Whitby J. is from the Lias.
Jet d'eau. [Fr.] Waterspout.
Jetee. [Fr.] Pier, jetty.
Jetsam, Jetson. (Flotsam.)
JETT
277
JOHX
Jettison, or Jetsen. [L. jactationem.] (Nixut.)
The act of throwing things overboard.
Jetty. [Fr. jetee.] (ArcA.) A projection
from a building, overhanging the wall below.
Shakespeare, Alacheth, uses the iormjutty.
Jea de main, jen de vilain. [Fr.] A practical
joke is a vulgar joke.
Jen de mots. [Fr.] A play on words.
Jeu d'esprit. [Fr.] Witticism, a piece of
wit ; lit. a sport of the mind.
Jeu de theatre. [Fr.] A stage trick.
Jeonesse doree. [Fr.] Gilded youth.
Jewellers' rouge. (Colcothar.)
Jew's-harp. 1. Guimharde, jjeiu^s-irump.
A small lyre-shaped, sweet-toned instrument ;
the metal tongue is set vibrating by the finger
while blown upon with the mouth, ynv here is
only a corr. of Fr. jeu, sport ox play. 2. (A'aul.)
A shackle so shaped, and used to join a chain-
cable to the anchor.
Jezids, Yedsldis. A fanatical sect, belonging
to the mountainous country near Mosul ; their
opinions being sceminj^ly a mixture of Mo-
hammedanism, Manicheism, and Zendism. By
the Turks they are regarded as devil-worship-
pers.
Jheel. [Hind.] A shallow lake.
JhouL [Hind.] Elephant housings.
Jib. (Naut.) A large triangular sail set on a
stay and extending from the outer end of the
jibboom towards the fore-topmast head. In
cutters and sloops it is set on the bowsprit. A
sail jibs when it flies over from one side to the
other. (Crane.)
Jib-and-Staysail Jaek. (J^atU.) An inex-
perienced and (idgety officer.
Jibber the Idbber. (A<i»/.) To tie a lantern
to a horse's neck and check one of his legs, so
that the light should move like that of a ship,
and decoy vessels on shore.
Jibboom. (Bowsprit.)
Jibe. (A'aut.) To shift a sail from one side
of the vessel to another.
Jibing, or Gybing. {Naut.) Shifting the
boom of a fore-and-aft sail from one side to the
other.
Jib-topsail. (iVaut.) A fore-andafl topsail,
jib-shaped, y.-traveller, an iron ring which
runs on the booms, and to which the tack of the
J. and its guys are fastened. J-'tyet the rope
by which the J. is hoisted.
Jig, Gigue [Fr.], Gigs [It.]. 1. A lively
dance, by one or more dancers, of the same
kind as bolero and chica ; but varying much
in different countries from a somewhat sober
to a wild dramatic movement. 2. A movement
which grew out of jig tunes, the origin of the
last movement of the sonata. [(?) From jig,
gigue, a kind of fiddle, English, media:val ; or
(?) i.q. chica {q.v.) ; or are all these the same
word ?]
Jigger. {A^aut.) 1. A light tackle for hold-
ing on the cable when being hove in, and for
other pur|X)ses. 2. A small sail rigged to a mast
and boom over the stern, y.-mast, an ad-
ditional altermost mast. (Chigoe.)
Jigging. [Ger. schocken, to shake.] Shaking
a sieve full of ore in water, whereby the lightest
and least metallic pieces are brought to the top.
Jilalo. A large Manila outrigged passage-
boat.
Jimmart. [Fr.] The imaginary offspring of a
bull and a mare.
Jimmy. A short crowbar used by burglars.
Jin, Sjin. Demons or spirits in Arabian folk-
lore.
Jingo (in vulgar expletive " By J- ; " said
to be for by St. Gengulphus). One of the war
party, 1877, 1878, among Lord Beaconstield's
supporters; so called from the phrase "By J.,"
in one of the music-hall war-songs.
Jinjal. Very small cannon, used in India by
the natives.
Jo. [Scot.] Sweetheart.
Joaehims-thaler, or Thaler, whence Low Ger.
dahler, Eng. dollar. An excellent coinage of
ounce-pieces of silver from the mines of Joachims-
thal, coined by the Counts of Schlick about the
end of the fifteenth century, and which became
a pattern coinage.
Jobber. One who buys or sells for others.
Jobbing-house. [ Amer.] A mercantile estab •
lishment, which purchases from importers and
sells to retailers. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Jockie. (Minstrels.)
Joco di mano, joco villano. [It.] (Jeu de
main.)
Jodein [Ger.], Jodie [onomatop.]. With the
Swiss and Tyrolese, a peculiar manner of sing-
ing in harmonic progressions, with natural and
falsetto voices rapidly alternating.
Joggle-joints. (Arch.) Joints fastened by
jogs, or knots, the surfaces of the adjacent stones
being mutually indented. (Babbeting.)
Jogues, Tugs. Mythical eras of immense
length in the chronology of the Hindus,
answering to the Hesiodic ages in Greek my-
thology.
John Company. So the Indian natives, unable
to realize government by a society, called the
E. I. Company, which ceased .September I,
1858 ; the Queen being proclaimed Sovereign of
India, with Lord Canning as first Viceroy.
John Doe and Bichard Boe. In Law, fictitious
personages, plaintiff and defendant, generally in
actions of ejectment ; previous to the passing of
the Common Law Procedure Act, 1852. They
were employed to save certain niceties of law.
(See Stephens's Commentaries.)
John Dory. [(?) Fr. jaune-doree, yellow-
golden, or doree with John prefixed, or the Gasc.
jan, i.e. cock (?).] (Ichth.) Marine fish, with
deep compressed body, elongated spines to first
dorsal fin, olive brown with yellow tinge.
British. Zeus [Gr. ^ai6s\ faber, fam. Scom-
brldae (mackarel kind), ord. AcanthoptSrygli,
sub-class Teltost^I.
John O'Groat's House, more correctly Johnny
Groat's. (John Grot, chamberlain to the Earl of
Caithness, circ. 1500.) On Dungansby Head, at
extreme north-east point of Scotland ; (?) built for
travellers to and from the Orkneys ; now a small
green knoll, (For its traditions, see Chambers's
Encyclopadia.)
JOHN
278
JUDT
Johnsonese, Johnsonian English. Refer to
Johnson's use of long, pompous words from the
Latin ; the structure of sentences being plain.
Joint-stock. Stock held in company, divided
or divisible into shares transferable at the
pleasure of any stockholder.
Joint-tenancy. (Leg.) A tenure of the same
estate in unity of title, interest, and possession by
two or more persons each of which is seised per
my ct per tout, with accession of the rights and
interests of a deceased joint-tenant or joint-
tenants to the survivors or survivor. J. must
subsist ab initio by the estate vesting in the
joint-tenants at the same time. (Coparcenary;
jns accrescendi ; Tenancy in common.)
JointTire. [Fr. , from L. '}\\VLC\XiXZ., a joining,
from jungo, / join.\ (Leg.) Strictly a joint
estate limited to husband and wife, generally
a sole estate limited to the wife inuring on the
husband's death, vested in herself for her own
life at least, expressly in satisfaction of her
whole dower.
• Joists. (Arch.) The timbers of a floor to
which the boards or laths of the ceiling are
fastened.
Jolly. (Naut.) A soldier. Royal J., a
marine. Tame J., a militiaman. J.-boat,
clinker-built and tubby, about four feet beam
by twelve feet long. J. -jumpers, sails above
the moonrakers. J. Roger, the pirate's flag,
skull and cross-bones white, on a black ground.
Jonathan, Brother, = the people of the
United States. Washington, when in difficulty,
often said, "We must consult Brother Jonathan,"
i.e. J, Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut, in
whom he had great confidence, and whose name
became a byword. (See Bartlett's American-
isms. )
Jonath-elem-rechokim. In title of Ps. Ivi.,
"the dove of silence of the far ones," "the
silent dove among aliens," the name of a tune (?) ;
the tune and the circumstances of David being
connected.
Jongleur. (Troubadour.)
Jornada. [Sp.] A march or journey per-
formed in a day. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Joseph. [Fr.] 1. Thin tissue paper. 2. Thin
silvered paper.
Joss. [Corr. of Sp. and Port. Dios, God.'\ A
Chinese deity or idol ; hence Joss-house, a
temple.
Jot or tittle. Matt. v. 18 : Jot [Gr. \arTd\ is
Heb. yod, the smallest letter of the alphabet ;
tittle \K(paka\, a //^r«-like mark, a small stroke
distinguishing, e.g., E from F.
Jonrdain, JL. Hero of Moliere's comedy,
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, a rich tradesman who
desires to acquire accomplishments and fashion-
able manners late in life. He talked prose with-
out knowing it, not knowing the meaning of the
word "prose."
Jour de I'an. [Fr.] New Year's Day.
Journal. [L. diurnus, of a day, daily."] 1.
(Naut.) The log-book, or log, i.e. a ship's daily
register of winds, weather, course and distance,
and of all matters worthy of record. 2.
{,Mech.) The part of a rotating piece of
machinery or of a shaft which is supported by
the frame of the machine ; it works in a y.-box.
The support of a journal is not necessarily fixed ;
thus a crank-pin is a journal.
Jotimey. [Fr. joumee, a day's length, L.
diurnus ; cf. It. giorno.] An agricultural
labourer's day's work, especially in ploughing.
Journeyman. [From Fr. joumee, a day, a
da/s 7t'ork. ] 1. A man who works for hire by
the day. 2. One who works for hire for any
time or by any term.
Jousts. [It. giastrare, Fr. jouster, to tilt.]
Popular military games of the Middle Ages.
JoviaL [Fr. jovialis, pertaining to Jupiter
(gen. Jovis).] 1. (Astrol.) Under the influence
of the planet Jupiter. 2. Merry, full of animal
spirits, gay. 8. (Alchem.) Pertaining to tin.
Jube (so called from the form " Jube, domne,
benedicere," uttered before the intoning of the
Gospel). The French name for the Bood-loft,
or rood-screen.
Jubilee year. [L. jubilo, I shout for joy, Heb.
yobel, to rejoice.] The grand sabbatical year of
the Jews, which was to be celebrated after
every seven septenaries of years, as a year of
general release of all debtors and slaves. In
modern times, the word has been applied to
celebrations recurring at intervals of half or of a
quarter of a century.
Judaic. [L. Judaicus, of Judaea.] Jewish.
Juddock. (Omith.) The jack-snipe, Scolopax
gallinula, fam. Scolopacidae.
Judex damnatnr cum nScens absolvitnr. [L.]
(Leg.) The judge is condemned when a guilty
person is acquitted. Motto of the Edinburgh
Review.
Judge-Advocate. (Leg^ An officer appointed
to attend courts-martial, to provide accommoda-
tion for the court, to summon witnesses, to
administer oaths to them and the court, to
advise the court, to see that the prisoner is
properly defended, and to send minutes of pro-
ceedings to the y.-A. -General, an officer ap-
pointed by letters patent under the Great Seal,
who can himself attend courts-martial, all other
J. -A. officiating at home being his deputies.
Judge-Advocate-GeneraL The adviser of the
Crown in naval and military law.
Judgment. [Fr. jugement, L. judicium.]
(Log.) The mental operation which decides
whether two notions resulting from simple
Apprehension agree or disagree. It must, there-
fore, be either affirmative or negative.
Judicature, Supreme Court of, consists of (i)
the Court of Appeal, and (2) the High Court oj
yustice. (i) Sits in two divisions, one at West-
minster, the other at Lmcoln's Inn ; the former
takes appeals from the Common Law Division ;
the latter from the Chancery Divisions, including
bankruptcy appeals. (2) Consists of Queen's
Bench and Probate-Divorce, and Admiralty
Divisions. (See Charles Dickens's Dictionary
of London.)
Judicature Act Lord Selborne's, 1873,
unified the various high courts of law into the
Supreme Court of Judicature.
Judicial Committee of Privy Council, established
'r
JUDI
279 JURI
3 and 4 Will. IV., consists of a Lord President,
the Lord Chancellor, and certain judges, being
P. Councillors. Under 34 and 35 Vict., and
under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 39 and 40
Vict., four are paid members. In ecclesiastical
appeals, the archbishops and bishops, or some
of them, attend, either as members or assessors.
The court also receives appeals from the colonies,
India included, " and, generally, appeals in all
other matters in which the Crown's intervenion
is rather executive than judicial." — Brown, Law
Dictionary.
Judiciary. [L. judiciarius, from judicium, law
court, from judex, gen. \c\%,judge.\ Pertaining
to judgments or law courts.
Jtldldam Dei [L.] In former days, the re-
sult of an appeal to the judgment of Cod, by
means of various ordeals, single combat, etc.
Jvdbu [kuss. youft.] Tanned ox-hides.
Bloomed jufs are red hides, having flower-like
spots upon them.
Jaggemaat, properly Jaganath. [Skt., lord
of the Tvorid.] The name under which Brahma is
worshipped, especially at Pooree, in Orissa, the
image on the great festival being dragged along
in a huge car.
Jnggler. (Hinstreli.)
Jagnlar veins. {Anat.) Two on each side of
the n^ck [L. jugulum] by which the blood is
brought from the head.
Joleii. [Ar. jelab, a reddish medicinal drink,
made of fruit, etc., from Pers. gul, rose, ap,
70cUer.\ A sweet, cooling drink.
Julian calendar. (New Style.)
Julian period consists of 7980 (= 28 X 19 X 15)
Julian years, after which the years of the Solar,
Metonic, and Indiotion cycles come round again
in the same order ; the year of each cycle was
I on B.C. 4713; the J. P. begins on the ist of
January in that year. The use of the J. P. first
brought light and order into chronology.
Jump a claim. In Western parlance, is to
endeavour to obtain possession of the land, or
"claim," which has been taken up and occupied
by a settler, or " squatter," in a new country. —
Bartlett's Americanisms.
Jumper. A long borer, used by one person to
prepare a hole for blasting.
Juncate. (Junket.)
Juneite. [L. juncus, a rwjA.] (Geol.) Fossil
stems, rushlike in appearance ; their aihnities
uncertain.
. Jnngada. (Naut.) A kind of raft, with
mast and tilt, used on the coast of Peru.
Jungle. [Hind, jangal, desert, forest.^ Land
covered with trees and brushwood or coarse
vegetation, affording cover to wild beasts.
Jungle fever. [Hind, jungal, wooded swamp.}
A kind of intermittent fever, appearing in the
jungle districts.
Junior. [L. junior, younger, comp. of
jQvdnis.] (Leg.) 1. A barrister under the rank
of Q.C. or Serjeant. 2. The younger in standing
of two barristers engaged in a case. 8. An
ofScer of the bar on circuit.
Jiuolus. Pseudonym of the writer of a series
of political letters in the Pttblie Advertiser,
19
1769-1772, attacking royalty and great men
connected with the Government. The authorship
of these letters, which are believed by Macaulay
and others to have been written by Sir Philip
Francis, is still a vexed question.
Junk. [L. juncus, a rush, of which ropes
were made.] (A^aut.) 1. Hard salted beef supplied
to ships. 2. Piece of old cables or cordage cut
up for various purposes. 3. The flat-bottomed,
square-bowed vessels of China, having big sails,
water-tight compartments, and a deep rudder.
Junket, Juncate. [L.L. juncata, a cream-cheese
made in a basket of junci, rushes.\ 1. A cream-
cheese. 2. Any dainty. 3. A feasting on the
sly.
Junta. A grand Spanish council of State. In
England the word J. was used as an equivalent
for Cabal, or faction.
Jupe. [Fr.] Petticoat, skirt.
Jupiter. (Planet)
Jnpon, Juppon. [Fr. jupon.] 1. A tight-
fitting, sleeveless jacket, reaching to the hips, of
silk or velvet over several thicknesses of other
stuff, embroidered with the wearer's arms, and
ending in a rich border. 2. A petticoat.
Jurassio. In continental Geol., = Lias and
Oolite ; the rocks of the Jura being analogous to
the typical Lias and Oolite series of England,
" black " (lowest), " brown " (middle), "white "
(uppermost) "Jura."
Jurat. [L., he swears.'] {Leg.) 1. Memo-
randum of time, place, an<l person before whom
an afiidavit is sworn. 2. An officer for the
government of some corporation, not unlike an
alderman. The bailiff in Jersey has twelve jurats
as assistants.
Jflratores sunt jadices factL [L.] (Leg.)
furors are the judges of matters of fact.
Juratory caution. (Scot. Lara.) A kind of
caution (security) offered by a complainer who
cannot offer any better.
Jur&vi lingua, mentem inj&ratam gero. [L.]
/ have sTvorn with my tongue, I have a mind
unsivorn (Cicero). Gr. 'H y\&aa' opuiixox' v 8i
ippiiy kviiixoros (Euripides).
JftrS cUvIno. By divine right ; as opposed to
J. ecclesiastico, J. humano, J. gentium. The
ministry, sacraments, are J. D.
Juridical. [L. jurTdicus, relating to adminis-
tration of justice, from jus, right, law, and root
of dico, / say.\ Pertaining to judges, judg-
ments, or courts of law. y. days, those on which
courts can lawfully sit for the administration of
justice.
jurisconsult [L. jurisconsultus.] (Leg.) One
learned in the law, especially Roman law.
Jurisdiction. [L. jurisdictio, -nem, adminis-
tration of justice!] (Leg.) 1. The extent of the
power of a court to hear and determine causes.
2. The extent of the power and authority of a
government or an officer to execute justice.
jaris et de jare. [L.] (Leg.) Of law and
from laiv ; of a conclusive presumption.
Jurisprudence. [L. juris-prudentia.] The
science of law, especially of Roman law.
Jurist. [From L. jus, juris, law.] A civili
lawyer, a student of civil law.
JURO
280
KAOL
Juror, Withdrawal of a, is, in effect, as if
no action had been brought.
Jury, Trial by. Trial by a judge in presence
of twelve men, selected for the purpose, to
pronounce on the conclusiveness or inconclu-
siveness of the evidence laid before them. The
old compurgators were in strictness nothing more
than witnesses to character. (Compurgation.)
Jury-mast (said to be for injury-mast, one
put in place of an injured mast). (Naul.) A
temporary mast, or substitute for one.
Jury-rudder. • {A'aut.) Any contrivance for
steering a ship when the rudder is disabled.
Jus acereseendi. The right of survivorship,
or, as it is called. Accrual, in joint-tenancies.
JfLs albinatus. [L.L.] (Leg.) (Droit d'au-
baine.)
Jus Auglorum. [L.] Laws and customs of
the West Saxons before the Norman Conquest.
Jfls Civile. [L., civil law."] The whole body
of law of any state applying to the citizens
[cives] ; especially the whole body of Roman
law, founded on leges, enactments of law.
Jus ex injtria non 8ritur. [L.] {Leg.) A
right does not arise ottt of a wrong.
Jtis gentium. [L., laiv of nations.'] The
common law of all mankind, founded on
naturalis ratio, natural reason.
Jus non scriptum. [L.] The unwritten law ;
of humanity, social interest, public opinion ; in-
troduced by custom, with the tacit consent of
the legislator.
Jus postlimlnii. [L.] 1. The right of re-
turning home, and resuming former privileges ;
the right of a citizen of Rome who, having been
made a slave, resumed his rights under a fiction
that he had not been in captivity at all. 2.
*' The right of restitution after recapture, as
applied in maritime law " now (Brown," Law
Dictionary).
Jussi. (Native name.) A delicate fibre obtained
from Manila.
Jus Bummum ssepe summa m&Utia est. [L.]
Extreme legality is often extreme wickedness
(Terence). (Summum jus.)
Juste milieu. [P>., the just mean.] The term
used to express Louis Philippe's system of
government, which began with Casimir Perier
after the revolution of 1830.
Justice Clerk, Lord. The second highest judge
in Scotland, and, in the absence of the Lord
Justice-General, the presiding judge of the Court
of Justiciary.
Justice-General, Lord. The highest judge in
Scotland ; called also Lord President of the
Court of Session.
Justice seat (Forest courts.)
Justiciary, High Court of. (Scot. Law.) The
supreme criminal tribunal of Scotland.
Justify. [L. Justus, right, facere, to make.]
In Printing, to form even or true lines of type
by proper spacing.
Justinian, The English. Edward I.
Jnstiuianist. One who studies the civil law
codified by order of Justinian.
Justnm et tSnaoem prop6slti virum. [L.] An
upright man and firm in his resolution (Horace).
Jute. A fibrous material like hemp, imported
from BengaL
Jnvema. An old name of Ireland.
K. After it had almost entirely disappeared
from the Latin orthography, was retained in
certain abbreviations ; thus, K. for Cseso, K. or
Kal. for Calendse, KA. for Capitalis, K.S.,
Cams suis.
Kaaba. The great temple at Mecca ; so called
from the black stone worshipped there before
the time of Mohammed — probably a large
aerolite.
Kadi. (Cadi.)
Eaimakan. In the Ottoman empire, a deputy
or governor, of which there are generally two —
one residing at Constantinople, the other attend-
ing the grand vizier as his lieutenant.
Kaims, Karnes. (Geol.) Ridges of post-
Glacial gravel and sand, at the ends of valleys,
like embankments From a few yards to twenty
miles long ; twenty to sixty feet high. So called
in Scotland ; known as Eskirs, or Escars, in
Ireland.
Kaique. (Caique.)
KalanL An Oriental notary public and public
weigher.
Kaleidoscope. [Gr. KdK6s, beautiful, eTSos,
form, ffKOTtfu, I behold.] A well-known -toy in-
vented by Sir D. Brewster, in which elegant
coloured patterns are formed by the symmetrical
distribution of the images formed by successive
reflexion at two or three mirrors inclined to each
other at angles of 60".
Kalends, Kalendse. (Calends.)
Kalewala. The Finnic epic poem, which
is ascribed to Wdindmoinen.
Kalmucks, Kali. A tribe of Tartars.
Kami. The Japanese name for the gods who
formed their first mythical dynasty.
Kamptulicon. [A word coined from Gr.
KajuirT<Js, flexible, tvKi\, a fad, or i/A.77, matter. ]
A kind of floor-cloth made by mixing cork,
wool, etc., with melted indiarubber, and spread-
ing the mixture on canvas.
Kaneh. \yi€o., cane, ox reed ^ A Jewish mea-
sure of length, for measuring on a large scale ;
as in Ezekiel's vision of the temple and its mea-
surement (ch. xl., et seq.).
Kanjia. (Naut.) A Nile passenger-boat.
Kantian. Relating to the philosophy of Im-
manuel Kant (1724-1804).
Kaolin. [Chin, word.] Porcelain clay ; a dull
opaque clay, of various shades of white ; arising
KAPE
281
KEYS
from decomposition of felspar. A large tract
near St. Austell, on rotting granite, supplies
Worcester, etc.
Kapellmeister. (Capelmeister.)
Kara. A Tartar word, meaning black; used
also in the sense of tributary, as the Kara
Kalpacks.
Karaites. (Canutes.)
Karaman. Province of Asia Minor about the
time of the Reformation ; north of Itohil.
Karbaty. (Carbasse.)
Karmathians. A Mohammedan sect of the
ninth century ; so called from its founder,
Karmata.
Karmina. (Up&dina.)
Karroo. Hottentot term for immense undulat-
ing plain, about 2000 feet above the sea, north
of the Black Mountains of Cape Colony ; of rich
clay soil, but unwatered.
Kat (Cat.)
Katching oil. A very clear oil made of
ground-nuts, used in India for cooking.
Kate. [Hind.] A plantation, ajield.
Kayak. Fishing-boat of the arctic regions.
Kazio. A fishing-boat of Shetland.
Kaxy. [Hind.] A Mohammedan magistrate
in Indi.-i.
Keblah, Khebli. (Kiblah.)
Keckle, or Caokle. (A'aut.) To cover a
cable spirally with old rope.
Kedge, or Kedger. (Anchors.)
Kedgeree. An Indian dish of fish and rice.
Keel. [A.S. ceol.] {Naut.) 1. A low and flat-
bottomed Tyne boat for carrying coals to col-
liers. 2. The principal timber quasi-backbone
of a ship. To give the A'., to careen.
Keel-naal, To, or Keel-rake. (Naut.) To
drop a man into the sea on one side of a vessel
and haul him up on the other; dragging him
under the K.
Keelson, or Kelson. (JVaut.) An internal
keel above the floor timbers, and immediately
over the keel.
Keep (that which keeps or protects). The
innermost and strongest tower of a castle, in
which treasure and prisoners of importance could
be most carefully guarded.
Keeping-room. [Prov. Eng.] A common
sitting-room, not the parlour, but the second best
room. New England. — ^2iT\.\eii^% Americanisms.
Keesh. Flakes of carburet of iron on the sur-
Cice of pig iron.
. Keeve. [O.E. cyf.] A large vat used for fer-
menting liquor or dressing ores.
Keil, or Bed clay. A deep red peroxide of
iron, used in marking.
Kelp. [O.Fr. kilpe.] The ashes of burnt
seaweed.
Kelpie. [Scot.] A horse-shaped water-sprite,
which is supposed to forewarn any one destined
to be drowned in the vicinity of the noises and
lights which it gives forth.
Kelson rider. (False kelson.)
Kelt Salmon after spawning.
Kelter. [Celt, celtoir, dress, matter.'] 1.
Order, condition. 2. (A'aut.) In good order ;
applies to ships and men. (Kilter.)
Keltic languages. 1. Cymric class: i.e. (i)
Welsh ; (2) Cornish ; (3) Bas-Breton. 2.
Gadhelic : (\) Erse, or Irish ; (2) Gaelic, spoken
in Scotch Highlands ; (3) Manx, in Isle of
Man. — Morris, English Accidence.
Kemp, Kempty. Coarse rough hair in wool,
injuring its quality.
Kennaquhair. [Scot., ken not where.] A
fabricated name of an imaginary locality ; c/.
Ger. weissnichtwo. (Utopia.)
Kent, Holy Maid of. (Holy Maid of Kent.)
Kepler's laws. (Johann K. , born near Stutt-
gart, 1 59 1, died 1630.) Certain laws relating
to the motion of the planets, viz. : 1. They
describe ellipses round the sun, which is in one
of their foci. 2. The line joining a planet and
the sun traces out equal areas in equal times.
3. The squares of their periodic times are as the
cubes of their major axes.
Keramic, or Ceramic, art. [Gr. fj Ktp&fuK'fi,
the (art) which has to do with Kfpafios, potter's
earth.] Pottery. Kh-Hmeikos, or C^rdmicus, in
Athens, the potters' quarter.
Kerlangnishes. [Turk., s^vallows.] (Naut.)
Fast sailing-boats of the Bosphorus.
Kermes. [Ar. for cochineal insect, from Skt.
karmi, inorm.] Dried insects used as a scarlet
dye-stuff.
Kermes mineral (from its scarlet colour).
An amorphous trisulphide of antimony used in
medicine.
Kern. [Erse ceam, 7varrior.^ 1. A foot-
soldier in Ireland or the Scottish Highlands.
2. (Leg.) Kernes, idlers, vagabonds. 3. In
Printing, that part of a type which hangs over •
the body or shank. '
Kerosine. [Gr. Kjjpii, 7vax.] An oil ex-
tracted from bituminous coal.
Kerseymere. (Cassimere.)
Ketch. [Fr. caiche, Sp. queche, D. kits.]
(Naut.) A galliot-built vessel, with main and
mizzen masts, of from 100 to 150 tons burden.
K.bomb, one built very strongly, and carrying a
master.
Ketch, Jack. Common name for the hangman
in England ; said to have been the name of that
officer in the reign of James II., or a corr. of
Jacquett's, from the name of the lord of the manor
of Tyburn.
Kettle-boiling sound. (Med.) One of the
chest-sounds heard at the beginning of phthisis.
Kettle-bottomed. (Naut.) Flat-bottomed.
Kettle-dnuns. Basins of copper or brass, with
parchment stretched over the top.
Keuper of Germany [Ger. kupfer, copper] =
uppermost division, red sandstones and marls,
with salt and alabaster ; of the Triassic period.
Kevels, or Cavils. (Naut.) Lar^e cleats, or
pieces of timber above the rail, for belaying
ropes to, etc. Kevel-heads, ends of top timbers,
rising above the gunwale, and used as kevels.
Key; K.-seat (Mech.) A small wedge for
fixing wheels, pulleys, etc., to their shafts. The
recess into which the key is driven is the /T.-seat,
called also K.-bed and K.-tvay.
Key-Stone. The middle or uppermost vcussoir
of an arch.
KHAL
282
KING
Khalif. (Caliph.)
Khamseen. [Ar., fifty^ A hot southerly wind
in Egypt, because it blows for fifty days after
Khan. [Turk.] 1. King, chief. 2. An Oriental
inn or caravanserai.
Khansaman-jee. [Hind.] J/ecui-hdZ/er in India.
Khedive. 1. [Turk.] Title of the Porte's
viceroy in Egypt. 2. [Pers.] Khediv, prince,
sovereign.
Khi^aut-gar. [Hind.] A footman in India.
Khi-lin. (Kylin.)
Khotbah. [Ar.] A Mohammedan form of
prayer, used in the great mosques on Friday at
noon.
Kiabooca wood. Ambo^ma wood.
Kibble. [Ger. kiible.] A bucket in which ore
is raised from a mine.
Kibe. \Cf. Skt. root jambh, from gabh, to
snap, bite, said to be Welsh cibwst, from cib,
cup, gwst, malady, as if roundecl, swelling
malady (Skeat, Etym. Diet.).] Chilblain, as if
ixo%t-bite.
Kibitka. [Russ.] A rude kind of waggon
without springs, used by the Tartars ; also used
as a hut.
Kiblah. The point to which Mohammedans
turn when praying. This point was at first
Jerusalem ; but Mohammed afterwards changed
it to the Kaabah at Mecca. — Muir, Life of
Mahomet, ch. x.
Kickshaw. [For Fr. quelque chose, anything
•whatever. ^ 1. Some fancy thing, hard to give a
name to. 2. A fancy dish.
Kicksywicksy. A gibberish word, first used
by Shakespeare, seemingly to denote restless-
ness, and applied contemptuously to a wife.
Kid. 1. A faggot or bundle of heath and furze.
2. (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Kiddow. (Guillemot.)
Kieve. [Ger. kufe.] A large tub for washing
ores.
TfifHa. {^Naut.) A large Indian boat fitted
with cabins on either side.
-kil-. Erse part of names, meaning hermit's
cell or church, as in Kil-kerran, Church of St.
Ciarran ; Icolm-kill, Church of Island of St.
Coluniha.
Kilhamites. (New Connexion Kethodists.)
Killaa Local name for a Cornish group of
schistose Devonian rocks, much altered near the
granite, the elvan, and other dykes ; in which
lies a great part of the mineral wealth of Corn-
wall.
Kilogramme ; Kilolitre ; Kilometre. Measures
of a thousand [Or. x'^""] grammes, litres, and
metres respectively. (Gramme ; Litre ; Metre.)
Kilter. ( Used still in Suffolk. ) Out of kilter,
in a bad condition ; out of shape. Halliwell
notices the word kelter as provincial in Eng-
land ; and Barrow uses it with the prefixed
" out of: " " If the organs of prayer are out of
kelter, or out of tune, how can we pray?"
(Barrow's Sermons). — Bartlett's Americanisms.
(Kelter.)
Kimeridge clay. (K., near Weymouth, where
the beds terminate.) (Geol.) A fossiliferous
clay of the Upper Oolite, containing a bitumi-
nous shale, called Kim-coal.
Kindergarten. [Ger., lit. children*s garden.]
In Germany, a kind of infant school, where
children of all classes of society, not yet old
enough for school, are taken care of, generally
from nine o'clock to one ; with systematically
arranged amusements, more or less instructive.
Kindfest. [Ger., child feast.] 1. The Feast
of Holy Innocents. 2. In N. Germany, a day
once kept in memory of the invention of the
child Jesus in the Temple.
Kinematics, Cinematics. [Gr. KlvrifjM, a move-
ment given. ] The science of motion in its purely
geometrical relations, without reference to the
forces producing it.
Kinesipathy. [Gr. Kivi\<ris, movement, iriOos,
affection.] Treatment of disease by appropriate
movements, exercises of the limbs.
KInfisis. Any kind of morbid affections of
movement [Gr. Kimiffis].
Kinetics. [Gr. Kltn\riK6s, fit for moving.] The
science which determines the motion of bodies
due to the action of forces.
Kineton, Battle of. Now always spoken of as
B. of Edgehill, October 23, 1642 (see Claren-
don's Hist, of Kebellion).
King-at-arms. {^Her.) An heraldic officer
whose business it is to declare war, arrange
coronations, etc. ; the chief of the three Garter
kings-at-arms. Clarencieux and Norroy superin-
tend the provinces south and north of the Trent
respectively.
King*bird. (Omith.) Spec, of shrike, eight
inches long, black and grey, with red crest.
America. Tyrannus intrepTdus [L., intrepid
tyrant], sub-fam. T^ranninae, fam. Tyrannidas,
ord. Passeres.
King James's Bible. (Bible, English.)
King Log. The log sent to the frogs in
^sop's fable, when they asked Jupiter for a king.
King-post. (Arch.) The middle post of a
roof, supported by the tie-beam and reaching to
the ridge. (Strut.)
King's Book. 1. (Liber Beg^.) 2. A Neces-
sary Erudition of any Christian Alan, A.D.
1543, put forth under sanction of King (Henry
V 1 1 1 . ) and Convocation ; a revision of the Insti-
tution, etc., or Bishops' Book (q.v.).
King's evidence (or Queen's). One who,
having been an accomplice in some crime, con-
fesses, offering all the evidence he has to give ;
generally pardoned, but not absolutely entitled
to pardon ; admissible by the judge as a witness
in the trial of fellow-criminals.
King's evil. Popular name for scrofula, once
believed to be curable by a royal touch. Clovis
touched, A.D. 481 ; and English sovereigns —
Edward the Confessor to Anne — and Prince
Charles Edward at Holyrood, 1745. An Office
for the ceremony appears in our Liturgy as late
as 1719.
King's Men, King's Friends. A cabal, sepa-
rating the court (of George III.) from the Ad-
ministration, controlling the ministry, "intercept-
ing the favour, protection, and confidence of the
Crown, . . . coming between them and their
KING
283
KNIG
importance in Parliament, . . . the whole system
called the Double Cabinet" and "throwing
everything more and more into the hands of the
interior managers." — Burke, Presen.' Discontents.
King's Qohair, i.e. Quire. A collection of
love-verses of great beauty and merit, written by
James I. of Scotland (assassinated a.d. 1437),
in imitation of Petrarch.
King Stork. The stork sent by Jupiter to
rule the frogs, when dissatisfied with King Log
{q.v.). K. S. began at once to gobble up his
subjects.
King's yellow. Orpiment.
Kingwood. A violet-streaked Brazilian wood
used in turnery, etc.
Kino. [E.-Indian word.] An astringent ex-
tract obtained from certain tropical trees.
Kiosk. [Turk.] 1. An open Turkish sum-
mer-house, consisting of a roof supported on light
pillars. 2. Such a structure used as a news-
paper stall or flower stall in Paris, etc. [Pers.
and Turk, kouchk, a " belv^d^re " (Littre).]
Kipper. A salmon split open, salted, and
dried or smoked.
Kips. The skins of young animals for tanning.
Kirk. The Scottish form of the word Church,
connoting also the Presbyterianism of the Estab-
lishment.
Kirsohwaner. [Ger., cherry-water. '\ A
spirituous liquor made by fermenting the sweet
and small black cherry.
Kirtle. [AS. cyrtel, Dan. kiortel.] A jacket
or short gown, a mantle, an outer petticoat.
Kish. A substance like plumbago, which
forms in a blast furnace.
Kismet. [Ar., it is decreed.^ Mohammedan
expression of resignation to what is fated.
Kissing-emst A projecting piece of upper
crust which has touched another loaf in baking.
Kist. [Hind.] An instalment of tax or rent
paid by ryots in India to Government.
Kit. 1. (Mil.) The whole of the necessaries
carried by a soldier in his knapsack. [For K.
in the sense of a collection, a brood, cf. D.
kudde, a flock, Bav. kiitt, and Ger. kette, a
covey of partridges (Wedgwood).] 2. A small
violin, about sixteen inches long, u.sed by dancing-
masters ; (?) carried in the kit or pocket. K.
is in Fr. pochette.
Kit-est. Canvas measuring twenty-nine inches
by thirty-six, for portrait-painting.
Kit-Cat Clnb. Circ. 1688 ; at first simply con-
jvivial, afterwards in Queen Anne's reign exclu-
sively political, its members devoted to the
Hanoverian succession ; among them were
Addison, Steele, Walpole, etc. {Christopher
Cat supplied the club with mutton pies.) Sir
G. Kneller, a member, accommodated a new-
sized canvas to the height of the walls ; hence
Kit-cat, = three quarters' length.
Kitchen-middings, Kjokken-middings (Mid-
den), Shell-mounds, of Denmark. Refuse-heaps
— Neolithic — containing all kinds of household
objects, either thrown away or lost ; but not any
remains of extinct animals, nor any trace of
metal.
Kite. [Welsh cud, O.E. cyta, (?) from its
chiding cry.] 1. (Ornith.) Milvus vulgaris
fL., common kite], a bird of the sub-fam.
Aquillnje, twenty to twenty-six inches long ;
reddish-brown forked tail. Fam. Falconidae, ord.
Accipitres. 2. {/chth.) Rhombus [Gr., dia-
mond-shape\ vulgaris [L., common], the brill,
a fish of the fam. Pleuronectidaj, smaller than
turbot ; colour light and dark brown, speckled
with white. Ord. Anacanthini, sub-class Tele-
ostel.
Kiteflying. [Amer.] An expression well
known to mercantile men of limited means or
who are short of cash. It is a combination
between two persons, neither of whom has any
funds in bank, to exchange each other's cheques
which may be deposited in lieu of money, taking
good care to make their bank accounts good
before their cheques are presented for payment.
— Rartlett's Americanisms.
Kith. [A.C. cyiS, Ger. kunde, acquaintance,
knaivledge, from A.S. cunnan, to ken, know.]
Acquaintance, people whom one knows.
Kit's Coty House. A well-known cromlech
(q.v.) between Maidstone and Rochester.
Kittiwake. (So named from its cry.) Spec,
of gull, fifteen or sixteen inches long ; plumage
grey and white, varying with age and season,
hind toe rudimentary. Widely distributed.
Larus tridactylus [Gr. rpus, three, SdKTv\os,
finger, toe], gen. Larus [Gr. and L., gull], fam.
Larldie, ord. Ansdres.
Kiwi-kiwi. (Native name.) (Apteryx.)
Klaus, Peter. A German goatherd of Sitten-
dorf, whom a magic draught sent to sleep for
twenty years.
Kleptomania. [Coined from Gr. «AeirT«, /
steal, nayla, madttess.] A morbid desire to steal,
in persons neither poor nor uneducated.
Kloof. [Boer.] A cleft, or rocky ravine, in
S. Africa.
Knapsack. [(?) Ger. knappe, a journeyman,
sack, bag.] (Mil.) Waterproof receptacle car-
ried on the back or loins of an infantry soldier,
to contain spare clothing and necessaries.
Knee. In ship-building, is an angular piece of
wood or iron, connecting the deck-beams with
the ribs of the vessel.
Knee; K-timber. A. knee. Jn /T.-timber, the
bend has been produced naturally in the growth
of the tree.
Knee-rafter, Crook-rafter. (Arch.) A rafter
of which the lower end is crooked downwards
to rest more firmly on the wall.
Knife-board. The outside seat along the
front of an omnibus, with the driver's box in the
middle ; so called from the shape of the foot-
board.
Knight-heads. (Niaut.) 1. Two large timbers
for supporting the bowsprit, rising above and on
each side of the stem, i.q. Bollard timbers. 2. In
merchant ships, the bitts supporting the ends
of the windlass, on the main-deck. 3. The
lower jear-blocks, which were formerly bitts with
sheaves in them.
Knight of the shire, A'. 0/ Parliament. A
county M.P. ; town members being Burgesses.
Knight-service. (Leg.) Tenure in chivalry.
KNIG
284
KYLE
created by investiture w ith a Knight's fee of
twelve plough-lands, i.e. 800 or 680 acres, worth
£,■2.0 a year, the tenant giving homage, fealty,
and forty days' military service a year, and
eventually other harassing services. This tenure
did not always imply the amount of land
mentioned.
Knight's fee. (Enight-seryioe.)
Knights Hospitaller, K. of St. John of Jeru-
salem, K. of Bhodes, K. of Malta. (Hospitaller.)
Knittles. (Naut.) Small lines used as points
for reefing, etc.
Knobkuri. A club varying in length from one
to six feet, terminated by a knob, and used, the
smaller ones as missiles, by the natives of
S. Africa.
Knob-stiok. A man who does not belong to
a trades-union, and who works during a strike.
Knot. [Akin to L. nodus.] (Aa«/.) 1. K. to
be tied. (Hitch.) 2. K. on the log-line is the
y^th of a Geog. or Naut. mile. Hence the
number of knots run per half-minute gives the
number of miles per hour, which are conse-
quently termed knots, and = 2025 yards ap-
proximately.
Knott. In names of places, = a small round
hill, as in Ling Knott.
Knout. [Russ.] A whip, consisting of a
handle two feet long, a leather thong four feet
long, with a metal ring at the end to which the
striking part is attached, i.e. a flat tongue of
hardened hide two feet long. It is used for
torturing human beings.
Know-nothings. Founded, 1853, by an ex-
midshipman, Ned Buntline. A secret, exclusive,
political order ; none to be admitted whose
grandfathers were not American natives ; in
answer to every question, they "knew nothing."
They maintained — (i) repeal of all naturalization
laws ; (2) none but native Americans for office ;
(3) a pure American common school system ;
(4) war on Romanism. — ')izx\\&\.^?, Americanisms.
Knubs. Waste silk formed in winding off the
threads from a cocoon.
Knur, Knurl, Knar. \Cf. Ger. knorren.] 1.
A knot, a hard lump. 2. A slender club used
in the Yorkshire game of K. and spell.
Koala. 1. A name for the jackal in the
Marathi language. 2. (Wombat.)
Kobold. A German word denoting a spectre,
and answering to the Eng. goblin.
Kobus. {Zool. ) A gen. of cervicaprine ante-
lope. Trop. Africa.
Ko£ {Naut.) A large Dutch coaster, two-
masted, with spritsails.
Koodoo, Kudu. {Zool. ) Tragelaphus strepsi.
ceros, one of the handsomest of bovine antelopes.
African highlands, from Abyssinia seawards.
Fam. Bovidae, ord. Ungiilata.
Kookrie. Broad-bladed knife, with concave
edge and sharp point, used for all purposes by
the Ghoorkas of the Himalayas.
Kopeck, or Copek. [Russ.] The hundredth
part of a rouble, and = I5 farthing of English
moniey.
Koppa. Name of a letter of the oldest Greek
alphabets, which fell into disuse. It is preserved
in Latin, etc., ti& q ; cf. Heb. koph. It is
written Q, and was used by the grammarians
to represent the numeral 90. (Sampi.)
Koprology. [Gr. K6irpos, dung, \6yos, dis-
course.] The doctrine of the evil effects of animal
or vegetable decomposition of any kind.
Koracora. {A'aut.) A Molucca vessel, com-
mon in the Malays, broad-beamed, with high
stem and stern, and an outrigger.
Kosmos. [CiT. KSfffxoi.] (Cosmos.)
Koth. A shiny earthy substance, ejected from
some S. -American volcanoes.
Koumiss. [Native word.] A spirituous drink
distilled from mare's milk, used by the Tartars.
Kowtow, Kootoo, Kotou. [Chin.] A bowing
to the earth in deferential setf-abasement.
Kraal. [D.] In S. Africa, an inclosure, a
collection of huts in a stockade.
Krabla. {/Vatit.) A Russian vessel, used in
the Arctic fishery.
Krang, Kreng. The fleshy part of a whale
after the blubber has been removed.
Kremlin, The. A palace at Moscow, begun
1367 ; fortified 1492. Burnt during the occupa-
tion of Napoleon I., 1812; rebuilt, 1816.
Krems, Crems, Kremnits white. A white
carbonate of lead (from Crems, in Austria).
Kreosote, Creosote. [Gr. Kptoj, flesh, adCu, I
preserve.] A principle in pyroligneous acid and
all the tars, having the property of preserving
animal matter ; used externally and internally.
Kreutier. [Ger.] The sixtieth part of a Ba-
varian and the hundredth part of an Austrian
florin ; formerly stamped with a cross [Ger.
kreuz].
Kriss-Kringle. [Ger. Christ Kindlein, the
In/ant Christ.] The German for child is kind,
of which the diminutive is kindlein or kindchen.
This, in some parts of Germany and in Pennsyl-
vania, has been formed into kindel, and the
children are promised gifts at Christmas from
" Christ-Kindel." — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Kroomen, or Crew-men. (AIjw/.) Fishmen.
An African tribe, British subjects. Cape Palmas ;
they get in wood and water where the climate
is dangerous for Europeans.
Kruller. A curled crisp cake fried in fat.
Kshatrya. (Caste.)
Kudos. [Gr. kCSos.] Honour, glory.
Kufic letters. The characters of the ancient
Arabic alphabet ; so called from Kufa, a town on
the Euphrates.
Kulian. [Hind.] A kind of pipe for smoking.
Kummerbund. [Hind.] A girdle.
-kund. [Hind.] Part of names, = province,
as in Bundel-kund.
Kupfer-schiefer. Copper-slate. (Geol.) A
member of the Permian system in Germany ; a
source of copper from time immemorial ; repre-
sented in England by the marl-slate of Durham.
Kutkubala. A mortgage-deed in India.
Kyanizing. (From Kyan, the inventor.)
Saturating wood with a solution of corrosive
sublimate, to preserve it from dry-rot.
Kyle. A district extending across the middle
of Ayr county, from the Norman to the Stuart
period.
KYLE
285
LACT
Kyley. [Austral.] A boomerang.
Kylin. A Chinese four-footed scaly monster,
with dragon-like head and serrated back, sup-
posed to bring good luck.
Kyloes. 1. Ferries between the mainland and
western isles of Scotland. 2. The cattle from
those districts.
Kyrie, The. [Gr. Kvpit, O Lord!] 1. A term
applied to the Lesur, or Shortf Litany; and
sometimes, 2, applied also to the expanded form
of Kyrie eleeson, which forms a responsory to the
ten commandments in the Book of Common
Prayer. (Litany ; Liturgy.)
Kyriologioal. [Gr. KupioKoyutis, describing
literally. 1 A term denoting that class of
Egyptian hieroglyphics in which a simple pic-
ture represents the thing meant ; in contrast with
tropical or symbolical represeatatioa.
I.
L. As an abbrev. among the Romans, stood
for the praenomen Lucius ; sometimes also for
lex, latum, libens, libertus, etc. The form
L.L.S. denoted a Sestertium. As a numeral, it
stands for 50.
Laager. [Boer.] A temporary defensive in-
closure, formed of waggons, in S. Africa.
LahMiati. [f/ist.) A sect of the seventeenth
century ; so called from Jean Labadie. They
resembled the Qnietistg.
Lihlrnm (?). The standard of Constantine,
made in commemoration of the alleged vision of
the cross in the heavens ; said to have been a
lance, with transverse rod, from which hung a
purple veil ; above it, a golden crown encircled
the monogram XP, i.e. CHR. The word was
also written Laborum, as the Gr. forms are
Ao^opJi'and Xiffupw.
Labdaoiim. [L. laMacismus, from Aa/SSo,
\iftfiSa, AA, LI.] {Lang.) 1. Frequent repeti-
tion of L. 2. A wrong pronunciation of L ; as
when pronounced like //, ly, yy.
Label [L. labellum, a littU lip.] 1. {Her.)
A Fillet, with three or more pendants, borne as
the difference in the eldest son's escutcheon.
2. {Arch.) (Dripstone.)
Labial. [L. labia, a //A] (Lang.) Articulated
with the lips ; as the vowels u (00), 0, and the
consonants /, p^-h, b, b-h, m, the Mod. Gr. <^,
Gcr. w.
Labialisation. (LabiaL) {Lang.) The ten-
dency to change or the process of changing ar-
ticulate sounds to labials or labiodentals ; as i.e.
Skt. /tatvar to Goth, fidvor, Eng,/our ; Skt. gaus
to fiovi, bos, ffx.
Labiate [L. labia, a lip"] plants. {Bot.) An
.ord. of exogens, with corolla divided into upper
and lower lips ; as rosemary, dead-nettle, snap-
dragon, etc.
Labiodental. [L. labium, a lip, dens, -tern, a
tooth.] Pronounced by co-operation of the lips
and teeth.
Labiolingoal. [L. labise, lipi, lingua, tongtu.]
Sounds articulated by rounding or slightly pro-
truding the lips, while the tongue takes some
vowel position ; iv, hw. Perhaps «, 0, are better
called L. than labials.
L&bor omnia vincit imprSbuB. [L.] Obstinate
labour conquers everything (Virgil).
L&b5rum dolce levamen. [L.] Sweet soothing
of my toils (Horace).
Labouring force. Mechanical work. (Work.)
Labrador felspar, Labradorite. {Geol.) A
lime-felspar, with beautiful chatoyant play of
colours.
Labrador series. (Laurentian.)
Labyrinth. [Gr. Ao/Sufm/floy.] 1. Properly a
place full of inextricable windings, as the L. of
Daedalus. (Daedalean.) 2. {Anat.) The in-
ternal ear, the cochlea and semicircular canals ;
so called from their complexity. 3. A system
of canals through which water is transmitted
so as to carry off and deposit in certain places
the ground ore of a metal.
Labjrrinthodon. (Cheirotberiam.)
Lao. [Hind.] One hundred thousand rupees.
Lac. [Pers. lak.] A resinous substance,
produced mainly on the banyan tree, by the
puncture of a small insect. Stick lac is the sub-
stance in its natural state, incrusting small
twigs. When broken off and boiled in alkali,
the residuum is called seed lac. When melted
and reduced to a thin crust, it is called shell lac,
or shellac. Barbados lac is petroleum from the
W. Indies.
L&certa. [L., a lizard.] {Zool.) Gen. of
lizard, giving name to fam. Lacertidse, land-
lizards, and to ord. LacertTlia.
Lacertiu. [L.] {Anat.) The upper muscular
part of the arm.
Laches. [Fr. lacher, to slacken.] In Law,
negligence, delay; e.g. in an heir to enter; a
ground for refusing relief in courts of equity.
(Vigilantibus.)
Laconism. A short and pithy sentence or
adage ; so called from the Spartans (Laconians),
whose speech was thought to be characterized by
such sayings.
Lacquer. A solution of shell lac in spirit,
with gamboge, etc. , forming a yellow varnish for
brass and other metals.
Lacrosse. (Crosse, La.)
Lacryma Christi. [L., tear of Christ.] A
dark red Italian wine, much praised.
Lacrymatory. [L.L. lacrymatorium, from
lachryma, Gr. 5(£Kpi;/^a, a /^a/-.] {Ant.) A name
given to small, narrow-necked vessels found in
ancient sepulchres, which were supposed to con-
tain the tears of the mourners, with the ashes of
the dead.
Lactation. [L. lacto, / suckle.] Suckling ;
the act or the period.
LACT
286
LAMM
Laoteals. (Absorbents.)
Lactic acid. An acid procured from milk
[L. lac].
Lactometer. A hydrometer made specially
for finding the specific gravity of milk, and
thereby determining its value.
Lactose. [L. lac, lactis, milk.] Sugar ob-
tained by evaporating milk.
Lao&na. A small opening, gap, hiatus.
Lacustrine. Belonging to a /ake [L. lacus].
(Lake-dwellings.)
Lade. (Aa«/.) To L. a boat, i.q. to bale it
out, or empty it of water. L.-gom, or L.-pail, a
bucket with a long handle, to L. with.
Laden. {Naut^ Having a full cargo. Z. in
bulk, with the cargo not inclosed in casks,
bales, etc., but loose in the hold.
Ladia. (A'aut.) A clumsy Russian boat, used
for inland carrying trade.
Ladino. (Latig.) A mixed Latin dialect of
the Upper Engadine, distinct from Romansch.
Ladrone-sMp. [It., robber, L. latronem.]
(Naut.) Strictly a pirate, but used by the
Chinese to signify a man-of-war.
Lady. [A.S. hltefdige.] The wife of the /or^,
A.S. hlaford, perhaps = hlafweard, warder of
bread. — Max Miiller, Lectures on Language, 2nd
series.
Lady Boontifal. A benevolent old lady in
Farquhar's Bcaux's Stratagem, who goes about
making all kinds of cures.
Lady chapel. A chapel dedicated to the
honour of the Virgin Mary, often placed to the
east of the choir or chancel of churches.
Lady Huntingdon's Connexion. (WMte-
fieldians.)
Lady of the gunroom. {Naut.) The gunner's
mate.
Lady's smock, i.e. our Lady's smock. (Cuckoo
flower.)
Lagado. Tn Swift's Gulliver's Travels, a city
famous for its academy of projectors, who plan
scientific impossibilities.
Lagan. (Flotsam; Ligan.)
Lager beer. [Ger. lager, store, bier, beer.\
A German beer, which is kept in store for some
months before drinking.
Lagging. The clothing of steam boilers, etc,
to prevent radiation of heat.
Lagomys. [Gr. Xd7(is, hare, /tiSi, mouse.^
(Zool. ) Calling hare, or pika. Gen. of moun-
tain rodent, giving name (Lagomyidae) to a fam.
of which it is the only gen., ranging from the
size of the rat to that of the guinea-pig. Ural
Mountains, Himalayas, Siberia, Rocky Moun-
tains.
Lagoon, or Lagune. [L. laciina, a natural
cavity, a pool.^ 1. The sea-water inclosed by
the ring of coral land which forms a coral island.
2. The lagoons at Venice are the channels
formed by the sea between the marshy places
near the city. •
La grande nation. [Fr.] The great nation ;
i.e. the French.
Laid paper. Writing-paper having a surface
as it were inlaid with lines. It is called cream-
laid or blue-laid from its colour.
Laid-to. (Naut.) Sometimes used for hove-
to ; but, when laid-to, the sails are kept full.
Laissez aller. [Fr.] Let go.
Laissez faire. [Fr.] Let do.
Lake-dwellingpB ; Crannoges, Ireland and Scot-
land ; Pfahlbauten, Pile-dwellings, Switzerland.
Fortified islands, stockaded villages, built upon
piles ; stone and bronze ages, and perhaps iron.
(See Herodotus, v. 16, an account of Lake
Prasias. )
Lakes. [Fr. laque.] Insoluble compounds
of animal or vegetable colouring matter, with
hydrate of alumina or other metallic oxide.
Lake school. Originally a contemptuous, now
a recognized, name for the school of poets of
whom Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, were
the most eminent ; they lived chiefly at the
English lakes.
Lallation. [L. lallare, to sing, lullably ; cf.
Gr. XaiKtiv, to prattle. '\ {Lang.) Pronouncing/
instead of r, A. for p, as Alcibiades was said
to do.
Lama. A Mongol name for priests in general.
The Grand Lama, who resides at Lassa, in
Thibet, is called the Delai Lama. (Talapoins.)
Lambdacism. (Labdacism.)
Lambeth Articles. Nine Calvinistic state-
ments, drawn up at Lambeth, 1595, by Arch-
bishop Whitgift and others.
Lambeth degrees. Those conferred, in any
of the faculties, by the Archbishop of Canter-
bury.
Lambrequins. [Fr., a Flemish word for a
veil or mantle. (Her.) The mantling of an
escutcheon.
LamellibrancUata, Lamellibranchiates. [L.
lamella, dim. of lamina, a plate, Gr. fipiyxta,
e^ills.] (Zool.) Conchifira, Actph&la, headless
bivalve molluscs, with lamellar gills, as oysters.
Lamellirostrals, Lamellirostres. [L. lamella,
dim. of lamina, a plate, rostrum, a bill.]
(Ornith.) A tribe or fam. of water-birds (e.g.
ducks), viewed as characterized by small laminje,
or plates, set round the margin of their man-
dibles.
Lamia. [L. and Gr.] Imaginary beings of
Gr. and L. Myth., resembling Vampires.
LamlldsB (from their strange appearance).
(Lamia.) (Entom.) Subdivision of Longicorn
beetles, living on timber trees.
Lamina. [L., a thin layer.] (Bot.) The
blade of a leaf; the upper part of a clawed
petal ; e.g. pink.
Laminated. [L. lamina, a thin layer.]
Divisible into thin layers or plates.
Lammas Day. August i, one of the four cross
quarter days, a festival of the Romish Church
in memory of St. Peter's imprisonment.
(? Lattermath, or Loaf-mass, A.S. hlaf-msesse,
thanksgiving for firstfruits of corn, or from the
custom of bringing a lamb alive into the church
at High Mass this day, John xxi. 15.)
Lammergeier. [Ger. ,lat)ib-vulture.] (Ornith.)
Bearded vulture, Gicr eagle. (Bibl.) Largest
bird of prey of Old World ; greyish brown,
dashed with white above, nearly white below.
Gypaetos [Gr. yui^, vulture, ki-ris, eagle] bar-
LAMP
287
LAPI
batus [L., beareiei{], sub-fam. VultQrlnae, fam.
Vulturida\ ord. Accipitres.
Lampadephdria. [Gr. , a torch-hearing.']
[Hist.) A celebrated torch-race at Athens. If
the torch of the runner, who had to hand it on
unextinguished to another, went out, he lost the
race.
Lampas. In horses, inflammation of the bars
of the mouth, especially in young horses, while
shedding teeth or putting up the tushes, some-
times from overmuch corn after a run at grass ;
the mucous membrane of the mouth swelling
and projecting below the level of the nippers.
Lampoon. [Fr. lampon, a drinking song."]
A satire pointed with a strong personal feeling
against individuals, as distinguished from the
tetire, directed against vice and folly.
Lampahells. (Zool.) T7rebrdt all Ja [h., dim.
of terebra, borer] ; fam. of bivalves, having un-
equal but symmetrical valves, pierced at the
beak, and full of minute holes. Earliest known
form of animal life. All seas. Class Brachio-
poda.
Lan-. (Llan-.)
Lanate, Lanated. [L. lana, wool,] Having
woolly hair.
Lanee. (Mil.) Long spear — at one time
eighteen feet, now nine fcet three inches — some-
times ornamented with a flag ; used by cavalry.
Five re^ments of light cavalry are at present so
armed.
Lanoe-oorporal. (Corporal.)
Lancelot. (Sangreal.)
Lanceolate leaf. [L. lanceolatus, having a
lancfdla, i mall lame.] Like a lancehead ; e.g.
the lanceolate pinnate frond of lady-fern.
Lancet style. (Oeometrioal style.)
Lanchang. A proa of Malay, carrying from
twenty-five to thirty men.
Lancinating pains ; opposed to dull or
aching (wrongly formed from lancea, a lance).
(Med.) Piercing as if with a sharp instrument.
[Lancination properly means tearing in pieces ;
L. lancino, I tear, rend.]
Landamman. [Ger. landamtman, country
office-ntan.] 1. The President of the Swiss
Federal Diet. 2. The chief magistrate of some
Swiss cantons.
Landau (first made at Landau, in Ger-
many). A four-wheeled carriage, whose upper
part can be opened and thrown back.
Landes. [Fr., Ger. lande.] Waste lands,
especially the desolate unproductive tracts on
the Bay of Biscay, between the Gironde and the
Pyrenees.
Landgrave. [Ger. landgraf.] A title as-
sumed by some German counts in the twelfth
century, to distinguish themselves from the in-
ferior counts under their jurisdiction. This was
the origin of the Landgraves of Thuringia and
Elsas (Alsace).
Landlouper. [Cf. Dan. landlooper, country
runner, Ger. laufen, to run.] A vagrant, a
vagaljond, land-lubber.
Landsman. (A'aut.) The old rating for a
man who had never been at sea before, now
rated tecond-class ordinary.
Landsturm. (Levee en masse.)
Landwehr. [Ger,, land-defence.] Militia.
Langued. (Her.) Having a tongue [Fr.
langue] different in colour from the body.
Langue d'oc. (Lang.) The dialect of Pro-
vence, also called Romance ; opposed to the less
Roman Langue d'oyl of Frankish-Gaul. The
former used oc [L. hoc] where the latter used
oyl [illud]. (Troubadours.)
Langue d'oyl. (Langue d'oc; Trouveres.)
Laniard, Lannier, or Lanyard. [Fr. laniere, a
thong or strap.] (Naut.) Pieces of rope or
line made fast to anything as a handle, or to
secure it.
L&nndte. [L. lanius, a butcher.] (Omith.)
Shrikes, butcher-birds. Fam. of Dentirostrals,
ord. Passeres.
LEnista. [L.] A trainer of gladiators.
Lansquenet, Lasquenet. [Ger. landsknecht,
country boy.] 1. Originally a German camp fol-
lower, a German mercenary foot-soldier. 2. A
game at cards ; called also Lambskinnet.
Lantern. [L. lanterna.] In Eccl. Arch.,
the central tower of a church is so called when
it is open internally to the top, as in Canterbury
Cathedral and York Minster.
Lantern, or Lantern-wheel. Consists of two
parallel discs with equidistant holes cut in them
near their circumferences ; into these holes cylin-
drical wooden pegs are passed, so that the whole
forms a sort of cage ; the wheel or cage thus
formed serves as a follower to work with an
ordinary driving toothed wheel.
Lantern of Aristotle (described by A.). In-
ternal skeleton of globular sea-urchin, carrying
five incisor teeth like those of rodents.
Lanth&num, Lantanum, Lantanium, Lantha-
nium. A metal found with cerium, whereby its
properties were at first hidden [Gr. Xaviiniw, to
lie hid].
Lanuginous. [L. lanuginosus, from lanug-
inem, soft dowti, woolly substattce, from lana,
wool.] (Anat. and Bot.) Downy.
Lanz. [L.] A platter, a dish.
La6c66n. [Gr.] (Myth.) A Trojan priest
who tried to dissuade his countrymen from ad-
mitting the wooden horse within the walls of
Troy, and who was crushed by the folds of an
enormous snake which destroyed his two sons
with him. The story has gained celebrity from
the ancient sculpture representing it, which is
now in the Vatican.
Lap. A piece of soft metal used to hold (as
in a lap) powder for cutting gems or polishing
cutlery. It is usually in the form of a revolving
wheel.
Lapidary. [L. lapid, -em, a stone.] One who
cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.
Lapides Judaici. [L.] Status of JudcEa,
siliceous accretions, sometimes shaped exactly
like little loaves of bread (see Matt. vii. 9 ;
Luke iv. 3).
L&pis l&zuli, L&zulite. [It. azzuolo, dark blue. 1
A mineral, crystalline and massive, of beautiful
azure or ultramarine ; much used anciently
for engraving, etc. ; found in many parts of the
world ; (?) the sapphlrus of antiquity. (Foi
LAPI
288
LATE
different statements of analysis, see English
Cyclopedia. )
Lapithse. [Gr. Aair/Oaj.] A mythical people,
vho are said to have had many contests with
the Centaurs.
Lapping. [O.E. to lap, = to wrap.] Wrap-
ping material used by calico-printers.
Lapsoourse. (Lobsoouse.)
Lapse. [L. lapsus, a slip.] (Eccl.) The
omission of a patron to present to a benefice
within six months of avoidance ; the right then
devolves to the bishop. If bishop omit, then to
archbishop ; if archbishop, then to the Crown.
Lapstone. A stone held in the lap, on which
shoemakers beat leather.
Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the pen.
Lapsus linguae. [L.] A slip of the tottgi4e,
Lapnta. In Swift's Gulliver's Travels, an
aerial island, moved and guided by a huge load-
stone, and full of absent-minded philosophers.
Lapwing. {Heb. duklphath ; Lev. xi. 19.]
(Bibl.) The hoopoe, Upupa ^pops ; about
thirteen inches long, buff, barred with black and
white, buff crest tipped with black. Fam.
UpupTdae, ord. Passeres.
Laquais. [Fr.] Footman, lackey.
Laquais de place. [Fr.] Cicerone, guide.
Laquear. [L.] (Arch.) A ceiling, with
hollowed or depressed compartments divided by
spaces or bands, a fretted ceiling ; originally one
of the depressed compartments themselves.
Larboard. (A-beam.)
Larbolins. (Starbolins.)
Larceny. [L. latrocinium.] Theft, abstrac-
tion and appropriation of personal property
belonging to others, a species of felony. L.
under the value of I2d. used to be called /^/«V;
otherwise, grand.
Larding money. Paid yearly by tenants of
Bradford Manor, Wilts., for liberty to feed their
hogs with the mast of the lord's wood.
Lares. [L.] (Myth.) 1. The Latin house-
hold gods, regarded as the spirits of deceased
ancestors. 2. Latin gods of the city, the roads,
etc., an extension of the same idea to the country
generally. (Penates.)
Largess. [Fr. largesse, L. largitTo, from
largus, large."] Bestowal, a gift. Commonly
used in the knightly language of the Middle
Ages.
Lariat. [Sp. la reata.] A rope made with
thongs of raw hide twisted or braided, and some-
times of sea-grass, used for catching and picket-
ing wild horses or cattle. Some writers incor-
rectly say a riata. It is also called a lasso. —
Bartlett's Americanisms.
LaridsB. (Larus.) (Omith.) Gulls and
terns ; fam. of shore-birds. Universally dis-
tributed. Ord. Anseres.
Larmier. [Fr.] (Arch.) A dripstone, to
' carry off the rain [larmes, tears of water']. The
same as Lory me r.
La royne le veult. The old Norm. Fr. used
by the Clerk of the Parliaments in giving, on
behalf of the Queen, her royal assent to Acts
Is : to Acts granting public money, commonly
called Money Bills, " La royne remercie ses bons |
sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le
veult," The Queen thanks her good subjects,
accepts their aid, and assents ; to all other public
Acts, and to such private A. as Railway Com-
pany A., Acts for towns and gas, water, etc.,
simply " La royne le veult," The Queen assents ;
to A. affecting private individuals, their rights,
estates, naturalization, etc., " Soil fait comme il
est desire," Be it done as desired ; upon a
petition demanding a right, whether public or
private, *' Soit droit (the right) fait comme il est
desire."
L'art pour I'art. [Fr.] Art for art ; said of
the practice of an art or science for its own
sake, without regard to any object or result.
Larus. [L., Gr. Aapoj.] (Omith.) Gull.
Large and universally distributed gen. of Ldrtda
(q.v.)-
Larva. [L., a ghost, a fnask.] (Entom.)
An insect as it emerges from the egg j e.g. a
caterpillar.
Larvae. [L.] The name given by the Romans
to the spectres of the dead.^
Laryngoscope. [Gr. x&pvyl, and ffKontw, J
look at.] An instrument, having two mirrors,
for viewing the larynx.
Laryngotomy. [Gr. XoLpvyyoroftla, xdpuy^,
larynx, Tofi^i, a cutting.] The operation ol
opening or cutting into the larynx.
Larynx. [Gr. Aapuyf.] The organ of voice —
its parts many and complex — between the trachea,
or windpipe, and the base of the tongue.
Lasciate ogni speranza, voi, che 'ntrate. [It. ]
Abandon all hope, ye who enter ; ending of in-
scription over the gate of hell (Dante's Inferno^
canto iii.).
Laskets. (iVaut.) Small lines sewn to the
bonnets and drablers, to secure them to eacli
other and the bonnets to the sails.
Lasks. 1. Indian cut stones. 2. Diarrhcea
(in old books).
Lassitude. [L. lassitildo, from lassus, akin to
Jaxus, loose.] Probably a state of relaxation;
hence the sense of heaviness or weariness.
Lasso. [Sp. lazo, from laqueus, a noose.] A
rope ending in a noose, used for catching wild
horses, etc. (Drag-ropes.)
Lasting. A very durable woollen stuff.
Latakia. A superior kind of tobacco, for
cigarettes, etc., from Latakia (Laodicea), in
Syria.
Latching keys. (N^aut.) Loops on bonnet's
head-rope, for lacing it to the sail.
Lateat scintiUula forsan. [L.] Perhaps a
tiny spark (of life) may lie concealed ; of the ap-
parently drowned. Motto of the Royal Humane
Society.
Lateen sail. [Fr. voile latine.] (ISfaut.) A
triangular sail, having its foremost leech bent to
a yard, which hoists obliquely to the mast.
Latent heat [L. lateo, / lie hid] of a sub-
stance is the quantity of heat required to convert
a unit of mass of that substance from the solid
to the liquid (or from the liquid to the gaseous)
state without change of temperature.
Lateran. A church at Rome, originally a
palace of the family of the Laterani, seized by
LATE
289
LAUR
Nero and made an imperial residence ; bestowed
by Constantine on the popes. Eleven Councils
have been held in this basilica.
Lateran Councils. A term especially used of
five C. held in the Church of St. John Lateran,
at Rome; the last (1215J, under Innocent IIL,
established the Roman doctrine of the Eucharist,
using the word "transubstantiation." But
L. C., with Dr. Hook and others, = "all the
Councils of the Roman Church. "
L&terem lavas. [L.] Von art washing a
brick ; i.e. an unbumt brick ; you are making
bad worse.
Laterite. [L. later, a brick. \ {Geol.) Dis-
integrated gneiss, generally red ; e.g. the indu-
rated, reddish clayish alluvium in many parts of
India.
Latit angois in herba. [L.] A snake lies
hidden in the grass.
L&t«x. [L., a liquid of any kind.] (Bot.)
The fluid of vegetation ; the sap.
Lathbrick. A long slender brick like a lath,
on which malt is placed in the drying kiln.
Lathe ; £ngine-L. ; Foot-L. ; Hand-L. ; Fower-L.
A machine for turning wood or metal. A
Foot-L. is worked by the foot acting on a
treadle. An EngituL., or Pou>er-L., is worked
by steam-power, and has an automatic feed for
bringing the substance to be shaped up to the
cutting tool. In a Iland-L. the cutting tool is
brought up to the material and guided by the
hand.
Lathat. [(?) A.S. gelithian, to assemble.]
Kent has from an early time been divided into
five territorial divisions called L., each of them
containing several hundreds : they formerly had
distinct courts superior to the hundred courts.
Lathrending. The business of making laths.
Lata-. [L. latus, broad.]
Latin. [L, latinus, <»/" ZJf/'/«»/.] {Lang.) The
language of Rome and Latium.
Latin Church. (Eccl. Hist.) A name given
to the Church of Rome and the Churches in
communion with it, as distinguished from the
Eastern Church, Orthodox, or Greek.
Latin cross. (Cross.)
Latitat [L., h^ keeps hid.] (Leg.) Name of
WTit by which 'a person was summoned into
King's Bench (abolished in the reign of William
IV.) to answer a personal action, he in all cases
being supposed to be in hiding, so that he could
not be found in Middlesex.
. Latitude (L. latitudo, breadth]; Astrono-
mical L. ; Circle of L. ; Geocentric L. ; Heliocen-
trio L. 1. (Astron.) The angular distance of a
heavenly body from the ecliptic, measured along
a great circle — a Circle of L. — at right angles to
the ecliptic : if the earth is supposed to be at the
centre, the latitude is Geocentric; if the sun, Helio-
centric. 2. ( Gcog. ) The Latitude, or Astronomical
L., is the angular distance of the zenith from the
equinoctial, measured along the meridian ; as the
earth is not a sphere, this is not the same as the
Geocentric L. , or the angle made with the equator
by a line joining the station to the earth's centre.
Latitudinarians. (Eccl. Hist.) A body of
English divines in the reign of Charles II., op-
posed both to the high tenets of the ruling party
in the Church, and to the extreme notions of the
Dissenters. Their position was defended by
Fowler, Bishop of Gloucester.
Latria. (Dulia.)
Latro latrunciilus. [L.] A draughtsman ; a.
man, a pawn, in chess.
-latry = worship, as in idolatry, Mariolatry
[Gr. \aTpela, service, worship],
Latten. [Fr. laiton, It. latta, a sheet of tinned
iron.] 1. Sheet brass. 2. Thin iron plates
coated with tin.
Latter-day Pamphlets. By Thomas Carlyle ;
a very severe attack upon the political Govern-
ment of England ; written in 1850, and suggested
by the revolutionary events of 1S48.
Latter-day Saints. Mormons {(/.v.) ; so styled
by themselves. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Lattermath. The same as Aftermath.
Latus davus. [L.] The broad purple stripe
down the front of a Roman senator's tunic.
Laudato ingentia rilra, Ezlguum coUto. [L.]
Commend large estates, cultivate a small one.
Laudator temp5ris acti. [L.] An admirer of
past times (Horace).
Laudatur &b his, onlpatur &b illis. [L.] He
is praised by these, blamed by those.
Laudi spirituali. [It.] The origin of madri-
gal music, certain motctts, psalms, etc., brought
out at Rome by desire of St. Philip Neri, a.d.
1563-
Lauds. (Canonical hours.)
Laughing-gas. Protoxide of nitrogen ; so
called because, when inhaled in small quantities,
it causes excitement, often accompanied with
laughter. Used as an anjesthetic by dentists.
Launch. (Naut.) 1. The largest boat of a
man-of-war, corresponding to the long-boat of
a merchantman, but longer, lower, and more
flat-bottomed. 2. Steam-L., a swift boat of
light draught.
Launders. [Fr. lavandier, a washerman.]
Tubes, gutters, etc., for the conveyance of water
in mines.
Laura. [Gr.] The inclosure or precincts of
a monastery in the Eastern Church. The ancient
lauras of Palestine were collections of cells for
hermits, who lived without any common monastic
rule (probably connected with \a$i>pivOos).
Laureate. [h.\a.uTe3itus, crowned ic^ith laurel.]
The dignity of poet-laureate, bestowed in the
fourteenth century on Petrarch, is said to have
been suggested by the tradition of the crowning
of Virgil and Horace with laurel wreaths in the
Roman Capitol. In England, poets-laureate
were sometimes created by the universities as
well as by the king.
Laurel crown. Placed on the brow of a con-
queror or hero, as an emblem of victory.
Laurentian (covering the country north of
the St. Lawrence, Laurentius). (Geol.) Highly
metamorphosed rocks, crystalline, fossiliferous ;
gneiss, schist, marble, conglomerate, and graphite,
with trap-dykes, metallic ores, etc. Anterior to
the oldest Cambrian and Silurian ; the oldest
known fundamental series of the stratified
rocks. Divided theoretically into the Upper
LAUW
290-
LEAP
Laurentian or Labrador series, and the Lower
Laurentian.
Lauwine. (Poei. ) An avalanche ; Ger. Lau-
wine.
Lava. [It.] Any rock-material which flows,
melted, from a volcano ; usually either felspathic
(as pumice) or augitic (as black lava).
LaT&onun. [L.J (Eccl. Arch.) A name for
the Piscina.
Lavaret. 1. (Owyniad.) 2. A name given
to Salmo oxyrrhyncus [Gr. o^vp-^vyxos, sharp-
snouted]. North and Baltic Seas.
Lavatory. [L. lavatdrium, from lavo, / wash.']
A washing-place.
Laver. [(?)Acorr. ofulva, jc^/^^r.] {Bot.) Name
of some edible seaweeds, especially Porphyra
vulgaris and P. laciniata, or S/ake [L. lacinia, a
lappet], the fronds of which furnish Purple L. ;
and Ulva latissima. Green L. Stewed or pickled,
and eaten with various condiments, especially in
the Hebrides. Porphyra, because of the purple
[Gr. irofx^upeor] or violet colour produced by
spores, which fill the whole frond.
Laverock [O.E. laferc], abbrev. to Lark. Sky-
lark, Alauda arvensis [L., lark of the cultivated
fields]. Europe, Asia Minor, and N. Africa.
Gen. Alauda, fam. Alaudidae, ord. Passeres.
Law, Orimm'B. (Orimm's law.)
Law, -law. [A. S. hlaw, an elevation.] ( Geog.')
Rising ground.
Law ; Laws of motion. l.^Phys.) A general
proposition which enunciates any of the unvary-
ing coexistences or sequences obser^'ed in
natural phenomena ; e.g. the law of the reflexion
of light is that the angles of incidence and re-
flexion are in the same plane and are equal. In
some cases these laws are known by the names
of their discoverers, as Kepler's L., Boyle's L.,
Hooke's L., etc. 2. {Math.) The L. of a
series is the rule in accordance with which its
successive terms are derived. The Laivs of
motion are three fundamental facts concerning
motion and the forces which produce it, enunci-
ated by Newton in the Introduction to the
Principia, under the head of " Axiomata sive
Leges Motus."
Law-calf. A pale buff" leather, used for bind-
ing law-books.
Laxative. [L. laxo, / unloose.] Gently
aperient.
Lay, To. (Naut.) To come, or go. As to
lay out on a yard is to go out towards the yard-
arms.
Lay brothers. Persons in convents who are
under the three vows but not in holy orders.
Laydays. (N^aut.) Those allowed for load-
ing or unloading.
Layer. {Agr.) Clover, etc., sown and cut with
barley, its aftergrowth supplying green food.
Lay figure. A large wooden doll, having
joints, so that it can be placed in any attitude,
and used by artists as a model to hang drapery
on, etc.
Lay-stall. 1. A place where rubbish is laid.
2. A place in which cows are kept, as sometimes
in London.
Lay-to. (Lie-to.)
Lasar. (Lazzaroni.)
Lazaretto (Lazarus, New Testament). [It.]
In foreign seaports, a building for the reception of
those suffering from contagious, especially pesti-
lential, disease, and of their goods.
Laiarists. (Eccl. Hist. ) A body of mission-
aries founded by St. Vincent of Paul, 1632 ; so
named from occupying the Priory of St. Lazarus,
at Paris.
Lazarus, St., Order of. A military religious
order, established for the care of lepers in lazar-
houses, especially in the Holy Land.
Lazy-bed. (Agr.) System of cultivating
potatoes in beds from four to six feet wide, sepa-
rated by spaces twelve or eighteen inches wide,
to supply soil for earthing up the crop.
Lazy-guy. (Naut.) A small tackle which
keeps the spanker-boom steady in fine weather.
Lazy-painter, a small rope used to secure a boat ,
in fine weather.
Lazz&r5ni. [It.] The poorer classes at
Naples ; so called from the Hospital of St.
Lazarus, which served as a refuge for the des-
titute in that city.
Leach. [O.E. leah.] 1. Wood ashes through
which water passing imbibes the alkali. 2. The
tub in which this process takes place.
Lead. [O.E.] Ped lead is a compound of
oxide and dioxide of lead, used in glass-making
and as a pigment. While lead is carbonate of
lead, a common pigment. Sugar of lead is
acetate of lead, which has a sweet taste.
Lead or Leads of a rope. The direction or
directions in which it is led.
Lead, Sounding. A leaden weight, attached
to a line marked in fathoms, used to ascertain
depths. (Marks and deeps.)
Leader. (Anal.) A colloquial synonym of
tendon.
Leading note. (Music.) (Subtonic.)
Leading-part of a tackle. (JVaut.) That'
leading from block to block.
Leading question. In Law, one which sug-
gests the answer : these may be asked in cross-
examination only.
League. Three miles, generally three nautical
miles, or j'5 of a degree. The length of the L.,
like that of the mile, is different in different
countries ; e.g. the old French L. (lieue com-
mune) is 5'. of a degree, but the nautical league
(lieue marine) was the j'j of a degree, and the
postal league (lieue de poste legale) 2000 toises.
League, Hanseatic. (Hanseatic League.)
League, The Holy. (Pr. Hist.) A political
association of the Roman Catholic party in the
reign of Henri III., 1575, for the overthrow of
the Protestant power.
League of Cambrai. (Cambrai, League of.)
League of the Public Weal. In Fr. Hist., an
alliance formed by the Duke of Britanny and
others against Louis XL, 1464. (Public Weal,
War of the.)
Leannoth. In the heading of Ps. Ixxxviii.,
for singing, for humbling, probably = requiring
some accompaniment suitable to a psalm of deep
affliction (Speaker's Commentary). (Mahalath.)
Leap year. (Tear.)
LEAS
291
LEJE
Lease. [L. laxare, to loose ; cf. Fr. laisser.]
To let, to demise for a reserved rent by a grant
or contract termed a lease, either for life, for a
term, or at will.
Leash. 1. A thong, loose string [Fr. laisse,
L. laxa.] 2. A L. of birds, three, a brace and
a half.
Leasing. [A.S. leas, empty, false. \ Ps. iv. 2 ;
lying.
Leasing. [Ger. lesen, to gather. \ Gleaning.
Leatherstocking. Natty Bumppo, a back-
woodsman in Cooper's novel The Piotuers.
Le bon temps viendra. [Fr.] The good time
will come.
Leoanomaney. [Gr. Xctrcd^, bowl, fxam-tla,
divination.'\ Divination by throwing three
stones into a basin of water, with an invocation.
Lecea gnm. (From Lecca, in Calabria.) A
gum obtained from the olive tree.
Leetlea. [L.] A litter.
Leotionary. In the English Prayer-book, the
list of lessons [L. lectiones] from the Old and
New Testaments to be read at Morning and
Evening Prayer daily.
LeetistemiTun. [L., from lectus, a bed, and
sternere, to spread.] (Hist.) An ancient Roman
religious ceremony, in which the statues of the
gods were, in times of disaster, placed on
couches, the gods themselves, it was supposed,
taking part in it.
Leetns gini&lis. [L.] Tkt marriage-bed,
guarded by the Oeaios.
Lecythos. [Gr. a^kvOo;.] An oil-flask.
Led-captain. (Naut.) A parasite, a hanger-
on to a rich or titled personage.
Ledger. [A.S. leger, a bed, a laying down;
cf. Ger. lager, Boer laager, Goth, ligrs.] {Com.)
A book in which accounts are finally entered,
summed, and recorded from the journal, waste-
book, etc
Ledger lines. {Music.) Short additional
lines above and l;>elow the ordinary stave, origin-
ally drawn in *' light " coloured lines [Fr.
leger, light\ ; so a ledger is lit. a book with
light marginal lines.
Lee. [A word common to many Aryan lan-
guages, denoting a sheltered place.] {Naut.)
The side away from the wind. Z. boards,
strong frames of plank, fastened one to each
side of flat-bottomed sailing-vessels, lowered,
when on a wind, and giving a gripe of the water.
Z. gauge, 'Jo have the, to be to leeward of
enother vessel.
Leech. A physician [A.S. laece, a physician,
a relie-i'er of pain, from lacnian, to heal] ; the
medicinal L. being the same word.
Leeches. {iXaut.) The edges of a sail. Z.-
Htus, ropes fastened to the leeches of the main-
sail, foresail, and crossjack, used to truss up
those sails. L.-rope, the vertical part of the
Bolt-rope (q.v.).
Lee-hatch, Take care of the. {Naut.) Don't
let her go to leeward of her course.
Leer. A furnace for annealing glass.
Leet [A.S. leod, Ger. leute, the people, or
the lewd.] A court for preserving the peace by
the system of Frankpledge.
Lee tide. {A'aut.) One running in the direc-
tion in which the wind blows. Opposed to
IVeather tide.
Leewardly. {Naut.) A vessel inclined to
bag to leeward. Opposed to VVeatherly.
Lee-way. {Naut.) The drift of a vessel to
leeward. Angle of Z.- W., the deviation of her
true from her apparent course, owing to L.-W.
Left-handed marriage. (Morganatic marriage.)
Leg. {Naut.) 1. The run made upon a single
tack. 2. A cringle to a leech-line.
Legacy. [L. legare, to bequeath.] (Leg.) A
gift of personal property by will.
Legal memory. Distinguished from living
memory, dates from 11 89, the year of Richard
I.'s return from Palestine.
Legates. [L. legati.] In ancient Rom. Hist.,
(l) ambassadors : (2) officers who accompanied
the proconsuls and praetors into their provinces,
or aided the general in the management of his
army. (3) Officers exercising powers committed
to them by the pope, in foreign countries or
courts. (Nuncio.)
Legato. [It.] (Music.) Played or sung slur-
ringly, glidingly, smoothly ; opposed to Staccato.
Leg-bail, To g^ve, means to escape fronx
custody, to run away.
Legend. [L. iSgenda, things to be read.] 1.
Any book is a legend ; but the word was applied
more especially to, 2, the records of saints and
martyrs, passages from which were read out in
the services of the Church. Such was the Golden
L., drawn up by Jacobus de Voragine, in the
thirteenth century. The term is now often used
to denote, S, fictitious or doubtful narratives of
any kind.
Legerdemain. \?x.,\\\.. light of hand.] Used
as subst., = slight of hand, tricks requiring a
light, quick hand.
Leghorn. A kind of plait for bonnets, etc.,
made of the straw of wheat cut while green and
dried (first made at Leghorn, Livorno).
Legion. [L. legTo, -nem.] The largest division
of the Roman army, consisting originally of ten
cohorts = thirty maniples = sixty centuries =
from 4200 to 6000 infantry ; with 300 cavalry.
Legion of Honour. (Fr. Hist.) An order of
merit, both military and civil, instituted by
Napoleon Bonaparte, when First Consul.
L§giB constmctio non f&cit injOriam. [L.]
(Leg. ) The cottsiruction of the law does injury
to no man ; i.e. laws are to be interpreted and
applied equitably.
Legn^ee. A cruel slave-dealer in Mrs. Stowe's
novel Uncle Tom^s Cabin.
Legnme. [L. legumen.] (Bot.) A plant having
two-valved fruit, dehiscing by sutures on the face
and back, like the pod of a pea, bearing its seeds
on the ventral suture only. Leguminosa, a very
extensive nat. ord., including peas, beans, lupins,
clover, acacia, tamarinds, etc.
Legiunes. [Fr.] Vegetables.
Leigh, (-ley.)
Lejea ne vaat pas la chandelle. [Fi.] The
game is not worth the candle ; the reward of
success does not compensate one for the trouble
bestowed on winning it ; the thing doesn't pay.
LEL
292
LETT
L. E. L. Letitia Elizabeth Landon, afterwards
Mrs. Maclean, a writer of verses {1802-1838).
Leman, Lemman. A sweetheart ; formerly
leofmon [A.S. leof, beloved^ man, a person, a
human being]. (Lief.)
Le mieox est I'ennemi du Wen. [Fr.] The
best is the eitemy of the good ; in pursuing greater
advantages we lose present advantages.
Lemma. [Gr. Xtj/x/"*) (i) ^ thing taken, as a
premiss, L. sumptio ; (2) a summary of contents.]
{A/(Uh.) A subordinate proposition introduced
as a digression into a mathematical book, in ex-
planation of the methods used in proving the
propositions which form the subject of the book ;
thus the lemmas or lemmata of the first sec-
tion of the first book of the Principia explain
the method of proof adopted by Newton in the
propositions of the second and subsequent sec-
tions which make up his subject : he introduces
other lemmas as he goes on.
Lemnian earth. A kind of bole from Z^»»«<7j;
formerly sold in small cakes as a medicine.
Lemniseate. (J/aM.) The curve traced out by a
point moving in such a manner that the product
of its distances from two fixed points is constant.
Its form nearly resembles that of a figure of eight
(8), and is somewhat like ii. fillet [Gr. \i\Vi.v[aKO%\.
Lemons, Salt of. {Chem.) Binoxalate of potash,
used for removing ink-stains.
Le mot d'enigme. [Fr.] The word of the riddle ;
the key to the puzzle or mystery.
Lemnr. [L., a ghost. \ {Zool.) A gen. ofstrep-
slrrhine {curved-tiostril], generally small quadru-
manous mammals, giving the name L^muroidea
to a sub-ord. of ord. Primates, specially charac-
teristic of Madagascar, and apparently indicating
a former connexion with India.
Lemiires. [L.] (Myth,) Spiritsof the dead,
which, in the belief of the Romans, had the
power of hurting the living. (Lamia; Larvae.)
Lens. [L., a lentil.^ (Math.) A piece of
glass, such as a common magnifying glass, or
other transparent medium, generally of a circular
form, bounded by two surfaces of revolution
which have a common axis. In most cases
these surfaces are portions of spheres, or one of
them is plane. A lens has a positive focal length
when thinnest, a negative focal length when
thickest, in the middle. According to the posi-
tion of the centres of the spheres, the former
lenses may be double-concave, plano-concave
(concavo-plane), or convexo-concave; the latter
may be double-convex, plano-convex (convexo-
plane), or concavo-convex.
Lent. The great fast of the Christian
Church ; so named from the A.S. lencten, Ger.
lenz, spring.
Lenticular. [L. lentTciilaris, like a little lentil.']
Having the fonn of an ordinary magnifying
glass, or double-convex lens.
Lentigo. [L. lens, a lentil.'] Freckles.
Leonine City, Leonina Civitas. Pope Leo IV.,
circ. 850, walled round part of the Vatican Hill
and plain beneath, giving the new suburb to
. some Corsican families as a refuge from the Sara-
cens. In 1 146 Eugenius III. began a palace
near the Church of St. Peter for the papal
residence, which has grown into an immense
mass of buildings, known as the Vatican.
Leonine verse (invented by one of the Popes
Leo, or by a monk Leoninus), Latin hexameter
or pentameter, riming in the middle, as —
" Daemon languebat, monachus tunc esse volebat ;
Ast ubi convaluit, mansit ut ante fuit."
Leonnoys, Lionesse, Lyonnesse. A fabulous
country, contiguous to Cornwall, of chivalric
romances.
Lepas, LepEdldse. [Gr. X«rt^y, a limpet, as
clinging to \itrat, a hare rock.] (Zool.) Bar-
nacles, cirropod (i.e. filament-footed) crustaceans,
with a stalk or peduncle supporting the rest of
the animal in a calcareous shell.
LepIdSdendron. [Gr. A«ir/s, a scale, husk,
SfvSpov, a tree.] (Geol.) An important gen. of
fossil plants ; arborescent Lycopodiaceas.
Lepidoptera. [Gr. Xeiris, -iSos, a scale, irrtpSv,
awing.] (Entom.) Ord. of insects, with four
wings, usually covered with microscopic scales.
Moths and butterflies.
LepSridse. [L. leporem, ^ar^.] (Zool.)Yzxn.
of rodents ; hares and rabbits. Only one gen.,
many spec. Characteristic of N. hemisphere ;
a few in Africa, none (till introduced) in Aus-
tralia.
Lepto-. [Gr. X*irr6i, fine, thin.]
Le roi est mort; vive le roi ! [Fr.] The king
is dead ; long live the king! illustrating the
absolute continuity of hereditary government.
Lesbia. Catullus's name for his mistress.
Lese majeste. [Fr.] High treason. (Leze
majesty.)
Les extremes se touchent. [Fr.] Extremes
meet.
Lesion. [L. Iresio, -nem, an injuring.] (Med.)
Injury, derangement, structural or functional.
Lessee. (Leg.) One to whom property is let
on lease.
Lesser Bull, The. That of Pope Boniface
VIII. (1303) to Philip of France, claiming
collation to benefices, and asserting the king's
subordination in temporals as well as spirituals.
Its genuineness doubtful, but rendered probable
by the fact of the authenticity of Philip's an-
swer. — Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk.
vii. 113.
Lessor. (Leg.) One who lets property to
another on lease.
Let (as used in Collect for Fourth Sunday
in Advent, and often in legal conveyances). To
impede, keep back [A.S. lettan, to hinder, to
make laet, late, slow].
L'etat c'est moi. [Fr.] The State is myself.
_ Lethe. [Gr., forgctfulness.] (Myth.) The
river of Oblivion, of which they who drank, as
they entered the land of the dead, forgot their
former lives.
Letterpress. Printed words, as distinguished
from engravings.
Letters. Classical and polite ■ literature,
arts.
Letters of marque. A commission granted
to private persons in time of war to make prize
of the enemy's ships and goods ; so named as
authorizing the capture of property beyond the
LETT
293
LEXP
Kaxk or frontier of the power which grants
commission.
LeUers of orders. A certificate given by a
bishop, that he has ordained a certain person
priest or deacon.
Letters of reprisaL I.q. Letters of marque [q.v.).
Letter-wood. 1 he wood of a tree found in
Guiana, having black spots in it like letters.
Lettic. {Lang.) Name of a group of Indo-
European languages, near akin to Sclavonic,
including Old Prussian, Lithuanian, and Livo-
nian, or Lettish, all round the bend of the Baltic.
They show some of the most ancient Aryan
forms.
Lettish. {Lans^.) Livonian. (Lettio.)
Lettre de change. [Fr.] Bill of txchange.
Lettres de cachet. [Fr.] Sealed Utters, es^^-
cially of a royal order for the imprisonment, etc.,
of an obnoxious person.
Lencamia. [Gr. X(vk((i, white, at/M, blood.]
(Med.) A want of colouring matter in the
blood ; but, according to some, an excess of
the white corpuscles.
Leueo-. [Gr. \tvK6j, white."]
Levant. [Fr., sc. soleil, the risini^ sun."] A
name given to the eastern portion of the Medi-
terranean, which is bounded by Asia Minor on
the north and the Syrian coast on the east.
Levanter. A strong easterly wind of the
Mediterranean.
Liv&tOT moBCle [L. ICvo, / raise] raises that
to which it is attached. (Attollent.)
Levee. [Fr., from lever, L. levare, to raise.]
Ceremonial visits paid to distinguished persons,
strictly speaking, at their rising. At present
the assemblies at which the sovereign receives
gentlemen, the Drawing-room being for both
ladies and gentlemen.
Levee en masse. [Fr.] A summons to the
whole people to defend the country from inva-
sion ; called by the Germans Landsturm.
Level [L. llbella, leveC] ; Carpenter's L. ;
K ason's L. ; Spirit-L. ; Surveyor's L. An instru-
ment for finding a horizontal line. A Carpenter's
or MasorCs L. consists of two pieces set square ;
one of them is made vertical by a plumb-line,
and then the other is horizontal. A Spirit-L.
consists of a glass tube sensibly straight, but in
reality slightly bent, so that if produced it would
form a ring of very large radius. It is nearly
filled with spirits of wine, only a bubble being
left ; when it is held in .such a position that the
<nds of the bubble are equally distant from the
middle point, the tube — or more strictly a tan-
gent to the axis of the tube at its middle point —
is exactly horizontal. A Surveyor's L. consists
of a spirit-level attached to a telescope in such
a way that the tangent aforesaid is parallel to
the axis of the telescope ; the whole is capable
of being mounted on a tripod stand.
LevjSlerB. (Eng. Hist.) A party in the army
of the Long Parliament, which announced their
intention of levelling all ranks. They were put
down by Fairfax.
LeveUing-staff. A graduated staff used in
connexion with a surveyor's level. If the level
is placed between two points A and B, and the
readings of the staff, held erect first at A then
at B, are taken, their difference is the difference
in the level of A and B.
Leven. Name of rivers ; from Celt, llevn,
smoot/i.
Lever [L. levator, one w/io lifts'] ; Arms of
L. ; Bent L, ; Doable L. A rod or bar {e.g. a
crowbar or a poker) caused by a power to move
round a fixed point (or fulcrum) and thereby
overcome a resistance or raise a weight. The
distances from the fulcrum to the points of
application of power and weight are the arms
of the lever. If the arms are not in a straight
line it is a Bent L. Many simple machines
consist of a combination of two levers (e.g. a pair
of nut-crackers, a pair of scissors, etc.) ; these are
called Double levers.
Leverage. The mechanical advantage of a
lever ; it is measured by the ratio which the
length of the arm of the power bears to that of
the weight.
Leviathan, published 1651, in favour of mon-
archical government. The best known work of
the metaphysician, Thomas Hobbes. (Oceana.)
Leviathan. [Heb.] 1. The crocodile. 2.
The grampus, or Mediterranean rorqual. 3.
Job iii. 8 ; apparently the astrological dragon,
as professedly raised by magicians. In Autho-
rized Version, L. is here rendered " their
mourning."
Levigate. [From levTgare, to make smooth
(levis).] 1. To smooth, to polish. 2. To grind
to powder, to comminute, to pulverize, the pro-
cess being called Levigation.
Levirate. [L. levir, Gr. Soi^p, broth(r-in-law.]
A word used to denote the Jewish custom by
which the brother of a deceased husband was
bound to marry his widow.
Levtdose. [L. Isevus, left.] (Dextrose ;
Polarization.)
Lewdness, Acts xviii. 14 [Gr. p(f.'Si6vpyi\iJM],
retains an earlier sense of ignorant recklessness ;
*' lewd fellows," in a somewhat stronger sense,
translates irovi}povs, in ch. xvii. 5. [Ger. leute,
the people; cj. the word "vulgar," from L.
vulgus, ihe common people.]
Lewis, Lewisson (a word said to be first used,
temp. Louis XIV.). A contrivance for enabling
hold to be taken of a mass of stone that is to be
raised by rope or chain. A hole is cut in the
stone, which widens downward ; into this the L.
is put, consisting of two inverted wedges separated
by a plug, to which they are fastened by a pin.
Lex appetit perfectum. [L.] {Leg.) The
law aims at perfection.
Lex loci contractiis. [L.] {Leg.) The lav.
of the place of the contract ; meaning some
times where the contract is made, sometimes
where the contract is fulfilled.
Lex mercatoria. [L.] {Leg.) Mercantile or
commercial law ; European.
Lex non soripta. [L.] {Leg.) Umvritten
law ; the common law of England, which origi-
nated in custom and rests on precedents.
Lex prosploit non respioit. [L.] {Leg.) The
law regards the future, not the past ; i.e. as to its
operation.
LEXS
294
LICH
Lex soripta. {L.] (-^^O Written or statute
law.
-ley. Part of A.S. names, = pasture in a
forest, as in Hors-ley ; also -leigh-, -lea-, -liegh,
Belgian -loo [A.S. leah, lying-place], as in Leigh-
ton, Had-leigh, Ven-loo.
Leyden jar (invented at Leyden). A glass
jar, coated within and without with tinfoil
nearly to the top, and used for accumulating
electricity. It is furnished with a brass knob at
the top, through which it is charged.
Ley gager. (Le^.) A wager of law; one
who begins a suit.
Leze majesty. Any crime committed against
the sovereign power of the State ; from L. crimen
lics(E majestatis, or the charge of injury done to
the majesty of the Roman people. (Lese m^jeste.)
Lliabit ne fait pas le moine. [Fr.] // is not
the dress, the cowl, which makes the friar.
(Cncollas.)
L'hypoorisie est nn hommage que le vice rend
a la vertu. [Fr.] Hypocrisy is a homage which
vice renders to virtue (Rochefoucault).
Liaiflon. [Fr., L. llgatio, -nem, a binding.]
1. In Fr. grammar, a tie by which the ter-
minal letter of a word is carried on, so as to
form one sound with a vowel following. Thus
in the word pied, foot, the d is silent ; but in
the phrase pied-a-terre the d is joined on,
though with a softened sound, to the vowel
following. 2. A connexion, acquaintance,
generally of a dishonourable kind.
Liane. [Fr., Norm, liaune, the clematis,
probably another form of lien ; lier, to bind, L.
ligare.] A general name for the woody twining or
climbing plants which abound in tropical forests.
Lias, i.e. Lyers. (Geol.) A series of argilla-
ceous and calcareous strata, the basis of the
Oolitic or Jurassic system.
Libavius, Fuming liquor o£ {CAim.) Dichlo-
ride of tin, used in dyeing.
Libel. [L. llbellus, a writing, dim. from ITber,
a book.] {Leg.) 1. A written statement or hint
tending to damage, disgrace, or cast ridicule on
a person. 2. An immoral, treasonable, or sedi-
tious writing. 3. (.Scot. Law.) The form of a
complaint, the ground of a charge.
Libellers. [L. libellus, a little book, libel.]
Authors of the Marprelate libels (1586-1593).
(Martin Marprelate.)
Liber. [L., (i) bark, and hence (2) book.]
(Bot. ) The newly formed fibrous layer of bark ;
the bast-layer.
Liber Albus. [L., the white book.] The name
of an ancient book on the laws and customs of
the City of London.
Liberator, The. A term sometimes applied to
Bolivar, also to O'Connell.
Liberavi animam meam. [L.] (Absolvi ani-
mam meam.)
Liber feudonim. A code of feudal law, pub-
lished at Milan, 1 170, by order of the Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa.
Liber Begis [L.], King's Book, or V&lor Ec-
clestastfcus. A return made, 26 Henry VIII., of
the " firstfruits of all dignities, benefices, and
promotions spiritual," and of the "annual
pension of the tenth part of all possessions of
the Church, spiritual and temporal," due "to
the king and his heirs," as supreme heads of the
Church of England.
Liber Sententiarum. (Master of the Sentences.)
Liberties. (Leg.) Districts exempt from the
sheriffs jurisdiction.
Liberties. 1. Acts vi. 9 ; Llbertlnus, in Rome,
the son of a freed slave. 2. In Church Hist., a
name given in England to the Anabaptists in
the sixteenth century.
LIbertus, Liberta, fern. [L.] A manumitted
slave, in reference to his late master.
Liberty. A privileged district, having certain
rights and immunities ; very frequently the
modern representative of some former ecclesias-
tical jurisdiction ; e.g. the L. of Bury St.
Edmund's.
Liberty, Cap of. A symbol suggested seem-
ingly by the representations of the Roman
goddess Libertas, who held a cap in one hand.
In England Britannia is sometimes represented
as bearing such a cap, blue with a white border,
on a spear. In France a red cap was chosen as
the badge of the Jacobin Club.
Liberty and Necessity, Letter on. A work of
the great metaphysician, Thomas Hobbes (1588-
1679).
Liberty of Prophesying. By Bishop Jeremy
Taylor ; the first formal declaration of the duty
of toleration; and this in the year 1647.
(Prophesy.)
Liberty Wilkes. John W., brewer ; M.P. for
Aylesbury, 1757 ; founder of the North Briton,
the attacks of which drove Bute from the
ministry. Elected several times for Middlesex,
but the elections were declared void ; an im-
moral and violent man, but most popular,
especially during imprisonment, as the champion
of "liberty." Released, and, in 1774, lord
mayor, and for many years M.P. for Middlesex
(born 1727, died 1797).
Libidinous. [L. libidinosus, from libidmem,
pleastire, lust.] Lustful, lecherous.
Libra, First point of. The autumnal equinox.
(Equinox ; Aries, First point of)
Libration [L. libro, / set swaying, lit. some-
thing which is in equilibrium] of the moon. An
apparent oscillatory movement of the moon, in
virtue of which she does not always present
exactly the same face to the earth ; so that on
the whole we see a zone a few degrees in breadth
on all sides of the border beyond the exact
hemisphere ; this is partly due to the moon's
motion round her axis being uniform while her
motion in her orbit is not uniform, and partly
to her axis ot revolution not being exactly per-
pendicular to the plane of her orbit.
Licentiate. [L. licentia, licefue, from licet, it
is lawftil.] One licensed to practise profession-
ally any art or faculty.
Licet. [L.] Lt is lazvful.
Lichen, L. tropicus. [Gr. Xtixhv, lichen.] 1.
(Bot.) A very extensive ord. of cryptogams, allied
to fungi and algje, growing on the bark of trees,
on rocks, etc. 2. (Med.) Prickly heat, a papular
eruption of the skin, with itching and stinging.
LICH
295
LIGU
Liehenine. A starchy substance extracted from
Iceland moss or lichen.
Lieh-gate. [A.S. lie, Get. leich, a (r<»r/j^.] The
covered gate at the entrance to churchyards,
beneath which the bearers of the coffin may
rest.
Lietors. (Fasces and Seonres.)
Lidford law — J eddart justice {q.v.).
Lieder ohne worte. [Ger., songs ivithout
words.] Instrumental pieces with marked song-
like melody throughout.
Lief. [A.S. leof, liof, O.E. lefe, leve, Ger.
lieb, Goth. Hubs; cf. L. libet, lubet, it is pleasing,
Skt. root of lubh, to desire.] 1. Dear, beloved.
2. Adv., gladly, readily.
Liege. [Fr. lige, L.L. ligius, Prov. Fr. Htge,
Ger. ledig, einply, free, M.H.G. lidig, freed,
loosed.] (Leg.) 1. Bound by (originally free)
tenure to be feal and loyal to a lord, subject.
2. Sovereign, by misinterpretation of liege lord,
i.e. lord of liegemen.
Liege homage. (Homage.)
Liege lord. [L.L. iigcus, from L. ligare, to
bind, unless it be lord of the leute, leet, leivd, folk
ox people."] A feudal superior, to whom his liege-
men owe vassalage. (Leet ; Conrt-leet.)
Liegh. (-ley.)
LiSn, or Lidnia. [L.] (Anat.) The spleen.
Lien. [Fr. lien, L. ITgamen, a tie, from ligo,
/ tie.] (Leg.) Right to retain provisionally
another person's property which is in a man s
possession until the owner satisfies certain de-
mands of the po-sessor.
Lie-to, To. (Naut.) In a gale, to keep a
vessel nearly head to wind, under little canvas.
(Bring-to, To.)
Lie under armi. (Mil.) To rest as a soldier
ready accoutred touching his arms, ready for
action at a moment's notice.
Lieutenant. (Bank.)
Life assurance. A bargain or contract essen-
tially such as follows : — A pays B a sum (or
premium) annually during the continuance of a
certain status (say, the life of C), on condition
that B makes A a certain payment (the sum
assured) on the determination of the status (say,
the death of C, in which case C's life is assured
for that sum). For making the bargain a certain
rate of interest is fixed on, and the probability
must be ascertained of the status existing at the
end of the first, second, third, etc., year ; when
this is done, the probability is also known of the
determination of the status in the course of any
•given year. Froift these data the present values
of the premiums and of the sum assured can be
found, and, if the bargain is fair, the two are
equal. Practically the office, i.e. the parly B,
makes a profit by calculating the fair premium at
a low rate of interest, as 3 per cent., and by
adding a loading, i.e. a certain percentage, as
20 or 25 per cent., to the fair premium. The
probability of C's life lasting for one, two, three,
etc., years is ascertained by means of tables
derived from actual observation, showing the
number who die in each successive year of those
who were alive and of the same age at a given
time ; such are the Carlisle Table, the North-
20
ampton Table, the Table of the Twenty Life
Assurance Companies, etc. Called also Life in-
surance. Fire insurance is a similar bargain,
except that the status is the existence of a house
or some like thing ; and it determines by its total
or partial destruction by fire.
Life Ouards. The foi/j'-guard of a sovereign ;
in German leib-garde. (Celibacy.)
Life-lines. (Naut.) Lines stretched from gim
to gun, and about a ship, for men to cling to in
bad weather. Also from the lifts to the masts,
ta enable men to stand securely when manning
yards.
Lifting. On Easter Monday and Tuesday ; an
old custom, still lingering in some counties. A
record is preserved in the Tower of fees paid at
the lifting of Edward I. in his bed, on an Easter
Sunday morning (English Cyclopmiia, iii. 262).
Lifts. (A'aut.) Ropes from the masthead to
the extremities of a yard.
Ligaments. [L. llgamentum, a bandage.]
(Anat.) The bands, or cords, of white fibrous
tissue which, in the formation of the joints,
connect the bones together.
Ligan, Lagan. [From ITgamen, thing tied ;
cf. Prov. liam.] Goods thrown overboard, but
tied to a buoy or float to mark their position.
(Flotsam.)
Ligature. [L. XigdAxxm, a binding.] 1. (Med.)
A cord or thread for tying blood-vessels to pre-
vent hemorrhage. 2. In Printing, two or more
letters cast on the same body ; as J£., ffi,ffl.
Light, To. (Naut.) To move or lift any-
thing.
Light-bob. (Light infantry.)
Lighten. In the Te Dcum, light, alight ; the
Latin is " fiat misericordia Tua si'per nos."
Lighter. (Naut.) A large flat-bottomed boat,
used to carry goods, etc., to and from ships.
Light infantry. Soldiers specially instructed
for skirmishing movements. In addition to
separate regiments so called, each regiment had
formerly one company so trained, until it became
the duty of the whole army to perfect themselves
in every part of tactics. A L. I. soldier was
called a Light-bob.
Light-mill. (Radiometer.)
Lights. Popular name for the lungs, from
their light, spongy appearance [cf. the Ger.
name, die leichle leber, the light liver].
Light sails. (Aaut.) Those above top-gallant
sails, the studding-sails, and flying-jib.
Lign aloes. (Aloes.)
Lignite [L. lignum, wood]. Wood-coal^
Bro'ivn-coal. (Geol.) Wood fossilized ; not so far
converted into coal as to lose its woody texture ;
often earthy, sometimes as bright as coal, burn-
ing with a disagreeable odour. In thick beds
in Germany, Hungary, and Nebraska; Tertiary
and Cretaceous.
Lignum vitse. [L., 7vood of life.] A very
hard wood, that of the Guaiacum officinale, ol
W. Indies and S. America, and perhaps of other
spec. ; used for making ships' blocks, and also
furnishing gum guaiacum used in medicine.
LIgula. [L., i.</. lingiila, dim. of lingua, the
tongue] (Entom.) Upper lip of insects.
LIGU
296
LINE
Liguorists. (Sedemptorist.)
Li^ore. [Gr. \iyvptov, (?) from Ligiiria, Heb.
leshem.] In the breastplate of Aaron (Exod.
xxviii. 19) ; probably amber.
Lignrian = Genoese. The Ligiires were an
Italian people in Gallia Cisalpina, Liguria being
= modern Piedmont, Genoa, and Lucca.
Lillibullero. A song popular during and after
the reign of James II. — Webster.
Lilliput. A country of little people, one-
twelfth of the human stature, in Swift's Gulliver's
Travels.
Limaoeous. [L. Umax, s/ug.] Of the nature
of a slug.
LlmsB l&bor et in5ra. [L.] TA^ tedious labour
of the file (Horace), i.e. of correcting and re-
vising literary work.
Limation. [L. lima, afile.^ Filing.
LImaz. I L., ?■(/.] (Zool.) Slug; gen. of pulmo-
niferous gasteropod, shell rudimentary or absent ;
gives its name to fam. Limacidae. Not found
in S. America or greater part of Africa.
Limb. [L. limbus, A.S. lim, border, edge;
whence the idea of extremity or projecting part,
as in a limb of the body or of a tree.] (Astron.)
1. The edge of the disc of a heavenly body, as
the upper or lower limb of the sun. 2. The
graduated arc of an astronomical instrument ;
as the reading of the limb of a sextant.
Limbat. A cool north-west wind which blows
in Cyprus from 8 a.m. to noon or later.
Limber. (J/;7.) Carriage on two wheels, with
the ammunition-boxes, bearing the trail (q.v.)
of the gun-carriage, to which the horses are
harnessed for the removal of the latter. L. is
properly a shaft [cf Ft. Umon].
I^mbo. (Lunbus.)
Limbus. [L., a fiem.'\ With the schoolmen,
a border-lake flowing around hell, where souls
awaited the resurrection ; including : 1. L.
Puerorum, of unbaptized infants. 2. L. Patrum,
of the patriarchal Fathers of the Church. 3.
Purgatorium, where the better sort are being
cleansed ; and, with some, 4, L. Fatuorum, of
lunatics. (See Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 495 ;
and Faery Queetu, I. bk. ii. 32.)
Lime-juice contains citric acid ; that of the
Citrus acTda ; specific against sea-scurvy.
Limestone. A general term, = all rocks of
which the base is carbonate of lime, i. e. lime +
carbonic acid, (i) Mostly constituted of the
organic calcareous shells and structures of mol-
luscs, crinoids, corals, etc. (2) In some cases,
of chemically deposited carbonate lime ; as
travertine.
Limit [L. limes, llmitis] ; Inferior L. ; Superior
L. (Math.) A fixed magnitude to which a
variable magnitude can be made to approach so
that their difference shall be less than any
assigned magnitude, but to which it can never
be made exactly equal ; e.g. by diminishing the
base of an isosceles triangle, either angle at the
base continually approaches equality with a right
angle, and the difference between it and a right
angle can be made less than any assigned angle,
but it never actually equals a right angle. A
right angle is therefore the limit of this angle.
If the limit is greater than each of the variable
magnitudes, it is a Superior L. ; if less, an /«-
ferior L.
Limitations, Statute of. (T-eg.) Limiting the
time within which actions have been brought,
e.g. to recover property, to forty years for real
property, and six years for debts, damages, and
other personal claims (only one or two years
against public officers, etc.).
Limited liability. (Com.) The having the
liability of the shareholders to discharge the
obligations of the public banking or trading to
which they belong limited to the full amount of
the share or shares which they are respectively
registered as holding. Hence in a L. L.
company, when all calls are paid, shareholders
can only lose their investment.
Limner is the same word as Illuminator,
obtained through the Fr. enlumineur. It
means usually a portrait or miniature painter.
Limoges. A kind of surface enamelling
(perfected at Limoges, in France), adorned by
small transparent globules placed over silver
tinsel so as to look like gems.
Limonite. (Haematite.)
Limpet. [Gr. Xe'iras.] (Zool.) Strictly the
fam. I'atellidas [L. patella, ciip\, of which the
common tent-shaped limpet is a type. Popularly
L. includes also Fissurellidse [fissura, fissure\.
Keyhole L., whose shells have a fissure;
CalyptrKidae, Bonnet L., whose apex is curved ;
and Dentaliadse [dens, dentis, toothy. Tooth-
shells, shaped like an elephant's tusk. This last
is found in N. Atlantic, Mediterranean, E. and
W. Indies ; the rest inhabit all seas. Ord,
Prosobranchiata, class Gasteropoda.
Linchpin. [Ger. lUnse.] The small pin put
at the end of an axletree to hold on the wheel.
Lincoln, Use of. (Use.)
Lincoln green. A green cloth formerly made
at LiiKoln.
Linctus. [L., licking, from lingo, I lick.^ A
thick treacly syrup, for coughs and sore throat.
Line, The; Equinoctial L. ; Meridian L.
(Gcog.) The Equinoctial line, often called
The line — as when we speak of crossing the
line — is the earth's equator. A Meridian L. is
a line drawn at any station to show the direc-
tions of true north and south, i.e. the direction
of the meridian of the station.
Line. In measurement, = one-twelfth of an
inch.
Linear equation. An equation containing the
first powers only of the unknown quantities.
When such an equation contains two unknowns,
it represents a straight line.
Linear leaves. [L. llnea, a line.] (Bot.) Long
and narrow ; e.g. grasses, pinks.
Line-of-battie ship. Formerly a vessel of not
less than seventy-four guns. Rating by mere
number is superseded under the present system
of heavy guns.
Line of beauty. The ideal line formed by a
graceful figure.
Line of defence. (Mil.) The distance of any
point in a fortification from the work that flanks it.
Line of force. A line whose tangent at each
LINE
297
LITH
point is in the direction of the resultant electrical
force at that point.
Lines. (Mil. ) 1. Series of fieldworks mutu-
ally defending one another. 2. Rows of open
barracks are sometimes so called.
Lingf. [Cf. Norw. laanga, D. leng, iV.]
(Fchth.) Sea-fish, usually three or four feet
long, back grey, belly white. British seas.
Lota molva, fam. Gadidse, ord. Anacanthini,
sub-class Teleostel.
L'ingenu. [Fr.] The frank, ingenuous
(character).
Ling^adental. (Lang.) Pronounced by the
joint use o^ tongue and teeth [L. lingua, denies].
Linguae eentom sunt 6r&qne oentum, Ferrea
vox. [L.] (Rumour) has a hundred tongues, a
hundred mouths, a voice of iron (Virgil).
Lingua Franoa. 1. A jai^on of the Mediter-
ranean, with an Italian basis, which arose in the
galleys of Algiers and the Levant, used for com-
munication between Europeans (Franks) and
Mohammedans. 2. Any jargon of mixed speech.
Lingual*. [L. lingua, a tongue.^ (Lang.)
Sounds in the articulation of which the tongue
is essentially concerned, including gutturals,
palatals, cerebrals, dentals.
Linguistie. [From L. lingua, speech, /ongue.]
The science of language, glottology.
Linimenta. [L. llnimentum.] Medicaments
of an anodyne or stimulating character, to be
rubhed [linire, to iesnuar] into the skin.
Link. [Akin to Gr. Avx^os.] A torch made
of tow and pitch.
Link [Sw. lank, Ger. gelenk]; L.-motion;
L.-work. 1. The ^ part of a Gunter's chain,
i.e. ^j of a foot. 2. In Mech., a rigid bar or
piece connecting two rotating or oscillating
pieces by means of pins, which it keeps at a
constant distance during the motion. AH such
combinations of jointed work, cranks and con-
necting-rods, parallel motions, etc., are L.-
work. The combination of pieces by which
the motion of the slide-valve of a locomotive or
other steam-engine can be adjusted or reversed
during the motion of the engine, is a L.-motion.
-liiui-. [Celt.] Part of names, = still pool, zs
in Lin-coln, Kil-lin, Lynn.
Linoleum. [L. linum, litten, oleum, oil.^
A kind of floor-cloth.
Linseed. The seed of flax (Linum usitatis-
simuni).
Linsey-woolsey. A stuff made of linen and
wool, mixed.
Linstock. (Mil.) A staff about three feet in
length, for holding a match [Ger. lunte] for firing
artillery.
Lint. [O.E. linct,yfajr,] Linen scraped into
a soft substance, used for dressing wounds.
Llnom. \L..,flax.\ (Bot.) A gen. of plants
which gives name to the Linacex, or Llnese.
Flax-worts, a nat. ord. of dicotyledonous plants ;
abundant in Europe and N. Africa. The flax of
commerce is L. usTtatissimum, most in use.
Lioneed. (Her.) Adorned with lions' heads.
LioneeL [Fr. lionceau.] (Her.) A young
lion.
Li0ness«. (Leonnoys.)
Lion's share. An antiphrasis (q.v.) for the
whole, being that due as his own private share,
-|- that due to the king of the beasts, -f that
which he dared the other beasts who joined in
the hunt to take.
Liparous. \Qr.>aito.pis, fatty, sleek. \ (Med.)
Abounding in fat.
Lip-language. A system of communication by
moving the lips without sound, used in prisons,
workshops, etc., and, particularly, in communi-
cation with deaf-mutes.
LippItMo. [L., from lippus, blear-eyed, sore-
eyed.] (Med.) An inflamed condition of the
margins of the eyelids.
Liquation. [L. liquare, to melt.] (Chcm.) The
process of separating or melting out, by a regu-
lated heat, a more fusible metal from one less
fusible.
Liqueur. [Fr.] Preparation of distilled spirit,
sweetened and flavoured with herbs, spices, etc.
Liquidation. [L.L. liquidatTo, -npm, from L.
liquTdus, clear. "l (Com.) The act of clearing
up the aflTairs of an insolvent company or person.
Liquor. In Brewing, means water.
Liquor of flints. A solution of silicate of
potash, called also fusible glass.
Liripipe, or Liripoop. This word, meaning a
tippet or stole, is said to be a corr. of the L.
cleri ^phippium, the clergy's caparison.
Lis-. [Gadh.] V2LX\.o[na.xs\Q%,-= earthen fort,
as in Lis-more.
Lisbon. A sweet white wine, produced in
Estremadura, and shipped from Lisbon.
Lis pendens. [L.] (Leg.) A pnuiing suit.
List. [O.E.] A strip forming the border of
cloth or flannel.
List, To have a. (Maut.) To lean on one
side, as. She has a list to port, means she lies
over on the port side.
Litany, The Lesser, or The Short. [Gr.
Airficc^a, an entreating, a Litany.] A prelude
to prayer, as the Doxology is to praise ; a name
given from very early times to Kyrie elccson,
Christe eleeson, Kyrie elecson, which, translated
Lord, have mercy upon us ; Christ, have, etc.,
occurs in Morning and Evening Prayer soon
after the Creed, and in the Litany just before
the Lord's Prayer. (Kyrie, The.)
Lit de justice. (Bed of justice.)
LItera canlna. [L.] 7'//<r do^ifs letter, i.e. J?,
LIterae formatae. (Litterae formatae.)
Literae humani5res. [L.] (U/iIt.) The
more refitud, i.e. higher, literature or learning.
Litenl contract. (Leg.) A written agree-
ment signed by contracting parties.
LItSra soripta manet. [L.] The written
letter abides ; i.e. one cannot avoid the respon-
sibility for what we have committed to writing.
Literates. [L. literati.] A name usually
applied to those who are admitted to holy orders
without having obtained a degree at one of the
universities.
Literatim [L.] Letter by letter. (Verbatim
et literatim.)
Litharge. [Gr. \i0dpyvpos, from KlOos, a stone,
ipyvpos, silver.] (Chem.) A brownish-reU oxide
of lead. (Massioot.)
LITH
298
LIVR
Lithium. [Gr. \tdoi, a sfone.] A white metal,
the lightest solid known. It was supposed to
exist only in minerals or stones.
Litho-. [Gr. \ldos.] 1. A stone. 2. {RIed.)
Calculus.
Litho-fractear. [Fr., stone -breaker, a coined
word.] (Chem.) A professedly protected form
of nitroglycerine, which is mixed with gun-
cotton, the elements of gunpowder, and other
substances; first made, 1871, at Cologne.
Lithoglyphio, Lithoglyptio. [Gr. \idos, a stone,
yXxHpo), 1 engrave.\ Pertaining to the cutting
and engraving of gems.
Lithography. [Gr. X/Ooj, stone, ypi<l>o>, I
7vrite.'\ The art by which impressions are
obtained from designs made with a greasy
material on stone, so that they alone take the
printer's ink.
Lithologioal. [Gr. \i6os, stone, \6yo%, dis-
course.] (Geol.) Relating to the characteristics
of a rock in itself, or of a group of rocks, without
reference to relative age, fossil contents, etc.
Litho-photogpraphy. [Gr. KiOos, stone, and
photography {i/.v.).] The art of producing
prints from lithographic stones by means of
photographic pictures developed on their sur-
faces.
Lithotint. [Gr. \i0os, stone, and Eng. tint.]
A picture produced in colours from a lithographic
stone.
Lithotomy. [Gr. rofi-fi, cutting.] {Surg.)
Operation of cutting for stone [\ldos] in the
bladder.
Lithotrity. [L. t^ro, / bruise, sup. tritum. ]
The operation of breaking a stone [AiOoj] in the
bladder.
Lithotypy. [Gr. AiOor, stone, Tvntos, type.]
The process of pressing into a mould taken from
a page of type, a composition which hardens into
a stony substance.
Litmus. [Ger. lackmus.] A deep-blue dye,
obtained from the lichen Roccella. Paper stained
by it (blue litmus paper) is turned red by acid ;
and litmus paper thus reddened (red litmus
paper) is turned blue by alkali. Hence they
are used as tests. Litmus papers are used gene-
rally for testing urinary and cutaneous secretions.
IJtotes. [Gr. \lT6Tt\s, smootluiess, situplicity.]
A figure of speech by which a matter is under-
stated, generally more or less sarcastically ; as to
say of a very ugly man that he is not the best-
looking we have ever seen. It is a species of
Irony in the ancient sense of the word. Called
also Meiosis [/itiwair, a lessening, extenuation].
Litre. [Gr. Xirpa, L. libra.] A cubic deci-
metre, equal to 1 760773 pint ; say, a pint and
three-quarters English.
Litterae formatse. [L.] Letters written in a
particular form, and with distinguishing marks,
in the ancient Church, were : 1. Commendatory,
or Systatic {q.v.), to persons of quality, or of
doubted reputation ; to travelling clergy. 2.
Communicatory, Pacifical, Canonical, to all in
communion with the Church. 3. Dimissory (q.v. ).
Litterateur. [Fr.] One versed in literature,
and at the same time a writer.
Little-endians. (Bigendians.)
Little England. Name given to Barbados by
the inhabitants.
Little-go. In the Universities of Oxford and
Cambridge, the first university examination,
which all students must pass ; called officially
Responsions, or the Previous Examination.
Little Nell. A type of childish purity, in
Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop.
Littleton. (Institutes.)
Littoral deposits, etc. [L. lltoralis.] (Geo!.)
Belonging to the sliore [littus], not to the deep sea.
Littus ama; altum alii teneant. [L.] Hug
the shore ; let others stand out into the deep.
LIturglcum. [Gr. h(irovpyiK6v.] In the
Eastern Church, a book containing the three
Liturgies of Basil, Chrysostom, and the Pre-
sanctified.
Liturgy, Liturgies. [Gr. Xeirovfryla, a public
ivork.] 1. (Hist.) At Athens, certain public
services, exacted of the wealthier citizens, were
called liturgies. 2. (Eccl.) The office for the
celebration of the Eucharist. The Liturgies of
Christendom fall into five classes: (i) Of St.
James, or Jerusalem ; (2) St. Mark, or Alex-
andria ; (3) St. ThaddzEus, or the Eastern ; (4)
St. Peter, or Rome ; (5) St. John, or Ephesus.
For each of these there are further subdivisions.
Among them may be mentioned the Ambrosian,
or that of Milan ; the Ancient British ; the
Gallican ; the Mozarabic, which is still used in
one chapel of the Cathedral of Toledo ; the
Liturgy of Sarum. (Use.)
Liturgy of St. Peter. (Liturgy.)
LMus. [L.] (Rom. Ant.) 1. The Augur's
staff, used in quartering the heavens. 2. A
curved trumpet.
Liver of sulphur. (Chem.) A liver-coloured
substance, chiefly composed of trisulphide and
sulphate of potash.
Liver of antimony. (Chem.) An impure
oxysulphide of antimony.
Livery. [L.L. livrea, from L. libfiratio, de-
livery.] (Leg.) 1. The act of delivering or re-
ceiving Seisin. 2. A feudal term for the bestowal
of an estate, on his coming of age, upon an heir
left a minor at his father's death, the profits
during the minority having been taken by the
lord, who now gave the land outre-le-main, out
0/ his ozvn hand. 3. Writ by which possession
is obtained. 4. (Mnnicip.) A free guild or
company in the City of London, the members of
which have a peculiar dress, livery [O.Fr. livree,
(clothes) handed over (for a servant)].
Livery-man. A freeman of the City of London
and member of one of the City companies.
Livid sky. (A'a«/.) The peculiar black-purple
hue assumed by the sky before an easterly gale.
Livraison. [Fr., from L.L. llberatio, -nem.] A
part of a book printed and delivered by itself, a
number, in a series.
Livre. [Fr., L. libra, a pound.] 1. The old
French money of account was 12 deniers = i sou;
20 sous = I livre (tournois). For the conversion
of livres into francs, the legal rate was 81 livres
= 80 francs. 2. The old French pound ; Livre
usuelle = 5C0 grammes ; Livre poids de Marc
= 489*5058 grammes, or 7554^ grains troy.
LIXI
299
LOCO
LixiTiatioii. [L. lixTvius, made into lix, llcis,
lye.\ The washing of wood ashes in water, so
as to extract the saline and soluble particles of
cinders, etc.
Llasf [Cymr.], = incfosure, church ; part of
Welsh names, as in Llan-beris. So Ian, in
Cymric, part of Scotland, as Lan-rick.
Llanos. [Sp., from L. planus.] Vast treeless
plains of Texas, New Mexico, S. America.
Lloyd's. (Com.) 1. A society of umienariters
(f.v.); so called from Lloyd's coffee-house. The
rooms are now in the Royal Exchange. This
society is the great centre of maritime registration
and intelligence. 2. Austrian Z., at Trieste, a
general commercial and industrial company.
LloycTs List, the daily gazette edited by a com-
mittee of L.
Lloyd's Register of Sliipping contains, in
addition to the names, class, and other
particulars relating to vessels classed by the
society, the names, dimensions, etc., of all
vessels of one hundred tons and upwards
registered in the United Kingdom, and of ships of
large tonnage owned abroad. Vessels are classed
by the society under the following letters : —
A. A in red, ^, E. i F, and 2 p. The
figure I following the class letter shows that the
equipment is complete and efficient, while a —
instead of l shows that it is deficient in quantity
or defective in quality. Vessels classed A are
new, or continued, or restored to the class. Iron
vessels are classed A so long as they are found
by survey to be in an efficient condition to carry
dry and perishable goods to all parts of the
world. Composite vessels are under certain
conditions classed A for a term of years ; but
for all A vessels satisfactory evidence must be
first produced of date, build, and place of build-
ing. Iron vessels constructed for special
purposes may be classed A for such purposes.
Numerals prefixed to the letter A, thus : lOO A,
90 A> etc., down to 75 A 5 and also the letter A
cr B within A. thus : /^» /^i — relate to iron
vessels, and show the rules under or equal to
which they were built ; as does also /^ J
while ^^ shows an iron vessel of A class, but
not built under the rules. A in red denotes
wooden vessels, not eligible to be classed A.
hut fit to carry dry and jDcrishable goods to any
part of the world. /£ denotes wooden vessels
fit to carry dry and perishable goods on short
yoyages, and other goods to any part of the
world, and also iron vessels classed A prior to
the 1st of July, 1879, and at the expiration of the
term of years for which A has been granted.
Those classed E are wooden vessels fit to carry
cargoes not subject to sea damage on any
voyage. Those cUssed I F and 2 F are foreign-
built vessels classed by the society before the
1st of July, 1876 : I F, fit to convey dry and
perishable cargoes to all parts of the world ; 2 F»
to do so on shorter voyp^es. The character S
is no longer used.
Loach. \Cf. Fr. loche, id.\ {Tchth.) Fresh-
water fish, about four inches long, lives under
stones, has six barbules to the mouth. Europe,
India, Japan. Gdbltis, fam. Cyprlmdw, ord.
Physostomi, sub-class Teleostel.
Load. 1. Of timber, fifty cubic feet. 2. Of
hay, thirty-six trusses.
Loading. (Life assurance.)
Load-line. {A^atit.) That below which a loaded
ship is not to be immersed. Four-fifths of total
depth from deck ; indicated by a horizontal line
through the centre of a disc painted on her side.
Loadmanage, Lodemanage. Hire of a load-
man.
Loadstar, Lodestar. Leading star, guiding
star ; Pole-star ; Cynosure.
Loafer. [D. loopen, Ger. laufen, to run; cf.
interloper.] In the middle states of America,
a vagabond.
Loam-moulding. [Eng.,/oa//j.] A mould for
casting metal, formed by sweeps without a
pattern. (Sweep.)
Lobate, Lobated. [Gr. Xo$6s, lobe.] (Omit A.)
A term applied to the feet of certain water-birds,
as grebes, in which the toes, instead of being
connected, are provided on each side with
membranes which open in striking and close in
retracting.
Lobbs. Underground stairs in a mine.
Lobscouse, or Lapsoourse. (JVattt.) A sea-
dish, made of salt meat, biscuit, potatoes, onions,
spices, etc., minced and stewed.
Lobster-boat. (Naut.) Clinker-built, bluff,
and fitted with a well to keep the lobsters alive.
Local attraction. 1. In Mag., an attraction
at a given place exerted by objects in the neigh-
bourhood causing a magnet to deviate from
the magnetic meridian of the place. 2. A L. A.
may be exerted on a plumb-line by the gravita-
tion of a heavy mass, e.g. a mountain, and cause
it to deviate from the direction proper to the
mean form of the earth in its neighbourhood.
Locale. [Fr.] J^/ace, locality.
Local option. The consent of a community,
or stated proportion thereof, to some proposed
legislative act, as a prerequisite to the action of
the Government.
Locataire. [Fr.] Tenant, lodger, lessee.
Locative case. In Gram., the case expressive
of locality. .Such a case existed originally in all
Aryan languages, and it survives in Greek and
Latin ; but likeness of form has led grammarians
to confuse it with other cases, to the great mis-
leading of the learner.
Loch, Lough. [Scot., Cymr. Uwch, L. lacus,
lake.\ Lake.
Lochaber aze. Large kind of hatchet, used by
the Highlanders as a weapon.
Lockout. (Strike.)
Lockram. A sort of coarse linen (from
Locronan, in Brittany).
Lockstitch. A kind of sewing in which each
stitch is secured, or locked, before the next is
made.
Loc-man, or Loco-man. (A^aut.) Old name
for a pilot.
L5co cMto [L.], Loc. cit. In the passage
quoted.
Loco-focos. Name given in 1834 to the
U. S. Democratic party, because they relit Tarn-
LOCO
300
LOLL
many Hall with L. matches, after the lights had
been extinguished by the other party.
Locomotive engine. (Steam-engine.)
Lociilus. [L., a little compartment, dim. of
locus.] {Bot.) A cell, especially of the ovary ;
adj., bi-, tri-, etc., multi-locular. (Dissepiment.)
Locnm tinens [L., holding a place. '\ Any
deputy or substitute. From this phrase is
derived the Fr. lieutenant.
L6cu8. [L., place.^ (Math.) When all the
points in a line (or surface), and no others,
satisfy a certain condition, that line (or surface)
is the L. of the points ; e.g. a circle is the L.
of all points that are equidistant from a fixed
point.
Loons in qno ante. [L., place in which
before. '\ The position occupied prior to specified
operations or negotiations ; without ante, the
present position.
L5cns poenitentisB. [L., a place (or chance) for
repentance.^ Power of drawing back from a
bargain before the performance of any confirma-
tory act.
Locus dgilli. [L.] The place for the seal ;
shown by " L. S." in copies of instruments.
Locns standi. [L., a position to stand in.]
A tenable ground in argument.
Locutory. [L.\ocutor, a speaker.] A synonym
o( parlour, or the speaking-room, in monasteries.
Lode. [O.E. lad, course, from laedan, to lead.]
1. A vein of ore. 2. A cut or reach of water.
Lodemanage, or Lodemanship. {N'aut.) Hire
of pilot ; ulso filotage, 01 Seamanship. L.-ship,
a pilot-boat, used also for fishing, temp. Edward
in.
Lodesman. A pilot.
Lodestar. (Loadstar.)
Lodged. [Fr. loge.] (Her.) Lying on the
ground with head erect.
Lodgment. {Mil.) A permanent footing
established in an enemy's works, and artificially
protected from his fire.
Lodia. (Naut.) A large White-Sea trading-
boat.
Loess, Lehm, Loam, Flood-mud. [Ger.
losen, to loosen.] (Geol.) A loamy fluviatile
deposit, yellowish, chiefly argillaceous, with
abundant land and fresh-water shells ; in the
valleys of the Rhine, Danube, Mississippi ;
Pleistocene.
Lofty ships. A name formerly given to all
square-rigged vessels.
Logarithm [Gr. \6ya>v apid/iSs, the number oj
the ratios] ; Base of L. ; Brigg's L. ; Common
L. ; Hyperbolic L. ; Naperian L. ; Table of L.
The Logarithm of a number is the index of the
power to which a given number (or base) must be
raised to equal that number. Thus, to the base
10, the L. of 1000 is 3, because 10' = 1000.
When logarithms are calculated to the base 10,
they are Common L., or Brigg's L. The L. of
the natural numbers (say, from I to 100,000),
arranged in order, form a Table of L. The use
of such a table consists in this, that numbers
may be multiplied and divided by the addition
and subtraction of their logarithms. The in-
vention of L. is due to Napier, of Merchison,
who used a base (27182818) which made the
calculation of logarithms less hard. L. calculated
to that base are called Naperian L., and some-
times Hyperbolic L., because the area of any
portion of a hyperbola is expressed by means of
them.
Log-board. (Naut.) Two boards shutting up
like a book, on which the mate of the watch
writes in chalk the particulars to be copied into
the log-book. (Journal.)
Loge. [Fr.] Opera-box.
Logement garni. [Fr.] Lodgings, furnished.
Loggan. (Rocking-stones.)
Loggerhead. An iron ball, fitted with a long
handle, used to heat tar, etc.
Loggia. [It., from L. locus, place.] A
gallery or porch adorned with paintings.
Lo^tio arithmetic ; L. logarithms. [Gr.
\oryu!TiK6s, skilled in calculating.] These
logarithms are adapted for calculating the fourth
term of a proportion in which the terms are
hours, minutes, and seconds, or degrees, minutes,
and seconds ; they are used to shorten the last
step in the calculation of a longitude from an
observed lunar distance. The term L. arithmetic
is sometimes used to denote arithmetical opera-
tions performed on numbers sexagesimally
divided ; hence the name L. logarithms.
Log-liJie and Log-ship. A small line, about
a hundred fathoms long, divided into sections of
forty-two feet (properly forty-seven feet four
inches), called knots, and fastened to the log-
ship. Its use is to estimate the rate of a vessel
sailing, by observing how many divisions, or
knots, run out in a given time after the log-ship
has baen thrown over, and about fifteen fathoms
have run out.
Logogram. [Gr. AcJyos, and ypdixfia, a letter.]
A word-letter, or phonogram, as i.e. for id est.
Logography. [Gr. K6yos, wordy ypd<po», I
write.] A method of printing, in which each
type is a whole word instead of a single letter.
Logogriph. [A word made up of the Gr.
>J>yos, and yp'Kpos, a fishing-net.] A sort of
riddle.
Logomachy. [Gr, Xoyo/xaxia, itwrdfight, from
Adyor, word, and root of /xdxouat, / fight.] A
war of words, a contention about nothing more
than words.
Logotype. [Gr. \6yos, xoord, rinros, type.]
A single type containing two or more letters; as
fi,Jl. (Ligature.)
Logwood. A dark-red dyewood from Central
America, imported in logs ; that of the Hsema-
toxylon, a leguminous tree, a native of Cam-
peachy Bay.
Lohengrin. In mediaeval tradition, a mysteri-
ous knight married to a wife who is forbidden to
ask his name. The command is disobeyed, and
the knight vanishes. The story is counterpart
of that of Psyche and Eros.
Loimic. [Gr. XotuSs, a plague.] (Med.)
Relating to pestilential disorders.
Lok, or Loki. In Norse Myth., a deity cor-
responding to the Persian Ahriman.
LoUgo. [L.] (Cnttle-flsh.)
Lollards. A religious sect in Germany, early
LOME
301
LORE
in the fourteenth century, differinfj in many im-
portant points from the Church of Rome. The
followers of Wyclif were also called L. [(?)
lullen, to sing in a murmuring strain ; cf, L.
. lallare, and iull, with suffix -hard].
Lombard. This word was formerly used in
England to denote bankers and money-lenders,
Italian merchants from the cities of Lombardy
being the great usurers of the Middle Ages. A
street in the city of London still bears their
name.
Lombard school. (Bolognese school.)
London clay. (Geol.) Brown or dark-blue,
tenacious, fossiliferous clay, with occasional no-
dules of greenish sand, gj'psum, etc. ; Tertiary,
Eocene ; next below the Bagshot sands.
London Stone. A name given to the stone
now embedded in the south wall of St. Swithin's
Church, Cannon Street ; supposed to have been
a chief milestone of Watling Street, one of the
fifteen main Roman roads in England.
London waggon. {A'aut.) 'i'he tender for-
merly used to convey pressed men from London
to the receiving ship at the Nore.
Lone Star. The state of Texas, whose flag
bears a single star in its centre. — Bartlett's
Anuricanisnu.
Longa eat injuria, longn amb&ges. [L.]
Lottg drawn out are my wrongs, long (will be)
the TvinJings of the narrative (Virgil).
Lomganimity. [L.L. longanimitas, from lon-
gus, louj^, animus, mitul.] Long-suflferance,
endurance, jatience.
Longbeard. (Bellarmine.)
Long-boat (A'aut.) The principal boat of a
merchantman, fitted with masts and spars.
Long-bow. (A/il.) Weapon with which the
Ejiglish archers were first armed, measuring six
feet, and shooting a shaft or arrow of three feet.
To ensure proficiency, strenuous laws as to its
practice were made in England.
Longcloth. Cotton cloth, opposed to Broad-
cloth.
Long! absit. [L.] Far be it from {me, us).
Longioom beetles, Longtcomia. [L. longus,
long, comu, a horn.] (Enloni.) An enormous
family of tetrimerous beetles, containing 1488
gen., 7576 spec, subdivided by English entomo-
logists into Prionidae, Cerambycidse, and La-
miidae. Vegetable feeders.
Longlpalpi [L. longus, long, palpus, a
touching softly, hence the instrument with which
this is done.] {Enlom.) Brachfilytrous beetles
with maxillary palpi (i.e. filaments attached to
the che'U'ing jaws) almost as long as the head.
Longipennate. [L. longae pennx, long wings.]
(Ornith.) Swimming-birds whose wings reach
to or beyond the tip of the tail.
Longirostrals, Longirostres. [L. longus, long,
rostrum, bill.\ Wading-birds with long bills ; as
woodcocks.
Longitude [L. longitudo, length] ; Oeoeentric
L. ; Heliocentric L. 1. (Geog.) The longitude of
a place is the arc of the equator intercepted
lietween its meridian and that of a standard sta-
tion, as Greenwich, Paris, etc. It is generally
reckoned east or west from 0° up to 180" ; but
it is often reckoned in time, and then i hour of
longitude equals 15*'. 2. (Astron.) The longi-
tude of a heavenly body is the arc of the ecliptic
intercepted between the first point of Aries
(Aries, First point of) and its circle of latitude.
It is generally reckoned from o*' up to 360° in
the direction of the sun's proper motion, i.e.
from west to east. If the earth is supposed to
be at the centre, the longitude is Geocentric ; if
the sun, Heliocentric.
Long-jawed. (Naut.) Said of a rope when
so strained and untwisted that it will coil both
ways.
Long note. In ancient musical notation, =
two breves. (Breve.)
Long Parliament The last Parliament sum-
moned by Charles I., 1640 ; dissolved by Crom-
well, 1653, having been purged of its Presby-
terian members, in 1648, by Colonel Pride, the
members allowed to remain being called the
Rump.
Long primer. A kind of type, as —
Large.
'Long-shore men, or along-. The humbler,
rougher men employed about the docks and
shipping in the Thames and other rivers.
Long-sighted eye. One wanting in refractive
power, and consequently unable to see objects
distinctly unless at a distance exceeding the
normal least distance of distinct vision, i.e. eight
inches. (Presbyopia.)
Long-togs. [L. toga.] (Naut.) Landsman's
clothes.
Long Vacation. (Leg.) From August 10 to
October 24, Common Law ; Octolier 28, Chan-
cery ; Univ., from the end of Easter term to
October, more than three months.
Lonieera. (Lonicer, Ger. botanist, died 1586.)
(Bat.) A gen. including all honeysuckles; type
of ord. Caprifoliace<E.
LooL A vessel to receive the washings of
ores.
Looming. [O.E. leomian, to shine.] The
indistinct magnified appearance of objects as
seen in certain states of the atmosphere.
Loom of an oar. (Naut.) The handle.
Loop. [Ger. luppe, an iron lump.] The
pasty mass of melted ore taken out of the fire for
forging. •
Loophole. (Mil. ) Narrow rectangular aper-
ture made in masonry or wooden walls for the
purpose of firing through with musketry.
Loover ways. Boards placed at an angle like
a Venetian blind, so that air is admitted, but not
the wet. (Louvre.)
Loroha. A fast-sailing Chinese vessel, armed.
Lore. [A.S. lar, from Iteran, to teach, akin to
learn.] That which is learnt, knowledge of any
kind. The word is used especially in the phrase
folk-lore, or lore of the people, their traditional
tales, superstitions, etc.
Loretto cnps. Small cups made of clay mixed
with dust from the Santa Casa of Loretto, rudely
painted with a representation of Christ, or of the
Virgin and Child, and inscribed Con pol. di.
S. C. (i.e. Con polvere di Santa Casa).
LORE
302
LUBB
Loretto, Holy House of. The house in which,
according to the tradition, the Vii^in Mary was
born, and which was conveyed by angels from
the* Holy Land to Italy in the thirteenth century.
Lorgnette. [Fr.] An opera-glass,
Lonca. [L.] A leather cuircus, a corselet of
thongs.
Ldrlc&ta, Lorioates. [L., provided xuith a
breastplate. \ (Zool.) The fourth ord. of reptiles,
protected by bony plates. (Herpetology.)
Lorimer, Loriner. [O.Fr. lormier, L. lorum,
a thong.] A maker of bits, spurs, and other
metal work for harness.
Lorry. A waggon with very low sides, for
carrying heaNy goods.
Lory. [Hind, and Malay.] {Omith.) Gen. of
brush-tongued paroquets, gay-plumaged, mostly
scarlet ; Austro- Malayan Islands. Lorius, fam.
1 richoglossTdae [Gr. Opl^, rpix^s, hair, yKuvaa,
tongue], ord. Psittaci.
Lorymer. (Larmier.)
Losel. [A.S. los, loss, destruction.] A waste-
ful fellow, scoundrel.
Losenger. [O.Fr. losengier, It. lusinghiere,
from L. laudare, to praise, hence to flatter.]
A deceiver, a cheat.
Lost day. i^A'aut.) The day lost when the
globe is circumnavigated westward. (Gained
day.)
Lothario. A voluptuary in Rowe's Fair Peni-
tent, a representative of those who make love to
married women.
Lothian. The part of Scotland containing the
counties of Haddington, Edinburgh, and Lin-
lithgow, respectively called the East, Mid, and
West Lothian.
Lotman. {^Naut.) Old name for a pirate.
Lotophagi. [Gf. Xdno^i.'yo^.] {Myth.) The
eaters of the lotus, a fruit the taste of which led
people to forget their country and friends and to
remain idle in the lotus-land.
Lotus. [Gr. Xwrrfj.] 1. In class. Gr., the
name of several plants [e.g. a kind of trefoil,
water-lilies, etc.) quite dissimilar and often
confounded. 2. {Hot.) A gen. of plants be-
longing to the nat. ord. Leguminosae ; L. corni-
culatus is the common bird's foot trefoil of
pastures and dry banks in Great Britain.
Lotus-eaters. (Lotophagi.)
Loud voice. In Prayer-book, = not "secreto,"
as in the unreformed service, nor with the
mystic \o\cQ [Gr. juuo-tmcwj] of the Greek Church.
Lough. (Loch.)
Louu-d'or. [Fr.] A gold coin, first struck
under Louis XIII., 1641, and commonly called
a twenty-franc piece.
Louis Quatorze. This phrase is often used to
denote the style of ornamentation for houses,
furniture, etc., fashionable in the time of Louis
XIV. of France.
Lound. (N^aut.) Calm, absence of wind.
Loup-garoox. (Lycanthropy.)
Louvre. [(?) Fr. I'ouvert, the open; but not
from the palace known as the Louvre, the origin
of which name cannot be determined.] 1. A
lantern. 2. A turret for the escape of smoke
or for ventilation. 8. The celebrated museum
and gallery of Paris, connected with one of the
most ancient palaces of France.
Louvre-boarding. (Luffer-boarding.)
Love, Family of. [Eng. hist.) A sect of the
sixteenth century, holding opinions much like
those of the Anabaptists.
Love-feast. (Agapse.)
Lovelace. A consummate voluptuary and foe
to female virtue, in Richardson's History oj
Clarissa Harloive.
-low. [A.S. hlaw, a tnottnd, rising ground.]
Part of names, as in Mar-low ; cf. -law on Scot.
Border, as in Hood-law.
Low and aloft. (A aw/.) Every sail set.
Lowbote. {Leg.) Recompense for a man
killed in a tumult.
Low Celebration. In the Latin Church, Low
Mass, or Mass performed by a single priest, with
a ser\'er.
Lower-case. In Printing, small letters, types
(as distinguished from capitals) kept in the lower
case ; abbrev. to I.e.
Lower Empire. A name sometimes applied
to the Roman empire in the East, from the
establishment of Constantinople as the im-
perial city to its capture by the Turks in 1453.
(Emperor; Empire.) Lower means later in
time ; so Gr. k6.t<d.
Lowestoft China Manufactory. Established
1756, for pottery and soft-pasle porcelain. Hard
paste introduced about 1775, and continued till
about 1800. It has no distinctive mark, but
roses are its most characteristic ornaments.
Low German. (Lang.) Piatt Deutsch, name
of the dialects of N. and W. Germany, the
Netherlands, and Anglo-Saxon.
Low-pressure engine. (Steam-engine.)
Low-pressure steam. (Steam.)
Low Sunday. The first after Easter ; probably
a corr. of Laudes, the first word of its Sequence,
"Laudes Salvatori," etc. ; because the Introit,
from the first word of which the Sunday was
commonly named, was on this day the same as
on Easter Day, viz, " Resurrexit."
Low wines. The product of the first distilla-
tion.
Lozodromio [Gr. \ol6s, slanting, Spdfios,
course] curve, or Khumb-line. A curve drawn
on a sphere so as to make a constant angle with
all the meridians it cuts. A ship which sails on
a given course {e.g. south-west) describes a /.,
curve.
Lozenge. [Fr. losange.] {Her.) A diamond-
shaped figure, used (i) as an ordinary, (2) as the
escutcheon whereon is painted the coat of arms
of a maiden or widow. An escutcheon covered
with alternate lozenges of two different tinctures
is called Lozengy.
L's, Three. In Naut. talk or slang, formerly
lead, latitude, look-out ; held to be sufficient by
those who despised nautical astronomy. — Ad-
miral Smyth's Sailors' Word-Book.
Lubber-land. {Naut.) The happy land of
sailors' dreams, where all is play and no work.
Lubber's-hole, the space between the head of
a mast and the top. Lubber^ s-point, the mark
in the compass-bowl in a line with the ship's
LUCE
303
LUNA
head. (For Lubber^ or Landlubber, vide Land-
louper.)
LOeemam 51et. [L.] // snuUs of the lamp ;
it bears signs of nightly study.
Lucifer. [L., li^^ht-bearing.\ 1. In the
classics, the morning star. 2. In Med. Theol.,
Satan. " Hillel," in Isa. xiv. 12, meaning
the morning star, and translated "Lucifer,"
is from the verb hallal, meaning to shitte,
but also to be proud. The fall of Hillel, being
taken to refer to the fall of some proud angel in
connexion with the fall of Babylon, was held to
typify Satan and his kingdom. (See note to
"proud Lucifera," Faery Qtu-ene, I. bk. iv. 12.
Qarendon Press series. ) (Phoephorus.)
Luoiferians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers
of Lucifer, Bishop of Cagliari, who in the
fourth century refused to hold communion with
clergy who had held Arian doctrines.
Lueri causa. [L.] For the sake of gain.
Lnetation. [L. luctatidnem, from luctor, /
struggle.] Effort to overcome difficulties.
L&efimo. [Etrusc] One inspired ; and so a
priest or prince.
LQcuB a non IQeendo. (AntiphrasiB.)
Lud, General. Name of the supposed leader
of the artisans who endeavoured (181 1) to stop
the introduction of machinery by riot. They
were called Luddites.
Lndire par impar. [L] To play odd and
cien (Horace).
Lttdl. [L.] Games.
Lfidi ApolUn&res. [L] Roman games in
honour of Apollo, instituted by the advice of the
Delphic oracle after the battle of Cannce, B.C.
212, and held in the Circus Maximus yearly,
July 6, conducted by the Praetor Vrbanua.
Ltldi C&pitdllm. [L.] A Roman festival to
celebrate the departure of the Gauls, It.c. 387.
Liidi Circenses ; L. ConraUes ; L. Som&ni ; L.
KagnL [L.] The most important Roman games,
celebrated yearly, September 4-12, in honour of
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, or of Consus and
Neptunus £questris, in the great Circus, super-
intended by the Curule /Ediles. Races, athletic
contests, sham fights, and the cavalry exercise
called Ladus Troite, performed by Roman
youths, were carried on. (Consus was supposed
to be a deity presiding over counsels and secret
plans ; but his name is probably connected with
that of the Consentes Dii.)
Lfidi Uber&les, or Llber&lia. [L.] A Roman
"festival corresponding to the Greek Dionysia,
celebrated March 17, when Roman youths of
sixteen years old received the toga virilis.
L&di Sac&l&res, Tarentini, Taurii A Roman
festiv:^ in honour of the infernal deities during
the i<public ; during the empire, also of the
great gods and Vesta, Hercules, Latona, and
the Fates (Parcse) ; celebrated at first on great
public emergencies, afterwards at intervals of
many years (especially after the establishment of
Augustus's supremacy), in the part of the Campus
Martins called Tarentum, and with games,
theatrical entertainments, and sacrifices through-
out the city.
Xufl; or Loofe. [D. loef, wind, Ger. luft.]
{Naut.) 1. The order to come more into the
wind. 2. The air, or wind. 3. Abbrev. for
Lieutenant. 4. The fullest part of the bows.
6. The weather leech of a sail. L. and He =
hug the wind, or sail as nearly as possible to it.
L. and touch her, try how near the wind she
will come. L. into a harbour, shoot into it,
head to wind, gradually. L. round, or Z. a-lee,
go on to the other tack.
Luffer-boarding, properly Louvre-boarding.
Sloping boards in the apertures of a louvre,
belfry, etc., to admit air but to shut out rain.
Lug, Lngg, L.-worm. Sand-worm, ArenTcola
piscatorum [L. arena, sand, colo, / inhabit, pis-
ca.ioT, a /isher man]. (Zool.) An errant annelid
found on the seashore.
Ltlgete Veneres Itibldlnesque. [L.] Motirn,
ye Venuses and Loves ; the first line of the poem
of Catullus on the death of Lesbia's sparrow.
Lugger. (Naut.) A boat, or small vessel,
rigged with lugsails.
Luggnagg. An island in Swift's Gulliver's
Travels, where some of the inhabitants are
cursed with an immortality o. old age and decay.
Lugsails. (Sails.)
L'tiltima che si perde d la speranza. [It.]
The last thing that is lost is hope.
Lumber. Timber sawed or split for use.
Lumbrlcldae. [L. lumbrlcus, an inteUinal or
earth-worm.] {Zool.) Earth-worms. Annelids
progressing by means of chitinous bristles. (Chi-
tine.)
Lumbiicus. [L.] {Zool.) An intestinal worm ;
earth-worm.
LOmen jftventae purpiireum, [L.] The ruddy
glaiv of youth (Virgil).
Lump. {Naut.) A heavy lighter used for
carrying anchors, cables, etc., about a harbour.
Lumpers. {Naut.) 1. Men who load and
unload ships. 2. In the north, men who fur-
nish a ship with liallast.
Lumpkin, Tony. A representative hobblede-
hoy, in Goldsmith's comedy 67/t' Stoops to Conquer.
Lunar ; L. cycle ; L. distanoe ; L. month ; L.
observation ; L. table ; L. year. A Lunar dis-
tance is the distance of a star from the bright limb
of the moon. The measurement of this angle is a
L. observation, or simply a Lunar ; with appro-
priate calculations it enables the observer to
determine his longitude, and ascertain the error
of his chronometer, which is designed to show
Greenwich time. A L. month is the interval
from new moon to new moon ; twelve of them
make a L. year, which is equal to 354 days
8 hrs. 48 mins. L. tables enable the astro-
nomer to calculate the true position of the
moon at any instant past or future. The tables
which facilitate the calculation of the Greenwich
mean time from an observed L. distance are
sometimes called Z. tables. (For L, cycle, vide
Cycle.)
Lunar caustic. [L. luna, moon, the alche-
mists' name for silver \ { Chem. ) Fused nitrate
of silver.
Ltination. The interval of time from one new
moon to the next, a lunar month or period of
29 days 12 hrs. 44 mins.
LUNE
304
LYNX
Lone. Name of rivers, from alauna, L. for
Celt, al avon, itihite water.
Lone. {Math.) Any one of the four portions
into which the surface of a sphere is divided by
two great circles.
Lunette. [Fr., dim of lune, moon.'\ 1.
{Arch.) An opening in a concave ceiling to
admit light. 2. (J//7.) Fieldwork of the shape
of a bastion, but formerly used also as outworks
in permanent fortification. 3, A kind of con-
vexo-concave lens for spectacles (from the
shape). In Fr., lunettes means spectacles.
Liuii-«olar. Resulting from the joint action
of sun and moon, as L.-S. precession, L.-S.
tides, etc.
Lnntra. (Felneea.)
Lnpercalia. [L.] A Roman festival in honour
of Lupercus, an agricultural god, invoked, it is
said, as a protector against wolves [lupus, %volf\,
Lupnline. [L. lupulus, dim of lupus, the hop.'\
The bitter extract of hops.
Lfipum auribu^ tenere. [L., to have a wolf
by the ears.^ To be unable to hold on and
afraid to let go ; to be in a state of difficulty
whichever way one acts.
Liipus. [L., wolf.'\ Once called A'oli me
tcmgere [L., touch mc not]. (Alcd.) A malignant
disease of the skin, closely allied to cancer, and
very destructive.
Lfipna in fabiila. [L.] 7 he wolf in the
fable, whose appearance deprived speakers of
their voice ; said of one who appears unex-
pectedly when he is being talked about.
Liipus pilum mfitat, non mentem. [L.] The
wolf changes his hair, not his disposition.
Loroa. {Naut.) Old name for a coasting-
vessel of the Mediterranean.
Lurcher. A variety of dog, allied probably
to shepherd's dog and to greyhound ; used
generally by poachers.
Lure. [Fr. leurre, and this from the O.G.
luoder (Littre).] In Falconry, a bunch of
feathers attached to a cord and tassel, having in
the centre of the feathers a split piece of wood,
with some meat. The hawk, fed constantly
thus, is enticed back after an unsuccessful chase.
Lusiads. [Port. Os Lusiadas.] The great
epic poem of Portugal, written by Camoens,
published in 1571, the subject being the estab-
lishment of the Portuguese power in India.
Lust-huis. [D. , pleasure-house.'] A little de-
tached room or arbour for summer and autumn
evenings, numbers of which overlook public
roads and canals in Holland.
Lustration. [L. lustratio, -nem.] A purifica-
tion by water, connected with sacrifices and
other rites — a Roman ceremony for winning the
favour of the gods. A general lustration of the
people was held by the Censors at the end of
every five years ; hence the period itself came to
be known as a lustre, lustrum [from luo, the Gr.
Koiu, to was/i].
Lustre. [Fr.] A metallic film over the glaze
of pottery, so thin as to be iridescent.
Lustre of years. (Lustration.)
Liisus naturae. [L.] A freak of nature.
Lute. A kind of guitar, with from four to
six pairs of strings, said to be Sp. laud, Ar.
el'ood.
Lutescent. [L..\n\.eMS,yellozv.'\ Of a yellowish
hue.
Lute-stem. (Pink.)
Lutestring (corr. from Lustring). A plain
stout silk for ladies' dresses.
Lutetia. Old Latinized name of Paris.
Lutherans. The followers of Martin Luther.
(Consubstantiation.)
Luting. [L. liitum, w«(/.] Closing the joints
of a vessel submitted to heat by means of a
clayey mixture called lute.
Luxation. [L, luxatio, -nem, from luxo, /
dislocate.^ {Med.) Dislocation, displacement of
a bone or other part.
Lycantbropy. [Gr. XvKavBpumla, from A^/cojy
a 7volf and tivQpuntos, a man.] 1. A kind of
madness, in which a man supposes himself to be
a wolf, and acts accordingly. 2. The supposed
assumption of the form of wolves by human
beings. These human wolves were called by
the French loup-gnroux, by the old English
wcre-wolves, by the Germans wehr-wolfe. (Were-
wolves. )
L^caon. [Gr. xIkos, wolf] {Zool.) Canis
pictus, Fennec, M<?gaI6tis [ixfydXa Sito, great
ears], hunting dog, reddish brown patched with
black and white ; connects hyaenas and dogs,
having the (i»et of the former (four toes on each
foot), the teeth and bones of the latter. It
hunts in packs. S. Africa. Gen. Lycaon, fam.
Canidae, ord CarnTvora.
Lyceum. [L., Gr. XvKfwv, the temple of
Apollo Lykeios.] 1. A gymnasium with covered
walks in the east suburb of Athens (named after
the neighbouring temple of Apollo L.), where
Aristotle gave his lectures ; hence, 2, any higher
school. (Ojrmnasium.)
Lych-gate. (Lich-gate.)
Lychnoscope. [Gr. \ixvos, a light, and
tTKoirtai, I see.] {Eccl. Arch.) An aperture in
the wall of a chancel, through which persons
outside might see the priest celebrating at the
altar.
Lycopodium. [Gr. Xvkos, a wolf, and novs,
iro5(Js, afoot.] {Bot.) A gen. of native plants,
type of ord. Lycopodiacese, or Club-mosses, vas-
cular acrogens, plants with creeping stems or
corms, and leafy branches resembling moss.
Lydian mode. (Greek modes.)
Lydius lapis, Lydian-stone. (Basanite.)
Lye, Ley. [O.E. leah.] Water impregnated
with alkaline salt imbibed from the ashes of
wood.
Lym, Lym-hound. [Fr. limier, a dog held in
a leash, O.Fr. liem, L. ligamen, band.] The
bloodhound. (Ban-dog.)
Lymph. [L. lympha, wafer.] {Med.) The
fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels ; often
applied, especially, to the fluid used in vacci-
nation.
Lymphatics. (Absorbents.)
Lynch law. Irregular justice administered by
the people ; so called, it is said, from a Virginian
farmer named Lynch.
Lynx. {Qx.Xxryl.] (Zool.) Gen. of Felidse,
LYON
305
MACU
with tufted ears and short tails. N. hemi-
sphere ; except Caracal (q. v.), which may perhaps
be considered a separate gen.
Lyon King-at-armi. Chief heraldic officer
for Scotland ; title derived from lion rampant in
the royal escutcheon.
Lyonnesse. (Leonnoys.)
Lyons, Poor Men of. (Hist.) The followers
of Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons (circ.
1 160), commonly known as Waldensians. —
Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. ix.
Ch. 8.
K As an abbrev., stands for the praeno-
men Marcus ; sometimes also for magister,
monumentum, municipium. W stands for the
praenomen Manius. A Tuscan symbol like the
letter was used to denote 1000, and was formerly
supix)scd to be the letter itself.
Maash. {A'aut.) A large Nile trading-vessel.
Mab. In the mythology of the English poets
of the twelfth and following centuries, the queen
of the fairies. — Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet.
Mabby. A potato spirit used in Barbados.
Mme. A Scotch word signifying son [from
the same root with Gr. tityas, great, Ger.
tnagaths, magd, a maid or grown-up girl, much,
Muckle, etc.].
Maeadamixe. To construct roads by forming
a crust with layers of stones broken into angular
pieces of small size, each layer being consolidated
before another is placed on it. This process,
whkrh was known long before in Europe, has
received its name in England from J. L. Mac-
adam, who died in 1836.
Maearina, St. (Dance Kaeabre.)
Macaroni. [It.] l^ong slender tubes of a
paste, chiefly of wheat flour.
Macaronic. A ludicrous distortion or adapta-
tion of modem words to Greek and Latin in-
flexions and metre ; invented by Theoph.
Folengo, in Italy, sixteenth century ; with a
gross ma£aro>ti-\\ke mixture of classical words,
as in the schoollx^y verses, "Trumpeter unus
erat, qui coatum scarlet habebat," etc. The
PolemoMiddinia of Drummond is a specimen.
Maicaiwir oiL A kind of hair-oil originally ob-
tained from Macassar, in the island of Celebes.
Macaw. (Orni/h.) Gen. of birds like par-
rots, but with feajherless cheeks. America.
Gen. Ara, fam. Conurlda [Gr. kSivos, cone,
oi/pd, tail], ord. Psittaci.
• ILucaboy. A kind of snuff (from a district in
the island of Martinique).
Mace. [It.] The aril— a body which rises
up from the placenta and encompasses the seed
— of the nutmeg, used as a spice.
Mace. [Ft. masse, a mass, lump, L. massa.]
{Mil.) A weapon used by cavalry; a species of
club, with large fixed- head, or hanging loose by
chains. In the first form it is still used as an
ensign of authority.
Macedonians. In Eccl. Hist., the followers
of Macedonius, who in the fourth century
denied the distinct personality of the Holy
Ghost.
Maceration. [L. mac5ratio, -nem.] The act
of softening substances by steepmg them in cold
water.
Machiavellian. Popularly used as = having a
character of craft or duplicity in politics.
Machiavellism. The system of government
propounded by Machiavelli (1469-1527) in his
treatise called The Prince. The term is generally
used in a disparaging sense.
Machicolation, [hr. machicoulis, origin un-
known, latter part con, with couler, to trickle
(Littre).] Projection supported on corbels over
the gateway of a castle, through the floor of
which stones, scalding water, and molten lead
were thrown on the heads of the assailants.
Machine. [L. machina, any miliiary engine. ]
Name given to any kind of engine used for bat-
tering or assisting in the attack of walls, before
the invention of gunpowder.
Machine-tool. A machine driven by steam
power, capable of adjustment to an automatic
feed for shaping metal by cutting.
Mackerel-boat. {Nattt.) One clinker-built,
with large foresail, spritsail, and mizzen.
Macmillanites. A Scottish sect, representing
the Covenanters of the seventeenth century ; so
called from John Macmillan, who adopted their
principles and became their leader and spokes-
man. They are also known as the Reformed
Presbyteiy, and as Mountain or Hill People.
Macrame. [Fr. Micareme, Mid-Lent, when
priests' robes are trimmed with it.] In lace, a
kind of work principally applied to ornamenting
towels, etc. ; a long fringe is left at each end, for
the purpose of being knotted together in geo-
metrical designs. — Mrs. Palliser, History of Lace.
Macro-. [Gr. ixaKp6s, lo/tg.]
Macrocosm. [Gr. fxcuepos, large, k6(thos, world.]
The universe as opposed to Microcosm \jjnKp6i,
small], the world of man.
Macrometer. [Gr. ^o/fpJy, long, utrpfta, 1
measure.] An instrument for measuring inac-
cessible objects by means of two reflectors on a
common sextant. — Webster.
Maerftra. [Gr. fiaKp6s, long, ovpd, a tail.]
{Zool. ) Long-tailed decapod crustaceans ; as
shrimps and lobsters.
Macte virtiite. [L., happy in thy virtue.]
Good luck to you.
M&c&l». [L., spots.] (Med.) Detached dis-
coloured spots or patches in the skin, some from
textural change, generally pigmentary.
Macule. [L. macula, a spot.] In Printing, a
blur, causing part of the impression to appear
double.
MADA
306
MAGN
Uadame; Uademoiselle. The Fr. forms of
the L. mea domina, my lady, mea dominicilla,
my littk lady ; the latter being brought by abra-
sion into the Eng. damsel and miss.
Madder. [O.E. maddre.] A reddish root,
furnishing dyes and pigments.
tfadefaction. [L. maddfacio, / make wet.]
{Affd.) I.q. htimectation {q.v.).
Madeira. A rich wine made in the isle of
Aladeira.
Madeira nut. A kind of thin-shelled walnut
from Madeira.
Madjoon. (Majonn.)
Madge-howlet. [cy. O.Fr. machette.] An owl.
Madonna. [It. for L. mea domina, my
lady.] The Italian term for the Virgin Mary.
Mad Parliament. (Oxford, Frovisiona of.)
Madrephyllia. [Gr. ixa5a.f)6s, moist, <f>v\\iov,
Uafag^:.] Mushroom corals, fungiae.
Madrepore. [Fr.] Gen. of coral, giving its
name to fam. ^Iadrep6rldDe, and to Madrepo-
raria, the great bulk of recent, coral-making zoo-
phytes, as the Brainstone C. Ord. Zoantharia,
class Actinozda, sub-kingd, Coelenterata. (Gene-
rally connected with madre, spotted ; but Littre
gives It. madrepora, from madre, mother, Gr.
irwpos, tuft-stone.)
Madrigal. [Fr., from It. madrialfe, L.L. ma-
triale, some kind of song (Littre).] 1. Seems
to have been originally a theme for the poet im-
provising ; then, 2, the harmonizing of such
songs as had become popular ; lastly, 3, as
perfected in England, part-music, with distinct
phrases or melodies, not mere concord of sounds,
as a glee may be ; while motett [It. moto, theme,
movement], once synonymous with madrigal,
came to denote movements intended for the ser-
vices of the Church, and these became anthems.
Maecenas. The friend and patron of Horace
and Virgil ; hence any patron of men of letters,
as Sir Philip Sidney e.g. was of Edmund
Spenser.
Maelstrom. [Norw., mill-stream.'] (Geog.)
An eddy or race on the Norwegian coast,
exaggerated, like Scylla and Charybdis, into a
terrific whirlpool, sucking down everything
coming within its reach.
Mseso-Gothic. Belonging to the Maeso-Goths,
or Goths settled in Maesia.
Maestro di Capella. (Capelmeister.)
Magdeburg, Centtiriators of. Certain Luthe-
ran writers so styled themselves, who in the
sixteenth century compiled, at Magdeburg, a
history of the Church down to the Reformation.
Magellanic clouds. (Astron.) Two nebulous
or cloudy masses of light, resembling portions
of the Alilky Way, conspicuously visible to the
naked eye between 18° and 24" from the South
Pole, and covering areas of about forty-two and
ten square degrees respectively.
Maigenta (from the battle of Magenta, soon
after which it was invented). An aniline dye of
red colour tinged with violet.
Magged. \Naut.) 1. Worn and stretched
rope. 2. Reproved.
Magians. [Gr. ndyos, perhaps from the
Pehlevi mog, or mag, a priest,] The hereditary
priests among the ancient Persians and Medians.
Zoroaster is said to have been the great reformer
of their order. (Ahriman.)
Magic, Natural ; M. square. The art of em-
ploying the natural properties of things to pro-
duce effects that were thought magical ; as the
effects produced by the magic lantern. A Af.
square is a square divided into nine, or sixteen, or
twenty-five, etc., smaller squares, with a number
written in each, such that the sum of the three,
or four, or five, etc. , numbers in every horizontal,
or vertical, or diagonal, row is the same ; as —
4
9
2
3
5
7
8
I
6
Magilp. A mixture of linseed oil and mastic
varnish, used as a vehicle in oil-ixiinting.
Magister ad F&oult&tes. (Master of the
Faculties.)
Magister Equltum. (Master of the Horse.)
Magister Seutentiartim. (Master of the Sen-
tences. )
Magistery. A precipitate produced by dilu-
tion with water.
Magistral. [.Sp.] Roasted copper pyrites
used in reducing silver ores.
Magistral line. [L. magistralis, belonging to
a master.] (Mil.) The one first traced on the
ground, giving the outline of fortification works.
If the ditch has a retaining wall, it shows the
summit of the escarp ; in other cases, the line of
crest of the parapet.
Magistral remedy. [L. magister, master.]
(Med.) 1. A sovereign remedy. 2. A remedy
according to circumstances for a particular occa-
sion, and so = extemporaneous, not one of the
Pharmacopoeia-
Magma. [Gr., a kneaded mass.] Any pasty
mixture of mineral or organic matters.
Magna Charta. (Charta, Magna.)
Magna est Veritas et prseyalebit. [L.] Truth
is great and -111111 prevail.
Magfna est vis consuetudMs. [L.] The force
of custom is great. (Mos pro lege.)
Magna Oreecia. Name given to that part of
S. Italy which was thickly planted with Greek
colonies— Sybaris, Croton, Tarentum, Rhegium,
etc.
Magnas inter opes inops. [L., poor in the
midst of viitch wealth (Horace).] A miser.
Magnates. [L.L.] In Hungary, and formerly
also in Poland, the title of the noble estate in
the national representation.
Magnesia. An alkaline earth, the oxide of
magnesium (originally found near Magnesia, in
Lydia) ; the medicine being carbonate of M., a
white, tasteless, earthy substance, mildlyaperient.
Epsom salt, i.e. formerly found in springs near E. ,
MAGN
307
MAID
is sulphate of magnesia. Magnesia alba is a mix-
ture of carbonate and hydrate of magnesium.
Hagnesian limestone, i.e. having more than
twenty per cent, of carbonate of magnesia, is, in
Geol., = Permian limestone of Durham, and
Zechstein of Germany ; the middle member of
the Permian system in England and Europe.
Magnesiam. A white malleable metal, the
base of magnesia.
Xagnet [Gr. Affloy Vii.yin\%, Magnesian stone,
magnet] ; Eleetro-K. A body, commonly a
piece of steel, which has the property of attract-
ing pieces of iron to its poles or ends. An
Electro-M. is a magnet formed of a core consist-
ing of a rod, or bundle of rods, of wrought iron
round which an electric current circulates. If a
bar of steel is used as a core instead of soft
wrought iron, it retains its magnetic power after
the current has ceased to circulate. In this way
magnets are commonly made, though certain
kinds of iron ore, called lodestones, are natural
magnets ; and magnets used to be made by
touching steel needles with a lodestone.
Magnetic battery; K. compensator; M. ele-
ments ; M. field ; X. needle ; M. poles ; K. storms.
A Magtutic battery is a number of magnets joined
so that their similar poles come together and
strengthen each other. A M. compensator is a
magnet put in the neighbourhood of the compass
of an iron ship, to neutralize the ship's permanent
magnetism. The M. field is the r^ion sur-
rounding a magnet and so modified by it that
another magnet brought within the region is
acted on by the force of the magnet. A M. needle
is a long thin magnet suspended so as to move
freely in a horizontal or vertical plane (i.e, as a
declination or dipping needle). The north pole
of a magnet is that which turns towards the
North Pole of the earth ; as unlike poles attract
each other, the magnetism of the north pole of a
magnet is of the same kind as that of the South
Pole of the earth. The north and south poles
here spoken of are the Af. poles of the earth, i.e.
points at which the earth would exert no direc-
tive power on a declination needle ; they do not
coincide with the geographical poles of the earth.
Af. elements are the infinitesimally small magnets
of which magnets are supposed to be made up, in
the mathematical theories of magnetism. (VoxAf.
azimuth, Af. declittation, Af. storm, etc., vide
Azimuth ; Declination ; Storm, Magnetic ; etc. )
Magnetism ; Terrestrial M. The force of at-
traction or repulsion exerted by a magnet on
other magnets. Terrestrial Af. is the magnetic
force exerted by the earth, which is, in fact, a
magnet.
Magnetism, Animal, or Mesmerism {q.v.), (once
thought to have some analogy to the M. of the
lodestone). A supposed emanation by which
one person can act upon the body and mind of
another, controlling both action and thought,
the effect being that of "expectant attention"
(see Carpenter's Alcntal riiysiology, ch. xvi.).
Magneto-electric indaction; M.-E. machine.
The phenomenon of a momentary electric cur-
rent produced in a coil of wire by its motion
within a magnetic field. In a Af.-E. machine
the motion is so arranged that a succession of
these momentary currents is made to coalesce
into a continuous current in one direction.
Magneto-electricity. Electricity developed
by the action of a magnet.
Magnifying-glass. A lens with a negative
focal length, in most cases a double-convex lens.
Magni nomlnis nmbra. [L.] The shado-v of
a great name (Lucan) ; said of a man who
without ability in himself inherits a great name,
or of one who has survived or lost his reputation.
Magni refert qniboscnm vixens. [L.] It mat-
ters much with whomyoti live. (Noscitnr e sociis.)
Magnis excldit ausis. [L.] lie failed in a
great enterprise (Ovid); said of Phaethon.
Magnum bontim. [L., a great good.] The
name given to a kind of plum and to a kind of
potato.
Magnnm est vectlgal parsimonia. [L.] Econo-
my is {in itself) a great revenue.
Magnus Apollo. [L.] A great Apollo ; stCiA
of one distinguished in art or science. (Apollo.)
Magot. (Zool.) The most common gen. of
Eastern monkeys, found also in N. Africa and
Gibraltar. Some spec, have long tails ; others,
as the Gibraltar monkey or Barbary ape, have
none. Macacus, fam. CercopTthecTda.
Mahabhar&ta. [Skt., the great (war of) Bha-
rata.] A long Indian epic poem, relating to the
civil war between the Kurus and the Pandus.
Mah&deva, Maliadeo. [Skt., the great god,
Gr. ^«7« Ofus.] (Afyth.) A Hindu deity who
may be identified with Siva in the later Tri-
murtti or Trinity.
Mahadi. The twelfth Imam.
Mahalatb, " to the chief musician upon M. ; "
Ps. liii., Ixxxviii. ; probably jc sickness, i.e. in-
dicating a melancholy tune as appropriate
(Speakers Commentary). (Leannoth.)
Mahaleb. [Ar. mahleb.] A kind of cherry
whose fruit affords a violet dye.
Mahlstick. [Ger. malen, to paint, stock,
stick.] A stick used to support an artist's hand
while painting.
Mahone, Mahonna, or Maon. (A'aut.) An
obsolete flat-bottomed Turkish ship of burden.
Mahonnd. A contemptuous name for Mo-
hammed or Mahomet ; hence an evil spirit or
devil. Often coupled with Termagant.
Maia. A word denoting motherhood (?) or
increase [is not May the increasing month, as
April is the opening month (aperire)?] ; common
to many Aryan languages. In Gr. Myth., M. is
the mother of Hermes. In Eng., May.
Maiden. An instrument, resembling the Guil-
lotine, formerly used in Scotland for the behead-
ing of criminals. Hence to kiss the maiden was
to be put to death. (Scavenger's daughter.)
Maiden assize. An assize in which there are
no prisoners for trial.
Maidenhair. (Bot.) Adiantum cSpillus Vene-
ris, ord. Filices, ferns ; found on moist rocks,
old damp walls, etc. Rare in Britain, abundant
in S. Europe.
Maid Marian. This term is thought by some
to be a corr. of Afad Aforion, the boy of the
Morrice-dance, so called from the helmet which
MAID
308
MALA
he wore. The corn of the words led to the
change of the sex.
Uaid of Kent, Holy. (Barton, Elizabeth.)
Maihem, Mayhem. {Leg-) The offence of
injuring another so as in any way to atfect his
lighting power.
Mails. In Scot. Law, the rents of an estate.
Payments made by owners of lands, for protec-
tion of their property to the chiefs of marauding
clans, were termed black mail.
Maine liquor law. A law first enacted in the
state of Maine about 1844, forbidding the sale of
intoxicating drinks except by an agent specially
empowered by the local magistrate, or by muni-
cipal authority. — Bartlett's Atnericanisms.
Mainotes. Pirates of the Mg<^z.n Sea.
Mainpernor. [Fr. main, hand, pernor =
preneur, one who takes. ] [L.] A surety for a
prisoner's appearance in court at a given time.
(Mainprise, Writ of.)
Main Plot. (Bye, or Surprise, Plot.)
Mainprise, Writ of. (Leg. ) One of the means
of remedying the injury of false imprisonment ;
directed to the sheriff, commanding him to take
sureties for the prisoner's appearance (usually
called Mainpernors), and to set him at large.
Bail might imprison or surrender before the
stipulated day ; but M. were simply sureties for
appearance on the day. Again, B. were sureties
in the special matter only, but M. were bound
to produce him to meet all chaises whatsoever.
— Brown, Law Dictionary.
Maintenance. (Leg.) An offence punishable
by imprisonment, is, according to Mr. Justice
Stephen, "the act of assisting the plaintiff in
any legal proceedings in which the person giving
the assistance has no valuable interest, or in
which he acts from any improper motive. "
Maintenance, Cap of. A cap of dignity formed
of red velvet lined with ermine.
Mainyard men. In Naut. parlance, those on
the doctor's list.
Maison de sante. [Fr., a house of health. ^ A
private hospital.
Maitrank (i.e. May-drink). A popular drink
in Germanv, prepared by throwing young shoots
of woodruff (Asperula odorata) into light white
Rhenish wine, and allowing it to stand for a few
hours.
Maitre d'hoteL [Fr.] A house-steward.
Maize. (Zea.)
Majesty. [L. majestas.] Properly the sove-
reign dignity of the Roman people. (Leze
majesty.)
Majesty, Apostolical. A title bestowed by the
pope, A.D. 1000, on the Duke of Hungary.
Majesty, Catholic. A title bestowed by Alex-
ander VI., 149 1, on Ferdinand and Isabella of
Spain.
Majesty, Most Christian. A title of the French
kings, who were also styled Eldest Sons of the
Church.
Majesty, Most Faithful. A title of the kings
of Portugal, bestowed by Pope Benedict XIV.
on John V.
Majolica. A soft enamelled pottery, in-
troduced into Italy from Majorca, and distin-
guished by coarseness of substance and elaborate
design. •
MajSrat. [Fr.] In the law of many conti-
nental nations, the right of succession to property
according to age. (Mayorazo.)
Major^omo. [L. major domfis, the greater
officer of the house.] This title,' modified in later
times into mord-dom, denotes seemingly three
offices : (i) the chief officer of the prince's
table ; (2) the mayor of the palace ; (3) the
count or prefect of the palace, afterwards the
Seneschal.
Major e longinquo reverentla. [L.] Respect
is greater at a distance ; answering to the
phrases, "Familiarity breeds contempt;"
" Distance lends enchantment to the view;" and
" No man a hero to his own valet."
Majoun, Madjoun. A preparation of hemp,
used as an intoxicating drug by Orientals.
Majuscules and Minuscules. [Fr.] In Print-
ing, capital letters and small letters.
Make ready. (Mil. ) The old word of com-
mand for bringing a soldier's musket to full cock.
Making-iron. A tool like a grooved chisel,
used in caulking ships.
Malabrio. The language of Malabar, in the
presidency of Madras.
Mala causa sUenda est. [L.] When your
cause is bad you should say nothing (Ovid).
Malacca cane. A brown mottled cane for
walking-sticks, from a palm growing in Malacca.
Malachite. [Gr. iia\dxv, mallow, the leaf of
which has a like colour.] Native green carbo-
nate of copper, used for jewellery, etc.
Malacology. [Gr. fxa\aK6s,soft, ^6yos, account.]
The science of molluscs and molluscoids, which
are soft-bodied, unsegmented animals, with one,
two, or three nervous ganglia, and (usually) an
external skeleton, or shell. They are classified
as follows : —
MoLLUSCA Proper, True Molluscs.
Class. Orders.
Cephalupoda. I. Dibranchiata [Gr.
iis, twice, /Spdyx""'
iitts].
II. TetrabranchTSta
IGr. Ttrrapa-f/our].
Gasteropoda. 1. PrOsObranchiata Whelks.
[Gr. npoaia, Jor-
ward].
II. PulmSnifera [L. Snails,
pulmo, -nis, lungs,
fero, / carry].
HI. Opisthobranchi-
ata [Gr. oniaOe, be-
hind].
Examples.
Octopus [Gr. oK-
ToiTroiir, eight-
Jooted], Paper
nautilus.
Pearly nautilus.
Pteropoda.
Lan".e'libran-
chiata, or
Conchifera
[L. concha,
sliell, fero, /
carry], JBi-
valves.
IV. Nucleubranchi-
ata [L. nucleus,
dim. of nux, kernel,
Gr. Bpa^x'"! gills]
or Heteropoda [Gr.
tre^ot, other\.
Bubble-shells,
Bulllda; [L.
bulla, bubble],
and sea-le-
mons, DOridae.
Carinaria.
CleodOra, Hya-
lea.
Cockles, oysters.
MALA
309
MALV
MOLLUSCOIOA, MOLLUSCOIOS.
Class. Examples.
Brachlupoda. Lampshells.
Tfinlcata. Ascidians [Gr.
aaKot, leather
bag].
PCIlJiO*. Sea-niats. Flus-
tra.
K&l&coptSrygIL [Gr. fidKiucds, soft, mipv^,
-ifos, fin.\ {Ichth.) In Cuvier's system, fish
with soft rays in the paired fins ; as the carp.
Malaoostracans. [Gr. naiKaK-6<iTpa.Kos, soft-
shelled.} (Zoo/.) Crustaceans with crust soft
as compared with those of molluscs, though not
so as compared with those of other crustaceans.
(With Aristotle, = Crustacea generally.)
Malades imaginaires. [L.] Those who fancy
themselves ill, hypochondriacs. Le Malade
Imaginaire is the title of a comedy by Moliere.
Maladie dn pays. [Fr.] Home-sickness.
(Nostalgia.)
Maladresse. [Fr.] Awkwardness, clumsiness.
Mala fide. [L.] With had faith. (Bona fide.)
Mala galUna, malum ovum. [L., a bad hen,
a bad fi^g.] Things will produce their like.
Malagaah, Malagasy, Madegasse. People of
Madagascar ; of which island the native name
is Moiiciasse.
Mala mens, mains animus. [L.] A bad head,
a bad heart.
Malapert [O.Fr. apart, L. apertus, open;
hence intelligent ; hence malapert, unskilful,
ill-bred.} Generally denotes pertness, impu-
dence, forwardness.
Malaprop, Mrs. A character in Sheridan's
play of the Hivals. She is alwaj's using wrong
words which resemble the right ones more or
less. So named from Fr. mal k propos, not to
the purpose.
Mal a propos. [Fr.] Unseasonable, ill-timed.
Malaria. (Miasma.)
Malayala. A dialect of the Malabar language.
Malebolge. [It.] The eighth circle of Dante's
Inferno.
Mal-entendn. [Fr., misunderstood.} A mis-
apprehension.
Male-snada fllmes. [L.] Hunger tempting to
evil (\''\xg\\).
Malignants. [L. mSlignus, of a bad kind. ]
(Eng. J/ist.) A name applied by the Round-
heads or Puritans to those who refused to take
the Solemn League and Covenant.
Malignant tnmonrs, etc. (Benign.)
Malingerer. (Nitut. ) One who shams illness
to shirk work.
Malingery. [Fr. malingre, ailing, from mal,
and hingre, O.Fr. =L. regrum, sick.] A feigning
of illness ; strictly, in shirking military duty.
Mali princlpli mains finis. [L.] A bad be-
ginning -will have a bad eftding.
Malis avlbns. [L.] IVith bad birds, i.e. viith
bad omens.
MUItia snpplet eet&tem. [L.] A maxim of
the law, referring to infants between seven
and fourteen : malice makes up for want of
age ; i.e., in the particular case, the premature
criminal intelligence of the child shows him to
have been fully aware of what he was doing.
On the other hand, the evidence of a childintel-
ligently and religiously brought up, though pritnd
facie not to be received, may be received upon
the principle, Sapientia supplet setatem ; gene-
rally applied to children of seven and under.
Mall. [L. malldus, hammer.} A heavy
wooden hammer. (Matd.)
Malleable. [L. malleus, hammer.} Capable
of being spread out by hammering.
Mallemaroking. {A'aut.) Seamen visiting
each other, and carousing on board Greenland
ships.
Mallenders, Sallenders. (Vet.) In the horse,
scurfy eruptions — M. in the flexure at the back of
the knee, S. at the bend of the hock.
MalliSlus. [Dim. of L. malleus, hammer.}
(Anal. ) The ankle. Af. infernus, the termina-
tion of the tibia ; externus, that of the fibula ;
forming the outer and inner prominences of the
ankle.
Malle-poste. [Fr.] Mail-coach or post,
mail.
Mallens. \L,., hammeri\ (Anat.) The most
external of the bones of the ear, attached to the
membrana tympani ; striking upon the incus
\anvir\.
Mallnm. [L.L.] In the usage of the Teutonic
nations, the place for the meeting of the people,
each leading state in the empire having its own
place of assembly.
Malm. A yellow kiln-baked brick.
Malmsey. [Fr. malvoisie.] A strong, sweet
wine.
M&Io cam PlatSne err&re qnam enm allis recte
sentlre. [ L. ] / haii rather be wrong xvilh Plato
than right urith any one else (Cicero).
Malta, Knights of. (Orders, Beligfioos.)
Maltese cross. (Cross.)
Maltha. [Gr. ^ciAflo.] A viscid mineral
pitch.
Malthnsian theory. The theory of Malthus,
1798, that population would soon outrun the
means of subsistence, unless held back by the
external checks of vice, misery, and moral re-
straints ; the argument being that population
increases in a geometrical, food in an arithme-
tical, ratio.
M&lnm in se. [L.] A thing wrong in itself,
a violation of moral law ; as stealing. (Malum
prohibitum.)
M&lnm prohibitum. [L.] A law phrase, for
things or acts which become wrong only as being
prohibited by enactment ; as the importation of
goods into a country, when so prohibited, be-
comes smuggling.
Malum Tas non frangltur. [L.] Worthless
vessels are not broken.
M&lus in lino, mains in omnibus [L.], or Falsus
in uno, etc. (I-eg-) A man if bad, if dis-
credited as a witness in one matter, is the same
in all matters ; a maxim in Law ; a great exag-
geration, and not much acted upon, in fact.
Malvaceous. [L. malva, malloiv.} 1. Mucila-
ginous. 2. Belonging to the ord. Malvaceae, or
mallow tribe.
Malversation. [Fr., from L. male, ill, ver-
sari, to be occupied.} Ill behaviour, especially
MAME
310
MAND
in reference to dishonesty, corruption, and em-
liezzlement.
Mameliers. [Fr. mameliere, from mamelles,
the br£asts.\ Metal plates protecting each side
of the chest ; fourteenth century.
MamSloke. [Ar. memalik, a s/ave.] The
name of the male slaves imported from Circassia
into Egypt. In the thirteenth century they were
formed into an armed body of guards, who
dethroned the Sultan Touran-Shah, setting up
one of their own number in his place. They
then governed Egypt for 263 years. They
were finally destroyed by Mehemet Ali, l8u.
(Janissaries.)
Mamertine Prison. Two horrible dungeons
were so called, which were set apart for State
prisoners in ancient Rome.
Mammalia, Mammals. [L. mamma, dreasf.]
{Zoo/. ) The highest class of vertebrates, briefly
characterized by suckling their young, and by
having hair upon the whole or part of their skin
or hide, at some age or other. In the classifi-
cation of them we have followed that adopted
by Mr. Wallace, Geographical Distribution of
Animals.
A. Man. Examples.
B. /Ord. I. PrTmStSs. Monkeys and lemurs.
Bats.
MdnSdelphTa.
Man.
/Ord. I. Primates.
Ord.II. Cheiro-
ptera.
Ord. III. Insectl-
vor.i.
Ord. IV. Carnlvora
Pinnigrade.
Plantigrade.
Digitigrade.
Ord. V. Cetacea.
Ord. VI. Slrcnia.
Moles, hedgehogs,
and shrews.
and
Ord. VII. Ungu-
lata.
Ord. VII I. PrcS-
boscidea.
Ord. IX. Hyra-
cOidea.
Ord. X. ROden-
tia.
Ord. XI. Eden-
\ tata.
DidelpMa. Ord. XI I. Marsu-
pialia.
OmIthSdelpMa. Ord^XIII. M5-
nutreniata.
Seals.
Hears.
Otters, cats,
dogs.
Whales and dolphins.
The diigong and
manatee.
Horse s,swine,camels,
oxen.
The elephant.
The hyrax.
Mice, beavers, porcu-
pines, hares.
Sloths, armadillocs,
ant-eaters.
Kangaroos.
Ornithorhyncus and
echidna.
Mammetry. Any false religion, idolatry ;
Mammet, an idol, being a corr. of JMahomet,
with whose religion the mediaeval Church was
brought most closely into contact.
Mammillated. Having projections like small
ni/pks [L. mammillae].
Mammodis. [Hind, mahmvidi, praisezvorthy.^
Coarse, plain Indian muslins.
Mammoth. (Geol.) Of Siberia and N.
Europe, the fossil elephant (Elephas primige-
mus), larger than existing elephants and covered
with dense, shaggy hair.
Man, Isle of, battery. {A^atit.) The battery
of three guns mounted on a ship's turret ; from
the triplicity of the arms of the island.
Manalrin. (Ornith.) Fam. of birds, mostly
with gay plumage. Irop. S. America. Fam.
Pipridae, ord. Passeres. Some unite these with
the Cotingidae, Chatterers, including Riipicola
[L. rupes, rock, colo, / inhabit]. Cock of the
rock.
Man-at-arms. {Mil.) Designation — fourteenth
to sixteenth century — of heavy cavalry soldier
fully equipped in armour.
Manatee, Manatns. (Manatidse.)
ManatidsB. (Zool.) Sea-cows ; iy/o gen. {arm-
ing ord. Sirenia — Manatus, the manatee of the
Atlantic, and Hallcore, the dugongof the Indian
Ocean ; aquatic herbivorous mammals, which
may have given rise to the belief in sirens, etc.
The dugong is distinguished from the manatee
by its forked tail and by its size, being sometimes
twenty-six feet long, whereas the manatee is
only nine or ten feet in length. Kytina, a third
gen. and spec, recently inhabiting the N. Pacific,
is believed to be extinct.
Manbote. In O.E. Law, the compensation to
be paid for killing a man. (Wergild.)
Manche. [Fr.] 1. An ancient sleeve with
long hangings. 2. In Geog., La M. is the
English Channel.
Manohe. Of Mangalore, Calicut, etc., a flat-
bottomed boat for landing cargoes ; its planks
sewed together with coir-yarn.
Manchester school. That of Mr. Cobden, Mr.
Bright, and other leaders of the Anti-Corn-Law
League. In 1838 Mr. Cobden carried in Man-
chester a motion to petition Parliament for the
repeal of all duties on corn ; the abolition of the
corn laws in 1846 was in great part due to Mr.
Cobden's lectures, etc., as Sir R. Peel acknow-
ledged.
Manchineel tree. {Bot.) Hippomane man-
Manilla, ord. Euphorbiaceae of W. Indies and
Trop. America ; one of the most poisonous of all
vegetable productions ; a drop of its white juice,
used for arrows, will bum the skin. A large
handsome tree, its wood valuable.
Manciple. [O.Fr. mancipe, with / inserted,
as in participle for participe, from L. manceps.]
A steward, especially in colleges in the univer-
sities.
Mand&mos. {L,., we command.] A writ from
the Court of Queen's Bench, directed to any per-
son or corporation within the Queen's dominions,
requiring them to perform certain acts.
Mandarin. The Portuguese term [from L.
mandare, to command] for the official order of
nobility in China.
M&Qdarining. Giving an orange colour to
silk or woollen goods by the action of dilute
nitric acid.
Mandat. [Fr.] A post-office order.
Mandatary. [L. mandatarius, from mando, /
command.] One to whom a charge is given.
Mandible. [L. mandibiila, from mando, /
chew.] (Anat.) A jaw, the organ of mastication.
Mandibulate. [L. mandibula, a jaxv, from
mando, / chexv.] (Entom.) Insects provided
with mandibles [biting jaws] to their last stage
as beetles.
Mandoline. [It. mandolina.] An Italian
fretted guitar, like an almond [mandola] in
shape, of which there are several varieties ;
played with a plectrum in the right hand, the
left being used to stop the strings.
MAND
3"
MANS
Mandrake. [Gr. fiavSp&yopa^.] Gen. xxx. 15 ;
Cant. vii. 13 ; probably Mandragora officinalis, a
peculiar plant, with a large dark-coloured fleshy
root divided into two or three forks, somewhat
like the human body ; poisonous (except the
orange-coloured, pulpy fruit) and narcotic, so that
to have eaten mandrake was, with the ancients,
to be stupid. It was said to shriek when torn up,
and its fruit was supposed to cure barrenness.
Mandrel, MandriL [Fr. mandrin ; origin un-
known.] The spindle which carries the chuck
of a lathe, and the pulleys by which the turning
motion is communicated to the chuck.
Mandrill. (Baboon.)
Mandnbi. (Arachis.)
Manducation. [L. manducare, (0 chew.] A
term applied to the eating of the element of
bread in the Eucharist.
Manege. [Fr., It. maneggio.] 1. The art of
training and managing horses. 2. Riding-school.
M&n5s. The general name given by the
Latins to the spirits of the dead. The word
means goo</ or ^/W. They were commonly
identified with the Lares. (LarrsB ; Lemores.)
Mangabey. {Zoo/.) Gen. of monkeys, ly/it'U-
eyelid monkeys, with long tails. W. Africa.
Cerc6cebus, fam. Cercopilhecldae.
M a n ga n ese. {Min.) A metal, greyish-white,
brilliant, heavy, very hard, non-magnetic ; not
known native, on account of its powerful af!inity
for oxj^cn.
Mange in horses, dogs, cattle, and Seab in
sheep. Diseases resulting from the attacks of
minute mites or acari ; very similar to itch in the
human subject [Fr. manger, to eat, consume ;
so Fr. demanger, to itch].
Manger. (Naut.) The front part of the
bows, by the hawse-holes, in a man-of-war, sepa-
rated from the rest of the deck by a high comb-
ing, called the manger-board, so that water
shipped through the hawse-holes may not come
on to the decks.
Mange-tout. [Fr., one who eats all.] A spend-
thrift.
Mangle-wheel; M.-rack. Mechanical con-
trivances for converting a continuous circular
motion into an alternating circular or rectilinear
motion ; they are used in mangles. The axis
carrying the pinion is capable of a small motion,
and, under the guidance of a groove, works alter-
nately on interior and exterior teeth in the case
of the wheel, and above and below a set of
projecting teeth in the case of the rack.
Muigo. (Native name, Mangho.) (Bot.)
Fruit of Mangifera Indica, a gen. of tropical
Asiatic trees, included among the Anacardiacece ;
in some varieties, highly prized.
Mangonel. [It. manganella.] {Afil.) An
ancient engine of war, similar to the Trebnchet.
Mangoitan, MangOBteen. [Malay mangglstan.]
A delicious Eastern fruit, of the size of a small
apple ; that of Garcinia mangostana.
MangroTe. [Probably an abbrev. of mangle
?;rove, the Malay name.] A tree of the gen.
<hizophora, inhabiting tropical shores, and
known for the dense groves which it forms even
down to the water itself.
21
Manheim gold. Brass, consisting of four parts
of copper to one of zinc.
Manibus pedlbusque. [L., with hands and
feet.] Tooth and nail.
ManichaeanB. {^ccl. Hist.) The followers of
Manes, who, in the third century, tried to com-
bine Christianity with Eastern systems of philo-
sophy. He thus adopted the system of Dualism
(Ahrunan), and set forth opinions much like
those of the Cerinthians, Cerdonians, Carpoora-
tians, and other Gnostics.
Manichseism. (Manichaeans.)
Manifest. [L. manifestus, open.] In com-
j mercial navigation, a document delivered to the
officer of customs by the captain of a ship,
giving a detailed list of the cargo in his charge,
with the names of the places where the goods
were shipped, and to which they are addressed.
Manilla. [Sp., from L. manus, hand.] 1. A
bracelet worn by Africans. 2. A piece of
copper shaped like a horseshoe, used as mopey
in W. Africa.
Manioc. (Cassava.)
Maniple. [L. manlpiilus, from manus, a hand.]
(Eccl.) Originally a handkerchief, now only a
symbolical ornament, attached, in the Latin
Church, to the left arm of the celebrant at Mass,
and perhaps used at one time for cleaning the
sacred vessels.
Maniples. (Centuries; Legion.)
Manitou. [Algonkin manitu or manito, a
spirit, a ghost.] A spirit, god, or devil of the
American Indians. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Manjesty. (Munjeet.)
Manliana imperia. [L.] Manlian orders ; so
called from Titus Manlius, who, being Dictator,
is said to have ordered his son to be scourged
and beheaded for fighting contrary to his
orders.
Manna. A sweetish secretion of several
species of ash in S. Europe (supposed to resemble
the manna of Scripture).
Mannite. Crystallized sugar obtained from
manna.
Manoeuvre. [Fr., lit. work of the hand, L.L.
manuop^ra.j (Mil.) Movement, either tactical
or strategical, so disposed as by superior intelli-
gence or practice to surpass the combinations of
an adversary.
Man of Boss. So called by Pope, Moral
Essays. J. Kyrle, who, with ^500 a year only
of his own, and money given by others, built
churches and hospitals, largely assisted the poor,
sick, aged, orphans (died at Ross, Hereford-
shire, 1754, aged 90).
Manometer, or Manoscope. [Gr. nav6^, rare
(in consistency), (xfrpov, a measttrc, vkov^u, I
behold.] (Chem.) An instrument for measuring
the elastic force of gases and vapours ; in most
cases either by observing the height of the
column of mercury which the force can support,
or the degree of compression which it produces
in a given quantity of air.
Mansard roof. (Arch.) So called from its
inventor, a French architect, who died in 1666.
A curb roof sufficiently lofty to admit of an
attic being lodged in it.
MANS
312
MARG
Kanse. [L.L. mansus, a d-ivelling.'\ The
Scotch name for a parsonage house.
Man ship, To. {Naut.) To man the yards
as a salute.
Manslaughter. In Law, the killing of a man
without malice, express or implied.
Mantelet. [Y r. ma.nic\cl, short cloak. "] {Mil.)
Square metal shield erected on a wheeled stand
for protecting sappers from musketry fire.
Mantiger. [Gr. fiaprix^pa.^, an imaginary
beast, the word being a corr. of the Pers. mard-
khora, f/ian-ea/er.] {Zool.) A large monkey
or baboon.
Mantilla. [Sp.] A kind of Spanish veil
covering the head and shoulders.
Mantis. [Gr., a diviner ; also, a kind of
locust or grasshopper, with long fore legs in con-
stant f/iotion.] (Entom.) Gen. of orthoptSrous
insects, frequently resembling the twigs and
leaves on which they live, called /^raying insects,
from the way in which they hold " their great
raptorial front legs."
Mantissa. [L. mantisa, mantissa, an addition,
a make-7i'eight.] The decimal part of a logarithm.
Mantle. [L.L. mantellum, Fr. manteau.]
{Arch.) The piece lying horizontally between
the jambs of the chimney.
Mantling. The drapery or mantle hanging
from the helmet around the escutcheon.
Mann. (Menu, Laws of.)
Manual. Of a piano or organ, the key-board
for the hands [L. manus], distinguished from
fedals [pedes, _/i:tf/].
Manual exercise. {Mil.) Established musket
drill of a soldier, exclusive of firing.
MinQbrium. [L., a handle.] {Anai.) The
upper bone or portion of the sternum, or breast-
bone.
Manumission. [L. manumissio, -nem.] In
Rom. Law, the freeing of the slave by the master,
who took his hand and said, " I will that this
man be free " [Hunc hominem iTberum esse volo].
Manx. Belonging to the Isle of Man.
Manzera. {iVaut.) A cattle-boat of the
Adriatic.
Maon. (Mahone.)
Map. (Projection.)
Maple stigar. Sugar obtained in the woods
of the N. United States and Canada by evapo-
rating the juice cf some spec of Acer, more
especially A. saccharinum.
Mapp Fair. (Mop.)
Marabou. (Native name, Senegal.) {Ornith.)
Gigantic African stork, furnishing plumes so
termed from under side of tail. Leptoptilos [Gr.
\trr6s, delicate, irriKov, plumage\ marabou, fam,
CTconndas [L. cTconia, stork\, ord. Grallae.
Indian spec, the adjutant, L. argala.
Marabout. Mohammedan devotee. (Dervise.)
Marabut. {A^aut.) A bad-weather sail in
use on galleys.
Maran-atha. 1 Cor. xvi. 22 ; an Aramaic ex-
pression, the Lord cometh ; to be separated by a
full stop from "Anathema." (Eaca.)
Maranta. (Arrow-root.)
Maraschino. [It. marasca, a sour cherry. ^ A
delicate liqueur distilled from cherries.
Marasmus. [Gr. imapcur/xis, futpaivoi, I make
to wither.] {Med.) Wasting away of the body,
atrophy.
Maravedi. A Spanish coin, called after the
Marabites (Almoravides), an Arabian dynasty,
which ruled in Spain. It was at first made of
gold, but is now of copper. It is the thirty-
fourth part of a real, and is worth about a
twelfth of a penny.
Marble. {Geol.) A limestone (popularly any
stone) that will receive a fine polish ; usually
metamorphic
Marc. [L.L. emarcus, a kind of viTze.] The
refuse of pressed grapes.
Marcassin. [Fr.] {Her.) A young wild boar.
Maroeline. [Fr.] A thin silk tissue used for
lining ladies' dresses.
Marcesoent. [L. marcescentem, decaying,
withering^ {Bot.) Fading, or withering, with-
out falling off.
March Decrees, of 1880. By this name the
decrees abolishing non-authorized religious com-
munities in France are becoming known.
Marches. [A.S. mearc, mark, boundary.] 1.
ITie borders or frontiers of any district ; espe-
cially applied to the boundaries between Eng-
land and Scotland and between England and
Wales. Marquis, Markgraf, and other similar
titles were = governors of M. So Earl of
March, i.e. of the Welsh M. ; where, in the
Middle Ages, considerable authority was exer-
cised by Marchers, petty kings. Hence to march
7vith. An estate marches with another when
they have a common boundary. 2. The eastern
provinces of the Papal States {q.v. ), from Rimini
to the Tronto, about 1 10 miles along the Adriatic.
Marchpane. [It, marzapane.] A sweet spiced
bread.
Marcid. [L. marcidus, marceo, / wither.]
Lean, wasted away.
Maroionites. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Marcion, who, in the second century, adopted
the Oriental notion of two opposing principles
of good and evil (Ahriman), and imagined that
between these existed a third power, neither
wholly good nor wholly evil, who was the
creator of the world and the author of the Jewish
dispensation. (Gnostics.)
Marcle. [O.Fr.] {Her.) A lozenge voided.
(Lozenge; Voided.)
Marcosians. A Gnostic sect who are said to
have derived their name from an Egyptian
magician named Marcus.
Mare clausum. [L.] A sea closed to naviga-
tion, from whatever cause.
Maremma [It.], corr. of Marittma. A
name given to a vast extent of malarious low-
lands on the W. coast of Italy ; especially ap-
plied to those of Tuscany and the Fapal States
Iq.v.).
Mare's-tail (from its shape). A long streaky
cloud indicating rain.
Marforio. (Pasquinade.)
Margent, like Marge, is a variant of margin,
a border or edge [L. marginem].
Marginalia. [L.] Notes on the margin, and
elsewhere on the page, made in reading a book.
MARG
313
MARS
Margrave. (Marches.)
Margravine. The wife of a Margrave.
Marie Antoinette. (Diamond necklace.)
Marigold window. (Rose window.)
Marigraph. [L. mare, sea, (Jr. ypd<l>u, I
write, or draw.'\ A machine for registering the
height of tides.
Marine acid (because obtained from salt ; L.
marinus, j^ra-). {Chem.) Hydrochloric acid.
Marine engine. (Steam-eng^e.)
Marine glue. A mixture of tar and shellac.
Marines. [L. marinus, belonging to the sea.'\
In the English army, a body of men enlisted to
serve as soldiers, if needed, on board ship. First
raised in 1664. It consists of four divisions of
light infantrj', and one of artillery.
Marish. Ezek. xlvii. 11 ; the same word as
marsh [Fr. marais, L.L. mariscus].
Maritime law. (Oleron, Laws of; Wisby,
Ordinances of; Amalfian Code.)
Mark, or Marc. 1. [A.S. marc] A sum of
13J. 4//. 2. In the new German coinage, which
is legal throughout the empire, a mark is a third
of a thaler ; the twenty-mark gold coin is worth
about 1 91. yd. 8. A weight, which in Prussia
is 3609 grains troy ; it is half a Cologne or
Prussian pound, and a little more than an Eng-
lish half-pound avoirdupois. 4. The territory
of a primitive Teutonic community, ruled by a
king, ealdorman, or some other elective or here-
ditary leader. Such are Denmark, Finmark, etc.
(Marches.)
Mark, St., Order of. A Venetian order of
knighthoo<l, called after St. Mark, the patron of
the republic.
Marks and deeps. {A'aut.) A f arks are the
fathoms marked on the hand lead-line, and are
placed at two, three, five, seven, ten, thirteen,
fifteen, seventeen, and twenty fathoms ; Deeps,
the fathoms between the marks. In sounding
nine fathoms, the leadsman calls, " Deep nine,"
but at a marked fathom, as ten, he calls, ^^ Mark
ten."
Marl. [Marga, Gael, and Latinized by Pliny ;
whence L. margula, O.Fr. marie.] {Geo/.) A
mixture of lime and clay in various proportions ;
in ciay-marl, clay predominates ; in marl-clay,
lime. .S//^//-w«r/ contains fresh-water shells.
Marl, To. (Naut.) To serve a rope with twine,
etc, securing each turn with a peculiar knot, so
that, some turns being cut, the others hold.
Xiarline. {Naut.) A small loosely twisted
two-stranded line or string. Af. -holes, holes
made in sails for marling the bolt-rope to the
sail, instead of serving it. At. -spike, an iron
pin tapering to a point, and used for knotting,
splicing, etc. AI. -spike hitch, the knot used in
marling, with the aid of a M. -spike.
Manxisla. [Fort, marmelo, a quince.\ A
scent distilled from the Bengal quince.
Marmor&tom. [L.] {Arch.) A cement com-
posed of powdered lime and marble.
Marmot. [Fr. marmotte, originally mar mon-
tain, L. murem montanum, mountain rat.] (Aro-
tomys.)
Maronites. {Ecc/. Hist.) The followers of
Maron, an adherent of the Monothelites. They
inhabit the mountains of LibSnus and Antili-
banus, in Syria, and formed a separate sect from
the seventh to the twelfth century, when they
were reconciled to the see of Rome.
Maroon. I. [Fr. marron, a chestnut.] Brown-
ish crimson. 2. (AaK/.) To put on shore a
sailor or passenger on a desert island, and there
leave him. Alexander Selkirk was marootwd
on the island of Juan Fernandez, 1 704-1 708.
Maroons. [Probably a corr. of Sp. cimarron,
wild, savage (Littre).] Runaway negroes, such
as those who, when Jamaica was conquered by
the Spaniards, abandoned by their masters,
occupied some of the mountainous parts. The
Maroon wars in Jamaica occurred in 1730 and
1795-
Marque, Letters of, and reprisal, which, ac-
cording to Dlackstone, are synonymous — "the
latter a taking in return [Fr. reprise, from v.
reprendre], the former the passing the frontiers
[cf. Eng. the marches ; and the words Marquis,
A/argrave], in order to such taking ; may be
obtained in order to seize the bodies or goods
of the subjects of the offending state, until satis-
faction be made, wherever they happen to be
found. " (Letters of marque.)
Marquee. [(?) Distinguished, part, of Fr.
marquer.] Large State tent, generally decorated
with flags.
Marqueterie. [Fr. marqueter, to checker, a
frequentative of marquer.] Marquetry ; inlaid
work, of differently coloured pieces of wood,
ivory, shell, etc.
Marquetry. (Marqueterie.)
Marquis, Marquess. (Marches.)
Marrow Controversy. Arose out of the Afar-
row of Modern Divinity, the work of a Puritan
Soldier, temp. Commonwealth ; a highly "evan-
gelical " work, condemned by the Assembly,
1720— at that time a very worldly body — but not
by the judgment of the people. Substantially
the same controversy which led to the expul-
sion of the Rev. Eben. Erskine, 1 733 (who had
denounced recent Church legislation), and to the
forming of the Secession Church ; and to that of
the Relief Church also, 1758, which asserted the
right to elect its own minister. By the amalga-
mation of S. and R. Churches was formed the
United Presbyterian Church, 1847.
Marry. Indeed, truly. Said to be from the
Virgin Alary, owing to the constant invocation
of her name.
Mars. 1. The Latin god of war. The word
means the crusher or pounder, and the root is
found in the names of the Greek Ares, the
Indian Maruts, or storm-winds, the Greek Alo-
adoe and Molionids, and of Thor Miolnir. 2.
{Astron.) (Planet.)
Marseillaise (played, when but little known,
by a body of troops entering Paris from Mar-
seilles). A hymn which has played an important
part in French and other revolutions ; words
and music (almost certainly) by Rouget de Lisle,
a French officer quartered in Strasburg in 1792.
Marshal. [Ger. marschall, from O.H.G.
mara, horse, and scalh, servant, L.L. mare-
scalcus.] A title denoting many high offices in
MARS
314
MAST
European countries. The office of Marshal of
England, which seems to have been instituted
by William the Conqueror, is now hereditary in
the dukes of Norfolk.
Marshalling. [Eng. marshal.] Arranging
according to the rules of heraldry, (l) persons in
a procession, (2) coats of arms of distinct fami-
lies in one escutcheon.
Harshalsea. [L. sedem, scai.] In Law, the
jtv or court of a marshal. The King's Bench
Prison in Southwark was so called.
Marsh poison, or Marsh miasma. (Miasma.)
Marstlpialia, Marsupials. [L. marsupium,
Gr. lidpff'twos, -lov, poiuh.\ (Zoo/.) An ord. of
mammals, with an external abdominal pouch, in
which the young are nurtured after an exception-
ally short period of gestation ; e.g. the kangaroo.
The opossums of N. America are the only gen.
found out of Australia and adjacent islands,
where few mammals of other orders are indi-
genous.
Martagon. [Fr. and Sp., It. martagone.]
(/iW.) A kind of lily.
Mairtel de fer. [Fr.] Iron hammer, carried
at the saddle-bow, perhaps replacing the battle-
axe ; sixteenth century.
Martello towers. [So named probably from
It. martello, a hammer.'] 1. Towers built on
some of the Mediterranean coasts and elsewhere,
as a defence against pirates. 2. Towers which
have on their summit a gun fixed on a traversing
platform.
Martial law. A phrase used to denote arbi-
trary and absolute power, exercised by a militaiy
officer over the lives, persons, and property of
individuals, in cases of great emergency.
Martinet. Severe military disciplinarians are
so named, it is said, from Colonel Martinet,
who, in the reign of Louis XIV., invented a whip
for the scourging of soldiers.
Martingale. ( Fr. ; said to be from Martignes,
in Provence.] 1. A strap fastened to a horse's
girth, passing between his fore legs, and ending
in two rings through which the reins pass. 2.
{Naut.) A rope extending from the jibboom
end to the dolphin-striker, to keep the jibboom
down.
Martin Marprelate. The fictitious author of
a series of tracts, denouncing episcopal govern-
ment (1588).
Martinmas. The festival of St. Martin, Bishop
of Tours ; November 11; third of the four cross-
quarter days.
Martinmas snmmer. The short period of calm,
warm weather often experienced about the time
of St. Martin's festival.
Martinns Scriblems, Memoirs of. Intended
satirical treatises on all the abuses of human
learning, by Pope, Swift, and Arbuthnot : the
project was only partly carried out.
Martlet. [Fr. martinet.] {Her.) A marten
without legs, borne (i) as a charge, (2) as a dif-
ference in the fourth son's escutcheon.
Martnets. [Fr. martinet.] i^Naut.) The
leech-lines of a sail, said to be topped, when the
leech is hauled up close to its yard.
Martyrology. [Gr. jxaprvs, a wittuss, \iyos,
discourse.] Properly, any record relating to the
acts and deaths of martyrs. The Martyrology of
Eusebius has been lost. Fox's Book of Martyrs
relates the sufferings of the English reformers.
Gallonius's De Sanctorum Martyrum Crticidtibus
is a popular book on the Continent.
Marum, or Marram. (Ammophila.)
Mamts. (Mars.)
Marver (corr. from Marble). A hollowed
plate, for shaping glasswork when blown.
Marzolet. (A^aut.) An Indian boat, built of
bark, and caulked with moss.
Masohil. A title of Ps. xxxii. and twelve
other psalms ; meaning uncertain, probably
instruction. So LXX. vvytaiws, and Jerome
eriiditio.
Mash. [Ger. maischen, to mash.] A mixture
of ground malt and warm water for brewing.
Mashallah! [An] God be praised !
Mask. [Fr. masque, L.L. mascha, a ivitch.]
1. Masquerade, mummery. 2. Dramatic per-
formance by masked actors, as Comus.
Masked battery. {Mil.) One concealed by
woods or otherwise, of which the existence is
only disclosed on its opening fire.
Masked troops. (Mil. ) Having their powers
of oflence neutralized by being watched and
checked by a superior force.
Maslach. A preparation of opium used by
Turks.
Maslin. (Meslin.)
MasSrah. (Cabala.)
Mass. [L.L. missa.] The Eucharistic Office
in the Latin Church ; so named, it is said, from
the words of dismissal, " Ite missa est;" but
this is doubtful.
Mass. In Physics, the quantity of matter in
a given body ; it is proportional to the weight.
If two bodies exactly counterpoise each other in
a perfectly just balance, they have equal masses.
Masseter. [Gr. inaaariTiip, fiaaaaonai, I chew.]
(Anat.) The muscle which raises the lower jaw.
Massicot. [Fr., from masse, a mass, because
obtained in small masses.] (Chem.) Yellow
oxide of lead, obtained by heating lead in a
current of air. When fused and allowed to
crj'stallize, it forms litharge (q.v.).
Mast. [A.S. mast.] (Naut.) If made of a
single spar, is called a Pole-M. ; if of more
than one, a Built- M., or Made-M. The lower
mcLsts are as follows : — The Fore-M. is the most
forward, and is next in size to the Alain- M.,
which is abaft the F.-M. If there is a third
lower M., it is placed abaft the Main-M., and is
called the Mizzen-M. Top-masts are those im-
mediately above the fore, main, or mizzen
respectively. Top-gallant M. are those above
lop-M., and Royal M. are those above Top-
gallant M. Top-gallant and Royal M. are
often only one. All upper masts are named after
their respective lower M. ; as. Main-top M., the
one above the Main-M. M.-carlings are the
large ones on each side of a lower M. M.-coat,
a piece of canvas fastened round a M. to pre-
vent water from soaking in between it and the
decks.
Master. [A.S. master, magester, L. mz^ister.]
MAST
3^5
MAUD
(A^m/.) Of a merchantman, the captain; of
a man-of-war, an officer ranking with and after
lieutenants according to date, but junior in com-
mand to all lieutenants. It is his duty to navi-
gate the vessel under the captain, but he reports
to the first lieutenant, who gives the necessary
orders. He is also charged with stowing stores,
etc. Af. and commander, former designation of
a commander. (Bank.)
Master-gunner. (^/lY.) Non-commissioned
officer of the highest grade in the artillery, and
corresponding with a warrant officer in the navy.
He generally has separate chaise of the guns
and ammunition in a detached fort.
Master of Arts. [L. magister. ] In the uni-
versities, the highest degree in the faculty of
Arts ; the most ancient of all academical titles.
Master of the Faoolties, M&gister ad F&cnl-
tales. The archbishop's officer in the Faculty
Court {q.v.).
Master of the Horse. 1. In Rom. Hist., an
officer, styled in L. JMcigistcr Equftum, elected by
the Dictator to serve under him during his dic-
tatorship. 2. Nobleman in the sovereign's
household in charge of the equerries and horses.
Master of the Sentences, Magister Senten-
tiarum. Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris, one
of the founders of scholastic divinity, author of
Liber SenUntiarutn, i.e. sentences and extracts
from the Fathers, illustrating doctrines (died
1 164).
Masters. (Z<f.) Sulwrdinate officers of the
superior courts of law and equity in England.
The office of Master in Chancery was abolished
in 1S53.
Masters, Little. Certain German engravers
of the sixteenth century (from the extreme
smallness of their prints).
Mastersingers. A class of German poets in
the fifteentli and sixteenth centuries, chiefly at
Niirnberg, formed into regular corporations.
Hans Sachs belongs to this society.
Master Thief. (Hermes; Bhampsinitos, The
Treasures of; Treasure.)
Mastic. [Gr. fnaarlxVi from ftMm\i»t, I
chew, because formerly chewed in the East.]
1. A yellow resin obtained from a Levantine
tree, and used for artists' varnish. 2. A cement
used for plastering walls.
Mastiec (History of Susannah, ver. 54), or
Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus). {Bot.) Evergreen
bush, yielding a fragrant gum ; in Palestine and
other Mediterranean countries.
MastSdon. [Gr. fia<rr6s, a teat, oSovs, tooth.]
( Geo/. ) An extinct gen. of gigantic proboscidian
pachyderms, with large conical mammiform
points to the molars, before they are worn down ;
mostly in Tertiary fresh-water deposits.
Mastoid. [Gr. ftaurrSs, the breast, cZSoi, appear-
ance.] 1. Like a nipple. 2. Like the structure
of the breast.
Mast-rope. {Naut.) That by which an
upper mast is hoisted or lowered.
Masulah, or Massolah, boats. Madras boats,
from thirty to thirty-five feet long, by ten to eleven
feet wide, propelled by twelve oars, double
bank«d, and steered by a man in the stern with
a long oar ; built of planks sewed together with
coir-yarn.
Matador. [Sp., a slayer, probably from L.
mactator, from mactare, to scurifice.] The man
who gives the death-blow to the bulls wounded
in the Spanish bull-fights.
Matamdros. A slayer of Moors, as the
Sp. matador is the slayer of the bulls [L. mac-
tator tauri] in the arena ; hence a swaggerer
or braggadocio, like Captain Bobadil in Ben
Jonson's play. Every Man in His Bumour.
Matchlock. (Mil.) The first kind of musket ;
the priming being ignited by a match attached
to an iron finger, and brought down to the touch-
hole by the thumb of the right hand.
Mate. [A Teut. and Scand. word.] (Naut.)
The officers of a merchant-vessel below the
captain, viz. first or chief M., second, third, and
fourth M.
Mate. (Native name.) Paraguay tea; the
dried leaf of the Brazilian holly.
Matelote. [Fr. matelot, a sailor.] A dish
composed of many kinds of fish.
Mater artium necessltas. [L.] Necessity the
mother 0/ arts, or inventions.
Materfamlllas. [L.] The mother, or mistress,
of a family.
M&tlria medlca. [L.] (Med.) The science of
the materials used in alleviation or cure of disease.
Materlem superabat 5pns. [L.] . 7'he work
ivas better than the material.
Mathematlci. (Oenethliacs.)
Mathematics [Gr. fia6riiJ.ariK6s, relating to ra
tJtadr]fjiaTa, the sciences] ; Pure M. ; Mixed M.
The general term used to denote a body of
sciences treating of (i) number; (2) position,
size, form ; (3) motion ; (4) force ; i.e. arith-
metic, geometry, kinematics, and dynamics (or
mechanics). It is usual to apply the term Pure
M. to arithmetic and geometry, with all their
developments, and the term Mixed M. to
kinematics and dynamics, and the various
branches of physical science to which they are
applicable, as astronomy, optics, sound, heat,
electricity, etc.
Matins. (Canonical hours.)
Matrass. [Fr. matras.] An egg-shaped vessel,
with a tapering neck, used by the old chemists.
Matriculation. [L. matrlciila, a roll or
register,] Denotes especially the enrolment of a
name on a member's entrance into a university.
Matrix. [L., womb.] 1. The original
die used for a coin or medal which has to be
represented in relief. 2. The substance in
which metals or gems are found embedded. 3.
One of the five simple colours in dyeing — black,
white, blue, red, and yellow.
Matt. [Ger., dull.] (Chcm.) Crude black
copper, reduced but not purified from sulphur,
etc.
Mattamore. (Matamoros.)
Matter, Dead. In Printing, type which has
been used in printing, and is ready for distri-
bution. Live matter is type which has been set
up, but not yet printed from.
Matthews' Bible. (Bible, English.)
Maud. A shawl wrap, made of undyed wooL
MAUG
316
MECH
Maugre. In spite of, notwithstanding [the
Fr. malgre, from nial, bad, gre, will, L.
gratum].
Maul, or Hall. [L. malleus.] {Naut.') An
^ iron hammer, having one end pointed. Top-M.
has an iron handle with an eye, by which it is
fastened to the masthead.
Matind. [Hind, man.] An E. -Indian weight.
The Madras M. is 25, and the Bombay M.
28 pounds avoirdupois ; in Bengal, the Factory
M. is 74§, and the Bazaar M. %2^^ pounds avoir-
dupois.
Maundies. The Queen's purses of money,
with other gifts, given every Maundy Thursday
to poor recipients, equal in number to the years
of life to which she has attained,
Manndril. [Fr. mandrin.] A coal-miner's
pick, with two points.
Maundy money. Coins of fourpence, three-
pence, twopence, and one penny in silver ;
coined for the purpose of being given away by
the sovereign on Maundy Thursday.
Maundy Thursday. Thursday before Easter ;
Dies mandati, the day of the command, i.e. to
"love one another" (John xiii. 34); or from
maunds [Fr. mande], baskets of gifts, anciently
presented by Christians to one another.
Maunjee. [Hind.] A native boatman of the
Hoc^hly.
Maur, St., Congregation of. {Hist. ) A learned
body of the Benedictine order ; so called from a
village near Paris, where they were established,
1618. It numbered at one time more than a
hundred houses.
Mausoleum. [L.] 1. A tomb built (circ.
B.C. 353) in memory of Mausolus, King of
Caria, and reckoned among the seven wonders
of the world. 2. Any splendid sepulchre.
Mauvaise honte. [Fr.] Bashfulness, shame-
facedness, awkward shyness.
Mauvaise plaisanterie. [Fr.] A sorry joke,
a scurvy jest.
Mauvais pas. [Fr., a bad step.\ A difficulty,
a scrape.
Mauvais quart d'heure. [Fr., a bad quarter
of an hour.'X A moment of great distress.
Mauvais suj et. [ Fr. , a bad subject. ] A worth-
less fellow, a scoundrel.
MauvaiB ton. [P'r., a bad to?te.] Want of
good breeding, ill manners.
Mauve. [Fr-, mallow.] A pale lilac colour,
obtained from aniline.
Mavis. [Fr. mauvis, id., L.L. malvitius,
possibly as doing harm, malum, to the vine,
vitis (Littre).] (Ornith.) Song-thrush, Turdus
musicus, fam. Turdidse, ord. PassSres.
Maw. [A.S. maga, Ger. magen.] {Oniith.)
Stomach, the craw of birds.
Mawmetry. (Mammetry.)
Maw-seed. The seed of the opium poppy
(Papaver somniferum), given to birds-as medicine.
Mawworm. (Tartuffe.)
Maxilla. [L.] Jaw, jawbone.
Maxim. [L. maximus, greatest.] In ancient
Music, a note = two long notes or four breves.
(Breve.)
Maxima dSbetur puero rSverentia. [L.] A
child should be treated xvith the greatest reverence
(Juvenal).
Maximum. Ih., greatest.] When a variable
magnitude increases up to a certain value and
then decreases, that value is a maximum. A
M. is not necessarily the greatest value of the
variable. (Minimum.)
May. (Maia.)
Mayflower. (Pilgprim Fathers.)
Mayor. [L. major, ^r^fz/f/-.] The chief muni-
cipal officer of a borough, after the Norman
Conquest, answering to the older Portreeve or
borough reeve. In France, the title is now
given to the first municipal officer of each
commune.
Mayorazo. [Sp., from L. magistratus.] In
Spain, the inheritance of property on condition
of its being transmitted unimpaired to the next
heirs. In Germany, this kind of entail is known
as Majorat.
KsLjoT of the palace. (Major-domo.)
Mayor of the staple. (Staples.)
Mazarine. (From Cardinal Mazarin.) A deep
blue colour.
Maze. In the herring trade, = 500 herrings.
Mazurka. A Polish dance, lively, in | or f
time.
Mazzinians. The extreme party of process
in Italy ; so called from Joseph Mazzini (1805-
1872), who founded the societies of Young Italy
and Young Europe.
Mead. [O.E. medu.] A fermented drink
made of water and honey.
Meadow-sweet. (Spiraea.)
Meaking-iron. (A'aut.) The tool with which
old caulking is taken out of the seams.
Mealie. In S. Africa, Indian corn.
Meal of milk. [A.S. mael, a fixed portion ;
cf. Ger. mal, a time.] That given at a single
milking.
Meal-Tub Plot. A pretended plot, in con-
nexion with the Popish Plot of Titus Oates ; so
called from the alleged discovery by Dangerfield
of the papers relating to it in a meal-tub (1679).
Mean, or Average, duration of life. The
average of the number of years lived by a large
number of persons after they have reached a
certain age ; thus, according to the Carlisle
Table, of people twenty years old the mean dura-
tion of life is 41 '5 years more.
Meander. To wind along ; from the rounding
course of the river of this name in Asia Minor.
Mean value ; M. term ; M. time. The Mtan
value of two or more numerical quantities is
their sum divided by their number ; called also
the Arithmetical M. (For Mean or M. tertiiy
vide Proportion ; for M. time, vide Time.)
Mease. [A word containing the root of
7neasure.] The number of 500; as a mease of
mackerel = 500 mackerel.
Meatus. [L.] {Anat.) An opening or pas-
sage ; e.g. M. audltorius, the auditory canal.
Mea virtQte me involve. [L.] / -wrap my-
self in my virtue (Horace).
Mechsmical philosophy; M. powers. The
Mechanical powers are the simple machines —
lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane.
MECH
317
\
MEGA
screw, and wedge ; by which a man is enabled
to overcome a resistance greater than the force
exerted by himself. They are, of course, some-
times otherwise applied. AI. philosophy is a
doctrine wliich explains the phenomena of
nature by the mutual action of bodies on each
other ; the term "body" including minute bodies,
i.e. corpuscles or molecules.
Medianics; Applied U. ; Celestial M. Pro-
perly the science of machines ; but as commonly
used it means the science of the motion and rest
of bodies as produced by forces, and includes
the four divisions of statics, hydrostatics, dyna-
mics, and hydrodynamics. This nomenclature
is not universally accepted {pide Dynamics).
Applied M. treats of the application of the
general doctrine of M. to works of human art.
Celtstial AI. treats of the application of the
general doctrine of M. to the motion of the
heavenly bodies under the force of gravity : it
is the name given to physical astronomy by
Laplace.
MeduuiisiiL. The branch of kinematics which
treats of the forms of machines considered as
modifiers of motion.
Ifoohanitto. [Gr. ^ijxai^, machine.'\ Philo-
sophers who refer all changes in the universe to
merely mechanical forces ; as opposed to the
Dynamical philosophers, who assert a living
power in nature antecedent to all phenomena.
Mechlin laoe (from Mechlin, in Belgium).
Lace with hexagon mesh of three threads, in
which the pattern is worked.
XSeSniiim. [L.] 1. Inspissated juice of the
poppy. 2. First fajces of infants. [Gr. fiij^wwov,
from M'^Kwr, a poppy, has both meanings.]
Media. In Gr. Myth., the daughter of the
King of Colchis, by whose aid Jason obtains
the Golden P'leece (Argonauts), and who slays
her two sons when Jason proves faithless to her.
MediaeyaL [From L. medium aevum, the
middle age or period.] Belonging to the Middle
Ag«L
Median line, Mesial line or plane. [Gr.
fifffos, L. medius, middle.] An imaginary longi-
tudinal division of the body into two equal
parts.
Mediastinum. [L. mediastlnus, standing in
the middle.] (Anal.) {i) A middle partition,
especially (2) that formed in the thorax by the
approximation of the two pleura?.
Mediation. [L. mediare, to halve.] In chant-
ing, that which remains in the former half of a
verse, after the reciting note.
Mediatization. The grouping of the smaller
German sovereignties with larger neighbouring
states after the dissolution of the Empire in
1806. This had often been done before, the
word meaning that they were thus made
mediately, instead of immediately, dependent
on the empire. As the empire was at an end,
the term was now used inappropriately.
Medical jurisprudence, i.q. I'orensic medicine.
The application of the principles of medical
science m aid of legislation, or of the administra-
tion of justice, as in cases of lunacy, poisoning,
etc., or of the preservation of the public health.
Medicine, in the languages of the Anrerican
aborigines, translates not only medicine proper,
but anything the operation of which they do not
understand ; anything mysterious, supernatural,
sacred. Hence, M. man, the doctor and con-
jurer of the American Indians ; AI. bag, of
remedies and charms ; AI. feast, i.e. religious
festival, and AI. hnt, in which it is held, etc. —
Bartlett's Americanisms.
Medicine chest. In the navy, one containing
sufficient for one hundred men for the cruise.
Medietate linguae, Be. A jury de AI. L. was
one consisting one-half of Englishmen, one-half
of foreigners, when either plaintiff or defendant
was a foreigner ; abolished 1870.
Mediety. A middle state [L. medietatem]
between two extremes.
Medio tutisslmus ibis. [L.] You will walk
most safely in the middle (Ovid), by avoiding
extremes. The Aristotelian doctrine was that
virtue was a viean [Gr. ixi<T6Tqs].
Medium. [L. medius, middle, mean.] 1.
The substance with which the dry colours are
ground and mixed for an artist's use ; as oil,
water, etc 2. Paper twenty-three inches by
eighteen.
Medjidie, Order of the. Instituted in 1852,
by the Sultan Abdul Medjid.
Medoc. Name of a French wine (from Medoc,
in the Gironde).
MMnlla oblongata. [L.] [Anat.) The pro-
longation of the spinal cord, or AIMulla spinalis,
into the cavity of the skull.
Medullary. {^Med. ) Relating to or consisting
of medulla = (i) marrow, (2) pith.
Medullary rays. (>?<?/.) Those radiating
from the centre of exogenous stems cut trans-
versely. They are cellular plates or processes,
connecting pith with bark, and forming the
*' silver grain."
MedQsa. [Gr. /i«5ou(ra, one who rttles.]
(Myth.) (Gorgons; Pegasus.)
Mgd&see, Medusidae. [Gr. /u«Sovo-a.] (Zool.)
Most of the jelly-fishes, or sea-nettles (Aca-
lephae), are thus termed ; some, however, and
perhaps all, are the generative buds of a
hydrozoan.
Meeching, Miohing. [Fr. m^chant.] Skulk-
ing, shirking, mean ; an old Shakespearian word
still occasionally heard in New York and New
England. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Meerschaum. [Gcr. meer, sea, schvcam, foam.]
A silicate of magnesia, used for making tobacco-
pipes.
Meet her. {A^aut.) The order to stop a ship
from turning more in any direction.
M6g&cer5s. [Gr. ntyas, great, Ktpa?, horn.]
{Geol.) M. Iltbernlcus, the gigantic fossil
Irish deer (not elk) ; in post-Tertiary lacustrine
deposits, and in caverns. Ireland, Isle of Man,
Scotland, England, European continent.
Megalesian games. Roman games held in the
Circus in honour of Cyb€le, the mother of the
gods, under the title of 17 fxfy<i\ri 64os, the great
goddess. (Mahadeva.)
Megalichthys. [Gr. fityas, great, Ix^vt, a
fish.] {Geol.) A gen. of fossil crosso-pterygian
MEGA
318
MENS
[Gr., fringe-winged^ ganoid fishes ; more es-
pecially of the Sauro-dipterine [Gr., sauroid-
tivo-finned^ family \Kpoaao[, a fringe, irTtpv^, a
iving, SliTTfpos, t'U'0-u'inged\
Hegalithio monuments [Gr. fi^as, great,
Kidoi, stofie] {Arch(Eol.) = cromlechs, dolmens,
and menhirs, or stone pillars, often monoliths.
Hegalo-. [Gr. ntyas, fern. fi(yd\7j, grea(.]
Megalosaarus. [Gr. fityas, great, aavpos,
lizard.] (Gcol.) An extinct gen. of gigantic rep-
tiles, carnivorous, terrestrial ; in Oolite of Oxon
and Normandy ; Purbeck and Wealden shales.
Kegarian sohool. The school of philosophy
established by the disciples of Socrates at
Megara, to which they retreated after his
death.
Megass. (Bagasse.)
USg&therlam. [Gr. fityas, great, Brjpiov,
beast.] {Geo/.) Gigantic extinct mammal, her-
bivorous, allied to sloths and ant-eaters. S.
America.
Hegrim. [Fr. migraine, headache, Gr. ■^/x<-
Kpivia, pain on one side of the head, from ^/it-,
half, Kpayiov, the head.] 1. Neuralgic pain, inter-
mittent, affecting one side of the head. 2. In a
horse, vertigo ; as when, at work, especially in
the hot sun, he reels, and perhaps falls, the
circulation through the brain being disturbed,
usually by the presence of tumours.
Meidsis. (Litotes.)
Heistersingers. (Mastersingers ; Singers of
Germany.)
Melada. [Sp., candied.] Crude undrained
sugar, as it comes from the pans.
HSlancholia, Melancholy. A form of insanity
[Gr. /xe\a7x<'^^"]) arising, it was thought, from
an excess of Hack bile \jx.iKa.i.va. xol^M]-
Melancholia, Non est magnum ingSnium sine.
[L.] An old proverb, quoted by Lacordaire :
No great character is free from melancholy,
Melanio. (Xanthous.)
Melanism us. [Gr. ntXavl^'Ji, I am Hack.]
Tendency to blackness of skin.
MSl&nosis. [Gr. fifXayuais, a becoming black."]
A malignant disease, with blackish morbid
deposition in different parts of the body.
Melanotype. [Gr. ^e'Aas, black, rimos, a
type.] A photograph taken on an iron plate,
coated with collodion.
Melasma. [Gr. /xf'Xoir^a, black ox livid spot.]
A cutaneous disease, especially at old age, with
dark spots or patches, sometimes ulcerous.
Melchisedekians. (Eccl. Hist.) Several sects
have been so named from their opinions re-
specting the character and office of Melchisedek.
Among them were the Theodotians in the third
century.
Melchites. {Eccl. Hist.) The Syriac, Egyptian,
and other Christians of the Levant were called
Melchites, or Royalists [from the Syr. melee,
a king], by the Jacobites, or Eutychians, because
they sulamitted to the imperial edicts relating to
the Council of Chalcedon. They are governed
by a patriarch resident in Damascus.
Meletians. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Meletus, Bishop of Lycopolis, in Egypt, who
was deposed by a Synod at Alexandria on the
charge of sacrificing to idols during the per-
secution of Diocletian.
Melikertes. The Greek form of the Syrian
Melkarth, the king, a name given to the sun-
god ; also known as Moloch. (Melchites.)
Mellifluous Doctor. (Doctor.)
Melodrama. [Gr. /xtAos, melody, Spa/jM, a
drama.] A sensational dramatic performance,
the main story given in speaking, but the striking
incidents being accompanied by music, vocal
and instrumental.
Melotype. A photographic process, in which
the picture need not be at once developed.
Melpomene. [Gr., the sinoer.] One of the
Muses, commonly called the Muse of tragedy.
Melusine. In the traditions of S. France,
one of the many mysterious beings who undergo
a periodical transformation, by which the lower
part of the body becomes serpentine. In this
state she must not be seen by her husband. If
she is so seen, she vanishes for ever. (Lohengnia ;
Psyche.)
Melwel. {Ichth.) A kind of cod-fish.
Membered. {Her.) Having the beak and
legs different in colour from the body.
Memnon's harp. The statue called by the
Greeks Memnon, at Thebes, in Upper Egypt, was
supposed to emit sounds, like that of a harp, at
the rising of the sun. Hence the phrase.
(Eos, Tears of.)
Memorabilia. [L.] Things noteworthy. The
L. title of the memoirs of Socrates by Xenophon,
called in Gr. 'Airo/xnjjuoj'fw/aaTa.
Memoria technica. [L.] An artificial system
of memory.
Mendicant orders. (Orders, Mendicant.)
Menhir. [Gael, maen, stone, hir, long.]
{Arch.) A standing stone or pillar ; a memorial,
probably of some event ; the majority being
tombstones. So Gen. xxxL 51 ; Exod. xxiv. 4 ;
Josh. iv. 21.
Meningitis. [Gr. A''i'"7l> "^ membrane.]
{Med.) Inflammation of the membranes of the
brain.
Meniscus. [Gr. firivlfficos, a little moon.] A
lens convex on one side and concave on the
other, but thicker in the middle than at the
edges. (Lens.)
Mennonites. The Anabaptist followers of Men-
non Simonis, a Frisian, in the sixteenth century.
In their objection to oaths and to war they re-
semble the Quakers. From the M. one offshoot
is that of the Galenites, called after Galen, a
physician of Amsterdam, and answering to the
" Bible Christians " of this country. Another is
that of the Collegiates, so called as coming
together in meeting-houses, where all had the
right of expounding the Word of God.
Menolog^. [Gr. yAiv, a month, \6yos, account.]
A monthly calendar of saints, martyrs, con-
fessors, commemorated.
Mens conscia recti. [L.] A mind conscious
of its uprightness.
Mens Sana in corpore sano. [L.] A sound
mind in a sound body (Juvenal).
Menstruum. [L. menstruus, monthly, from
the belief that the moon had influence on the
MENS
319
MESO
powers of dissolvTits.] Any fluid which dis-
solves a solid body.
Hensoration. [L. mensuratio, •nem, a mea-
suring.\ The branch of geometry which gives
rules for finding the lengths of lines, areas of
surfaces, and volumes of solids.
Mentor. In the Odyssey, a friend and adviser
of Teldmachus. Hence any counsellor.
Menu, [Fr.] Bill of fare.
Menu, Laws or Institutes of. The most
celebrated code of Hindu law, religious and
civil, said to have been revealed by Menu, or
Manu, son of Brahma. The name reappears in
that of the Cretan lawgiver Minos.
Meo perlctUo. [L.] At my risk.
Meo sum pauper in aere. [L.] I am poor rinth
my ozvn money (Horace) ; i.e. I am not rich,
but I owe nothing. Debt is in L. sesalienum,
other persons^ money.
MephistophSles. The name of the devil in
Goethe's Faust.
Mephitic. Containing mephitis, pestilential
exhalation, destructive of life. Carbonic acid
gas is called mephitic air.
Mlphltis. [L.] Any noxious vapours or
smell ; so called from the Latin goddess Mephitis,
who was invoked for protection against hurtful
odours.
Mercsptan. [Mercury, and L. capere, to
seise.] A liquid composed of sulphur, carbon,
and hydrogen (from its energetic action on
mercury).
Meroator's chart or projection. (Named after
Gerard Kauffman, which in L. = Mercator,
trader.) A map of the world in which the
meridians are represented by parallel straight
lines, and the equator by a straight line at right
angles to them ; the parallels of latitude are,
therefore, of the same length as the equator, and
fhe d^rees of latitude are lengthened out so as
to maintain their due proportion ; consequently
there is a very great magnification in the areas
near the poles. The map is useful to navigators,
as the ship's course can be laid down on it in a
succession of straight lines.
Meroator's saiUng. (A'aut.) Calculating a
ship's course from Slercator's chart, on which
the true proportions of latitude and longitude
are intended to be indicated, while their true
measurements are sacrificed.
Mercenaries. [L. mercenarius, from merces,
pay.] Soldiers who sell their services for money.
■iJy the Greeks rhey were termed Xenoi, or
foreigners. (Condottieri.)
Merchant bars. Finished bars of iron fit for
the market.
Merciirins AuUcus, M. Bnstieus, and M.
n^ous ; i.e. Court Mercury, Country M. , Vo-um
M. Short papers — somewhat like the Toiler
and Spectator of later days — "conveying cheap
and easy knowledge," published " in the Civil
War," to raise and fix the prejudices of the people.
— Johnson, Life of Addison.
Mercorj. 1. [L. Merelirlus, from merx,
mercari, to traffic] A Latin god of commerce
imd gain. He had nothing to do with the
Greek Hermes, and the Roman Fetials refused
to allow their asserted identity. 2. A brilliant
white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures. 3.
(Planet.)
Mercy-seat. The golden lid of the ark of
the covenant {q.v.).
Mere, M. baulk. [O.N. moeri, a boundary.]
A boundary, especially the space left unploughed
as such in common lands.
Meridian [L. meridies, noon] ; First M. ; Mag-
netic M. 1. {Astron.) The Meridian of a place
is the great circle passing through the poles and
the zenith of the place. 2. {Geog.) The line (which
is nearly a circle and still more nearly an ellipse)
in which the surface of the earth is cut by a
plane passing through the poles and the place.
The First M. is that from which longitudes are
reckoned. In English reckoning the first M.
is that of Greenwich. The Magnetic M. of a
place is the direction of the magnetic needle at
the place when free to move round a point in
a horizontal plane, and uninfluenced by local
attraction.
Meridional parts, Table of. Gives the length
of the arc of the meridian measured from the
equator, corresponding to every degree and
minute of latitude on a Mercator's chart. It
is used in showing a ship's course on a Mercator's
chart.
Merino. A thin twilled fabric of merino wool.
Merk. An ancient Scotch coin, i.q. mark.
Merlin. A magician in the story of King
Arthur.
Merlon. [Fr. and Sp.] [Mil.) The part
of a parapet left standing between two embra-
sures as cover to the men and guns. [Fr. , from
a slight resemblance to merle perche, a perched
blackbird {VkWxi).]
Merovingian kings. (Hist.) The dynasty of
Frank kings, beginning (481) with Clovis(Hlud-
wig), grandson of Meroveus (Merwig), and end-
ing with Cliilderic, deposed by Pepin, 752.
(Bois Faineants.)
Merry dancers. The Northern lights, from
their undulatory movements.
Merry men of May. {Naut.) Currents
caused by ebb-tides.
Mesa. [Sp., table, L. mensa.] Throughout
the whole region bordering on Mexico, this
Sp. word is used for a high plain or /a6/r?-land.
— Bartlett's Americanisms.
Mesentery. [Gr. \kftiivr(pov^ The broad
fold o( ihc peritoneum (q.v.).
Mesial line. (Median line.)
Meslin. [O.Fr. mesler = Fr. meler, to mix,
L.L. misculare.] {Agr.) Wheat and rye
mixed.
Mesmerism. (Mesmer, German physician,
died 1815.) (Magnetism, Animal.)
Mesne. {Leg.) Awoxdmcamng middle, inter-
mediate, intervening. So M. lord, a lord of a
manor, with tenants under him, and a superior
lord over him ; M. process, any writ between
the commencement of the action and the final
process or execution ; M, incumbrances, liabilities
arising between two given periods, etc.
Mesothet. [Gr. fiiaos, middle, rid-nixt, /place.]
That which placed, as it were, between two
MESO
320
METE
opposite points, two things apparently con-
tradictory, practically reconciles them ; thus
action, or duty, is the M. of free-will and
necessity.
Mesozoio. (Neozoic.)
Mespllas. [Gr.jUfo-irfA.Tj.] {Bo/.) The common
medlar, M. Germanica, ord. Rosaceae,
Messenger. (.\'<i«/.) An endless rope, or
cable, extending from the capstan to the cable,
by which the latter is hauled in.
Messidor. [Fr., from L. messis, /tarves/.]
The ridiculous name given to the tenth month
in the French Republican calendar. It formed
part of June and July. (Vendemiaire.)
Mestino, Mestizo. In Sp. America, the child
of a Spaniard or Creole and a native Indian.
(Mulatto.)
Mets-. [Or.] As a prefix, denotes tuxi, after,
beyond, rn'trsely, etc.
Metacentre. [Gr. /terel, next afterwards,
Kivrpov, centre.] If a vertical line is drawn
through the centre of gravity of a floating body
in its position of rest, and if when the body is
slightly displaced a vertical line is drawn through
the centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by
the body in its new position, the point of inter-
section of the line at first vertical with the
second line is the M. If the M. is above the
centre of gravity, the flotation is stable. The
displacement is supposed to take place round
a line passing through the centre of gravity of
the plane of flotation, and this line must be
a principal axis of the plane if there is to be
aM.
Metacism. An incorrect form for Mutacism
(q.v.).
Metagenesis. [Gr. (itri., in compos, reversely,
yivfoii, generation.] Development of the in-
dividual, when its parts and organs are not
changed into the corresponding parts and organs
in the new stage.
Metal. [L. metallum.] 1. In organ pipes,
means spotted T^f. 2. In road-making, stone.
3. In the artiller)-, ^««-metal.
Metallic paper. Paper coated with a solution
of lime whiting and size, to be written on with a
pewter pencil.
Metallic tractors. Used thirty or forty years
ago, but rejected now ; small pointed metallic
bars, drawn over diseased parts, and supposed to
cure or relieve by magnetism ; invented by Dr.
Perkins.
MetalloidL [Gr. niraXKov, metal, tlio^, form.]
Any element resembling a metal in its chemical
properties ; an inflammable non-metallic element,
as sulphur.
Metallurgy. [Gr. fifraXXov, metal, fpyeiv, to
■work. ] The art of working metals.
Metamorphic rocks. [Gr, neraiioptpiu, I
transform.] (Geol.) 1. Altered, whether much
or little, from their original form ; especially,
2, those exhibiting a change to crystalline
structure.
Metamorphosis. [Gr. fitra-tiSpcpaxris, a change
of form.] {Zool.) A change seriously altering
the form and habits of an animal after exclusion
from the egg ; as that of the caterpillar passing
into a chrysalis, or of the chrysalis into a
butterfly.
Metaphor. [Gr. n(ra<f>opd, transference.] A
short similitude, sometimes conveyed by one
word, and without any sign of comparison. M.
is of two kinds : (i) Radical, when, for instance,
a root which means to shine is used to furnish
names for the fire, the sun, the spring of the
year, the brightness of thought, and a hymn of
praise ; (2) Poetical, when a noun already made,
and assigned to one definite object, is transferred
to another, as when the sun's rays are called his
hands or fingers. The result of this process
would be Homonyvty \b\iiii>v\>\x.o%, of the same
name] and Polyonymy [woAvcovu/ioj, with many
names] ; by the former of which objects quite
distinct from each other would receive the same
name, while the latter would furnish a vast
number of names for the same object. These
two principles are the chief sources of mythology.
Metaphor is said to be broken when a second
metaphor, faultily, is introduced ; as in Shake-
speare's "To take up arms against a sea of
troubles."
Metaphysics. (Dialectic.)
Metaplasm. [Gr. futTavhaiTnis, from nXdvaoi,
I form.] (Gram.) Any alteration in the letters
or syllables of a word. This may take place
in three ways — by adding or taking from their
number, or by resolving them, (i) Addition at
the beginning of a word is called ProsthHsis
[Gr.] ; in the middle, Epenthhis [Gr.]; at the
end, Pardgo^e [Gr.]. (2) The taking away of
letters at the beginning is Apharisis \w^ipivii\ ;
in the middle, SyncSpi \a^ryKvtti^\ ; at the end,
ApocBpe \o.-KORotri\] ; by contracting the vowels,
Synarhis \ama\ptais]. (3) The change of one
letter for another is Antlthhis [Gr.] ; and the
transposition of letters is Metathesis [Gr.].
Metastasis. [Gr. ^sTao-Too-*?, a change of
place.] (A/ed.) A change in the seat of a disease.
Metatarsus. [Gr. utTti, next after, rap)r6s,
the fiat of the foot.] (Anat.) The part of the
foot which is between the tarsus and the pha-
langes or toes, composed of five bones.
Metathesis. (Metaplasm.)
Metayer, [Fr., L. medietarius.] In the south-
west countries of Europe, a form of tenure in
which the tenant pays a part of the produce
to the landlord. (Thetes.)
Metempsychosis. [Gr. ju€T€/ii^f5x»o'«-] The
migration of the soul through several successive
bodies ; a special doctrine of the Pythagoreans.
Meteor. [Gr. fiereupos, high in air.] A body
in the sky, of a flowing and transitory nature,
such as shooting stars, halos, rainbows, auroras.
Meteoric dust, or Atmospheric dust. Dusr,
with which the air high above the earth's sur-
face is almost certainly impregnated ; mostly
iron ; often found in snow and on high buildings.
Storm-dust is a mixture of fine particles of
quartzose and volcanic sand, with diatomacese,
etc., according to Professor Ehrenberg.
Meteoric iron. Metallic iron, as found in
meteoiolites.
Meteoric paper. A paper-like substance,
found floating in the air, of confervoid origin.
METE
321
MICA
Meteoric shower. When shooting stars appear
in considerable numbers at nearly the same time
they form a M. S. They generally do this about
August 10 and November 13.
Meteorite. (Aerolith.)
Meteorolite. [Gr. utrdupos, high in air, \l6os,
stom.] A mass of earthy and metallic matter
that has fallen from the sky to the earth.
I Meteorology. [Gr. fitrfwpos, high in air,
x6yos, discourse.'^ The science treating of the
various states of the atmosphere as to pressure,
temperature, moisture, motion, etc., and their
influence on climate, wind, and weather.
-meter. [Gr. fitrpoy, a measure.^ An instru-
ment for measuring ; as a Gas-M., Water-M., etc.
Metheglin. [Welsh meddyglyn, liquor\
Mead (q. v.).
Methodist New Connexion. A branch of the
Wesleyan Methoflists, called also Kilhamites,
after Alexander Kilham, who asserted, first, the
right of the Methodists to have their own hours
of worship, and to receive the sacraments from
their own ministers ; and, secondly, the right of
the laity \o share in the government of the body
to which they belonged. Apart, therefore, from
questions of order, there is no difference between
the Old Connexion and the New. The dis-
tinction lies only in the degrees of power which
each allows to the laity.
Methodists. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
John Wesley. I3ut many orders so called have
withdrawn from this connexion. (Hunting-
donians ; Methodist New Connexion.)
Method of carves. (Carres, Method of.)
Method of exhaustion. (Exhaustion, Method
of.)
Methylated spirit Alcohol mixed with ten
per cent, of methyl [Gr. fivri, after, SAtj, wood],
or wood-spirit.
Methystic [Gr. fj,f6v<rrtK6s, intoxicating.]
{Med.) Substances causing intoxication or exhi-
laration.
Metceet. [Gr. fi^roiKoi, sojourners.] {Hist.)
Resident aliens at Athens, who formed a large
class of the inhabitants, lying under many dis-
abilities and burdens.
Metonio cycle. A cycle of nineteen solar
years, in which the new moons fall on the same
days as in the previous cycles. Invented by
the Athenian Meton, in the fifth century B.C.
Metonymy. [Gr. fitruwixla, change of name.]
\tihet.) A figure by which the name of an idea
or an object is substituted for that of another to
which it has some relation, as sceptre for sway or
dominion.
Metope. [Gr. /t*T<Jirtj.] In Gr. Arch., the
space between the Triglyphs in the frieze of the
IJoric order.
Mdtre. [Fr., Gr. fi^rpov, measure.] The fun-
damental unit of length in the metric system ;
originally designed to be the ten-millionth part
of an arc of the meridian, reaching from the pole
to the equator. It is, in reality, like the yard,
an arbitrary distance, viz. the distance between
the two ends of a certain platinum rod at the
temperature of melting ice. Its length is
39*37079 inches or i "09363 yard.
Metric system. A system of measures having
the metre for its fundamental unit.
Metro-. [Gr. fierpov, a measure.]
Metrology. [Gr. fkirpov, a measure, \6yos,
an account.] System of weights and measures.
Metronome. [Gr. fifxpov, measure, yiifios,
law.] Clockwork, measuring the relative dura-
tion of notes by a pendulum, to which a balance-
rod is attached, on which the various grades of
time are measured ; a movable weight regulates
the speed. The sign J = 132, means that that
number of crotchets would be played in a minute.
Metropolis. [Gr., mother-city.] 1. Originally
the parent state from which a colony has sprung.
2. The city in which tha archiepiscopal see of a
province is established. Thus Canterbury is the
metropolis of England. 3. In modern and less
correct usage, the chief city or capital of an in-
dependent state.
Metropolitan. 1. With the Greeks, one whose
see is a civil metropolis. 2. \Vith others, one
who, by virtue of his see, presides over other
bishops ; such sees are Canterbury, Dublin,
Calcutta, Capetown, etc. (See "Consecration of
Bishops," in Prayer-book.)
Meam et taiun. [L.] Mine and thine.
Mew. [O.E. mjtw, Ger. mewe, mowe, (?)
from its cry.] (Ornith.) Sea-mew, the gull,
Larus canus [L. , grey].
Mew. A cage, or inclosure, especially for
trained hawks, or an aggregation of them [Fr.
meute, fack, L.L. mota, troop mobilized, L.
movere, to move].
Mew. [Fr. muer, L. miitare, to change.] 1.
To moult, as hawks. 2. To shed horns, as stags.
Mew. To inclose, confine. Me^v, a prison,
place of confinement ; originally, in Falconry,
a place for falcons ; afterwards for horses, as Mews
in London. [Generally derived from O.Fr.
mue, a changing, a place for moulting, L.
mutare, to change. But "in Eng. the sense
of cage is the oldest ; whence mew, to inclose "
(Skeat, Etym. Diet.). (?) Is the L.L. muta, a
disease, with moulting, possibly, earlier still ?]
Mezzanine. [It. mezzano, fniddle.] {Arch.)
A story of small height introduced between two
higher ones. This would answer to the Triforiom
in the so-called Gothic buildings.
Mezzo-relievo. [It.] Sculptured work, in
which the projection is equal to half the true
proportions. When more than half, it is Alto-
relievo ; when less, it is Basso-relievo.
Mezzo termlno. [It.] A middle term ; 9, %\.o^-
gap, a compromise.
Mezzotint. [It. mezzo, half, tinto, tint.] A
kind of engraving, produced by scratching the
whole surface of the plate, and then scraping
and burnishing those parts where the lights
should come.
Miasma [Gr. niatrna, pollution], or Contagion.
1. Effluvium, noxious emanation, from the bodies
of the sick. 2. Marsh M., or Malaria [It., bad
air], is from vegetable decomposition, under
certain conditions of heat and moisture.
Mica. \h. rcAco, I shine.] (Geol.) A mineral,
one of the silicates of alumina, with potash or
MICH
322
MILI
magnesia, a constituent of granite, of gneiss, and
mica-schist ; metallic in lustre, divisible into
flakes, and elastic. Often mechanically mixed
in sandstone and shale. Muscovite is a potash
mica ; Biotite is a magnesian mica.
Michael, St., Order of. A French order of
knighthood, instituted by Louis XL, 1469.
Hiohing. (Meeohing.)
Miohtam. Title of Ps, xvi., Ivi.-lx., = a
"golden psalm," as in the margin, and accord-
ing to the rabbis (Speaker's Commentary).
Hioro-. [Gr. futcpis, sma//.]
Microcosm. (Macrocosm.)
Microcosmio salts. (C/iem.) A triple salt of
soda, ammonia, and phosphoric acid, originally
obtained from human urine.
Micrometer. [Gr. nuepdt, small, fttrpov, a
measure.] An instrument for measuring small
distances or angles. It consists of a spider line
(or wire) placed in the focus of a telescope (or
microscope) and moved by a screw with a
graduated head. It is first brought into optical
contact with a fixed wire, and then with a second
point ; the difference of the two readings of the
screw-head gives the distance from the fixed wire
to the point in terms of fractional parts of a turn
of the screw. The absolute value of a turn of
the screw is found from the number of turns
per inch, or by applying the micrometer to an
object of known length.
Microphone. [Gr. fUKpos, small, <l><iv7i, voice.]
An instrument for magnifjing small sounds by
means of electricity.
Microscope [Gr. fnKpSs, small, ffKoviw, I
Tnew] ; Compoond M. ; £lectro-M. ; Oxy-hydro-
gen M. ; Photo-electric M. ; Simple M. ; Solar M.
An instrument for rendering minute objects dis-
tinctly visible ; it may be a single lens or sphere,
and in that case is a Simple M. ; but more com-
monly the term is applied to the Compound AI.,
which is a combination of lenses duly mounted,
consisting of an achromatic object-glass and an
eye-glass (or eye-piece consisting of two lenses)
for viewing the image formed by the object-glass.
The Electro or Photo-electric, the Oxy-hydrogcn,
and Solar microscopes are instruments made on
the same principle as the magic lantern ; they
receive their special name from the kind of light
eniployed.
Midas. [lifyth.) A Phrygian king whose
touch turned everything to gold, and who ob-
tained deliverance by washing in the river Pac-
tolus, which has ever since had a golden hue.
The tale points to the illuminating power of the
sun, whose light is quenched when he reaches
the water-level in the evening. Midas has also the
ears of an ass. This is mentioned as a punish-
mentforhispreferringPan, orMarsyas, to Phoebus.
Midden, Mizen. [A.S. midding, id. , A. S. meox,
mix, dung; " dunghill," Luke xiv. (Wyclif's
translation) ; so myxen.] Dunghill, dustheap.
Middings. (Midden.)
Middle Ages. (Hist.) A vague term, denot-
ing the time of transition from the conditions of
the ancient to those of the modem world. They
are assumed by Hallam to begin with the sixth
and end with the fifteenth centuries.
Middle-latitude sailing. (Xaut.) Calculating
a ship's course by the mean of the latitudes of
the points of departure and arrival respectively.
Middleman. One who goes between the
original owner, or producer, and the public ; e.g.
in trade, taking orders for work, which he then
lets out to others ; or in agriculture, hiring land
in large tracts, and then letting it again in smaller
portions.
Middle Pointed style. (Geometrical style.)
Middle term. (Log.) That term in a Syllo-
gism with which the two extremes of the con-
clusion are severally compared.
Middle tint. A mixed tint in which bright
colours never predominate.
Middle watch. (Naut.) From 12 (midnight)
to 4 a.m. Middle-'ivatcher, the snack taken by
the officers of middle watch about 2.30 a.m.
Midgard. In Northern Myth., the middle
garden or earth, embraced by the branches of
the tree Yggdrasil.
Midlothian. (Lothian.)
Midrash. (Scribes.)
Midrib. (Bot. ) Of a leaf, the central line, a
continuation of the footstalk.
Midriff. (Diaphragm.)
Midshipman. (Hank.)
Midwife. [(?) Ger. miihe, labottr paifts, Weib,
■woman. ] One who assists women in childbirth.
Mikado. (Tycoon.)
Mile. [In L. mille passuum, a thousand
paces; passus being the distance between the
place where a foot is set down, and the place
where the same foot is set down the next time,
about five feet.] The Statute M. is 1760 yards.
Geographical or Nautical M. = a sixtieth of a
degree of longitude measured on the equator,
and therefore about 2029 yards. .Seamen erro-
neously call minutes of longitude miles.
Mileage. Allowance for travelling, so much
per mile.
Milesian. 1. Properly an inhabitant ornative
of the ancient Greek city Miletus ; but sometimes,
2, a native or inhabitant of Ireland, descended,
according to the tradition, from a Spanish king
Milesias, whose sons conquered the island some
twenty centuries B.C.
Miliaria, Miliary fever. A disease associated
with great heat of the skin and an eruption like
the seed of millet [L. milium].
Miliolite limestone. [L. milium, millet seed.]
(Geol.) The Calcaire grossier of Paris, largely
composed at places of Miliola, one of the jora'
mini/era (q.v.).
Military honours. Reception of superiors by
troops by lowering flags and saluting. When
an officer or soldier is buried with M. H., the
body is attended to the grave by his comrades
in military order, either guns or musketry being
fired over the grave, according to his rank.
Military law. (Martial law.)
Military position. A piece of ground so
selected as to bring out most advantageously the
powers of the different branches of the service
of which an army is composed, and which the
general has at the time at his command.
Military road. One of superior construction^
MILl
323
MINN
such as those formed by the Romans, accessible
in all weathers for troops, with their guns, bag-
gage, and supplies.
Milltat omnia amans. [L.] Every lover is a
soldier (Ovid).
Militia. [L., military sen'ice.] In the seven-
teenth century, before the formation of a standing
army, = the entire military force of the nation.
The term is now applied to a force raised either
by ballot or voluntarily from the population, for
home service in the protection of the country ;
occasionally embodied, for purposes of drill, in
time of peace.
Xilknippers of a horse ; his first, as distin-
guished from his permanent, teeth ; shed at
various times between the ages of three and
four.
Milk of lime. A miliy mixture of lime and
water.
Milkwort, Common. {Bot.) A small perennial
plant, Polygala vulgaris, ord. Polygalea; [Gr.
■noKii, muvA, yiKa, mili] ; abundant in Britain
in dry places ; its flowers purple, pink, white,
sometimes brilliant blue.
Milky Way. (Oalazy.)
Mill. [O.E. miln.] That part of ironworks
where puddled bars are converted into merchant
iron.
Millboard. Stout pasteboard.
Mill-dam; M.-head; M.-raoe; M.-tail, etc.
A Mill-dam serves to^ keep back the water of
the stream in a sort of reservoir, so that in its
descent it may turn a water-wheel, turbine, etc.
The stream from the reservoir which acts on
the wheel is the M.-race ; the stream formed by
the water that has turned the wheel is the M.-
tail, or Tail-race, or Tail-water. The M.-head
is the vertical height through which the water
falls in turning the wheel.
Millenarians. (Chiliasts.)
Millenary Petition. [L. millenarius, belonging
to a t/icusaiid.] One presented to James I.,
A.D. 1603, by (some few hundreds short of) a
thousand Puritan ministers, for relief in certain
ceremonies ; and objecting to some parts of the
Church service, and to the state of Church dis-
cipline.
Millennium. [L.L.] The space of a ^A<w<j<z«rf
years spoken of in Rev. xx. 4.
Millerole de Marseille. [Fr.] A measure of
capacity, still used as equal to sixty-four litres, or
^Ixjut fourteen English gallons.
Miller's thumb. (Bollhead.)
Milliard. [Fr.] A thousand million.
Millier. [L. milliarium, a thousand 0/.] A
thousand kilogrammes, nearly equal to a ton
weight.
Milligramme ; Millilitre ; Millimetre. Mea-
sures of the thousandth part of a gramme, litre,
and mttre respectively. (Oramme ; Litre ;
M^tre.)
Milling. The grooves on the edge of a coin.
Milling-tool. A roller, with indented surface,
for making grooves in metal.
MUl-rind. {//er.) The iron placed in the
centre of a millstone to protect the hole from
wearing out.
Millstone grit. (Geol.) An English division of
the Carboniferous system ; a coarse conglome-
rate, yielding stone for building, millstones, fire-
stones ; N. counties of England and N. and S.
Wales.
Milreis. A Portuguese coin, worth about 5J.
The gold coin of five milreis is worth £1 y. ii\d.
Mime. [L. mimus, Gr. ntp.os, a mimic.'\
Anciently, a kind of dramatic entertainment,
resembling the modern farce or vaudeville.
Mimir, Well of. In Northern Myth., the
well or fountain at which Odin, wishing to drink,
was obliged to leave an eye in payment.
Mina. [L., Gr. iiva.] An ancient Greek
weight and coin, varying in different states.
The coin contained 100 drachmas, and was
worth about £2> of our money.
Minaret. [Ar. menarah, a lantern.^ In Mo-
hammedan mosques, a turret used for summon-
ing the people to prayers, and thus serving the
purpose of a belfry. (Muezzin.)
Minauderie. [Fr.] Mincing, aflfected manners.
Mineral, Mineralogy. [Fr. miner, to mine.]
1. A roei (^.f.), in Geol., is regarded chemically,
as resolvable into certain primary elements or
minerals. 2. These, in Min., are regarded
as being pure or impure, soft or compact,
earthy or crystalline, and exhil)it certain cleav-
age, fracture, lustre, optical and other sensible
properties.
Minerva. The Latin goddess answering to
the Athena of the Greeks. The name denotes
intellectual power as well as bodily energy, as
is shown by the connexion of the Gr. fifvos with
the L. mens, Skt. manas, Eng. mind. Hence the
phrase Sus Minervam, a pig teaches Minerva,
the fool instructs the wise. To do a thing
tenui or crassa Minerva is to do it poorly or
awkwardly.
Minerva Press. In Leadenhall Street, the
source from which issued, during the latter part
of last century, a great quantity of mawkish
weak novels, and which, by means of circulat-
ing libraries, gained a factitious popularity.
Minever. [O.Fr. menuver, from menu, small,
vair, a kind ofy«r.] A fine white fur.
Minie-rifle. (Alil.) One carrying a bullet
invented by Minie, a French ofificer, which has
a cup inserted in a cavity in its base ; on its
being projected, the charge expands the bullet
into the grooves of the rifle, thus giving great
accuracy of flight.
Minims, Order of the. [L. mintmi, the least.]
Instituted in the fifteenth century by St. Francis
of Paul. Their name indicated their lowliness,
and their rule was of the strictest kind.
Minimum. When a variable magnitude de-
creases down to a certain value and then increase?
again, that value is a minimum. A M. is not
necessarily the smallest value of the variable.
Minion. [Fr. mignon, dainty,] A kind cf
type, as —
General.
Minium. [L.] Red lead. (Lead.)
Minnehofe. [Ger.] This word denoted the
courts of love, well known in the history of
MINN
324
MISE
chivalry. These courts, in which ladies acted
as judges, were held periodically in Signes,
Avignon, Pierrefeu, and Lille.
ifinnesingers. Love-singers, the earliest
school of German poets, who imitated the
Proven9al troubadours. Their verses are written
in the old Swabian dialect. Among their works
is the great national epic, called the Nibelungen-
lied, and the lays of the Hddenbuch, or book of
heroes.
Minorites. Friars belonging to the order of
St. Francis. (Franciscans.;
Minorities, Bepresentation of. In Politics,
the means for giving effect to the opinion of the
minority. The modes generally suggested are
twofold: (l) that each elector shall have two
votes when three candidates can be returned, or
(2) one vote when two are to be elected. To
these must be added the suggestion of Mr. Hare,
that the elector should be empowered to choose
the constituency in which he shall record his
vote.
Minoresses. (Clare, St., Order of.)
Minos. In Gr. Myth., a king of Crete, and
one of the judges of the infernal regions.
(Meno, Laws of.)
Minot. [Fr., from mine, a corr. of hemine,
L. hemina, Gr. h\*-iva, which last was about one
gallon.\ An O.Fr. measure, the forty-eighth
part of a muid [L. modiusj, and a little larger
than an English bushel.
MInotanr. [Gr. yL\,vuna\ipoi.'\ (Myth.) A
monster, half man, half bull, said to be the off-
spring of Pasiphae, wife of Minos. (Labyrinth.)
Mmster. [Ger. miinster, Gr. novatrriipiov.]
Originally, in this country, an outpost of the
Church, maintained by priests living under ride.
Thus every station in the advance made by the
colleagues of Augustine received the name of
monastery or minster, and retained it after
secular priests had taken the place of the
monks.
Minstrels. [Fr. menestrel, from O.G. minne,
/oz'e.] In the Middle Ages, an order of men
who seem to have been the successors to the
Minnesingers, scalds, and bards. But they soon
degenerated. The chanter of ihegests [L. gesta,
things dom, feats\ or acts of kings, became a
gesticulator or jester ; the jongleur of Provence
[L. jociilator] sank into the juggler or jockie.
(Gleemen ; Scald.)
Mint. [Gr. (xMa, L. mentha.] i^Boi.) A
herb of the nat. ord. Labiatae, used for flavouring.
Mint. [L. Moneta, a name of Juno, in whose
temple money was coined.] A place for coining
the national money.
Minuet. [Fr. rnenuet.] 1. A slow, graceful
dance, which had its origin probably in Poitou,
and in the seventeenth century ; by two persons,
in 3 time ; consisting of a coupee, a high step,
and a balance, and having short steps [pas
menus] ; a coupee being when, one leg being
a little bent and raised from the ground, a
motion forward is made with the other. 2. A
musical movement, originally an accompaniment
to the dance.
Minute-guns. {Mil. and Naut.) Guns fired
at intervals of a minute, as a sign either of dis-
tress (as of ships) or of mourning (as at funerals).
MinutisB. [L.] Petty details, trijies.
Miocene. (Eocene.)
Miolnir. Tiie crushing or pounding hammer
of Thor. (Mars.)
Miquelets. In Sp. Hist, partisan troops
raised chiefly in Catalonia ; first heard of in the
seventeenth century.
Mirablle dictu. [L.] Wonderful to tell.
Miracle. (Prodigy.)
Miracle-plays. Plays representing events re-
corded in the Bible. They were common in the
Middle Ages. The miracle-play of the Passion
is still performed at Ober-Ammergau, in Bavaria,
once in every ten years.
Mirage. [Fr. mirage, mirer, to aim «/.] A
reflected picture of distant objects, seen in
peculiar states of the atmosphere. If two trans-
parent media of different densities are in contact,
a ray of light in the denser medium, inclined at
a small angle to the common surface, will not
pass into the rarer medium, but will be reflected
internally. It is probable that when the M.
is seen the atmosphere is arranged in layers
of different densities, varying nearly discon-
tinuously, so that light proceeding from objects
in the lower strata suffers internal reflexion,
and forms for the observer the images which
constitute the M. ; just as in a long, low
room, ceiled with looking-glass, he would see
both the end of the room and its inverted image ;
or in other cases, where the observer and the
object are above the heated stratum, he sees it
and its image as if formed by reflexion in water.
Miramamolin. (Emir.)
Minnillones. [L.] Among the Roman
gladiators, the opponents of the Ketiarians;
so called from the embossed fish [Gr. /xip/iuAos]
which they wore on their head-piece.
Mirrour for Magistrates, published 1559. A
poem, very important in English literature, and
very popular in its day, begun by Thomas Sack-
ville. Lord Buckhurst ; completed by Baldwyne
and Ferrers, and others. The first poetical use
made of chronicles like Hollinshed s, etc., by
which English history, written hitherto in
monkish Latin, had recently become known to
the people ; its plan being to give an account of
all the illustrious, but unfortunate, characters,
from the Conquest to the eijd of the fourteenth
century ; one of the sources from which Shake-
speare drew.
Mirza. This word, a corr. of the Pers.
Emir-zadah, sons of the prince, is the common
style of honour, when put before the name ;
coming after it, it signifies prince.
Mischia. (Scagliola.)
Mischna. (Talmud.)
Miscreant. Until lately, often = mescreant
[Fr. mecreanl], unbeliever ; not morally evil.
Misdemeanour. In Law, any indictable
offence not of a felonious character ; as libel,
seditious acts, etc.
Mise of Lewes. The name given to the treaty
between the English barons and the royalists
after the battle of Lewes, May, 1264.
MISE
325
MODI
Kiserere. [L., have mercy.] 1. The fifty-
first psalm ; so called from the first word with
which it begins in Latin. 2. {ArcA.) The under
portion of the seat of a stall, generally richly
carved, and often with grotesques, so contrived
that it may turn up when wanted as a support
in long standing.
Wsericorde. [Fr., /iVy, either the cry for
pity, or (?) ironical.] Dagger worn by knights
for stabbing to death those who had fallen.
Misfeasance. [O. Fr. mes, ivrottff, feasance,
doing, from L. facere, to do.] In Law, a tres-
pass or wrong done.
Misndmer. In Law, a mistake in a name,
or the substitution of one name for another ;
which has no effect, as a general rule, if the
subject-matter, or person, is certain or ascertain-
able notwithstanding. — Brown, Law Dictionary.
Xispickel. [O.G.] {Chem.) A greyish white
ore of iron combined with sulphur and arsenic.
Misprisioii. [From Fr. mepris, tugligence,
contempt.] In Law, (i) any Misdemeanoor
which has not a specific name ; (2) contempt, or
neglect, in not disclosing crimes, as of treason
or felony. (Treason, Misprision of.)
yi—*! [L.L. missale. ) The book contain-
ing the ritual for the celebration of Mass in the
Latin Church.
Missa tioea. [L., dry Mass.] A form of Mass
said on days on which there is no consecration.
Missing vessel. i^Naut.) One which, not
having been heard of for six months in Europe,
or twelve elsewhere, is held to be lost.
Missouri Compromise. A name popularly
given to an Act of Congress passed in 1820,
and intended to reconcile the two great sections
that were struggling, the one to promote, the
other to hinder, the extension of slavery. By
this Act, it was determined that Missouri should
be admitted into the Union as a slave-holding
state, but that slavery should never be established
in any state to be formed in the future lying
north of lat. 36* 30'. — Bartlett's A/nericanisms.
Miss stays, To. (A'a«//.) Instead of going
about, to fall back on the old tack.
Misdco. (A'aut.) A small vessel of the
Mediterranean, between a felucca and a xebec.
Mistral [as if maestrale, the master wind],
Mistraon, Msestral, the Caurus or Corus of the
Romans, Maestro of Italy. A north-west wind
on S. coast of France and up the Rhone as far
as Valence ; sudden, violent, bitterly cold, parch-
ihg, painful to eyes and face, especially prevalent
from the end of autumn to the begmning of
spring.
Mithriac worship. In Rom. Hist., the wor-
ship of the Persian sun-gotl Mithras, the Mitra
of the Rig Veda ; introduced into Rome about
the time of the fall of the republic.
Mithridate. An antidote to poison, an alexi-
pharmic. Mithridates Eupator, Kingof Pontus,
succeeding to the throne B.C. 120, when eleven
years old, and constantly fearing conspiracy, is
said to have invented and constantly taken some
very efficacious antidote to poison. A poetical
term.
Mitrailleuse. [Fr.] A French gun, the
principle of which is much like that of the
English Oatling gun.
Mitre, or MLtre-joint ; U.-wheels. A joint
such as that formed by the skirting-board at the
corner of a room ; the pieces are cut at a certain
angle [e.g. 45°) so as to match when put together.
Two bevilled wheels with an equal number of
teeth, and with axes at right angles to each other,
are M. -wheels.
ISitred abbots. (Abbots, Mitred.)
Mittimus. [L., u>e send.] In Law, (i) a writ
by which records used to be transferred from one
court to another ; (2) a document, signed by a
magistrate, committing an offender.
Mixed actions. In Law, suits partaking of
the nature of real and personal actions. Now
abolished except in actions for ejectment.
Mixed chalice. A term used to denote that
some water is used with the wine in the celebra-
tion of the Eucharist.
Mixtion. [Fr., from mixtio, -nem, a mixing.]
A mixture for affixing gold-leaf to wood or dis-
temper pictures.
Mizzen. [Naiit.) The spanker or driver.
A f. -mast. (Mast.)
Mnemosyne. [Gr. ixvijfioffivT], memory.]
(Myth.) The mother of the Muses.
Moabite Stone. An inscribed stone found
among the ruins of Dibon, in 1868, and unfor-
tunately broken by the natives, owing to the
mismanagement of the Europeans, who wished
to get possession of it. Almost the whole of the
inscription has been recovered from the broken
pieces. The stone was set up by Mesha, King
of Moab, who rebelled against Jehoram (2 Kings
iii. 4, 5), about B.C. 890.
Mobcap. A cap for women, tied under the
chin by a very broad band.
Moccasin. (Native name.) An ornamental
deerskin shoe without a sole, used by N. -Ameri-
can Indians.
Mock-heroic. The treatment of a common-
place subject in a pompous and grand style ;
Burlesque being the treatment of a lofty subject
in a low style.
Mocking-bird. (Ornith.) Spec, of thrush,
Mimus polj'glottus [Gr. , mimic of many tongues] ;
nine inches long, ashen brown, with white in
wings and tail. America. Fani. Turdldse, ord.
Passeres.
Mocmain truss. One stuffed with M., a sub-
stance growing on the silk-cotton tree.
Modality. In Log., a term denoting proposi-
tions in which the meaning of the copula is
qualified by some word or phrase.
Modal Trinity. (Sabellians.)
Moderators, Senior and Junior. In the Uni-
versities of Oxford and Cambridge, officers
appointed yearly to perform certain duties con-
nected with examinations ; so called from having
originally moderated or presided in the exercises
of undergraduates in the schools for the degree
of Bachelor of Arts.
Modes. (Greek modes; Gregorian modes.)
Modicum. [L.] A moderate, sometimes a
small, amount of anything.
Modillion. [Fr.] {Arch.) A projecting bracket
MODI
326
MOME
under the Corona of the Corinthian and Com-
posite, and sometimes also of the Roman Ionic
orders.
Modiste. [Fr.] Milliner.
Module. [L. modulus.] {Arch.) A mea-
sure for regulating the proportions of an order,
equal to the semi-diameter of a column.
Modulus [L., a measure or standard] ; M. of
elasticity ; M. of logarithms ; M. of a machine ;
Young's M. A measure of comparison. It
commonly means the number expressing the
ratio of two variable magnitudes which have a
constant ratio. The A/, of a machitie is the
number expressing the ratio which the mechanical
work done usefully at the working point bears
to that expended at the driving point of the
machine. The M. of a system of logarithms is
the ratio which the logarithm of any number
on that system beai-s to the hyperbolic logarithm
of that number. When a rod of given material
is stretched by a force, the elongation bears to
the length the same ratio that the force bears
to a certain force called the M. of elasticity (or
Youngs M.), which serves to measure the re-
sistance offered by the material to elongation.
Its value is generally estimated in pounds per
square inch ; thus, in the case of steel, the M.
is about thirty million pounds per square inch.
Modus declmandi, or Modus. (Tithes.)
Modus in rebus. [L.J A medium (or mean)
in all things (Horace).
Modus operandi. [L.] The nuthod of setting
to work.
Modus Vivendi. (Vivendi n^odus.)
Mcerse. (Fates.)
MofEl A silk stuff made in Caucasia.
Moghrebins, Mograbians. A name, meaning
men of the nest, applied formerly to Turkish
infantry composed of peasants from N. Africa.
Mogul, Great. The sovereign of the empire
founded in India by the Mongol Baber in the
fifteenth century. The last titular emperor was
banished to Burmah in 1858, for his share in the
mutiny of 1857.
Mohair. [Ger. mohr.] A stuff made of the
long silky hair of the Angora goat, a native of
Asia Minor.
Mohammedanism. The religion of Mohammed.
(Islam.)
Mohur. [Pers.] A gold coin worth fifteen
rupees ; it is of the same weight and fineness
as a rupee, i.e. 180 grains, of which 165 are pure
gold ; it is therefore worth 29^. 2^^d.
Moidore. [Port, moeda d'ouro, coin of gold.]
A gold coin of Portugal, worth about £1 "js.
Moire. [Fr.] Aloire antique is watered silk.
Moire mitallique is tinplate to which is given a
crystalline appearance by sponging it with dilute
nitro-hydrochloric acid.
Molasses. [Sp. melaza, from L. mel, honey.]
The brown syrup which drains from sugar in
the process of manufacture.
Mole. [Heb.] {Bibl.) 1. Isa. ii. 20;
ChSphor-peroth, the digger of holes, apparently
a blind burrowing rodent ; not our mole, but
probably the mole-rat (Spalax typhlus). 2.
Lev, xi. 30 ; TinshamSth, probably a lizard.
Molecule. [Scholastic L. moleciila, dim. of
moles, a mass.] One of the finite number of
parts into which a given quantity of matter
would, it is supposed, be ultimately resolved if
the process of division could be carried far
enough. Molecules are of different kinds ; but
it is believed that those of any one kind are
all exactly alike, and are unchangeable and
indestructible. Each M. is held to be composed
of a crowd of atoms moving in a sort of double
circulation or vortex.
Moleskin. A soft, shaggy fabric of silk or
cotton, like the/wr of a mote.
Moline, Cross. [L. mollna, a mill.] {Her.)
A cross resembling the iron which supports the
upper millstone, borne ( i ) as a charge or (2) as
a difference in the eighth son's escutcheon.
Molinism. (Eccl. Hist.) In the Latin Church,
a system of opinions respecting grace and pre-
destination not unlike those of the Arminians ;
so called from the Jesuit Molina, who drew up
the propositions on which it rests, in 1588.
Molinosism. A name given to the doctrine
of the Quietists, from the Spanish enthusiast
Molinos, in the seventeenth century.
Molionids. (Mars.)
Mollah. The title of the higher order of
judges in the Turkish empire. (Mullah.)
Mollusca. [L. molluscus, soft.] (Malacology.)
Molly Magtiires. 1. Members of a secret
society in Ireland. 2. A society in Pennsylvania,
in character similar to the Ribbon Society of
Ireland, so far as they dealt with agrarian
troubles ; composed almost entirely of Irishmen ;
combining against mine-owners and overseers,
as they had combined against landlords and
agents. Murders were committed, and great
quantities of coal and other property destroyed
by incendiarism. Ten were executed in June,
1877. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Moloch. The highest deity of the Phoenicians.
The word, which means king, occurs in the
composition of many Hebrew names, as Melchi-
zedek, Melchishua, and in many forms through-
out the Semitic world. (Bacchanalian.) This
god was appeased by sacrifices of infants thrown
into the fire under his image.
Molossus. [Gr. tioxoaais.] In Pros., a foot
consisting of three long syllables.
Molossus. [Gr., of Molossia, in EpTrus.] 1.
The fine Molossian hound from Epirus (Virgil,
Georg. iii.), 2. The bull-dog, Canis familiaris
molossus. 3. The Thibet dog, C. F. M,
Thibetanus, 4. The name of three gen. of short-
headed bats, NoctTlTonidse ; Trop.- America.
Molten grease. In horses, a kind of dysen-
tery ; the discharge of hard foecal matter being
brought about by a mucous secretion.
Moly. [Gr. ^uaJAv.] A fabulous herb ; so
named by the gods ; with black root and white
blossom ; given by Hermes to Ulysses, as a
counter-charm to the spells of Circe {Odyssey,
bk. X.). (Haemony.) 2. {Bot.) Allium M., a
kind of garlic.
Molybdenum. [Gr. fxo\v0Satya, a leaden ore.]
{A/in.) A brittle white metal.
Moment [L. momentum, movement, a moving
MOME
327
MONO
cause] ; M. of a couple ; M. of a force ; M.
of inertia ; Virtual M. The Moment of a force
with respect to a point is the product of the
force and the length of the perpendicular let
fall from the point on the line along which the
force acts. The term M. of a force with respect
to a line and a plane is also used. The M. of
a couple is the moment of either force about a
point in the line of action of the other force.
The AI. of iturtia of a body with respect to a
given axis is the sum of the products formed by
multiplying the mass of each particle by the
square of its distance from the axis. (For
Virtual M., vide Virtual.)
Mdmentum [L.], or Quantity of motion, is the
product of the mass of a body and its velocity.
The word is often used vaguely for the force or
impetus of a moving body.
momiers. [From Fr. momerie, mummery.]
(Hist.) A name applied since 1878 to some
sections of the Evangelical party in Switzerland
and in parts of France and Germany. On the
withdrawal of the penal enactments against
them in 1831, they lost influence and gradually
disappeared.
Mdmns. [Gr. ^/u>;.] In the Hesiodic theo-
gony, a child of night, and the god of raillery
and ridicule.
Hon-, Mono-. {Ckem.) A prefix, denoting
that a salt contains one [Gr. ix6vos] atom of the
element thus marked ; as a mono-sulphide, which
contains one atom of sulphur in each molecule.
Monad. [Gr. fiovds, a unit.] 1. A metal, one
atom of which replaces one of hydrogen in a
compound. 2. (Bacteria.)
Monarchiana. [Gr. fi6yapxoi, ruling alone.]
A name applied to those who, in the third
centurv, were charged with ditheism, or the
worship of two Gods, or who could not define
the subordination of the Son to the Father.
Their opponents branded them as Patripassians.
— Milman, I/ist, of Latin Christianity, bk. i.
ch. I.
Monerieff carriage. (Mil.) By means of which
a gun, with a balancing weight, is withdrawn
by its own recoil after each discharge below the
parapet, thus avoiding the exposure from using
embrasures.
Monetisation. The act or process of con-
verting bullion into money. So Demoiutization,
the withdrawal from use, as currency.
Moneyers, Company of. A company which,
until 1837, superintended the manufacture of the
money of the realm at the Mint.
Mongolia. A name used to denote a large
portion of the Asiatic continent to the north of
the Himalayas.
Moniliform. [L. mSnlle, a necklace.] [Bot.)
Having many successive swellings, like a string
of l)cacis ; e.g. pods of sea-kale.
Monitor. [\^. , one who 'warns.] (Naut.) A
heavily armoured steamer, of light draught, and
small freeboard, carrying her armament in one
or two plated revolving turrets, which are situ-
ated on her open decks.
Monk. In Printing, a blotch from types which
have received too much ink.
22
Monkey. 1. (A'^aut.) A small trading- vessel
of the sixteenth century. M. -boat, a half-decked
boat of the Thames above London Bridge. M.-
spars, reduced masts, etc., used in training-ships
for boys. 2. The weight of a pile-driver.
Monkey-nut. (Arachis.)
Monkey-wrench. A wrench with parallel
jaws, capable of adjustment by a screw.
Monmouth cap. (yaut.) A flat worsted cap,
worn formerly by sailors.
Mono-. [Gr. fjL6i/os, one only. ]
Monobasic acid. [Gr. ix6vos, one, pdau, iase.l
{Chem. ) Any acid containing one atom of hydro-
gen in its composition.
Monocardian. [Gr. KapUa, heart.] [Anat.)
Having a single heart ; c.j^. some reptiles ; all
mammalia having a double heart.
Monochlamydeous. [Gr. ^^.6voi, oni only^
XActyuiJy, a mantle.] {Bot.) Never having both
calyx and corolla ; e.g. the goose-foots.
Monochord [Gr. t6 fiovdxop^ov, the one-
stringed instrument, the monochord], or Sono-
meter [made up of L. sonus, sound, and Gr.
fifrpov, measure.] (Phys.) 1. An instrument
for ascertaining the relation between the various
notes of the musical scale, and the rate of vibra-
tion by which they are respectively produced.
A catgut or wire, placed over a sounding-board
and nixed at one end, is carried over a pulley
and stretched by a certain weight ; it rests on
two bridges, one of which is fixed, while the
other, sliding to and fro, varies the length of
string between the bridges, as shown by a divid-
ing scale. By varying the weight, the tension,
is increased or diminished. The string can thus
be adjusted to yield a given note, and the number
of vibrations perceived can be calculated from
the stretching weight and the length and weight
of the strings between the bridges. 2. With
the Pythagoreans, the scale was measured phy-
sically and arithmetically by a tuning-string,
called the M.
Monochromatic lamp. A lamp whose light
is of only one [Gr. ^uavov] homogeneous colour
[XP^Ma]-
Monochrome. [Gr. fi6uos, one, xpi^jua, colour.^
A painting in various shades of only one colour.
Monoclinal. [(Jr. fi6vos, one only, KKiucoy I
make to bend.] (GcoI.) A set of strata dipping ia
only one direction,
Monoclinio system. [Gr. fxSvoi, one only,
kXIvw, J make to slant,] {Cr^'stallog.) The
oblique prismatic system (t/.v.).
Monocotyledonotis plants. (Bot. ) Having but
one cotyledon (i/.v.) ; coextensive with Exogens
(q.v.), which term is now more frequently used.
(Dicotyledonous plants.)
Monocular. [Gr. iJ.6voi, om only, L. octilus,,
eye.] One-eyed; adapted for vision with one
eye.
Monodactylous. (Zool.) \liZ.\'mgov\y one finger
or toe [Gr. hoKrvKos].
MfinSdelphla. [Gr. fi6vos, single, ftXtpis,
uterus.] (Zool.) Having a single uterus. The
highest sub-class of the class Mammalia, con-
taining all but the Marsupials and M5notrem&ta.
Monody. [Gr. /toj/yS/o, a solo.] A poem in
MONCE
328
MONT
which the mourner is supposed to bewail by
himself, as opposed to pastoral elegies in dia-
logue.
Moncecions. [Gr. n6vos, one only, oIkos, house,
family. ~\ {Bot.) Linnrean class xxi., having
stamens and pistils on the same plant, but in
different flowers ; Dioecious [5(-, hvo^ in class
xxii., on different flowers, and on separate plants,
(-andria.)
Monogamist. [Gr. ^ovc^ya/xos.] Is used some-
times to denote, not one who marries one
husband or wife at a time, but one who objects
to all second marriages, like the Vicar of Wake-
field.
Uonogastrio. Having but o>u stomach [Gr.
ya(TTf}p].
UonSgram. [Gr. fiSvos, alone, ypafi/xa, a
letter. ] A cipher, giving the initials of a name,
intertwined with each other.
KonSgraph. [Gr. fiSvos, one only, ypiipca, I
zvHte.] A treatise, strictly confined to a single
subject.
Honolitli. [Gr. fiSvos, one only, \lOos, stone.]
A large single block of stone, artificially or
naturally cut out ; like many of the old menhirs
{g.v.) and obelisks.
Monologue. [Gr. fi6yos, one, xdyos, a dis-
course.] A soliloquy. The word is also used
to denote an entertainment in which one per-
former takes all the parts, after the fashion of
C. Mathews, W'oodin, etc.
Monometric system. [Gr. iiSvos, one only,
ixtrpov, measure.] {Crystallog.) The octahedral
system (q.v.).
Monomial. [As if mono-nomial ; vide Bino-
mial theorem.] (Math.) An algebraical expres-
sion consisting of a single term, i.e. not of parts
connected by the signs plus or minus.
Monopathy. [Gr. fiovoTrdjSeia, from iroOoj,
affection.] (^fl•d.) 1. Suffering in some one
oi^an or function only. 2. Sole or individual
suffering.
Monopetalons. [Gr. fj.6voi, one only, ir(Tci\ov,
leaf.] (Bot.) Having all the petals united into
one body by their edges ; e.g. convolvulus,
heath, campanula.
MSnSph^sites. [Gr. fiovotpvaiTai, from fjuivos,
alone, and <pvffis, nature] A name given to all
who asserted that there was only one nature
in Christ. (Eutychians; Monothelites ; Nes-
torians.)
Monopoly. [Gr. fiovoiruKia, from irw\fu, I
sell.] Interference with free exchange by royal
or other enactments assuring the trading in
certain articles to privileged persons or to the
Crown.
Monopsychism. [Gr. y^ivos, alone, -i/vxM, Hfo-]
The doctrine that the constructive reason is one
individual substance, one and the same in all
persons ; whence it follows that individuality
consists only in bodily sensations which are
perishable, so that nothing which is individual
can be immortal, and nothing that is immortal
can be individual. This tenet of the numerical
unity of the soul of mankind was the principle
of Averroism. {Identity, Personal ; Individu-
ality.)
MonoptSral. [Gr. fiovSwrepos, 7t<ith but one
T^ng.] (Arch.) A temple without a cella.
Monorime, less correctly Monorhyme. A com-
position in verse, in which all the lines end with
the same rime.
Monotheism. [Gr. ix6vos, one only, @e6s, God.]
The worship of one God, to the distinct denial
of all other gods ; Henotheism [efs, gen. iy6s,
one in number, a single one] being the worship
of single gods (or of one at a time), and Poly-
theism the worship of many deities which
together form one divine polity under the con-
trol of one supreme god. — Max MUller^ Hibbert
Lectures, p. 289.
MSnothelites. [Gr. /io^/oOeA^rai, from ^t.l>voi,
alone, and OsAoj, I will.] A name given to all
who, while they allowed the distinction of the
two natures in Christ, asserted that the divine
will left to His human will no action or efficiency
of its own.
M2n5trem&ta, Monotrematous. [Gr. p.6vos,
single, rpTJp.a, hole.] (Zool. ) An ord. of mammals,
coextensive with the sub-class Ornlthodelphia,
having but one outlet for all natural purposes.
It is peculiar, both in existing and in extinct
animal forms, to Australia, and consists solely
of the Ornithorhyncus and the Echidnas (qq.v.).
Monotriglyph. (Arch.) In the Doric order,
the intercolumniation embracing one triglyph
and two Metopes in the Entablature. (Order.)
Monozylon. [Cir. /tocd|iiAoy, in ancient Gr.
made from a solid trunk.] (Naut.) A boat
worked with one oar ; Ionian Islands.
Monroe doctrine. That of President M.
(1823), "the principle, in which the rights
and interests of the U.S. were involved, that
the American continents, by the free and in-
dependent condition which they have assumed
and maintained, are henceforth not to be con-
sidered as subjects for future colonization by any
European power;" and, further, that the U.S.
would consider "any attempt of the Allied
Powers to extend their system " (that of the
Holy Alliance) " to any portion of this hemi-
sphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." —
Bartlett's Americanistns.
Monseigneur. [Fr.] A title given in France
to dukes, peers, archbishops, etc., the simple
monsieur being the title of the eldest brother of
the king.
Monsoon. [Fr. mousson, from Malay mosseem,
a year.] The wind which blows in the Indian
seas in a nearly constant direction, from about
N.E. for six months (November to March), and
then from about S.W. for the next six months
(April to October).
Monstrance. [L. monstro, / shocti.] In the
Latin Church, ' a vessel in which the host is
exhibited to the people through a circle of crystal
surrounded by rays of gold and silver.
Montanists. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Montanus, who, in the second century, asserted
that he had received from the Holy Ghost
special knowledge on points not made known
to the apostles, refused to communicate with
persons guilty of great crimes, and held it un-
lawful to fly in times of persecution. He also
MONT
329
MOKU
condemned second marriages, and enjoined the
obser\ance of three Lents. One of his most
celebrated adherents was TertuUian. As
Montanus was a Phrygian, his followers are
sometimes called Phrygians and Cataphrygians.
Hont de Piete. [Fr., hill of piety.\ 1. A name
for certain benevolent institutions on the Con-
tinent for lending money to the poor at low rates
of interest. 2. Pawnbroker's office.
Konte. [Sp.] A game of chance, played
with cards, of which the Spanish Americans are
excessively fond. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Montem. An old Eton custom ; its origin
obscure. Every third year the whole school
marched in a sort of semi-military array to a
mound [L. ad montem] a mile and a half from
the college, and money, called salt [(?) salarium,
salt moruy, allowance^ was collected for the
captain of the school. Traced by some to the
election of the boy-bishop by school-fellows ;
by others to the solemn initiation of new boys
into the Eton mysteries, at the mound still called
Salt Hill, by an actual partaking of salt, and a
making of epigrams upon them [sales, 'witticisms\
The last M. was in 1844.
Montgolfler balloon. A fire balloon (first
m.ide by the brothers Montgolfier).
Montll [L. mensis, Gr. tiMv, y.'i[in\, moon, as
the measurer of time, .Skt. ma, to measure^ ;
Calendar M. ; Full M. ; Hollow H. ; Lunar M. ;
Sidereal M. ; Synodic M. ; Tropical M. Calendar
months are merely artificial parts of the
calendar year, January, February, etc. The
mean of the intervals from one new moon {i.e.
from one conjunction) to the next is the Synodic
or Lunar M. ; its length is 29 days 12 hrs. 44
mins. 2'8 sees. The Tropical At. is the mean
interval between her leaving and returning to the
first point of Aries ; its length is 27 days 7 hrs.
43 mins. 4'5 sees. The Sidereal M. is the
mean interval between her leaving and returning
to a given point in the heavens, i.e. it is the
tropical month corrected for precession ; its
length is about seven seconds longer than the
tropical month. A Full M. is one of thirty
days ; a Hollow M. , one of twenty-nine days.
These terms were used in the distribution of the
months throughout the Metonic cycle.
Monton. [Sp. monton, a heap.] A heap of
ore.
Montpensier marriages. Two marriages which
took place in 1846, the one between the Queen
of Spain and the Duke of Cadiz, the other be-
tween the Infanta and the Duke of Montpensier.
These marriages had been the subject of much
diplomatic action l>etween the courts of England
and Spain, and that of Louis Philippe, King of
the French, who desired that the husband of the
Spanish queen should be a Bourbon, while the
English Government urged that he should be a
prince of Coburg.
Monamentnm eere perennlos. [L. ] A monu-
ment more lasting than brass ; spoken by Horace
of his fame as a poet.
Mood. [L. modus.] 1. (Gram.) The form
of the verb which describes the manner of our
conception of an event or fact as certain, con-
tingent, possible, etc. 2. (Log.) The designa-
tion of the three propositions of a syllogism
according to their quantity and quality.
Moon-culminating stars come on to the meri-
dian a little before or after the moon, and at
nearly the same place. The observation of
transits of the moon and of a few of these stars
on one night serves to determine the longitude
with great exactness.
Moon-rakers. (Naiii.) (Sails.)
Moonshee. [Hind, munshi, a writer, or secre
tary.] A teacher of languages, especially in
India.
Moor, To. (Niaut.) To fasten a vessel by
two cables ; sometimes, to fasten her to moor-
ings(q.v.).
Moor-ill. A kind of dropsical ailment in
horses, especially when turned out in marshy
ground ; a swelling of the lower side of the
body, after lying down at night, and of the legs
during standing.
Moorings. [D. maaren, cable, whence Fr.
amarre, amarrer, demarrer.] Heavy anchors and
cables placed in harbours, etc., for ships to moor
to. Swinging AL, when only two M. ; All-fours,
when bow and stern M. are used.
Mop, Statute Fair. [L. mappa, a towel, etc.,
cloth used in cleaning the floor ; hence a mop.]
Yearly fair for hire of agricultural servants ;
now dying out ; formerly called Alapp Fair.
Moplahs. The Mohammedan inhabitants of
Malabar.
Mopusses. In Naut. slang, money.
Moraine. \Cf. L.L. morena, a stockade.]
(Geol.) Masses of rock and rubbish brought by
glaciers down from the mountains. When
deposited at the end of a glacier, the mass is a
terminal M. ; when at the side, a lateral M. ;
and when along the middle of a glacier formed
by the junction of two or more glaciers, a
medial M.
Moralities. [L. moralis, relating to manners.]
A general term for the theatrical exhibitions of
the Middle Ages, including Mysteries and
Miracle-plays.
Moravians, or TTnited Brethren. These are
said to be the followers of Count Zinzendorf, in
the last century, and to be so called becaus2 the
first converts were furnished by some Moravian
families. The society itself claims to have had
its origin in the days of Methodius and Cyrillus,
two Greek monks, by whom Bulgaria and Mo-
ravia were converted from heathenism. They
profess a general agreement with the Augsburg
Confession of Faith.
Morbidezza. [It., delicacy.] The painting of
flesh with its natural delicacy and softness of
tint.
Morbus pedlciilaris. (Fedicularia.)
MorceaiL [Fr., from L.L. morsellum, a
mouthful.] (Afusic.) A somewhat short, simple
piece, or extract from longer and more impor-
tant pieces.
Mordant. [Fr., biting.] Any substance
having an affinity for fibrous material and for the
colouring matter, and therefore fixing dyes.
Mordred. (Arthur, King.)
MORE
330
MORT
Hforeen. [Ger. mohr.] A stout woollen stuff
used for curtains, etc.
MorS majonun. [L.] After the ways of our
forefathers.
Morendo. [It.] [^Music.) Dying mvay.
Uoresque \i.e. Moorish). In Painting or
Sculpture, a kind of arabesque ornament, in
which fruits and flowers spring out of each other,
without the introduction of any animal figures.
lIor§ siio. [L.] After his own fashion ; xvi 2l
good, or, perhaps oftener, a bad sense ; just like
him (her, or them).
Morganatic marriage, also called Left-handed
marriage. A marriage between a man of supe-
rior and a woman of lower rank, the contract
being that the children shall not follow the con-
dition or inherit the possessions of the father.
[(.') Goth, morgjan, to shorten.]
Morgan lo Fay. In the Arthur legend, a half-
sister of Arthur. In the story of Olger the
Dane, she is the fairy queen who bears Olger
away to her home.
Morgue. [Fr.] In French towns, the place
where the bodies of persons found dead are
exposed, in order to be recognized by their
friends.
Morians' land. In Authorized Version,
Ethiopia, = the black-a-moor.
Morigeration. [L. morigerationem, from mos,
moris, manner, custom, behaviour, etc., and
gSro, I bear or carry.] Obedience, obsequious-
ness.
Morion. [Fr., from Sp. morra, the round of
the head.] Musketeer's helmet, with rounded
top and turned-up brim, somewhat like a wide-
awake.
Mormonites. The followers of Joseph Smith,
an American of Vermont, settled in the state of
New York. The sect receives its name from his
religious romance, entitled The Book of Mormon :
an Account written by the Hand of Mormon, tipon
Plates taken from the Plates of Mormon, and
printed at Palmyra, New York, in 1830. In
1844 the establishment of the Mormons at
Nauvoo, in Illinois, was sacked, and Joseph
Smith murdered by a mob. In 1848 they es-
tablished themselves in Great Salt Lake City, in
the territory of Utah. They are specially dis-
tinguished as upholders of polygamy, which is
said to have been authorized by " a revelation
on the patriarchal order of matrimony, and
plurality of wives," made to Joseph Smith in
1843.
Mormons. (Mormonites.)
Mome. [Fr. mo-i-tne, stillborn.] (Her.) A
rampant lion without teeth, tongue, or claws.
Morning gun. (Gunfire.)
Morning star. The planet Venus when she
rises before the sun.
Morning watch. (A'aw/.) That from 4 a. m.
to 8 a.m.
Morocco. [Fr. marroquin.] A fine leather
made from goat's skin and tanned with shumac.
Morosoph. [Gr. ixa>p6<To<pos, foolishly wise.]
One who has a certain amount of learning with-
out method, or patience, or humility,
Morpheus. [Gr.] (Myth.) The Greek god
of sleep ; so called as being the shaper [Gr.
lxop(trfi, L. forma] of dreams.
Morphology. [Gr. /xopp-h, form, shape.] The
doctrine of the identity, 1, (Bot.) of the same
organs under different modifications, e.g. of
petal, sepal, tendril, etc., with leaf; 2, (Comp.
Anat.) of the same organ in different individuals,
e.g. phalanges in man, and membranous wing of
bat, etc.
Morrioe-danoe, or Morris-dance. Originally
Moresco or Moorish dances ; said to have been
introduced into England by Edward III. The
performers danced with bells on their feet.
Morse. [L. morsus, from mordeo, I bite.] A
clasp. More particularly, the clasp of a cope.
(Pectoral.)
Mors janiia Titse. [L.] Death is the gate of
life.
Mors ultima linSa rerum. [L.] Death is the
limit of {earthly) things or cotuems (Horace).
Mortal sins. [L. mortal is, deadly.] With
the Church of Rome, "sins gross, knowingly,
wilfully, deliberately committed." Venial sins
[vSnialis, pardonable] are "those of ignorance
and negligence, and such as are considered small
in their nature."
Mortar. [Fr. mortier, L. mortarium, a mor-
tar.] (Mil.) Thick short gun placed on a
bed, for throwing shells at a good elevation ; the
trunnions (q.v.) are at the breech, and the cham-
ber is shaped as the frustum of a cone.
Mortgage. [Fr., from mort, dead, and gage,
pledge.] In Law, an absolute conveyance of an
estate from the borrower to the lender, with the
condition that, if the loan be repaid within a
stipulated time, the estate shall be reconveyed.
Mortier. [Fr.] A cap of State anciently
worn by kings of France.
Mortification. In Scot. Law, a tenn with
much the same meaning as Mortmain.
Mortise [Fr. mortaise ; origin unknown] ; M.-
joint ; M.-look ; M. and tenon ; M.-wheel. A
rectangular hole cut in a piece of timber to receive
a tenon or rectangular projection at the end of a
second piece. The M. and tenon form a M. -joint
and connect the pieces at right angles. A
M.-lock fits into a rectangular hole or mortise,
cut in the thickness of a door. A M.-wheel is a
cast-iron wheel with mortises in its circumference
to be fitted with wooden teeth or cogs.
Mortling. [Fr. mort, dead.] Wool taken
from a dead sheep.
Mortmain. [O.Fr.] An alienation of real
property to any corporation or fraternity ; so
called Ijecause the lands fell into a dead hand,
i.e. one incapable of performing the services
required of tenants.
Mortua manus. [L.] (Mortmain.)
Mortuary. [L. mortuarium, money paid at
death, soul-shot.] In times preceding the Nor-
man Conquest, a gift left at death to the parish
church, as a recompense for personal tithes for-
gotten or withheld during lifetime, afterwards
distinguished into Dead M. , as money, etc. , and
Live M., i.e. the best beast, or the second best
when the best had gone for a heriot to the lord
of the manor.
MOSA
33«
MOUS
Mosaic. [Fr. mosaique, from Gr. ^owrtioj,
L. musivus, belonging to the Muses ; the word
being thus another form of music] Ornamental
work, consisting of small pieces of glass, stone,
etc., harmoniously inlaid.
Mosaic gold. 1. Bisulphide of tin, a gold-
coloured powder ; or, 2, an alloy of equal parts of
copper and zinc, used for jewellery.
Moses. {Naut.) A flat-bottomed boat in
which hogsheads of sugar are taken off to vessels
in the W. Indies. A/oses' /mc, piratical name
for thirty-nine lashes on the bare back.
Moslings. Thin threads of leather shaved off
in dressing skins.
Mos pro lege. [L. ] Custom stands/or law ;
so Gr. vi\kOi means (i) custom, (2) law.
Mosque. [Ar. mesjetl.] The name for a
Mohammedan place of worship. The common
form of the mosques has been suggested by Jus-
tinian's great church of Santa Sophia at Con-
stantinople, minarets and outer buildings being
added at will.
Mosquet (Musket.)
Moss-troopers, (f/isl.) Marauders of the
Scottish and English border ; so called from the
character of the country over which they trooped
in bands to plunder.
Most Christian King. A title of the kings of
France, given first to Clovis by Pope Anastasius ;
most of the Western princes being Arians.
MSt&dlla. [Said to be L. m5to, / keep
moving, <ut.'\ {OrnitA.) Wagtail; gen. of
birds. W. hemisphere and N.W. America.
Fam. Motacillidae, ord. Passeres.
Motazalites. ( Separatists. )
Mot d'ordre. [Fr.] IVatchivord. Bon mot,
smart, imtty saynng. Mot k mot, ivordfor word,
a literal saying.
Motes. (Folkmote ; Wittenagemote.)
Motett. (Madrigal.)
Mother Carey's chickens. (Petrel.)
Mothering Sunday, Mid-Lent, or Refresh-
ment S. On which day there was once a custom
of visiting the cathedral or mother church with
offerings ; but Mothering has now come to mean
visiting parents. (Simnel bread.)
Mother liquor. [Ger. mutter.] The im-
pure residue of a solution from which crystals
nave been obtained.
Mother-of-pearl. Shell material of many
molluscs, e.g. oysters ; iridescent, owing to the
microscopic undulatory alternations of the car-
bonate of lime and membrane which compose it.
Motif. [Fr.] The leading thought of an
artist's work.
Motion. {Music.) 1. Similar or Direct, v/h&n
two or more parts move in the same direction.
2. Contrary, when towards or away from each
other. 8. Oblique, when one part moves while
another is stationary.
Motion, Perpetual. That of a machine which
would keep itself in motion and do work for
ever, if such a thing were possible.
Motion, Quantity o£ Momentum {q.v.).
Mot pour rite. [Fr.] A jest, or joke.
Mots a double entente. [Fr.] Properly,
words with a double meaning. (Equivoque.)
Mots d'argot. [Fr.] Slang phrases, thieves'
language.
Moufflon. [Littre suggests Ger. muffel, a dog
or other animal with large hanging lips.] (Zool.)
Gen. of large, horned, wild mountain sheep, as
the argali of Siberia (A. caprovis), four feet high,
with horns six inches in diameter at base, and
long in proportion ; supposed original of domestic
breeds. Corsica, Sardinia, Crete, Asia, Rocky
Mountains, and California.
Mould-board, {■^gr. ) The curved surface in
the plough, which throws the soil on one side.
Moulding. In Gr. and Rom. Arch., those
members of an Order which are shaped into
cui-ved or flat forms. These are eight : (i) Filet,
(2) Astragal, (3) Torus, (4) Scotia, (5) Echinus,
(6) Cyma recta, (7) Cyma reversa, (8) Cazietto.
Mouldings. In Goth. Arch., a name for all
the various outlines given to the angles of subor-
dinate parts of buildings, as cornices, capitals,
bases, etc
Mound. [L. mundus, world.] {Her.) A
globe encircled with a band and surmounted by
ia cross, held by sovereigns as a mark of dominion.
Mountain, The. [Fr. La Montagne.] In Fr.
Hist., a party of Jacobins in the Convention of
'793; so called as occupying the highest rows
of seats, the moderate men choosing the lower
places in the centre, hence called the Plain.
Mountain or Hill People. (Macmillanites.)
Mountain cork, Mountain leather. {Min.)
Felt-like minerals, formerly supposed to be de-
composed homblendic rock, but now known as
a distinct mineral — pilolite.
Mountain flax. (Amianthus; Asbestos.)
Mountain limestone, i.e. appearing in the
escarpments of Derby, Yorkshire, Fife, etc., or
Carboniferous limestone, i.e. a marked feature
in the C. system. {Geol.) A very distinct
group of rocks, of the C. series ; British Isles,
Europe, Asia, and America ; marked by peculiar
corals, encrinites, shells, in great abundance ;
beds of limestone, with shale, thin seams of
coal, and gritty sandstone.
Mountain meal. (Berg-mehl.)
Mountain train. (Mil. ) A battery consisting
of peculiarly light field-guns, with carriages
easily taken to pieces and broken up into mode-
rate mule burdens, for operating amongst hills
or in country devoid of roads.
Mourning. (Naut.) The ensign and pennant
half-mast, the yards topped arvry or a-peek, or
alternately topped an-end, are signs of mourning.
The sides painted blue or rubbed with ashes,
etc., instead of white, indicates deep mourning.
In the navy, a ship is thus painted on the death
of her captain, and the flag-ship on that of the
admiral ; in the merchant service, on that of
the owner.
Mouse. 1. [Heb. 'akbar ; Lev. xi. 29, etc.]
(Bibl.) IncXnA^s tz.\.s&x\A jerboas (q. v.). 2. [Cf.
muscle, i.e. musculus, little mouse.] (JVaut.)
( I ) A knot or knob, made of twine, etc. , wrought
on to the collars of stays, to prevent the running
eye from slipping. (2) A match for firing a
mine. (3) A mark upon ropes, to show when
squared or brought home. To M. a hook, to
MOUS
332
MULT
put a turn or so of twine round the pointed neck
of a hook to prevent its coming unhooked. To
raise a M. , to cause a lump by a blow.
KouBseline de laine. [Fr. for wool muslin.^
A very light woollen fabric.
movable feasts. Feasts, the recurrence of
which is determined by the time when Easter
falls.
Movement. 1. The internal parts, springs,
wheels, etc. , of such machines as clocks, watches,
etc. 2. Any mechanism by which the motion
of one piece is transferred in some determinate
way to another piece.
How. A Teut. and Scand. word, denoting a
place for storing hay or grain.
Moya. [Sp.] Volcanic effusion of foetid sul-
phurous mud.
Kosarabic Litargy. An early Liturgy of Spain,
where the Christians were mixed up with Moors
and Arabs. (Liturgy.)
U ozarabs, Mozarabes. Christians living under
the government of the Moors in Spain.
MS. Abbrev. for L. manu scriptum, written
by the hand, manuscript ; also for L. memorise
sacrum, sacred to the memory.
MSS. Abbrev. for L. manu scripta, manu-
scripts.
Mucilage. (Bassora gum.)
Mucronate. [L. nnicro, -nem, a cfag^er.']
{Bot.) Having an apex with a small and sharp
projection, noticeable apart from the general
contour of the margin ; as some leaves of plants
have, e.g: Lath^rus pratensis.
'Mudian, 'Mujian, or Bermudian. {N'attt.) A
boat, peculiar to the Bermudas, of from two to
twenty tons burden. Its stem and keel form a
curved line, so that it draws much water aft ;
usually decked, and carries lead or iron ballast :
rigged with a single mast in the bows, and
setting a three-cornered mainsail, the hoist of
which is sometimes three times the length of
the keel ; its only other sail being a small fore-
sail or jib. Unequalled in sailing to windward
in smooth water.
Muezzin, Mueddin. [Ar.] General name for
the officers of the mosques who sing from the
minaret the call, " Hadan," Koprayers, "Namaz,"
at the five canonical hours.
Muffineer. 1. A dish for keeping muffins hot.
2. A salt-box, in the form of a pepper-caster, for
salting muffins.
Mn&e. [Fr. moufle.] A small earthen oven
for heating the alloy, etc., before adding it to
the silver and gold in the cupel {q.v^.
Muffle the oars, To. {.Naut.) To put matting,
etc., round them, so that they should not rattle
in the rowlocks.
MuftL 1. Turkish title of a doctor of the law
of the Koran. The M. of Constantinople, the
chief functionary of the Turkish Church, repre-
sents the sultan in spiritual matters, as the
grand vizier does in temporal. 2. With officers
in the army, = plain clothes.
Muggletonians. In Eng. Hist., the followers
of one Muggleton, a tailor, who, in the seven-
teenth century, asserted that he and his associate.
Reeves, were the two last and greatest prophets
of Jesus Christ. A few of their adherents still
remain. They were opposed chiefly by the
Quakers Fox and Penn.
^ Muiagros. [Gr.] A god of Elis ; so called
as catching or destroying flies, thus answering
exactly to the Semitic Baalzebub. (Apomuios
Zeus.)
Muid de Paris. [Fr., L. modius, a peck,
and in a general sense, measure, amount. \ An
old French measure of capacity containing about
51 bushels. It was subdivided thus : i muid =
12 setiers = 48 minots = 144 boisseaux.
Muirbum. In Scotland, setting heath on fire.
Mulada. [Sp.] A drove of mules. — Bartlett's
Americanisms.
Mulatto. The offspring of a European and
a negro. That of a white and a mulatto is
called a Quadroon ; of a white and a quadroon,
a Mustee ; of a white and a mustee, a Mustafina.
(Creole.)
Mulching. Dressing tree roots with litter.
(Emulsion.)
Mule, M.-jenny. A machine for spinning
cotton, invented by Crompton ; first completed,
1770.
Mtill. [Welsh moel, a hill.\ A snufi"-box
made of the small end of a horn.
Mull. A thin soft muslin.
Mullah. The Tartar form of the word
Mollah ; but the priests of Tariary so called have
not precisely the same rank or office.
Muller. [Ger. mullen, to rub.] A flat-
bottomed pestle used for grinding artists* colours.
Mullet [Fr. molette, razael of a spur.]
{Her.) A star with five points, borne (i) as a
charge, (2) as the difl'erence in the third son's
escutcheon.
Mullion. {Arch.) The upright bar which
divides the lights of a window. (Transom.)
MultsB terrlcSlis linguae, ccelestibus una. [L.]
The inhabitants o/the earth have many languages ^
those of heaven only one. In Gr. the line runs,
IIoAAol ti.\v %irt\Toi% yXciaffai fila 5' aOxvaroifft.
Multiple; Common M. ; M. ^oiut; M. star.
Any number divisible by a second number is a
Multiple of that second number. Any number
divisible by each of two or more numbers is
their Common M. A M. star is a group of
three or more stars separated from each other by
a few seconds, and appearing to the naked eye as
one star. (F"or M. point, vide Singular point.)
Multiplicand ; Multiplication ; Multiplier.
Multiplication (in arithmetic) is the process by
which we find the result of adding together a
given number of equal numbers ; any one of the
equal numbers is the Multiplicand ; the number
of times it is taken is the Multiplier.
Multis ille boms flebllis occidit. [L.]
He died mourned by many good men ( Horace).
Multivalve. [L. multus, many, valvse, fold-
ing doors.] (Zool.) Composed of many pieces ;
as the shell of many cirripeds and of the chiton.
Multoca. The code of laws by which Islam
is governed, and which cannot be overruled
even by the decrees of the sultan.
MultTim. An extract of quassia and liquorice,
used for adulterating beer.
MULT
333
MUSL
Mnltam in par^o. [L.] Much in little.
Mom. [Ger. mumme.] 1. A strong kind of
beer. 2. [Onomatop.] Slang for silence.
Mommy. [Ar. mumia, from mum, wax.^
In Egj-pt, a dead body preserved in a dry state
from putrefaction. This practice of embalming
was much in vogue amongst the early Christians,
and seems to have been only gradually aban-
doned.
Miunps. (Parotitis.)
Mnmpsimus. It is said of some priest that
he insisted on reading mumpsimus for the L.
sumpsimus, we have received, in the prayer after
Communion. Hence the word came to denote
the obstinacy of ignorance.
MonelihaaBen, A. Any incredible traveller's
story, Baron Munchhausen being the hero of a
series of astounding adventures in a tale written
by Raspe.
Mundane egg. ((Enft de F&qne.)
Mnndifl. (C'/iew.) Iron pyrites or arsenic
pyrites.
Mnndne. {/iau/.) A sailor who pulls up
the diver and oysters in the pearl fishery.
Mnndnngns. In Naut. slang, bad, rank, and
dirty tobacco.
Mnngo. Waste wool, etc., used for making
inferior cloth.
Mango Park, surgeon, of Selkirkshire, traveller,
and writer of his travels (1771-1805),
Mibueipal corporation. The body of burgesses
or freemen of a city, as a self-governing society,
constituted by royal charter.
Mnnidpality. [L. munus, an office, and capio,
/ take.\ A society the members of which
are capable of holding office. In Rome the
name munlccps was given to strangers who
became incorporated with the Roman people
without acquiring the right of citizenship. The
word municipal is now often used to mean (i)
the local government of a district, (2) the law of
particular districts or provinces.
Muniment. [L. munimentum, a defence, a
protectioH.\ A document kept by an individual
or by a corporate body, in proof of the right to
certain property, privileges, etc.
Moi^eet. [Hind, manjit.] A kind of mad-
der from the E. Indies.
Mnnt^f metaL (From the inventor. ) An alloy
of three parts of copper and two of zinc, used
for sheathing vessels.
Moral circle. [L. muralis, belonging to a
TpaU-\ A large g-raduated circle, to which is
fixed an astronomical telescope, the axis of the
latter coinciding with a diameter of the former.
It moves in the plane of the meridian on a
strong horizontal axis let into a massive pier or
wall, and secured by screws so as to be capable
of adjustment. It is used in connexion with
a transit instrument for making the observations
which determine the exact position of the
heavenly bodies on the great sphere. The
transit instrument serves to determine their right
ascensions, the M. C. their declinations.
Mnrexide. [L. murex, the purple fish.\ A
purple salt of ammonia.
MOrez troncfilus. [L., and L. dim. of trun-
cus, trutuated.\ (Conch.) One of the dye-
secreting molluscs, giving its name to the Tyrian
purple. Fam. Muricldse, ord. Prosobranchiata,
class Gasteropoda.
Moriated. Coated with chloride (formerly
called muriate) of silver.
Moriatic acid. [L. miiria, 6rine.] (Chem.)
Hydrochloric acid.
UHrldse. [L. murem, mouse.'\ (Zool.) Fain,
of rodents, as rats and mice. None indigenous
in the Australasian Islands or Polynesia.
Murrain. [O.Fr. morine, beast's carcase,
mourrir, /^i//(!r.] Exod. ix. 3; Ps. Ixxviii. ; some
kind of cattle plague.
Morrey. (Her.) A mulberry [L. morum]
colour.
Morrhine vases. [L. Murrhina vasa.] Ancient
small vases coming from the East ; probably of
opalescent glass.
Monas. The second class of the hereditary
nobility among the Tartars, the first class being
called Beys. (Mirza.)
Mosose vSUtantes. [L. , flitting flies. ] (Med. )
Black spots appearing before the eye.
MoscateL [Sp. moscalet.] A rich spicy
grape.
Moschelkalk. [Ger., shell-lime.] (Geol.)
Compact greyish limestone, with abundant
remains of molluscs and encrinites ; the middle
member of the Triassic period, or New Red
Sandstone. W. Europe ; absent from England.
MoscIdsB. [L. musca, ifly-] (Entom.) Fam.
of dipterous insects, including house-flies and
blue-bottles.
Muscovado. [Sp. mascabado, spoilt.] Raw
sugar.
Muscovy glass = Potash mica, Muscovite;
plates of it being still used in some parts of
Russia for windows.
Muses. [Gr. /toDo-cu.] (Myth.) Goddesses
presiding over music, poetry, and art. Later
poetry described them as nine in number.
(Mnemosyne.)
Musette. 1. A small bagpipe, once much
used in different parts of Europe. 2. Melody,
like the soft sweet tunes played on a M. 3. A
reed-stop on the organ.
Moshtahids. In Persia, high priests who
represent the vicegerent of the Imam.
Musk. [Ar.] A fragrant brown substance
secreted by the male musk-deer, musk-rat, etc.
Musket. This name for a modern firearm is
derived from the mosquet, or sparrow-hawk ;
so called from its dappled [L. muscatus] plumage.
The names of other birds used in falconry were
applied, on the disuse of that sport, to firearms.
Thus the falcon became the name of a heavier
sort of artillery ; the Fr. sacre and Eng. saker,
a hawk, also denoted a gun ; and the It.
terzuolo, or harvk, is also a small pistol. — Max
Miiller, Lectures on Language.
Muslin. Fine cotton cloth, with a downy
nap, brought originally from the town of
Mosul.
Muslin, or Dimity. (Naut.) (Flying-kites.)
Muslinet. [Fr. mousselinette.] A coarse
cotton cloth.
MUSP
.334
MYST
Huspelheim. In Norse Myth., the domain
of devouring fire. (Niflheim.)
Mnsrole. [Fr. muserolle, from museau,
muzzk.] The nose-band of a horse's bridle.
MnsseL [L. musculus, a little mouse, used,
like Gr. /uCs and Fr. souris, to mean both a
muscle of the body and also a shell-fish.^
{Conch.) Fam. of bivalve molluscs ; universally
distributed. MytHTdre, class Conchtftra.
Massel, Pearl. British. (Conch.) Unio mar-
garitifcrus [L. unio, a pearl, margarlta (Skt.
manjari, pearl), ffiro, I carry\ ; broader than the
common M. British rivers. Fam. Unlonidse,
class Conchiftra. There is also a Chinese P. M.,
Dipsas plTcatos.
MossulmaiL [Ar. muslim, a believer. ^ A
general name for the followers of Mohammed.
Miutafiiia. (Mulatto.)
Miutang. [Sp. mesteno.] The wild horse
of the prairies, descended from the stock intro-
duced into America by the first Spanish colonists.
He is of various colours, a cream colour and
piebald being quite common. Mustangs are
found in the greatest numbers on the rich prairies
of S.-W. Texas. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
MuBtee. (Mulatto.)
Mostelldse. [L. musteda, weasel.] {Zool.)
Fam. of digitigrade carnlvora, as weasels, otters,
"badgers. Absent from Madagascar, Australasia,
Polynesia.
Muster. [Fr. monstrer, to sho7u.'\ (Mil.)
'■> Monthly parade, at which all officers and men
I have to appear, as a guarantee that none are
entered on the M. -roll who are not entitled to
1 P*7*
1 Mutacism. [Gr. /ivraKKrixis.] Too frequent
j pronunciation of ///, substituted for other letters.
t^o^cism; Lambdaeism.)
Mutatis mutandis. [L.] All necessary
• changes having been made.
Mutato nomine, de te ^b&la narratur. [L.]
Change the name, and the tale is told of yourself
(Horace).
Muth-lahben. In title of Ps. ix. ; an obscure
term, probably the name of some well-known
melody (Speaker's Commentary).
Mutiny Act. [Fr. mutin, w«//«<j«j.] (Mil.)
An Act passed annually by Parliament for the
raising and keeping a standing army (which
otherwise is illegal), and for punishing mutiny,
desertion, and other offences against military
discipline. (Army Disoipline and Begnlaticn
Act.)
Mutiny of the " Bounty." A mutiny against
Captain Bligh, commander of the Bounty, 1789.
The crew sent Bligh adrift and took the ship to
Pitcaim's Island, which they colonized.
Mutule. [Fr., L. mutiilus.] (Arch.) A pro-
jecting block worked under the corona of the
Doric cornice.
Mylodon. [Gr. yAKos, a millstone, ii^olti, a
tooth.] (Geol.) Huge fossil ground-sloths,
having molars with flat grinding surfaces ;
Pleistocene. S. America.
Mynchery. The O.E. name for a nunneiy,
the nuns being called mynchens, the feminine
of monk.
Myogfraphy. [Gr. /liGs, muscle, ypd<f>u, 1
describe. ] The describing of the muscles.
Mydpia. [Gr. /tOwirfo, /xiiw, / close, &yf/, i/ie
eye.] (Med.) Short-sightedness; the eye dis-
cerning objects at less than eight inches.
Myotomy. [Gr. fivs, a muscle, ro/x'fi, cutting.]
(Anat. ) The dissection or dividing of a muscle.
Myriad. [Gr. fivpids.] Ten thousand ; but
the word denotes only a confused mass, like the
L. mille, and throws light on the early count-
ing powers of the Greek and Latin tribes.
Myriapoda. [Gr. fjivpi6-irovt,-oSos, ten-thousand-
footed.] (Zool.) Millipedes, centipedes. Class
of Anniilosa with not less than eighteen legs,
having all their segments nearly alike, the head
excepted.
Myrioa, S-Jueet-gale, Bog-myrtle. (Bot. ) Fra-
grant native plant, type of M^riaceae; ord.
Amentacere. M. of Virgil is tamarisk, TSmSrix.
Myrmidons. [Gr. pMfyMivis.] (Myth.) The
followers of Achilles, who never act except at his
bidding. The Greeks, perhaps wrongly, con-
nected the word with ixipfi-i]^, an ant, and invented
a story to explain it. It is now used much in
the same sense as Bravo.
Myrobal&nus. [Gr. ixvpo-$a\avos, from nipov,
an unguent, fidKavos, an acorn.] A dried
Indian fruit like a prune, used in dying and
tanning.
Mystagogue. [Fr., from Gr. ixvirraywyds.]
One who initiates in, or interprets, mysteries.
Mysteries. [Gr. fiino, I am closed, fiitw, 1
initiate in secrets, /twrrryj, one who is initiated,
fivffriipiov, that in which he is initiated.] 1.
(Hist. ) Ritual celebrations connected with secret
doctrines. The M. of the ancient world
differed much in character, some being of a
sober, others of a frenzied, type. (Elensinian
Mysteries.) 2. (Eccl. Hist.) This name is
given to a species of dramatic composition, with
characters and events drawn from sacred history.
In all these plays, however solemn might be
the treatment of the subject, two persons, the
Devil and the Vice, were always held up for the
amusement of the people. Among the earliest
of Biblical plays is a Greek tragedy on the
Passion, by Gregory Nazianzen. A German
abbess, named Hroswitha, composed some
dramas of this kind in the tenth century.
(Miracle-plays; Moralities.)
Mystery [Gr. fivariipiov], Eph. iii. 3, and
elsewhere in New Testament. Not something
above human comprehension, e.g. the origin of
evil, but a secret, which, when revealed, is no
longer a M.
Mystical tau. The Egyptian T-shaped
emblem, which was regarded as the symbol of
life.
Mystics. [Gr. fivtrriKSs, secret.] 1. Theo-
logians who, like Clement of Alexandria and his
pupil Origen, deal chiefly with the allegorical
and mystical meanings of the Scriptures. 2.
Those who aim at tranquil contemplation as an
end to be preferred in life to all philosophical or
other studies. Those were called also Quietists.
Among the most prominent of these were the
Spanish priest Molinos (Molinosism), and in
MYTH
335
NANK
France, Mme. Guyon and F^nelon, a bishop of
Cambrai.
Myth. {JVitut.) Land, or an3rthing else by
which the course can be directed by sight.
Kyth, Mythus. [Gr. fivOos.] A saying, re-
lating originally to the phenomena of the out-
ward world, be they of sight, or sound, or any
other. These sayings, applied to the conditions
of human life, grew up gradually into stories,
which have furnished materials for the epic
poems of the Aryan and other races. Thus the
sun was said to see all things, hence to be wise.
It was also said that he was compelled to ascend
the heaven, and then to come down again.
From this sprang the story of Sisyphos, the 'u.'tse
\oi*f>os\ man, condemned to heave to the top of
a hill a ball, which immediately rolled down
again. Solar myths are myths or sayings re-
lating to the sun ; Lunar myths relate to the
moon, etc., almost all sensible objects giving
rise to phrases or sayings which pass into mythi-
cal tales. Thus the saying that the moon
wanders through the sky amongst the myriad
stars grew into the myth or legend of St. Ursula
(Horsel, Ursel, being a name for the moon-
goddess) and her train of eleven thousand virgins.
The task of analyzing and comparing these myths
belongs to the science of Comparative mythology.
Mythology. (Metaphor.)
Mythology, Comparative. (Comparative
mythologfy.)
Mjrthopoeia [Gr. /«ufloTo«<^j] {Myth.) =
making, producing, phrases which grow up
into mythical narratives.
M^tllas. [Gr. fiv^iXos, from fivs, muscU.}
(Mnsiel.)
V.
F. A letter comtnon to all known languages,
but in some of them interchangeable with many
other letters. As an abbrev., it is used for
ticrthy and for the L. numero, number; some-
times also for natus, nefastus dies, ndpos,
nomine. N.B. stands for L. nota bene, mark
vfell; N.L. for L. non liquet, it is not clear;
etc
Hablom. A Jewish musical instrument, of
the form of which little is known. Josephus
merely says that it was played upon by the
fingers.
Nabob. A corr. of the Hind, word Nuw&b,
denoting one who has gained wealth in the East
and uses it ostentatiously. (Naw&b.)
Habonassar, Era of. An astronomical era,
assigned to the beginning of the reign of
Nabonassar, the alleged founder of the Baby-
lonish empire, B.C. 747.
Naisa, or Hacelle. {Naut.) A French boat,
without mast or sail, dating from the twelfth
century.
:7aearat. [Fr.] 1. A pale orange colour.
2. Fine linen or crape dyed this colour.
Naoodah. (Nakhadah.)
Naera. [Fr., from Pers. nigar, painting.\
The hard lustrous internal layer of shells.
j(Mother-of-pearl.) K^y^ Nacreous.
NacreouB. (Naore.)
Nadir. [Ar. nazeer, opposite.'\ (Astron.)
The point vertically beneath the observer at any
given station, in which the plumb-line produced
downward would meet the great sphere.
'Sttivut[L.],'S.mi,teTn.xiB, Mother-spot. Acon-
jjCnital mark or morbid growth on a part of the
skin- Some are mere discolorations, others
warty, having excrescences ; but most of them
of excessively vascular tissue, or a dense network
of veins raised above the skin.
Hag's Head Cooseeration. {Eccl. Hist.) A
story circulated by Roman Catholic writers that
Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury
1559-1576, was consecrated at the Nag's Head
tavern, in Cheapside. The official register shows
that he was consecrated at Lambeth.
Naiads. [Gr. Noi({5«r, akin to vijui, I flo^v,
vo2y, a ship, L. nare, to S7vim, Skt. snd, to
wash.} {Gr. Myth.) Nymphs inhabiting
fountains, rivers, and streams.
Naiant. {Her. ) In a horizontal position, as
\i s7utmming[¥T. nageant].
Naick. {Mil.) Corporal of sepoy troops.
Nail. As a measure of length, the sixteenth
part of a yard, two inches and a quarter.
Nail a gun, To. J.q. Spike.
Nainsook. A thick jaconet muslin, formerly
made in India.
Naissant. [Fr., being born.l {Her.) Rising
from the centre of an ordinary.
Naivete. [Fr. naif, fem. naive, simple, in-
genuous, L. nativus.] Simplicity, artlessness.
Naked flooring. {Arch.) The open timber-
work supporting a floor.
Nakhadah, or Nacodah. {Naut.) An
Arabian sea-captain.
Namaz. (Muezzin.)
Name. Of a ship, includes that of the port of
registry.
Naming a member. A member of the House
of Commons, having been called to order, and
persisting in disregarding the rules of the House,
may be named by the Speaker, who leaves him
to the censure of the House : the member must
then withdraw.
Nanism. [Gr. vavos, L. nanus, a dwarf."]
The condition of a dwarf.
Nankeen. A buff-coloured cotton cloth,
chiefly manufactured at Nankin, in China.
Nankin Porcelain Tower. It was of brick
cased with porcelain, and was 261 feet high,
built A.D. 1403-1424; destroyed by the Tae-
pings, 1853.
Nankin ware. (Exported from Nankin.)
1 The blue and white Oriental china.
ftnfiTBnsiTT^
NANT
336
NAUC
Nantes. A kind of brandy (made at A^antes,
in France).
Nantes, Edict of. (Edict of Nantes.)
Naos. [Gr.] In Gr. Arch., this word,
which is the same as our nave, denoted the part
of a temple inclosed by the walls, the front part
being called pronaos, the part in the rear being
the opisth6d6mus, L. posticum.
Naphtha. [Gr., Pers. nafata, to exude.'\ 1.
A bituminous, volatile, inflammable product of
distillation from carbonaceous shales and pit-
coal. 2. The native hydro-carbon pHtrdlhtm,
or rock-oil, native naphtha.
Napier's bones or rods. A mechanical con-
trivance, invented by Napier of Merchison, for
multiplying and di\-iding numbers : one of the
earliest calculating-machines.
Napifonn root. {Bot.) Of the shape of a
turnip [L. napus] ; e.g. swede, and some
radishes.
Naples yellow. A gold -coloured pigment
used in oil-painting, composed of the oxides of
lead and antimony.
Napoleon, Code of. The great code, drawn up
by order of Napoleon Bonaparte, consolidating
the revolutionary laws already in existence. It
is both penal and civil ; but the term is more
generally used to designate the latter.
Narcissus. [Gr. NtJpKJO-o-ov.] (Myth.) A
beautiful youth, said to have been loved by the
Echo, and to have been turned into the flower
narcissus after his death. But the name denotes
simply lethargic sleep.
Narcotic. (Poison.)
Naicotico-acrid. (Poison.)
Narcotics. [Gr. vopkwtikSs, producing vipKr\,
stiffness, numbness. \ (A/ed.) //ypnoties ; soporific
medicines, diminishing the action of the nervous
system, relieving pain, and producing sleep.
Nard. (Spikenard.)
Narration. [L. narrationem.] (Rhet.) The
second division of an oratorical discourse, stating
the facts from which the conclusions are to be
drawn. (Exordium ; Peroration.)
Narrow gauge. (Gauge.)
Narthez. [Gr.] In Eccl. Arch., the first
section or division in the Roman basilicus, to
which the women, the Energumens, and the
lapsed were restricted. (Exedra.)
NarwhaL [Ger. narwall, nose-v/iale.'] {Zoo/.)
Sea-unicorn ; gen. and spec. (Monodon mono-
cSros) forming fam. Monodontldie, ord. CetacSa.
The lower jaw is toothless ; the teeth in the upper
jaw are rudimentar)-, except that the left canme
m the male projects eight or ten feet in a straight
line with the animal's body, which is about
fifteen feet long. This is, no doubt, the unicorn's
horn, once held to be an antidote to poison.
NasaL [L. nasus, nose.'\ (Mil.) Projecting
iron »wx(?-guard, vertical, sometimes sliding ; in
head-piece of eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Nasturtium. (Bot.) Properly a gen. of
Cruciferae, of which the water-cress (N. oflfi-
clnale) is the type ; but applied commonly in
gardens to TTopaeolum majus.
Nasute. [L. nasutus, from nasus, nose.]
Quick-scented; hence critically nice, captious.
Natalltia. [L.] Birthdays.
Natant (Naiant.)
Natatdres. [L. , sivimmers.\ (Omith.)
Swimming-birds, i.q. Palmipedes [L., palm-,
i.e. broad-, footed\ or Ans6res.
Nationtd debt. The amount owed by a state
to those who have advanced money for expenses
incurred by the Government over and above its
ordinary income. In England the first loan of
a permanent character arose out of the chartering
of the Bank of England, 1694, when its capital
of ;^i,200,ooo was lent to the public at eight
per cent, interest ; the Crown reserving power of
repayment, but not allowing a corresponding
right of demanding payment.
National Guard. In "France the civilians who
armed themselves to keep order during the first
revolution.
Natriz. \y.., sztnmming^ (Zool.) A gen. of
snakes, having no poison fangs. Common ringed
snake of England, N. torquata, is a spec.
Natter-jack. (Zool.) One of the two spec, of
British toads, about three inches long, with a
yellow line down its back, and black bars on the
legs ; seldom approaching the water, except in
the breeding season. Bufo c&iamlta, gen. Bu-
fonidre, ord. Anoura, class Amphibia.
Natural death. (Civil death.)
Naturalism. A word used somewhat vaguely
to denote ( i ) the mere state of nature, especially
the pure influence of nature, when rightly under-
stood, upon art — as e.g. in Wordsworth ; (2) the
theory which denies the possibility of super-
natural agency in the life of man ; and (3) the
doctrine which asserts that the universe is ruled
by forces not originating in an intelligent will.
Naturalistic school of poets, etc. (Naturalism.)
Natural numbers; N. philosophy; N. sines,
cosines, etc. (Math.) The Natural numbers are
the series of integral numbers, beginning with
unity, i.e. l, 2, 3, etc. N. sines, cosines, etc., of
angles, are the actual sines, cosines, etc. , of angles
from o® up to 90° ; they are in most cases calcu-
lated for every minute, and arranged in a tabular
form ; so called to distinguish them from their
logarithms, which are Logarithmic sines, cosines,
etc., and which are most commonly employed
in astronomical and other calculations. TV.
philosophy, the term used by Newton for the
investigation of laws in the material world, and
the deduction of results not directly observed.
Natural order. (Bot.) One belonging to the
natural system of classification, and exhibiting
affinities really existing ; as distinguished from
an artificial arrangement made for the student's
convenience.
Naturam ezpellas furca ; tamen usque recurret.
[L.] You may thrust out nature with a pitch-
fork ; but it will Jind its way back (Horace).
Natura naturans. Nattoi natflrata. [L.]
Nature as z. forming power. Nature as di formed
result.
Nature-printing. The art of taking impres-
sions from plants on soft metal, and from these
taking an electrotype plate, by means of which
impressions are multiplied.
Naucrary. [Gr. vav a (a.] In Or. Hist.,
NAUL
337
NECR
naucraries were political divisions of the Athenian
people, the naucrarians [vavKpdpol] being simply
householders. After the time of Solon each
naucrary was called on to provide one war-ship,
and thus the word came to be connected with
yavi, a ship, and the navy ; though akin rather
to the verb vaiaa, I inhabit.
Naolage. [Gr. vw\ov, L. naulum, passage
money. \ {Naut.) A freight or fare.
Nanlam. \L..,Gx.va.\)\oi, passage money. \ In
Gr. and Rom. usage, a piece of money put into
the mouths of the dead to enable them to pay
Charon for taking them over the Styx.
Naom&chla. [Gr., a sea-fight. \ In ancient
Rome this word was applied to the representa-
tions of sea-fights exhibited for the amusement of
the people, who were ranged on seats along the
banks as in an amphitheatre.
Nausea. [Gr. vavaia, cavs, a ship.'\ Sea-sick-
ness, inclination to vomit.
Nautical Almanac. (Ephemeris.)
NaatiUIdsB. [Gr. vamiKos, sailor.^ Peaily
nautilus. (Cotuh.) Fam. and gen. of mollusc
with chambered shell. Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Ord. Tetrabranchiata, class Cephalopoda.
Naval Beserre. Merchant seamen and fisher-
men, enlisted for service in the navy if required,
and annually trained.
Nave. [O.E. nafu.] The centre of a wheel.
Navel point. (Escutoheon.)
Navioidar disease. In the horse, inflammation
arising from a strain of the strong flexor tendon
of the foot, where it passes over the navicular
Ixjne — a <*(?a/-shaped bone [L. naviciila, a little
ship], the upper of two rows of the carpus [L.,
wrist].
Navigation laws. Enactments securing to
home shippers a monopoly of the carrying trade,
either by prohibiting the importation of goods in
foreign vessels, or by levying differential duties
on such goods. The English N. L. have been
repealed, and new regulations substituted by the
Acts of 1849 and 1853.
Naviget Antio^ram. [L.] Let him sail to
Anticyra (Horace), to be cured (of his madness)
by the hellebore which grows there.
Vavire. [Fr.] An order of knighthood in-
stituted by St. Louis, King of France, 1269 ; so
called, perhaps, liecause the knight's collar had a
ship pendent from it.
Navvy, [.\bridged from navigator,] A labourer
on canals for internal navigation ; hence a
laljourer on railways, embankments, etc.
" Navy agents. Certain firms appointed to
see to the receipt, etc. , of an officer's pay, prizes,
etc.
Naw&b, Naib. [Hind.] A deputy or ruler of
a province in the empire of the Moguls, under
the subahdar, the ruler of a subah, or larger pro-
vince.
Nasarenes. 1. The name given in the East
V)y Moslems and Jews to Christians, as followers
of Jesus of Nazareth. 2. A sect of the second
century, which tried to combine Judaism and
Christianity, and thus resembled the Ehionites.
Nazarite, more properly Naririte. In Old
Testament Hist., one bound by a vow to be set
apart for the service of God. The dedication
was usually for a definite term ; but Samson is
called a Nazirite for life.
Nealed-to. {Naut.) Said of a shore having
deep soundings close in.
Neap. 1. The tongue or pole of a waggon.
2. A prop for the front of a cart, etc.
Neaped. {Naiit.) Said of a ship left aground
by the spring-tides in a harbour, so as to have to
wait for the next springs before she can go to
sea or be floated off.
Neapolitan sixth. (Music.) A chord composed
of a minor third and minor sixth occurring on
the subdominant of a minor key ; e.g. (in C
minor) F t|, A "^t D !^, with F in the bass. Its
derivation is matter of dispute.
Neap-tides take place shortly after the first
and third quarters of the moon, when the differ-
ence between high and low tide is least.
Near, and No near, also No higher. (Naut.)
Don't let her come up to the wind. (Off.)
Neat. According to Wedgwood, any brute
animal, from A. S. ne witeen, like the Gr. alo-
gon, an irrational creature. The Greek word
is now limited to horses, the English to cattle.
Skeat, Etym. Eng. Diet., refers neat to A.S.
niotan, to use, employ, enjoy.
Nebiila[L., vapour, cloud]; Irresolvable N. ;
Besolvable N. (Astron.) A patch of faint
diffused light in the stellar regions. A Resolvable
N. is one which, when viewed through a powerful
telescope, is seen to consist of a group of bright
points — to be, in fact, a cluster of stars. Of the
other, or Irresolvable N., some are probably
masses of incandescent gas ; others groups of
bright points too small to be seen individually.
Nebular hypothesis. {Astron.) The hypo-
thesis that the sun and planets have been gradu-
ally condensed into their present state from that
in which their matter formed a huge cloud. It
is favoured by many eminent astronomers, and
by some is regarded as an ascertained fact.
Nebulosity. [L. post-class, n^bulosltas, misti-
ness.] {Astron.) The faint mist observed to
surround certain stars.
Nee deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus.
Let not a god be brought in, unless the knot be one
which really needs his aid to untie it (Horace).
Necessaries. [Mil. ) Include such articles as
a soldier is required to keep up at his own ex-
pense, in the way of underclothing, small im-
plements, and cleaning materials
Necessitarians; Necessarianism. The doctrine
of necessity is that liberty can be predicated only
of actions done in consequence of volitions ; but
not of the volitions themselves ; of which last
motives, they say, are \he cause; while the doctrine
0/ liberty is that motives are not the cause, but
the occasion. Calvinists have generally been N.
Necessltas non habet legem. [L.] Necessity
oivns no law.
Nechiloth. (Nehiloth.)
Neck-mouldings. In O.E. Arch., the mould-
ings which connect the capital with the shaft.
Nee mirtim. [L.] And no wonder.
Nee pluribus impar. [L.] A match for many.
Necrology. [Gr. vfKp6s, dead, and A0701.] A
NECR
338
NEOZ
name sometimes applied to lists of deceased
benefactors of cathedrals, monasteries, etc.
Necromancy. [Gr. veKpo/jiayTfia.] Divination
by means of the dead.
Necropolis. [Gr., a city of the dead.\ A term
applied to ancient burial-places in Egj'pt, but
most unfitly to Christian cemeteries [/cot/xrjT^pioi/,
a sleeping-plcue\.
NeorSsis. ^x.viKp<ixrii, deadness.'\ 1. [Med.)
Mortification of bone. 2. (Bot.) A disease of
plants, seen in the black spots of leaves, fruit, etc.
Neo scire fas est omnia. [L.] tVe may not
know all things (Horace).
Nectar. [Gr. vUtoj^.^ [Myth.) The drink
of the Olympian gods. The word agrees in
meaning with Ambrosia. (Soma.)
Nectwry. [L, nectar, mctar, the drink of the
gods.] (Bot.) Formerly vaguely used, now =
any honey-secreting or honey- receiving organ of
a flower ; e.g. spur of columbine.
Nee. [Fr.] i/<»r«; fem. of ne, part, ofnaitre,
to be bom ; nee Williams = whose maiden name
was W.
Needle. [O.E. noedl.] A slender bar of mag-
netized steel, which, when properly suspended,
points N. and S. on the compass. (Magnet.)
Needle-gun. {Mil.) Rifle fired by its trigger
striking a needle into the percussion cap, fixed
to the bottom of the cartridge.
Needles. ( Geol. ) 1. Detached masses of rock,
separated by water erosion from their cliffs or
shores ; e.g. off Isle of Wight. 2. l.q. aiguilles
{q.v.).
Neese. [A.S. niesan.] 2 Kings iv. 34 ; Job xli.
18 ; to sneeze, which is a later form of the word.
Ne exeat regno. [L., let him not go out of the
kingdom.} (Ltg.) A writ formerly confined to
political and Stale purposes, sometimes resorted
to now in equity, where one is about to leave the
country so as to frustrate or hinder the recovery
of an equitable demand.
Negative. A photograph upon glass, in which
the light portions of the original are represented
in some opaque material, and its dark portions
by the transparent ground.
Negative electricity is electricity in a degree
below the natural amount for a given body.
Negative eye-piece; N. quantity; N. sign.
The A'egative sigtt is the minus sign, or sign of
subtraction ; e.g. 18 — 11=7. N. quantity, a
number with the negative sign prefixed. Such a
quantity, by a simple extension of the primary
meaning of the sign, is understood to be measured
in a direction opposite to that which is regarded
as the standard direction ; as, on a thermometer,
— S" means S" below zero. (For N. eye-piece,
vide Eye-piece.)
Negative proposition. [From L. nego, /
deny.'\ In Logic, one which denies the agree-
ment between the subject and its predicate.
Neginoth. In title of Ps. iv., vi., "denotes
an accompaniment of stringed instruments"
(Speaker's Commentary).
Neglect. (Naut.) In complete-book, a charge,
not exceeding £'x„ against a seaman, for ship's
stores lost overboard or damaged by gross
carelessness.
Negotiable instruments. In Law, bills of ex-
change, promissory notes, and other documents
on which the right of action passes by assign-
ment notified generally bj' endorsement.
Negro-head. (Cavendish.)
Nehiloth. In title of Ps. v. , "probably means
an accompaniment of flutes " (Speaker's Com-
vuntary).
Nematoneora. [Gr. vr\yM, -aros, a thread,
vfvpoy, a tterve.} (Zool.) Div. of Radiata of
Cuvier, with a traceable nervous system ; as the
sea-mats, Flustra.
Nem. con. A contraction for [L.] Nemtne
contradicente, no one contradicting.
Nem. diss. A contraction for [L.] Nemine
dissentiente, no one dissenting.
Nemean games. One of the four great Greek
festivals common to the Greek cities generally,
celebrated at Nemea, in the north-east part of
the Peloponnese.
NSmSsIs. [Gt. , distribution.^ \. In ihc Iliad,
this word denotes any cause of anger or righteous
wrath. In the Hesiodic theogony, it is the name
of a daughter of the night, who gradually be-
comes the punisher of the favourites of Fortune.
2. Retributive justice.
Nemo me imptine laoesset. [L.] No one shall
provoke nie with impunity. Motto of the Order
of the Thistle of St. Andrew.
Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sEpit. [L.]
No one of mortal men is wise at all times.
Nemo repente fuit turpisslmns. [L.] No one
ever becomes utterly bad all at once.
Nemo s51UB s&pit. [L., no one is wise by
himself alone."} "In the multitude of counsellors
there is safety."
Nemo t§netur seipsum accus&re. [L.] A maxim
in Law : No one is bound to accuse himself, convict
himself; a witness need not answer questions
tending to criminate himself.
Neocomian rocks = Lower greensand -f- Ather-
field clay, Wealden, and possibly Purlieck beds ;
largely developed near Neuchatel (Neocomium).
Neo-Latin languages. J.q. Romance : French,
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian, and
Roumanian.
Neolithic. (Prehistoric archaeology.)
NeologistS. [Gr. vios, neiv, xiyos, discoterse.]
A name given in the last century, by orthodox
German divines, to the theologians who then
applied novel systems of interpretation to the
Scriptures.
Neophyte. [Gr. vt6(pvTos, neri'ly planted.}
In the primitive Church, any newly made con-
vert.
Neoplatonism. The philosophy of the school
which sprang up at Alexandria under Philon, or
Philo Judaeus, in the first century, and was more
fully developed by Ammonius Saccas and Plotl-
nus, a century later. It may be described as
an effort to reconcile the Platonic philosophy
with the language of the Old Testament.
(Eclectics.)
Neozoic. [Gr. ys'os, nem, ^iA\, life.} [Geol.]
Life-periods being taken, rather than rock-
systems, as the true Geol. divisions, we have : 1
Cainozoic \kq.w6s, fresh} = Tertiary and Post-
NEPE
339
NEUR
Tertiary epochs. 2. Mesozoic \\jii(ro^, middle\ =
Secondary ; or Cretaceous, Oolitic, and Triassic.
8. Paleozoic [ir&Aoidf, ancienf\ = Primary ; or
Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian,
Cambrian, and Laurentian. Another mode of
division is : 1. Neozoic = Post-Tertiary or pre-
sent epoch. Tertiary, Cretaceous, Oolitic, and
Triassic. 2. Pa/rpozoic = Permian, Carbonifer-
ous, Devonian, Silurian, Cambrian, and Lauren-
tian. As any rocks may become vtetamorphic,
that term is not now applied to a division or
system ; and, as the oldest known rocks (gneiss)
have been stratified, and may once have been
fossiliferous, the terms Azoic [a neg., f*"^. life\
and Hypozoic \int6, betucUK\ are no longer used as
systematic.
Kepe. A square piece of blanket, used by
N. -American Indians as a sock.
NepenthS. [Gr. tnprfvdiii, imthout sorrojv.]
1. (A/y//i.) A magic potion given by Helen to
the guests of Menelaos. 2. Any remedy for
grief or pain.
Nephew, Job xviii. 19, = L. nfpos, grand-
child, descendant ; so I Tim. v. 4, nephews [Gr.
iK-yovd\. A'/cce once, similarly, like neptis, meant
descendants, iKjth male and female.
Nephr-, Nephro-. [Gr. yKpp6s, hidtuy.]
Nephrite, Jade, Axe-stone. A mineral, com-
f)osed of silica (one-halQ, magnesia (a fourth),
ime, iron, alumina ; with coarse splintery frac-
ture ; tough, translucent at the edges ; greenish ;
slightly greasy to the touch ; cut into implements,
ornaments, images, charms, etc. ; once thought
to cure complaints of the kidney [Gr. vt^pos\.
Tartary, New 2^aland, etc. (Jade.)
Neplns ultra. [L., do not go beyond] Used
often in the sense of the impossibility of going
further, as " the m plus ultra of artistic per-
fection."
Nepotiim. [L. nepos, nepotis, a nephew.]
Uii. fondness for nepheivs. Hence undue attach-
ment to kinsfolk, showing itself in abuse of
patronage or in other ways.
Nepttme's aheep. In Naut. parlance, crested
waves.
Neptunian rooka = stratified or aqueous ;
opposed to igneous, volcanic, or Plutonic.
(Huttonian.)
Ne puero gl&dlnm. [L.] Do not trust a boy
luith a siuord.
Neqne lemper arcnm tendit Apollo. [L.]
Apollo is not always bending his bow (Horace).
There are times of rest from toil.
Ne qnid nimia. [L., do nothing in excess.]
Beware of overdoing anything. So Gr. ^TjSif
dyay.
NerJidf. [Gr. i^pTji'St*.] (Gr. Myth.)
Daughters of Nereus, the god of the sea. Am-
phitrite, Galatea, and Thetis the mother of
Achilles, were among their number. (Naiada;
Nymphs.)
Nereus. (Nereids.)
Neri. (Bianchi and Neri.)
NerolL [It.] A scent obtained by distilling
the flowers of the bitter orange.
Nerves [Gr. vtvpov, sinew, nerve]. Nine pairs
of. Their order being that of their transmission
through the foramina at the base of the skull,
from the front backwards. ( i ) Olfactory ; (2)
Optic ; (3) Motores oculorum ; (4) Pathetic ;
(5) Trifacial ; (6) Abdiicentes ; (7) Portio dura,
or facial ; Portio mollis, or auditory ; (8) Glosso-
pharj'ngeal. Par vagum, called also pneumo-
gastric, -H spinal accessory ; (9) Hypoglossal.
Nescit vox missa reverti. [L.] The word
uttered cannot be unspokeft ( Horace).
Nessun maggpior dolore Che ricordarsi del
tempo felice NeUa miseria. [It.] No on^ greater
grief is there in one's misery than to remember
happy times (Dante).
This is truth the poet sings.
That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier
things.
Tennyson, Loclcsley Hall.
Nessus, Shirt of. In Gr. Myth., the garment
dipped in the blood of the centaur Nessus, sent
by Deianeira to Heracles (Hercules), whose
death it caused by eating his flesh away.
Nestorians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, in the
fifth century, who forbade men to entertain any
combined notion of the divine and human
nature in Christ. Nestorius was opposed in the
Council of Ephesus, a.d. 431, by Cyril of
Alexandria. His opinions spread far Eastwards ;
in the West they were met by the opposite
theories of Eutyches. (Eutyohians; Uonophy-
sites; Monothehtes.)
Ne sfltor ultra crSpIdam. [L., let not the
cobbler go beyond his last.] Things not under-
stood should be left alone.
Net. [Fr. net, from L. nMdus, shining
(Wedgwood).] (Com.) 1. Things pure and un-
adulterated. 2. What remains after the Tare
has been taken out of merchandise. 3. The
price obtained by any commodity after deducting
all tare and charges.
Nethlnima. In Old Testament, the hewers of
wood and drawers of water for the priests and
Levites, an office to which the Gibeonites are
said to have been condemned by Joshua.
Net profit. (Net.)
Netting. {Naut.) Boarding N. runs along
the gunwale, and is carried some height up the
rigging to prevent an enemy from jumping on
board. Splinter N. is a horizontal net, about
twelve feet above the quarter-deck, stretched
from the main to the mizzen mast, to prevent any
one from being injured by falling spars, etc.,
in action.
Nettle-eloth. A thick japanned cotton stuff
used as a substitute for leather.
Nettle-rash. (Urticaria.)
Nettles. (Naut.) (Knittles.)
Neumes. [(?) Gr. vvtvixa, breath.] (Music.)
Certain marks, accents, directions — seven in
number — as to raising or lowering the voice,
which grew out of the old accents, acute, grave,
circumflex ; used from eighth or ninth to twelfth
century ; the foundation of modem musical
notation.
Neur-, Neuro-. [Gr. vtvpov, a nerve.] A^eural,
having to do with the nerves.
Neuro-mlmesis. [Gr. vtvpov, nerve, /tf/xTjsis,
NEUR
340
NIEL
imitation.'] Sir J. Paget's substitute for the
term Hysterical Joints ; a nerve-condition which
simulates joint-disease, especially at the hip and
knee.
NenroptSra. [Gr. vtvpov, a nerve, irrtpSv, a
7i7«^.] (Entom.) Ord. of insects, with four
membranous, reticulated, net-like wings ; as
dragon-flies, Libellulldae.
Neurosis. [Gr. vtvpa, nerves."] [Meti.) A
proposed substitute for the word HystMa.
Neutral axis. A beam bent by forces applied
transversely is found to be stretched below a
certain line and compressed above it ; that line
which is neither stretched nor compressed is the
N. A. of the beam.
Neutral salt. A salt in which none of the pro-
perties either of the acid or base are perceptible.
Neutral ships. In Com., ships belonging to
neutral states engaged in trade with the ports of
belligerents.
Neutral state. A country which binds itself
not to give aid or support to either of two belli-
gerents, and in its turn is not to be molested.
Neutral tint. A grey water-colour composed
of blue, yellow, and green, in various proportions.
Neuvaine. [Fr.] In the Latin Church, prayers
offered up for nine days for some specified pur-
pose. In Latin, Novena.
Neve. [L. nivata, fem. of nivatus, part, of
ntvo, / coat 7uith snoiv.] In a glacier, snow
melted, but not yet compressed, etc., into ice
by regelation.
New Connexion Methodists. Wesleyans who
withdrew with Alexander Kilham from the old
society on account of the great powers given to
the Conference. Hence called Kilhamites.
Newel. [O.Fr. noial, nual, from L. nucalis,
belonging to a nut (nux, nucis).] {Arch.) The
upright post round which the steps of a circular
staircase wind.
New England. The settlement established by
the Pilgrim Fathers. It was the nucleus of
Massachusetts, from whence were developed
gradually New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecti-
cut, and Rhode Island. In 1643 these settle-
ments formed the first American Confederation.
Newgate Calendar. A series of memoirs of
great criminals.
New Jerosalem Church. (Swedenborgians.)
New Learning, The. A name sometimes
given to the revival of letters at the close of the
fifteenth century.
New Eed, i.e. Sandstone, = Triassic, above the
Permian and Carboniferous series ; the Old Red
being below. The Permian formerly was in-
cluded in N. R.
New Style. In Chron., the calendar of
Gregory XIII., correcting the errors of the Old,
or Julian, Style or calendar. The change was
made in 1582, when the day after October 4 was
called October 15. It came into use in England
in 1752, when the day after September 2 was
called September 14.
Newtonian philosophy ; N. telescope. New-
ton's view of the system of the world, as opposed
to that of Descartes. (For N. telescope, vide
Telescope.)
Newton's rings. The rings of colour pro-
duced when two slightly convex lenses are
pressed together ; they are one case of the
colours of thin plates.
Newton's scale of colour. (Colour.)
Nexi. [L., bound.] Amongst the ancient
Romans, free-born persons bound to a creditor
for debt, and compelled to serve him until the
debt was discharged. The condition of the man
so bound was called Nexuvi.
Next friend of an infant or of a married
woman. In Law, one who institutes suits in
equity, acting in them on behalf of either infant
or one under age, or for a married woman, and
being responsible for the costs.
Niaiseries. [Fr.] Follies, sillinesses, non-
sense. Fr. niais is the L. nidacem, a fledgling.
NIbSlungen, Lay of the. The oldest of all
existing German epic poems, known as the
Nibelungcn-lied. (Minnesingers. )
Nibelnngen-lied. (Nibelungen Lay of the.)
Nicaragua wood. A red dye-wood brought
from Nicaragua.
Nicene Creed. In Eccl. Hist., the creed drawn
up by the Council of Nice, A.D. 325, and com-
pleted by the Council of Constantinople, a.d.
381. The words filioque were added after a
Fatre by the Western Church, early in the fifth
century.
Nick. (Frinting.) A notch in the shank of
a type, for holding it by.
Nick, Old. A popular name for the devil.
The name denotes a water-spirit, Nix, Nixie
[Gr. viix<», to swim]. So Old Harry is derived
from Ahriman. (Naiads; Nymphs.)
Nickel. [Ger., from kupfer nickel, base
copper, as it was thought to be a base ore of
copper.] A brilliant white metal strongly mag-
netic.
Nick Frog. (Bull, John.)
Nicolaitans. One of the earliest Christian
sects, mentioned in the Apocalypse, where they
are described as inclining to the licentious prac-
tices of the Gentiles.
Nicol's prism. (Prism.)
Nicotine. The chief alkaloid contained in
tobacco (introduced into France by Nicot,
1550)-
Nictating, Nictitating, membrane. [L. nicto,
I wink.] (Anat.) In birds, amphibia, and some
mammals, the suspensory muscle of the eye,
which is thrust forth and drawn back, so as to
sweep away irritating particles.
Niddin. (ffeb.) The minor excommunication
among the Jews, the next being the cheretn, and
the most severe the scavtmatha.
Nide. [Fr. nid, from L. nidus, nest.] A
brood of pheasants.
Nidification. [Fr., from L. nidificare, nidus,
nest, facio, Intake.] The art of building a nest,
including also the hatching and feeding of young.
Nidorosity. [L. nidor, smell as of roasting,
boiling. ] Eructation, with the taste of undigested
roast meat.
Niello. [It.] Filling a pattern cut on gold or
silver with a melted black composition, and
afterwards scraping and burnishing the metal
NIFL
341
NIZA
so as to present the effect of a black drawing
thereon.
Niflheim. In Norse Myth., the home of the
Niflungs or Nibelungs, or children of the mist
\cf. Gr. yf<pfKri, L. nebula, a c/otttf] — the dreary
realm beneath the earth, ruled by the goddess
Hel. (Nibelungen, Lay of the; Yggdrasil.)
Nigged ashlar. {ArcA.) A mode of dressing
stone, in which the face is left rough. Also
called Hammir-dressed.
Night-hawk. [Heb. tachmis; Lev. xi. 16.]
(Bi/il. ) Probably spec, of owl.
Night-jar. (From nocturnal habits and cry.)
(Ooat-SQoker.)
Night Thooghta. A poem by the Rev. Edward
Young (1684-1765), in blank verse; consisting
of nine nights of reflexion upon life, death,
immortality.
Nihil albnm. [L., while nothing.'\ White
oxide of zinc (from the extreme lightness of its
particles).
Nihil erat quod non tetlgit : nihil quod tetlgit
non om&vit. [ L. ] He (touched) handled every-
thing, and all that he handled he adorned.
Nihil est ab omni parte be&tiun. [L.] There
is nothing absolutely happy ( I lorace).
NihU est in intellectu quod non pritis in sensn.
[L.] There is nothing in the intellect which did
net exist before in the senses — the addition of Des-
cartes to this dictum being nisi ipse intelleotns,
except the intellect itself.
Nibilisin. [L. nihil, nothing, = ni filum, not a
thread. ] Nothingness ; hence the doctrine that
nothing can be known. Russian nihilism seems
to be a protest against all faith, order, law.
Nil admlr&rL [L.] To wonder or feel
astonishment at nothing; the cool and phleg-
matic temj>er recommended by Horace as the
most likely to ensure human happiness.
Nil ad rem. [L.] A'othing to the purpose.
Nil conscire sibi; nulla paUescSre culp&. [L.]
To be conscious of no wrong ; to grow pale at no
charge (Horace). Sir R. Walpole quoted this
in the House of Commons as " Nulh' pallesccre
culp<^.'* Pulteney, afterwards Earl of Bath,
pointed out the mistake. Walpole offered a bet
of a guinea, which on a reference to the book
was lost. Pulteney remarked that it was pro-
bably the only money he had given in the House
which had not caused a blush both to the giver
and the receiver.
Nil desperandum. [L.] Never despair.
"Nil fuit unquam sic impar sibi. [L.] Nothing
was ei'cr so unlike itself (Horace) ; spoken of
inconsistent and self-contradictory characters.
Nill. Shining sparks sent off from melted
brass.
Nil mort&libus arduum est [L., nothihg is
difficult for men (Horace).] Men will attempt
anything.
Nilometer. A graduated pillar on an island
opposite to Old Cairo, for marking the daily rise
of the Nile. The first pillar was set up A.D.
715, the second in 860.
Nil sine magno Tita labore dedit mort&Ubus.
[L.] Life yields nothing to men without hard
toil (Horace).
Ni I'un ni I'autre. [Fr.] Neither the one nor
the other.
Nimbus. [L.] 1. A dark, heavy rain-cloud.
2. In Eccl. Art, a circular disc round the heads
of saints and angels. (Aureole.)
Nimis poeta. [L.] Too much a poet.
Nimlum ne crgde coldri. [L. , do not trust too
much to colour (Virgil).] All is not gold that
glitters.
N'importe. [Fr., rw matter."] Never mind.
Niobe. [Gr.] A mythical name commonly
known through the sculptured group at Florence,
called '* Niobe and Her Children." She is said
to have wept herself to death when her children
were killed by Phccbus and Artemis. The story,
as well as her name, expresses seemingly the
melting of the winter's snows. [C/". Gr. v'KptrSs,
falling snow. ]
Niobium. [From L. Niobe, daughter of
Tantalus.] (Tantalum.)
Ni plus ni moins. [Fr.] N^either more nor
less.
Nippers. {.Yaut.) Sound yams taken firom
condemned rope and marled together. Selvagee
N., a stronger kind of N. (Selvagee.)
Nippers of a horse. The six front teeth above
and six front teeth below ; next to these are the
tushes, i.e. canine teeth.
NiptSr. [Gr. vvKT-i\p, a 7vashing-vessel (John
xiii. 5).] The washing of feet on Good Friday
in the Greek Church. The oflice is in the
EtichSltfgium {q.z'.).
Nirv&na. (Buddhism.)
Nisan. Post-Babylonian name for Abib
Nisi pritu. [L., unless before.] A legal fiction
which ordered causes to be tried at Westminster
unless they were previously tried by the judges
in the counties to which they belonged, as, in
fact, was always the case. The nisi prius pro-
viso has been disused since 1852.
Nisrooh. The hawk-headed god of the Assy-
rians.
Nitre. [Gr. vlrpov.'] [Chem.) Nitrate of
potassium, also called saltpetre. Two acids are
derived from it, nitric and nitrous, the salts of
which are called nitrates and nitrites respectively.
Cubic nitre is nitrate of soda, which crystallizes
in cubes.
Nitrification. [Nitre, and L. facere, to make.]
The artificial production of nitre.
Nitrogen. [Gr. vWpov, nitre, yevvdw, /beget.]
(Chem.) A colourless gaseous element, which
will neither burn nor support life. It forms
nearly four-fifths of the atmasphere.
Nitro-glyceiine. A singular liquid, discovered
in Paris, 1848, obtained by the action of a mix-
ture of nitric and su^Dhuric acids on glycerine ;
the sulphuric acid being simply an agent in
bringing about the chemical union of the other
two ; used in various blasting agents. (Dyna-
mite; Litho-fracteur.)
Niz. (Nick, Old ; Undines.)
Ni2am, properly the Viceroy of the Great
Mogul. The title of one of the native sove-
reigns of India, derived from Nizam-ul-Mulk
(Moloch), who, in the beginuing of the eighteenth
NL
342
NOMI
century, gained possession of the Mohammedan
conquests in the Deccan. (Naw&b.)
N.L. Written upon a tablet after a judicial
trial in ancient Rome, is = L. non liquet, it is
not char, not proi'en.
Nobel. The lion in Rcitucke the Fox [q.v.).
Noble. An O.E. coin, value dr. &/., in the
reign of Edward III.
Noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Nobility imposes on
us the duty of noble conduct.
Noeet differre paratis. [L.] Delay injures
those who are ready.
Noeet emta dolore voluptas. [L.] Pleasure
bought at the cost of pain is mischievous
(Horace).
Noctes coenseque Deiim. [L.] Nights and ban-
quets of the gods (Horace).
NoetiQIo. [L. noctem, nightJ] (Zool.) Gen.
of bat with long incisors, giving its name to fam.
Noctiliontdre. Mostly found in Trop. America.
Ord. Cheiroptera.
NoctHfica. [L.,nioht-shining.] (Zool.) Phos-
phorescent marine animalcule. Class Infusoria.
Nootuma. [L. nocturnus, nightly. "[ In the
Latin Church, a nightly office, which now forms
part of the Matins.
Nodal figures ; N. lines ; N. points. [L. nodus,
a knot.] The points or lines of a vibrating body
which remain at rest during the vibration, are its
N. poittts and lines. In the case of a vibrating
plate, these lines and points are shown by strew-
ing sand on it before it is set in vibration ;
during the motion the sand becomes heaped on
the N. lines, and forms N. figures, or the figures
of Chladni of Wittenberg (1756-1827), who was
the first to investigate them.
Noddy. (From its stupid inactivity ; cf.
booby.) (Ornith.) Widely distributed spec, of
tern, fourteen to fifteen inches long. Buff head,
brown body. Sterna stolida. (Stemidae.)
Node [L. nodus, a knot] ; Ascending N. ; De-
scending N. ; Line of nodes. 1. {Gcom.) The
oval made by the intersection of one branch of a
curve with another, as either loop of a figure of
eight. 2. (Astron.) Either of the points in
which the orbit of a planetary body intersects
the ecliptic. The Ascending N. is that through
which the planet moves from south to north of
the ecliptic ; the other is the Descending N. The
straight line joining these two points is the Line
of nodes.
Node. [L. nodus, a knot.] In Bot, the situa-
tion on a stem where any lateral member grows
out ; e.g. leaf or leaf-scale ; the part of the axis
between two successive nodes being an Inter-
node.
Nodes. [L. nSdus, a >&w^/.] {Music.) Fixed
or nearly fixed points, at which a sonorous string
divides itself into vibrating segments, which pro-
duce the harmonic sounds.
Nodnle. [L. nodidus, dim. of nodus, a knot.]
{Geol.) A round or oval mass of rock-matter,
segregated from the surrounding matrix, either
with or without a nucleus ; e.g. N. of ironstone,
flint, cement-stone, agate. When the fissures
formed by contraction are filled up with mineral
matter, the N. becomes a septarittm [septum, an
inclosure], or Ludus helmontii ; when it is
hollow, it is a geode. An eagle-stone has an irony
crust and ochreous centre.
Noetians. {.Eccl. Hist. ) The followers of the
Ephesian Noetus, the master of Sabellius (Sabel-
lians). As acknowledging only one Person in
the Godhead, they were charged with holding
that the Father had suffered on the cross.
(Fatripassians.)
Nogging. [Eng. nog, a square piece of -wood
to support the roof of a mine.] A partition of
scantlings filled with bricks.
No hii;her. (Naut.) (Near.)
Noils. [Fr. noyau, a core, or kernel.] Short
pieces and knots of wool, separated by comb-
ing them.
Nola, or Campana. A bell. Bells are said to
have been introduced into churches by Paulinus,
Bishop of Nola, in Campania. Hence A. S.
cnyllan, to knoll, sound a knell.
Ndlens volens. [L., ■willing or unwilling.]
Whether he will or not.
Noll me tangere. [L., touch me not.] 1.
(Lupus.) 2. {Bot.) Elegant wild plant, spec, of
Impatiens balsam, ord. Balsaminese.
Nolition. [A word coined from L. nolo, I am
univilling, = non volo.] The opposite of
Volition.
Nolle prosequi [L.] In Law, an acknow-
ledgment on the part of the plaintiff that he
will not further prosecute in a suit, either as to
the whole or as to some counts in the declaration.
Nolo episoop&rL [L.] / do not luish to be
made a bishop ; now applied commonly to those
who affect a reluctance for promotion which they
do not feel. Said in one or two historical in-
stances ; but not said, as is often fancied, by
all to whom bishoprics are offered.
Noliimus leg^s Angliae mutarL [L.] We do
not choose the laws of England to be changed.
Ndmads. [Gr. yo/idSts, from vofi6s, pasture.]
A general name for roving tribes, such as still
inhabit the vast country of Mongolia.
No-Man's Land. (A'aut.) A space amid-
ships, between the after part of the belfry and
fore part of the boat in the booms, used to keep
blocks, ropes, etc.
Nombril [Fr., navel] point. (Escutcheon.)
Nom de guerre. [Fr., name of war.] An
assumed name for purposes of literary con-
troversy.
Nom de plume. [Ft., pen name.] An assumed
name by which an anonymous author's writings
are known as coming from one man ; e.g. Boz.
Nome. [Gr. v6nos, from vefiw, J divide.]
(Hist.) The Greek name for the provinces into
which the ancient empires of Egypt and Persia
were- divided.
Nomen. (Prsenomen.)
Nomenclature. [L. nomenclator, one who
calls out names.] A word denoting the language
peculiar to each science or art.
Nominalists. [L. nominalis, relating to a
name.] The followers of John Roscelin, of
Compiegne, who, in the eleventh century, asserted
that general terms have no corresponding reality,
being mere words or names and nothing more.
NOMI
343
NONS
This doctrine caused great alarm among the
Schoolmen, who had thus far believed that all
that was real in nature depended on those
general notions which described their essences.
Koscelin was compelled to retract his opinions ;
but they were taken up by Abelard, who went
with a body of his followers to Paris, and brought
about the founding of the celebrated university
in that city. The next Nominalist after Abelard
was William of Ockham, who may be styled a
Conceptualist, since he allowed to general terms
a kind of subjective reality, as the signs of an
actual process of thought, although they were
neither distinct objects of consciousness nor
realities in nature. Those who affirm that they
are neither and deny to them this subjective
reality, are Realists. (Sehoolmeit)
Nominal partner. In Law, one who allows his
name to appear as having a share in a concern in
which he has, in fact, no interest, and thus sub-
jects himself to its liabilities.
Hominia umbra. (Stat magni nominis umbra.)
K5mSo&non. [Gr. vSfios, hiw, Kavwv, a ru/e.]
{Eal. Hist.) A work in which the canons of
the Church are compared with the imperial laws
on the same subject. The best known of such
works is that of Photius, Patriarch of Con-
stantinople.
Hon-age. In Law, the being under the age at
which a person is qualified to do certain acts
which he could not legally do before that age ;
e.g. thirteen is non-age for the choice of a
guardian ; twenty is non-age for the alienation of
lands.
NonagMimal. [L. nonagesimus, nitutieth.']
The highest point of the ecliptic at any time, i.e.
the point which is 90® from its intersections with
the horizon.
Nonchalance. [Fr.] Cooltuss.
Non-eommissioned officer. (Mil. ) One raised
from the ranks, without the intervention of royal
authority, to perform the subordinate duties of
the army.
Non-committal. The not pledging one's self
to any particular measure ; a political term in
frequent use. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Non eompoi mentis. [L.] The legal phrase
for one mentally incapacitated for the manage-
ment of affairs.
Non-oondensing engine. (Steam-engine.)
Non-conductor. A substance through which
electricity or heat passes with difficulty or not
at fill.
Non onivifl homini eontingit adire Corinthnm.
[L., it is not every one who can go to Corinth
(Horace).] Luxuries are not within the reach of
all.
Non e&dem est aetas, non mens. [L.] I am not
of the same age or the same habits of thittking (as
in times past) (Horace).
Non ego. (Subjective and objective.)
Nonequldeminvidio.mirormagis. [L.] For my
part I feel more astonished than envious (Virgil).
Nones. [L. nonae.] In the old Latin calendar,
a division of the month ; so called because they
fall on the ninth day before the Ides. (Canonical
hours.)
23
Non est ad astra mollis a terris via. [L.]
There is no soft {easy) road from the earth to the
stars (Seneca).
Non est inventus. [L.., he is not found. '\ The
old legal phrase in the sheriff's return to a writ
of capias or arrest, when the defendant was not
forthcoming.
Non-feasance. The legal phrase for the offence
of omitting what ought to be done. (Dolce far
niente ; ^is Faineants.)
Non ignara mail. (Haud ignara maU.)
Nonjurors. Clergy not sivearing allegiance to
William arki Mary, and holding that the Stuart
family had not been lawfully deposed.
Non magni pendis quia contlgit. [L.] You
think little of it because it was a windfall
(Horace).
Non missura outem, nisi plena cruoris, hirtldo.
[L. ] A leech not likely to loose its hold until it is
gorged with blood (Horace).
Non multa, sed mnltum. [L., ttot many
things, but much.} Excellence rather than
variety.
Non-naturals. Of the sick, with the old
physicians, things not entering into the com-
position of the body, but necessary to existence ;
as air, food, motion, rest, sleep, retentions and
excretions, affections of the mind. — Hooper's
Medical LHctionary.
No I no ! The answering hail of a boat having
a midshipman or warrant officer on board.
Non obstante. \\j.., notwithstanding.} InO.E.
usage, a licence from the Crown for doing
something which, although permissible by com-
mon law, was restrained by Act of Parliament.
(Dispensing power.)
Non omnia possiimus omnes. [L.] We can-
not all do everything (Virgil).
Non omnibus dormio. [L., lit. / am not
asleep to every one. ] I choose for myself whose
faults to wink at and whose to correct.
Non omnis morlar. [L., / shall not all die
(Horace).] I shall leave a name behind me.
Nonpareil [Fr. nonpareil, unequalled.} A
small kind of printing type, as —
Easter.
Non plus. [L., not more.} A phrase used
when a man can say no more in answer to an
argument, and is therefore put in a fix, or non-
plussed.
Non possiimus. [h. , we cannot.} We cannot
even take the matter into consideration.
Non quo, sed quomSdo. [L. , not by what means,
but how.} The doing of the work is more im-
portant than the agent.
Non ragionam di lor, ma guarda e passa.
[It., let us not discourse about them, but look
(thou) and pass.} So Virgil answers Dante's
questions about the lost souls, as he leads him in
the Inferno (canto iii.).
Non seqtiltur. [L.] It docs not follo7v.
Spoken of conclusions not ^^^rranted by the
Premisses. (Syllogism.)
Non sibi, sed patriae. [L.] Not for himself,
but for his country.
Non sine dis animdcus infons. [L>] A child
NONS
344
NOVE
whose strength and spirit are a gift from the gods
( Horace).
Hon sum qualis eram. [L.] I am not what
I was.
ITon tali aozilio, neo defensdribus istis tempns
8get. [L. ] // is not that kind of help, nor de-
fenders like these, that the time needs (Virgil) ;
but different men, better resources, higher
principles of action.
Hon tangenda, non movenda. [L.] Things
not to be touched or moved.
Nonum prem&tur in annom. [L.] Keep what
yott have written for nine years before you pub-
lish it (Horace).
Non vi, sed ssepe eadendo. [L.] (Outta cavat
lapidem.)
Noon ; Apparent N. ; Mean N. ; Sidereal N.
Apparent twon is when the apparent (i.e. the
actual) sun, Mean N. when the mean sun, Side-
real N. when the first point of Aries, — is on the
meridian of the station at which the time is
reckoned.
Norbertines. (Premonstratensiana.)
Norimon. -\ Japanese palanquin.
N. or M. (Abbreviations.)
Normal. [L. normalis, belonging to a car-
penter's square (norma).] (Geom.) A perpen-
dicular line ; particularly the line perpendicular
to the tangent at the point of contact with the
curve.
Normal schools. [Fr. ^cole normale, L.
norma, a rule, pattem.\ Institutions where
teachers are taught the principles of their pro-
fession and trained in the practice of it.
Noms. (Scand. Myth.) The Fates. Their
names were said to be Urd, Werdand, and
Skuld, or Past, Present, and Future ; but this is
evidently the notion of later times.
Norroy. \North king, from Fr. nord, north,
roi, kino.] {Her.) The third king-at-arms (pre-
siding over the provinces north of the Trent).
North, Magnetic ; N. point ; N. Pole ; N. star.
The North Pole: 1, \Geog.) the point between
Asia and Greenland, in which the axis of rotation
meets the surface of the earth ; 2, (Astron.) the
point in the heavens vertically over the North
Pole of the earth, situated in the prolongation
of the earth's axis. The N. point is the point in
which a vertical circle drawn through the North
Pole cuts the horizon. Magnetic N., the point
near the north point to which a magnet points.
The A\ star (called also Pole-star, Polaris, a
UrsDE Minoris, and Cynosura), a star of the
second magnitude, situated about l° 2o' from
the North Pole.
North, Bising of the. A name given to the
rising, in 1569, of Roman Catholics under the
Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland ;
dispersed by the, Duke of Sussex.
Northampton Tables, or Tables of Mortality.
(Life assurance.)
North Briton. (Liberty Wilkes.)
Northern lights. (Anrora borealis.)
Nos besoins sont nos forces. [Fr.] Our needs
constitute our strength.
Noscitnr e soclis. [L., he is kmnun by his
society. '\ Birds of a feather flock togetheir.
Nosing. {Arch.) The projecting moulding
on the edge of a step.
Nosology. [Gr. v6<tos, disease, \iyoi, dis-
course.'\ Scientific classification of diseases.
Nostalgia. [Gr. voffToKyto), I am home-sick,
I feel pain (li,\-yos) in pining for a return
(i/<{(rros).] Home-sickness, a disease supposed
to be common amongst the natives of mountain-
ous countries, when away from their homes.
Nostalgie. [Fr.] (Nostalgia.)
Nostrum. [L. , our own^ Our special in-
vention. Often applied to quack medicines.
Nota bene. [L.] Mark well. The abbrev.
is N.P.
Notables. In Fr. Hist., the deputies of the
states under the Ancien regime. They met for
the last time in 1786.
Notanda. [L. ] Things to be noted,
Not&ries, Apostolical and Imperial. Notaries
appointed by popes and emperors by virtue of
their supposed authority over the realms of other
princes. The imperial notaries were forbidden
by Edward II. to reside in England.
Note. [L. nota, a mark, si^n.] (Phys.) The
musical sound produced by a string or other
vibrating body, consisting of the fundamental
tone and its harmonics ; the latter are of slight
intensity, but impart quality or timbre to the
fundamental tone, and any one of them can be
heard as a distinct tone by means of a properly
chosen resonator.
Notionable. Anything existing in notion or
fancy only, unreal, imaginary.
NStitia. [L.] 1. A roll or register, as a list
of gifts to a church or monastery. N. forbandi-
toria is a deed of renunciation. 2. The collective
amount of what is known on some special sub
ject ; as Notitia EuchSristica.
Notes. (Wind.)
Notre Dame. [Fr.] C>«r Za^; the Blessed
Virgin.
Nongat [Fr., from L. nux, ««/.] A sweet-
meat made of almonds and honey.
Nonn. (Nominalists.)
Nonrritnre passe nature. [Fr.] Good breed-
ing is of more consequence than birth.
Nons. [Gr.] Mind; often used by itself as
equivalent to the vulgar word Gumption.
Nons avons change tout cela. [Fr.] We have
changed all that ; as the pretended doctor says,
in Moliere's Midecin Malgre Ltd, backing out
of the blunder that " the heart is on the light
side."
Nous verrons. ]Yr., we shall see. ] Time will
show.
Novatians. The followers of Novatianus, a
Roman presbyter, who, in the second century,
insisted that the lapsed should never be le-
admitted to the communion of the Church.
When his opponent, Cornelius, was elected
Bishop of Rome, Novatianus set up a sect of his
own, styled Catbiari or Puritans.
Novels. [L. NovelliE Constitutiones, Neiv
Constitutions.] In Rom. Law, supplementary
constitutions of some emperors, as of Justinian,
which appeared after their collections of law had
been made public. (Pandects.)
NOVE
345
NUT
Novena. [L.] (Neuvaine.)
NovensQes. A word of uncertain origin, used
by the Latins as the name of the nine Etruscan
gods who had the privilege of hurling thunder-
bolts.
NfiTerint, The trade of. Once = the occupation
of a lawyer's clerk ; writs usually beginning
Nov^rint universi, let all nun know.
Novice. [L. novitius.] A person admitted
into a religious house for the probation termed
the novitiate.
Novisslma verba. [L.] Last (lit. newest)
words.
Novitiate. ( Novice. )
Novum Org&non. New Instrument [Gr.
6pyavov\ ; Bacon's work, explaining his method
of inductive reasoning.
Novas homo. [L., a new man.] In Rom.
Hist., a man who was the first of his family to
obtain a curuU magistracy {q.v.).
Nowed. {Her.) Having the tail twisted like
a knot [Fr. noeud].
Nowel. [Fr. noyau, a kemel.'\ The core or
inner wall of a mould for casting large cylinders.
Noyade*. [Fr.] In Fr. Hist., the name of a
mode of massacre by which the victims were sent
adrift in a boat with a hole driven through
the bottom.
Noyao. [Yr., a kernel."] A liqueur flavoured
with the kernels of peach stones.
Nnaneea. [Fr. nue, a cloud, L. nubem.]
{Music. ) Light and shade in expression.
Nficlfr&ga. [L. nucem, nut, frango, / break.]
{Omit/t.) Nut-cracker ; gen. of birds. Greater
f)art of Europe and Asia. Sub-fam. Corvlnae,
am. Corvidx, ord. Passfres. One spec. (N.
Car^ocatactes [Gr. Kopvo-KardKrrii, nut-cracker])
occasionally visits England. General colour
brown, white spots ; wings and tail brov/n.
N&elena. [L., a small nut, kernel, dim. of
nux.] \. {Astron.) The central part of the head
of a cortiet. 2. {Bot. ) The centre of an ovule.
Ntldlbraiichl&ta, Nndibranchiatef. [L. nudus,
naked, Gr. fipiyxui, gills.] (Zool.) Molluscs
with unprotected breathing organs, as Doris,
sea-lemon.
Nudum pactum. [L., a nude pact.] In Law,
a naked contract, without any consideration.
NogsB oauorsB. [L.] Melodious trijlcs (Hora.ce).
Nuggets. The larger lumps of gold, found in
the gold-diggings. They are always waterworn.
Nugis adddre pondus. [L. , to give weight to
trjfles (Horace).] -To make mountains out of
mole-hills.
Nulla aoonlta bibuntur fictlllbns. {L., peofle
do not drink poison out of earthcn'vare (Juvenal).]
The danger is for those who drink out of gold
and silver.
Nulla bSua. [1.,., na goods.] No assets.
Nulla dies sine linia. [L., no day uithout a
line.] Vox the artist, no day without prcutice in
drawing. For all, no day ^uithout toil.
Nulla est sincSra voluptas. [L.] I\o pleasure
is unalloyed (0\id).
Nullah. The Hindu name for small rivers
and streams, or for their channels when dry.
Nulli pallescSre culp&. (Nil conscire sibi)
Nullipore. [L. nullus, notu, porus, a passage ;
i.e. once thought to be coral without pores]
( Geol. ) Lime-bearing seaweeds, helping to form
some Tertiary limestones, as in Malta and
near Vienna ; used as building-stones.
Nullius addictus jui&re in verba magistri.
[L. , not bound to swear by the words of any
master (Horace).] Free and independent in
thought and word.
NiUUus in bonis. [L. , in or belonging to the
goods of no one.] Unclaimed, or ownerless,
property.
Nullum tempus occurrit regi, or Ecolesise.
[L.] A Law phrase, denoting that the rights of
the Crown, or of the Church, cannot be put into
abeyance by lapse of time (time does not bar the
right of the king or of the Church).
Number. [L. numerus, Gr. vo'/itoy.] 1. Any
particular aggregate of units. (For Abstract N.,
Cardinal N., Prime N., etc., vide Abstract num-
ber ; Cardinal numbers ; Prime meridian ; etc. ) 2.
(A'aut.) Ships are distinguished by numbers for
signalling. Losing the N. of one's mess, dying
suddenly, killed, or drowned.
Numeration. The art of naming numbers.
The chief words employed for this purpose are the
names of the digits, ten, a hundred, a thousand,
and a million. Words for expressing numbers
more than a million are of somewhat uncertain
use ; e.g. a billion means, in England, a million
millions, in the U.S., in France, etc., a thousand
millions.
Numerical equation ; N. value. In a Numerical
equation every quantity except the unknown
quantity is a particular number, as x^ — 7x' -f
4j«-* — 5 = o. The A^. value of an algebraical
formula is the number obtained by substituting
numbers for their equivalent algebraical symbols
which compose the formula, and reducing the
result to its simplest form; thus if j = \ft*
when/= 32 and / = 5, the N. V. of s is 400.
Nummulite. [L. nummus, wo«<y.] (Geol.)
A gen. of fossil foraminifera, circular, coin-like ;
their shells forming large masses of N. lime-
stone. Eocene.
Nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or never.
Nuncio. [It., from L. nuntius, a messenger.]
A papal envoy accredited to a foreign court.
Nuncupative will. [L. nunciipo, / name.]
In Law, a will delivered by the testator by word
of mouth. By Eng. usage, this mode of making
a will is allowed only to soldiers and seamen on
active service.
NundinsB. [L.] The old Latin market days ;
so called as recurring every ninth day.
Nun of Kent, Holy Maid of K. Elizabeth
Barton; she denounced Henry VIII. 's separation
from Catherine ; executed, with others, at
Tyburn.
Nunquam minus solus quam cum solus. [L.]
Never less alone than when alone ; said of true
philosophers.
Nuremberg, Peace of, July, 1532, signed by
Charles V., granted liberty of conscience to
Protestants. (Smalcald, League of)
Nursing generation. (Alternate generation.)
Nut. [Akin to L. nUx.] A small block of
NUTA
346
OBLA
metal or wood pierced by a cylindrical hole
within which is cut the worm of a female screw
to work with the screw cut on a bolt.
Natation. [L. nulatio, -nem, a nodJing.'\ 1.
[Astron. ) A small and slow gyratory movement
by which, if subsisting alone, the Pole would
describe among the stars, in a period of about
nineteen years, a minute ellipse, whose longer
axis is about 19" and shorter 14". Its effect is
to produce a small periodic variation in the
motion of the equinox and in the obliquity of the
ecliptic. 2. (A fed.) Constant involuntary shak-
ing of the head.
Nutiid Bkinfl. [Sp. nutria, L. lutra, Gr.
iwipis, an otter. '\ The fur of a Brazilian animal
resembling a beaver.
Kux vomica. [L., disgusting nut. ^ The seed
of a tree growing on the Coromandel coast, from
which strychnine is obtained.
NyctSa. [Gr. Kvf, -ktoj, night.\ {Omith.)
StKTiVy owl ; gen. and spec. N. America and
N. Europe. Fam. Strigidas, ord. Acclpttres.
KycthemSron. [Gr. vux^iintpov.^ {Astron.)
A space of a night and a day.
Nye. (Nide.)
Nylghau. [Pers. nil-g^o, blue cow.'] (Zool.)
A ruminant ; gen. and spec, of bovine antelope,
the largest of its kind, more than four feet high
at the shoulder ; male, slate blue, with horns ;
female, reddish grey, without. India. Portax,
sub-fam. Tragdlaphlnje, fam. Bovldae, ord. Un-
giilata.
Nympho-Iepsy. 1. The being caught by a
nymph [Gr. i'i/jU^($-A.T)jrTos], fascinated by the
actual sight of one ; and 2, generally a state of
rapture, the Muses being often called nymphs.
Nymphs. [Gr. vi/^t^ai.] {Gr. Myth.) At first
female inhabitants of the waters ; afterwards of
trees and forests also. (Dryads; Hamadryads;
Naiads; Nereids.)
0. Of this letter the Greeks had two forms —
one equivalent to the short, the other to the
long, pronunciation of this letter in other
countries. Among the Irish the letter O prefixed
to a name is equivalent to Fitz in England,
meaning son. O in Music is the semibreve.
Oaf. [Collat. form of elf.] A changeling.
A child left by the fairies in place of one taken
away by them. Hence a dolt or blockhead.
Oak leather. A kind of fungus spawn, found in
old oaks ; sometimes used for spreading plasters.
Oakum. [O.E. acumba.] Loose hemp formed
by imtwisting old ropes.
O&ses. [Gr. , probably a Copt, word.] Fertile
spots found scattered in the great sandy deserts
of Africa ; owing their richness to the springs
which abound among them.
Oast-house. [D. ast, est, a kiln; the word
probably imported with the cultivation of hops
(Wedgwood).] Kiln for drying hops.
Oath of Allegiance. [A.S. ath.] Binds to
faithful and true allegiance to the sovereign.
O. of Supremacy or of the Queen^s Sovereignty,
in substance abjures the doctrine that princes
excommunicated or deprived by the pope may
be deposed or murdered ; and declares that no
foreign person or state has any jurisdiction in
England. (See the " Ordering of Deacons.")
Obbligato. [It., bouiui, made necessary.]
{Music.) Accompaniment which cannot be dis-
pensed with.
Obeah. (Obi.)
Obedience, Passive. In Politics, the absolute
submission supposed by some to be due to the
sovereign.
Obeluk. [Gr. oBtXltrKos, dim. of 6fif\di, a
spit, pointed instrument.] 1. In Printing, a
dagger (t) referring to a note in the margin, or
at the bottom of the page. 2. (Aristarchian
criticism.)
Obelize. (Aristarchian criticism.)
ObSlus. (Obelisk.)
ObSron. In Med. Myth., the king of the
fairies. The name was originally Auberon,
Alberon, the first syllable of which reproduces
the O.G. alb, our elf fairy. (Elves.) It occurs
in the Heldenbuch (Minnesingers) in the form
Alberich, or Alban.
Obi, Obeah. The name of a kind of witch-
craft among the negro tribes of \V. Africa, an
Obeah-man or -woman being one who practises
O. , advising in sickness and other emergencies ;
selling charms, philtres, etc. ; and skilled in the
art of poisoning, "the most practically impor-
tant element in O." (Kingsley, At Last, p. 288 ;
Tylor, Primitive Culture). (Fetish.)
Obiit sine prSle. [L.] Died without issue.
Often given under the initial letters O.S.P.
Obiter dictum. [L.] A thittg said by the way,
incidentally, in passing, not expressive of de-
liberate judgment ; generally applied to some
opinion of a judge which is not judicially de-
cisive, not of the essence of the matter which
has been argued before him.
Obits. [L. obitus, death.] In the Latin
Church, a service for the repose of a departed
soul.
Object; Objective. (Subject; Subjective and
objective.)
Object-glass. The lens at the end of the tube
of a microscope or telescope which is turned
towards the object to be viewed.
Oblate. [L. oblatus, offered.] (Eccl.) A
person who makes a donation or assignment of
his property to a religious community, either per-
manently or for a definite time.
Oblate spheroid. (Ellipsoid.)
Oblation. [L. oblatio, -nem, att offering.] In
the Eucharistic Office of the Latin Church, the
lesser O. is the offering of the bread and wine
OBLI
347
OCHL
in the ofiertory ; the Greater O. is that of the
elements after consecration.
Oblique, [h. ohWqauSf oblique.^ (Geom.) In-
clined at any angle not a right angle, as an O.
angle, O. co-ordinates, etc. The great splure is
said to be oblique when a pole is not in the
zenith or horizon of the spectator.
Oblique motion. (Music.) (Motion.)
Oblique prismatie system. ( Cryslallog. ) Con-
sists of those crystals which have one axis at
right angles to the other two, which are not at
right angles to each other ; when transparent,
they are optically biaxal ; as oxalic acid.
Oblique sailing. (Aau/.) The application of
oblique-angled plane triangles to ascertain a
ship s position at sea bymeans of objects observed.
Oblong. (Quadrilateral.)
Obmutesoence. [L. obmutesco, / become
dumb.\ Loss of speech.
Oboe, or Hautboy (q.v.). A flute-like instru-
ment, at first the simple pastoral chalumeau or
reed-pipe, now, after various improvements, a
kind of clarionet, but with double reed, beauti-
fully expressive. Oboist, performer on the O.
Obiine. A Polish military order of the thir-
teenth century ; called also the Order of Jestis
Christ.
Obrok. A Russian word used in two senses :
(i) for a rent paid by the peasants ; (2)
for the poll tax paid by those who, being de-
pendent on lords, have been sent out to learn
some manufacture, or have of their own will
quitted their>feudal abode.
Obwurantiam. The condition of one who
wishes to keep things dark or who opposes the
progress of knowledge.
Obsecration. [L. obs^cratio, -nem, prayer. '\
In the Litany, the suffrages which begin with
the word " By."
Observants. (Seoollects.)
Observation. [L. observationem, from observo,
2 mark.'\ 1. {Nat. Phil.) The exact determi-
nation of the circumstances of phenomena whose
occurrence is independent of human contrivance ;
thus astronomy is a science of observation,
chemistry of experiment, though a chemist ob-
serves (in a less technical sense) the phenomena
whose occurrence he has brought about. 2.
(Naut.) Ascertaining the time, or longitude,
also the lunar distances, by taking the altitude
of the sun or other heavenly body with a quad-
rant or sextant.
Observatory. A building containing, and con-
structed for facilitating the use of, instruments
for observing certain kinds of natural pheno-
mena ; as a magnetic O. When used without
qualification, the word commonly means an
astronomical O.
Obsession. [L. obsessio, -nem, a besie^ng.'\
The state of a person besieged by evil spirits, as
distinguished from one who is internally pos-
sessed by them.
Obsidian. [Gr. hi/i^^*-\ {Geol.) A native
glass, volcanic, more or less felspathic ; of various
colours, generally black ; ornamental, and used
for knives, arrows, lances, and lor looking-
glasses in Mexico and anciently.
Obsidional crown. [L. corona obsidionalis.]
In Rom. Hist., a crown granted to the general
who raised the siege [obsidionem] of a be-
leaguered place.
Obsolescent. fL. obsolescentem, part, of ob-
solescere, to luear out, fall into disuse. \ Said of
words or things going out of use.
Obstacle. [L. obstaculum, a hindrance,\
{Mil.) Any artificial impediment erected for
the interruption of the movements of troops,
either in their march or more frequently so
placed as to demoralize them within point-blank
range of an enemy.
Obstetrics. [L. obstetrix, a mid7vife.'\ The
practice of midwifery, or the delivery of women.
Obstruent [L. obstruentes] medicines. Those
which close up the orifices of ducts or vessels.
(Deobstruent.)
Obtrectation. [L. obtrectati5nem, from ob-
trecto, / detract through envy,] Slander,
calumny.
Obtuse angle. (Angle.)
Obvention. [L. obventio, -nem, a falling to
onis lot.] 1. An incidental advantage. 2.
{Eccl.) An offering. (Altarage.)
Oca r ina. [It.] A musical instrument of terra
cotta pierced with holes ; Italian. Seven make
a set.
OccsBcation. {I., occxco, I make blind.] The
making or becoming blind.
Occident. [L. occidentem ; lit. the setting
sun.] The West.
Occipital. Pertaining to the occiput [L.], or
back of the head.
Occlusion. [L. occludo, / shut up.'\ The
retention of gases within solid bodies.
Occultation. [L. occultationem, a cotuealing.]
(Astron.) The hiding of a star or planet by the
moon passing between it and the spectator ; or
of a satellite by its primary.
Occultation, Circle of perpetual. The circle
or the great sphere for a given station which
separates the part that comes above from the
part that never comes above the horizon ; thus,
for a station in latitude 51° N. the circle of per-
petual occultation is the parallel of declination
of 39° S. ; no star whose declination exceeds
39° S. ever coming above the horizon.
Occult sciences. ' [L. occultus, hid.] A general
name for the pretended sciences of the Middle
Ages, such as Alchemy, astrology, and magic.
Occupy till I come. Luke xix. 13 ; (Jr. vpayfia-
rtvffoffde, retains an idea, surviving in the word
occupation, of using, trading with what one
possesses.
Oee&na, published 1656, by James Harring-
ton. An elaborate project for establishing a
pure republic upon philosophical principles ; of
which the basis is an elective administration in
which the various offices are held by a system
of rotation ; his theory being a counterpart to
Hobbes's Leviathan {q.v.').
Ocelot. [Mex. ocelotl.] {Zool.) Gen. of
tiger-cats, Felis pardaUs, spotted like leopards.
Trop. America.
Ochlocracy. [Gr. ox^oKparla, mob-rule.] 1
A political state in which the mob has gained
OCHR
348
OFFI
illegal power ; or, 2, one in which the laws give
too much power to the people.
Oohreate. A misspelling for Ocreate (q.v.).
Ochres. [Gr. wxpoi, pak.\ (GeoL) Clays
coloured with oxides of iron, sometimes pul-
verulent ; sometimes in thick beds ; e.g. Shot-
over, Oxford, Canada. Siena earth is from
S., in Tuscany.
Ooreate. [L. ocreatus, greceved.\ {Bot.)
Having an ocrea, a sheath-like stipule through
which the stem passes, formed by consolidation
of two opposite stipules ; e.g. polygonum.
Octagon. (Polygon.)
Octahedral system. [Gr. oKridpos, right-
sided.'\ (Cryslallog.) Consists of those crystals
which have three axes at right angles to each
other and equal parameters ; when transparent
exhibiting only ordinary refraction ; as fluor-spar.
Ootahedron. (Polyhedron.)
Octave. [L. octavus, eighlh.'\ In Church
usage, the eighth day after a feast, the feast
itself being included. (Qninzaine.)
Octavo. [L. octavus, eighth.^ A book com-
posed of dieets folded so as to make eight
leaves.
Ootochord. [Gr. hicrdi, eight, x°P^'^> string.}
An eight-stringed instrument ; e.g. lute.
Oct5pns. [Gt. dKT(i-irovs, e/ght-/ooteii.] (Zooi.)
Gen. of cephalopod with eight arms, giving its
name to fam. Octopodldse ; found in all temperate
and tropical seas.
Octoroon. [L. octo, eight.] The offspring of
a white and a Qoadroon, i.e. having one black
great-grandparent, or one-eighth black blood.
(Knlatto.)
Octroi. [Fr., from L. auctoritatem, authority.]
Originally any right granted to a subject by the
sovereign. In later times the word has denoted
especially the taxes levied by the corporations of
French towns on all articles of consumption
brought within the barriers.
Ocniar. [L. ocularis, relating to ociilus, eye.]
{Optics.) The eye-piece of telescope or micro-
scope.
Odalisqnes, properly Odaliks. Female slaves
employed in the odas or chambers of the sultan's
harem.
Odeion. (Odenm.)
Odenm, properly. Odeion. [Gr. u^tTov.] At
Athens, a building for musical rehearsals before
the celebration of the great festivals.
Odin, Woden. The all-father of the Teutonic
natioTis. The name is retained in Wednesday,
Wednesbury.
Odisse qnem Iseseris, proprinm hnmani est
ingenii. [L.] // belongs to human nature to
hate one whom you have injured (Tacitus).
Odometer, properly Hodometer. [Gr. 6^6s,
a may, fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for
measuring distances ; as e.g. by registering the
number of turns of a carriage-wheel.
Odont-, Odonto-. [Gr. o5ovs, o^6vto , a tooth.]
Odontograph. [Gr. oSous, oZ6vtos, a tooth,
ypdutue, I describe.] An instrument for describing
the teeth of wheels.
Odyle. " A new imponderable," which, Baron
von Reichenbach professed to have discovered ;
a force pervading all nature, having, like mag-
netism, positive and negative poles ; known to
"sensitives" by sight, smell, feeling. But see
CaTpenitx'sAIenta/y'hysio/ogy, p. 159, and else-
where.
(Ecnmenloal. [Gr. oiKovfieviKSs, belonging to
the inhabited world, universal.] In Eccl. Hist.,
anything with universal authority. Thus Oicu-
menical Councils are Councils resting on the
authority of the whole Church, as being repre-
sented in it. Some patriarchs of Constantinople
styled themselves Qicumenical, in oppo'jition to
the claims of Rom.in bishops.
(Edema. (Edema.)
(Edipns. [Gr. OiS/irouj.] In Gr. Myth., a
king of Thebes, who solved the riddle of the
Sphinx, and so became noted for extraordinary
wisdom.
(Egir. (Ogre.)
(Enanthio. [Gr. olvavdi), the Jlo^oei- of the
wild vine.] Having the characteristic odour of
wine.
(Enothera. [Gr. olvoBripas, some plant with
roots smelling like Ti>ine (oTvos).] {Bot.) Even-
ing primrose, O. biennis ; ord. Onagrarise.
(Enone. (Paris, Judgment of.)
OEsophligns. [Gr. olacxpdyos.] {Anat.) The
gullet ; the tube leading from the pharjTix to
the stomach.
(Eufs de Fiqne. [Fr., Easter eggs.] A sur-
vival of the old custom which regarded the egg
as a symbol of the re-creation of the world in
spring. In the Vedic theogony, Brahma pro-
duces himself from the great mundane egg, out
of which all living things come into existence.
Oferlanders. {A^aut.) Small vessels of the
Rhine and Meuse.
Off. {A'^aut.) 1. Opposed to Near ; as nothing
off, keep her to the wind. 2. From ; as on and
off a shore, i.e. towards and away from it. 3.
Abreast of or near, as off the Nore. 4. In
driving, the Off side is the right ; the Near side
is the left.
OfE&l, once written off-fall. Properly, any-
thing that falls off, whether valuable or not.
0.-7vood\% sold by auction in H.M. dockyards.
Office, Holy. A name by which the Inquisi-
tion is sometimes called ; properly, i.q. the Con-
gregation of the H.O., established by Paul III.,
A.D. 1542, to which the direction of the Roman
tribunal of the I. is subject.
Office found. In Eng. Law, an inquiry in-
stituted by officers of the Crown when events
have occurred by which the Crown becomes
entitled to take possession of real or personal
property.
Office of Judge promoted. {Eccl.) The insti-
tution of a suit in the Court of Arches {q.v.) by
the sending letters of request signed by the
bishop of the diocese in which the suit has
arisen.
Official. [L. officium, duty.] In Canon law,
the deputy of a bishop or abbot. The chief
official of the bishop is his Chancellor.
Officinal. [L. officina, a shop.] 1. {Med.)
Made according to recognized prescriptions. 2.
{Bot.) Used in medicine.
OFFI
349
OLYM
Offleln&lis. [L. oflTTcIna, a -Morkshop, labora-
tory. \ As an epithet in Bot. ; used in medicine.
Offing. {Naut.) To seaward, beyond an-
chorage. To keep a good O. , to keep well clear
of the coast.
Off-reckonings. (J//7.) Certain margin in
expense allowed to the full colonels of regiments
in providing the clothing and accoutrements for
their men.
Off-set. In Surveying, a short distance mea-
sured at right angles to the chain-line, for which
purpose an Off-set staff is used.
Offvard. (Aa«/. ) Leaning away from the
shore ; spoken of a ship aground. The ship
heels O. and lies 7uith her stern to the 0. , means
inclined and with her stern to the sea.
Ogee. [Fr. ogive.] {Arch.) A moulding
which is partly convex and partly concave.
Ogee arolL (Arch.) An arch formed on each
side by two contracted curves. Common in
Continuous or Perpendicular work. By an
ogival arch the French mean simply an arch
struck from two centres. (Arcli.)
Oghams. The name of the characters in cer-
tain old Irish inscriptions. They are adapta-
tions of the Runic alphabet to the needs of
writing on wood, the runes or letters being
expressed by a convenient notation consisting of
notches cut with a knife on the edge of a squared
staff instead of being cut with a chisel on the
surface of a stone. — Isaac Taylor, Greeks and
Goths, p. 109.
Ogival, OgiTe. (Ogee arch.)
Ogre. A man-devouring monster, a bugbear.
C^r was the Norse god of the sea. Orimm
r^ards the word as akin to the Goth. 6g, fear,
horror. The name came to denote any object
of overpowering terror.
Ogygian deluge. The flood of Deucalion is
sometimes so called as occurring in the reign of
the mythical Ogyges.
Ohm. (From the Danish electrician. Ohm.)
The unit of electrical resistance, equal to a force
capable of lifting ten million grammes one foot
in one second.
Oidinm. [(?) Gr. »t8u>c, a dim. coined from
Gr. itiv, ati egg.\ {Bot.) A gen. of naked-
spored fungi, of which O. Tuckeri is that con-
nected with the vine mildew. O. albicans grows
on the mouth, fauces, and oesophagus of infants.
Oil-box, Oil-cup. A cup containing oil placed
above a hole or passage through which the oil
passes to lubricate the bearing of an axle or
other moving part of a machine.
Oil-cake. Compressed husks of rape seed,
etc., from which oil has been extracted.
Oil-clotli. Cloth oiled or painted, for covering
floors.
Oil of TitrioL Sulphuric acid, from its oily
appearance.
OkkaU. (DruMf.)
Old Catholics. A body of Latin Catholics
who refused adhesion to the decree of the
Vatican Council respecting papal infallibility.
One of the most eminent members of this body
is Dr. Dbllingcr, of Munich.
Old Dominion. The state of Virginia, pro-
bably because V. was the original name of all
the English colonies in America. — Bartlett's
A mericanisms.
Old Foundation, Cathedrals of the. (Cathedrals
of the New Foundation.)
Old Harry. (Nick, Old.)
Oldhaven beds. (Geol.) Sands, oyster-beds,
and pebbly strata lying on the Woolwich beds
in the S.E. of England.
Old Man of the Mountain. The European
name for the sheikh of the Assassins.
Old Nick. (Nick, Old.) Butler, in Hudibras,
erroneously ascribes it to Nicholas Machiavelli.
(Machiavellism. )
Old Bed. (New Bed.)
Oldsters. {Naut.) Midshipmen of four years,
master's mates, etc.
Old Style. (New Style.)
Olefiant gas. [L. oleum, oil, fi^ri, to become.'\
Carburetted hydrogen, containing two atoms of
carbon to four of hydrogen (which, combined
with chlorine, forms an oily compound).
Oleograph. [L. oleum, oil, Gr. ypi<t>o», I
write.] A picture produced in oils by a process
resembling lithography.
Oleomargarine. An article made from fat,
grease, and oily substances ; large quantities of
which find their way to market in various Euro-
pean countries, where it is sold as butter. —
Bartlett's Amcricanisnts.
Oleron, Laws of. A code of maritime law ; so
called from the Isle of Oleron, and compiled
not later than 1266. (Amalflan Code; Wisby,
Ordinances of.)
Olib&num. [Gr. XlPavos, the frankincense
tree.] A fragrant gum-resin, used in incense.
Oligarchy. [Gr. of'tyapxia-] A state in which
only a few out of one class exercise supreme
power, in contrast with an aristocracy, in which
the whole class of nobles rules.
Olitory. [L. olitorius, olus, oleris, vegetables.]
Belonging to a kitchen garden.
Olive-Branch Petition. Sent, in 1775, by
" Congress " of the " United Colonies " to
George III., as a last appeal. Not received, as
coming from an illegal body.
OUver. A small lipped hammer worked by
the foot.
Olivine, Oreen-earth. (Geol.) An olive-green
magnesian earth and crj'stals (chrysolite), com-
mon in volcanic rocks.
011a. [Hind.] A palm leaf for writing upon.
011a podrida. [It., L. cJlIa putritla, rotten jar.]
1. A hotch-potch, a pot-aufeti, into which all
kinds of scraps are thrown and stewed ; and so,
2, literary odds and ends, stories, anecdotes,
collected together, having no reference to any
subject or plan ; so farrago [L.] a medley, lit.
mixed food of spelt [L. far].
Olney Hymns. Published 1776 ; the joint
work of John Newton, Curate of Olney, Bucks.,
and the poet Cowper.
Olympiad. [Gr. i\i;/uir<£s.] In Chron., the
interval of four years between each celebration
of the Olympic games, forming the common era
of Greek computation, and beginning, it was
said, B.C. 776.
OLYM
35°
OPEN
Oljnnpio games. The greatest of the Greek
Panhellenic festivals, celebrated once in every
four years at Pisa, or Olympia, in Elis. The first
recorded victory is that of Coroebus, B.C. 776.
OmasTun. [L., a paunch,\ (Anat.) Third
stomach of a ruminant.
Ombrometer. (Rain-gauge.)
Omens. [L. omina.] Accidental signs, sup-
posed to betoken future events. (Augurs.)
Omentum. [L., a caul.\ A broad band of
membrane, connecting' two or more of the ab-
dominal viscera, the chief being the great O., or
caul, a network of fatty tissue.
Omer. Exod. x\-i. 36 ; " the tenth part of an
ephah," which was an Egyptian measure, and,
according to Josephus, = six cotylje, or half-
pints ; but "the measures varied at difl'erent
times " (Speaker's Comnuntary).
Ommiad caliphs. In Moham. Hist., the
caliphs who succeeded Mrawiyah, son of Abu
Sophian, who gained the caliphate after the mur-
der of All. (Abbasides; Shiahs; Sounites.)
Omne vivtim ab ovo. [L.] AH life comes forth
from an egg ; a supposed axiom of biology, in
former times. ((Eufs de Paque.)
Omnia munda mundis. Unto the pure all
things are fure (Titus i. 15).
Omnia prsestimuntur rite esse acta. [L.] A
maxim in Law : all acts are presumed to have been
rightly done ; i.e. all acts preliminary to some act
E roved in itself to be legal ; e.g. a marriage
aving been proved, the church in which it took
place will be presumed to have been consecrated
for service.
Omnium. [L., of all. "l A term formerly used
on the Stock Exchange to denote the various
kinds of stock created on the negotiation of a
loan by Government which provided for the ex-
tinction of the debt partly by consols, partly by
stock bearing high interest, and by annuities.
Speculations in all these jointly were known as
omnium.
Omopbagous. [Or. itfio^yos, from i)ii6s, raw,
tpayf'iv, to e-at.] Eating raw flesh.
Omphal-, Omphalo-. [Gr. ofKpoKSs, L. umbili-
cus, the navel.]
Omndi. (Ar., a chief.] One of twenty-four
councillors of the Great Mogul. Emir, Amir,
Ameer, are other forms of the same word.
(Miramamolin.)
On a bowline, or On a wind, {A'aut.) Sail-
ing close-hauled in the direction from which the
wind comes.
Oncin. [L. uncus, a hook.] A weapon having
a hook and spike on a long handle ; somewhat
like a boat-hook ; eleventh century.
Oneirocriticism. [Gr. bvfipoKpinKSs, from
ivtipos, a dreavi, Kplvu, /judge.] The so-called
science of interpreting dreams,
Ongee. ( Geol. ) The solid rock which bounds
a vein of ore,
OnSmasticon. [Gr., from Hvo/ia; a name.] A
dictionary or commonplace-book ; as that of
Julius Pollux.
OnSm&topoeia. [Gr. ovofiaroTroiTiffts.] A word
denoting properly the making of names, but
more commonly applied to words expressing by
their sound the thing signified ; as cuckoo, pee-
wit, etc.
On se fait i tout. [Fr.] Om gets used to
anything.
On the beam. {A^aut.) At right angles to
the keel, and without the ship. On the bo7u.
(Bow of a ship.) On the quarter, within the
angles contained by a line drawn right astern
and four points on either quarter.
Onus pr5bandi. [L. ] The burden of proving
is said in Law to lie generally on the party who
maintains the affirmative of the question in dis-
pute.
Onj^cha. [Gr. Sw^, Hyvxos, a finger-nail, etc.,
named from its resemblance, Heb. shechfileth
(Exod. xxx. 34).] (Bibl.) The operculum [L.,//</]
of some gasteropodous mollusc (probably of fam.
Strombids) abundant in the Red Sea ; said to
be at this day employed in the composition of
perfume (Speakers Commentary).
Onychitis. Inflammation of the nail [Gr.
Svv^, 6vvxoi\.
Onyx. [Gr. Hw^, finger-nail.] (Min.) A
piece of agate with layers of chalcedony, one of
which is flesh-coloured : but the dark and white
layers of artificially prepared agates are often
used.
Oo'id, Oo'idal. 1. Like an egg [Gr. i>6v] in
shape ; or, 2, as having albumen.
Oolite [Gr. i>6v, an egg, and \id6s], or Boe-
stone. (Geol.) A variety of limestone, with roe-
like grains cemented together. 0. group. Oolitic
or Jurassic system, = Lias -f Oolite -|- the Pur-
beck.
Oolong. [Chm., green dragon."^ A variety of
black tea, possessing the flavour of green tea.
Oomiak, (Naut.) A sealskin boat ; Green-
land.
Ooze. [From a root from which have sprung
many families of words having a common mean-
ing of moisture ; as Exe, Usk, Aix, and eaux,
i.e. aquas; Uisgah (whisky), etc.] 1. The
liquor of a tan-vat. 2. In Geol., e.g. O. of the
Atlantic, a fine, whitish, sticky mud-chalk in pro-
cess of formation, and now accumulating over
wide areas, eighty per cent, being the calcareous
deposit of globigerlnae and various other minute
organisms.
Opal. [L. opSlus.] (Min.) A mineral, hydrate
of silica, chatoyant ; allied to chalcedony, but
amorphous, and containing more water. Precious
0., containing ten per cent. There are many
varieties. Stalagmitic in fissures of volcanic
rocks ; Hungary, Mexico, Queensland.
Open, or Dispersed, harmony (Music) is of parts
separated by intervals as wide as may be. Close
H. is of parts brought near to one another.
Open diapason, or Principal. (Music.) In
organs, the chief open foundation stop, generally
of metal ; in the pedals generally of wood.
Open hawse. (Naut. ) With two anchors out
and the cables not crossed.
Open list. (Naut.) A ship's book, contain-
ing the names of officers and crew, by which
rations are issued and the crew mustered.
Open order. (Aa«/.) More than a cable's
length apart.
OPEN
3SI
OPUS
Open yerdiet. After an inquest, is = a declara-
tion of the jury that there has not been produced
sufficient evidence for any decision.
Openwork. {Mil.) One which is not pro-
tected at the gorge (q.v.), by a parapet or
obstacles, from a sudden attack.
Operon-lar, -late, -lated. (Nai. Hist.) Having
a liii or coz'er [L. operculum].
Opere&l&ta. {Zool.) Molluscs possessing an
operculum {q.v.).
Operefilnm. [L., covering, from operio, /
corDer.\ 1. {Conch.) The horny or nacreous
plate, more or less completely closing the mouth
of the shell in certain gasteropodous molluscs.
2. {Bot. ) The lid of anything, as in the pitcher
of Nepenthes ; especially applied to the spore-
case of urn-mosses.
Ophieleide. [Gr. i^u, a serpent, KKtis, a
key.] A large brass wind instrument, modern,
orchestral, powerful ; its compass being three
octaves from double B b.
Ophldla, Ophidians. [Gr. iipliiov, dim. of
• 0«j, a serpent.^ {Zool.) The first ord. of rep-
tiles, serpents.
Ophiomaney. [Gr. ^^it, a snake, futmla,
divination.] Divination by means of serpents,
as from the number of their coils or of the vic-
tims which they devour,
Ophlon. [L. and Gr. itftictv.] Probably the
*noufflon {q.v.) of Sardinia.
Oplur. A country with which the ships of
Solomon carried on an extensive trade. It was
perhaps the island of Ceylon, which was named
Abhira.
Ophltse. [Gr. ^^if, a snake,\ An early
Christian sect, of Onortie origin, which wor-
shipped the serpent as the author of all sciences.
Ophthalmia. Inflammation of the eye [Gr.
Opirieos. An heraldic animal having wings
like a griffin, and a short tail like a camel.
Opiftii5c5nu. [Gr. oTiirft/.Ko/iot, back-haired.^
An ord. of birds consisting of orie gen. contain-
ing one spec. The hocco of Guiana, a gre-
garious bird about the size of a peacock ; plumage
brown. Equatorial America. It may indicate
the former existence of a group of birds other-
wise extinct.
Opisth^dfimna. (Naof.)
Opisthograph. [Gr. 6iri<r6<{ypoupos, 7vritten on
the bcuk.'] In Gr. and Rom. Ant., any roll of
parchment or paper, written over both on back
and front.
OpisthStSnoa. [Gr. iinffO^rowos, Med. Or.,
drawn backivards, from SwiaOt, from behind,
and Tflytt, I stretch.^ The being drawn back by
tetanic spasms of the muscles of the back.
Opinm. [L., Gr. imoy.^ The concrete
juice of the white poppy.
Opo1>alsam. [Gr. oKofiiKa&fjLov.'] Balsam of
Gilead.
Opodeldoe. [A word coined by Paracelsus.]
L A kind of plaster for external injuries. 2.
A Mponaceous camphorated liniment.
Opopanaz. [Gr.] A foetid gum-resin im-
ported from Turkey.
Oppilfttion. [L. oppllo, / stop up.] {Med.)
Obstruction of the passages by increased secre-
tion or foreign matter.
Opposite leaves. (Bot.) Two only, and
developed on the same plane ; e.g. pink, jasmine.
Alternate, one a little above or below the other ;
e.g. rose, laurel.
Opposition. [L. oppositionem, from oppono,
I oppose.] {Astron.) Two heavenly bodies are
in O. when their geocentric longitudes differ by
i8o°, i.e. when they are diametrically opposite
to one another with reference to the earth.
Opprobrium. [L.] Reproach, combined with
contempt or disdain.
0. P. Eiots. When Covent Garden Theatre,
rebuilt after the fire, was opened in iSog, the
prices for admission were raised. Riots followed
for the restoration of the O. P., or old prices.
Ops. (Satom.)
Opsiometer. Kn optometer {q.v.).
Optical angle ; 0. axis ; 0. centre. The Optical
axis of a doubly refracting crystal is that direc-
tion along which a ray of light passes without
undergoing bifurcation. (For O. angle, 7>ide
Visual angle ; for 0. centre, vide Centre of a lens.)
Optics [Gr. ^ oirT(»ciij, the science of the laws of
sight] ; Geometrical 0. ; Physical 0. The science
of light and vision. In Geometrical optics
the properties of mirrors and lenses are deduced
from the laws of reflexion and refraction of light,
and these properties are applied to explain the
construction of^ telescopes, microscopes, etc. In
Physical 0., the phenomena of reflexion, refrac-
tion, polarization, interference, etc., of light are
traced back to their physical cause, viz. the un-
dulatory motion of the ether.
OptimitSs. [L.] (Hist.) The Roman no-
bility, as distinguished from the plebeians.
Optimism. (Theodiceea.)
Optimist. One who takes the best, most hope-
ful, view of a matter ; Pessimist, the exact con-
trary : both being somewhat unpractical. [L.
optimus, best, pessimus, worst.]
Optimus Mazimns. [L., Best and Greatest.]
Latin epithets of Jupiter, indicating his greatness
and goodness.
Option. [L. optio, -nem, a choosing.] On the
Stock Exchange, a percentage given for the
option of selling or buying stock in time bargains
at a certain price.
Optometer. [From a Gr. root oirr-, seeing,
IxfTpov, measure.] An instrument for determin-
ing the distance or limiting distances of most
distinct vision, and hence for finding the focal
length of a lens proper for a long-sighted or a
short-sighted j^erson.
Opus magnum, [h., great Tvork.] A phrase
denoting works which are monuments of vast
labour and research, as the Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire, by Gibbon.
Opus operantis. [L., the %vork of the worker.]
{Theol.) The effect of the celebrant's intention
in the administration of sacraments. (Intentio
sacerdotis.)
Opus operfitnm. \L., work done.] {Theol.) A
term denoting the effects of sacraments irrespec-
tive of the dispositions of those who receive
them.
OR
3S2
ORDI
Or. [Fr., from L. aurum, ^/(f/.] (Her.) The
metal gold in coats of arms, represented in
engi-aving by small dots.
Ora. [A.S., metal or mone)'.'\ O.E. money.
The greater and lesser O. in Domesday-book are
estimated at twenty and twenty-six pence. In
Sw. and Dan. , the word also denotes a measure
of land.
Oracle. [L. oraculum, from os, a mot4th.']
1. An answer given by heathen deities to those
who consult them. 2. The place at which such
answers are given, as the O. of Delphi, of
Dodona, etc.
Oragiona. [Fr. orageux, orage, a storm, L.
auraticum, aura, a ^r«3^.] {Naut,) Tempestuous,
or stormy.
Orambj. (Xaui.) A State barge of the
Moluccas ; some row lOO paddles. (Koraoora.)
Orange. 1. (Her.) A roundlet or disc of an
crange colour. 2. (Geog.) A town and small
district [L. Arausion, -em] giving the title of
Prince of Orange.
Orangemen, (//is/.) The name of an Irish
society, instituted in 1 795, to uphold Protestant
ascendancy.
Orariom. (Stole.)
Oratorians, or Priests of the Oratory. A title
specially given to the congregation of regular
clerks founded by St. Philip Neri at Rome, early
in the sixteenth century. The Oratory at Paris,
founded by Cardinal de Berulle, in 161 1, pro-
duced many eminent men, among them Male-
branche and Massillon.
Orb. [L. orbis, a circle.] An emblem of
sovereignty, consisting of a globe surmounted by
a cross.
Orbicular leaf. [L. orbiculus, a small disc]
(Bat.) Circular, or nearly so; it is generally
peltate ; e.g. the garden nasturtium (Tropaeolum).
Orbllins. By meton., = a schoolmaster; the
name of Horace's master, who was fond of
flogging [L. plagosus] (Ep. ii. i. 70).
Orbit. [L. orbita, a rut, an orbit.] 1.
(Astron.) The path described by a planet or
other heavenly body round its primary ; as the
orbit of Jupiter or of one of the components of
a double star. 2. (Anat.) The cavity in which
the eye is embedded ; formed, in man, by seven
orbital bones.
Orchestra. [Gr. 6px^<^'rpa; from opxfOfmi, I
dance.] 1. In the Gr. theatre, a circular level
space in front of the spectators, for the evolu-
tions and dances of the chorus. 2. The place in
a concert-room or theatre for the band ; or, by
meton., 3, the full band itself.
Orchil, Orchilla weed. (Archil.)
Ordeal. [L.L. ordalium, Ger. urtheil, y«^-
ment.] The referring of the guilt or innocence
of the prisoners to the judgment of God. The
O. was at first under the special protection of
the clergy, whose subsequent opposition tended
to bring it into disfavour. Among the most re-
markable ordeals was the trial by the Eucharist,
in which it was supposed that the guilty person
would be choked by the Host, as Godwin, father
of King Harold, was thought to have been ; the
ordeals of hot water j of carrying a heated iron
bar in the hand ; of stepping over red-hot plough-
shares ; etc.
Ordeal bean. (Calabar bean.)
Order. [Fr. ordre.] 1. (Nat. Hist.) A group
inferior to class and sub-class ; superior Xo family,
tribe, genus, Qic. 2. (Arch.) A system of parts
in certain established proportions, determined by
the office which each has to perform, the whole
consisting of (l) column and (2) entablature.
Of these the former is subdivided into base,
shaft, and capital ; the latter into the architrave,
frieze, and cornice. The classical orders are the
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Com-
posite.
Orderly. (Mil.) Officer or soldier appointed
to await the orders of a superior officer, to attend
on him personally during his tour of duty; or
one who exercises special duties whilst his
comrades are unemployed. O.-room is the
commanding officer's office in a regiment.
Order of the day. In Pari., a question pro-
posed to the House may be superseded by
moving "for the order of the day to be read." if
this is carried, the orders are read and proceeded
on in the course in which they stand. But this,
in its turn, majr be superseded by a motion to
adjourn. (Previous question, Moving the.)
Orders, Mendicant. Religious bodies of per-
sons under vows to subsist by begging. The chief
mendicant orders were those of the Dominicans
and the Franciscans. The Carmelites and Augus-
tinians are also to be reckoned among them.
Orders, Beligious. Societies bound by a rule
of religion. They may be (l) monastic, (2)
military, or (3) mendicant. The monastic
orders were distinguished by the rule to which
they adhered ; as the Benedictines, the Basilians,
the Augustinians. Of the military orders the
most prominent were (i) those of St. John of
Jerusalem, or the Knights of the Hospital,
known afterwards as Knights of Rhodes and
Knights of Malta; (2) the Knights Templars,
and (3) the Teutonic Knights (Teutonic toder).
The chief mendicant orders are the Dominicans
and the Franciscans.
Orders in Council. 1. Orders by the sovereign,
with the advice of the Privy Council, having the
force of law, dealing generally with matters of
trade, revenue, public health, etc., as to which
Parliament has delegated its authority to the
Queen in Council ; but also, 2, in times of
emergency — war, deficient harvest, etc. — going
beyond the already delegated powers, in expecta-
tion of future Parliamentary protection.
Ordinal. [L. ordinale.] 1. The book con-
taining the forms of making, ordaining, and
consecrating of deacons, priests, and bishops.
2. A book containing the rubrics of the Mass.
Ordinal numbers [L. ordinalis, ordinal]
answer the question, "In what order?" as,
first, second, third, etc.
Ordinance, Self-denying. (Hist.) A resolu-
tion of the Long Parliament, in 1644, by which
its members bound themselves not to take
certain offices, especially commands in the army.
The result was the strengthening of the Inde-
I pendent party at the expense of the Presbyterian.
ORDI
353
ORLE
Ordinary. [L. ordinarius, an overseer who
keeps order.] 1. (Ecci.) One who has, in his
own right, immediate jurisdiction. 2. (Le^s^.)
In the Civil Law, a judge empowered to take
cognizance of causes in his own right, not by
del^ation. In Eng. Law, the term is applied
to ecclesiastical judges only. 3. In the Court
of Session in Scotland, a single judge sitting in
the outer house to decide causes in the first
instance. 4. (Her.) A part of an escutcheon
contained by straight or other lines. It is the
most ordinary species of charge. The ho-
nourable ordinaries are the chief, pale, bend,
bend sinister, fess, bar, chevron, cross, saltier
(q.v.). The other ordinaries are called subor-
dinate.
Ordinary, Laid npin. (A^aut.) Laid up out
of commission.
Ordinary seaman. {A'aut.) One who can make
himself useful aloft, etc., though notan^^.^. (qa>.).
Ordinate. (Co-ordinate axes.)
Ordnance. [Gens d'ordonnances, the ordinary
men of arms of France, the artilliers, i.e. cross-
bowmen, etc., first reduced, under orders, by
Charles VII., 1444 (Richardson; see Brachet,
t.v. "Artillerie").] (Mil.) 1- Any kind of
cannon. 8. 'The Board of O. (now abolished)
had the charge of barracks and their furniture as
well as of all O.
Ordnance corps. (Mil.) Royal Artillery and
Engineers.
Ordonnance. [Fr.] In Arch., the general
arrangement of the plan and the superstructure
of a design-
Ore. [A-S. or.] Metal combined with other
sul)stanccs ; opposed to Native metal.
Oriadi. [Gr. optioJtr.] (Myth.) Kymphs of
the mountains. (Dryads; Naiads; Nereids.)
Oreiohalciun. [Gr. dptix'i^i'Oif mountain
bronze.] With the Greeks and Romans, a mixed
metal, of which the basis was brass ; but its
precise composition is not known.
OrembL (Oramby.)
Orestes. (Fylades and Orestes.)
Organ. [Gr. ui>y&vov, an implcvient, musical
instrument.] (Music.) If complete, is a combi-
nation of five instruments : 1. Choir 0., having
more delicate stops for accompanying the voice,
the manual being the lowest. 2. Great 0.,
having pipes more in number, larger, and louder
voiced, for grand effects, the manual being second
from the bottom. 8. Swell 0., inclosed in a
shutter box, or Venetian swell, opened and
closed by a j^edal. 4. Solo 0., a separate
manual for fancy stops, as cremona, vox humana.
6. Fedat O., played by the feet.
Organical description of a curve. [Gr.
opy&ytKis, produicd by an instrununt .] (Math.)
Description by an instrument ; as of a circle by
a pair of compasses.
Organic laws. Laws affecting the fundamental
principles of the constitution of a state. Ac-
cording to some French writers, O. L. are posi-
tive enactments, sanctioned by punishments,
while the fundamental laws on which they rest
are merely declaratory.
Organography, or Organology. [Gr. ipy&Mov,
an instrument.] (Bot.) Study of the structure
of the organs of plants.
Org&non. [Gr., instrument.] A name for a
work laying down rules for the direction of the
scientific faculty, either generally or with refer-
ence to some special department of science ; as
the Organon of Aristot.e or of Bacon.
Organzine. [Fr. organsin.] Fine silk twisted
like a rope with different strands.
Orgasm. [Gr. opyafffiSs, from opydu, /swell.]
(Med.) Immoderate excitement.
Orgeat. [Fr., from orge, iariey.] A liquor
extracted from barley and sweet almonds.
Orgies. [Gr. Spyia.] Originally any religious
rites or performances. The word was afterwards
applied especially to the Dionysiac Mysteries,
and then to mysteries in general. (Bacchanalian ;
Elensinian Mysteries.)
Orgoglio. [h., pride.] "A hideous giant,"
brutal and ignorant, born of Earth and Wind,
foster-child of Ignorance ; an impersonation of
Pride (Faery Queene, bk. i. c. vii.).
Oriel. [F"r. oriol, L.L. oriolum.] (Arch.) A
projection from a building, or a recess within it ;
(?) <r/. orillon.
Orient. [L. orien, -tern; lit t'le rising sun.]
The east.
Orientation. [L. ortens, tie rising (sun), the
east.] (Eccl.) The deviation from the true east
in the direction of a church or chancel. There
is a theory that churches had their choirs or
chancels facing the point at which the sun rose
on the day set apart for their dedication.
Orifiamme. (Anriflamme.)
Origenists. (Eccl. Hist.) FolloM-ers of
Origen. (Catechists.) They asserted that Christ
was the Son of God by adoption (Adoptians),
and denied the endlessness of punishments.
Original. 1. In Art, a work done by the
artist himself, not copied by another. When
the artist copies his own work, this copy is called
a duplicate, or Replica. 2. In Law, the part of
an indenture executed by the grantor, where the
several parts are interchangeably executed be-
tween the parties, the other parts being called
counterparts.
Origin of a muscle. (Atiat.) Its more fixed
attachment.
Orillon. [Fr., from oreille, an ear, L.
auricula.] (Fortif.) Rounded prolongation of
the face of a bastion at the shoulder angle, to
conceal a gun in the extremity of the flank.
Oriole, Golden. [L. aurdolus, dim. of aureus,
golden, through Fr. oriol, which has now the
def. art., and has become loriot.] (Omith.)
Spec, of bird, about ten inches long ; plumage,
black and yellow. S. Europe, occasionally Great
Britain. Orlolus galbula [L. galbus, yellow],
gen. Oriolus, fam. Orlolidae, ord. Passdres.
Orion. [Gr.] (Myth.) A mighty giant and
hunter who, after his death, was placed amongst
the stars. The name is probably Semitic.
Orlando Furioso. (Bhodomontade ; Boland.)
Orle. [O.Fr., a margin.] (Her.) An
ordinary composed of a narrow band following
the outline of the escutcheon at some distance
from the edge.
ORLO
354
ORTH
Orlop, or Orlop^eek. (Decks.)
Ormola. [Fr. ormoulo.J A variety of brass,
25 parts of zinc + 75 of copper, more golden in
colour than ordinary brass ; improved sometimes
by a gold lacquer. Also called Mosaic gold.
Ornaments. {£cci.) Of the church and of the
minister, are the "ornamenta," i.e. fittings,
apparatus, whether ornamental or not.
Ornaments Bubrio. That beginning "And
here it is to be noted," immediately preceding
the order for Morning Prayer.
Omithichnite. (lohnites.)
OmIthSdelphia. [Gr. Spw;, SpvlOos, bird,
S(\<f>vs, at ems.] (Zoo/.) Having a uterus re-
sembling that of birds. The third and lowest
sub-class of mammals. (Monotremata.)
Ornithology. [Gr. 6pvido-\6yos, treating of
birds.] The science of the natural history of
birds and their classification. The latter is
somewhat unsettled. We have followed that
adopted by Mr. Wallace, in his Geographical
Distribution of Animals, as below.
Orders. Examples.
I. Passeies. Including the great mass of the
smaller birds — crows, finches, fly-
catchers, creepers, honey-suckers,
etc.
II. Plciite. Including woodpeckers,^ cuckoos,
toucans, kingfishers, swifts, etc.
III. Psittact. Parrots only.
IV. Culumbae. Pigeons and the dodo.
V. Gallinae. Grouse, pheasants, curassows, mound-
builders, etc.
VI. Opisthocomi. The hocco only.
VII. AccipTtres. Eagles, owls, and vultures.
VIII. Grallae. Herons, plovers, rails, etc.
IX. Anseres. Gulls, ducks, divers, etc.
X. StruthiOnes. Ostrich, cassowary, apteryx, etc.
Omithomancy. [Gr. ipvis, a bird, namda,
divination.] Divination by the flight of birds.
(Augurs.)
Omithorhynchus p&radoxus. [Gr. Spva, -dos,
bird, ^vyx"^' ^'tout, beak, trapaSolos, contrary to ex-
pectation.] [Zool.) Pldtjpus[ir\aTvs, broad, iraus,
foot]. Duck-bill, Alullingoug ; a billed, ovovivi-
parous, aquatic, burrowing mammal, eighteen
to twenty inches long, with soft dark fur, some-
what like an otter. Australia. Ord. Monotre-
mata.
Orology. Study of mountains [Gr. 6pas, moun-
tain].
Oromazdes. The same as Ormuzd. (Ahriman.)
Orometer. [Gr. iJpos, a mountain, nh-pov, a
measure.] An instrument for measuring hills in
military surveying, combining all the necessary
scales and tables for carrying out the different
processes.
OrpheStelestse. [Gr. <}p<^€0T«\e(7Tai.] InGr.
Hist., an obscure sect, the members of which
went about undertaking to release people from
their sins by songs and sacrifices.
Orpheus. [Gr., Skt. Abhu and Ribhu, names
for the sun and the storm-iuind.] {Myth. ) A son
of the river QEagrus and the Muse Calliope, whose
name has become a proverbial expression for the
power of music. Men, beasts, trees, stones, and
rocks all moved to the sound of his harping ;
and at his bidding, the ship Argo descended
gently into the water, when the Argonauts
were unable of themselves to stir it. The three-
headed dog Cerberus, which guarded the gates
of Hades, could not resist the spell ; and Hades
himself, under the same influence, allowed him
to lead away his wife Eurydice, who had died
from a snake-bite, and who all but returned to
dwell with him in the upper world. Orpheus
reappears in The Piper of Hameln (Browning),
and both are the singing winds.
Orphic Mysteries. (Hist.) Mysteries cele-
brated by certain societies, seemingly ascetic,
which at the first rise of Greek philosophy
assumed the name of Orpheus.
Orphrey, or Orfray. [O.Fr. orfrais, L.L.
auriphragium.] A fringe or band of gold, some-
times richly embroidered, sewn on Albs, Dalma-
tics, and altar frontals.
Orpiment. [L. auripitrmentum, pigment of
gold.] (Chem.) Trisulphide of arsenic, a bright
yellow pigment. It is also called ycllo7o arsenic,
or king s yellow. Red orpiment is another name
for realgar (q.v.).
Orpin. [Fr., stonecrop.] A yellow colour
resembling these flowers.
Orpine. (Bot.) A kind of stonecrop, S&lum
t^lSphium [Gr. reXt^iov], ord. Crassulaceae (Se-
dum).
Orrery. A toy for showing children the mo-
tions of the planets ; called after the Earl of
Orrery, the Hon. C. Boyle of the Battle of the
Books (q.v.).
Orris. [Corr. from Orphrey s.] A pattern
work of gold or silver.
Orris-root, Orrice-root. [Corr. from Iris.']
The violet-scented rhizome of Iris florentina and
I. germanica ; sometimes called Iris-root.
Orseiew. Dutch gold. (Dutch clinker.)
Orthoclase. (Geol.) Common felspar, Potash
F. ; because it has a flat straight cleavage [Gr.
hpB^ K\i,ats].
Orthodox Church. [Gr. 6p0(^5o{or, of right
belief] (Eccl. I/ist.) The title of the Eastern
or Greek Church.
Orthoepy. [Gr. 6p66i, right, exact, eir«, word.^
In Gram., properly the right use of words, but
generally applied to prosody as dealing with
their proper pronunciation ; as Orthography
deals with their proper representation.
Orthog^thio. [Gr. opQi\i sc- yvyla, a right
angle, yvdOos, a jaw.] Having a facial right
angle, nearly ; having a skull the front of which
scarcely projects beyond the jaw ; opposed to
Prognathous [iep6, in front of], having a prominent
jaw.
Orthogonal. [Gr. hpQoyivios, rectangular.]
Any line taken down a hill at right angles to a
system oi contours (q.v.). (Orthographic.)
Orthographic projection of a line or lines
[Gr. opQ6s, straight upright, ypa<pa>, I draw.]
Its representation on paper obtained by letting
fall from each point of the line a perpendicular
to the plane of the paper ; or, it is the perspec-
tive representation of the line (or lines) made on
the suppositions that the eye is infinitely distant
and the plane of the paper at right angles to the
direction of vision.
Orthography. [Gr. 6pe6s, ypa^u, I write.]
ORTH
355
OSTR
1. (Gram.) The method of denoting sounds by
visible signs. (Orthoepy.) 2. {MrcA.) A geometri-
cal drawing of a building in elevation or section.
Orthopsedie. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, irais, iroj8ds,
a cAi/d.] Relating to the correction of deformity
in children.
Orthoptera. [Gr. op66-tTf pot, upright-winged.}
(Etito/n.) Ord. of insects, properly with four
wings ; the fore pair generally leathery, the hind
pair folding like a fan, as grasshoppers ; some-
times wingless, as female cockroaches. The
earwigs, dermaptera, belong to this ord.
Ortolan. [Fr., from L. hortiilanus, a gardener,
belonging to a garden.} (Omith.) A migratory
bunting, length about six inches ; plumage,
brown, lalack, green, and buff. S. Europe, occa-
sionally Great Britain. Emberira hortulana, sub-
fam. Emberiridae, fam. Fringillldae, ord. Pass^res.
Ortygia. (Ortygian shore.)
Ortyg^ian shore. In Shelley's poem Arethusa,
the eastern shore of Sicily, near Syracuse. The
island of Delos was also called Ortygia, or the
quail-land, the quail [in Skt. vartika, the return-
ing bird] being one of the birds which come
with the first return of spring. It thus became
one of the names of the dawn, and was applied
to Delos [Gr. A^Aoj, the bright land], in which
Phoebus and Artemis were born,
Oras, or Honu. (Harpoeratea.)
Orvietan. A supposed antidote to poison,
ascribed to a mountebank of Orvieto, in Italy.
Oryetology. Study of objects dug up [Gr.
hpvKr6i], whether Archaeol. or, more particularly,
Geol. ; but the term is not often used.
Otehophoria. [Gr.] An Athenian festival in
honour of Dionysus and Athena ; so called from
the carrying of Sax"^ or vine branches with
grapes.
Oscillating engine. (Steam-engine.)
Oscillation, Centre of. (Centre.)
Osoillnm. [L., a little face ; dim., through
osculum, of OS, mouth, face.} A term applied to
faces or heads of Bacchus, suspended in vine-
yards, to be turned in every direction by the
wind ; supposed to make the vines fruitful in the
quarter towards which they looked (see Virgil,
Georg. ii. 388).
Osculating circle [L. osculans, -tis, kissing} ;
0. plane ; at any part of a cur\'e, passes through
three consecutive points of the curve ; its radius
is the radius of curvature. The O. plane passes
through three consecutive points of a tortuous
cunye (or curve of double curvature), such as the
thread of a screw.
Osculatorium. (Paz.)
Osiandrians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Osiandcr, who differed from Luther and Calvin
as to the efficient cause of justification.
Os inn5mln&tnm. [L., bone without a name.}
(Anat. ) Each lateral bone of the pelvis ; that
apparently single bone into which the three
ossa — ischium, ilium, and pubis, i.e. hipbone,
haunch-bone, and share-bone — grow.
Osiris. In Myth., one of the chief deities of
Egypt, brother and husband of Isis, and more
especially the judge of the dead. As such he
was called Rhot-amenti, of which the Grecized
form is Rhadamanthys. He was worshipped
under the form of the bull Apis. (Serapis.)
Osmometer. [Gr. axr/iSs, impulse, fxerpov,
measure.} An instrument for measuring the
amount of osmose ((/.v.).
Osmose. [Gr. wa/juis, impulse.} The action
by which two fluids become intermixed through
an intervening membrane or other porous sub-
stance. The flow towards the fluid which in-
creases in volume, generally the denser, is called
endosmose, the other current cxosmose.
Osmium. \Qr. 6ait.-i\,asmell.} A brittle grey
metal, from the acrid odour of its oxide.
Osnabnrgs. Coarse linens, originally imported
from Osnaburg, in Germany.
O.S.£. (Obiit sine prole.)
Osprey. [L. ossifraga, bone-breaker ; cf. Fr.
orfraie.] (brnith.) Ossifrage, fishing hawk,
Bald bttzzard ; spec, of bird, about twenty-two
inches long ; whitish head, brown back, white
belly ; gen. Pandion. Universally distributed,
except south part of S. America. Fam. Pandi-
onldae, ord. Accipitres.
Osseous. [L. OS, ossis, a bone.} Bony.
Osseous fldies. [L. ossSus, bony.} {Ichth.)
In Cuvier's system, one div. of fishes, the other
being Chondropt^rygii. O. F. are divided into
AcanthoptSrygli and MSliicopterygU (q.v.).
Ossian's poems. Poems said to have been
written by Oisin, or Ossian, a Scottish bard of
the third century, and published by MacPherson,
in 1760. The controversy as to their genuine-
ness went on for nearly half a century, and
ended much to the discredit of MacPherson's
assertions. The materials of the poems, how-
ever, seem to be undoubtedly ancient, and were
probably obtained by him orally in the Scottish
Highlands.
Ossicle. [L. ossTcvilum, dim. of os, a bone.}
A small bone. Ossiculatcd, furnished with small
bones.
Ossifrage. [Peres (Lev. xi. 13), the breaker.}
[Bibl.) (Lammergeier.)
Ossuary. [L. ossa, bones.} A charnel-house,
a tomb.
Os sufEriginis. [L.] [Anat.) The joint in
the hinder leg of a quadruped, which is bent
back ; the pastern.
Ostira. (Alyth.) An ancient German deity
whose name reappears in our word Easter, and
may be connected with that of the Semitic
Ashtoreth, or Astarte.
Osteology. [Gr. offriov, a bone.} That part
of anatomy which treats of bones and bone
tissue, their chemical and physical properties ;
their shape, growth, articulation, etc.
Osteria. [It.] An hostelry.
Osti&rius. [L,,, a doorkeeper.} 1, (Eccl.) In
the Latin Church, the last of the four minor
orders. (Hostiarius.) 2. (Rom. Hist.) Among
the ancient Romans, a slave stationed at the
door of a house, like the French concierge.
Hence Eng. usher.
Ostracism. [Gr. do-rpcurKr^cfs.] In Athenian
Hist., a vote by which, if given by at least 6000
citizens, the person condemned by it had to go
into exile for ten years. The name of the
OSTR
356
OVER
person subjected to O. was written by each voter
on a shell [offrpaKov], Only one citizen could be
so banished at a time ; and if more than 6000
votes were recorded against two or more citizens,
the one who was condemned by most votes was
alone banished.
08tr&c5d8. [Gr. rfoTfxut-wS^j, potsherd-like.']
{Zool.) Small bivalve crustaceans, as Cyprides,
common in fresh water.
OstriidaB. [L. ostrea, oyster.] (Zool.) Fam.
of molluscs, oysters and scallops. Cosmopolitan.
Class Conchiftra.
Ostrich. [O.Fr. ostniche, L. avis struthio,
Gr. (TTpouSiW.] (OmitA.) Struthio camelus.
The largest of birds, from six to eight feet high.
The quill feathers of the wings and tail furnish
plumes. Deserts of Africa and Arabia. The
S.-African O. (S. australis) is sometimes reckoned
a distinct spec. The American ostriches (Rheas)
inhabiting the S.-American plains are much
smaller. Ord. Struthiones.
Ob vespertllionis [L.], i.e. bone with ex-
tended wings, like a bat; former name for
sphenoid bone (q.v.).
Otalgia, Otalgy. [Gr. oZs, in 6s, the ear, i.\yos,
pain.] Ear-ache.
Ot&rQdsB. [Gr. inapiov, dim. of ots, u>t6s,
ear.] Otaries, eared seals; pinnigrade car-
nivora, sea-lions and bears, able to use their
hind limbs freely. Northern parts of N. Pacific,
and corresponding south latitudes. Ord. Car-
nivora.
Otic. [Gr. &riKos.] Of or for the ear [o5j,
in6s\.
Otitis. Inflammation of the ear [Gr. ols,
ioris].
Otolith. [Gr. o5s, ur6s, the ear, KiBos, a
stone.] A loose chalky secretion in the auri-
cular sacs of Articulata (q.v.), especially fishes,
indicating, probably, the direction and degree of
sound.
Otorrhcea. [Gr. o5», tor 6s, the ear, pew, I
flow. ] Discharge of the ear.
Ottaya rima. [It.] The stanza of eight lines
always employed by the romantic and narrative
poets ; that to which Spenser added the Alexan-
drine, as a ninth.
Otto. (Attar.)
Ottoman empire. The empire of the Ottoman
race of Turks.
Ottoman race. (Ethn.) The youngest branch
of the great Turkish family or stem ; so called
from Othman, who ruled them from 1299 to 1326.
Ouhliette. [Fr., from oublier, L. obllviscor,
I forget.] A dungeon open only at the top, for
persons condemned to imprisonment for life or
to a secret death.
Ouches. 1. In Exod. xxviii. 25 ; ornaments
of gold, collets, probably of cloisonnee {q.v.)
work, according to Speakers Commentary. 2.
With Shakespeare and others, jewels generally.
[Richardson assigns the same meaning and use
to (i) nouche, Fr. niche, notch ; and (2) ouche,
Fr. oche, a notch, ocher, to cut into.]
Ounce. [L. uncia.] 1. The twelfth part of a
pound troy. 2. The sixteenth part of a pound
avoirdupois. The ounce troy = ly'/j, nearly
lylj, ounce avoirdupois. 3. The fluid ounce is
the sixteenth part of an imperial pint, and by
weight is reckoned 546J grains, or ij ounce
avoirdupois.
Onrology. The knowledge of disease, as
learnt from the urine [Gr. ahpov].
-ous. (-ic.)
Out-board. {Naut.) Outside a vessel ; opposed
to In-board.
Outlawry. {Leg.) Exclusion from the protection
of the law, depriving the outlaw of the power of
bringing actions, and confiscating his property
to the Crown. Inflicted, generally, for non-
appearance to an indictment, or for absconding
after judgment, leaving the judgment debt impaid.
OutUer. 1. {Geol.) An isolated portion of
stratified rock ; separated by denudation from
the main rock. 2. One who resides away from
the place of his office or duty.
Outpeny. (Inpeny.)
Out-ports. {Naut. ) Those on the coast. All
in the United Kingdom other than London.
Outre. [Fr.] In Art, exaggerated or over-
strained in form or colour.
Outreouidance. [Fr.] Excessive opinion of
one's self; from verb outrecuider, L. ultrk,
beyond, cogitare, to think.
Outrigger. {Naut.) 1. A strong beam
passed through the ports, lashed to the gunwale,
and guyed to bolts at the water-line and the
masts, to counteract the strain on them during
careening. 2. A boom projecting from a vessel,
to hang boats by. 3. Any spar rigged out-
board, as the bumpkin, or boomkin. 4. A log
of wood, etc., rigged out from the side of a
canoe or narrow boat, to prevent it from capsiz-
ing. 6. A light rowing-boat, having its row-
locks out-board, supported on iron stays.
Outspan. [Ger. spannen, to yoke, to put to.]
To release oxen from the yoke.
Outworks. {Mil.) All parts of a permanent
fortification in front of the inside rampart, but
more or less defended by it.
Oval chuck. A lathe chuck constructed to
hold the piece to be turned in such a way that
the cutting tool traces an ellipse instead of a
circle.
Ovation. [L. ovatio, -nem.] {Hist.) The
inferior triumph granted to successful Roman
generals. (Triumph.)
Overcasthig. Sewing by running the thread
over a rough edge.
Overies, St. Uary. The ancient name of St.
Saviour's Church, Southwark. (?) St. Mary oj
the Ferry, as given by Stowe, in his Chronicles ;
(?) over-ey, i.e. over the water, as given by
Camden, in his Britannia. — Mrs. Boger, South-
wark and its Story, p. 5.
Overlap. {Geol.) The extension of one
stratum or set of strata beyond the limits of the
lower strata. Very important, as showing that
the ai-ea of deposition was widening, probably
by subsidence ; if accompanied by unconformity,
it is an evidence of great lapse of time, accom-
panied by disturbances.
Overseers of the poor. Ofificers annually nomi-
nated by the parish vestry, and appointed by
OVER
357
PACT
magistrates at petty sessions ; their duty being
to provide relief for indigent parishioners out of
funds collected by them according to a rate
made at a vestry meeting. (Poor laWB.)
Overshot-wheel. (Water-wheel.)
Overstory. {ArcA.) The same as Clerestory.
Ot61o. [It.] (ArcA.) A moulding, whose
profile is the fourth part of a circle.
OyoTiviparooB. [L. ovum, eg^, vivus, living;
pario, to prodiue young.\ Producing young
from eggs, but hatching them before birth.
Omle. [As if from a dim. of L. 5vum, an
'Si-\ KBot.) A rudimentary unfertilized seed.
Owenites. (Hist.) The followers of Robert
Owen, of Lanark, who maintained the principle
of the community of property.
OwL [Heb. bach-hayya 'anah.] (Bibl.) Lev.
xi. l6 ; probably the ostrich.
Owler. (Naut.) A smuggler, more particularly
of wool.
Owling. In Law, the transportation of sheep
or wool out of the kingdom. The statutes re-
lating to this offence have all been repealed.
0wl-gla«8. (Eolenspiegel, Tyll.)
Ox, Wild. (Bibl.) Dcut. xiv. 5. (Bull,
WUd.)
Oxalie add. [Gt. d^a^ls, sorrel.^ A poisonous
acid, found in viood-sorrcl, etc. Its salts are
called Oxalates.
Oxford, ProTinons ot (Eccl. Hist.) Enact-
ments of the Council held at Oxford (called by
its enemies the Mad Parliament), 1258, to
remedy the grievances which had arisen from
the evasion of the obligations imposed on the
king by the Great Charter. (Charta, Magna.)
Oxford Aot. (Five-Mile Act.)
Oxford clay. (Geol.) Dark-blue and greyish
clays and shales ; fossiliferous, with clayey lime-
stone nodules. Middle Oolite.
Ox-gang. (Camcata.)
Oxide. [Fr.] A compound of oxygen with
a base.
Oxygen. [Gr. J|i5s, acid, yewdw, I ^iurate.\
A gaseous element, supporting life and flame,
and originally supposed to be an essential part
of every acid.
Oxymel. [Gr. d^ifitXt, from o{iJi, sharp, and
fifXi, hotuy.'] A mixture of vinegar and honey.
Oxymoron. [Gr., pointedly foolish. \ (Rhet.)
The application of paradoxical epithets to the
subject of a proposition, often involving a kind
of contradiction ; as if we were to speak of the
crtul kindness of indulging children.
Oxjrtone. [Gr. rffiJrows.] In Gr. Gram., a
word having the acute accent on the last syllable.
Oyer. [O.Fr., L. audire, to hear.] In Law,
a defendant, before pleading to an action on a
bond, might crave O. of the instrument on which
the action was brought, i.e. demand to hear it
read. O. was abolished in 1852.
Oyer and terminer. In Law, the commis-
sions for /tearing and deciding causes, under
which assizes are held in the dififerent counties.
Oyes! (Oyei!)
Oyei! [Fr., hear ye!] The cry of Norman
ushers in courts of justice, metamorphosed by
English criers into " O yes ! "
^ster, Pearl. [Gr. Sarptov, L. ostreum.]
Avlcula margarltlfera ; furnishes pearls, and the
best mother-of-pearl. W. coast of Ceylon, Coro-
mandel, Algeria, Columbia, Panama. Fam.
AvTculIdse, class Conchifera.
Ozsena. [Gr. iC'^iva, from <fC*»j I smell.] Foetid,
purulent discharge from the nostrils.
Ozokerit. [Gr. 6(w, I smell, Ki)p6s, wax.]
A substance like resinous wax, found in Mol-
davia, and used in making candles.
Ozone. [Gr. o^w, / smell.] Oxygen in a
peculiar state, in which its powers are intensi-
fied and it becomes perceptible to the smell.
P.
P. A consonant of the labial series; is, as we
might expect, interchangeable with b in nearly
all known languages. As an abbrev. , it stands
in Latin for Publius; and it is sometimes
used, in medicine, for Pugillus, the eighth part
of a handful ; p.se. stands for partes sequales,
or equal parts ; and P. in Music is piano, or
soft.
P&bfilom. [L.] Lit food ; and so material
for thought, learning, instruction.
Pace, Oeometrical. [L. passus, Fr. pas.] The
distance from where one foot is put down to
where it is put down again ; and so a measure
o{ five feet.
r&cS tfi&. [L.] With your good leave.
Pacha. (Pasha.)
Pachacamac. I'he ancient Peruvian name for
the Creator of the universe.
Pacha's standard. A horse's tail fixed on a
lance. (Pasha.)
Faoliydenn. [Gr. tto-xis, thick, Zipfia, skin.]
(Zool. ) 7 hick-hided ; with Cuvier, = hoofed non-
ruminant mamalia ; e.g. elephant, hippopotamus,
tapir, pig, horse.
P&ciflcse littlrae. (Dimissory letters.)
Pacification, Edicts of. In Fr. Hist., edicts of
French kings in favour of their Protestant sub-
jects, as the Edict of Nantes.
Pack. Of wool, is 240 lbs.
Packfong. [Chin.] German silver.
Pack-ice. Ice in the state cf large floating
pieces.
Paokwax, Pax wax (Y). (Anat.) A large strong
sinew in the neck of quadrupeds ; the ligamentum
nuchae, ligament of the nape of the neck.
Pacte de Famine, In Fr. Hist., an associa-
tion, in the reign of Louis XV., for raising the
price of corn by exporting it and by reintroduc-
ing it at a vast profit.
Pactdlus. [Gr. XiaxrvXii.] A river of
PADD
358
PALE
Lydia, which was said to bring down golden
sands.
Padding. The impregnation of cloth with a
mordant.
Paddle. An instrument for stirring the sand
and ashes in a glass furnace.
Paddlewood. A light strong wood from
Guiana, used by the natives for paddles, by us
for cotton-gin rollers.
Paddy. Rice still in its husk.
Paddy-boat. (Naut.) A Ceylon boat for
carrying rice and other necessaries.
Paddy's hnrrioane. In Naut. slang, not wind
enough to extend a flag.
Padishah. A title of the Turkish sultan and
of the Persian shah.
Padrone. [It.] (NatU.) The master of a
Mediterranean craft.
Padaan. (Naut.) A Malay pirate armed
with one gun forward and another aft.
Padaan eoins. Coins forged by Cavino and
Barsiano, the artists employed on the pope's
medals from Julian III. to Gregory XIII., 1550-
1572.
Padnasoy, corr. into Fr. pou de soie. A silk
stuff, originally made at Padua.
Paean. [Gr. TOKtv.] Among the Greeks, (i)
a hymn in honour of Apollo ; (2) a war-song
before or after battle. Hence any exulting or
triumphant cry.
Peedo-. [Gr. irals, TatSc^s, achild.\
Paedobaptists. [Gr. iroii, a child, $airri(w,
I baptize. ] Those who hold that baptism should
be administered in infancy. (Anabaptist.)
Paenfila. (Chasuble.)
Paeon. [L., Gr. irai(£>'.] A metrical foot of
four syllables, three short and one long. P. is
primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, according to
the position of the long syllable; e.g. -«»««,
Paganism. Properly, the condition of a pagan,
or inhabitant of a country district. (Paynim.)
Commonly, the religious state of the whole
human race except of those who are Christians,
Jews, or Mohammedans.
Page. A word of uncertain origin, applied to
youths in the service of noble or royal per-
sonages.
Pagination. [L. pagTna, page.'X The marking
of the pages of a book.
Pagoda. [Pers. but-kadah, house of gods^
1. {Arch.) A temple containing an idol. 2.
The name of a coin, both gold and silver.
Pahi. {Naut.) Large war-canoe of Society
Isles.
Paigle, Pagle, Peagle. [Probably epingle,
"the style and stigma being stuck, as a pin,
into the germ "(Latham).] The cowslip.
Paillasse. [Fr. paille, straw.} An under-
mattress of straw.
Painim. (Paynim.)
Pains and Penalties, Bill of. A process for
punishing State offenders out of the ordinary
course of justice. The last instance was the Bill
passed by the House of Lords against Queen
Caroline, 1820, but not carried into the House
of Commons.
Painter. 1. {Naut.) A rope in the bows of
a boat to make her fast with. 2. (Zool.) (Cou-
guar.)
Pair. [L. pares, equal.] Of stairs, cards,
organs, = a set ; so "Peers," in House of Lords,
a body of equals, in deliberation.
Pair off. When two voters opposed to each
other agree to abstain from voting, and thus
neutralize each other, they are said \.o pair off.
Palace. (Alhambra; Cloud, Palace of St.;
Esourial ; James, Palace of St. ; Kremlin, The ;
Stephen, Palace of St. ; Tuileries ; Vatican ;
Versailles, Palace of ; Whitehall ; White
Hotise.)
Palace Court. A court of justice, established
by Charles I., for trying personal actions within
a liberty extending to twelve miles round White-
hall. Abolished 1849.
Pal&dins. 1. Properly, officers of the palace,
the L. comites palatii, counts of the palace, or
palatini, of the Byzantine court. 2. In early
French romances, any lord or chief Hence
especially the heroes or warriors of Charles the
Great (Charlemagne).
Palaeocrystio Sea. That around the Poles, a
sea of ancient frost, or ice [Gr. roLKaiiiv Kf{)os\.
PalseSgraphy, [Gr. iraAoirfs, old, ypa<pu,
I write. \ The science of deciphering ancient
inscriptions. (Diplomatics.)
Palaeolithic. (Prehistoric archaeology.)
Palaeontology. [Gr. iro\aj({s, ancient, ovtol,
being.] That part of Geology which deals
with organic life, of plants and of animals, their
remains, and {e.g. ichnites) their records.
P&laeStherium. [Gr. Brtplov, a beast.] (Geol.)
A gen. of extinct pachyderms ; in size from that
of a sheep to that of a horse, in appearance and
probably in habits like the tapir, but much
slimmer. Eocene ; England.
Palaeozoic. (Neozoic.)
Palaestra. [Gr. vaXaiffTpa, from iroAa(«, /
7vrestle.] A place or school for wrestling. In
Greece, the palaestra was a part of the Gymna-
sium.
P&lama. [Gr. xoAc^^tj, palm of the hand.]
{Zool. ) Membrane or web between the toes of
web-footed animals.
Palanquin. [Javan palangki.] A covered
litter borne on men's shoulders.
Palatals. The letters d, g, J, k, I, n, q; so
called from the organ chiefly used in pronounc-
ing them.
Palatinate. The name of two German states,
called the Upper and Lower Palatinates, which
remained under the same sovereign till 1620.
The word means properly the lordship of a
palatine (Paladins). Hence the Ger. pfahgraj
and the Eng. palsgrave.
Palatine. (Tayemicus.)
Pale. [Fr. pal.] {Her.) An ordinary
bounded by two vertical lines, and containing
the middle third part of the escutcheon.
Pale, The, or Within the Pale. In Ir. Hist.,
that portion of Ireland within which the domi-
nion of the English was for some centuries con-
fined after the conquests of Henry II.
Pales, P&leae. [L.] {Bot.) Chaff-like scales,
PALE
3S9
PAN
such as the inner scales of the flower of
grasses.
Palestine, Falestina. Exod. xv. 14 ; Isa. xiv.
29 ; Joel iii. 4 ; is simply Philistia, the country
along the coast, held by the Philistines.
F^etot. [Fr.] A loose overcoat.
Palette. [Fr.] An oval tablet, with a thumb-
hole for holding it, on which a painter lays and
mixes his colours.
Palfrey. [Fr. palefroi.] An easy-going road-
ster, especially for a lady or an ecclesiastic.
PalillSg^. [Gr. iraXiKXoyla, from itiKiv, a^ain,
and \4-yti>, I s/vai\] {Rhet.) The repetition of
a word or a phrase, for the sake of greater im-
pressiveness, as "The living, the living, he shall
praise Thee."
Palimpsest [Gr. iroA/^<('>jo-Tos, mbbed again. \
A parchment from which one writing has been
erased to make room for another. In this way
many valuable ancient works have been lost. A
few have been recovered from the writing by
which they had been overlaid.
Palindrome, Palindromic verses. [Gr. itaXiv-
8/M/iOT, running back, running backwards and
forwards.] Words or verses which may be
read backwards as well as forwards ; as " Roma
tibi subito motibus ibit amor," Rome, to thee
love "unll suddenly come with its tumults ; "Signa
te signa temere me tangis et angis." The
matter of such verses must always be worthless.
Paling-board. One of the outside slabs
sawed from the four sides of a tree to square it
(used for palings).
Palingenesis. [Gr., from niXiv, again^ and
7*V«(riy, birth.] In Theol., regeneration.
Palinode. [Gr. iroAifbiSla.] In poetry, a re-
cantation, or withdrawal of invectives expressed
in a previous poem.
Palisades. [Fr. palissade, It. palizzata.]
(Mil. ) Row of triangular wooden stakes about
ten feet long with six-inch faces, sunk upright in
the ground for one-third of their length, and
placed about three inches asunder.
Palissy ware. Made at Saintes and Paris by
Bernard de P. and his assistants, temp, Henri II.-
Henri IV. Characterized by coloured reliefs,
especially of fish and reptiles. The moulds are
still in use.
Palkee. [Hind, p^lki.] A palanquin.
Pall. {Her.) A charge shaped like a Y, in
imitation of the ecclesiastical /a//. (Pallinm.)
Pamdlnm. [Gr. iroAAc£5«o»'.] 1. A wooden
statue of Pallas, supposed to be the safeguard
of Troy. Hence any special safeguard or de-
fence, as of trial by jury, or a free press for the
British constitution. 2. A rare, steel-grey metal,
very infusible (from the planet Pallas, discovered
a year earlier).
Pallas. In Gr. Myth., a name of Athena,
probably as the virgin goddess [Gr. niKKaJ^, a
maiden].
Pallet. [Fr. palette.] 1. {//er.) A diminutive
of the pale, being one-half its size. 2. A gilder's
tool for taking up and applying gold-leaf. 8.
The projecting piece at the end of a clock es-
capement, by which it acts on the scape-wheel.
Palliobranchiata. (Braohiopoda.)
24
PalUam. [L., a cloak.] {Eccl.) A vestment
sent from Rome to archbishops on their accession
to their sees. It has now become a mere white
woollen band, worn round the shoulders, with
one end hanging in front, the other on the back.
Palm. (Naut.) 1. The face of an anchor-
fluke. 2. A flat piece of metal set in leather or
canvas, and fastened in the palm of the hand,
for forcing a needle through canvas.
Palm, Order of the Fruitful. A German
society, formed 1617, dissolved 1680, for pre-
serving and cultivating the German language.
Palmair. [Fr. palmaire, relating to the palm
of the hand.] (/Vaut.) 1. Old name for a
rudder. 2. A pilot.
Palmam qui merfiit ferat. [L.L.] Zet the
desennng bear the palm (the prize of victory).
(Olympic games.)
Palmary. [L. palmarius, deserving the ppJma,
prize.] Pre-eminent, palmy, chief.
Palmate leaf [L. palmatus, shaped like the
palm of the hand (palma)], or Qiiinate [quini.
Jive each], (Bot.) One with five lobes, as marsh
cinquefoil. Digitate [digitatus, having Jingers\
one with five leaflets, more or less, radiating
separately from each other from one point, as
cinquefoil, tormentil.
Palmers. {Hist.) Crusaders returned from
the East ; so called from the palm branch which
they commonly carried with them.
Falmerworm. [Heb. gazam (Joel i. 4), one
who bites off.] {Bibl.) Larva of locust.
Palmetto State. S. Carolina, the arms of
which contain a palmetto. — Bartlett's Ameri-
canisms.
Palmiped. [L. palma, a/o/zw, ^a«rf.] Web-
footed.
Palmistry. [L. palma, the hand.] The divi-
nation which professes to tell a man's fortune by
the lines on his hands or fingers. Called by the
Greeks x^^potMimla, Chironiatuy.
Palpebral. [L. palpebralis, from palpebra,
eyelid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the eyebrow.
Palpi. [L. palpus, a touching sojtly, hence
the instrument with which this is done.] {Entom.\
Feelers attached to the mouths of insects, spiders,
crustaceans, and acephalous molluscs.
Falildamentnm. [L.] In Rom. Ant., a
military cloak, worn by generals.
Paly. (Her.) Covered with bands alter-
nately of two tinctures, vertical like a. pale (q.v).
Famban manche, or Snake-boat of Cochin.
{A^aut.) A canoe, from thirty to forty feet long,
cut out of a solid tree, and propelled by paddles,
double-banked. Used on the rivers and back-
waters of Cochin.
Pamela, or Virtue Reivarded. Richardson's
novel, 1740. P. is the virtuous, persecuted
servant, who becomes the wife of her rich young
master.
Pampas. The treeless plains of Patagonia
and La Plata.
Pampero. A dry north-west wind, blowing
from the Andes to the coast over the Pampas.
Pamplegl^. [Gr. rav, all, the whole, vKrry^,
stroke, bloiv.] General paralysis. (Hemiplegia.)
Pan. [Gr.] {A/yth.) A rural deity, de
PANA
360
PANN
described as playing on his harp among the
reeds and rushes. His name was supposed to
be the same as the word nay, all ; but it really
represents the Skt. Pavana, the soft puffing
breeze [L. FavSnius], which discourses only sweet
music. (Orpheus.)
Fan. A mixture of areca nut, betel, and lime,
chewed by Asiatics.
Panacea. \Qt.ifa.vSxna, healing all.\ {Myth.)
A daughter of Asklepios, or ^Esculapius. Hence
any supposed remedy for all diseases.
Panache. [Fr.] A plume worn on the
helmet.
Panagia. [Gt., All-lady.] The blessed Virgin.
Pan-Anglican Synod. A Synod with represen-
tatives from all Churches in communion with the
Church of England.
Panathenaic festival. {/list.) Two great fes-
tivals of the inhabitants of Attica, in honour of
Athena, were so called ; the greater celebrated
once in five years, the lesser every third year, or
perhaps yearly. In the former, the Peplos, or
sacred robe of the goddess, was hung like a sail
on a vessel like a ship, and carried to the
Acropolis, where it was placed on her statue.
Panchatantra. \?>\i\.,, Jive books ^] An ancient
collection of tales in Sanskrit. The Persian
translation, called the Book of Calila and Ditntta,
is attributed to Bidpai, or Pilpay. Another set
of tales, called the Utory of the Seven Sages, was
also translated into Persian from Sanskrit ; but
the Sanskrit original has not been discovered.
These stories found their way into Europe, and
were reproduced in collections such as the Gesta
Komanorum, in which they were made to answer
a strictly theological purpose. (Hitopadesa.)
Pan conpe. [Fr. pan, skirt, flat front.]
(Mil. ) The junction of the two adjacent superior
slopes of a parapet at the salient of a work,
when I ut flat for the purpose of enabling a frontal
fire to be brought on the capital [q.v.).
Pancr&tlnm. [Gr. irayKpiTiov, a complete
victory.] A kind of athletic contest, in which
wrestling and boxing were united.
PancrSas. [Gr. iraytcpeas.] {Anat.) Sweet-
bread, a conglomerate gland across the posterior
wall of the abdomen, secreting a fluid which is sup-
posed to render absorbable the oily parts of food.
Pandects. [Gr. ircwSfKTai, plu. of iravSiKrris,
a II -receiving.] The great compilation of Roman
law executed under Justinian, sixth century.
(Digests.)
PandemSnlnm. [Gr. nav, all, Satfj.a>v, a
demon.] Milton's name for the "high capital
of Satan and his peers."
Pandits. 1. Learned Brahmans in India.
2. Pretenders to learning.
Pandora. [Gi.iray,all,Sa)pov,agift.] (Myth.)
According to Hesiod, the first woman ; so
called as being given to men by all the gods.
Being presented to Epimetheus, she lifted the
lid of the box on his threshold, and let loose all
the evil things shut up in it.
Pandora's box. (Pandora.)
Pandore. ( Bandore. )
Pandour. A Hungarian foot-soldier in the
Austrian service. They were originally raised
in the mountainous districts of Lower Hungary,
near the village of Pandur. — Webster, J£ng.
Did.
Panduriform leaf . (Sot.) Oblong, contracted
in the middle, something like a fiddle [L.
pandura] ; e.g. leaves of Rumex pulcher.
Panegyric. [Gr. \6yQs ■ravriyupiK6s, a speech
to a getural assembly, from ■Ka.tni\yvpis.] 1. An
oration in praise of an individual or of a body
of men, especially at the great games. The
P. of Isokrates was composed for the Olympic
festival, but was not recited. 2. (Eccl.) Sermon
in honour of particular saints.
Panel. [O.Fr.] 1. (Arch.) A compartment
with raised margins, as in ceilings, wainscotings,
etc. 2. In Law, a roll on which are written the
names of those who are to serve on a jury.
3. In Scot. Law, the defendant in a criminal
cause is called pannel (Wedgwood, Diet, of
Etymology, s.v. " pane," " pannel "). 4. A thin
board for painting a picture on. 6. A heap of
ore dressed ready for sale. 6. A square section
of a coal-seam worked separately. 7. A portion
of solid rock left unworked in a mine.
Panem et Circenses. [L.] Bread and the
Circensian games ; that is, popular indulgences
which the mob insist on receiving. (Circus.)
Pangaia. (Naut.) E.-African vessel, resem-
bling a barge. Its planks are fastened by
wooden pegs, and sewed with twine. It sets
one sail made of cocoa-nut leaves.
Pangloss. A poor and conceited pedant in
Colman's play of The Heir-at-Larv ; the name
implying a knowledge of all tongtws [Gr. yXuaaa.].
Panic. Any sudden and groundless alarm.
This meaning of the word is explained by the
myth, that on the Indian expedition of Bacchus,
Pan, being surrounded by his enemies, so scared
them with the echoes of a rocky valley that they
all instantly fled.
Panic, CommerciaL The crisis produced
when the bounds which separate overtrading
and rash speculation from legitimate com-
mercial risk have been passed. When bankers
contract their accommodation, the discounter
draws on the resources of the Bank of Eng-
land, which attempts to check such applica-
tions by raising its rate of discount. If the rate
be raised to a height which causes a collapse of
credit, large bankruptcies follow, and the result
is a panic ; traders of undoubted solvency, and
possessed of a capital more than able to meet all
claims, being often involved in the calamity.
Panicle. [L. paniciila, a tuft, panicle, dim.
oi Ya.nMS, a bobbin-thread.] (Bot.) A compound
raceme, the inflorescence loosely rising from
branched pedicels ; most common in grasses.
Panini. The most celebrated of the San-
skrit grammarians ; his work being even now
the standard of Sanskrit grammar; many cen-
turies B.C.
Pannag. Ezek. xxvii. 17 ; occurs nowhere
else, and is left untranslated. The Syriac Version
renders it "millet;" Ewald, "sweet-wares."
Fiirst inclines to the name of a fertile place — ■
perhaps Pingi, mentioned in the Mishna, between
Baalbec and Damascus. — Speaker's Commentary.
PANN
361
PARA
Pannyar. (Aa«/.) Kidnapping negroes on
the African coast.
Panopticon. [Gr. irav, all, 6irronai, I see^^
A nanie coined by Jeremy Bentham for his
mo<lel prison, in which the cells were so arranged
that the inspector could see each prisoner at all
times without being seen himself.
Panorama. [Gr. nav Spa/jui, all view,'\ A
circular painting exhibited on the walls of a
building of the same form.
Pan's pipes, Pandean pipes. A combination
of pipes graduated in length and tone ; the
upper ends open, level, played upon by the
mouth ; the lower ends closed. Very ancient.
f.q. avpsy^ a.nd ^sfula; the first idea of an organ.
Panstereor&ma. [Gr. way, all, ffrep(6s, solid,
ipdfia, a vieu'.'\ A model of a town or country
erected in cork, wood, or any other solid sub-
stance.
Pantagrnelism. The theory or practice of the
medical profession, from Pantagruel, a character
of Rabelais.
Pantaloon. [It. pantalone. ] A chief character
in pantomimes.
Pantheism. [Gr. way, 0fos, God.] In
Philosophy, the theory which makes God and
the universe in its totality, identical ; and by
inference denies the existence of a conscious
mind outside of nature.
Pantheon. [Gr.] A temple dedicated to all
the gods. Such was at Rome the structure
ascribed to Agrippa, son-in-law of Octavius
(Augustus).
Pantile. A tile with a curved surface.
Pantlsdor&cy. [Gr. iray, ita»r6i, all, Xaos, equal,
Kpartu, /j^ozern.] A fanciful scheme of equal
government, that is, of socialism, suggested by
some enthusiastic admirers of the French Revo-
lution, amongst whom at one time were Southcy
and Coleridge.
Pantograph. [Gr. was, wtan6s, all, the whole,
ypacpu, I draw.] An instrument for producing
enlarged or reduced copies of drawings.
Papal States. Formerly, an irregular group
of states, Z-shaped, the northern and eastern
portions, Koma^^na and The Marches, being con-
nected by a strip across the Apennines with the
southern, or States of the Church. Romagna
annexed formally to kingdom of Sardinia, i860;
the rest to kingdom of Italy, 1870.
Papeterie. [Fr.] An ornamental case con-
taining writing-paper, etc.
Papier-maohe. [Fr., chewed paper.] Paper
pulp, or sheets of paper glued and pressed
tf^ether, for making mouldings, trays, etc.
Fapilionaceoos plants. [L. papilio, a butter-
fly.] (Bot.) Those leguminous plants which
have the pea-like, five-petalled flower, i.e.
vexillum, standard, the large P. at the back ; ala;,
wings ; and carina, keel, which is made up of
two petals, generally united by their lower
edges.
PapIUSnldes. [L. papTlTonem, a butterfly.]
{Entom.) Butterflies, Ltpidoptdra with knobbed
antennse, Rhopalocera [Gr. f>&ir&Kov, a club].
P&pillaB. [L., pimples.] 1. (Anat.) Minute
conical processes at the surface of the true skin,
in several parts ; highly vascular and nervous,
and actively concerned in the sense of touch. 2.
(Bot. ) Certain cellular growths on the margin
or upper surface of the fronds of ferns.
Pappus. [L.] The seed-down by which the
fruit of some plants, especially Compositae, is
carried through the air ; e.g. dandelion.
Papyri. [L.] Scrolls written on a surface
made from the stalks of the Egyptian plant
papyrus.
Papyrine. [Fr. papyrine, mcuie of paper.]
Parchment paper. (Parchment paper.)
Papjrrography. [Gr. irinvpos, papyrus,
ypdipa, 1 ivrite.] Printing from pasteboard
covered with a calcareous substance, instead of
the stone used in lithography.
Papyms. [Gr. irairOpos.] i^Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Cyperacese. P. antiquorum, a
water-plant, from whose soft cellular flower-
stem the most ancient "paper" was made. .
Paqae. The French form of the word Pascha,
meaning Easter.
Par. [L., equal.] The exact correspondence
of a public security or stock with the sum which
it represents. Absolutely safe investments will
always be at par, if the capital value is not likely
to be increased or diminished.
Parable. In Ezek. xx. 49, " Doth he not speak
P.?" Ps. Ixxviii. 2 ; Numb, xxiii. 7 ; Job xxvii. l,
and many other passages, is = riddle, mysterious
or strange language. So Jotham's "parable"
in the heading of Judg. ix. (which is not a
parable but a fable) is = his riddle, his perplex-
ing question ; (?) because parables, being words
to the wise, were often riddles ; or (?) Gr. j
wapaffoK'fi, in its occasional meaning of obliquity.
Parabola. [Gr. wapafioK'fi, a plcuing beside,
and so a parabola, because its axis is parallel to
the side of the cone.] (Math.) The curve
obtained by cutting a cone by a plane parallel to
a tangent plane. It would be traced out by a
point moving in such a way that its perpendicular
distance from a fixed line equals its distance from
a fixed point, lis focus.
Par&bolanL [Gr. irapa0o\'fi, a venture, risk.]
In the ancient Church, officers who attended
upon the sick ; ready also to engage in quarrels
between Church and State ; e.g. that between
Cyril and Orestes of Alexandria.
Paraboloid. [Gr., parabola, tlSos, form.]
(Math. ) The solid generated by the revolution
of a parabola round its axis of symmetry.
Faracelsists. followers of the quack or
empiric Paracelsus, who, in the sixteenth century,
opposed the traditionary doctrines of the schools
of Hippocrates and Aristotle.
Parachronism. [Gr. wapd, beside, xp^^os, time.]
An error in chronology, which assigns too late a
date to any event.
Parachute. [Fr., from parer, to ward off,
chute, fall.] An umbrella-shaped machine, for
breaking the fall of anything let drop from a
balloon.
Paraclete. [Gr. wap6,K\i^o^, an advocate.]
The Holy Spirit, as the Comforter of mankind.
In the early ages, some believed that the
Paraclete would appear corporeally on the earth.
PARA
362
PARA
Hence Simon Magus, Manes, Montanus, and
others pretended to be this expected Paraclete.
(Manichseans ; Montanists.)
Paradigm. [Gr. irapdSdyfia, an example.^
(h'/ut.) Any illustration, including parable and
fable.
Paradise. (Parviae.)
Paradise of fools. (Limbos.)
Parados. [Fr., from parer h. dos, to parry
behind.} {Fortif.) Embankment of earth to
protect the occupiers of a fortification work
from the fire of an enemy in their rear.
Paradox. [Gr. ■KopdXo^os, contrary to opinion."}
A proposition which seems to be absurd, or
inconsistent with previous experience or
previously ascertained truths, although it may
turn out to be perfectly well founded.
Paraffin. [L. parum affinis, hit little akin,
i.e. chemically indifferent, resisting strong acids
and alkalies.] A hydro-carbon, from distilla-
tion of wood, peat, bituminous shale, coal ; very
abundant in beech-tar.
Paragiom. (Appanage.)
ParagdgS. (Uetaplasm.)
Parigon. [Fr.] 1. A model, or pattern, with
the connotation of special perfection. 2. A kind
of type, as —
Cape.
Paragraph. [Gr. irapaypa<p-fi, a line draron in
the margin.} A mark used in printing ; thus : \
Paraleipsis. [Gr., from To/)oA.«/irw, I leave on
otu side.} {Khet.) The artfully displayed
omission of details, in order to rouse the
emotions of the hearer.
Par&lipSmena. [Gr., things left on one side.}
The name given in the Septnagint to the two
Books of Chronicles, as supplementing those of
the Kings.
Parallactic instmment. (Parallax.) An
ancient instrument for observing the zenith
distances of stars.
Parallax [Gr. irapiK\ai,is, the mutual inclina-
tion of two lines forming an angle} ; Annual P. ;
Binocular P.; Diurnal P.; Equatorial P.;
Geocentric P. ; Horizontal P. Parallax is the
change in the angular position of a point when
seen first from one station and then from another.
When a point is viewed by one eye and then by
the other (without moving the head), the change
in the direction in which it is viewed is a P., and
is sometimes called a Binocular P. The Diurnal
or Geocentric P. of a heavenly body is the
difference at any instant between its position as
seen by the spectator, and its position as it would
be seen by a spectator having the same zenith
occupying the position of the centre of the earth.
The Diurnal P. is commonly called simply the
P. of a heavenly body. The Horizontal P. of a
heavenly body is its P. when on the spectator's
horizon ; it is the angular magnitude of the
earth's radius as seen from the heavenly body.
In the case of the moon, this angle is reckoned
with respect to the radius of the earth's equator,
and is called the moon's Equatorial horizontal P.
The Annual /*. is a small change of position
observable in a few fixed stars when seen from
different points of the earth's orbit ; it is the
angle subtended at the star by a radius of the
earth's orbit.
Parallel [Gr. irapt£\X7i\os, side by side,
parallel} ; P. motion ; P. of declination ; P. of
latitude. Two straight lines are Parallel when,
being in the same plane, they may be produced
indefinitely in both directions without meeting ;
planes are P. when, being produced indefinitely
in all directions, they never meet. The P.
motion is a piece of linkwork connecting the
end of a piston-rod to the end of the beam of a
steam-engine in such a manner that the end of
the former, while moving up and down a straight
line, causes the latter to move backwards and
forwards in a circular arc ; the force being
transmitted, whether a pull or a push. P. of
latitude, (i, Geog.) a small circle parallel to the
earth's equator; (2, Astron.) a small circle on
the great sphere parallel to the ecliptic. P. of
declination, a small circle on the great sphere
parallel to the celestial equator.
Parallel. (Mil.) Large trench with covering
parapet embracing the fronts of a fortification
to be attacked, and serving as a communication
between the different approaches.
Parallel. (Naut.) Latitude. P. -sailing, sail-
ing due E. or W.
Parallelepiped. (Math.) A solid contained by
six parallelograms.
Parallelism. [Gr. irapi\\-i)\os, side by side.}
In Hebrew poetry, the rhythm obtained by
expressions balancing each other, as, "The
Lord is my light ; whom shall I fear ? the Lord
is the strength of my life ; of whom shall I be
afraid ? "
Parallelogram [Gr. irapa\\vi\6ypap.fxov, a
parallelogram} ; P. of forces ; P. of velocities.
A four-sided figure whose opposite sides are
parallel. If two adjacant sides represent in
magnitude and direction two forces (or velocities)
acting on (or moving) a particle at the angular
point, the single force (or velocity) equivalent to
the two is represented in magnitude and direc-
tion by the diagonal drawn through that angular
point. This theorem is called the P. of forces
(or velocities).
Parallel-veined leaves. (Bot.) 1. Those of
endogens generally ; the veins running straight
to the margin, from and parallel to the midrib ;
as grass, lily. 2. Reticulated venation [L. re-
ticulum, dim. of rete, a net}, that of exogens
generally ; the veins leaving the midrib at
greater or less angles, and giving off other veins
again ; as oak, rose, laurel. 3. Furcate V. [L.
furca, a fork}, that of acrogens generally ; the
veins leaving the midrib as in No. 2, then
dividing in a forked way ; as in ferns.
Paralogism, Paralogy. [L. -KaptxhoyiafiLis, from
irapi, beside, and \6-yos, reason.} In Logic,
reasoning which is false in form, i.e. in which the
conclusion does not follow from the premisses.
(Syllogism.)
Paralysis, Palsy. [Gr. vap&Kvais, irapaXvo/jiai,
I am disabled at the side.} (Med.) A loss,
more or less complete, of the power of motion,
PARA
363
PARE
and, in some cases, of sensation also. (Hemi-
plegia; Famplegia; Paraplegia.)
Paramagnetic bodies. [Gr. irapi, alongside of,
\i6oi Mo^j'TjTTjs, a mapiet.'] Such as iron,
nickel, manganese, etc. A bar of either of these
substances tends to place itself in a direction
parallel to that of a magnet in its neighbour-
hood. The direction of their magnetization is
the same as that of the field in which they are
placed. Other bodies, as bismuth, zinc, etc.,
have the direction of their magnetization opposite
to that of the field ; these are Diamagnetic
[5te£, through, acrosi] bodies.
Paramatta (from Paramatta, in Australia).
A fabric resembling merino, made of worsted
and cotton.
Parameter. [Gr. wapofitrp^u, I measure by
something else.] 1. {Math.) Any one of the
constants which connect the variables of an
equation. If the equation represents a curve,
the parameters distinguish curves of the same
kind from each other ; thus {x — a)* -f {y—b)*
= c' is the equation to a circle ; a, b, c, are the
parameters, and for different values of them we
have circles of different sizes in different posi-
tions. 8. (Crystalhg.) The parts of the axes
cut off by any one face or cleavage plane, or
any three lines proportional to them, are the
parameters of the crystal.
Paramoi. Mountainous districts in S. America,
in which a damp cold prevails perpetually.
Paramount (Paravail.)
Para nut (from Para, in Brazil). The Biazil
nut.
Paranymph. [Gr. irofxCfv/i^j.] A bridesman.
Faransello. (A^aut.) Small, pink-sterned
vessel, with lateen mainsail and mizzen, and
large jib ; Mediterranean.
Parapet. [Fr. parapet, from It. parapetto,
parare, to cover, petto, the breast.] (Port if.)
Bank of earth covering men and guns behind it ;
its interior slope very steep, and the superior or
upper one declined gently outwards, to facilitate
the operation of firing from behind it.
Paraphe. [Through Fr. parafe, initials, or
a flourish, and L. paragraphus, from Gr. itapi-
ypaipos, a mark made by the side.] An arbitrary
addition to a signature or monogram.
Paraphem&Ua. [Gr. vapitptpva., from <t>(pirf\,
a dowry.] In Law, the apparel, jewels, etc., of
a wife, regarded as belonging to her in separate
property.
.Paraphrase. [Gr. iropc£<^po<rti.] (Rhet.) The
rendering of a passage in easier and simpler
language.
Paraphrase of Erasmus. (Bible, English.)
Paraphrases, Chaldee. (Chaldee Paraphrases.)
Plr&pWg^i. [Gr.] (Ah-d.) Paralysis of one-
half of the body, taken transversely. (Hemi-
plegia.)
Parasang. [Gr. leapourirfyv^f Pers. farsang.]
A Persian measure of length, somewhat exceed-
ing our league, according to Herodotus. Others
make it twice this length.
Paraselene. [Gr. ■napi., beside, <r*A^«^, moon.]
A meteor which consists in the simultaneous
appearance of several moons. (Parhelion.)
Parasite. [Gr. irapi<riros, from irapa, by, and
fflros, food.] One who lives by eating at the
table of a patron. Hence a flatterer or fawner.
Parast&tsB. [Gr. ■jrapaffToTrjs, one who statids
near another.] (Arch.) Pilasters or square
pillars, standing out from the wall along which
they are arranged.
Par&tazis. [Gr.] In Gram., the ranging of
propositions one after the other, without marking
their dependence or interconnexion, as is done
in Syntax.
Parathesis. [Gr. wapi$fais, a putting beside.]
The printed matter contained within brackets.
Paravail. In Feud. Law, the inferior who
holds of the superior lord or paramount. The
words were suggested by the contrast of moun-
tain and valley.
Parbuckle. (/Va?</.) To lower or raise any
cylindrical object, by making fast the bight of a
rope to a post, and passing the ends under and
over the object, and hauling upon or slacking
them, as it is required to raise or lower the
object. Casks are often thus lowered into cellars.
Parcae. (Fates.)
Parcel, To. (Naut.) To wind parcelling, i.e.
tarred canvas, round a rope.
Parcel grilt. Partially gilt.
Parcener. [O. Fr. par^onnicr, from L. pars,
partis, a portion.] In Law, a coheir, or one of
two or more persons to whom an estate descends
jointly, and by whom it is held as one estate.
Parchment paper, Vegetable parchment. A
substance like parchment, made by immersing
bibulous paper in sulphuric acid and water.
Parclose, or Perclose. [L. per, through,
clausus, part, of claudo, / shut.] A barrier,
separating a chancel, chapel, or tomb from the
rest of the church.
Pardon. [Fr.] In Law, the regal preroga-
tive of pardoning offences against the Crown or
public, with certain exceptions. P. cannot be
pleaded to a Parliamentary impeachment so as
to stop the inquiry.
Parecb&sis. [Gr.] (/?//<?/.) The Greek word
for the Latin digressio, digression.
Paregoric. [Gr. ■irapriyopuc6s, consoling.]
(Mid.) Mitigating pain.
ParembSle. [Gr.] (Phet.) The insertion of
a paragraph in the middle of a sentence, in order
to explain something. Also called Paremptosis.
Paremptosis. [Gr., from Jtapd, by the side of,
iv, in, itTwais, a falling.] (Parembole.)
Parenchyma. [Gr. ■Kopeyx^ti-a, a thing poured
in beside, and in Gr. Med. = the substance of
lungs, liver, etc., as if formed separately from
muscular flesh.] 1. (Med.) The substance,
basis, of a glandular organ. 2. (Bol.) Cellular
tissue, showing hexagonal cells when cut across,
filling the spaces between the veins of leaves.
Parenthesis. [Gr. TrapivQtffis, a putting in
beside.] A mark used in printing; thus ( ),
inclosing words in a sentence which may be
omitted without injury to its grammatical con-
struction.
Pares cum paribus facilllme congregantur.
[L. ] Birds of a feather flock together.
Par excellence. [Fr.] Pre-eminently.
PARC
364
PARO
Parget, Fargettdiig. [From L. paries, parietis,
awa//.] {An/i.) Plaster- work, decorated with
figures in relief or sunk in the surface.
Parhelion. [Gr. vapiiXios, mar the stin.l A
mock-sun. Halos are usually attended by a
horizontal white circle, with brighter spots near
their intersection with this circle ; these spots
are parhelia. (Paraselene.)
Pariah. (Farias.)
Parian. A fine porcelain clay, used for making
statuettes, etc. (from its resembling Parian
marble).
Parian Chronicle. A chronological register,
giving the chief events in Gr. Hist, to about
the middle of the third century B.C., found in
the island of Paros, and now included in the
. English collection of Anmdelian marbles.
Parian verse. Iambic verse, Archilochus, the
first great master of it, having been a native of
the island of Paros.
Parian ware. A delicate yellowish white
ware, nearly approaching porcelain, invented
about 1845. I' shrinks seventy-five per cent, in
firing.
Parias. The lowest class of inhabitants in
some parts of India, who have no caste. The
word IS sometimes applied to all who do not
belong to the four Hindu castes, the members
of which are an extremely small minority of the
population. Hence pariah = any outcast.
(Caste.)
Parietal parts. [L. pXries, parietis, a ■wall.\
1. {Ana!. ) Those which inclose cavities ; e.g.
P. bones form the sides and upper parts of the
cranium. 2. {Bot.) Growing from the lining
of anything ; e.g. the placentae of the poppy,
from the walls of the ovary.
Paring and burning. {Agr.) Paring the
root-matted surface off land, and then burning
it to prepare the soil for ploughing.
Pari passu. [L., with equal pace.\ Evenly,
or together.
Paris, Judgment of. This phrase refers to
the myth of the golden apple which, as not
being bidden to the feast, £ris, the Greek
goddess of strife, threw down on the banquet-
table at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, with
an inscription denoting that it was a gift for
the fairest. Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite at
once asserted each her claim. Zeus appointed
Paris, son of the Trojan Priam, and husband
of CEn5ne, the judge ; and the prize was by him
adjudged to Aphroidite, who promised him the
fairest of women as his wife. This woman was
Helen, whose abduction by Paris from the house
of Menelaos led to the war between the Greeks
and the Trojans, and the destruction of Ilion.
Parish. [Gr. iropoxKfo, a neighbnurhood.']
Originally a civil division ; then the district or
diocese of the bishop ; afterwards an eccle-
siastical division of a town or district placed
under the ministry of one pastor. In England
they are mentioned as early as the reign of
Edgar, 970.
Parisian Massacre. (Bartholomew, St., Mas-
sacre of.)
Park. [Fr. pare, an inclosurt, L.L. parcus.]
The artillery P. is the place where the j;uns
and tumbrils are collected in a camp ; and the
engineer P. the depot for intrenching tools,
pontoons, and engineer stores.
Parker's Bible. (Bible, English.)
Parliament. (Addled Parliament; Conven-
tion ; Long Parliament ; Mad Parliament ; Par-
liament, Devil's ; Parliament, Drunken ; Parlia-
ment, The Good ; Provisions of Oxford. )
Parliament, Barebone's. (Barebone's Parlia-
ment.)
Parliament, Devil's. The Parliament con-
vened at Coventry by Heniy VI., 1459. So
called as having attainted the Duke of York and
his supporters.
Parliament, Drunken. The Parliament as-
sembled at Edinburgh, 1661.
Parliament, Long. (Long Parliament.)
Parliament, Mad. (Provisions of Oxford.)
Parliament, Privilege of. This term denotes
the privileges of the several members of either
House, enjoyed by virtue of their seats. To a
great extent they are customaiy ; and the
Houses themselves are the only tribunals by
which questions arising on this subject can be
tried. Among these privileges are freedom of
speech in debate, and freedom from arrest in
civil suits. The Lords possess further the privi-
lege of voting by proxy and of entering protests
against measures of which they disapprove.
Parliament, Bump. (Long Parliament.)
Parliament, The Good, 1376. Opposed and
set itself to reform the corruption and mis-
government of Edward III. at the decline of his
life ; banished Alice Perrers, etc. ; marking a
new stage of opposition to illegal government.
Parliament-heel. ( Naut. ) Spok en of a vessel
slightly careened by shifting the ballast, etc., so
as to clean the exposed part of her bottom.
Parminianists. {Eccl Hist.) The Donatists
were sometimes so called, from Parmenianus,
Bishop of Carthage, one of their chief leaders.
Parnassus. A mountain in Greece, sacred to
Phoebus and the Muses. On its southern side
was Delphi with its oracle, and the Castalian
spring. Hence steps to Parnassus denotes helps
towards proficiency in poetry.
Parnassus, Grass of. {Bot.) Beautiful bog
plants (said to have been produced on Mount
P.). Parnassia palustris, ord. Droseracese,
common in bogs, especially among mountains of
N. Britain.
Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble pair of
brothers (Horace).
ParSchla. Corr. of Pdracia. (Paroikia.)
Parody. [Gr. irapojSia.] A composition in
which grave or serious writings are burlesqued
by exaggerating their characteristic features.
Prose writings are seldom parodied.
Paroikia. [Gr. iropoj/cia.] At first a congre-
gation of strangers ( I Pet. ii. 1 1 ) ; a bishop
being set over the P. , and iiri<TKoiros and irapoiKia
being correlative terms, while Dio;cesis [Swt-
ifTjffis] = a parish. But in the seventh or eighth
century parish churches being frequently founded
in villages, parochia {q.v.) came to mean tho
presbyter^ s cure, and dioecesis, diocese.
PARO
36s
PASC
Parole, Parol. [Fr. parole, L. parabola.] 1.
In Law, word of mouth, a parol agreement being
contrasted with a written one. 2. In military
language, the verbal pledge of a prisoner to
reappear when called for. 8. Secret watchword
given only to commanders, to enable parties to
pass the guards in a camp. (Countersign.)
ParSnSmasIa. [Gr.] {Rhet.) The use of the
same word in different senses in a single sen-
tence, or the opposition to each other of words
similar in sound. A kind of play, or punning.
Paronymoos. [Gr. iropcicv/io; . ] {Gram.)
Words of similar derivation ; as man, mankind,
manhood.
ParSUtis, or Humps. {Med.) Inflammation
of the parotid gland [Gr. Topurls, from ■rapd,
near, and oJj, wt<$j, the ear],
Farqaeterie. [Fr. parquet, the bar of a court
of justice, wooden flooring.] Parquetry, inlaid
wooden flooring.
Parr. [Perhaps Gael, bradan.] A small fish
found where salmon congregate. Whether it be
young salmon, or a spec, of trout, has been
doubted.
Parrals, or Parrels. {I^aut.) Bands of rope
or iron collars on which the yards travel up or
down a mast. P.-ropes, eta, various devices for
fastening yards to masts.
Parricide. [L. parriclda, from pater, a father,
caedo, / kill.'\ Properly the murder or mur-
derer of a father, but often extended to the mur-
der of any near relation, and in some countries
to that of distinguished and sacred persons.
English law treats it as simple murder.
Parsee. (Oaebers.)
Parsing. In Gram., the resolution of a sen-
tence into its parts [L. partes].
Parson. [L. persona ecclesise.] In Law, one
who has full possession of the rights of a paro-
chial church, and, as such, is a corporation sole.
(Beetor.)
Parted, Party. [O.Fr. parti, divided.^ {Her.)
Divided by a line or lines m the direction of one
or more of the honourable ordinaries ; as, parted
per pale and per bend sinister, which signifies
that the escutcheon is divided by a vertical line
down the middle (per pale), and a diagonal line
from the sinister chiei^ to the dexter base (per
bend sinister).
Parterre. [Fr.] T'-iir //V in a French theatre ;
so called because originally meaning that ground
which spectators stood upon in front of a stage
Erected in the yard of an inn, where formerly
performances often took place. So pit recalls
the fact of representations often taking place,
with us, in cockpits.
ParthenogSnSsia. [Gr. wapOtyot, a vt'r/p'n,
yiviffn, on'ifin.] Professor Owen's term, mean-
ing (l) the production of successive procreative
generations from a single ovum, the partheno-
genetic individual being either sexless or virgin
females ; meaning also (2) propagation by a
plant or animal by self-division, by gemmation
from within or without, or by any other method
than impregnation.
Parthendn. [Gr.] The temple of the virgin
{xButOivos] Athena, on the Acropolis at Athens.
The chief sculptures taken from it form the Eng-
lish collection known as the Elgin marbles.
Parthenopaean Bepnblio. Naples.
Parthian retreat. The Parthians were able
to discharge their arrows while riding at full
speed from the enemy. Hence a Parthian
retreat is one which practically prevents pursuit.
Partlceps crimlnis. [L., a sharer 0/ guilt.}
{Leg. ) An accessory to crime.
Participants. [L. participare, to share."} An
order of knighthood founded bySixtus V., 158b,
in honour of the Virgin of Loretto. It soon
came to an end.
Particle. [L. partictila, a small part.} In
Math. Phys., a portion of matter having mass
and position, but so small that its dimensions do
not come into consideration.
Particular Baptists. (Particnlarists.)
Particularists. (Thcol.) Those who hold
the doctrine of particular reprobation and salva-
tion. Such are the Particular Baptists. (Uni-
versalists.)
Particular propositions. In Logic, proposi-
tions which affirm or deny anything of only cer-
tain members of a class ; as, " Some men are
truthful " or "are not truthful."
Partldas, Las Siete. [Sp., The Seven Parts.}
An ancient Spanish code of laws drawn up in
the thirteenth century ; so called from the num-
ber of its chief divisions.
Partington, Mrs. Speaking of the rejection of
the Reform Bill, in 1831, by the House of Lords,
Sydney Smith compared the Lords to Mrs.
Partington trying with her mop to keep out the
waves of the Atlantic. ITie incident is said to
have occurred at Sidmouth in a great storm
which flooded Mrs. Partington's house, with
many others.
Partisan. [Fr. pertuisane, L. pertundere,
pertusum, to pierce.} A kind of pike with which
officers were armed in some regiments as late as
the time of Marlborough.
Partners. {JVaut.) Thick plank-frames
round the masts, capstan, etc., to support them,
bolted to the deck-beams.
Part owners. In Law, persons holding pro-
perty (chiefly in ships) in shares, without liability
for each other's engagements.
Partridges. {A'aut.) Grenades fired from
mortars.
Partridge-wood. A Brazilian variegated wood
used in cabinet-work.
Parturition. [L. parturio, / am in labour.}
A bringing forth of young.
Partorlunt montes, naseetnr ridlciilns mns.
[L,] A mouse is the outcome of a mountain's
labour (Horace),
Party wall. (Arch.) A wall built upon the
joint lands of two tenants or owners.
Parvise, or Paradise. [The L. paradlsus, and
Gr. wapoSfjiros, Skt. paradesa, represent the
Heb. pardes, Ar. firdans.] 1. A church porch.
2. A room over the porch. 8. An open space
before the entrance of a church,
Parvnm parra dSeent. [L.] Small things
become the humble man.
Paschal. Relating to the Pascha, or Passover.
PASC
366
PATC
Paschal cycle. The cycle which determines
when Easter falls.
Fas de Calais. [Fr.] Straits of Dover.
Pas de souris. [Fr., ffiouse-sieps.] [Mil.)
Masonry steps from a ditch up the counterscarp
to the ground above, placed m the most pro-
tected angles.
Pasha. In the Turkish empire, a title of
honour bestowed on the ministers and officers
of the sultan, more especially on the governors
of provinces termed pashaliks. The higher
pashas have three horse-tails carried before
them as standards, the lower have two ; and are
hence known as pashas of two tails or three tails
respectively.
Pasigraphy. [Gr. irSr, all, ypdifw, I write. ] A
word inventetl to denote the imaginary language
which is one day to be written and spoken by all
nations. This was the idea of Leibnitz and of
Bishop Wilkins in the time of Charles II.
Paspy, i.e. Passe-pied. [Fr. passe, L. passus,
a step.\ A kind of minuet, in triple time, of
French origin, popular in Queen Elizabeth's
time and for some time after.
Pasqueflower. {Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord.
Ranunculacese ; Anemone pulsatilla, a native of
our chalky pastures ; having violet-blue flowers
about Easter-\xm^ [Paque, formerly Pasque].
Pasquinade. [It. pasquinata.] A satire or
libellous criticism ; so called from a statue of a
gladiator, dug up at Rome, and named by the
people Pasquino. To this statue and to another
called Marforio, satirical placards were affixed at
night. These frequently bore the form of a dia-
logue between the two statues, and reflected on
the Roman Church and court.
Pasquino and Marforio. (Pasquinade.)
Passacaglia. (Chaconne.)
Passant. [Fr.] (Her.) Passing or walking.
Passaree, or Passarado. {Naut. ) A rope by
which the clews of the foresail are hauled out to-
wards tail-blocks on the booms, so as to extend
its foot when before the wind with lower stud-
ding-booms out.
Passed boys. (N'aut.) Those who have
passed through a training-ship.
Fassement. [Fr.] In the history of lace, a
term applied as far back as the beginning of the
seventeenth century to every variety of lace. —
Mrs. Palliser, History of Lace.
Passe-partout. [Fr.] 1. An engraving of
an ornamental border, on metal or wood, the
centre of which was cut out to allow the insertion
of another engraving to which the border formed
a frame. 2. A master-key.
Fasseres. (Ornithology.)
Passe-volant. {Naut.) 1. A Quaker, or
wooden gun. 2. Any movable big gun.
Passim. [L., everywhere.'\ In all parts of a
book.
Passionists. A congregation styling them-
selves Discalced Clerks of the Passion, founded
by St. Paul of the Cross, 1 728, for the purpose
of giving retreats and holding missions.
Passion Sunday. The Fifth Sunday in Lent,
being the Sunday before Palm Sunday ; often
so called by the Latins especially (Wheatly) :
Passion Week being the last week in Lent, com-
mencing with Palm Sunday ; called also Great
IVcek and Holy IVeek.
Paste. [It. pasta.] 1. In pottery or porce-
lain, clay as prepared and mixed ready for use.
It is distinguished into Hard P. and Soft P. ; e.g.
stoneware bottles and ordinary flower-pots re-
spectively, in pottery. Similarly in porcelain,
.S". P. can, H. P. cannot, be easily cut with a
file ; but the line is a difficult one to draw.
H. P. stands heat better than S. P. does. Glazes
generally vary in hardness with the pastes. 2.
Artificial gems ; glass containing an extra pro-
portion of metallic oxide.
Pasteboard. A stout substance, formed of
sheets of paper pasted together and pressed.
Pastel. \¥t.'\ 1. a coloured crayon. 2. Woad.
Pastern, Pastern-joint. [Fr. pasturon ; and
this from palure, a tethering-cord for animals
pasturing.} That part of the leg of a horse be-
tween the joint next the foot and the hoof. —
Johnson.
Pasticcio. [It., a pasty.] 1. In design, a
patchwork from two or more originals ; also, a
picture imitating another artist's style and colour-
ing. 2. In literature, a medley. (Compare Far-
rago ; 011a podrida.)
Pastille. [Fr.] A small cone, made of benzoin
and other aromatic substances, for fumigating a
room.
Fasten Letters. A valuable collection of
original letters of the Paston family in Norfolk,
ranging from the reign of Henry VI. to that of
Henry VII. inclusively.
Pastorale. [It., pastoral.] (Music.) A melody
or set composition, generally in { time ; of
simple, rustic character ; the words, if any, re-
lating to pastoral life or incident.
Pastoral Epistles. In the New Testament,
I and 2 Tim., and Epist. to Titus.
Pastoureaux. [O.Fr., shepherds.] (Hist.)
Peasants who took up arms, during the absence
of St. Louis of France on his Crusade, under
a Cistercian monk, who called himself Jacob,
Master of Hungary. Another insurrection, so
named, broke out seventy years later.
Fastourelles. (Troubadours.)
Fatache. (Naut.) A Portuguese tender,
armed and swift, for carrying treasures ; 2CX) to
300 tons burden.
Patallah. (Naut.) An Indian baggage or
cattle boat.
Fatamar. (Naut.) Old class of Indian advice-
boats, swift and roomy, about 76 feet long by
21 feet broad, and II feet deep, with a prow-
stern.
Fatavinity. [L. patavlnita, -tern.] The use
of provincial idioms in speech is sometimes so
called, from the fact that the historian Livy, who
is said to have had this fault, was born at the
provincial town of Patavium ( Fadua). It cannot,
however, be said that Livy's faults have ever
been pointed out clearly.
Fataxos. (A^aut.) A small Spanish boat,
formerly used as an advice-boat.
Fatchouly. [Hind.] A scent distilled from a
Malayan plant.
PATE
367
PAUP
Fate, Dure, Tendre. (Paste.)
Patella. [L., a small dish.] {Anat.) The
knee-cap ; a sesamoid {q.v.) bone, heart-shaped;
the apex being downwards, anteriorly convex.
Paten. [L. patgna.] (Eccl.) The stand or
saucer on which the chalice rests ; or the plate
in which the bread is placed, in the Eucharistic
Office.
Patent. [L. patentem, open.] An act of
the executive, by which some exclusive privilege
is granted to an individual or a company ; so
named as being in the form of an advertisement
to all men. Political or other privileges, such
as those which constitute a man a bishop or a
peer, are thus granted.
Paterfamilias. [L.] The father or head of a
family.
Paterines. fL. PaterTn!.] {Eccl. Hist.) A
name given to the Western Manichaeans (Milman,
Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. ix. ch. 8), and
also by the married clergy of Milan to the
monkish party in the controversy respecting
clerical marriage (ibid., bk. vi. ch. 3).
Pater noster. Tlie Latin name of the Lord's
Prayer, from its first two words.
P&ter patratuf. [L.] The chief of the
Fetials.
P&ter patrlas. [L.] Father of his country.
Pathology. [Gr. iraffoXoyuc^, sc. t^x"*!-] The
art or science which treats of diseases.
Patibolary. Belonging to a Patibolnm.
PatibUlam. [L.] 1. A fork-shaped yoke
placed on the neck of criminals, to which the
bands were tied. 2. The transom of a cross.
PaUna. [L.] In Numismatics, the fine rust
with which coins become covered by lying in
peculiar soils, and which is regarded as orna-
mental. It varies greatly in colour, and is, in
fact, a natural varnish, not producible by any
human art.
Patois. [(?) Corr. from an older form, patrois,
L.L. patriasis, belonging to patria, country;
hence the speech of nations.] A French word,
used generally to denote dialects of the lower
classes. Applied also to local dialects ; e.g. the
French of the Channel Islands or of Provence.
Patonce. [Fr. patte d'once, leopard's paw.]
(Her.) Having its ends terminated in leopards'
paws.
Patrea ConseriptL (Conseript Fathers.)
Patria pStestas. [L.] In Rom. Law, a
father's control over his legitimate and his
adopted children ; at first giving him their
Eroperty, and even power of life and death ;
ut much diminished afterwards, especially under
the emperors.
Patnaroh. {Gr. learpiipxv^, from irar-fip, a
father, and tpx^t I rule.] A name given, in Acts
vii. 8, to the sons of Jacob ; but more especially
applied to the bishops of the most important
cities of the Roman empire, as Rome, Con-
stantinople, Antioch, Alexandria.
Patriarchal, Cross (because carried before
patriarchs). A cross formed of an upright piece
with two smaller cross-pieces more than half-
way up, the higher cross-piece being the shorter.
Patrioians. [L. patres, fathers.] (Hist.)
The original body of Roman citizens, known as
Xhe populus [Gt. 7(6x15], as opposed to thepleds
[irKrjdos], the inferior crowd, which gradually
acquired civic rights.
Patrick, St., Order of. An Irish order of
knighthood, founded by George III., in 1783.
Patripassians. [L. pater, father, patior, 1
suffer.] (Eccl. Hist.) Those who held that it
was the Father who suffered at the Crucifixion.
(Noetians; Sabellians.)
Patris est filius. [L., he is his father's son.]
A chip of the old block.
PatroL [Fr. patrouille, formerly patouille,
from It. pattuglia, a night 7i'atch^ (Mil.) A
party of soldiers who, in field operations, are
constantly moving along the line of advanced
sentries, searching for intelligence, and keeping
up the communications. In garrison they pre-
vent soldiers from creating disturbances in the
streets.
Patron. [L. patronus, from pater, father.]
In ancient Rome, the correlative term to Client.
Patronage. In Eccl. Law, the right of pre-
sentation to a benefice.
Patronymic. [Gr. irarponuvfuiKis, from xar^iip,
and Svofia, a name.] A name designating a
person by reference to an ancestor immediate or
remote, as Pelides for Achilles, son of Peleus,
etc.
Patroon. [D.] An owner (patron) of land,
with rights of entail under the Dutch govern-
ments of New York and New Jersey.
Pattee, Cross. [Fr. patte, from patte, apaTv.]
A cross formed of four equal arms, growing
much wider towards the ends.
Pattern. [Fr. patron.] A full-sized model of
a metal casting, commonly made of wood, and
in several pieces, by which the mould is formed
for receiving the melted metal. (Ratchet.)
Panldron. Overlapping plates of metal,
working on rivets, covering the shoulder [Fr.
^paule] at the exposed junction of the body and
arm pieces.
Paulianists. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, in the
third century, who held Sabellian opinions.
Panlicianism. (Paolicians.)
Paulicians. (Eccl. Hist.) A Christian sect,
which seems to have arisen in Armenia in the
ninth century, and to have adopted the name of
Paulus, one of their leaders, to disavow con-
nexion with the Manicha'ans. Their opinions
are known only from the accounts given by their
opponents, who charge them with dualism
(Ahriman). A colony of Paulicians spread west-
wards, and has been supposed to be connected
with the Albigenses.
Paullo majora canamus. [L.] Let us sing a
higher song (take a higher range) (Virgil),
Panls, or Pawls. [Welsh pawl, a pole, or stake.]
(Naut. ) Pieces of wood or iron fastened to the'
capstan, or windlass, and falling into notches, so
as to prevent it from recoiling.
Paunch. [Fr, panse, L. pantlcem.] The
first stomach of ruminants.
Panne. [N.-Amer. Ind.] (Pone.)
Pauplres Christi. (Biblia pauperum.)
TAUP
368
PECU
Pauperis, In forma. [L.] (Le^.) The court
has power, under certain circumstances, to
admit a man to sue or defend in the character of
a poor person, counsel and attorneys being
granted free of charge. (Dispauper.)
Pauperism. In Law, the condition of those
who are dependent for their maintenance on the
aid of the public, this aid being supplied by
funds raised by rates levied on the ratable value
of landed property, and on tithes and rent-charges.
The first statute for the relief of the poor was
passed in the reign of Edward VI., 1547.
(Overseers of the poor)
Payan. [(?) L. pavo, apccuock.^ Aslowand
stately dance, still in use in Spain.
Pavise. [Fr. pavois.] In mediceval warfare,
a large shield used by troops assailing the walls
of fortresses.
PavonlnsB. [L. pavo, -nem, /><rafi7r,^.] (Ornith.)
Birds of the peacock sub-fam. (as the Argus
pheasant). India, Thibet, China, and islands.
Fam. Phasianldae, ord. Galllnae.
Pawn. [L. pannus, a cloth, a piece of cloth-
ing being the readiest article to give in pledge.]
Something given as security for the repayment
of money.
Pawn. [O.Fr. pieton, a footman.'] One of
the least valuable pieces in chess. (Peonage.)
Pax. [L.] I. (Myth.) The Roman goddess
of peace. 2. A small image of the Saviour, to
which the people, on leaving the church, gave
the kiss of peace. 3. A metallic plate with a
crucifix engraved on it, called also osculatorium,
used for the same purpose.
Pax Tobiscum. [L. ] feace be with you.
Pay, To. [Fr. poix,///r/<.] (Naut.) To P. a
seam, to pour pitch and tar, etc., into it after
caulking. (Devil.) To P. a mast or yard, io Areas
it with oil, varnish, etc. To P. a shifs bottom,
to cover it with tallow, sulphur, resin, etc. To
pay [Fr. payer, L. pacare, to satisfy'] arvay,
or out, to slack a rope off. To P. off, to fall ofif
from the wind. To P. round, to turn her head.
Pay-dirt. In America, auriferous earth rich
enough to pay the labour of extracting the metal.
Similarly, Pay-rock, quartz, or other rock that
will pay for mining. — Bartlelt's Aviericanisms.
Paynim, or Fainim. [L. paganus, belonging
to a pagus, or country district. ] A word used
in the Middle Ages to denote all who were
not Christians, but applied especially to Mo-
hammedans.
Pays de Cocagne. [Fr.] A land like Utopia,
or El-Dorado. (Cocagne.)
Peace of Ood. (Truce of God.)
Peak, or Peek. {N^atit.) The top outer corner
of a sail extended by a gaff. 'To P., to raise
the gaff, or a lateen yard, nearer the per-
pendicular. To stay P. , or ride a short-stay P.
(A-peek.)
Pea-nut. (Arachis.)
Pearl. A kind of printing type, as —
Proportion.
Pearlash (from its appearance). A partially
purified carbonate of potash, obtained by calcin-
ing the commercial potashes (cj.v.).
Pearl-edge. A projection on the side of some
ribbons ; also a narrow kind of thread edging to
be sewed on lace.
Pearl-powder, or Pearl-white. Subnitrate of
bismuth, used as a cosmetic.
Peasants' War. In Germany, a stniggle of
peasants headed by Munzer, who demanded
community of goods (1524-25).
Peat. [O.E. bete, to mend or kindle a Jfre.]
(Ceol.) Decomposed vegetable matter, spongy,
fibrous or homogeneous, accumulated in moist
places, on mountains, and in plains.
Pebble. [A.S. pabol.] Round or oval stone,
water-worn on a beach.
Peccant. [L. peccantem, offending.'] {Med.)
Morbid, injurious to health.
Peccary. (Native name.) (Zool.) American
representative of swine. Two spec, one about
the size of a small pig, the other rather larger ;
gregarious. Paraguay to Texas. Dicotyles,
fam. Scndre, ord. Ungiilata.
Peccavi. [h., I have sinned.] I confess.
Pecopteris. [Gr. Wkw, I comb, Trrtpis, a fern.]
(Geol.) Comb-fern, & fossil gen. of ferns, with
fronds divided into comb like leaflets ; allied to
the living Pteris, bracken. Very abundant in the
coal-measures ; also in Jurassic.
Pecdra. [L., cattle.] Linnsean name for
ruminants.
Pectinate. {Bot.) Divided into close, narrow,
straight segments, like a comb [L. pecten, pec-
tinisj ; c.g. leaf of water-milfoil.
Pectine. [Gr. irrjKT<$s, fixed, congealed.] Ge-
latinous gum of ripe fruits and vegecables ; vege-
table jelly.
Pectoral. [L. pectoralis, from pectus, the
breast.] A covering for the breast ; sometimes
applied to the morse, or clasp, of a cope.
Pectoriloquy. [L. pectus, -oris, the chest, loquor,
/ speak.] (Med.) The clear sounding of the
voice from that part of the chest to which the
stethoscope is applied.
Pectous. [Gr. ■tft)KTi$, fixed, compacted^ Co-
agulated ; passing from the colloid to the more
crystalline condition.
Pectus facit theologum. [L.] Jt is heart, not
head, that makes a di-oine.
Peculation. Strictly, the stealing of Peculium;
but often used to mean embezzlement or malver-
sation generally.
Peculiar. In Eccl. Law, jurisdictions not
under the Ordinary of the diocese. Such are
the peculiars of archbishops, bishops, deans,
chapters, and the like.
Peculiar People. A modem sect, which takes
its stand on the literal interpretation of texts in
the Epistle of St. James and other parts of the
New Testament, and on this ground objects to
medical treatment of the sick.
Peculiars. Parishes exempted by the pope
from episcopal jurisdiction ; by an oversight not
restored at the Reformation, but remaining under
the sovereign, or, by custom or purchase, under
some other person j now in nearly all dioceses
abolished.
Peculiars, Courts of. (Court, Christian.)
Peculium. [L., \ii. property in cattle (pecus).]
PEDA
369
PELL
In Rom. Law, the savings of a son or slave with
the consent of the father or master.
Pedagogue. [Gr. iratSayu)y6s, from vcus, boy,
and h.-y<iyy6i, leader. \ 1. Properly a slave who
conducted his master's sons to school, and was
charged with the care of them generally. 2. A
schoolmaster.
Pedal curve. {Math.") The curve described
by the point of intersection of a line moving so
as always to touch a given curve with the perpen-
dicular drawn to it from a fixed point.
Pedalmaschi A Turkish officer, who looks to
the interests of the sultan in cases of legacies.
PedestaL [L. pes, pedis, a foot.\ (ArcA.)
The substructure to a column or a wall, the
height varying from a quarter to one-third of
the height of the column with its entablature.
(Order.)
PedioeL (Peduncle.)
Pidlcftlaria. [L. pediciilus, a louse.'] General
term for skin-disease, when caused by lice, i.q.
Phtheiriasis.
PSdicultu. [L.] A foot-stalk ; but Pedlciilus,
Pedicellus, and Pcdutuulus are = the crawling
insect.
Pediment [L. pes, pedis, a foot.] (Arch.)
The triangular mass, answering to a gable, over
the front of a building, portico, etc. It is fre-
quently filled with sculpture, as in the Parthenon.
(Elgin marbles.)
Pedometer. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, Gr. fitrpoy,
measure.] An instrument, like a watch, for
registering the number of steps taken in walking ;
and so of measuring the distance walked.
Pedropee. (A'aut.) Setting one foot on a
seam, kicking the other backwards and forwards,
and then setting it down in front of the former.
A test of being sober.
Peduncle. [As if pdduncula, a coined dim. of
L. pes, p^is, afoot.] (Bot.)- A flower-stalk.
Pedicels [p^diculus], the small branches into
which a P. is sometimes divided.
PeeL L [Fr. pelle, L. pala, a shovel.] A
l)road iron shovel with a long wooden handle,
used by bakers. 2. A T-shaped piece of wood
with a long handle, for hanging up the sheets
of a book to dry, etc. 8. [Celt.] (Geog.) A
stronghold.
Peep. As in Isa. viii. 19 ; to cry like a little
bird [L. pipio, I chirp].
Peeping Tom. In the Coventry legend, the
lad who saw the Lady Godiva as she rode
through the town. The incident belongs to the
story of the Master Thief.
Peep 0' Day B078. In Ir. Hist., insurgents,
in 1784, who visited the houses of their enemies
at daybreak.
Peepul. (Botree.)
Peer. [L. par, Fr. pair, equal,] 1. In com-
mon law, those who belong to the same rank of
life, trial by jury being said to be trial by peers
or equals ; a relic of feudal usage, by which all
classes were banded together.for self-defence and
the settling of quarrels. 2. In a more limited
sense, the highest class in a country, as the peers
of France or of England. (Paladins; Parlia-
ment, Privilege of.)
Peert, Peart. Brisk, lively, (?) a corr. o{ pert.
An old word, still provincial in some parts o(
England ; used in America both in a good and
in a bad sense. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Peg&sus. [Gr. irfiyoffoi, said to be so named
as appearing first near the ifiiyat, or fountains,
of the ocean.] 1. {/)fyth.) The horse which,
with Chrysaor, the lord of the golden sword,
sprang from the head of Medusa, the mortal
Oorgon. This horse Bellerophon caught, and
on it rode to encounter the ChimSra. A blow
of its hoof is said to have discovered Hippo-
crene, tlu horsefountain, on Mount Helicon,
during the contest of the Muses with the Pleri-
des, the nine daughters of Pieros. 2. (Zool.)
Pacasse, or Pagasse. Spec, of buffalo. W. and
Central Africa.
Peh-tun-tze. [Chin, peh-tun, white paste, with
the dim. tze added.] Strictly, the fusible mate-
rial of China paste (Pegmatite of some authors),
felspar partly decomposed ; vaguely, any white
material made up in small bricks, and used in
the manufacture of porcelain.
Peine forte et dure. [Fr., strong and hara
pain.] (Hist.) The name for the practice of
pressing with weights of iron prisoners who
refused to plead or answer.
Pekin. A word used in France by soldiers to
denote contemptuously all who are not military.
Pekinade (from Pekin). A woollen stuff with
silk stripes, for covering furniture.
Pekoe. [Chin, pikhaou.] A fine black tea
formed of the leaf-buds picked before they expand.
Pelagians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Pelagius, a British monk of the fifth century,
who asserted that men inherit no depravity, and
that their own powers are sufficient for their
justification. The condemnation of Pelagius
by Innocent I. was reversed by his successor
Zosimus, who afterwards, in obedience to an
imperial rescript, anathematized his doctrine.
Eighteen bishops refused to condemn Pelagius
unheard, and appealed to a General Council.
Among these was Julianus, of F^clana, the re-
puted founder of Semi-Pelagianism, which as-
serted the necessity of divine grace for the
practice of holiness.
Pelerine. [Fr., as being worn by pilgrims,
pelerin, It. pellegrTno, L. peregrinus, from
per, across, agrum, field.] A long cape with ends
coming down in front.
Pele towers. Small towers or defences on the
Scottish borders, properly pile towers, pile being
used in the sense of fortress. (Peel.)
Pell. [L. pellis, a skin.] 1. The skin or
hide. 2. A roll of parchment.
Pellagra. [From L. pellis, the skin ; after the
analogy, probably, of pod-agra, chlr-agra.] The
name of a loathsome skin-disease, accompanied
with mental phenomena, amongst them melan-
cholia, often suicidal ; once thought to be en-
demic in N. Italy, and to arise from the use of
maize as almost the only food ; but now known
to be due to a combination of poverty, insuffi-
cient nourishment, filth, toil, etc.
Pellet. \Yr.^Q\o\.Q, a ball of thread.] (Her.)
A black roundlet or disc.
PELL
370
PENG
Pellicle. [L. pellicula, a jwa//j^;«.] A thin
skin or film, especially one formed on the surface
of solutions during evaporations.
Pellitory. [L. pdrletaria, pSries, arfof//.] (Bot.)
1. IFaU pellitory ; native plant, P. oflTicinalis,
ord. Urticaceoe ; with small reddish flowers, and
black shining fruit ; on old walls, heaps of rub-
bish. 2. P. of Spain, Anacyclus pyrethrum,
ord. Compositse ; allied to chamomile, a power-
ful irritant ; valued in medicine.
Pells, Clerk of. An officer of the Exchequer,
who made certain entries on parchnunt rolls
[O.Fr. pel, skin, L. pellis] ; the office a sinecure
place for life, worth ^3000 a year, tenable with a
seat in the House of Commons ; abolished 1834.
Pelops. (Tantalize.)
Felotage. [ Fr. ] Bales of Spanish wool.
Pelt. [Ger. pelz.] The skin of a beast with
the hair on. Pclt--vool, wool plucked from the
pelts of sheep after they are dead.
Peltasts. [Gr. irf\Ta<rTo(.] {fJist.) Ancient
Greek infantry, light armed ; so called from
carrying the tctKrif, or target.
Peltate leaf. [L. peltatus, furnished with
a small light shield (pelta).] (Bot.) Having
the stalk inserted in the middle, like an arm
holding a shield ; e.g. pennywort, garden nas-
turtium.
Peltry. [Fr. pelleterie.] The furred skins of
animals.
Pelvis. [L.,adasin.] {A not.) The bony ring,
composed of the two ossa innomlnata (c^.v.) and
sacrum and coccyx ; which contains various
viscera, and transmits the weight of the spinal
column to the lower extremities.
Pemmican. (N.-Amer. Ind. name.) A far-
famed provender in the wilds of N. America,
made by pounding the choice parts of the meat
very small, dried over a slow fire or in the frost,
and put into bags made of the skin of the slain
animal, into which a portion of melted fat is
then poured ; with proper care it will keep a
long time. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Penal servitude. In Law, the punishment
now substituted for transportation beyond the
seas.
Penance. (Penitence.)
Penang lawyer. In Naut. slang, a cane.
Feuarth beds. (Bhsetic formation.)
Penates. [L.] The ancient Latin household
gods ; so called as guarding the plniis, or store
of food. This general term included the Lares.
There were P. of the state or city, as well as of
families.
Peneel. [L. pemcillum, a //V//i? /aiV.] {Naut.)
A small streamer, or pennon.
Pencil. Until comparatively lately kepts its
classical meaning of a painter's brush [L. peni-
cillum].
Pencil of rays. An assemblage of rays pro-
ceeding from a luminous point.
Pend, Penock. Oil-cake (so called in India).
Pendant. [L. pendeo, / hang.] 1. In Eng.
Arch., (i) a polygonal piece of stone or timber,
richly ornamented, hanging from a vault or roof.
Some of the most elaborate specimens are those
in Henry VII. 's Chapel, Westminster. (2) A
part hanging from the label resembling the drops
in the Doric frieze. (3) A companion picture or
work of art. 2. (JVaut.) (i) /.(/. Pennant.
(Flag.) (2) Single or double ropes, to which
blocks or tackles are attached. (3) JRudder P.,
ropes fastened to the rudder by chains to pre-
vent its being lost if unshipped.
Pendente lite. [L. ] Pending a suit, or trial.
Fendentive. [Fr. pendente, from L. pendeo,
I hang.] (Arch.) The portion of a vault be-
tween the arches of a dome.
Pendulom [L. pendvilus, hanging] ; Ballistic
P. ; Compensation P. ; Compound P. ; Conical
P. ; Gridiron P. ; Mercurial P. ; Simple P. A
suspended body that swings backwards and for-
wards. If the body is treated as a particle, and
the thread by which it is suspended as weightless
and perfectly flexible, the combination, which is
purely ideal, is a Simple P. Any actual swing-
mg body is a Compound P. The time of oscil-
lation of a compound P. is found by ascertaining
the length of the corresponding simple P. The
end of a line as long as the simple P. drawn
from the point of suspension through the centre
of gravity is the centre of oscillation ; so long as
this point remains fixed, the time of oscillation
will be unchanged. A P. whose parts are so
contrived that the centre of oscillation remains
fixed when the parts expand or contract by
change of temperature, is a Compcnsaticm P. If
the compensation is effected by suspending the
bob from a system of parallel bars of steel and
brass, it is a Gridiron P. ; if by suspending a
vessel containing mercury by a steel rod, it is a
Alercurial P. \Vhen the bob is made to move
continuously in a circle, so that the rod describes
a conical surface, we have a Conical P. Such a
contrivance is competent to regulate the motion
of clockwork, though it is not a swinging body.
The Ballistic P. is used for determining the
velocity of shot ; it consists either ( i ) of a
suspended block of wood into which the shot is
fired ; the velocity being inferred from the arc
through which the block is observed to swing ;
or (2) of a framework suspended on knife-edges
and carrying the gun ; the velocity of the shot is
inferred from the arc of the gun's recoil.
Penelope's web. (Myth.) A web woven
each day by Penelope, the wife of the absent
Odysseus (Ulysses), in the Odyssey, and undone
each night ; as a device for baffling her suitors,
who were told that she would choose one of
them as her husband when the web was finished.
Fenests. [Gr. ■ttfvtaTo.i, labourers.] (Hist.)
The ancient Thessalian serfs, who answered to
the Spartan Helots.
Penetralia. [L.] The recesses or inmost
parts of a temple, house, or other building.
Fenfish. (Squid.)
Penguin. [Celt, pen gwenn, white head, from
the white patch or line between the bill and the
eye, the head itself being black.] (Ornith.] Fam.
of Southern birds corresponding to auks ( Alcldse)
in the North. Their wings are flippers, serving
as paddles in the water, and sometimes as fore
legs on the land. Fam. SpheniscTdae, ord.
Ans^res.
PENI
371
PERA
Fenitenoe, Penance. [L. poenitentia.] In the
Latin Church, (l) one of the seven sacraments ;
(2) also the works enjoined on the penitent by
his confessor.
Penitential Psalms, The Seven. Ps. vi.,
xxxii., xxxviii., H., cii., cxxx., cxUii.
Penitentiaries. 1. In the ancient Church, pres-
byters appointed to receive private confessions,
in aid of, not in prejudice to, public discipline.
2. In foreign cathedrals, a confessor appointed
by the bishop.
Penitentiary, Grand. An officer of the Roman
Church, usually a cardinal, commissioned by the
pope to grant absolution in cases reserved for the
papal authority, such as dispensations for mar-
riages, etc.
Penitents. [L. pcenitentes.] Certain re-
ligious fraternities in the Latin Church have
been so called, the most prominent being the
White Penitents, who appeared in N. Itjdy in
1399 ; so called from their white dress.
Pennant. (Flag.)
Pennant-ship. (Naut.) 1. A commodore's
ship. 2. A Government ship. 3. A merchant
ship in a convoy, delegated to assist in keeping
it together.
Pennon. [Fr., from L. penna, a feat her. '\
In the Middle Ages, the pointed flag of a knight
who had not reached the dignity of banneret.
Pennoncelle. The little streamer at the head
of the lance of a mounted lancer.
Pennyweight. The weight of the silver penny
in the time of Edward I., equal to the twentieth
part of an ounce troy.
Pensionary, The Grand, of Holland. {Hist.)
The prime minister of the states of the province
of Holland. His office was for five years, and
he might be re-elected.
Penstock. Any wooden tube for conducting
water.
Pent-. [Gr. nivrtffive.l
Pent-, Penta-. (Chem.) A prefix denoting
that a salt contains five atoms [Gr. itivrr, five]
of the element thus marked ; as a pent-oxide,
penta-chloride, which contain five atoms of
oxygen, chlorine, in each molecule.
Fentaorinite. [Gr. rimt. Jive, Kpivoy, lily.]
(Geol.) A fossil critioid {q.v.), with pentagonal
stem. Lias and Oolite principally. PetUacrlnus,
the living representative.
Pentagon. ( Polygon. )
Fentalpha, or Solomon's seal. A Pythagorean
symbol ; magical ; mentioned by Lucan ; found
on Jewish stonework and on Greek coinage. A
five-pointed star, as if made by five Greek alphas :
"Solomon's," on account of the magical powers
widely attributed to him in the East.
Pent&meter. [Gr. wfyTdntTpos, of five mea-
sures.] A verse consisting of five feet, and, with
a preceding verse of six feet called the hexa-
meter, making up the elegiac couplet.
Fent&p51is. [Gr., with five cities.] The
Greek name for any district or region with five
cities. But the most prominent was the Fen-
tapolis of Cyrene, in Africa. Compare De-
capolLs.
Pentaptyoh. A painting having many leaves ;
as the altar-piece of Van Eyck in the Church of
St. Bavon, in Ghent. (Diptych ; Triptych.)
Pentatenoh. [Gr. ne»'TOTeux''^> from ireWf,
five, rtvxos, in post- Alex. Gr., a book.] A
name given by the LXX. translators to the five
books, in one volume, of Moses ; the Jewish
name being Torah, the Law.
Pentathlon. [Gr., from iriyrf, five, S0\oy,
a contest.] The collective name for the five
chief bodily exercises of the Greeks — running,
leaping, quoit-throwing, javelin-hurling, and
wrestling. The Latin term is Quinquertium.
Penteoonter. (Trireme.)
Pentecost. [Gr. invT7jKo<rT6s, fiftieth.] A
Jewish feast ; so called as being kept on the
fiftieth day after the Feast of the Passover ;
that is, the 15th of the month Nisan, and on the
next day after the Feast of Unleavened Bread.
As coming seven weeks after the Passover, it
was also called the Peast of Weeks.
Penult. [L. pacne ultima, almost last.] In
Gram, and Pros., the last syllable but one of
a word.
Penumbra. [L. poene, nearly, umbra, shado7v.]
The shadow of an opaque body, as the earth or
moon, illuminated by a large distant body, as
the sun, consists of two conical regions : the one,
that within which no ray of light enters, viz.
the Uvibra ; the other, which is entered by rays
from part only of the sun, is the Penumbra.
Peonage. [Sp. peonaje, from peon, one who
goes on foot.] A form of servitude intro-
duced into Mexico after the Spanish Conquest.
(Pawn.)
Peotta. (Naut.) A small vessel of the
Adriatic, propelled by sails and oars.
Feplos. [L., Gr. irejrAos.] An upper garment
worn anciently by Greek women. The P. of
Athena was carried yearly in procession at
Athens, and presented to the goddess. (Pan-
athenaic festival.)
Pepper-corn rent. The merest nominal rent,
as an acknowledgment of tenancy, in the case of
lands held rent free.
Pepper-pot. A W. -Indian stew of vegetables
and cassareep.
Pepsine. [Gr. w«irT«, / cook, digest.] A
special organic matter of the gastric mucous
membrane, and obtainable from it, on which its
digestive power depends.
Pepys' Memoirs and Diary. ( Samuel P. , 1 632-
1703.) Written in a kind of cypher after his
retirement from the Secretaryship of the Ad-
miralty ; a most curious and minute picture of
contemporary persons and manners.
Per-. [L., through.] [Chem.) 1. Prefixed
to salts in -ate, denotes increase of oxygen, as a
per-chlorate, which contains more oxygen than
the chlorate. Hyper- [Gr. uir/p, over'\ has also this
force. 2. Prefixed to salts in -ide, denotes a
maximum of the element thus marked, as
per-chloride of iron contains more chlorine than
any other chloride of iron.
Perambulation of parishes, i.e. of boundaries,
to keep them in remembrance, or Beating
bounds, is made, in some parishes, about
Ascension Day, by the minister, churchwardens,
PERA
372
PERI
and some parishioners. Originally psalms and
prayers were used. (Eogation days.)
Perambulator. [L. perambiilo, / traverse.]
1. A way or distance measurer, a kind of ho-
dometer. (Pedometer.) 2. A child's carriage,
propelled from behind.
Per annum. [L.] By thi year, ye:ix\y.
Per centum. [L.] By the hundred.
Percldae. [L. perca, a /Vr^.^.] (Ichtk.) Fam.
of carnivorous fishes, as the common perch, fresh
and salt water. Universally distributed. Ord.
Acanthopt6rygii, sub-class Telfiostel.
Per contra. [L.] On the other side ; a com-
mercial term.
Peroussion. [L. percutio, / j/'r7>f<r.] {Med.)
The tapping of the surface of the body, especially
the chest, to learn, by the sound, the condition
of some internal organ below the part struck.
Percussion, Centre of. (Centre. )
Percy's Beliques of Ancient English Poetry,
published 1765. A collection of oKl minstrel
ballads of the Middle Ages, many existing in
MS. only, then for the first time systematically
examined ; by Bishop Percy, friend of Johnson ;
valuable in itself, and very important, as a
main cause of the revolution in English taste
and literature, which replaced artificial classicism
by romance.
Per diem. [L.] Daily.
Pere-la-Chaise. The most important cemetery
of Paris ; so called after the confessor of Louis
XIV., who had a house on its site.
Perennial. [L. p^rennis.] {,Bot.) Opposed to
Annual and to Biennial, subsisting for a number
of years, though dying down yearly ; e.g. tubers
and bulbs.
Perennibranchiate. [L. perennis, perennial,
Gr. Ppdyxia, s'l^s.] (Amphibia.)
Pereunt, et imputantur. [L.l A common
motto on sun-dials : they, i,e. the hours, pass
away, and are placed to our account ; i.e. we
have to give account of them (Martial).
Per fas et nefas. [L. , by fair means orfoul.^
By hook or by crook ; through thick and thin.
Perfect number. (Math.) A number equal
to the sum of its di\-isors, including unity ; as,
28=i-l-2-f4 + 7-l-i4.
Perfervidum ingSnium. [L.] A too vehement
or enthusiastic temper.
Perfldus ille Deo, sed non et perfldus orbi.
[L. , a man faithless to God, but not faithless to
the world a/so.] So the Christian poet Pruden-
tius speaks of Julian the Apostate as being
"a lover of his country," and one who "de-
served the empire of the world " (vide Gibbon's
Decline and Fall, ch. xxii., ad fin.).
Perfoliate stem. (Bot.) One which apparently
pierces, goes through the leaf [L. per folium] ; in
reality the lobes of the leaf are not only am-
tlexicaul (q.v.), but grow together where their
margins come in contact. P. leaf, one through
which the stem passes ; e.g. yellow-wort, chlora.
Pergunnah. [Hind, pargana.] In British
India, a district comprising several villages, and
forming part of a zillah.
Peri. [Pers. perl, masc. and fem. (?) from
per, a wing = winged (Littre).] A fairy, good
genius, offspring of fallen spirits excluded at
present from paradise. (Fairies.)
Peri-. [Gr. trfpl, around.]
Perianth. [Gr. irfpi, around, i.vQoi, a flower.]
(Bot.) A floral envelope, in which calyx and
corolla, though often both present, are not easily
distinguished ; e.g. crocus, tulip, lily.
PeribSlos. [Gr., from irtpi, around, Pd\\o),
I cast.] (Arch.) The walled inclosure of a
temple.
Pericardium. [Gr. t5 ircpiKctpSiov.] (Anat.)
The membrane which surrounds the heart
[KopS/a].
Pericarp. [Gr. ««p(, around, KoprSs, fruit.]
(Bot. ) All that is around the fruit or the ripened
seed; i.e. usually the Epicarp \itf[, upon] or
outermost layer ; with Mcsocarp, the middle
[jueVoy], and Endocarp \ivhov, within], the
innermost. In peach, cherry, plum, M. is the
fleshy part, End. is the stone.
Perichondrium. [Gr. x<^''5pos, cartilage.]
Fibrous tissue, investing the cartilages.
Peridinal. [Gr. lapi, around, KKiw, I bend.]
(Geol.) Dome-shaped strata dipping away out-
wards in every direction, like basins placed one
over another. (Qnaquaversal strata.)
Feric5pe. \Q>x. 7tfpiKoiri\, a section.] (Theol.)
A passage of the Bible extracted for the purpose
of reading in any portion of the ritual.
Pericranium. [Gr. fi vepiKpai'ios, sc. -xtrJav,
clothing.] (Anat.) The membrane which invests
the bones of the skull [Kpaviov],
PenciilSsaB plenum op&s allse. [L.] A task
of dangerous hazard (Horace).
Peridot. [Ar. feridet, a precious stone.] A
variety of chrysolite. (Topaz.)
Peridrome. [Gr. irtplSponos, from irept, around,
ip6n.os, a course.] (Arch.) In a Peripteral
temple, the space between the walls of the cella
and the columns.
Perigee. [Gr. irtpiyftos, about or around the
earth.] The point of the moon's orbit nearest
the earth.
Perihelion. [Gr. ircp/, about or around, 1\\ios,
the sun.] (Astron.) The point of the orbit
of planet or comet nearest the sun.
Perijove. [Gr. trtpl, around, L. Jovem, yupi-
ter.] (Astron.) The point in its orbit at which
any one of his satellites is nearest to Jupiter.
Feriko. (Naut.) Bengalese boat of burden,
undecked.
Perils, or Perils of the sea. (Najit.) Not
dangers, but accidents, unpreventable by care
and skill of the master and crew.
Perimeter. [Gr. irepl/terpoy, the line forming
a circumference.] The length of the sum of the
sides of any inclosed space.
Per incuriam. [L.] By an oversight, through
want of care ; e.g. the Act which substituted the
Judicial Committee of the Privj' Council for the
Court of Delegates created, per inc., a new
Final Court of Appeal in spiritual causes.
Period. [Gr. irfpioSos, a circuit.] 1. (Shei.)
A sentence, the meaning of which cannot be fully
apprehended before its close. 2. (Math.) When
an algebraical or numerical expression consists
of a number of groups of terms, or when it has
PERI
373
PERR
a number of groups of values, each group con-
sisting of the same elements in the same order,
•any one group is a P. ; as in the number
2 "5732732732, etc., the group 732 is a period.
3. The time in which an harmonic motion goes
through one complete set of changes. 4. In
Printing, a completed sentence ; hence a full
stop.
Periodical coloon. Such as recur according
to a fixed scale ; as in Newton's rings, and other
interference phenomena.
Periodic ftinctioii; P. time. One whose suc-
cessive values keep on recurring in the same
order. The P. time of a planet is the time in
which it makes one complete revolution.
Fericecians, or PerioikoL In Gr. Hist., the
freemen of the Laconian townships, as distin-
guished from the genuine Spartiates, or citizens
of Sparta itself.
Periosteom. [Gr. wtptSffrtos, from irtpl,
around, hariov, ione.] (Anat.) Membrane
which invests the bones generally.
Peripatetics. \Gr. irfpiwaTnriK6s.'\ The philo-
sophers of the school of Aristotle, who instructed
his pupils in a irtpixceros, or covered walk, of
the Lyceum at Athens, but not, as has been sup-
posed, walking up and down during the whole
time of instruction.
Periphery. Circumference [Gr. ir(pi<p(ptia\.
Periphr&tdfl. [Gr.] (Khet.) The use of
several words to denote a single object, which for
whatever reason it is thought better not to name.
Peripltu. [Gr. ■Ktpi-wKovs.'\ 1. Lit. a sailing
round, or circumnavigation. 2. The narrative
of such a voyage as the Periplus of Scylax
(Skylax), in the time of Augustus, and of Cosmas,
called Indicopleustes from his voyages to the
East.
PeriptSrsl. [Or. irfplirrtpos.'\ {Arch.) A
building surrounded with a wing, aisle, or pas-
sage. With the ancient Greeks, a temple sur-
rounded by a single row of columns, those with
two rows being called dipteral.
Peris. (Peri.)
Perisoians. [Gr. -wtplffKios, from vfpl, and
(TKla, s/ioilau/.] In Geog., the inhabitants of the
Arctic and Antarctic circles, whose shadows
describe an entire circumference in their summer
season.
Periscopic. [Gr. irtpiaKOniv, I look round.]
Viewing on all sides.
Periscopic spectacles. Those furnished with
meniscus lenses to inerease the distinctness of
vision when objects are viewed obliquely.
PSrissSdactyla. [Gr. irfpi(rffo-S(LKTu\os, id.]
(Anat.) Having an odd number of toes, as the
horse, all being mclosed in a single envelope ;
a div. of Ungulata.
Peristaltic [Gr. ir§purraXriKis, clasping and
compressing] weAiorL {Med.) Especially of the
bowels ; that vermicular action, of alternate con-
traction and relaxation, by which their contents
are propelled throughout.
Peristyle. [Gr. wtptarvXtoy, from irtpl, around,
a-TvKot, a column.] {Arch.) A court, or clois-
ter, with columns on three sides.
Perit5a§um. [Gr. ■Ktpn6vQMv, irtpi'rtlvtt, I
stretch around.] (Anat.) A large serous mem-
brane, more or less investing all the viscera lying
in the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and then
reflected upon the walls of the abdomen.
Perkinism (Dr. Perkins, inventor). The use
of metallic tractors (if. v.).
Permanent rotation, Axis of. (Principal
axis.)
Permian system (developed in district oiFerm,
Russia) (Geol.) = Lower New Red Sandstones 4-
magnesian limestones, marlslate, etc. ; in Germ,
called Dyas [Gr. Suks, a group of two] ; cf.
the word Triassic.
Permissu siiperiorum. [L.] With the leave
of the superiors ; a phrase used in the Latin
Church for books issued with authority.
Permitte Divis caetera. [L., leave the rest to
the gods (Horace).] Do your duty, and trust the
rest to God.
Permutations of things. The different orders
in which they can be arranged ; as, ab, ba, ac, ca,
be, cb, are the permutations of a, b, c, taken two
and two together.
Per my et per tout. In Law, joint-tenants
are said to be so seised, i.e. by the half and by
all ; each having entire possession of every
parcel of land as well as of the aggregate
whole.
Pernancy. [Norm. Fr. perner.] (Leg.) The
receipt or enjoyment of the profits of an estate,
the receiver being called the Pernor,
Pemoctation. [L. pernocto, I pass the nighty
1. (Med.) Passing the night in sleeplessness.
2. (Thcol.) In watching and prayer.
Pernor. (Pernancy.)
Peroration. [L. perorationem, a speaking
through ; i.e. reaching the end of a speech.]
The last part of an oration, containing generally
a summary and application of the arguments.
Perpendicular. [L. perpendlculum, adj. -aris,
a plumb-line] (Fortif.) The line drawn in-
wards at right angles to the centre of each side
of the polygon till it strikes the lines of defence
(q.v.) drawn from the angles of the polygon.
Perpendicular style. The latest style of
genuine English architecture ; also called Con-
tinuous. Its later or Debased form immediately
preceded or accompanied the Renaissance, or
classical revival. (Geometrical style.)
Perpendt stone. (Arch.) A stone which goes
through the walls ; also called Ferpender, Fer-
pend.
Perpeyn wall. A pier or buttress, built in
Perpendt ashlar.
Per recte et retro. (Music.) Lit. by forward
and backward ; said when the order may be
reversed ; e.g. Crotch's chant in G, the third
part being = first (and the fourth = second)
played backwards. (Inversion.)
Perron. [Fr. , for pierron, from pierre, a stone,
Gr. iTfTpa.] (Arch.) An external staircase,
steps leading to a first story.
Ferruquier. [Fr.] One -who makes perukes,
or wigs.
Perry. 1. [Fr. poire, from poire, a /^ar.] The
fermented liquor made frona /carj. 2. In Naut.
slang, a sudden squall.
PERS
374
PETI
Per saltum. [L.] By a leap (as when any
one is promoted to a high dignity without
passing through the intermediate grades).
Perse. \L.., by itself. ^ In itself.
Persephone. [Gr.] (,Myth.) The daughter
of Demeter, and wife of Hades. (Eleusinian
Mysteries.)
Persian berries. A kind of yellow berries
used in dyeing.
Persian!. [It.] Venetian blinds.
Persian powder. The pulverized flowers of
Pyrellivum carneum, a native of the Caucasus ; a
valuable insecticide ; used in Russia, Persia,
Turkey, Britain, France.
Persian ware. A fine fayence (Gombroon)
approximating to porcelain brilliantly enamelled.
Fersicot. [Fr., from L. persiciim, a peach.']
A liqueur made of the kernels of stone fruits.
Persiflage. [Fr. persifler, from per, the L.
per, an intens. particle, and siffler, to hiss,
whistle, L. sibilare, through a popular form
sifilare, according to Brachet.] Bantering,
quizzing.
Persis. A kind of dye obtained from lichens.
Persistent. [L. persistentem, remaitting.]
(Bot.) Not falling off; as the petals of St. John's
wort, Hypericum.
Person. As in Acts x. 34 and elsewhere, " re-
specter of persons ; " the part or r^le in a play, L.
persona being (i) a mask, (2) a part acted ; so
also Gr. irpoaairov, i.e. with God the question is
not what person each sustains, but how. —
Trench, Select Glossary.
Personable. 1. Graceful, or well formed, in
body. 2. In Law, able to maintain pleas in
court.
Personal equation. (Astron.) The correction
to be applied to an astronomical observation on
account of the peculiarities of the nervous system
of the observer at the time of observation. In
virtue of these organic peculiarities, one observer
will note the occurrence of a phenomenon (such
as the bisection of a star by a wire of a transit
instrument) some tenths of a second earlier or
later than another would note it.
Personal identity. (Identity, Personal.)
Personate flower. [L. persona, a mask.l
(Bot.) A labiate with compressed lips ; e.g. snap-
dragon.
Personnel. [Fr.] The body of persons em-
ployed in any occupation, as distinguished from
the materiel on which they work.
Perspective [L. perspectlvus, belons^ng to close
inspection], Aerial', IsometricalP.; Linear P.; P.
prqeetion. The geometrical art of representing
on paper the appearance of a solid body as seen
by a single eye in a given position. If lines sup-
posed to be drawn from the eye to the boundaries
of the body are cut by a plane, their points of
intersection with the plane give the required re-
presentation, or its F. projection. The position of
the eye is the point of sight, or projecting point ;
the plane — which in most cases is supposed to
be vertical — is the plane of projection or of the
picture. Aerial P. refers to the gradations of
colours according to distance. (For Isometrical
P., vide Iso-.)
Perth, Five Articles of. Voted by the Scotch
bishops at the General Assembly at Perth, 1618,
to serve as a basis for Liturgy and Canons.
Perturbation. [L. perturbatio, -nem, disorder.]
(Astron.) An inequality in the motion of moon
or planet not included in the expression of
Kepler's laws, and arising, in the case of
primary planets, from their mutual gravitation ;
and in the case of the moon, from the unequal
attraction of the sun on the earth and moon.
Peruvian bark. I.i/. cinchona (^.v.).
Peschlto. [Syr.] The earliest Syriac version
of the Scriptures ; so called as being simple and
literal, rendering word for word. Introduced
into Europe in the sixteenth century.
Pessimism. (Theodicaea.)
Pessimist. (Optimist.)
Pestalozzian method of teaching. So far as
it can be given in a few words— concrete, and
by means of objects themselves ; with graduated
lessons, personal study of individual children
and their separate minds, character, etc. To no
one has primary instruction been more indebted
than to Pestalozzi, of Zurich (i 745-1827).
Petal. [Gr. WraAoi/, a leaf.] (Bot.) One
of the parts of a corolla when this is made up
of many pieces ; when all in one piece, it is styled
mottopetalous.
PSt&lism. [Gr. TtToXiafxi^, from tItoXov, a
leaf.] In Gr. Hist., the Syracusan form of what
at Athens was known as Ostracism, leaves being
used by the voters instead of shells. The exile
also lasted only five years instead of ten.
Petard. [Fr.] (Mil.) Metal explosive case
formerly used for blowing open gates.
Petasus. [Gr. Wrao-oj.] (Gr. Ant.) A
broad-brimmed hat, used by travellers. Such
a hat with wings is an emblem of Hermes.
Petate. (Central Amer. name for a palm mat. )
Dried palm leaves or grass used for plaiting into
hats and mats.
Petechise. [It. petecchia, L. petlgo, an erup'
tion.] (Med.) Purple spots of effused blood,
like flea-bites, in the skin, appearing in some
severe fevers, as typhus.
Peter-boat. (Naut. ) A Thames and Medway
fishing-boat, about twenty-five feet by six feet,
shallow with sharp stem and stern, with a fish-
well amidships.
Peterloo Massacre. The dispersal by the
military of a large meeting, chiefly of operatives,
held in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, July 16,
1819, to agitate for Parliamentary reform. (P.
a sarcastic name, suggested by Waterloo.)
(Blanketeers.)
Peter's fish. A haddock ; so called because
the spots on either side are supposed to be the
mark of St. Peter's fingers impressed on the fish
which he caught to pay the tribute.
Peter's pence. Originally a voluntary offering
by the faithful to the Roman see. Afterwards
levied from every house, under the name of
Romefeoh, or Romescot. In this country the
impost was finally abolished under Henry VI II.
Petiole. [L. petlolus, a little foot, a stalk. ]
(Bot.) A leaf-stalk ; which, with the blade or
limb, makes up the leaf.
PETI
375
PHAR
Petit bonrgeoiB. [Fr.] A second-rate citizen.
Petitioners and Abhorrers. (Abhorrers.)
Petition of Right. An enactment of the Par-
liament of 1628 ; so named to make it clear
that the franchises or rights specified in it were
not newly gained, and that the statute merely
explained the existing constitution. (Bill, or
Declaration, of Sights.)
Petitio prinolpli. [L. , a demand of the prin-
ciple.\ {Loi;.) A begging of the question ; that
is, the treating of a proposition as already proved,
when it is only a premiss of the Syllogism by
which it is to be proved.
Petit litterateur. [Fr.] A dabbler in litera-
ture.
Petit maitre. [Fr., a little master.] A cox-
comb.
Petit mal. [Fr.] (Hant mal.)
Petit Boins. [Fr., sma/l cares.] Little atten-
tions.
Petrel. [(?) Dim. of Peter, as seeming to walk
on the waves ; c/'. Ger. Peter's vogel.] (Ornith.)
A cosmopolitan gen. of sea-birds, as the stormy
petrels. Mother Carey's chickens; about six inches
long ; black, with white on wings and rump. Pro-
cellarla, fam. Procellarlldx, ord. Ansfres. ** The
most aerial and oceanic of birds," yet one spec.
(Pufflnuria Berardi, Tierra del Fuego) has the
appearance and habits of the auk, or grebe.
Fetrine Littirgy. That of ijt. Peter, or the
Roman. (Liturgy.)
Petrobnuiaiu. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers
of Peter Brueys, or De Bruys, who in the twelfth
century denounced the vices of the clergy, and
gained many disciples in S. France.
PetrSleum springs. [L. petra, rock, oldum,
oil.] Naphtha, etc. ; liquid bitumens found in
several parts of Europe, in Persia, W. Indies,
and in profuse abundance in U.S. and Canada.
Petty average. {A'aut.) Charges for tow-
ing, etc., borne partly by ship and partly by
cargo.
Petty bag. A little bag or sack in which some
of the writs issuing out of a court or office of
Common Law (which, with the Court of Equity,
made up the Court of Chancery) were originally
kept. Other writs issuing out of the same
court (i.e. of Common Law) were generally kept
in a hamper. Whence the Hanaper Office.
(Haoaper.)
Petty jury. In Law, the jury who give their
verdict in criminal cases for which a true bill
ha-s -been found by the grand jury.
Petty larceny. The stealing of goods below
the value of one shilling, thefts of larger amounts
being known as Grand larceny. The distinction
was abolished in 1807.
Petty officers. (A'aut.) Sailors of first class,
ranking with non-commissioned officers in the
army.
Petty sessions. As distinguished from Quarter
sessions, a court constituted by two or more
justices of the peace.
Petuntse. [Chin.] (Peh-tun-tze.)
Peutingerian table, or map (so called from
Conrad Peutinger, who first made it generally
known). A map of the ancient Roman roads ;
26
supposed to have been drawn up early in the
third century.
Pewter. [Ger. spiauter.] An alloy of four
parts of tin and one of lead.
Pfahlbauten. Pile-dwellings. (Lake-dwell-
ings.)
Pfennig. [Ger.] A coin worth about an eighth
or a twelfth of a penny ; in N. Germany the jjgth
part of a thaler ; in S. Germany the j\5th part
of a florin or gulden.
Phseacians. [Gr. iftaloKts.] [Myth.) In the
Odyssey, the inhabitants of an island called
Schdria, whose ships have the powers of thought
and speech, and perform their voyages without
rudder, tackling, oarsmen, or sails. They are,
in other words, the dwellers in Cloud-land, and
are, in fact, the clouds.
Phsenogams. (Cryptogams.)
Phaethon. [Gr., clear-shining.] (Myth.)
The child of the sun, Helios, who, being en-
trusted with his father's chariot, lost control
over the horses, who, approaching too near the
earth, scorched it up. He was killed by a
thunderbolt of Zeus.
Phalanger. [From phalanx {q.v.).] (Zool.)
A marsupial quadruped, of gen. Phalarista.
Australia, Tasmania, etc. Nocturnal in habits,
and living in trees.
PhalangSs. [Gr. ^aKayyfs-] (Anat.) In
men and animals, the small bones of the fingers
and toes.
Phalanstery. [Fr. phalanstere, said to be
from Gr. <pa\ayl, phalanx, artpfSs, frm.] The
dwelling of a Fourierite association, maintaining
community of property and goods.
Phalanx. [Gr.] The order of battle in which
the CJieck Hoplites were usually drawn up.
Ph&l&ris, Epistles of. A collection of forged
letters, ascribed to Phalaris, tyrant of Akragas
(Agrigentum), in Sicily ; known chiefly through
the controversy on the subject of their spurious-
ness, between Bentley, and Boyle who maintained
that they were genuine.
Phauariots. Greek officials of Constantinople ;
so called as living in the Phanar, the quarter of
the city in which the patriarch resided. — Fin-
lay, //ist. of Greece, iv. 252.
Phanerogams. (Cryptogams.)
Phantasmagoria. [Gr. <pdvTa(TiJ.a, an appear-
ance, o7ttpci>, / bring together.] An exhibition
of images thrown on a screen by a magic lantern.
Pharisees. [Heb. perdshlm, separated.] A
religious party amot^ the Jews, who held that
God revealed to Moses an oral law (Masorah),.
which had been handed down by tradition, to.
supplement the written Law, and that this oral
law declared the continuance of life after death
and the resurrection of the dead. (Sadduoees.)
Pharmacopceia. [Gr. tpdpfj.&Koi', a drug, woUu,
I make.] An authoritative work, giving direc-
tions for the preparation of medicinal substances^
Phiros. 1. An island at the mouth of the
harbour of Alexandria, on which a lighthouse
was erected. 2. Any lighthouse.
Pharynx. [Gr. <ph.pvy^, throat, pharynx.\
{Anat. ) That part of the alimentary canal which
lies behind the nose, mouth, and larynx.
PHAS
376
PHOS
Phase. 1. (Astron.) A change of appear-
ance [Gr. <p6.(TL<i\ of moon or planet caused by a
larger or smaller portion of its illuminated surface
being visible. 2. (Phys.) The propagation of
a wave-motion through a medium is due to each
particle in succession being caused to make
small oscillations like those of a pendulum ;
the P. of the motion of a particle is the
fractional part of the time of one oscillation since
it last passed through its position of rest in the
direction of the wave-motion.
Fli&Kt&iiIdse. [Gr. <paer'iav6s, pheasant, the
bird of the Phasis, or Rheon, in Colchis, now
Faisz-Rhioni, in Georgia.] (Ornith.) Fam. of
birds comprising pheasants, peacocks, guinea-
fowl, turkeys, and jungle-fowl. Almost cos-
mopolitan, but chiefly E. Asia. Ord. Galllnae.
Fheiditla. [Gr.] A later name for the
Spartan Syssitla.
Fhenakism. [Gr. ^tyaKiir/ios, from <pfvaicfi,
false hair.^ Saying what is not meant, cheating.
Fhenakistoscope. [Gr. ^(cdxio'T^f, a cheat,
ffKoirtca, I look at. ^ A toy, in which advantage
is taken of the persistence for an appreciable
time of an impression on the retina, to make a
succession of pictures imitate the movements
of animals. There are several toys founded on
the same principle, called by different names,
as the Thaumatrope [OaSjua, wonder, rpoiri], a
turning], the Zoetrope \^u)ov, an animal\ or
Wheel of life, Faraday^ s wheel, etc.
Phenio acid. Y^x.^'im^, purple red.] {Chem.)
Carbolic acid.
Phenioine. [Gr. ^ivi^, red.] A purple
powder obtained from indigo.
Pheoix. [Gr. tfkoivil.] (Myth.) A marvellous
bird, said to live 500 or 600 years in the desert,
and then to kindle its own funeral pyre, from
which it emerged with a new life. It thus
became a symbol of immortality. But this story
is told with many variations.
Pheon. [O.Fr.] (Her.) A cross-bow bolt,
shaped like a broad arrow-head.
Phigaleian marbles. A part of the collection
in the British Museum, known as the Elgin
marbles. They were discovered near the site
of the Arcadian town Phigaleia.
Philabeg. (Filliheg.)
PhilheUene. [Gr. <pt\tw, I love, "EWijyes,
Greeks.] One strongly attached to the cause of
Greece in the present day.
PMlibeg. (Philabeg.)
Philippics. 1. Orations of Demosthenes
against the policy of Philip, King of Macedonia
and father of Alexander the Great. 2. The
name was applied to the speeches by which
Cicero drove Marcus Antonius from Rome ; and
hence, 3, to severe invectives generally.
Philistinism. A word used to describe the
supposed lack of sweetness and light in inferiors
by those who think themselves superior.
Philoctetes, Arrows of. (Myth.) Weapons
without which Troy could not be taken, and
which had belonged to the hero Heracles
(Hercules).
Philology. [Gr. ^iXoXoyla, love of words.]
The study of language, especially for purposes
of science, which chiefly rests on the comparison
of languages— the method used being that of
Comparative philology.
Philosopher's stone. A stone by which, when
obtained by a long series of processes, the al-
chemists believed that they would be able to
transmute the baser metals into gold.
Philter, Philtre. [Gr. iplxrpov.] A drug
or potion supposed by the ancient Greeks and
Romans to have the power of exciting love.
Phlebotomy. [Gr. <l>\(0oTOfila, from ^At'i^,
0A€/3rfy, a vein, toh4\, cutting.] (Med.) The
opening of a vein for blood-letting.
PhlegSthon. [Gr., burning.] (Myth.) One
of the rivers of the infernal regions ; called also
Pyriphlegethon, faming with fire.
Phlegmatic. [Gr. fXeyfia, (i) inflammation,
(2) as its result a cold watery humour?^ 1.
Abounding in phlegm. 2. Cold, sluggish, not
easily excited.
Phlegreean Plains. The volcanic region of
Campania, in Italy, was so called. The Greek
Phlegra denotes any burning land.
Phl5giston. [Gr. ^A.o'y«<rT<!»', neut. adj., in-
flammable.] An imaginary principle of com-
bustion, resident in matter, and accounting for
combustion. (Stahlianism.)
PhScIdsB. [Gr. ^diKi\, seal.] (Zool.) The seal
family, aquatic carnivora.
Phcebns Apollo. [Gr. «o</3os 'ATrifWcoi'.] The
sun-god of the Greeks, born in Delos, the bright
land, ruling in Lycia, the land of light, and
having his great sanctuary at Delphi, under
Mount Parnassus. His face and form were
represented as the perfection of beauty, no razor
being suffered to touch the golden locks (rays)
which streamed over his shoulders. (Ortygian
shore.)
PhSlas. [Gr. ^<a\i.s, lurking in a hole ((^wXeJs).]
(Zool.) Gen. of bivalve molluscs, giving its
name to fam. PholSdldae (piddocks and ship-
worms), boring holes in wood and stone. Class
Conchifera.
Phonetic spelling. [Gr. ^<avi\, a sound.] 1. A
system which aims at spelling the words of all
languages precisely according to their sound.
The difficulty seems to be to arrive at an agree-
ment as to the signs which are to represent these
sounds, and 2, to ensure uniformity, and 3, per-
manence, in vowel-pronunciation.
Phonetic writing. Writing in which signs
represent sounds, as distinguished from ideo-
graphic, in which signs represent objects. (Hie-
roglyphics.)
Phonolite. (Clinkstone.)
Phonology, Phonetics. [Gr. ^viiiiKis, having
to do with tpav-f], sound, the sound of the voice.]
The science of articulation ; the science of vocal
sounds in their relatio-^ to language.
Phosphor. 1. (Astron.) The planet Venus
when appearing as the morning star [Gr. ^a-
<p6pos, i.e. the light -bringer]. 2. (Chem.) One
of the elements, resembling yellow wax, very
inflammable. Baldwin^s phosphorus, fused
nitrate of lime, which, after exposure to the sun,
emits light in the dark. Canton^ s phosphorus, a
substance possessing the same properties, and
PHOS
377
PICA
made by exposing calcined oyster-shells and
sulphur to a red heat.
Fhosph5rus. (Phosphor.)
Photinians. (Eccl. I/ist.) Followers of Pho-
tinus, who, in the fourth century, maintained
opinions akin to those of the Cerinthians,
Ebionites, and Sabellians.
Photography. [Gr. ^w, gen. ^xi>r6s, light,
ypa.<p(>i, /write.'] The art of producing a picture
by the agency of light.
Photolithography. [Gr. <pS>^, (f>ar6s, light,
and lithography.] A mode of lithographing in
which a photographic picture is taken on the
prepared stone.
Photometer. [Gr. ^r, <t>tfT6i, light, fiirpov,
a measure.] An instrument for measuring the
intensity of a light with reference to some other
light taken as a standard.
Photophone. Professor Graham Bell's instru-
ment which, by the agency of a beam of light
[Gr. <^y, (p<eT6s], reproduces sounds and articu-
late speech [^«»^, sound, voice"] in distant places.
This invention has lately led to the discovery
that light may not only be made to convey
sounds, but actually to produce them by its
action upon most known substances.
Photosphere. [Gr. 0«y, light, ff<pa7pa, sfhere.]
(Astron.) The luminous envelope surrounding
the sun.
Photozincography. [Gr. tpSs, tpttrSs, light,
and zincography.] Printing from prepared zinc
plates, on which a photograph has been taken.
Phratry. [Gr. (pparpia, a brotherhood, or clanJ]
In Gr. Hist., the union of a certain number of
families by the bond of a common worship. It
answered to the Latin getts. The union of a
certain number of Phratries on the same prin-
ciples formed a Phyle, or tribe ; and the like
union of tribes constituted a Polis, or city, Latin
populus. (Apatnria.)
Phrenetie. [Gr. ^ptvlrlKi^.'] A madman ; a
frantic person is lit. suffering from phrenitis.
Phrenio. Relating to the diaphragm [Gr.
^pi]v, ^pfvii\.
Phrgnltis. [Gr. ^pttrin^.] (Meningitis.)
Phrygian mode. (Greek modes.)
Phrygians. (Eccl. I/ist.) An early Christian
sect ; so called as abounding in I'hrygia, and
follo^-ing the teaching of Montanus. (Montan-
ists.)
Phtheiriasis. [Gr. (pOttplams, <t>Ot(p, a louse.]
(Pedicnlaria.)
Phthisis. [Gr. <p0'!<rii, ipelw, / decay.] (Afed.)
Pulmonary consumption.
Phycology. Study of j(faw('^</[Gr. ^vkos].
Phylactery. [Gr. ^v\mct4)piov, from tpvKiartrw,
I guard.] An amulet or preservative. The
phylacteries of the Jews consisted of slips of
parchment inscribed with verses of the Law,
worn during prayer on the arm and between the
eyes (Exod. xiii. 9).
Phylarch. [Gr. <pi\apxos, the ruler of a
^u\-fl, or tribe.] An Athenian officer who super-
intended the registering of the members of each
tribe.
PhflB. (Phratry.)
PhyllSdium. [Gr. tfivWdSr^t, like a leaf
{^vWov).] {Bot.) A petiole transformed into a
leaf-like body ; e.£. the Australian acacias.
Phyllome. [Gr. 4>i;A\«^o, foliage.] A term
lately introduced into Botany, including all dis-
tinct lateral members borne upon stems or
branches. — Bettany, Practical Botany.
Phylloxera. [Gr. <pvK\oy, a leaf, (vpSs, dry,
parched.] A grub which, attacking the roots of
vines, eventually destroys whole vineyards.
Physical force. Any force which is sufficiently
defined as a cause that changes or tends to change
the state of a body as to rest or motion. (For
P. astronomy, P. geography, P. optics, vide
Astronomy; Geography; Optics.)
Physics. [Gr. <^vaM6s, having to do with
nature] 1. The laws of the phenomena of
matter. 2. A general term for the group of
sciences— mechanism, mechanics (kinematics,
dynamics), heat, sound, light, electricity, and
magnetism.
Physiography. [Gr. ^Oo-«r, nature, ypJupcn, 1
describe.] A systematic account of the particular
phenomena of nature.
Physiology. [Gr. ^Ixsis, nature, \6yoi, dis-
course.] The science which treats of the pheno-
mena of life in animals and plants.
Physostimi. [Gr. «l>v(ra, a bladder, ffrSfia, a
mouth.] (/chth.) The fourth order of tele-
ostean [r4\(ioi, perfect, harkov, bone] fishes, in-
cluding cat-fishes, carps, herrings, eels, and
more than twenty other families.
PhytilSphas. [Gr. <pvr6v, a plant, ixiipai,
ivory.] Vegetable ivory, being the hardened
albumen of the Cabeza de Nef;ro or jfagna, a
gen. of palm-like plants inhabiting S. America.
Phytoglyphy, Phytography. [Gr. ^vt6v, a
plant, yKv<p<i>, / engrave, ypdipu, J draza.]
Nature-printing.
Phyto, -logy. (Bot.) Treats of plants in
general ; -tomy, of their anatomical structure ;
-graphy is the art of describing them. [Gr.
<t>vT6v, a plant, K6yos, discourse, rofii), a cutting,
ypi<piD, J -write. ]
Piacolar. [L. piacularis.] Expiaiory ; having
power to appease.
Pia mater. (Dora mater.)
Piarists. [L. Patres Scholarum Plarum, Fathers
of pious schools.] An order devoted to educa-
tion, founded at Rome by Casalanzio, a Spanish
nobleman, in the seventeenth century.
Fiassava. [Port.] Fibre from a kind of Bra-
zilian palm, used for brooms, etc.
Piaster, Piastre. An Italian coin worth about
y. id. ; a Spanish piaster, or hard dollar, is worth
4J-. 2d. ; the Turkish piaster is worth about 2d.
Piazza. [It.] {Arch.) A square open space
surrounded by buildings.
Pibroch. [Gael, piobaireachd, piobracht, the
pipe summons.] The music of the bagpipes, but
not the bagpipe itself. Every clan had its own
pibroch.
Pica. [L., a magpie?^ (Med.) Morbid de-
praved appetite for things unfit for food.
Pica. A kind of type, as —
Young
(from its being used to print the/jv (Pie) or table
PICA
378
PIGE
of daily services in the old Roman service-
book).
Pica, Small ; Souble P. Two kinds of type,
as —
French. Dutch.
Pioador. [Sp.] A horseman who excites and
irritates the bull at a bull-fight.
Picard. (Naut.) A Severn trading- vessel of
old time.
Picards. {ffts/.) The followers of the Fle-
mish Picard, who, in the fifteenth century, gave
himself out as the new Adam, and professed to
restore the state of primeval innocence.
Ple&risB. [L. picus, woodpecker,^ (Orni-
thology.)
Piccalilli. [Hind.] An E. -Indian pickle.
Picoaroon. [A picker, i.e. stealer. '\ 1. A
thief or swindler. 2. A pirate-ship.
Pieoary. (Naut.) Petty piracy.
Pioeolo. [It., /////(?.] (Musk.) 1. A wooden
stop in an organ, two feet in length, of clear,
bright tone. 2. A flute, of which the notes are
an octave higher than those of the common flute.
8. A small piano is sometimes called a P.
Plelds. [L. picus, 'ii>oodpecker.'\ (Omith.)
Woodpeckers. Widespread fam. of birds, but
not found in Australia. Sub-ord. Scansores,
ord. PlcarlK.
Pickage. (Stallage.)
Picked out. Relieved with stripes of a different
colour [cf. Fr. pique, spotted].
Pickerel. [Dim. of pike, a kind of fish, from
Celt, pic, a point, from its pointed jaws ; cf.
Fr. brochet, »^., and broche, j//X'<r.] (Ichth.) A
small pike. £sox lucius, fam. Esocldae, ord.
Physostomi, sub-class TelSostdi.
Piokerie. {Naut.) Old word for stealing.
Under this name theft was punishable by
duckings.
Picket. {Afi/.) Short stake [Fr. piquet]
(which came to mean also cavalry, whose horses
were fastened to the same P.) for driving into
the ground to secure horses, tents, and revet-
ments, or to mark out fieldworks.
Picklock. A superior kind of selected wool.
Pickthank. One who thrusts himself into
matters with which he is not asked to meddle ; a
flatterer or talebearer.
Pick up a wind, To. (A'aw/.) To get from one
trade-wind to another with the least amount of
calm possible.
Picric acid. [Or. xtKpSi, fitter.] {Chem.) A
bitter acid used as a yellow dye.
Picromel. [Gr. iriKp6s, Utter, fitXi, honey.]
A sweetish-bitter substance existing in bile.
Piots' Wall. One of the barriers raised by the
Romans to prevent the incursions of the Scots
into S. Britain.
Piddock. (Pholas.)
Pie. 1. In Printing, a mass of unsorted types.
2. The table used before the Reformation for
finding out the sers'ice for the day. The word
is of doubtful origin, some referring it to Gr.
itlva^, a tablet ; others to the Litera Picata, the
large black letter marking the beginning of each
new order in the service. (Pica.)
Piece de resistance. [Fr.] 1. The substantial
joint in a dinner ; a piece to cut and come again.
Hence, 2, the important piece in a theatrical en-
tertainment, as distinguished from what is before
and after ; and generally, 3, the principal thing
in a day's business or pleasure.
Piece goods. Dry goods sold by the piece,
as longcloths, sheetings, etc.
Pieoener. [Eng. piece.] A workman who
supplies rolls of wool to the slubbing-machine.
Piece of eight. A hard dollar, or Spanish
piaster (q.v.), worth about 4J. id.
Pieces jastificatives. [Fr.] A French phrase
for passages cited at the end of a work in sup-
port of the author's statements or conclusions.
Pied-a-terre. [Fr.] Foot on earth.
Pie poudre ootirt. In Law, a court for de-
ciding on the spot disputes arising at fairs and
markets; called in L. curia pedis pulvSris, etc.,
from the dusty-footed dealers [O.Fr. pied poul-
dreux] who frequented it. Now disused.
Pier arches. (Arch.) The main arcade of a
church, supporting the Triforium and Clerestory.
Pierced. (Her.) Having a round hole through
the middle.
Pi§ridSs. [Gr.] According to some, a name
of the Unses, from Mount Pieros, in Thessaly.
Others speak of them as the daughters of Pieros,
King of Emathia, who were worsted in their
rivalry with the Muses. (Pegasus.)
Pierrier. [Fr. pierre, a stone, L. petra.]
(Mil. ) A kind of cannon once used for throwing
stones.
Piers Ploughman. Two poems, the one called
the Vision, the other the Creed, of Piers the
Ploughman, are supposed to have been written
by Robert Langland, in the fourteenth century.
They are in the old English alliterative verse,
and speak very plainly of the ecclesiastical abuses
of the time. — Milman, Hist, of Latin Chris-
tianity, bk. xiv. ch. 7.
Pietantia. [L.L. of the Middle Ages.] Thezest
or relish given to make the rest of the fare more
palatable ; from which, probably, the modern
pittance, meaning the whole of a donation, which
is nevertheless small in amount.
Pietists. Certain reformers of the Lutheran
Church in the seventeenth century were so called,
as wishing to awaken a more religious spirit and
greater strictness of life. Their efforts led to the
growth of the more vehement and entliusiastic
school, which found its great interpreter in the
mystical Jacob Bohm or Behmen.
Pietra oommessa. \l\.., joined stone.] Inlaying
with veneers or precious stones.
Pietra dura, [lu, hard stotte.] Ornamental
work in coloured stones, representing fruits,
birds, etc., in relief.
Piezometer. [Gr. trtfCfift to press, fitrpoy,
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
compressibility of liquids.
Pigeon English. A jargon employed by
Chinese at Hong-Kong and elsewhere, in their
intercourse with the English. It is said to be a
corr. of Business English.
PIGI
379
FINN
Fig iron. (Sow.)
Figment. [L. pigmentum, faint. ^ {Anat.)
Colouring matter of any tissue ; e.^^. in freckles ;
in the skin of dark races ; in the P. nigrum, on
the inner surface of the choroid coat of the eye.
Fignoration. [L. pignorationem, from pignus,
pignoris, a pUdge.'\ The act of pledging or
pawning.
Fignnt. {Bot.) Root of Bunium [Gr. j3oiJv«oi']
flexuosum, ord. Umbelliferae ; like a small potato,
with aromatic, sweet taste. Found in S. and W.
Europe, and plentiful in Britain.
Fike. [Fr. pique, a thing peaked.\ (Mil.)
Arm of many infantry soldiers down to the
end of the seventeenth century. An ash-handled
spear, surmounted by a steel head, and protected
for a distance of four feet by metal plates ; length
fifteen to sixteen feet.
Filaster. [It. pilastro.] {Arch.) A square
engaged pillar, projecting from the wall, usually
about the fifth part of its width.
File. [Fr. poiL] The nap of cloth, velvet,
etc.
Ffle. [L. pilus, a stake.'] (Her.) A wedge-
shaped ordinary formed by lines drawn from the
dexter and sinister chief to the middle base.
(Esentoheon.) Swords or other charges arranged
in this shape are said to be borne in pile.
Pile arms. (Mil.) To rest three muskets
against one another by securing their ramrods ;
preventing the necessity of laying them on the
ground.
File-driTer. An engine for driving in Files.
File-dwellings. (Lake-dwellings.)
Files. (Arc/t.) Pieces of timber or iron,
used for supporting the foundations of a building
or the piers of a bridge.
Ffl6ns. [L., a cap.] (Bot.) The cap of a
mushroom.
Filgarlie. " A sneaking or hen-hearted fellow "
(Johnson). "One who peels garlick for others
to eat," enduring hardships while others enjoy
themselves (Wedgwood). (For a full account
of this disputed word, see Latham's JohnsotCs
Enz. Diet.)
Klgrimage of Orace. A rebellion in the N. of
England, 1536; headed by Aske, and caused
chiefly by the dissolution of the smaller mon-
asteries. So called because the insurgents bore
banners displaying the five wounds of the
Saviour. Scroop, Archbishop of York, who
joined them, was executed in 1537.
Filjn^ Fathers. Nonconformists, who, sailing
from Southhampton in the Mayflmver, landed
at Plymouth, Massachusetts, December, 1620.
Fill. \Cf. L. pellis, skin.] As in Gen. xxx.
37, 38 ; Isa. xiii. ; \.o peel, to take off the rind :
but pill, = to plunder, is Fr. piller, It. pigliare, a
military term.
Fillared saints. (Stylite saints.)
Fillars of Heracles, or Hercules. The name
by which the Greeks and Romans knew the
Straits of Gibraltar, the pillars being the two
hills AbTla on the African side, and on the
European Calpe, which has received its present
name, Gibel al Tarik, or the Rock of Taric,
from the Arab general who destroyed the Gothic
monarchy of Spain in the person of Roderick.
(Heracles.)
Fillau. [Turk, pilaw.] A Turkish dish of
boiled rice and mutton fat.
PillSry. [Fr. pilori, perhaps from pilier, a
pillar.] A wooden instrument which exhibited
the head and person of a criminal to public view
and insult. (Healfang.)
Pillow; P.-block. 1. [O.K. pilwe, L. pulvinus.]
A block with a cylindrical hole for supporting
a revolving axle or journal. 2. Pillow of a
plough is a wooden cross-piece for raising or
lowering the beam. 3. [Fr. pelu, hairy.] A
plain, coarse fustian. 4. (Naut.) The timber
on which the inner end of the bowsprit rests.
Pilosity. [L. pilosus, hairy.] Hairiness of
surface.
Pilot. [D. piloot.] A man experienced in
the channels, currents, shoals, etc., who has
charge of a ship's course. Branch P., one who
holds the authority of the Trinity House to act
as such. P.^s anchor, one used to drop a vessel
down a stream, or in a tideway. P.'s fairway,
or 7vater. (Fairway.)
Pilpay, Fables of. (Hitopadesa.)
Pimento. [.Sp. pimiento.] Allspice.
Fina clotli. A soft yellow material for ladies'
dresses, made from the fibre of the /i«^-apple
leaf.
Pin&cSthiea. [Gr. iriv&KoQ4tKi\, from ir(>/o|, a
tablet, or picture.] In ancient Arch., a place for
the exposition of paintings. The National
Gallery at Munich is named Pinakothek.
Pinax. [Gr.] .^ /a^/i?/' / hence a register.
Pinchbeck (made known by a man so named).
An alloy of copper and zinc, somewhat like
Mosaic gold, first made in 1783.
Pinch-gut. In Naut. slang, a niggardly purser.
P.-G. pay, short allowance money.
Fine-needle wool. A fibre from the buds and
leaves of pine.
Pinion. [Norm. Fr. pignon.] A small toothed
wheel made to work with a rack, or with a
larger wheel; as rack and pinion, wheel and
pinion.
Pink. 1. (Tchth.) The salmon in its first
year. (Peel; Grilse.) 2. (Naut.) A narrow-
sterned ship, with a small square part above.
Pink-stern, a very narrow Severn boat.
Pinking. Cutting in small scallops or angles.
Pink salt. A double chloride of tin and
ammonium, used as a mordant.
Pin money. In Law, an annuity settled on a
married woman for personal expenses.
Pinna. \\,., feather.] (Zool.) Gen. of bivalves
with silky threads, byssus [Gr. ^haaos, fine flax]
of extraordinary size, thrown out by the foot.
Fam. AvIcuITdae, class Conchlffra.
Pinnace. [Fr. pinasse, It. pinazza.] (Naut.)
1. A ship's boat, carvel-built and schooner-rigged,
smaller than the barge, and fitted for rowing.
2. French-armed P., mounting a long twenty-
four pounder, from sixty to eighty tons burden,
and carrying a hundred men.
Pinnacle. [L. pinnacula, dim. of pinna, a
turret.] (Arch.) A small pillar, square or
polygonal, at the angles of a tower, or on the
FINN
380
PITC
buttresses between windows, ending pyramidally
at the top, and generally ornamented with
foliage. The P. of the temple, mentioned in
the narrative of the temptation (Matt. iv. 5), was
a wing of the building, overhanging a steep
valley.
Pinnate leaf. [L. pinnatus, furnished with a
/^a///«- (pinna).] (Bot.) One divided into several
pairs of leaflets ; e.g. ash. Bipinnate, when
each leaflet is again so divided ; e.g. mimosa.
Pinnatifid [findo, / cUave\ divided in a pinnate
manner nearly to the midrib ; e.g. leaf of oak.
Pinnatifid. (Pinnate leaf.)
Pinnatiped. [L. pinnatus, finned, pedem,
foot.~\ Aquatic birds with membranes on each
side of the toes.
Pinner. The loose lappet of a head-dress.
Pinnigrade, PinnlpSdIa. [L. pinna, fin, grS-
dior, / walk, jj^dem, Joot.\ (Zool.) Aquatic
camivora ; as seals.
Pinnoek. {Omith.) Tomtit, Vims.
Pinole. [Sp.] An aromatic powder used in
Italy for making chocolate.
Pintail duck (from its pointed tail). (Omilh.)
Sea -pheasant ; length about twenty-six inches ;
plumage variegated ; tail long. Migratory in
Great Britain. Diflla Scuta [L., sharp], or caud-
acuta \X- , sharp taif\, gen. Daflla, fam, AnStidse,
ord. Anseres.
Pintles, properly Pin-tails. {N'aut.) Hooks
by which the rudder is hung.
Pinos. [L., a pine tree.] (Bot.) A gen. of
trees, ord. Coniferae, as how limited is dis-
tinguished by leaves in all kinds evergreen,
needle-shaped, growing in pairs, threes, fours,
or fives, with membranous sheath at the base ;
r.f. Scotch P., Canadian red P., stone P.,
etc.
Piny, Piny tallow. A vegetable tallow ob-
tained from the seed of an Indian tree, Vatera
Indica.
Piny varnish. A resin obtained from the bark
of the above tree (Vatera Indica).
Pioneer. [Fr. pionnier, from pion, a pawn, a
foot-soldier,!^. ^cAontm.] (Mil.) One of a small
party of soldiers who precede each regiment on
the march, furnished with digging and cutting
implements to clear away obstacles.
Pip, Chip, or Boap. A disease of poultry,
generally of young poultry, especially chickens,
turkeys, and pheasants ; sometimes attacking
many, old and young ; considered highly con-
tagious ; a kind of influenza.
Pipe, Koll of the. A record of the revenue,
beginning from the reign of Henrj' II. The Pipe
Office was abolished 1833.
Pipe of wine. About two hogsheads ; a pipe
of port is 115 gallons, of sherry 108 gallons,
of Sicilian 93 gallons, etc.
Piper of Hameln. (Orpheos.)
Pipette. [Fr., a little pipe.] A small glass
tube with a bulb in the middle, used by chemists
for transferring liquids.
Piping. 1. A kind of fluted trimming for
ladies' dresses. 2. [L. pipio, / chirp.] In
horses, a kind of whistling ; a noise produced
by contraction of the opening of the larynx.
Pipistrelle. [Fr., It. pipistrello.] (Zool.) A
kind of bat, fam. Vespertilionidae.
Piqne. Hard-spun white twilled stuflf for
dresses.
Piquet. (Picket.) (Mil.) Two detachments
of troops who protect the camp from surprise,
the outlying one being at a considerable distance
in front, with double sentries pushed beyond it ;
the inlying one remaining accoutred in camp,
ready to turn out in support.
Piragua, or Pirogue. (Naut.) A canoe
hollowed from the trunk of a tree, called in N.
America, a dug-out.
Pirameter. [Gr. irupa, trial, fitrpov, measure. ]
(Mech. ) An instrument for measuring the power
required to draw a carriage.
Pirling. Twining, as horsehair, for fishing-
lines.
Pirn. A bobbin on which yam is wound.
Pirogue. (Piragua.)
Pis aller. [Fr.] A last resource, a make-
shift. [Pis, a comp. and superl. from L. pejas.
The reader who is mterested in philology should
consult both Littre and Brachet, s.v. "aller;"
which is most probably L. adnare, to come,
originally, by water ; as Fr. arriver is, originally,
to touch the shore, L. adrlpare, and so to reach a
thing, generally.]
Pisciculture. [L. pisces, fish, cultura, cul-
ture.] The artificial propagation and nurture
of fish.
Piscina. [L., a fish-pond.] (Eccl. Arch.)
A water-drain near the altar, on the south side.
Sometimes double.
Pisois. [L., a fish.] (Ichthys.)
Pisolite. [L. plsum, pea.] (Geol.) Oolite
roe-stone (q.v.) when the concretions arc larger,
resembling peas.
Pistachio. [It. pistacchio.] The almond-like
kernel of the nut of a kind of turpentine tree
imported from Sicily.
PistiL [L. pistillum, a pestle.] {Bot.) The
female organ of a plant ; a slender column coax>
posed of ovary, style, and stigma.
Piston [Fr. piston, L. pistonem, from pistare,
to pound]; T.-xoi. (Mech.) A short, solid cylin-
der which exactly fits a hollow cylinder, as that
of a pump or steam-engine ; it is connected by
a P. -rod to a point outside the cylinder, by
which in some cases it is moved, and which in
other cases it moves.
Pita. [Sp.] The strong white fibre of the
American aloe, used for making cordage.
Pitch ; P. circle ; P. line ; P. of rivets ; P. of a
screw; P. of a wheel. When two toothed
wheels work together, their motion is the same
as that of two circles on the same centres moving
by a pure rolling contact ; the circle correspond-
ing to either wheel is its Pitch circle or P. line ,
each tooth of the wheel is partly within and
partly projects beyond the pitch circle. The P.
of a wheel is the distance from one side of a
tooth to the same side of the next tooth, i.e. the
distance occupied by one complete tooth and
space measured along the pitch circle. The P.
of a screw is the distance between two consecutive
turns of the thread measured parallel to the axis.
PITC
381
PLAN
The P. of rivets is the distance from centre to
Centre of any two adjacent rivets.
Pitched market. One in which the articles
are not sold by sample, but produced in bulk.
Pitch of a saw. The slope of the face of the
teeth.
Pitch of a tone. {Acousfi'is.) Its sound as
determined by the number of (double) vibrations
made by the body and therefore by the particles
of air.
Pithecoid; e.g. skull, apelike [Gr. Tf0i;Kos,
an ap€\.
Pitona. [Fr., a screw-ring, a peak. \ Conical
hills, in W. Indies ; a French term ; origin un-
known.
Pitot's tube. An instrument for measuring
the velocity of a stream, consisting of a funnel
with a vertical tube ; the funnel being presented
to the stream, the water rises in the tube to a
height nearly corresponding to the velocity.
Ht-pan. (Naut.) A flat-bottomed canoe of
the W. Indies and Spanish Main.
PittacaL \Gt. -KlTra, pitch, KoXis, beautiful.^
A substance like indigo, obtained from wood-
tar.
Pittance. (Pietantia.)
Pitoitoos. Full oi phlegm [L. pltuTta].
Pins IV.'s Creed. (Creed of Pius IV.)
Pivot. [Fr. ; origin unknown.] 1. {Mil.)
Flank round which the troops move in executing
military evolutions. 2. (Mech.) The end of an
axle which presses endwise against its bearing.
Pivot-man. (Mil.) The soldier who marks
the centre while a line is wheeling.
PiT0t-6hip. (Naut.) In evolutions, is the
one on which a new line or formation is made.
Pinieato. [It.] To be pinched, twitched
with the finger, not played with the bow ; said
of violin-strings.
Place anz dames. [Fr.] Jiootn for the
ladies.
Placibo. [h., I shall please.^ 1. In the Latin
Church, vespers for the dead ; so called from the
first antiphon to the psalms. 2. A medicine
which pleases and quiets, but does not otherwise
benefit the patient.
Placebriek. A poor kind of brick, ill burnt,
through being on the outside of the kiln,
Pl¢a [L., a cake], or Afterbirth. 1.
(Med.) A temporary organ, spongy, vascular;
developed, in mammalia, during pregnancy, and
forming the connecting vascular medium between
mother and ovum f expelled shortly after the
birth. 2. (Bot.) A process of the ovary, to which
the ovules are attached.
Place of a heavenly body. (Astron.) Its
position as defined (i) by its right ascension
and declination ; (2) by its longitude and lati-
tude.
Place of arms. (Mil.) Enlargement at the
salient and re-entering angles of the covered way
of a fortress.
Plaolta. [L.] In the Middle Ages, courts
in which the sovereign took counsel on affairs of
the state ; termed Generaiia, as including both
clergy and laity.
Plaooid fishes. [Gr. irX«£{, ttK&kSs, a flat sur-
face.] (Tchth.) With Agassiz, an ord. including
all cartilaginous fish, except the sturgeon ; their
scales — e.g. shark, dog-fish,— being hard plates,
laid together in the skin ; not imbricated,
(Ichthyology.)
Plagal cadence. [(?) Gr. irAdywj, oblique,
indirect.] [Music.) 1. When the major or minor
of the subdominant precedes the concluding
chord of the tonic. 2. Plagal modes. (Greek
modes.)
Plagiarism. [L.L. plagium, kidnapping, or
stealing.] The using of the thoughts or words
of another without acknowledgment, in literary
composition.
Plagihedral crystal, [Gr. irX4y«os, oblique,
eSpo, seat, base,] As quartz, which commonly
takes the form of a six-sided prism terminated
by a pyramid. In some cases the solid angles at
the junction are replaced by secondary planes
obliquely placed ; the form of crystal is then
said to be plagihedral, and may be right-handed
or left-handed according to the direction of the
secondary planes. This difference in the form
of the crystals corresponds to a difference in their
action on polarized light.
Plagne. Originally a blow, stroke, calamity
[Gr. irXirfh, L. plaga] ; so in the Bible and in
Prayer-book frequently ; e.g. the P. of the death
of the firstborn ; " P. of rain and waters."
Plaid. [Gael, plaide.] A striped or variegated
stuff" worn by the Highlanders of Scotland.
Plain song. [L. Cantus firmus.] (Music.) A
kind of chant of Jewish and of early Christian
worship, extremely simple, admitting double
measure only, and notes of equal value. These
Church modes, which have affected the character
of all the best Church music ever since, were,
as regards structure, substantially one with the
ancient Greek modes (q.v.).
Planohette. [Ft., a small board, or plane.] A
heart-shaped piece of wood, so prepared, it was
said, as to guide the hand of any one writing
upon it to answers on subjects beyond his powers
of discernment or knowledge.
Plane; True P. [L. planus, level.] (Math.)
A surface, supposed to be capable of indefinite
extension, such that the straight line joining any
two points in it lies wholly in the surface. A
True P. is a mechanical approximation to a theo-
retically true P., invented by Sir J. Whitworth,
and produced by working on the principle that,
if three bodies having faces A, B, C, such that
if A and B can be brought by superimposition to
coincide point by point with C and likewise with
each other, all three are true planes.
Plane of picture ; P. of projection ; P. of re-
flexion ; P. of refraction. The plane on which
the picture is supposed to be drawn in the va-
rious kinds of projection is called the Plane of
the picture, or the P. of projection. The P.
of reflexion (or refraction) is the plane which
contains the incident and reflected (or refracted)
rays.
Plane of site. (Mil.) One supposed to pass
between the summit of a height and any terre-
plein (q.v.).
Plane sailing. (Naut.) Navigating by means
PLAN
382
PLAT
of plane right-angled triangles, i.e. on the sup-
position that the earth is a plane, and that the
meridians and lines of latitude are equidistant,
parallel straight lines, at right angles to each
other.
Plane scale. A flat piece of ivory, metal, or
wood, on which are engraved various scales of
equal parts, e.g. of inches or parts of an inch ;
it also contains scales for the construction of
angles of any number of degrees, and of their
chords, sines, etc.
Planet [Gr. irKavf\ri)s, a 7i>and^rer] ; Ex-
terior P. ; Inferior P. ; Interior P. ; Primary P. ;
Secondary P. ; Superior P. A heavenly body
revolving round the sun in an orbit, not greatly
differing from a circle ; as seen from the earth
planets are distinguished from the fixed stars,
partly by their appearance, but chiefly by their
visibly changing their place among the stars
when observed on successive nights for a few
days or weeks together. A Secondary P. re-
volves round a Primary P. , and with the primary
round the sun ; as the moon revolves round the
earth, and with the earth round the sun. The
Interior or Inferior planets are those which
revolve within the earth's orbit — Mercury and
Venus ; the Exterior or Superior planets, the
rest, which revolve outside.
Plane table. A drawing-board, graduated at
the edge so as to show in degrees the angle at
the centre, with a movable rule furnished with
sights ; for plotting on paper in the field the
lines of a survey.
Planetarium, hvi orrery {q. v.).
Planetary nebula. {Astron.) A nebula
having a near and in some cases a perfect resem-
blance to a planet ; presenting the appearance
of a disc round or slightly oval ; in some cases
quite sharply terminated, in others a little hazy
or softened at the border.
Planetoid. [Gr. irXaHjT*??, elSoy, form^
(Astron.) One of the small planets (Vesta,
Ceres, etc.) whose orbits are situated between
those of Mars and Jupiter. Called also Asteroids
and Minor planets.
Planimeter. [L. planus, level, Gr. nirpoii,
measure.^ An instrument for finding mechani-
cally the area of any inclosed plane drawn on
paper.
FlaniBhing. [O.Fr. planir.] Rendering level
by light blows of a smooth hammer, called a
planisher.
Planisphere. [L. planus, level, Gr. a<paipa,
sphere.^ {Astron.) 1. A stereographical pro-
jection of the great sphere ; by a proper delinea-
tion of the stars at a given place, a movable
circle placed on the picture can be made to show
the positions of the stars at any hour of any
night relative to the zenith and horizon of that
place. 2. Any projection of the great sphere on
any plane.
Flank-sheer. (Gunwale.)
Planometer. [L. planus, level, Gr. fiirpov,
measure.] A plane hard surface used as a stan-
dard gauge for ascertaining whether surfaces are
accurately plane.
Flantagenet. The surname of the English
kings who reigned between Stephen and Henry
VII., from the sprig of the broom plant [Fr.
plante de genet], which they bore as their
device.
Planta gSnista. (Oenista.)
Plantain. [From L. plantaglnem.] (Bot.)
A plant of gen. Plantago, with many spec.
The most remarkable of these are the Musa
paradisiaca, or banana, and the M. sapientum,
or plantain.
Plantar. Relating to the sole of the foot [L.
planta].
Plantation. [L. planta, a plant.] 1. For-
merly = Colonies. 2. In new and especially in
hot or tropical countries, a name applied to an
estate appropriated to the production of staple
crops, as the sugar-cane, cotton, rice, tobacco,
coffee, etc. (Bartlett's Amencanisms).
Plantigrades. [L. planta, sole, grSdior, /
walk.] (Zool. ) Carmvora walking on the soles
of their feet ; as bears.
Plaque. [Fr.] A flat plate of metal, on
which enamels, etc., are painted.
Plash, or Pleach. [O.Fr. plesser, to make a
hedge,lj.T^\\co,ijv.ir\iKiD, I weave.] (Agr.) To
entwine branches ; to cut partly through the
stems forming a hedge, bend them down, and
interweave them with the hedge.
Plasma. [Gr., anything moulded, or shaped.]
(A/in.) Chalcedony coloured green by some
metallic oxide, probably copper or nickel ; a
semi-transparent jasper. P. is the tcunrn o(
Rev. xxi. 19 (King, Antique Gems).
Plastogpraphy. [Gr. ir\affT6s, moulded, ypA^t$^
I draw.] The art of forming figures in plaster.
Plaster of Paris. Anhydrous sulphate of lime,
obtained by burning gypsum, large beds of
which exist near Paris.
Plastic clay. [Gr. irXaa-riKds, fit for mould-
ing.] Such as can be used for pottery and
china-ware. The best in England are the white
clay of the Bracklesham beds, the mottled clay
of the Woolwich and Reading series, and the
fire-clays of the coal-measures.
Plastron. [Fr., a breast-plate ; cf. It. piastrone,
from piastra, a plate of metal, a dollar.] 1. The
under shell of tortoises and turtles. 2. A leather
pad worn on the breast by fencers.
Plate. [Sp. plata, silver.] (Her.) A silver
roundlet or disc.
Plateau. [Fr., a plateau, tray, formerly
platel, from plat, yfa/.] (Geog.) An extensive
plain at a considerable height above the sea ; a
table-land.
Plate-glass. Glass composed of silicates of
soda and lime, made by blowing a long cylinder,
removing the ends and cutting open the side,
and spreading it when reheated on an iron table.
Plateiasmus. [Gr. w\oT€»o<r;uo's , from 7r\aT«;y,
flat, or broad.] A broad dialect or accent, a
brogue.
Platelayer. A workman who lays down the
rails and fastens them to the sleepers of a rail-
way.
Plate-mark. A mark on gold and silver //a/^,
to show the place and date of manufacture, and
fineness of metal.
PLAT
383
PLUM
Flate>metsd. White cast iron.
Platen. In a printing-press, the part which,
under the influence of the lever, gives the im-
pression to a sheet.
Plate tracery. {Arch.) The earliest form of
tracery, in which the surface of the window is
flat,«with openings pierced through it.
Platform. {Fort if.) 1. Flooring of wood or
stone at the bottom of the interior slope of a
parapet, to prevent the gun-carriage wheels from
sinking into the ground. 2. In the American
use(= general political plan), an older Eng. use
survives ; that of (i) ground -plan of a building,
(2) general pattern or principle [It. piatta forma].
Platinxim, Platina. [Sp. plata, si/vrr.] (A/in.)
A hard, whitish metal, very heavy and not easily
acted on by acids. Platinum black is platinum
in the form of a black powder. Spongy platinum
is the metal in the form of a porous brown mass.
Platonie bodies. (Polyhedron.)
Platoon. (Sp. peloton, a large ball, a cro7vd.'\
{Mil.) This word formerly meant a very small
body of soldiers ; it is now applied only to firing
exercise with a musket or rifle.
Platyceph&loos. [Gr. -wxirvs, broad, flat,
m«pa\ri, head.^ Broad- headed.
Platypus. [Gr. irXorJ-irowj, broad footed.^
(Ornithorhynchus paradozoa.)
Playte. ( Xaut. ) Old name for a river-boat.
Pleach. (Plash.)
Pleading. [I'lea, Fr. plaid, a plea, a sitting
of Ike court, is the L. placltum.] The technical
terms, though now little in use, are these : The
plaintifTs cause of complaint is the declaration,
and the defendant's answer the plea ; plaintiff
then makes his replication, to which defendant
answers by rejoinder ; upon which follow plain-
tiff's sur-rejoinder, and defendant's rebutter,
answered by plaintiff's sur-rehutter.
Please the pigs. [A.S. piga, a maiden.^ If it
please the Virgin.
Plebeians. [L. plebs, Gr. wX^floj, the multi-
iude.] Roman citizens not included in the
patrician class, who for a long time kept the
whole power of the State wholly in their own
hands. (Client; Tribune.)
Plebiscite. [L. plebiscitum, a decree of the
plebs.\ 1. In Rom. Hist., a law passed by the
comitia, or assembly of tribes. 2. In Mod.
Fr. usage, a popular vote taken to ratify a
measure already resolved upon, as the election
of an emperor.
Plebs. (Patricians.)
Plectrum. [L., Gr. ir\flicTpoi».] A quill or
similar piece of ivory, wood, metal, for twitching
the strings of some musical instruments.
Pledget. \Cf. plug, Ger. pflocke.] {Med.)
A small mass or tent of lint.
PleUldes. [Gr.] {Myth.) Seven sisters, as-
signed to many parents. Of these seven six are
visible ; the disappearance of the seventh is ac-
counted for in various ways. They are sisters of
the Hyades.
Pleiosaums. [Gr. ic\tiov, more, cavpos, a
lizard.\ {Geol.) A marine reptile, intermediate
between plesiosaurus and ichthyosaurus.
Pleistocene. (Eocene.)
Plenarty. [L. plenita, -tem, fulness.] The
state of a church when full, having an incumbent;
as opposed to Avoidance.
Pleonasm. [Gr. irXfovaa-fiSs, excess.] X.{Phet.)
Any redundant phrase or expression. 2. {Med.)
Overgrowth in quantity or in number of parts.
Plerdma. (Valentinians.)
Plesiosaurus. [Gr. irA.7j<r/os, near to, travpos,
a lizard, i.e. more like a reptile than is ichthyo-
saurus.] {Geol.) A singular gen. of fossil sea-
reptiles. Remains occur in the Lias, Oolite,
and Cretaceous strata.
Pleth5ra. [Gr. ■ir\r)eiip-n, irX'i^Ow, I am full.]
{Mtd.) Redundancy of blood, general or local.
Pleurae. [Gr. -KKfvpd, rib, side] {Anat.)
Two independent serous sacs, inclosing the
whole of each lung, except where the vessels
enter ; and reflected upon the inner surface of
the chest.
Pleurisy. [Gr. irXtvp'tTi^.] {Med.) Inflamma-
tion of the pleura ; Pleuro-pneurnonia, of the
pleura and lungs [Tcvfinovfs] together.
Pleuronectld^. [Gr. vKfvpd, rib, side, v4ix<»,
I sJtnm.] {Ichth.) Fam. of salt-water fishes,
ord. Anacanthini, found on all coasts. One
side is brown, or mottled, resembling the
sea-bottom on which they live, the other is
white ; the spine being wrung round near the
head, bringing both eyes on the upper side ; e.g.
flounder and turbot.
Pleuro-pneumonia. (Pletirisy.)
Plevin. [Fr, plevine.] An obsolete word,
denoting a warrant of assurance.
Plexus. [L. plecto, I plait, braid.] {Anat.)
Portions of nerves, or of vessels, interwoven.
Plinth. [Gr. 1rA.f1/flos, a i^r/VX-.] {Arch.) The
projecting face at the bottom of a wall imme-
diately above the ground.
Pliocene. (Eocene.)
Plot. {Gcom.) To draw to scale, particularly
the plan of a field or other area that has been
surveyed.
Plotting. {Mil.) Laying down on paper with
the aid of instruments the observations which
have been taken in surveying.
Plough Monday. Anciently, Monday after
Epiphany, first day of work after Christmas
holidays.
Plumassier. [Fr.] h.^cz\Qx \x\. feathers {¥x.
plume, L. pluma].
PlilmateUa. [L. pluma, </<?«'«.] {ZooT). Lopho-
pus [Gr. \6<^os, crest, irois, foot] ; the first dis-
covered Polyzoon, very common fresh-water
mollusc, with plume-like tentacles visible to the
naked eye. Class Pulyzoa.
PlumbagS. [L. plumbum, lead.] Black lead
as used in pencils. It is a form of carbon.
Plumbing. [L. plumbum, lead.] The art of
working in lead, as laying lead pipes, etc.
Plumbism. [L.\>\\xmh\xm, lead.] (Med.) Lead-
Eoisoning ; aggregate of symptoms arising from
andling lead preparations.
Plummer-block. A pilloav-block {q.v.).
Plumming. [Eng. plumb-line, from L. plum-
bum, lead.] Finding by means of a compass
which way a lode inclines, where to sink an air-
shaft, etc.
PLUM
384
POIN
Plumule. [L. plumiila, dim. of pluma, a soft
feather, down.} (Bot.) The rudimentary stem
of the embryo plant ; the rudimentary root being
a raiZ/V/f [radlcula, rootlet, dim. of radix].
Plunger. [Mech.) A solid cylinder used in
forcing-pumps, etc., instead of a piston and
piston-rod.
Plurality. In Eccl. Law, the holding of
more than one benefice ; the holder being a
Pluralist.
Plurative. In Log., = more than not. (i)
*' Men are m.3rtal," i.e. all men, is a universal
proposition. (2) " Men have made great dis-
coveries," i.e. some men, is particular. (3)
"Men are prejudiced," i.e. more [plures] than
not — more than half— are prejudiced, is plura-
tive. From two P. as premisses — though not
universals, but particulars — a particular-conclu-
sion may sometimes he drawn ; thus, " Five-
sixths of the army were Persians ; five-sixths of
the army fled : therefore some Persians fled."
( Vide Archbishop Thomson's Laws of Thought.)
Plush. [Fr. plucher.] 1. A stuff with a
velvety nap on one side. 2. {Naut.) Grog is
served out in a tot or tott (a cup rather under
half a pint), so that there is an overplus from each
mess, which, under the name of P., is given to
the cook of the day for his trouble.
Pliito. [Gr. -kKovtuiv, wealthy. \ (Jifyth.) The
name of Hades, as lord of the treasures of the
under world.
Plutonic. (Igneous ; Neptunian rocks.)
Plutus. [Gr. vKovTos, uvalth.] (Myth.) In
the Hesiodic theogony, the giver of wealth to all
whom he approaches. His wish, it is said, was
to befriend only the wise and good ; but Zeus
blinded him, that he might bestow his gifts at
random.
Pluviale. [L.] A cope, used originally as a
defence against rain.
Pluviometer. [L. pliivia, rain, Gr. (itrpov,
measure.] A rain-gauge.
PI7. [Fr. pli, a/o/d.] A fold or thickness
of web, as a three-ply carpet, which consists of
three cloths woven together.
Ply, To. {A'^aut.) 1. To carry for hira on
short trips. 2. To work to windward. To P.
an oar, to row.
Plymouth Brethren. A name applied to a
body of Christians, who admit the title only
as describing their individual state, maintaining
that they exist only to protest against sectarianism.
Some among them lay stress on the doctrine of
a community of goods.
Pneumatic action. [Gnirveu^uSTiKoj-, belonging
to wind (iri/tC/ua). ] In an organ, lightens the
touch by the liberation of compressed air, which
then rushes into a small bellows placed near the
key.
Pneumatics, [Gr, •rviv\xji.TiKl>'!, belonging to
wi}id, air (iri/eCyua).] The doctrine of the equili-
brium of elastic fluids.
Pneumatic trough, A small tank fitted with
a shelf, used for collecting gases [Gr, wveu/nora]
over water or mercury,
Pneumatomachi. [Gr. TrvcuAtotTo^ucJxoi.] {Eccl.
Hi':t.) A name of reproach for those who, in
the fourth and fifth centuries, denied the divinity
of the Holy Ghost. (Macedonians.)
Pneumatosis. [Gr. •KVivn.a.Tinais, inflation.'^
(Med.) A collection of air in the cellular mem-
brane. (Emphysema. )
Pnyz. [Gr. irvv^.] In ancient Athens, the
place for the popular assembly, on sloping
ground to the west of AreopSgus. The Bema,
or tribune on the north side, faced the Acropolis,
and commanded a view of the sea in the rear.
P.O. (A'aut. ) Petty officer.
Poak. The waste from the preparation of
skins.
PobladoB. [Sp.] Inhabited regions of S.
America, as distinguished from those uninhabited,
Des Poblados.
Pooo curante. [It.] One who cares little.
A devil-may-care.
PSdagra. [Gr.] Gout in the feet.
Podesta. [It., from L. potestas, power. "] The
chief magistrate of the Italian cities in the
Middle Ages.
Podoscaph. [Gr. tovs, iro8({s, a foot, aKJupo^,
a ship.] Small boats worn on the feet, for
walking on water.
Poe. (Native name.) A food made of the
baked roots of the taro plant, used in the Sand-
wich Islands.
PoBofle. [Gr. 7) voiKlXri, sc. trrod-l A portico
or hall at Athens, adorned with paintings by
Polygnotus, representing the battle of Marathon.
Poeta nascitur, non fit. [L.] A poet is bom^
not made.
Poetaster. [Fr. poetastre.] A petty poet,
a pitiful writer of verses.
Poetical metaphor. (Metaphor.)
Poet-Laureate. [L. laureatus, crowned with
laurel.] Most European sovereigns have assumed
the right of nominating a court poet ; the first
example being that of Petrarch, made P.-L. at
Rome. In England, Poeta Laureatus was
originally a graduate in rhetoric ; one such
would be made King's L. The P.-L. is an
officer of the royal household, in the Lord
Chamberlain's department.
Poigfnard. [ Fr. , from poing, the fist, L. pugnus. ]
A kind of dagger.
Point [L. punctum] ; P. of sight ; Project-
ing P. 1. A mark of position which has no
magnitude. 2. Used in several connexions
with a meaning plain from the context ; as, zero
point, equinoctial point, point of contrary
flexure, etc. (For P. of sight, or Projecting P. ^
vide Perspective.)
Point, Principal.
Point. (Switch.) (Accidental point.)
Point d'appui. [Fr., support, from appuyer,
L. appodiare.] \.(Mil.) The place in an «/(?:«-
ment (q.v.) upon which any military formation
is executed. 2. Generally, a fulcrum, point of
support.
Pointed architecture. The styles of architec-
ture in which the pointed or two-centred Arch is
systematically used, in contrast with the Roman-
esque styles, which are marked by the use of the
round arch. (Geometrical style.)
Point-lace, Lace wrought with a needle..
POIS
38s
POLI
Poison. [Fr., from L. potio, -nem, a drink. "[
Any substance which, through the blood, has a
noxious or deadening action upon living beings
is : 1. Irritant — exerting a direct local action
upon the stomach, if it gets so far ; as arsenic.
2. Narcotic — causing paralysis of the brain ; as
morphia. 3. Narcotico-eurid — first irritant, then
acting on the nervous system ; as strychnine,
some fungi, etc.
FoiBBon d'AvriL [Fr. (i) mackerel, (2) April
fool.} Of explanations offered, Littre does not
mention any, probably thinking none satisfactory.
Poitrinal. {Mil. ) Armour for a horse's chest
[Fr. poitrine].
Polacca, or Polonaiao. (Music. ) 1. A Polish
national dance, in f time, of slow movement.
2. A melody more or less similar in character.
Polacre. (A'aut.) A Mediterranean ship or
brig, without tops or cross-trees.
Polar axis; P. circles ; P. clock ; P. co-ordinates ;
P. distance ; P. forces. ( 6\vj^. ) The Polar axis
of an equatorial instrument is that axis of rotation
which, by adjustment, is made parallel to the
earth's axis. P. circles, the Arctic and Antarctic
circles, i.e. parallels of latitude whose angular
distances from the Poles are the same as the
obliquity of the ecliptic, viz. about 23° 28'. P.
clack, an instrument for telling the time of day
by observing the direction of the plane of polariza-
tion of the scattered sunlight from the regions
near the Pole. P. distance, the distance of a star
from either Pole, measured along a declination
circle. P. forces are conceived to act with equal
intensity in opposite directions at the ends of an
axis of molecules. (For P. co-ordimUes, vide
Badins-veetor.)
Polaris. (North star.)
Polariseope. An instrument for polarizing
light and analyzing it when polarized.
Polarity. [L. polus, ///r/to/j?.] That condition
of a body in virtue of which it exhibits opposite
properties or powers in two opposite parts or
directions.
Polarization [L. polus, the North Pole] ;
Angle of P. ; Circular P. ; Elliptical P. ; Plane
of P.; P. of light; Plane P. When a ray of
light passes through a crystal of Iceland-spar it
is in general divided into two rays, each of which
lias certain characteristic properties, in virtue of
which they are said to consist of polarized light.
One of these properties is that a ray of polarized
light will not pass through a second crystal of
Iceland-spar held in certain definite positions.
Any process by which light acquires these pro-
perties is the Polarizaiion of light. When light
is reflected at a certain angle (which in the case
of glass is 54° 35') it becomes polarized ; this
angle is the Angle of P. The properties of
polarized light can be deduced with great exact-
ness from the supposition that the undulatory
motion of the ether takes place in such a way
that its particles move in parallel lines at right
angles to the direction in which the light is pro-
pagated ; such light is said to be in a state of
Playu P. A plane at right angles to the direc-
tion of the vibration is the Plane of P. If two
rays of plane polarized light combine under
certain circumstances, the particles move in
circles or ellipses (having their major axes parallel
to each other) in planes at right angles to the
direction in which the light is propagated ; such
light is in a state of Circular, or Elliptical, P.
Polarizer. The part of a polariseope which
polarizes light ; it may be a surface from which
light is reflected at the polarizing angle, or a
portion of a doubly refracting crystal by passing
through which the light is polarized.
Polders. [D.] Non-tidal marshes in the Low
Countries, artificially drained by a series of canals
at successively higher levels, by which they are
also irrigated when required.
Poldway. Coarse sacking.
Pole [L. polus, a pole, the N. Pole] ; Magnetic P.
1. {Geog.) One of the points in which the axis
of rotation meets the surface of the earth. 2.
(Astron.) One of the points vertically over the
poles of the earth, round which the great sphere
seems to revolve. 8. (Gcom.) One of the
extremities of the diameter drawn at right angles
to the plane of a circle on a sphere (also vide
Eadins-vector). 4. {Phys.) One of the opposite
points in which a polar force is exerted ; as the
poles of a battery, of a m^net, etc. ( For Magtutic
P., vide Magnetic battery.) 6. Of the face of a
crystal, the end of that radius of the sphere of pro-
jection which is drawn at right angles to the face.
Polecat. [D. pool-kat, O.Fr. pulent, puUent,
stinking.] (Zool.) Putorius foetidus ; an animal
of the weasel kind (Mustellda:), about two feet
long, dark brown on back, lighter beneath. Ord.
Camivora. I.q. Fitchctt, or Foumart {t foul
marten).
PdlSmaroh. [Gr. iroA/juo^ x"^) a chief in war.]
A name for military commanders generally. At
Athens, the P. was the third of the nine Archons.
Polenta, [h., pearl barley.] An Italian dish,
of boiled chestnut or maize-flour.
Pole-star. (North star.)
Police Gazette. A journal containing the names
of prisoners convicted of crime, of absconders, of
persons for whom search is being made, as well
as deserters from the army. (Hue and Cry.)
Policy. 1. Applied to life insurances, this word
is said to be a corr. of the Gr iroXvitruxov,
or tablet folded into many leaves, used when
the Diptych was too small. It is found in
the transitional forms puleticum and pollegium.
2. (Naut.) The written contract of insurance
against sea-risks. Interest P., where the in-
surer has an assignable. Wager P., where he
has no substantial, interest in the thing insured.
Open P., where the amount of interest is not
specified, but has to be ascertained in case of a
loss. Valued P., where the goods or ship is
insured for a specific amount.
Poling. Stirring molten copper with z.pole of
green wood, to ])urify it of oxygen.
Polls. (Phratry.)
PoUtesse. [Fr.] Politeness,
Political economy. [Gr. ttoMtikos, of or
belonging to the State, oiKovo/xia, house-manage'
ment.] The science which seeks to determine
the nature and properties of the forces which act
on the social faculties of man, so far as the
POLL
386
POLY
results of these may be estimated by some re-
cognized standard of value. It deals, therefore,
with laws which are beyond the control of the
human will, and with consequences which follow
inevitably from those laws. The modem system
of political economy must be ascribed to A<lam
Smith, whose Wealth of Nations was published
in 1776.
Pollack. (Ichth.) Fish of the cod tribe,
olive-brown back, white sides, yellow-mottled.
British seas. Merluccius pollachius, fam.
Gadidae, ord. Anicanthini, sub-class TSieostST.
Pollard. [Cf. D. polle, head.] 1. (Zool.)
A stag that has cast his horns. 2. The chub,
or sometimes the miller'' s thumb ; large-headed.
S. A mixture of bran and meal. 4. A tree which
has been polled, or had its head cut off.
Polled cattle. {Cf. D. polle, head.] Hornless
cattle.
Pollen. [l..,Jinefour, or dust.] (Bot.) The
fertilizing powder emitted by the anthers.
Poll-evil. In a horse, a painful swelling on
the poll, fluctuating to the touch ; from the head
suddenly lifted and struck against a beam, etc.,
or from straining against the halter.
Pollicitation. [L. pollicitationem, from polli-
citari, to promise.] In Civil Law, a promise
which has not been accepted by the person to
whom it is made.
Poll tax. A tax levied on the heads (polls)
or persons of all members of the State, with the
exception of the very poorest.
PoUoz. (Castor ana Pollux.)
Polo. An Eastern game, much played in
Tartary ; introduced into England in 1872, by
some Indian officers ; may be described as hockey
played on horseback.
Polonaise. (Polacca.)
Polony. (From Bolopia, in Italy.) A dry
sausage made of meat partly cooked.
Poltergeist. [Ger.] A hobgoblin, supposed to
show his presence by the clattering of pots and
pans.
Poltroon. [Fr. poltron ;• connected by some
with Eng. bolster, as denoting one who lies
lazily in bed ; but by others referred to L.
pollice truncus, one maimed in the thumb, in
order to disqualify himself for military service.]
A coward, a dastard.
Polverine. [It. polverino, foroder.] The
ashes of a plant brought from the Levant, used
for making white glass.
Poly-. [Gr. -KoKis, many, much.]
Polyarchy. [Gr. troKvapxia.] The rule of
many (whether nobles or commoners) ; as
opposed to Monarchy.
Folychromy. [Gr. woXvxptDnoi, of many
colours.] (Arch.) The employment of colour
in adorning the surface of buildings or works
of art.
Polygamia. [Gr. iroXis, many, y&fjutv, mar-
'^'W'^'] {Bot.) Linnaean class xxii. ; plants in
which the spec, have male, female, and her-
maphrodite flowers on the same or different
individuals.
Polyg^astriea. [Gr. iro\vs, many, yaffr'fjp,
'jfaartpos, the belly.] I.q. Infusoria {q.V.).
Polyglot. [Gr. iroAuyAwTTos, many-tongiud.]
A word generally applied to Bibles printed with
the text in various languages. (Hexapla.)
Thus the edition of Cardinal Ximenes, called
Complutensian, as printed at Complutum, or
Alcala, in Spain, has the text in four languages.
Among such editions are also the Plantin
(Antwerp, 1572); the Polyglot of De Sacy
(Paris, 1645) ; the English, or Walton's Poly-
glot (1657). Hutter's Polyglot (Nuremberg,
1599) contains twelve languages.
Polygon [Gr. iroAiryotfWK, hcn'ing many angles] ;
Regular P. A plane figure having more than
four sides and angles ; it is Regular when
its has equal sides and angles ; it is called
pentagon, hexagon, octagon, decagon, etc.,
when it has respectively five \TtivTi], six [e{],
eight [oicrdi], ten {Bina], etc., sides.
Polygonal numbers. If an arithmetical series
whose first term is unity be written down, and
the sum of the first two, first three, first four,
etc., terms be taken, these sums are a series of
P. N. ; the order being two more than the
common difference of the arithmetic series.
Thus, if the series is I, 5, 9, 13, 17, etc., the
corresponding polygonal numbers are 6, 15, 28,
45, etc. ; and as the common difference of the
arithmetical series is 4, the P. N. are, in this
case, hexagonal (4-^2 = 6).
Polygon of forces. If any number of forces
act on a particle, and lines be drawn parallel
and proportionate to the forces, each line from
the end of the one drawn before it, and in the
same direction as the force acts, the line required
to make the figure a complete polygon represents
the resultant of the forces ; this proposition is
called the P. of F.
Polygraph. [Gr. iro\vypa<pis, writing much.]
An instrument for multiplying copies of a writing.
Polyhedron. [Gr. itoKvthpos, having many
sides.] A solid bounded by many plane faces;
a Tetrahedron is contained by four equilateral
triangles ; a Hexahedron, or cube, by six squares ;
an Octahedron, by eight equilateral triangles ; a
Dodecahedron, by twelve regular pentagons ; an
Icosahedron, by twenty equilateral triangles.
These five are the regular solids or bodies, or
Platonic bodies. [Terpo-, four ; «{, six ; oKxd,
eight ; SdSfKa, tzvelve ; finoai, twenty.]
Polyhymnia. [Gr. woKv-ifivia.] (Myth.) The
Muse of lyric poetry.
Polymerism. [Gr. iroXis, many, (itpos, part. ]
(Chem.) The principle by which a series of
chemical compounds exists having a common
formula.
Polymorphic genera. [Gr. iro\i-nop<pos, multi-
fonn.] (Zool. ) Protean G. ; those G. in which
individual differences exist to such an extent
as to make the determination of species and
varieties almost impossible : e.g. the snail
(Hehx).
Polymorphism. [Gr. iro\vs, many, fioptfyf),
form.] (Crystallog.) The case, of rare occur-
rence, in which a substance crystallizes in more
than two different systems.
Polyonymy. (Metaphor.)
Polype. (Zool.) The Polyzoa and Coelent^--
POLY
387
rooR
rata are frequently thus termed ; the name
properly belongs to the Actinozoa; e.g. sea-
anemones.
Polypide. (Polypus.) The separate zooid of
a Polyzoon.
Folypite. [Formed from Gr. toXu-itous, many-
footed, polypus. ] The separate zooid of a Hydro-
zoon.
P81yptycha, plu. [Gr. iroXOirTiixos, having
many tablets.'] 1. Account-books, registers ;
especially, 2, Eccl. registers of goods belonging
to churches, with copies of charters, etc. (Policy.)
Polypus. ^Gx.-ro\v-'wovi,many-footeJ.'\ (Polype;
Octopus.)
Polystyle. [Gr. ■KoXixnvKot.'] (Arch.) A
buililing with many columns.
Polysyndeton. (Asyndeton.)
Polysynthetic. (AgglomeratiTe languages.)
Polysyntheton. (Asyndeton.)
Polytechnic School. [Gr. ■KoK\ntx'">^t ^vith
many arts. \ (Hist.) A school, so called, was
set up in Paris, in 1794, by a decree of the
National Convention. By Napoleon Bonaparte
it was converted into a school of preparation
for the artillery and for civil and miliUry
engineering.
Poljrtheism. (Monotheism.)
Polytype. [Gr. koKvs, many, riros, a tvft.l
A fac-simile copy in metal of an engraved block,
matter in type, etc., for printing from.
VS1^5a. ' [Gr. wo\viuos, properly long-lived,
but here consisting 0/ many iimmals.] Bryozoa
[/S^vof, a kind of mossy seaweed, ^£>ov, an
animal] ; applied by Busk, after Thompson,
to the lowest class of moUuscoids, as Flustra,
sea-mats, and Plumatella, the other classes
being Brachiopoda, or Palliobranchiata, and
Tiinicata.
Pomace. [L. pomum, an apple.] Apples or
similar fruit crushed by grinding. (Pommage.)
Pomander. [Corr. from Fr. pomme d'ambre,
apple of amber.] A round box containing per-
fumes, formerly carried by ladies.
Pome. [L. pomum.] (Bot.) A fruit, like
apple, pear ; the pulpy mass made of calyx with
epicarp and mesocarp ; the endocarp being scaly
with separate seed-cells. (Pomum, though often
transl. apple, is =yn/«V generally.)
Pomey. [Fr. pomme, an apple.] (Her.) A
green roundlet or disc.
Pommage, Pummioe. [Fr. pomme, an apple,
L. pomum, a fruit.] The pulp of apples crushed
for making cider. (Pomace.)
Pommee. [Fr. pomme, an apple.] (ffifr.)
Having the ends terminated in knobs like apples.
Pommel. [Fr. pommeau.] 1. The knob on
a sword-hilt. 2. The protuberant part of a
saddle-bow.
Pomoerium. [L.] In Rom. Ant., a space
of ground, within and without the walls of a
city, kept clear of buildings by virtue of special
consecration.
P5mdna. [L.] The old Italian goddess of
fruit trees and fruit. (Vertumnus.)
Pompadour. (Rose de Pompadour.)
Pompet, Pumpet. [O.Fr. pompette.] In
Printing, a ball, formerly used for inking types.
Pompholyz. [Gr. ■iron<(>i\v^, a bubble.]
Flowers of zinc. (Flowers of sulphur.)
Pomum Adami. (Adam's apple.)
Poncho. [Sp.] A cloak worn by Spanish-
Americans, like a blanket having in the middle
a hole for the head.
Ponderanda sunt testimSnIa, non numeranda.
[L.] Testimonies should be weighed, not counted,
the quality being of the first importance.
Pone, more correctly written Patine. Food
consisting of Indian meal made into dough and
baked ; so called by American Indians. To be
distinguished from the Asiatic Pan, which is also
sometimes written pazon.
Pongee. A poor kind of Indian silk.
Pons Asinorum. [L.] 7 he asses' bridge;
a name given to the fifth proposition of the
first book of Euclid, as being the first difficulty
met with ; and perhaps from its figure.
Pontac. (From Pontac, in S. France.) A
kind of constantia made at the Cape.
Pontec. [Fr. pontil.] An iron instrument
for holding glass in the process of manufacture.
Pontiff. [L. pontlfex.] The highest sacerdotal
title of the ancient Romans. The chief of the
pontiffs was styled Pontifex Maximus. The
word has nothing to do, as was supposed, with
the making of bridges (pontes facere), but is
only another form of pompifex, the orderer of
processions and other religious rites. The title
is now given to the pope only.
PontUleaL [L. pontificalis, from pontifex, a
Latin form of pompifex, one who arranges pomps,
i.e. processions or ceremonies.] In the Latin
Church, a book containing the ceremonies relat-
ing to bishops and prelates.
Pontoon. [Vr. ponton, L. pontonem.] 1.
[Naul.) A large, flat-bottomed boat, fitted
with cranes, etc., for careening vessels. 2.
Portable boats for making temporary bridges.
3. (Mil.) A boat, cask, or cylindrical metal
vessel ; one of the floating piers of a portable
military bridge for the passage of rivers ; each
raft being completed and joined to the next one
by baulks (f.v.) and chesses (^.v.).
Pood. A weight of forty Russian pounds, =
36*114 English pounds avoirdupois.
Poojah. [Hind.] Ceremonial prayer before
an image.
Pooler. An instrument to stir a tan-vat.
Poonao. Cocoa-nut oil-cake.
Poonwood. An E. -Indian wood, light and
porous, used for ship-building.
Poop. [L. puppis.] (Naut.) The highest
and aftermost part of the hull. P. or P.-deck.
(Decks.) P.-lantem, distinguishing mark of
flag-ship at night. P.-royal, a short deck above
the aftermost part of the P.-deck in the largest
French and Spanish men-of-war, called also
Top-gallant P.
Pooped. (Naut.) Caught by a sea which
breaks over the stem, when running before the
wind.
Poor laws. Laws for the relief of the poor.
By those of Elizabeth, the poor were entitled tc
relief in the parish where they had their Settle-
ment. By the amended law of 1833, the smaller
POOR
388
PORT
parishes were classified into unions, each ad-
ministered by a board of guardians of the poor,
subject to the rules of the Poor Law Board.
The funds needed are raised by poor rates,
assessed on the ratable value of real property.
(Overseers of the poor. )
Poor rates. (Pauperism ; Poor laws.)
Pope Joan. A woman who was supposed by
some to have been elected pope on the death
of Leo IV., A.D. 855. The story has been dealt
with effectually by Dr. Dbllinger in his Papst-
Fabdn.
Popinjay. [Ar. balbarga, parrot; cf. Fr.
papegai, Sp. papagayo. It. pappagallo, /arr<)/. ]
{Ornith.) 1. Green woodpecker ; length about
thirteen inches, plumage mainly green and
scarlet. Europe and Asia. PTcus viridis, gen.
Picus, fam. Picidce, ord. PIcariae. 2. CoUo-
quiallv, the parrot.
Popish Plot. (Meal-Tub Plot.)
Poplin. [Fr. popeline.] A stuff made of silk
and worsted.
Popliteal, Poplitio. Having to do with the
knee [L. poplitem].
Poplitral region or space. (Med.) That
behind the knee-joint [L. poplitem, the ham of
the km,-].
Poppyheads. {Arch.) The carved finials on
the upright ends of stalls or seats in churches
are sometimes so called.
Populus. (Phratry; Plebs.)
Populns vult declpi: deciplatnr. [L.] The
people like to be fooled: let them be so.
Porbeagle. [Perhaps connected with Prov.
pore, and Fr. barbillon, spec, of sharks.] {Ichth.)
A spec, of shark, Lamna cornubica. Also
written Probeagle.
PorcelaiiL [It. porcellana.] A translucent
substance composed of kaolin and peh-tun-tze
{q(/.v.). (Paste.)
Porism. [Gr. ir6pifffta, a corollary.] A pro-
position affirming the possibility of finding such
conditions as will render a certain problem
capable of innumerable solutions. Euclid wrote
three books of porisms, which are lost, and the
question what he meant by a P. has been much
discussed.
PorphyrogSnitus. [Gr. irop^vpoyivv^ros.] One
born in the purple, i.e. in an apartment of the
palace lined with porphyry. A term in the
Byzantine court for a child bom to the reigning
emperor.
Porphyry. [Gr. irop<f>t;pa, purple, i.e. the red
of Egyptian porphyry.] {Geol.) 1. Strictly, a
felspathic rock with crystals of felspar. 2. Any
rock in which crystals are embedded in a com-
pact base ; e.g. porphyritic granite, porphyritic
trap, augite porphyry, etc.
Porporino. [It.] A mixture of quicksilver,
tin, and sulphur, formerly used instead of gold
in painting.
Porrigo. [L., scurf.] (Afed.) Ringworm, a
pustular and contagious affection of the scalp.
Port. (A-beam.) P. the helm, = put the tiller
towards the left side of the vessel.
Portage. A carrj'ing place over land between
navigable waters or along the banks of rivers.
round waterfalls or rapids, etc. ; a word uni-
versal in N. America. — ^a.xi\ei\.^% Americanisms.
Portate. {L. Y>oriSi\.\x%, carried.] (Her.) Borne
not erect but athwart an escutcheon.
Portcullis. [Fr. porte-coulisse, a sliding-gate.]
(Mil.) Strong iron grating with projecting
points along the bottom, sliding in grooves in
the gateway of a castle, through which it can be
dropped when necessary.
Porte, The Sublime. The official title of the
Turkish government ; said to be derived from
Bab Humayoon, a gate of the palace at Broussa.
(Seraglio.)
Porte cochere. [Fr.] Gate for carriage-
entrance, by a road leading through the front of
the house to the back.
Portefeuille. [Fr.] A Portfolio.
Portemonnaie. [Fr.] A pocket-book for
carrying money ; a purse.
PorteouB Biots, in Edinburgh, 1736. After
the execution of Wilson, a smuggler, the mob,
sympathizing, attacked the soldiers with stones.
Captain P., firing upon them, was tried and
condemned to death. Reprieved by Queen
Caroline, he was hung by the mob. P. R.
were made interesting by Sir Walter Scott's
Heart of Midlothian.
Portfire. (Mil.) A composition of fine gun-
powder pressed into a paper tube, used as a
match for firing guns.
Portfolio. [L. L. porttforium ; a small book of
prayers, which may easily be carried out of doors,
portari foras. ] Often, by meton. , = secretary-
ship.
Portiere. [Fr.] A curtain filling a doorway,
or dividing two rooms.
Portitores. (Publicans.)
Portland stone. (Bath-stone.)
Portland vase. A cinerary urn, found in a
tomb arbitrarily assigned to the Emperor Alex-
ander Severus. It passed from the possession
of the Barberini at Rome into that of the Port-
land family, who in 18 10 placed it in the British
Museum. It was found about 1550 in a sarco-
phagus in the sepulchral Monte del Grano, near
Rome. It consists of two layers of glass, the
upper one white, the lower dark blue, cut
(cameo-fashion) into a design of seven figures.
It originally belonged to the Barberini family.
It has been copied by Tassie in plaster of Paris,
and by Wedgwood in jasper.
Portlast, or Portoise. (Naut.) The gun-
wale {(J. v.).
Portmen. (Naut.) 1. Inhabitants of the
Cinque Ports. 2. Spanish burgesses.
Portreeve, or Portgrave. [A.S.] The chief
magistrate in the ancient English seaports.
Port Royalists. Members of the Convent of
the Port Royal des Champs. The house was
suppressed by Louis XIV. as a stronghold of
the Jansenists. Among the distinguished men
connected with it are Pascal, Arnauld, and
Tillemont. The school-books published by
the Port Royalists long maintained their repu-
tation.
Ports. [L. porta, a door, or opening.] (Naut.)
Square holes in a ship's side, for firing guns
POSE
389
POTM
through or loading a cargo. Gunroom P. are
in the stern ; Bridle P. , in the bows.
Pose. [Fr., placed.\ {Her.) Standing still
with all his feet on the ground.
Porition ; Angle of P. ; Geometry of P. ; P.
micrometer. A rule for solving certain arith-
metical questions in which an assumed number
(or numbers) is used instead of the unknown x of
algebra. The Angle of P. is the angle made with
a fixed line by the line joining two neighbouring
stars. The angle of P. in the case of double stars
and the like is measured by a P. micrometer.
(For Geometry of P., vide Oeometry.)
PositiTe. A photograph corresponding in its
lights and shades with the original, instead of
their being reversed as in a negative.
PositiTe electricity is the electricity which a
body contains above its natural quantity.
Positive quantity; P. sign. In Algeb., a
quantity affected with the Positive sign, or sign
of addition ( + ); as, + ab. (For P. crystal,
P. eye-piece, vide Crystal ; Eye-glass.)
PositiTism. (Positiyists.)
Positivists'. The followers of Auguste Comte,
the founder of a philosophy called Positivism,
which limits itself strictly to human experience,
and therefore ignores the life to come and the
relations of man with God. For practical pur-
poses the school is merely negative.
Posse eomlt&tns (i.e. cum potestate). In Law,
the power of the county, which the sheriff may
raise in case of riot or other opposition to the
course of justice.
Possession. (Obsemlon.)
Possidentis in sequali jftre mfilior est con-
ditio. (Leg.) When the rights of plaintiff and
of defendant are equal, the latter is considered
to have the better case.
Poasnnt, quia posse vldentur. [I..] Lit. they
are able, because they seem to be able ; they suc-
ceed who are credited with probability of success.
Post. A large kind of writing-paper.
Postal. In America, a post-card.
Post-captain. Formerly, title of a naval cap-
tain of three years' standing. Disused.
Posted. (Naut.) Promoted to the rank of
captain R.N. A term no longer in use.
Posted-up. Well-informed ; a metaphor from
commercial activity.
Post-entry. In Com., a supplemental entry
made by a merchant who finds that his entry of
goods already weighed and measured is too
small.
Postern. [Fr. poteme, formerly posteme, L.
post^rula, a secret pcusage.\ (Mil.) Covered
passage leading under a rampart from its terre-
plein to the ditch in front.
Post hoc. [L.] After t hit.
Poet hoc, ergo propter hoc. [L., after this;
so owing to this.] The assumption of cause and
effect, where there may be only sequence.
Postlenm. (Haos.)
Postil. [Said to be from L. post ill-a, after
them.] (Eccl.) A homily or sermon delivered
after and upon a lesson from .Scripture.
PostUmlniom, or Jus postliminii. 1. In the
Middle Ages, the act by which a citizen, de-
parting to another land, reserved his rights in
his own country for resumption on his return.
2. In National and Civil Law, the right by
which prisoners of war regain their freedom on
the ending of hostilities.
Postmaster. At Merton College, Oxford, a
scholar ; corr. of fortionista, one who has a
share [L. portio] of the endowment.
Post meridiem. [L.] 'P.m. ; afternoon.
Post-mill. A windmill standing on a post, so
that it can be turned round.
Post-mortem examination. [L.] An exami-
nation of the body after death.
Post-note. In America, a bank-note intended
to be transmitted to a distant place by mail,
payable to "order ; " not, like a bank-note, to
'* bearer." — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Post-obit. [L. post obitum, after death.] A
bond given to secure a sum of money on the
death of some given person.
Post prandlum. [L.] After dinner ; thus, a
post-prandium speech.
Postscenitim. [L.] (Arch.) The part of a
theatre behind the scenes,
Postsoriptum. [L., written after.] A post-
script ; abhrev., P.S.
Post tin^bras lux. [L., after darkness, light.]
After a storm, a calm.
Postomiana imperia. [L.] A phrase with
the same meaning as Manliana imperia.
Potash, Potassa. [Eng. pot ash.] (Chem.)
Oxide of potassium. Caustic potash is hydrate
of potassium. The commercial potashes are
impure carbonate of potash, obtained from wood
ashes by lixiviation and evaporation.
Potassium. A soft, silvery-white metal, ob-
tained from potash.
Potato-Stones. (Oeode.)
Poteen. [Ir. poitin, a small pot.] Irish
whisky illicitly distilled.
Potent. (Her.) A fur covered with small T
figures, like a crutch [Vr. potence], ranged in
lines. When the heads of each line of crutches
touch those of the next line, it is called counter'
potent.
Potential. [L. potentia, force.] The work
required to move a unit of mass from a certain
point to an infinite distance against the attraction
of a body is the P. of the body on that point.
If the mass of each particle of the body be
divided by its distance from the point, their sum
is the P. of the body at the point.
Potential, Electrical. [L. potentia, po7t>er.]
The degree of electrical tension at any point,
depending on the amount of electricity there
relatively to that at adjacent points.
Potential qtialities. In scholastic philosophy,
qualities existing in a body in potentia only,
without any actual development.
Potiohomanie. [Fr. potiche, 2. porcelain vase,
manie, mania.] The process of coating the
inside of glass vessels with engravings or paint-
ings, to make them look like painted china.
Pot-metal. 1. A kind of stained glass, the
colours of which are incorporated with it while
fused. 2. A poor kind of brass used for casting
cocks, etc.
POTO
390
PRiEN
Fotoroo, Pottoroo. Native name for a small
marsupial, the kangaroo rat (Hypsiprymnus
minor) ; brownish black ; a little more than two
feet long, including the tail. Australia.
Pot-paper. Paper fifteen inches by twelve
and a half.
Potteries, The. A populous district, about =
forty-eight square miles, of which Burslem may
be taken as the centre, at which place Wedg-
wood was born, 1 730.
Potting. Putting sugar in casks for draining.
Pot-waller, Pot-walloper, Pot-wabbler. Before
the Reform Act of 1832, in constituencies such
as Ilchester, Old Sarum, etc. ; one who proved
himself a housekeeper, and so an elector, by
boiling a pot over a fireplace erected in the air ;
to " wallop " meaning to sway, to move to and
fro like boiling water.
Pouch. \Cf. Fr. poche, A.S. pocca, Eng.
pocket, etc.] {Mil.) A leather case in which
ammunition or percussion caps are carried and
kept dr}-.
rouohet. (Naut.) 1. Small compartments in
the hold, for slowing corn, etc. 2. Bulkheads to
prevent grain, or such like cargo, from shifting.
Poudrette. [Dim. of Fr. poudre, p<nvder.'\
Dried nightsoil mixed with earth and used for
manure.
Pouldron. [(?) Fr. ^paule, shoulder.^ {Mil.)
Shoulder-piece of a set of armour.
Poolpe. [Fr., from polypus (^.z*.).] (Argo-
nauta ; Octopus.)
Pounce. [Fr. pouce, pumice.'\ Powdered
sandarach, used to prevent ink from spreading
on paper.
Pound. [Akin to L. pondus, 'ioeight.\ 1. The
pound avoirdupois is the British standard unit of
mass ; the quantity of matter in any body is one
P. avoirdupois when in a perfectly just balance
it would exactly counterpoise a certain lump of
platinum, kept in the Exchequer Office, called the
standard P. 2. A P. troy (which is the same as
a P. in apothecaries' weight) is \\\ of a P. avoir-
dupois. 3. A piece of money, of gold, of a
certain degree of fineness (viz. 22 carats), 1869
of which weigh forty pounds troy. 4. The P.
now common in Germany is half a kilogramme.
6. Nearly every principal city in Europe had
its own P. ; thus at Amsterdam it was 7636, at
Cologne 7218, at Madrid 6544, at Paris 7561,
at Venice 736S, English grains ; and in some
cities two or three different pounds were used
for different purposes, as at Amsterdam and
Venice.
Pound. {N^aut.) Water fenced so as to keep
fish from getting away. Pound-and-pint idler,
the purser.
Pour comble de bonheur. [Fr,] To complete
one's happiness or luck.
Pour encourager les autres. [Fr.] To en-
courage the rest.
Pourparler. [Fr.] A parley, or consultation.
Pourparty. [Fr. pour, for, ^zx\x, part, par ty.\
{Leg.) A divided share.
Pour passer le temps. [Fr.] By way of
pastime, or of killing time.
Powder, To. In Naut. slang, to salt slightly.
Powdering-tub, pickling-tub. Poivder-fnonkey,
the boy who carried cartridges ; now P.-man.
Power. [Fr. pouvoir.] 1. (Algeb.) The
result of multiplying a number by itself two-
or more times ; so the fourth power of 5, or
5*, is 5 X 5 X 5 X 5, or 625. 2. {Afech.) The
work done by an agent at the driving point
of a machine. 3. The agent that does the
work; as steam-P., water-P., etc. 4. {Optics.)
The degree of magnification protluced by a
lens, microscope, etc. A P.-loom is a loom
driven by steam or water power. (For Horse-P.,
vide Horse-power; for Mechanical P., vide
Mechanical.)
Power of attorney. In Law, an instrument
by which a party empowers another to act for
him, either generally or for a specified purpose.
Pow-wow. 1. The name given by the early
chronicles to the feasts, dances, and other public
doings of the Red men, preliminary to a grand
hunt, a council, a war expedition, and the like ;
and so, 2, in political talk, any noisy meeting,,
with more of clamour than of counsel. — Bart-
lett's Americanisms.
Poy. [Akin to poise, L. pensare, to Tveigh.}
A rope-dancer's pole.
Foyal. [Sp.] A striped stuff for covering
chairs, etc.
Poyningf's Law. Known also as the Statute of
Drogheda. An act of the Irish Parliament, 1495,
containing provisions for the orderly government
of the inhabitants of the Pale, and for strength-
ening the power of the Crown.
Pozzolana. Volcanic ashes (from Pozzuoli, in
Italy), used for making a kind of mortar which
hardens under water.
Praam. (Pram.)
Frseconization. [L. prjeconem, a crier,
herald. ] A summoning, a general publishing ;
a "call of the House " of Convocation.
Prsecordia. [L.] The parts about the heart.
Prsedial tithe. (Tithes.)
Prsefect. [L. prsefectus, set OT'cr."] {Pom.
Hist.) The title of certain superior officers in
their own departments. Among them were (i)
the P. of the city, who had the Imperium during
the absence of the consuls from Rome ; (2) the
PrcEtorian P., who commanded the Praetorian
cohorts; (3) the Prcefectus Vigilum, or captain
of the Roman night-watch ; and others. The
Governor of Egypt was also called P.
Praelector, [L.] A reader or lecturer, in the
universities or elsewhere, his lectures being
called prselections.
Praemunire. {Leg.) 1. A kind of contempt
against the king, with severe penalties attached.
2. The writ Prsemoneri facias, i.e. cause the
offender to be warned to appear. Several
statutes of P. have been passed — to restrain
Romish clergy, to enforce oaths of allegiance
or supremacy, etc.
Praenomen. [L.] Among the Latins, the
name which distinguished the individual from
his gens or clan and his family, the former of
these two coming between the praenomen and
the latter which was called the cognomen.
Sometimes a fourth name, called agnomen.
PR/ER
391
marked some characteristic feature or fact. Thus
in Publius Cornelius ScTpTo Barbatus, Publius is
the praenomen, Cornelius the gentile, and Scipio
the family name, the agnomen Barbatus dis-
tinguishing him by his beard. So Fr. prenom,
Christian name.
Pne-raphaelite. In Painting, a term applied
to a motlern revival of the art of the fifteenth
century, before the time of Raphael. Its main
principle is said to be a faithful representation of
all natural forms.
Fnerogative Court (Court, Christiui; Pre-
rogatiTe Court.)
Praetexta. (Toga.)
Frsetor. [L., one ivho gots before.^ The
original title of the Roman Consuls. The office
specially so called was, according to Livy,
instituted after the election of the first plebeian
consul, the patricians refusing to ratify the
election unless a praetor and two curule sediles
were elected by way of compensation out of their
own body. A century later, a second P. was
appointed to judge in suits between Roman
cituens and foreigners, and was hence called P.
Peregrinus, the former being now called P.
Urbanus. Two more were added subsequently
for .Sicily and Sardinia and for Spain. (Curule
magistracies.)
Fnetoriau cohorts. {Kom. Hist.) A body of
guards, instituted by Octavius (Augustus), in
nine cohorts, three of which were stationed
in Rome. Tiberius brought them all to Rome,
and placed them in a permanent camp. Their
constitution was entirely altered by Severus ;
they were deprived of their privileges by Diocle-
tian, and suppressed by Constanline.
Pratorlum. [L.] The head-quarters of the
Prstor.
Praetor Peregrinus. (Praetor.)
Praetor Urbanus. (Praetor.)
Pragmatio SauotioiL In the later Roman
empire, a public or solemn constitution, dis-
tinguished from the simple rescript referring to
a particular case. Among the important instru-
ments which have borne this name are the
ordinance of Charles VII., assuring the liberties
of the Galilean Church, and the Pragmatic Sanc-
tion of the Emperor Charles VI., which caused
the Bavarian war of succession, 1740.
Prahu. [A Malay word.] (Naut.) Larger
Malay war-ship, from 55 to 156 feet long,
manned by 76 to 96 rowers, and 40 to 60 fighting
men, carrying small Ijrass guns, and very swift.
Prakrit. A later form of Sanskrit, spoken by
the general body of the people. It thus became
the source of the modern Indian vernaculars.
Pram, or Praam. {Naut.) Dutch and Baltic
lighters. Some, mounting heavy guns, were
used by the French for liarlxjur defence.
Pramantiia. (Promethean.)
Pratique. [Fr.] {A'aut.) Licence to trade
or land, after quarantine, or on production of a
clean bill of health.
Prazeans. (Eccl. I/ist.) The followers of
Praxeas, who, in the second century, put forth
the opinions of the Monarohians, Sabellians, and
Fatripassians-
26
Praying insects. (Uantis.)
Praying-wheel. An instrument used by
Buddhists for the mechanical offering of prayers.
The wheel revolves with the wind or is turned
by the hand or by water-power, and as the
written prayers come round, they are supposed
to count as offered by the writer or the owner.
Prayers on strips of parchment are fastened to the
twigs of bushes and trees, for the same purpose.
Pre-adamites. Eastern legends speak of
nations existing before the creation of Adam,
and of dynasties of kings who ruled over
them.
Prebend. [L. prrebenda, to be given.'\ The
share of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate
church to be received by a prebendary.
Prebendary. (Prebend.)
Precentor. [L. praecentor.] The leader of a
choir. In most cathedrals of the Old Founda-
tion, the P. ranked next to the dean. In
the more motlern foundations, the P. is usually
a minor canon.
Preoeptories. Benefices held by Knights
Templars, who were created by the Grand
Master Prtaceptores Tern fit. It is said that
there were sixteen P. in this country. Similar
foundations among the Knights Hospitallers
were called Commanderies.
Precession [from L. jirecessum, sup. of precedo,
I go be/ore] ; P. of the equinoxes; Luni-solar P. ;
Planetary P. A slow movement of the axis of
the earth, in virtue of which the points of inter
section of the equator and the ecliptic (the
equinoxes) move in the direction opposite to that
of the sun's proper motion at the rate of about
50" a year. It is therefore called the Precession
of the equinoxes. It is due mainly to the fact
that the attractions of the sun and moon on the
earth do not pass accurately through its centre.
The part of the whole phenomenon due to this
cause is therefore called the Luni-solar P. ; a
small part of it is due to the attraction of the
planets, which produces a very slow oscillation
of the plane of the ecliptic, and is called the
Planetary P.
Precious metals. A general name for gold
and silver.
Precipitate. [L. precipitatum, sup. of pre-
ci pi tare, to tlironv daiun headlong.^ (Cheni.)
Any substance thrown down to the bottom of
a solution by the addition of another liquor.
Ped precipitate, mercuric oxide. White precipi-
tate, an ammoniacal chloride of mercury.
Precis. [Fr.] A precise [L. praeclsus, cut
doTv?i], i.e. abridged statement or summary;
an abstract.
Predioable. [L. prasdtcabilis, that may be said
of anything.^ (Log.) Any term which may
be applied to explain other terms. The notions
expressed by such terms are the results of the
process called al)straction. The terms them-
selves are distributed under five classes — genus,
species, difference, property, and accident.
Predicaments. (Log-) General heads,
summa genera, under which all terms may be
arrangetl. Also called Categories.
Predicate. (Log.) In a proposition, the*
PRED
392
PRES
term which is affirmed or denied of the subject.
(Fredioable.)
Fredorsal. [L. prse, before, dorsum, the back.\
(Ana/. ) Situated in front of the back.
Predy, or Priddy. (A^aut.) Get ready [Fr.
pret, L. prxstus].
Preemption [L. prae, be/ore, emptio, -onem,
a buying], or Prerogative of purveyance. 1. A
right of the Crown to buy up, at an appraised
valuation, before others, and without the owner's
consent, provisions, etc., for the king's needs;
and to impress carriages and horses for the king's
business on the public roads. 2. A term now
used in a few instances ; as of the right some-
times given in a mortgage-deed to the mortgagee,
of having the refusal, if the property should be
sold.
Preen. [O.E. preon, a bodkin.^ A forked
instrument used in dressing cloth.
Pre-existenee. In Philosophy, the idea,
insisted on by Plato, that the human soul has
existed in former conditions before being joined
with the body. He argued especially from the
rapidity with which children learn, and which
could only be explained as an effect of reminis-
cence, or Anamnesis. This notion is propounded
by Wordsworth in his Ode on the Recollections of
Childhood.
Prefect. (Prsefect; Prefeta.)
Prefets. [Fr.] Local officers of departments
and cities in France, with powers exceeding
those of our sheriffs, the arrondissenunts or
districts of departments being under Sous-prefets
appointed by the prefets.
Prefix. [L. prcefixus, fixed before.] {Gram.)
The first element in a compound word, as is pre
in prefix. ( Aflix.)
Prefloration. [L. prse, before, flor-em, a
flo7L>er.\ A term preferred by many botanists to
.SstiTation, expressing the condition of the floral
members in the flower-bud, before the expan-
sion of the flower. — Bettany, Practical Botany.
(Prefoliation.)
Prefoliation. [L. prae, before, folium, leaf.]
A term preferred by many botanists to Vernation,
as expressing the condition of leaves in the leaf-
bud before its expansion, their mode of folding,
etc. (Prefloration.)
Pregnant instance. Evidence or argument im-
plying more than appears on its surface.
Prehistoric archseology is di\dded as to pe-
riods : 1. ArchcBolithic [Gr. apx^iioi, ancient,
going back to the beginning, \l0os, storu], = that
of the Tertiary (Mortillet) ; with a problematic
variety of stone implement fashioned by fire and
breakage rougher than the chipping which cha-
racterizes the age. 2. Palceolithic [iraXoitfs,
ancient], = that of the Drift ; age of chipped
tools, with the mammoth, cave-bear, woolly-
haired rhinoceros. 8. Neolithic {ytos, new],
= later Stone age, of ground and polished
weapons and instruments, gold ornaments. 4.
Bronze age, = of bronze used for arms and all
cutting instruments. 6. Iron age, = of iron
instead of bronze for arms, knives, and bronze
for ornament only. But the ages of stone, of
bronze, and of iron were, in dift'ereijt places, co-
existent. Indeed, in some countries the stone
age still continues, the people being unacquainted
with the use of metal. (See Lubbock, Pre-
historic Archaology. )
Prelate. [L. pra^latus, preferred.] [Eccl.)
A term denoting the order of bishops, and in-
cluding, in the Latin Church, those who have
episcopal rank.
Prelumbar. [L. lumbus, a loin.] {A not.)
Situated in front of the loins.
Premices. [L. primitive.] {Eccl.) firstfruits.
Premier coup. [Fr., first stroke.] (Alia
prima.)
Premisses. [L,. Y>Txm\ss?i, sent before.] {Log.)
The two propositions or antecedents in a SyUo-
g^m, from which the conclusion or consequence
follows.
Premonstratensians. Regular canons, insti-
tuted 1120, by St. Norbcrt (whence also called
Norbertines), at Premonstratum \\^., pointed out,
it was said, by the Virgin], in Picardy. They
were also called IVhite Canons, from the colour
of their dress.
Prendre la lane avec les dents. [Fr., to seize
the moon 7vith one's teeth.] To perform or at-
tempt to perform impossibilities.
Prepense. [L. prae, before, pendo, / weigh.]
In Law, an epithet to malice, denoting its
deliberateness.
Prepotent. {Biol.) Inherently, antecedently
efficacious ; e.g. the pollen of a distinct variety
may have a P. effect over a flower's own pollen.
Pre-raphaelite. (Prse-raphaelite.)
Prerogative Court. [Lit. having, L, prsero-
gativa, preference.] The court which had the
jurisdiction now transferred to the Court of
Probate.
Prerogative of purveyance. (Pre-emption.)
Presanctified, Mass of the. In the Eastern
and Latin Churches, a Mass in which the ele-
ments used have been consecrated in a previous
Mass. (Liturgy.)
Presby5pia. [Gr. vpiafius, an old man, Si^,
the eye.] Long-sightedness, inability to discern
objects as closely as in former years. (Long-
sighted eye.)
Presbyterians. {Eccl.) The name given to
those who reject episcopal government in the
Church.
Presbyters. [Gr. irpeff^vrtpos, elder.] An
order of ministers in the Christian Church, men-
tioned in the New Testament as being charged
with the care of distinct congregations.
Presbytery. [Gr. trpfa^vrfplKis, belonging to
the elders.] {Arch.) The space between the
altar and the easternmost stalls of the choir,
answering to the Solea of the ancient basilicas.
Prescriptive. [L. prsescriptio, a prescribing '
(Z<^. ) for title, or the right so acquired.] Ac-
quired by or consisting in immemorial use.
Presently. [Fr. presentement.] Matt. xxi. 19
[Gr, irapaxprina] and elsewhere in the Bible,
immediately.
Presentoir. [Fr.] A shallow cup with a tall
and rich stem.
Present value. The sum of money reckoned
at an agreed rate of interest which must be paid
PRES
393
PRIM
down in lieu of a sum that becomes due at a
certain future time. If, as in payments con-
nected with life assurance, the future payment is
contingent, the present value is the sum above
determined, multiplied by the probability of the
contingency.
Press-gang. A name denoting the detach-
ments of seamen in the royal navy who were
formerly empowered to seize on any seafaring
men in time of war, and compel them to serve
on board the king's ships.
Pressure. (Meek.) 1. A force counteracted
by another force or forces so that no motion is
produced. 2. A stress or distributed force so
exerted as to cause compression ; as atmospheric
pressure, fluid pressure, etc.
Prest. [Cf. Fr. pret, ready, formerly prest,
L. praestus.] (iVaut.) Quick, ready, etc.
Prest man, one willing to enlist for a stipulated
sum , opposed to Pressed man. (Press-gang.)
Prester John. A mysterious personage, said
to have lived in the twelfth century, as the Chris-
tian king of an immense empire in Asia, being
at the same time a priest. Some have supposed
that he was Joyhoul Wang Khan, who was
killed in a battle with Gengis Khan, 1203. It is
also said that the name Prester John was applied
in the West to a dynasty of Tartar sovereigns.
Prestidigitation, meaning Icger-de-main,
seems to be a corr. of Prestigiation [L. pra;s-
tigiae], suggested by It. presto, ready, and L.
digitus, finger.
Prestige. [Fr.] Lit. the repute of skilful
jugglery-, or prestidigitation, or, more correctly,
prestigiation.
Preiirt money. Money paid to men on enlisting,
because they thereby hold themselves prest, i.e.
ready to march at command.
Presto. [L. proesto, at hand, ready.] In
Music, fast. P. assai, very fast. Prestissimo,
very fast indeed.
Presumptions, Doctrine of. Another name for
circu m sta ntia I ez'idence.
Pretender. (Eng. Hist.) The name applied
to the princes of the Stuart family who laid
claim to the English Crown after the revolution
of 1688. The line was closed (1807) with the
death of the Cardinal of York, who styled him-
self Henry IX.
Preteriist [L. pra:terttus, past."] 1. One who
lives in the past rather than in the present. 2.
One who regards the Apocalypse as a series of
p'redictions which have been already fulfilled.
Preuz chevalier. [Fr.] A gallant knight.
Prevent. [L. praevenio, I go be/ore.] 1. To
anticipate, as in Ps. cxix. 148, and passim.
2. To assist, as in Collect, ** Prevent us, O
Lord," etc. ; to go before and clear the way.
Preventer. (Naut.) A strengthener, or ad-
ditional rope, etc., used to assist the ordinary
ones.
Previous question, Moving the. In the House
of Commons, a method of avoiding a direct vote
Aye or No, or amendment. The Speaker is
about to put a question to the vote ; but a mem-
ber may raise the question whether it is desirable
to decide one way or the other. This latter
becomes a previous question, taking precedence
of the main question, and the Speaker must put
it to the House, " That the question be no-u
put." By negativing this, the House shelves
the question for that day. Affirming this, the
House must at once vote Aye or No, without
amendment, debate, or adjournment.
Priam. (Paris, Judgment of.)
Prick, To. (Naut.) To P. a sail, to stitch
down the centre of a seam. To P. for a soft
plank, to choose one to sleep upon. P. her off,
to find and mark a vessel's position upon a chart.
Pricket (?) = having pointed horns. (Deer,
Stages of growth of.)
Prickly heat. Popular name of Lichen trSpi-
cus ((/.v.).
Priok-song. Music written, not extemporane-
ous ; notes having been originally [L. puncta]
points ; cf. counterpoint.
Priddy. (Predy.)
Pride's Purge. (Long Parliament.)
Priedieu. \yx., pray God. \ A kind of desk
at which to kneel.
Priest. [Gr. x/>«(r/3(JTffK)j.] A later form of
the word Presbyter.
Prill. [Fr. briller, to shine.] 1. A solid
piece of virgin metal in a mine. 2. The button
of metal from an assay.
Prillion. [Fr. brillant, shining.\ Tin ex-
tracted from the sLig.
Prima donna. The first female singer at the
Italian Opera.
Prima facie. [L.] At first sight.
Primage. An allowance paid to the seamen
and master of a ship by the shipper or consignee,
for the loading of goods.
Primary assemblies. (Hist.) Assemblies in
which every citizen has the right of speaking and
voting, as distinguished from representative par-
liaments, which are Secondary assemblies. Such
assemblies are necessarily practicable only in
small states, as in the ancient Greek republics.
Primary colour. [L. primarius, principal.]
One of the three primary colour-sensations, viz.
red, green, or violet. The popular notion that
the primary colours are red, yellow, and blue,
is erroneous as to mixtures of light, though it
has a certain approximate truth with regard to
pigments.
Primary rooks. [L. primarius, of the first
order.] In the early days of Geol., = non-
fossiliferous, opposed to Secondary or fossili-
ferous. Now the Palteozoic zxq = Primary, being
the first met with in the ascending scale. The
actual primitive rocks are not supposed to exist
now, having been all worn away or altered.
Primate. [L. primas, primatis.] A prelate
of superior dignity. The Archbishop of York is
P. of England, and the Archbishop of Canter-
bury P. of all England.
PrImatSs. [L. primatcm, /r/W/^a/.] (Zool.)
The highest class of mammals next below man
(if he is not included), having pectoral mammae
(except the aye-aye), and opposable thumbs on
one pair at least of the limbs ; as monkeys and
lemurs. Linnaeus includes men (Blmana) and
bats (Cheiroptera).
PRIM
394
PRIS
Prime. 1. (Afech.) A steam-engine is said
to P. when water passes from the boiler into the
cylinder along with the steam. 2. {Eccl.)
(Canonical hours.)
Prime meridian; P. mover; P. number; P.
vertical. Prime tmridian, or First meridian.
(Meridian.) P. mover, an engine which serves
to transfer energy from those bodies which
naturally develop it, to those by whose means it
is to be employed ; as the steam-engine, which
transfers the energy of steam to the machinery
of a cotton-mill, etc. P. number, one which
cannot be resolved into factors less than itself ;
as 17, 23, 29, etc. P. vertical, a vertical circle
at right angles to the meridian ; it passes through
the zenith and through the east and west points
of the horizon.
Primer. [L. primarius.] A book of primary
or elementary instruction. A primer of the Salis-
bury Use was printed in 1527. Primers may at
first have been mere .spelling-books for children,
but the lessons were taken from the office-books
of the Church. In course of time, they came to
be Prayer-books, containing different selections
according to the choice of the compiler. King
Henry VIII.'s P., published in 1545, was one of
many such books which appeared in his reign
and in those of Edward VI. and Elizabeth.
Primer, Long ; Great P. Two kinds of type,
as —
Oxford, Oxford,
respectively.
Primer seisin. [Norm. Fr.] The ancient
prerogative by which the Crown possessed, for a
year, the lands and tenements of which a
tenant-in-chief died seised, if the heir was of
full age, and if not, until he was of age.
Prune staff. (Clog almanack.)
Priming. The first colour laid on canvas as
a ground .
Priming and lagging of the tides. The varia-
tions in defect and excess of the interval between
two successive high tides from its mean value.
PrimitisB. [L.] First fruits, which amongst
all ancient peoples were set apart as devoted to
the deity. (Premices.)
Primitive circle. In the projection of the
sphere, the circle on whose plane, produced if
necessary, the surface of the sphere is repre-
sented ; the plane is the plane of projection.
Primitive Kethodists. (Banters.)
Primordial. [L. ^x\moxiSS.\xm,afirstbe^^inning.'\
{Geol.) A name given to a zone, in the Lower
Silurian, once thought to have the oldest
fossils.
Primrose. Properly the daisy, whose name
has nothing to do with rose. It is really the
primirole [Fr. primiverole, It. prima verola,
dim. of prima vera, the early spring], Primirole
became Anglicized first into primerole, then into
primrost.
Primnm mobile. [L., the first thing that can
he set in motion.] In the Ptolemaic astronomy,
the outermost, generally reckoned the ninth,
sphere of the heavens ; by revolving round the
earth, which was placed in its centre, it gave
motion to the other spheres (viz. those of the
sun, of the moon, of each of the five planets,
and of the fixed stars), to which the heavenly
bodies wese supposed to be fastened.
Primns inter p&res. [L.] First among peers.
Prince of the Captivity, (^chmalotarch.)
Prinoeps Senatus. [L.] The first, or chief,
in the Roman senate. This title served as the
foundation of the imperial authority of Octavius
(Augustus) and his successors.
Prince's metal. An alloy, composed of three
parts of copper to one of zinc ; in imitation of
gold ; also called Prince Rupert's metal.
Prince's wood. A W.-Indian wood, like satin-
wood, but darker.
Princettas. A worsted fabric, sometimes with
a cotton warp.
Principal axis. If a body is made to rotate,
and then withdrawn from the action of all ex-
ternal forces, the axis of rotation will, in general,
be continually shifting within the body ; but
there are, at least, three lines at right angles to
each other, round either of which it will continue
to rotate, if the rotation is communicated to it
round that line. These three lines are called
prifuipal axes, or axes of permanent rotation.
Principals. (Arch.) The assemblage of
timbers forming the support of a roof.
Princlpes. (Hastati.)
Princlpla. {l^., beginnings, principles.'] The
shortened title by which Newton's great work,
Philosophice Naturalis Principia Mathematica, is
known ; the publication of which, in 1687, is
the most remarkable epoch in the history of
science.
Principlis obsta. [L. , meet things at the out-
set (Ovid).] Intake a stand against the beginnings
of actions, habits, etc., if you would avoid evil
results. A stitch in time saves nine.
Prink. [Akin \.o prank.] To dress for show,
or in a foppish and finical manner.
Prisage. In O.E. usage, the right of taking
for the revenue two tuns of wine out of twenty
from every ship importing twenty tuns or more
.into England.
Priscillianists. In Eccl. Hist., the followers
of Priscillian, a Spanish bishop, put to death in
A. p. 382, by Maximus, tyrant of Gaul. Their
opinions are said to have been Manichaean. —
Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. ii.
ch. 4.
Priam [Gr. vpicrina, a thing sawn, a prism] ;
Achromatic P. ; Nicol's P. \. (Geom.) A solid
whose sides are parallelograms and ends similar
and equal figures in parallel planes. 2. (Optics.)
A wedge-shaped piece of glass. When a ray of
sunlight passes through such a prism, it is bent
from its original direction and decomposed into
several coloured rays. An Achromatic P. con-
sists of two prisms of different kinds of glass
(e.g. crown-glass and flint-glass) joined together,
with their edges turned opposite ways, and with
angles so adjusted with reference to their re-
fractive indices, that a ray of light passing through
them, though bent from its original direction, is
not decomposed into rays of coloured light. A
NicoPs P. is an instrument that can be used
PRIS
395
PROC
either as a polarizer of light or an analyser of
light already polarized. If a ray of light is
made to pass through a crystal of Iceland-
spar, two polarized rays with different re-
fractive indices are obtained ; but if it is cut
at a suitable angle, and the parts joined by a
layer of Canada balsam — a transparent substance,
with a refractive index intermediate to those of
the two rays— one of the polarized rays is in-
ternally reflected, and only one polarized ray
gets through. Such a crystd, properly mounted,
is a Nicols P.
PriBmatio system. ( Crystallog. ) Consists of
those crystals which have three rectangular axes
and three unequal parameters ; when transparent,
they are optically biaxal ; as topaz.
Prismoid. [Gr. vplafia, a prism, elSoi, appear-
ance.^ A solid, whose ends are quadrilateral
figures in parallel planes, and sides trapezoids.
Frismoidal formula. A rule for calculating
the volume of a prismoid. The calculation of
the volumes of railway cuttings and embank-
ments depends on this formula.
Privateer. (Letters of marqae.)
♦' Privilege ! Privilege I " The loud cry raised
at Charles 1., as he returned from the House of
Commons, January 4, 1642, whither he had gone
in person to arrest five members.
Privileged oopyholds. {l^g.) A superiof kind
of copyhold, commonly known as customary free-
hold, the tenant holding by copy of court roll,
and not at the will of the lord.
Privnegiam el§rlc&le. [L.L.] (Benefit of
clergy.)
Privy Chamber, Oentlemen of the. The officers
of the royal household.
Privy Seal, Lord. The officer of .State who
has charge of the privy seal of the sovereign,
used for pardons, charters, etc., before they
come to the Great Seal. (Chancellor, 8.)
P.B.If. [^Med.) = [L.] pro re nata, according to
the occasion.
Proa, Flying. A narrow canoe, about thirty
feet long and three wide, used in the Eastern
seas, and constructed on the principle of an out-
rigger. (Prahu.)
Pro aris et focis. [L., for our altars and
heart lis.\ For God and our country.
Probabilism. [L. probabllis, ///fr^-Zj/.] (Theol.)
The theory which regards it as allowable to
follow a probable opinion on doubtful points,
even though another should be more probable. —
VioXlzm, Literature of Europe,Y>^. iii. ch. 4 § 13.
Probabilists. Those who maintain the theory
of Probabilism.
Probability; Caleolos of P. ; Theory of P. A
numerical estimate of our judgment as to the
happening of an event. If we reduce all events
of the same kind to a certain number of cases,
which in the existing state of our knowledge (or
ignorance) we judge equally possible, and
determine the number of cases favourable to the
happening of the event ; the ratio of this number
to the whole number of possible cases is the
probability oi the happening of the event. If we
throw a die, there are six possible cases, all, as
far as we know, equally probable. The proba-
bility that either three or four will turn up is
therefore g or J ; as there are two favourable
cases out of six. The rules for calculating P. in
various cases, and the investigation of those rules,
form the Calculus of probabilities, or the Theory
of probabilities.
Probable error. From numerous measures of
a given magnitude — all being made under
equally favourable circumstances, e.g. by the
same observer with the same instrument — a cer-
tain number can be calculated in regard to which
it can be affirmed that it is an even chance, that
the error in any one measure is less than that
number, whether in excess or defect. This num-
ber is the P. E. of the measures individually ; it
serves — amongst other things — as a test of the
d^ree of accuracy attained under the circum-
stances.
Probable life. (Expectation of life. )
Probang. (Med.) A flexible piece of whale-
bone with rounded end, e.g. of sponge, to force
down anything stuck in the gullet.
Probate of a will. In Law, the exhibiting of a
will by the executor before the proper court, this
court being the High Court of Justice in the
Judicature Act, 1873.
Probeagle. ( Porbeagle. )
Problem. (Proposition.)
Pro bono publico. [L.] For the public weal.
PrSboscidea. [Gr. irpofioffKls, -tSoj, elephant's
trunk, from irpa, before, fi6aKa, I feed, tthos,
/tind.] (Zool.) The eighth order of mammals,
consisting of the two spec, of elephants.
Process. [L. pr5cessus, Cels.] {Anat.) A
protuberance, eminence of a bone or of any other
part.
Proces verbal. [Fr.] {Leg.) An authentic
minute of an official act, or statement of facts.
Proconsul. [L.] In Rom. Hist., an officer
with consular command, but without the office,
which he may have filled during the previous
year. The proN-inces at first governed by Praetors
were afterwards put under proconsuls and pro-
prcutors, who entered on their government imme-
diately after the expiration of their office as
consuls or prtetors.
Procris, Keph&los (Cephalns) and. A well-
known pair in Myth., Procris, whose name
signifies the sprinkled detu-drops, being the
daughter of Herse, the de70, and Kephalos, the
head of the sun, who unwittingly slew her with
his spear ; as the sun dries up the dew, which
he is said to love.
Pr5omstes, Bed of. In Gr. Myth., a bed to
which the robber Procrustes [Gr. irpoKpoi<rTr\s,
the stretcher^ adapted the limbs of his victims by
force. Hence an instrument of torture.
Proctors. [L. procurator.] 1. In the English
universities, two Masters of Arts, who serve as
the chief magistrates of the university police,
and with legislative authority. 2. In Convoca-
tion, the representatives of the clergy ; so called
as having been entrusted with the assessment of
taxes granted by that body, 3. In the Eccl.
courts, pleaders who conduct causes for payment.
Procuration. [L. procurationem, a taking
care of.\ A pecuniary composition from an
PROC
396
PROP
incumbent, instead of the provision due to an
ordinary when holding a visitation. (Synodals.)
Procurator. [L.] {Hist.) A Roman magis-
trate, who looked to the revenue of a province,
and to suits in connexion with it. Sometimes
he ako governed the province, as Pontius Pilate
governed Judsa ; in which case he could inflict
the penalty of death.
Proonrator, FiBoal. The public prosecutor of
the inferior courts of Scotland.
Proouretir-Oeneral. Under the Fr. monarchy,
the public advocate of the Crown.
Prodigy. [L. prodigTum.] Among the Romans,
any strange or inexplicable event or phenomenon,
all such being regarded as signs of the will of
the gods.
ProdSmus. [Gr. irp<{5ojuoj.] {Arch.) The same
as the Pronaos. (Naos.)
Proem. [Gr. Tpool/xiov, an opening, from olfMs,
a path.} The Greek term synonymous with the
Latin preface.
Pro et contra, Pro el con. [L., for and
against.] On both sides.
Pr5finnm vnlgns. [L., thi common herd
(Horace).] Lit. the crowd who stand in front of
the temple, and are not admitted within it.
Profile. [Fr. profil, from It. proffilo.]
{Fortif.) A section made by a vertical plane
at right angles through the direction of the
works. When the cutting plane strikes at an
oblique angle, it is simply a section.
Pro forma. {L.., for formes sake.} Formally.
Profound Doctor. (Doctor. )
Prognathous, Prognathic. (Orthognathic.)
Progresses. [L. progressus, a going fonuard.}
In the O.E. phrase, the State journeys of royal
personages.
Progression, Arithmetioal ; Geometrical P. ;
Harmonical P. A series of numbers are in
Arithmetical progression when each is greater
(or less) than the one before it by a constant
difference ; as 7, 10, 13, 16, etc. ; in Geometri-
cal P. when each is obtained from the one before
it by multiplying it by a constant number (or
fraction) ; as 5, 15,45, 135, etc. ; in Harmonical
P. when any three consecutive numbers are such
that the first has to the third the same ratio as
the excess of the first above the second has to
that of the second above the third ; as f , i, ^, f ,
etc. When strings, in other respects alike, have
their lengths in harmonic P. , the frequencies of
their vibrations — on which the pitches of their
tones depend — are in arithmetical P.
Progressive atrophy. Fatty degeneration.
Pro hao vice. [L., for this turn.} For this
time.
Prohibition. [L. prohiMti5nem, a hindering.}
{Leg.) A writ to forbid any court from pro-
ceeding in a cause then depending, on suggestion
that the cause does not properly belong to that
court.
Projectile. [L. projectum, sup. of projicio, /
cast forth.} {Mil.) Shot or bullet fired from
any firearm.
Projection. (Globular projection ; Gnomonical
projection ; Mercator's projection ; etc.)
Prolate spheroid. (Ellipsoid.)
Prolegomgna. [Gr., things said before.} 1. A
prefatory dissertation prefixed to a work ; or 2,
an introductory treatise on a subject to be dealt
with at length hereafter.
Prolepsis. \Gx., an anticipation.} (Rhet.) A
figure by which the speaker anticipates objections
to his arguments.
Proleptio. [Gr. irpo\irieriK6s.'\ 1. Anticipative
historically; e.g. "the Duke of Wellington, at
Assaye," etc., is said proleptically, for he was
not then D. of W. 2. In point of thought, and
by way of presentiment as opposed to experience.
Proletarians. [L. proletarius.] {Rom. Hist.)
In the constitution ascribed to Servius TuUius,
citizens who, being unable to pay for admission
into the lowest class, could offer only their
children for the service of the state. Hence,
generally, the destitute. (Capite censi.)
PrdlSctltor. [L. , not in class, sense of advocate,
but = speaker. } The president of the Lower House
of Convocation of Canterbury.
Prologue. [Gr. ■irp6Koyos.} 1. In the early
Greek dramatists, all before the first chorus ;
afterwards, 2, a monologue, or an address to
the audience, introductory of the main action of
the play. (Epilogue.)
Promethean. Relating to Prometheus, in Gr.
Myth., the being who gave men fire, and thus
raised them from the lowest depths of misery.
For thus aiding them he was chained on the
crags of Caucasus, where an eagle gnawed his
liver. By the Greeks the word was supposed to
denote forethought [irp6, before, fJ-rtris, wisdom],
and accordingly they invented Epimetheus, as an
embodiment of after-thought. (Pandora's box.)
But it only reproduces the Hindu Pramantha, or
wooden churn for kindling fire from dried pieces
of wood. — Cox, Mythology of the A ryan Nations,
433-
Prom§theu8. (Promethean.)
Promptuary. [L. promptuarium, from promo,
/ draw, a store from which things may be
drawn.} Any summary or handbook in which
subjects are arranged so as to be ready for use.
Pronaos. [Gr.] {Arch.) The front porch of
a temple. The same as the Narthez of the early
Christians. (Naos.)
Pronator muscles. [L. prono, / bend for-
ward.} {Anat.) Those which turn the palm of
the hand downwards ; Supinator, upwards
[siipino, / lay backwards}.
Troot. [A.S. profian, to prove.} A trial im-
pression from types, taken for corrections ; called
also proof-sheets. Engravers^ proofs are the first
impressions taken from a plate, as being in-
spected by the engraver. India proofs are those
taken upon India paper. Proofs before letters
are those taken before any writing is engraved
upon the plate.
Proof spirit. A mixture of pure alcohol and
water in the proportion by weight of 100 parts
of alcohol to 103 '09 of water.
Propaedeutics. [Gr. irponaiBevu, I instruct
beforehand.] A word applied in Germany to
preliminary instruction in any art or science.
Propaganda. [L.] {Eccl. Hist.) The congre-
gation de propaganda Jide, as a missionary society
PROP
397
PROS
in the interests of Latin Christianity, was estab-
lished at Rome by Gregory XV., in 1622. The
word is often used to denote associations for
spreading hurtful opinions.
Propemptikon. [Gr., from irpoirffi^e*, / send
fonuard.\ A poem addressed to one about to
set out on a journey.
Proper. {Her.) Having j^j <>://« [Ft. propre]
natural colour.
Proper motion. Of the sun or planets, that by
which they change their apparent positions rela-
tively to the fixed stars ; the sun s P. M. takes
place along the ecliptic in the opposite direction
to the diurnal motion of the hearven, and in the
same direction as that of the earth's actual rota-
tion, viz. from west to east ; a planet's P. M.
is direct when in the same direction with, and
retrograde when in the opposite direction to,
that of the sun.
Properties. In the language of the theatre, =
all accessories to scenic illusion ; costume,
scene-paintings, machinery, etc.
Property. {Log.) A predicable denoting
something involved in the essence of the species,
as rationality in man.
Prophesy; Prophet [Gr. itpo(^-ri\z.'\ A
prophet is ( i ) projierly om who speaks for or
in the name of another. This is the highest
meaning of the word in the Old and New Testa-
ments. "Thou, child, shalt be called the
prophet of the Highest." It is also used (2) to
denote the foretelling of events still future ; and
(3) the working of wonders: "After his death
his body prophesied ; " (4) a state of excite-
ment or ecstasy (l Sam. x.); (5) singing to
musical instruments (i Chron. xxv. 3); (6) the
exercise of superhuman knowledge (Matt. xxvi.
68) ; (7) the extraordinary gift, so named, in the
Acts and in the Epistles of St. Paul.
Prophesyingpi. Religious exercises of the
clergy, temp. Queen Elizabeth, " clerical meet-
ings ' in market towns, for exposition [Gr. irpo-
tpr\T(la\ of Scripture, under a moderator ; abused,
and, under Canon LXXIL, restrained.
Prophylactic. [Gr. irpo<pVKaKTtK6s, from wpo<pu-
Xiaao), I keep guard before.\ (Med.) Precaution-
ary, preventative ; e.g. belladonna is P. against
scarlatina. Subst., Prophylaxis.
PrSpdlis. [Gr. ■wpimoKn, (i) sf>aee in front of
a town, {2) propolis. \ Reddish-brown, aromatic,
gummy substance, collected from wild poplar
and otner trees, with which bees close up crevices
in their hives and strengthen the margins of the
cells of the comb.
Proportion. [L. proportionem.] The relation
existing between four magnitudes when the ratio
of the first to the second equals that of the third
to the fourth ; the first and fourth magnitudes
are the extreme, the second and third the mean,
terms of the V.
Proportional; P. compasses; Directly P.;
Fonrth P.; Inversely P.; P. logarithms; Mean
P.; Beciprocally P. ; Third P. Of two variable
magnitudes, the first is Proportional, or Directly
P., to the second : when any two values of
the former have to each other the same ratio as
that of the corresponding values of the latter ;
thus, at a given time and place the length of a
man's shadow is proportional to his height,
because the ratio of the heights of any two men
is the same as that of the lengths of their
shadows. They are Inversely or Reciprocally
P. when the ratio of the first to the second value
of the former magnitude equals that of the
second to the first value of the latter magnitude ;
as in equal triangles the base is reciprocally P.
to the height. If three magnitudes are given,
a Fourth P. will be such that the first bears
to the second the same ratio that the third
bears to the fourth. If three magnitudes are
given, the first bears to the second the same ratio
that the second bears to the Third P. If two
magnitudes are given, the first bears to the
Mean P. the same ratio that the M. P. bears to
the second. P. compasses are so constructed
that lines nieiisured by them from a plan are
transferred to the copy lengthened or shortened
in a fixed proportion. P. logarithms are logistic
logarithms (q.v.).
Proposition. [L. proposTtTo, -nem, a setting
forth.] 1. In Log., an mdicative sentence, that
is, one which affirms or denies, consisting of a
Subject and Predicate connected by the Copula.
(Syllogism.) 2. (Geom.) The statement of a
fact proposed to be proved or of a construction
proposed to be made. In the former case the
proposition is a theorem ; as, " Any two sides of
a triangle are greater than the third." In the
latter, Zl problem ; as, "On a given straight line
to make an equilateral triangle."
Propraetor. [L.] A Roman magistrate stand-
ing to the praetor in the relation of the proconsul
to the consul. Under the empire, the imperial
provinces were under proprietors ; those of the
senate under proconsuls. (Prooonsnl.)
Proprement dit. [Fr.] Properly so called.
Proprio mdta. [L., of his (or her) own move-
ment. ] Spontaneously.
Propter vitam Vivendi perdSrS cansas. [L.]
For the sake of life to throw away all inducements
to life.
Pro pttdor. [L.] Shame!
Propylsea. [Gr, irpoiri5Aaia, before the gaie.'\
Any entrance to a temple ; but, more par-
ticularly, the approach to the Acropolis of
Athens. The Athenian propyliea were finished
in the time of Pericles, b.c. 432.
Pro rita. [L.] In proportion.
Pro re nita. [L. , according to the case arising ;
lit. the thing born.] As need requires.
Pro s&ldte &nlm8e. [L.] For the safety or
saving of his soul — a phrase used in Eccl.
courts.
Pros and cons. Arguments yj7r [L. pro] and
against [contra].
PrSscSniom. [Gr. «rpo(rK^i/tov.] In the Greek
theatre, the whole space between the scena
\aKj\vi\\, i.e. the wall by which the back side of
the wall was closed, and the orchestra {q,v.)\
what we should call the stage.
Proscription. [L. proscriptionem, from pro,
before, and scribo, I write. \ In Rom. Hist., the
setting forth on a list the names of outlawed
persons ; as the proscription of the triumvirs
PROS
398
PROT
Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus, in which Cicero
was killed.
Proselyte. [Gr. wpoa-{i\vroi, one who comes as
a s/rauoer.] A term applied by the Jews, after
they became connected with the Greeks, to
foreigners who embraced Judaism. The P. of
the gate renounced idolatry ; the P. of righteous-
ness submitted to circumcision.
Proserpine. (Elensinian Mysteries.)
Proses, ProsSB. [L. prosa, i.e. oratio, collat.
form of prorsa, straightfonoard, conlinitous.'\ In
the Roman Church, hymns sung — from latter end
of the ninth century — after the Gradual ; called
therefore Sequentia also. Riming, but not
scanning ; e.g. Stabat Mater.
Prosody. [Gr. irpoffcpSla. ] The science which
treats of the laws of harmony, accent, and
quantity, whether in prose or verse.
Prosopography. [Gr. irpiffwirov, a fi^s^ure,
ypiipim, I describe.\ (Khet.) The description of
animated objects.
Prosopolepsy. [Gr. irpoaaToXi^^la, from
■irp6ffuirov, a fate or person, and Ajji^ty, a tai'ing.]
Respect of persons ; partiality. (Person.)
ProsSpSpoeia. [Gr. ir/>o(Ta)iroiroi/a, from irp6ffu-
xoy, a figure, and iroicb), / make.\ (Rhet.) An
address to inanimate things as though they had
life and power of hearing.
ProsphSnesis. [Gr. ] A Bidding prayer [q.v. ) ;
frequent examples occur in the ancient Liturgies.
Prostate. [Gr. upoarvri-ji, I stand before.'\
(Anat.) A compact, chestnut-shaped, glandular
body, in males, situated just below the neck of
the bladder.
Prosthapheeresis. [A word made up of the Gr.
irp6ff6f, in front of, and itipalptcrti, subtraction.]
(Astron.) A term used by old astronomical
writers to signify the difference between the true
and mean motion, or the true and mean place of
a planet, or the quantity which must be taken
from or added to the mean anomaly in order to
get the true anomaly.
Prosthesis. (Metaplasm.)
Prostyle. [Gr. irpo'o-TOAos.] (Arch.) A temple
with a row of detached columns supporting the
pediment on its front elevation.
Prosyllogism. (Log.) A syllogism essential
to the proof of another syllogism. The word is
used also in the sense of Enthymeme.
Prot-, Proto-. [Gr. irparos, first.] (Chem.)
A prefix to chemical names, having the same
force as mon-, mono- (q.v.).
Protamceba. (Amoeba.)
Protandrous, or (more correctly) Pr8terandroiis
flowers. [Gr. irpcuTos, first, irpdrtpos, former,
prior.] (Bot.) Those in which the anthers
are developed before the pistil. Protogynous, or
Proterogynous fiowers, those in which the reverse
is the case.
Pro tanto. [L. , for so much.] So far as some-
thing named is concerned.
Prot&siB. \Gr., a stretching forth.] In Gram,
and Rhet., the hypothetical or limiting clause of
a sentence, answered by the apdddsis.
Protected states (in India). Certain native
states, as the dominion of the Nizam, etc. , whiph,
keeping their independence, subject to certain
limitations, are guaranteed by the British
Government against external attacks, etc.
Protector. [L., a defender.] (Hist.) This
title has been borne by three English states-
men : (i) Richard, Duke of York, 1453; (2)
Duke of Somerset, 1548; (3) Oliver Cromwell,
1653-
Protege. [Fr.] Lit. one who is protected;
hence a favourite of one high in society. Fern.,
Protegee.
ProtempSre. [L.] For the time. In shortened
form, pro tern.
Proterandrous fiowers. (Protandrous.)
Proterogynous flowers. (Protandrous.)
Protest. (A'^aut.) Formal declaration, in
writing, properly attested, by the master and
others of a ship's crew, to the effect that damage
sustained by the ship was not caused by their
negligence or misconduct.
Protestants. [L. protestor, / bear toittuss.]
(Eccl. Hist.) 1. Properly those who, in 1529,
protested against an edict of the Diet, at Spires,
which postponed the settlement of religious
differences to the meeting of a General Council at
some indefinite time. The P. insisted that the
General Council should be summoned at once.
Hence, 2, generally, those who protest against
the doctrines or discipline of the Latin Church.
Pr5teus. [Gr.] Any one who easily changes
his opinions or his practice is so called, from the
Greek sea-god, who had the power of changing
his shape at his will, until he had exhausted his
powers of transformation.
Pr5teu8 angulnens. [Aug. L., snake-like.]
Amphibian inhabiting underground pools ;
about twelve inches long ; nearly white, with
scarlet external gills, rudimentary eyes, and four
legs. Central Europe. Fam. Proteidae, ord.
Urodela. (Proteus.)
Proteus animalcule. (Amoeba.)
Protevangelion. [Gr. irpwrov evayytXiov, a
first Gospel.] 1. A Gospel of the birth of the
B. V. Mary, and of our Lord, attributed to St.
James. (Pseudo-Oospels. ) 2. A rudimentary
Gospel ; one by anticipation ; e.g. in the types
of the Old Testament.
Prothgsis. [Gr., a placing before.] In the
Eastern Church, the apse of the right aisle, where
the Credence table is placed.
Prothonotiry, more properly Protonotary.
[L. L. proto-notarius, first secretary.] In the
Greek Church, the chief secretary of the Patriarch
of Constantinople. In the papal court, the
college of twelve apostolic notaries register all
the solemn acts of the Church.
Proto-. [Gr. irpwros, first.]
Protocol. [L. protocollum, a word made up
of Gr. irpwros^ first, and KoWa, glue.] In Fr.
usage, the technical words of legal documents ;
in German, the rough draft of an instrument.
The latter is the frequent diplomatic sense of
the term.
Protogynous flowers. (Protandrous.)
Protonotary. (Prothonotary.)
Protoplasm. [Gr. vpGnos, first, vXifffia, a
thing formed.] The physical basis of life, "in
its simplest condition a mere formless slime, bur
PROT
399
PSEU
differing from dead matter in possessing the
qualities of irritability, of spontaneous move-
ment, of assimilation of foreign substances, and
of self-multiplication."
Prototype. (Archetype.)
Protoxda. [Gr. trpSnos, first, ^Siov, an animal.^
{Zool.) Sub-kingd. of invertebrates, contain-
ing the lowest animal organisms, composed of
jelly-like sarcode, destitute of definite parts
or body-cavity, mostly aquatic, and minute,
though sometimes forming large colonies, as
sponges.
Protosoic. [Gr. irpeSroj, Jirst, C«»^. l^fe.']
(Geo/.) A name proposed by Warburton, in
1843, for the Cambrian and Silurian, but not
widely adopted.
Protract. [L. protr&ho, / Ungthen om/.]
(McUh.) 1. To draw to scale. 2. To draw an
angle with the aid oi a. protractor (q.v.).
Protractor. (Math.) An instrument for draw-
ing angles of any required number of degrees.
Proud flesh. [C/. Fr. preuxj^W/aw/.] Coarse,
luxuriant granulations, in wounds, ulcerated
surfaces.
Pro7en9al language. The language of the
Troubadoura, one of the Romance dialects which
sprang up on the decline of the literar)' Latin.
Provenfal poetry. (Troubadoon; Tronverea.)
Province. [L. provincla, an abbrev. form
of providentia, meaning originally a duty, or
matter entrusted to a person.\ In Rom. Hist.,
a conquered country administered by a Roman
officer commissioned for the purpose.
Provinees, Roman. To the time of the battle
of Actium (B.C. 31), the Roman provinces were:
Sicily ; Sardinia and Corsica ; hither and further
Spain ; hither Gaul ; Gallia Narbonensis ; Illy-
rium ; Macedonia; Achaia ; Asia; Cilicia ;
Syria ; Bithynia and Pontus ; Cyprus ; Africa ;
Cyrene and Crete ; Numidia ; Mauretania.
Some were subsequently added ; and the number
was also increased by the subdivision of old
provinces.
Pro virili (/r. parte). \l^^ for his part as a
man.] To the utmost.
Provision. [L. provisio, -nem, forethought.]
A suspension, by the popes, of the right of
patronage of benefices \n England, that they
might provide for their own foreign nominees.
Provisiona of Oxford. (Oxford, Provisions of.)
Proviso. {Naut.) A stern-rope fastened to
the shore.
'Provlsort, Statutes of. (Hist.) Statutes
passed in the reigns of Edward I., Edward III.,
and Richard II., to check the papal claims of
presentation to ecclesiastical benefices in Eng-
land. (Provision.)
Provost. [L. praeposTtus, om set over.] 1.
In Scotland, a mayor. 2. In some colleges, the
head ; in some cathedrals, the dean ; sometimes
also answering to chancellor ; sometimes, before
the Reformation, to archdeacon.
Provost-marshal. (Mil.) The officer who is
the head of the police of a garrison or camp,
having, previous to the Army Discipline and
Regulation Act, 1879, power of summarily
punishing soldiers or camp followers detected in
the actual commission of crime ; but now only
of arresting and detaining for trial. He exe-
cutes punishments awarded by a court-martial.
Prow. [Fr. proue, L. and Gr. prora.]
(Naut.) 1. The foremost end of a vessel. 2.
The beak of a xebec, or felucca.
ProxSnos. [Gr.] In Gr. Hist., any citizen
of a state who guarded in his own city the
interests of citizens of another state. If ap-
pointed by the latter, he was called P. If he
took the charge on himself, he was F.th?lS-P,
Proximus ardet 9calegon. [L.] Yottr
tuarest neighbour, Ucalcgon, is on fire (Virgil),
= Look out ! danger is coming very close to
you. (Tua res agitur.)
Proxy. (Parliament, Privilege of ; Peer.)
Prud'hommes. [L. prudentes homines,
prudent men.] In Fr. Hist., citizens chosen to
serve in municipal tribunals possessing an equit-
able or conciliatory jurisdiction.
Prunella. [Dim. from L. prulna, hoarfrost.]
Fused nitre in cakes or balls (because nitre is
found as a white incrustation on the ground).
Prunella, Prunello. [Fr. prunelle, a sloe.] A
smooth woollen stuff (from its dark colour).
Prunello. [Fr. prunelle, dim. of prune, a
plum.] A kind of dried plum.
Prflrigo. [L., itching.] A papular affection
of the skin, with intense itching ; not contagious.
Prussian blue. A pigment consisting ol
prussic acid combined with iron.
Prussic acid. Hydrocyanic acid (formerly
obtained from Prussian blue).
Pr^t&nSs. [Gr. xpt;T«ti'«is.] The presidents
of the Athenian Senate, holding office for one-
tenth part of the year, the Prytanes being fifty in
number, and the whole senate, all the members
of which presided in rotation, being 500.
Pryt&nSum. [Gr. irpvTiuifiav.] In a Greek
city, the home of the community, where the
Prytanes assembled, and where the sacred fire
was always kept burning as on the hearths of
private houses.
Psalm. In Ps. Ixxxi. 2, 2. psaltery (q.v.).
Psaltery. [Gr. y^oKT^pwv, a stringed instru-
ment.] 1. In I Sam. x. 5 and elsewhere, in Heb.
nebel, a kind of lyre or harp with ten strings, in
the shape of an earthem y/'mt-l>ottle [nebel] ;
i.e. somewhat conical; i.q. "psalm" in Ps.
Ixxxi. 2. 2. The dulcimer, or Sautry, a corr.
of P.
Pseudepigraphy. [Gr. y\ievitiriypa<l>os, falsely
inscribed.] The assigning false names of authors
to works. •
Pseudo-. \Gx. y^tviu, I deceive.] False, decep-
tive.
Pseudo-bulb. (Bulb.)
Pseudo-dipteral. [Gr. ^ivii\s, false, Sim-tpos,
with tiuo wings.] (Arch.) A building with
sufficient space between the wall and the columns
in front of it for two rows of columns, there
being only one.
Pseudo-Oospels. [Gr. i|(ei;5^j, false.] Pre-
tended Gos])els of St. Joseph, St. James, St.
Paul ; the Epistle of Christ to Aljgarus, etc.
Pseudomorph. [Gr. tl/fvSw, / deceive, /topifyfi,
form.] Any mineral that has taken the place
PSEU
400
PUDD
and shape of another mineral, by the agency of
infiltrating water, etc.
Fseadonym. [Gr. y^fvSiiwfios, /alse/y named.]
In Lit., a false name assumed by a writer.
Those who write under a fanciful name, as the
" Letters of Junius," are, properly, anonymous
writers.
FaeadSpSdIa. [Gr. ^tvZiis, false, vovs, -6Zos, a
foot.] Extensions of protoplasm for the purpose
of grasping or moving alx)ut. (Protoplasm.)
P mUnthr npigta. [Gr. ^iK6s, mere, ivOpanros,
man.] {Eccl. Hist.) Those who hold that
Jesus Christ was an ordinary man.
PsitAoi [Gr. ■if W-tokos, parrot, foreign word.]
(Omifliology.)
Psoas muscle. [Gr. «|/<Jo.] {Anat.) A large
muscle upon the fore part and sides of the
lumbar vertebra;.
FsSphidse. [Gr. \ti6<pos, noise.] (Ornit/i.)
Trumpeters ; fam. and gen. of gregarious birds.
Amazon valley only. Though able to fly, each
spec, appears to have its range defined by a
river, as agami (P. crepitans) q.v.^ by Rio
Negro. Ord. Grallae.
Psora. (Itch.)
Psoriasis. [Gr. tj/cuptdcrts, tfrupK^, 1 have tlie
itch.] (Med.) A skin-disease, exhibiting rough,
patchy or continuous scales, with chaps and
fissures.
PsyohS. [Gr.] This word means strictly the
breath; hence the soul. The well-known tale
of Psyche and Eros (Amor), related in the
Golden Ass of Apuleius, belongs to the class of
stories which includes Beauty and the Beast.
Psyche is told by her sisters that she is married
to a monster. Holding a lamp to see, she finds
her husband surpassingly beautiful, but a drop of
oil falling on him awakens him, and he vanishes
av/ay ; nor is she reunited to him until after a
very long and painful search.
Psychol5g7. [Gr. ^vxh, life, ^Syos, discourse.]
A term synonymous with mental philosophy ;
but sometimes limited to the classification of the
phenomena presented by the lower faculties of
the mind. (Association.)
Psyohrometer. [Gr. jf/vxp^s, cold, fiirpov,
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
tension of the aqueous vapour in the atmo-
sphere.
Ptarmio [Gr. ttupixikSs, irrafpw, / sneeze],
or Sternutatory. Causing to sneeze.
Pteraspis. [Gr. nTtpOv, a wing, acir/s, a
shield.] (Geol.) The oldest known fish, small,
with long body-shield, found in the Lower
Ludlow strata.
Pterichthys. [Gr. irr(p6v, a wing, Ix^is, a
fish.] {Geol.) A fossil fish, with long body-
shield and movable side-spines, found by Hugh
Miller in the Old Red .Sandstone.
PtSro-. [Gr. ■irT(p6v.] With wings, fins.
Pterodac^le, Wing-finger. [Gr. m^pov, wing,
SoKTvKoSffnger, toe.] (Geol.) An extraordinary
gen. of fossil lizards, with bat-like wings
attached to the fifth finger. Lias, Oolite
(especially Solenhofen), chalk.
Pteromys. [Gr. irrep6v, wing, (ivs, mouse.]
(Flying squirrel.)
Pteropoda, Pteropods. [Gr. irrtpS-irovs, win^-
foot.] (Zool.) Class of molluscs, small, with
wing-like fins ; some with, some without, shells ;
the chief food of the whale. All open seas.
Ptisan, Tisane. {Med.) Any decoction like
barley-water [Gr. irriffoi^], with little or no
medicinal agent ; ptisanarium oryzse (Horace,
Sat. ii. 3), rice-broth.
Ptolemaic system. The system of astronomy
which received its full development at the hands
of Claudius Ptolemreus, in the second century of
our era, and which regarded the earth as the
stationary centre about which the sun and stars
performed their revolutions. (Heliocentric
theory.)
Ptyaline. A supposed animal matter found 1
in saliva [Gr. miaXov]. Ptyalism, salivation.
Pubescent. \I.q. L. pubes, adj.] {Bot.\
Covered with soft down.
Publicans. [L. publicani, from publicum, the
treasury of the patricians. ] The farmers of the
public revenues at Rome. They fom^ed two
distinct classes — the farmers-general being men
of high rank and importance, while their deputies
[portitores, toll-gatherers, strictly, at a sea-port,
portus] were of an inferior grade and of very
doubtful reputation. It is of the latter that
the New Testament speaks under the title of
telonai.
Public Safety, Commtttee of. {Fr. Hist.) A
body formed (1793) out of the Revolutionary
Convention. It came to an end in 1794, on
the introduction of the New Constitution.
(Assembly.)
Public Weal, War of the. {Fr. Hist.) The
contest between the feudal nobles and the
Crown, which ended in the defeat of the con-
federation called the League of the Public Weal,
by Louis XL, 1472.
Public Worship Begn^ation Act, of 37 and 38
Vict. It provides for the appointment of a
Judge of the Provincial Court of Canterbury and
York, invested with the duties also of the Otificial
Principal of the Arches Court of Canterbury ; to
try alleged offences against the laws of public
worship : but this Act does not interfere with
the Church Discipline Act of 1840.
Fuecoon. (Blood-root.)
Pucelle, La [Fr.], Pucella, La [It.]. The
Maid; i.e. of Orleans, Jean Dare.
Puck. {Myth.) The "merry wanderer of
the night " (Shakespeare, Midsummer-Night's
Dream). The name is traced to the Slav, bog,
deity, Eng. bogy ; the connexion of which with
bug is attested by the expression bug-bear, for
any object which scares or terrifies. (Bogy.)
Pudding-stone. (Geol.) A conglomerate of
water- worn pebbles, cemented by siliceous, argil-
laceous, ferruginous, or calcareous paste ; e.g.
Hertfordshire P. has siliceous cement.
Pudding-time. Dinner-time, pudding being
formerly the first dish.
Puddle. Earth prepared as an impervious
lining for canals and ponds.
Puddling. 1. The process of melting cast
iron in a reverberatory furnace and stirring »♦•
to get rid of the carbon in making wrought iron.
FUEL
401
PURG
2. Making impervious to water by means of
clay.
Faellifl iddneos. [L.] A ladies^ man (Horace).
Puer. Dogs' dung used in preparing skins for
tanning.
Poff-birds. (Baoeonida.)
Puffin. [Fr.] (Ortiith.) Marine rock-bird;
length about twelve inches ; plumage black and
white ; bill large, with orange stripes. North
of tropics. Gen. Fratercula, fam. AlcTdse, ord.
Ans^res.
Puffs. In a horse. ( Spavin.)
Puggaree. [Hind.] A white covering for
the hat, for the sake of coolness.
Pug-mill. A riiili for grinding and mixing
clay (called pugging).
Fuiane Judge. [Fr. puine, O.Fr. puisne, L.
protnatus, born after, younger , hence inferior.]
A term applied to the judges who are not Chief
Justices or Chief Barons.
Pull-away boys. I.q. kroomen (q.v.).
Pulley. A wheel capable of turning round an
axle which may have a fixed or movable bearing ;
the rim of the wheel is properly shaped to carry
a rope or band by which force may be trans-
mitted. When two or more pulleys are com-
bined, they form a system of pulleys.
Pull foot, To. (iVaiU.) lo run, to hurry.
Pulmonary. [L. pulmo, pulmonis, a /ung.]
Relating to the lungs.
Pulping. Removing the pu/p, or aril, from
coffee berries.
Pulpitum. [L.] In the Greek theatre, where
the actors stood when they spoke, or \oyftoy, the
speaking-place, was the part of the proscenium
nearest the orchestra.
Pulque. [Sp.] A kind of wine made from
the American aloe in Mexico.
Pulses. [L. pulsus, a pushing, a beating of
tfu pulse. \ Undulations, or vibrations {q.v.).
Poltaceous. Like pap [L. pultem] in con-
sistency.
Pulteney gnuiea. The. (Nil oonsoire libi.)
Pulu. (Native name.) A kind of cotton
from the Sandwich Islands.
PnlTerulent. [L. pulv^rulentus, covered with
dust (pulvis).] (Bat.) Having a powdery ap-
pearance ; e.g. the mullein Verbascum pulveru-
lentum.
Pulvlnatfld. [L. pulvlnar, a pillotv.] (Arch.)
A term denoting a swelling in any part of an
Order, as that of the frieze in the modern Ionic.
Tulwar. (A'aut.) Ganges passage-boat.
Pumice-stone. [L. pumex, pumicis.] (Geol.) A
felspathic lava, light, grey, rough, fibrous, spongj*
from the action of the escaping steam ; chemically
agreeing with olniJian (q.v.).
Pnmmice. (Pommage.)
Pump. (Chain-pump; Foroing-pump ; Suc-
tion, etc. )
Pumpernickel. [Ger.] Westphalian bran-
broad (so called in contempt).
Pnneh. A small, powerful cart-horse, for
which Suffolk was once noted ; now superseded
by larger breed, sometimes called, incorrectly,
by the same name.
Panoh. [L. pungo, / puncture.] A steel
implement for stamping or cutting out holes in
metal.
Punch and Judy. A popular puppet-show.
The common notion, that it is so called from
Pontius (Pilate) and Judas (Iscariot), is rejected
by Mr. Skeat, who traces Punch, as a shortened
form of Punchinello, to the L. pullus, the young
of anything ; Judy coming, as he supposes, from
Judith, once a common female name.
Puncheon. A measure of capacity ; 84 gallons
= one puncheon of wine.
Pundit. (Pandits.)
Pundum. Piny varnish (q.v. ).
Punici fides. [L.] The faith of Cartha-
ginians, who were supposed to be systematically
false, as were the Athenians ; hence also
'ATTiif^ ■wlaris, Attic faith.
Punio language. The language of the Car-
thaginians, differing little from the Hebrew.
Punic Wars. The wars between Rome and
Carthage, beginning B.C. 264, and ending with
the destruction of Carthage, 147. The Second
Punic War (b.c. 218-202) is also known as the
Hannibalian War.
Punkah. [Hind, pankhi, a/a/}.] A large fan
worked by a cord.
Punt. [A.S.] (Naut.) Flat-bottomed boat
propelled by puoys, or quants, i.e. long poles
with a triangular block near the bottom, to pre-
vent their sinking in the mud ; or by holers, or
spreaders, with a splayed iron fork at the foot.
Puny Judge. (Puisne Judge.)
Puoy. (Punt.)
papa. [L., a doll.] (Entom.) 1. The last
stage but one of an insect ; sometimes called
Aureliaox Chrys&lis when quiescent, and Nympha
when active. 2. Gen. of land -snails ; so named
from shape of shell. Pulmoniferous molluscs,
fam. HtlTcidae.
PQpIp&ra. [L. pupa, a pupa, pSrio, / bring
forth.] (Entom.) Applied to insects which do
not produce their young till advanced to the
pupa stage ; as the forest fly.
P&plTora. [L. pupa, a pupa, voro, I devour.]
(Entom.) Tribe of hymenopterous insects whose
larvae are parasitic within the larvae and pupa;
of other insects ; as the ichneumons.
PuT&na. [Skt., a poem.] The Hindu sacred
books, containing the explanation of the Shaster.
They belong probably to the earlier centuries of
the Christian era.
Purbeck marble. (Geol.) A beautiful building-
stone formed of Paludinae, from the P. beds, i.e.
well developed in the Isle of P. ; a group of fresh-
water strata, usually referred to the Upper Oolite,
but by some to the Neocomian rocks (q.v.).
Pnrcellaine. (Purslane.)
Purchase. [Fr. pourchasser, to furstte eagerly,
to chase, i.e. L. captiare.] In New Testament,
to acquire [Gr. Kraadai, inpiiroif'tadai] ; never to
buy.
Purfling. [O.Fr. pourfiler.] Decorating
with a wrought or flowered border.
Purgatory. [L. purgiitorius, purifying.] In
the theology of the Latin Church, a place for
the infliction of temporal punishment for sins on
those who die in the grace of God.
PURI
402
PYRE
Pnriform. (Afed.) In the form of J>i4s [L.
pus, puris].
Pnrim. [Heb., /ots.] A movable feast of the
Jews, commemorating their deliverance from the
wiles and stratagems of Haman, as recorded in
the Book of Esther (ix. 24), he "had cast Pur,
that is, the /of, ... to destroy them. "
Purism. Affectation of purity, especially in
writing.
Pnntaxia. In Eng. Hist., a name generally
applied to dissenters from the Church of England,
in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and Charles
I. (Cathari.)
Pari. [Contracted from Eng. />ur/>le.] 1. An
inversion of stitches in knitting, giving a ribbed
appearance. 2. A kind of hot spiced beer.
Purlieu. [Fr. pur, /«r^, lit^u, />/ace.] 1. The
ground near a royal palace, made pure or free
from the forest laws. 2. The outer portion, or
environs, of any place.
Purlin. [Of uncertain origin.] {/4rcA.) A
horizontal timber lying on the principal rafters
of a roof, to lessen the strain on the common
rafters.
Purple of Cassius. (Cassius, Purple of.)
Purple wood. A Brazilian wood, chiefly used
for ramrods and decorative veneering.
Purpure. [L. purpCira.] (^fr.) The /ntr/>/e
colour in coats of arms, represented in engraving
by lines sloping downward from the sinister to the
dexter side.
Purree. (Indian red.)
Parser (Naui.), now Paymaster. The officer
ha\-ing charge of provisions, etc., on board
ship, having little to do with money matters.
/'. 'j dip, the smallest dip candle. P.^s grins,
sneers. /'.'jwrtWif, assumed name. P.^s pound,
seven-eighths of imperial pound.
Purslane, Puroellaine. A succulent annual,
Portulaca oleracea ; a pot-herb, once Uied in
soups and salads, now neglected.
Pursuer. In Scotland, the plaintiff; so exactly
the Gr. 6 Stdiewi'.
Pursuivants. (College of Heralds.)
Purtenance. Exod. xii. 9 ; inner parts, entrails.
Purveyance. [Fr. pourvoir, L. providere, to
profidc'.] A former privilege of the English
kings, which enabled the officers of the royal
household to take com and cattle for the use of
the sovereign, and to employ beasts of burden in
his ser\ace. Payments were made in tallies on
the exchequer, and were precarious and often
long in arrear. The burdens of the system were
thus felt to be very heavy. (Pre-emption.)
Pus. [L.] {Med.) Thick yellow fluid, pro-
duct of inflammation resulting in suppuration.
PusIl In popular language, small boil ; c/.
pus (?).
Pustule. [L. pustula, from pus.] {Med.)
Pimple, small boil, pock.
Put and call. (Puts.)
Putchuck. A root from Scinde, used in China
for incense.
Putlog. In building, the holes left in walls
for the use of workmen in raising scaffolding, the
iog^s or beams of the scaffold being put or laid in
them.
Puts. When stocks are thought to be going
down, and a small operation without much risk
is desired, a small sum is given for the privilege
of delivering a small amount of stock at a certain
price ; e.g. cash price of Erie being 57 per cent.,
a speculator would give fifty dollars to " put,"
or deliver, 100 shares at 56J say in ten days.
He can only lose his fifty dollars if the market
should go up, but if it goes down to 56, he gets
his money back, and all that is below is so much
profit. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Putty. [Fr. potee.] A mixture of linseed
oil and whitening. Putty pmuder is burnt di-
oxide of tin, used for polishing metals and glass.
Pysemia. \GT.irvov,pits,alixa,i>lood.'\ {Med.)
Blood-poisoning, a diseased condition of blood,
supposed to be owing to the absorption of pus,
or other septic fluid.
Pye. (Pie.)
Pygarg. [Gr. iriy-apyoi, 7vhite-rttmp, Heb.
dtshon (Deut. xiv. 5), the lcap(r.\ {BiN.)
Probably addax, a large antelope with twisted
horns. Sub-fam. ^r^gmse, fam. BovTdae.
Pyg^&llon. [Gr. Uvy^i.a\lmv.'\ A king of
Cyprus, who, falling in love with an ivory statue
which he had made, prayed to Aphrodite to
endow it with life. Aphrodite did so, and the
vivified statue became his wife.
Pygmy. [Gr. irvyixouos, from irvy/x^, a atbit.l
A being of a cubit's height. The Iliad sj:>eaks
of a race of pygmies perpetually at war with
cranes. Some supposed them to live in Ethiopia ;
others in India. The Dwergar, ox dwarfs, of the
Northmen, were probably Esquimaux.
Pykar. {Naut.) A small vessel, temp.
Edward III.
Pyke, To. {Naut.) To haul on a wind. To
P. off, to go away noiselessly.
Pyl&des and Orestes. A pair of inseparable
friends. Orestes was the son of Agamemnon and
of Clytemnestra, whom, by the help of Pylades,
he murdered.
Pylagoras. [Gr. ; so called from the gathering
of the Amphictyons at Pyl?e or Thermopylae.]
The second of the two deputies sent by each
Greek city of the confederacy to the Amphi-
ctyonio Council, the other being the Hieronine<
mon.
Pylorus. [Gr. ■7ri/A<iip<^j, {i) a gate-keeper, (2)
pylorus. ] {Anat.) The small endoi the stomach,
or opening into the duodenum, which entrance
it as it were guards.
Pyramid. [Gr. irvp&fils, a pyramid ; (?) an
Egypt, word.] A solid whose base is a recti-
lineal figure, and whose sides are triangles having
a common vertex.
Pyramidal system. {Crystallog.) Consists of
those crystals which have three rectangular axes,
and two of their three parameters equal ; as ido*
erase, copper pyrites, etc. When transparent,
they are optically uniaxal.
Pyrethrum. [Gr. ■niptdpov.'] {Bot.) Feverfew, i.e.
febrifuge, allied to chamomile, ord. Compositse ;
a gen. of perennial plants. In waste places of
Britain, and many other parts of Europe.
Pyretics. {Med.) Medicines for the ciu-e of
fever [Gr. iriJptTcJs].
PYRE
403
QUAD
PyretolSgy. (Med.) The theory of y^«- [Gr.
truperSs].
Pyrheliometer. [Gr. wvp,_fire, ^Xios, the sun,
nirpov, measure.] An instrument for measuring
the sun's radiant heat.
Pyriphlegethon. (Fhlegethon.)
Pyrites. [Gr. itvptrris \idos, a stone that strikes
fire.] (Min.) 1. Sulphide of iron, anciently used
for strike-a-lights ; now, 2, = a group of
minerals, compounds of metals (iron, copper)
with sulphur, which in decomposing give out
considerable heat
Pyro-. [Gr. wCp, irvpis, ^fire.] A prefix show-
ing that the composition of any chemical sub-
stance has been altered by heat.
Pyrogenous. [Gr. nip, fire, ylyyo/Mi, liecorru.]
{Geo/.) /.(/. igtuous.
Pyroligneous acid. [Gr. levp, fire, L. lignum,
wood."] Impure acetic acid obtained by the dry
distillation of wood.
Pyrometer. [Gr. ■wvp, xvpis, fire, fairpov, mea-
sure.] An instrument for measuring temperatures
above the range of a mercurial thermometer.
PyrSphoros. [Gr. irvpo^6pos, fire-bearing.]
Any substance which takes tire when exposed to
the air.
PyroMope. [Gr. itvp, fire, vKoiriv, I view."]
An instrument for measuring the intensity of
radiant heat.
PyrSsis. [Gr. -rvpttffts, a burning, from rvpSw,
/ set on fire.] (MeU.) Waterbrash, a vomiting
of a thin, watery liquid.
Pyrotechnics. [From Gr. «Dp, ■wvp6t,fire, and
r*xvTi, art.] The art of making fireworks.
Pyroxene. [Gr. itvp,/tre, iifot, strange.] I.q.
augile {a. v.).
Pyroxylin. [Gr. »i;p,yfr,f, {^Xo»',w<'<w/.] Gun-
cotton.
Pyrrhic danoe. A warlike dance, said to have
been invented by Pyrrhus (Neoptolemos), for
the funeral games of his father Achilles.
Pyrrhic foot. ^^Pros.) One of two short syl-
lables used in the P. war-song ; e.g. ducf.
Pyrrhic victory. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus
(Epeiros), is said to have exclaimed after the
battle of Ascalum, "Another such victory, and
we are lost." The story is worthless ; but the
phrase has come to denote successes obtained at
too great a cost.
Pyrrh8nist8. {Hist.) The followers of
Pj-rrhon, a philosopher of Elis, and disciple of
Anaxarchus, in the fourth century B.C. ; noted
for his singular scepticism.
Pyro-electricity. [Gr. wOpj^fn;, and electricity.]
Electricity developed by heat.
Pythagoreans. {Hist.) The followers of the
Samian Pythagoras, called the first of the Greek
philosophers. His lifetime is uncertain. He is
said to have resolved all philosophy into the re-
lations of numbers, God being the original unity ;
and to have drawn up a table of opposites [Gr.
hmaroix^tL] — odd and even, one and many, etc.,
which points to a system of dualism. (Ahriman ;
Metempsychosis.)
Pythagorean system. {Astron.) A name
sometimes given to the true or Copemican system
of the heavens, though it is not in any degree
probable that Pythagoras taught that the earth
revolves round the sun, or that it rotates on its
own axis.
P]rthla. [Gr.] The priestess of the Delphian
oracle of Apollo.
Pythian games. {Hist.) The great Greek
festival, held in every fifth year at Delphi.
Python. [Gr.] 1. {Myth.) A dragon slain
at Delphi by Apollo, and said to have been left
to rot [Gr. kvOhv, L. putere], in order to explain
the name, which reappears in that of the serpent
Fafnir, the dragon of the Glistering Heath, in
the Volsunga Saga. (Sagas.) 2. {Zool.) Gen. of
large snake with rudimentary hind legs, giving
its name to fam. Pythonldie ; not venomous,
killing prey by constriction. India, Borneo, and
adjacent islands.
Pyx. [Gr. irv^is, a box.] 1. In the Latin
Church, a vessel in which the host is kept. 2.
A box for holding a sample coin to be assayed
before issue.
^ As an abbrev., stands for L. quintus; it
also denotes question, Qy. query; Q.E.D.
stands for the Latin words. Quod erat demon-
strandum, "wliich was to be shown, as in the pro-
positions of Euclid. (Qtiirites.)
Q.A.B., Queen Anne's Bonnty. The produce
of the firstfruits and tenths due to the Crown,
made over by Queen Anne to the Bounty Board
{q.v.), for augmentation of poor livings.
Quad. In Oxford and elsewhere, a colloquial
term for the quadrangles in colleges, etc.
Quade. {Naut.) Unsteady, shifty ; as Quade
Tvind.
Quadragesima. [L., fortieth,] The Lenten
season, as consisting of about forty days ; hence
Fr. careme.
Qtiadrant. [L. quadrantem, a fourth part.]
(Math.) 1. A fourth part of a circle. 2. An
instrument not differing materially from a
sextant.
Quadrant, Hural. (Math.) An ancient as-
tronomical instrument, superseded by the mural
circle.
Quadrautal triangle. (Math.) A spherical
triangle, one of whose sides is a quadrant.
Quadrat. [Fr., from L. quadratus, squared.]
In Printing, a piece of type-metal cast lower
than the types, so as to leave a blank in printing.
(Quads.)
Quadrate. [L. quadratus, squared."] (Her.)
Square. A cross-quadrate is a cross having a
small square described in each of its angles, so
QUAD
404
QUAR
that it looks as if its centre were covered by a
square.
Quadratio equation. One in which the high-
est power of the unknown quantity is its square ;
as, jr* -f 1 7x — 60 = o.
Quadrature. [L. quadratura, a squaring.^ 1.
(Geom.) The process of finding a square whose
area equals that of a figure bounded wholly or
partly by a curved line ; as the quadrature of
the circle, 8. (Astron.) The moon is in quad-
rature when her longitude diflFers from that of
the sun by 90".
Quadrifid. [L. quadrlfidus, four-cloven.']
(Bo/.) Divided half-way from the margin to the
base into four clefts, as a Q. perianth ; or into
four segments, as a Q. leaf.
Quadrilateral. [L. quadrllSterus, 0/ four
sides. ] 1. A name applied to countries forming a
sort of square, guarded by four fortresses, as the
Q. of Peschiera, Verona, Legnano, and Mantua.
2. (Geom.) A plane figure bounded by four
straight lines. If no two sides are parallel, it is
a Trapezium; if it has only one pair of sides
parallel, it is a Trapezoid; if it has two pairs of
parallel sides, a Parallelogram^ which is a rect-
angle or oblong when its angles are right angles,
and a square if the four sides are equal and
the angles right angles ; if the four sides are
equal but the angles not right angles, it is a
Rhombus. (Bhomboid.)
Quadrireme. [L. quadriremis, from quatuor,
and remus, an oar.] In ancient Hist., a war-
ship, with four banks of oars. (Quiuquereme ;
Trireme.)
Quadrivial. [€/. quadrivium.] Having four
ways meeting in a point.
QuadrMum. [L.] (ScAol.) The four lesser
arts — arithmetic, astronomy, music, geometry.
— Hallam, Lil. Hist., pt. i. ch. i. § 3. (Trivium.)
Quadroon. [L. quatuor, four, through Fr.
quarteron, quateron, Sp. cuarteron.] The off-
spring of a white and a mulatto, i.e. one having
one black grandparent, or one-fourth black
blood. (Mulatto.)
Quadriimana. [L. quatuor, four, manus,
hand.] (Zool.) Four-handed, as apes; the
opposable thumb is sometimes wanting to the
fore limbs.
Quadruple Alliance. (Triple Allianoe.)
Quads and Spaces. In Printing, type-metal
cast lower than types, and used as blanks, for
filling out lines, and to place between words,
viz. I en, em, IBfll two-em, HHH three-em
quads ; and | hair, { five-to-em, | four-to-em,
and I three-to-em spaces. (Em ; Quadrat.)
Quae caret ora crudre nostrol [L.] What
country is without our blood? (Where have we
not bled and suffered ?).
Quae cum ita sint. [L.] This being so.
Quaestor. [L.] In ancient Rome, officers of
two kinds : ( I ) Q. classici, collectors of revenue ;
(2) Q. parricidii, public accusers in criminal cases.
Quail-land. (Ortygian shore.)
Quaker. In Naut. slang, a sham gun.
Quakers, or Friends. The followers of George
Fox, who, in the seventeenth century, asserted
that the operation of religion on the heart was
independent of all ritual observances, and who
therefore reject sacraments, and have no order of
ministers. They have also persistently refused
to take oaths in courts of justice.
Qualis rex, talis grez. \L,.,as is the king, such
are his people.] Like master, like man.
Qtialitative analysis. [L. qualitas, quality.]
(Analysis.)
Quality. [L. qualitas, from qualis, of 7vhat
sort.] (Log.) The character of a Proposition,
as affirmative or negative.
Quality of a musical note. Its peculiar charac-
ter, depending on the harmonics which coexist
with the fundamental tone, and their relative
intensities.
Quamdiu se bSnS gessSrit. [L.] So long as
he shall behave v)ell ; applied to those who hold
office during good conduct.
Quandoque bSnus dormitat Homerus. (Ali-
quando bonus.)
Quant. [(?) L. contus, a pole.] (Naut.) 1.
A punting-pole. (Punt.) 2. A small piece of
board at the foot of a leaping-pole. 3. A long
pole used for pushing a barge along.
Quantitative analysis. [ L. quantitas, quantity. ]
(Analysis.)
Quantity. [L. quantitas, from quantus, hoiu
great.] (Log.) The character of a proposition
according to the extent to which the predicate is
affirmed or denied of the subject. If it be ex-
tended to the whole subject, the proposition is
universal ; otherwise it is particular. (Prosody.)
Quantity of heat. (Thermal unit.)
Quantity of matter. Mass (q.v. ).
Quantity of motion. Momentum (q.v.).
Quantum mutatus ab illo ! [L.] How changed
from his old self ! (Virgil) ; said of Hector after
his death.
Quantum sufflcit. [L., as much as suffices.]
In sufficient quantity.
Quantum valeat. [L»] For what it may be
worth.
Quaquaversal strata (Geol.) = dipping on ail
sides [L. quaqua, wheresoever, versus, adv.,
towards] ; now termed Periclinal (q.v.).
Quarantine. [It. quaranto, forty.] 1. In
Law, the forty days during which a widow is by
Magna Charta entitled to remain in her hus-
band's chief messuage after his death, for the
resignment of her dower. 2. (Naut. ) The time,
now variable, during which a vessel arriving
from an infected port is not allowed to com-
municate with the shore. (Truce of God.)
Quare impedit 1 [L., wherefore does hin-
der i] The ordinary action in Law, to establish
a patron's disputed right to present to a benefice.
Quarles's emblems. A set of designs illus-
trating verses by Francis Quarles (1592-1644).
The plates and plan of the work seem to have
been borrowed from the " Pia Desideria" of
Hermann Hugo, a Jesuit of Brussels.
Quarrel. [L.L. quadrellus, Fr. carreau.] In
mediaeval warfare, the arrow or bolt for the
cross-bow ; so called from its four-sided head.
Quarrel, Quarry. [Fr. carre, L. quadratus,
square.] 1. A diamond -shaped pane of glass.
2. A glazier's diamond
QUAR
405
QUER
Quartan. [L. quartanus.] [Med.) Occurring
every fourth day ; quartanS, sc. febris, fever cf
which the paroxysms occur every fourth day ;
tertian [tertiana], every third day ; so quintan
[quintana], tyery fifth day.
Qoartation. [Fr., from L. quartus, fourth.^
(Chem.) Making an alloy of three parts of
silver and one of gold, and then dissolving the
silver by nitric acid, so that the remaining yJ?«/-M
is pure gold.
Quarter. 1. (Arith.) Twenty-eight pounds
avoirdupois are a Q., viz. of a hundredweight.
2. Sixty-four gallons, or eight bushels, are a Q.,
viz. of a ton of grain. 8. (Astron.) A Q. is a
fourth part of the moon's monthly course ; as
when she is in her third Q.
Quarter. 1. (Mil.) (i) To quarter troops is
to give them billets on the inhabitants of a
town ; (2) officers' barracks are called quarters ;
(3) to give Q., to spare the life of a conquered
enemy [(?) as being = to keep within bounds ;
or (?) Q. as = friendliness. De Brieux says Q.
is portion of pay, promised as ransom]. 2.
(Naut.) From 45° abaft the beam to the stern.
Q.-boat, one hung over the quarter. Q.-deck.
(Deokt.) Q.-galley, a Barbary cruiser. Q.-
master, petty officer, whose duty it is to assist
the master and mates in their duties.
Quarter-guard. (Mil.) One posted in front
of each encamped regiment.
Quartering arms. (Her.) The arranging of
various coats of arms in squares or quarters
on one escutcheon, so as to show the alliances
of one family with the heiresses of others. Each
of these squares is called a quartering.
Quartermaater. (Mil.) An officer in the
army who has charge of the barracks and stores,
and the issue of clothing, fuel, food, and ammu-
nition.
Quartermaster-general. (Mil.) Staff officer
in charge of the marching, embarkation, and
quartering of troops ; together with all matters
relating to militar)' science and topography.
Quarter-pierced, Cross. (Her.) A cross from
which the middle has been removed, so as to
leave a square hole.
Quarter-staff. Old weapon about the height
of a man, consisting of a tough thick stick,
which was held by the centre.
Quarter-tones. (Music.) A word often used
loosely for any interval less than a semi-tone.
Qutirto. [L. quartus, y^wr/A.] A book com-
posed of sheets folded so as to make four leaves.
QuartSdicImans. [L. quartus decimus,y2>r/r-
teenth.] In Eccl. Hist., those who celebrated
Easter on the fourteenth day of the Paschal
moon, instead of on the Sunday following.
This was the practice of the Eastern Christians.
Quarts. [Ger. term.] (Geol.) A crystallized
variety of silica ((j.v.) ; clear, transparent Q. is
rock-crystal ; purple, amethyst; brown, cairn-
gorm. Common in veins and nests in many
metamorphic rocks.
Quartxite. (Geol.) A granular variety of
quartz ; sandstones altered by pressure and heat
assume the aspect of quartz; usually meta-
morphic
Qu&si. [L.] As though, as it were ; as in the
phrase. Quasi in loco parentis, as it were in the
place of a parent.
Quasimodo. [L.] In the calendar of the
Roman Church, the First Sunday after Easter ;
so called from the first words' of the Introit. It
is also known as Dominica in Allns, as, then,
those who had been baptized on Easter Sunday
deposited their white robes in the sacristy.
Quass. [Russ. kwass.] A thin sour beer
made with rye or barley meal.
Quassia chips. A bitter extensively used in
Europe ; the wood of Q. excelsa, a tree of
Trop. America ; its medicinal virtues first made
known by a negro, "Quassy."
Quaternary. [L. quaternaiius, i.e. niimSrus,
the number ^.] (Geol.) Post-Tertiary, all above
the Tertiaries.
Quaternion. [L. quatemionem, from quatemi,
sets of four.] A group of four words, phrases,
or the like. (Triads.)
Quatrain. [It. quattrino.] A stanza of four
verses, the rime being usually alternate ; but
sometimes the first and fourth, and the second
and third, rime together.
QuatrefoiL [L. quatuor, and folium, a leaf]
(Arch.) In tracery, a figure with four cusps.
Also, as an ornament, a conventional flower with
four leaves.
Quattro ocohi, A. [It.] Of two persons only ;
said of a dinner, conversation, etc. ; lit. with
four eves. A tcte-h-tlle.
Qu&tuor m&ria. [L.] The four seas ; i.e.
those around Great Britain.
Queohe. (Naut.) Small Portuguese smack.
Queen Anne's Bounty. (Q.A.B.)
Queen-post. (Arch. ) A suspending post in a
trussed roof, resting on the tie-beam, and sup-
porting the principal rafters.
Queen's counseL (Leg.) The standing counsel
of the Crown. As the Crown is the nominal
prosecutor in criminal proceedings, barristers
who have received the appointment of Queen's
counsel cannot appear in any cause against the
Crown, or defend a prisoner without a licence.
Queen's messenger. Generally an officer
retired from the army or navy, entrusted with
the conveyance and delivery of State documents.
Queen's metal. (Chcm.) An alloy of nine
Carts of tin and one part of antimony, of
ismuth, and of lead.
Queen's ware. An improved cream ware
made by Wedgwood, in 1 759 ; named after
Queen Charlotte.
Queen's yellow. A sulphate of mercury, used
as a pigment.
Quem Dens Tult perdere prius dementat
[L.] Whom the god wishes to ruin he first
maddens ; a phrase applied to cases of what
is called judicial madness.
Quem Di diligunt adolesoens morltur. [L.]
He whom the gods love dies young (Plautus).
Transl. from the Gr. "Ov ol Otol <pL\ov<Tiy aire-
OyflffKfi Vfos.
Quercitron. [Fr., from L. quercus, oak, citrus,
citron tree. ] The bark of the black oak, used in
tanning and in dyeing yellow.
QUER
406
QUIS
Quern. [A.S. cweorn, akin to com^ grain,
etc.] A machine for grinding. Frodi's quern
{Myth.) is the inexhaustible source of wealth,
producing meal without being replenished.
Que Savons nous. [Fr.] As far as we know.
Question. [L. questiSnem, an inquiring or
search.l The judicial term for the application of
♦orture to prisoners.
Question, Begging the. (Petitio principii.)
Question, Previous. (Previous question, Moving
the.)
Questmen. [Quest, i.e. inquiry,'] Formerly
assistants to the churchwardens ; anciently
summoned by the bishop as " Synod 's-men, '
corr. into sidesmen, to give information as to
parishes and clergy.
Quia emptSres. [L.] The statute 18 Edward
I., which forbade Subinfeudation; so named
from the words with which it begins.
Quick. In the Bible, always = living [A.S.
cwic] ; so a quick hedge, i.e. growing, as dis-
tinct from palings ; cut to the quick, quick%\\szx.
Quicken, To. \Naut.) To give a greater
curve in building a ship.
Quicken tree. (Bowan.)
Quick fence. (Quick.)
Quicklime. [Eng. quick, living."] {Chem.)
Oxide of calcium, a caustic substance obtained
by burning limestone.
Quicksand. Moving, unsolid sand, mixed
with water, and such as will not support the
weight of a man attempting to pass over it.
Quiokwork. (iVaut.) 1. The immersed
part of a loaded ship. 2. (Spirkitting.)
Quicquid agunt homines . . . nostri est
farr&go llbelU. [L.] Men's doings, all of
them, viake up the medley of my little book.
Quicquid plantatnr sSlo, solo cedit. [L.]
In Law : whatever is antuxed to the soil, goes
with the soil ; upon this the law of fixtures is
founded. (Euta caesa.)
Quiddity. [L. quidditas, from quid, what.]
That which answers to the question, What is
this ? — the essence of a thing.
Quid leges, sine morlbus Vanee, proficiuntT
[L.] What good can laws alofu effect, which
without morals are useless ? (Horace).
Quid non mortalla pectSra cogis, Auri sacra
^mes 1 [L. ] To what crimes cannot the cursed
hunger for gold drive men ? (Virgil).
Quidnunc. [L., what tw-w?] A collector
of news, a gossip, or tattler.
Quidqnid dellrant reges, plectuntur Achlvi.
[L.] Kings go astray, and their subjects fay
the penalty (Horace).
Quieta non movere. [L.] Make no stir
what things are still.
Quietists. (Mystics.)
Qui facit per alium facit per se. [L., he who
cuts through another cuts himself] A man
cannot free himself from guilt by using another
as his agent ; a man is responsible for his ser-
vant's negligence.
Quignon's Breviary. (Breviary of Quignon.)
Qui labdrat orat. [L., he who labours prays.]
Work is worship.
QuilL [Ger. kiel.] A piece of reed on which
is wound the thread that forms the woof of
cloth.
Quilling. A narrow border of lace, etc.,
folded like a row of quills.
Quinate. (Palmate leaf.)
Quincunx. [L.] 1. Properly, any five ob-
jects which occupy the corners of a square and
the point of intersection of the diagonals. 2.
The arrangement of troops, or other objects, in
a triangular figure of five divisions on each side.
Quindeoemviri. [L., fifteen men.] (Hist.)
Roman magistrates, charged with the care of
the Sibylline books (q.v.).
Quinoa of Peru. A goosefoot, q.v. (Cheno-
podium Quinoa) ; ripening at a height of nearly
13,000 feet ; the great article of agriculture in
S. Peru ; yielding abundant seeds of the size
of millet, used much as rice is used in India ;
and from which an agreeable beer is obtained.
QuinquagSsIma. \L,., fiftieth.] In the Eccl.
calendar, the Seventh Sunday before Easter ;
so called as falling abotit fifty days before it.
Quinquarticular Controversy. (Eccl. Hist.)
That between Arminians and Calvinists upon
the yff^ points [L. quinque articiili] of: (i)
Particular election ; (2) particular redemption ;
(3) moral inability in a fallen state ; (4) irresis-
tible grace ; (5) final perseverance of the saints.
Quinquennalia. [L.] Games or festivals
celebrated e\exy five years [quinque anni].
Quinquereme. [L. quinqufiremis.] Roman
war-ships, with five banks of oars. (Quadrireme ;
Trireme.)
Quinquertium. (Pentathlon.)
Quinsy. [It. squinanzia, Gr. KOi'etyx'Jj '^"f"
throttling.] (Med.) Inflammation of the tonsils.
Quinta. [Sp.] A country-seat, villa.
Quintain. 1. A wooden post set up for military
exercises, sometimes turning on a pivot. 2. An
O.E. game. A board, hanging like a sign-
board, is tilted at by a rider, who has to strike
it before a balancing weight, hanging opposite to
the board, has time to swing round and strike him.
Quintal. [Fr. quintal, Ar. quintar, a hun-
dredweight.] One hundred kilogrammes, nearly
equal to two hundredweights.
Quintan. (Quartan.)
Quintessence. [L. quinta essentia.] The
fifth essence, requiring five processes for extrac-
tion ; the extremest possible concentration ; a
term of the old chemists, or rather alchemists.
Quinzaiue. The fourteenth day after a feast.
(Octave.)
Qui pro quo, or Quid pro quo. [L.] A phrase
used by the French to denote the error of mis-
taking one thing for another; in England,
usually to signify an equivalent.
Quire. [Fr. cahier, copy-book.] Twenty-four
sheets of paper.
Quirites. A people whose name is joined
with that of the Romans in the phrase P.R.Q.,
popiilus Romanus Quirites. They may have
belonged to a town called Cures or Quirium;
but the fact cannot be proved. Some trace the
name to the word curis, a spear.
Quis custodiet ipsos custodes. [L.] Who
shall guard the keepers themselves ? (Juvenal).
QUIS
407
RACK
Quia ezpedivit psitt&oo suum x<"pf <* [L-]
IV/io got out of the parrot that ' ' H(r<.v d'ye do ? "
of his ? the answer being hunger ; which makes
poets also sing (Persius, Prologtie to Sat.).
QaiBqiie saos patunur manes. [L.] We
suffer, every one of us, our lower-world punish-
ments.
Quis tnlSrit Oracchoa de aedlQone qu§-
rentea. [L.] IVho can put up with complaints
about sedition from the Gracchi? (these being
supposed to be notoriously seditious them-
selves).
Qui tarn action. In Law, a popular action,
in which one part of the penalty recovered is
given to the king, the poor, or to some public
use ; brought by one, qui tarn pro domino rege,
quam pro se ipso . . . sequitur, who sues as
well for the king as for himself.
Quit-rent. A small rent payable by tenants
of old manors, by which they go quut [O.Fr.
quite, discharged, free, L. quiet um].
Quitter. In a horse, chronic abscess of the
foot.
Qui vivel [Fr., lit. rvho lives? i.e. is moving?]
With the French, = IVho goes there ? of our
sentries.
Qnizotiam, or Quixotry. A word generally
used to denote absurd or extravagant actions
done from a sense of duty, hke those of Don
Quixote in the great romance of Cervantes.
Quoonnque m5d5. [L., by whatever means.]
In some way or other.
Quoeunque nomine gaudea. [L., in whatever
name you re/oice.'] Whatever may be your
name.
Quoddy. A kind of scaled herring, cured in
N. America.
Quod erat demonstrandum. (Q.)
Quod erat Sciendum. [L.] IVhich was to
be dom ; appended to problems under the
initial letters Q.E.F.
Quod fieri non deb ait, factum valet. [L.]
What ought not to have been done is valid when
done (as in the case of marriage at an illegal
age).
Quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus.
(Viacentian rule.)
Quoin. [Fr. coin, Gr. ytevia, an angle."]
1. (Arch.) An angle of a building. 2. In
Printing, a wedge for securing pages in the chase.
Quorum. [L., of 7vhow.] A term derived
from the words of the Latirt form of commission
to justices of the peace, "Quorum unum A. B.
esse volumus," of whom we will A. B. to be one.
Hence two or more persons, when the presence
of more than one is needed, may be said to
constitute a quorum.
Quorum pars magna fui. [L., lit. of which
(persons, or things, nr times) / was an important
element.
Quo sSmSI est imbflta rSoens, servabit 5ddrem
Testa diu. [L., the jar will long keep the
odour which it received when new (Horace).]
Early impressions are lasting.
Quotation. In Printing, a piece of hollow
type-metal, lower than type, used in the blank
spaces at the beginning and end of chapters, etc.
Quot honunea, tot aententiae. [L.] As many
opinions as men.
Quot send, tot hostes. [L.] All your slaves
may prove your enemies ; as many enemies as
servants.
Quum taUs sia, utinam noster essea, [L.]
(Talia quum sis, utinam ncster esses.)
B. As an abbrev., stands for Rex or Regina,
king or queen ; in medical prescriptions for
Recip€ [L., take] ; in the Naut. muster-book,
R. denotes run, placed against the names of
deserters, and of those who have missed three
musters; R.P. for Respublica, republic.
Bab. A rod used in mixing hair with mortar.
Babbet. [Vr. rabot, a plane.] 1. A sloping
cut jnade on the edge of a board so that it may
form a joint with another board similarly cut by
sapping. 2. A rectangular groove cut along the
edge of a board to receive a corresponding pro-
jection upon the edge of another board.
Babbeting. [Fr. rabot, a plane.] (Arch.)
A process in wood answering to joggling in
stone. (Joggle-joints.)
Babbinism. The body of the doctrine of the
rabbis, contained in the Talmud and other books.
Babble. A tool used to stir the melted iron
in puddling. (Bab.)
B&bies. [L., rage, madness.] I.q. hydro-
phobia.
Baca. [Syr., vanity, or folly.] A word by
27
which the Jews expressed vehement indignatton.
(Anathema; Maran-atha.)
Bace. (Naut.) A strong and dangerous cur-
rent producing overfalls.
Bace, of ginger, etc. [L. radix.] (Bot.) Kroot.
Baoeme. [L. racemus, a bunch, cluster J\ (Bot.)
A spike-like inflorescence, differing from a true
spike in having each flower upon a small foot-
stalk ; e.g. the currant blossom.
B&oMs. [Gr. /5ox«J, spine."] 1. {Bot.) The
axis of inflorescence ; the stem which supports
the flowering head. In ferns, the divisions of
the petiole of the leaves. 2. The shaft of a
feather.
B&oMtis [Gr., from f>ix»t l^' spine], some-
times Rickets (q.v). Inflammation of the spine.
Back. [A.S. rsecan, to stretch out.] 1, (Mech.)
A straight bar furnished with teeth to work with
a toothed wheel or pinion. 2. An instrument of
torture, always illegal in this country.
Backing. 1. Washing ores on an inclined
frame called a rack. 2. Drawing off wine, etc.,
from the lees.
RACK
408
RATA
Backing a tackle, or lanniard. {Naut.) Fasten-
ing two running parts together, with a seizing
called racking, so as to stop it from rendering
(jj.v.).
Back-ptmch. Punch made with arrack.
Back-rent. ^Leg.) A rent raised as nearly
as possible to the full annual value of the
premises.
Back-saw. A saw with wide teeth.
Baooon. {Zoo/.) Procj^on, an animal with
grey fur, somewhat like a small fox. America.
Fam. Pr6cj?6nTdae, ord. Carnlvora.
Bacovians. (£ccl. Hist.) The Unitarians of
Poland ; so called from the city of Racow,
where Jacobus ^ Senna erected for them, in
1600, a seminary, in which the Racovian Cate-
chism, drawn up by SocTnus, was published.
Baddle, To. (Naut.) To interlace.
Baddo<^ Baddock (from its red, ruddy,
breast). (Ornith.) Robin redbreast, Sylvia
rubecula, fam. Sylvndoe, ord. Passdres.
Badiant. [L. radius, a ray.] (Her.) IJaving
rays proceeding from it.
'Badiant heat. (Badiation.)
Badlata. [L., provided -vith rays, or spokes.]
(Zool.) Cuvier's lowest animal kingdom, named
from the radiated form of some of its consti-
tuents, as sea-urchins and star-fish (£chln6der-
mata). These are now reckoned as AnnHloida,
or Echlnozda [Gr. ixtvoi, a hedgehog, ^Siov, an
animal], with ScolecTda [ffKwXT]^, a worm], i.e.
Entozoa [ivT6s, within, C'voi', an animal], RotT-
fera, and some others. Cuvier's Polyzoa are
placed among moUusca, as Molluscoidea ; the
Protozoa form a sub-kingd. by themselves ; the
remainder form the sub-kingd. CcElentSrata,
Badiation. [L. ridiationem, an emission of
beams of light.] Consists in the transmission of
energy from one body to another by propagation
through an intervening medium in such a way
that the progress-of the transmitted energy may
be traced after it has left the first body and
before it reaches the second ; travelling through
the medium with a certain velocity, and leaving
the medium behind it in the condition in which
it found it : thus light radiates from a luminous
body, and heat, when transmitted in like manner,
is radiant heat.
Badical. [L. radix, radicis, a root.] (Chem.)
A salt R. is a simple body which with hydrogen
forms an acid, or with metals a salt. A com-
pound Ji. is a compound which takes the place
of a metal in chemical combinations ; these are
met with chiefly in organic chemistry.
Badical metaphor. (Metaphor.)
Badical qtiantity; B. sign. (Math.) The
Radical sign is the sign which indicates that a cer-
tain root is to be extracted. A R. quantity is a
number or algebraical expression with the radical
sign prefixed ; thus, y^ 157 is a radical quantity,
the radical sign ( V)— originally r, for radix,
root — prefixed to 157 signifying that the square
root is to be extracted, so that V57 denotes
an incommensurable number whose square is 157,
and which is very nearly equal to 12 "53.
Badical reformers. In Eng. Hist., an indefi-
nite name applied to politicians who are sup-
posed to wish for the rooting out of the evils
which affect the commonwealth.
Badicle. (Flomale.)
Badiometer. [A word coined from L. rSdius,
a ray of the sun, and Gr. ixhpov, measure.] An
instrument for showing repulsion by radiation. A
glass bulb about three inches in diameter has in
it a fine glass stem, with a disc of pith at each
end, suspended by a cocoon fibre. If a hot
body is placed outside the bulb near one of the
discs a convexion current is set up and the disc
is attracted. If now the air is progressively ex-
hausted, the attraction, though enfeebled, con-
tinues ; but when the exhaustion becomes very
perfect, as when its pressure is decidedly below
that of a millimetre of mercury, repulsion takes
place. The object of the instrument is to show
this repulsion. Several explanations of this un-
expected phenomenon have been proposed. The
instrument is made in a variety of forms. Called
also, from its inventor, Crookcis radiometer^ and
sometimes a Light-mill.
Badios. (Ulxia.)
Badins- vector. [L. vector, one that carries.]
(Math.) If we suppose a line to revolve round
one end, its other end may be made to trace out
any curve provided its length is duly altered ;
such a line is the R.-V. of the point which
describes the curve. The fixed point is the pole.
The position of the moving point at any instant
is defined by the length of the R.-V. and the
angle between it and a fixed line ; these are the
polar co-ordinates of the point. In Astron.,
the R.-V. of a planet (or satellite) is the line
joining its centre to that of the sun (or primary).
B9,&. [L., root.] (Math.) The number
which serves as the base of a system of numbers ;
thus 10 is the radix or base of the ordinary
system of numeration.
Baffaelle china, Baffaelle ware. (Faience.)
Baft. [Akin to ;-rt//^r.] 1. (y1/r7. ) A floating
bridge of casks or boats, for conveying troops and
guns across rivers. 2. (Naut.) A number of
timbers, casks, or other buoyant objects, lashed
together so as to make a kind of float. R.-dog,
a broad piece of iron with the ends pointed, and
bent to a right angle, used to fasten a raft to-
gether. R.-port, a square hole in the stem or
stern, for loading or unloading a timber-ship.
Bafts of the Mississippi, when flooded in
spring-time. Accumulations in certain spots of
an immense number of trees torn up and carried
down ; one has been known no less than ten
miles in length. (Floating islands.)
Bag, Boach (probably corr. from Roche, rock),
Bagstone. (Geol.) A coarse limestone, easily
breaking under frost, etc., with ragged fracture.
Bag-bolt. An iron pin with barbs on its shank
to hold it tight.
Bagman Boll. A name, of uncertain origin,
denoting the instrument by which the Scottish
nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to
Edward I., in 1296.
Bagnle, Baguly. (Her.) Ragged, like the
trunk of a tree having its boughs lopped off.
Baiah, Bayah, [Turk, raia, a flock, a dog
of a Christian.] Mussulman name for Christian
RAID
409
RANG
inhabitants of Turkey, who pay the capitation
tax.
Baid of Bnthven. A conspiracy of the Earl
of Gowrie and others against James VI. of
Scotland, afterwards James I. of England,
1583-
BaildsB. [L, raia, the ray.'\ {Ichth.) Fam.
of fish of sub-ord. BStoiddi (rays), without
serrated caudal spine. Temperate and tropical
latitudes. Ord. Pligiostomata, sub-class Chon-
dropt^rygli.
Eail'(from its cry). {Omifh.) Fam. of
wading-birds ; Rallidae. Universally distributed.
Ord. Grallse.
Bailroad nomenelatnre in XT.S. Railway
and K. station are, in U.S., railroad and K.
depdt ; engine-driver and stoker are engineer
and fireman ; carriage and luggage-van are
passenger-ear and baggage-ear ; gootls train is
freight train; line, siding, crossing plate,
Eoints, are track, turn-out, frog, switches. —
lartlett's Americanisms,
Bailway mania. The excessive speculation
in the earlier days of railway construction in
this country.
Bainbow ; Lnnar B. ; Primary B. ; Secondary
B.; SporioosB. ; Snpemnmerary B. {Phys.)
The coloured arch seen when the sunlight falls
on a spray of water, and particularly on a
shower of rain ; it is due to the sunlight under-
going internal reflexion within the spherical
drops of rain. The Primary rainbo7v is pro-
duced by the rays that are reflecte<l once within
the rain-drop ; the Secondary K., which is exter-
nal to the primary, by those which have been
reflected twice within the rain-drop. As
coloured lights tend to produce arches of
difierent radii, the colours are separated in
much the same way as when sunlight passes
through a glass prism ; within the primary and
without the secondary rainbow are often seen a
succession of red arches with intermediate
colours ; these are the Spurious or Supernu-
merary R. A Lunar K. is formed by moon-
light in the same way that an ordinary rainbow
is formed by sunlight ; but its colours are fainter,
and it is much more rarely seen.
Bain cata and dogs. Sailors say, "The cat
has a gale of wind in her tail ; " and in old
German paintings the wind is represented as the
head of a dog or a wolf. Hence "to rain cats
and dogs " denotes a downpour of rain with a
violent wind.
Bain-gaoge. An instrument for measuring
the depth of the rainfall.
Baised beaches. (Beaches.)
Baiaon d'etre. [Fr.] Lit. the reason of the
existence of a thing ; the purpose it is intended
to fulfil ; the reason why it is what it is.
Biga. [From Skt. raj, to shine, akin to L.
rex, regis, a king. ] The title of the hereditary
Hindu princes, belonging, or supposed to belong,
to the Kshatrya or warrior Caste.
Bake. (\aut.) 1. The projection of both
ends of the ship's body away from the keel. 2.
The inclination of masts forward or aft. 3. To
R. a ship, to fire along her whole length.
Bake, Bake vein. [Ger. ragen, to jut out.']
{G:ol.) An oblique vein of ore.
BaM. A common Russian brandy.
Bakish vessel {Naut.) One appearing
formidable or suspicious, and a swift sailer.
B ak s h asas. Evil spirits of Hind. Myth.
Their chief was Ravana, who stole away Sita
the wife of Rama. (Bamayana.)
Ballentando. (Bitenuto.)
Balph Boister Soister. The oldest English
comedy, written by Nicholas Udall, Head-Master
of Eton College, who died 1564. It gives a
picture of contemporaneous London citizen life.
Bam, generally called Battering-rant. 1.
(Mil.) It consisted of a large beam of wood
shod with a piece of heavy metal in the shape
of a ram's head, for breaking down walls ;
usually suspended by ropes or chains in a roofed
frame borne on wheels, and impelled by the
protected soldiers inside giving it a swinging
motion. 2. (Naut.) The offensive prow of an
armour-clad ship of war. (Steam-ram.)
Bam&dan. The Mohammedan Lent, begin-
ning with the new moon of the ninth month of
the year, and ending on the day preceding the
great festival of Bairam.
Bamay&na. [Skt., the career of Rama.] A
great Hindu epic poem, describing the life of
Rama and his wife Sita, and his expedition to
Ceylon to rescue her from the tyrant Ravana.
Bam down cartridge. (Mil.) The old word
of command used in charging any muzzle-loaded
musket.
Bameqnins, Bammekins. [Ger. rahm, cream,
and -chen, a dim. suffix (Littr^).] An old
word lately revived, meaning ^fondue.
Bamists. (Hist.) The followers of 'Pierre de la
Ramce, Latinized Ramus, professor of rhetoric
and philosophy at Paris, in the reign of Henry
II. He was killed in the Massacre of St. Bar-
tholomew. His system was opposed to the
Aristotelian logic.
Bampant. [Fr. ramper, to climb.'] (Her.)
Standing upright, with the feet in the attitude
of an animal climbing.
Bampart. [Fr. rempart ; se remparer, to
fortify one's self.\ (Fortif) Mass of earth in-
closing a fortified place, to protect the interior
and to give the guns of the defenders a command
over the besiegers.
Bampe. \Yx., flight of stairs, ascent, ramper,
to creep.] (Forttf.) Gentle earthen ascent used
along the interior slope of a rampart.
Banch. [Sp. rancho, originally a mess-room.]
In Sp. Amer., a rude hut, lodgings for herdsmen,
etc., at night ; farming establishment with many
such huts ; hacienda {landed estate] being a culti-
vated farm, with good house.
Band. [Ger. rand, a rim.] A thin inner
sole for a shoe.
Bandan. (Naut.) Rowing with a bow and
a stroke oar and a pair of sculls between them.
Bandom. [O.E. randon.] (Min.) The depth
below a given surface in mining.
Bange, To. (Naut. ) To sail parallel and near
to anything.
Banger. (Begarder.)
RANK
410
RATT
Bank, in Army and Navy.
1. Admiral of the fleet ranks with Field-marshal.
J. Admiral 11 General.
3. Vice-admiral w Lieutenant-general.
4. Rear-admiral » Major-general.
5. Captain of the fleet „ Brigadier-general.
6. Commodore n Ditto.
7. Captain of 3 years » Colonel.
8. Captain imder 3 years „ Lieutenant-colonel.
9. Commander ranks junior to Ditto.
10. Lieutenant of 8 years ranks with Major.
11. Lieutenant under 8 years „ Captain.
12. Sub-lieutenant „ Lieutenant.
13. Midshipman „ Second lieutenant.
Banters. (Hisl.) Seceders of the Wesleyan
connexion, on the ground that the latter lacked
earnestness in street and field preaching. In
England, the Primitive Methodists are called
Ranters.
Bam des vaches. [Fr., Ger. kuhreigen, kuh-
reihen, the call to the anvs.'\ The tunes used by
Swiss herdsmen in driving their cattle to and
from pasture.
B&p&ces. [L., rapacious.'X {OrnitA.) I.q.
A cd pit res (^.f. ).
Bape. [Perhaps akin to rope, like the Gr.
ax^^^'^^i which is both a rope and a measure of
leftgth.'\ 1. A territorial division. Sussex is the
only county divided into rapes, each containing
three or four hundreds. The Norw. repp de-
notes a parish district. 2. The refuse of raisins
after making wine.
Bap-ftill, Keep her. (Naut.) An order = do
not let her sails shake.
B&phe. [Gr. ()a.<fr(\, a seam."] 1. {Anat.) A
central raised line, looking as if the parts had
been se%vn together. 2. (Bot.) Line of commu-
nication between the hilum and chalaza.
Bapier. .[A word introduced from Spain.]
A long narrow sword with a straight handle.
Bapparee. A term common in the seventeenth
century, denoting a wild Irish plunderer, gene-
rally armed with a rapary, or half-pike.
Bappee. [Fr. raper, from raper, to grate,\ A
strong, dark snuff.
Bapprochement [Fr.] The drawing nearer
to each other ; the beginning of a better under-
standing.
Bapl^res. [L., snatchers.] (Oniith.) I.q.
Acclpitres [,q. v. ).
Bara avis in terris nigroqne simiUima cygno.
W^ ] A very rare bird, most like a black swan
(Ovid) — which was not then known to exist.
Bascal deer, or other animals. Lean, worth-
less ones. [R. = refuse scrapings ; cf. amongst
other forms. It, raschiare, to scrape, as if from
L. raslciilare, dipi. of rado, sup. rasum.]
Basee. [Fr. rasee, scraped or shaved down,
L. rasus.] (Naut.) A line-of-battle ship cut
down a deck, or having her upper works reduced.
Baskolniks. [Russ. , schismatics.'] Dissenters
from the Greek Church in Russia, calling them-
selves Starowerzi, Orthodox. Their differences
seem to be confined to outward forms and dis-
cipline.
Bisores. [L., scrapers.] (Ornith.) (Gallinae.)
Basp. [O.K. raspe.] A coarse file.
Bat. {A^aut.) 1. A machine concealed in an
insured vessel, and worked by her motion, with
the criminal purpose to scuttle and sink her, and
so secure the premium. 2. A current chafing
the cable against sharp rocks.
Batafia. [Malay arak, arrack, tafia, white
rum.] A kind of liqueur.
Batchet [Fr. rochet] ; B.-wheel. A Ratchet-
wheel has teeth of which the one face is in the
direction of a radius and the other slightly in-
clined to the circumference. Let a rod move
backward about one end, and to the other let an
arm or link be loosely attached, an end of which
rests on the top of the wheel ; when the rod
moves back, the end of the link slides over a
level face of the tooth and falls on to the level
face of the next tooth ; but when the rod moves
forward, the end of the link presses against the
upright face of the tooth, and thus drives the
wheel : the arm or link is called a Ratchet, and
sometimes a Paul or a Click. A link or arm
capable of moving round a fixed point near the
top of the wheel, which allows the level face of
the tooth to slide under it, but by pressing
against the upright face of the tooth detains the
wheel if it attempt to turn in the opposite direc-
tion, is a Detent, but it is also called a R.
Bate. (Naut.) The old classes into which
men-of-war were divided were; First- P., 100
guns and upwards, ranging from 42-pounders on
lower deck to 6-pounders on quarter-deck,
carrying 850 men or more. Second-P., 90 to 100
gims. Third-R., 80 to 84 guns, the smallest
line-of-battle ship. Fourth-P., 60 to 74 guns.
Fifth-P., 32 to 40 guns, or even 60 guns.
Sixth-P., carrying any lower number, or none,
but commanded by a captain. Sloops, ships
commanded by a commander.
Batio. [L. rationem, a reckoning, a relation^
ship.] The relation which one magnitude bears
to another of the same kind in respect of quan-
tity ; thus a distance of five miles bears to a
distance of two and three quarter miles the ratio
of 20 to II. The first term is the antecedent,
the second the consequent.
Batiocination. [L. ratiocinati5nem, from
ratio, reasoti.] The act or process of deducing
conclusions from premisses.
Bationalists. (Supranaturalists.)
Batio nltlma regnm. [L.] The last argument
of kings ; i.e. war.
Batitse. [L. ratltus, provided with a raft,
ratis.] (Ornith.) Birds without a keel to the
breast-bone ; running-birds which cannot fly, as
the ostrich.
Batlines, or Batlings. (Naut.) Small lines
fastened across the shrouds, like rungs of a
ladder, parallel with the deck.
Battan. [Malay rotan.] The tough stem of
an Indian plant resembling cane. (Calamus.)
Batteen. [Fr. ratine.] A thick twilled
woollen stuff.
Battinet. A thin kind of ratteen.
Battle. The sound of air gurgling in the
windpipe, which, especially at death, the lungs
have not power to send out.
Battle down rigging, or Battle the shronds, To.
(A^'aut.) To fix the ratlines parallel with the
deck.
RAUC
411
KECO
Rauoity. [L. raucitatem.] {MeJ.) Hoarseness.
Bavana. (RakshasaB.)
Bavelin. [Fr., from It. rivellino.] {Mil.)
Salient work, having two faces sometimes ter-
minated by flanks, placed in front of the curtain
at the counterscarp of the main ditch of a for-
tress.
Bavenna, Exarchate of. (Exarch.)
Ravensduck. [Ger. rabenluch, from raben,
raven, tuch, cloth.} A kind of sail-cloth (from
its colour).
Eay. [L. radius, a staff, spoke of a wheel.}
1. (Geom.) Any one of a number of lines
diverging from a point. 2. (Phys.) A line
along which light or radiant heat is propagated.
Rayah. (Raiah; Ryot.)
Rasor-bilL (Ornith.) Spec, of auk, Alca
tarda, resembling the common guillemot. (Gtiil-
lemot.)
Baior-ehella. (Zool.) Nearly oblong bivalves;
edible. Temperate and tropical seas. Burrows
in the sand. Fam. Solenidae, class ConchlfSra.
Raitia. [It., from Ar.] A plundering incur-
sion, a raid.
Reach, To. (Naut.) To stand off and on; to
sail by the wind on one tack.
Reaotion. \.(Math.) When two bodies (A and
B) act on each other the action is mutual ; if
the force exerted by A on B is regarded as the
action, the force exerted by B on A is the
R. In most cases there is some obvious reason
for regarding one of the forces as the action ;
thus when a horse draws a cart, the force
exerted by the horse on the cart would be called
the action, that exerted by the cart on the horse
the R. 2. (Chem.) The changes produced by the
^mutual action of two substances on each other.
Reader. One who corrects the proof-sheets
of a printed book.
Reading in. In the Church of England, the
reading of Morning and Evening Prayer, and of
the Thirty-nine Articles, by a newly appointed
incumbent.
Reagent. [L. re-, again, agSre, to act.} (Chem.)
A substance used to discover the presence of other
bodies in a compound, by the chemical reaction
which takes place.
Beaggravation. In the usage of the Latin
Church, the final admonition issued before ex-
communication.
Real [Sp., = L. regalis, royal.} The legal
money of account in, Spain ; twenty reals equal
one duro or hard dollar.
Realgar. [Sp. rejalgar, from Ar. rahdj-algar,
cavern powder, because it was obtained from
silver-mines.] {Cheni.) Bisulphide of arsenic,
a brilliant red pigment.
Realists. (Nominalists.)
Reaming. \^<tx. xi.\in\^n, to clear away.} En-
larging a hole in metal.
Rear-admiral. (Rank.)
Rearmouse, Reremonse. [O.E. hrere-mus, id.,
hreran, flitter ; cf. flitter-mouse.] The bat.
Rebate. (Rabbet.)
Rebec, Rebeck. [Ar. rabab (Littr^).] {Poet.)
A viol ; properly a three-stringed instrument,
Arabian or Turkish, introduced by the Moors
into Spain ; played with a bow {ChilJe Harold,
I. xlvi.),
Rebecca riots broke out in Wales, 1843, hav-
ing for their object the abolition of tolls, the
destruction of turnpikes, and the " possession
of the gate," like the "seed of" R. ! (Gen.
xxiv. 60).
Rebellion, The Great. (En:;. Hist.) A name
for the revolt of the Long Parliament against the
authority of Charles I.
Re-biting. Restoring worn lines in an engraved
plate by acids.
Rebns. 1. The representation of letters and
syllables by signs, as an eye and a ton for
Eyeton. The word is said to have been sug-
gested by squibs or satires "de rebus quae
geruntur. ' 2. {Her.) A coat of arms which
bears an allusion to the name of the owner, as
three cups for Butler.
Receiver. 1. {Chem.) A vessel for receiving
and condensing the product of distillation. 2.
The glass vessel from which the air is exhausted
by an air-pump, and in which experiments on
a vacuum are made.
Recess of the Empire. {Hist.) The judicial
name for the decrees of the German Diet — per-
haps as being pronounced when the diet was
about to recede or separate.
Rechabites. {Jeivish Hist.) The followers of
Jonadab the son of Rechab, who charged them
to plant no vines, drink no wine, and build no
houses (Jer. xxxv. 6, 7).
RechanfFage. [Fr.] A warming up, or a
dressing up of what is old.
Recherone. [Fr.] A'efned ; \ii. sought afresh.
In Eng. exquisite.
RScfpS. (R.)
Reciprocal. [L. reciprScus, returning, re-
ciprocal.} {Arith.) When the product of two
numbers is unity, either is the R. of the other ;
thus, ^', is the R. of 20.
ReeitatiTe. [It. recitatlvo, L. r^cTto, / recite.}
Musical recitation or declamation, without refer-
ence to time or rhythmical melody ; existing in
Greek music, and revived it is said by Rinuccini,
1594; used to express some passion or relate
some event, etc., often introductory to amelody ;
e.g. "There were shepherds," in the Messiah.
Reciting note. In chanting, the first note of
each half or strain of a chant ; that on which
syllables few or many, according to the length
of the half-verse, are sung. (Mediation.)
Reckon. [A. S. recnan.J As in Rom. viii. 18 ;
infer surely [Gr. Xoyl^ofxak].
Reckoning, ship's, To make a. {Naut.) To
ascertain her position by combining her known
direction and distance run since the last obser-
vation, and correcting this by an observation.
Dcad-rcckoniug, when uncorrected by observa-
tion.
Rednse. The general term for all persons
dwelling in religious houses. (Coenobites; Her-
mit.)
Recognition. In Scot. Law, the preliminary
examination of witnesses, in order to determine
whether there is a case for trial or commitment.
Recollects [Fr., L. recollectus, gathered up, as
RECO
412
REDU
for religious meditation] were, like the Obser-
vants, a reformed body of the Franciscan order.
(Orders, Mendicant)
Eeconnaissance. [Fr., examination, from re-
connaitre, to explare.'\ (Mil.) Examination of
any theatre of operations with the view of making
accurate plans of the ground, together with
written reports on its capabilities for military
movements.
Beconnoitre. (Mil.) To make a reconnais-
sance (q. V. ).
Becorder. 1. At first probably, persons to
whose remembrance or record of what had
taken place in judicial proceedings the law gave
credit, owing to their official or personal dignity.
2. The chief judicial officer in a borough pos-
sessing the jurisdiction of a court of record. 8.
A musical instrument, like a flageolet, now out
of use.
Beorudesoenoe. [L. recrudesco, / break open
afresh, said of wounds.] (Med.) The breaking
open afresh of wounds.
Bectangle. (Quadrilateral.)
Bectiflcation. [L. rectus, right, fac^re, to
make.] 1. Refining by repeated distillation.
Rectified spirits, spirits fifty per cent, above
proof. 2. (Math.) The determination of a
straight line of the same length as the arc of a
curve included between given points.
Bectdlineal, or Bectilinear. [L. recti-lineus.]
Consisting of or bounded by straight lines.
Beoto; Verso. In early printed books, the
right-\a.T\A and the /if/'/-hand pages ; R. the first
page of the leaf lying open, V. the page of the
leaf when turned ; R. being the only numbered
pages.
Bector. [L. rector, ic. ecclesiEC, ruler of the
church.^ (Eccl. ) Properly the person, or parson,
who has charge of a parish church and is pos-
sessed of the great tithes ; but as these were
before the Reformation often appropriated by
religious societies, the latter appointed a vicar,
with the small tithes as his remuneration.
Beotiua. (Anat.) Termination of the large in-
testine, which is comparatively straight\JL. rectus].
Bectus in curia. [L. , right in the court. ] (Leg.)
One who conies out of court with clean hands.
Becuperative. [L. reciipSro, /regain.] (Med.)
Effective towards recovery.
Becurring series. (Arilh.) One, each of
whose terms equals a fixed number of preceding
terms each multiplied by a certain constant ;
thus, I, 5, 17. 53, 161, etc., is a R. S., for any
term equals the excess of four times the term
before it above three times the term but one
before it ; as, 161 = 4 X 53 — 3 X 17.
Becttrsant. [L. recursantem, part, of recursare,
to rtin back.] (Her.) Of an eagle; displayed
with its back towards the spectator.
Becusants. [L. reciisantes.] In Eng. Hist.,
those who refused to acknowledge the royal
supremacy in matters ecclesiasticaL
Bedacteur. [P"r. ] Editor of a newspaper, etc.
Bedan. [Fr., originally a toothed work, and
s^c\t. Redcnt.] (Mil.) Work consisting of two
faces, forming together a salient angle, and open
at the gorge.
Bedargue. [L. redargut^re, from re-, red-,
back, arguere, to charge with, accuse.] To argue
against, to refute.
Bed Book of the Exchequer. A register, giving
the names of all who held lands per baroniam
under Henry II.
Bed Cross Knight. An impersonation of Holi-
ness, bk. i.. Faery Queene ; the true Saint
George, or knightly England, doing battle for
Una, "a lovely ladie," i.e. Truth (see canto
X. 61).
BedemptSrist. (Eccl.) A religious order, also
called Liguorists, as founded by Liguori, in
Naples, in 1732 ; but styling themselves members
of the order of the Holy Redeemer. Their
chief work is education.
Bedintegration. [L. r^dintegratio, -nem, a
renewal, a restoration.] In Moral Phil., a name
proposed for what is generally known as Associa-
tion. " Thoughts which have at any time, recent
or remote, stood to each other in the relation of
coexistence, or immediate consecution, do, when
severally reproduced, tend to reproduce each
other. " — Fleming's Student'' s Moral Phil., p. 47.
Bedolet Iticemam. [L.] It smells of the lamp;
said of work done in the late hours of the night-
Bed orpiment. Another name for realgar (q.v. ).
(Orpiment.)
Bedoubt. [Fr, redoute, from It. ridotto.]
(Mil.) Any closed fortification, the parapet of
which nowhere forms re-entering angles ; gene-
rally constructed on a small polygon. (Eeduit.)
Bedshank. (Ornith.) Cosmopolitan gen. of
wading-bird. TotSnius, fam. Scolopacidae, ord.
Grallse.
Bedshort. Brittle when red hot.
Bed snow. An appearance due to the presence
of Protococcus nivalis, one of the simplest forms
of plant-life.
Bed spider. (Entom.) ferythrreus telarius,
spec, of mite (Acarus), troublesome in green-
houses.
Bed tape. An excessive stiffness in the man-
agement of official concerns ; servile adherence to
precedent and to routine. (Circumlocution Office.)
Beductio ab ahsurdnm. [L.] In Geom., the
proving of a proposition by showing that the
maintenance of the contrary is an absurdity.
Beduction. [L. reductionem, a bringing
down.] 1. (Arith.) The process of expressing
in assigned units a quantity given in other units ;
as the reduction of 753 half-crowns to £, s. d.
2. (Astron.) The process of applying to the
place of the observed heavenly body as read off
on the instruments (supposed perfect and in per-
fect adjustment), five distinct and independent
corrections, viz. those for refraction, parallax,
aberration, precession, and nutation. 3. (Chem.)
The separation of a metal from the substances
with which it is chemically combined.
Beduit (same word as Redoubt ; origin L.
reductus, drawn back). (Mil.) Inner fortifica-
tion for prolonging the defence and securing the
retreat of the defenders when its outer work has
been taken.
Beduplication. [L. reduplicationem, a dou-
bling.] (Lang.) The repetition of a sound in
REDW
413
REFR
consecutive syllables. In the earliest forms of
speech most words exhibited this characteristic,
which is seen in such words as titillate, cachinna-
tion.
Red wolf. (Zool.) CSnis Mexicanus (Lin-
naeus), C. jubatus (Cuvier) ; Agouara-gouarou,
great fox ; Azara ; cinnamon-coloured, short
black mane along back ; solitary. Marshes of
Trop. America.
Beed. 1. In Music, a strip of metal or wood,
formerly of reed, set vibrating by a current of
air ; not itself producing sound, but dividing the
current into a succession of rapid puffs, which
produce sound ; e.g. oboe, clarionet. A striking
A', beats against its seat, as in organ generally ;
a/ree R., as in harmonium, passes in and out of
the opening. 2. A frame of parallel flat strips
of wood through which the warp-threads pass in
weaving.
Beef. [Formerly riff, akin to r//?.] A line of
rocks lying just above or just below the surface
of the sea.
Beef of a sail. (Nnut.) A portion of the
sail which can be drawn together by small
cords. R.-points, reducing the size of the sail.
R. -lines, lines passed through the eyelet-holes
of the reef and over the head of the sail, to aid
sailors when reefing. R.-band, a strip of canvas
running across the sail to strengthen it where
the eyelet-holes are. Close-reefed, with all the
reefs of the topsails taken in. Reefers, midship-
men.
Be-entering. Cutting deeper the lines of an
engraving which are too faint.
Be-entering angle. 1. [Math.) An angle of
a polygon which, measured internally, exceeds
two right angles. 2. (Fortif.) One which recedes
inwards towards a fort from the surrounding
country.
Beere. [A.S. gerefa.] A general title for a
ruler or governor ; still found in sheriff, or shire-
reeve, portreeve, etc.
Beeye. (Zool.) YcmaXt oi Ruff (q.v.).
Beeve, To. (JVaut.) To pass the end of a
rope through a block, etc To unreeve, to take it
out.
Befectory. [L.L. r^fectorium, from reffcio
me, / refresh niyself.\ In the conventual life,
the rooms where meals are taken by all together.
Beferendaries. [L. referendus, to be referred.\
(Hist.) Officers whose duty it was to draw up
and despatch diplomas and charters.
•Befleoting circle. {Math.) An instrument
constructed on the same principle as a sextant,
but such that angles can be read on it round the
whole circumference of a circle from 0° up to
360°, instead of only from o" up to about 120°.
Beflector. The mirror of a reflecting tele-
scope.
Beflex. [L. reflexus.] Illuminated by light
reflected from another part of the same picture.
Beflez, or Ezcito-motory, action. (Physiol.)
1. When an afferent nerve stimulated produces
motion in a muscle supplied by an efferent, the
mind taking no part ; e.g. coughing, swallowing
(see Carpenter's Mental Physiology, pp. 46, et
uqq.'i. 2. Similarly, action, not produced by
volition or emotion, but by prepossessed mind ;
e.g. an acted dream.
Beflezion [L. refiexionem, a bending backX ;
Law of B. The return of rays of light, heat,
etc., from the surface on which they strike. The
Law of R. is the following : — If a perpendicular
to the surface is drawn from the point of inci-
dence, the incident and reflected rays are in the
same plane with the perpendicular and are
equally inclined to it on opposite sides ; or, the
angles of incidence and reflexion are equal.
Befocillate. [L. refocillare, from re-, again,
focillare, to revive by warmth, focus, a hearth.^
To refresh, strengthen.
Beformatio Legum Ecolesiastic&mm. [L.] A
revision, by Cranmer, a.d. 1552, of Eccl.
law, with fifty-one titles, after the manner of
Justinian's Digest ; an attempt to accommodate
the Canon laws, or to substitute better ; never
enacted. — Blunt, Reformation.
Beformed Presbytery. (Macmillanites.)
Beformers. (Calviniats; Lutherans; Syncre-
tista; Zuinglians.)
Befraction [L. refractionem, a breaking off^ ;
Angle of B. ; Astronomical B. ; Atmospheric B. ;
Conical B, ; Double B. ; Extraordinary B. ; Index
of B. ; Law of B. ; Ordinary B. ; Terrestrial B.
The change in the direction of a ray of light
when it passes out of vacuum into a transparent
medium ; it also takes place when light passes
from one medium into another, and when the
density of the same medium varies. If a perpen-
dicular to the surface of the medium is drawn
from the point of incidence, the incident and
refracted rays are in the same plane with and on
opposite sides of it,but the refracted ray is inclined
to it at a less angle than the incident ray ; the
former of these angles is the Angle of R. , the
latter the angle of incidence. The Law of R. is
the fact that the sine of the angle of incidence
bears a constant ratio to the sine of the angle of
R. ; the numerical value of that constant for a
given medium when the light passes out of
vacuum into the medium is the Index of R., or
j the Refractive index, of that medium. In most
crystallized media the incident ray is divided
into two refracted rays, of which in some crystals
one and in others both are refracted according to
a law more complicated than that above stated ;
this is Double R. If the ray is refracted accord-
ing to the law above stated, it undergoes Ordi-
nary R., if not. Extraordinary R. In some
crystals, when the ray enters them in a certain
determinate direction, it forms a conical surface
of rays instead of only two rays ; this is Conical
R. When a ray of light from a heavenly body
passes into the atmosphere, it undergoes refrac-
tion, and consequently the heavenly body ap-
pears nearer the zenith than its true position ;
this is Atmospheric R., or Astronomical R. At-
mospheric R. also occurs in the case of light
commg from distant terrestrial objects on account
of variations in the density of the intervening
air ; this is Terrestrial R.
Befractive index. (Befraction.)
Befractory. [L. refractarius, stubbom.\
( Chem. ) Difficult to fuse by heat.
REFR
414
REIG
Befrain. [O.Fr. refrainer, L. refringdre, to
break up.'\ (Music.) The burden of a song,
the phrase or verse, which, recurring, breaks it
into equal parts.
Befresher. In Law, an additional fee paid to
a counsel when a cause is not heard in the term
for which it was set down.
Be&eshment Stuiday. Mid-Lent Sunday,
the Fourth Sunday in Lent ; the Gospel being
John v-i. I, etc. (Simnel bread.)
Befrigeratory. [L. refrlgeratorius, cooling-.]
A Vessel of cold water for condensing the vapours
from a still.
Befage, Cities of. In Jewish Hist., six cities
to which those might fly who had caused acci-
dental homicide. The deliberate murderer was
to be handed over to the avenger of blood.
— ]nsh. XX.
Be galantuomo. [It.] A title sometimes
applied to the King of Italy, as & gallant leader
and statesman.
Bigale [L.], i.e. jus. The royal right by
which kings of France enjoyed the revenues and
patronage of bishoprics.
Begal fishes. (Boyal fishes.)
Beg&lia. [L., royal things.] In Eng, Hist.,
the royal insignia and Crown jewels.
Begpals. Small portable organs used in the
Middle Ages, often represented in paintings as
carried by angels or saints.
Begard, Court of. (Forest oonrts.)
Begardant. \Yt., looking at.] (Her.) Looking
back towards the sinister side of the escutcheon.
Begarder. The old title for the ranger of a
forest.
Begelation. [L. rfgelationem, in a new
sense, = freezing again, not its proper sense of
t halving.] When two pieces of ice with mois-
tened surfaces are placed in contact, they become
cemented by the freezing of the film of water
between them, even when the surrounding
medium has a temperature above 32° Fahr. ; this
is the R. of ice, or Regelation.
Begent, The Oood. Name sometimes given to
the Earl of Murray, prime minister and adviser
of Mary, Queen of Scots, 1 561.
Begent Masters. Formerly in universities, a
term for graduates privileged to give public lec-
tures in the schools, and bound to deliver such
within a certain period after their degree.
(Faculty.)
Begest. [L. regesta, things recorded.] A
record ; hence the altered form registrum, Fr.
regitre, register.
Begifiigium. [L., the king's flight. "] In
Rom. Hist., a festival said to have been insti-
tuted to commemorate the expulsion of Tar-
. quinius Superbus. (Sibylline books.)
Begister, To. [L. regesta, things recorded.] To
correspond in relative position, line for line, as
the columns or pages of a printed sheet.
Begister, Lord, or Lord Clerk Register. A
Scottish State officer who has charge of the
archives, and is thus called also Custos Rotu-
lorum.
Begister of voice. [L.L. rSgistrum.] Its
compass : Lower R., or Chest voice, that which
comes out freely and naturally ; Upper R., Fal-
setto, or Head voice, produced by strained con-
traction of the glottis, is of a higher pitch, flute-
like, but not so open and impressive ; Middle
R. , such notes of chest voice as may be produced
by falsetto.
Beglster-ship. A Spanish galleon or plate-
vessel.
Begium Donum. [L., royal gift.] (Hist.)
A yearly grant of money for maintaining the
Presbyterian clergy in Ireland, instituted in
1690 by William III.
Begins morbus. [L., the king's evil.] Scro-
fula, which was supposed to be cured by the
touch of the king's hand.
Begins professors. [L.] In the universities
of Oxford and Cambridge, the professors whose
chairs were founded by Henry VIII.
Beglets. [Fr. reglette, dim. of regie, a rule.]
In Printing, thin parallel wooden furniture
(q.v.), made to the thickness of any type from
pearl upward, to separate the lines of type more
widely.
Begrating, or Forestalling. An offence of
the common law, that of buying or getting into
one's hands at a fair or market any provisions,
com, or other dead victual, with the intention of
selling the same there, or within four miles, at a
higher price : he who does this thing being a
Regrator. (To regrate is to scrape or dress
cloth, etc., so as to sell it again.) — Brown, Law
Dictionary.
Begnlar solid. (Polyhedron.)
Begulars. [L. regula, a rule.] In the Latin
Church, those who bind themselves to the vows
of poverty, chastity, and obedience, under a fixed
rule, as of St. Benedict, or any other ; as opposed
to Seculars, for instance parish priests, who live
in the world and are bound only to celibacy.
Begular body. (Polyhedron.)
Begnlar system. (Crystallog.) The octahe-
dral system (q.v.).
Begulating Act, 1773, of Lord North's Minis-
try, made important changes in the government
of India. The Presidency of Bengal was to
exercise a control over the other possessions of
the East India Company ; the chief to be styled
Governor-general, and to be assisted by four
councillors ; a Supreme Court of Judicature,
independent of G.-G., to be established at Cal-
cutta, having a chief justice and three inferior
judges ; Warren Hastings appointed G.-G. for
five years.
Eegiilns. [L., a little king.] (Chem.) The
pure metal which in the melting of ores falls to
the bottom of the crucible.
Begur. The name of the cotton-growing soil
of India.
Beichofsrath. (Anlio Council.)
Beichskammergericht. (Aulic Cotincil.)
Eeichsrath. [Ger., council of the kingdom.]
The German Parliament. (Aulic Council.)
Eeichstadt. [Ger.] A free city of the em-
pire. (Hanseatic League.)
Beichstag. (Diet.)
Eeign of Terror. In Fr. Hist., the term
applied to the period of the worst excesses of
REIM
41S
REMP
the first revolution. It may be set down roughly
as the time between October, 1793, when the
Girondists fell, to July, 1794, when Robespierre
and his associates were put to death.
Beim. A strip of ox-hide used for twisting
into rojjes, etc.
Beineoke Faohs. A popular German epic
poem, first known in a Low-German version in
the fifteenth century, relating the adventures of
the fox scheming his way to favour at the court
of the lion by sheer cunning and hypocrisy.
The poem is thus a satire on the intrigues and
the iniquities of courts.
Be infeeti. [L., the thing being unfinished.^
Without accomplishing a purpose intended. In
Gr., SirpcutTo*.
Beinforee a guo. In Eng. formerly, and in
America now, to strengthen it about the breech.
Beis, Bais, or Bas. [At., Aea J, or j^n'm^e.] A
general title of dignity given to captains of ships,
etc. Sometimes joined with Sffendi, and thus a
tautology.
Belters. German cavalry of the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries.
Belapsed. [L. relapsus, part, of relabor, //u//
b(uk.\ A term denoting those who have fallen
back into errors previously abjured. (Mon-
taniats; Novatians.)
Belapnng fever, once known as Five-day F. ,
Seven-day F., Mild yellow F. (Med.) A con-
tinued F., chiefly epidemic, attacking the ill
fed, marked by abrupt relapses ; one of the con-
tinued fevers known in this country, the others
being typhus and typhoid.
Bdative keys. (Music.) If any note of the
common chord of a key occurs in the scale of
another key, the former is said to be related to
the latter. Thus to the key of F major, the
kejrs of G minor, A minor, B & major, C major,
and D minor are related.
Belative pronoon. In Gram., a part of speech
which may represent any noun or pronoun, and
makes the clause which it introduces practically
adjectival.
Belative temu. (Log.) Words implying a
relation, as father and son, king and subject.
(Correlation.)
Belay. A magnet which transmits the circuit
current to a local battery, called the relay
battery.
Belevant. [Fr.] Pertaining to, properly
applicable to, an argument, etc.
- Belief. (Keno-felievo.)
Belief. [Fr. relief, L. relfivare, to raise u/>.]
1. Of a fortification, the total height from the
bottom of a ditch to the top of the parapet. 2.
Those of the guard who go round to change
sentries.
Belief Church. (Marrow Controversy.)
Belief Synod. (Fed. Hist.) A body of Pres-
byterians, who, protesting against the mode in
which lay patronage was exercised in the Estab-
lished Church, set up the Secession Church and
the Relief, 1752.
Belig^o Laici, The Religion of a Layman.
Drydena work, exhibiting the struggles which
ended in his becoming a Roman Catholic.
Beliglo loci. [L. ] The religion of the place.
The special feelings of awe or of affection called
forth by any particular spot.
Beliglo Medici, published 1642. A kind of
confession of faith, with which other matters are
intermixed, by Sir Thomas Browne, physician,
antiquary, and philosopher, of Norwich.
BeligioBonun, De Asportatis. One of the
chief of the statutes intended to check the
aggressions of the papacy, 35 Edward I., which
forbids "alien priors" assessing taxes or with-
drawing money on that head out of England. —
Brown, Law Dictionary. (Frovisors; PrsB-
mnnire.)
Beligioos Orders. (Orders, Beligioos.)
Beliqnary. A receptacle for relics, generally
of small size ; as distinguished from a case [Fr.
chisse], which may contain a whole body.
Beliqnia. [L.] Remains of the dead, relics.
Belome. [O.Fr. relumer, to light again.}
To rekindle.
Bema, or Benme. [(?) Gr. ^ttfia, stream,
fiood.\ The tide.
Bern &ca tStlgistL [L. , lit. thou hast touched
the matter with a needle-point (^\a.yi.\.\i&).\ You
have hit the nail on the head.
Bemainder. (I^g.) A remnant of an estate
in land, depending upon a particular prior estate,
created at the same lime and by the same instru-
ment, and limited to arise immediately on the
determination of that estate. Kent.
Bim&net. [L., it remains behind.] (Leg.) A
name given to causes, the trial of which is
deferred from one sitting to another.
Bemberge. (A^aut.) An O.E. war-vessel,
long and narrow, and propelled with oars.
Bemblai. (Deblai.)
Bemembranoers. Certain officers of the Court
of Exchequer, and of some corporations, with
various functions.
BSmlges. [L., rorcers.] (Omith.) The quill
feathers of a bird's wing.
Beminisoence. (Fre-eziBtence.)
Bemoboth, (Sarabaites.)
Bemonstranoe, The. (Hist.) A document,
recapitulating the grievances of the kingdom,
presented to Charles I., November, 1641.
Bemonstrants. (Arminians.)
BgmSra. [L., (i) delay, (2) the fish fichfineis,
Gr., ship-stopping.] £ch6neis [Gr. ixf'vrits,
from ^X"* ^^ hold, vavs, a ship]. Sucking-fish.
(Ichth.) Various spec, of marine fish with lami-
nated cartilaginous plate on its head, by which
it adheres to external objects, as the bottoms
of ships, producing a vacuum by erecting the
laminae ; fabled thus to stop ships, hence its
Gr. and L. names. The spec, vary in size,
from eight inches to two feet. Gen, NaucrStes
[coi/itpoTT;!, from vavj, a ship, Kpartw, to hold],
fam. Scombridae, ord. Acanthoptfirygii, sub-class
TSleostfl.
Bemount. (Mil. ) Horse supplied for train-
ing for the cavalry service.
Bemphan. A god worshipped by the Israel-
ites in the wilderness, the name being probably
an Egypt, equivalent substituted by the Sep
tuagint for Chiun, or the Dog-star.
REMP
416
RESG
Bemplissage. [Fr., from remplier, to fill up.^
1. {Music. ) Intermediate parts. 2. Generally,
as to literary style, mere padding.
Benaissance. \Yx., a revival, rcne'Lval.'\ {Arch.)
A name for the style which sought to reproduce
the forms of Greek or so-called classical orna-
mentation. The growth of this style may have
been a consequence of the revival of letters, but
it had nothing to do with the movements which
ended in the Reformation. The term itself has
been very loosely used to denote various styles,
which have very little in common. Many Re-
naissance buildings are classical only in their
details, their form and spirit being entirely
Gothic, as the Church of St. Eustace, Paris, and
of the Annunziata at Genoa.
Benal. {Anat.) Pertaining to the kidneys
[L. renes].
BenaiduB Vulpes. (Beinecke Fachs.)
Bender, To. {Naut.) To yield to force
applied.
Bendering. [Fr. rendre.] Boiling down and
clarifying.
Beneg^e. (Bunagate.)
Beniform. [L. renes, kidneys, forma, shape.'\
{Anat., Bot., Jl/in.) Kidney-shaped ; so, e.g.
the leaf-blades of some plants are called.
Bennet. [A.S. rennan, to curdle. \ The pre-
pared inner surface of the calfs fourth stomach
for curdling milk.
Bentes. [Fr.] The Fr. equivalent to our
Government Funds [L. rendita, reni\, rend£re
being a nasalized form of redd^re.
Bentier. [Fr.] One who has an income from
stocks, or Bentes.
Bep. A kind of stuff having a fine cord-like
substance.
Bepeater. A watch that strikes the hours at
the touch of a spring.
Bepeating decimal. (Decimal.)
Bepeat signals, To, {Nant.) To hoist on
another vessel the admiral's signals, so as to
transmit them to distant vessels.
Bepertory. [L. repertorlum, from reperio,
/ open.^ A storehouse ; a place where things
stowed away can easily be found, as an index.
Bepetend. (Decimal.)
Beplevin. In Law, a personal action which
lies to try the validity of a distress, or to recover
goods unlawfully distrained. (Distress.)
BepUca. [It.] A copy of a painting, made
by the painter of the original picture.
Beplnm. [L., a central rail against -which
folding doors both close, repleo, I fill tip.'] {Bot.)
The partition through the length of the fruit of
Crucifers, to which the seeds are attached ; e.g.
wallflower.
Beporting progress. If, in a Committee of
the (whole) House of Commons, a debate be
not finished, or matters referred to it not fully
considered, the Chainnan "is directed to report
progress, and ask leave to sit again." In the
Lords, when any peer moves that the House be
"resumed," the Chairman of Committees moves
that " the House be in Committee on a future
day."
Beponsse. [Fr., pushed back.\ Ornamental
metal work in relief, produced by beating the
metal from the back.
Beprisal. (Marqne, Letters of.)
Beprobation. [L. reprobatio, -nem, disap-
proval, rejection.] {Theol.) A term denoting
the Supralapsarian theory respecting the destiny
of man . ( Snblapsarians. )
Beprove. Job vi. 25 ; disprove [L. reprobare,
/ reject^.
Bepsilver. [Reapsilver.] Money paid for-
merly by tenants to be quit of the service of
reaping the lord's corn or grain.
Beptllia, Beptiles. [L., creeping, repo, I
creep.] (Herpetology.)
Bepnblicans. In the politics of the United
States, those who resisted the extension of
slavery ; the pro-slavery party being styled
Democrats.
Bequest, Letters of. An instrument by which
an inferior ecclesiastical judge, waiving his own
right, remits a case to the judge of a superior
court for determination ; under the Statute of
Citations, 23 Henry VIII.
Bequests, Court of. 1. A court of equity,
inferior to the Court of Chancery ; abolished in
the time of Charles I. 2. Local courts for the
recovery of small demands ; now superseded by
the County courts.
Bequiem. 1. In the Latin Church, a Mass
for the repose of the dead ; so called from the
prayer, " Requiem seternam dona eis, Domine,"
Lord, grant them eternal rest. 2. Incorrectly,
a musical performance in honour of illustrious
men deceased.
Bequiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in
peace ; appended to epitaphs under the initial
letters B.LP.
Bequisition. {Mil.) The enforcement of sup-
plies from the inhabitants of a country. (Indent.)
Beredos. [Fr. arriere-dos, from L. dorsum,
the back^ {Arch.) A screen behind an altar.
In Winchester, Durham, and St. Albans, these
screens are magnificent, but so large as to inter-
fere with the general view of the choir.
Bereward. Numb. x. 25, and elsewhere ;
rear-ward, i.e. rear-guard.
Bes angusta domi [L.] Stinted means at
home ; poverty (Juvenal).
Besch Olutha. (^chmalotarch.)
Bescissory Act. (Covenanters.)
Beseda. [L. resedo, / assiuige, heal^ (Bet.)
Rocket ; herbaceous plant ; several spec. ; typ.
of ord. Resedaceae ; R. odorata, mignonette, a
popular garden annual.
Beservation. [L. reservationem.] In the
Latin Church, the retention of the consecrated
host for subsequent administration.
Beserve. [L. reservo, /keep back.] {Theol.)
Tlie system which would set before the people
only such truths as they are considered able to
comprehend or receive to their benefit. Also
called the Economy. (Arcani Disciplina.)
Beset of theft. The Scottish term for the
receiving of stolen goods, knowing them to be
sailen.
Bes gestae. [L., things done.] Transactions,
exploits.
RESI
417
RETI
Besidnary legatee. In Law, the person to
whom, after other bequests specified, the residue
of an estate is bequeathed.
Besilienee. [L. resilio, / spring back. ] The
power of a body to recover its form when
strained ; measured by the product of the
greatest strain it can undergo with safety and
the mean force (or stress) required to produce
that strain.
BesinoaB eleotrioity. Negative electricity
(because excited by rubbing nsinous bodies).
Benpiacenoe. [L. resipiscentia, from resipisco,
/ recover sense.\ Wisdom gained by experience ;
repentance.
Besist. {Chem.'S A substance used to prevent
a dye from colouring any but the required
parts.
Betistanoe, Solid of leaat. The solid of revo-
lution which, standing on a given circular base
and having a given height, will in moving through
a fluid in the direction of its axis experience the
least resistance.
Besolntion [I- resolutio, -nem, a loosen{ng\;
B. of a force ; B. of a nebula ; B. of a velocity.
To find two forces (or velocities) equivalent to a
single force (or velocity) is to find the Jiesolulion
of that force or velocity. When certain nebulae
are examined through a very powerful telescope,
they are found to consist of a congeries of dis-
tinct points of light ; this is the R. of such
nebula:.
BoMlntioii of a diMord. ( Music. ) The mo ve-
ment upwards or downwards of a discordant
note, by which a discord is resolved into a con-
cord ; indicating the particular place to which
the discordant note must move.
Betooanoe. [I^ resunantia, an echo.] The
prolongation or strengthening of a sound by
the sym])athetic vibration of bodies other than
that which produces the sound.
Besonator. [L. r£sdno, act. and neut, / re-
ec/u).'} A small hollow globe of thin brass or
glass, made of such dimensions that the air with-
in it may vibrate sympathetically in unison
with some definite tone. By means of a set of
resonators, a musical note can be analysed audibly
into a fundamental tone and the hannonics
which give it its quality, each R. strengthening
one particular harmonic.
Bespectant. {//er.) Aspeclant.
Besplce, asplce, prSspIce. [L.] Look back,
look ott, look forward CSi. Bernard). (Noma.)
- Besplce finem. [L.] Look to the end (of an
undertaking before you begin it).
Bespirator. [L. resplrare, to breathe out."]
A fine network covering for the mouth to breathe
through.
Beapond. [L. respondeo, /answer.] {Arch.)
A half pillar or pier attached to a wall, and
supporting an arch.
Beapondfl, Besponsoriea. [L. respondeo, /
answer.] In Preface to Prayer-book, certain
responses, or suffrages, which, m the unrefornied
ritual, " broke the continual course of the read-
ing of the Scriptures."
Beaponaible goTenunent. The government
of the country, as in England, by executive
ministers, responsible to Parliament, the members
of which are responsible to their constituencies.
Besponsories, or Beaponds. In the offices of
the Latin Church, short verses from Scripture,
repeated as verse and response, after the Lessons
at Matins.
Bestauratenr. [Fr.] One who restores or
refreshes, the keeper of a house of public enter-
tainment.
Best-harrow. (Bot.) A wayside plant
(Ononis [Gr. 6yti))fts] arvensis), with tough often
thorny branches and pink, pea-shaped flowers.
Ord. Leguminosce.
Beatitution, Writ of. In Law, a writ issued
when judgment has been reversed, to make up
what the defendant has lost by the effect of the
judgment so reversed.
BestitQtioii of Conjugal Bights. The name
of a suit to compel cohabitation, if refused ;
brought by either a husband or a wife against
the other in the Court of Divorce and Matri-
monial Causes.
Bestoration, The. In Eng. Hist., a term
especially applied to the re-establishment of
monarchy after the Commonwealth, by the
restoration of Charles II.
Beatriotion of cash paymenta. A power of
issuing notes for which the holder cannot
demand gold in exchange. This power was
granted to the Bank of England in 1797, and
resumed in 1820.
Beatuation. The opposite process to Esttta-
tion [L. Kstuationem, a singeing up], excitement
or agitation (as of a fluid).
Beaultant. (Compoaition of forces.)
Besume. [Fr.] A recapitulation, or summary.
Besumption of cash payments. (Bestrlction
of cash payments.)
Bet, To. {Naut.) To soak or rot timber, etc.
Betable. {Eccl. Arch.) A shelf or ledge
behind an altar, for holding lights or vases.
Wrongly called Superaltar, which is properly
a stone let into a wooden frame and constituting
the upper surface of the altar itself.
Betainer. [L. retineo, / keep back.] 1. In
O. E. Law, a servant wearing his master's badge
or livery, and attending him when called on to
do so ; a relic of the times of private wars.
(Truce of Ood.) 2. A fee to a barrister, securing
his services or preventing their being secured
by others,
Betaining fee. (Betainer, 2.)
Betaining wall. A wall designed to support
the pressure of a bank of earth abutting on it.
Beti&riana. [L. retiarii, from rete, a net.]
A class of Roman gladiators, armed with a
trident and net. (Uimillones.)
Betiary. (Entom. ) A spider, as acting like
Betiariana, and catching by means of a net.
Beticulated veina. (Bot.) (Parallel-veined
leaves.)
Beticulated work. (Arch.) Masonry in
which the s'.ones are laid lozenge-wise, like the
meshes of a net.
Bfitlcfilum. [L., little net.] (Anat.) The second
stomach of a ruminant, having honeycomb-like
cells on the inner surface.
RETI
418
RHEU
SStlna. [It, a dim. formed from L. rete, a
nei.] {Attat.) A netlike continuation and
expansion of the optic nerve at the back of the
eye ; the seat of vision.
Retort. A vessel used in distilling by heat.
It consists of a bulb, with a long neck bent over
[L. retortus, bent bcuk] to enter a receiver.
Betraotor musele [L. rdtraho, / drmv back]
(Anat.) draws back that to which it is attached.
Betreat. (Mil.) Beating of infantry drums
or sounding of cavalry trumpets every sunset.
Betreat of the ten thousand. The celebrated
march of the Greeks, under Xcnophon, from the
field of Kunaxa (where Cyrus fell in his attempt
to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes, B.C. 401)
to Kotyora on the southern coast of the Black
Sea.
Betrenchment. [Fr. retranchement, retrancher,
to intrench.] (Mil.) Any earthwork thrown up
to cover from attack and to give the defenders
an advantage over assailants.
Betrograde motion of a planet. (Proper
motion.)
Betroversion. (Anteversion.)
Betting (;.<r. rolling). Steeping flax to separate
the fibres from the woody parts.
Betnm. 1. (Arch.) A moulding or wall
continued in a different direction from that
originally taken by the body returned. 2. (Fortif. )
The termination of zigzag trenches which are
slightly thrown back and used as receptacles
for tools. 8. Military or other documents con-
taining information drawn up according to form.
Bey&lenta Ar&bica. An empirical diet for
invalids, a preparation of lentil, or "ervum
lens ; " a slight transposition of letters affording
a pun on re, again., valeo, I am well.
Beveille. [Fr. reveiller, to awake, L. re,
ex vigilare. ] (Mil. ) Beating of drums at daybreak
where troops are quartered, to wake up the
garrison.
Beveillon. [Fr.] In France, a festive gather-
ing at Christmas ; once connected with the
midnight Mass of Christmas Eve.
Bevels, Master of the. The officer, called
also Lord of Misrule, who in royal and great
houses presided over the Christmas entertain-
ments. They seem to disappear at the end of
the seventeenth century. (Fools, Feast of.)
Bevenons a nos montons. [Fr., let us go back
to oiir sheep, i.e. our subject.] In a French farce,
Patelin, Guillaume, a draper, is robbed of some
sheep by his shepherd, Agnelet, and of some
cloth by P., an advocate. At the trial of A.,
G. recognizes in A.'s advocate the thief P., and,
confusedly mixing up in his answers cloth and
sheep, is recalled by the judge, who says,
"Revenons," etc.
Beverberatory furnace. [L. reverb^rare, to
reflect.] A furnace with a low roof, so that the
flame in passing the chimney is reflected down
on the hearth where the materials are placed.
Beverse fire. (Mil.) The trajectory of an
enemy's shot when received in rear by troops.
Beverse flank. (Mil.) Opposite extremity
of a line of soldiers to that which is guiding its
march.
Beversion. [L. iSversionem, a returning^
1. In Law, the reversion of an estate to the
grantor or his heirs, after the grant is deter-
mined. 2. (Phys.) The reappearance of ap-
parently lost characteristics of a perhaps very
remote progenitor. (Atavism.)
Bevetment. [Fr. revetement, from rev^tir,
to clothe.] (Mil.) Facing to earthworks, com-
posed of sods, gabions, fascines, sand-bags, or
brickwork, to support the earth in a steeper
position than it would otherwise assume.
Bev5care gradum. [L.] To recall or retrace
a step.
Bevolation. (Stroke.)
Bevne. [Fr.] In France, a kind of burlesque
at the end of the year, at which the political
events of the year are revictved in a jocular vein,
with accompaniments of scenery and comic
songs.
Beynard the Fox. (Beinecke Fuohs.)
Bex oonvlvii. [L.] 77ie hing or master 0/ a
feast. (Symposiarch.)
Bex vini. [L.] The same as Bex convivii.
Bhabdomancy. [Gr. ^aySSojuavreia. ] Divina-
tion by means of a rod [^of/35os]. The practice of
it is described by Sir W. Scott, in the Antiquary.
Bhadamanthys. (Osiris.)
Bhsetic formation. (Geol.) The beds between
the Trias and Lias, formerly referred to the latter
in England and to the former in Germany ; well
developed in the Rh^etian Alps ; contain some
remarkable bone-beds, with the earliest mam-
malian remains (Microlestes) ; known also as
Penarih beds.
Bhampsinltos, The Treasures of. A story told,
by Herodotus, of an Egyptian king whom he so
names. The tale is essentially that of the Master
Thief, which is common to most of the Aryan
languages. Among the Greeks the Master
Thief was Hermes.
Bhapsodists. [Gr. ^a:^<f'h6i, from fxlirrw, I sew,
or stitch, and tfhi\, a song.] A name for the
minstrels who recited the Homeric poems in
Greece, more especially before these were com-
mitted to writing.
Bhapsody. [(jr. fiwf/<i>Sia, a stitching of songs
together.] 1, In Music, fragmentary, irregular
composition. 2. In a general sense, " any number
of parts joined together, without necessary de-
pendence or natural connexion " (Johnson) ; as
"a R. of words " ( Shakespeare) ; " a R. of difii-
culties " (Hammond).
Bhenush Bible. (Bible, English.)
Bheometer. [Gr. fiios, a stream, fiirpov,
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
velocity of electric currents.
Bhebstat. [Gr. fiios, a stream, (Trar6s, flxed.]
An instrument for increasing or diminishing the
electrical resistance of a circuit.
Bhetoric. [Gr. ^rjToptK-li, sc. Ttxyv-] Properly
the art of prose composition in general, but
usually applied to the art of addressing public
assemblies in set speeches.
Bheum. (Bot.) Technical name of the gen.
familiarly known as rhubarb [Gr. (>vov, or pa],
from the river Rha, in Pontus, on whose banks it
grows.
RHEU
419
RIFL
Bheum. [Gr. ^evfm, (i) ikaf which flcivs,
(2) rhetim^ {A/ed.) Increased discharge from
mucous membrane, or glands ; defluxion.
Bhimer. (Bimer, Thomas the.)
Bhinal. Pertaining to the nose[Gr. ^Is, (>lv6i].
Bhine, Confederation of the. (Hist.) A con-
federation of certain German princes who, in
1806, placed themselves under the protection of
the French Emperor Napoleon.
Bhinophdnia. [Gr. 0«»^, the voice.] Speaking
through the nose [^t'j, ^lv6i\.
Bhi^me. [Gr. fiti^ufia, a mass of roots.}
{Bot.) A creeping procumbent root-stock, send-
ing out roots downwards and leaves upwards ;
e.g. iris.
Bhodian ware. So called. (Persian ware.)
Bhodiam. [Gr. ^iSov, rose, from the rose
colour of its salts.] (A/in.) A very hard, re-
fractory metal.
Bhodomontade. Bragging bluster, from Ro-
domont, a boastful personage in the Orlando
Furioso, by Ariosto. The name is thought by
some to be connected with the name Khada-
raanthys. (Osins.)
Bhomb [(Jr. f>6fj.$oi, a spinning motion^ a
rhomb} ; Fresnel's B. A plane figure with four
equal sides, but having angles which are not
right angles. FrestuFs R., a parallelepiped of
glass whose ends are inclined to two of the sides
at angles of about 54^°, which has the following
property : — A ray of light entering the R. in a
direction at right angles to one end will emerge
in a direction at right angles to the opposite end
after two internal reflexions ; if the incident ray is
plane polarized in a plane inclined at half a right
angle to the plane of reflexion, the emergent ray
will be circularly polarized.
Bhombic system. (Crystallog.) The pris-
matic system ((/.v.).
Bhombohedral system. (Crystallog.) Consists
of crystals having three axes equally inclined to
each other, and three equal parameters ; when
transparent they are optically uniaxal, having
the optic axis equally inclined to the three axes ;
as Iceland-spar.
Bhombohedron. [Gr. ^6fi$os, a rhomb, cSpo,
a base. ] A solid contain«*d by six equal rhombs.
Bhomboid. [Gr. l)6fi&os, rhomb, tlSot, appear-
ance.} (Math.) A parallelogram whose angles
are not right angles, nor all its sides equal.
(Quadrilateral.)
Bhopalic verse. One with words increasingly
long towards the end, as a club [Gr. ^InsbXov} is
thicker towards the end ; as, '* Si sedes liceat
contingere cxlicolarum."
Bhot-amenti. (Osiris.)
Bhomb, or Bhomb [<>. forming, with meridian,
two sides of a rhomb, Gr. ^(J/*)8oj]. A Rhumb-
line is the prolongation of any of the lines on
the compass, other than those showing the four
cardinal points, which last represent the meridian
and parallel of latitude. Line of rhumbs, the
eight jx>ints of one quarter of the compass-card set
off upon its chord fay striking consecutive circles
through them from the extremity of the chord.
Bhnmb-line. (Lozodromio cnrre.)
Bhythm of the heart. (Diastole.)
Bibald. (Bibandeqnin.)
Bibaudeqoin. [L.L. nbandequinus, perhaps
from riband, ribald, a name denoting the lower
classes of foot-soldiers.] In mediaeval warfare,
a cart armed with spikes, and furnished with
small cannon.
Bibbon, Biband. [Fr. ruban.] (Her.) A
diminutive of the bend, being one-sixth its size.
Blue ribbon [Fr. cordon bleu], the ribbon sus-
pending the badge of the order of the Garter.
Red ribbon, the ribbon suspending the badge of
the order of the Bath.
Bibes. (Bot.) A gen. of plants, and the
only one, of ord. Grossularize ; including the
various kinds of currant and gooseberry, together
with many ornamental shrubs.
Bibs, False, or Floating. (Anat.) In man
there are twelve ribs on each side : the first, or
upper, seven, being more directly connected
through intervening cartilages with the sternum,
or breast-bone, than the remainder, are called
the Vertebrosternal or True R. ; the other five
are known as False R. , and of these the last two,
being quite free at their anterior extremities, are
called Floating R.
Bice-paper. A thin delicate paper made from
the pith of a Chinese plant.
Bichard Boe. (John Doe.)
Bickets. [Corr. of Rachitis (q.v.), with
meaning somewhat altered.] A disease, mostly
in children, known by large head, tumid belly,
distortion of the spine and other bones, from
deficiency of hardening matter in the bones ;
allied to scrofula.
Bicoohet fire. [Fr. ricocher, to ricochet;
origin unknown ; but see Littr^.] (Afil.)
When, the charge being small and elevation
slight, the shot from a gun makes several bounds
during its course. Employed principally for dis-
mounting the guns along a rampart.
Biddle. [O.E. hriddel, id., hridrian, to sift.}
(Agr. ) A sieve.
Bide a-port last, To. (Naut.) To do so with
the lower yards on the gunwale.
Bideao, Lever le. The French term for draw-
ing up the curtain at the beginning of a play.
Tirez le rideau — drop the curtain.
Bider. 1. An additional clause to a Bill
passing through Parliament, or to a resolution
put before a meeting, or in a deed., 2. (Math.)
A proposition or theorem of minor importance,
solved by the aid of one or more of Euclid. 3.
(Geol.) A mass of rock dividing a vein into
two ])arts.
Bidge-work. (Agr.) A system of irrigation
in which the land is laid in ridges with a. fe:der,
or float, along the top of each, to distribute the
water, and a drain between each pair to carry it
off.
Bidings. The three divisions of the county of
York, the word being a corr. of trithings
or triding, the third part. In the Domesday
Survey, the word is applied to Lincolnshire also.
Bifacimento. [It.] A making, or dressing,
up again of old things.
Bifler. In the language of hawking, a hawk
I that catches its prey by the feathers only.
RIGG
420
ROCH
Eigg, i.e. ridge (?). (Stetch.)
Bigging. ( A'aut. ) All ropes or chains used
about the masts, yards, or sails. Standing H. is
opposed to Running R., or that which is used to
set the sails, trim the yards, etc.
Bight. (A^aut.) To R., to regain a horizontal
position. R. the helm, put it amidships. R. sail-
ing, sailing due N., S., E., or W. R. t*p and
d(nvn, no wind at all.
Bight angle. (Angle.)
Bigid body. A collection of particles whose
mutual distances are unchanged by the forces
applied to them.
BIgor. (Algor.)
Big Veda. (Veda.)
Bilievo. [It., from L. relfivare, to lift up.\ A
word used to denote carvings in relief. (Me«zo-
relievo.)
Bimer, Thomas the. In Scottish tradition, a
poet, known also as Thomas of Ercildoune, or
Trtte Thomas, as having predicted, it is said, the
accidental death of Alexander III., 1283;
supposed author of Sir Tristrem, a romance of
the Arthur cycle, edited by Sir W. Scott, 1804.
Bim stock. (Clog almanack. )
Bing-bone, and Side-bone. In a horse, bony
growths about the joints of the os coron^e ; R.
when on the side of the os sufTraginis, S. when
on that of the os pedis, or coffin-bone.
Bingent flower. [L. ringor, I open the mouth
wide.'] (Bot.) A labiate with lips widely sepa-
rated ; e.g. Lamium, or dead-nettle.
Binger. A miner's crowbar (from the sound).
Eings, Fairy. (Fairy rings. )
Bing-tail. (A'aut.) A kind of studding-
<«iil, hoisted perpendicularly to the after edge
of a boomsail.
Bingworm. Popular name for porngo {q.v.).
Eiot Act. Passed by Parliament for the pre-
vention of tumultuous assemblies ; after the
reading of which to a mob by a civil magistrate,
if they do not disperse, troops may fire upon
them until they have brought them to order.
Bippers, or Bipiers. [L. rlparius, frequenting
river-banks ; and cf. Riviera (q.v.^\ Coast-men
who hawk fish inland.
Bippling. [Ger. riffeln, to hatchel.l Remov-
ing the see<.ls from the stalks of flax with a wire
comb called a ripple.
Bipsaw, Bippingsaw. A handsaw with coarse
teeth, used for cutting wood in the direction of
the fibre.
Bishis, The Seven. In Skt. Myth., the seven
sages who were thought to live in the seven
stars of the constellation called by us the Great
Bear. But these stars had been originally called
the Seven Rikshas, or Shiners, a word probably
akin to the Gr. fifwcTos and the L. ursa ; and
thus, when this name was gradually restricted to
the bear, the seven shiners became seven bears,
with Arcturus [opicToi/pos] for their bearward. In
India the word was confounded with rishi, wise,
and the seven stars became the abode of seven
sages or poets, who reappear as the Seven Wise
Men of Greece, the Seven Champions of Chris-
tendom, the Seven Sleepers, etc.
Blsns sardonicos. (Afed.) A convulsive,
horrible grin, chiefly in tetanus and inflamed
diaphragm \l,apt6vtos yiXwi] ; perhaps pointing
to the idea of the Sardinian ranunculus, and the
face of the eater screwed up ; but the earlier
Gr. aafibdviov ytXav, to laugh bitterly, is from
ffa'tpo), ffapSd^o), I g^n. It is not clear from
what source medicine derives the term.
Bitenuto \\\..'\, Rit. {Music.) Holding back,
slackening the time, for a few notes, while
Ballentando, slackening, isof a longer passage.
Bitomello. [It., from ritornare, to return.^
(Music.) 1. Properly a short, instrumental repe-
tition of the ending of a song. 2. An interlude.
Biver-terraoes. [Geol.) Level terraces of
sand, gravel, etc., at the slopes of most inland
valleys ; evidences of former fresh-water levels,
when the valley, not yet alluvial land, was occu-
pied by a lake at the height of the R.
Bivet. [Fr.] A pin or bolt clinched at both
ends.
Biviera, The. \lt., coast, sea-shore.'\ The sea-
coast from Cannes to Spezzia. R. di Ponente,
i.e. of the setting sun, is from Genoa, westwards ;
R. di Levante, i.e. of the rising sun, from G.
eastwards. (Comiche.)
Biz-dollar. (Dollar.)
Boach of a sail, (//aut.) The curvature in
the lower part of an upper squaresail.
Boad, or Boadstead. (Naut.) An anchorage
off shore, where a well-found vessel can ride out
a gale.
Boad-metal. Broken stones for macadamized
roads.
Boadster, or Boader. (JVaut.) A coasting-
vessel which lies up in a roadstead during
adverse winds and tides.
Boan. [Fr. rouan, roan-coloured.] An imita-
tion of morocco, for bookbinding, made from
sheepskins.
Bearing. In a horse, a disease of the air-
passages, caused by "(l) inflammation, which has
left a thickening or ulceration of the mucous
membrane, or a fungous growth from it ; (2)
paralysis of the muscles; (3) alteration of the
shape of the cartilage^ of the larynx, produced
by tight reining." — Stonehenge, The Horse in
the Stable and in the Field, p. 486.
Bearing forties. Popular name with sailors
for the stormy seas between 40° and 50° N. lati-
tude.
Boast-beef dress. In Naut. slang, full uni-
form.
Boasting. {Chem.) Heating so as to drive
off the volatile parts.
Bob. [Ar. robb.] The juice of ripe fruit
boiled down to the consistency of syrup.
Bobands, Bobbens. (Bope-bands.)
Bobin Hood and Little John. Outlaws or
freebooters of the time of Richard I. Some of
the incidents related of Robin Hood (Locksley)
by Walter Scott in his Ivanhoe, belong to popu-
lar European romance, and reappear in the story
of William of Cloudesley, Tell, and other
mythical heroes.
Boborant. [L. roborantem.] {Med.) Strength-
ening medicine.
Bochdale school = co-operation ; of which
ROCH
421
ROMA
the first example was the Equitable Pioneers'
Co-operative Store, founded at Rochdale by a
few poor flannel-weavers, circ. 1844; their
capital of ;^28 producing in sixteen years more
than / 1 20,000.
Boehelle salt. (From Rochelle, in France.)
A tartrate of soda and potash, used in Seidlitz
powders.
Boches moutonnees. [Fr.] {Geol.) Sheep-
Itke rocks, in the Alps and elsewhere ; pro-
jections worn by glacier action, and like sheep's
backs,
Boehet. [Fr., It. rochetta.] A linen gar-
ment worn by bishops under the Chimere.
Book. In Geol., includes all substances of
which the earth's crust is composed ; clay, sand,
earth, as well as stones.
Bock-crystal. (Quarti.)
Bocket-boat. (.\<iw/.) A flat-bottomed boat
fitted for firing rockets.
Bock harmonicon. (^/««V.) An instrument
composed of pieces of clinkstone, or phonolite,
of different lengths, placed over a sounding-
board, and struck by hammers held in the hand.
Bockingham Ministry. From March to R.'s
death in July, 1782, succeeded North's, after
the surrender of Comwallis ; made up of equal
numbers of old or "Revolution" Whigs, and
those Whigs who had followed Chatham ; with
the Tory Lord Chancellor Thurlow.
Boekinghain ware. A brown stone ware
made on an estate of the Marquis of R., at
Swinton. Other pottery and porcelain were
made there. Mark, a griffin, the R. crest.
Bocking-stones, or Loggana. {Geol.) Blocks
weatherworn, and poised so finely as to oscillate,
by a little force ; chiefly granitic ; some seem to be
artificial. The harder masses of granite, remain-
ing when denudation, acting along the fissures
due to consolidation, has removed the rest, leave
tors and sometimes poised slones.
Bock-oil. (Petroleum springs.)
Book-rose, or Cistns. {Bol.) A gen. of
exogenous shrubs or herbaceous plants, with
showy red, yellow, or white flowers ; typ. of
ord. Cistacese ; many of S. Europe and the
Levant are resinous, yielding ladanum. The
wild yellow R. is HelianthSmum vulgare.
Bock-salt. Common salt, chloride of sodium,
in rock-masses. Geol. position various, the
R.-S. of Cheshire and Worcestershire is in the
New Red Sandstone. In Poland and Spain,
R.-S. is cretaceous.
Boooa. [Braz. urucu.] The reddish pulp of
the fruit which yields annatto.
Boooeo. [Fr. rocaille, rockwork (Littre).] A
name given to the very debased ornament and
decoration in Arch., furniture, china, etc., which
succeeded the first revival of It. Arch. ; utterly
devoid of principle or of taste.
B5denti[a. [L., gnawing animals.'] (Zool.)
The tenth class of mammals, characterized
specially by continually growing incisors, which
by continual attrition constantly preserve a
sharp edge ; as rats, rabbits, beavers.
Boderick, the laxt of the Goths. (Pillars of
Heraoles.)
Boe, Boehuck. [Heb. tzeM (Deut. xii. 15,
tic), the beauteous one.'\ (Bihl.) The gazello.
Sub-fam. Gazelllnre, fam. Bovidoe.
Boebins. (Bope-bands.)
Boe-stone. (Oolite.)
Bog^tion days. [L. rogationem, an entreaty.]
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, before Ascen-
sion Day ; so called from the Litanies which
were recited by clergy and people in public pro-
cession.
Boger. (Jolly.)
Bogue's march. Tune only played on the
drums and fifes, when a soldier is being drummed
out of the army for some disgraceful conduct.
Bogue's yam. (Naut.) Formerly a yam
twisted contrary to the rest, in the centre of
each strand of rope used in the navy ; tarred in
white, and white in tarred, rope. Now a thread
of worsted, of a different colour for each royal
dockyard. (Boyal.)
Boisd'Yvetot [Fr.] So the lords of Yvetot,
in Normandy, are called in old chronicles ; it
is not clear why. Now the name means an
imaginary burlesque potentate. With Beranger
he is = a very good little king.
Bois Faineants. [Fr., do-nothing kings.]
{Hist.) A name for the later degenerate
princes of the Merovingian dynasty, finally dis-
possessed by Pepin, A.n. 752.
Boland. In the Carolingian tradition, a
Paladin of Charles the Great, who fell in the
battle of Roncesvalles, and whose exploits are
celebrated in the Orlando Furioso of Ariosto.
Boland for an Oliver, A. (A Boland for an
Oliver.)
Bole. [In Fr., a roll, L. rotiilus, dim. of r6ta,
a wheel.] The part assigned to sm actor in a
drama. Hence the part taken by any one in
any line of action.
BoUjganger. Rolf (Rollo), the Norwegian
conqueror of Normandy, A.D. 876, was so called
because he was obliged, it is said, always to
go on foot, no horse being able to bear his
weight.
Boll. (Geol.) Said of a set of strata bent
into numerous troughs and ridges, or into un-
dulations ; sometimes an elevated fold of rock is
pushed forward and over, so that the strata are
said to be inverted.
Boiler. {Surg.) A long broad bandage.
Boiler-bolt. The bar in a carriage to which
the traces are attached.
Boilers. (JVaut.) Large ocean- waves, rising
from five to fifteen feet above the ordinary
height, which precede the northers of the
Atlantic.
Boiling tackles. {Naut.) Those which hin-
der the yards from swaying when the ship
rolls.
Bolls, Haster of the. A high officer of the
Court of Chancery, ranking next to the Lord
Chancellor. He holds his office for life, and is
so styled as being keeper of the records of
Chancery. (Begister, Lord.)
Bomagna. A part of the Papal States {q.v.),
made up of the four northern legations of
Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, and Ravenna j annexed
ROMA
422
ROSE
formally to the kingdom of Sardinia, i860, and
now part of the kingdom of Italy.
Bomaio. A name sometimes applied to the
language of the modern Greeks, who called them-
selves Romans, by a tradition which has sur-
vived the overthrow of the Eastern empire.
Somal. [Hind, rumal, a hand kerchief. \ An
Indian silken fabric.
Bomanoe. [Fr. roman, It. romanzo.] 1. A
general name for works of fiction in prose or
verse, from the Bomance languages, in which
they were first chiefly written and circulated.
2. (Music.) A simple rhythmical melody, suit-
able to a story of romance.
Bomance lang^iages- Languages which are
modifications of the old Italian dialects. These
are the languages of Spain, Portugal, Italy,
France, Wallachia, and the Grisons of Switzer-
land. The Proven9al, spoken by the Trouba-
dours, is now a patois.
Boman cement. A kind of hydraulic cement,
hardening under water.
Bomaneero. The Spanish term for a collec-
tion of national ballads and romances.
Bomanese language. The language of the
Wallachians, who call themselves Komani, or
subjects of the old empire.
Bomanesqne. Decoration with fantastic re-
presentations of animals and foliage (admired in
the time of the lower Roman empire).
Bomanesque styles. {Arch.) The styles
which employed the arch and the entablature
together, gradually reducing the latter to the
form of a capital. The introduction of shafts,
running up from the piers and dividing the upper
stories into compartments, marked the point of
transition from the Romanesque to the principle
of the Gothic styles. (Geometrical style.)
Boman ochre. A rich orange-yellow pig-
ment.
Bomany. The language spoken by the gypsies
is sometimes so called.
Bomanzieri. In It. Lit., poets who treated
chiefly of the exploits of Charlemagne and his
Paladins. The earliest of these poets belongs to
the latter part of the fifteenth century.
Bomaunt of the Bose. A translation by
Chaucer — some say by another — of the first part
of a famous and very popular French allegory,
Le Roman de la Rose, of which the first part
was by Guillaume de Lorris, and the latter by
Jean de Cheun.
Bombowline, or Bombowline. (Naut.) Con-
demned rope, canvas, etc.
Bome-soot. A tax on houses in England,
formerly paid to the Roman court ; called also
Rome-feoh and Peter's pence.
Bondeau. [Fr, rond, round.] 1. In Fr. poetry,
a little poem of thirteen lines, of which eight
have one rime, and five another, divided into
three unequal strophes ; the two or three first
words of the first line serving as the burden, and
recurring after the eighth and thirteenth lines.
Hence, 2, in Music, ( i ) Rondo, a light composition
of three or more strains, the first closing in the
original key, the others recurring, by easy modu-
lation, to the first strain ; and (2) more gene-
rally, any light piece in which the subject recurs
frequently.
Bonde bosse. {Ft., a round swelling.] Sculp-
tured objects in their full forms, as opposed to
those in relief.
Bood. [A.?>. roA, a rod or pole.] The crucifix,
with the images of the Virgin and St. John. The
structure on which it is placed is called the rood-
loft. Most of these were destroyed at the Refor-
mation ; but some fine specimens remain, as at
Charlton-upon-Otmoor.
Bood-loft. (Bood.)
Boof. [O.E. hrof.] (Geol.) The rock im-
mediately overlying a bed of coal.
Boof of the World. Local name for highest
part of Pamir table-land, 15,000 to 16,000 feet
high, in Central Asia.
Boom, Boomer, or Ooing-room. {Naui^)
Old term for sailing away from the wind.
Boosa oil. A volatile oil used for adulterating
otto of roses ; also called oil of geranium.
Boost. [Icel. rost.] (Naut.) A strong tide
or current, especially in a narrow channel, as
between the Orkney and Shetland Isles.
Boot and Branch Bill. A Bill for entire
abolition of episcopacy and of cathedral bodies ;
introduced into the House of Commons, May,
1641, passed September, 1642, and, after four
months, adopted by the House of Lords.
Boot-fallen. (Agr.) The condition of crops
when their roots fail to act properly.
Bope-bands (pronounced Roebins). (Naut.)
Small lines fastening the head of a sail to its
yard.
Bopes. (Naut.) All cordage above an inch
in circumference, used in rigging a vessel.
Boric figure. (Breath figure.)
Borqual. [Sw. roer, a tube, hval, whale.]
{Zool. ) Piked whale, B&lcenoptera ; the largest
cetacean, sometimes a hundred feet long, with
dorsal fin, skin furrowed ; fierce, and of small
value. Temperate and cold latitudes.
Bosaeeous corollas. {Bot. ) Like those of the
rose tribe, having five spreading petals, without
claws ; e.g. strawberry,
Bosaniline, [Rose and aniline (^r.z/,).] {Chem.)
An aniline dye, from which magenta is de-
rived.
Bosary. [L.L. rosarium, a chaplet.] In the
Latin Church, a devotional practice, in which
the Lord's Prayer is said fifteen times, and the
Ave Maria 150 times ; but as the computation is
made by means of Beads, the string of beads
has come to be popularly called a R., which
consists of fifteen decades, or three chaplets of
five decades each.
Bosch-galuth, (.Schmalotarch,)
Boscius, A Roman comic actor, friend of
Cicero, so celebrated that his name has become
a proverb for excellence in dramatic art.
Bose de Pompadour. (Bot.) A delicate rose
colour, named after the Marchioness de Pom-
padour, mistress of Louis XV. ; also called
Bose du Barri, after the Countess du Barri,
Bose-noble, A gold coin of the reign of
Edward III., valued at 6s. Sd.
Bose of Jericho. (Anastatica.) {Bot.) The name
ROSE
42j
ROUN
is also applied to a mesembryanthemum, the
capsules of which have hygrometric properties,
&5BS5la. [L., dim. coined from ros^us, rosy.]
(Med.) Rose-rash (from its colour), an affection
of the skin, in patches ; generally a symptom of
some constitutional irritation.
Soses, White and Bed. {Eng. Hist.) The
emblems or tokens of the houses of York which
had the white, and of Lancaster which had the
red rose. The Wars of the Roses, after lasting
for more than thirty years, were ended by the
victory of Henry Tudor over Richard III., on
Bosworth Field. Henry united both the titles in
his own person — that of Lancaster through his
mother, that of York as having married the
daughter of Edward IV.
Bosetta Stone. A celebrated stone, discovered
at Rosetta, in Egypt, and now in the British
Museum. It exhibits three inscriptions : (l) in
the sacred character called hieroglyphics ; (2) in
the enchorial, or popular, a modification of the
hieroglyphics; and (3) in Greek. The means
were thus furnished for attempting the task of
deciphering the Egyptian hieroglyphics ; and
this task was undertaken by Young and Cham-
pollion.
Bosetta wood. A hard Indian wood of a
dark orange colour.
Bose window. {Arch.) A circular window,
with geometrical or flowing tracery ramifying
from the centre. Sometimes called Marigold
ivindmv and St. Catherine's wheel.
Bosiemeians. In 1610 a treatise appeared in
Germany, entitled The Discovery of the Brother-
hood of the Honourable Order of the Rosy Cross.
It is ascribed to a Lutheran clergyman, Valentine
Andrea. This was followed by a swarm of
tracts on the subject, leading people to suppose
that the members were sworn to keep the
existence of the fraternity a secret for a century
after its foundation, and that they were to meet
secretly once a year. Hence they were thought
to have a connexion with the Freemasons ; but
there is no evidence that the society ever existed.
The title became a term denoting every kind of
occult and magical science and practice ; and the
Rosicnicians were confounded with Cabalists
(Cabala), lUnminati, etc.
Bosiere. [Er.] The girl who wins the rose
of the village for good conduct. (Oolden rose.)
Bossing. Removing the rough, scaly sub-
stance (of bark).
Bosso antico. [It, red antique.] (Geol.) A
name for the red porphyry of Egypt.
Boster. [(}) Coxr. oi register. '\ (Mil.) Register
of the names of officers or soldiers in succession
for duty.
Bostra. [L., beaks.'\ The stage of the
Roman forum, from which the orators addressed
the people ; so called as being decorated with
the beaks of vessels taken from the enemy.
Bota. [It.] An ecclesiastical court at Rome,
dealing with suits of appeal.
Bota Club. Founded by James Harrington,
contemporary of Milton ; a society of *' philoso-
phical republicans, who met for the discussion
of their theories; ... the Girondins of our
28
English Revolution. " — T. Shaw, Student's Eng.
Lit., p 221.
Botationof crops. (Agr.) Such a sequence
of them as will rest the land and obviate year-
long fallows ; e.g. the four-course shift of (i)
turnips ; (2) spring wheat or barley ; (3) clover
and rye-grass ; (4) oats or wheat.
Botatory engine. A steam-engine in which
rotation is produced by the direct action of the
steam, without the use of the reciprocating
motion of the piston. The ceolipile is a very
simple kind of R. E.
Bother. (Bndder.)
Bother-beasts. [O.E. hru^er, neat cattle.}
Homed cattle, black cattle.
BStUSra. [L. rota, a wheel, fSro, / carry.}
(Zool.) IVheel-animalcules, minute aquatic
Anniiloida, mostly free-swimming, with ciliated
disc, by which they swim, and sweep food into
their mouths. By some reckoned among
Annelids, sub-kingd. Aunidosa.
Botten-stone. (Gcol. ) A soft stone, used for
polishing and grinding; chiefly aluminous, with
silica and carbonaceous matter ; a decomposition
of impure limestone by carbonated water.
Botnrier. [Fr., L. ruptura, a breaking up of
ground for cultivation.] A plebeian. (Churl.)
Bouble. [Russ. rublyn.] A Russian silver
coin, worth about 3J. 2d. ; 100 copecks = i
rouble.
Bone. [Fr., lit. one broken on a wheel.} A
name applied to the unprincipled and profligate
companions of the regent Duke of Orleans,
1715-1723 ; hence any unprincipled person, as
deserving to be placed on the wheel (Littr^).
Bouen ware. 1. Blue, and polychrome ;
characteristic decoration of the latter, a cornu-
copia with bright flowers. Manufactory estab-
lished sixteenth century. 2. A kind of thick
porcelain was also made at R.
Bouge. \yv.,rcd.} A cosmetic for reddening
the cheeks or lips.
Bouge oroiz. (Her. ) One of the pursuiTants,
named from the red cross [Fr. rouge croix] of
St. George.
Bouge etnoir. [Yr., red and black.} A game
at cards, played on a table marked with red-and-
black compartments.
Bough riders. (Mil.) Cavalry soldiers who
break in the troop horses.
Boulade. [Vr.rowXcr, to wheel.} (Music.) A
florid passage, a run of many notes sung on one
syllable.
Bounce. [Perhaps from Fr. ranche, a round,
a rack. } In Printing, the apparatus by which
the paper to be printed is run under the platen
and out again.
Bound churches. Four churches in England —
St. Sepulchre, Cambridge, the Temple Church
in London, St. Sepulchre at Northampton, and
Little Maplestead, have round naves, suggested
by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at
Jemsalem.
Boundel. [Fr. rondelle.] A small circular
shield borne by foot-soldiers in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries.
Boundelay, Boundel. I.q, Bondeau; also a
ROUN
424
RUDD
simple rustic melody to which a R. might be
sung.
Bonndheads. The cavaliers in the civil war
so named the Puritans, it is said, from the close
black skull-cap which they wore ; but perhaps
from their custom of having their hair cut close
to the head.
Bonnd-honse. (yVa///.) 1. (De«k-lxon8e.) 2.
Also the square cabin on the quarter-deck,
having the poop for a roof, sometimes called
the coaih in men-of-war ; it has a passage all
round it. 3. A lock-up in a village or small
town.
Boundlet. [ffer.) A small round figure borne
as a charge.
Bounds of the galley. In Naut. parlance,
open expressioii-s of disapproval by one's ship-
mates.
Bound Table, Knights of the. An association
of knights brought together by Arthur, for the
quest of the Holy Grail. (Arthur, King;
Sangreal.)
Boup. 1. In Scotland, an auction ; lit. 2l crying
out [if. Ger. rufen, to call\. 2. (Kp.)
Boust. (Boost)
Boute. [Fr., L. rupta, sc. via, a cross-road.]
(Mil.) The order for troops marching, with
times and places of halting, by which the civil
authorities are required to provide facilities of
transport and billets.
Boute-marching. (Mil.) The exercising
along a road of troops carrying the full com-
plement of kit, inuring them to fatigue, for the
purpose of keeping them in efficiency.
Bove. 1. A roll of wool drawn out and
slightly twisted, for spinning into thread or yarn.
2. (Naut.) (Beeve.)
Boving. (Rove.) Forming roves, or slubs.
Bowan, Fowler's service, Quicken tree. ( Bot. )
The mountain ash, Pyrus aucuparia [L. auceps,
afo'u'ler] ; ord. Rosaceae.
Bowel [Fr. rouelle, from L. rotiila, a little
TfAifc"/.] The wheel of a spur.
Bowel, Bowelling. (Vet. Surg.) A kind of
seton, now but little used ; a circular piece of
leather, two or three inches in diameter, with a
hole in the middle, placed under the skin of the
horse.
Bowlocks. (A^aut.) Spaces in a boat's gun-
wale for the oars to work in.
Bozburgh Club. A club formed in commemora-
tion of John, third Duke of Roxburgh, whose
library, when sold, realized enormous prices.
One of the members was called upon each year
to print, at his own cost, some rare book, of
which only impressions enough for the club
were struck off.
Boyal. Paper, usually twenty by twenty-five
inches or more.
Boyal. (Afaut.) 1. J?. -sail, a light sail set
above the top-gallant, and formerly called top-
gallant-R- 2. R.-yard, the fourth from the
deck, on which the R.-sail is set.
Boyal Academy. (Academy.)
Boyal dockyards, The. In England these
are Deptford, Woolwich, Chatham, Sheerness,
Portsmouth, Devonport, and Pembroke.
Boyal domain. In Fr. Hist., the domain of
the Carolingian kings, which, in the reign of
Louis d'Outremer, a.d. 936-954, was narrowed
to the city of Laon and a small surrounding
district, the result of the growing power of the
great dukes and counts who were nominally
their vassals.
Boyal fishes, i.e. at common law, the property
of the Crown : the whale and the sturgeon,
when thrown on shore, or caught near the
coast ; but this right is subject to local modifica-
tions.
Boyal Institution. A corporation founded by
Count Rumford, in iSoo, for promoting dis-
coveries and spreading a taste for science
amongst the public generally. Its celebrity is
in great measure owing to Sir Humphry Davy
and Faraday.
Boyal Society. A philosophical society, or-
ganized 1660, and constituted a body politic by
Charles II., in 1662.
Bubble. [Fr. rabascher, to rumble, rattle
(Wedgwood).] (Geol.) Accumulations of angular
rock-fragment ; the result of whatever cause,
drift, frost, etc.
Bubble-work. (Arch. ) Coarse walling, com-
posed of rough fctones of various sizes and shapes,
embedded in mortar.
Bnbellite. (Tourmaline.)
BiibgSlsB. [Dim. coined from rflbeus, red,
reddish-l (Med.) Measles.
BubezahL (Myth.) A spirit of the Riesen-
gebirge, in Germany, answering to the English
Puck.
Bubicon, Passing the. A phrase denoting the
taking of a decisive step, the Rubicon being, it
was supposed, a small stream forming the fron-
tier of his province, which Caesar is said to have
crossed, B.C. 49, and so declared himself in open
opposition to Pompeius.
Bubidium. A silvery alkaline metal, distin-
guished by giving two brilliant red [L. rubidus]
lines under spectrum analysis.
Bubrica. [L.] Red earth; and so the title
of a law, and (Eccl.) of a direction, as being
written or printed in red ink ; hence rubric
= order of the Liturgy.
Buby. [Fr. rubis, from L. ruber, red.] 1. A
name applied by lapidaries to several stones,
distinguished by their colours, the scarlet-
coloured being called Spitielle R., the pale or
rose-red Balais or Balas R. 2. A kind of type,
as —
London.
Buche. [Fr.] A kind of plaited or goffered
quilling.
Budder. \Cf. Ger. ruder, L. aratrum, Gr.
UpoTpov, ipfT/xds.] (Naut.) R. bands, or braces,
the hinges on which it hangs. R. case, or
trunk, a wooden casing through which the
rudder stock and head pass. R. -chains fasten
the R. to the stern to prevent its loss if un-
shipped. R.-head, upper part of the stock.
R. -pintles, the hooks which fit into the braces.
R.-rake, aftermost part of R. R. -stock, its main
piece.
RUDD
425
RUTI
Eadder-bands. Acts xxvii. 40. Ships were
steered anciently — (?) up to the fourteenth cen-
tury, as in some countries in motlern times also
— not by hinged rudders, but by two paddles,
one on each quarter ; these, when not used,
were lifted out of the water and secured by
lashings, or rudder-bandt. ( Cf. Eur. , Hel. , 1 536 ;
and so in the Bayeux Tapestry.)
Euddle. [Welsh rhuddell.] Red ochre.
(Haematite.)
Haddock. (Saddook.)
Eudenture. [Fr., from L. rudens, a rofie,"]
(Arch.) The rope-shaped ornament with which
the lower parts of the flutings of columns are
often filled.
Eadis indigestaqae moles. [L.] A rude aud
undigested mass ; said of confused or ill-arranged
matter, as in a book. ,
Budolphine Tables. Astronomical tables com-
puted by Kepler on the observations of Tycho
Brahe. So called in honour of the Emperor
Rudolph II., who on Tycho's death in i6oi
undertook the cost of their preparation. They
are the first tables calculated on the hypothesis
that the planets move in elliptic orbits.
Buffi (Ornith.) Gen. and spec, of wading-
bii-d, about twelve inches long ; male develops
large purple-black chestnut-barred riiffm breed-
ing season ; the hen is called the Reeve. N.
Europe, N. Asia, Hindustan. MSchetes [Gr.,
a fighter] pugnax, lam. Scolopacidae, ord.
GralLx.
Eaffle of drums. (Afll.) A gentle continuous
roll on the drums of a regiment.
Eufflers. In Naut. slang, beggars who pre-
tend that they have served in the wars.
Engging. A coarse cloth for wrapping
blankets.
Eale. [A.S. regol, L. regula.] 1. In Law,
an order of the superior courts of common law.
2. (Eal.) (Eegulars.)
Etde of three. {Arith.) The rule for finding
a fourth proportional to three given numbers.
Eoles of the road. (Naut.) Those by which
it is determined which of two vessels is to give
way to the other : e.g. a steamer gives way to a
sailing-vessel ; a sailing-vessel running free, to
one sailing near the wind ; one on the port, to
one on the starboard tack.
Eomble. 1. A revolving cask used to polish
small articles by their mutual friction. 2. A
box behind a carriage, with a seat above it.
JKombling drain. One made by throwing
loose rtdible stones into the trench.
Enmbo. In Naut. language, rope stolen from
a royal dockyard.
Eombowline. (Eombowline.)
Eflmen. [L., throat, gullet.] [Anat.) The
cud, or first stomach of a ruminant.
BOmliumtla [L. ], Euminants. [Zool.) Those
mammals of the ord. Ungulata (hoofed animals)
which che7u tlu cud ; i.q. FCcora of Linnoeus.
Eommage. {Naut.) 1. Search by officers
of customs for contraband. 2. Contraband
goods found concealed.
Eommer. [Ger. romer.] A drinking-cup.
Bump, The. (Long Parliament.)
Etmagate. [Fr. renegat, from L. renegare,
to denj'.] A vagabond ; one who apostatizes ;
a renegade.
Bnncinate leaf. [L. runclna, a platte, a large
saw.] (Bot.) Having curved indentation, and
lateral lobes turned backwards ; e.g. dande-
lion.
Bnnes. The letters of the Futhorc, or alpha-
bet of the Gothic tribes, obtained by them from
the Greeks of the Greek colonies on the shores
of the Black Sea.
Bung. [Ger. runge, a short thick bar.] One
of the rounds of a ladder.
Banner. 1. One of the curved pieces on
which a sledge slides. 2. A channel on the top
of a mould into which the molten metal is
poured.
Bunning-part of a tackle. (Standing-part.)
Banning title. The title of a book as printed
on the top of each page.
Bupee. [Skt. rilpuya, from rflpa, shape ; and
according to Panini, = struck with the shape of
a man ; very important, as giving a very early
date to coinage with human figure impressed,
(see Chambers's Encyclopedia, s.v.).] A silver
coin weighing 180 grains, of which 165 are pure
silver, and worth about is. lod. ; this is the
Company's R., which is of the same weight and
purity as the Madras R. ; the Sicca R. is worth
a fifteenth part more, i.e. about 2s. Lac, Lakh,
100,000 rupees. Crore, loo lakhs, or 10,000,000
rupees.
Bapert's drop (from Prince Rupert). A glass
drop with a long tail, which bursts into frag-
ments when the tail is broken.
Buptuary. One not of noble blood, a Bo-
turier.
Bural dean. (Eccl.) An officer, not having
jurisdiction, who within a certain district gathers
information for the bishop as to the conduct of
the clergy, condition of ecclesiastical buildings,
etc., the opinion of the clergy as expressed in
meetings.
Base de guerre. [Fr., a trick of war. 1 A
stratagem.
Bus in urbe. [L.] Country in town; said
of situations which are thought to have the
advantages of both.
Busma. [Turk, khyryzma.] A compound of
iron and quicklime, used as a depilatory.
Bussia leather (made in Hussia). A soft
leather scented with an oil obtained from birch
bark.
BnstesL In Pers. Myth., a hero who slays
Isfendyar by casting a thorn into the one spot
where he is vulnerable.
Buta oasa, or Buta et oaesa. [L.] In Rom.
Law, things dug up, and things cut down, which
were movable and not fixtures, and therefore did
not pass with the land sold. (Quicquid planta-
tur solo.)
Bata-mflraria. [L.] (Bot.) Wall-rue, ord.
Rutacex. (Asplenium.)
Buthenium. A hard grey metal, extracted
from platinum ore.
Butilate. [L. rutilare, to shine.] To emit
rays of light.
RYEH
426
SACR
Eye-House Plot. (-En^. Hist.) A plot — so
called from the intention of carrying it into
execution at the Rye House, near Newmarket —
for seizing Charles II., and so bringing about the
redress of grievances. For his share in this
conspiracy, Lord William Russell was executed,
July, 1683.
Byot. [Ar., a serf, or />easant.'\ The culti-
vators of the soil in India. In the Turkish
empire they are called Bayalis.
s.
8. A letter common to all languages. As an
abbrev., it stands for L. sacrum [sacred], sibi
[/or himself, herself, etc.], socius \Jellow\,
society, solo, south, etc.
SabaiBm. [Heb. sabaoth, army or host of
heaven.] The worship of the heavenly bodies ;
a religion which had its special stronghold in
Chalde.1, the birthland of astronomy.
Sabaotk (Sabaism.)
Sabbatarians. (Eccl. Hist.) Various sects
have been so called ; among these certain Ana-
baptists in the sixteenth century, who kept the
Jewish sabbath.
Sabbath day's joomey. Acts i. 12 ; 2000
cubits, or about six furlongs, from the wall of
Jerusalem ; in compliance, according to Jewish
doctors, with the injunction of Exod. xvi. 29,
•' Let no man go out of his place on the seventh
day " (to gather manna) ; taken in connexion
with the definition of "suburbs," or pasture-
grounds, in Numb. xxxv. 5.
Sabbatians. (Eccl. Hist.) In the fourth
century, the followers of Sabbatius, a Novatian
bishoji.
Sabbatical year. By the Jews every seventh
year was so called, according to the commands
given in Exod. xxiii. lo ; Lev. xxv. 3, 20.
(Jabilee year.)
Sabbatio river. (Intermittent springs.)
Sabellians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Sabellius in the third century, who regarded the
Father as the sole Person, and the Son and the
Holy Spirit as attributes or emanations from
Him. This scheme has been known in later
times as that of the Modal Trinity. The
followers of Praxeas, who adopted these views,
asserted that the Father had united to Himself
the human nature of Christ, and were hence
called Monarchians ; while, as holding that the
Father suffered in the death of Christ, they were
called Fatripassians.
Sabians. (Eccl. Hist.) A Christian sect, known
also as Christians of St. yohn.
Sabica, Savieu wood. A Cuban timber, used
for shipbuilding.
Sable. [O.Fr. for the animal called the sable.]
(Her.) The black colour in coats of arms, re-
presented in engraving by vertical and horizontal
lines crossing each other.
Sable iron. A superior kind of Russian iron,
originally stamped with the figure of a sable.
Sabot. [Fr.] A wooden shoe.
Sabre. [Fr.] (Mil.) Broad, heavy-bladed
sword worn by cavalry.
Sabretasche. [Sabre (q.v.\ Ger. tasche.
pocket.] (Mil.) Flat leather case for holding
papers, suspended with the sword on the left
side by horsemen.
Sabnlons. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum,
coarse sand.] (Med.) Said of sandy, gritty
deposits in the urine.
Sao. [L. saccus, a sack, bag.] (Anat.) Any
small cavity in the body, pouch, bag, cyst.
Sacoharoid. [Gr. aaKxapov, sugar; an
Eastern word.] (Geol.) In texture like loaf-
sugar ; as white statuary marble.
Saecbarometer. [Gr. aiKxapof, sugar, ftirpov,
measure.] An instrument for ascertaining the
quantity of sugar in a solution. The common
S. is a kind of hydrometer, the reading depend-
ing on the specific gravity of the solution. In
the polarizing S. the determination is made by
observing the angle through which the solution
will turn the plane of polarization of a ray of
polarized light transmitted through it.
Soehentege. A very heavy instrument, "which
two or three men had enough to do to carry, . . .
fastened to a beam, having a sharp iron to go
round a man's throat and neck, so that he
might no ways sit, nor lie, nor sleep, but he
must bear all that iron." — English Chronicle.
Sachet. [Fr.] A bag or packet containing scent.
Sack. [L. saccus, a bag.] Of wool, 26
stones, or 364 lbs. ; of flour, 280 lbs.
Saokbnt (Dan. iii.), or Sabeoa [lit. elder wood,
because made of it]. 1. Some kind of harp,
probably Egyptian ; sabeca, L. sambuca, Eng.
scukbut, being different forms of some Oriental
word. 2, But the Eng. S. was a kind of trom-
bone, a bass trumpet with a slide.
Sacrament. [L. sacramentum.] 1. Properly
the military oath of obedience to their general
taken by the Roman soldiers. Hence, 2, (Ecci. )
Baptism, in which the neophyte bound himself
to the service of God. The term is now applied
to Baptism and the Eucharist, as being, both,
outward signs of inward grace.
Sacramentary. Anciently, in the Latin
Church, a book containing the Collects, Pre-
faces, and Canon of the Mass. The most im-
portant sacramentaries are those of Leo and
Gelasius in the fifth, and of Gregory the Great
in the sixth, centuries.
Sacred College. The College of Cardinals at
Rome. (Cardinal.)
Sacred Wars. In Gr. Hist., the name given
to three wars : the first said to have been waged
against the people of Kirrha in the time of Solon ;
the second between the Thebans and Phokians,
357-346 B.C. ; the third, 339 B.C.
SACR
427
SAKE
Sacriflc&ti. [L.] Christians who repented,
having sacrificed to idols, to avoid condemnation
at a heathen tribunal. Called also Thurificati,
haz'ing offered incense.
Sacring bell, or Sanotoa bell. In the Latin
Church, a bell used in Mass at the time of the
elevation.
Saoristan. [L.L. sacristanus.] The person
to whose charge the vestments used in divine
service are committed. The word is now cor-
rupted to Sexton.
Saenun, Os saorom. [L., sacred bone ; accord-
ing to the rabbis, because containing the germ of
the future body ; others say as being connected
with sacrifice.] [Anal.) The triangular bone
at the lower part of the vertebral column, the
key-stone of the pelvic arch, wedged in between
the ossa innominata.
SaotL In Hind. Myth., the female power of
the universe, as distinguished from the male
ix)wer, Siva. The word is the same as Suttee.
(Trimnrtee.)
Sadder. [Pers.] A summary of portions of
the Zend-Avesta. The book is of very doubtful
date.
Saddleback. In popular language, = a»//-
<-//«<t/ strata (q.v.).
Saddlebo\r. [O.E. sadelboga.] The arch in
front of a saddle.
Saddoeees. A religious school among the
Jews, which allowed authority to the written
Law only, and none to the oral law ; hence
they denied the future life, on the ground that
the written Law was silent on the subject.
They are said by some to be so named from
Zadok, a disciple of Antigonus of Socho. Others
regard the word as denoting the righteous.
Safe-oondnet. Either a guard or a written
warrant, protecting a person in an enemy's
country.
Safety-lamp. (Davy lamp ; Geordy lamp.)
Safety-valve. A valve in tlic boiler of a
steam-engine : (l) external, held down by a regu-
lated force so as to open when the steam pressure
exceeds a certain amount, and thus both relieve
the pressure and give notice to the engine-man ;
(2) internal, to relieve the pressure of the ex-
ternal air by letting in air when the cooling
of the steam produces a vacuum within the
boiler.
Safflower. [Eng. saffron and flower.] The
dried flowers of bastard saffron, used as a dye-
stuff.
Saffiron. [It. zafferano.] Cant, i v. 14; Crocus
sativus, Ar. kurkum, the sweet-smelling dried
stigmas of which are used for perfume, season-
ing, etc.
Ssgai. [A Teut. and Scand. word, akin to
sagen, to say.'] Ancient works giving the mythi-
cal and the early historical traditions of Northern
Europe. Among the mythical sagas the most
important are the Voluspa, Hervarar, Vohunga,
and Vilkina or Wilkina, with the saga of Ragnar
Lodbrog. Many of the historical sagas are col-
lected in the Heimskringla of Snorro Sturleson.
Sagathy. [Fr. sagatis.] A mixed stuff of
silk and cotton, also called Sayetle.
Sage, or Sage-brush. {Bot. ) A general name
in some of the western states of N. America
for some spec, of Artemisia, which impart a
greyish appearance to large tracts of country.
Sagene. The Russian fathom ; it equals three
arshines, i.e. about seven English feet.
Sagger. [Com from safeguard.] A pot in
which fine earthenware is baked.
Sago. [Malay sagu.] A kind of granulated
starch, prepared from the pith of several E.
Indian palms, and used as food.
Sails. {Naut.) Square-S., courses, topsails,
topgallant-sails, royals, and skysails. Fore-and-
aft S., jibs, staysails, trysails, boom, main, and
fore sails, spanker or driver (on the mizzen), gaff
topsails, studding-sails, and the flying-kites.
Sheer-S. (Driftsail.) LugS., nearly square,
set on a slanting yard, not suspended from the
middle, and with the longer arm the higher.
Sainfoin. [Fr., from L. sanum foenum, sound
hay.\ {Bot.) Common, wild, clover-like plant,
Onobrychis sativa, ord. Leguminaceas, cultivated^
as fodder [Gr. dvofipvxii].
St. Andrew's cross. (Cross.)
St. Anthony's cross. (Cross.)
St. Anthony's fire. Erysipelas (</.7k), believed
to have been miraculously healed by him.
St. Cuthbert's beads. In N. England, joints
of the stems of encrinites, formerly pierced for
rosaries (see Marmion, canto ii. ib).
St. Elmo's fire. (Elmo, Fire of St.)
St. James, Liturgy of. (Liturgy.)
St. John, Liturgy of. (Liturgy.)
St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of. (Orders,
BeUgious.)
St. John's bread. (Algaroba.)
St. Luke's summer. The fine weather fre-
quently occurring about October 18 ; so St,
Martinis sunnier, in the Mediterranean, about
Noveml^er 11.
St. Martin's summer. (St. Luke's summer.)
St. Simonians. (//is/.) The followers of
Claude Henri, Count of St. Simon (1760-1825),
who wished to set up a theocratic government,
in which all property should be held in common.
St. Sophia. The Church of, at Constanti-
nople, is now a mosque. It was built by Jus-
tinian, and dedicated, A.D. 537, in the name of
the Holy and Eternal Wisdom, Gr. ayla 2oipla,
which answers to the Logos of the New Testa-
ment. The Latin term, Sancta Sophia, which
translates ayla ^iotpla, came to be taken as the
name of a human person, and St. Sophia was
said to have been martyred along with her three
daughters, Fides, Spes, Caritas, Faith, Hope,
Charity.
St. Vitus's dance. 1. Now i.q. ch5rea (q.v.),
but originally, 2, dancing mania (q.v.), or tar-
antism ; so called from pilgrimages, in Swabia, to
the chapel of St. Weit.
Saints, Island of the. Ireland, which re-
ceived Christianity from Palladius in the fourth
century and from St. Patrick in the fifth cen-
tury. Her schools were the resort of foreigners ;
amongst her missionaries was St. Columba,
Apostle of the Hebrides, 540-615.
Baker. (Musket.)
SALA
42S
SAMA
Salaam. [Heb. shalom, salem, />£iure.] The
ordinary salutation in Eastern countries.
Salade. [Sp. celada, L. caelata, carved helmet^
Metal head -covering, shaped like a sou'-wester,
worn by archers early in the fifteenth century.
Saladier. Crescent-shaped plate for salad
[It. salata].
Salamander. [Gr. o-fiAa^ai'Spo.] (ZooL) 1.
Lizard-like amphibian, as the newt, or water-
salamander (Triton), with compressed tail ;
land-salamanders (Salamandra) have round tails.
Central and S. Europe and N. Africa. Ord.
Urodelas. 2. A fabulous creature which was
supposed to be able to live in fire.
Sal ammoniae. [L. sal, jo//.] {C/iem.) Chlo-
ride of ammonium.
Sal Attioum. [L., aftic salt.] The brilliant
wit of Athenian writers.
Salop. [\t. sahleb.J A substance prepared
from the root of several kinds of orchis, used as
food or for making a drink like tea.
• Salie law. (//is/.) The law of the Salian
Franks, who held the country between the Meuse
and the Rhine. It was reformed by Charles the
Great (Charlemagne), 798. It especially pro-
vides that no Salic land shall pass into the hands
of females ; but the extent of these lands has
been a subject of keen controversy. To this
rule, however, has been ascribed the exclusion
of females from the French crown. The claim
of Edward III. was barred only by this law.
Hence arose the Hundred Years' War between
England and France. (Bretigny, Peace of.)
Salicylic add. An acid prepared from the
bark of a kind ofwiZ/mv [L. salix].
Salient (//er.) Springing forward [I>.
salientem].
Salient angle. (Fortif.) One in which the
works project towards the country,
Salinas. [L. sallnse, salt-'works^ In S.
America, once sea-reaches and lagoons, now
great plains and elevations, with white saline
incrustation.
Salivary glands. [L. saliva, spittle^ {Afiai.)
Three pairs of G. : ( I ) Parotui [Gr. irapeoTii, from
TOfxi, near, oSi, ia-ris, the ear] ; (2) Sud-
tnaxillary, sub maxilla [L., under the Jaw-bone"] ;
(3) Sub lingual, sub lingua [ttnder the tongue'\.
Each conveys into the mouth secretions which,
mixed with those of the follicles of the mucous
membrane, constitute saliva.
Salivation. An abnormally abundant flow of
saliva, generally by the action of mercury on the
parotid glands, sometimes spontaneous.
Salle-a-manger. [¥r., a room for eating.'] A
dining-room.
Sallenders. (Mallenders.)
Sallet-herbs. [Fr. salade, from It. salata,
or insalata, salted.] Herbs for salad.
Sallyport. (Fortif.) 1. Opening cut in a
parapet for a passage through it, generally barri-
caded by a strong door. 2. A gate from which
sallies [Fr. saillie] are made.
Salmagnndi. [Fr. salmigondis.] A dish made
of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil,
vinegar, pepper, and onions.
S^masias. (Sefensio popnli Anglicani.)
Salmon peal, S. peel. (Grilse.)
Saloop, or Sassafras tea. With milk and sugar,
a drink still sold to the working classes in the
early morning in London. (Sassafras.)
Sal prunella. (Chem.) Fused nitre in cakes
or balls.
Sal soda. [L. sal, salt, and soda.] (Chem.)
Impure carbonate of soda.
SalsSla. [L. salsus, salted.] (Bot.) A gen.
of plants, ord. Chenopodiaceae, many spec, of
which yield kelp and barilla.
Salt. IL. sa\, salt.] Any chemical compound
of an acid and a base.
Saltant. [L. saltantem, datu:ing.] (//er.)
Springing forward.
Salt-box. (iVaut.) Box under the charge of
the cabin-door sentry, and containing great-gun
ammunition for instant use,
Salt-oake. Crude sulphate of sodium, obtained
in the manufacture of soda (carbonate of sodium)
by heating salt mixed with oil of vitriol.
Salt-cat. A mixture of salt and lime for
pigeons. Other ingredients are sometimes
added.
Salt-eeL In Naut. slang, a rope's end.
Salterns. Salt-works.
Saltigrades. [L. saltus, a leap, gradior, /
proceed.] (Entom.) Tribe of spiders which
spring upon their prey.
Saltire, Saltier. [Fr. sautoir.] (//er.) An
ordinary consisting of a cross in the form X,
otherwise called .SV. Andrejv's cross.
Salt of lemons. (Lemons, Salt of.)
Salus popnli suprema lex. [L.] The welfare
of the people is the supreme law, in the sense that
everything else is to be subordinated to this end.
Salv& dignitate. [L.] Saving his dignity.
Salvage. [L. salvus, safe.] (A^aut.) 1. An
allowance to those, other than the crew, who
rescue a ship or goods from the perils of the sea
or from enemies. 2. The goods, or thing saved.
Salvo jure. [L.] Saving his right.
Sal volatile. (Chem.) Carlx>nate of am-
monia.
Salvo pudore. [L.] Without offence to
modesty.
Salvum fac regem. [L.] God save the king.
Salvam fac reginam, God save the queen.
Salzkammergnt. [Ger., salt-exchequer pro-
perty.] A name given to a district forming the
south-west angle of Upper Austria, wedged in
between Salzburg and Styria, traversed by the
river Traun, about 250 square miles ; its springs
and mines yielding an enormous supply of salt ;
a Government monopoly. Called also Austrian
Switzerland.
Samakeen. (Naut.) Turkish coasting-vessel.
Samanaeans. Indian philosophers who are
specially distinguished from the Brahmans by
those who mention them. The name seems to
be found in the Hind, schamman, a sage, in the
Cha-men of the Chinese, and the Sammon-
lodom of Siam.
Samara. [L., seed of the elm.] (Bot.) An
indehiscent fruit, producing a membranous wing-
like expansion from its back or end ; e.g. maple,
sycamore.
SAMA
429
SANG
Samaritans. In Jewish Hist., properly the
people of Samaria, a city built by Omri, father
of Ahab. Cienerally, the population of the
northern part of Palestine ajfter the Captivity,
which, as being greatly mixed with foreigners,
was looked down upon by the people of Judsca.
Sama Veda. (Veda.)
Sambtiea. (Sackbat.)
Sambucco. (Naut.) An Arabian pinnace.
Samian ware. A lustrous ware (like dull-red
sealing-wax) with relief ornaments, originally
made in Samos, afterwards in Italy, Gaul, Ger-
many ; found throughout the Roman empire.
(Aretdne ware.)
Samiel. [Turk, sam-yeli, from Ar. samm,
poison, Turk, yel, •wind.\ A hot, destructive
wind blowing from the desert. (Simoom.)
Samite. [I^, Gr. k^injXroi, from «{, six,
fiiTos, thread.\ A kind of silk stuff, geneially
adorned with gold.
SammarinetL Inhabitants of the republic of
San Marino, in Italy.
Sammaramit. (Semiramia and Ninas.)
Samoyeds. (Geo^.) Tribes inhabiting part of
the coasts of the Arctic Ocean.
flunp. [N.-Amer. Ind. sapac, softened^ A
kind of porridge made of bruised maize.
Wampaan, or Sampan. {Naut.) A Chinese
hatch-boat, used for passenger traffic, and also
as a dwelling by Tartar families.
Samphire, Sea samphire (/l<r. St. Pierre, St.
Peter's plant). (Bot.) Crithmum [Gr. KpiOfioii]
maritlmum, an aromatic plant, on seaside rocks ;
ord. Umljelli ferae ; a favourite ingredient in
pickles, and used medicinally.
SampL An old Phoenician letter, retained
in Greek as a numeral = 900. (For its history
and changes, see Taylor's History of the Al-
phabet.)
Ssunshu. [Chin., tkria-fired.'\ A spirituous
drink, distilled from water in which boiled rice
has been long fermented.
Samson's-post. {Naut.) A movable post, to
M'hich a leading, or snatch, block is fastened,
enabling more men to haul on a rope.
Sanehoniathon. A writer who is said to have
lived In the time of Semiramis. The frag-
ments which bear his name are late forgeries.
Saneta sanctSrum. [L.] Holy of holies.
Hence sanctum is u^ed to denote any place
strictly set apart, and not open to strangers.
Sanetor&le. [Eccl. L.] A book containing
lives of saints. (Acta Sanctorum.)
Sanotu. (Ter-Sanctos.)
Sanotns bell. (Sacring bell.)
Saneos. (Semo Sancos.)
Sandal. {Naut.) An open vessel of Barbary,
long and narrow, and having two masts.
tendalwood. [Ar. zandal.] An odoriferous
wood, the produce of several spec, of Santalum,
Sandalwort ; trees or shrubs of Asia, Australia,
Pacific Isles.
Sandaraoh. [Gr. ffaySapdKJi, realgar, red sul-
phuret of arsenic, Skt. sindiira.] A transparent
African resin, used for varnish, etc. (Ponnce.)
Sand-bath. A box of hot sand, used by chemists
for heating vessels, etc
Sand-blindness. An affection, in which small
particles appear to fly before the eyes.
Sand-orac^. A crack in the thinnest part of the
hoof of a horse ; one cause of which is excessive
dryness.
Sandemanians. In Eccl. Hist., a small sect,
who are called in Scotland Glassites, from John
Glass, who, in 1727, denounced all Church
establishments, and formed his followers after
what he regarded as the primitive model. In
1755, the letters of his son-in-law, Robert
Sandeman, led to the formation of similar bodies
in London and elsewhere. The Sandemanians
do not acknowledge the name.
Sanderling. {Ornith.) Ruddy plo^>er ; vi&Aing-
bird about eight incfces long. Everywhere but
Australia. Gen. and spec. CalTdris, fam. Scolo-
pacTda*, ord. Grallae.
Sanders, Bed sanders. (Bot.) Red sandal-,
wood.
Sandhi. [Skt., a binding, from sam, together,
dha, to place, ^ The symphonic system in San-,
skrit grammar,relating to words in that language.
(Assimilation.)
Sandiver. [Fr. sel de verre, salt of glass,}
(Olass-gall.)
Sandstone. {Geol.) Sand consolidated by
pressure, or cemented by oxide of iron, clay,
etc. S., limestone, clay, are the three great
divisions of sedimentary rock-masses.
Sand-strake. (Oarboard-strake.)
Sand-warpt. {Naut. ) 1. Left on a shoal by the
tide. 2. Striking on a shoal at half-flood. (Warp.)
Sane memory. In Law, in making contracts,
in commission of crime, etc., that essential of
sound mind and clear recollection which
infants, idiots, lunatics, the childish, have not.
Sangaree. [Sp. sangria, blootl-letting.'] A
beverage of red wine, lemon, and water (from
its colour).
Sangfroid. [Fr., L. sanguis frigidus.] Cold
blood. I lence coolness, assurance.
SangreaL In the Arthurian legend, the
platter, or dish, in which the Saviour ale the Pass-
over before his passicm, and in which Joseph of
Arimathaea gathered up the drops of blood which
fell from His side when pierced by the cen-
turion's spear. On this sustenance alone Joseph
was nourished through his imprisonment of forty-
two years ; and when, having been brought by
him to Britain, this vessel was shrined in a
magnificent temple, it supplied to all the most
delicious food, and preserved them in perpetual
youth. It was afterwards lost, and the search
for it became the great work of the knights of
King Arthur's Round Table. Lancelot all but
succeeded in the quest, which was at length
achieved by his son, the prince Sir Galahad.
The name is said to be made up of the two words,
sang real, which are declared to mean real blood,
although they should mean royal blood; but the
second word is the L.L. gradale, L. crater, Gr.
Kpar-{]p, a cup (Skeat, Elytn, Erig, Diet,).
Sanguine. [L. sanguineus, ^/^j^^^/k.] (Her,) The
blood-red colour in coats of arms, represented in
engraving by diagonal lines crossing each other.
Sangnisuges. [L. sangui-suga, a bloodsucker.^
SANH
430
SART
{ZooL) 1. Leeches. 2. Uemipterous insects;
as the bed-bug (Cimex lectularius).
Sanhedrim, more properly Sanhedrin. [A
Hebraized form of the Gr. avyfSpiov, a council. ]
The highest judicial tribunal among the Jews,
consisting of seventy-one members, including the
high priest.
Sanhita. (Veda.)
SiJiies. (Ichor.)
Sanio-porulent. {Med.) Having a combina-
tion of sanies and pus.
Sanjak. The Turkish word for a standard.
The Sanjak sherif is the S. of the prophet. —
Finlay, Hist, of Greece, v. 250,
SauB-colottes. [Fr.] A contemptuous name,
denoting the beggary of th<lse who go with their
legs bare ; applied to the Jacobins of the French
Revolution, but afterwards assumed by them-
selves as a title of honour. In the new calendar
the five supernumerary days were called Sans-
culottides.
Sans-fafon. [Fr.] Without ceremony.
Sanskrit. The name, meaning lit. polished,
of the ancient language of the Hindus, which
ceased to be spoken in the fourth century B.C.
The attention of European scholars was drawn
to it by Sir VV. Jones. The consequences of his
discovery have been most important. (Com-
parative grammar; Comparative mythology;
Prakrit; Veda.)
Sana pear et sans reproche. [Fr.] Without
fear and without reproach. Said of the
Chevalier Bayard (1476-1524).
Sana phrase [Fr.] = in few words ; going
straight to the point, perhaps somewhat
bluntly.
Sans-sonci. [Fr., without care.} Free and
easy.
Santaline. [Fr.] {Chem.) The colouring
matter of red sanders. (Sanders.)
Santonine. [Gr. <rayr6viov, wormwood.] The
bitter principle of wormwood, obtained from the
flower-heads of some of the Artemisias ; a most
powerful anthelmintic.
Sap. [Fr. sape, L. sappa, a pick, in Isidore
of Seville (Brachet).] {Mil.) Trench covered
on one side by gabions, by which a fortress is
approached for purposes of attack. S. faggot is
a short fascine for placing between gabions. S.-
roller is a large gabion filled with fascines, for
rolling on the ground and protecting the sapper
working behind it.
Sapan wocd. [Malay sapang.] A red dye-
wood from Siam, Pegu, etc.
Sap green. A water-colour, made from the
juice of buckthorn berries.
Saphena, Saphenous veins. [Gr. aa<ffr\yf\s, clear,
distinct.'] (Atiat.) The two long, important sub-
cutaneous veins, extending from the foot to the
groin.
Sapiens dominabitnr astris. [L.] The wise
man will rule the stars ; said of those who rise
above astrological or other superstitions.
Sapientia snpplet setatem. (Malitia snpplet
setatem.)
Sapor. [L.] Taste.
Sapphic. The name of a Greek stanza, or
strophe, supposed to have been invented by
Sappho, consisting of three verses of eleven
syll., followed by an Adonic verse of five syll.,
a dactyl and a spondee.
Sapphire. [Gr. adir^fipos.] In the breastplate
of Aaron, Exod. xxviii. 18, and of Rev. xxi.
19; probably Lapis lazuli (q.v.). (Sapphire is
pure alumina, mostly blue, sometimes colour-
less.)
Sapsago. [Ger. schabzieger, from schaben, to
scrape, zieger, luhey.] A dark-green Swiss cheese.
Sarabaites. Ancient Eastern monks, who are
supposed to be the same with the Kemoboth
mentioned by St. Jerome.
Saraband. [Sp. zarabanda.] 1. A stately
Spanish dance, with castanets, in triple time, of
Moorish origin. 2. Music for the S., or of a
similar kind ; e.g. those of J. S. Bach, Handel.
Saragossa, Maid of. [Sp. Zaragoza, L.
Caesar-Augusta.] Angostina, the life and soul
of the city, when besieged by the French, and
taken, 1809, after a most heroical defence.
Sar&nytL. (Erinyes, The avenging.)
SarcocoUa. [Gr. ai^%, trapKSi, flesh, KihXa.,
glue.] A gum-resin from Arabia and Persia,
Sarcode. [Gr. capK-dSris, fesh-liie.] (Pro-
toplasm.)
Sarcoma. [Gr. ffdpKWfJta, a fleshy excrescence.}
A fleshy, painless, moderately firm tumour.
Sarcophagus. [Gr. apupKo^yoi, from aip^,
flesh, (pmyfiv, to eat.] A stone coffin. The stone
of Assos, in Asia Minor, used for such coffins,
was supposed to corrode bodies entirely in forty
days ; hence the name.
Sarcotic [Gr. aapK<imK6s, from aapK6ce, /make
fleshy], or Incamative. (Med.) Helping the
flesh to grow.
Sard, Sardios. [Gr. tripSios.] (Chalcedony.)
Sardius. Of Rev. xxi. 20 ; fne carnelian. —
King's Precious Stones.
Sardonic laughter. (Bisus sardonicus.)
Saree. [Hind.] An embroidered scarf ot
gauze or silk.
Sargasso, Oulf-weed, Tropic grape. (Bot.)
Sargassum vulgare, ord. Alga; ; a seaweed,
growing in immense fields in some parts of
the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans ; the
.5". Sea is where the Gulf Stream sends off its
more southern branch towards the Azores.
Sarking. Thin boards for putting under
slates, etc.
Sarong. A kirtle worn by Eastern women.
Saros. A name which the Chaldeans are
supposed to have given to a period of 223 luna-
tions, or 18 years 10 days, after which eclipses
recur in nearly the same order and magnitude.
Sarpedon. [Gr.] In the tale of Troy, a
Lycian chief slain by Patroclus. The carrying
of his body to his home by Sleep and Death
(Hypnos and Thanatos) has furnished a subject
for well-known sculptures. (Hermes.)
Sartorius [L. sartor, a tailor^. Tailor's muscle.
(Anat.) A muscle of the thigh, serving to
throw one leg across the other.
Sartor Eesartus ( The Tailor Re-stitched). By
Thomas Carlyle, professing to review a German
work on dress, attacks the garb of falsehood
SARU
431
SAXI
and unreality by which true ideas are often
overlaid in human life.
Sanun Use. (Use.)
Sash. {Mil. ) Scarf worn round the waist or
over the shoulder by combatant officers, origin-
ally intended for carrying the wearer in when
wounded.
Sasine and livery. (Seisin, Livery of.)
Sassafras. [L.svi\\hig\i%,rock-breaking.'\ (Bot.)
A gen. of LauraceiB, trees ; of which S. officinale
is a native of N. America. The root, wood,
and bark have stimulant and sudorific proper-
ties : of the leaves, young shoots, and fruits
various medicinal and other preparations are
made. (Saloop; Saxifrage.)
Sauanides. A dynasty of Persian kings,
founded by Ardshir (Artaxerxes), A.D. 226.
Sastinaeh. The name by which the Teutonic
conquerors of the British Islands were known to
the Celtic inhabitants, the Saxons being those
with whom they were most in contact.
Sassoline. [P'r. sassolin.] Native boracic
acid.
Sat eito, si sat tnto. [L.] Quick enough, if
safe enough.
Satellite. [L. sStellitem, an attendant.] A
small or secondary planet revolving round a
larger or primary planet ; as the moon round
the earth.
Satin-wood. (Bot.) A lemon-coloured wood
from India, taking a lustrous finish, and used
chiefly for veneering.
Satire. [L. saiira, a word of uncertain
origin.] At first a jxDcm full of miscellaneous
matter without orderly method ; but afterwards,
a composition chastising or ridiculing vice.
Satis, snperqne. [L.] Enough, and more
{than enough).
S&tlva, fem. of L. adj. satiNnis. In Bot, cul-
tivated; opposed to Agrestis, wild.
Sat polchra, si sat bona. [L., fair enough, tf
good enough.] Handsome is that handsome
does.
Satrap. [Gr. varpiwi^s, supposed to be the
same as the Pers. schah derban, the king's door-
keeper.] The title of provincial governors in
the ancient Persian kingdom.
Satsnma ware. A yellowish-white Japanese
fayence, slightly rose-tinted, with the glaze
slightly crackled, and decorated with flowers
and landscapes. (Crackle.)
Saturation. [L. satCiratio, -nem.] (Chem.)
The combination of two substances in such pro-
portion that no more of either will enter into
the combination.
Saturn. (Planet)
Saturn. [L. Saturnus, Sxtumus, akin to sero,
satum, / sow.] An Italian god of seed-time
and harvest. His wife was named Ops, wealth
or plenty. By late poets he was identified with
the Greek Kronos, Cronus, with which he has
nothing in common.
Saturnalia. [L.] The feast of Satum, in
which a large amount of licence was allowed,
slaves being waited on at table by their masters.
Hence any time of wild and furious merriment.
(Fools, Feast of.)
Satyr. [Heb. sa'Ir (Isa. xiii. 21), the hairy
one.] (Bibl.) Probably some large kind of ape.
Satyric drama. In the Greek theatre, a semi-
burlesque piece presented after the performance
of the regular dramatic Trilogy. The foui
formed the Tetralogy.
Sancisson. [Fr., a sausage, saucisse, L. sal-
sitia.] {Mil.) Hose of coarse cloth, about three-
quarters of an inch in diameter, for conveying the
train of powder to the charge of a mine.
Sauerkraut. [Ger., sour cabbage.] Cabbage
salted and allowed to ferment.
Saunders blue. [Fr. cendres bleues, blue
ashes.] (Ultramarine.)
Sannterer. Properly one who has performetl
the pilgrimage to the Holy Land [L. Sancta
Terra]. Hence a wanderer, or vagabond,
Sanria, Saurians. [Gr. ffavpos, a lizard.] (Zool.)
1. Lizards (Lacertilia) and crocodiles (Lorlcata).
2. Any reptile externally like a lizard.
Sauropsida, Sauropsidans. [Gr. <ravpos, lizard,
oi/zis, appearance.] A name for the combined
classes of birds and reptiles.
Santerelle. [Fr., a grasshopper.] An instru-
ment used by stone-cutters and carpenters in
measuring angles.
Sautry. A dulcimer. (Psaltery.)
Sauve qui pent. [Fr.] Let him save himself
who can ; said to troops utterly defeated, as (it
is alleged) by Napoleon after the last charge at
Waterloo.
Savanna. [W.-Ind. savana.] An open plain
or meadow, without wood. The S. is not a
prairie ; it is a level tract of land, one or two
feet lower than the level land alx)ut it— (?) the
basin of a former lake, tilled up by soil and
vegetable matter — clothed in perpetual verdure,
abounding in flowers ; except in winter, when it
is under water. The Prairie differs not from
other land except in the absence of timber,
supposed to have been previously destroyed. —
Bartlett's Americanisms.
Savants. [Fr., L. sapientes.] Learned men.
Save-all, or Water-sail. {Naut.) One set
below the lower studding-sail.
Saveloy, or Cervelat. [It. cervellata.] A kind
of sausage, properly made with brains [It. cer-
vcllo, L. cerebellum].
Bavicu wood. (Sabica.)
Savitar. In Hind. Myth., the golden-handed
sun.
Savoir-faire. [Fr., to kno7v (ho7v) to do.] The
power of contriving and executing successfully.
"To have one's wits about one."
Savoir-vivre. [Fr.] Good breeding, good
manners.
Savoy Conference. Held at the Savoy Palace,
London, 1661, between twelve bishops, with
others, and certain Presbyterians, to ascertain
what concessions, as to the Liturgy, would con-
ciliate the latter.
Sawyer's dog. An iron bar turned down at
each end for driving into two contiguous beams
of wood and clamping them tightly together.
Saxifrage. [L. saxifragus, breaking rocks.]
1. A name given to many plants supposed to
possess the power of splitting rocks, like the
SAXO
432
SCAR
Snake leaves of Teutonic and Indian stories,
and the Sesame of the Arabian tale. The colour
is blue, yellow, red, or white, from the different
hues of the lightning, and from these the notion
of Saxifras plants is derived. (Saasafras.) 2.
(Bot.) A large gen. of the ord. Saxifragaceae ;
most of them being dwarf herbs, with tuftetl
foliage, and panicles of white, yellow, or red
flowers ; many being natives of Britain, and
cultivated to decorate rockeries, etc.
Saxon architectore. A name sometimes used
to denote the architecture of England before
the Norman Conquest. It was a form of
Romanesque. (Pointed surchiteoture.)
Saxon blue. A solution of indigo in sulphuric
acid, used for dyeing, Saxon green is produced
by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon
blue.
Sayette. (Sagathy.)
Sbirri [It.] The police of Italy,
Scab. (Mange.)
Scabies. (Itch.)
Scad. {Ichtk.) Horse-mackard, Trachurus
trachurus [Gr. rpitx-oupos, from rpax^^t ^ough^
ovpi, tail]. Fam. Carangidae, ord. Acantho-
ptSrj^gii, sub-class T^leostel.
Scagliola. [It.] (Arch.) A composition of
gypsum, or sulphate of lime, sometimes called
Mischia, from the colours employed in it to
imitate marble.
Scald. [Norse skalld.] A poet, or bard. In
the ancient literature of N. Europe, poems,
•whose writers are known, are said to be written
by scalds. When their authors are unknown,
they are called Eddas. (Edda.)
Scaldings ! (Naut. ) Get out of the way !
Used by a man with a load.
Scale. [L. scala, staircase, ladder.'] 1. A
graduated line, used to show the distance of a
movable point from a fixed point ; as the scale
of a thermometer. 2, A graduated line show-
ing the proportion between a picture and the
thing it represents ; as the scale attached to a
plan. 8. The ratio of a distance on a map to
the same distance on the ground ; as the scale
of an inch to the mile. 4. The radix or base of
a numerical system ; as the decimal scale. (For
Scale of colour, vide Colour.)
Scaleboard. A thin slip of wood used by
printers for filling up gaps in a page of type.
Scalene triangle. (Triangle.)
Scalenus. [Gr. aKa,\i)v6s, halting, unequal.]
(Anat.) A muscle of the neck which bends the
head and neck.
Soalled head. Popular name for a variety of
Eczema of the scalp.
Scallop. [Fr. escalope, j/ii"//.] (Zool.) Gen.
of free bivalve mollusc, swimming by the rapid
opening and closing of its shell. Fam. Ostreidse,
class Conchifera.
Scalloping. Cutting the edge of anything
into segments of circles, so as to be like a scallop-
shell.
Scalpel. [L. scalpellum, from scalpo, / cut,
scrape.] (Sttrg.) Knife used in dissection.
Scalprum. [L.., a chisel.^ (Anat.) The cut-
ting edge of incisor teeth.
Scamars. A tribe of robbers who existed in
Thrace down to the eighth century. — Finlay,
Hist, of Greece, i. 408.
Soammatha. (Niddin.)
Scammony. [Gt. ffKOLnuvla.] (Med.) A pur-
gative ; the gum-resin of the root of Convolvulus
scammonia, of the Levant.
Scampavia, (Naut.) A war-boat of Naples
and Sicily, ranging up to 150 feet in length,
carrying a brass six-pounder forward, and pro-
pelled by sweeps and sails.
Scandalom magiuLtum. In Law, an action
for words in derogation of a peer, judge, or
other great officer of the kingdom, which need
not be actionable in the case of other persons.
The last action of this kind was brought in the
reign of Anne.
Scansores. [L.] (Omith.) Climbing-birds,
as woodpeckers, sub-ord. of Picariae. Other-
wise, group of birds characterized by having
two toes directed forward and two backward ;
as woodpeckers, parrots, toucans.
Scantling. [Fr. echantillon, a pattern or
sample.] 1. The dimensions of a piece of
timber in breadth and thickness. 2. A piece of
timber less than five inches square.
Scape. [L. scapus, a shaft, stalk; cf. Gr.
(f/caTTOs, Dor. for aKTi-mpov.] (Bot.) A leafless
flower-stalk ; e.g. hyacinth.
Scapement, Scape-wheel. (Escapement.)
Scaphism. [Fr. scaphisme, Gr. OKatptvof,
I lay in a trough.] A Persian punishment, by
which criminals were confined in a hollow tree
till they died.
Scaphoid. Shaped like a boat [Gr. ttK&^oi],
Scappling. [L. scaber, rough.] Reducing
(stone) to a straight surface without working it
smooth.
Scapiila. [L.] Shoulder-blade; a flat tri-
angular bone, extending at the back and the side
from the first to about the seventh rib.
Scapulars. [L. scapulae, shoulder-blades.'\
(Wings. )_
Scapiilary. [L. scapulae, the shoulders."] In
the dress of the monastic orders, two bands of
woollen stuff, one crossing the back or shoulders,
the other the stomach.
Scar. [Sw. skar.] Ahxw^t precipice oi hroktn
rock ; e.g. Scar-borough. Scar-limestone^ ijj.
mountain limestone.
Scarabaeas. [L., Gr. irKipa$0Sf and xdpa-
fios, a beetle; in Skt. garabha is a locust, akin
to Ger. krebs, Eng. crab.] A well-known
emblem in Egyptian architecture, and also worn
as an amulet. As the beetle, represented by it,
lays its eggs in a ball of earth, the Egyptians
may have seen in this a sign of the world or
universe as instinct with life.
Scaramouch. [It. scaramuccio, skirmish.] In
the old Italian comedy, a braggadocio, always
beaten by Harlequin.
Scarfing. (Arch.) The formation of a beam
out of two pieces of timber. The joint thus
formed is a Scarf-Joint.
Scarf-skin. (Cuticle.)
Scari^. [L. scarlflco, Gr. (TKa.pt<i>dotxai, Idrara
with a aKdpI(t>os, etching tool.] 1. (Med.) To
SCAR
433
SCIE
make incisions in the skin, especially in cupping.
2. (Agr.) To tear up the surface soil with an
implement (scarifier) having triangular teeth set
horizontally at the lower end of curved, vertical,
iron rods.
Seariooi. [Fr. scarieux.] Thin, dry, shri-
veiled.
Scarlet rod. The gentleman usher of the
order of the Bath (from his wand of office).
Scarpe, Scrape. [Fr. echarpe, a scar/.] (Her.)
The diminutive of the bend sinister, being one-
half its size.
Scams. [L., Gr. tricdpos.] (Tchth.) Parrot-
fish ; gen. of fish, so called from colouring and
parrot-bill shape of teeth. S. cretensis (Medi-
terranean), highly esteemed by ancients. Fam.
Labridoe, ord. Acanthopt^rygii, subclass TelC-
ostel.
Scatohes. [D. schaats, a sia/e."] Stilts for
walking over dirty places with.
Scanper. A tool with a semicircular face for
scoopini^ out the spaces between the lines of an
engraving.
Scavenger's daughter. [Corr. from Skevingtons
daughter^ An instrument of torture invented
by Sir W. Skevington. (Maiden.)
ScaiSnic. [Gr. <r(cdj,*a»»', limping.] An iambic
verse with a spondee or trochee in the sixth or
last foot. /.(/. ChoUambio.
'Scend, Send, To. {\aut.) To rise, ascend,
after pitching.
Scenography. [Gr. iTin\voypSL(f>iaf scene-painl-
ing.\ The art of perspective.
Schatzuma ware. (Batsnma ware.)
Schechinah. [Ilcb.] (Shechinah.)
Scheiks. Hereditary Arab chiefs. The highest
among them, being descendants of Mohammed,
are called Sherifs. (MnftL)
Schemer. (A'am/.) The person in charge of
the hold in a North-Sea ship.
Schenk beer. [Ger. schenken, to pour out.]
A mild German beer, not made to be kept, but
to be poured out at once.
Scherso. [It., jest, sport, Ger. scherz.] A
bright, merry movement in a sonata.
^hiedam. Hollands gin, much of which is
made at Schiedam.
Schilling. [Ger.] In Hamburg and Liibeck
the currency is twelve pfennings, equal to one
schilling, sixteen schillings being equal to one
mark ; the (Cologne) markweight of fine silver
(jjSoS grains) being coined into thirty-four marks
currency. This, however, is the old reckoning.
(Mark.)
Schism Act, 13 Anne, required from every
master of a public or private school, and every
teacher, a declaration of conformity to the
Church and a licence from the bishop ; repealed,
5 George I.
Schist. [Gr. o-xwrrfj, split, divisible.] (Geo/.)
Fissile rocks, greatly metamorphosed, and
having irregular cleavjige ; e.g. mica-schist.
ScUioh. [Ger.] The ore of a metal, espe-
cially gold, pulverized and prepared for further
working.
Schmelse. [Ger., smelting.] Coloured glass
fused so as to resemble precious stones.
Schnapps. Hollands gin.
Scholastio philosophy. (Nominalists; Beal-
ists; Schoolmen; SootiBts; Thomists.)
Scholiast. A commentator [Gr. ffxoA.ia<rTi';$] ;
writer of a ffx*^^'"*' L^- scholium], a comment, a
short note.
SchSlinm. [Gr. <rx<J^«ov, an interpretatiofi,
comment.] A remark added in some cases to a
mathematical proposition, or treatise ; as the
S. generale at the end of the Principia.
Schoolmaster abroad. A phrase sometimes
used to denote the exposure of ignorance, in
order to frighten those who have a vested in-
terest in it.
Schoolmen, In Eccl. Hist., a name given to
a class of learned men who first attempted to
form a systematic theology. The father of the
Schoolmen was perhaps John Scotus Erigena, i.e.
a native of Ireland, in the ninth century ; but the
scholastic philosophy did not attain its full power
before the century which produced Roscelinus,
Abelard, and Peter Lombard, the great Nomi-
nalists of the second era. To the first era
belonged Berenger, Lanfranc, Anselm, and Hil-
debert. The third period is marked by the
introduction of the writings of Arabian philo-
sophers into Europe, and was rendered illustrious
by the names of Albert the Great, Thomas
Aquinas, and Duns Scotus, the followers of the
two latter being known respectively as Thomists
and Scotists, In the fourth and last period of
the scholastic philosophy, William of Ockham
secured the ascendancy of the Nominalists with
some modifications of their old system.
Schooner. (Naut.) Strictly, a two-masted
fore-and-aft vessel, without tops ; but used for
any two-masted fore-and-aft vessel. A topsail
.S. is one having one or more square topsails.
There are also three-masted schooners. When
the first schooner was launched, 1713, a by-
stander, it is said, exclaimed, " How she scoons
(skims, glides along) ! " and the builders replied,
" A scooner let her be."
Schuyt (Naut.) A small galliot-rigged
Dutch vessel, used in river traffic and the Eng-
lish trade.
Sciagraphy. The art of delineating shadows
[Gr. aKMff6.^ioi\.
Scl&tiica. [Gr. (VxtaST/cds, belonging to the hip
{jiax^ov).] (Med.) Neuralgia of the great
sciatic nerve, which extends from the inner
portion of the buttock along the back of the
thigh to the ham ; also, inaccurately, applied
to all rheumatic affections about the hip-joint.
Scientia, Contrariomm eadem est. A maxim
of the Schoolmen ; i.e. we never really know
what a thing is, unless we are also able to give
a sufficient account of its opposite. (See Mill,
System of Logic : On Fallcuics. )
Scientia poplnse. [L., the science of the cook-
shop. ] The art of cookery.
Scientific frontier. (Mil.) One commanding
the natural features of a country, with possession
of its chain of fortresses, towns, passes, and fords ;
having easy communication in rear, strong lino
of defence when invaded, and power of subject-
ing its front.
SCIL
434
SCRI
Scnicet. [L.] TAa/ is io say ; i.e. sclte Ucet,
cue may know.
Scimitar. [Perhaps from Pers. schimschir.]
(Mil.) Turkish sword, with its cutting edge
made very convex.
Sciolist [L. sciohis], Scioloos. Knowing
many things, but superficially only ; asmatterer.
Sciomancy. [Gr. oKii, shade, fiMTtla, divina-
iion.] Divination by means of shadows.
ScIrS facias. [L., make it known.] In Law,
a judicial writ founded upon some matter of
record, calling upon a person to show why the
party bringing it should not have the advantage
of the record ; e.£^. if it is sought to repeal letters
patent,
Soirrhos. [Gr. vKlpoi, (i) stucco, (2) scirrAus.]
{Afed.) A cancerous tumour, indolent, hard,
fibrous.
Sdssel. [L. scissTlis, easi/y cut.] Clippings
of metal, especially the slips out of which discs
of metal have been punched for coinage.
ScIiLiidaB, Sciarines. {Zoo/.) The squirrel
tribe, including flying S. and marmots.
Sclero-. [Gr. aKKvp^i, hard.]
Sclerotic. [Gr. <TK\i)p6s, hard.] (Anat.)
The white of the eye ; one of the coats of the
eye ; a strong, dense, opaque, fibrous structure,
covered by the conjunctiva.
Sclerotomy. Incision of the sclerotic {q.v.).
Scobs. [L. scobio.] 3ir/-j//«^of ivory, metals,
etc.
Scolop&cldse. [Gr. aKoXiitai, or -rfiro{, snipe,
or woodcock.] (Ornith.) Fam. of wading-birds,
as snipes. Cosmopolitan. Ord. GralljE.
Scolopendra. [Gr. ffKoKi-rfvipa.] (Zool.)
The centipede. British spec, are harmless ; trop.
spec, (twelve inches or more long) dangerous.
Ord. Chilopoda, class Myriopoda.
Sconce. [Ger. schanze, bulwark^ A kind of
candlestick.
Sconce, Sqninch. {Arch.) A small arch in
the angles of towers, etc., to support the alternate
sides of octagonal buildings above them.
-scope. [Gr. (TKOTtw, 1 look at, behold.]
Scorbntxis, popularly Scurvy. [L. form of the
D. word scheurbuik.] {Med.) A disease, once
very fatal in our navy, brought about by pro-
longed abstinence from vegetables ; marked by
extreme debility, melancholy, hy petechia {q.v.),
diarrhoea, hemorrhage.
Score. [A.S. scor, notch liru.] A copy of
a musical composition, vocal or instrumental,
with parts for each voice or instrument.
Scoriee. [L., Gr. aKupia, dirty re/use.] Vol-
canic ashes, cinders, or the slag rejected after
the reduction of metallic ores.
Scorpion. [L. scorpionem, Gr, oKopirlos.}
A lobster-like venomous insect, sometimes nine
or ten inches long. Fam. Scorpionidae, class
Arachnida, sub kingd. Annvilosa.
Scot and lot. [A.S. sceaX, part, or portion.]
A phrase denoting the payment of parochial
rates. Hence scot-free is one who is not bound
so to contribute.
Scotch pebbles. Agates, from the amygdaloids
of Ochill Hills, Sidlaw Hills, etc. ; quarried, or
found among debris.
Scotia. [Gr. o-xdnoy, dark.] {Arch.) A
hollow moulding, chiefly used between the tori
in the bases of columns.
Scotists. (Schoolmen.)
Scourge of God. Attila, King or Leader of the
Huns (died 453) ; so called by the Christian
world of that time.
Scout. [O.Fr. escoute, L. auscultare, to listen.]
{Mil.) Cavalry soldiers sent out beyond the
outposts to obtain intelligence of an enemy's
movements.
Scow. [D. schouw.] {JVaut.) A large
flat-bottomed boat. S. -banker, (i) he who
works a scow ; (2) a lubberly fellow.
Scrabble. [Akin to scrape, scribble, etc.] 1.
{A'aut.) A badly written log; one scribbled, as
it were. 2. To make marks upon a wall ; as in
I Sam. xxi. 13.
Scrape. (Scarpe.)
Scraper. {JVaut.) 1. A triangular iron for
scraping spars, etc. 2. A cocked hat.
Scrap iron. Waste clippings and scraps of
wrought iron.
Scratch brush. A bundle of fine wires, tied
in the middle so as to form a brush at each end,
used for scratching and cleaning metals before
they are plated.
Screen, [A,S. serin, (?) sceran, to divide.'\
{Agr. ) A large oblong sieve. To S. gravel or
coal, etc., to pass it through a screen set in a
slanting position.
Screen, Bood. (Sood-loft.)
Screw [a word common to many Aryan
languages] ; Female S. ; Micrometer S. A well-
known instrument, consisting of a cylinder round
which runs a projection or thread at a constant
inclination ; it commonly works in the cylindri-
cal cavity of a nut, on the inner surface of which
is cut a groove to receive the thread ; the cavity
and the groove are the Female S. A screw
carefully cut and provided with a properly
graduated head is a Micrometer S. ; its advance
in a fixed nut is a very accurate means of
measuring small distances. (For Endless S.y
vide Endless band ; for Right-handed and Left-
hatided S., vide Helix; for S.-jack, videJtuik.)
Screw-propeller. (Naut.) Slightly twisted
fans driving a ship forward by their rotation on
a principle similar to that by which wind causes
the sails of a windmill to rotate.
Scribbet. [L. scribere, to write.] A painter's
pencil.
Scribbling^. The first rough carding of wool.
Scribendi cacoethes. [L.] The itch of
writing,
Scriber. A sharp tool used by joiners in
marking planks, etc.
Scribes. [L. scriba, a writer.] Among the
Jews, the expounders of the Law, in commen-
taries known as Midrashim, i.e. searchings.
Starting with extreme reverence for the letter of
the Law, they came to insist on the paramount
authority of its interpreters. Hence the refer-
ences in the Gospels to the sayings of the men
of old time as overriding the Law. (Tabellions.)
Scribing, [L. scribere, to write.] Fitting two
pieces of board together, especially in such a
SCRI
435
SEAS
way that their fibres are perpendicular to each
other (because the wood is marked before
cutting it).
Serine. [L. scrinium.] A case for keeping
papers or books, a shrine.
Script. [L. scriptum, written.'^ A kind of
type in imitation of handwriting, as —
catuium.
SeriptSrinm. In the conventual life of the
Middle Ages, was the room devoted to making
copies of the Bible, or parts of it ; the illumina-
tion of missals, etc.
Sorivello. An elephant's tusk weighing less
than eighteen pounds.
Scriveners, Money. In O.E. usage, persons
who received money to place it out at interest,
and supplied to borrowers money on security.
Scrivener's palsy, popular term for Writet's
spasm. A form of paralysis, affecting princi-
pally the muscles of the thumb and forefinger, to
which persons who write very much are liable.
Sordftila. [L. scrofulae, swollen glands, to
which it was said that the sow (scrofa) is subject ;
cf. Gr. xo<P<^'<* ; t>"t see Liddell.] Constitu-
tional disease, with tendency to deposit tubercle.
Scroll. [Fr. e.scrol.] (Arch.) The volute of
the Ionic and Corinthian capital.
SoroU-head. (Fiddle.)
Bcrovies. (A'aut.) Worthless men shipped
by crimps as A.B.'s.
Screws. A currier's clippings from skins
(from their curling into scrolls).
Send. [Probably akin to shoot."] The lower
drift-clouds. To 6'., to run before the wind.
Sonlls. (Naut.) Short oars, the handles of
which, when shipped", just overlap amidships, so
that they can be used by one man. To scull,
(i) to row with sculls, (2) to propel a boat by
a single oar shipped over the stern.
Scnmbling (from scum). Blending tints by
means of a semi-transparent neutral colour, swept
over them with a nearly dry brush.
Scnppert (probably from scoop). (Naut.) 1.
Metal-lined holes cut through a ship's side to
carry off water from the decks into the sea. 2.
Their locality, i.e. the angle between the deck
and bulwarks ; as, he rolled into the lee scuppers.
Scarvy. (Soorbntns.)
Scutage, or Eicuage. [L. scutum, a shield.]
(Hist.) A commutation paid by military tenants
for personal service in foreign wars.
Seateheon (from escutcheon). 1. (Her.) (Es-
cutcheon.) 2. The brass plate which surrounds
a key-hole.
Scutching. [Gael, sgoch, to cut.] Beating so
as to separate the fibre.
Scuttle. [O.Fr. escoutille, from ecouter, to
listen, a place or aperture for hearing.] (Naut.)
1. A small port in a vessel's side. 2. A small
hatchway. To S., to cut or bore holes in a
ship below water. .S"., or S.-butt, a water-cask,
lashed, and having a square hole cut in its head,
through which to get the water out. S.-hatch,
lid or covering of a scuttle.
Scylla. [Gr. o-kuWo.] (Myth.) 1. A daughter
of Nisus, who cut off the purple lock of hair,
the Palladium of Megara, from her father's head,
and so betrayed the city to Minos (Menu). 2.
In the Odyssey, a monster with six mouths,
haunting the Italian coast, and swallowing ship-
wrecked seamen, like the neighbouring Chary-
bdis. Hence the proverb which speaks of those
who wish to avoid the latter, as falling into the
jaws of the former. (Ineidit.)
8oyt&18. [Gr. aK\ni.\i[.\ (Hist.) An instru-
ment by which the Spartans sent orders to
officers serving abroad. A parchment was rolled
round a rod, and unwound by another rod in the
officer's possession.
Scythian lamb. (Barometz fern.)
Sea-biscuit. (Cocket-bread.)
Sea-breese. A breeze blowing from the sea
inland.
Sea-brief. (N^aut.) A document specifying
the nature and quantity of a cargo, its place of
origin and destination.
Sea-cunny. (A^aut.) The steersman of an
E. -Indian country vessel manned by Lascars.
Sea-gate, or S.-gait. (Gate.)
Sea-horse, Hippocampus. [Gr. linrSKafivos,
the fish-taikd horse on which the sea-gods rode.]
(Ichth.) Gen. of small fish with bony covering,
prehensile tail, horse-like head. One spec, found
on British coasts, more in Mediterranean Sea and
Atlantic ; most in Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Fam. Syngnathidce [piv, together, fv'aOos, j'aiv],
ord. Lophobranchii, sub-class Tfiieostei.
Seal, Great. The Great Seal of England,
kept by the Lord Chancellor.
Seal, Privy. The personal seal of the sove-
reign.
Sealed books. (/lccI. Hist.) Copies of the
Prayer-book of 1662, issued under the Great
.Seal of England to all cathedral and collegiate
churches, the Courts of Westminster, and the
Tower of London, to ensure the preservation of
the text in its integrity. These books were com-
pared, before issue, with the book annexed to
the Act 13 and 14 Carolus II.
Sealing of ulcers. (Surg.) The exclusion of
air during granulation, by soap-plaster and
oiled silk.
Seam. (Geol.) A bed, as distinguished from
a vein, of coal, etc.
Seaman. (A.B. ; Landsman; Ordinary sea-
maa)
Seamanship. The art of rigging and working
a ship, distinguished from the ^clanccoi Naviga-
tion.
Sea-marks. Landmarks, etc., noted on charts.
Sea-monsters. Lam. iv. 3. (Whale.)
Seance. [Fr.] A sitting, or session, as of a
public body.
Sea-pen. Popular name for Pennatiilfda; [L.
pennatulus, dim. of pennatus, feathered], fam.
of feather-like corals, ord. AlcJ'onaria. P,
phosphorea is common on N. -British coast.
Search. (A'^aut ) (Visitation and search.)
Searment. Another form of cerement. (Cere.)
Sea-serpent. [L. serpentem, a serpent, i.e.
the creeping one.] (Zool.) Hydrophidae, or veno-
SEAS
436
SEIG
mous sea-snakes, ranging to ten feet in length ;
abound in the Indian and Chinese seas. The
^reat sea-serpent, ranging, it is said, to 600 feet
in length, has hitherto, whenever thoroughly
investigated, proved a delusion.
Sea-slogs. (Zool.) Opislhobranchidta, ord.
of molluscs. (Malacology. )
Sea-swallow. ( Sternidae. )
Seat of eggs. I.(j. Clutch.
Sea-trumpet. (Conch-shell.)
Sebaceous. [L. sebum, suet.] Fatty. (Adi-
pose tissue.)
Sebastianists. Believers in the survival of
Sebastian, King of Portugal, after the battle of
Alcazarquiver, 1578. Such believers have been
found down to the present century. The like
belief has prevailed about Harold of England,
and many others. The epitaph of Arthur says,
•' Hie iacet Arthurus, Rex quondam rexque
futurus.
Sebat. Zech. i, 7 ; fifth month of civil,
eleventh of ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; January
— February.
Secant. 1. A straight line cutting [L. s^can-
tem] a curve in two or more points. 2. One of
the trigonometrical functions (q.v.).
Secoo. [It.] A kind of fresco painting in
which the colours look dry and sunken, being
absorbed into the plaster.
Secession Church. (Marrow Controversy ;
Belief Synod.)
Secle. (Secular games.)
Secondaries. 1. The inferior members of
cathedrals, as vicars-choral, etc. 2. In Myth.,
beings who reflect the greatness of others with
whom they are closely related, as Phaethon of
Helios, Telemachos of Odysseus (or Ulysses),
and Patroklos of Achilles.
Secondary assemblies. (Primary assemblies.)
Secondary circle. A great circle passing
through the poles of a given great circle.
Secondary colours. [L. secundarius, from
secundus, second.] Colours derived from the
mixture of two primary colours.
Secondary fever. (Afed.) That arising after
a crisis or some critical effort ; e.g. the discharge
of morbid matter.
Secondary planet. A Satellite.
Secondary rocks. (Primary rocks.)
Second intention. (Intention.)
Second Pointed style. (Oeometrical style.)
Seconds. A coarse kind of flour.
Secos. (Adytnm.)
Section. [L. sectionem, a cutting."] The
figure that would be obtained by cutting a solid
body by a plane ; as a conic S. or a S. of a
building.
Sector. [L., one who cuts^ Tlie part of a
circle included between two radii. (For Zenith
S. , vide Zenith. )
Secular [L. saecularis, from saeciilum, an age] ;
S. inequality. Going on from age to age ; as
the secular cooling of the earth. A Secular
inequality in a planetary motion results from the
gradual accumulation of the effects of shorter
variations which do not exactly compensate for
each other ; thus the eccentricities of the orbits
of Jupiter and Saturn are subject to a S. I.
which will go through all its changes in a period
not less than about 70,000 years.
Secular clergy. (Regulars.)
Seoiilar games. In Rom. Hist., games cele-
brated once in each saculum, or siecle of 100, or
perhaps 1 10 years. Sometimes the interval was
shortened.
Seciilar poem. A poem recited at the Secular
games, as the Carmen Sceculare of Horace.
Seculars. (Regulars.)
Seoundines. (Med.) Placenta (q.v.), or after-
birth.
Secnndtim artem. [L.] According to art ; ski\-
fully.
Secundum quid. In Phil., = reiativeiv ;
with reference to a certain thing ; e.g. when
a house is on fire, to throw valuables out of
the window would be not a voluntary act sim-
pliciter, but secundum quid.
SScilres. (Fasces and secures.)
Secure you. Matt, xxviii. 14 ; not make you
safe, but make yo\x free from anxiety [L. sccuros,
i.e. sine cura, Gr. kiiepiiivovs].
Seoutdres. [L., followers. \ The opponents oi'
the Betiarians in the gladiatorial shows. Some
take the word also to mean those who follow to
take the place of gladiators already slaughtered.
(Mirmillones.)
Sedan chair. A covered chair borne on poles
by two men (first made at Sedan, in France).
SedOia. [L.] Seats of the officiating priests,
placed generally on the south side of the
chancel.
Sedimentary rocks [L. sedimentum, a settling
dazun] = formed out of matter settled in water ;
e.g. clay, sandstone.
S6dum, Stonecrop. [L. s6deo, /sit; as if sit-
ting close, holding fast.] (Bot.) A gen. of
plants, ord. Crassulacese, having numerous spec. ;
with fleshy, roundish leaves, and starlike flowers,
commonly yellow, sometimes white or blue ;
found in dry, barren, rocky places of temperate
regions.
Seed lao. (Lac.)
Seerhand. An Indian muslin, which retains its
clearness when washed.
Sefatians. (Separatists.)
Seggar. (Sagger.)
Segment. [L. secamentum, a cutting, carving.]
{Math.) A part cut off; as of a circle by a
straight line, or of a sphere by a plane.
Segmental arch. (Arch.)
Segreant. (//er. ) Spreading its wings as if
about to fly.
Segregation. [L. segregationem, from se-, a
part, gregem, a flock.] A separation of parts ;
as of crystals from the mass.
Seicentisti. The name by which the Italians
speak of their own writers of the seventeenth
centuiy. As their repute was less than that of
their predecessors, the word came to denote
general inferiority in taste and language.
Seigniorage. [Fr., from L. senior, older^
The charge made by Government for paying
the expenses of coining metal, the coin being
thus made more valuable than bullion.
SEIG
437
SENS
Seig^ory. [Fr. seigneurie.] [^Feud.) A manor
or lordship.
Seine. [Fr., from L. sagena, Gr. ok^vi), a
net.\ A large net for catching fish.
Seirens. [Gr. 2€«/)^i'€$.] {Myth.") Nymphs
who, by charming mariners with their song, drew
them on into shoals and reefs, and caused
their destruction. Odysseus (Ulysses) escapes
them by stuffing his sailors' ears with wax, and
having himself bound to the mast.
Seinohtheia. [Gr., a shaking off of burdens.^
In Athen. Hist, an ordinance by which Solon
relieved the misery of the poorer Attic freemen.
It consisted in the removal of the marks of Eu-
patrid ownership of land, and in lessening the
amount of produce or money hitherto exacted
from the tenants, the payment now taking the
form of rent. This is the account given by Solon
himself. Later writers introduced into it many
new features, which they explained in detail.
Seisin, Livery of. The formal delivery of the
possession of land, now accomplished by con-
veyance. (Livery.)
Seismochronograph. [Gr. trtiirftSt, an earth-
qiiake, xp<iyot, tinte, ypd^, I descrU>e^ A kind
of seismonuter (q.v. ).
Seismograph. [Gr. trtivftds, an earthquake,
ypiffiv, to 7vrile.'\ An instrument for registering
the intensity of earthquake shocks.
Seismology. [Gr. afianit, an earthquake.]
The theory of earthquakes ; their nature, force,
direction, recurrence, etc.
Seismometer. [Gr. ffttauSs, an earthquake,
fiirpov, a measure."] An instrument for determin-
ing the circumstances of an earthquake ; as di-
rection of commotion or shock, kind of shock, etc.
Seise, To. (Naut.) To fasten two ropes, or
parts of one rope, together, by winding cord or
line (seizings) round them.
Sqant. {//er.) Sitting [Fr. s^nt] on its hind
legs.
Selection, Natural. (Evolution.)
Selene. (Endymion, Sleep of.)
Selenium. [Gr. (r*x^Ktj, the moon.] An ele-
ment of a brown colour, resembling sulphur in
its properties.
Selenography. [Gr. <r«x^»^, the moon, ypipw,
I describe.] A description of the surface of the
moon.
Self-coloured. Of a uniform quiet or neutral
tint.
Seljuks. A dynasty of Seljukian Turks,
founded in Persia, under Togrul Beg, 1039.
fieltzer water. An effervescing mineral water
(from Seltzer, in Germany).
Selvage. [Perhaps from self and edge, as being
itself its own border.] The edge of any siuft,
woven so as to prevent ravelling.
Selvagee. [Naut.) A hank or untwisted
skein of yarn bound round with twine, etc.
Semaphore. [Made up, improperly, of o-^/to,
a sign, and ipipu, I bear, whicn should have
made sematophore. ] {Afil. ) Consisting of an up-
right post and two movable arms, conspicuously
placed, by which signals may be transmitted in
the day-time to distant stations. A kind of S.
with lights is used on railways.
Semble. In Law, for ce semble [Fr., as it seems];
= as we may pretty safely assume ; although it
has not been positively decided.
8gm«S. [Gr.] (Myth.) The mother of
Dionysos or Bacchus. (Bacchanalian.)
Semi-Arians. {£cc/. Hist.) Arians, who de-
nied the Homoousion of the Nicene Creed, but
admitted the Homoiousion.
Semi-Pelagianism. (Pelagians.)
Semlramis and NInus. Mythical founders of
the Assyri.in empire. The Assyrian form of
Semiramis is Sammuramit.
Semitertian fever. {Med.) One having two
paroxysms on each alternate day, and one only
m the interval.
Semitic languages. The family of languages
composed of the Aramaic, Hebraic, and Arabian
dialects. (Chaldee language ; Feschito.)
Semolina. [It. semolino, dim. of semola, bran.]
The fine hard parts of wheat rounded by the
action of the millstones.
Semo Sancus. [L. semen, seed, sancio, / bind
religiously.] {Myth.) An ancient Roman or
Sabine god. The two names seem to have be-
longed origjinally to two distinct gods, Semo
being the guardian of soion crops (Saturn), and
Sancus, presiding over oaths and covenants, and
answering to the 2^us Horkios and Pistios of
the Greeks.
Semper idem, Semper eadem. [L.] Always
the same.
Sempervlvum. [L., always living.] {Bot.)
A gen. of plants, ord. Crassulaceae, to which
common houseleek belongs.
Sempiternal. [L. sempitemus.] 0/ continu-
ous and permanent duration.
Bempster. [Corr. of seamster.] Formerly —
besides its meaning of a worker with the needle
— a dealer in sewn goods, a linen-draper.
Sempstresses' palsy or cramp. In which the
power of using the needle is lost.
Senate of Lilliput. Title of imperfect reports
of some discussions of the House of Commons,
with feigned names, or single initials, for
speakers ; between the accession of the Georges
and the appearance of the great journals.
Send. {A'aut.) ('Scend.)
Sendal. [O.Fr. cendal.] A light fabric of
silk or thread.
Senegal. A dark-red gum like gum-arabic,
found near the river Senegal, in Africa.
Seneschal. [O.G. senescale, Fr. senechal.]
A French title, answering to that of steward, or
high steward, in England.
Senidres pri5res. [L.] Elders first.
Senlac, Battle of. Commonly known as the
battle of Hastings.
Sennit. [From seven and knit.] Plaited straw
or palm leaves for making hats.
Sensatiomxl school. The school of thinkers
who have adopted the doctrine of Locke, that all
ideas are derived from experience, through the
senses and through reflexion on that which the
senses reveal to us. (Ideology.)
Sensitivity. In Moral Phil., i.q. Feeling, re-
garded as one of the three manifestations of con-
sciousness. (Cognition.)
SENS
438
SERB
Sensitize. To prepare paper, etc., for photo-
graphy by making it sensitive to the action of
light.
Sensorimotor action. Instinctive actions re-
sulting from sensation ; e.g. the closing of the
eyes in a bright light.
Sensdriom. [Late L.] (Physiol.) The central
common seat of consciousness ; the aggregate of
sense-ganglia, through which we are conscious of
external sense-impressions.
Sensualism. The name given to the philosophy
of Condillac, who thought that he was following
out the principles of Locke to their legitimate
consequences. (Association; Ideology; Sensa-
tional school. )
Sensa. [It. (the L. sine), jviihout.'] As in
Music, S. fiori, S. replica, S. tempo, without onta-
tfients, without repetition, not in definite time.
Sepals. [L. sepio, / inclose.] (Bot.) The
modified leaves which make up the calyx.
Separatists, or Motazalites. The Mohammedan
followers of Wasel Ibn Orta, who not long after
the death of Mohammed denied the chief points
of his faith. They were especially opposed by
the Sefatians ; so called as maintaining the
eternal attributes of God.
Sepia. [L., Gr. miirla, cuttle-fish,"] A pigment,
used as a water-colour ; prepared from the secre-
tion of a peculiar organ, the ink-bag, of cuttle-
fishes ; insoluble in water, but very diffusible.
Indian ink is made of the dry sediment. Treated
with caustic potash, it yields the brown pigment,
S. proper.
Sepoys. [Hind, sipahi, a soldier.] The native
troops of the British army in India. The word
is another form of the Turk, spahi, sipahi.
Septarian nodules, Septarium. (Fissnres-of-
retreat; Nodule.)
Septembrists. (/>-. IJist.) The name given
to those who took part in the horrible massacres
which took place in Paris in September, 1792.
Septennial Act. The Act of George I., ex-
tending the duration of Parliament for seven
vears, unless previously dissolved. (Triennial
Act.)
SeptfoiL [L. septem folia, seven leaves.]
[Bot.) Tormentilla officinalis; a plant having
astringent roots, used in tanning and dyeing.
Septicidal dehiscence. [L. septum, an inclo-
sure, caedo, I cut.] (Bot.) When dissepiments
divide into two plates, and compound fruit is
again resolved into its original carpels ; e.g.
capsule of thorn-apple. Septifr&gal [frango, /
break], when the dissepiments remain attached
to the centre, the fruit dehiscing by dorsal
suture ; e.g. capsule of colchicum.
Septuageslma. [L., sevefitieth.] The Third
Sunday before Lent. (Quinquagesima.)
Septuagint. [L. septuaginta, seventy.] The
name given to the Greek translation of the Old
Testament made at Alexandria for the Jews of
Egypt, who had lost the use of the Hebrew
language. The story ran that seventy trans-
lators were shut up in separate cells by Ptolemy
Fhiladelphos, and that their seventy versions
;ill agreed to a letter. It is supposed, however,
that the translation is the work not only of
different hands but of different times. The
Septuagint contains the Apocryphal books,
which are therefore included by the Latin
Church in the Canon of Scripture. The Old
Testament quotations in the New Testament
are usually given from the Septuagint.
Septum. [L., anything inclosed.] 1. (Anat.)
A wall separating two cavities. 2. (Arch.) The
inclosure of the chancel, as marked by the can-
celli, or rails. (Dissepiment.) 8. (Chem.) A
membrane or other substance used as a partition
between two liquids or gases.
Sepulchre, Hospitallers of the Holy. An
order of knights, instituted in Palestine and
afterwards transferred to France.
SSquela. [L., a consequence.] (Med.) A
morbid affection consequent upon a preceding
one. Something left behind by an illness ; e.g.
kidney mischief, after scarlatina.
Sequence. [L. sSquentia, a follouuing.] In
Music, a progression of similar chords or inter-
vals, ascending or descending. (Proses.)
Sequestration. [L. sequestrationem, a placing
in the hands of a third party.] A reservation
by the bishop from the profits of a living for
supply of the cure when void by death, or to
satisfy the debts of the incumbent, and under
other circumstances.
Sequin, Zecchino. [From Ar. sekkah, a die, or
stamp.] A gold coin of Italy and Turkey ; not
of uniform value ; the Venetian S. is worth
about gs. 6d.
SSqmtur. [L., it follo^vs.] A consequence.
Seraglio. [It., a dim. form of the Oriental
serai.] The palace of the Turkish sultan in
Constantinople. Its chief gate is called Babi Hu-
mayun, or Sublime Gate. Hence Sublime Porte,
as the official name for the Turkish Government.
Serai. [Pers.] A hall of a palace, an inn,
as in caravan-serai. Caravansary.
Serang. (A^aut. ) Lascar's boatswain.
Sera nunquam est ad bSnos mores via. [L.,
the way to good manners is never too late. ] It is
never too late to mend.
Serape. [Sp.] A shawl worn by Mexicans.
Serapeum. A splendid temple of the Egyp-
tian god Serapis at Alexandria, destroyed by
order of the Emperor Theodosius, A.D. 390.
Seraphic Doctor. (Doctor.)
Seraphim, or Jesus, Order of the. A Swedish
order of knighthood, instituted 1334.
Seraphine. \)^e!b., seraph.] Precursor of the
harmonium, but coarse in tone, and niuch
inferior to it.
Seraphs, Seraphim. [Heb.] In the angelic
hierarchy of the Jews, the angels of the highest
order, immediately surrounding the divine
throne.
Serapis. A Gr. corr. of the Egypt. Osir-hapi,
or the dead Apis, the living Apis being known as
Hapi-anch. (Apis.) — Brown, Great Dionysiak
Myth., i. 198 ; ii. 122.
Seraskier. [Pers. ser, head, Ar. 'asker, army.]
With the Turks, a general commanding a separate
army ; a commander-in-chief, or minister of war.
Serbonian Bog. A marsh or lake in Egypt
near the borders of Judaea.
SERF
439
SETS
Serf. (Helots; Peonage; Byot; Villein.)
Serge. [Fr., from L. sericus, silken.] A
twilled stuff, the wurp of which is worsted and
the weft wool.
Sdriatim. [L.] Severally, one by one ; as
in the delivery of judgments by judges.
Series. [L.] (Math.) A succession oi nwm-
bers, each of which is related to the one before
it according to some determinate rule ; as a
geometrical series or progression. (Progression.)
Seijeant. [Fr. sergent, from L. servien, -tern,
servitig.\ 1. In the army, a non-commissioned
officer, of higher rank than a corporal. 2.
The Common 8., a judicial officer of the corpo-
ration of the City of London. 3. S.-at-law, a
lawyer of the degree above a barrister. The
degree is now no longer conferred. 4. S.-at-
arms; in old usage, an attendant on the sove-
reign or on the Lord High Steward when
sitting in judgment on a traitor, etc.
Seijeanty, Orand and Petty. Feudal tenures,
that of Grand S. being when a tenant holds land
of the king by service, as in war, to be per-
formed in his own person ; Petty S. being where
the owner has to provide some small thing, as a
sword or spear, etc.
Sermo pedester. [L.] A plain style of writ-
ing ; prosaic, without poetic flights.
Seroon, [Sp. seron, a pannier.] In Com., a
weight varying with the substance to which it is
applied.
Serpent. A wooden instrument, compass
about two octaves, used in Gregorian music, in
Roman Catholic Churches, precursor of the
powerful instrument used in bands, which latter
is nearly superseded by the ophicleide.
Serpentine, i.e. spotted, veined, in appearance
like a serpent's skin. (Geol.) A tnetamorphic
rock, of silica -f magnesia ; green, black, red.
Serpents, Fiery. [Heb. hannchashim hassrd-
phim (Numb, xxi.), »■</.] (Bibl.) Unidentified.
Serpiginons. [L. serpo, / creep.] (Med.)
Spreading slowly over the surface of the skin.
Serpiila. [L., a little snake, serpo, J creep.]
(Zool.) (Tnbicola.)
Serrate. (Crenate.)
Serum. (Crassamentom.)
Servabit odorem, or Quo sSmel est imbtlt&
rScens, servabit odorem Testa diu. [L., a jar
will long presene the smell with which it was
once impregnated when new (Horace).] Early
impressions last long.
SerraL (Zool.) Felis serval, LSopardus S.,
spotted tiger-cat, about three feet long, tail in-
clusive. S. Africa.
Serve, To. (Naut.) To wind spun-yam,
etc. , round a rope, or cable.
Servetists. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Michael Scrvetus, burnt at Geneva, through the
treachery of Calvin, 1553.
Service. 1. (Music.) A musical setting of
the Canticles, Gloria, etc., and other words sung
by the choir. 2. (Naut.) Spun-yam wound
round a rope with a serving-board or mallet.
Service [L. sorbus], or Sorb. (Bot.) Wild S.
tree, Pj^rus torminalis(good against colic, tormina,
plu.). Ord. Rosacese ; growing in hedges, and
29
in Middle and S. Europe; having valuable
heavy wood.
Service, To see. .\ctual performance of mili-
tary duty before an enemy.
Service-pipe. A pipe connecting a main (as
of gas or water) with the house.
Serviette. [Fr.] A table-napkin.
Servile War. In Rom. Hist., the revolt of
the gladiators, slaves, and oppressed labourers,
under Spartacus, against their masters, B.C.
73-72.
Servites. Servants of the Blessed Virgin ; an
order under the Augustinian rule, established in
Tuscany, 1233.
Servum pecos. [L.] Slavish cattle (Yioxa.ce) ;
said of fawners and flatterers.
Servus Servorum Dei. [L.] Servant of the
servants of God ; a title assumed by Gregory the
Great, and retained by all succeeding poatiffs.
S58&m& (Saxifrage.)
Sesamoid. (.Mvd.) Like small seeds or grains^
lit. of sesame (q.v. ).
Sesostris. (Tosorthms.)
Sesqui-. [L. sesqui, one and a half] A
prefix denoting that one and a half equivalent
of the substance to the name of which it isi
prefixed are combined with one equivalent of
the other substance mentioned ; as s<-squioxide of
, which contains one and a half equivalent
of oxygen to one of .
Sesqoialtira. [L., ont and a half] In aa
organ, a stop containing from two to five ranks
of pipes ; used to give brilliancy in playing
voluntaries, etc.
SesquipUoate. [From L. sesquTplcx, half as
much again; but with altered meaning. 1 If
the squares of two numbers have the same rati»
as that of the cubes of two other numbers, the
former numbers are said to be in the S. ratio
of the latter ; thus, when Newton proves that
Kepler's law for the periodic times of planets
follows from the law of gravity, he says, " The
periodic times of bodies moving in ellipses are
m the sesquiplicate ratio of the major axes."
Sessile. [L. sessTlis,. low-growing, from s^deo,
1 sit.] (Bot.) Not having a stalk, or having
a short one ; like the acorn of the durmast
oak.
Sesterce. [L. sestertius, originally semister-
tius, or the equivalent of two asses and a half.]
An old Roman coin, about twopence of our
money. The sestertium was = 1000 sesterces.
Sethians. (Eccl.) An Egyptian sect of the
second century, which maintained the identity
of Jesus Christ with Seth, the son of Adam.
Seton. [L. seta, a bristle.] (Surg.) A
twist, e.g. of silk, drawn with a flat needle
through a fold of the skin ; to keep an open
wound. (Bowel.)
Setose. (Bot.) Covered with bristles [L.
seta.-], or thick stiff hairs j as the stems of many
brambles.
Set-screw. (Mech.) A bolt on which is cut
a screw, which takes so firm a hold of the sub-
stances to be joined that a nut is not required.
It is used, in fact, like a small carpenter's screw.
Called also a tap-bolt.
SETT
440
SHAG
Sett. A piece placed on the head of a pile
that the hammer may reach it.
Settee. 1. A seat with back and arms, wide
enough for several people. 2. (N^aut.) A
single-decked, sharp-prowed Mediterranean
vessel, lateen-rigged, and without topmasts.
Setting the ^niames on fire. Doing some
wonderful act, or showing extraordinary power.
Thames is thought by some to be here the
word temse (a sieve), the rim of which might be
set on fire by an active workman ; as the Seine
also may be both the river and a fishing-net.
But this seems very doubtful.
Setting up. Putting into type for printing.
Settlement. In Law, the right to parochial
relief acquired by the pauper in the parish or dis-
trict to which he legally belongs. (Poor lawa)
Settlement, Act o£ The Statute of William
III., vesting the succession to the Crown, after
the death without issue of William III. and of
Anne, in the princess Sophia, granddaughter of
James I., and the heirs of her body being
Protestants.
Seven Bishops, The trial of the, June 29, 1688.
That of Archbishop Sancroft, Bishops Lloyd of
St. Asaph, Turner of Ely, Lake of Chichester,
Ken of Bath and Wells, White of Peterborough,
Trelawney of Bristol, for refusing to cause their
clet^ to read, in divine service, James II. 's
Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, under
which it was attempted to establish the Roman
faith.
Seven Championa of Christendom. (Sishis,
The Seven.)
Seven deadly sins. In Med. Theol. — taking
.Spenser's account. Faery Queene, bk. i. canto
iv. — Falsehood, idleness, gluttony, fornication,
avarice, envy, wrath ; another list is — Pride,
covetousness, lust, gluttony, anger, envy, sloth ;
but the enumeration is worthless.
Seven hills of Borne. Palatine, Capitoline,
Esquiline, Ca^lian, Aventine, Quirinal, Viminal.
There was an earlier tradition of seven hills, of
which the names are given as Palatium, Velia,
Cermalus, Ca?lius, Fagutal, Oppius, Cispiui.
Seven principal virtues. The three theological
{q.v. ) with the four cardinal {q.v.) are so termed ;
but the enumeration is without value.
Seven Bishis. (Bishis, The Seven.)
Seven Sleepers. (Bishis, The Seven.)
Seven Wise Ken of Greece. (Bishis, The
Seven.)
Seven works of mercy. 1. Corporal: "Seven
works are usually assigned to mercy . . . (i)
to feed the hungry ; (2) to give drink to the
thirsty ; (3) clothes to the naked ; (4) to redeem
captives ; (5) to visit the sick ; (6) to entertain
strangers ; (7) to bury the dead. " 2. Spiritual :
Counsel, rebuke, instruct in wisdom's way,
Console, forgive, endure unmoved, and pray.
Bishop Andrewes, Devotions.
(See also Faery Queene, bk. i. x. 36.)
Seven Years' War. (Hist.) A war between
Austria and Prussia and the allies on either
side, 1756-1763, remarkable chiefly for the cam-
paigns of Frederick II. ; ended by the peace of
Hubertsburg.
Sevres. China made at S. ; of soft porcelain
alone, viei4X Stares, before 1 769 ; of hard porce-
lain subsequently.
Sewed, Sued. [O.Fr. essuier, L. easiccare,
to drain dry. ] {Naut.) A ship resting on the
ground through the water falling is said to be
sewed.
Sewer. [Of uncertain origin.] One who
directed the arrangement of dishes on the table ;
originally one who tasted, made trial of [Fr.
essayeur] each dish to prove that there was no
poison in it. (Skeat prefers to derive from
sew, originally meaning y«tf^, then sauce, etc. ;
A,S. seaw.)
SexagSsima. [L., sixtieth.] The Eighth
Sunday before Easter. (Quinquag^sima.)
SezagesimaL [L. sexagesTmus, sixtieth.^
Proceeding by sixties ; as the S. division of the
angle or of the hour into minutes and seconds.
Sezt. (Canonical hours.)
Sextant [L. sextantem, asixthpart"] ; Hadley's
S. ; Pocket-S. 1. A sixth part of a circle. 2.
For the exact measurement of the angle sub-
tended at the eye of the observer by the line
joining two distant points, an instrument
mounted on a stand is commonly required ; but
in the case of Hadley^s S. (which is often called
simply a Sextant), by the use of mirrors properly
attached to the instrument, the stand is dispensed
with, and the instrument is merely held in the
hand ; it is, therefore, adapted for making
astronomical observations at sea. A Pocket-S.
is a small sextant with certain unessential varia-
tions in the arrangements of its parts, the varia-
tions being designed to increase its portability.
Sexton. (Sacristan.)
Seyd, Syud. (Cid ; Sherif.)
Sfregazzi. [It. sfregare, to rub.'] A kind f,f
glazing made by drawing the finger over the
canvas.
Sfumato. [It. , smoked.] Misty in appearance.
Sgraffiato ware. [It., painted in a kind of
sgraffito (q.v.),] Ware decorated by scratchings
in engobe {q.v.).
Sgraffito. [It., scratched.] 1. Formed by
scratching away a white surface so as to show
the dark ground underneath. 2. As noun, a
scratched inscription.
Shabraque. [Ger. schabracke, housing.]
{Mil.) Embroidered saddle-cloth worn on the
horses of mounted officers.
Shaft. [A.S. sceaft.] 1. {Arch.) The column
between the base and the capital. 2. (Mech.)
An axle carrying wheels or other rotating pieces
which convey and distribute energy from the
prime mover. An axis is the general and scien-
tific term ; shaft the millwright's general term,
and spindle his term for a smaller shaft. Axle is
the wheelwright's word ; and arbor the watch-
maker's. 3. In Mining, a well-like excavation
for reaching ore and bringing it to the surface.
Shag. [A.S. sceacga, a bush of hair.] 1.
Cloth with a long coarse nap. 2. Strong dark
tobacco cut into fine threads.
Shagreen. [Turk, saghri, a horse^s back.] An
untanned leather covered with small granula-
tions, produced by pressing small seeds into it
SHAH
441
SHEE
while moist, scraping off when dry the ridges
thus formed, and raising the hollows into relief
by soaking. Originally of skin of horse or ass ;
then of shark.
Shah. The King of Persia. (Padiflhah.)
Shahnamah. [Pers., The Book of Kings.'\
The Persian Epio of Firdusi, written about
A.D. lOOO.
Shake, To. (A'awA) To cast off fastenings.
To S. in the witid, to come so near that the sails
shiver. Shaking a cloth in the wind, being
rather tipsy. Shakings, canvas, cordage, or
other refuse, used for oakum or paper-making.
Shakers. {Eccl. Hist.) A body of seceders
from the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Now
found chiefly in America. So called from the
contortions of their bodies during worship.
Shale. [Ger. schalen, to peel, shell. \ {Geol.)
Consolidated mud, generic name for laminated
argillaceous rocks, easily pulverized ; bitumi-
nous S. passes into coal.
Shalli. A twilled cloth of the wool of the
Angora goat.
Shalloon. A worsted stuff first made at
Chiilotis, in France.
Shallop, Shalloop, or Sloop. [Fr. chaloupe.]
(A^aut.) 1. A small fishing- vessel having only a
foreand-main lugsail. S. A large, heavy, open
boat, with one mast, boom mainsail, and jib
foresail. 3. A small row-boat for one or two
men.
Shallow-waisted. {Naut.) Flush-decked.
(Seeks.)
Shamanum. The name for the religions of
many barbarous tribes, including the Finnish,
as far as the Pacific Ocean. (Samanaeana.)
Shambles. [\.S. sctzmc\, a l>ench.'\ Platforms
left in a mine to receive the ore, which is thrown
from one of them to another till it reaches the
surface.
Shamefacedness. i Tim. ii. 9 ; " shame-
faced" is a corr. of shamefast, A.S. scamfaest,
from scamu, shame, and faest, fast, ue. firm.
The confusion easily arose from the fact of
shame showing itself in the face. The proper
spelling appears in the Revised Version.
Shammy. Soft pliant leather originally made
from the skin of the chamois.
Shamoying (from chamois leather, which
is thus prepared). Preparing leather with oil
instead of astringent bark.
Shank. [A.S. scanc] 1. In Printing, the
body of a type. 2.. A large ladle used in
founding.
Shan^. [Amer. ; a corr. of Fr. chantier,
originally a wooden horse (L. cantherius, a pack-
horse) on which carpenter's work is done ; then
a hut in a dockyard ; then the yard itself.] A
mean cabin or shed ; a hut such as a settler or
backwoodsman first constructs, of logs.
Shard-borne. Borne on shards, or on wings
like shards {i.e. fragments of earthen vessels or
shells).
Share. [O.E. scear, id., sc^ran, to divide. ^
{Agr.) That part of the plough which cuts the
soil in a horizontal plane.
Sharon, Bose of. Cant. ii. i ; probably nar-
cissus, abundant on the plain of S., between
Joppa and Csesarea, if this is the S. intended.
Another S. , which means plain, or field, is be-
tween Mount Tabor and the Sea of Tiberias
(Speaker's Commentary).
Shaster, more properly Sastra. The Hindu
name for books explaining the Vedas by sasta,
science. (Parana.)
-shaw. [A.S. sceagor.] (Geog.) A shady
place, a wood ; e.g. Brad-shaw (see Taylor's
IVords and Places).
Shawm. Precursor of the modem clarionet.
(Chalnmeaa.)
Shea. A butter obtained from an African
tree.
Shear. [From a root meaning division; cf.
share (q.v.), sheer, shire, shore, shard, sherd,
shred.] {Mech.) 1. A tangential stress which
tends to separate a body by making its two
parts slide one upon the other in opposite di-
rections. 2. A contrivance for lifting heavy
weights, consisting of two or more spars lashed
together at the top, and furnished with the
necessary tackle. 8. Plu., a cutting instrument,
as a large pair of scissors.
Shear-hog, Shearling. (Sheep, Stages of
growth of.)
Shear-hooks. (N'aut.) Sickles formerly at-
tached to the yardarms, to cut an enemy's
rigging.
Shear-steel. A highly wrought steel for
making shears, scythes, etc.
Sheath-bill. (Omith.) Gen. (two spec.) and
fam. of wading-birds, about fifteen inches long ;
white, with homy sheath protecting nostrils.
Antarctic islands. Gen. Chionis^ fam. Chio- '
nldldae, ord. Grallae.
Sheave. 1. (Mech.) The wheel of a pulley
which works in a block, and carries the rope on
its rim. 2. (A^aut.) (1) Wheel of a block, etc.
(2) The number of tiers in cables, or hawsers,
when coiled. S.-hole, (i) that in which a
sheave is fitted ; (2) the groove through which
a rope is rove in a block.
Shechinah, Shekinah. [Heh. , presence of God.]
In Old Testament, the glory resting on the
tabernacle, or before the people.
Sheep, Stages of growth of. Wether and
ram (or tup) lambs become //ogs, Hoggerels,
Hoggets, or Tags, as soon as the next year's
lambs begin to fall ; on shearing they become
Shear- hogs. Shearlings, Dinmonts, Tups, or Two-
toothed Tags, as the case may be. After the
next shearing the wether is termed a Four-toothed
ivelher, or Two-shear hog, and so on. Rams (or
tups) also are distinguished by the number of
their annual shearings. The corresponding
stages in the females are (i) Ewe lamb, Gimmer
L., or E. tag. (2) Shearling E., Two-toothed
E., or Thaive. (3) Thaive, Two-shear E., or
G., or Fotir-toothed E. (4) Three-shear. (5)
Full-mouthed. The E., on losing her teeth, is
termed a Crone. But names vary locally.
Sheepmaster. 2 Kings iii. 4. Master here is
owner. So beemaster, etc.
Sheepshank. (Naut.) A contrivance to
shorten a rope in the middle temporarily, by
SHEE
442
SHIP
doubling it and knotting each end of the doubled
part in a peculiar way.
Sheer, {yaut.) 1. The curve in a vessel's
length. 2. The position in which a vessel at
single anchor is kept to prevent her fouling it.
To break S., to shift from that position. S.-hiilk,
an old vessel fitted with sheers (q.v.), etc.
Sheering, sailing in a wavy line. S.-mast, a
pair of sheers in which a fore-and-aft mainsail
works instead of being hoisted on a mast.
Sheers. {Naut.) Two or more spars set up
at an angle, lashed together near their upper
ends, and supported by guys. Used to lift
weights, rig masts, etc.
Sheet (Naui.) A rope or chain attached to
the lower corner or corners of a sail, to regulate
its position.
Sheet anchor. (Anchors.)
Sheik. (Scheiks.)
Sheikh-td-Islam. (HnftL)
Sheldonian Theatre. The building at Oxford
answering to the Senate House at Cambridge ;
so called from Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of
Canterburj-, who built it.
Sheldrake. [Sheld, i.e. spotted ; perhaps akin
to A.S. scylan, from skel, to distinguish. '\
(Omith.) Sheld-drake ; spec, of variegated
wild duck, twenty-four to twenty-seven inches
long ; builds in rabbit-holes. Gen. Tidorna,
fam. Anatidae, ord. Anseres.
Shellac. (Lac.)
Shelling. Groats (because the husk or shell
is removed).
Shell-jacket. [Afil.) Uniform coat only
reaching to the waist.
Shelter-trench. (J//7.) Slight earthen para-
pet thrown up from a shallow ditch ; a hasty
and temporary cover to troops from the fire of
an enemy.
Sheminith. In title of Ps. vi., xii., both peni-
tential ; the eighth or octave ; i.e. probably
with bass voice or accompaniments.
Sheol. Hidden; Heb. equivalent of the Gr.
Hades, the abode of the departed.
Shepherd kings. Ancient kings ruling in
Egypt, sometimes called Hycsos. They are
supposed to have been expelled on the rise of
the eighteenth dynasty, about B.C. 1625.
Shepherd's Calendar. Edmund Spenser's
series of pastorals, divided into twelve monthly
parts — the scenery, climate, names, English — in
which, as in Virgil's Bucolics, questions of
morality and State are treated in idyllic dialogue ;
with praises of living persons.
Shepherd'a-pnrse. (Bot.) A common weed,
Capsella bursa pastoris, ord. Cruciftrse ; an
annual, abundant in our gardens and corn-fields ;
one of the few plants found almost all over the
world.
Sherhet [An, a draught.] A perfumed
lemonade used in the East.
Sherif. [Ar., iord, or master.] One who is
descended from Mohammed through his daughter
Fatima, the wife of Ali. The Sherifs are also
called Emir and Seyd, or Syud, and have the
right of wearing the green turban. (Scheiks.)
Sheriffi [Originally shire-reeve, = vice-comes,
or deputy of the earl.] The chief officer in each
county ; the bailiff of the Crown.
Shewbread. In Jewish Hist., the name
given to the twelve loaves of bread, one for
each of the tribes, which were placed every
sabbath ' ' on the pure table before the Lord,
to be eaten there, and only by the priests.
Shiahs, Shias. Mohammedans who consider
Ali, the fourth caliph, as the rightful successor
of the prophet, and look on his predecessors,
Abubekr, Omar, and Othman, as usurpers.
The Persians generally belong to this body.
Their opponents are called Sonnites or Sun-
niahs.
Shibah. (^Naut.) A small Indian vessel.
ShibbSleth. 1. A Hebrew word [(i) an ear
of corn, (2) a stream], used by Jephthah (Judg.
xii. 6) to distinguish from his own men, who
pronounced the sound sh, the Ephraimites,
who, sounding only s, said sibboleth. Hence,
2, the test -word of any party.
Shield-ship. {Naut.) One having a massive
iron shield, or shields, to protect its heavy gun,
or guns. S. tower or turret, an armoured re-
volving turret to protect guns.
Shieve, To. {Naut.) 1. To have headway.
2. To row the wrong way to assist in steering.
Shifting. (TVaw/. ) S. a tackle, moving the
blocks further apart ; called also fleeting. S.
bcukstays or preventers, those that can be
moved from one side of a ship to the other.
S. ballast, moving pigs of iron, bags of sand, etc.,
to trim the ship. Also applied to " live lumber,"
i.e. live stock, and human beings who do not
form part of the crew. .S". boards, bulkheads
running the length of a hold.
Shift the helm. (Naut.) An order to move
it from port to starboard, or vice versd.
Shiites. (Sunnites.)
Shiggaion. In title of Ps. vii., probably = a
lyrical composition expressing mental excitement
{Speaker's Commentary).
Shillelah. An oaken cudgel (from the Irish
forest of Shillelah).
Shilling, Taking the. Until very lately, =
enlisting ; from the shilling given to the recruit
on the occasion. But no money passes to the
recruit now, since the Army Discipline and
Regulation Act, 1879.
Shim. 1. A kind of hoe. 2. A thin slip of
metal placed between two parts to make a fit.
Shingle. [Ger. schindel.] A thin plank with
one end thicker than the other, used for roofing.
Shingle beaches. (Beaches.)
Shingles. (Herpes.)
Shingle-tramper. In Naut. slang, a coast-
guard man.
Shingling. Hammering puddled iron to make
it into blooms.
Shin-plaster. In America, slang for paper-
money.
Shin np, To. [N^ant. ) To climb up a rope or
spar by griping it with hands and legs.
Ship. [A word containing the root of shape,
A.S. sceapan, scippan, Ger. schaffen, Gr.
ffKdvTO), ffKdL<f>os, skiff, etc.] In Naut. lan-
guage, strictly, a three-masted, square-rigged
SHIP
443
SHUS
vessel. S.-breaker, one who buys old vessels,
and takes them to pieces. S.-broker, an agent
between shipowners, merchants, etc. S.-chan-
dkr, one who supplies sea-stores. S.-con-
trailer, the charterer or freighter. S. cut daivn
(Sasee.) S. -keeper, (i) a stay -aboard officer;
(2) the man in charge of a vessel, whose
crew is not on board. S.-lord, old name
for a shipowner. S.-man, the master of a
barge. S.-man's card, (l) a chart ; (2) the
compass card. S.-master, the master, or
captain. S. raised upon, one having had her
upper works heightened. Ship's husband. (Hus-
band.) S.-sloop, a twenty-four-gun, or smaller,
man-of-war, commanded by a captain.
Ship money. (Eng. Hist.) A tax imposed by
Charles I. without authority of Parliament ; and
the discontent thus caused led, with other things,
to the civil war. The maritime and perhaps
some of the inland counties had in remote times
been taxed for the support of the navy in cases
of emergency or invasion. But this assessment
was made on all counties ; it was not for the
support of the navy, or of the navy only ; and
it was believed to be imposed with the view of
curtailing the national liberties by raising taxes
without the consent of the governed.
Ship's hnsband. (Htuband.)
Ship-worm. (Teredo.)
Shiremote. In O.K. Law, the meeting of the
shire, or the sherifTs court.
Shirred. [O.Ger. shirren, to prepare. \ Having
bands of elastic, etc., inserted between the faces
of the stuff, as in a pair of braces.
Shirt of need. In the Middle Ages, a garment
called by the Germans noth hernd, supposed to
make the wearer invulnerable. (Tamkappe.)
SUttah tree (Isa. xli. 19), Shittim wood ( Kxod.
xxvi., xxxvi. ). An acacia, largest timber tree
of the Arabian desert ; having hard brownish
wood, and yielding gum-arabic.
Shiver. {Naut.) I.q. sheave {q.v.\
ShoaL [Akin to shallow, shelf, etc.] A
shallmv place, or sandbank.
Shoddy. A fibrous material obtained by tear-
ing to pieces old woollen goods.
Shoepaok. A moccasin made of tanned
leather, with the black side in.
Shogoon. (Tycoon.)
Shook. A set of staves for making a barrel, or
of boards for a sugar-box.
Shoot. In Mining, a vein of ore running in
the same direction as the strata in which it occurs.
'Shoot, To. (,Naut.) S. the compass, to go
wide of the mark. S. the sun, take an obser-
vation.
Shooting star. A small body which, coming
out of space into the atmosphere, is ignited by
the heat developed by the check to its motion
caused by the resistance of the air. (Heteoric
shower.)
Shooting-stick. A tapering piece of wood or
iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in
the chase.
Shorling. The fleece shorn from a living sheep.
Short boards or tacks. Short runs, or legs,
made successively in tacking.
Shorter Catechism. (Catechism.)
Short-service. {^Xaut.) Tliat which protects
a small part of a hemp cable. (Service, 2.)
Short-sighted eye. One which has too great a
refractive power, and brings rays from a distant
object to convergence in front of the retina ; it
cannot, therefore, see such objects distinctly,
though they are clearly discerned by the human
eye in its ordinary state.
Shoshannim. In title of Ps. xlv., Ixix., Ixxx. ;
lilies ; the name of a melody (?) or metaph.
(?) = bridesmaids ; a melody fit for nuptials.
Shot silk. Silk having the warp-threads all of
one colour and the weft of another.
Shoulder angle. {Mil.) That formed by the
meeting of a face and a flank of a bastion.
Shonlder-of-matton sail. {Naut.) A trian-
gul.ir sail, like the mainsail of a '3fudian (q.v,).
Shoulders. (Undersetters.)
Shout [D. schuyt.] {Naut.) A light and
nearly flat-bottomed fen-boat.
Shoute-men. {Naut.) Thames lightermen.
Shovel-board. At which, according to Macau-
lay, the squire and his chaplain played together
on wet days — "a game played on a long board,
by sliding metal pieces at a mark." — ^Johnson's
Dictionary.
Shoveller. (Omith.) Gen. of wild duck,
with bill broadening at tip. Gen. Spaliila, fam.
Anatida", ord. Ansfires.
Shrapnel shell (General S., of R. A., inventor),
or Spherical case-shot {Mil.) Thin shell filled
with musket-balls mixed with a bursting charge of
powder, having a short fuze for bursting it before
the completion of its range.
Shrike (from its j^r/ir/{7w^). {Omith.) Fam.
of dentirostral birds ; rapacious ; e.g. common
butcher-bird. Almost cosmopolitan, except
Central and S. America. Laniidse, ord. Pas-
s2res.
Shrinkage. \A..S. ^crmc^in, to contract.l Con-
traction of heated metals, castings, etc., on
cooling.
Shrinking bead. A supply of molten metal
connected with a mould for making good the
loss caused by shrinkage as the casting cools.
Shrink-on, To. To place on a cylindrical
body, as a cannon, a heated metal hoop, which,
when cool, has a diameter slightly less than that
of the cylinder ; the fit is tight when the ring is
hot, and consequently when it is cool it grasps
the cylinder with a great force, due to its ten-
dency to contract.
Shroff. [Ar. ] A banker or money-changer.
Shroud-rope. (A^aut.) Hawser-laid rope of
extra quality.
Shrouds. (Crouds.)
Shrouds. [A.S. scrvii. shroud, screiiic, shred. ^
{Naut.) Those ropes by which lateral support
is given to a mast, or to the bowsprit. S.-stopper.
(Stopper.) S. -trucks. (Truck.)
Shude. [Ger. scheiden, to separate^ Rice
husks, etc., for adulterating oil-cake.
Shumae. [Ar. summak, from samaka, to be
long.] Fustet {q.v.).
Shushan-eduth. In title of Ps. Ix. ; the lily 0/
testimony. (Shoshannim.)
SHUT
444
SIGN
Shut [A. S. scythan, to shut!\ The line of
closure where two pieces of metal are welded
together. Cold shut is the imperfect junction
caused by insufficient heat in either piece of metal.
Shuttle. [A.S. scyttel, from sceotan, to shoot.'\
An instrument used in weaving for shooting the
thread of the woof backwards and forwards be-
tween the threads of the warp.
Shwan pan. The Chinese Abacus.
Sialagogue. [Gr. aiiiXov, saliva, i.yoiy6s, a
ptide.'\ (Me J.) Any medicine which increases
the flow of saliva.
Sialous. [Afed. ) Having saliva [Gr. a'taXov],
Sibilant [L. sibilantem.] A letter uttered
with a hissing sound, as j,
Sibyl. [Gr. 2i/3vAAa.] A prophetess, as the
sibyl of Cumse, in the ^neid. Ten sibyls are
named by some authors.
Sibylline books. Books which were supposed
to contain the fortunes of the Roman state.
These were brought by the sibyl to Tarquin the
Proud, who refused them at the price asked.
Having burnt six, the sibyl asked the same
price for the remaining three. The king then
bought them, and they were kept in the temple
of the Capitoline Jupiter. A similar tale is told
of a Hindu king.
Sic. [L., thtts.\ A word used by writers, when
quoting, to draw attention to blunders in the
writing or printing, especially to such as seem to
be the result of culpable ignorance or negligence.
Sicca. (Bupee.)
Siocum lilmen. [L., dry lij^ht.] In the Ba-
conian philosophy, the handling of questions
without prejudice or partiality, thus placing
them in a light free of all distorting vapour.
Sicilian Vespers. (Hist.) The massacre of
the French soldiers and subjects of Charles of
Anjou in Sicily, in 1282, is called by this name.
On the expulsion of Charles, the Sicilians placed
themselves under the protection of the King of
Aragon.
Sicilies, The Two. Sicilia Citeriore, S. on
this side, with reference to Naples, = about
one-third of Italy ; and S. Ulteriore, or the I.
of Sicily.
Sic Ittir ad astra. [L.] Thus it is gone to the
stars ; such is the path to immortality.
Sick Man, The. The Sultan of the Ottoman
Turks. So called by the Emperor Nicholas, in
a conversation with Sir H. Seymour, April,
1853, with reference to a proposed division of
effects.
Sic sedSbat. [L.] So he used to sit ; on
statues.
Sic transit gloria mundi [L.] So passes
away the world's glory. The pope, at his coro-
nation, is thus addressed by a clerk ot the
chapel, who holds in his hand a stick with
lighted tow.
Sic utere tuo, ut aliSnum ne Isedas. [L.] In
Law, so use what is thine Oivn, as not to injure
that which is another's. This maxim is the only
limitation upon the enjoyment of a tenant in fee
simple ; so in the case of mines, it is sometimes
an entire denial of the right of enjoyment. —
Blown, Law Dictionary.
Sic v81o, sic jiib6o. [L., so I will and com-
mand.} A despotic command. (Stet pro xtu-
tione voluntas.)
Sic volumus. [L.] So we will it ; of aThitrary
decisions.
Sic vos non vobis. [L.] So ye not /or your-
selves (Virgil). A phrase for work in which
the workman's reward goes to others.
Side-arms. (Mil.) The sword or bayonet
carried at a soldier's side.
Side-bone. In a horse. (Eing-bone.)
Side-lever. The part of a marine steam-
engine corresponding to the beam in the ordinary
stationary steam-engine.
Sidereal clock [L. sider^us, belonging to the
stars\ ; S. day ; S. time ; S. year. Sidereal
time is time reckoned by the diurnal motion of
the stars, or more strictly by that of the (mean)
first point of Aries, just as ordinary (mean) time
is kept by the motion of the (mean) sun. A S.
clock is regulated to show the sidereal time of
any instant : e.g. it shows 3 hrs. when the first
point of Aries is 45" or 3 hrs. west of the
meridian. (For S. day, vide Day; for S. year,
vide Year.)
Siderography. [Gr. (rlSripos, iron, ypd<pfw, 1
draw.] A process of copying an engraved steel
plate by first rolling over it, when hardened, a
soft-steel cylinder, and then rolling the cylinder,
when hardened, over a soft-steel plate.
Sideroscope. [Gr. aiSripos, iron, aKoiriu, 1
view.] An instrument for revealing the presence
of iron in any substance by means of magnetic
needles.
Sidesmen. Men appointed to assist church-
wardens. Canon XC, 1603, " Side-men, or
Assistants." (Questmen.)
Siena, Terra di sienna, Baw sienna. A
brownish-yellow earth from Sienna, in Italy,
used as a water-colour. Burnt sienna is of a
deep orange tint, and is made by burning raw
sienna. (Ochres.)
Sierra. [Sp., L. serra, a saw^ The Spanish
name for a chain of hills, properly with jagged
summits, as the Sierra Nevada, or snowy
range.
Siesta. [Sp., a sitting down.] The Spanish
name for the rest taken within doors during the
heat of the day.
Sight. (Mil.) A piece of metal secured to
the upper side of the barrel of any firearm, for
assisting the aim and showing the extent of
range.
Sigillaria. (Geol. ) A gen. of fossil tree-stems,
with leaf-scars, like impressions of a seal [L.
sigillum] ; characteristic of Carboniferous system.
Sign, Algebraical. A symbol denoting a cer-
tain operation performed on or relation between
other symbols denoting numbers ; thus, -J- is
the sign of addition, — of subtraction, = of
equality, etc. ; as, 5 -f- 7 = 12, and 8 — 3=5,
etc.
Signature. [L.L. signatura, a sealing, mark-
ing.] 1. In Music, the flats and sharps placed
after the clef, and indicating the key. 2. In
Printing, a small letter, or sometimes number,
placed at the foot of the first sheet or section —
SIGN
445
SIMP
which generally contains sixteen pages — of any
book.
Signatures, Doctrine of. This term denotes
the old notion that natural substances indicate,
by their outward form or colour, the diseases for
which they may be used as remedies. Thus
turmeric, being yellow, must cure jaundice, etc.
Signet, Privy. 1. One of the royal seals, for
private letters and grants under the sign-manual,
kept by the Secretary of State for the Home
Department. 2. In Scotland, the signet
authenticates royal letters and writs for pur-
poses of justice. Hence the title, Clerks or
Writers to the S.
Signlflc&vit [L.] (Z<f.) A clause in a
writ, or the writ itself, wherein a judge or other
competent authority has signified to the king
that the person against whom the writ has been
directed was manifestly contumacious, openly
disobeying an order of the court.
Sign-manoaL The royal signature, super-
scribed on bills of grants and letters patent,
which are then sealed with the privy Signet or
the Great Seal.
Signs of the Zodiac. (Zodiac.)
Sigord. The great hero of the Volsunga
Saga, and the Nibelongen-lied.
Silentiary. [L. silentiarius, from silentium,
siUnce.\ In Rom. Hist., one whose duty it was
to maintain silence in the imperial palace. In
the Latin empire the cabinet secretaries were so
called.
mSnlis. [Gr. 'i[\'nvo% akin to Seirens.]
(Gr. Myth.) The foster-father of Dionysos (Bac-
chus), usually represented as riding on an ass,
with a pitcher in his hand, and as endowed with
prophetic powers.
Silhouette. 1, A profile, or shadow-outline
of the human figure, filled in with a dark colour,
the shadows, etc., being indicated by the help of
some shining material ; practised by the an-
cients also ; e.g. the monochromes on Etruscan
vases. 2. Profiles cut out of black paper. S.,
the name of a very economical minister of
finance in France, 1759, became by melon., =
something plain and cheap.
Silica, Silicic acid. [L. sIlTcem, a flint, of
which it is the essential constituent.] A com-
pound of oxygen with silicium, or silicon ; the
most abundant of the solid constituents of the
earth. Quartz, chalcedony, opal, flint, jasper,
are its chief varieties ; and silica is also widely
distributed as a constituent in minerals, as fel-
spar, etc.
Silicates. [L. sTlicem, ay2m/.] Compounds of
sflica with certain bases ; e.g. all forms of clay,
felspar, hornblende, mica, serpentine, etc., are
compounds of this kind.
Silioiam, Silicon. [L. stlicem, flint.'\ An
element, the chief constituent of flint.
SHIqua [L.], Silique. {Hot.) The long podlike
fruit of crucifers, having a dissepiment to which
the seeds are attached ; e.g. wallflower. (Beplun.)
Silicle [siliciila], a small siliqua ; e.g. garden
cress.
Silk gown. In legal language, a Qseen's
counsel ; so called as wearing a silk gown.
Silly season. The season in which newspaper
writers are supposed to indulge in silly writing,
from the lack of matter of a better sort, caused
by the recess of Parliament and by general
holiday-making.
Silt. Miscellaneous matter (ai^l., calc), de-
posited by standing or running water ; perhaps
the thing sited ; to sile being to strain ; the sedi-
ment.
Silurian system. {Geol.) Sir R. Murchison's
name for the grey wacke series ; a large, enor-
mously thick division of Palaeozoic rocks, below
the Old Red Sandstone and above the Cam-
brian ; studied by him in the parts of Wales and
England which are = British kingdom of the
SUiires.
SnflrldaB. [L. sTlurus, probably the sheat-
fish, a[\ovpos.\ (Ichth.) Fam. of fish divided
into eight sub-fams. and seventeen groups ; fresh
and salt water, without scales, and with bar-
bules ; as the sheat-fish, or sly silurus. Tem-
perate and tropical rivers and coasts. Ord.
Physostomi, sub-class Tflfiostel.
Silver Age. (Ages, The four.)
Silverling. Isa. vii. 23 ; small silver coin.
Silvictura, or Forestry. The cultivation and
management of forest trees.
Simeon Stylltes. (Stylites.)
SlmlldsB. [L. Simla, a fie, from simus (Gr.
crlfxis), flat-nosed.] (Zoo/.) The anthropoid
apes, i.e. the most human-like of the monkey
tribe ; as the gorilla. Trop. W. Africa, Sumatra,
Borneo, etc., and Assam to S. China.
Similar figures. {Math.) Alike in form but
different in magnitude ; thus two plane recti-
lineal figures are similar when their angles are
equal, each to each, and when the sides about
equal angles are proportional.
Similar motion. {Music.) (Motion.)
SImlli. [L., tiie.] In Rhet., a comparison,
a metaphor drawn out.
Simllla slmlUbus curantur. [L.] Things
are cured by their likes ; the principle of homoeo-
pathy.
Similor. [L. sTmilis, /»>f^, Fr. ox, gold.] An
alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold.
Simious. Ape-like. (Simiidn.)
Simnel bread. [L.L. simnellus.] Fine wheat-
flour cake eaten on Simnel Sunday, the Fourth
Sunday in Lent, or Refreshment Sunday {q.v.).
Simonians. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Simon Magus, Acts viii.
Si mSntSnentum riqulris, oircumsploe. [L.]
If you want a monument {for him) look round ;
from Wren's epitaph in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Simony. In Law, an unlawful contract for
presenting a clergyman to a benefice. The word
refers to Simon Magus, Acts viii. ; but our laws
are directed against ofiences unlike those which
are ascribed to him.
Simoom. [Ar. samflm, from samm, poison."]
A wind heated and dried by blowing over the
parched deserts of Africa, Arabia, etc. The
Khamseen of Syria, the Samiel of the Turks, and
the Sirocco and Sorana of other countries.
Simons. (Simiidae.) Flat-nosed.
Simple homage. (Homage.)
SIMP
446
SITO
Simplex munditiis. [L.] Simple in thy or-
naments (Horace). "Plain in thy neatness"
(Milton).
Simtilacram. [L., a likeness, image. "^ 1. The
form or image of something, as presented to the
mind. 2. (With the idea of imitation, unreality)
a shadow, semblance, false idea. So the Gr.
(XhuKov, in both senses.
Sinaitio Codex. (Abbreviations ; Codex.)
Sinapism. [Gr. ff'ivairi<rn6s, aivairi, mustard.]
A mustard poultice.
Sinciput. [L. semi, Aal/, caput, t^e head.]
Fore part of the head, from the eyes to the
coronal suture.
Sine. (Trigonometrical function.)
Sinecure. 1. A benefice 'loithoiit cure [L. sine
cura] of souls. 2. Any salaried office with no
work attached.
Sine die. [L., without (naming) a day.] In-
definitely.
Sine qua non. [L., without which not."] An
indispensable condition.
Singers of Oermany. This term includes the
Kinnesingers ; but is more especially used to
denote the meistersingers, or mastersingers, of
Germany, who became known in the fourth
century, and were incorporated by Charles IV.,
in 1.^78, under the title of Meistergenossen-
schaft.
Singhala. One of the native names for Ceylon.
Adj., Singhalese.
Single. In the language of hawking, a hawk's
talon.
Singles. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted
to give them firmness.
Single-Speech Hamilton. William Gerard
Hamilton (i 729-1 796) was so known from the
extraordinary impression made by the first and
almost the only speech which he made in Parlia-
ment.
Singletree, corr. of Sicingletree. [A.S.
swingan, to swing.] The cross-piece to which
the traces of a horse are fastened.
Single. A fine tea with large flat leaves not
much rolled.
Singular point. (Math. ) A point on a curve
possessing some property distinguishing it from
the other points of the curve ; as a point of
contrary flexure where the direction of the curva-
ture changes, .1 multiple point through which two
or more branches of the curve pass.
Singultus. [L.] {A/ed.) Hiccough.
Sinister. [ll, on the left hand.] 1. Unlucky,
unpropitious, according to Greek usage, the
Greek augur having his face to the north. The
Roman looked south. Both regarded the evil
omens as coming from the west. 2. (Her.) The
left-hand side of an escutcheon, which is, of
course, to the right hand of a person facing it.
Sinking fund. A fund for reducing the capital
of the public debt. It has been found that
there is no effectual method of doing this except
by an excess of revenue over expenditure, the
excess being employed for the extinction of a
portion of the debt, and not to a separate fund
accumulating at compound interest.
Sinnet. (Sennit)
Si non e vero, e ben trovato. [It.] If it be not
true, it is well made up ; said of plausible stories.
Sinter. (Calc-sinter.)
Sintoos. In Japan, the adherents of the Sin-
syn, or ancient religion of the country, before
the introduction of Buddhism.
SipahL (Sepoys.) ,
Siphon. [Gr. fftftov, any kind of tube, a
siphon.] 1. (Mech.) A bent tube for conveying
a liquid over the edge of a vessel containing it
into another vessel at a lower level. 2. (Zool.)
(i) The tube running through the chambered
shell of a mollusc. (2) That formed by the
mantle of certain univalve and bivalve molluscs.
(3) The mouth (Latreille) of some insects.
Siphunoulated. Having a little siphon, or
spout.
Si quis. [L.] A notice, read in his parish
church, that A B desires ordination, and that
if any one knows of any impediment, he should
declare it then, or acquaint the bishop.
Sirat, Al. (Al-sirat.)
Sir Charles Grandison. An ideal portrait, in
S. Richardson's novel so named, of the com-
bination of moral and religious perfection with
social graces and accomplishments.
Sirdar. [Pers. and Hind.] A chief.
Siren, Sirenia. [Gr. a(ipy\v.] 1. The sixth
ord. of mammals. (Manatidas.) 2. Gen. of am-
phibians, like eels, but with front legs. S.E. of
U.S., America. Ord. Urodela.
Siren. [Gr. 1,tip4)v, a siren, its sound being
like a clear, sweet voice.] 1. In Myth., Seirens.
2. (Music.) An ingenious invention of M. de
la Tour ; an instrument which determines the
number of aerial vibrations corresponding to a
note of any given pitch.
SIrius. [L., Gr. <rejp»oj.] (Astron.) The
Dog-star (</.v.).
Sirocco. [It. scirocco, from Ar. shark, sun-
rise.] An oppressive, relaxing wind blowing
in Italy, etc., from the Libyan deserts. (Simoom.)
Si BomsB sitis Bomano vivite more. [L.] Do
at Rome as the Romans do; lit. survey in
Roma7i fashion.
Sir Boger de Coverley. Type, very admirably
drawn, of the old-fashioned country gentleman ;
in the Spectator.
Sirventes. (Troubadours.)
Sisal grass. (Bot.) The dressed fibre of the
American aloe, imported from Sisal, in Yucatan,
and used for cordage.
Siste, viator ! [L.] Stop, wayfarer I a com-
mon beginning for epitaphs.
Sistrum. [Gr. adffTpov, from o-fiw, I shake.]
An Egyptian timbrel, which the priests of Isis
shook at her festivals.
Sisyphus. [Gr. alavtpos, redupl. form of
ffo<p6s, the wise man.] In Gr. Myth., a being
who is condemned to roll daily to the top of a
hill a huge stone, which immediately rolls down
again. The stone is the orb of the sun, which
no sooner reaches the zenith in its ascent from
the horizon than it sinks down to it again.
Sita. (Bakshasas.)
Sitomania. Insanity [Gr. fiavla, madness] ac-
companied by rejection oifood [airos].
SITT
447
SLEE
Sit tibi terra levia. [L.] Light be i]te earth
upon th^e ; often put on epitaphs, under the
initial letters S.T.T.L.
Sittldse. [(?) From their cry ; cf. Gr. fftrra,
a cry of drovers to their flocks. ] (Omith. ) Nut-
hatches ; fam. of tenuirostral climbing-birds,
with only one posterior toe, climbing upwards
or downwards indifferently, making no use of
tail in climbing. N. Europe, and N. America,
Asia, and Australia ; only one spec, in Europe,
slate-coloured back, salmon-coloured belly, Sitta
C£Esia, gen. Sitta, fam. Sittldse, ord. Pass^res.
Siti-bath. [Ger. sitzbad.] A tub for bathing
in a sitting posture.
Siva. (Mahadeva.)
Si vales, bene est : ego quoqae valeo. [L.] If
you are vjell, it is good : I too am well ; often
prefixed to old Roman letters, under the initials
8.V.B.E.E.Q.V.
Sivan. Esth. viii. 9 ; ninth month of civil, third
month of ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; May — June.
Si vis pacem, pari belluxn. [L.] If thou
■wiskest peace, make ready for war.
Six A^ The, November, 1819, after the
Peterloo Massacre (q.v.), had reference to (i)
delay of trial for misdemeanour ; (2) prevention
of training in arms and military evolutions ; (3)
blasphemous and seditious publications ; (4) the
seizing of arms in disturbed districts ; (5) regu-
lation, by a required stamp and otherwise, of
certain publications ; (6) seditious assemblies.
Six Articles, Statute of the. A Bill passed by
the Parliament, 1539, at the instance of Henry
VIII., enforcing doctrines and practices not
acceptable to the reforming parties, while those
who would be disposed to accept them refused to
admit the royal supremacy. The Act thus told
against all sides equally.
Six-upon-four. {.Vaut.) Reduced allowance,
six men being put on the rations of four. Sijc-
water grog, six parts water, etc. , to one part
rum, given as a punishment, instead of the usual
four-water grog.
Sisars. The lowest class of students at Cam-
bridge ; so termed from the sizings or rations of
bread, meat, etc., allowed free to them.
Siie. [Welsh syth.] A weak glue used by
paperhangers, bookbinders, painters, etc
Sizel. (Scissel.)
Skald. (Scald.)
Skate-lnrker. (Naut.) A beggar dressed as
and pretending to be a sailor.
Skelp. The rolled metal from which a gun-
barrel is made.
Skew-arch ; S.-bridge. An arch whose shap)e is
obtained from that of a common arch by distort-
ing it in a horizontal plane, so that the space it
covers between the abutments is no longer a
rectangle, but a parallelogram whose angles
differ more or less from a right angle. A S. -
bridge is built with a skew-arch, and is com-
monly used when a railway passes under or over
a road, canal, etc., whose direction is not at
right angles to that of the railway.
Skid. A shoe for fastening the wheel of a
waggon, so as to prevent its turning in descending
ahilL
Skidbladnir. In Teut. Myth., a ship capable
of holding all the yEsir, or gods of Valhalla,
and also of being folded up like a handkerchief.
It is the same as the ships of the Phteakians
(PhsBacians), which go straight to their mark
without helm, sails, or mariners, and which are,
in short, the clouds.
Skiff. (Ship.) 1. Any small boat. 2. A
sailing-vessel carrying a fore-and-aft mainsail,
jib foresail, and jib, and having no topmast.
Skillet. [O.Fr. escuellette, L. scutella, dim.
of scutra, adish.'\ A small iron vessel for heat-
ing water.
Skilly. Slang term for weak oatmeal gruel.
Skimmington, To ride. A phrase of un-
known origin ; s.iid of a man who, having been
beaten by his wife, is made to ride on a horse
behind a woman, with a distaff in his hand. It
is sometimes written Skimatry and Skimmerton.
Skin. {Naut.) The inner planking. S. of a
sail, that part of a sail which is outside when
it is furled. To S. up a sail in the bunt, give
it a smooth skin by furling it well up on the
yard.
Skipetar. Tlie name by which the Albanians,
or Arnauts, are called among themselves. —
Fin lay, Nist. of Greece, i. 335.
Skive. The iron lap in which a diamond is
held during the finishing of its facets.
Skiver. [Ger. schiefer, «/?«>&/?.] A poor leather
made of split sheepskin, used for lining hats, etc.
Skow. (Scow.)
Sknld. (Noms.)
Skunk. [Contracted from Abenaki seganku.]
(Zool.) Mephitis, the most offensive of the
weasel tribe (Mustelldje) ; about the size of a
cat ; when irritatetl or alarmed, it squirts over
its assailant a foetid liquid, secreted by special
glands near the root of the tail. America.
Skysail. {jVaut.) That above the royal. S.-
mast, either the top of royal-mast, or a sliding
gunter, i.e. a small spar rigged abaft the mast.
Sky-Boraper. (Naut.) A triangular sail above
the skysail. Where squaresails are set above
a skysail, they are called, first, moonsail, second,
star-gazer, etc.
Slacken, Slakin. [Ger. schlacke, dross.]
Spongy, half-vitrified substances mixed with ores
to prevent their fusion.
Slag. [Ger. schlacke.] The vitrified cinders
of a blasting furnace.
Slashed. Having long slits, through which
may be seen the under vesture.
Slat. A narrow, flat piece of wood, as the
cross-bars of a chair.
Slavonic languages. The dialects of Lithuania,
Russia, and Poland.
Sleave silk. [Ger. schleife, knot.] Raw,
untwisted silk, as used for weaving.
Sleep. {Naut.) (Asleep.)
Sleeper. 1. {Arch.) A timber or plate, under
the floor of a building, on which the joists rest.
2. {Mil.) In gunnery, joists forming the frame-
work of a gun platform in the direction of its
length, and across which the planks are laid.
Sleep of plants. The folding u]5 of their leaves,
mostly by night. (Irritability of plant*.)
SLEI
448
SMUT
Sleipnir. In Teut. Myth., the eight-footed
white horse of Odin.
Sleuth-honnd, Slouth-H., Sluth-H. [Scand.,
sleutk, track known by scents, O.N. sloiS, track,
path, Gael, slaod, trail along the ground
(Wedgwood).] (Zool.) A keen-scented dog, as
the bloodhound, hunting by the slettth, or slot.
Sleying. Parting the threads to arrange them
in a sley, or reed. (Beed.)
Slide-rest. The part of a lathe in which the
cutting tool can be held, instead of being held by
the hand.
Slide-Talve. A dish-shaped rectangular piece,
with an accurately plane surface, which is caused
by the eccentric to slide in the steam-chest of a
steam-engine, so as to open and shut alternately
the passages or ports by which the steam enters
the cylinder.
Sliding-keel. {^Naut.") Planks, or plates of
metal, making a false keel, but so constructed
that, on touching the ground, etc., they slide up
through the keel.
Sliding-mle, or Slide-rule. {Math^ A rule
used for gauging, etc., furnished with one or
more graduated slips, which are capable of
sliding in grooves cut in the body of the rule ; by
properly adjusting these slides to the length,
breadth, etc., of surfaces or solids, their areas,
volumes, etc., are obtained by merely reading
the graduations.
SUding-Boale. In Finance, the regulation of
prices, by varying the rates of taxation on im-
ports in proportion to the price at which the
same articles produced at home are offered for
sale.
Slime. Gen. xi. 3 ; Heb. chemer, bitumen. So
in the building of Babylon they used aa<^iiKrif
0fpnfj (Herod., i. 179).
Slip. In Keramics, is potter's clay of the
consistence of cream ; called also Slo/>.
Slipped, (/fer.) Severed from the branch, as
sli/>s are taken from a plant.
Slit-and-tail bandage. (Surg.) The strips
or tails of one part passing through holes in
another part.
Slogan. [Gael.] The war-cry of a Scottish
clan.
Sloop. A vessel similar to a cutter, but the
bowsprit is not a running one, and the jib is set
on a stay. In N. America, it sets on by a main-
sail and jib foresaiL S. in navy. (Bate.)
Slop. (Slip.)
Slot. {Mech.') A mortise or slit cut in a
plate of metal to receive a key -bolt or other part
of a machine.
Slot. (Slentt-hound.)
Slouth-hound. (Sleuth-hound.)
Slow-worm. (?) The creeping worm \cf.
Ger. blindschleiche, schleichen, to creep (Wedg-
wood) ; ei in Ger. being often = ^ in Eng.].
(Blind-worm.) Others take it as the slaying-
worm [A.S. sla-waurm].
Slubbing. Drawing out and slightly twisting
(vv'ool).
Slugs, [Afil.) Small pieces of lead, of irre-
gular shape, fired from a musket at short range,
to give a jagged wound.
Sluice. [A word common to many European
languages, derived, perhaps, from L. exclusa ;
sc. aqua, water shut out.} A flood-gate, a vent
for water.
Sltir. [Cf. L.G. sluren, to wabble, and other
cognate words (vide Wedgwood).] (Music.)
A curved line over two or more notes to be
played legato.
Sltish. A mixture of white lead and lime, with
which the bright parts of machinery are painted
to keep them from rusting.
Sluth-honnd. (Sleuth-hound.)
Smack. (JVaut.) Merchant or passenger
vessels ranging to 2CO tons, generally cutter-
rigged.
Smalcald, League of. A combination of Pro-
testant princes of Germany, 1530, to support the
cause, generally, against Charles V. ; but
especially to prevent the assembling of any
Council professing to represent the whole
Church, unless independently of papal in-
fluence.
Small arms. (Mil.) Every kind of firearm
which can be carried by hand.
Smalt. [Ger. smalte.] A deep bine glass
coloured with oxide of cobalt, and used, when
powdered, in paper-staining.
Smart money. Previous to the Army Discipline
and Regulation Act, 1879, a fine of 20s. levied
by a J. P. on a recruit who desires release from
his engagement between the time of being
enlisted and of being attested. Enlistment now
follows upon attestation ; and the recniit may,
within three months, be discharged on payment
of ;^i o. (Chest of Chatham. )
Smectymnuus. In Eng. Hist., the title of a
work against episcopacy, published soon after
the assembling of the l.ong Parliament. It was
formed by putting together the first letters of the
Christian and surnames of the authors — Stephen
Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young,
Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow.
Smeir. [Ger. schmier, grease.] A kind of
half-glazing, made by adding salt to earthenware
glazes.
Smelting. [Ger, schmelzen, to smelt.] Melting
in a furnace, so as to purify.
Smllax. [L., Gr. ffiu^xt^, bindiveed ; but in
Greek a name of other very different plants also.]
(Bat.) A gen. of half-shrubby exogens, mostly
climbers, ord. Smilacese. In temperate and
tropical parts of Asia and America. The rhizomes
of several yield sarza, or sarsaparilla. Some
have fleshy, nutritious tubers.
Smitt. [Ger. schmitze, from schmitzen, to
besmear.] I^ine ochre in balls, used for marking
sheep.
Smock-mill. A windmill of which only the
cap turns round to meet the wind.
Smoke-box. (Mech.) The part of a locomo-
tive engine in which the smoke collects from the
fire-tubes before it goes up the chimney.
Smoke-sail, Orime-sail. (Ghrime-saiL)
SmritJ. (Veda.)
Smug-boat. (Naut.) One smuggling opium
into China.
Smut, Bunt, or Pepper-brand. (Boi.) A
SNAP
449
SOLA
fungus in com [L. uredo foetida], contained in
the body of the grain, dispersed in grinding, and
perpetuating the disease.
Snaffle. [Ger. schnabel, a snoui.] A bit
jointed in the middle.
Snap, Scotch. In Scotch melodies, and imi-
tations of them ; when a semiquaver at the
beginning of a bar is followed by a dotted quaver ;
the emphasis thus rapidly thrown on to the
second longer note gives spirit to the tune.
Snaphanoe. [Dan. snaphane, D. snaphaan.]
A spring-lock for discharging a firearm ; hence
the firearm itself.
Snarling. Forming raised work on metal by
the rebound of one end of a fixed tool, the
other end of which is struck with a hammer.
Snatch. (A^aut.) An open groove for leading
a rope. S.-block, a single iron-bound block with
an opening in one side above the sheave, so
that a rope can be placed in it without being
rove ; called also notch-block.
Snood. [O.E. snod.1 A fillet worn by
Scottish maidens.
Snow. [From Ger. snau, schnau, snout, or
beak.\ (Naut.) A brig with the boom-mainsail
set on a mast close ab5l the mainmast.
Snow-line. (G^ol.) The line of altitude
above which snow is always found on mountains.
Snow-ahoe. An open framework attached to
the sole, for walking on snow.
Soap-stone, or Steatite. [Gr. vriap, <rr4aroi,
nut.\ {Geolf^.) A hydrated silicate of magnesia,
greasy, yielding to the naiL
Soare, «'.<?. of sorrel colour (?). (Deer, Stages of
growth of.)
Sobole. [L. s5b61es, a sprout.] (Bot.) A
creeping, rooting stem.
Sobriquet. [Fr.] A nickname ; said by some
to be derived from L. subridentem, one smiling,
by others from Gr. vfipiffruciy, insulting.
Socage. [A.S. soc, szvay.] In O.E. Law, a
tenure of lands by a determinate service.
Socialists. A name lately applied especially
to the followers of Robert Owen, of Lanark,
who made community of property a necessary
condition of political improvement.
Social War. 1. In Gr. Hist., a war between
Athens and the chief cities in her confederation,
B.C. 357-355. 2. In Rom. Hist., a struggle on
the part of the Italians for the privileges of
Roman citizenship, B.C. 91-88.
Societe anonyme. In France, a joint-stock
company.
Socinians. The followers of SocTnus, uncle
and nephew, who, in the sixteenth century, main-
tained opinions in most points resembling those
of the Arians. There seems to have been no
organized body during their lifetime ; but after
their death their views were adopted by many
communities, especially in Poland.
Sociology. [L. socins, fellcnu, Gr. X^toj.] A
barbarous word, sometimes used to denote the
philosophical or religious system of the Posi-
tlTisU.
Sock. [L. soccus, akin to Eng. sack.] 1.
The shoe worn by the Roman comedians. 2.
Comedy itself. (Buskin.}
Sooratio. Anything belonging to the system
of Socrates ; but more especially to his method
of reaching conclusions by means of question
and answer.
Soda. [It., from L. salsus, salted.] (Chem.)
Oxide of sodium. Caustic soda is 'hydrate of
soda. Soda ash is the commercial name of
crude carbonate of sodium, obtained from
black-ash {q.v.) by lixiviation and evaporation.
The residue, a mixture of unbumt coal and
oxysulphide of calcium, is called soda waste.
Sodium. A very soft, light, silvery metal
obtained from soda.
Sodom, Vine of. Deut. xxxii. 32 ; probably
a colocynth, Citrullus colocynthus, growing near
the Dead Sea ; which is the same, probably, as
the wild gourd of 2 Kings iv. 39, which was
"death in the pot." The a/<ples of Sodom of
Strabo, Tacitus, Josephus, resemble oranges,
but their rind covers only dark, ash! ike contents
and seeds. Like the oak-apples, they are the
work of insects.
Soffiuides. A Persian dynasty, which sup-
planted that of the Taherites in 872, and lasted
for thirty years.
Soffit [Fr. soffite. It. soffitta.] {Arch.) The
same .is Intrados.
Sofia. [Pers., probably a corr. of Gr. trSfos,
wise.] A title of the Dervishes. (Suflsm.) The
kings of the dynasty preceding that which now
occupies the Persian throne were also so called.
(Soofls.) The system of the Sofis seems to have
many points of likeness with that of the Quietists.
Soft paste. (Paste.)
Soft tack, Soft tommy. In Naut. slang, loaf-
bre.nd.
Soi-disant. [Fr., L. se dicentem.] Self-styled;
pretending.
Soil, To. [Fr. soiil, satiated, O.Fr. saoul, L.
sStuIlus.] {Agr.) To feed animals with cut-
green food indoors ; to feed highly.
Soiree. [Fr., from soir, ^rw/V/^^^.] An evening
party.
Soit fait oomme il est desire. (La royne le
Teult)
Solander, Solan goose. /.^. gannet {^.v.).
Solano. [Sp., from L. solanus ventus, wind
of the j«//.] An oppressive east wind blowing
in Spain.
Solanoid. In shape or consistency like a
potato (Solanum tuberosum).
S51&num. {Bot.) Nightshade, a very exten-
sive gen. of plants, mostly narcotic and poison-
ous. Ord. Solanece, including S. tuberosum
(potato) ; common and woody and other night-
shades, egg-plants, tomato, etc.
Solar. [L. solarium, from sol, the sun.] A
room into which the sun shines. In the
domestic architecture of the Middle Ages, a room
built over the great hall of a house.
Solarization. [L. Solaris, belonging to the sun.]
Too long exposure of a photograph to the light
while being taken.
Solar plexus. (Sympathetic system.)
Solar spots; 8. system; S. time. {Astron.)
Solar spots are black spots, surrounded with a
less dark space, observable from time to time on
SOLD
450
SONA
the surface of the sun. The S. system is the
sun, with the planets, their attendant satellites,
and the asteroids, which circle round it. So/ar
time is either apparent or mean (Time). (For
S. cycle, S. day, vide Cycle ; Day ; etc. ).
Soldan. (Saltan.)
Solder. [O.Fr. solider, to solidify.'\ {CAem.)
An alloy of three parts of lead and one of tin.
/^ifu solder, used for tinning copper, contains
two parts of tin and one of lead. Hard solder,
used for brazing, is an alloy of brass and zinc.
Soldier*! wind. In Naut. parlance, one which
serves either way.
SolSa. [L.] {Arch.) The part of the Roman
basilica answering to the Presbjrtery in more
modern churches.
Soleoiam. [Gr. ao\oMMyL6i.'\ 1. Incorrect
speaking, as regards the use of sentences ; Bar-
barism [i3af>j3api(r^(iT] being a faulty use of words.
2. Metaph., an error against good breeding,
manners ; said to have meant, originally, a corn
of pure Attic by the colonists of Soli in Cilicia ;
but (?).
Solenhofen. {Geol.') Lithographic stone ; Ba-
varia ; a famous fossiliferous limestone ; fine-
grained,homogeneous, stratification very parallel ;
valuable in lithography. Upper Oolite.
Solenoid. [Gr. atahMv, channel, «TSos, form^
A spiral coil, having one end turned back so as
to form the axis of the spiral, used in electrical
experiments.
Sol-fa. {Music. ) A general name for the notes
of the scale ; e.g. tonic sol-fa. Guido Aretino, a
Benedictine monk in the earlier part of the
eleventh century, is said to have formed a new
system of solfeggio, having observed the fitness
of certain opening sounds of each half-line of a
hymn to St. John, which ran thus : " UT queant
laxis RE sonare fibris MIra gestorum FAmuli
tuorum SOLve polluti LAbii reatum SAncte
Johannes." Do was substituted for Ut ; Si was
perhaps suggested by " Sancte Johannes," or
was changed from ja in " Sancte. '
Sol-Mng. The system of singing which em-
ploys the names of notes instead of words.
(S0I-&.)
Bolfatara. [It. solfare, to fumigate with sul-
phur.\ A volcanic vent, from which sulphur
and sulphureous, watery, and acid vapours are
emitted.
SolfeggL {Music. ) Exercises in sol-faing {q. v. ).
Solioitor-generaL A law officer of the Crown,
who holds by patent and ranks next to the
Attorney-general.
Solicitors. Persons admitted to practise in the
Court of Chancery ; formerly styled attorneys in
the courts of common law.
Solid angle. {Math.) The angle formed by
the meeting of three or more plane angles at a
point ; as the apex of a pyramid.
Soli Seo gloria. [L.] Glory to God alone.
Solid of least resistance. (Besistance, Solid of
least.)
Solid of revolution. A solid of the same form
as the space traced out by a' plane figure during
its revolution round an axis in its plane ; as a
cone, which is traced out by the revolution of a
right-angled triangle round one of the sides con-
taining the right angle.
SoMdians. [L. solus, alone, fides, faith.']
Those who maintain that men are justified by
faith only without works. (Antinomians.)
Solitndlnem faclunt, pacem appellant. [L.]
They make a solitude, and call it peace (Tacitus).
Solmisation. I.q. Sol-faing {q.v.).
Solomon's seal. \. Pcntalpha{q.v.). 2. {Bot.)
A gen. of liliaceous but not bulbous plants ; Poly-
gonatum [Gr. iroAi;7({»'dTos, many-inotted] multl-
florum being the most frequent spec, in England.
Solstitial coltire; S. points. {.4stron.) The
points of the ecliptic 90° east and west of the
first point of Aries ; the sun is in the former
point at the midsummer of the northern hemi-
sphere, and is then at his greatest distance north
of the equinoctial ; he is in the latter point at mid-
winter, and is then at his greatest distance south
of the equinoctial. (For S. colure, vide Colore.)
Solus Dens hseredem, .fr. facit. [L.] God alone
makes an heir-at-law, a maxim in Law : man may
make a devisee, but circumstances beyond his
control help to make his heir-at-law at the time
of his death.
Solvitur ambWando. [L.] The difficulty " is
solved by walking ; " i.e. the theoretical difficulty
is got over by actual trial. An allusion to a very
old fallacy of Zeno of £lSa, mentioned by Ari-
stotle. Achilles, though going ten times as fast
as the tortoise, will never overtake him, if he
give him a start of ^'j of the course ; because by
the time A. shall have run that y'5, T. will still be
ahead by -^ of that \^, i.e. •^•, when A. shall
have run that fis, T. will be ahead by jjjjg ; there-
fore A. will never overtake T. The answer is
( I ) Solvitur, etc. ; actual trial proves that A.
will overtake, and where ; i being = \, (2)
Logically, the major premiss, in which it is
assumed that the sum of an infinite series is
infinite, is false.
Solvantor risu t&btilsB. [L.] The indictment
is quashed with a laugh (Horace).
Soma. A Japanese trading-junk.
Soma. The drink which reinvigorates the
Vedic or Hindu.gods, as the Nectar refreshes the
deities of Olympus.
Soma-, Somato-. [Gr. trSina, fftinaros, the
body.]
Sombrero. [Sp. , from sombra, shade.] A
broad-brimmed hat.
Sompnour, or Snmner {i.e. Sumnwner).
Formerly, an officer in the dreaded ecclesiastical
courts, whose duty it was to summon those who
had offended against the Canon laws.
Sonata. [It. sonare, to sound.] {Music.) At
first, a musical composition of but one movement,
an air set instrumentally. Then, of more elegant
character, were the S. di Chiesa, Church S.,
slow and solemn ; and S. di Camera, Chamber
S., admitting airs such as the Allemande, Sara-
bande, etc. Now a S. has generally a first move-
ment, allegro; a second, the slow movement ;
and a final allegro, of light character. Some-
times a fourth movement is interposed, a scherzo,
or minuet and trio, between the slow movement
and the final allegro.
SOND
451
SOUT
Sonderbnnd. [Ger., a separate league.\ A
name given to the league of the seven Catholic
cantons of Switzerland against the Federal Diet,
1846. The league was dissolved in 1847.
Sonnites. (Shiahs.)
Sonometer. [L. shx\\x%, sound, fair pov, measure.^
{Phys.) An instrument employed for the de-
termination of the frequency of vibration of a
note of given pitch, consisting of a catgut of
metallic wire stretched by a weight passing over
a pulley, and furnished with a movable bridge,
which can be adjusted till the string yields a note
of any required pitch ; the frequency can then
be calculated from the weight and the observed
length of the string from its fixed end to the
bridge.
SonoroTLS flgrirea. (Kodal figures.)
Sons and Daughters of Liberty, Societies of.
After Townsend's imposts on tea, glass, and
paper, 1767; refused to use imported goods;
they were first set up in Massachusetts, after-
wards numerous in other colonies.
Soooey. A striped Indian fabric of silk and
cotton.
SoofiA, or Soils. A dynasty of kings ruling in
Persia, founded by Ismael Shah Sufi, 1502.
Soqjee. Coarsely ground Indian wheat.
Soorma. An Indian cosmetic for the eyelids,
made of antimony.
Sophis. (Suflsm.)
Sophism. (Fallacy.)
Sophist. [Gr. ffo<pl(rT'nt, from (ro^i(tt, I make
wise or skilled.} 1. Any one who is master in
his craft. 2. The class of teachers of youth in
Athens and other Greek cities. 3. Persons
accused of maintaining in their own interests
systems of philosopliy which they know to be
false. Hence, 4, cheats and tricksters in matters
of opinion.
Sorana. (Simoom.)
Sorb. (Service.)
Sorbonist. A doctor of the Sorbonno.
Sorbonne. A college at Paris for the study of
theology, founded 1253 by Robert of Sorbonne
in Champagne. It attained its greatest celebrity
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
B6rl, i.e. heaps. [Gr. ffwp6s, a heap.] (Bot.)
The small clusters of spore-cases upon the backs
of the fronds of ferns.
Sjrlelds. \\.. ^tictm, shreju-mouse."] {Zoo/.)
Shrews, shrew-mice ; fam. of InsectTvora, not
to be confounded with mice, or dormice, which
are rodents ; Sorex Etruscus, two inches and a
half long, tail inclusive, is the smallest known
mammal. S. are found everywhere, except S.
America, W. Indies, the Australian district, and
Polynesia.
SorltSs. [Gr. «r«/>«fn7j, from vupSs, a heap."]
(Log.) A mode of stating a series of syllogisms,
in which the conclusion of the last is a premiss
of- the next one, as A = B, B = C, C = D;
therefore A = I).
Soritio. (Sorites.)
S5r5sis. [Gr. au>p6i, a heap.} {Bot.) The
fleshy consolidation of many flowers, seed-vessels,
and their receptacles ; as pine-apple, bread-
fruit.
Sorrel (?from the colour). (Deer, Stages of
growth of.)
Sortes Biblloe, HomSrIcse, Sanctorum, Vir-
giliansB, etc. [L.j Divination practised by open-
ing the pages of the book at random, and using
the passage which first meets the eye as applying
to the question or case to be determined.
Sortie. [Fr. , from sortir, to go out.] {Mi/.)
1. A body of soldiers occasionally sallying out of
a besi^ed town to interrupt the attack. 2. A
sally.
Sortilege. [L. sortTldgus, gathering lots.]
Divination by drawing lots.
Sotadio verse. So called as used by the
Athenian comic poet Sotades. (Falindxomio
verse.)
SotSrISlSgy. [Gr. <ruTiipla, safety, Xiyos, dis-
course.] A term denoting (i) treatises on the
preservation of health, (2) the doctrine of salva-
tion by Jesus Christ.
Sothio, or Sotbiac, period. (Sofhis, Egyptian
name for Dog-star.) A period of 4 X 3b5J, or
1 46 1 years of 365 days. The ancient Egyptians
used an official year of 365 days, though they
knew that the actual length of the year is about
365J days, and consequently that their official
year would not continue in a constant relation to
the seasons ; they therefore deduced the S. P., in
which their ofllicial year passed through all its
relations to the seasons.
S^tto voce [It. sotto, prep., under, v6ce, voice],
or Soitovice. Sj^eaking softly, in an undertone.
Soti, or Sol. (Livre.)
Souchong. [Chin, se ou chong, small good
quality.] A fine black tea.
Soiil-shot. (Mortuary.)
Sound dues. Duties formerly levied by Den-
mark on vessels entering the Baltic. These
duties were done away in 1857, for a sum of
more than three millions sterling paid to Den-
mark by Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and
other states.
Sounding. {Naut.) Ascertaining the depth
of water and nature of the bottom by means of
a lead and Ime. Soundings, not deeper than
100 fathoms.
Sounites, Sonnites. (Shiahs.)
Sour-bread. (Adansonia. )
Sourkrout. (Sauerkraut.)
Soutane. [From L. subtus, under (Littr^).]
The French word for a cassoci!.
Southoottians. The followers of Joanna
Southcott, born at Gittisham, Devon, 1750.
Having for years claimed for herself a divine
mission, she at last, in 1814, announced herself as
about to become the mother of the approaching
Shiloh. She died in the same year ; but her
disciples for the most part were not undeceived.
Southern Alps. A lofty range in New Zealand :
in the North Island, nearly 10,000 feet high ;
while in .South Island Mount Cook reaches
13,000, and Mount Tyndall 1 1,000 feet. Eternal
snow, with glaciers.
Southern Cross. {Astron.) A cross- shaped
constellation of the southern hemisphere.
Southing. 1. In Navigation, the diflerence
of latitude made by a vessel to the southward.
SOUT
452
SPEC
2. The time at which the moon passes the
meridian.
South Sea Babble. (South Sea Company.)
South Sea Company. A joint-stock company
formed, in 171 1, of the proprietors of certain
Government debts, with special privileges for
trading to the South Seas in consideration of
^cilities promised to the Government in the
negotiation of loans. In 1720 the company
proposed to negotiate all the public debts at
certain rates. The rivalry thus caused with the
Bank of England was such that by midsum-
mer the company's stock had reached 1000.
Other stocks rose in the like way, and a vast
number of schemes were set afloat. The com-
pany became alarmed, and fixed the rate of
dividend for twelve years. But the tide had
turned, and by the end of September the stock
had sunk to 130. The misery caused by the
collapse was great, and the project of 1720 be-
came known in history as " The Bubble."
South-wester. (A^aut. ) A waterproof hat, con-
structed to shoot the water clear of one's back.
Sow. The main channel from a smelting fur-
nace to the bed of sand used for casting ; the
small channels being called pigs, whence is
derived the term pig iron.
Sowar. [Hind.] {Mil.) Native cavalry
soldier in India.
Sow-bread. The turnip-like, acrid, partly
subterranean stem of the cyclamen, eaten greedily
by swine.
Sowens, Sowins. Explained by some as the
fine powder produced by husking or making
grist of oats.
Soy. A Japanese fish sauce, made of the soy
bean.
Spa. By meton. often = a place frequented
on account of its mineral springs ; from Spa, a
town in Belgium, known as a watering-place
from the fourteenth century.
Space. [L. spatium.] 1. In Printing, the
interval between lines or words. 2. A piece of
metal lower than the types, used for filling such
interval.
Spadassin. [Fr., It. spadaccino.] A fighter,
a bravo, bully.
Spade, Spayed. (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Spadiz. [L. spadix, in class. L. is a broken-
off palm branch with fruit.] (Bot.) An axis
bearing numerous closely packed sessile flowers,
inclosed within a spathe [Gr. at'ofin, any broad
blade], as in arums.
Spahi. (Sepoys.)
Spandrel. [It. spand^re, L. expand^re, to
spread.] [Arch.) The space on the flanks or
haunches of an arch, above the intrados, but not
extending above the crown of the arch.
Spanidi black. A black pigment made of
burnt cork.
Spanish ferreto. A reddish-brown pigment,
obtained by calcining copper and sulphur in
closed vessels.
Spanish main. Connected with the history of
buccaneering in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries ; the mainland from the Orinoco to. the
Isthmus of Darien.
Spanish red. A rich warm ochre.
Spanish stripes. A woollen fabric.
Spanish white. Purified and powdered chalk.
Spanker. (Sails.)
Spanner. [Ger.] A tool for tightening the
nuts on screws.
Span-roof. (Compass-roof.)
Sparable {i.e. sparrow-bill). A nail used in
shoemaking (from the shape).
Spar-deck. (Naut.) 1. (Decks.) 2. Applied
to the upper deck of a flush-decked, two-banked
vessel. 3. The forecastle gangways and quarter-
deck of a deep-waisted vessel.
Sparrow-hawk. (Musket.)
Sparse. [L. sparsus, scattered.] {Bot.) Not
opposite nor alternate, and in no apparent
regular order ; as branches, leaves, etc.
Sparterie. [Sp. esparto, grass-hemp.] Plaited
work of Spanish grass.
Spartiates. (Ferioecians.)
Spat. Spawn of shellfish, especially of oysters.
Spathe. (Spadiz.)
Spitiila. [L. , a.ny broad,^at instrument.] An
instrument for depressing the tongue, spreading
ointment, etc Spatulate {Bot.), shaped like a
spatula.
Spavin. [Fr. epervin.] Bone S., in horses,
a bony enlargement towards the inside of the
hock, at the head of the shank-bone, or between
some of the small bones of the hock. Bog S., or
Blood S., an inflammation of the synovial mem-
brane between the tibia and astragalus, with ex-
cessive secretion, apt to attack young, weak, or
overworked horses. Thorough-pin, a similar
affection, sometimes coexisting lower down.
Capped hock and Capulet or Capped elbozv, in-
flammation on the cap of elbow or hock, from a
bruise. VVindgalls, or Puffs, similar enlarge-
ments, permanent in fore and hind legs of most
hardworked horses. (See Stonehenge, The
Horse in the Stable and in the Field, p. 468. )
Spay. To destroy the ovary \cf. L. spadoj.
Speaker. The presiding officer in each of the
Houses of Parliament. In the House of Lords
the office is filled by the Lord Chancellor. In
the Lower House the S. is elected by the Com-
mons. He can vote only in committees, or
when the votes on a division are equal ; and he
then gives a casting vote. Among other powers,
he has that of issuing writs for new elections
durmg a recess.
Speaker leaves the chair. In House of Com-
mons, that the House may go into a Committee
of the whole House, presided over by a Chair-
man of Committee of Ways and Means. The
order of the day having been read, the S. puts
the question, " That I do now leave the chair."
If this be agreed to, the S. leaves the chair, the
inace is removed, and the Committee begins its
sitting.
Special pleader. One who draws common
law pleadings, without being either an attorney
or a barrister.
Special verdict. A General V. is one deli-
vered by the jury in general words with the
issue, Guihy or Not Guilty. By a Special V.
the jury declare they find the special facts
SPEC
453
SPHE
proved, but add that they do not know on which
side, upon the facts, they ought to find the issue.
Specie. [L. species.] Coined metal.
Species. In Log. (Difference.)
Specific gr&vitj. (Chem.) The weight, bulk
for bulk, of solids and of liquids compared
with water ; and of gases compared with air.
(Density.)
Specific heac of a substance is the quantity
of heat required to raise a unit of its mass one
degree of temperature, and the measurement
may be taken on the supposition that the volume
of the substance continues constant, or that it
continues under a constant pressure.
Spect&tnm yenlimt, venlont speotentnr at ipsse.
[L.] They {tht woirun) come to see atui to be
seen (Ovid).
Spectiosoope. [L. spectrum, Gr. aKowiw, I
view.] An iastrument for examining and com-
paring the spectra of different kinds of light.
Spectmm [L., an image] ; Chemical S. ; Cliro-
xnatic 8.; Ocolar 8.; Solar S. ; Thermal 8.
(Phys.) The totality of the rays emitted from a
source of light to a point or small space, and
separated (or dispersed) by passage through a
pnsm of glass or other refracting medium. When
the source is the sun, the spectrum thus obtained
is the Solar S. The rays separated by the prism
have the properties of light and colour, heat, and
chemical action, but in different degrees accord-
ing to their different degrees of refrangibility ;
and this fact is conveniently described by saying
that there are three distinct kinds of rays, com-
posing respectively the Chromatic S., the TAer-
vial S., and the ChemicaJ S. The chromatic S.
occupies the middle position, the rays at the red
end being the least, those at the violet end the
most, refrangible, the maximum of light being in
the yellow rays ; the thermal S. begins beyond
the red end and ceases near the violet end, the
maximum of heat being outside of the chromatic
S., at the red end ; the chemical S. begins in
the green rays and ends beyond the violet rays,
the maximum being in the violet rays, but it is
intense outside of the chromatic S. The Ocular
S. is the faint image seen when the eye, having
been fixed on a small object of a bright colour,
is turned away to a white surface ; the image has
a colour complementary to that of the object.
Spectmm analysis. The analysis of light by
means of the spectrum produced by a prism. It
has been shown that when a vapour sufficiently
heated emits light of a certain refrangibility, the
vapour at a lower temperature absorbs, i.e. refuses
to transmit, light of the same degree of refrangi-
bility. This principle serves to explain the dark
lines of the solar spectrum. Thus, a certain line
(D) has exactly the same degree of refrangibility
as the light emitted from incandescent vapour of
sodium ; it is, therefore, inferred that incan-
descent sodium exists in the solar atmosphere,
and stops the equivalent rays emitted by the
more intensely heated body of the sun. A simi-
lar process can be applied to the other dark lines
of the solar and stellar spectra, and thus some
knowledge of the elements composing those
bodies is arrived at.
Specular iron ore. (Haematite.)
Speooltun [L., a mirror] ; S. metal. A re-
flector, particularly the reflector of a reflecting
telescope. Specula are made of a peculiar com-
bination of metals (two parts of copper and one
of tin), which is susceptible of a very high polish,
and is called S. nutal.
Sped. In Judg. v. 30, is an instance of the
original meaning, to succeed. Skeat refers to
spowan, to succeed [A.S. sped, haste, success^
Speed-cone. {Mech.) A shaft running at a
constant speed is enabled to drive a machine at
diff'erent speeds by means of two sets of pulleys,
those in each set being arranged in steps, with
diameters so chosen that the same band can
work the different pairs of pulleys, so that a
small pulley on the Shaft drives a lai^e one on
the machine, or a large pulley on the shaft
drives a small one on the machine ; either set of
pulleys is a speed-cone ; called also Speed-pulley,
Speedwell. (Veronica.)
Spelicans. (Spilikin.)
Spelt, Spalt. [Ger. spalt, from spalten, to
split. ] {Bot.) A grain, Tritlcum spelta ; so
called from the deep splits or cuts of the
ears.
Spelter. [Ger. spiauter.] Commercial zinc.
Spencer. (Naut.) 1. A trysail. (Sails.)
2. A fore-and-aft sail set with a gaff, and used
instead of main-topmast and mizzen staysails.
Spencer (from Lord Spencer). A short over-
jacket.
Sperm-, Spermato-. [Gr. o-ircp/ita, (nrtpudroi,
seed. ]
SpermaoetL [Gr. antpfM, seed, kTitos, a sea-
monster.] A white, brittle, fatty substance ob-
tained from the head of the sperm-whale.
Sp6ro meliSra. [L.] / hope better things.
Speronara. (Naut.) A stouter-built scam-
pavia ((f.v.),
Spetches. Waste pieces of hide for making
glue.
Sphacelated. {Med. ) Affected with sphacelus
[Gr. (r<j)oKfAoj], gangretu, mortification.
Sphenoid bone. [Gr. (r^rivuc 1819s, of the shape
of a wedge, ff<p'fiv, a<l>iivos.] (Anat.) A bone at
the anterior part of the base of the skull, which
wedges together all the other cranial bones.
Sphere [Gr. <x(pa'ipa, a globe, sphere] ; Doctrine
of the 8. ; Great S. ; Oblique 8. ; Parallel 8. ; S.
of projection; Bight 8. The solid generated
by the revolution of a circle round a diameter.
The appearance presented by the heavens to a
spectator is that of a sphere, in the centre of
which he stands, half of which is hidden by his
horizon, and which turns round a diameter pass-
ing through the poles once in twenty-four hours,
carrying with it the stars, which seem to be
bright points fixed on its surface. Astronomers
find it convenient to speak of this appearance as
if it were real, and they call it the Sphere, or
the Great sphere. When one pole is overhead, it
is a Parallel S. ; when on the horizon, a Pight
S. ; when in any other position, an Oblique S,
The Doctritu of the S. is the science of the re-
lations between the circles drawn on the great
S., their points of intersection and the arcs be-
SPHE
454
SPIR
tween them ; as the equator, ecliptic, poles,
equinoctial points, etc. In Ciystallog., the
S. of projection is described within a crystal
with any point as centre and any radius ; the
faces of the crystal are refeiTed to it, by lines
drawn at right angles to them from its aentre.
Spherical excess [Gr. ff<paipiK6s, spherical] ;
S. geometry ; S. sector ; S. segment ; S. triangle ;
S. trigonometry. The portion of the surface of
a sphere inclosed by arcs (each less than a semi-
circle) of three great circles is a Spherical tri-
angle. The relations between the sides and
angles of spherical triangles is the subject of
S. geometry ; those between the trigonometrical
functions of the sides and angles, of .S". trigone-
metry. The excess of the sum of the three
angles of a spherical triangle above two right
angles is its S. excess. A S. segment is the part
of a sphere cut off by a plane ; a .S". sector is the
part of a sphere inclosed within a conical surface
whose vertex is at the centre.
Spherics. [Gr. (r(patpiK6s, spherical.] Sphe-
rical geometry and trigonometry.
Spheroid. [Gr. aipdipa, sphere, «l5oj, form.]
1. A body nearly spherical. 2. An ellipsoid o/
revolution (q.v.).
Spheroidal state. The condition of a drop of
liquid when thrown upon a surface having a high
temperature, in which case the liquid does not
wet the surface, but takes a spheroidal form,
moves about, and gradually evaporates without
boiling.
Spherometer. [Gr. (npatpa, a ball, ixirpov,
measure.] An instrument for measuring with
great exactness the thickness of a plate or the
curvature of a lens.
Sphincter. [Gr. a^tyitrfip, arptyyw, I bind
tight.] (Anat.) A circular muscle which con-
stricts orifices ; as S. ani.
Sphinx. [Gr.] l.{Mj>th.) A being who plagues
the Thebans with drought and the maladies
caused by drought, and who propounds riddles
which none can solve except (Edipns. These
riddles are the mutterings of the thunder ; and
the Sphinx, whose name describes her as binding
fast [Gr. <r<plyyu, I bind tight], is the same as
Ahi, the throttling snake, and Vritra, the thief,
the great enemy of Indra. 2. (Zool.) Gen. of
moths (Hawkmoths).
Sphygmo- [Gr. ff<pvyij.6s, the pulse] ; Sphygmo-
graph. (.Med. ) An instrument which registers
the force and extent of pulsations.
Spiccato. (Staccato.)
Spick and span. New as a spike or nail just
made, or a chip [Icel. spann] just cut off.
Spider. (A'aut.) An iron outrigger for keep-
ing a block clear of a vessel's side. S.-hoop,
an iron hoop round a mast, fitted with shackles,
or belaying-pins.
Spider-shell. (Zool.) Pt^roceras [Gr. irrtplv,
wing, Kfpai, horn] ; gen. of molluscs with shell
of a somewhat spider-like form. The common S.
(P. lambis) is three or four inches long, mottled
chestnut and white with orange streaks. Chinese
and Indian seas. Fam. Strombidse, ord. Proso-
branchiata, class Gasteropoda.
Spigot [Welsh yspigawd, from yspig, spike.]
A peg used to close a faucet, or a small hole in
a cask.
Spike {cf. Ger. spick, L. spTca, and spike] a
gnn. (Mil.) To render it unserviceable for the
time, by inserting into the vent a steel pin with
side springs, which, when inserted, open out-
wards to the shape of an arrow-head, which can-
not be released. A long nail is used as a
substitute.
Spike. [L. spica, an ear of com.] (Bot.)
Any inflorescence of sessile flowers along one
axis ; as corn. (Inflorescence.)
Spikenard. Mark xiv. 3 ; John xii. 3 ; Nardo-
stachys jatamansi, ord. Valerinaceae ; the nardus
of classical antiquity.
Spilikin. One of a number of small thin
pieces of wood, or other material, for playing
the game of spilikins. These, each one marked
with a number, are thrown together in a heap
on a table ; and each player in turn tries to
remove, with a knitting-needle or similar in-
strument, what he can without shaking any of
the rest. The game is won by the highest
score.
Spill a sail, To. (Naut.) To shiver it, before
furling or reefing. Spilling-lines, those used to
prevent a sail bellying.
Spllns. [Gr. aitiKos, a spot, stain.] I.q.navus
(g.v.).
Spina Christ!. (Christ's thorn.)
Spindle. 1. A millwright's term for a small
shaft ((J.V.). 2. The solid formed by the revolu-
tion of an arc round its chord.
Spine. [L. spina, a thorn.] A hardened leaf-
stalk, stipule, abortive branch, or any other pro-
cess into the composition of which woody tissue
enters. — Treas. Bot.
Spinet. [It. spinetta, from the plectra or
thorns (L. spinse) by means of which the strings
were sounded.] An old musical instrument, like
a harpsichord, but smaller,
Spinosdsm. The philosophy of Benedict Spi-
noza, a Jew of Amsterdam, born 1634; based
on the proposition that " There can be no sub-
stance but God, and nothing can be conceived
without God."
Spiraea. [Gr. (nretpa/a.] {Bot.) A gen. of
plants, of which one spec, is our meadow-sweet,
S. ulmaria, or queen of the meadows, a tall
plant, with fragrant yellowish-white flowers,
ord. Rosacese.
Spiral. [L. spira, a coil, Gr. (TKitpa.] (Math.)
The curve traced out by a point moving in some
specified way along a line which revolves round
a fixed point ; as the S. of Archimedes, which is
traced out by a point moving uniformly along a
line which revolves uniformly round a fixed
point.
Spire. [L. spira.] (Arch.) A sharp-pointed
covering forming the roof of a tower, and often
carried to a great height. (Broach spires.)
Spirit-level. A glass tube, whose axis is very
slightly curved, nearly filled with spirit, for
showing the true horizontal line by the central
position of an air-bubble on its upper side.
Spirit of hartshorn. (Chem.) Impure car-
bonate of ammonia. (Hfurbdiom.)
SPIR
455
SPRI
Spirit of salt (Chem.) Hydrochloric acid,
as being obtained from salt.
Spirit of turpentine. (Chem.) An inflam-
mable oil distilled from turpentine.
Spirit of wine. (Chem.) Pure alcohol, first
obtained from ivine.
Spirkitting. (Naut.) In a man-of-war, the
inner planking between the port-holes ; in a mer-
chantman, that between the upper deck and the
plank-sheer.
SpIriUa. [L., dim. of spira, coil.'\ (Zoo/.)
Fam. and gen. of cephalopod, having internal
chambered cell.
Spisaitnde. [L. spissitudo, thichuss."] The
denseness or compactness of substances which
are neither solid nor liquid.
Spit. [A.S.] (Agr.) A spade, in the terms
spit/ul, one spit deep, etc.
Spbmehno-. [Gr. mttAyxva, dowels.]
Splay (shortened from display). (Arch.) The
slanting expansion of windows internally, for
the purpose of giving more light. Very com-
mon in Romanesque buildings, where the outer
aperture is small, or Seonoe [Kr. escoinson].
Spleen. [Gr. (nt\i\v.\ (Anat.) A spongy,
highly vascular organ, in the left hypochondriac
region, between the diaphragm and the stomach ;
not secretive ; probably regulating, under changes
of condition, the quantity and quality of the
blood.
Spleenwort. (Bot.) A name given to the gen.
Asplenium [Gr. t<) haKK^vov\y a gen. of poly-
podiaceous ferns ; from a supposed, but in reality
fanciful, potency in affections of the splten [L.
splen].
Splendonr, Cun in hit. (Her.) The sun bear-
ing a human face and surrounded with rays.
Splent. (Splint.)
Splice. To connect beams, etc., by means of
overlapping parts boltetl together.
Splice the mainbraee. To. In Naut. slang, to
serve out an extra allowance of grog.
Splint, Splent. A hard, laminated coal, inter-
mediate between cannel and pit-coal ; Glasgow,
N. and S. .Stafford.
Splint-bone. 1. /.y. /T3i?/« (^.f.)— being like
a splint, a thin piece of wood, etc., used, in
treating fractures, to keep a part in position. 2.
Splint, in horses, any bony growth from the
cannon-bone. (Cannon.)
Splinter-bar. 1. A cross-bar in a coach, which
supports the springs. 2. The bar to which the
single-tree is attached.
Splinter-proot (Mil.) Traverse place be-
tween any two guns of a battery, to cover the
artillerymen working them.
Spoffish. A local word denoting overmuch
activity in matters of no moment.
Spoken for. Cant. viii. 8 ; asked in marriage.
Spokeshave. A knife for trimming the spokes
of wheels and other curved work.
Sp51ia Splma. [L., rich spoils.] Arms, etc.,
taken by a Roman general from the enemy's
general on the field of battle.
Spondee. [L. spondeus, Gr. (nrocS^, a libcition.]
In Gr. and L. poetry, a metrical foot, in which
both the syllables are long ; so called from its
30
slow movement, which made it suitable for
hymns recited during the offering up of a sacrifice.
Spondyle. [Gr. a<p6viv\os, and popularly
(nr6viv\os.'\ (Anat.) A vertebra.
Spong. A narrow strip of inclosed land,
especially by the roadside.
SpongiopJIeine. [Gr. (nroyyii, a sponge, and
■wtKos, felt.] A fabric the inside of which is
felt — made of sponge and wool — and the outside
a coating of caoutchouc.
Sponson, or Wing. (JVaut.) The projection
of the deck, or platform fore and aft of paddle-
boxes. S.-rim, or W.-ivale, its outer edge.
Sponsors. [L. sponsor, a surety.] (Eccl.)
Those who, in the name of an infant, make
profession of the Christian faith at its baptism.
(Fide-jnssores.)
Spontaneous combastion of the human body.
One sujiposed, in a few cases, to have arisen out
of long excessive drinking of spirits ; believed
in during last century ; now proved to be im-
possible.
Spool. [Ger. spule.] A kind of reel for
winding thread on.
Spoor. [D. ; cf. Ger. spur, trace.] (Slot.)
Sporadio disease. [Gr. tnopii, scattered,
sporadic.] Occurring in single instances ; op-
posed to Epidemic (cfv.).
Sp5ranglum. [Gr. arfftlov, a vessel, capsule of
a plant.] (Bot.) The case in which spores are
formed.
Spores. [Gr. <nropi, a solving. ] (Bot. ) The
reproductive particles of flowerless plants — e.g.
fungi, algae — analogous to seed ; they do not
contain an embryo, but are merely cellular.
Sporran. [Gael, sporan.] A leather pouch
worn in front of the kilt by HighLinders.
Sportttla. [L.] In Rom. Hist., the dole
received by poor Clients from rich Patrons. It was
first in kind, and was carried away in a wicker
basket, but was afterwards commuted for money.
Spotted feyer. (Med.) Continued fever, with
eru]ition.
Spotted metal, or Metal. Of organ pipesy a
mixture of tin and lead.
S.P.Q.B. The abbrev. form of the phrase,
.Sdnatus p6pulusque Romanus, the Senate ami
people of Rome.
Sprays. Side channels for distribating the
molten metal in all parts of a mould (from being^
shape<l like a spray of a tree).
Spreader. (Punt)
Sprechery. Movables of a poor kind, gained
chiefly by plunder on a march. — Scott,
Wavcrky.
Spring, Bearing. The spring interposed be-
tween the carriage frame and the axle-box of a
railway carriage.
Springe. A noose which catches birds, etc.,
by springing up.
Spring-halt (String-halt.)
Spring-ring. (Mech.) A flat split ring which,
when not under pressure, is very slightly spiral,
and with a small interval at the split ; when
placed round a piston within a cylinder, it
becomes perfectly round, and pressing against
the sides of the cylinder enables the piston to
SPRI
456
STAC
work air-tight without packing. A' kind of
S.-R. serves as a washer.
Springs, Artesian. (Artesian wells.)
Sprit. [A.S. spreot.] (A<;«/.) A small spar
crossing a sail diagonally from the mast to the
upper aftermast corner. S.-sai/s, (i) those
extended on a sprit ; (2) a squaresail formerly
set on a bowsprit-yard. S.-S. topsail^ formerly
set on a jibboom-yard.
Spruce. A decoction of the shoots of the
spruce [O.E. Pruse, Prussian] fir.
Sprue. [Ger. spruhen, to throw off sparks.]
The entrance to a channel called the gate through
which molten metal is poured into a mould.
Spud. [Dan. spyd, sjvar.] A chisel-shaped
tool with a long handle, for destroying weeds.
Spur. {Gcvj^.) A portion of a range of hills
or mountains jutting out at right angles to the
general direction of the range.
Spurge. (Bot.) Euphorbia ; a gen. of plants,
type of the large ord. Euphorbiacex, to which
belong manioc, caoutchouc. Almost all have
acrid, milky juice. (Euphorbus, a Greek phy-
sician.)
Spnrrey, Common, or Tarr. {Bot.) A weed
of gravelly corn-fields and light soils ; SpergiSla
ar^•ensis ; ord. Caryophyllaceae. One variety,
cultivated in Holland and elsewhere in sandy
districts on the Continent, yields excellent food
for cattle.
Spur-royal. A gold coin of Edward IV.,
having on the reverse a star like the rowel of a
spur. In later reigns its value was 15J.
Spurs, Bat Je of the. A battle fought, August
16, 1 5 13, between the French, and the English
under Henry VIII. ; so called because the
French are said to have used their spurs more
than their swords.
Spur-wheel. (AfccA.) A toothed wheel of
the ordinary construction, viz. in which the
teeth are placed radially.
Spy (i.^. espy, Fr. espier, L. spScere). As in
Exod. ii. II, is very often simply to see, to
discover by seeing ; without any idea of secrecy.
Squad. [Fr. escouade, another form being
escadre (squadron).] (Mil.) 1. Small number
of seldiers formed up for drill. 2. The part of
a company under charge of one non-commis-
sioned officer.
Squadron. [Fr. escadre, L. acies quadrata, a
square body of soldiers.] 1. (Mil.) A body of
cavalry consisting of two troops. 2. (Naut.)
A group of ships of war less than a whole
fleet.
Squall, White. (Naut.) One which occurs
in clear weather, and gives no warning of its
approach but by the white foam it raises.
Squama. [L.] (Zool.) A fish-scale.
Squamose. [L. squamSsus, from squama, a
scale.] (Anat.) 1. Scaly, like a fish. 2. Having
edges overlapping, like scales.
Square. 1. In Printing, a number of lines
forming a square portion of a column. 2. An
instrument formed of two pieces of wood fas-
tened at right angles, used by joiners, etc., for
testing square work. Z. (Mil.) ToformS.,zs\.
infantry evolution for the purpose of resisting
cavalry ; the centre being hollow, and the sides
four deep, facing outwards.
Square ; 8. root. (Math.) To square a num-
ber is to multiply it by itself ; the .S". root of a
number is one which produces the number when
multiplied by itself; thus, the square of 5 is 5 x 5,
or 25 ; the square root of 25 is 5. (Quadri-
lateral.)
Square-prismatic system. (Crystallog.) The
Pyramidal system (q.v.).
Square-rigged. (Naut.) Having square lower
sails on every mast.
Squaresail. (Naut.) That set on the fore-
yard of a schooner, or the spread-yard of a cutter.
S.-sails, (1) the courses (q.v.); (2) any four-
cornered sail set on a yard suspended by the
middle.
Square yards, To. (Naut.) To place them
horizontally at right angles to the keel.
Squaring the circle. (Math.) The problem
of finding the side of a square equal in area to a
circle of given radius. It is understood that the
solution is to be obtained either by elementary
geometry, or is to be expressed arithmetically by
commensurable numbers : under these conditions
the problem is insoluble. Two squares can,
however, be determined, one greater and the
other less than the circle, whose areas differ by
less than any assigned quantity, however small
— by a quantity bearing, for instance, a ratio
to one of the squares less than the ratio of one
square inch to a million square miles.
Squaw. [Algonkin Ind.] An Indian woman.
— Bartlett's Americanisms.
Squid. (Ichth.) Pcnfish, Calamary, TeuthUdcp
[Gr. revBls, a cuttle-fish, or squid] ; fara. of mol-
luscs, with pen-shaped internal shell.
Squinanoy. (Quinsy.)
Squinch. Another name for Fendentive.
Sruti (Veda.)
S.S., Collar of. Composed of a series of S.'s in
gold, either linked or set in close order ; the
ends brought together by a buckle, from which
hangs a jewel. Such collars have been much
worn by officers of State, by gentlemen of various
ranks ; now worn, with distinctions, by a L.C.J.,
L.C.B., Lord Mayor of London, heralds, ser-
geants-at-arms ; occurring frequently in monu-
ments. Of a Lancastrian character, but not
satisfactorily explained. (For different conjec-
tures, see Chambers's Etuyclopadia. )
Stabat Mater. [L.] The first words of a
hymn on the grief of the Virgin mother as she
stood by the cross of Christ. Said to have been
written by Jacopone da Todi, in the fourteenth
century.
Staccato. [It., detached:] (Music.) Means
that notes are to be sung or played in a detached,
somewhat abrupt, manner. Spiccato [It., un-
hooked] is not quite so abrupt ; in violin music,
means to be played with the point of the bow.
Stacte. [Gr. tnaKTi], trickling oil.] Exod.
XXX. 34 ; the gum of the Styrax officinale, a
beautiful shrub of the Levant, Italy, Greece ;
having blossoms like those of the orange.
(Storaz.)
Stactometer. [Gr. <TraKr6s, dropping, fifrpoy,
STAD
457
STAP
measurf.^ A glass instrument for measuring
the number of drops in a given quantity of a
fluid.
Stadlnm. [Gr. <rriZiov.'\ 1. An open space
for the celebration of games, surrounded by seats
in tiers for the spectators, as at Olympia, etc.
2. A Greek measure of length, containing 6o6
feet 9 inches English.
Stadtholder. [D. stadthouder, city-holder.]
Originally the title of the commander-in-chief of
the army of the Unitetl Netherlands. William
IV., Prince of Orange, 1747, was the first here-
ditary stadtholder. In 1814 the head of the
house of Orange received the title of king.
Staff. {Mil.) All officers performing such
duties with troops as are not include<l in
regimental duty. Divided into general, personal,
and regimental, S.
Staft-captaina. (Naut.) Masters of the fleet.
Staff College. A school of instruction for
officers who wish to be placed on the staff of the
British army. Founded 1858. The number of
students is thirty.
Staff-commandert. (Naut.) Masters of fifteen
years.
Staggard. (Deer, Stages of growth of.)
Staggers. 1. A disease of the horse and some
other animals, causing them to fall suddenly ;
a kind of apoplexy ; sometimes from overfeeding.
2. Wild, strange behaviour.
Stagmoid. Like a drof> [Gr. <rriyfui\.
Stagyrite, The. Aristotle, born at Stageira,
in Chalcidice, B.C. 384. The correct spelling
would be Stageirite.
Stahlianiinn, or Animism. Dr. Stahl's system
of medicine ; the anima, or soul, by erroneous
or wrong action, being supposed to originate
disease. One of mild laxatives, chiefly with
bleeding, plethora being supposed a chief cause
of disease ; to the neglect of chemistry, as a
medical agent (Stahl, author of the theory of
phlogiston (q.v.), Prussian physician, died A.D.
1734.)
Stails. [Ger. stieL] The handle of a broom,
rake, etc.
Staithe. A line of rails at the end of a railway,
for discharging coals, etc., into vessels.
Stake. A small anvil.
Stalactite (i), Stalagmite (2). [Gr. <rra\i(r<ra>,
J let drip ; (i ) being an active deiivative, (2) pas-
sive.] (Geol.) (i) Conical icicleshapefl concre-
tions from the roofs ; (2) cones, ribs, or layers
on the floors and walls, of calcareous caverns,
caused by dropping and dribbling of water con-
taining carlxjnate of calcium. Sometimes (i)
and (2) meet, forming pillars.
Stal-boat (A'attt.) A fishing-boat, iem/>.
Elizabeth.
Stallage. In Law, a duty paid for setting up
movable stalls or stables in a market or fair.
When the stalls are fixed, the duty is termed
PichtTgir.
Stalls. [A.S.] (Arch.) Raised seats on each
side of the choir of a church. (Sedilia.)
Stimen. [L., (i) 7varp of the loom ; {2)
stamen.] (Hot.) The male organ of a flower,
consisting of a filament or stalk, and anther,
which contains the pollen. A sterile S. belongs
to the series of stamens, but has not pollen.
Stamina. [Plu. of L. stamen, a, thread of the
distaff.] 1. (Bat.) A Jihre of a plant, or of
wood. Hence, 2, elementary principles, natural
vigour.
Stammel. [O.Fr. estamette, a coarse woolUn
cloth.] 1. A fine worsted. 2. A pale scarlet
colour.
Stamp Act, American. One of the proximate
causes of the American Revolution, a scheme of
internal taxation, passed by the Grenville Minis-
try, 1764, repealed by the Rockingham Ministry
next year.
Stunpede. [Sp. estampado, a stamping of
feet.] 1. A general scamper of animals, on the
Western prairies, usually from fright. 2. From
animals, the tenn is transferred to men. — Bart-
lett's Americatiisms.
Stamping. [Ger. stampfen.] Crushing with a
heavy hammer, as ore in a stamping-mill.
Standard, or Yezillnm. (Papilionaceons
plants.)
Standard, Battle of the. {Eng. Hist.) A
battle fought near Northallerton, Yorkshire,
August 22, 1 138, at which the Archbishop of
York brought forward a consecrated standard.
The Scotch were entirely defeated.
Standard, Soyal. A flag bearing the arms of
England, Scotland, and Ireland, quartered.
Stand by ! (Naut.) Ciet ready I A. B. a rope !
take hold of it I
Standing army. One raised and Icept ready
for service both at home or abroad under the
immediate command of the sovereign ; the per-
mission of Parliament, being by law necessary, is
renewed yearly. (Army Discipline and Segnla-
tion A.et.)
Standing-jib. (A'aut.) The innermost jib, or
jib proper.
Standing-part of a tackle, or rope. (A'aut. )
The part which is made fast to the mast, deck,
or block ; in opposition to the Running-part,
Standing rigging. {Naut.) Shroiids, stays,
etc.
Standish. [Eng. stand and dish.] An ink-
stand surrounded with a flat dish for pens, etc.
Stand of arms. {Mil.) The complete weapons
of each individual soldier.
Stanhope. (From Lord Stanhope.) A kind
of light gig.
Stanislaus, St., Order of. (/list.) A Polish
order of knighthood, founded 1765.
Stannaries. [L. stannum, ///;.] 7V»-mines,
or royal rights pertaining thereto.
Stannary courts. [L. stannum, tin.] Courts
in Devon and Cornwall for administering justice
among persons employed in tin-mines.
Stannic acid. An acid fonned from tin [L.
stannum]. Its salts are called stannates.
Stannotype. [L. stannum, tin, Gr. riitoi,
type] A photograph taken on a /»■« plate.
Stapes. (Anat.) One of the bones of the
internal ear, shaped like a stirrup [stapes].
Staphj^lS. [Gr. ffra^OA.^, (i) a bunch of
grapes, (2) uvula.] The uvula. Staphylotomy,
amputation of the uvula.
STAP
458
STAY
St&phyldma. [Gr. trra<f>v?<wna.] A grape-
shaped protrusion of the outer surface of the
eye, or of the iris, or of the cornea, the result
of destructive inflammation.
Staple. (Staples.) 1. The thread or pile of
wool, cotton, or flax. 2. A ventilating shaft
sunk from the workings on one seam to those on
a lower one.
Staples. Certain products in the supply of
which this country was supposed to have special
advantages. Thus wool and hides were staples
of agricultural produce. The market for staples
was carefully regulated. The word is said to be
derived from O.Fr. estape, a mart for wine.
The superintendence of the trade was in the
hands of the Mayor of the Staple.
Starboard. (A-beam.)
Starboard the helm. (Helm.)
Starbolins. (/Vau/.) The starboard watch.
Larholins, the port or larboard watch.
Star Chamber, Court of. A court so called, in
the opinion of some, from the ornaments on the
ceiling of the chamber in which it once sat ; ac-
cording to others, from the Jewish bonds (Starrs)
deposited in it. Notices of it go back to the
reign of Edward III. The court acted by bill
and information, and without jury. It was sup-
pressed in the reign of Charles I.
Stare sfiper antJquas vlas. [L., to stand on
the old path S.I To oppose novelties (Jer. vi. 16).
Star fort. (Mil. ) Closed work of which the
parapet takes the usual representation of a star,
with several acute salients and obtuse re-entrants.
Star of India. An order of knighthood, in-
stituted 1 8b I, for conferring honour on eminent
natives of India, and on Englishmen who have
distinguished themselves in the administration of
that country.
Starost. A Polish title for the possessors of
certain castles and estates called Starostics. The
tenure was commonly renewed by the Crown to
the heirs of the tenant on his demise.
StarowerzL (Baskolniks.)
Starrs. [Heb.] Name for bonds deposited,
by permission of William I., in a chamber of
Westminster Palace ; hence called Star Cham-
ber. — Green's I/isl. of the English People, p. 83.
Stars and Bars. The flag of the late Southern
Confederacy. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Stars and Stripes. Flag of the U. S. ; adopted
by Act of Congress, June 14, 1777 : "Resolved
that the flag of the thirteen United Colonies be
thirteen stripes alternately red and white ; that
the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field,
representing a new constellation." — Bartlett's
Americanisms.
Statant. [O.Fr., from L. stare, to stand.]
(f/er.) Standing stiU, with all its feet on the
ground.
Stater. [Gr. ffrar^ip.] An ancient Greek coin,
the value of which varied in the difi"erent Greek
.cities.
State rights. The rights reserved by the sepa-
rate states of the American Union, when they
surrendered certain prerogatives of independent
states to the central authority of the confederacy.
The conflict between these two interests led ulti-
mately to the war of secession, which ended in
the overthrow of the Confederate states of the
South in 1865-66.
State-room. (JVaut.) A small sleeping-cabin
or berth.
States-Oeneral. In Fr. Hist., assemblies, first
called, 1302 ; discontinued, 1614 ; summoned
again in 1789. They had, it seems, no proper
jurisdiction ; and their convocation by Louis XVI.
led immediately to the Revolution.
Statesman. In the mountainous counti-y of
N. England, a yeoman ; an old-fashioned kind
of proprietor farming his own land, a link be-
tween landowner and tenant-farmer.
States of matter. (Phys.) The solid, liquid,
and gaseous forms of the same substance ; as
ice, water, steam.
Static eleotrioity is that developed on the
surface of bodies.
Statics. [Gr. <rTaTiK6s, causing to stand, from
i) arariKii, statics.] The science which treats of
the conditions under which forces acting on
bodies balance each other.
Station. [L. statlonem, residence.] (Bot. and
Zool.) A continuous district, inhabited by any
given animal or plant. It may be coextensive
with a habitat (q.v.).
Station. Any military post held permanently
by troops.
Stationary engine. (Steam-engine.)
Stationers' Hall. The hall of the Stationers'
Company, which was formed into a guild early
in the fifteenth centuiy. The present duties of
the company are chiefly to enter the titles of all
new publications on their books, and to register
assignments of copyrights.
Stationery. A term now denoting usually all
materials needed for or connected with writing.
Formerly the terms stationer and bookseller
were nearly synonymous.
Stations. [L. stationes.] 1. In the Latin
Church, places where, in processions. Mass is
said, the reference being to the stations at
Rome. 2. A form of devotion founded on the
events of the Passion. The stations, originally
seven, are now fourteen in number. They are
also called Via Crucis, the way of the Cross.
Stat magni nominis umbra. [L., he stands
the shadow of a great name. ] He has survived
his greatness.
Statu quo. Status quo. [L.] The name of a
treaty which leaves the belligerents in possession
of all that each held at the beginning of the war;
more fully, status quo ante helium.
Statute of Drogheda. (Poyning's Law.)
Statutes of Limitations. Acts of Parliament
which prescribe the limits within which actions
must be commenced for the recovery of any-
thing ; e.g. actions on simple contracts, lor suits
by the CrQwn, of ejectment, etc. So two years is
the L. of action for a slander, six for libel, etc.
Statutes of Frovisors. (Frovisors, Statutes of.)
Stave (another form of j/«^). (Music.) The
five parallel lines on which the notes are placed.
Stay. (Naut.) A rope extending from the
lop of a mast forward, to give it support. Back-
s/ays are led aft to a ship's sides abaft the
STAY
459
STEG
shrouds. Spring-stays are extra stays nearly
parallel with the stays, to give extra support.
Stays are named after the mast they support, as
Mainstay. S. of steamer, an iron bar between
the paddle beam knees. Staysail, a three-cor-
nered sail set on a stay which is called a Stay-
sails.
Stay. (Mech.) Long tie-bars connecting the
ends of cylindrical boilers and other structures, to
enable them to resist the pressure of the steam.
Stay, To. (A^aut.) To tack, i.e. to come head
to wind, and fill on the other tack. A vessel
misses stays when, instead of filling on the other
tack, she falls back. In stays, or hove in stays,
in the act of staying.
Steady the helm, To. {Naut. ) To keep on the
same course.
Steam [A-S. stem]; Anhydrons S.; Dry S.;
High-pressure S. ; Low-pressure 8.; Saturated
S. ; Superheated 8. ; Surcharged 8. Lo-^v-pressurt
steam exerts a pressure nut greatly exceeding
that of the atmosphere ; High-pxessure S. exerts
a pressure that commonly equals that of several
atmospheres, e.g. four or six, sav 6o or 90
pound^ per square inch. Saturated S. is steam
formed in contact with its water — it then has the
greatest density it can attain at the given tem-
perature. If the steam is separated from its
water and heated in a given space, it is Dry or
Anhydrous S. ; such steam, separated from the
boiler and heated in a distinct vessel, is also
called Surcharged or Superheated S.
Steam-chest The space or box adjacent to
the cylinder, kept always full of steam, and from
which steam is admitted into the cylinder through
the steam-ports by the motion of the slide-valve,
due to the action of the eccentric ; called also
the Valvc-ch^st.
Steam-engine ; Beam E. ; Condensing S. ;
High-pressure E. ; Locomotive £. ; Low-pressure
£. ; Marine E. ; Non-condensing £. ; Oscillating
E. ; Stationary E. An engine driven by steam
pressure. There are many kinds of steam-en-
gines. Of these we may notice the following : —
The Condensing engine, in which the waste
steam is condensed, so that the piston moves
with the steam on one side and a vacuum on the
other ; such engines were commonly worked by
steam of low pressure, and are often called Lo^u-
pressure engines. In a Non-condensing E., the
waste steam is driven into the air ; it must be
worked, therefore, Ijy steam of high pressure,
and is a High-pressure E. Steam of high pres-
sure is, however, often used to work condensing
engines. There are also Stationary E., com-
monly working by condensation ; Locomotive E.,
which are non-condensing; and Marine E.,
which are modified stationary engines. In the
Beam E. the piston communicates motion at
one end to a large lever or beam, the other end
of which works a pump, or by means.of a crank
gives a continuous rotation to the main shaft ;
in an Oscillating E. the cylinder is capable of a
small oscillating movement sufficient to enable
the crank to be turned directly by the piston-rod.
Steam-frigate. (Naut.) An armed steam-
ship, commanded by a captain.
Steam-gauge. A kind of manomctrr (ij.v.)
for measuring the steam pressure in the boiler.
Steam-hammer. (Mech.) A hammer consist-
ing of a steam cylinder and piston placed verti-
cally over an anvil, and rising and falling by
steam-power.
Steam-jacket. A casing put round cylinders,
steam-pipes, etc., and filled with steam to keep
the interior body from cooling.
Steam-pipe. A pipe for carrying steam from
the boiler to the cylinder.
Steam-ports. The passages through which
steam is admitted into the cylinder from the
steam-chest.
Steam-ram. A war-ship fitted with a ram, i.e.
a projecting prow under the water-line, for pierc-
ing an enemy's vessel.
Steam sloop-of-war. One commanded by a
commander.
Steam-whistle. A whistle in which sound is
produced by turning a jet of steam through a
narrow annular aperture against the edge of a
hollow hemisphere placed above it.
Stearine. [Gr. ffTt&p, tiilloui.'\ A constituent
of animal fat, to which it gives solidity.
Steatite. (Soap-stone.)
Stiatorrlthlds. [Gr. cri&p, -&Tos,fat, ipvis,
-l6os, bird.\ (Orttith.) A fam. of birds consisting
. of one gen. , containing one spec, the Guacharo,
or Trinidad goat-sucker, a mottled brown bird,
flecked with diamond-shaped white spots. It
lives gr^ariously in caverns, and is distmguished
from true goat-suckers by not being entirely (and
perhaps not at all) insectivorous. Much valued
for its fat by the Indians, but superstitiously
dreaded for its weird h.ibits. Venezuela, Bogota,
Trinidad. Ord. Picarioe.
StiitSda. [Gr. ariiSLp, -dror, fat, suet.]
(Med.) Fatty degeneration.
Steelyard. A balance, the beam of which is
divided into two unequal arms by the fixed point
round which it turns. The long ann is properly
graduated ; the body to be weighed is hung at
the end of the short arm, and counterpoised by
a movable weight properly placed on the long
arm ; the reading of the long arm gives the
required weight.
Steelyard, Merchants of the. (/fist.) A
company of foreign merchants in London, to
whom Henry III., 1232, assigned the steel-
yard, that is, the balance by which a single
standard weight is employed for determimng
the weight of bodies.
Steemng, or Steining. (Arch.) The stone or
brick wall with which the sides of a well are
lined.
Steer. [O.E. steor, styre.] A young bullock.
Steerage. (Naut.) 1. Steering. 2. The
space immediately below the quarterdeck, and
before the main cabin bulkhead. 3. The be-
tween-decks just before the gun bulkhead. 4.
The admiral's cabin on the middle deck of a
three-decker has been so called. S. passengers,
third-class P.
Steering-sail. I.q. studding-sail (q.v.).
Steganography. [Gr. aTf>f&.v6s, covered^
ypoupw, I write. \ The art of writing in ciphers
STEI
460
STET
intelligible only to those who are corresponding
with each other.
Steinbock. (Ibex.)
Steiningf. (Steening.)
Stella. So styled by Dean S«*ift, who exerted
a kind of enchantment over her ; Esther John-
son, a beautiful, highly gifted young girl, a
dependent in the family of Sir W. Temple ; she
died January, 1727-28. (Vanessa.)
Stella [L., star\ Stellated bandage. (McJ.)
One with turnings crossed like X.
Stellaria. [Formed from L. Stella, a star.'\
(Bot.) A gen. of plants, ord. Caryophyllacese,
to which belong stitchwort, or satin-flower, S.
holostea [Gr. bhivrfov, which means all of bone,
was probably some kind of plantain], with deli-
cate white flowers ; and chickweed, a common
weed.
Stellionate. [L. stellionatus, perhaps from
stellio, a lizard ; hence a slippery or crafty jtct-
son,] In Rom. Law, fraud committed by false
sales, or sales under false pretences, as by selling
the same thing to two purchasers. Six spec of
stellionate were defined.
Stelography. [Gr. o-t'^Atj, a post, or pillar,
ypi(pu>, I write.] An incorrect word, used to
denote the art of making inscriptions on pillars.
Stem. 1. {Gra/n.) The radical part of a
word, to which are added the forms imposed by
inflexion or conjugation. 2. {iVaut.) The fore-
most timber in a ship, to which the bow plank-
ing is fastened ; it is scarfed into the keel,
from which it extends upwards, supporting the
bowsprit.
Stemmata quid faclontl [L., what do
garlands (hung upon ancestral images) effect?
(Juvenal).] What is the good of mere pedigree ?
Stemple. [Ger. stempel.] A wooden cross-
bar in the shaft of a mine.
Stencil. [Ger. stanze, a stamp for embossed
7iiork.'\ A thin perforated plate, which is laid
flat and brushed over with colour so as to mark
the surface underneath.
Stenography. [Gr. ffTfv6s, close, 'ypd(piD, I
iurite.\ The art of shorthand.
Stentorian voice. A voice like that of Stentor,
the herald of the Achaians in the Iliad, which
was as loud as that of fifty men.
Step. {Mcch.^ 1. The bearing against which
a pivot presses endwise. 2. The gun-metal
lining of the bearing in which a journal turns, and
which shields the bearing from wear by being
worn itself. 3. {Naut.) A large block of tim-
ber fixed upon the kelson, and fitted to receive
the heel of a mast. To S. a mast, to erect, and
secure it in the step.
Stephen, Palace of St. Built about 1135 ; re-
built by Edward III., 1347 ; became the seat of
the Parliaments, 1552 ; destroyed by fire, 1834.
Steppes. [Russ.] {Geog.) Extensive plains
not at a great elevation above the sea ; as the
steppes of Russia, Siberia, and Turkestan.
-ster. A suffix, the A.S. es-tre, denoting an
agent ; as in spin-ster, malt-ster, Brew-ster,
Baxter (bake-ster), etc.
Stercoraceons. [L. stercus, stercoris, dung^
(Med.) Foecal.
Stere. [Gr. (rrtpf^s, solid.] A cubic metre.
Stereocluromy. [Gr, arfptSs, hard, xP^Mo>
colour.] Wall-painting in water-colours, in
which the picture is fixed and vitrified by being
sprinkled with diluted fluoric acid.
Stereographio projection of the circles of a
sphere is a perspective representation of them on
a great circle, the eye or projecting point being
in one of the poles of that circle.
Stereography. [Gr. crepfSs, solid, ypd<po), I
draw.] The art of drawing the forms of solids
upon a plane.
Stereometry. [Gr. arfptofitrpia.] The art of
measuring solids, particularly of finding their
cubical contents.
Stereoscope. [Gr. <rT(p(6s, solid, ixKoirfw, I
7jietu.] A well-known toy in which two pictures
of an object are arranged so that one is seen by
the right, the other by the left, eye of the spec-
tator, the result being that he sees but one image
of the object, and that as if it were solid.
Stereoscopic. [Gr. (mpf6s, solid, cKoittot, 1
behold.] Of or belonging to a Stereoscope.
Stereotomy. [Gr. <sTfpi6s, solid, to/i^, a ait-
ting.] The art of cutting bodies, particularly
masses of stone, into any requiretl form.
Stereotyping. [Gr. aTfpf6s, hard, rvros, type."}
Making a solid plate of type by taking a plaster
cast of the type set up in the common way, and
then pouring melted type-metal on this cast.
Sterling. The legal description of English
current coin, derived probably from Eastcrling,
the popular name of the Baltic and German
traders. The silver penny was first called
easterling.
Stem-board. {Naut.) A run or 1^ made
stern-first.
Stemhold and Hopkins. Authors of the
metrical version of the Psalms, made in the
reign of Edward VI., for which the version of
Brady and Tate was substituted.
StemidsB. (Omith.) Terns, Sea-swallows;
gen. of swallow-like gulls. Cosmopolitan. Earn.
Laridre, ord. AnsSres.
Stem-post. {Naut.) The aftermost timber
in a ship ; it supports the rudder.
Stem-sheets. (Naut. ) The part, of a boat aft
of the rowers, fitted with seats for passengers.
Sternum, [Gr. czipvov, the breast.] (Anat.)
The breast-bone ; flat, narrow, at the fore part of
the thorax, and with which the ribs articulate.
Sternutation. \l..%\.Qxn\x\.o, I sneeze.] Sneez
ing. Sternutative, Sternutatory, substances caus-
ing to sneeze. (Ptarmic.)
Stertor, Stertorous breathing. [L. sterto, /
snore^ A rough, hoarse noise (not snoring, which'
is confined to the nose, but) extending to the
throat ; a condition of disease indicating apo-
plexy, or epilepsy, or narcotic poisoning, or
injury of the head ; often mistaken, very unfor-
tunately, for a sign of drunkenness.
Stet. [L.] Let it stand ; i.e. upon second
thoughts, let the words,, the paragraph, etc.,
stand, though crossed out ; generally a direction
to printers.
Stetch, Stitch. [Agr.) A system of boughts,
or bouts, in ploughing. (Bought.)
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461
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Stethoscope. [Gr. trrrjOoi, the breast, ffKo-itttD,
I look (7/.] (McJ.) A slender cylinder, generally
of wood, seven to twelve inches long, which
conveys sounds from the thorax or other cavities
to the ear in auscultation.
Stet pro ratidae vSlantaa. [L., let the will
go for the reason (Juvenal).] Give unquestioning
obedience.
Stevedore. (Stivadore.)
Steward. [A.S. stiward, the warder of the
sty, as Howard was originally hog-ward, the
swine-keeper.^ In Feud. Law, the deputy of
the lord in the manor court.
Steward, Lord High. Formerly, the first
officer of the Crown in England. The dignity
is now revived only for coronations or the trial
of peers.
Sthenio diaeases. [Gr. er$4ros, strength.] {Med.)
Accompanied with morbid increase of action in
the heart and arteries.
Stiaodato. [It.] A kind of carving in very
low relief.
Stibium. Antimony.
Stichometry. [Gr. vrixoi, a ro7v, fi^rpov,
measure.] Measurement of the length of a book
by the number of lines contained in it.
Stick lae. (Lac.)
Stiff. (Asm/. ) Not easy to capsize ; the op-
posite of Crank.
Stifle. [Ger. stiefel] {Anat.) In the horse,
a joint formed by the union of the lower end of
the thigh-bone with the upper end of the tibia,
and the back of the patella. Stifle-bone, or knee-
pan ; the articulation, really, of the knee.
Stigma. [Gr., mark, spot.] 1. {Bot.) The
viscid upper end of the style, which receives the
pollen. 2. Stigm&ta is used to mean marks in the
body, like those of Christ ufwn the cross, which
have been reproduced in the hands, in some
few cases, under the all-controlling power of a
*' dominant idea," viz. the desire to possess these
marks. {^<xQ2irp(M.\.^x^%Mental Physiology.) The
word is taken from the ffrlyuara of GaL vi. 17.
Stigm&ria. [Gr. trrlyna, a prick, a mark.]
(Geol.) Root -stems of slgillnria {q.v.), pitted
with marks of attached radicles. Carboniferous
system.
Stigmita. (Stigma.)
Stigmatization. The branding of slaves.
(Stigma.)
Stillicide. [L. stillicTdium, a falling by drops.]
(Med. ) A morbid trickling of tears. (Epiphora.)
Still life. Inanimate objects; as fruit, flowers,
furniture.
Stilted arch. (Arch.)
Stilum, or Styium, vertSre. [L.] To turn the
style, or pen, generally of iron, used by the
Romans for writing on wax tablets ; i.e. to erase
with the broad upper end what has been written ;
and so = to correct and improve what one has
said. — Horace, Sat. i. 10, 72.
Stink-stone, Swine-stone. (Geol.) Foetid lime-
stone, which, when rubbed or knocked, smells
of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Stipes. [L. stipes, a trunk, post."] {Bot.) The
stalk of a mushroom ; also of the fronds of ferns.
Stippling. [D. stippelen, to dot.] The use of
small dots instead of lines generally in engrav-
ing or miniature-painting.
Stipnle. [L,. siipxAa^ blade, stem.] {Bot.) The
leafy or membranous processes sometimes arising
from the base of a leaf.
Stirk, Storck, Stork. [O.E. styrc, a small
steer (?).] A young ox or heifer (Scotland).
Stirpes, Per (i), Per capita (2). In Law, (i) a
reckoning by families, not (2) by the number of
individuals ; said of the "taking of property (1)
by representation, in opposition to (2) in one's
own right as a principal " (Brown, Law Dic-
tionary). If A leave money to his sons, B, C,
and D, of whom C dies in his father's lifetime,
C's children (whatever their number), dividing
equally between them their father's portion,
would be receWmg per stirpes, not per capita.
Stirmps. (Naut.) Ropes having one end
nailed to the yard, and the other fitted with an
eye through which ihe foot-ropes are rove.
Stitch. (Stetch.)
Stithy. [Icel. stedhi, anvil.] An anvil.
Stivadore, or Stevedore. [L. stipatorem, sti-
pare, to stuff, cram, press together.] In merchant
shipping, the officer who superintends the stowage
of ships.
Stiver. A Dutch coin, = English halfpenny.
Stoat {Zool.) is commonly a synonym for
weasel ; but denotes more properly the larger
variety, which affords the fur called ermine.
Stochastic. [Gr. oToxaJTTwcJr, capable of hitting
a mark.] Able to conjecture, conjectural.
Stockade. {Mil.) Closed work of stout
timbers placed touching each other, pierced
with musketry loopholes.
Stock and flake. In Naut. language, the
whole of a thing.
Stock of an anchor. {Naut.) A cross-beam
of wood or iron, secured to the top of the shank
at right angles with the flukes.
Stocks. Red and grey bricks used for the out-
side of buildings.
Stoics. {Hist.) A well-known body of Greek
philosophers ; so called from the Stoa, or porch,
m Athens, where their founder, Zenon (Zeno),
B. c. 300, gave his lectures ; noted for the austere
severity of their system. They were especially
opposed to the Epicureans.
Stoke-hole. The space in front of the furnace
where the stoker stands.
Stole. [Gr. aro\i\, a piece of a dress, a robe.]
{Eccl.) A narrow band, worn pendant by priests
in front over both shoulders, by deacons over the
left shoulder only in front and behind. In the
Eastern Church, the deacon's stole is marked
with the words " Hagios, Hagios, Hagios"
(Ter-Sanctus), and is called Orarium.
Stomacher. [Gr. trrdft&xo^t throat.'] Isa. iii,
24 ; a part of the dress of a woman, worn on
the throat and over the bosom ; or an ornament
only, in the same place.
Stomach-piece. (Apron.)
St5m&ta. [Gr., plu. o{ ardfia, a mouth.] {Bot.)
Minute openings in the epidermis of leaves
(principally) ; breathing-pores.
Stonacre. {Naut.) A sloop-rigged vessel,
used for carrying stones on the Severn.
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462
STRE
Stone. A weight of fourteen pounds ; but
the London butcher's stone is eight pounds.
Stone Age. (Prehistoric archaeology.)
Stonecrop. (Sedom.)
Stonefield slate. (Geol.) A Lower Oolite fissile
limestone, used for roofing-stone (not real slate)
in Oxfordshire ; famous for its fossil mammals
(amphitherium, etc.).
Stool. {Naul.) A smaller chainwale or
channel abaft the chief one, to which back-
stays are made fast.
Stopped diapason. (Musk.) An organ stop,
stopped or covered at the top, generally of
wood, of the same pitch as the open D., but
softer in tone, the pipes also being only half
the length. (Diapason.) The pipe being
stopped at the top causes the air to rebound
and produce a tone an octave lower than it
would otherwise.
Stopper. {A'aut.) Stopper of the anchor, a
strong rope to steady the anchor when sus-
pended from the cat-head. S. of the cable, or
Decks., a rope made with a knot at one end,
and lashed to the cable, the other end being
fastened to a ring in the deck, to hold or S.
the cable. Dag-S. (fastened to mainmast) and
Wing-S. (fastened to side-beams) answer a simi-
lar purpose. Rigging-S. , a rope fastened above
and below a fracture, to prevent the rigging
giving way.
Stopping out. Stopping up some of the lines
in an etched plate with a composition, to keep
out the acid, while the other lines are being
deepened by it.
Storaz. [Gr. arlpa^, L. stj^rax.] 1. Ecclus.
xxiv. 15; the gum of Stj^rax ofllclnale (stacte).
2. The S. of commerce, produced by the Liquid-
ambar st^raciflora, ord. Balsam.
Storm, Magnetic. The cause — whatever it
may be — of the accidental variations in the
direction of the magnetic needle, which occur
from time to time. The needle is observed to
make deflexions to the right and left with great
rapidity, at a rate comparable to that of ordinary
telegraphic signalling.
Storm-dmm. {A'aut.) A canvas cylinder,
three feet in diameter and three feet high, hoisted
as a warning.
Storm-dust. (Meteoric dust.)
Storm-jib. (A'aui.) 1. A small jib in cutters,
etc 2. The innermost jib of a ship.
Storm-kite. (A'aut.) One used for carrying
a rope from a stranded vessel to the shore, or
vice versd.
Storm-sail. (Naut.) One of extra strength
and reduced size.
Storm-trysail. (Naut.) A fore-and-aft sail
set on a gaff, but without a boom ; only used in
bad weather.
Storthing. The Parliament of Norway.
Story of the Seven Sages. (Panchatantra.)
Stot. [Sw. stut, a bull, D. stooten, to push,
to butt.] A young bullock, i.e. one under two
years old.
Stonp, Holy water. [A.S. stoppa.] In the
Latin Church, the holy water basin placed at
the entrance of churches.
Stover. [O.Fr. estover, pro7^isions.] (■i4gr.)
Hay made of sainfoin and the like.
Stowaway. One who, wishing to get out of a
country, hides in a vessel about to sail, hoping
to lie hid until it is too late to put back.
Str&bismns. [Gr. ffTpSj3i«r/*<Jj.] A squinting.
Straduarins. Met on. for a violin. (Amati.)
Straight arch. (Arch.) An arch of which the
extrados is straight, but the joints of which are
laid concentrically, as in a common arch.
Strain. (Phys.) The amount of elongation,
compression, or distortion produced by the
action of forces on a body.
Straitness. Deut. xxviii. ; Jer. xix. ; scarcity,
famine.
Strake. (Naut.) A single breadth of plank
extending throughout a vessel's length.
Strangles. A contagious disorder of horses,
with cough, sore throat, and eruption in the
jaw.
Strangury. [Gr. trrpayyovpla, ffrpriYY^t I bind
tight, oiipov, urine] Painful discharge of urine
in small quantities.
Strap. A band. (Band.)
Strapp&do. [O.Sp. estrapada.] A military
punishment, in which the offender was drawn
to the top of a beam, and then allowed to fall
suddenly.
Strapwork. (Arch.) An ornament consisting
of a narrow fillet or band folded, crossed, and
interlaced, chiefly found in work of the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries.
Strass (from the inventor). A colourless
glass, the base of all artificial gems.
Strategy. [Gr. arpaTfiyia, generalship.] The
science of combination before reaching the
presence of an antagonist, by which an army
shall have the advantage on coming into contact.
Strath. [Gael., Welsh ystrad.] In Scotland,
the name of large valleys forming the water-
course of rivers, after which they are called.
Stratigraphy. [L. stratus, spread out flaty
Gr. ypd<p<i>, /write.] In Geol., that department
which arranges the rocks of the earth's crust in
the order of their appearance, and explains how
that sequence arose.
Stratus. [L., spread out flat.] A dense hori-
zontal cloud, commonly resting on the surface
of the land.
Stream-anchor. (Anchors.)
Stream-cable. (Cable.)
Stream the buoy. (Naut.) Drop it over-
board astern, so that it may not foul the buoy-
rope as it sinks to the bottom.
Strelitz. [Russ.] A soldier of the ancient
Muscovite militia, which, as interfering with the
action of the Imperial Government, was dis-
solved by Peter the Great, after their revolt in
1698. The Strelitzy may be compared with the
Janissaries.
Stress. (Phys.) The force exerted between
contiguous bodies or parts of bodies, and dis-
tributed over the surfaces of contact of the bodies
between which it acts ; particularly the internal
force called into play when a body undergoes
any kind of strain.
Stretcher. 1. (Arch.) A stone or brick which
STRE
463
STUR
lies with its longest dimensions parallel to the
length of the wall (a header being one at right
angles), the course in which the materials are
so laid being called the stretching course. 2.
{Naut.) Pieces of wood placed across the
bottom of a boat, for the rowers to press
against with their feet.
Stretehing course. (Stretoher.)
Stria. \L.., a groove. \ (iVat. Jjist.) A streak.
Adj., Striate, iU rioted.
Stria. [L.] {Zoo/.) Furrows, channels, as
in the striated whales.
Striation. [L. stria, a groove.] (Geo/.) Parallel
lines or scorings in mountains at the sides of
valleys ; caused by the grinding against them
of stones, etc. , carried down by glaciers ; also
scratchings on the stones and boulders.
Strickle. An instrument to stride gp-ain level
with the top of the measure.
Stricture. [L. strictura, a contracting.]
(Med.) A morbid contraction, especially of the
urethra ; but also of other mucous canals, e.g.
oesophagus, intestine.
Strigas. [L.., furrows.] (Arch.) The flutings
of a column.
Strigida. [L. strigem, mv/, Gr. arplyl, from
CTpl(u, = rpl(w, to screech.] (Ornith.) Owls ;
fam. of nocturnal birds of prey. Cosmopolitan.
Ord. Acclpitres.
StrigiL [L. strigHis, from stringo, I scrape.]
An instrument for scraping the skin at the
bath.
Strike. (Geo/.) (Dip, 2.)
Strike, Ta (Naut.) 1. To lower anything,
as a flag or an upper mast (Acts xxvii. 17). 2. A
ship strikes, if she touches the bottom, however
slightly.
Strike. Part of the machinery of trades-
unions. When the workmen combine to refuse
work, it is called a S. When the masters re-
fuse to allow them to work unless certain terms
are agreed to, it is a Lockout.
String-eoorse. (Arch.) Any narrow course
of stone or brick work in a wall, of slight pro-
jection.
String-halt, popularly Spring-halt. In horses,
a sudden catching up of one or both hind legs.
Strip a mast, To. (NaiU.) To clear it of
rigging.
Strip leaf. Tobacco leaves packed without
the stalks.
- Stripped to the girt-Iine. (Naut.) With all
the rigging and furniture off the masts.
Strobile, Strobil. [Gr. arpifiiKot, (i) anything
twisted, (2) a fircone.] 1. (Bot.) A multiple
fruit, as that of the hop or pine, in the form of
a cone. 2. (Physio/.) An individual producing,
non-sexually, individuals differing from itself;
as the tapeworm.
StrocaL A shovel for filling the boiling pots
with the materials for glass.
Stroke. (Mech.) The movement of the piston
of a steam-engine through the length of the
cylinder ; it is either an up-stroke or a down-
stroke : a double stroke — up and down — is a
revotution.
Strdma. [Gr. vrpSnko,, the thing spread, a
couch.] (Anat.) The basis which supports the
active elements of an organ.
Strombldse, Strombus. [Gr. a-rpSuBoi, spira/
she//, (rTpf<po>, I twist.'] lVing-shc//s ; fam. of
univalve molluscs. Trop. and warm seas.
Class Gasteropoda.
Strong-back. (Naut.) 1. I.q. Samson' s-post
(q.v.). 2. A timber over the windlass to clear it
of the turns of a chain-cable.
Strontium. (Min.) A yellowish-white metal
obtained from strontianite (a mineral found at
Strontian, in Scotland). Strontia is oxide of
strontium.
StrSphfi. [Gr., a turning,] A division of a
Greek choral ode, answering roughly to our
stanza. At the end of the strophe the singers
turned and went in the other direction, singing
the antistrophe. \Vhen the course ended with a
single stanza, the latter was called the epode.
Stronding. Coarse blanketing for making
strouds, garments worn by N.- American Indians.
Strftma. [L., the thing pi/cd up, a tumour,
from struo, I pi/e up.] I.q. scrofula.
Strflmdsis (coined from struma). Formation
of tubercle.
Strat (Arch.) A piece of timber, some-
times called a />rai-e, placed obliquely at the foot
of a King-post or Qneen-post, to support a rafter.
Strtlthidnes. [L. struthionem, ostrich, usetl
as = struthio-camelus, irrpov8io-Kdfiri\os, bird-
came/.] (Ornith.) An ord. of running- birds,
unable to fly, Ratlta; ; e.g. ostrich.
StrflthlSiddn. (Stmthiones.) Ostriches; fam.
of birds, two gen. : Slruthio, Africa ; Rhea, S.
America. Ortl. Struthiones.
Stryohnot. [Gr. arpvxvos, with the Greeks,
nightshade.] (Bot.) A gen. of tropical climbing
shrubs or trees, ord. Loganiacew ; to which
belongs S. nux v6mica, a native of India. Its
essential alkaloid is strychnin;-.
S.T.T.L. (Sit tibi terra levis.)
Stub out, To. (Agr.) (Tiller, To.)
Stnceo. [It.] A fine plaster, used for deco-
rating and facing walls.
Studding-, or Stud-, or Scudding- sails. (Naut. )
Those set on the sides of squarcsails, on a yard
and boom.
Stnfa. [It., hot-house, steam-bath.] A jet of
steam, such as issues from fissures in volcanic
regions, often at a temperature above the boiling
point of water.
Stuffing-box. (Mech.) A cylindrical space
through which a piston-rod (or other moving
part) passes ; and filled with a packing so as to
allow the rod to move freely and yet to prevent
the escape of steam (or water).
Stnpe. [L. stupa, tow.] (Med.) Flax, cloth,
tow, etc., dipped in hot medicaments and wrung
out, for application to a part in pain.
Sturck, Sturk. (Stirk.)
Sturdy, or 6id. A disease of sheep, owing to
a hydatid floating within a membranous sac, in
the brain, sometimes the size of a nut ; produced
by ova of the tapeworm, taken up in feeding.
It may be safely extracted.
Sturlonlda. [L.L. sturionem, the sturgeon,
I O.E. styria, styriga, Ger. stor, Sw. storia.]
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464
SUBJ
{Ichth.) Gen. of fish, Sinrgeons ; some spec,
twelve to fifteen feet long, ganoid plates on head,
and rows of the same on body. Northern
regions ; they ascend rivers to spawn. Fam.
Acipenseridae [L. acTpenser, the siurgicon], ord.
Chondrostel, sub-class Ganoidei.
SturnldsB. [L. sturnus, starling.'\ (Ornith.)
Starlings ; fam. of birds peculiar to E. hemi-
sphere, but not found in Australian mainland.
Ord. Passeres (Sturnoid).
Stygian. Belonging to or relating to the Styx.
Style. [Or. otSAos, a pillar. \ 1, The gnomon
(^.z*.) of a sun-dial. 2. (Bot.) The stalk of the
stigma, an upward prolongation of the ovary ; it
is not an essential part, and is sometimes absent.
Style [L. stylus, Gr. o-tDaos] ; Change of S. ;
New S. ; Old S. A mode of reckoning time. In
Old Style \.hc year began on March 25, and its
length was reckoned as that of the Julian year,
viz. 365 days, with an additional day every fourth
year ; in Neiu Style the year begins on January
I, and its length is reckoned according to the
Gregorian reformation, by which three of the
additional days are dropped out every four hun-
dred years. The Change of S., ».^. from old to
new, was made in England as follows : — The
year 1751, which began on March 25, was
shortened by a quarter, and 1753 began on
January I following ; the eleven days by which
the Julian reckoning had become too long were
struck out in September, 1752, the days of that
month being numbered consecutively i, 2, 14,
15, etc. ; i.e. the change of style took place after
September 2, 1752.
Stylltes, Stylite saints. [Gr. trrvxirrti, from
(TTvKos, a />illar.] [Eccl. Hist.) Pillared saints,
that is, devotees who dwelt on the summits of
columns in Syria and Eg)'pt. Such v/as Simeon
Stylites, in the fifth century.
StylSbate. [Gr. o-Tu\o/3aTijj, the foot of a
colnmni\ {Artrh.) The uninterrupted base be-
low the pedestals of a range of columns.
Styloid. Shaped like a style [Gr. arCKos], or
pen.
Styptic. [Gr. vrvwriKis, ffTv<{>w, I contract.]
(Med.) Astringent, stopping bleeding.
Stythe. (Fire-damp.)
Styx. [Gr. vtv^, horror.'] [Myth.) One of
the ten arms or branches of the ocean stream
which girdled the earth. It was also said to be
one of the rivers of the unseen land of the dead.
(Acheron; Cocyttis; Lethe; Fhlegethon.)
Sua si bona ndrint, felloes. [L.] Happy, if
only they knew their own blessings.
Suave mari magno. [L.] The first words of
the opening of the second book of the Latin poet
Lucretius, De Rerum Natiird; of which this is
the general sense. " It is a delightful thing,
while the great sea rages, to watch from the
land another struggling with the waves : not
because this is in itself a delight : yet it is a
delight to watch calamities from which you feel
yourself safe. So to look on a battle from some
safe point of view. But nothing is more delight-
ful than, from some serene stronghold of know-
ledge, to look down upon the wanderings and
errors of other men, and their efforts after mere
wealth and power, rather than knowledge and a
quiet mind.'
Suaviter in modo, fortlter in re. [L.] Gently
in manner, stoutly in action.
Suh. \y,.,nnder.] 1. In composition, is often =
somewhat : as sub-acute pain, which is less than
acute ; sub-angular, as applied to rocks, etc. 2.
(Chem.) Prefixed to the name of a salt, denotes
a decrease of the element thus marked ; as a sub-
sulphide, which contains less sulphur than tho
sulphide.
Subacute diseases. Of which the fever is less
than acute.
Subaerial. (£i>lian accumulations.)
Subahdar. The Hindu name for the governor
of a siibah or province. In the Indian army it
denotes an officer ranking as captain in European
companies. (Naw&b.)
Subaltern. [L. subaltemus, subordinate.] 1.
(Mil.) Any commissioned officer in the army
under the rank of captain. 2. (Log.) Par-
ticular propositions in their relation to Univer-
sal proposition.
Subarration. [L. sub arrha, vnder earnest
money.'] Betrothal by the bestowal of marriage
gifts or tokens, as rings, etc., upon the woman.
Subchelate. Somewhat f//^/a/^ (q-'^-)'
Subcontrary. 1. (Geom.) (i) Two similar tri-
angles having one angle of the one superimposed
on an equal angle of the other, but so that the
bases are not parallel, but are in subcontrary
positions. (2) When an oblique cone has a cir-
cular base, all sections parallel to the base are
circular, and it has also a second set of parallel
circular sections ; any section of the one set is
subcontrary to any one of the other set. 2.
(Log.) A term expressing the opposition be-
tween two propositions, one of which is a par-
ticular affirmative, the other a particular negative.
Subcutaneous. Under the skin [L. sub cute].
Subdeacon. In the early Christian Church,
officers employed in subordination to the deacons.
In the Latin Church they were not considered to
be in holy orders until the thirteenth century.
The office is not retained in the English Church.
Sub dio, or Sub Jove. [L.] Jn the open car.
Subdominant. [L. sub, under, dominantem,
governing.] (Music.) The fifth below or fourth
above the key-note, either as being the note be-
low the dominant or as being a governing note,
but in a less degree.
Subduplicate ratio. (Math.) Of two numbers,
the ratio of their square roots.
Subinfeudation. In Feud. Law, the creation
of a subordinate tenancy by a tenant, to be held
of himself and not of the lord.
Subject. [L. subjectus, thrown under.] (Log.)
In a proposition, the term of which anything is
affirmed or denied, i.e. predicated. (Predicate.)
Subjective and objective. In Phil., words
denoting the distinction between the person
forming the conception of an object, and the
object of which the conception is formed, —
in Sir W. Hamilton's language, the former be-
longing to the Ego, the latter to the Non-ego.
Sub judice Us est. [L.] The matter is befor
the judge, is undecided (Horace)
SUBL
465
SUCC
Snblapsarians, or Infralapsarians. [L. sub or
infra, utuicr, lapsus, afaU.'\ Most divines of the
reformed Churches have held that God permitted
the fall of man without absolutely determining
it ; a doctrine which has been termed Sublapsa-
riariy in opposition to the high Cahnnistic or
Supralapsarian view.
Sub-lieutenant. (Bank.)
Snblimate. {Chem.) The product of sublima-
tion, which consists '\nraising\L.. sublimis, higK\
a substance into vapour by heat, and then con-
densing it. Corrosive sublimate is mercuric
chloride.
Sublime Porte. (Seraglio.)
Sublition. [L. sublinere, to lay on as a ground
colour.] The act of laying a ground colour
under the more perfect colour.
SublittoraL [L. sub, littus, littdris, the shore.]
Under the shore.
Subluxation. [L. luxationem, a dislocating^
(Med.) Partial dislocation.
Submarine foreats. {Geol.) In several places
along the British coasts ; generally beds of peat,
or semi-lignite, with roots and trunks of oak,
Scotch fir, alder, yew, etc., overlain by many
feet of marine silt ; showing ( i ) formation at a
higher level than present sea-board ; then (2)
submersion ; and (3) re-elevation ; the flora the
same as that now existing.
SnbmentaL (Med.) Under the chin [L. sub
mento].
SubnusaioB of the Clergy, Statute of, a.d.
1534, embodied the S. made by Convocation, two
years before, that they would promulgate no new
Canon without the king's licence ; and their
desire for a revision of existing Canons by thirty-
two men, sixteen being taken from the Houses
of Parliament, and sixteen being clergy.
Subnormal. [L. sub, norma, a rule.] (Math.)
The part of the axis of a curve intercepted be-
tween the ordinate and normal drawn at any
point.
Subpoena. [L., under penalty^ In Law,
writs carrying penalties for neglect. They
may simply order the appearance of a witness,
or enjoin him to produce l>ooks or papers.
Subrogation. [L. subrogationem.] In Law,
the substitution of one person for another in the
exercise of rights. Hence a Surrogate.
Sub riisa. {L., under the rose.] Secretly,
confidentially.
•flubsellium, plu. .y/^/t'/Z/a. [L.] (Eccl. Arch.)
Tlie long seats in the stalls of chancels or choirs;
also known as MisHreres.
Subeldia, plu. [L.] Helps, aids.
Subiddy. [L. subsidium, an aid.] (Eng. Hist.)
An extraordinary grant to the sovereign, made
by authority of Parliament, and levied on the
estates of those who were liable to them ; fre-
guently in quantity on all goods, as a tenth,
nfteenth, etc. ; sometimes only on particular
goods, as the ninth sheep, lamb, or fleece. In
course of time the S. came to be regarded as a
land tax.
Sub silentio. [L., in silence.] Unnoticed.
Substance. [L. substantia, the L. equivalent
of Gr. ouaia, essence.] In Log., according to
some, the collection or synthesis of attributes.
(Nominalists; Sealists.)
Substantive eolours. Those which require no
mordant to fix them.
Subsumption. [L. sub, sumptionem, a taking.]
The act of subsuming, or including under an-
other. In Log., the minor clause or premiss of
a Syllogism.
Subtangent. [L. sub, tangentem, touching.]
(Math.) The part of the axis of a curve inter-
cepted between the ordinate, and tangent drawn
at any point.
Subtend. [L. subtendo, I extend underneath.]
(Math.) If there are three points — A, B, and C—
the angle between the lines AB and AC is the
angle subtended at the point A by the line BC.
Subtense of an arc. [L. subtendo, / extend
underneath.] Its chord.
Subtle Doctor. (Doctor.)
Subtonic, or Leading note. (Music.) The note
which is a semi-tone beloTv the tonic, the seventh
in the scale, insensibly leading to and suggest-
ing the tonic, or eighth.
Subulate leal [L. subula, an awl.] Awl-
shaped, narrow and tapering to a very fine
point ; e.g. leaves of furze.
Succades. [L. succus,y«/ivr.] Sweetmeats.
Suocdd&neum. [L., a thing substituted.] In
dentistry, an amalgam for the cavities of the
teeth.
Suooentor. [L. sub, cantor, a singer.] In a
cathedral, deputy of precentor ; originally the
leader of the singing on the opposite side to
the P.
Succession, Apostolical. (Theol.) The al-
leged unbroken succession of priests in the
Church by regular ordination from the apostles
to the present time. In the theory of the Latin
Church, all bodies in which this succession has
been broken have neither Church nor sacra-
ments.
Succession, War of the. Two wars in modem
European history are known by this name : (l)
that of the Spanish succession, 1702-13; (2) that
of the Austrian succession, ended by the Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748.
Succession duty. A tax imposed on succes-
sion to property, real or personal, according to
its value and to the relation of the successor to
the testator or predecessor.
Succinic acid. An acid obtained from amber
[L. succinum].
Succory. (Chicory.)
Succotash. [N.-Amer. Ind. msickquatash,
com boiled whole.] Green maize and beans
boiled together.
Succfibi. [L.] A term used in the Middle
Ages to denote the female devils with which
wizards were thought to have intercourse, the
incubi being the male devils to which witches
were supposed to submit themselves.
Succnrsal. [Fr. succursale, L. succurro, 2
help.] 1. (Eccl.) A church established to succour
a parochial church ; in other words, to serve as
a chapel of ease. 2. A branch establishment.
Sucoussion. [L. succussio, succiitio, / shake
up.] (Med.) A shaking of the patient's body.
SUCR
466
suov
to ascertain by the sound the existence of fluid
within the body.
Sucross. [Fr. sucre, jw^r.] Cane-sugar.
Suction-chamber; S.-pipe; S.-pnmp. (Mech.) In
the Suction-pump water is raised simply by the
atmospheric pressure on the water in the well :
on the up-stroke a vacuum is formed in the barrel
or S.-chamber, into which water is forced up by
atmospheric pressure along the S.-pipe ; on the
down-stroke a valve at the top of the suction-
pipe prevents the water from running back into
the well ; it therefore forces its way through a
valve in the piston into the space above, and at
the next stroke is lifted to the spout.
S&damlna [L., nveatings, coined from sudo, /
s:weat\ or Miliary eruption [milium, millet seed\
(Med.) Vesicular disorder of the skin, caused by
copious perspiration.
Sudder. [Hind, sudr, eminence^ A term
applied in India chiefly to courts of high criminal
and civil jurisdiction, called Sudder adawlut.
Sudra. (Caste.)
Soffetes. (Hist.) The highest magistrates
of the Carthaginian republic, answering in
name to the Hebrew shofetim, judges.
Sufax. (Affix.)
Suffragan. [L. ^n^rzgvixa, a vote.} (Eccl.) 1.
The bishop of a diocese in reference to his
metropolitan. 2. The term is also applied
to bishops appointed to assist a bishop in his
diocese. (Chorepisoopus.)
Suf&age. [L. suffiragium.] A vote given in
deciding some disputed question, in election to
some oftice, etc. Suffrages, in public worship,
versicles with their responses ; as in the Litany,
and after the Creed in Morning and Evening
Prayer, and elsewhere.
Suffiraginous. Belonging to the knee-joint
[L. suffraginem] of a beast.
Siifi. (Soofis.)
Sufism. A kind of mysticism, within the
Mohammedan communion ; the sufi being a
kind of superior fakir [Ar. soufi, wise, re-
ligious ; (?) souf, 'Mool, i.e. not silk for gar-
ments ; or (?) cf. ffo(p6s, clever, skilled (Littre)].
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Persia was governed by a dynasty of Sophis,
Sufis, or Soofis.
Sugar of lead. Acetate of lead (from its taste).
Suggestio falsi. [L.] TAe suggestion of a
falsehood without actually putting it into words.
(Suppressio veri.)
Suggillation. [L. sugillo, T beat black and
blue.] [Med.) A black-and-blue mark, bruise.
Sui generis, [h., of its own kind.] Peculiar,
rare.
Suktas. (Veda.)
Sulcus. [L., a furrow.] [Anat.) A groove
on the surface of a bone.
Sulky. A light two-wheeled carriage for one
person alone.
Sulphur. [L. sulfur.] A brittle yellow in-
flammable element. Its compounds with another
element are called sulphides or sulphurets.
Sulphuric acid contains one equivalent of
sulphur to three of oxygen, and forms' salts
called sulphates.
Sulphurous acid contains one equivalent of
sulphur to two of oxygen, and forms salts called
sulphites.
Sulphur showers are composed of yellow
pollen blown from pine-forests.
Sultan. [Ar.] A title of many Mohammedan
princes, the Grand Sultan being called Padishah.
Sum [L. summa, the total]; Algebraical S.
The result of adding together two or more
numbers. In forming the Algebraical sum of
several numbers, each has its proper sign pre-
fixed, whether positive or negative ; the difference
is then found between the arithmetical sum of
the positive numbers and that of the negative
numbers, and this difference, with the positive or
negative sign prefixed, is the required algebraical
sum ; thus the algebraical sum of 7 — 10 — 1 1 -|-
22 — 31 is —23. This generalized use of the
word sum is of great importance in the enuncia-
tion of general theorems.
Summa theologlae. [L., the sum of theology.']
As encyclopaedic treatise on theology, drawn up
by Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, whose
followers were known as Thomists.
Summum bSnum. [L.] The chief good.
Summumjus, summa injuria. [L.] The strictest
law may cause the worst injury ; lit. highest
right, highest wrong.
Sumner. (Sompnour.)
Sump. [Ger. sumpf, rt jTCrtw/.] 1. A pit at the
bottom of a mine for collecting the water to be
pumped out. 2. A round stone-pit lined with
clay for receiving metal at its first fusion.
Sumpslmus. (Humpsimus.)
Sumpter. [Fr. sommier, from somme, saume,
salma, sagma, Gr. aayixa, pack, pack-saddle.] A
pack-horse, mule, etc.
Sumpter-mule. (Mil.) Carries provisions for
troops on the march.
Sumptuary laws. Laws designed to restrain
the expenditure of citizens. ISo such laws re-
main in this country. The S. L. regidating the
wages of labour and the dress of the peasantry
held their ground longest.
Stin and planet wheel. (Mech.) A combina-
tion for converting the reciprocating motion of
the beam of the steam-engine into the circular
motion of the fly-wheel. The sun-wheel is on
the axle of the fly-wheel, the planet-wheel on
the connecting rod, the teeth of the former
working with those of the latter ; and their
centres are connected by a link to prevent dis-
placement.
Sundew. (Drosera.)
Suni. (Sonnites.)
Sunn. An E.-Indian hemp, called also brown
or Madras hemp.
Sunniah. (Shiahs.)
Sunnites. [Ar. sunna, custom.] So called as
assigning equal authority with the Coran to
tradition, which was first unwritten, the Shiahs,
or Shiites, upholding the exclusive authority of
the Coran.
Sunt lacrymsB remm, et mentem mortalia
tangunt. [L.] Life has its sorrows, and the
heart is touched by otir (common) mortality.
Suovetaurllia. [L.] In Rom. Hist., a quia-
SUPE
467
SURV
quennial sacrifice, consisting of a sow [sus], a
sheep [ovis], and a bull [taurusj.
Snperaltar. (Betable.)
Supercargo. In a merchant-ship, the officer
superintending the commercial transactions of
the voyage.
Superciliary. (Anat.) Pertaining to the eye-
brow [L. supercilium].
Supererogation. [L. supererogare, to fay over
and above.] Properly, a donation to soldiers
above their pay. The Latin Church maintains
that all- good works done by holy men over and
beyond the standard necessary to be reached
for their own salvation, pass into a common
treasury, and become profitable to those who
are less advanced.
Superfetation. [L. fcetus, offspring.] (Afed.)
Coexistence of two foetuses, of different ages.
Superior planet. (Planet.)
SupemactUom. A monkish word, composed
of L. super, uOovi; or on, and Ger. nagel, a nail ;
used by topers to denote a practice in drinking,
which showed that the vessel was completely
drained out.
Supernatant part of a ship. (Dead-works.)
Superphosphate. [L. super, o^er, ami phos-
phate.] (C/iiw.) A phosphate containing the
greatest possible amount of phosphoric acid.
S. of lime is a manure made by treating ground
bones, etc., with phosphoric acid.
S&pln&tor mnaoles. (Pronator muscles.)
Supines. [L. supinus, on the back.] In Gram.,
a name denoting two cases of verbal nouns, the
accusative expressing a purpose, the ablative
describing a mode.
Supplqaek. A walking-cane made from an
American plant.
Supplication of Beggars. Bv Fish, Ia\vyer of
Gray's Inn, 1528; i.e. S. of lepers and other
sick, that the money wasted in monasteries may
be spent upon them ; a most outspoken satire
upon the old doctrines, especially purgatory.
Answered by Sir T. More's Supplication of Souls ;
i.e. S. that Christian people would not leave off
praying for them ; denying the truth of the
attack, and endeavouring to establish the
doctrine.
Supporters. {Her.) Figures standing on the
scroll, placed on each side of the shield, as if to
support it.
Suppository. [L. supposltorius, placed under-
neath.] (Med.) Solid medicine for introduction
into the body otherwise than at the mouth.
Suppressio verL [L.] The suppression of
truth. When it is combined with the Suggestlo
falsi, oratory has reached its worst form.
Supralapsarians. (Sublapsarians.)
Supranaturalists. [L. su)ira, above, natijra,
nature.] A term used in Germany to distin-
guish those who are opposed to the Rationalists ;
i.e. to those who exclude all supernatural opera-
tions or manifestations in religion.
SuprarSnal. {A/ed.) Above the kidneys [L.
renes] ; Surrenal, below them.
Supremacy, Act of, a.d. 1534, 26 Henry
VIII., declared the king "the only supreme head
on earth of the Church of England," compelling
beneficed ecclesiastics, and laymen holding office
under the Crown, to abjure the spiritual as well
as the temporal jurisdiction of Rome.
Supremacy, Oath of. An oath denying the
jurisdiction of the pope in this country.
Supremacy, PapaL The theory that the
Bishop of Rome has an inherent jurisdiction over
all powers ecclesiastical and laic.
Supremacy, Boyal. In Eng. Mist., a term
used to denote the authority of the Crown over
all causes and persons ecclesiastical, and thus to
deny the right of any foreign jurisdiction, as that
of the pope, within the realm.
Suras. The Arabic name for the chapters of
the Coran, each sura being held to be sepa-
rately revealed.
Sural. {Anat.) Pertaining to the ca/f [L.
sura] of the leg.
Snrbase. {Arch.) The cornice of the
Dado.
Surcingle. [O.E. sursengle, O.Fr. sursangle,
from L. super, oi'er, cingulum, a girdle.] 1. A
girth which passes tff^r anything laid on a horse's
back, to secure it. 2. (Eccl.) The girdle or
waistband of a cassock.
Surcoat. [Fr. sur, over, and coat.] A silk
overcoat, to protect a knight's armour.
Surculation. [L. surcCilus, a shoot.] The art
or act of pruning.
Surd. [L., surdus, deaf.] A root which can-
not be expressed as a commensurable number ;
as, ^2.
Surface of revolution. (Math.) The surface
of the solid space traced out by the revolution of
a plane area round an axis in its plane ; as a
cone by a right-angled triangle revolving round
its perpendicular ; an anchor-ring by a circle,
round an axis which does not cut it, etc.
Surmounted. (Arch.) Said of an arch or door
rising higher than a semicircle.
Surplusage. 1. In Law, matter irrelevant to
a case. 2. In disbursements, not explained by
the returns of the accountant.
SnrrenaL (Suprarenal.)
Surrogate. (Subrogation.)
Sursum corda. [L.] These Latin words are
translated in the English Communion Office by
the words, " Lift up your hearts."
Surveillance. [Fr., from L. super, and
\\g\\Axe, to watch.] Inspection, watching.
Survey; Trigonometrical S. The determina-
tion of the relative positions of the remarkable
points in a tract of ground, the situation of
buildings, direction of roads and streams,
boundaries of woods, fields, etc., and the
delineation of their projection on a horizontal
plane. In a Trigonometrical S. the relative
positions of the principal points of a large tract
of country are determined by applying the rules
of trigonometry to calculate their mutual distances
by means of accurately observed angles, and
a measured base. (Cadastral survey ; Geodesic
line; Triangulation.)
Survival of the fittest. In the Darwinian
philosophy, the permanence, arising from
natural selection, of certain types of animal and
vegetable life ; whib others die out to whose
SURV
468
SYCA
continued existence surrounding circumstances
are unfavourable.
SurviTorship. In life annuities, a reversionary
benefit contingent on some life surviving some
other life or lives, or on lives falling according
to some assigned order.
Bus Hinervam. [L.] A pig (teaching)
Hinerra.
Suspending power, A power claimed by
Charles II. as inherent in the Crown, and used
for mitigating the severity of the Act of Uni-
formity, 1663.
Suspension. [L. suspensionem.] (Eccl.) The
withdrawal from the incumbent of the tempora-
lities of his benefice, and of the right of exercis-
ing his spiritual office, for offences of which he
may have been found guilty by an ecclesiastical
court.
Suspension bridge. A bridge in which the
roadway is suspended by rods from strong chains
resting on piers of masonry, and having their
ends firmly fixed in the earth.
Sussex marble. Petworth marble, a fresh-
water shell (Paludina) limestone ; IVealden (q.v.).
Susurration. [L. susurrare, to iuhisper.\ A
soft murmur, whispering.
Sutler. [Ger. sudler, a <faWi5?r, </a«^.] {Mil.)
Camp-follower who provides troops with eat-
ables and drinkables.
Sutra. (Veda.)
Suttee (more properly Sati^ akin to Skt. sacti,
holy). A term applied to Hindu widows, who
submitted to be burnt with the bodies of their
husbands. The custom, which has long been
abolished in all English territory, has been proved
to rest on a mistranslation, probably designed,
of a verse in the Rig Veda, (SactL)
Suture. [L. sutura, a stitching.] 1. (Surg.)
The stitching of a wound. 2. (Ana/.) Articu-
lation of bones, e.g. those of the skull, by inden-
tation, or serrated margins.
Suum cuique tribuito. [L.] Give each man
his own.
Swage. A tool used in shaping metal-work.
Swainmote, Sweinmote. In Eng. forest law,
a court held, before the verderers as judges, by
the steward of the court, three times a year.
Swan. [Heb. tinshemeth (Lev. xi. 18).] (Bid/.)
Probably the purple water-hen (Porphyrio anti-
quorum), or the sacred ii/is (q.v.).
Swarga. In Hind. Myth., the heaven of
Indra.
Swash-buckler. A bra^adocio, or bully. To
swash is to strike hard ; cf. sway, swagger.
Swastika. The mystic Cross of four L's, or
reversed Z's, found as a mark on porcelain and
pottery, and otherwise, from China to Peru.
Swath, Swathe. [A.S. swatSu.] (Agr.) A
row of mown grass, or corn.
Sweating sickness, Sudor AngUcus, £phemgra
sudatoria or maligna. Sudden violent fever,
with nausea, thirst, delirium (? a modification of
Plague) ; very fatal, and frequently within three
or four hours ; end of the fifteenth and begin-
ning of the sixteenth centuries ; said to have
first appeared with the landing of the Earl of
Richmond's army, Milford Haven, A.D. 1 485.
Swedenborgians. Those who adopt the mys-
tical theology of Swedenborg, a Swedish noble-
man, who died in London in 1772. They also
call themselves the New Church, and the Netu
yerusalem Church.
Sweep. A movable template for making
moulds in sand, etc.
Sweeps. (A'aui.) Large oars used for ships.
Sweep-washing. Extracting the residuum of
precious metal from the S7ueepings, etc., of gold
or silver refineries.
Sweet-bread. (Thymus gland.)
Sweet-flag. (Calamus.)
Sweet-gale. ( Myrica. )
Sweinmote. (Swainmote.)
Swerga. (Swarga.)
Swift, To. (A/'aiit.) 1. To tighten the shrouds
by drawing the port and starboard shrouds in-
board with a strong tackle fastened about eight
feet up them. 2. To pass a rope over the ends
of all the capstan bars, and haul it taut. To S.
a ship, (i) to pass cables round her; (2) to
bring her aground, or careen her.
Swifters. (Naut.) The first pair of shrouds ;
not confined, as the rest are, to cai-harpings
(q.v.).
Swine-stone. (Stink-stone.)
Swingle, [Ger. schwengel, a S7.ving-beam.\
1. A long knife-shaped piece of wood for beat-
ing flax so as to separate the coarse part or
swingling tow. 2. The part of a flail which
strikes the grain.
Swingletree. (Singletree.)
Switch, or Point. (Mech.) A movable rail
of the same dimensions as an ordinary rail, but
tapering off at one end ; by means of a pair of
switches the direction of the motion of a train
can be changed, and the train transferred from
one pair of rails to another.
Swivel. (Afcch.) A piece fastened to another
body by a pin, so as to turn round freely though
the body is fixed.
Swivel-gun. (Afil. ) Turning on a pivot, and
thus occupying little space ; used in the bow or
stem on board ship or in boats.
Sword, Order of the. A Swedish order of
knighthood, instituted by Gustavus Vasa.
Swordfish. (Ichth.) Gen. and spec, of sea-fish,
ten or twelve feet long, and sometimes longer ;
bluish-black back, silvery belly, upper jaw
elongated into swordlike form, nearly a third
of whole length. Mediterranean, and between
tropics ; one spec, has been found off Britain
and northward. Fam. Xiphlidae, ord. Acantho-
pt^rjrgii, sub-class TelSostel.
Sword of State. The sword with which the
English sovereign is girt at his coronation, the
three swords carried before him being the Cur-
tana, or pointless sword of mercy, and the
swords of spiritual and temporal justice.
Suzerain. (Feudal system.)
Sybarite. [Gr. Su/BapiTT/s.] 1, Properly an
inhabitant of Sybaris, a Greek colony on the
Tarentine gulf, in Italy, which is, said to have
become enfeebled by luxury. Hence, 2, any
voluptuary.
Sycamine, [Gr. avKafuvos. ] Luke xvii. 6 ; a
SYCO
469
SYNiE
mnlberry, l>oth black and white, Morus nigra and
alba, being common in Palestine ; the Mulberry
of 2 Sam. V. 23 being (?) a kind of balsam ; or
(?) aspen ; or, (?) according to LXX., pear tree.
Syeomore. [Gr. <rO(cd/xopt'a.] i Chron. xxvii.
28; Ps. Ixxviii. 47; not our S., but the tig-
mulberry (Ficus sycimorus), a fig tree, allied to
the banyan ; valuable evergreen timber tree,
yielding a small sweet fig.
SycSphant. [Gr. a\iKo^iini\i, said to be from
ffvKov, a fig, and ^aivu, I disclose.^ 1. This
word was said to denote one who at Athens
gave information against those who exported figs
in defiance of the law which forbade it. Hence,
2, informers or false accusers generally. From
their cringing demeanour the word has now
come to denote, 8, mean flatterers.
Syenite, (do/.) A granitic rock, quartz +
felspar + hornblende. Syene, Upper Eg>'pt.
Syllabariam. A table of the indivisible syl-
labic symbols used in the Japanese and other
languages instead of letters.
Syllepns. [Gr. avWrii\>is, a taking together.^
(Gram.) The agreement of an adjective with
the gender of one only of two nouns with which
it is linked.
SyllSgiim. [Gr. (rvKKoyiatL&<i, a gathering
together.] {Log.) An argument stated in the
form of three PropontionB, the conclusion fol-
lowing necessarily from the two FrenuMei
(Whately) ; the general proposition being in
accordance with focts, and the minor premiss
stating some point of agreement or difference
ascertained by actual search (Mill).
Sylph. [Gr. aiKifru, an insect or gruh.] The
Bosicrucian term for spirits of the air.
Sylva, Evelyn's, A Discourse of Forest Trees,
etc.. published 1664. A treatise by John Evelyn,
of Wotton, scholar, philosopher, author, and a
very perfect country gentleman (1620-1706) ;
one of the founders of gardening, etc. ; to which,
and to his example, this country is indebted for
its fine abundant timber.
SylvQds. [L. silva, woodiand.l {Orni/h.)
Warblers; large fam. of small birds, as hedge-
sparrow, nightingale, golden-crested wren.
Universally distributed, except south-west of
S. America. Ord. Passires.
Symbol. [Gr. avfifioKoy, a sign.] (Afath.) A
note or character indicating a quantity or opera-
tion ; thus, in a + b the characters a and b
denote quantities, the note -f an operation, viz.
the addition of the quantities.
SymbSlLnn. [Gr. au/u/SoXov.] The system
which found a symbolical meaning in every part
of the ecclesiastical ritual and architecture. —
Didron, Iconographie Chretienne ; Durandus,
Raticmale Divttioritm Officiorttm.
SjmbSlnm. [Gr. <rvn^o\ov, a sign, or mark.]
1. A treaty or agreement. Hence a profession
of faith, or creed, especially the Apostles' Creed,
to which the story related by Rufinus says that
each of the apostles contributed [ffvfifidWtiy, to
throw together] a proposition. 2. Any outward
sign or emblem. Hence the elements in the
Eucharist are so called, as representing the
body and blood of Christ.
Symmetry. [Gr. ffuju/ifTpfa.] 1. (Oecw.) A
curve is symmetrical to an axis when all straight
lines at right angles to the axis which meet the
curve in one point meet it also in a second, and
the two points are equally distant from the axis
but on opposite sides of it ; so of a surface with
reference to a plane, etc. 2. Algebraic expres-
sions are symmetrical when one can be derived
from another by interchange of letters ; as,
be — a*, ca — b*, ab — c*, where the second is
derived from the first by interchanging a and b,
and the third from the second by interchanging
b and c. 3. In crystals, if one of the faces have
given parameters, other faces will occur having
equal parameters differently arranged, and it
may be with one or more of their signs changed :
such faces are symmetrical.
Sympathetic ink. An ink, the writing in
which is invisible till warmed or treated with
chemicals.
Sympathetic system, or Ganglionic. One of
ganglionic centres and nerve-trunks, scattered
through different parts of the body, but mutually
connected with each other ; the principal centres
being two great semilunar "ganglia" in the
abdominal cavity near the spine, from which the
solar plexus, a series of trunks and branches, is
distributed to the muscular walls of the intes-
tinal canal and the various glandular organs
connected with it. {Vide Carpenter's Mental
Physiology, p. 125.)
Sympathetic tone; 8. vibration. (Jlfusic.)
When a portion of the atmosphere is in such a
state of vibration as to transmit a loud sound,
and there is within it a chord (or other body)
capable of vibrating either accurately or very
nearly so with the same frequency, the chord
or body makes .S". vibrations and produces a
S. tone.
Sympathy of clocks. When two clocks are
placed near each other, and rest in some degree
on the same support, they will sometimes keep
time together for several days without varying a
second, though they might have differed con-
siderably if otherwise situated ; the fact that the
vibrations of the pendulums control each other
is the sympathy of the clocks.
Sympiesometer. [Gr. av/iiriffftt, a pressing
together, ixtrpov, measure.] An instrument for
showing the pressure of the atmosphere, in
which the movements showing the variations of
pressure have a much wider range than in the
mercurial barometer. It consists of a bent glass
tube about eighteen inches long, with a chamber
at top containing air, and an open cistern below
containing glycerine or sulphuric acid ; it is
graduated by comparison with a standard baro-
meter. It is very quick in its indications, and
portable, but not suited for exact observation.
Symposiarch. [Gr. ffvfnrofflapxos, from trvunS-
atov, a drinking together, and i.px'^t I rule.] In
ancient usage, the master of a feast, sometimes
called Basileus, and Architrlklinos (John ii. 8).
SynserSsis. [Gr. iruvaiptais, a taking together. 1
In Gram., the contraction of two syllables into
one by the formation of a diphthong. Called also
Crdsis \a mingling], (Metaplasm.)
SYNA
470
SYSS
Synallagmatio. [Gr. <rwaWayfi&TiK6s.] Ef-
fected by mutual contract ; entailing mutual
obligation.
Syn&l(splia. [Gr. (Tvva\oi<(>ii, a melting to-
gether. ^ In Gr. and L. prosody, the running of
the last syllable of a word ending with a vowel
into the first syllable of the next also beginning
with a vowel.
Synaxis. [Gr. o-ui'o^iy, an assembly.'] 1. The
assembling of Christian persons for the reception
of the Holy Communion ; and so, 2, the Holy
Communion itself.
Synosrpous fruit. [Gr. avv, together, KopirSs,
fruit.] (Bot.) Having the carpels united into
an undivided body ; e.g. orange,
Sjmoategorematio. [Gr. tTvyKaTrryopitfixtriKSs.]
In Log., words which form only part of a term.
Such are adverbs, prepositions, and nouns in the
oblique cases.
Syixehronism. [Gr. <rvy, together, xp^'">^>
time.] A representation in one picture of events
occurring at different times.
Synchronise. [Gr. vvvxpovi^u, I am contem-
porary with.] To happen at the same point or
duration of time. Thus the Reformation syn-
chronized with the revival of learning.
Synohyais. [Gr. avyx'^'^ih from tniy, ivith,
and x*'*! I pour.] A confusion, as of humours
in the eye, or of words in a sentence.
Synclinal. (Anticlinal line.)
Syncopation. [Gr. auyKoir-l), a cutting u/>.]
In Music, an irregularity of rhythm, by which
the last note of one bar is tied to the first of the
next ; the occurrence of accented notes in an
unaccented part of the bar. (Driving notes.)
Sync5pe [Gr. avyKoirfi, sv.>oon], or Fainting
fit. 1. {Med.) Temporary arrest or diminution
of the circulation of the blood, with suspension
of the breathing and of the functions of the
nervous system. 2. In Gr., Hetaplasm.
Synoretism. [Gr. <TuyKpfiTi<rfi.6s.] The blend-
ing of the opinions of different philosophical
schools into one system. The party of Pico
della Mirandola, Bessarion, and others in the
time of the Renaissance, are called Syncretists ; a
name which is also given, in Eccl. Hist., to the
followers of George Calixtus, who, in the six-
teenth century, tried to form a scheme for uniting
all bodies of Christians.
Syncretists. (Syncretism.)
Syndesmdsis. [Gr. aiySfCfios, a bond.] {Surg.)
The union of one bone with another by a
ligament \ffvvZfan.os].
Syndic. [Gr. drfi/Sr/cos, from SIkt), Justice.] A
title often given to municipal and other officers,
as the syndics of cities in Provence and Lan-
guedoc, who acted as agents of the munici-
pality.
Syndicate. To S. a commercial project is to
place the affairs under the management of a
committee.
Synecdoche. [Gr.] (Rhet.) The putting of
the whole for a part, or of a part for the whole.
(Trope.)
Syneidcsis. (Sjmteresis.)
Synergists. [Gr. avvtpy6s, working together.]
A Lutheran party of the sixteenth centurj', which
asserted the need of the co-operation of the
human will to render divine grace effectual.
(Pelagians.)
Syngenesia. [Gr. <tvv, together, yivfOis, origin.]
In the Linnoean system, class xix., and coexten-
sive with Compositse.
Synixesis. [Gr. (rvviCi)ffis, a settlement, as
of a building on the ground.] 1. In Gr., the
melting of two vowels into one. 2. {Med.) A
term applied to the obliteration of the pupil of
the eye.
SynSchus, SynScha. With older medical
writers, inflammatory fever, which is continuous
[Gr. avvoxos].
Synod. [Gr. crivoSos, an assembly.] A general
term for meetings of ecclesiastical persons.
Synodals. 1. A small payment from the clergy
to the bishop, sometimes to the archdeacon ;
probably paid originally at the lime of, but not
on account of, the bishop's synod. 2. In Pre-
face "Concerning the Service of the Church,"
recitals, in parish churches, of the provincial
constitutions.
Synodic period. [Gr. «rvvo5oj, a meeting, a
conjunction of the sun and moon.] Of the
moon, the time which elapses from her leaving
conjunction with the sun to her returning to it
again.
Synod's-men. (Questmen.)
Synonyms. [Gr. trvycafofioi, from avv, with,
and Svofia, a name.] Words of the same lan-
guage which agree in meaning. (Metaphor.)
Synoptic Oospels. A name used to denote the
first three Gospels, as having generally the same
succession of events, in distinction from the
fourth, in which the sequence is different.
Sj^SvIa [Gr. ffvv, with, <f6v, an egg]. Joint-
oil. The pale yellow viscous fluid by which the
joints of animals are lubricated.
Syntax. [Gr. awTa^is, an arranging.] In
Gram, and Rhet., the disposition of words and
clauses in a sentence in the arrangements
proper to the language to which the words
belong.
Synteresis. In Moral Phil. , a name given to
that close watching and conservation [Gr. avv-
T-fipriffis] of first moral principles, which is the
ofiice of conscience in its character of lawgiver,
and as distinguished from Syneidcsis, which is
the joint-knowledge \avviibr\ais] of the moral
law and of some particular action, which is the
office of conscience as judge. (Fleming's Student^ s
Moral Phil., p. 153.)
Synthermal. [Gr. Oiput), heat.] Of equal
heat.
Synthesis. [Gr. avvOeffis, a placing together.]
1. (Log.) The combination of separate elements
of thought into a whole, as of species into
genera. 2. {Surg.) The uniting of divided
parts. 8. {Anat.) The connexion of the bones
in the skeleton. 4. {Phys.) The uniting of
elements to form a compound ; the opposite to
Analysis.
Syrtis. [Gr. ffvprts.] A quicksand.
Syssitia. [Gr. avtraiTia, a messing together.]
In Gr. Hist., an institution chiefly of the Doric
states, which compelled the male freemen to
SYST
471
TACE
have their meals in common messes instead of
their own houses. (Pheiditia.)
Systaltic action. (Diastole.)
Systatio letters. [Gr. o-uo-totTk*^*.] {Eccl.)
Commendatorjs introchictory [vvviffrriiu, Rom.
xvi. i]. (LittersB formata.)
System. [Gr. ffucmjfio.] {Crj'stallog.) Any
one of the six classes into which crystals are
divided with reference to their axes and para-
meters ; as the Octahedral, Pyramidal, Rhomboke-
dral. Prismatic, Oblique prismatic. Doubly oblique
prismatic (vide these names respectively).
System, Alternate. (Agr.) That under which
succulent-leaved crops alternate with white-straw
crops, as (i) turnips, (2) wheat, (3) beans, (4)
wheat.
System, Convertible. (Agr.) That under
which land is tilled for a period, and then for a
period sown with grass, manured, and fed by
cattle.
SystSle. [Gr., a contraction.] 1. In Pros., a
licence which shortens a long syllable. 2. (Dia-
stole.)
Syud. (Seyd)
Syzygy. [Gr. ffv(v-yia, union, a yoking to-
gether.] (Astron.) A point of an orbit at
which conjunction or opposition takes place ;
used chiefly of the moon, as by Newton.
T.
T. A letter belonging to the class called
mutes, and largely interchangeable in many
lanficuages. As a L. abbrev., T. stands for
Titus Ti. for Tiberius.
Taal, or Tale. [Malay.] A Chinese coin,
worth about a dollar and a half. Also, a
weight.
Tabard. [L.L. tabardus, O.Fr. tabar, a cloak,
of green baize (Littre).] A kind of tunic em-
blazoned with armorial bearings, and generally
open at the sides, worn by heralds on State
occasions. Also an academic gown.
Tabaret. [Fr. tabouret, a stool.] A stout
satin-striped silk, for covering chairs, etc.
Tabbinet. A more delicate kind of tabby iq.v,).
Tabby. [Pers. utab!.] A thick watered silk,
used by bookbinders.
Tabefaction. [L. tabefactus, melted, dissolved.]
{Afed.) A wasting away of the body.
Tabellions. [L. tabelliones, from tabella,
dim. of tabula, the tablet on which they wrote.]
(Rom, Hist.) The notaries, who had Ijeen
known as scribes in the times of the repubhc,
were so called under the empire.
Tabering. Nahum ii. 7 ; beating themselves
(a stronger word than tap ; cf. labour, tambour,
Tvirrw, etc. ; onomatop.).
T&bes. [L.] {Med.) A wasting away. Tabific^
causing T.
Tablatnre. [L. tSbSla, a writing-tablet.]
{Music.) The signs and characters used in music
generally, but especially the old mode of notation
for instruments of the lute kind, and for some
wind instruments.
Table. A flat circular sheet of crown-glass.
Table; Tabulate. [L. tibula.] 1. A list of
facts of one kind arranged in a form adapted for
reference ; as a table of specific gravities, etc
2. A list of the successive values of a function
arranged in order of the successive values of ihe
independent variable ; as a table of logarithms,
which gives the values of log. x for all values of
X within given limits, as from i to 10,000; a
table of sines, which gives the values of sin. 6 fox
(say) every minute from o** up to 90° ; there are
likewise tables of refraction, lunar tables, etc.
31
A function whose successive values have been
calculated and arranged on a table is said to have
been Tabulated.
Table-oloth. Name given to the white cloud
which frequently rests over Table Mountain, near
Cape Town.
Table d'hote. [Fr.] A dinner at which
the host or landlord of an inn is supposed to
preside.
Table diamond. A diamond cut with two
principal faces, or Tables.
Table-land. {Geog.) A plain at a great height
above the sea-level ; as the table-land of fiavaria,
of Mysore, etc.
Table-turning. The alleged turning of tables-
independently of physical agency.
Table-wise. Said of the Altar or Communion
Table, placed in the body of the church, with
the ends east and west.
Taboo. Among the South Sea Islanders and
others, a religious interdict, which prevents all
approach to particular spots or persons. — Tylor,
Primitive Culture.
Tabor. [From Ar. tambur.] A small drum ;
generally one hung round the neck. (Tamboar.)>
Tabontes. {Eccl. Hist.) Those among the
followers of John Iluss who after his death
ranged themselves under the standard of John
Ziska, were so called from Tabor, a hill in Bohe-
mia. After a long struggle, a portion of them
formed themselves into the society called Bohe-
mian Brethren (q.v.).
Tabouret, Droit de. [Fr.] In Fr. Hist., the
right possessed by certain persons of being
seated at certain times in the presence of royalty.
Tabret A kind of small drum, or tambourine,
or timbrel. (Tambour.)
T&b&la rasa. [L.] With the Romans, a tablet
of wax, smoothed for fresh writing ; and so
metaph. a wiping out of the past, and starting
fresh. Often used to denote the condition of the
human mind before it has received any im-
pressions.
Tacamahac. The resin of the balsam poplar
(tacamahac tree) and other American trees.
T¢, satis laudant. [L., lit. they are silent.
TACH
472
TALL
and thus praise sufficiently. "l They have no fault
to find, and that is praise enough from them.
Taohes of gold. Exod. xxvi. 6, etc. ; plu. of
tache, a catch, clasp, to unite opposite loops ;
probably that which tacks, or joins [Fr. attacher].
Tachometer. [Gr. t<£xoi, swiftness, nfrpov,
fneasure,] An instrument for measuring velocity ;
as of a machine, of running water, etc.
Taok. (yVrt«/.) 1. A rope for making fast the
lower weather corner of a course, or staysail,
when the wind is not at right angles with a
vessel's course. 2. Stut/t/ini^-sai/ T. hauls out
the lower outer-clue to its boom-end. 3. ^id T.,
or a fore-and-aft sail 7\, confines its forward
lower end amidships. 4. A vessel sails on the
T. of the side from which the wind blows. 6.
To T. (Stay, To.) 6. Soft T. (Soft tack.)
Tacking. {Leg.) A union of securities, all
to be redeemed before an intermediate purchaser
can interpose his claim.
Tackle. {Naut.) A system of pulleys.
Ground-T., anchors, cables, etc.
Tactics. [Gr. ra rcucriKd, military tactics.]
Science of adapting ground and performing
military evolutions in the presence of an
enemy.
Tadpole. [Lit. the foal (L. pullus, Gr. iraiAos)
or offspring of a toad.] (Zool.) The young of
batrachians, especially of frogs, in its first state
from the spawn.
Tsedium vita. The L. phrase equivalent to
Fr. ennui, iveariness of life.
Taenia. [Gr. tcui'/o, a ribbon.] \. {Arch.)
The lintel above the architrave which separates
it from the frieze, in the Doric Order. 2. {Zool.)
Tapeworm; ord. of Scolecida (Annfilo'ida), a
minute, rounded annuloid, adhering by booklets
or suckers to the interior of the alimentary canal
of warm-blooded animals, and extending itself,
by budding, to the length of, sometimes, several
yards.
Taffety, Taffeta. [Pers. taftah, a*7Z'(f«.] A fine
smooth watered silk stuff. (Tabaret ; Tabby.)
TafErail, or Tafferel. [D. tafereel, from tafel,
table?^ {Naut. ) The upper works at the stem.
Tafia. [Malay.] White rum.
Tag. (Sheep, Stages of growth of. )
TagUacottian operation. In Surg., a method
of restoring lost noses, devised by the Italian
surgeon Tagliacozzi, or Taliacotius (i 546-1 599).
Tagns. [Gr. Ta7<Js.] In Gr. Hist., a president,
as of the Thessalian confederacy.
Taherites. A Persian dynasty which had ruled
for half a century, when it was supplanted by
the SoSarides.
Tail. [O.Fr., from tailler, to cut.] {Leg.)
Limitation ; abridgment. Blackstone defines
an estate i/t tail as an abridged or reduced fee,
limited to certain heirs, other heirs being ex-
cluded.
Tailing. 1. The lighter parts of grain win-
nowed out. 2. The refuse of stamped ore, after-
wards dressed again.
Taille. In O.Fr. Law, any imposition levied
by the king or any other lord on his subjects.
(Tallage.)
Tailor's muscle. (Sartorios.)
Tailpiece. 1. In Printing, an ornament at the
etid of a book or chapter, to fill up the page. 2.
{Music.) Of a violin, that piece, generally of
ebony, to which the strings of the violin are
fastened.
Tail-race. (Mill-dam.)
Tails, Pacha of one, two, three. (Pasha.)
Tailscommon. Washed lead ore.
Tailzie, or Entail. In Scot. Law, any deed
which cuts off the legal course of succession and
substitutes an arbitrary one.
Take. In Printing, the quantity of copy taken
in hand by a compositor at once.
Take a departure. {Naut.) To ascertain a
vessel's position by means of the bearings and
position of a known object.
Talapoins. The Siamese title for the priests
of Fo ; called in Tartary Lamas, and by Euro-
peans Bonzes.
Talbotype (invented by Talbot). (Calotjrpe.)
Talc. [Pers. talcq.] (Afin.) A mineral allied
to soap-stone, entering into several crystalline
rocks (talc-schist, protogine), almost entirely
silica -t- magnesia ; silvery white, greenish-
white, green ; soft ; greasy to touch ; generally
massive ; when in thin plates, subtranslucent ;
fissile, not elastic. Fretuh chalk is powdered
talc. Mica (quite a different mineral) is called
" tale " in commerce.
Talent. [Gr. riKamov.] A Greek weight,
equal to that of sixty minae ; but varying in value
in different cities. The Attic talent was equal
to nearly ;^200 ; the i^iginetan to jC'i'ii.
Tale of a Tub (in which Peter, Martin, Jack,
represent the Roman Church, Luther, Calvin). A
satire written by Dean Swift, exhibiting mediaeval
corruption, and the various results of the Re-
formation ; to divert the followers of Hobbes
from injuring the vessel of the State ; as a tub is
thrown out to divert a whale.
Tales, Praying a. When the number of a jury
is reduced by challenges, either party may pray
for a supply of such men [L. tales] as are sum-
moned on the first pannel to supply the de-
ficiency.
Talionis, Lex. [L.] The law of exact retalia-
tion, as in the Mosaic Law : Exod. xxi. 24 ;
Lev. xxiv. 20; Deut. xix. 21.
Talipes. [Coined from talus, an ankle, and
pes, afoot.] (Med.) Clubfoot.
Talisman. [Ar., dual of the noun telesm.] A
figure cut in stone or other material, and sup-
posed to possess various virtues, as of averting
disease. (Palladium.)
Talis quum sis, ntlnam noster esses. [L.]
Since you are such (as you are), would that you
were ours (or with us).
Tallage. In O.E. Law, a general name for all
taxes. (Taille.)
Tall ship. {Naut.) A square-rigged vessel
with topmasts.
Tally, To. {Naut.) To haul the sheets aft.
Tally ho ! A cry of encouragement to hounds,
on the fox being viewed. [(?) A corr. of the
Fr. "k luij, ho! ho! i luij," mentioned by
Dame Juliana Berners (fifteenth century) as a
bunting cry.] (Toicka!)
TALL
473
TAOU
Tally trade. A system of tradinfj carried on
in London and elsewhere, by which shopkeepers
furnish articles on credit to their customers, the
latter paying the price by weekly or monthly
instalments. The effect of the system is most
mischievous.
Talmud. The traditionary law of the Jews.
The word is derived from the Heb. lamad, he
taught. The Talmud, therefore, is a book con-
taining doctrines and duties taught to the Jews
by their authorized teachers, or rabbis. There
are twoTalmuds, (i) of Jerusalem, (2) of Baby-
lon, besides the Targums, i.e. commentaries of
Jonathan ben Uzziel, about B.C. 30, and of Onkelos
on the Pentateuch, in the first century of our
era. The Talmud of Jerusalem consists of two
parts: (l) the Mischna, or text, supposed to
nave been compiled in the second century B.C.,
and (2) the Gemara, or commentary on the
Mischna. The Talmud of Babylon is practically
a commentary, designed to supply the defects of
the Jerusalem Talmud, and is generally preferred
to it. The legends, anecdotes, or sayings in the
Talmud illustrative of the Law are called Ha-
g.-ida, while the word Halaka denotes the
decisions of Talmudists on disputed questions.
(Cabala.)
Talon. [Fr.] {Arch.) The same as Ogee.
Talookdar. In India, the holder of a talook,
or district less than that of a Zemindar, with
certain proprietary rights, not exactly defined.
Talpldae. [L. talpa, niole.\ [Zoo/.) The
mole fam. N. hemisphere. Ord. InsectTvSra.
T&lns. [L., the ankle, aiikle-bont.^ 1. {Anat.)
Sometimes = astrSgHtus (q.v.). 2. [Geol.)
The sloping heap of fragments at the base of a
rock.
Tambour. [Fr., Pers. tambur.] {Mil.) 1. Large
drum. (Tabor.) 2. Inclosure of palisades or
stockade work of any form that may be required
to afford defence, sometimes with a ditch and
banquette.
Tammany. A term assumed by a branch of
the democratic party of the state of New York,
sometimes called S. Tammany, from a distin-
guished Indian Delaware chief, Tamendry, who
in old age called a council to appoint a suc-
cessor ; but why his name was chosen is not
known.
Tammnz. In Syr. Myth., a name of the sun-
gpd ; also called Adonai, Gr. Adonis, or lord.
The Greek form of Tammuz is Athamas.
Tammuz. Tenth month of civil, fourth of ec-
clesiastical, Jewish year ; June — ^July.
Tammy. [Fr. tamis, a sieve.] A highly
glazed woollen stuff for covering sieves.
Tamp. [Ft. tamrion, a dung, sto/iJ>er.] {Mil.)
To close with materials the gallery of a mine or
a hole bored for blasting after the charge has
been lodged in the chamber.
Tan. [Armor, tann, oak.] The bruised bark
of oak or other trees, used for tanning.
Tangent [L. tangentem, touching] ; T.>plane.
(Math.) A line drawn to meet a curve and
not cutting it, though produced ; or, more
exactly, drawn to meet it in two coincident
points; as curved lines have tangent lines, |
so curved surfaces have T.-planes. (Trigono*
metrical function.)
Tangential force. {Math.) A force acting on
a revolving body in a direction tangential to its
path, and causing its velocity to vary from point
to point.
Tangent sailing. (Oreat-eirole sailing.)
Tangent-scale. {Mil.) Sliding bar in rear of
the vent of a gun, by which any requisite eleva-
tion before firing can be attained.
Tanhaiiser. In German mediaeval tradition, a
knight who is enticed by Venus into her cave in
the Horselberg, i.e. the hill of Horsel or Ursula.
Making his escape, he seeks absolution from
Urban IV., who tells him that there is no more
chance of forgiveness for him than there is for
the budding of the staff in his hand. Tanhaiiser
returned to the cave ; the staff budded ; but the
knight was sought in vain. In its main features
this story is the same as that of Thomas the
Rimer, who is allured by the fairy queen to her
home in Ercildoune, in which the name Ursula
again appears.
Tanistry. [Gael, tanais-teachd.] The Irish
name for a custom of descent, defined as "de-
scent from the oldest and worthiest of the
blood." The custom itself may be found in
most conditions of society in which circum-
stances render the inheritance of minors or in-
competent persons dangerous.
Tanka. {N^aut.) A Chinese covered boat
worked by women, for conveying passengers to
or from vessels.
Tannin, Tannic add. (From tan.) {Chcni.)
The astringent principle of oak bark, nut-galls,
etc.
Tansy. [Fr. tanasie, Gr. aSSLV&aia, immor-
tality.] (Bot.) Common native perennial ;
bitter, aromatic, medicinal. Tanacetum vulgare,
ord. Compositae. Growing in fields, by road-
sides, etc., in temperate districts.
Tant&lize. This verb, meaning to baulk or
disappoint at the very moment of fruition, is
formed from the name of Tantalus, who in the
old Gr. Myth, stands in a lake, the waters of
which retreat from him and turn to slime when
he stoops to drink, and under branches laden
with fi-uits, which wither when he puts forth his
hand to grasp them. Some .said that he was so
?unished because he served up the body of his son
elops at the banquet-table of the gods ; others
because he stole Nectar and Ambrosia and gave
them to his people. The myth expresses the action
of the sun in times of great heat and drought.
Tantalum. [L. Tantalus, a king of Phrygia. ]
A rare metal, obtained as a black powder.
Tanti. L. genitive of price, worth while :
generally used with a negation, as "non tanti,"
hardly "tanti."
Tantivy. [Onomatop.] 1. The note of the
hunting-horn. 2. At full speed.
Tant mieux. [Fr., L. tanto melius.] So
much the better.
Tant pis. [Fr., L. tanto pejus.] So much the
worse.
Tantum non. [L.] 0«/y «^/; all but.
TaoTiism. The rationalism or ethical system
TAP
474
TAST
of the Chinese Lao-Tse, a contemporary of
Confucius. (Confucianism.)
Tap. 1. A short pipe for drawing liquor. 2.
(Surg-.) To pierce— ihe abdomen, chest, etc. —
for removing fluid accumulated in the serous
cavities. 3. A conical screw made of hardened
steel for cutting screws m nuts.
Tap-bolt. A set -screw (q.v.).
Taper. [A.S.] (Bot.) A term denoting
parts the opposite of angular.
Tapestry carpet. A two-ply carpet, the pattern
of which is produced by printing the warp or
woof before weaving.
Tapioca. (Cassava.)
Taplings. The thongs coupling the pieces of
a flail.
Tapnet. A rush basket in which figs are im-
ported.
Tappet (AfccA.) A cam on an axle that lifts
a vertical bar or stamper, and then lets it fall ;
called also a Wiper.
Tappit-hen. A crested hen. A drinking-cup ;
so called from the shape of the knob on the lid.
Tap the admiral, To. In Naut. slang, to
draw spirits from the cask in which his corpse is
being brought home. Hence, to drink anything,
however bad.
Tara, Tarah, Taragh. A hill in Meath, where,
up to the close of the sixth century, the inaugu-
ration of the Irish kings is said to have taken
place ; kings, clergy, and bards assembling
every third year, and electing a supreme ruler.
Tarantism. (?) Because appearing in Taranto
and S. Italy generally ; or from the poison of
the tarantula spider, common in Taranto.
(Chorea.)
Tarantula. A Neapolitan dance, rapid, in |
time generally ; the perspiring induced by it
being intended to cure the bite of the tarantula
spider. (Tarantism.)
Taraxacum dandelion, i.e. dent du lion. (Bot.)
A gen. of Compositre, of which the root-stock is
extensively used in medicine as an aperient and
tonic, especially in liver complaints. [The word
is traced by M. Devic, with some likelihood, to
the Ar. tarachaquun, wild chicory (Littre).]
Tar-brush, A touch of the. In Naut. slang,
(i) black blood in the veins; (2) seamanlike
skill in ofiicers.
Tardigrada, Tardigrades. [L., slow-paced, tar-
dus, slaiv, gradior, J walk.'\ (Zool.) A fam. {i.</.
BradypodTdse, sloths) of ord. Edentata {q.v.).
Tare. [Fr. ; said to be an Ar. word.] A de-
duction made from the weight of a parcel of
goods on account of the weight of the chest or
package containing, them. (Tret.)
Tares. Matt. xiii. 25 [Gr. ftfovja] ; darnel is
meant (Lolium ternulentum).
Targum. (Talmud.)
Tarlatan. [Fr. tarlatane.] A thin transparent
muslin.
Tamkappe. In Northern Myth., the cap
which, like the helmet of Hades, makes the
wearer invisible.
Tarpaulin. {Naut.) Canvas dressed with
paint, tar, or oil. Sailors' waterproof clothes
are called tarpaulins, or 'paulins.
Tarpeian Bock. At Rome ; so called, it is
said, because Tarpeia, who betrayed the city to
the Sabines, was there crushed by the shields
which they threw on her, she having bargained
for what they bore on their left arms, that is,
their bracelets.
Tarquin the Proud. (Sibylline books.)
Tarragon. (Bot.) A herb, Artemisia drS-
cunculus, ord. Compositre ; D. corr. into Tar-
ragon. A perennial native of Siberia, natur-
alized ; the leaves are a ingredient in T.
vinegar.
Tarras, Terras. [Ger. trass.] A kind of
hydraulic cement used in Holland.
Tarrock. (Ornit/i.) Young of kittiwake
{q.r.).
Tarsel, Tercel, Tiercel. [Fr. tiercelot, L. ter-
tiolus, a third part from its sire.] (Ornith.) The
mature male of the peregrine falcon. The red
T. and red F. are the immature male and female
respectively. Falco peregrinus, gen. Falco,
sub-fam. Falconinae, fam. Falconidte, ord.
AccipTtres.
Tarshish. The district of Southern Spain,
known to the Greeks as Tartessos, with which
an important trade was carried on from Palestine,
ships of sufficient burden to undertake the
voyage being called " ships of Tarshish," as we
speak of an E.-Indiaman.
Tarsia, Tarsiatura. [It.] A mosaic wood-
work much practised in Italy in the fifteenth
century, representing landscapes, flowers, etc.
Tarsus. Y^x.-rapaos, flat of the foot.] (Anat.)
The collection of seven small bones between the
tibia and metatarsus; the instep, or first part of
the foot. In birds, sometimes, the third seg-
ment of the leg ; in insects, the fifth principal
segment.
Tartan. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey-woolsey.]
Woollen cloth covered with cross-bars of different
colours.
Tartan. {Naut.) A Mediterranean coaster,
lateen-rigged, with one mast and a bowsprit.
Tartar. [From Gr. Topropoj.] {Chem.) Im-
pure bitartrate of potash, deposited as a crust in
wine-casks. When purified, it is called cream of
T. Az/^ ^ 71 is carbonate of potash. T. emetic
is tartrate of potash and antimony. The acid
derived from tartar is tartaric acid, the salts of
which are called tartrates.
Tartarian lamb. (Barometz fern.)
Tartarus. [Gr. lipiapo^.] In Gr. Myth., the
abode of the wicked dead. The word denotes
constant disturbance {cf. Gr. rapiircroi, I disturb).
Tartuffe. [Fr. Tartufe.] The chief character
in Moliere's comedy of this name, which is said
to be taken from the It. tartuffbli, truffles.
Tartuff"e is a mean parasite, from whom Bicker-
staff" obtained the idea of Mawworm, in his
play of the Hypocrite.
Tasoo. A kind of clay for making melting-
pots.
Tasking. {Naut.) Examining a ship's
timbers.
Tasting timber. {Naut.) Chipping and boring
it, to try its quality.
Tasto. [It.] Feeling, touch; and so (i) a
TATE
475
TELE
pianoforte key ; (2) the touch of a piano or
organ. T. solo, a direction to play a part in
unison, without accompanying chords.
Tate and Brady. T. poet-laureate (died 17 15),
and B. chaplain to William and Mary ; authors
of the metrical version of the Psalms, which sup-
planted that o{ Sternhold and Hopkins (fj.v.).
Tatta, Tattee. In Hindu usage, a bamboo
frame or trellis covered with khus-khus grass,
over which water is poured from the outside, to
cool the air as it enters the house. (Vittie
vayr.)
Tatterdemalion. A ragged fellow.
Tattoo. (J///.) Summons to all soldiers to
return to their quarters, given every night by
drum and fife, preceded and followed by bugle-
calls ; these latter are the " first " and "second "
posts. •
Taut. {Natit.) Tight.
Tantegorioal. [Gr. toutJ, for t\> a{ir6, the same,
arfopivu, I speak. \ A word coined to express
the opposite of Allegory.
Tayemlcos. [Deri v. uncertain.] The third
officer of State in the Hungarian kingdom, after
the Palatine and the Ban of Croatia.
TaTemi, Tliree. In Acts xxviii. 15 rafitpvUav
is a Grecized form of the L. tabemae, i.e. shops.
Tawing. [O.E. tawian, to prepare.] Pre-
paring the skins of sheep, lambs, etc., as white
leather.
Taxaeea. [L. taxus, a yew.] {Bot.) The
yew tribe, an ord. of Gymnogens {q.v.).
Taz-eart. A light spring-cart {taxed at a low
rate).
Taxidermy. [Gr. t<{{ij, arran^ment, iiptia,
skin,] The preparation, arrangement, and pre-
servation of the skin; of animals.
Taxing-masters. In Law, certain officers in
the courts, appointed to examine the claims of
solicitors, and to strike out such items as they
think proper to disallow ; or, as it is termed, to
tax the costs. (Alloeator.)
Taxology, Taxonomy. Systematic arrange-
ment [Gr. T<£{ij], or classification, of plants.
Tana. [It.] A fiat, shallow vase, with a foot
and handles.
Teache. A boiler used in sugar-making.
Team. (A'aut.) Vessels blockading a port
are said to be in 3. team. T.-boat, a paddle-wheel
ferry-boat worked by horses.
Tesrpoy. An ornamental table with a lifting
top, inclosing caddies for tea.
Tearless battle. A battle won by the Spartan
king, Archidamos, B.C. 368; so called because
10,000 Arcadians are said to have been slain
without the loss of a man on the Spartan side.
Teasing, Teaselling. Raising a nap on cloth by
scratching it with teazels {q.v.).
Tea-waggon. In Naut. slang, an E. -India-
man.
Teazel. {Rot.) Used in dressing broadcloth,
the flower of fuller's teazel, Dipsacus [Gr, 8/t^o-
Koi] fullonum,ord. Dipsaceas ; cultivated in north
and west of England ; the rigid, acuminate
hooked bracts serve to raise the nap.
Tebeth. (Thebet.)
Technical education. [Gr. TixviK6t, artistic.]
That of artisans, whose knowledge is generall)
confined to a few mechanical details in all that
concerns their trade, the materials with which it
has to do, the results accomplished in England
and elsewhere, etc. ; the object being to bring
about a more intelligent interest in their work,
and a spirit of invention and enterprise, as well
as mechanical excellence.
Technology. [Gr. TtxvoKvyia, from r^x^v,
art, \6yos, discourse.] 1. A philosophical
account of the useful arts. 2. An explanation
of art terms.
Tecum. (Tuoum.)
Tedding hay. [Probably Ger. zetten, = Ger.
zetteln, to scatter in small quantities.] Making
hay, tossing and spreading it.
Tedesoa, Alia. [It.] (Music.) In the German
style.
Tedge. {Founding.) The pipe through which
molten metal is poured into a mould.
Tedium vitse. (Taedium vitae.)
Teel seed. A kind of sesame yielding a sub-
stitute for olive oil.
Teetotal. The term appears to have been
first popularized by Joseph Turner, an artisan
of Preston, who, at a temperance meeting in
the autumn of 1833, asserted that " nothing but
te-te-total would do." The expression was at
once and universally adopted by total abstainers.
— Daily Telegraph, September 5, 1882.
Te'ian Poet, The. Anacreon, Greek lyrical
poet ; born at Teos, a seaport town of Ionia,
circ. B.C. 560.
Teil [L. tilia, lime], Isa. vi. 13 ; Terebinth
[Gr. Ttplfiiv9oi], or Turpentine [corr. of Fr. terc-
binthine], Ecclus. xxiv. 16. In Heb. elah, mis-
translated oak, which it resembles ; the Pis-
tacia tirebinthus of the Levant ; deciduous,
many-branched, sometimes of considerable size ;
incisions in the bark yield an agreeable balsam,
turpentine — not that yielded by the fir.
Teinds. In Scotland, tithes ; both words
meaning tenths.
Tel&mSnis. (Caryatides.)
Teleology. [Gr. ri\os, T«\for, end, \6yos,
discourse] The doctrine of the final causes of
things ; i.e. of the purpose of the Creator.
Teliisaurus. [Gr. riXtos, perfect, travpos, a
lizard.] (Geol.) A gen. of fossil saurian
reptiles, resembling the gavial. Lias and
Oolite.
Tiliostil. {Ichth.) Sub-class of fish, com-
prising those with endo-skeletons of bone-like
substance, occasionally of true bone.
TSlSphassa. [Gr., she who shines from far.]
{Myth.) The mother of Cadmus and Europa,
who, vainly seeking her daughter, dies on the
plains of Thessaly. ,
Telepheian wounds. Incurable wounds, from
the wounds received by Teldphus from Achilles,
who alone could cure them.
Telephone. [Gr. rriXf, far off, pwyfi, sound.]
An instrument for reproducing the pitch, quality,
and relative intensity of sounds at a place dis-
tant from that at which the sounds are uttered.
Its action depends on the fact that a succession
of electric waves can be sent along a wire from
TELE
476
TEND
the transmitting end exactly corresponding to
the aerial vibration, which produce the sensation
of sound, and therefore capable of reproducing
similar aerial vibrations, at the receiving end.
TelerpSton. [Gr. rt\«os, perfect, (pirtT6v, a
reptile, i.e. very like lizards.] {Geo/.) A gen.
of small fossil reptiles. Triassic sandstones of
Elgin.
Telescope [Gr. ri^XtaKiiros, far-seeing\ ; Aohro-
matio T. ; Astronomical T. ; Galilean T. ; New-
tonian T. ; Beflecting T. ; Befracting T. ; Ter-
restrial T. An instrument for obtaining a clear
view of distant objects. It consists essentially of
a lai^e curved mirror (or speculum) or else of a
lens (or object-glass), which forms an image of
the object in its focus, and a lens or combination
of lenses (the eye-piece), through which the
image is viewed and by which it is magnified.
The Refracting T. has an object-glass, and the
earliest form of it is the Galilean T. ; in the
Reflecting T. a speculum is used, and one of its
earliest forms is the Newtonian T, In the
Achromatic T. the object-glass is made of two
lenses of different kinds of glass, to prevent
the separation of the light into rays of different
colours, which would occur if a single lens were
used. (Aohromatio.) In the Astronomical T.
an eye-piece of two lenses is used, which leaves
the image inverted. In the Terrestrial 71 an
eye-piece of four lenses is commonly used, for
obtaining an erect image and a larger field of
view. There are many other kinds of telescopes,
which in many cases are named after their de-
signers, as the Gregorian T., the Herschellian T.,
etc.
Telescopic star. A star so small as to be
visible only through a telescope. Telescopic
stars are of all magnitudes below the seventh.
Telestio. [Gr. reXeo-Tj/ccis, fit for finishing.^
A piece of poetry, of which the last letters of
every line, taken consecutively, make a word or
a sentence. (Acrostic.)
Tellurian. [L. tellurem, the earthy An ap-
paratus for showing the movements of the earth
and moon relatively to the sun.
Tellnrinm. [L. tellurem, tiu earth\ A bright
grey metal.
Teldnai. (Publicans.)
Tema. [It., L. thema, Gr. Bi)t.ii, theme, of an
argument.] In Music, a theme, subject.
Tempera [It.], or Distemper. A preparation
of some opaque colouring with size, for painting
walls, ceilings, etc.
Temperament. [L. temperamentum, propor-
tionate mixture^ (Music.) A system of com-
promise in the division of the octave in keyed
instruments ; e.g. piano, whose sounds are
fixed. This is made necessary by the same
notes serving both as flats and as sharps. In
Equal T., theoretically adopted in the piano,
the twelve intervals in an octave are all of the
same length, and no key has an advantage over
the rest ; in the Unequal T. some scales are
more in tune than others. (Wolf intervals.)
Temperate zone. (Zone.)
Temperature. [L. temperatura, temperament i]
The state of a body, as to its being sensibly hot
or cold, which state is measured by a thermo-
meter.
Tempering; Tempering colour. The process
of inducing flexibility in steel by reducing its
hardness, which is done by heating it to a de-
finite degree and then cooling it slowly — the
process of cooling being performed in different
ways, according to circumstances. The degree
of heat is judged of by the colour of a thin film
of oxide of iron formed on the steel ; thus the
colour is faint yellow at 430° Fahr., purple at
530° Fahr., etc. These are the 7'. colours.
Templars, Knights. One of the military re-
ligious orders, founded in the twelfth ccntuiy for
the protection of pilgrims to Palestine, and the
recovery of the Holy Sepulchre from the Sara-
cens. Their rules agreed generally with the
Benedictine. The Templars made the Mosque
of Omar, known as the Khubbet-es-Sakrah, or
Dome of the Rock, their church, and called it
the Temple of the Lord. The order was sup-
pressed by Clement V., with great cruelty and
injustice, in the fourteenth century.
Template. (Templet.)
Temple. Part of a loom used for stretching the
web transversely.
Templet. 1. A short piece of timber placed
in a wall under the end of a girder, to distribute
the pressure more equally. 2. One of a pair of
boards with circular edges, for describing the
pattern of the tooth of a wheel ; when one is
made to roll on the other, a point on its edge
describes the required line. 3. Pattern of a
window, etc., cut out on paper.
TempSra mutantur, nos et matamur in illis.
[L.] Times are changed, and we with them
(Horace).
Tempus 8dax rerum. [L.] Time, the de-
vour er of things.
Tenacity. [L. tenacTtatem, from tenax, teneo,
/ hold^ The resistance offered by a body to
separation by forces tending to stretch it,
Tenaille. [Fr. tenailles, pincers, L. tenacu-
lum and -la.] {Mil.) Work in the ditch, of a
re-entering form, between the flanks and curtain
of the enceinte.
Tenancy by sufferance. The continuance of a
tenancy after the expiration of the term by the
tenant without agreement or disagreement on
the part of the owner.
Tenancy in common {Leg.) is when property
is given or conveyed to two or more persons in
undivided shares, each share being distinct in
title. In such cases there is no right of survi-
vorship.
Tenant right. The alleged right of the tenant,
on the expiration of his lease, to compensation
for improvements which add to the letting value
of the property. This question has acquired its
chief prominence in Ireland.
Tend, To. (Naut.) To T. a ship, to keep the
cable clear of the anchor while she is tending, i.e.
swinging with the tide.
Tender. {Naut.) A small vessel attending
on a larger one.
Tendon. [L. tendo, 7 stretch.] {Anat.)
White shining fibrous tissue, by which muscles
TENE
477
TERM
are attached to bones and to other parts which
it is their office to move. T. Achillis passes
from the muscles of the calf of the leg to the
heel.
Tin§'bT8B. [L., darkness^ In the Latin
Church, the Office of Matins in the last three
daj'S of the Holy Week, at which a triangular
candlestick with fifteen lights is used, one being
extinguished after each psalm, with the excep-
tion of the last, which is held behind the altar
and brought back, in token of the Resurrection.
TenebrosL [It., gloomy.\ A school of artists
founded by Carava^io, remarkable for bold
effects of light and shade.
Teneriffe. A wine resembling Madeira, made
in the Canary Islands.
Tinetmus. [Gr. rnyt(rnt{i,fTomTttyu,/s(reUh.]
(Med.) A straining to relieve the bowels, when
it is not needed ; involuntary, and owing to
some local irritation.
Tenue. [Sp. tanetto, a chestnut.'] (Her.) The
orange or tawny colour in coats of arms, repre-
sented in engraving by vertical lines crossed by
lines sloping downward from the sinister to the
dexter side.
Tennia. [Fr. tenez, hold, or take //.] A game
in which a ball is kept in motion by striking it
with rackets.
Tenon. 1. (A^aut.) The square heel of a
mast, which fits into the step. 2. The end
of a timber for mortising into another one.
(MortiBe.)
Tenonto-. [Gr. rivwv, rtySyros, a sinew,
t£ndon.\
Tenor C. 1. (Music.) The lower C of the tenor
voice. 2. The lowest string of the tenor violin.
3. Tenor bell. (Bell-ringing.)
Tenor elef has the C placed on the fourth
line of the stave ; as the Alto clef has the C
placed on the third line.
Tension. [L. tensi5nem, a stretching."] 1.
The force with which a stretched body endea-
vours to recover its shape. 2. The elastic force
or pressure of a vapour, measured by the height
of the column of mercury which it will support ;
thus the T. of vapour of water at 212*' is thirty
inches.
Tent. [L. tendo, I stretch.] In Surg., a plug
or roll of lint for dilating wounds and preventing
too rapid healing.
Tentacle. [L. tento, I feel.] (Zool.) A flex-
ible or jointed organ with which to explore or
seize; especially the longer arms of decapod
cuttlefish, and the filamentous appendages to
the heads of annelids.
Tenter. [Fr. tendre, to stretch.] A frame for
stretching cloth by hooks called tenter-hooks,
so that it may dry even and square.
Tentmakers. Acts xviii. 3 ; makers of port-
able tents for soldiers and travellers and for
harvest-gatherers on the plains of Cilicia, from
the soft under hair of the goats of Cilicia.
Chrysostom, in a monastery near Anlioch, was
for four years a T.
Tentorium, [h., a tent.] (Anat.) A process
of the dura mater, separating the cerebrum from
the cerebellum.
Tenoi Minerva. (Minerva.)
Tenure. [From L. ten^o, I hold.] In Feud.
Law, the relation between lord and vassal with
respect to lands, all landowners being vassals of
the Crown, on the theory that the sovereign was
the only landowner. The chief lay tenures
were of four kinds: (i) by knight service, (2)
in free socage, (3) in pure villeinage, (4) in
villein socage.
Tenuto. [It.] (lifusic.) Held dmvn ; the
finger not to be taken up from the notes.
Tephach. [Heb.] A Jewish measure of
length ; a handbreadth ; metaph. Ps. xxxix. 5.
Tephromancy. [Gr. rt(ppa, ashes, and /iam-fla.]
Divination by the figures assumed by red-hot
cinders.
Ter-, Tri-. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that
a salt contains three [L. ter, Gr. rpls, thrice]
atoms of the elements thus marked ; as a ter-
chtoride, tri-sulphide, which contain three atoms
of chlorine, sulphur, in each molecule.
TeraL The belt of jungle-land at the base of
high mountain ranges, especially of the Hima-
layas. These belts are wonderfully fertile, but
are also hot-beds of fever.
Ter&phim. [Heb.] Images connected with
magical rites, and consulted by the Israelites
for oracular answers, but apparently not wor-
shipped.
Teratology. [Gr. tipai, r^pHroi, a prodigy.]
The history of monstrosities, malformations, in
organic nature.
Terbium. (Yttrium.)
Tercel. (TarseL)
Terebinth. (Teil.)
TSrebritiilldaB. [L. terebra, a Barer.] (Lamp-
shells.)
T§rSdo. [L., piercer, from tero, / pierce.]
Ship-7vorm ; bivalve mollusc, boring holes in
timber. Fam. Pholadidae, class Conchiffira.
(Fholaa)
TirSs atqne rStundus. [L., smooth and
round.] Well-finished, complete, as a perfect
character (Hon, Sat., ii. 7, 86).
Term. [L. terminus, a ^a««(/arf.] 1. (Geoni.)
A boundary. 2. (Algeb.) One of the members
of an algebraical expression or of a proportion.
3. In U>gic. (Categorematic ; Syncategore-
matic.)
Termagant The Romance and German
poets of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
supposed this to be a Saracenic deity, and
coupled the name with that of (Mohammed)
Mahound. It is really a corr. of the Greek Tris-
megistos, thrice-greatest, an epithet of Hermes.
The word has passed into the meaning boisterous,
noisy, violent. — Grimm, Teutonic Mythology,
vol. i. p. 150.
Termln&Ua. [L.] (Hist.) A festival cele-
brated by the Romans yearly in honour of Ter-
minus, the god of boundaries, the Zeus Horios
of the Greeks. (Herctilean.)
Terminology. [A word coined from L. terminus,
term, and Gr. AJ70J, discourse.] I'he doctrine of
terms ; or a treatise on terms ; or, sometimes,
the terms themselves.
Terminus. (Terminalia.)
TERM
478
TETR
Terminus a quo. [L.] A starting-point, the
Terminus ad quern being the end or goal.
Termites. [L. termitem, a bough cut offJ]
{Eniom.) White ants ; small, soft-bodied neu-
ropterous insects (not true ants, which are
hymenopterous), forming large communities, and
inhabiting mounds sometimes five feet high and
as hard as stone. They are very destructive,
and will eat away the whole inside of a wooden
beam or piece of furniture without any apparent
external nijury.
Tern. (StemidsB.)
Temate leaf. [L. temi, three each.] {Bot.)
One divided into three leaflets ; e.g. clover.
Terra cotta. [It.] Baked clay for statues,
earthenware, etc.
Terras Alius. [L., a son of the earth.] A
phrase denoting men of low birth, answering
to the modern gentlemen of the pavement.
(Hidalgo.)
Terrae motus. [L.] An earthquake.
Terra firma. [L.] Solid ground.
Terra incognita. [L.] Unknown land.
Terra Japonica. [L., Japanese earth.] Gate-
cliu (formerly supposed to be an earth).
Terrapene, Terrapin. (Zool.) Fresh-water
tortoises, £mjdidae [Gr. inv^], with a horny
beak and jointed breastplate. America and
Europe. The name is loosely given to many
edible kinds.
Terra verde. [It.] An olive-^^<?« earth used
as a pigment.
Terreplein. [Fr., platform.] {Mil.) The
upper surface of a rampart behind the parapet ;
sometimes any level piece of ground.
Terret A ring on a saddle for the driving
reins to pass through.
Terre verte. (Terra verde.)
Terrier. [L.L. terrarium, from terra, earth."]
In Feud. Law, an enumeration of lands and
tenements held in a manor, with their extent,
the names of the tenants, and the services due
from each. By Canon LXXXVI., a T. of glebe
lands, etc., of every parish is to be made and laid
up in the bishop's registry. (The terrier dog is
so named as being used for drawing foxes when
they take to earth on being hunted. )
Terror, Beign of. In Fr. Hist., a name given
to the worst time of the Revolution, generally
reckoned from October, 1793, to the fall of
Robespierre and his fellow-Terrorists, in July,
1794-
Ter-Sanctus. (Trisagion.)
Tertian. (Quartan.)
Tertiaries. (Eccl. Hist.) Societies follow-
ing the third rule of St. Francis (Franciscans),
seemingly connected with the Beghards and
Fraticelli.
Tertiary colours. [L. tertiarius, from tertius,
third.] Colours derived from the mixture of
two secondaries. They are citrine, russet, and
olive.
Tertiary system, or Cainosoio (GeoL), = all
the regular strata and sedimentary accumula-
tions which lie between the chalk and the begin-
ning of the boulder, or drift, formation. (EOcene ;
Neozoic.)
Tertullianists. {Eccl. Hist.) Uontanists of
the school of Tertuliian, in the second century.
Terza rima. [It., triple rime.] A measure
used by the Troubadours and adopted by the
early Italian poets. The rimes are so interlaced
throughout the poem, that there is no pause till
the end of it. The Divina Commedia of Dante
is written in this metre.
Tersones. (Troubadou s.)
Terzuolo. (Musket.)
Tessellated. [L. tessellatus.] {Her.) Formed
of squares of different colours.
Tessellated pavement. [L. tessella, dim. of
tessdra.] (Arch.) A pavement formed of small
square pieces of stone called tesserce, generally of
different colours and with a central subject.
TessSra. [L.] 1. A six-sided die, used as a
ticket or tally, and also for setting military
watches at night, the tessera being passed from
one centurion to another. Hence, 2, a watch-
word.
Tesseral system [L. tessSra, a square piece of
stone, wood] ; Tessular system. {Crystallog.)
The octahedral system (q.v. ).
Test. [L. testa, an earthen vessel.] A cupel
{q.v.).
Test Act, 25 Charles II., obliged all officers,
civil and military, as well as members of corpo-
rations, to receive the Holy Communion in the
English Church ; and to declare against tran-
substantiation.
Testaments, Old and New, are really the
O. and N. Covenants, Seitkmeiits ; T. being
used as = solemn, duly attested declaration.
See note on Heb. ix. in Norris's Notes on
the New Testament, and refer to Revised
translation.
Tester. [O.Fr. teste, head.] A flat canopy
over a bed.
Tester (from the head, O.Fr. teste, impressed
on it). An old coin, worth sixpence.
Test-paper. Paper impregnated with some
reagent for detecting the presence of certain
substances. (Litmus.)
Test-tube. A tube for holding liquids to be
tested.
Testado. [L., a tortoise.] In Rom. Hist., a
contrivance for attacking fortified places. The
soldiers placed their shields so as to form a pent- '
house, which threw off the missiles showered
down upon them.
Tet&nus. [Gr. rh&vos, convulsive tension^
{Med. ) Spasm, more or less violent, of the muscles
of voluntary motion. Lockjaw, when of the
muscles of the jaw or throat. Traumatic T.,
when arising from bodily injury [Tpau/iaTiic(Jy,
having to do with a wound (rpaii/ia)].
Tete-a-tete. [Fr., L. testa.] Head to head;
a conference between two persons. In It. a
quatro occhi.
Tete-de-pont. [Fr., head of bridge.] {Mil.)
Work thrown up to cover a bridge and the com-
munications across a river.
Tetemontee. [Fr.] A head that has been turned.
Tetr-, Tetra-. {Chem.) A prefix denoting
that a salt contains four [Gr. reTpdKis, four
times] atoms of the element thus marked ; as a
TETR
479
THEI
tdr-oxide, tetra-fliwridi:, which contain four atoms
of oxygen, fluorine, in each molecule.
Tetrachord. [Gr. TerpctxopSoy, four-stringfdi\
{Music.) 1. (Diatonic scales.) 2. A series of
four notes in the scale ; such as that which,
occurring twice, constitutes the major scale ;
so, ia C, from C to F, and from G to C.
Tetradaotyle. [Gr. Ttrpo.linrT\>\os, four-fin-
^ered.\ (Zool. ) Four-toed ; as the dog's hind
foot,
TetraStfiris. [Gr.] (Chron.) A cycle of
four years, attributetl to Solon, for equalizing
the lunar with the solar year, by means of inter-
calated months.
Tetragon. [Gr. rtrpiytiitot, /our-angled.'\ A
quadrilateral figure.
Tetragrammaton. [Gr., of four lf(ters.'\ In
Hebrew, the sacred name JeHoVaH.
Tetrahedron. (Polyhedron.)
Tetralogy. [Gr. rtrpaXoyla.] (Satyric drama.)
Tetrameter. In Gr. poetry, a verse of four
nuasures [rtrpinfrpot] ; in some cases, of four
single feet ; in others, of four double feet.
Tetramorph. [Gr. rtrpifjiop^s, four-s/ta/nd.]
A figure uniting attributes said to be those of
the evangelists (a man, lion, bull, and eagle),
and standing on winged fiery wheels.
Tetr&dnldsB. [L. t^traonem, Gr. rtrpiuv,
probably h'rd of the grouse kind.\ (Ornith.)
Grouse, partridge, etc. ; fam. of birds found
everywhere except south-west of S. America, and
Polynesia. Ord. Galllnce.
Tetr&pls. [Gr. rtrpa-wKJot, four/b/d.] The
Bible of Origen, as at first completed, in four
versions, viz. that of the Septuagint, with those
of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion.
(Hezapla.)
Tetrapod. [Gr. Tfrpajrour, -xoSoj.] Fourfooted.
Tetrapolitan Confession. A confession, differ-
ing slightly from the .\ugsburg Confession, drawn
up, 1530, by the four towns, Lindau, Constance,
Strasburg, and Memmingen.
Tetraptira. [Gr. rtrpi-irr*poi, four-winged.'\
{Etitom.) Name given by some authorities to
four-winged insects.
Tetraxih. [Gr. rtrpipxtii-^ Properly the
governor of the fourth part of any country ; often
used for a subordinate prince without reference
to its etymological meaning.
Tetrastich. [Gr. rfTpirrlxos, in four roivs.]
A stanza of four verses.
■ Tetristyle. [Gr. TtTpiffTvKos.] {Arch.) A
doorway with four columns in front.
Tetter. [AS. teter ; cf. Ft. dartre, which has
the same meaning.] {A/ed.) A general name for
eruptive affections of the cuticle.
TenthldsB. ( Sqoid. )
Teutonic languages. The dialects belonging
to the High and Low German, and Scandinavian
branches of the Aryan family of languages.
Tentonic Order. The Teutonic Knights of the
Hospital of St. Mary in Jerusalem. This order,
founded by some charitable burghers of Liibeck
and Bremen during the siege of Acre in the
Third Crusade, 1 189-91, rose to eminence under
the fourth grand master, Herman of Salza. The
order was then transferred to the Baltic. In
1525 Albert of Brandenburg renounced the
title of grand master for that of Duke of Eastern
Prussia, and laid the foundation for the modem
kingdom of Prussia.
TeweL [Fr. tuyau, />i/v.] An iron pipe in a
forge to receive the pipe of the bellows.
Teztus Seoeptus. [L., the received Uxf.] The
ordinanr text of the Old and New Testaments.
That of the New Testament is the Elzevir edition
published at I^yden, in 1624. This text agreed
generally with that of Beza, who closely followed
Stephens, and Stephens followed the fifth edition
of Erasmus, except in the Apocalypse, where he
sometimes made use of the Complutensian.
Hence the received text resolves itself at last
into the Erasmian and the Complutensian.
(Erasmus's Paraphrase.)
Thaborites. (Taborites.)
Thaive. (Sheep, Stages of growth o£)
Th&lamus [L., f>cd, Gr. ed\aixos], or T5ru8
[L., M/]. {/Sot.) The growing point of a flower,
in which the carpels are.
Thaler. (Dollar.)
Th&Ua. [Gr. eiKtia, blooming.'\ In the
Hesiodic theogony, one of the Pluses, after-
wards held to be the Muse of comedy.
Thallium. [Gr. 6aiKK6i, a young shoot.]
{Ghent.) A lead-like metal discovered by the
bright green line which it gives under spectrum
analysis.
Thallogens [Gr. OaK\6i, a young shoot, and
•ffvvdtn, I produce] (Bot.) = cryptogams of
very simple structure, fungi, lichens, algoe.
Thallus. [Gr, 6a\\6s, a young shoot^ {Bot.)
In cryptogamic botany, cellular expansion with-
out any axis ; e.g. lichen.
Thammus. (Tammuz.)
Thanato-. [Gr. Oavaros, death.]
Thane. [A..S. thegn.] A general name for
the old nobility of England, the highest being
the immediate thanes or ministers of the king.
(Baron.)
Thanet sands. {Geol.) Marine Tertiary sands
below the Woolwich beds, and lying on the chalk,
well seen and thickest in the Isle of Thanet
Thaumatrope. (Phenakistoscope.)
Thaumaturgus, [Gr. OauiJi&rovpy6i.] Miracle-
worker. .Subst., 'J haumattirgy.
Theatines. {Eccl. Hist.) A community of
Begular clerks, founded 1524, by Cajetan of
Thicne.
Thebaid. The heroic poem of Statius, written
in the first century of our era, and relating the
mythical civil war of Thebes between the sons of
(Edipus. The word is also used to denote the
region of the Egyptian Thebes, known as the
city of the hundred gates,
Theban year. {Chron.) The Egyptian year
of 365 days 6 hrs,
Thebet, Esth, ii, 16 ; fourth month of civil,
tenth of ecclesiastical, Jewish year ; December —
January.
Theftbote. [Bote, compensation, = boot.]
{Leg.) The compensation of a felony, by
receiving back the stolen goods from the thief,
or a compensation for them.
Theine. (Caffeine.)
THEM
480
THER
ThSmis. [Gr.] In the Iliad, the goddess of
law and order, who summons the council of the
gods. She is the mother of the Hesperides.
Theohromine. (Cacao.)
Theocracy. [Gr. OfOKpor/o.] The govern-
ment of a state immediately by God, as that of
the Israelites before the establishment of the
monarchy.
ThSScr&sy. [Gr. OcoKpao-Zo, from 0e</j, and
Kpao-ij, mixtitre.'l In ancient philosophy, a term
denoting the blending of the human soul with
the divine Spirit in contemplation. It is the
modern Quietism. (Mystics.)
Theodicsea. A word made up by Leibnitz
from Gr. fl«ds and Sftraio; , just, and used as the
title of his work, published in 17 10, with the de-
sign of proving that of all possible schemes for the
government of the world, the one adojited is the
best. This opinion is commonly known as
Optimism, its opposite being Pessimism.
Theodolite. [Of doubtful origin ; said to have
been coined from Gr. Odofivu, I vietv, and Z6\os,
stratagem .'] {Math.) A surveying instrument for
measuring angles ; consisting essentially of a
telescope and two graduated circles, one vertical
and the other horizontal. It is mounted on a
tripod, and can be accurately adjusted by levels, so
that the observer can read off the angle of vertical
elevation of a point and the horizontal angle be-
tween two points, i.e. the projection on a horizon-
tal plane of the angle subtended at the centre of
the instrument by the line joining the two points.
Theodosians. Followers of the Uonophysite
Theodosius, in the sixth century.
Theodotians. ( Melchisedekians. )
TheogSny. [Gr. Qi(rfov[ou\ A history of the
relationship and descent of the gods, with a de-
scription of their functions. Such is the theogony
of Hesiod.
Theological virtaes. In Roman Catholic
theology these are four Cardinal dj.v^ virtues ;
but a prior division is that of (i) T. V., faith,
hope, charity; and (2) Moral, or Cardinal, =
those which do, and those which do not, "im-
mediately regard God."
Theopaschites. [Gr. 0<rfy, and ir({<rx<», 1 suffer I\
(Eccl. Hist.) The followers of Peter, a usurping
Bishop of Antioch, who in the fourth century ex-
pressed strong Monophysite opinions.
Theophany. \Gr.Oeo<pavtia.'\ A word denoting
divine manifestations to human eyes.
Theophilanthropists. {Fr. J list.) A society
so styled itself which, when Christianity had
been suppressed by the Convention, wished to set
up a new religion in its place. They had the
use of ten churches, but being deprived of these
in 1802, they soon ceased to exist.
Theopneostic. [Gr. QidwfvffTos.l Relating to
divine inspiration.
Theorbo. [It. tiorba.] (Music.) A large lute
used for accompanying voices ; seventeenth cen-
tury ; of Italian origin probably. An archlute
was a T. with two sets of strings, one for the
bass.
Theorem. [Gr. Oecuprj/ua.] A truth in science
proposed for demonstration.
Thedrio fund. [Gr. rh. OeupiKo, vioiuy for
sights.] At Athens, the surplus of revenue after
charges of ordinary expenditure was set aside as
a fund to enable all citizens to be present gra-
tuitously at the great dramatic festivals. This
fund could not be diverted to purposes of war.
Theosophists. [Gr. 6f6ffo<pos, wise in the things
of God. ] A name applied by some to the Uystics,
as believing themselves to possess an extra-
ordinary knowledge of the divine nature by
direct inspiration.
TheoBophy. A professed knowledge of divine
things [Gr. Q(oao(^[a\, derived from spiritual in-
tuition or communication of God ; not philoso-
phically by dialectic method, nor theologically
by revelation.
Theotokos. (Deipara.)
Therapeutae. [Gr. Ofpa-irfxrrai, servants.} 1.
A Jewish sect, resembling the Essenes. 2.
Christian ascetics in the neighbourhood of Alex-
andria.
Therapeutics. [Gr. OfpairtirriKSs, tending to
heal.'] That branch of medicine which has to do
with restoration to health.
Thermal unit. [Gr. etpfi6s, hot.'] (Math.)
When equal quantities of the same substance in
the same state are acted on by heat so tha.t the
same effect is produced, the quantities of heat
are equal from whatever sources the heat may
come. The quantity of heat required to change a
given weight (as one pound) of ice at the freezing
point into water at the freezing point, is a T. U. ;
the quantity of heat required to raise a pound of
water from 0° C. to 1° C. is another T. U.
Thermic fever. [Gr. 0tpix6s, hot.] (Med.) A
name sometimes given to the sunstroke.
Thermidor. In the Revolutionary French
calendar, the eleventh month, beginning July
19 and ending August 17. In 1794 it was
signalized by the fall of the Terrorists. (Terror,
Reign of.)
Thermobarometer. [Gr. OtpixSi, hot, pdpos,
weight, fifTpov, Wi'asure.] A hypsomcter (q.v.).
Thermodynamics. [Gr. 9ip\i.6s, hot, SuvaixiK6f,
able,] The science which treats of the efficiency
of heat-engines and of heat as a form of energy,
tracing its sensible effects to movements of the
molecules of bodies ; also of the mechanical
effects due to heat, and of the heat produced
by mechanical agents.
Thermo-electricity. [Gr. OtpfiSs, hot, and
electricity.] Electricity developed by the action
of heat.
Thermography. [Gr. Otpnis, hot, ypdcpeiv, to
zvrite.] A method of copying an engraving on a
metal plate by the radiation of heat.
Thermometer [Gr. Oep/j.6s, hot, ixirpov, vtea-
sure] ; Air T. ; Centigrade T. ; Differential T. ;
Fahrenheit's T. ; Maximum T. ; Metallic T. ;
Minimum T. ; Eeaumer's T. An instrument for
measuring variations of temperature ; this is done
by observing the expansion and contraction of
mercury, spirits of wine, or other suitable liquid,
inclosed in a glass bulb ending in a tube of very
fine bore ; the fixed points of the scale attached
are the temperatures of melting ice (freezing
point) and of steam under a pressure of about
thirty inches of mercury (boiling point). In
THER
48 1
THOR
Fahrenheit's T. the distance between these
points is divided into 180 equal parts, called
degrees, freezing point being marked 32°,
and boiling point 212°; in the Ccndip-ade 7\
the former is marked o*, the latter loo** ; while
in Rcaumers the former is 0°, the latter 80°. In
an Air T. the scale of temperature is determined
by the expansion of air under a constant pres-
sure. A Differential T. consists of two bulbs on
a level connected by a bent tube containing a
coloured liquid ; if the bulbs are at difierenl
temperatures, the unequal expansion of the air
causes the liquid to stand at different levels in
the bent tube, and supplies an accurate measure
of the difference between the temperature of two
neighbouring bodies. In the Metallic T. (Bre-
guet's) change of temperature is indicated by a
ribbon of ditferent metals formed into a spiral
whose unequal expansion or contraction causes
it to coil or uncoil when its temperature changes.
Maximum and Minimum T. roister the highest
and lowest temperatures that have occurred
during a given time.
Thermomoltiplier. A thermopile (^.r'.).
Thermopile. An instrument for measuring
minute degrees of temperature. It consists of a
number of short pieces of antimony and bismuth
joined end to end, forming, for instance, a zigzag.
When the upper joints are exposed to a source
of heat and the ends of the zigzag are joined by
a wire, a current circulates whose intensity is pro-
portioned to the heat and is measured by the
deflection of the needle of a galvanometer.
ThermoMope. [Gr. 6fpfi6s, hot, aKvniia, Ivinv^
An instrument for measuring the effects of heat ;
as a thermopile or a differential thermometer.
Thermotics. [Gr. Otpfiu, or perhaps Ocp/xJw, /
maie hot.] The body of doctrines respecting
heat which liave been established on proper
scientific grounds.
Theroid [Gr. OripottHs] idiocy. When the
appearance [(78oi] and habit are like those of a
beast [fl^/)].
Thenltea [Gr.] In the Iliad, a deformed
and noisy Achaian, whom Odysseus (Ulysses)
smites for his plain speaking. Hence any inso-
lent railer.
Theseus, Temple of. The only temple of
ancient Athens which still remains almost un-
injured, perhaps from the fact that it was in the
Middle Ages consecrated as a Christian Church.
Thesmophoria. [Gr.] At Athens and else-
where, the festival of Demeter, surnamed Thes-
mophfiros, or the lawgiver. (Eleosinian
Uysteries.)
Thesmotiietse. (Archons.)
Thespian art. The tragic or dramatic art is
sometimes so called, from Thespis, an Athenian,
who, in the sixth century B.C., first gave it some
definite form.
Th61;6s. [Gr.] In Athenian Hist., a class of
tenants or occupiers of land, called also Uekte-
tnorians, as paying to the owner one-sixth por-
tion [t6 iKJ-t\n.6piov] of the yearly produce.
ThStls. [Gr.] {Myth.) One of the Nereids,
who becomes the wife of Pcleus and the mother
of Achilles. (Paris, Judgment of.)
Thibet cloth. A goat's-hair fabric resembling
camlet.
Thick and dry for weighing. (N'aul.) An
order to clap on nippers closely, at starting the
anchor.
Thick-and-thin block. Fidille-block. (Fiddle.)
Thill. [.\..S. |)ille, a beam, a stake.\ The
draught-tree of a cart or waggon.
Thiller, Thill-horse. The horse between the
shafts, or next the thill (tj.v.).
Thimble. (/VhwA) A ring with its outer side
concave, to bind a rope round. T.-eyes, holes
in iron plates to reeve ropes through.
Thing. In the old Swedish and cognate lan-
guages, a popular judicial or legislative as-
sembly. The Icelandic althing, or general
parliament, met in the Thingvalla.
Thinga-men. (House-carls.)
Thingvalla. (Thing.)
Thin plates. Colours of. (Colour.)
Third Order. (EccL I/ist.) Secular associates,
not bound by vows, attached to most of the
Eeligions Orders. (Tertiaries.)
Third Pointed style. (Geometrical style.)
Thirlage. In Scot. Law, the right, con-
ferred, by law or contract, on the owner of a
mill, to compel the tenants of a certain district
to grind all their grain at his mill.
Thirty Tyrants. 1. At Athens, at the close of
the Peloponnesian War, for one year, a body of
rulers who upset the constitution of the city ;
and, 2, "by an idle and defective parallel,' a
crowd of usurpers, "nineteen in number, start-
ing up in every province of the Roman empire, "
in the reign of Gallienus, A.O. 253-268
(Gibbon).
Thirty Tears' War. {/fist.) A name given
to a series of wars between the Protestant and
Catholic leagues in Germany, from the insurrec-
tion of the Bohemians in 1618, to the Peace of
Westphalia, 1648.
Thistle of St Andrew. An old Scottish order
of knighthood, reviveil by James V. of Scotland,
in 1540; by James II., m 1687 ; and by Queen
Anne, 1703.
Thmei. An Egj-ptian goddess, often repre-
sented in the hands of the statues of kings. Fhe
Heb. Thummim is supposed to be the plural of
the name.
Tholes, Thole-pins, or Thowels. {Naut.) Pins
placed in the gunwale of a boat for oars to work
between or on, instead of rowlocks.
ThSlns. [Gr. e6Kos.] (Arch.) A building of
circular form, or the roof of such a building.
Thomaeans, or Thomites. [/iccl. J list.) The
Christians of St. Thomas, on the Malabar coast
of India, are sometimes so called.
Thomas the Bimer. (TanhatUer.)
Thomists. (Schoolmen.)
Thoorgum. (Tycoon.)
Thor. In Teut. Myth., a son of Odin, or
Woden, the supreme god, and of his wife Freya.
The name is a form of the word Thunor,
thunder; hence Thunres-daeg, our Thursday.
Thor is especially known as Miolnir, the ham-
merer, or pounder.
Thorax, or Chest [Gr. Btipal, breastplate.
THOR
482
THYR
i/iorax.] [Anat.) That which lies between the
neck and the abdomen ; the upper of the two
divisions of the body, containing the heart and
lungs. In insects, the second segment. Tho-
racic duct, a small duct, which conveys the con-
tents of the lacteals and absorbents into the
blood.
Thorium, Thorinum. (Chfm.) A heavy grey
metal obtained from thorite (a Norwegian earth,
named from the god Thor).
Thomey Island. Ancient name of a part of
Westminster, including the site of the abbey,
adjoining the Thames, covered with brushwood,
and surrounded by a branch of the river.
Thoroagh, The. {Hist. ) The name given by
Strafford, in his correspondence with Archbishop
Lau3r,~to Ws design of establishing an absolute
monarchy m this country by means of a military
force. J
Thoronghn>a88. (Afusic.) 1. Commonly, but
wronglyTused as = science of harmony. 2. A
bass part, with figures added, indicating the har-
monies ; a kind of musical shorthand. (Figured
bass.)
Thorough-brace. A leather strap supporting
the body of a carriage.
Thorough-bred horse may be defined, per
accicicns, as one whose sire and dam are both in
the Rdciti^s:- Calendar.
Thorough-pin. In a horse. (Spavin.)
Thoth, Taout. An Egyptian deity, represented
as a human figure with the head of a lamb or
ibis, and venerated as the inventor of wiiting.
Thought, To take, i Sam. ix. 5 ; Matt. \-i.
25, etc. ; Gr. /htj fifptfjLvfitrrjTe, retains its earlier
meaning (to be oz'er-aitxious, worried), which
survives in some parts of England.
Thousand and One Nights. The title of the
tales more commonly known as the Arabian
Nights^ Tales, derived from the Persian collection
called Hegar Afzaneh (the Thousand Fanciful
Tales), which is at least as old as the ninth cen-
tury, and is itself obtained from earlier models.
Thowels. (Tholes.)
Thrall. [A. S. thral.] One who has no civil
rights in relation to his master, a bondman.
(Helots ; Peonage ; Byot ; Villein.)
Three-centred arch. (Arch.)
Three Chapters. (Eccl. Hist.) An ordinance
of the Emperor Justinian, condemning certain
works of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret
of Cyprus, and Ibas of Edessa, on the ground of
their Nestorianism. — Milman, Hist, of Latin
Christianity, bk. iii. ch. 4. (Nestorians.)
Three Dons. (Three Kings' Day.)
Three Kings' Day. Dreikonigstag, Twelfth
Day in Germany ; the legend being that the
Magi were three kings, and worshipped Christ
on that day. Their traditional names are Caspar,
Melchior, and Balthazar. Three Kings, or Three
Tons, i.e. Dons, is sometimes the sign of an inn.
Three sheets in the wind. In Naut. slang,
reeling drunk.
Three Tons. (Three Kings' Day.)
Threnody. [Gr. epTjcwSi'a.] A dirge, funeral
song. _
Thrift. {Bat.) A native plant, common on
muddy and rocky sea-shores, banks of estuaries ;
found frequently on high mountains ; cultivated
as an edging for its rose-coloured flowers. Ar-
meria maritima, ord. Plumbagineae.
Throat. {Natit.) I.q. jaw of gaff {q.v.).
T.-halliards, those for hoisting the jaw end of
the gaff.
Thropple. In a horse, the windpipe.
Throttle-valve. (Alech.) A valve in the
steam-pipe for regulating the supply of steam to
the cylinder ; under the control of the governor
it moves so as to enlarge or contract the free
space according as the main shaft is moving
below or above its just rate.
Throwing. [A.S. thrawan, to twist.} 1.
Twisting into a thread (as silk). 2. Shaping
roughly on a potter's wheel.
Thrum. [Ger. trumm.] An end oi a weaver's
thread, a tuft.
Thrum, To. (Fothering.)
Thrush. (Jl/ed.) (Aphthae.)
Thrush, Tmsh. In horses, ulceration of the
sensitive surfaces within the frog ; from various
causes.
Thugs. [From tbe Hind, verb thugna, to
deceive.] An association of thieves and mur-
derers, which has long existed in India, but has
been extirpated in all British territories. The
special object of their worship was the goddess
Bhowani, the Vedic Bhuvani, a name from the
same root as the Gr. Phusis, nature.
Thfile. A name given by ancient writers to
some land lying north of Great Britain, which
may be Iceland. (Atlantis, New.)
Thummim. (Thmei.)
Thundering Legion. In the expedition ot
Marcus Antoninus against the Marcomanni, a.d.
174, a Roman legion, whose prayer for rain is
said to have brought down the storm which
threw the enemy into confusion.
Thunor. (Thor.)
Thurificati. (SacrificatL)
ThurL [O.E. thyrl, from thyrhel, drilled
through.] A long adit in a coal-pit, or a passage
between two adits.
Thursday. (Thor.)
Thwarting. (Athwart.)
Thwarts. (A'aut.) The seats across a boat
for the rowers. T.-marks to a harbour, two
points on land, which being kept in a line point
out a channel.
Thyine-wood. [Gr. {t5Ao>' ^liXvov.] The citron-
wood of the Romans ; of the N.-African Qvia,
Callitris quadrivalvis, allied to the cypress ;
very beautiful and durable, much prized in all
times for works of art.
Thymus gland. [Gr. ec/toj.] One of the
S7ueet-breads of calf and lamb ; so called from
its likeness to a bunch of thyme ; a temporary
ductless gland, in front of the lungs, diminishing
or disappearing with age.
Thyroid, properly Thyreoid, cartilage. [Gr.
0vpioiiZi]s.] [Anat.) The upper and anterior part
of the larynx ; when prominent, Adam's apple ;
like a shield [eOptds]. T. gland is in front and
at the side of the larynx ; ductless ; its function
but little understood. (Bronchocele.)
THYR
483
TIMO
ThyrsTU. [Gr. 66p<Tos.] A staff intwined with
ivy, and borne by the Bacchanals in the orgies
of Bacchus. (Bacchanalian.)
ThysanoptSra. (Hemiptera.)
Ti&ra. [L. tiaras] 1, The Persian head-dress,
worn by the great king. 2. The mitre of the pope,
which was at first a round high cap. The first
gold circle was added by Nicholas I., the second
by Boniface VIII., and the third by Urban V.
nbla. [L., shin-bom.] 1. (Ana/.) The bone
of the leg, between the knee and the ankle, by
the side of which the fibula (q.v.) is fixed. 2.
(Music.) A pipe, flute, originally made of bone,
the commonest musical instrument of the Greeks
and the Romans. It regulated the dance at
sacrifices, festivals, the rowing of the trireme,
sometimes also the march of troops to battle
(Herod., i. 17). T. dtxtra, played with the
right hand, bass ; 71 sinistra, with the left,
treble. Tibia pAres \equal\, both treble or both
bass, imfhfrcs [unequal], one of each.
Tic douloureux. [Vt., painful spasm.] Neur-
algia of the trifacial nerve.
Tiddug. 1. A closely woven cloth for bed-
ticks. 2. The best kind of artist's canvas.
Tide [.'\.S. tid, Ger. zeit, timf] ; Atmoipherie
T. ; T.-day ; DerivatiTe T. ; Primary T. ; T.-wave.
The periodical variations in the height of the
surface of the sea at any given place depending
on the relative position of the moon and in a
less degree of the sun. The T.-wave is the
joint result due to the coexistence of the waves
produced by the action of the sun and moon.
Speaking with respect to the ocean generally, it
is a very flat wave, with two crests about l8o*
of longitude apart : this is the Primary T, ; the
Derivative tides are those experienced near shore,
in channels, rivers, etc. , where the primary T.
is modified by the form of the channel and its
bottom, and the movement of the water partakes
of the nature of a current as well as of an oscil-
lation. The T.-day is the interval between two
successive arrivals at the same place of the same
crest of the tide, i.e. between one high tide and
the next high tide but one. The Atmospheric T.
consists of elevations and depressions of the
atmosphere analogous to those of the ocean tides,
and produced in a like manner.
Tide-gauge. A contrivance for registering
continuously the height of the tido at every
instant in the course of the day.
'Tierce. (Canonical hours.)
Tiercel. (Tarsel.)
Tiera Etat. [Fr.] Under the Ancien regime,
the third branch, or commonalty, in the French
Estates, or Parliament, the other two being the
nobles and the clerj;^'.
TifEkny. A fine thin silk.
Tig. (Tyg.)
Tiles, Encaustic [Gr. iyKawrucSs, having to
do with burning in.] Tiles with figures of dif-
ferent coloured clays indented on their surface,
and finally exposed to an intense heat for sixty
hours.
nUaceas. {Dot.) A nat. ord. of plants, of
which the only British gen. is [L.] Ttlla, lim« or
linden tret.
Till. (Boulder-clay.)
Tiller, To. {A.S. \.Q\gim, to branch.] {Agr.)
To sprout from the base of the stem ; spoken of
wheat, etc.
■ Tiller. {Naut.) The bar fitted to the rudder-
head, and by which it is moved. T.-head, the
end furthest from the rudder.
Tilsit, Treaty of. (Tugendbui d.)
Tilt. [A.S. teld, a tent ; cf. Ger. zelt.] {Agr.)
The cloth, or canvas cover, for a stack, cart, or
waggon.
Tilth. [A.S. til«, id., tilian, to till.] (Agr.)
1. The depth of soil cultivated or fit for culti-
vation. 2. The condition into which 1 is
brought by cultivation.
Tilt-hammer. A heavy hammer used in forg-
ing ; it turns round an axle at one end and is
lifted by a projection or cam on the axle of a
wheel, which on working clear of the hammer
allows it to fall on to the mass on the anvil.
Timbers. (Naut.) A ship's ribs.
Timber trees. In Law, generally speaking,
= oak, ash, elm.
Timbre. [Probably L. tympanum, a drum.]
The quality of a note. (Quality of a musical
note.)
Timbre, Timber. [Fr. timbre, Ger. zimmer.]
A package of small skins, containing a fixed
number.
Time ; Absolute T. ; Apparent solar T. ; Astro-
nomical T. ; Civil T. ; Equation of T. ; Local T. ;
Mean solar T. ; Belative T. ; Sidereal T. Abso-
lute time is duration, and flows on uniformly ;
Relative T. is a measure of duration eflected by
a comparison of motions, so that two portions
of time are equal in which two exactly similar
movements occur. The larger units are deter-
mined by the seeming motions of the stars and
sun ; the movements which measure the smaller
portions of time and serve to subdivide the
larger units are the oscillations of a pendulum
or the vibrations of a spring. Apparent solar
T, or Apparent T., is time measured by the
motion of the apparent (i.e. the actual) sun ;
Mean solar T, or Mean T., by that of the mean
sun ; Sidereal T., by that of the first point of
Aries. Local T. is the mean, or apparent, or
sidereal time reckoned at any station with refer-
ence to the transits of the mean sun, or of the
apparent sun, or of the first point of Aries, at
that station. Civil T. is reckoned from mid-
night. Astronomical T, from the following noon ;
thus, 7th September, nine o'clock a.m. civil
time, = September, six days twenty-one hours
astronomical time. (For Equation of T, vide
Equation ; also vide Lay and Year.)
Time-keeper. An accurate clock or chrono-
meter.
TimSo SSn&os, et d5na ferentes. [L.] J fear
the Greeks even ivhcn bringing us presents (and
am against receiving this wootlen horse) (Virgil) ;
i.e. one suspects the gifts and kindness coming
suddenly from those who have hitherto acted so
differently.
Timoor&cy. [Gr. TiixoKparfa.] A Greek term
denoting two kinds of political constitution: 1,
that of Aristotle, in which property is the quali-
TIMO
484
TODD
fication for office ; and 2, the T. of Tlato, in
which the best of the citizens struggle for pre-
eminence,
Timonier. [L. temonem, beam, pole of a car-
riage, etc.] (Naut.) 1. The helmsman. 2. A
man, on the look-out, to direct the helmsman.
Tin. [Fr. etain, L. stannum.] A white metal.
The tin of which kettles, etc., are made is tin
plate, consisting of sheet iron coated with tin.
Block tin is coarse tin cast into blocks. Grain
tin is fine cr)*stalline tin in small fragments.
Tin-stone is native dioxide of tin ; when found
washed down in alluvial soils, it is called stream
tin. Tin-foil is tin beaten out into thin leaves.
Tin prepare liquor is stannate of sodium, used in
preparing calico for the dye. Tin-salt is dichlo-
ride of tin, a mordant {q.vJ).
Tineal. [Hind, tincar.] {Chem^ Crude borax.
Tinehell. [Gael, timchioll, a circuit.^ In the
Scottish Highlands, the inclosing of game by a
circle of sportsmen, for the purpose of a Battue.
Tincture. [L. tinctura, a dyeing.\ (Her.)
The colour of a shield or its bearings.
TindaL {Naut.) Lascar boatswain's mate.
Tine. [O.E., tooth of a harrow, etc. ; cf. Ger.
zahn, tooth.^ (Antlers.)
Tini^tus aurium. [L., ringing in the ears.}
{Med.) Arising from various causes ; some-
times unimportant, sometimes a prelude to
entire deafness.
Tinto. A red Madeira wine.
Tint-tooL A kind of graving tool for cutting
lines of a certain breadth on copper or wood.
Tipping all nines, or Tipped the nines. In
Naut. language, foundering or foundered from
press of sail.
Tipping the grampna. In Naut. slang, ducking
a man for sleeping on his watch.
Tipstaff. The name for the constables in
attendance on the courts of Chancery and Com-
mon Law.
Tirailleurs. [Fr.] French sharpshooters, or
skirmishers.
Tirocinium. [L.] 1. First military service,
military rawness, the condition of a tiro [L., a
raw recruit]. Hence, 2, a first beginning, an
early effort.
T-iron. Rolled iron bars, whose cross section
is shaped like a T.
Tironian notes. The old Roman shorthand,
said to have been brought from Greece by Tiro,
the freedman of Cicero.
Tirshatha. The title of the governor of Judaea
under foreign rulers.
Tisane. (Ptisan.)
TisrL Post-Babylonian name for Ethanim.
{q.v.).
Titanium. [L. an^ Gr. Titan.] A deep-blue
metal, very hard and refractory.
Titans. [Gr. TiToj/fs.] {Myth.) The children
of OuSrnos (Uranus) and Ge, heaven and earth.
Among these was Kronos (Cronus), the father of
Zeus, or Jupiter. At the close of their war with
Zeus, they were thrust down into Tartarus.
Tithes. [A.S. teotha, tenth.\ Anciently pay-
able: — Pradial [L. prsedium, an estate], of things
arising immediately out of the ground : grain,
fruits, herbs. Mixed, of things nourished by the
earth : colts, calves, pigs, lambs, chickens, milk,
cheese, eggs. Personal, of profits arising from
labour and trade. Great tithes are of corn, hay,
wood ; Small T, of the other praedial T.,
together with mixed and personal. Modus
dhtmandi, or Modus, is a local special manner
of tithing, e.g. a sum of money paid annually per
acre, or a less amount given in tithe, and part
in labour, etc. Composition [L. compositio,
settlement of a difference], the purchasing, by a
single sum, of exemption from tithe. Commu-
tation {q.v^y an exchanging of tithes for a rent-
charge.
Tithonic. [L. tithonius.] Belonging to Titho-
nus, husband of Eos (Aurora, the dawn).
(Actinic rays.)
Titmarsh, llichael Angelo. Nom de plume of
William Makepeace Thackeray.
Titration. \Vx.\\'viq, a standard.] Analysis by
means of solutions of a fixed standard strength.
Titular. [L. titiilus, a title.] In Eccl. usage,
one invested v.ith the title to a benefice, the
implied meaning being generally that he has the
title and nothing more.
Titular bishops. 1. Bishops without special
jurisdiction. 2. Bishops who are called bishops
in partibus, sc. infdelium, their titles belonging
to countries possessed by heretjcs or heathens.
Tivy. Quickly ; abbrev. of tantivy, the note
of a hunting-horn.
Tmesis. [Gr., a cutting.] In Gr., the separa-
tion of a compound word into two parts by
interposing a word between them ; as in to us
ward.
Toad-stone. [Ger. todt-stein, dead, i.e. useless,
stone.] {Geol.) Beds and dykes of basalt, in
Derbyshire limestone. Local name.
Tobacco charts. In Naut. language, untrust-
worthy charts.
Tobine. [Ger. tobin.] A stout twilled silk
used for dresses.
Tobogan, Tarbogan. A sleigh used in Canada
and by the Hudson's Bay Company, drawn by
dogs, for travelling over snow ; made of thin
boards, ten or twelve feet long, and from twelve
to fifteen inches broad. Smaller ones, from five
to eight feet long, are also used in Canada for
sliding down hill over snow. — Bartlett's Ameri-
canisms.
To-brake. The preterite of the O.E. verb to-
brcak, used in Judg. ix. 53.
Toccata. [It. toccare, to touch, play upon.]
{Music.) 1. A prelude. 2. A fantasia.
Tocher (akin to dower). In Scot. Law, a term
for a father's marriage portion to a daughter at
the time of marriage.
Tocsin. [Fr. toquer, to touch, sin, L. signum,
in mediaeval sense of bell (Littre).] An alarm-
bell.
Tod. [Cf. Ger. zote, a knot or ball of wool.]
1. A bush ; e.g. ivy tod. 2. Of wool, twenty-
eight pounds. 3. A fox, perhaps as if = bushy-
tailed.
Tod-boat. {Naut.) Broad, flat, Dutch fishing-
boat.
Toddy. The fermented juice of the palm tree.
TOFT
485
TOl
-toft. In Gec^., a Norse word, meaning an
inclosure, a tttft of trees.
T5ga. [L.] A loose woollen garment, worn
by Romans generally, hence called gens togata,
toga-clad people. Usually white ; but of a dark
colour in mourning. The to^ pmtexta, worn
by magistrates and others, had a broad purple
border. The toga virtlis, which had no border,
was put on by boys at the age of sixteen.
Toggle. {Naut.) A strong wooden pin for
securing a tackle, etc.
Tohn boha. The Hebrew words in Gen. i. 2,
denoting that the earth was " without form and
void." Sometimes used to express chaos gene-
rally.
Toilinette. [Fr.] Cloth the weft of which is
woollen yarn, and the warp cotton and silk.
Toise. [Fr., L. tensa ; the distance between
the outstretched arms.] The old French T.
was divided into six feet, and each foot into
twelve inches ; its length was 76736 English
inches ; the T. Usuelle is two metres, or 78742
English inches.
Touon d'Or. [Fr., L. tonsionem, a shearing,
aurum, gold."] Golden Fleece.
Tokay. An aromatic wine, made at Tokay,
in Hungary.
Token. [A.S. tacen.] 1. Ten quires of paper.
A white token is two hundred and fifty sheets of
paper, printed on both sides. 2. A piece of
metal, issued for currency, usually impressed
with the name of the party sssuing it, who was
bound to redeem it for lawful coin of the realm.
Tolbooth. (Tolaey.)
Tolerance. [L. tolerantia, endurance.'] (Afed.)
The ability, in a diseased person, to bear strong
medicines.
Toleration Act, i William and Mary, exempted
those taking the new oaths of allegiance and
supremacy, and making the required declaration
against popery, from the penalties incurred by
absence from church and by holding unlawful
conventicles ; allowed Quakers to make affirma-
tion in certain cases ; but did not relax the pro-
visions of the Corporation and Test Acts. Those
who denied the doctrine of the Trinity were
excluded from its operation.
ToUeadi, Per modam. {Log.) By a method
of exhaustion. (Exhaustion, Method of.)
Tolsey. An O.K. name for a place where tolls
were assessed or collected. The word tolbooth
had probably the same origin.
Tola. The resinous product of a spec. , Tolui-
ferum, of Myrospermum, a gen. of tropical
American trees or shrubs, of the fam. Legumi-
nosae.
Tolatation. An obsolete word, denoting a
pacing or ambling motion, from L. tolutim, on a
trot.
Tomahawk. [Amer.] A kind of hatchet
thrown as a weapon by the N. -American Indians.
Tombac. [Malay tambaga, copper.] An alloy
like brass, but containing more zinc. IVhite
tombac contains arsenic as well.
Tom Coz's trayerse. In Naut. language, up
one hatchway and down another, much talk and
little work.
Tom Pepper.. In Naut. language, a liar.
-tomy. [Gr. to^uVj.] Cutting.
Ton. [A.S. tunne.] 1. A weight of 20
hundredweights or 2240 pounds. 2. A ton of
tonnage is a certain number of cubic feet of the
space which a vessel has disposable for stowage ;
it is frequently reckoned at thirty-five cubic feet,
that being assumed as the volume of a ton of
sea-water ; sometimes at forty cubic feet.
Tonality. (Music.) Not easily defined, is
the characteristic of modern as distinguished
from ancient music, which arises from its being
written in definite keys, and from the definite-
ness of the diatonic scale.
Tonbridge ware (made at Tonhridge Wells).
Wooden articles decorated with tesselated
veneers of various coloured woods.
Tondino. [It.] (Arch.) The same as Astragal.
Tone [Gr. rivos, a tone, from rtiVw, /stretch] ;
Fundamental T. A musical sound incapable of
resolution, and resulting from a simple vibration.
Suppose a stretched string to make any number
(say 264) of complete vibrations a second ; if its
length were reduced to a half, a third, a fourth,
etc., other things remaining the same, it will
make 528, 792, 1056, etc., vibrations a second :
the tone corresponding to the 264 vibrations
is the Fundamental T. of the string ; those
corresponding to the others (viz. the octave, the
fifth above the octave, the second octave, etc.)
are the Harmonics, i.e. the acute harmonics,
or harmonic overtones, of the fundamental
tone.
Tones, Oregorian. Ecclesiastical chants ;
said to have been introduced into the Latin
Church by Pope Gregory the Great, in the sixth
century. They belong probably to much more
ancient times.
Tonga. (Tonquin bean.)
Tonic. [Gr. t6vo^, tone, note!] 1. {Med.) A
strengthening medicine. 2. {Music.) The key-
note. Tome Sol-pa is a simplification of the
writing of music by the use of letters denoting
sounds, and of strokes, commas, colons, denoting
time ; instead of the ordinary notation.
Tonnage. {Naut.) A ship's admeasurement.
(Ton.)
Tonnage and poundage. {Eng. Hist.) Duties
granted by Parliament to the Crown, the former
on wines, the latter on all other kinds of mer-
chandise. By Cliarles I. they were collected for
fifteen years on his own authority — a right which
he was compelled to surrender. They are now
merged in the general customs duties.
Tonquin bean. The Coumarouna odorata of
French Guiana, belonging to the ord. Legumi-
nosce ; a large forest tree. The fruit is an oblong
hard drupe, the kernel of which yields the
sweet scent used by perfumers.
Tonsils. [L. tonsillar.] Two suboval, complex
glands, one on each side of the fauces, secreting
a kind of saliva ; imperfectly understood.
Tonsure. [L. tonsura, from tondeo, / shave.]
{Eccl.) The shaven crown of persons in holy
orders, representing, it is supposed, the crown
of thorns. The tonsure of St. Paul, used in the
Eastern Church, differs irom that of St. Peter,
TONT
486
TORS
or the Latin, in going across the whole front of
the head from ear to ear.
Tontine. A method of raising annuities on
the joint lives of a number of subscribers, devised
by one Tonti, in the seventeenth century, the
principle being that the subscribers receive an
annuity in proportion to their shares, with a right
of survivorship, the last receiving such a pro-
portion of the whole sum as may have been
determined at the time of the creation of the
tontine.
Toon-wood. A coarse reddish wood, used in
India for furniture.
Toothed wheels (MecA.) are set on parallel
axles, and either is capable of driving the other
by means of projections or teeth cut on their
circumferences.
Tooth-ahell. -(Limpet.)
Top. (A aw/.) A platform at the head of a
tower mast. T.-armour, a fencing on the after
side, about three feet high, covered with red
baize or canvas painteil red. T.-amiings,
hammocks stowed in the rigging, to protect rifle-
men, 7\ a yard, or boomf to raise one end by
halliards. T.-castles, a kind of wooden castle at
the masthead, in ancient ships.
Toparohy. [Gr. Toira/)x^«> from rSirou a place,-
and ipx"> ^ r/i/c\] (Hist.) A state consisting
of only a few cities or towns.
Top-armour. (A'aw/.) A railing on the top,
supported by stanchions and equipped with
netting.
Topaz. Of Rev. xxi. 20 [roiri.^wv\, = the
Eeridot and (modern) chrysolite, the former
eing the greener variety.
Tope. [Pali thupa, Skt. stupa, accumulation ;
and so nearly = L. tumulus.] Buddhistic monu-
ment, for preservation of relics ; height from a
few feet to 300 feet ; in Ceylon, China, Thibet,
etc. The oldest are cupola-shaped ; on many
are parasol -shaped structures, one above another,
and on the top of all is some metal ornament ;
their use and meaning somewhat obscure.
Tope. 1. (Zool.) Galeus canis [Gr. 7oA.e<fs] ;
a small spec, of shark. Fam. Galeidse. 2.
(Naut.) A small Chinese junk.
Top-gallant, in Cotton MSS. Top garland.
(Naut^ T.-G. forecastle. (Decks.) T.-G. mast.
(Mast.) T.-G. sails. Squaresails set on T.-G.
mast.
Top-hamper. {Naut.') 1. Any necessary
weight on deck, or about the masts and rigging.
2. Flying-kites and their gear.
Tophet. [Heb.] A garden of the Jewish
kings, defiled by sacrifices to Uoloch. The
name is by some derived from the Heb. toph,
a drum, drums being used to drown the cries
of the human victims offered to the god.
Topiary art. [L. topiaria, sc ars.] The art
of gardening, particularly of trimming trees into
fantastic shapes.
Topics. [Gr. roirl/ciJy, from tStos, a place.\
{Rhet.) General truths relating to the various
subjects, in art, science, jurisprudence, etc.,
which may be dealt with by the orator. . These
were committed to memory, and the speaker
was thus supposed to be furnished with a store
of commonplaces, from which he could be at no
loss to draw. Many of these T. are practically
Axioms.
Top-lantern, or Top-light. (Naut.) One in
the after part of the top in a flag or pennant
ship.
Topmast. (Mast.)
Toppings. That which comes from the hemp
in hatchelling.
Top-ropes. (N'aut.) Those by which the top-
mast, or topgallant-mast, or topgallant-yard, is
raised and lowered.
Topsails. (Naut.) Those set on a topmast.
(Mast.)
Toque. [Fr., It. tocca.] A sort of head-dress.
Torah. [Heb., tecuhing^ The traditional
interpretation of the Mosaic Law, uniting the
statute law and the prophetic words of Jehovah.
Toreutic. [Gr. ropeuTJKcJs.] Highly finished.
Specially applied to carvings in hard wood,
ivory, etc.
Tormina. [L. neut. plu., = the timsting things,
torqueo, I tiuist, torture.^ (Med.) Griping pains.
Tornado. [Sp., from tornor, to turn.] A
violent wind of short duration, arising suddenly
from the shore and veering round from all points
of the compass.
Torpedo. [L., from torpeo, / am numb.]
1. (Ichth.) tarn, of marine fish; rays with
electric organ. Temperate and tropical latitudes.
Fam. Torpedlnidoe, sub-ord. Batoid^i, ord.
PlagTostomata, sub-class ChondroptCrygii. 2.
(Mil.) Submarine mine, either stationary or
floating, for destroying ships passing over them.
Torque. (Torques.)
Torqued. [L. torquere, to twist.'] (Her.) A
dolphin twisted into the form S.
Torques. [L.] A chain or collar of metal
ringlets interlaced with each other, and worn
round the neck, specially by the Gauls. From
depriving one of their chiefs of his collar,
T. Manlius was surnamed Torquatus, B.C. 361.
(S.S., Collar of.)
Torricellian tube (Torricelli, Ital., 1608-1647;
successor of Galileo at Florence) ; T. vacuum.
The glass tube containing mercury which is the
essential part of the barometer. The T. vacmim
is the space in the tube above the mercury,
which in a good instrument is devoid of air, and
contains nothing but the vapour of mercury.
Torrid zone. (Zone.)
Tors \cf. Mount Taurus, L. turris, Gr. rvpffts,
a tower] are the harder portions of granite after
weathering ; remaining more or less exactly
posed above one another.
Torse. [O.Fr.] (Her.) A wreath.
Torsion ; Angle of T. ; T. balance. 1. The
act of twisting [L. torsionem]. 2. The resist-
ance offered by the elasticity of a body to its
being twisted, and so the force with which a
twisted thread or wire tends to recover its form.
If a thin thread or wire is held at one end and
twisted by a couple (two equal opposite forces
acting at opposite ends of an arm), the angle
through which the arm of the couple turns before
it is balanced by the elasticity of torsion is the
Angle of T, In a T, balance the intensity of a
TORS
487
TOWE
small force or couple is estimated by observing
the angle of torsion of a standard thread or wire ;
used in electrical measurements.
Torsion balance. (Torsion.)
Torso. [It., L. thyrsus, a stem, a staff.\ A
broken statue, exhibiting only the trunk of the
figure.
Tort [Fr., wrong\ {,Leg.) has been defined as
a wrong or injury that is indeptndent of con-
tract ; e.g. the invasion of a right, the breach
or neglect of a duty, public or private ; as by
waste, nuisance, libel, etc.
TorteatL [O.Fr.] A red roundlet or disc.
Tortioollis. [L. torquere, to twist, collum,
the neck.] (Met/.) Wry-neck. A rheumatic
affection of the muscles 01 the neck.
Tortilla. [Sp.] A thin unleavened cake of
maize flour.
Tortoise-shell turtle. [Fr tortue, Sp. tortuga,
from its ttvistcd feet.] (Chelonida.)
Tortnons. (Math.) A curve in which, any
four consecutive points being taken, the fourth
does not lie in the same plane as the first three,
is T. The thread of a screw is a T. curve.
Such a curve is often called a curve of double
atrvature.
T5ms. [L., a swelling, a eaueh.] 1. {Arch.)
A moulding on the bases of columns, with a
semicircular profile. 2. (Thalamus.)
Tory. In the time of Charles II., this name
was applied to bog-trotting plunderers and to
popish outlaws, otherwise called IVhiteboys,
who found refuge in the bogs of Ireland.
Hence it was used to denote those who would
not vote for excluding a Roman Catholic
prince from the throne (Macaulay, J/ist. of
England, vol. i. ch. 3). It thus came to desig-
nate generally the party which desires to uphold,
so far as may be possible, without change, the
existing order of tilings. The word is a corn
of the Ir. toiridhe, or tor, a pursuer (Skeat).
(Abhorrers.)
Tosh, To. In Naut. parlance, to steal copper
from a ship's bottom or dockyard store.
Tosorthrus. The Egyptian name of the sove-
reign or sovereigns known to Europeans under
the name Sesostris. From the accounts of
Herodotus, Manfitho, and Diodorus, it seems
impossible to say when he reigned. The date of
the Sesostris of Manelho differs from that of the
S. of Herodotus by about 2000 years. Accord-
to' Herodotus, he was a conqueror who subdued
both Assyria and Asia Minor.
Tossing, Toring. A process consisting in sus-
pending ores V)y shaking them violently in water.
Tot, or Tott. {Naut.) A drinking- vessel,
holding rather less than half a pint.
Totem. A corr. of an Algonkin word, mean-
ing "that which peculiarly belongs to him ;"
the family mark or coat of arms of the N.-
American Indians ; some quadruped, bird, etc.
— Bartlett's Americanisms.
Totidem verbis. [L., in so many words.] An
exact report.
Totis viribus. [L.] With all his strength.
Toto caelo. [L. , by the whole heaven.] Wide
asunder as the poles.
32
Totus mundus agit histrlonem. [L., all the
world acts the flayer.] "All the world's a
stage." "The Globe Theatre," at which
Shakespeare's plays were first acted, was so
called from its sign, a figure of Atlas supporting
a globe, under which was written "Totus," etc.
— Mrs. Boger, Southwark and its Story, p. 126.
Toucan. [Sp. tucas, tulcan.] (Ornith.) A
fam. of birds, Rhamphastidce [Gr. (tafji<pos, bea/:] ;
plumage coloured in patches ; bills huge and
often bright -coloured. Forests of Trop. America.
Ord. Picarire.
Touch. (Bell-ringing.)
Touching. {Naut.) Said of sails beginning
to shiver.
Touch-needle. A small bar of gold or silver,
alloyed in some known proportions with copper,
for trying the purity of gold or silver articles by
comparison of the streaks made by them on the
piece of hard black stone called touchstone.
Touchstone. (Basanite.)
Toupet. [Fr.] A tuft of hair worn on the
top of the forehead ; a small wig for concealing
partial baldness.
Touraco, Crested. (Opisthooomi.)
Tourbillon. [Fr., a whirlwind.] A firework
which turns round in the air so as to look like a
scroll of fire.
Tour de force. [Fr.] A feat of strength, a
clever thing.
TourmalLie. [Fr., (?) a Cingalese word
(Littre).] Silicate of alumina and iron, with
boracic acid ; prismatic, varying in colour from
black to green and red ; clear or opaque, wide-
spread in granitic rocks, and of many varieties,
of which the red, Rubellite, is a valuable gem.
Toum. An O.E. word, denoting the circuit
made twice yearly by the sheriff, for the purpose
of holding in each hundred the Court-leet of the
county.
Tournaments. (Jousts.)
Tourniquet. [Fr., a turnstile, L.L. to/nTco,
/ turn in a lathe. ] (Stirg.) A bandage tightened
by a screw pressing upon some point in which it
is desired to stop hemorrhage.
Tous-les-mois. [Fr., all the months, i.e. avail-
able all the year round.] A kind of arrowroot,
from the tubers of some S. -American spec, of
canna.
Toussaint, La. [Fr.] All Saints' Day.
Tout ensemble. [F"r.] The general appearance.
Tout le monde. [Fr.] The whole world;
everybody.
Tout vient a qui sait attendre. [Fr.] Every-
thing comes to him who knoius ho-iV to wait.
Towel. A word found in most of the Teu-
tonic and Romance dialects, in widely varying
forms, all containing a root denoting washing.
(Dowlas.)
Tower bastion. {Mil.) Masonry fort placed
in the inner line of fortification on the capitals of
the polygon, to increase the defence by guns
sheltered in its casemates.
Towers, Bound. In Ireland, cylindrical edi-
fices, from eighty to a hundred and twenty feet
high, with a door eight or ten feet from the
ground, and with narrow openings at the top.
TOWN
4S8
TRAN
Dr. Petrie {Eccles. Arch, of Ireland, i. 12) be-
lieves that they are simply detached Campaniles
of churches, built so as to be available for de-
fence. There are sixty-two such towers in Ire-
land, and two in Scotland — at Abernethy and
Brechin. '
Town. Originally an itulosure ; a farmhouse
with its buildings. In Wyclifs Bible, the pro-
digal goes into the T. to feed swine. (Tun.)
Town-major. (Mil.) An officer performing
in an open town the duties of a fort-major
(q.V.). , . ,
Toxicology. [Gr. TofiKov, r.e. <pipixaKovy potson,
belonging to a bow, poison for arrows. \ {Med.)
Science of poisons, their action, results post-
mortem, methods of detection, etc.
Trabacoolo. (A'a«/.) An Adriatic merchant-
vessel.
Tr&bSa. [L.] A toga ornamented with
purple horizontal stripes, worn by the Conanls in
public solemnities ; and by equites (perhaps
also by Augnra). Hence the badge of the
equestrian order. The toga of the Roman
emperors was wholly of purple.
Trabeated. [L. trabs, trabem, a 3(ra»i.] {Arch.)
Furnished with an entablature.
Tracery, Window. {Arch.) A term applied
to the figures in the heads of windows, in which
the lights and figures are combined by label
and arch, with MollionB instead of portions of
wall, the Spandrel* also being pierced. (Plate
tracery.)
Trachea. [Gr. Tpdx*ra, fem. of rpax^s, rough.\
{Anat.) The windpipe, the tube which opens
through the larynx into the throat, by which the
Jungs communicate with the air.
Trachelo-. [Gr. rpo.xn^o'!, the throat, neck.]
Trachytes [Gr. rpdxvs, rough], or Greystones.
{Geol.) Rough-feeling, greyish varieties of lava,
consisting of entangled crystals of felspar.
Track-boat, Treck-boat. {Naut.) One dragged
on a canal or narrow stream.
Tractarians. {Eccl. Hist.) Those who took
part in the theological movement, which defi-
nitely took shape at Oxford in 1833 ; so called
from the Tracts for the Times, which began to
appear in that year, and ended in 1841, with
Tract xc.
Traction, Angle of; T.-engine. The angle
made with the road by the direction of the force
which draws a body along the road ; a 71 -
engine is a locomotive for drawing waggons
along a highway.
Tractoration. Use of metallic tractors {q.v.).
Trade, Board of. A branch of the Privy
Council, established under Charles II., as the
Committee of the Privy C, for trade and planta-
tions. Its powers of late years have been much
enlarged.
Tradescantia. {Bot.) A gen. of lily-like plants
belonging to the Commelynacese, of which the
common spiderwort is one kind. A term inte-
resting as preser\'ing the name of the Tradescants
— the father a travelled naturalist and antiquary,
gardener to Charles I., whose collection formed
the nucleus of the Ashmolean Museum ; the son
also a travelled naturalist.
Trades-tinioiL An arrangement or combina-
tion entered into by the workmen of particular
trades or manufactures, to regulate the price and
the hours of labour, and sometimes the number
of workmen engaged by an employer; recognized
by law.
Trade-wind (from the use of such winds to
traders). A gentle current of air in the equa-
torial regions, whose general direction is from
N.E. to S.W. north of the equator, and S.E.
to N.W. south of the equator.
' Tragacanth, Onm dragon. [Gr. Tpaya.KavQa^
An African gum, used for stiffening crape, etc.,
obtained from several kinds of astragalus.
Tragedy. [Gr. rpor/t^tla,] A drama with a
catastrophe, exhibited first at the Greek festivals
of Dionysus (Bacchus), and said to be so named
from the goat [rpa-yoj] then offered to that god.
(Theorio ftmd.)
Trahit stia qnamque vSlnptas. [L.] Every
man follows his own likings (Virgil).
Trail {Mil.) 1. Strong beam of a field gun-
carriage, which supports it on the ground in rear
whilst being fired, and by which it is limbered up
for transport. 2. Horizontal position of a mus-
ket, carried down at arm's length.
Trailbaston, Jiustioes of. In O.E. Law, an
itinerant court, set up under Edward I., for the
summary punishment of disturbers of the peace,
etc. So named, perhaps, from the staves [O.Fr.
baston] which the marshals of the court carried
or trailed after them.
Train-band. A kind of militia formerly exist-
ing in London for the protection of the city.
Train-oil. Whale-oil.
Trait-d'-union. [Fr.] A hyphen {q.v^.
Tram. [L. trama, rveft^ A silk thread formed
of two or more threads twisted together, and
used for the wefts of the best velvets and silks.
Trambling. Washing (tin ore) with a shovel
in a frame.
Trammel. [Fr. tramail.] {Mech.) An instru-
ment in which are two grooves at right angles to
each other, used in connexion with a rod in which
are two projecting points and a pencil point, all
capable of adjustment ; when the rod moves
with a projecting point in each groove, the
pencil point traces out an ellipse.
Tramontane. (Ultramontane.)
Trankeh, or TranMes. {Naut.) A large boat
of the Persian Gulf.
Transcendental. [L. transcendentem, climbing
beyond.] In the philosophy of Kant, that which
can be determined a priori in regard to the
fundamental principles of all human knowledge.
Transcendental function. {Math.) One that
cannot be expressed in finite terms by powers
or the sum of powers of the variable ; thus, a"",
log. X, sin. X, are transcendental functions of x,
while ax'' 4- bx'' is an algebraical function of x.
Transepts. [L. trans, across, septum, an in-
closed space.] {Arch.) The arms of the cross on
which the plan of cruciform churches is laid out.
Transform. [L. trans, beyond, {orma, form.]
(Math.) To express the same thing in a dif-
ferent form ; thus, given the equation to a curve
referred to one set of co-ordinates, to express the
TRAN
489
TREB
equation to the same curve referred to another
set of co-ordinates is to T. the co-ordinates.
Transit [L. transitus, a passino across] ; T.
circle ; Inferior T. ; T. instrument ; Lower T. ;
Superior T. ; Upper T. 1. The passage of an in-
ferior planet, Mercury or Venus, over the sun's
disc. 2. The passage of a heavenly body across
the meridian of a station ; the station being in the
northern (southern) hemisphere, if it take place
between the pole and the south (north) point of
the horizon, it is a Superior or Upper T., or
simply a T. ; if between the pole and the north
(south) point of the horizon, it is an Inferior or
Lower T. A T. instrument is an astronomical
telescope mounted so as, after adjustment, to
move in the plane of the meridian ; it is used
for obser^^ng transits of the heavenly botlies ; it
is one of the principal instruments of a fixed
observatory. A T. circle combines in one the
transit instrument and the mural circle {q.v.).
Transition system. In Geol., a word once used
for carboniferous limestone, etc., as marking the
T. from the non-fossiliferous to the fossiliferous.
Transliterate. [L. trans, across, lit^ra, letter.]
To give the words of one language in the alphabet
of another ; as Gr. iivifivvffn, anamnesis.
Transmew. [Fr. transmuer, from L. transmu-
tare.] To transmute.
Transom, [h. tTunstTVLxa, a cross-lvam.] (Arch.)
A horizontal bar across a window, or across the
lights separated by the Mnllions.
Transpadane. [L. transpadanus.] Beyond the
river Po.
Transpose. [L. transpono, /transfer.] {Algeb.)
To remove a quantity from one side of an equa-
tion to the other.
Transnbstantiation. [L. trans, and substantia,
substance] The doctrine of the Latin Church
that in the Eucharist the substance of the bread
and wine is replaced by the substance of the
body and blood of Christ. (Consnbstantiation.)
Transversal. [L. trans, and versus, turned.]
(Math.) A line which cuts a system of lines ;
as that which cuts the three sides (one or more
produced) of a triangle.
Transverse axis; T. vibration, (^fath.) Of
ellipse or hyperbola, the line passing through
their foci, and with respect to which they are
symmetrical. (For T. vibration, vide Vibration.)
Transvolation. [L. trans, across, volare, to
fly.] A flying beyond or across.
Trapezium. (Quadrilateral.)
Trapezoid. (Quadrilateral.)
Trappists. (£ccl. Hist.) A religious order,
founded 1 140 by a count of Perche, m the valley
of La Trappe, and revived by the Abbede Ranee
in the reign of Louis XIV. The rule is singu-
larly austere.
Trap-rocks. [Sw. trappa, a stair.] (Geol.)
Rocks spread out in flat, stcp-\iV.Q masses by
successive volcanic eruptions ; some hard and
crystalline, basalts, greenstones, clinkstones,
felstones, etc. ; some soft and earthy, clay-
stones, trap-tufls. Used generally for any
igneous rock indeterminate at first sight.
Trash. [Ger. dreschen, to thrash.] Loppings
of trees, bruised sugar-canes, etc
Traumatic. [Gr. TpavfjMTut6s.] delating to,
caused by, 'ivounds.
Trave. [L. trSbem, a beam.] A wooden frame
to hold a horse whilst being shod. (Trevis.)
Traveller. (Naut.) An iron hoop, or ring,
running on spars, stays, etc., to carry a sail, etc.
Travelling beaches. (Baised beaches.)
Traverse. [L. transversus, turned across,
placed athwart.] 1. (Leg.) In pleading, signifies
a denial of some material allegation of fact in
the plaintiff's declaration or statement of claim.
2. To take the bearings and distances along
roads and boundaries with an instrument ;
for the purpose of plotting (t/.v.) their outlines
upon paper. 8. (Mil.) Mound of earth placed
generally across the terreplein of a rampart, to
prevent the effect of ricochet fire (q.v. ).
Traverses. (Naut. ) Tacks, or legs. (Tom Cox's
traverse.)
Traverse sailing. (A^aut.) Combining a ship's
irregular or zigzag courses (due to contrary
winds or other causes), so as to obtain the
net result.
Traversing platform. (Mil.) For sea batteries,
a movable rest for gun-carriages, which, by
means of runners and a revolving frame, com-
mands a large arc of a circle.
Travertine. (Geol.) A white calcareous rock,
deposited from water holding lime in solution ;
e.g. that of the Anio at Tibur ; Travertinus lapis,
i.e. Tiburtlnus, stone of Tibur, Tivoli.
Travesty. [L. tra, trans, beyond, vestire, to
clothe.] A disguise ; an absurd representation
or misrepresentation of a thing.
TrawL 1. A kind of drag-net for catchmg
fish that live near the bottom. 2. A long line
having short lines with baited hooks attached
to it.
Tread. The upper surface of a banquette, on
which one may stand.
Tread of a ship or keeL (JVaut.) Its length
on the keel.
Treason, Misprision of The bare knowledge
and concealment of treason, without any consent
to it, such consent making the party a principal
traitor.
Treasure. In Myth., the precious things be-
longing to the Dawn-maiden, lost or stolen, and
recovered and taken back ; as of Helen, Bryn-
hild, etc. The legends of the Argonauts, of the
Trojan War, of the Volsunga Saga, the Nibe-
lungen-lied, relate to this subject.
^easTirer, Lord High. Formerly the third
great officer of the Crown. The office is now
executed by fhe five Lords Commissioners of the
Treasury.
Treasure trove. [Fr. tr^sor trouvd, treasure
found.] Money, coin, gold, silver, plate, or
bullion, found hidden in the earth, the owner
being unknown ; which belongs to the king, or,
in certain cases, by grant or prescription, to the
lord of the manor ; if found on the earth or in
the sea, to the finder, if no owner appears. The
duty of investigating cases of treasure trove
belonged to the Coroner. The Treasury has now
power to remit the Crown's rights.
Trebuchet. [Fr., L.L. trabutium.] In the
TREE
490
TRIG
Middle Ages, an engine for throwing stones, fiery
materials, or other projectiles, by means of
counterpoise, the sling for holding the projectile
being fixed at the long end of a lever, while a
heavy weight was fastened at the short end.
Trehucket. (Trebuchet.)
Treck-boat. (Track-boat.)
Treck-Bchuyt. {A\iut.) Dutch canal-boat,
carrying goods and passengers.
Tree. Acts v. 30 ; in its older sense of timber,
as well as growing tree ; so axle-tree, boot-tree,
tree-nail, saddle-tree.
Tree-nails. Pegs of hard wood, to join tim-
bers, etc. (Corr. into trenail, pron. trennel.)
Trench. [Fr. trancher, to cut.^ {Mil.)
Ditch, with the materials dug out of it formed
into a covering parapet in front.
Trenehmore. A popular English dance, lively
and somewhat boisterous ; sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.
Trend. ( Geog. ) To tend, to lie in any particular
direction ; as of a coast-line or line of hills.
Trent, Cotincil of. {Eccl. Hist.) A Council
summoned by Paul III., in 1 545, and continued
in twenty-five sessions to 1563. Its most im-
portant decrees deal with subjects involved in
the controversies occasioned by the Reformation.
Trental. [L.L. trentale, from L. triginta,
thirty^ In the Latin Church, a Mass said
within thirty days of a person's death.
Trepan. [Gr. rpvir&vov, an auger, a trepan,
rpwdw, I dore.] Circular saw for perforating
the skull, to relieve pressure on the brain.
Trepang. (Holotbtiro'idea.)
Trephine. An improved form of the trepan
{q.v.)
Trepidation of the fixed stars. {Astron^ An
imaginary movement of the sphere of the fixed
stars, in virtue of which it was supposed that
the equinoctial points described circles of about
8® in radius about fixed points ; invented by an
Arabian astronomer (Arzachel) to account for
the apparent changes in the position of the
stars, which he thought were not sufficiently
accounted for by a uniform precession of the
equinoctial points,
Tressnre. A bordering like an orle [q.v.), but
only half its width. It may be double or even
treble.
Trestle-trees. {Naut.) Two strong bars of
wood on each side of a masthead, supporting
the tops, upper mast, and cross-trees.
Tret [Perhaps from L. tritus, part, of tSro,
/ rub away.] In Com., an allowance of four
pounds out of every 104 pounds on certain goods
which are liable to waste from dust, etc. (Tare.)
Trevat A tool for cutting the pile threads of
velvet.
Trevis (a misspelling for traverse), or Break.
{Farr.) For performing any operation ; a
framework of four strong posts, braced together
with transverse bars ; within which the horse,
secured by broad bands, is placed. (Trave.)
Trews. Trousers.
Tria capita. In Rom. Law, the three chief
things of civil or political life — iTbertas, civitas,
familia; liberty, citizenship, family rights.
Triads. [Gr. rpios, Tp»a5os.] Poetical his-
tories of the Welsh bards, thrown into the form
of triplets. They are probably not older than
the reign of Edward I. (Quaternion.)
Tria juncta in uno. [L.] Three joined in one ;
as in a political coalition. The motto of the
Isle of Man.
Trial by jury. (Jury, Trial by.)
Triangle. [L. triangiilum and -lus.] {Math.)
A plane figure bounded by three straight lines.
Triangles are classified as Scalene [Gr. aKo.Ki\v6%,
limping, uneven], having no two sides equal ;
Isosceles \iauaKeHs], having two sides equal ;
Equilateral, having three sides equal : and as
Acute -angled, having three acute angles ; Jiight-
angled, having one right angle ; _ Obtuse-angled,
having one obtuse angle. (Spherical excess.)
Triangulation. {Math.) The determination
of each line and angle of the series or network
of triangles whose angular points are the prin-
cipal stations of the survey of an extensive tract
of country ; as the T. of the Ordnance Survey.
Triarii. (Hastati)
Triassic system. [Gr. rpids, a set of three ; cf.
Dyas.] (Geol.) The oldest of the Mesozoic de-
posits ; a Ger. term, the three main groups being,
as developed in Europe, descendingly : 1. Keuper,
saliferous marls and grits. 2. Muschelkalk {q.v.).
8. Bunter sandstein, variegated sandstotte.
Tribasic acid. [Gr. rpis, thrice, fid<ns, a base.]
{Chem.) Any acid containing three atoms of
hydrogen in its composition.
Tribolet. [Fr. triboulet.] 1. A goldsmith's
tool, used in making rings. 2. A steel cylinder,
round which metal is bent to form tubes.
Tribometer. [Gr. rpifiia, I rub, neTpov,
measure.] An instrument for measuring the
amount of friction between metals.
Tribrach. [Gr. rpifip&xvs.] (A/usic.) A me-
trical foot of three [rpus] syllables, all short
[fipaxvs] ; as regere, Pamela.
Tribune. [L. trlbunus.] Properly the magis-
trate of a tribe. 1. The plebeian tribunes at
Rome were the protectors of the plebs, or
commons, against the patricians, being in their
own persons sacred and inviolable. 2. The
military tribunes were officers sometimes elected
with consular power instead of Consuls. 3. The
legionary tribunes were the chief officers of the
legion under the consuls. 4. In Mod. Fr. usage,
the T. is the pulpit from which members of the
Assemblies make their speeches.
Tribus Anticyris caput insanabile. [L., not
to be cured by the hellebore of three Anticyras
(Horace).] Utterly mad. (Naviget Anticyram.)
Triceps. [L., three-headed.] {Anat.) A
muscle arising by three heads.
Trichiasis. [Gr. Tpixido-iy, TpTxiov, a littU
hair.] {Med.) A diseased introversion of the
lashes which sweep over the eyeball.
Trichina spiralis. [Gr. tpXxivos, of hair,
L. spira, a fw7. ] {Zool.) AVmAoi threadworm,
Nematnda [j'Tj^uar-ciSrjj, thread-like], sub-kingd.
Anniiloida. The muscles of some animals,
especially of the pig, are liable to contain large
numbers encysted.
Trichiniasis. A disease, generally fatal, some-
TRIG
491
TRIP
what like rheumatic fever in its symptoms ;
arising from the presence of TrkMita sptfolis
(q.v.).
Tricho-. [Gr. Tplx*, Tptx^, threefold.']
Trichoid. [Gr. Tp«xo««5i7>-, from dpi^, rplx^s,
Aair.] Resembling hair.
Trichoclasia. [Gr. rpix^s, a hair, K\a<rii, a
breaking. ] Brittleness of hair, owing to a disease.
Trichoptera. [Gr. Opi^, rp'tx^s, o^ hair, irrfp6y,
a wing.'] Name given by some authorities to
the I'hryganeidie, caddisflies, as a separate ord.
Trichotomy. [Gr. rplxa, in three parts, r4nvv,
I eut.\ A triple division. (Dichotomy.)
Trick-traok. A game resembling backgam-
mon.
Triclioio system. [Gr. rpU, thrice, KXivat, I
make to slant. \ {Crystallog.) The Doubly
(Clique prismatic system {q.v.).
Trlclloium. [L.] 1. In Rom. Ant., a couch
(usually for three persons) for reclining at a meal.
2. The room in which such couches were laid.
Tridentiiie. Belonging to Tridentum, or
Trent. The Tridentine decrees are the decrees
of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), defining
the doctrines of the Latin Church with reference
to the positions of the Beformers.
Tridings, Trithing^. (Hidings.)
Triennial Act. A Statute of William and
Mary, ordaining that no Parliament should last
longer than three years. By the Septennial Act
of George I., the period was extended to seven
years.
Trierarcliy. [Gr. T^«npapxf«-] {Hist.) The
duly imiKsed on the wealthier Athenian citizens
of fitting out shijw of war [rpi^pta] for the use
of the state. (Liturgy.)
Triers. Thirty-five commissioners, appointed
by Cromwell's Government, to judge of the fit-
ness of any one presented to any benefice or
public lecture, by inquiring into his spiritual
state, his conversion, etc.
Trifacial. [L. tres, Mr^r^r, factes, /ar^.] {Anai.)
The fifth pair of nerves, each of which is dis-
tributed to the face in three branches — the
ophthalmic, the superior maxillary, and the in-
ferior maxillary.
Trifid. [L. trifidus, three-cloven, findo, /
eUave.\ (Dot.) Split half-way into three parts.
Tril8rium. [L.] (Arch.) An arched story,
between the pier arches and the Clerestory of a
building.
Trigesimo seonndo. In Printing, the L. term,
expressed by the form 32mo, the paper being
folded so as to make thirty-two pages in the
sheet.
Triglyph. [Gr. rply\inf>os, thrice-cloven.]
(Arch.) In the Doric frieze, a moulding con-
sisting of two whole and two half channels,
separated by flat spaces called femora.
Trigonometrical function ; T. lines. (Afa/h.)
If an angle is supposed to be at the base of a
right-angled triangie,its trigonometrical functions
are the ratios of the sides ; viz. the sine, the ratio
of perpendicular to hypotenuse ; the tangent,
the ratio of perpendicular to base ; the secant,
the ratio of hypotenuse to base ; the cosine,
(Otangent, cosecant, are the same function of the
complement of the angle. The definitions apply
strictly to an acute angle only, but they admit of
extension to angles of all magnitudes. There is
another and an older way of defining these
functions, according to which they are treated as
lines, and called the T. lines.
Trigonometry [Gr. rpiyuvov, a triangle,
fierpov, measure] ; Plane T. ; Spherical T. The
science of solving triangles, i.e. of calculating
from given parts (sides or angles) of any triangles
the remainmg parts ; Platie or Spherical T.,
according as the triangle is plane or spherical.
Plane T. comprises the algebraical properties of
angles, and their trigonometrical functions.
Trigraph. The same as Triphthong.
Trilingual. [L. tri-, and lingua, a tongue.]
In three languages ; e.g. the inscription on the
Bosetta Stone.
Triliteral. [L. tri-, three, Htera, a letter^
Combining three letters, as the roots of the
Semitic languages. (Biliteral.)
Tiillthon. [Gr. rptis, three, \l0os, a stone.]
(Archaol.) A group of stones, two uprights
and a transom ; e.g. Stonehenge.
Trilobite. [Gr. rpiXo^os, three-lobed, the body
being divided lengthwise by two furrows.] {Geol.)
Extinct fossil crustacean, with numerous genera ;
from the Cambrian, through Silurian and Devo-
nian, to the Carboniferous ; related to the
isopods (woodlouse, etc.) ; formerly thought to
be Entomostracan.
TrilSgy. [Gr. rpiKoyla.] In the Greek drama,
three plays, each distinct, but forming a series, as
treating of one subject. (Satyric drama.)
Trim§ter. In class, poetry, a verse 0/ three
measures [Gr. rplnfTpoi] ; in some cases, of three
single feet ; in others, as in the iambic trimeter,
of three double feet.
Trimetric system. [Gr. rptii, three, fi^rpov,
measure.] (Crystallog.) The Prismatic system
(q.v.).
Trimmer. (Arch.) A word now denoting a
piece of timber, framed at right angles to the
joists opposite to chimneys or the well-holes of
stairs, for receiving the ends of joists intercepted
by the opening.
Trimurtee, Trimurtti. (Mahideva.)
Trinitarians. (Eccl. Hist.) A religious order,
founded 1 198, under the pontificate of Innocent
III., for the purpose of ransoming captives taken
by the Moors and other infidels.
Trinity House, Corporation of. Tower Hill.
Chief of three British boards, the other two
having jurisdiction in Scotland and Ireland ;
providing, out of dues levied on passing ships,
all lights, beacons, buoys, for England, Wales,
Channel Islands, Gibraltar, Heligoland ; formed
under Henry VII., incorporated by Henry
VIII, ; composed of retired commanders of
R.N. and of the merchant service ; the working
members. Elder Brethren, elected from the
honorary, Younger Brethren.
Trinoda Necessitas. (Bocland.)
Trinomial. (BinomiEil theorem.) An alge-
braical sum of three [Gr. Tptii] terms ; as,
a-\- xy— z.
Triphthong. In Gr., a composite sound of
TRIP
492
TROO
three vowels, as a diphthong is of two ; as the
Ger. acu. There is no such sound in Enghsh.
Tripitaka, i.e. the Three Baskets. The sacred
canon of the Buddhists. It contains: (i) all
that refers to morality (Vinaya) ; {2) the sutras,
or discourses of Buddha ; (3) works treating
of dogmatic philosophy or metaphysics. (2) and
(3) are sometimes comprehended under the name
of Dharma, or law. — Max Miiller, Chips, etc.,
vol. i. 196.
Triple Alliance. (Hist.) 1. An alliance
(166S) between England, Holland, and Sweden,
for the purpose of foiling the designs of Louis
XIV. on the Spanish Netherlands. 2. An
alliance between England, France, and Holland,
against the policy of Cardinal Alberoni in Spain
(1717). The Pretender was to quit France, Dun-
kirk to be demolished ; Protestant succession
guaranteed in England, and that of the Duke of
Orleans in France. After the adhesion of the
emperor, this league became the Quadruple
Alliance.
Triplet. 1. In Poetry, three verses riming
together ; as in Tennyson's Tiuo Voices. 2.
(Music.) In common time, three notes grouped
together, a 3 being placed over them ; sung
or played as one of the single parts in the whole
measure.
Tripod. [Gr. rplrrovs, rpiiro^os, three-footed^
A three-legged stand for an astronomical or sur-
veying instrument.
Tripoli. A kind of rotten-stone, first brought
from Tripoli,
Tiiptolemos. [Gr. Tp«irT(J\€^oj.] In Gr.
Myth., a son of Keleos, King of Eleusis, who
received from Demeter com wherewith to sow the
whole earth. Hence one eminently skilled in
agriculture. (Eleusinian Mysteries.)
Triptote. [Gr. TpiTTToiTor.] In Gram., a noun
with three cases only ; as L. vis, in sing.
Triptych. [Gr. tp/tttCxoj.] A picture with two
hanging doors by which it can be closed in front.
Triquetrotis. [L. triquetrus.] (Bot.) Three-
edged, trigonal.
Trireme. [L. triremis, Gr. Tp<^p7;s.] In
Ancient Hist., a war- vessel with three banks of
oars. (Quadrireme.)
Trisagion. [Gr. , thrice holy.'] The repetition
of the words, Gr.''A7ioj, ayios, ayios : L. Sanctus,
sanctus, sanctus ; Eng. Holy, holy, holy ; in
the doxology following the Preface in the Eucha-
ristic Office. In Eastern Liturgies, the hymn
" Holy God, Holy Mighty One, Holy Immortal
One.;'
Trisection [L. tres, three, sectionen, a cut-
ting ; T. of the angle. {Math.) Division into
three equal parts. In the problem of the Tri-
section of the angle, i.e. of any given angle, it is
understood that the trisection is to be performed
by the rules of elementary geometry ; under
which restriction the problem does not admit of
solution.
Trismus. [Gr. rpttr/tJj, a grinding of the
teeth.] (Med.) Tetinus affecting the muscles of
the jaw.
Trismus infantum or nascentinm. Lock-
jaw of newly born children, mainly fiom impure
atmosphere ; frequent and fatal in W. Indies
and in other parts of the tropics.
Trithings, Tridings. (Hidings.)
Tritogeneia. (Triton.)
Triton. [Gr.] (Myth.) An inhabitant of
the sea. The word reappears in Tritogeneia as
an epithet of Minerva.
Trium literarum homo. [L.] A man (with
a name oO three letters; i.e. fur, a thief, a rascal.
Triumph. [L. triumphus, probably same as
Gr. dpiai^fios, a hymn to Bacchus, sung in pro-
cession.] The solemn entry of a victorious
general into the city, in a chariot drawn by four
horses, which took him along the Via Sacra, or
Sacred Way, to the Capitol, where he offered
sacrifice in the temple of Jupiter. (Ovation.)
Triiun\^tate. In Rom. Hist., a coalition of
three of the most powerful citizens, (i) B.C.
60, between J. Ctesar, Pompeius, and Crassus ;
(2) between Octavius, Lepidus, and Antonius,
B.C. 43. (Proscription.)
Triumvirate Mioistry, 1763. That of Gren-
ville, as First Lord of the Treasury, with Egre-
mont and Halifax as Secretaries of State.
Trivitun. [L. Uivi]is, of three uviys.] (Schol.)
The medieval name for the three liberal arts —
grammar, rhetoric, and logic. (Quadrivium.)
Trocar, Trochar. [(?) Fr. trois quarts.] (Surg.)
A three-sided, pointed instrument, for tapping in
dropsy ; having a perforator and a cannla ((/.v.).
Trochee. [(Jr.dTpox<uos,sc.-irovs.] In Pros.,
a foot consisting of a long followed by a short
syllable.
TrochllldsB. (Trochilus.) (Ornith.) Humming-
birds ; fam. of birds, more than a hundred gen.,
with filamentous tongues, mostly very small, and
bright-plumaged. American continent, and a
few islands. Urd. Picarise.
TrochQus. [Gr. rpoxi\os, probably a kind of
wren.] (Ornith.) Humming-bird. (Trochilidcp.)
Trochlear. (Anat.) 1. Pulley- shaped. 2.
Acting like sl pulley [L. trochlea, Gr. Tpox'Afo].
Trochoid. (Cycloid.) (Math.) If the describing
point is within (not on) the circumference of the
rolling circle, it traces out a T. [Gr. Tpoxou^iis,
like a wheel].
Trochoid. [Gr. rpoxis, a wheel.] (Anat.) As
T. articulation, in which one bone rotates upon
another.
Trolley. [Akin to roll, roller.] A truck for
carrying railway materials.
Trollop. [Fr. troll, to roll, stroll.] A vagrant,
a woman loosely dressed, a slattern.
Trolls. In Teut. Myth., a race of beings
engaged in a perpetual struggle with men, in
which, in spite of their vast bodily powers, they
are always defeated.
Trombone. [Fr., It. tromba, trumpet.] (Music.)
1. A large powerful instrument of the trumpet
kind, with a sliding tube ; compass rather more
than two octaves. 2. A powerful, full-toned reed
stop in an organ ; of eight feet or sixteen feet
on the manuals, sixteen feet or thirty-two feet
on the pedals.
Troop. [L.L. troppus.] (Mil.) Company of
cavalry. Trooper, a cavalry soldier.
Troop the colours. A military display on
TROP
493
TRUS
important occasions at the time of guard mount-
ing, when the colours are paraded with band
playing along the front of the troops.
Trope. [Gr. rp6xos, a fuming.] (Rhet.) A
general term for any forms of expression not
identical with but derived from the primary
signification ; as Allegory, Metaphor, etc.
Trophonlus. [Gr. Tpo(pJi>vios.] (Myth.) A
son of Erginos, King of OrchomCnos. With his
brother Agamedes, he built the temple of Apollo
at Delphi. He had a temple at Lebadea,
with a cave into which persons descended who
wished to consult him. The impressions re-
ceived were so terrible that the visitor was
supposed to remain oppressed with melancholy
for the rest of his life. Hence it was said of
serious men, that they looked as if they bad
come out of the cave of Trophonius.
Tropical. (KyriologieaL)
Tropical year. (Year.)
Tropics. [Gr. b rporiKis, the tropical circle.]
1. (Astron.) The two parallels of declination
passing through the solstitial points and called
respectively the Tropic of Cancer (north) and of
Capricorn (south). 2. (Geog.) The two parallels
of latitude situated with respect to the equator
in the same way that the celestial tropics are to
the equinoctial. 3. The regions lymg within
the tropics, the Torrid zone.
Troppo. [It., L.L. troppus.] {.Music) Too
much. Non troppo, not too much.
Tros, Tyrioflve, mihi nullo diacrlmlne agStnr.
[L., 'Jrojan, or Tyrian, I uill trccU them all
•with perfect impartiality.] Difference of na-
tionality, creed, etc., should not be allowed to
create a prejudice (Virgil ?),
Troth. As in the Marriage Service ; the same
word as truth.
Troubadours. [It. trovatSre, from trovar, Fr.
trouver, to /itui, like the Gr. tojjjt^j, from
motuv, to maJce, and the O.E. maker.] Poets
who from the eleventh to the thirteenth cen-
turies wrote in the Langue d'oc, out of love of
their art, the gay scieiue. Their compositions
are classified under the heads of terzones, or
contests between minstrels ; sirventes, pieces on
martial or serious subjects ; chansons, or short
lyrical songs ; together with serenades, pastou-
relies, etc. Court attendants [mlnisteriales,
menestrels, minstrels] and others who sang for
hiw were called jongleurs, i.e. jocCilatores,
jesters ; whence the viovd juggler.
Tron-de-loup. [Fr., wolf's hole.] {Mil.)
Obstacle formed to break the regular formation
of troops ; a hole in the ground, shaped like an
inverted cone six feet deep and the same in
width, with a stake planted in the bottom.
Trough. (Naut.) A small boat, broad at
both ends.
Trouvaille. [Fr.] A godsend. In Gr., her-
maion. (Hermes.)
Trouveres, or Trouveurs. This form of the
word Troubadours distinguishes the vernacular
poets of Northern France who spoke the Langue
d'oyl, from those of Provence who used the
Langue d'oc. They flourished chiefly in the age
of Charlemagne. (Paladins ; Troubadours.)
Trow. (A'aut.) 1. A clinker-built, flat-floored
Severn'barge. 2. A kind of double boat closed
at the ends, used for spearing salmon on the
Tyne.
Troy weight. [(?) Troy novant, the monkish
name of London ; (?) corr. of le roy, pondus
regis, the standard pound ; (?) not probably
Troyes, in France.] The weight by which gold,
silver, and jewels are weighed ; the grain troy
is I -7000th part of a pound avoirdupois ; 24
grains make one pennyweight, 480 an ounce,
and 5760 a pound troy.
Truoe, or Peace, of God. A suspension of
arms, imposed by the Church during the Middle
Ages, on persons engaged in private wars. The
truce accepted by the barons of Aquitaine and
France in 1041 was to last for four days of each
week. The Quarantine of Philip Augustus re-
strained the family of an injured person from
beginning hostilities until after forty days from
the commission of the act complained of. —
Milman, Hist, of Latin Christianity, bk. viii.
ch. 6.
Truoidation. [L. trucTdationem.] The act of
killing [trucldare, to kill].
Truck. (A'aiU.) T. of a mast or flagstaff,
a circular piece of wood at the upper end, usually
having two sheaves, through which signal-hal-
liards are rove. 7'. for pair leaders, buWs-eye
{q.v.), but scored to fit the shrouds to which
they are sized . T. of a jaw-rope. (Gaff.)
Truckle. (Coracle.)
Truck system. [Fr. troc, barter.] The pay-
ment of wages, wholly or partly, in articles of
consumption.
True water. (A'b«/.) Its true depth.
Truffles. [Fr. truffe, L. tuber.] i^Bot.) 1.
All fungi, belonging to the nat. ords. Hypogcei
and Tuberacei. 2. The T. of commerce all
belong to the gen. Tuber ; the English princi-
pally to T. sestivum, the French to T. melano-
spermum ; buried in the soil of woods, princi-
pally, but by no means solely, beechwoods.
Trumpeter. 1. (Psophidse.) 2. A toy variety
of the domestic pigeon.
Truncated. [L. truncatus, lopped, part, of
trunco.] Having its top cut off; in most cases
by a plane parallel to the base ; as a truncated
cone.
Truncation. [L. truncationem.] A lopping
off, or maiming. In Min., the replacement of
an edge by a plane equally inclined to the
adjoining faces.
Trundle. A lantern-wheel {q.v. ).
Trundle-head. {Naut.) A second head to
the capstan on the lower deck.
Trunking. Extracting metallic ores from the
mud in which they are contained (in a trunk, or
cisterns).
Trunnion. [Fr. trognon, core of a fruit, leafless
cabbage-stalk (Wedgwood).] 1. {Mech.) An axle,
or gudgeon, one on each side of the cylinder of
an oscillating steam-engine, by which it is sup-,
ported and on which it turns, 2. (Mil.) Pro-
jecting arm on each side of a gun, by which it is
secured and supported in its carriage.
Truss. [Fr. trousse.] \. {Arch.) The collection
TRYA
494
TULL
of timbers forming one of the chief supports in a
roof, so framed as to strengthen each other and
to prevent any distortion from the weight lying
upon them. 2. A triangular or polygonal frame
of bars rendered rigid by stays and braces, so that
its form is made incapable of change by the
turning of the bars about their joints. 8. T. of
straw is thirty-six pounds. 4. Of new hay, sixty
pounds. 6. Of old hay, fifty-six pounds.
Try a ship, To. (Naut.) To keep her head to
the sea in a gale.
Trysail. (Storm-trysail; Sails.)
Tryst. [Akin to trnst.\ An appointment to
meet, or the place of meeting. Hence to keep
tryst or to break it. In Scotland, = a fair, as
Falkirk tr)-st, etc.
Trythings. (Hidings.)
Tschemibog. [Slav.] The ^/ar^ ^</, or god
of darkness, as opposed to Bjelbog, the pale or
uOiite a^od. (Ahriman; Balder.)
Tschadio or Chndio languages. The dialects
of the Finnic class, spoken by the Lapps and
Finns ; the other three branches being the Ugric,
Bulgaric, and Permic.
Tsetse (Glossinia morsTtans). {En/om.) A
dipterous insect of S. Africa, rather larger than
a housefly ; its bite almost certain death to ox,
sheep, horse, dog ; harmless to man, goat, ass,
antelope, pig, wild animals, and the unweaned
calf.
T.-square. A flat thin rule or Hade fixed at
right angles to a shorter and thicker piece or
stock ; the stock being pressed against the side
of a drawing-board the instrument can be shifted
backward and forward so that with the blade
the draughtsman can rule any number of lines
at right angles to either edge of the board ; and
if the board is a true rectangle, he can draw two
systems of parallel lines at right angles to each
other with the T.-square.
Tua res agitur, paries cnm prozimus ardet.
[L.] You are concerned when the party -wall
next to you is on fire. (Proximus.)
Tubbing. A lining of timber or metal round
the shafts of a mine (from the shape).
Tubecasts. {Med.) Microscopic moulds,
found in the urine of renal disease.
Ttlber. \y,., a swelling^ (Bot.) A thickened
underground stem' with buds, from which new
plants are produced ; and, generally, abundant
amylaceous deposit ; e.g. potato, Jerusalem
artichoke, arrowroot.
Tubercle. [L. tuberciilum, (i) a small ricelling,
(2) tubercle.'] (Med.) A morbid granular deposit,
on lungs, brain, abdomen, etc., destroying the
tissue affected.
Tublcolae. [L. tubus, a tube, colo, / inhabit.']
(Zool.) Annelids protected by a tube, either
secreted or constructed from foreign substances ;
as serpula.
Tubingen school A name denoting the theo-
logical writers of the University of Tubingen,
noted chiefly for their opposition to all mystical
interpretations of the Old and New Testaments.
— Mackay, The Tubingen School and its Antece-
dents.
Tubular boiler. {Mech.) A boiler such as
that of an ordinary locomotive engine ; the fire
is at one end, the smoke-box and chimney at the
other ; the connexion is made by a large number
of tubes surrounded by the water, which is most
effectually heated by the heated air, gases, etc. ,
passing through them to the chimney.
Tubular bridge. A bridge consisting essen-
tially of piers of masonry supporting a huge
lintel made on the plan of a flanged beam or
girder, not in one piece, but built up of bars and
plates of iron riveted together. Instead, however,
of the flanges being connected by a single web
in the middle, the connexion is made by two
webs, one on each side ; the whole, therefore,
takes the form of a tube, and within the tube is
the roadway. There are numerous unessential
modifications of this kind of bridge.
Tubulure. [L. tubulus, a small tube.] (Chetn.)
A short tubular opening at the top of a retort.
Tub-wheeL A kind oi turbine (q.v.).
Tuck. (Naut.) The after part of a ship,
immediately below the stern or counter.
Tuck. \Cf. Bret., tach, a nail, Icel. taka, to
take, to puncture (Skeat's Etym. Diet., s.v.
" Attach ).] A long rapier.
Tucket. Slight flourish on a trumpet [It.
toccata].
Tuck-net A small net used to take fish from
a larger one.
Tucum. (Native name.) A fine strong fibre
obtained from a Brazilian palm.
Tudor rose, or Flower. (Arch. ) A flat flower,
on an upright stalk, often seen in Perpendicular
or Continuous English work.
Tuesday. The third day of the week, named
after the god Tuisco, whose name is the same as
the Greek Zeus. (Tyr.)
Tufa, or Tuft. [It. tufo, porous ground.'] 1.
Volcanic T. ; a rock formed of volcanic ashes
and scoriae, with felspalhic cement. 2. Calc-
tuft (q.v.).
Tuft-hunter. One who runs after great people,
a hanger-on, a toady. Undergraduate noble-
men at Oxford, till lately, wore a gold tuft, or
tassel, on a square cap of black velvet.
Tugendbund. [Ger., union of virtue.'] A
Prussian association formed after the Treaty of
Tilsit, in 1807, for the general improvement of
the country and to enable it the better to with-
stand the schemes of the French Emperor
Napoleon.
Tiuleries. [Fr., tileworks, from the site on
which it was built.] A palace of the kings of
France in Paris, begun by Catherine de' Medici,
1564, completed by Louis XIII. It has been
sacked in 1792, 1830, 1848, and a large part of
it was destroyed by the Commune in 1871.
Tula metal. (Made at Ttila, in Russia.) An
alloy of silver, copper, and lead.
Tulipomania. A passion for tulips ; in Hol-
land, 1637, one bulb, " Viceroy," fetched
4203 florins ; for " Semper Augustus " consider-
ably more was offered. At a sale in Croydon
;^ioo was given for "Fanny Kemble." (See
Floxver Garden Quarterly Kevinu, 1842.)
Tulle. (First made at Tulle, in France.) A
kind of silk open work or lace.
TULW
495
TWAY
Tulwar. Indian sword, with a curved blade
and a round metal plate as guard to the pommel.
Tumbler (from falling into its place). That
part of a lock which, until lifted by the key, holds
the shot bolt in its place.
Tumbrel, TombriL [A. S. tumbian, to tumble ;
cf. Fr. tombereau, from tomber, to fall.] 1.
(Agr.) A heavy, broad -wheeled, one horsed
cart, the body of which is so made as to turn
vertically on the axle when required, and to
shoot the load out behind. 2. (Mil.) Am-
munition cart which accompanies guns into
action, with the requirements for immediate
expenditure.
Tum&lus. (Barrow.)
Tun. [A. S. tun. ] Formerly an inclosure with
gates, within which a country house, with hall,
chapel, bowers, i.e. ladies' sleeping-chambers,
outbuildings, etc, was guarded; whence Town
{q.v.).
Tun. [A.S. tunne, a barrel.] A liquid measure
of four hogsheads, or 252 gallons. A T. of red
Spanish wine is 210 gallons.
Tunbridge ware. (Tonbridge ware.)
Tundra. The vast Siberian plains, beyond the
tree-growing zone. — Ilartwig, Polar World.
Tn ne cede malis, sed contra audentior Ito.
[L.] Yield not torjils, but go boldly to meet them
(Virgil).
Tungsten. [Sw. tung, heavy, sten, stone^ A
hard white brittle metal. Tungstate of soda
renders fal)rics uninflammable. Muslin soaked
in a solution of twenty parts of this salt with
three of phosphate of soda in a hundred parts
of water may be ironed and prepared for wear,
and is then only charred by fire.
Tungnla. (Naut.) A small boat of Borneo
and the Moluccas.
T&nle&ta. [L.] (Zool.) AscTdToTda, class of
moUuscoids, provided with tunics, i.e. soft,
tough investments, except one spec. A cylinder
in, and diverging rays at the end of, their larval
tails have been compared to the notochord in
vertebrates and the tail in fishes ; hence some,
classing them with or next to V., have drawn
conclusions favourable to the evolution theory.
Tunicated. [L. tunkatus, tiinica, an under-
garment.] (Anat. and Bot.) Covered with a
membrane.
Tunlcle. [L. tunicvila, a small tunie.] In
the Latin Church, a close-fitting linen vestment,
formerly worn by deacons, now by bishops under
the dalmatic, and by subdeacons.
Tunnel. [O. Fr. tonnel, a tun.] A level passage
driven at right angles to the veins of ore which
are to be reached.
Tunnel-kiln. A lime-kiln in which coal is
burned, as distinguished from a flame-kiln, in
which wood or peat is used.
Tunnel-net. [O.Fr. tonnel, a /««.] A net with
a wide mouth at one end and narrow at the other.
Tu quoque. [L., thou too.] The retort per-
sonal.
Turanian languages. (Agglutinative lan-
guages.)
Turbary. The right of cutting turf on another
man's ground.
Turbeth, Turbith, Turpeth mineral (from re-
sembling the powdered root of the turpeth plant).
{Chem.) A yellow sulphate of mercury.
Turbination. [L. turbinationem.] The art of
spinning or whirling ; as of a top.
Turbine. A horizontal water-wheel with a
vertical axis, driven by a vortex [L. turblnem],
i.e. receiving and discharging water in all direc-
tions round the axis.
TurbMdsB, Turbines. [L. turblnem, -ivhirling
top.] (Ostr.) Top-shells, including Trochi [Gr.
rpoxis, running hoop], prosobranchiate gastero-
pods. Cosmopolitan. T. zTzyphinus [^i^<t>ov,
jujube-tree], in familiar use as ornaments.
Turk. In Collect for Good Friday, = whole
Mohammedan world ; so powerful was the im-
pression still remaining with regard to the T.
Turmeric. [Fr. terre merite, a valuable
powder.] A yellow root used as a dye-stuff,
and in curry powder. The common T. is cul-
tivated all over India ; Curcuma longa, ord.
Zingiberaceae.
Turning. [L. tomare.] Rounding in a lathe.
Turnsole. [Fr. tournesol, from the plant's
turning to the sun.] (Litmus.)
Turn-table. (A/eeh.) A circular platform on
which rails are laid, pivotted in a nit below the
rails, supported on wheels or rollers near its
circumference, and capable of being turned by
appropriate machinery, for moving a railway
carriage from one line of rails to another.
Turpentine. [L. terebinthTnus, belonging to
the terebinth tree.] A resinous substance,
chiefly obtained from coniferous trees. Bor-
deaux turpentine comes from the cluster pine ;
Chian turpentine, from the turpentine tree ;
Strasburg turpentine, from the silver fir ; Venice
turpentine, from the larch.
Turpentine tree. (Tell.)
Turret-ship. {^Vaut.) One fitted with one
or more armoured, revolving turrets, in which
she carries gims.
Turtle, GreeiL (Chelonidae.)
Tussap, Tussore silk. A coarse dark Indian
silk, obtained from a wild silkworm.
Tussis. [L., a cough.] {A fed.) Tussicular, per-
taining to a slight cough [L. tussicula].
Tutenag. [Ar. toiitiya, tutty, Pers. nak. Hie.]
1. Chinese copper, an alloy of copper, zinc, and
nickel. 2. Zinc.
Tutor. In Gal. iv. 2, a guardian, without any
idea of teaching. Revised Version has "guar-
dians and stewards" instead of "tutors and
governors."
Tutoyer. [Fr.] To thee-thou any one ; as in
speaking to little children, to intimate friends,
or to inferiors.
Tutty. [Ar. toutiya.] (Chem.) Impure
oxide of zinc.
Tutwork. Miners' work done by the piece.
Tuyere, Tweer. [Fr., akin to tuyau, a pipe
tube, L. tiibcllus, dim. of tvibus.] A conical
tube through which the blast of air is forced
from the blowers into the blast furnace.
Twain-cloud. Cumulo-strafus. (Cumulus.)
Twankay. The poorest kind of green tea.
Tway-blade, i.e. two-leaf. [Cf. Ger. blatt,
TWEE
496
ULEM
leaf, GT.ir\wTvi, flat. ^ (Bot.) Native plant, in
woods and pastures (Listera ovata), ord. Orchid-
acese, with two large opposite ovate leaves and
a raceme of small green flowers.
Tweed. A light twilled woollen or cotton
stuflf for coats, etc.
'Tween or 'Twixt decks. (Naut.) The deck
below the gun-deck.
Twelfth Day. The Feast of the Epiphany,
being the twelfth day, exclusive, after Christmas
Day.
Twelve Tables, Laws of the. (Decemvirs.)
Twioe-laid rope. (Maut.) Rope made from
strands of old rope.
Twilight of the gods. (Woden.)
Twilled. Covered with diagonal lines pro-
duced by causing the weft-thread to pass over
one and under two or more warp-threads.
Twilly. A revolving cylinder covered with
long iron spikes, for cleansing and loosening
wool.
Twin crystals ; T. axis ; T. plane. Two crys-
tals joined together in such a way that one
would come into the position of the other by
revolving it through two right angles round an
axis, the T. axis, perpendicular to a plane, the
T. plane, which either is or may be a face of
either crystal.
Twin screw. (Naut.) A vessel fitted with two
screw-propellers worked by separate engines.
Twist. Closely tivisted strong sewing silk.
Twitch. To keep horses quiet for minor
operations : a strong stick, with a hole pierced
at the end, through which a loop of strong cord
is passed ; this, having been passed over the upper
lip, is twisted, causing pain. (Barnacles.)
Two^entred arcn. (Arch.)
Two-handed fellows. {Naut.) Both seamen
and soldiers, or artificers.
Tycoon, Shogoon. [Jap. shiogun.] The tem-
poral (the Mikado being the spiritual) ruler of
Japan. He stood to the M. in the relation of
the mayor of the palace to the Merovingian
kings, wielding all power, and falling back for
his authority upon a M., or emperor, secluded
from public observation. The office has been
abolished by a recent revolution (Dickson's
Japan). (Hajor-domo.) The proper title of the
Tycoon is Thoorgum.
Tye. (Naut.) The upper part of the jeers.
(Halliards.)
Tyg, Tig. A coarse earthenware drinking-
vessel, with two or more handles.
Tymoom. (Naut.) A Chinese river-boat.
Tymp. A space in the lower part of a blast
furnace for clearing out the hearth.
Tympan. [Gr. rvfuravov, a kettk-drum.'\ A
frame on which blank sheets are laid to be
printetl.
Tymp&ntun. [L., a drum.'\ (Ana/.) The
middle ear.
Tyno, or Tine ((/.v.). (Antlers.)
Type-metaL [Gr. rivos, type.] An alloy of
lead and antimony, for making printing type.
Type of Constans. (Eothesis; Henotioon.)
Typhon, Typhron. [Gr.] In Myth., a giant
described as breathing fire, or as a destructive
hurricane.
Typhoon. [Gr. rwp&v.] A tempest or hurri-
cane of great violence, which sometimes rages in
the seas of S. China.
Tyr. In Teut. Myth., the sun-god, whose
name answers to that of the Vedic Dyu, from
the root div, to shine. The name survives in
A.S. Tiwesdaeg, Tuesday, and in the names of
places, as Tewesley, Tewing.
Tyrian pnrple. (Common pnrple; Unrez
tmncolos.)
Tything-man. (Hist.) The constable at
peace officer in a tything, or tenth part of a
hundred. (Frankpledge.)
IT. A letter long identified with V, but now
used as a vowel, V being used as a consonant.
But although the character V was originally
written with the same sign as the vowel U, it
was by the ancients themselves considered essen-
tially different, as were also the consonant i (j)
and the vowel i.
Ulji jus, ibi rimediom. [L.] A maxim in
Law : where there is a right there is a remedy ;
therefore equity intervenes where, from some
technical defect, common law does not avail.
Ubiqoitarians, TJbiqaists. [L. ubique, every-
where.] A name applied to those Lutherans
who hold that the body of Christ is present in
the Eucharist by the ubiquity or omnipresence
of His humanity.
Ubi tu Cains, ego Caia. [L.] With the Ro-
mans, the community of goods between husband
and wife was expressed by the offer of fire and
water to the wife at her first coming into her
husband's house, and by the words " Ubi tu,"
etc. ; i.e. Where thou art master, 1 am mistress ;
or rather, Where thou art father, I am mother
(caius being connected with root ga, as in Gr.
7*700, fivvi.iii, etc.).
TTdaller. [Dan. odel.] A cognate form of
the Gothic and Prankish alod ; a proprietor of
lands in freehold.
Uekewallists, (Eccl. Hist.) Rigid Anabap-
tists, the followers of the Frieslander Ueke
Wallis.
Uhlan. [Said to be from Turk, oglan, a youth,
lad.] (Mil.) Lancer light cavalry soldier of the
German army.
Ukase. [Russ.] An ordinance of the Rus-
sian czar.
Ulema. [Turk., learned man.] The college
of the Turkish hierarchy, consisting of the Imsima,
ULIT
497
UNDE
MoftiB, and Cadis, or admistrators of justice.
(Alcaide.)
Ulitis. (J//t/.) Inflammation of the gum
[Gr. oli\ov\.
Ullage. [O.Fr. eullage, eullier, to fill up a
cask to the bung (Skeat).] (Naut.) The residue
left in a leaky or partly used cask or package.
UUaged, damaged, short in contents.
Ulloa, Circle of. A measurement of the meri-
dian taken in Peru by Don Antonio Ulloa, a
Spanish mathematician (i 716-1795).
ITlns. [L., Gr. »\(n;.] (^nat.) The larger
of the two bones of the forearm, the smaller
being the radius. Adj., Ulnar.
ninagen. [L. ulna, an ell.} (Hist.) In the
Middle Ages, officers appointed in each consider-
able port, to certify the length and quality of
each piece of cloth of twenty-four yards or ells —
these terms being then synonymous — and thus to
protect the purchaser against fraudulent dealers
in foreign imported goods.
niater eiutoin, or Tenuit-right Bystem. Gives
undisturbed possession of a holding, as long as
rent is paid ; entitles to compensation for un-
exhausted improvements ; and gives liberty to
sell the " good will " of a farm for what it will
fetch in the market.
Vlater Bebellion ( 1 64 1-1649). That of Rc^er
More, Sir Phelira O'Neil, and other Irish chief-
tains. An attempt to seize Dublin Castle failed ;
but a general rising in U. taking place, the
country was wasted, towns were taken, many
new settlers put to death, and many thousands
of lives lost. In 1649 Cromwell arrived as
Lord-Lieutenant and Commander-in-Chief in
Ireland.
Ulater Settlement (1611). Tames I.'s scheme
for its colonization. Lots of icxx), 1500, 2000
acres were arranged. A new order, that of
baronets, was created. For every patent ;{^iooo
was paid, and the duty added of supporting
thirty foot-soldiers.
UltiLma r&tlo. [L.] The last device or resource.
Ultimate analysif. Resolution of a substance
into its elements.
Ultimate enda. In Moral Phil., are : 1, U.
timpliciter, i.e. that which is aimed at for its
own sake only, and never regarded as a means
to another end ; and, 2, U. secundum quid, i.e.
the last aimed at in a series of actions.
Ultimate ratio. {Math.) The limit of the ratio
of two variables. (Limit.)
Ultima ThfilS. (Thole.)
Ulttmitum. [L.] A final proposal.
Ultramarine. [L. ultrk mare, beyond the sea.}
A blue pigment obtained by calcining and
grinding lapis lazuli, originally brought from
beyond the sea, from Asia.
Ultramontane. [L. ultr^ montes, beyond the
mountains.} (Eccl.) Those who maintain the
most advanced theory of papal supremacy are
so called, because the theologians of Italy, the
country beyond the Alps, were considered more
favourable to high papal doctrine than the cis-
montane doctors of France and Germany.
Ultra Tires. [L., beyond the poTver.} Any
person, committee, court, etc., is said to have
acted U. V. when exceeding, however uninten-
tionally, his or its authority.
Ulysses. [Gr. 'OSvaads.} The hero of the
Odyssey. The name is supposed to represent
the Skt. Ulukshaya, the Gr. (vpvKixluy, wide-
ruling.
UmbeL [L. umbella, a little shadow, dim. of
umbra.] (Bot.) An inflorescence having flower-
stalks springing from one centre, each bearing
a single flower ; e.g. i\'y, carrot, parsnip.
UmbelUfSrsB ; Umbell&tse. (Bot.) A large
nat. ord. of exogens, whose inflorescence is
always an umbel ; some poisonous, as hemlock ;
others esculent, as carrot, parsnip, celery ; some
aromatic, as caraway, coriander, etc.
Umber. An olive-brown earth from Umbria,
in Italy, used as a pigment. Burnt umber is a
reddish brown, and is made by burning raw
umber.
UmbilicaL {Anat.) Pertaining to the navel
[L. umbilicus].
Umbra. [L., a shadotv.} 1. A Roman con-
temptuous epithet for the uninvited attendants
or companions of invited guests. 2. (Peniunbra.)
Una. [L., one."] In Spenser's Faery Quccne,
a maiden in whom Truth (as being one) is
personified, and who, attended by a lion, goes in
search of St. George, and finally leads him by
the house of Holiness, to Eden. (Bed Cross
Knight)
Unaker. American kaolin (Cherokee nations).
Unam sanotam. [L.] Title of a bull of Pope
Boniface VIII., 1302, asserting that to believe
every human being to be subject to the Pontiff
of Rome is a thing necessary to salvation.
Unaneled. [A.S. ele, oil.} Not having re-
ceived extreme unction. (Unhoaseled.)
Unan. (Zool.) The two-toed sloths, Cholapus.
Trop. America. Fam. Bradypodidae, ord.
Edentata.
Un&vSce. [L., with one voice.} Unanimously.
Unbend, To. (A^aut.) To loose, or untie.
Unoa. (Inoa.)
Uncial letters. Letters intermediate between
capitals and small characters, in old MSS. ; so
called, perhaps, from their size, the L. uncialis
denoting the twelfth part of a foot, an inch.
Unclaimed. (Derelict.)
Uncle Sam. The cant or vulgar name for the
U.S. Government, sometimes called Brother
Jonathan. Mr. Samuel Wilson, immediately
after the last declaration of war with England,
was inspector of certain army provisions. A
workman, not knowing the meaning of the new
signature U.S. upon certain casks, supposed it
to stand for " Uncle Sam ; " and the joke passed
current. — Bartlett's Americanisms.
Unconformable strata. (Geol.) (Conformable
strata.)
Unoonscions cerebration. Mental operation
during sleep, or while the mind is engrossed by
other and entirely different thoughts ; known
afterwards only, and by its results. (See
Carpenter's Mental Physiology. )
Undergird. Acts xxvii. 17 ; to pass ropes
round the ship, so as to strengthen her.
Underground railroad. The means of con-
UNDE
498
UNIT
veyance by which fugitive slaves escaped to the
free slates and Canada. — Bartlett's American-
isms.
Underground railway. A term denoting rail-
ways carried through or about great cities, where
the way must for the most part be tunnelled.
Underlayer. A vertical shaft sunk to cut an
underlying lode at any required depth.
Underlying. Inclined to the perpendicular.
TJndersetters (i Kings vii. 30), or Shoulders.
Brackets or bars, or some kind of pedestal.
Undershot-wheel. (Water-wheel.)
Under way. (Aaw/.) Fairly started by the
motive power.
Under weigh. [Naut.) The anchor started,
and the ship ready to be got under way {q.v.).
Underwriter. One who, in return for a
premium received, makes himself responsible
for the payment of a certain sum in the event of
the loss of a ship or of damage to it at sea.
The practice of underwriting, nominally by
individuals, who really formed a joint-stock
company, owed its origin to the excessively
high rates of insurance charged by the only two
companies which, previous to 1S24, were allowed
by charter to grant marine insurances. The
underwriters, who then took off much or most of
their business, became known as Lloyd's.
Undines. [L. unda, a xuave.'\ The Cabalistic
name for the water-spirits, called by the Greeks
Naiads, Nereids, and Nymphs. To this class
belong the nix of the northern English counties,
and the Scottish kelpie.
Undulation ; Undulatory theory. (Wave.)
Unequal Ezek. xviii. 25 ; as frequently in
early writers, utijiist, unfair. Equal, /«j/, fair.
Unequal temperament. {Music.) (Tempera-
ment.)
Un fait accompli. [Fr., an accomplished fact. ^
Done, and not to be undone.
Unguibus et rostra [L., with claws and
beak.\ Tooth and nail.
Unguiculate. [L. unguiciilus, dim. of unguis,
a nail.] (Bol.) Furnished with a claw ; as the
petals of a pink.
UngMata. [L., provided with hoofs (ungiilse).]
{Zool.) Animals with hoofs, the seventh ord. of
mammals, containing those most useful to man ;
as among Pachydermata, the pig ; among
Solidungiila, or Solipedes, the horse ; among
Ruminantia, the sheep. In some systems, as
Cuvier's, these three sections — Pachjrdermata,
SolTdungula, and Ruminantia — form separate
orders, and P. includes the elephants, now
usually classed as Frobosoidea.
Unguled. [L. ungula, a hoof] [Her.) Having
hoofs or claws of a different colour from the
body.
Unhouseled. Without having received the
/;.ravc-/[A.S. hiisel], the Holy Eucharist. (Un-
aneled.)
Uniat. A term applied in the Latin Church
to Eastern Christians who acknowledge the
papal supremacy.
Unicameral. Having only one [L. unus]
legislative chamber [camera].
Unicom. [L. uni-comis, from unus, otu, and
coxmi, horn.] 1. (Bibl.) R6em [Heb.], a large,
wild, bovine animal. 2. (Her.) A fabulous
animal, with the feet and legs of a deer, the tail
of a lion, the body and head of a horse, from
the forehead of which a single horn projects.
Unicom, Sea. (Narwhal.)
Unifilar. [L. unus, om, filum, a thread.] Of
a single thread.
Umfllar magnetometer. An instrument whose
essential part. is a magnet suspended by a single
thread [L. unum filum], for determining the
horizontal intensity of terrestrial magnetism.
Uniformitarians (Geol.) regard the existing
natural agencies as quite competent to have
effected all the successive changes which the
earth's surface appears to have undergone.
Catastrophists think they could not have been
effected without convulsions and catastrophes
[Gr. KaTcuTTpo<l>ri, an overturning], for which
existing nature seems unable to supply effective
causes.
Uniformity, Acts of, i.e. to secure uniformity
in public worship : 1549 and 1562, Edward VI. ;
1559, Elizabeth ; 1662, Charles II., — this last
being in operation now ; amended, 1872.
Uniform motion or vdocity. That of a body
which describes equal distances in equal times.
Uniggnltus. [L. , only begotten.] Title of the
bull of Clement XL, September, 1713, con-
denining Jansenist opinions, as expressed in
Quesnel's Reflexions Morales.
Unio margaritiferus. (Mussel, Pearl.)
Union. [Eccl. L. unio, unity ^ In Eng. Hist.,
the union of the crowns of Scotland and England
in the person of James I. The union of the two
kingdoms was effected by the Statute of 1706,
under Anne. The union of Ireland with Great
Britain was carried into effect in 1800.
Union, Hypostatical. (Hypostatic union.)
Union Jack. The national flag of Great
Britain and Ireland, consisting of the red cross
of St. George, the red diagonal cross of St.
Patrick, and the white diagonal cross of St.
Andrew, all on a blue ground.
Unison, [L. unisonus, having one and the
same sound.] (Music.) 1. Two tones are in U.
when they are produced by the same number of
vibrations per second. 2. Music in octaves,
played or sung, is also said to be in U.
Unit. [L. unitas, oneness.'] The magnitude
by reference to which other magnitudes are
expressed numerically. In England, the funda-
mental U. of distance, time, and mass are the
yard, the mean solar second, and the pound
avoirdupois ; other units are derived from them
according to tables of weights and measures, as
inches and miles, hours and minutes, ounces and
hundredweights, etc.
United Bohemians. (Bohemian Brethren.)
United Brethren. The same as Bohemian
Brethren.
United Presbyterian Church. (Marrow Con-
troversy.)
Unit jar. A small insulated Leyden jar
placed between the electric machine and the
battery, so that its discharges show the amount
of electricity passing.
UN IV
499
URSI
XTniTalTe. [L. unus, otu, valvae, folding
doors.] (Os/r.) Possessing one valve, or door ;
applied to shells composed of one piece, as the
whelk's.
Universal Doctor. (Doctor.)
Universaliats. (£ci/. Nisi.) A name some-
times applied to Arminians, as holding that the
grace of God is given to all men without favour
or reser^'e ; their opponents, the Calvinists,
being called Parlicularists. But, generally, to
those who believe in the ultimate recovery of all.
ITniTersal joint {Mech.) A joint enabling
the rotation of one axle to communicate rotation
to a second axle whose direction intersects that
of the former at any given angle ; the ends of
the axles open out into forks, one of which is
fastened by loose rivets to the ends of one arm
of a cross, the other in like manner to the ends
of the other arm of the cross.
ITniTersal lan^osge. Any scheme for a
system of writing which will be universally in-
telligible. This system must consist of signs for
all conceivable things ; it implies, therefore, that
the framers of it have mastered the whole of
human knowledge, and can sit in judgment on it.
It may be supposed that not much has been done
towards the realizing of such schemes.
UniTenal proposition. [L. universalis.] In
Log., a proposition which has the subject dis-
tributed, that is, applied to all possible members
of the class ; as " AH men are mortal," mortality
being here predicated of all men without ex-
ception. (Quantity.)
Univocals. [L. unus, one, vox, voice.] In
the Aristotelian logic of the schools, generic
words, Fredioable of many species. (School-
men.)
UnJmown, The g^eat. Sir Walter Scott, for
some years after the appearance, in 1814, of
IVaverli-y.
Unmoor, To. To weigh anchor. — Falconer.
Unmoored. [iVaut.) Lying at single anchor.
Unnerving a horse's foot. Dividing the nerves
distributed to it, in navicular disease.
Unpaid, The igre&t. A familiar phrase, de-
noting the body of magistrates who are not
stipendiary.
Unready, Ethelred the. The Un-rede, or
wantitig in counsel, rather than Ethel-rede, or
noble in counsel.
Unreason, Abbot of. (Abbot of Misrtile;
Sevels, Master of the.)
Unreeve. (Eeeve, To.)
Unrove his life-line, He has. In Naut. slang,
he is dead.
Unstratified rocks. T.q. igneous, amorphous.
Up&dana. In Buddhist theology, the attach-
ment to existence, which, with Karma, work, is
the source from which all beings have assumed
their present form. According to this theology,
the business of man is to uproot this upadana,
and so attain a perfect calm in which he ceases
to be conscious of being, this calm being called
Nirvana.
Upanishads. (Veda.)
Upas of Java. (/Vo/.) Antiaris toxtcaria [L.
toxicum, poison] ; ord. Artocarpeae, a tree allied
to the fig, having poisonous secretion ; in no way
connected with the poisoned valley of Java, in
which carbonic acid gas, fatal to all life, is con-
tinually emitted. The frequent rhetorical allu-
sion to the "deadly upas tree" is, therefore,
ridiculous.
Upchnrch ware. A fine pottery, ornamented
with dots or lines, usually of a blue-black ; and
made near U., on the Medway, during the
Roman occupation.
Upper case. In Printing, capitals, etc. (as
distinguished from small-letter types) ; kept in
the upper case.
Upper masts. {Naut. ) Top, top-gallant, and
royal masts. All above the royals are called
poles.
Upset price. In auctions, the price at which
goods are started by the auctioneer, and under
which they cannot be sold.
Up with the helm. {A'aut.) Bring the rudder
to leeward.
U.E. Written upon the voting-tablets at the
Roman comitia, is Uti rogas, as you propose ; i.e.
J vote for ; A. being for antiquo, / re;cct, I vote
against.
UralL (Woorali.)
Uranium. [L. uranus, Gr. ovpavis, the
heaven.] A malleable steel-white metal, whose
compounds are used in glass staining, etc.
Uranography. A description of tlu heavens
[Gr. o\ipii.varfpo.^ia\.
Ur&nus. (Planet.)
Urban Dean. (Decani)
Urbi et orbi. [L., to the city ami to the world.]
Papal decrees, thus addressed, are held to be
promulgated to all the various churches, and are
thenceforth binding.
Urbino ware. Majolica made or decorated at
or near Urbino, in Italy, from the fifteenth cen-
tury, but none identified before 1530. The
Raffaelle ware is decorated with copies from the
designs of R.
Urea. (Naut.) An armed Spanish fly-boat.
Urceolate. [L. urcfiolus, dim. of urceus, a
pitcher.] (Bot.) Contracted at the mouth ; e.g:
the corolla of some heaths.
Ure. [O.Fr. eiir, L. augurium.] Use, practice.
Urim and Thummim. The word Urim is
the plu. of the Heb. aur, a light; whence it
has come to signify fre. Thummim, the plu.
of thom, or tam, means fulness or perfection.
The Septuagint renders the words by 5^\<»(ns
and iX^dfio, manifestation and truth. The U.
and Th. are described as the precious stones on
the high priest's breastplate, which were sup-
posed to make known the divine will by casting
an extraordinary lustre.
Urfidela. [Gr. ovpi, a tail, SijXos, visible.]
(Zool.) The second ord. of amphibians, tailed
batrachians ; as newts.
Urry. [Ir. uireach.] (Geol.) A blue or
black clay near a vein of coal.
Ursa Major. (Sishis, The Seven.)
Ursldse. [L. ursus, bear.] {Zool.) The bear
fam., typ. Plantigrades {t/.v.). Absent from Trop.
and S. Africa; not found in Australia. Ord.
Carnivora.
URSU
500
VACU
TJrsfilineB. (Eccl. Hist.) An ordei of nuns,
instituted in the sixteenth century, d<"voted
especially to education.
Urtloa. [L., nettle.\ {hot!) U. dioica, the
common stinging-nettle. Type of ord. Urticeas.
Urticaria. [L. urtlca, a iuttU.'\ {Med.) Nettle-
rash, a common form of eruption on the skin,
acute or chronic, always connected with some
derangement of the digestive organs.
Use. [L. usus.] {Eccl.) The mode of per-
forming the divine offices in churches, and more
especially of celebrating the Eucharist. These
Uses varied at different times and in different
dioceses. The most important English Use
was that of Sarum, instituted by Osmund,
bishop of that see in 1078. This Use was gene-
rally adopted in England, Wales, and Ireland ;
and the Bishop of Salisbury thus received the
title of precentor of the college of bishops.
There were also the Uses of York, Bangor,
Hereford, and Lincoln ; but their differences
were slight, being confined in some cases to
musical notation.
Uie, in Law, is a word, whose history must
be studied in law-books, and cannot be given
concisely. Originally it was simply = the
benefit or beneficial enjoyment of land ; an
ecclesiastical invention, as is generally believed ;
out of which arose many advantages, immuni-
ties, abuses. Eventually it became = seisin or
l^;al estate. Charitable uses are enumerated in
Statute 43 Elizabeth, and these now, in accord-
ance with its spirit, include all gifts in aid of
religion, of education, of the poor, of the
young who need help in life, of public utility
or order or improvement, etc. ; so long as the
U. be not Superstitious, e.g. Masses for the
dead.
Useqnehangh. [Ir. uisge beathe, loater of life,
L. aqua vita;.] A compound distilled spirit,
something like whisky, made in Ireland and
Scotland. (Acheron.)
Usque ad nauseam. [L., even to nausea.]
Repulsively ; till one is sick.
Usficapio. [L.] In Rom. Law, ownership
acquired by long use or possession.
Usufruct. [L. usufructus.] {Le^.) The right
of enjoying the profits of a thing belonging to
another, without impairing the substance.
Usury. In Luke xix. 23 [Gr. trhv T6K<fi], has
the meaning of interest [L. iisura], simply.
Utile dulci, Omne tiUit punctum, qui miscuit.
[L.] He is in favour with every one who has
combined the useful and the pleasant ; lit. he has
carried every vote ; punctum, a point or dot in a
waxen tablet, made as the sign of a vote.
Utility, Doctrine of. That of Hume, in his
Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals,
1751 ; the foundation of his moral system ; viz.
that is virtuous which is useful or agreeable to
the person himself or to others ; usefulness being
only a tendency to a certain end, and that end
the happiness both of ourselves and of others,
with whom we have necessarily a fellow-feeling ;
and all this, looking no further than this pre-
sent life.
Uti possIdStis. [L. , as you possess.] A phrase
denoting a treaty which leaves the parties in
the position which they occupy at the moment.
(Status quo ante.)
Utopia. A word coined by Sir Thomas More
[from Gr. oh, not, and riJiroj, a place] for an
imaginary island which has a perfect government
and society. More's Utopia was published in
1 5 16. The word Utopian is now practically
synonymous with unprcutical or impracticable.
Utraquists. [L. uterque, both.] Those who
insisted on communion in both kinds were so
termed in the Council of Prague, 1 421.
Utricle. [L. utrTculus, dim. of uter, a hag, a
skin.] {Ana/, and £ot.) Often used as = a
saclike part ; e.g. upper part of the vestibule of
the internal ear.
Uttar. (Attar.)
UvSa. [L. uva, a grape.] {Anat.) The
posterior surface of the iris, thickly coated with
pigment, and somewhat like the skin of a black
grape.
Uviila. [L., dim. of uva, a grape.] A small
fleshy process depending from the middle of the
soft palate, and hanging over the base of the
tongue.
V.
V. A vocal corresponding to the aspirate
F, and representing in many words the Greek
digamma. As a Roman numeral, V, being not
really the letter V, but the half of X, stands for
5, V for 5000. As an abbrev., V. stands for vir,
vixit, vale, verba, etc
Vaccary. [L. vacca, a cow.] A cow-house or
pasture.
Vaccine, Vaccination. (Cow-pox.)
Vaccinia. [L. vacca, a cow.] Cow-pox.
Vacuum [L. vacuus, empty] ; V.-gauge. 1.
A space empty of matter. 2. A space inclosed
by a vessel from which the air, or other gas,
has been in great part withdrawn ; as the
V. in the receiver of an air-pump, the
Torricellian V., etc. (Torricellian tube.) A
V.-gauge is an instrument for measuring the
pressure of the attenuated vapour within the
condenser of a steam-engine, of the air within
the receiver of an air-pump, etc.
Vacuum, Nature abhors a. An unfortunate
saying of (?) Aristotle, in explanation of pheno-
mena really due to atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum-pan. A closed vessel used in making
sugar, for evaporating syrup at a lower tem-
perature than the ordinary boiling point (by
VADE
SOI
VANE
the production of a partial vacuum in the
pan).
Vad8 in pic5. [L., go in peace."] In mon-
astic houses, the form of dismissal after sentence
to culprits found guilty of grave offences. (For
the use which Sir W. Scott made of this custom,
see his Marmion.)
YadS mSonin. [L., go with rne.] Any port-
able book or manual may be so called.
Vffl victiB ! [L.] fVoe to the conquered I
Vagabond, in Bible, has no moral connota-
tion ; and is simply = wanderer, fugitive ; or, as
in Acts xix. 13, ititurant [Gr. ir(picpx°Ai<*'«"']-
V&glna. \L..,sheath.\ (^«^. and /?<>/.) Vari-
ously applied to sheath-like tubes or passages.
V&gns, or Par T&gom. (Nerves.)
Vair. [Fr., a squirrePs fur.] (Her.) A
fur formed of small bell-shaped pieces of blue
and silver alternately, arranged in lines so that
the base of each silver bell is opposite to the
base of a blue bell. Countervair has the base
of each bell opposite to the base of a bell of
like colour.
Yaiiya. (Caste.)
Vakeel. In E. Indies, native attorney, agent
in things diplomatic.
Vakka. (Naut.) A large out rigged canoe
of the Friendly Isles.
Valeat qnantnm (valSre potest). [L.] Let
it count for ivhat (it is tvorth).
Valencia. A fabric having the wefl of wool
and the warp of silk or cotton.
Valenciennes (from the town in France). A
lace with a hexagon mesh of two threads partly
twisted and plaited, the pattern being worked
in the net.
Valentine's Day. February 14, which bears
the name of Valentine, a presbyter, said to have
been beheaded at Rome under Claudius ; but
it is not easy to find in his life any reasons which
connect him with the special associations of the
day.
Valentinians. (Eccl. Hist.) The followers
of the Egyptian Valentinus, who in the second
century put forth an elaborate Gnostie system
of JBons, composing a complete deity, which he
termed Pleroma, fulness, or pknitiid,'. Their
morality resembled that of the Carpocratians.
Valerian. (Bot.) Of Pharmacy, Valeriana
officinalis, a native plant, with tall stems, pin-
nate leaves, and umbels of white flowers ; the
red V. , common on old garden walls, in quar-
ries, etc., is Centranthus ruber.
Valesians. An obscure sect of the third
century, mentioned by Epiphanius.
Valetudinarian. .Lit. that which relates to
hecdth [L. valetudtnem], but applied generally to
weak or bad health. Hence one who is weakly
or infirm, or seeking to regain health.
Valhalla. (Myth.) The heaven in which
Woden and the ^sir dwell, with the Valkyries,
whose office it is to conduct thither the souls of
heroes slain in battle.
Valinoh. A tube for drawing liquors from
a cask by the bung-hole.
Valise. [Fr. valise, a saddle-bag.\ A port-
manteau.
Valkyries. In the Myth, of N. Europe,
maidens who dwell with the yEsir in Valhalla,
and who, as corse-choosers, lead to the home
of the gods the souls of those who fall in battle.
Also called Oska-maer, Wish-maidens. (Houri ;
Wish.)
Vallauria ware. An elegant pottery modelled
from the antique, made at V. , near Cannes.
Valonia. [It. vallonea, from Gr. /SoAafor,
an acorn.] A kind of acorn imported from the
Levant, and used in tanning.
Valor Eccledastlons. (Liber Begis.)
Valued policy. (Naut.) One in which a
ship or goods are insured for a fixed sum.
Valve. [L. valvae, plu., fo/ding doors.] 1.
(Anat.) A membrane opening to admit the
passage of blood, and closing to prevent its
reflux. Valvular, consisting of, pertaining to,
valves. 2. (Bot.) One of the divisions of any
dehiscent body.
Valve [L. valvie, the leaves of a folding
door] ; Ball-V. ; Butterfly- V. ; Clack-V. ; Diso-
V.; riap-V. ; Lift-V. ; Puppet- V. A small
door for regulating the entrance and exit of
fluids in steam and water engines. A Clack, or
flaf), or Butterfly, V. turns round a hinge, being
lifted by the fluid and falling into its place when
the pressure is withdrawn. A Disc-V. is a cir-
cular disc of indiarubber secured by a bolt in the
centre ; it is opened and closed against a grating
by the yielding of the indiarubber to fluid
pressure. A Lift or Puppet V. is a circular disc
of metal with a bevelled edge, which fits a cii^
cular metal seating ; it is lifted by the fluid
pressure and falls into its seat when the pressure
IS withdrawn. A Ball-V, is simply a metal ball,
with a properly formed seating and guides ; it
acts like a lift-valve.
Valvewshest. (Steam-chest.)
Vambrace, Vambrance. [Fr. avant, before^
bras, arm.] Armour for the arms.
Vamp. [Fr. avant pied, before foot.] The
upper leather of a shoe.
Vampire. [Ger. vampyr.] A blood-sucking
spectre, resembling the LamisB and the Lemures.
The name seems to be of Slavonic origin.
Vamplate. [Fr. avant, before, and Eng.
plate.] Armour for the hand, a gauntlet.
Vanadium (from Vanadis, a Scandinavian
goddess). A silvery brittle metal.
Vandyke. A scalloped cape for the neck,
as seen in portraits painted by Vandyke in the
reign of Charles I.
Vandyke brown (supposed to be used by
Vandyke). A semi-transparent brown pigment,
obtained from a kind of peat.
Vane. [A.S. fana, a flag.] (ATaut.) A
piece of bunting extended on a revolving piece
of wood at the masthead, to show the direction
of the wind. A distinguishing V. shows to
which division of the fleet a vessel belongs. Dog-
vanes, pieces of cork with feathers stuck round
them, and strung upon twine, usually fastened
to the top of a half-pike on the weather side of
the quarter-deck.
Vanessa. So styled by Dean Swift, who
exerted a kind of enchantment over her as he
VANE
502
VASS
had done over Stella ; Hester Vanhomrigh, the
daughter of a London merchant, who died of a
broken heart, 1723. (Stella.)
Vanessa, i.e. Fhamssa (from Phanes, a mystic
divinity in the Orphic rites, known also as
£r6s). {Entom.) Gen. of butterfly, brightly
coloured ; as the Peacock B. Fam. Nymphalidce.
Vang. (Naut.) A rope leading to either side
of a ship from the outer end of a gaff.
Vanilla. [Sp. vainilla, a small pod.\ The
thin podlike capsule of a Trop. American plant.
Vanilla planifolia, used in flavouring confection-
arj', etc.
Vanishing fraction. An algebraical fraction
whose numerator and denominator arc both
functions of one variable, and become zero for
the same value of that variable ; as, -,
or— ir
in which the numerator and denominator both
become zero when x becomes equal to a ; the
value of the fraction is then — .
2
Vanishing point; V. line. That point to
which the perspective representations of a group
of parallel lines all converge. The V. line of a .
group of parallel planes is the litie to which
their perspective representations all convei-ge.
Vanning. [L. vannus, a wintienving /an.]
Washing a small portion of ore in a shovel.
Vantbrace. The same as Vambrace.
Vapour. [L. vapor, s/eam.] A substance in
a gaseous form, which at ordinary temperatures
appears as solid or liquid. The distinction
between gases and vapours is conventional, the
terms being used according to the state of the
substance at ordinary temperatures.
Vapours. A nearly obsolete term for a disease
of nervous debility ; hypochondriacal, with
hallucinations.
Varangians. The Greek name for the Teu-
tonic guards of the Byzantine emperor, probably
being, like the modem Oriental Feringi, a
transliteration of Franks.
Varanldae. (Zool.) Water-lizards. Africa and
the East, including Australia.
Vare, Vare, redde ISgidnes! [L., Varus, give
me back my legions f] The exclamation of the
Emperor Augustus, after the destruction of the
legions under Varus by Arminius (Herman),
A-D. 9.
Variable; Dependent V.; Independent V.
When one magnitude is a function of a second,
both are Variables ; but the former is the De-
pendent, the latter the Independent, variable.
Thus if 2 = ax^ -t- bx, x and 2 are both variables ;
but as the variations in 2 are supposed to be
produced by arbitrary variations in x, the former
is the dependent, the latter the independent,
variable.
Variables. In Naut. language, those parts of
the sea where steady winds are not expected.
Variable star. (Astron.) A fixed star, whose
brightness changes periodically or otherwise.
Variant. Of a word, one outwairdly like,
and from the same root ; so to fleet is a V. of
to float. A doublet being one from the same
root, not outwardly like but having undergone
some literal changes ; so chattels and cattle, fabric
and forge, Fr. on and homme, etc.
Variation ; Calculus of V. ; V. compass ; V.
of the moon ; V. of the needle ; Periodic V. ;
Secular V. \Math.) The Calculus of varia-
tions is a kind of differential calculus, in which
the same quantity is considered as an inde-
pendent variable in two or more distinct points
of view ; e.g. the variation may take place
not only from one point to another on a given
curve, but also from one point to another on
a neighbouring curve. The V. of the needle is
the magnetic declination at a given place. A
V. compass is a needle mounted so as to show
the magnetic declination. The V. of the moon
is an inequality in her longitude, due to the dif-
ference between the forces with which the sun
attracts the earth and moon ; it depends on
twice the difference between her longitude and
the sun's, vanishing at syzygies and quadratures,
and being greatest at points about midway be-
tween them. The Periodic variations in the
elliptic elements of a planet's orbit are those
which, produced by the disturbing attraction of
another planet, are nearly compensated in one
revolution of the disturbing or disturbed body ;
the accumulation of the uncompensated residues
of the periodic variations make up the secular
variations or inequalities.
Variety. Varieties, with Darwin and others,
are species in process of formation ; incipient
species ; when rendered very distinct from each
other, they take the rank of Species ; and this
apparently is all that can be said by way of
definition.
Varidla. [L. varius, variegated^ (Med.)
Small-pox.
Varidrum editions. Certain editions of classical
writers, published chiefly in Holland, in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with notes ■
of numerous or various commentators.
V&rlnm et mtltabile semper Femli^. [L.]
Woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.
Varix. [L.] A dilated vein. Kd^., Varicose.
(Aneurism.)
Varlet [O.Fr.] An attendant or servant.
A low fellow or rascal.
Varnish (probably another form of burnish
(q.v.), but traced by .Sir G. C. Lewis, Astronomy
of the Ancients, ch. iii. sec. 14, to Berenice,
queen of Ptolemy Euergetes, King of Egypt, in
the third century B.C.). A fluid which, spread
on a solid surface and dried, leaves a coating
impervious to air and moisture.
Variina. The oldest Hindu god of the heaven,
whose name answers to the Greek Ouranos,
Uranus.
Varvel. [Fr. vervelle.] Rings on a hawk's
leg, bearing the owner's name.
Vaso-motor system of nerves. [Anat.) That
distributed on the walls of the arteries ; an im-
portant branch of the Sympathetic (q.v.), or
ganglionic, system.
Vassal. [Fr., derived by Sir F. Palgravefrom
Welsh gwas, a young man or page.] One who
holds a Fief of a superior lord. (Feudal system.)
VAST
S03
VEND
'Vast! (Avast!)
Vate sacro, Carent quia. Many great men
and great deeds have died out of men's know-
ledge, because they had not the sacred bard to
immortalize them (Horace).
Vathek. The History of the Caliph V., pub-
lished 1784, by W. Beckford (1759- 1 844), in
perfect French. An Arabian tale ; short, sar-
castic, of great imaginative power. A haughty,
sensual, cruel monarch, abjuring his faith, offers
allegiance to Eblis, in the hope of gaining the
throne of the pre-adamite sultans ; descends into
hell, etc. (EbliB.)
Vatioan. The palace of the popes in Rome,
on the right bank of the Tiber ; the richest, per-
haps, in the world in works of art, antiquities,
etc.
Vatiean Codex. (Codex.)
Vaudeville {i.e. like the old country songs
of Vau-de-vire, in Normandy, light and satiri-
cal). Light songs, consisting of several couplets
and a refrain ; introduced into theatrical pieces ;
known, in time, as Lais des Vaux de Vire and
Virelais. Hence plays having frequent vaude-
villes were called V., and sometimes Virelais.
(See .Stainer and Barrett, Dictionary of Music.)
(Xime.)
Vandoia. {Hist.) The inhabitants of some
Alpine valleys in Piedmont, from which they
were expelled in the seventeenth century. They
returned and recovered their old homes by force.
(Waldeuet.)
Vanrien. [Fr. vaut, L. valet, he is worth,
rien representing L. rem, a thing, the neg. ne
being omitted before the verb, and the full
phrase being II ne vaut rien.] One who is
worth nothing, a scamp.
'- Vavaasor. A word of uncertain origin, but
probably connected with VaaaaL In France, a
general name for the immediate vassals of the
higher nobles, the ch&telains lx:ing vavassors
with castles or fortified houses.
Ve-adar. (Adar.)
Veda. [Skt., knovledge.'l The collective
sacred literature of the Hindus. The name
comes from the same source which gives the
Gr. oI5a, / know, the L. vidi, / have seen, and
the Eng. jvit. There are four Vedas : the Rig
Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda, and Atharva
Veda- Each of these is a Sanhita, or complete
collection ; and these are commented upon in
the Brahmanas, Suktas, Upanishads, Vcdangas,
and other scholia. The whole literature falls
into two great classes: (i) Sruli, revelation;
(2) Smriti, tradition ; the latter containing the
Sutras, or Vetlangas, elaborate treatises on
Vedic pronunciation, metre, grammar, astro-
nomy, and ceremonial.
Vedangas. (Veda.)
Vedanta. A Hindu sect, professing to find
in the Rig Veda a philosophy which much re-
sembles the Quietism of European thinkers.
(MyttiCB.)
Vedette. [Fr., from It. vedetta, a ivatch-
towerI\ {Mil.) Cavalry sentry belonging to
troops stationed at the outposts.
Veer. [Fr. virer, to turn about. So Vire !
33
about!] {A'aut.) 1. To let or pay out, as a
cable. 2. To turn, or change. 8. /.q. to wear,
to come on to the opposite tack by putting the
vessel's head away from the wind ; opposed to
tacking. The wind veers when it goes with the
sun ; backs, when against it.
Vegetable brimstone. The yellow dust of the
spore-cases of more than one kind of lycopo-
dium, used in theatres, etc.
Vegetable butter. (Avocado pear.)
Vegetable ivory. The kernels of the nuts —
the Corrozzo nuts of commerce — of a very beau-
tiful S. -American palm, the Phytelcphas macro-
carpa ; each nut about the size of a bantam's
egg.
Vegetarianism. The theory that vegetable
diet alone is the proper human diet.
Vehicle. [L. vehiculum, a carriage^ 1.
{Med.) Any substance for taking medicine in.
2. A liquid with which the pigments are mixed
for painting.
Vehmio courts. [Ger. vehmgerichte.] Ger-
man criminal courts of justice during the Middle
Ages. In the thirteenth century they were
modelled on the system of a secret organization,
their chief seat being Westphalia.
Vein. (Artery.)
Veldt. [D., same word as field.] In S.
Africa ; wide, open, far-stretching grass-land,
uncultivated, uninclosed.
Velitation. [L. velitationcm, from velttes,
light-armed soldiers.] Skirmishing. A dispute
or contest.
VelitSs. [L.] The light-armed infantry be-
longing to a Roman Legion.
Velleity. [Fr. velleitc, from a supposed L.
velleitas, from velle, to wish.] Imperfect or
incomplete volition ; desire scarcely passing
into will.
Vellioate. [L. vellicatum, sup. of vellicare,
freq. of vellfre, to pluck.] To twitch, to make
to twitch convulsively.
Velocipede. [L. velox, swift, pfidem, a foot. ^
A light carriage propelled by the feet of the rider
acting on cranks.
Velocity. [L. veloclta, -tem, swiftness.] {Math.)
The rate of motion, uniform when the rate is
constant, variable when the rate varies ; the
rate at any instant being the number of feet
(or other unit) that would be described in a
second (or other unit) if from that instant the
body continued to move uniformly. (Uniform
motion.)
Velvet cork. The best kind of cork bark,.
soft and smooth.
Velveteen. [Fr. velvantine.] A cotton cloth
in imitation of velvet.
Venation. [L. vena, a vein.] (Bot.) The
distribution of veins in leaves. (Parallel-veined
leaves.)
Vendemiaire. [Fr., from I>. vindemTa, vint-
age.] The first month of the French Republican
calendar, beginning at the autumnal equinox
and ending thirty days later. In this calendar
the year was divided into twelve months of
thirty days, with five additional days for festi-
vals, and every fourth year six. The months-
VENE
504
VERM
were divided into decades, and the days into
ten hours of a hundred minutes each. The
months were named from the botanical or agri-
cultural characteristics of each, their names
being consecutively Vendemiaire, Brumaire,
Frimaire, Nivose, Pluviose, Ventose, Germinal,
Floreal, Prairial, Messidor, Thermidor (or Fer-
vidor), and Fructidor. This absurd scheme
•was set aside by Napoleon, who restored the
old calendar in 1806.
Veneering. [Ger. furnieren, to furnish.']
Overlaying a coarse wood with thin leaves or
veneers of superior material.
Venery. [Fr. venerie, L. venari, to hunt.]
The highest branch of the art of hunting.
Venery, Beasts of. The hart, hare, wild boar,
and wolf; as distinguished from beasts of the
chase, which are the buck, doe, roe, fox, and
marten.
Venesection. [L. vena, a vein, sdco, / ctdt.]
Blood-letting.
Venetian school. A school of painting marked
by the beauty of its colouring. (Its head was
Titian, a Venetian, born 1477.)
Venetian swell (i.e. like a V. blind). Inclos-
ing the swell organ, is a series of shutters opened
and closed by a pedal.
Veni, vidi, vlci. [L., / came, saw, and con-
quered.'] Many accounts are given of the origin
of this phrase, which has been attributed to
Julius Ca^ar.
Venial sins. [L. vfnia, pardon.] In the
Latin Church, such sins as do not place the
doer out of a state of grace. (Mortal sins.)
Venison. Gen. xxv., xxvii. ; retains the first
meaning of the word ; i.e. flesh taken in hunting
[Fr. venaison, L. venationemj.
Vent. [Fr. vent, wind.] (Mil.) Aperture
through which the charge of a gun is fired ;
when a match was used, called the Touch-hole.
" Serving " the V. — in muzzle-loading guns — is
the stopping the V. by means of the thumb or a
vent-server, while the gun is being sponged out
and loaded.
Ventail. [Fr. ventaille, venter, to blow fresh.]
That part of the visor of a helmet which may be
lifted up, for freer admission of air.
Venter. [L., womb.] In Law, = maternal
parentage ; so first or second V. = first or
second marriage.
Ventricle. [L. ventricfilus, dim. of venter,
belly.] (Anat.) Small cavity; applied, espe-
cially, to the heart.
Ventriloquist. [L. venter, belly, loquor, /
speak.] One who is said to be able to make his
voice sound as if it came from points distant
from himself ; an effect supposed to be produced
by his speaking from his stomach.
Venns. [L., from a root which in Skt. is
van, to desire, love, or favour, and which gives
A.S. wynn, pleasure, the Ger. wonne, and the
Eng. winsotne.] The Italian goddess of love,
afterwards identified with the Greek Aphrodite.
(Paris, Judgment of.)
Venus. (Planet.)
Veratrine. A vegetable alkaloid, obtained
from liellebore [L. veratrumj-
Verbatim et literatim. [L.] Word for word
and letter for letter.
Verbum sap., i.e. sSpienti. [L., a word to the
wise.] A little hint for those who are sensible
enough to need nothing more.
Verde antique. [Fr., i.e. prized by the ancient
Romans.] 1. Green porphyry, felspathic with
felspar crystals. 2. Serpentine mixed with
limestone is sometimes so called.
Verdict [L.L. verdictum, veredictum, a thing
truly said] is General, when in general words
with the issue, as guilty or not ; Special, when
the jury find the facts of the case to be proved,
but do not know on which side to find, being
ignorant on some points of law ; frivy, when,
the judge having left or adjourned the court,
the jury, desiring to be liberated, are allowed to
give their V. privily to the judge, the V. to be
legal only when given out publicly.
Verdigris. [L. virTdS aeris, green of copper.]
[Chem.) Diacetate of copper, a poisonous green
pigment.
Verditer. [Fr. vert de terre, earth-green.] A
blue pigment made by decomposing nitrate of
copper with chalk. Green verditer is formed by
sulphate of copper and sea-salt.
Verdoy. [Fr. verdoye.] (Her.) Charged
with leaves.
Verge. \¥t., a rod.] The spindle of a watch-
balance.
Vergeboard. (Bargeboard.)
Vergette. [¥x., a brush.'] (Pallet.)
Verglas. [A word made up of verre, glass,
glace, ice.] Glazed frost.
Veridical. [L. verldicus.] Truth-telling;
truthful.
Verisimilitude. [L. verTsTmilitudo.] Likeness
to truth ; probability, likelihood.
Veritas, Amlctis Plato, sed magis amica. [L. ,
Plato is dear; the truth is much dearer.] No
personal, private, considerations may have any
weight when it is a question of truth.
Veritas, Bureau. The French Lloyd's (q.v.).
Veritas odium parit. [L.] Truth breeds
hatred.
Vequice. [Fr. verjus, vert, green, L. jus.
Juice,] The juice of crab apples, sour grapes,
etc.
Vermicelli. [It., small worms.} A small
kind of macaroni.
Vermicular motion. A peristaltic {q.v.) move-
ment ; one continued throughout the moving
body, from one part to that immediately next
it ; like that of a worm [L. vermis ; dim. ver-
mlculus].
Vermiculate. [L. vermiculatus.] To inlay;
to arrange work so that it shall look as if eaten
into and tracked by worms. Such work, in
Arch., is called vermiculated, or vermicular,
from L. vermis, a worm.
Vermiculation. [L. vermiculus, dim. of
vermis, a worm.] In masonry, a pattern giving
the appearance of a worm-eaten substance.
Vermifuge. [L. vermis, a worm, fugo, /
banish.] I.q. anthelmintic (q.v.).
Vermilion. [Fr. vermilion, vermeil, from L.
vermiculus, a little worm.] Mercuric sulphide, a
VERN
50s
VESP
bright red pigment (from its resemblance to the
dye obtained from the kermes insect).
Vernal equinox. (Equinox.)
Vernation. [L. vernus, belonging to spring.\
(Bo/.) The arrangement of young leaves in their
leaf-bud. yHstivation [aestlvus, belonging to sum-
mer], the arrangement of the parts of a flower
before they expand. (Prefloration ; Prefoliation.)
Vernier. (Pierre V., inventor, Brussels, 163 1.)
A graduated slip attached to an index and sliding
with it -along a scale, for reading a fractional
part of the smallest division of the scale with
much greater accuracy than could be obtained
by actual mechanical subdivision.
Veronica. [A word said to be coined from
L. vera, true, and Gr. t'lK^v, a likeness, but it
may be a corr. of Gr. Berenike, Berenice.
(Vamiflh.)] 1. A saint of this name, it is said,
put a handkerchief to the face of the Saviour
as He was led away to crucifixion, and thus
obtained a true likeness. The relic is still
exhibited at Rome. 2. In Hot., the name de-
notes the Speedwell, a gen. of plants with
numerous spec, ord. Scrophularinea?, including
common S. (V. officinalis), abundant in Britain,
with pale blue corolla ; brooklime, etc.
Verriere. In Keramics, a bowl with scal-
loped edges, to lay glasses in.
VermeoM. [L. verrucosus, verruca, a wari.]
{Anat. and Bot.) Having warts.
Versaillei, Falaee of. Built by Louis XIV.,
King of France, 1661-72 ; attacked by the mob,
1789. The King of Prus-^ia proclaimed Ger-
manic Emperor in the great hall, 1871.
Vers de societe. Mediocre verses (Littre),
written for drawing-room entertainment.
Venielet. [L. verslculi, little verses.] (Eeel.)
Short sentences recited by the minister, to which
the people reply by similar sentences called
Responses.
Verso. [L. versus, turned over.] The left-
hand p.ige in printing.
Verirt, Werst. A Russian measure of itinerary
length, = Ii66jyards; about two-thirds of an
English mile, a little more than a French kilo-
metre. Russian verst^, from verstati, to mea-
sure.
Vert. [Fr.] {Her.) The green colour in
coats of arms, represented in engraving by lines
sloping downward from the dexter to the .sinister
side.
Vertebr&te, Vertebrates. [L. verlebrie, pro-
vided 'oiith joints, specially in backbone, verto
turn.] {Zool.) That sub-kingd. of animals
which consists of —
I. Ichlhyopsida, characterized by, among other
things, the possession of temporary or
permanent gills, and containing
(i) Fishes,
(2) Amphibians.
II. Sauropslda, characterized by, among other
things, the total absence of gills, and by
the head being jointed on a single con-
dyle, and containing
(1) Birds,
(2) Reptiles.
III. Mammalia, characterized by, among other
things, the possession of milk glands,
and by the head being jointed on two
condyles.
The general name is due to the possession of a
vertebral or spinal column, rudimentary or
developed.
Vertex. [L.] 1. The angular point of a
triangle, pyramid, etc., opposite to the base.
2. The point of a symmetrical curve or surface
on which it is cut by the axis ; as the V. of a
parabola.
Vertical circle ; V. elevation ; V. limb ; V.
line; V. plane ; Prime V. The Vertical litu zX.
any place is the line drawn in the direction of
the plumb-line at that place. Any plane contain-
ing the vertical line is a V. plane. The angle of
V. elevation of a point is the angle on a vertical
plane between a line drawn from the point to
the eye of the observer and the horizontal line.
The V. limb of a surveying or astronomical in-
strument is a graduated arc, capable of adjust-
ment into a vertical plane, on which angles of
vertical elevations can be measured. A V. cirele
is a circle of the great sphere whose plane is
vertical. The Prime V. is the vertical circle at
right angles to the meridian, and therefore pass-
ing through the east and west points of the
horizon.
Vertical plane. In Perspective, the plane
passing through the point of sight, parallel to
the plane of the picture.
Vertioel [L. verticillus, the whorl of a spindle],
or Whorl. (Bot.) The development of three or
more leaves or other organs upon the same plane ;
e.g. woodruff, bedstraw. Adj., Verticillate.
Vertigo. [L.] Dizziness, swimming in the
head, supposed to arise from irregular supply of
blood, excessive or defective, to the brain.
Vertnmnos. A Latin deity worshipped as
concerned with everything delating to change,
whether in the seasons or in comnderce, etc. He
is called the husband of Pomona, the goddess of
fniits and harvest. The name is a participial
form of the verb verto, I turn.
Verve. [Fr., L. verva, a sculptured rani's
head (? Littr^).] Animation, spirit, chiefly such
as inspires artists.
VesioaL (Med.) Pertaining to the bladder
[L, vesica].
Vesica piscis. [L.] An oval emblem, gene-
rally pointed at either end, often used for the
seals of religious houses, or to inclose figures of
Jesus Christ (Ichthys) or of the saints.
Vesicle. [L. vesicula.] (Anat. and Jioi.) A
small l)ladder-like- cavity.
Vesicular. (Geol.) Cellular, full of little
cavities, like some kinds of lava.
Vesper. [L.] The evening star, called by
the Greeks Hesperos. Hence Hesperian as a
name for Italy, which to the Greeks was the
western land. (Hesperides.)
Vespers. (Canonical hours.)
Vespers, Sicilian. (Sicilian Vespers.)
VespertillonldaB. [L. vespertilio, bat, vesper,
evening.] [Zool.) Large and universally dis-
tributed fam. of insectivorous bats, frequently
large-eared.
VESP
506
VIET
Vespiary. [L. vespa, a wasp.] (Entom.)
Wasps' nest.
Vespidae. [L. vespa, a 7vasp.y {Entom.)
Wasps ; fam. of hymenopterous insects, some
social, others solitary.
Vestal [L. Vestalis.] Relating to Vesta, the
Latin goddess of the hrarih, where the sacred
fire was never allowed to die out, and the
guardian of household purity and truth. This
fire on the public hearth was guarded b}^ the
Vestal virgins, who are said to have been insti-
tuted by Numa Pompilius. This goddess was
called bv the Greeks Hestia.
Vestigia nulla rStrorsum. [L.] AV tracks of
any going back ; that is, all tracks pointing to the
lion's den, a sign of fatal danger.
Vestment. (Chasuble.)
Vestry. [L. vestiarium, from vestis, a gar-
ment.] 1. The robing-room attached to a church,
for the clergy. As this room is used for meet-
ings of the parishioners, the word is applied, 2,
to the parishioners so assembled ; an order by
the V. meaning an order by the ratepayers.
Veterinary. [L. vfiterlnarius.] A cattle-doc-
tor, one who attends any kind of carrying or
drawing animal, vetdrina [as if vehdterina, L.
veho, 1 carry].
Vetltum nefas. [L., the forbidden impiety.]
The sin which has been a special subject of
law ; i.e. idol-worship among the Jews.
Vetiver. (Vittie vayr.)
Veto. [L. , I forbid. ] The word by which the
Roman tribunes of the people exercised their
power of intercession, by which they could arrest
the action of public magistrates or the passing
of ordinances by the senate.
Vettura. [It., from L. vectura, a conveying,
a riding.] A carriage.
Vetturino. [It.] The driver of a Vettura.
Vetiis Itala. (Italic Version.)
Vexata qusestio. [L., a vexed question.] A
disputed point.
Vexillum. (Papilionaceous plants.)
Via Crucis. ( Stations. )
Via media. [L.] A middle way.
Viaticum, [h., food for a Journey.] In the
Latin Church, the Eucharist as administered to
the dying.
Viblces. [L. vibex, -Icis, a weal.] {Med.)
Large purple spots or streaks in the skin, like
the marks of a whip.
Vibration [L. vibrationem] ; Amplitude of V. ;
Longitudinal V. ; Phase of V. ; Transversal V.
1. The backward and forward movement of a
body ; as of a pendulum. 2. The backward and
forward movement of a particle of a medium or
body transmitting or producing a wave-motion.
3. The movement of the body itself; as of a
musical string when producing, or of the
atmosphere when transmitting, a sound. The
Amplitude of V. is the extreme distance described
by a vibrating particle. (For Phase of V., vide
Phase.) When the particles move in the line of
the propagation of the wave — as in the case
of air transmitting sound — the vibrations are
longitudinal ; when the motion takes place in a
plane at right angles to the direction of propaga-
tion — as in the case of the ether transmitting
light — the vibrations are transversal.
Vicar. (Eector.)
Vicar-Apostolio. In the Latin Church, a
person in episcopal orders, authorized by the pope
to exercise his office in countries where there
is no organized establishment of the Roman
obedience.
Vicar-Oeneral. An ecclesiastical officer, assist-
ing the bishop in ecclesiastical causes, in visita-
tions ; " much the same as the chancellor "
(Hook's Church Dictionary^.
Vicar of Bray. A phrase sometimes used to
denote those who are supposed to retain pre-
ferments by complying with all changes required
of them, after the fashion of the Vicar of Bray,
who stuck to his place during the reigns of the
later Stuarts and of William III., or, as others
say, during those of Henry VIII., Edward VI.,
Mary, and Elizabeth.
Vicars-ChoraL Originally deputies, now
assistants, of canons in collegiate churches, in
such duties as require knowledge of music.
Vicars of the Empire. (IJist.) The repre-
sentatives of the emperor. The King of the
Romans was perpetual vicar, when there was
one. When there was not, the office was shared
by the Elector of Saxony in the two Saxon
circles, and in the rest of the empire by the
electors palatine, and of Bavaria.
Vice-admiral. (Bank.)
Vice versft. [L.. , in turn.] Turn about; the
turn being chattged.
Vicinage. [O. Fr. veisinage, from L. viclnus,
neighbouring. ] Neighbourhood.
Vicious circle. In Log., an argument which
comes round to the point from which it started,
thus proving nothing and explaining nothing.
Thus, as all conceivable arguments must start
from the proposition, expressed or understood,
" 1 am a conscious thinker," attempts to explain
the action of the mind as a secretion from matter
are arguments in a V. C.
Victoria (from Queen Victoria). A low four-
wheeled open carriage. •
Victoria cross. A British military and naval
decoration, instituted 1856, expressly as a re-
ward for personal bravery in face of the enemy.
Victriz causa Diis placuit, sed victa Catohi.
[L.] The god i love the winning, but Cato loves
the losing, side (Lucan).
Vidame. [Fr., from L.L. vice-dommus.] In
Fr. Feud, usage, an officer representing the
bishop. (Viscount.)
Videlicet [L. , for videre licet, you may see.]
Namely ; abbrev. into viz.
Video meliora probdque, Deteriora sequor.
[L. , / see and approve the better, hut follow the
-worse.] The frequent contrast between pro-
fession and practice.
Vidette. (Vedette.)
Vidimus. [L., zoe have seen.] Of business
transacted, is " we have examined and ap-
proved."
Vidonia. A tart white wine from Teneriffe.
Vi et armis. [L., by force and arms.] By
main force.
VIEW
507
VIRT
Viewer. The superintendent of a coal-mine.
Vifgage. In Law, the opposite of mortgage.
(Gage.)
Vigesimo-qtiarto. The L. words used to
denote, in printing, a sheet folded in twenty-four
pages ; usually expressed by the term 24mo.
VlgQantdbna, noa dormieatibas, seqnita* Bxib-
Tinit [L.] A maxim in Law : equity comes to
the help of those who are awake, not those who
sleep ; men must be alive to the assertion of their
claims, etc., or they will lose them. (Laohes.)
VigUs. (Dedication, Feast of ; Evens.)
Vignette. [Fr., a little vi>u.\ 1. {.Arch.) A
running ornament of leaves and tendrils, in
hollow mouldings or casements of Decorated and
Perpendicular Gothic. 2. In ancient MSS., a
capital letter ornamented with tendrils ; and so
any similar ornament on a page or elsewhere ;
as a head, flower, etc. 8. From the absence of
a definite border has come the recent use of V.
in engravings, photography, etc 4. Any kind
of printer's ornaments, such as flowers, vine
tendrils, head and tail pieces, etc.
Vikiiigs. [Icel. vik, a creek. \ The Norse
name for the Sea-kings, whose assaults on this
country began in the ninth century.
Vile body. Phi!, iii. 21 ; of little worth, com-
Saratively [L. vilis, Gr. aSifM, ry\\ rairtiyuafws,
t. dody of our humiliation^
VUipend. [L. vllipendere, from vilis, cheapo
poor, pendo, I weigh,\ To regard as worthless,
to slight, despise.
ViUein. [L. L. villanus.] 1. A peasant attached
to the villa or house of the feudal lord ; some
belonging to the soil, like the I.aconian Helots,
others to the person of their master, and there-
fore liable to be sold at any time as slaves.
(ThralL) 2. Hence, from the poverty and worth-
lessness of their condition, the word come to
denote immoral and wicked men.
Villi {l^, tufts of hair.] (Anat.) Minute
vascular processes, of velvety appearance, on the
surface of certain membranes, especially of the
small intestine, where they promote the absorption
of chyle.
ViUotte. [Fr.] An old name for the first
harmonized secular pieces of music, which were
Tnl and unrefined, as compared with the strict-
ness of church music.
Villous. 1. Covered with villi [L.]. 2. (Bot.)
Covered with long, soft hair.
Vinaigrette. [Fr.] A small bottle or box,
used for holding aromatic vinegar.
Vinatico. A coarse mahogany from Madeira.
Vinaya. (Tripitaka.)
Vincentian rule. A test of theological truth
laid down by Vincent of Lerins, in the fifth
century, in the maxim, "Quod iibique, quod
semper, quod ab omnibus traditum," meaning
that no dogma is of authority unless it has been
handed down in the Christian Church, always,
everywhere, and by all.
Vincible ignorance. [L. vincTbllis, that may
be mastered.] In Moral Phil., is said to be
affected or wilful, when perversely rejecting the
means of knowledge ; supine or crass, when in-
dolently neglecting them. (Invincible ignorance.)
Vinegar plant. During acetous fermentation
of liquids, certain layers are formed, of delicate
interlaced threads, sometimes followed by a
crop of Penicillium glaucum, a fungous mass,
which in some way much aids the conversion of
sugar and water into vinegar. This method of
producing vinegar is much used.
Viol d'amour. [Fr.] (Music.) 1. Rather larger
than the violin, and now obsolete, employed
both catgut and metal strings ; the latter placed
under the finger-board, and sounding only by
sympathy. 2. An organ stop so called, of
similar quality to the gamba {q.v.). Viole, like .
vielle, a hurdy-gurdy, is the Med. L. vitiila,
vitella, a viol.
Viol di gamba. (Oamba.)
Violet- wood. (Kingwood.)
Violoncello. [It., dim. of violone, double bass-
I'iol.] (Music.) The lowest bass stringed in-
strument, generally, in the orchestra ; having
four gut strings, all tuned a fifth apart.
Violone. [It.] Double bass.
Viper. [Old Testament, eph'eh (Tob. xx. 16,
etc.). New Testament, Cchidna.] (Bibl.) Acts
xxviii. 3 ; a Maltese snake (Coronella laevis)
which can hang on by its teeth. Fam. Colu-
brida:.
VIr&go. Originally, as always in Latin, an
heroic woman ; now a rough, violent woman.
Virelay. (Vaudeville.)
Vires aoqulrit eundo. [L.] It gains strength
in movement ; said of Rumour.
VirgidSmiarum Liber. [A coined L. word, =
a collection of rods ; virga, a rod, vindemia,
vintage.] Six books of satires ; attacking,
especially, literary vices and affectations ; illus-
trating contemporary manners ; by the learned
and patient Bishop Joseph Hall (1574-1656) ;
rated highly by Pope, not so highly by Ilallam.
Virgil, The Scottish. George Buchanan, an
elegant writer of Latin poetry and prose (died
»582).
Virginal. [(?) L. virginalis, maidenly.] A
spinet (q.v.), which latter title superseded the
former.
Virole. [Fr.] (//<rr.) The ring of a bugle.
Virtual ; V. focus ; V. moment ; V. velocities ;
V. velocity ; V. work. (Math.) If the point of
application of a force receives a small displace-
ment, the part of it which is in the line of action
of the force is the V. velocity of the point ; the
product of the force into the virtual velocity of
its point of application is the V. moment or
V. work of the force. The principle of V. velo-
cities is the fundamental condition of the equi-
librium of bodies ; viz, that when a body or
system is in equilibrium under the action of any
forces, and it receives any small displacement
consistent with the connexion of the parts, the
algebraical sum of the virtual moments of the
forces is zero. (For V, focus, vide Focus.)
Virtuoso. [It.] One devoted to virtu; i.e.
one skilled in the fine arts, or having taste in
curiosities, etc. Often used ironically.
Virtus est mSdlum vitidrusi. [L.] Virtue is
a mean between two extremes or vices (Horace).
Virtatem incollimem Sdlmns, Subl&tam ez
VIRU
508
VOLA
Soulis qnaerimns iny!dL [L.] True worth, xvhen
safe with us, we dislike; 7uhen taken away from
our sight we seek for it grudging its loss (Horace).
Ylros. [L., poison^ {Med.) The inappre-
ciable principle in the secretion of infectious
disease, which communicates that disease; Venom
being a natural secretion.
Viscount. Properly vicS-com^s, the delegate
of a count. In England, the title of the sheriff
of a county. It is the latest title of honour in
the English peerage, being first conferred by
Henry VI., in 1440. (Vidame.)
Visooos. A mass is V. when it is capable of
a slow continuous change of form without dis-
ruption of its parts ; the word commonly implies
that the substance is sticky [L. viscosus].
YiBCUS (more commonly plu., viscera). [L.]
(Med. ) Used of any internal organ of the body.
Vis inertiae. (Inertia.)
Vision [L. visionem, a seeing] ; Direct V. ;
Reflected V. ; Befracted V. When a body is seen
by rays coming from it directly, it is seen by
Direct V. ; when by rays that have undergone
reflexion or refraction, it is seen by Reflected or
Kifrcuted V.
Vision, Beatifle. ( Theol.) The sight or appre-
hension of God which the faithful enjoy in heaven.
Visitation and search. (Naut.) An examina-
tion to which all merchant-vessels are subject on
the part of a duly commissioned war-vessel of a
belligerent state.
Vis major. [L.] In Law, some outward
force which man could not have foreseen or pro-
vided against. (Force majeure.)
Vis medlcatriz naturse. [L.] The healing
power of nature.
Visual angle ; V. ray. [L. vlsualis, relating
to the sight.] A line drawn direct to the eye
from a point seen by it is a Visual ray ; the angle
between the visual rays of the extreme points of
a body is the V. angle, or the angle which the
body subtends at the eye.
Vis vitae. [L.] Vital po-tvcr.
Vis viva [L., living force] ; Principle of Vis
vitae. The Vis viva, or kinetic energy, of a system
is half the sum of the products formed by multi-
plying the mass of each particle by the square of
its velocity. The Principle of V. F". is the fact
that in the motion of any material system the
change of V. V. in a given time equals the
work done in the same time by the forces acting
on the system.
Vita(que) manciple nulli datur, omnibus ustl
[L.] Life is given to all in tenancy, to none as a
freehold (Lucretius).
Vitellary. [L. vitellus, ^W;C'.] The white of
an egg, as containing the yolk.
Vitreous electricity. [L. vitr^us, glassy!\
Positive electricity (because it is excited by
rubbing ^ajj with silk, etc.).
Vitrify. [L. vitrum, glass, facere, to make.]
To convert into glass.
Vitriol [L. vitrum, ^/fl'w.] 1. Sulphuric acid,
also called oil of vitriol. Hence applied, 2, to sul-
phates, as blue vitriol, green vitriol, white vitriol,
the respective sulphates of copper, iron, zinc.
Vitruvian. Of or relating to Vitruvius, a
Roman architect, a contemporary of Julius
Caesar and Augustus.
Vittate. [L. vittatus, bound with a fillet.]
{Bot.) Striped lengthwise.
Vittie vayr. (Bot. ) The Tamil name for the
fibrous roots of the khur-khur (Andropogon mu-
ricatus), which contain a pleasantly odorous oil.
Vitiiligo. [L. vitulus, a calf] (Med.) A
disease of the skin, giving it a white veal-like
appearance, from loss of pigment.
VIvandiere. [Fr., from It. vivandiere, L.L.
vivenda, victuals, whence viande.] Female
sutler, who carries liquor for French troops.
Viva voce. [L.] By word of mouth,
Vivendi mSdus. [L.] The measure of living,
with reference to its end, which is old age or
death (Cicero, De Sen.). The phrase modus
Vivendi is now often used to denote the tacit
compromise by which differences of opinion are,
to whatever extent, disregarded in order to
promote peace and co-operation among men of
different schools of thought.
Vivere convenienter n&t&ne. [L.] To live in
agreement with nature; i.e. with universal
nature ; the ethical formula of the Stoics.
Viverrldae. \y,. y\\tTx?L, ferret .] (Zool.) Fam.
of carnlvora, mostly small ; as civets, ichneumons ;
but not ferrets, which are Mustelidae. Africa,
S. Asia, and adjacent islands.
Vives, Fives. [Corr. of Fr. avives, meaning
the same.] In horses, an affection somewhat like
strangles (q.v.), but chronic, and affecting older
horses.
Vive valeqne. [L. ] ].ri>e and be strong.
Vivier. [L. vivarium, a place for keeping
game alive.] (Naut.) A French fishing-boat,
fitted with a well amidships for keeping fish
alive.
Vivisection. [L. vTvus, livittg, s^ctionem, a
cutting.] The dissection of a living animal, in
physiological experiment.
Visier, Vizir. [Ar., a poiier.] A humble title
for the chief officers in Mohammedan states. In
the Turkish emjjire, the councillors of the Divan
are all vizirs, the chief among them being called
vizir azem, or grand vizir.
Vocal flames, Singing flames. Flames in-
closed within a tube, made to vibrate regularly,
and so to produce a musical note.
Voce di testa. [It.] 1, Head voice, the higher
range ; the lower being V. di petto, chest voice.
2. Falsetto.
Vogue la Galere. (Galere.)
Voided. [Fr. vide, emptied.'] (Her.) Having
the inner part cut away, so as to leave merely
a narrow border.
Voider. (Flanche.)
Voir dire. [O.Fr., L. vere dXchxe, to sav truly .]
(Leg.) Denotes an oath by which a witness is
required to make true answers in reference to
matters inquired of, to ascertain his interest in
the cause as affecting his competency.
Volant [Fr.] (Her.) Flying.
Volante. [Sp.,a^^r.] A heavy two- wheeled
carriage used in Cuba.
Volatile. [L. volatilis, fleeting.] Wasting
away on exposure to the atmosphere.
VOLC
509
VULN
Voleanio rooks, or Ejectamenta [L. , things cast
otit\ {Geo/.), = lava, basaltic lava, trachyte, ob-
sidian, pumice, tufa, scoriae, and several others ;
mostly composed of felspar and augite.
Vole. (Arvicola.)
V81enti non fit injtlria. [L.] In Law: no
wrong is done to any one if that person consents
to the thing done ; so one party to a contract may
break it, if he have the consent of the other.
Yoliqne. (Naut.) A small boat used in Asia
Minor.
YoUcBlied. [Ger. , folk's song."] Popular song.
VolBTinga Saga. (Sagas.)
Volt. (From Volta, the Italian electrician,
1745-1826. ) The unit of electro-motive force.
It is equal to ^J^ of one horse-power, i.e. to
rather more than forty-four pounds of energy.
Volt* [It., turn, time.] (Afusic.) Una V.,
once; V.S., volta sublto, turn over the leaf
quickly.
Voltaic aro. A luminous arch formed by the
passage of a voltaic current between two carbon
points.
Voltaie electricity (discovered by Volta).
Electricity developed by means of chemical
action.
Voltaie pile. A battery consisting of alternate
discs of two metals, as silver and zinc, with cloth
moistened by acid between each pair.
Voltune. [L. volumen, the thing rolled.] The
cubic contents of a Iwdy ; as the V. of a sphere.
Volumetric analysis. [Eng. volume, and Gr.
fiirpov, measure.] Analysis performed by
measured volumes of standard solutions of
reagents. This determines the quantity as well
as the nature of the substances present.
Volnspa Saga. A short Saga, which gives
both a cosmogony and a Theogony. The word
means the spa, or prophecy, of Vola, the in-
spired or mcui prophetess (compare Eng. Jool
znA folly).
VSlftte. [L. volvo, / roll.] {Arch.) The
spiral scroll on each side of the capital of the
Ionic order.
Volvox. [L. volvo, / rotate.] {Physiol.) A
microscopic rotating organism, variously referred
to Protozoa {q.v.) or to ProtSphyta [Gr. ■wpairos,
first, ^vrdy, a plant], i.e. the lowest vegetables,
ot(Haeckel) to an intermediate kingd., Kegnum
protistTcum [L., a kingdom, Gr. irpiiriaTos,
first of all], containing doubtful organisms.
V6mer. [L., ploughshare.] {Anat.) One of
the bones of the cranium ; a thin quadrilateral
plate forming a considerable part of the middle
partition of the nose.
V5inlea. [L., a sore, an encysted tumour.]
{Med.) A cavity in the lungs, containing puru-
lent matter.
Vomitoria. [L.] (Arch.) The openings or
doors in ancient theatres or amphitheatres, for
the ingress and egress of the public.
Vorant [L. vorantem.] {Her.) Devouring
or swallowing.
Vortex. [L., anything whirled round, a
whirlpool.] A stream which either returns into
itself or moves in a spiral course towards or from
an axis.
Vortices, Theory of. (Astron.) The hypo-
thesis of Descartes, that the planets are carried
round the sun by a vortex of a fine and subtile
kind of matter, whose motion keeps up theirs.
Though weighted with many difficulties, the
theory was once very famous, and almost uni-
versally received.
V6to, Ex. [L.] An ex-voto gift is one vowed,
devoted, either before or after recovery from
illness, escape from accident, etc. (see Horace,
Od. i. v.). The practice is common in the
Roman communion.
VoQSSoirs. [Fr.] The wedge-shaped stones by
which an arch is formed. (Extrados ; Intrados. )
Vowel. [L. vocalis, vocal.] In Gram., a
letter which may be pronounced alone ; a diph-
thong consisting of two vowels whose sounds
are regarded as running into one another.
Vox et praetSria vSbXL [L.] A voice and
nothing more.
Vox nihili. {Gram.) An expression = no
such word, but only a mere conjecture, or a
false reading, or an error of some sort. For an ex-
ample, vide Abaeot. So Collimation {q.v.) is not
really a word, but should have been Collineation.
Examples abound in the Supplices of ^schylus.
Vox pSptUi, vox Dei. [L.] The voice of the
people is the voice of God.
Vritra. (Indra.)
Voleaa, Vnle&niis. {Myth.) The Latin god of
fire. The name is akin to the Skt. ulkd, a fire-
brand, and the L. fulgere, to glisten, and fulgur,
lightning.
Vnleaoists. In Geol., upholders of the
Huttonian theory {q.v.) ; o])ponents of the
Neptunian or Wemerian {q.v.) theory.
Volcanized indiambber. Indiarubber com-
bined with sulphur, and thus rendered tougher
and less affected by heat or cold.
Vulgar tongue. The vernacular ; belonging
to the people [L. vulgaris].
Vulgate. [L. vulgata, sc. editio, an edition
for common use.] The name given to the Latin
translation of the Scriptures, most of which is
the work of St. Jerome.
Vulnerary. [L. vuln^rarius, belonging to
rvounds.] 1. Useful in healing wounds. 2.
Subst., any plant or unguent, etc., so used.
Vulning. [L. vulnus, wound.] Wounding
itself. Vulned signities wounded by some other
animaU
w
510
WARD
w.
W. Derives its English name from the fact of
the letter V being identical with U in the Latin.
Waoke. [Ger. term.] (Geol.) An earthy
variety of trap-rock, argillaceous, greenish-grey ;
but the term is not strictly defined.
Wad, Wadd. (Chem.) 1. Plumbago. 2. An
earthy oxide of manganese.
Wadding. Sheets of corded cotton, for pad-
ding garments, etc.
Wadset. [L. vadem, a surety.'^ In Scot. Law,
a method of mortgaging landed property, now
obsolete.
Waft. {Naut. ) Any flag tied together at the
head and centre, slightly rolled up lengthways,
and hoisted in various positions aft. Hoisted
on the flagstaff, or half-way up the peak, it
means "a man overboard;" at the peak, "I
wish to speak you ; " at the masthead, it recalls
boats, or as may have been directed.
Wager of battle. The usage of deciding a
civil suit by judicial combat ; abolished in 1818.
Waggon-roofed. {Arch.) Having a roof
shaped like a waggon.
Wahabees. In Islam, the followers of Abd-
el-Wahab, who, in the eighteenth century, raised
a strong protest against the corruptions of Mo-
hammedanism. Like Mohammed himself, they
spread their opinions by force as well as by per-
suasion. Like the Western Puritans, they
opposed themselves to all splendour and luxury,
and forbade tobacco-smoking, as Mohammed had
forbidden wine. The sect is still powerful, and
may become more formidable.
Wainamoinen, Epic of. (Kalewala.)
Wainscot. [D. wagen-schot, wag, a wall,
scot or schot, like Ger. scheit, split-timber, as if
= wall-boards. \ 1. In the building trade, a
foreign kind of oak, which works very freely
under the tool, formerly used in panelling. 2.
Any imitation of it.
Waist. (Aa«/.) Generally speaking, the
space between quarter-deck and forecastle.
Waits, also Waightes. \Cf. Ger. wacht, a
watching, walking. ] 1. A name given to different
classes of musical watchmen, employed in towns
and in kings' households at different times of
English history. 2. A kind of shawm used once
by serenaders. 3. Music played in the streets
on the nights of Christmas holidays.
Waiwode. In the Turkish empire, the go-
vernor of a small province or town.
Wakes. (Dedication, Feast of.)
Waldenses. {Eccl. Hist.) The followers of
Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons, who in the
twelfth century felt himself called upon to preach
the pure doctrines of the Bible. They are to
be distinguished from the Vaudois on the one
hand, and from the Albigenses on the other.
(Petrobmsians.)
Waldgraf, Waldgrave. [Ger.] Under the
empire, the head forest-keeper, the wildgrave.
Wale-, or Wall-, knot. {Naut. ) A large knot
made by interlacing the untwisted strands at the
end of a rope.
Wales. {JVaut.) Extra broad and bulging
strakes (q.v.). I.q. Bends.
WalhaUa. (Valhalla.)
Wali. [Ar. ouali.] Prefect, governor.
Walling-wax. A composition used for mak-
ing a wall round a plate, for holding the acid
used in etching.
Walloons. [One of many German names
denoting foreigners ; cf. Wales, Wallachia, Wal-
lenstadt, Wallingford, etc.] {.Geog.) The people
of the part of Flanders lying between the Scheldt
and the Lys.
Wall-piece. {Mil.) Lar^e kind of firearm,
from its clumsiness used only from behind the
walls of a fortification.
Walpnrgis Night. The night of the feast of
Walburga, niece of Boniface, or Winfrid, the
Apostle of the Germans. On this night the
witches were supposed to hold high festival on
the summit of the Brocken in the Harz Moun-
tains.
Wambeys. (Gambeson.)
Wampnm. [N.-Amer. Ind., from wompi,
white.'] Shells and shell-beads, used by the
N. -American Indians as money, and in making
ornamental belts and strings.
Wandering Jew. A legendary being who is
said to be sentenced to wander over the earth
till the second advent, for reviling Jesus on the
way to His crucifixion. The attribute of constant
wandering is common in all mythology.
Wane. Cloud, intermediate between cirrus
and stratus. (Cirrus.)
Wangan. (Nant.) A Maine provision-boat.
Wanghee. [Chin, wang, yellow, bee, a root.
A tough cane, said to be the root of the narrow]
leaved bamboo.
Wapenshaw. A show of weapons, or of the
military power of a house or family, made at cer-
tain seasons. — Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality.
Wapentake. [A.S. waepentac] A territorial
division, still retained in Yorkshire ; standing in
the place of the division into Hundreds.
War, Private. (Truce of God.)
Warburtonian Lecture. Founded by Bishop
W. (died A.D. 1779), for the defence of revela-
tion by the argument of prophecy fulfilled.
War-caperer. In Naut. parlance, a privateer.
Ward. [O.E. weard, guard.] 1. In Feud.
Law, the being or condition of the king's
tenants-in-chief during their nonage. 2. A
projecting ridge inside a lock, to prevent the use
of any key not having the corresponding notch.
Warden, Lord, of the Cinque Ports. This
ofBce was conferred by William the Conqueror
on the Constable of Dover Castle. It is now
practically a sinecure. (Cinque ports.)
Wardian case. (From the inventor. Ward.)
A closely glazed case for growing delicate plants
in large towns, etc.
WARD
5"
WATE
Wsurd-room officers. (N^aut.) Those messing
in the W.-R., viz. commander, lieutenants,
master, chaplain, surgeon, paymaster, marine
officers, and assistant-sui^eons.
Warehouseman. A wholesale dealer in Man-
chester or woollen goods.
Warlock. [A.S. waerloga, otu who breaks
faith, a wicked one, a liar (Latham).] A wizard,
sprite.
Warm eolonn. Colours having yellow or a
yellowish red for a basis.
Warp. [A.S. wearp.] 1. The threads which
are stretched lengthways in the loom, and crossetl
by the woof. Warping is the running yam off
the reels to be tarred. 2. i^NatU.) A rope or
light hawser used to ii<arp or move a vessel
from one berth to another, etc., by making the
warp fast to a fixed object, and hauling on it
from the vesseL 3. A cast Iamb ; one born pre-
maturely. 4. (Gepg.) Tidal accumulation of
marine silt, e.g. west of the I lumber, more than
300 square miles in extent. 6. ^Agr.) To flood
land by means of a tidal river, in order to fer-
tilize it by the deposition of mud.
Warrant. [Containing root of Ger. ge-
wahren.] (NaiU.) A writ of authority, inferior to
a commission. Brown paper W., one given by
a captain, and which he can cancel. W. officers,
masters, surgeons, pursers, boatswains, gunners,
carpenters, etc.
Warrant officer. (.)///.) One who ranks be-
tween a commissioned and a non-commissioned
officer. (Condactor; Master-gunner.)
Warrener. The kee]>er of a warren, a place
for guarding wild animals [from O.H.G. waron,
A.S. warian, to ware, to be careful of \.
Wash. The fermented liquor from which
spirit is distilled.
Washer. [Perhaps a corr. oi watcher ; of the
ring called z.guard.\ (Mech.) A flat ring of an
elastic substance interposed between the nut and
the body through which the bolt passes ; the nut
being screwed down, the elasticity of the washer
neutralizes its tendency to turn on the bolt when
the body is subjected to vibratory movements.
Wash-leather. Split sheepskins dressed with
oil in imitation of chamois leather (used for
cleaning p]a.le, etc.).
.WassaiL [A..S. wes-hal, be in health ; health
to thee.] An old drinking salutation. Hence the
wassail-bowl carried round on New Year's Eve.
Wastrel children. Street Arabs, neglected
children of great towns. W., originally = waste,
uninclosed ground ; now obsolete.
Watch. [Akin to tvake.] (A^aut.) 1. A
ship's company is divided for ordinary deck
duty into two parties, called Starboard \V. and
Port IV., which are sulxlivided into first and
second ; officers are divided into three watches.
Anchor IV., a quarter watch, kept on deck when
at single anchor. 2. The periods of time during
which a W. remains on deck, viz. four hours
each, divided by half-hourly bells, one for first
half-hour, two for the next, and so on up to
eight bells. I>og IV., from 4 to 8 p.m., is
divided into two watches of two hours each, so
as to have a different night- W. every twenty-four
hours. First IV., 8 p.m. to midnight. Middle
IV., from midnight to 4 a.m. Morning IV.,
from 4 a. m. to 8 a.m. 3. A buoy floating on
the surface is said to watch.
Waterbrash. {.Mai.) Tj^rosis, a thin watery
vomit ; tasteless or acrid.
Water-carrier. In some Southern countries,
water is carried about by porters in skins or
other vessels, such carriers being known in
India by the name bhisti.
Water-gall. 1. A secondary or outer rainbow.
2. Prismatically coloured patches, produced by
refraction of the sun's rays through floating
particles of ice.
Water-gas. An illuminating gas obtained by
passing steam over ignited carbon and so de-
composing it.
Water-gauge. An instrument for ascertaining
the level of the water in the boiler of a steam-
engine.
Water-gUding. Gilding metallic surfaces by
coating them with gold amalgam, and then
driving oft" the mercury by heat.
Water-glass. A soluble silicate, used for
covering surfaces with a durable glassy coat.
Watering. Wetting and calenderii^ as cloth,
so as to give a lustrous appearance in wavy lines.
Wateriandians. {Eccl. Hist.) A body of
Dutch .\nabaptists ; so called from Waterland,
a district in N. Holland. They used the con-
fession of faith drawn up for them in 1580 by
John de Kies.
Water-logged. (Aaw/.) Full of water, but
floating.
Water-mark. A mark wrought into paper to
show the quality, maker, etc.
Water-ouseL [O.Fr. oisel, = Fr. oiseau, 3»></,
L. L. aucellus, avicellus, L. avis, a bird.] ( Oniith. )
Dipper ; gen. of bird, Cinclus, runs at bottom
of streams. N. hemisphere and Andes. Fam.
Cinclidae, ord. Passtres.
Water-power. The energy or power of falling
water applied to turn machinery.
Water-sail. (A'a«/.) A small, fair-weather
sail, set below the lower studding-sail, or the
driver-boom.
Waterscape. [Eng. water, and A.S. scipe,
equivalent to the termination -ship.] In Art,
a sea-view.
Water-shed. [Ger. wasser-scheide, water-
parting, shed representing the Gr. •rx'C'**
$-ffx^i-oy, to cut.] In Geog., the dividing line
between the river-basins or drainage areas of a
country.
Water-slain. {Agr.) Land too soaked to
produce a proper crop.
Water-spout. A column of water consisting
of large drops like a dense rain, much agitated
and descending or ascending with a spiral
motion ; carried along at the same time hori-
zontally, and accompanied in general by a sound
like that of the dashing of waves.
Water-table. (Dripstone.)
Water-ways. {A'aut.) Deck-planks wrought
next to the timbers, and serving as gutters to
carry water off the deck to the scuppers.
Water-wheel. (Mech.) A wheel set in
WATL
512
WEEK
motion by moving water, and driving a train
of machinery ; it may be either an Undershot,
Overshot, or Breast wheel. The undershot-
wheel is driven by the impulse of the moving
water against the float-boards ; in the overshot-
wheel the water flows from above into buckets,
thereby overweighing the wheel on one side
and causing it to turn ; in the breast-wheel the
water flows into buckets on the lower part of
the wheel, and is kept from flowing out of them
by a curved trough or breast, within which the
buckets move, until they have passed the lowest
point.
Watling Street. An ancient road connecting
Dover with Cardigan. By sailors in the Middle
Ages it was used to denote the Milky Way. It
is the path of the Wsetiinga ; but who these
were is not known.
Wattling. [A.S. watel, hurdle.'] Inter-
weaving twigs.
Wave; Frequency of W. ; Front of W. ; Length
of W. ; Period of W. ; W. surface ; W. theory ;
Velocity of W. A vibratory motion transmitted
through a medium, each particle of which
vibrates, and in doing so causes the particle in
front of it to vibrate in like manner ; so that a
state of displacement travels on continually
without limit, while the motion of each particle
is a small or at least limited vibration. If we
suppose the motion to be transmitted along a
tube, there will be at any instant two points in
its length the particles between which will have
simultaneously the various velocities which each
of them has successively : the distance between
these points is the Length of the IV. ; the point
furthest from the origin is the Front of the W. ;
the distance passed over by the front in a unit
of time is the Velocity of the W. ; the time in
which one particle makes its vibration is the
Period of the W. ; the number of vibrations
made in the unit of time is the Freqtieney ; the
length, period, frequency, and velocity being
independent of the amplitude of the vibration.
If we suppose the wave transmitted in all direc-
tions through a medium, the front of the wave
will be a surface, in most cases a spherical
surface, with its centre in the origin of disturb-
ance. The theory that light is due to the
vibrations of the ether is the IV. theory or
Utidulatory theory of light ; when light passes
through a biaxal crystal, the form of the front
of the wave is that of a complicated surface
called the VV. sinface. (Vibration.)
Wave offering. Among the Jews, an offering
waved by the priest, as a sign that it might be
eaten by the worshippers, such oflerings as were
heaved being appropriated to the priests.
Waveson. ( riotsam. )
Wax-end. A thread pointed with a bristle
and covered with shoemaker's wax, used in sew-
ing leather.
Waxing kernels. [A.S. weaxan, to increase.]
Small tumours formed by enlarged lymphatic
glands.
Wayland Smith, popularly W. S.'s Cave. A
noted cromlech {^.v.) at Ashdown, Berks.
Waymarks. Jer. xxxi. 21 [Heb. tsiyun, trans-
lated title in 2 Kings xxiii. 17] ; small stont*
pillars. Way and "high heaps" = pillars and
signposts.
Waywarden. The surveyor of a road.
Weald, The. [A.S., =/£^r^J/.] Country be-
tween the N. and S. Downs, being the chief area
of the W. or Wealden group ; clays, shales, sand-
stones, lignite, shelly limestones, etc. ; formed in
old lakes or estuary of a great river running west
to east.
Wealden. (Weald, The.)
Wealth, a lengthened form of JVeal [A.S.
wela]. General well-being. So in the Litany
of the English Church. In 2 Chron. i. 11
riches and wealth = money, with happiness,
freedom from care.
Wealth of Nations, i.e. Labour. Adam Smith's
work, 1776, the first great statement of the
principles of political economy, which David
Hume had taught in his Political Discourses,
1752.
Wear, To. (Naut.) (Veer.)
Weasand. [A.S. wasend.] (Anat.) The
windpipe, or trachea (Skeat).
Weasel. (Stoat.)
Weather. {Naut.) The side nearest the
wind. Opposed to Lee {q.v. ). IV. tide, opposite
of Lee tide (q.v.). W. gage. (Oage.)
Weather-monlding. (Arch.) A label or
Dripstone over a door or window, to prevent the
dripping of water.
Web. The thin plate connecting the flanges
of a flanged beam.
Webbing. [Eng. M'eb, weave.] A strong
hempen fabric two or three inches wide.
Weber. The old name for an Ampdre, i.e.
the unit of electrical current, from Ampere, the
French electrician (1775-1836). It is the current
that one Volt can send through one Ohm, or
unit of electrical resistance, which is represented
by the resistance of a column of mercury of one
square millimetre in section, at a temperature
of 0° C, and of a length of 105 centimetres
nearly. The unit of electrical quantity is called
a Coulomb, from the French electrician so
named (1736-1806). It is the quantity of
electricity conveyed in one second by one unit of
electrical current, or ampire.
Wedge. [A.S. wecg.] 1. A triangular prism.
2. A triangular prism of iron or other material,
two of whose faces are inclined at a small angle,
capable, when driven by a succession of blows,
of separating two masses that are held together
by great forces ; its action depending mainly
on impact and friction, i.e. the impact drives the
wedge forward, the friction prevents its return.
Wedgfing. Cutting clay into wedges, and
working it by dashing them together to expel
air, etc.
Wedgwood ware. Josiah Wedgwood, of
Burslem (died 1795), made many improvements
in terra cotta and stoneware ; a special instance
is his Jasper ware (q.v.) with reliefs in white,
and also Queen's ware and Portland vase.
Wedmore, Peace of. (Danelagh.)
Wednesday. (Woden.)
Weeks, Feast of. (Pentecost.)
WEEP
513
WIIAL
Weeping-lioles. Those left in retaining walls
(q.v.) to drain the earth behind.
Weever. [Cf. Fr. vive.] [Ichth.) Sting-
fish, Stingbuil, Sea-adder, Sea-viper, Sea-cat;
lesser and greater W. (Trachlnus vipera, T.
ilraco) ; two spec, of salt-water bottom fish,
five inches and fifteen inches long respectively,
with sharp spines on the back and gill -cover,
inflicting dangerous wounds. British coasts.
Fam. TrSchinidae, ord. Acanthopter^gu, sub-
class Telfostei.
Weerils. [A.S. wifel ; cf. Ger. wiebel.]
{Entom.) Rhyncophora [Gr. {tuyxos, a snout,
ipopfw, I 'ivear\ (long-snouted) ; tetramerous
beetles. Larvae very destructive of most vege-
table substances.
Weft. (Waft ; Woof.)
Weigh, To. [Xaut.) To lift or move, to raise
up.
Weigh-board. Clay intersecting a vein in
minin;^.
Weigh-bridge. A machine on which loaded
carts are placed to determine the weight of the
contents.
Weight. [Akin to L. vectus, part, of vCho, /
rarry.\ 1. A mass by which, as a standard, the
quantity of matter in other bodies is ascertained.
2. Quantity of matter measured by the balance.
3. The force exerted by gravity on a given
quantity of matter. 4. The force or resistance
-vrhich it is the purpose of a machine to over-
come.
Weight, Combination ; Theoretical W. When
numerous fallible measures of a quantity have
• been made, the best value obtainable from the
measures is found by multiplying each measure
by a certain number and dividing the sum of the
products by the sum of the multipliers : these
multipliers are the Combination weights. If the
combination weights are made inversely propor-
tional to the squares of the probable errors, they
are the Theoretical weights.
Weird sisters. (Myth.) Beings concerned
rn the inevitable ordering of human things.
(Noms.)
Weld. [Ger. wau.] (Bot.) A plant yielding
a yellow dye (Reseda lute51a). (Eeseda.)
Welding. [Ger. wellen, to wave, to boil.'\
Joming two pieces of iron, etc., by hammering
them together wlien heated almost to fusion.
Welk. A tubercular protuberance, generally
on the face [(?) cf. weal, the mark of a stripe, and
A.S. hwele, putrefaction], or because resembling
a whelk.
Well. (A'aut.) 1. A compartment in the hold,
in which the pumps work. Brake of the W.,
handle of pump. To sound the W., to ascer-
tain the depth of water in it. 2. A water-light
compartment in a boat or smack, to keep fish
alive in.
Welsh harp. 1. One adopted in early times
from the Irish, but stnyig with gut and hair in-
stead of metal. 2. The modern W. II.
Welt. [Welsh gwald, a hem.] A narrow
strip of leather between the upper leather and
sole of a shoe.
Wenoh. 2Sam. xvii. 17; simply tnaidurvan/
[O.E. wenchel, an infant, a child, afterwards a
girl]. The word still, in some parts of England,
is quite free from any moral connotation.
Wend, To (the past tense is 7venf). (Naut.)
Of a course, to pursue it ; of a ship or boat, to
reverse its position.
Wendish language. An Aryan dialect spoken
in Lusatia.
Wentle-trap. [Ger. wendel-treppe, winding
staircase.] (Zool.) Scalaria [L., staircase] ; gen.
of mollusc, with spiral shell traversed by ribs,
which in the precious W. (S. prdtTosa) seem to be
the only bond of the successive whorls. Indian
and Chinese seas. Fam. Turrltellidie, class
Gasteropoda.
Werdand. (Noms.)
Werewolves. In Myth., men in the form of
wolves, which they assume at night or when at
a distance from human habitations. Their con-
dition is called Lycanthropy (ij.v.).
Wergild. [A.S., fine-payment.] The com-
pensation paid in money to the injured man
or to his kinsmen for injuries done to his
body, commonly called the were. That of the
eorl was usually six times that of the ceorl, or
churl.
Wemerian. (Hnttonian.)
Worst. (Verst.)
Wesleyans, Wesleyan Uethodists. The fol-
lowers of John Wesley, whose society had its
origin at Oxford, in 1729. The systematic ar-
rangement of their work gained for them the
name of Methodists, in allusion to the Metho-
dici, a class of physicians at Rome who prac-
tised only by theory. The society became
ultimately nonconformist.
Western empire. The name given to the
western portion of the Roman empire after it
was divided, by the will of Theodosius, A.D. 395,
between his sons Ilonorius and Arcadius.
Westminster Assembly. Held on July i,
1643 ; convoked by an ordinance of Lords and
Commons, to consider Church doctrine and
government. The W. A. drew up the W. Con-
fession, or Confession of Faith of the Kirk of
Scotland, and the National Covenant.
Westminster Confession. (Confession of
Faith.)
Westphalia, Peace of. (Thirty Years' War.)
West Point. A fortress built during the War
of Independence, site of the U.S. Military
Academy, on right bank of River Hudson, fifty-
two miles north of New York.
Wey. [A.S. w^ge (Skeat).] Of wool, 13
stones, or 182 pounds.
Whale. [Meb. tannin (Dragon).] (Bibl.)
Used loosely of monstrous, especially of aquatic,
anim.ils ; but in Lam. iv. 3, "sea-monsters"
(Authorized Version) are distinctly cetaceans, or
sirenians.
Whale-boat. (N^aut.) One sharp at both
ends and very strongly built ; it varies in length
from twenty-six to fifty-six feet, and in beam
from four to ten feet, and is used for harpooning
whales from.
Whalebone. A firm elastic substance from
the upper jaw of the whale.
WHAR
514
WHIT
Wharfage. The fee paid for landing goods
on a wharf, or for shipping them off it.
Wharp. A fine sand from the banks of the
Trent, used for poHshing.
Whatnot (from its holding odds and ends).
(Etagere.)
Wheel. [AS. hwe61.] {iVb«/.) One fitted
with a barrel or axle, round which the tiller ropes
(or chains) work, and the revolutions of which
thus regulate the position of the rudder.
Wheel, Potter's. A wooden disc revolving on
the top of a vertical shaft, for shaping clay.
Wheel-barometer. A weather-glass. (Baro-
meter.)
Wheel-lock. (Mil.) Ancient method of firing
by a wheel and chain acting on a spring, which,
on the wheel revolving, struck fire from the flint
and ignited the priming.
Wheel of life. (Fhenakistoscope.)
Wheft. (Waft.)
Wherry. [Icel. hverfr, crank, lightly built
(Skeat).] (Naiit.) 1. A light row-boat. 2. A
decked boat used on the coasts of the United
Kingdom for fishing. 3. A boat of burden on
the rivers of the east coast, rigged with a large
pole-mast, on which is set an enormous gaflsail.
It is as large as sixty tons burthen, is worked
by one or two men, draws very little water,
requires very little wind, and will sail almost
into the wind's eye.
Whiffletree. (Singletree.)
Whiggamore. (Whigs.)
Whigs. [Eiig. I/ist.) The name of a politi-
cal party, first employed in the time of Charles
II., and afterwards assumed by those who were
most active in placing William III. on the
throne. The origin of the name is doubtful.
Defoe refers it to a drink composed of water and
sour milk ; Bishop Burnet to a word used in
driving horses in Scotland, the drivers being
hence called \Vhis:gamores, (Abhorrers ; Tory.)
Whim, Whim-g^ Whimsey. (Meek.) A
large capstan or windlass worked by horse or
steam power, for raising ore, etc. , from mines.
Whimplft To draw down, as a veil.
(Wimple.)
Whimwham (a reduplication of whim). A
trifle, trinket, gimcrack.
Whin, Whinstone. With Scotch miners, i.i/.
Greenstone, and less strictly any hard, resisting
rock.
Whip. (A^ant.) A rope passing through a
single block, to hoist by.
Whips, Whippers-in. In the House of Com-
mons, those who hunt up members when special
votes are needed.
Whirl-bone. In the hinder quarters of the
horse, the hip-joint, or round.
Whirling-table. (Mtr/i.) An apparatus for
exhibiting the properties of central forces ; con-
sisting essentially of a flat wheel, by whose rota-
tion a very rapid rotation is communicated to
a second wheel, on which the phenomena in
question are exhibited.
Whirlpool. In the margin of Job xli. i ; re-
tains an earlier meaniiig of large whale, or sea-
monster.
Whirlwind. A storm in which the wind
moves rapidly in a circle whose centre moves
forward.
Whisk. A cooper's plane.
Whiskey, Timwhiskey. Light one-horse car-
riage.
Whisky War. An attack made by some
women a few years ago, in a village of Ohio,
upon the public-houses, the spirits being thrown
into the streets, to remove temptation from their
husbands ; out of which sprang the American
Women's Temperance Christian Union ; and
the Blue Ribbon movement of 1878.
Whispering gallery. A gallery surrounding
a dome and exhibiting at any one point the phe-
nomenon of concentration by reflexion of sound-
waves that have been emitted at the opposite
point ; so that low articulate sounds are heard
across the dome that would not, under ordinary
circumstances, be audible at the same distance
in the open air.
White ant. (Termites.)
Whitebait. {Ichth.) True character much
disputed, whether (Giinther, 1880) the fry of
many spec, (intermixed with sticklebacks, Gas-
terosteus) or (Wood, 1871) an independent spec,
of the herring tribe ; Cliipea alba, fam. Clu-
peidce, ord. Physostomi, sub-class T^leostel.
Whiteboy. 1. Originally a petted favourite.
2. A name, in later years, by way of euphemism,
assumed by or given to perpetrators of agrarian
outrages in Ireland. — Trench, Select Glossary.
(Tory.)
White Canons. (Premonstratensians.)
White Eagle, Order of the. A Polish order of
knighthood, instituted, 1325, by Vladislas V.
White elephant. An elephant of a whitish
colour, rarely found, and offered as presents to
sovereigns, etc. ; useless if offered to those who
cannot use or keep them. Hence a burdensome
or perplexing gift. The King of Assam is called
Lord of the White Elephant, his subjects not
being allowed to own white elephants.
White feather. A white feather in the tail of
a game-cock was taken as a sign that he was not
of a true game breed. Hence to show the white
feather is to betray cowardice.
Whitefieldian Methodists. Methodists who
followed George Whitefield, a friend and for a
time a fellow-labourer of John Wesley. (Wes-
leyans.)
White Friars. (Carmelites.)
Whitehall. A palace which became royal
property by a deed of resignation from Cardinal
Wolsey to Henry VIII., 1530, up to which time,
since 1248, it had been known as York Place,
the town residence of the Archbishops of York.
The old banqueting-hall was burnt 1619 ; the
structure of Inigo Jones was completed 1622.
Destroyed by fire 1698, the banqueting-hall,
through which CJiarles I. passed to his execution,
being preserved, and turned into a royal chapel
1715-
White horse, Sconring of the. The ceremony
of cleaning out the gigantic figure of a horse cut
out by the Danes on the turf of the Berkshire
downs. — Tom Brown's School-Day:.
WHIT
515
WIPE
White House. The official residence of the
President of the United States, at Washing-
ton.
White Penitents. (Penitents.)
Whitesmith. One who works in white or
tinned iron.
White sqoalL (Sqnall^ White.)
White stafil The wand of the Lord High
Treasurer.
Whiting. Ground and purified chalk.
Whitleather (/>. white leather). A pliable
leather dressed with alum, salt, etc.
Whitlow. [(?) From an older form, whickflaw,
a flaw or sore about the quick of the nail.]
(^Med.) A painful inflammation, tending tp sup-
puration, of the finger or toe, generally of the
last phalanx.
Whitsunday. The Seventh Sunday, or fif-
tieth day, inclusive, after Easter, so correspond-
ing with Pentecost. There is no doubt that
Whitsunday is White Sunday, so called from
the white robes of the persons baptized on that
day. The earliest known form of the word is
h-wila Sunnen-dag, which is found in the old
English Chronicle under the year 1067. See the
letters of Professor Skeat and Mr. Evan Daniel
in the Guardian for November 29, 1882.
Wholesome ship. (NauL) One that will try
{q.v.), hull, and ride well.
Whorl. (Vertioel.)
Wh7*not A violent step taken without rea-
son given.
\Vhen the Church
Was taken with a why-not in the lurch.
Butler, Hudibras.
Wigwam. [A corr. of the N.-Amer. Ind.
word for house or aiode.] An Indian cabin or
hut.
Willdna, Vilkina, Saga. (Sagas.)
Willis's Booms. (Almack's.)
Will-o'-the-wisp. (Ignis fatuus.)
Willow. [Corr. from ici/moTi:] {Afeck.) A
conical wheel covered with spikes, revolving
within a box studded with similar spikes, for
opening and cleansing cotton.
Willy. (Mech.) A machine like i.udllow, for
cleansing wool. (Willow.)
Wilton carpet (from the town). A carpet
woven with loops which are afterwards cut open
into an elastic velvet pile.
Wimple. [Fr. guimpe, from O.H.G. wim-
pal.] 1. In Isa. iii. 22 ; a veil, shawl. 2. A
covering of silk or linen, for the neck, chin, and
cheeks, formerly worn by women generally, and
still retained by those of religious communities
in the Latin Church.
Winch. [A.S. wince.] A handle for turning
an axle, grindstone, coffee-mill, etc.
Winchester bushel The Winchester measure
of capacity, of 2150*42 cubic inches, which
long held its ground against the Windsor, or
royal, bushel. It is still used in the United
States.
Winoing-machine. [A.S. wince, a tvinch.]
A kind of reel for lowering cloth into a dyer's
vat.
Wind. A word common to many Aryan lan-
guages, denoting air in motion. Each wind had
at first its special name. Thus Boreas was the
north, Auster and Notos the south, Eurus the
east, Zephyr the west wind. They had also
names according to the strength with which they
blew : the W^ia puffing breezes being called in
Skt. Pavana, in Gr. Pan, in L. FavonTus (per-
haps Faunus) ; the stronger winds were repre-
sented by Hermes and Orpheus. (.Solian; Euro-
clydon. )
Wind, To. ( Xaut. ) ( Wend, To. )
Windage. (Mil.) The excess of the dia-
meter of the bore of a gun over the diameter of
the shot.
Wind and water, Between. (Naui.) On the
water-line. In speaking of gates, posts, etc.,
on the ground-line.
Windgall. In a horse. (Spavin.)
Windlass. [Cf. D. windaas.] 1. An axle
turned by a winch or by levers, for raising a
weight that hangs from the end of a rope which
is gradually wound on to the axle. (Differential.)
2. (Naut.) A machine resembling a horizontal
capstan, in the fore part of a ship, by which she
can ride ; used for raising the cable.
Windlestraws. [A.S. windelstreow, straw
for plaiting, windan, to wind.] (Agr.) Bents.
Windrow. To arrange in lines or windrows,
as newly cut hay.
Wind-sail. (A'aut.) A canvas funnel to con-
vey fresh air below.
Windsor bushel. (Winchester bushel.)
Windsor Castle. A royal palace, begun by
William the Conoueror, who held his court there,
1070. St. George s Chapel was begun by Edward
IV., and completed by Henry VIII.
Windsor chair. A strong, plain, polished
wooden chair, with the seat hollowed out.
Windward. I.q. weather {q.v.).
Wing. 1. {Mil.) The two halves of which
any body of troops are composed. 2. The bul-
lion shoulder ornaments formerly worn by
grenadiers and light infantry. 3. (Naut.)
The part of the orlop-deck and hold next the
ship's side. (Sponson.)
Wings. (Ornith.) The wing of the bird
being constructed on the same fundamental plan
as the human arm, we employ the terms by
which the arm is descril>ed, in designating the
feathers of the wing. The Primaries, then, are
those long quill feathers which spring from the
fingers, the Secondaries spring from the wrist-end
of the/orearm, the 7'ertiaries from hs elknu-end ;
these together form the A'ewi'ges [L. for rowers].
The Scapulars cover the upper bone of the
arm and the shoulder-blade [L. scapCila] ; the
A Iii la, or bastard wing, is carried on a rudi-
mentary "thumb" (sometimes provided with a
claw) at the wrist. The Wing coverts (greater,
less, and under) are those which cover the bases
of the quill feathers.
Wing-shells. (Aviculidse.)
Winter-proud. (Agr.) Having too forward
or rank a growth for winter.
Winze. In Mining, a small ventilating shaft
sunk from one level to another.
Wiper. A Cam. (Tappet.)
WIRE
516
WORK
Wirepuller. The comparatively unseen, but
really efficient, agent in some practical matter.
Wireworms. (Entotn.) Larvas of the spring
beetles, £lateridae [Gr. iKariip, one that drives or
impels],
Wisby, Ordinances of. A code of maritime
law ; so named from Wisby, a town in the Isle
of Gothland ; compiled chiefly from the laws of
Oleron, before the end of the fourteenth century.
(Amalfian Code ; Oleron, Laws of.)
Wisdom teeth. [L. dentes sapientioe.] (Anat.)
The third or hindmost molars ; because, 1,
not appearing before nearly adult age, generally
from the eighteenth to the twentieth year ; or 2,
(?) ef. Gr. (ppaarripes and yytofiovts vSotn-fSy teeth
thai mark or tell the age.
Wise Ken of Greece, The Seven. (Bishis,
The Seven.)
Wish. In Teut. Myth., the embodiment of
actual enjoyment as distinguished from mere
longing. In the Edda, the word occurs in the
form Oski. Hence oska-stein, a -wishing-stone ;
oska-byrr [Gr. iKyifvoi ohpos\, a fair breeze, i.e.
such a wind as a man may wish for ; oska-barn,
a Xi'ish-child.
Wish-maidens. (Yalkyries.)
Witana-gemot. [A. .S. , the meeting of the wise
meti.\ The English national assembly before
the Norman Conquest.
Withdrawal of a juror. A means of stopping
a trial, when it is desired to do so, without
carrying it as to a decision ; the complete
number of jurors being essentially necessary.
Matters then remain just where they were before
the trial began.
Withers. [A.S. wiXer, Ger. wider-rist, withers,
acting against, Ger. wider, the weight of the
carriage, etc.] Of a horse, the junction of the
shoulder-bones at the bottom of the neck and
mane.
Withershins. In Scotland this word, the
Ger. li'icder-schein, or reflexion in the water,
is or was used to denote the wrong way of
going round a person who was to be restored to
health from sickness. The leech moved from
east to west, according to the course of the sun.
The opposite movement was unlucky.
Without prejudice. (^Leg.) When a difference
has arisen between two parties, and a proposal
is made by one to the other with a view to com-
promise, the stipulation that it is made without
frejudice means that, if the attempt should fall
through, no prejudicial use is to be made of the
admitted evidence.
Wittenagemote. (Witana-gemot.)
Woad, Woold, Weld, Dyer's woad. [A.S. wid.]
{Bot.) Isatis tinctoria, ord. Cruciferje ; formerly
much cultivated in Britain for the blue dye
obtained from the leaves, with which the ancient
Britons are said to have painted themselves ;
important before the introduction of indigo.
Woden. In Teut. Myth., the king or father
of gods and men. The name survives in our
Wednesday. Woden was to reign in Asgard, or
the home of the ^sir (Asuras), until the twilight
of the gods should bring the present order of
things to an end.
Wold. [A.S. weald, wald,/(7n'j/.] 1. Plain,
open country. 2. {Geo/.) Wolds and downs =
the hills of the chalk country of Yorkshire, Lin-
colnshire, and Norfolk.
Wolf intervals. (Music.) In organs, the bad
fifths and thirds in keys — such as A&, D b — on
which the imperfections are thrown, when an
organ is tuned from C on the unequal tempera-
ment ; so called from a sort of howling effect.
(Temperament.)
Wolfram. [Ger.] An ore of tungsten and
iron.
Wombat. (? Native name.) {Zoo/.) Australian
badger, Phascolomys [Gr. ^(TKaKos, leathern
bag, fids, mouse] ; a gen. of marsupial rodents,
about the size of a badger, heavily built, with
mottled-grey fur.
Wonderful Doctor. (Doctor.)
Wonders of the world. Seven buildings were
included under this title — the Egyptian pyra-
mids, the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the
Colossus of Rhodes, the hanging gardens of
Babylon, the mausoleum of Artemisia, the statue
of the Olympian Zeus by Pheidias, and the
Rhodian pharos or watch-tower. There is no
doubt that the number was suggested by that of
the wise men, or of the stars of the Great Bear.
(Bishis, The Seven.)
Woodmote. (Forest courts.)
Woodruff, Woodroof. [Possibly from wood,
i.e. forest, and ruft, i.e. verticel (Skeat).] {Bot.)
Asperiila ; a gen. of plants, ord. Rubiacese.
Sweet IV., A. odorata, a native perennial, in
shady woods, white-flowered, with whorled
leaves, scented like hay. (Coumarin; Maitrank.)
Wood's halfpence. (Drapier's Letters.)
Woof. [A.S. wefan, to weave.] The threads
which cross the warp from side to side.
Woolfell (written also Woolfel). [From ivool
and fell, L. pellis, a skin.] A skin with the
wool on it.
Woolsack. The seat of the Lord Chancellor
in the House of Lords ; said to be so called
as having been at first simply a square bag of
wool.
Woolstapler. [Ger. stapel, a mast.] A dealer
in wcol, or a sorter of wools. (Staples.)
Woolstock. A heavy wooden hammer used
in fulling cloth.
Woolwich and Beading beds. {Geol.) Tertiary
clays and sands, between the Thanet sands and the
London clay, and extending into France, Fargile
plastique, etc. ; of fresh-water or estuarine origin ;
the upper beds become the Oldhaven formation
in the I. of Thanet.
Woorali. (Curari.)
Work ; Unit of W. The result of exerting a
force whose point of application moves wholly
or partly in the direction of the force. A Unit of
W. is the work donfe when a force of one unit
acts at a point which moves through a unit of
distance in the direction of the force. (Foot-
pound.)
Working party. {Mil.) Troops told off either
from the engineers or infantry, for digging mili-
tary works, provided with pick-axes, shovels,
and rammers.
WORK
S17
XYST
Work up the dead hone, To. (Advanoe
money.)
Worm (from its shape). A spiral metallic
pipe placed in a tub of water, to condense the
vapour which passes through it from the still.
Worm and wheel. (AAr/i.) An endless screw.
Wormwood. (Artemisia.)
Worsted. (From IVorsted, a village in Norfolk.)
Well-twisted yarn spun of wool with a long
staple, which has been combed to lay the fibres
parallel.
Wort [A.S. wyrt.] 1. Herb, plant; very
common in composition, as spleen-wort, birth-
wort, etc. 2. Decoction of barley.
Worthies of England. The work of a quaint
old writer, Thomas Fuller, chaplain to the
royalist forces in the Civil War.
Woalfrs bottle. A bottle with several necks,
used by chemists (from the inventor).
WonralL (Cnrari.)
Wove paper. Writing-paper having an even
surface without lines or water-mark.
Wraek-grass. (Zostera.)
Wraith. An apparition ; formerly supposed
to be that of a guardian angel. The word in
Scotland was spelt worth, which brings us to
ward, guard (Skeat).
Wranglers. A name (derived probably from
the obsolete public disputations of candidates
for degrees) applied at Cambridge to those who
are placed in the first class of honours in the
final mathematical examinations.
Wreath. [A.S. wraedh.] The circlet on
which the crest stands, formed of two twisted
silk cords, one tinctured as the principal metal
in the escutcheon, the other as the principal
colour.
Wreck. [Ger. wrecken, to wrack."] The
vessel in which ores are washed for the third
time.
Wrench. [Allied to wring, A.S. wringan, to
strain.] A tool for tightening nuts, etc.
Wrest. [A.S. wr;tstan, to wrest.] A key to
tighten the strings of the harp, piano, etc. ; the
badge of a minstrel's profession in feudal times.
Wretchlessness. In Art. xvii., "On Predesti-
nation ; " a corr. of rakicss/ii'ss.
Writers to the Signet. (Signet, Privy.)
Wrongons Imprisonment Act, or Hcotch Habcoi
Corpus, 1 70 1, extends to Scotland the same
protection which the Habeas Corpus gives in
England.
W.8. Writer to the Signet. (Abbreviations.)
Wortemberg Confession. A Protestant con-
fession of faith, drawn up at Wurtemberg, in
Wyatt's Rebellion. In February, 1554; that
of Sir Thomas Wyatt (executed) and the men
of Kent ; to resist the marriage of Queen Mary
with Philip of Spain.
Wyclif s Bible. (Bible, English.)
Wye, or Y. {.Mech.) One of the supports of
the axle of a transit telescope, theodolite tele-
scope, etc. ; so called from its shape.
W^ad. [A.S. windan, to wind or turn.] A
narrow lane or alley. — Scott, Fair Maid 0/
Perth.
"Wjvera.. [O.Fr. vivre, a viper.] {f/er.) An
heraldic animal, in the form of a two-legged
dragon.
X. As a Roman numeral, denotes 10.
Xanth-, Xantho-. [Gr. Iavd6s, yello7v.]
Xantheine. [Gr. layOit, ye//ow.] The yellow
colouring matter of flowers.
Xanthous. [Gr. {aj'fl<jj, yelloju.] {Et/tn.)
Fair-haired ; Melanic, dark-haired [/i«'Aoj, blw:k,
gen. iti\a.voi].
Xebec, or Zebeo. [An Ar. word.] {Naui.)
A small three-masted Mediterranean vessel, with
a very projecting bow and overhanging stern,
generally equipped as a corsair ; a Barbary
xebec was square-rigged on the foremast.
Xerei. Wine from Xeres, in Spain ; sherris,
sherry.
Xeringue. A kind of caoutchouc.
X8ro-. [Gr. Irtpis. dry.]
Xeque. The Sp. form of the Ar. Soheik.
Xiphias. [Gr. { (f>(aj, id., ^Ipos, a sivord.]
(Swordfish.)
Xylogpraphy. [Gr. (iJaoc, wood, ypdiw, I
write, or draw.] The art of engraving on
wood.
Xylonite. [Gr. ^v\ov, zvood.] Celluloid or
solidified gun-cotton. Used for making billiard-
balls, etc.
Xystus. [Gr, {uo-tJs, polished.] A covered
colonnade ; so called from the smoothness of its
floor ; used by the Greeks as a training-place
for wrestlers.
Si8
YGGD
Y.
T. 1. With V and S, malces up the three
letters represented by the Greek digamina. 2.
(Wye.)
Yaooa-wood (from name of tree). A pale-
brown W. -Indian wood, used for cabinet-work.
Yagers. [Ger. jagers, htmtt-rs.^ In the
German army, light infantry armed with rifles.
Yahoos. The name under which men are
degraded to the rank of filthy brutes in the
fictitious country of the Houyhnhnms, which
Gulliver visited in his last voyage ; where the
reasoning and ruling beings are the horses.
Yajur Veda. (Veda.)
Yam. [Probably an African word.] Article
of food in tropical countries, the tuberous root
€>f Dioscorea, a twining shrub, type of ord.
Dioscoreacese. D. alata, common W. -Indian
yam ; its tubers weigh sometimes thirty pounds.
It resembles the potato.
Yankee. The form assumed by the word Eng-
lish as pronounced by the Indians of N. America.
Yarabatana. {Mil.) An air-gun used by
the Indians in S. America for projecting small
arrows through a tube.
Yard. [A.S. gyrd, a rod.'\ 1. The funda-
mental English unit of length ; it is the distance
betvveen two marks on a certain bar kept in the
Exchequer Office in London, when the tempera-
ture is 62° Fahr. 2. {Naut.) A long spar sus-
pended from a mast to spread a sail. Y.-arms,
its extremities. Y.-arm and Y.-arm, said of
two vessels close alongside. Cross-jack Y., that
on the foremast of a fore-and-aft schooner.
Yarr. (Spurrey, Common.)
Yataghan. [Mil.) Long Turkish dagger
with metal scabbard, worn in the belt.
Yaw. (Na'St. ) Temporary deviation of a vessel
from its right course.
Yawl. [D. jol ; cf. jolly-boat.] {Naut.) 1. A
man-of-war's boat, like a pinnace, but smaller.
2. A carvel-built vessel, like a cutter, but having
a jigger lugsail. 3. A small fishing-vessel.
Yaws. {iMed. ) Framboesia [Fr. framboise, a
raspberry'], a skin-disease marked by raspberry-
like excrescences ; endemic in some tropical
countries.
Y-cleped, Y-clept. [A.S. geclipod, part, of
cleopian, to call.] Called, named.
Yean. [A.S. eanian.J To bring forth young ;
to lamb.
Yeanling (from yean). The young of a sheep,
or lamb.
Year ; Anomalistic Y. ; Bissextile Y. ; Chris-
tian Y, ; Civil Y. ; Common Y. ; Gregorian Y. ;
Jtilian Y. ; Leap Y. ; Lunar Y. ; Sidereal Y. ;
Solar Y. ; Tropical Y. [A.S. gear; cf. Gr.
Sipas, Spo.] An interval of time determined by
the proper motion of the sun, i.e. by the revo-
lution of the earth in her orbit. The Sidereal
Y. is the interval between two successive re-
turns of the sun to the same point of space,
its length being 365 days 6 hrs. 9 mins. 9'6
sees, mean solar units. The Anomalistic Y.
is the interval between two successive returns
of the earth to perihelion, its length being 365
days 6 hrs. 13 mins. 49*3 sees, mean solar
units. The Tropical Y., called also a Solar Y.,
is the interval between two successive returns
of the sun to the first point of Aries, its length
being 365 days 5 hrs. 48 mins. 497 sees.
mean solar units. The Civil Y. is that adopted
in common life for the computation of time ;
it consists of 365 days, with an additional day
added now and then to keep it right with the
tropical year, which regulates the seasons ; the
year in which the additional day is inserted is the
Bissextile or Leap Y. A Common Y. is a year of
365 days ; a Lunar Y. is twelve lunar months.
(For Gregorian and Julian Y., vide Calendar.)
The Christian Y. begins with Advent.
Year-books. The oldest extant English re-
ports, from Edward II. to Henry VIII. inclu-
sive ; but not without interruptions.
Yellow admiral. {Naut.) A retired post-
captain who, not having served his time as such,
cannot be promoted to flag rank.
Yellow arsenic. (Orpiment.)
Yellow flag. {Naut.) Signal of quarantine.
A black disc or square in its centre means
plague or other disease on board.
Yellowing. {Naut.) Passing over captains
at a flag promotion.
Yellowstone National Park. An area of 3575
square miles {i.e. a little larger than Norfolk
and Suffolk) about the sources of the Yellow
River, in Montana and Wyoming ; withdrawn
by U.S. Congress, February, 1872, "from set-
tlement, occupancy, or sale," and set apart as a
public park for the people for ever. General
elevation, 7000 to 8000 feet, with mountains
10,000 to 12,000 feet ; and having deep gorges,
snowy sierras, great lakes, and geysers.
Yeoman. {Naut.) The man in charge of a
storeroom.
Yeoman of the guard. \Cf. Ger. gau, country
district.] 1. {Mil.) One of a corps in attendance
on the sovereign, instituted A.D. 1485, officered,
with the exception of the commander, who is a
nobleman, by retired officers from the army.
2. Y, in north of England, i.^. statesman {q.v.).
Yeoman's service. As in Hamlet, act v. sc. 2 ;
the faithful service in war rendered by the
yeomen or small freeholders : the mass of the
infantry being composed of "good yeomen"
{Henry V., act iii. sc. i). " The middle people
of England make good soldiers, which the pea-
sants of France do not : . . . and herein the
device of King Henry VII. was profound . . .
to keep the plough in the hands of the owners "
(Bacon's Essays : Of Kingdoms and Estates).
Yezdigird, £ra of. An era beginning June
16, 632.
Yezidis. (Jezids.)
Yggdrasil. In Teut. and Scand. Myth., the
ash tree which has its roots in Niflheim, the
home of the clouds or mists, and whose branches
YOIC
51^
ZINC
embrace the whole world. The origin of the
name is disputed.
Yoicka ! A cry of encouragement to fox-
hounds while drawing ; (?) a corr. of Fr, oyez !
oyez ! i.e. listen to the dogs. Dame Juliana
Berners mentions, in her Book of Hunting {M-
teenth century), the cry, "Oyez, oyez, k Be-
mounde," the name of a hound. (Tally ho !)
Toong England. A name of the last gen-
eration, designating those who, mostly young
men of culture, looking down upon commercial
tastes, affected a return to mediaeval manners.
Tow-yow. A smaller sampaan {^q.z.\
Yttrium, Terbium, Erbium. Rare metals
found at Ytterby, in Sweden.
Yucca (its name in St. Domingo). {Bot) A
gen. of Liliaceiv ; N. and S. America. Y. glori-
osa is common Adam's needle, cultivated in
England, having sword-shaped evergreen leaves,
and a large branching panicle of whitish flowers.
Yugs. (JogUM.)
Yule. [A S. iula.] The Scotch name for
Christmas.
z.
Z. A letter representing the sounds ds or ts,
and therefore a double letter.
Zabaism. (Sabaism.)
Zaffire. \\r.si\i\\rc, sapphire.] iChgm.) An
impure oxide of cobalt, used in making smalt.
Zaim. .\ Turkish chief of a mounted militia
bearing the same name.
Zany. [It. zanni = Giovanni, merry John ;
cf. merry-Andrew.] A buffoon.
Zaphara. (Zaffire.)
Zarnich. (Orpiment.)
Zax. [A.S. seax, a kmft:.'\ A tool for cut-
ting slate.
Zealots. [Gr. Cii^wtoI ] A Jewish sect, of
the Maccabean age, specially vehement in their
defence of the Law. (Canaanite.)
Zebec. (Xebec.)
Zebu. {Zool.) Bos IndTcus ; the humped
cattle of E. Africa, India, China ; various breeds,
ranging from about two feet high to the full size
of the ordinary ox.
Zeechino. (Sequin.)
Zechstein. [Cier., mine - stone ; cf. zax.J
(Geol.) To be cut through before the copper
slate is reached ; the equivalent of the limestone
of the Permian age, in north of England.
(Zax.)
Zedoary. A fragrant, bitter, aromatic stimu-
lant, from the root of the Curcuma zerumbet,
of the E. Indies. Ord. Zingiberaceae. Given
in crnmp, colic, torpor, etc. Called also the
broad-leaved turmeric.
Zeit-geist. [Ger.] .Spirit of the age.
Zemindars. [Hind., from Pers. zemin, land."]
The great landowners of the Mogul empire.
Zenana, A Pers. word, probably the same
as the Gr. yvvaut^v, the part of the house set
ap.irt for the ■women. (Harem.)
Zend-Avesta. The sacred books embodying
the religious system of Zoroaster, avesta meaning
a settled text. (Ahrimw.)
Zendiks. In Arabia, a name given to atheists
or sorcerers.
Zendism, The same as Zoroastrianism, or
the religion of Zoroaster, (Ahriman.)
Zenith ; Z. distance ; Z. sector ; Z. telescope.
(A corr. of Ar. sanit, road, tract, whence also
Aiimnth.) The point vertically overhead, in
which the plumb-line produced would meet the
31
great sphere. The Z. distance of a heavenly
body is its angular distance fiom the Z. meas-
ured along a vertical circle. A Z. sector is a
telescope furnished with an arc of a few degrees
very exactly graduated, and mounted so as to
measure the mcridian-Z. distances of stars near
the Z. of the station ; the positions of such stars
are very little affected by atmospheric refrac-
tion, and are therefore proper to be used for the
very accurate determination of the latitude of
the station. A Z. telcsco/e is capable of being
set to any Z. distance and of turning round a
long and very firm vertical axis ; in the focus
are the usual five wires and a micrometer wire
capable of reading ujJ to (say) 45'.
Zeolites. [Gr. C««. ^ boil, xlSos, a stone.]
(Geol.) Hydrated silicates of alumina; e.g.
natrolite, mesotypc, etc., found in the cavities of
volcanic rocks.
Zephyr. The 7vcst wind ; so called as blow-
ing from the west, the land of darkness, the Gr.
(tipvpos being akin to (dipos, ')i'6<pos, Kv4<^as,
vfipi\->), L. nubes, words dcnot.ng glcom, mist,
and cloud.
Zephyr cloth. A light waterproof material
made in Belgium.
Zereth. [Heb ] A Jewish measure of length ;
a span, between the extremities of the extended
hand.
Zernabog, Zemebock. (Tschemibog.)
Zero. [It. zefiro, Ar. sifr, cipher.] The
point from which a graduation begins ; as the
zero or zero-point of a thermometer.
Zest. [Fr. zeste, from Gr. x'0''''<^i, cut, cloven^
1. A piece of orange or lemon peel, used for
flavouring liquor. Hence, 2, relish, enthusiasm.
Zetetic. [Gr. ^iy^iytIkIs, from C'?''"eli', to seek.]
Advancing by inquiry.
Zeus H6rios. (Terminalia.)
Zeus HorkioB. (Semo Sancus.)
Zeus PistioB. (Semo Sancus.)
Ziega. [Ger. zieger.] Curd made with
acetic acid after rennet has ceased to coagulate
the milk.
Zif. [W^h., blossom.] i Kings vi. 37 ; eighth
month of civil, second of ecclesiastical, Jewish
year ; April — May.
Zinoode. [Zinc, and Gr. 88oj, a way.] (Chem.)
The positive pole of a galvanic battery.
ZINC
520
ZYZI
Zincography. [Zinc, and Gr. ypdtpo), I write,
or (/raw.] Engraving on zinc in the style of
woodcuts.
Zirconium. A very rare metal, obtained as
a black powder from zircon (native name of a
Cingalese earth).
Zither. [Ger., Gr. K(0c(pa. guiiar.'\ A flat
stringed instrument, with twentj'-eight brass
strings, played with the right thumb, a plectrum
bringing out the melody.
Zizel. {Zoo/.) The pouched marmot, a
rodent, diff^ering from the marmot proper, in
having cheek-pouches, and in not being gre-
garious. N. hemisphere. Spermophilus [(Jr.
(Tiripua, seed, <piK4te, I love^ fam. Sciuridc-^.
Zoanthidte. [Gr. C'^ov, an animal, &v0os, a
Jlower.'\ (Zool.) Fam. of polypes, comprising
the black corals and madrepores.
Zoanthropy. ' [Gr. ^ajov, an animal, Hu/Optmros,
a manJ\ A name devised for the madness which
sometimes makes men fancy themselves changed
into brute animals.
Zodiac. [Gr. ^wSfwcrfs, belonging to animals ;
& (wSiaK6s, sc. kIikKos, the zodiac, circle.^ {Astron.)
A belt or zone in the heavens, whose general
direction is that of the ecliptic, and within which
the sun, moon, and planets have their proper
motions ; the stars within the belt are divided
into twelve constellations, the Ram, the Bull,
the Twins, etc., which are more commonly
known by their Latin names, Aries, Taurus,
Gemini, etc. In the time of the Greek astrono-
mers the sun entered Aries at about the time of
the vernal equinox ; but now, in consequence
of precession, he is not near the bright star of
the Ram (a Arietis) till toward the end of April .
yet the vernal equinox is still called the J'irst
point 0/ Aries,
Zodiacal light. A light of a lenticular
shape, seen after sunset in March, April, and
May ; extending 40^ from the sun obliquely up-
ward, and following the general course of the
ecliptic.
Zoetrope. [Gr. C^ov, a living thing, rptirw, 1
turni\ A contrivance for producing the ap-
pearance of motion in figures by rotating plates.
(Anorthoscope.)
Zohak. In the Shahnamah of Firdusi, a ty-
rant who has serjjents growing from his shoul-
ders, and who is sb.in by Feridun. The name
is a contraction from the Zend Azi-dahaka, the
biting snake, representing the Vedic Ahi (Vritra)
and Dahak, the biter [Gr. SaKuto, to bite].
Zohar. [Heb., splendoHr.] A cabalistic com-
mentary on the Pentateuch, of uncertain date,
but supposed to be of great antiquity. (Talmud.)
Zollverein. [Ger., toll -union.] A fiscal
union of German states, formed at Munich,
August 23, 1837, and greatly enlarged in 1866.
Zonar. [Gr. ^(ovipwv, dim. of C<^vr), a gird.e.]
A distinguishing be.^t worn by non- Moham-
medans in the Levant.
Zone. [Gr. (duri, girdle, zone.] 1. (Math.)
A portion of a surface of revolution, as of a
sphere, included between two planes at right
angles to its axis. 2. (Geog.) Portions of the
earth's surface bounded by the Arctic and Ant-
arctic circles and by the tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn : they are five in number, viz. an
Arctic and an Antarctic Z., extending about
23° 28' from the North and South Poles, at any
place within which there will be certain days on
which the sun does not rise and others on which
he does not set ; a Torrid Z., extending 23° 28'
on either side of the equator, at every place
within which the sun is vertically overhead at
midday twice a year ; and two intermediate
Temperate zones.
Zone; Z. circle; Axis of Z. {Ctystallog)
When three or more faces of a crystal have their
poles in a great circle of the sphere of projection,
they form a Z. ; the great circle is the Z. circle ;
the diameter at right angles to the plane of the
Z. circle is the Axis of the Z.
Zone of variable temperature. The sun
is found to affect rocks to a depth of about
ninety feet ; and this upper ninety feet is known
as the Z. of V. T.
Zobids. [Gr. ^<»o-«j8^s, animal-like.] (Biol.)
Organisms more or less dependent upon the
parent organism, produced by gemmation, or
fission ; as the separated portions of hydra.
Zoophytes. [Gr. Qu6-<pvTov, an animal-plant.]
(Zool.) General name for plant-like animals ;
as sponges (Protozoa), corals and sea-anemones
(Ccelenterata), and sea-mats (Polyzoa).
Zoroaster. (Abriman.)
Zoster. (Herpes zoster.)
Zostera. [Gr. Cua-T-fjp, a girdle.] (Bot.)
Wrack-grass ; a submersed marine plant, Z.
marina, ord. Naiadacese. Its ribbon-like stems
used as beds, and in packing glass.
Zosterites. Fossil impressions of zostera
(q.T') ; in the Devonian system.
Zouaves. Light infantry in the French
army ; said to be so called from a tribe of that
name in Algeria, and originally raised in that
country.
Zounds. A corr. of the phrase God's wounds,
as S'death and S'blood are corr. of God's death
and God's blood.
Zuchetto. [It.] (Eccl.) In the Latin
Church, a skull-cap, that of a bishop being pur-
ple, that of the pope white.
Zuinglians. In Eccl. Hist., the followers
of Zuinglius,' the most advanced of the Reform-
ers of the age of Luther. (Lutherans.)
Zumbra, (A^aut.) A Spanish skiff or yawl.
Zunu. Goitred sheep of Angola ; a breed
with a roll of fat at the back of the head, and
another on the throat, like a goitre ; ears, back,
and upper half of tail light brown, otherwise
white. W. coast of Africa. Ovis SteatinTon
[Gr. (TTtap, -dros, fat].
Zymometer. [Gr. C^ftri, leaven, nei-puv, to
measure.] An instrument for measuring the de-
gree of fermentation by means of the heat de-
veloped.
Zymotic diseases. [Gr. ^vn(eTiK6s, causing to
ferment, ^vjxi), leaven.] (Med.) Diseases caused
apparently by virus received into the body and
spreading by a kind of fermentation ; e.g. small-
pox, measles, scarlatina, influenza, typhus.
Zyziphus. (Spina Christi.)
QUOTATIONS.
ABILITY
ACCOMPLISHMENT
Ability.
A heart to resolve, a head to contrive, and a
hand to execute. Edward Gibbon.
A man can do what he ought to do ; and
when he says he can not, he will not. Fichte.
So nigh is grandeur to our dust,
So near is God to man,
When Duty whispers low, Thou must,
The Youth replies, / can.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Voluntaries.
There is nothing useless to men of sense.
Clever people turn everything to account.
La Fontaine.
Abnegation.
It is being twice right to yield to one who is
in the wrong. Anonymous.
Absence.
Absence lessens weak and increases violent
passions, as wind extinguishes tapers and lights
up a fire. La Rochefoucauld.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
Thomas haynes Bayly : Song.
He that hath found some fledged bird's nest
may know.
At first sight, if the bird be flown ;
But what fair dell or grove he sings in now,
That is to him unknown.
Henry Vaughan : They are all Gone.
He shall return no more to his house, neither
shall his place know him any more. Job vii, lo.
It is easier to do justice to those who are no
longer alive than to those who are only absent.
Anonymous.
The absent one will not be the heir.
Latin proverb.
Though lost to sight, lo memory dear
Thou ever wilt remain. George Lindley.
What shall I do with all the days and hours
That must be counted ere I see thy face?
How shall I charm the interval that lowers
Between this time and that sweet time of grace ?
I'll tell thee ; for thy sake I will lay hold
Of all good aims, and consecrate to thee.
In worthy deeds, each moment that is told
While thou, beloved one ! art far from me.
Frances Anne Kemble : Absence.
Where'er I roam, whatever realms I see.
My heart untravelled, fondly turns to thee ;
Still to my brother turns with ceaseless pain.
And drags at each remove a lengthening chain.
Oliver Goldsmith : The Traveller.
Where shall the lover rest
Whom the fates sever
From his true maiden's breast
Parted forever?
Where through groves deep and high
Sounds the far billow,
Where early violets die
Under the willow.
Eleu loro !
Soft shall be his pillow.
Walter Scott : Song.
Abundance.
Neither rhyme nor reason can express how
much. Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Abuse. 'Tis a cruelty,
To load a falling man.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIIL
■AcddeBb.
O, many a shaft, at random sent,
Finds mark the archer little meant !
And many a word, at random spoken.
May soothe, or wound, a heart that's broken.
Walter Scott .' Lord of the Isles.
What reason, like the careful ant, draws la-
boriously together, the wind of accident collects
in one brief moment. Schiller.
Accomplishment.
Having achieved your purpose, seek not to
undo what has been done. Latin proverb.
I do not know what I may appear to the
world, but to myself I seem to have been only
like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and divert-
ACCUSATION
522
ADAPTIVENESS
ing myself in now and then finding a smoother
pebble, or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst
the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered
before me. Isaac Newton.
I have desired to live worthily while I lived,
and after my life to leave the men that should
be after me a remembrance in good works.
Alfred the Great.
Nature is mighty, Art is mighty. Artifice is
weak. For Nature is the work of a mightier
power than man. Art is the work of man, un-
der the guidance and inspiration of a mightier
power. Artifice is the work of mere man, in
the imbecility of his mimic understanding.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The attempt and not the deed confounds us.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Those things which are not practicable are
not desirable. Edmund Burke.
Screw your courage to the sticking place
And we'll not fail. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
So much one man can do.
That does both act and know.
Andrew Marvell :
Upon CromweWs Return from Ireland.
Accusation.
As fire, when it is thrown into water, is
cooled down and put out, so also a false accu-
sation, when brought against men of the purest
and holiest character, falls away at once and
vanishes. Cicero.
Thou canst not say I did it : never shake
Thy gory locks at me. Shakspeare: Macbeth.
A man's accusations of himself are always
believed, his praises never. Montaigne.
AchieTement.
In order to do great things, we should live as
though we were never to die. Vauvenargues.
We acquire the strength we have overcome.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Acquaintance.
Better to be forever alone than to have an
indiscriminate in-rush of the world into one's
sanctum. Lydia Maria Child.
I have heard of thee by the hearing of the
ear ; but now mine eye seeth thee. Job xlii, ^.
Acquiescence.
I deem it no proof of inconsistency to regu-
late our opinions as we would do a ship and a
ship's course on a voyage, according to the
weather which might be prevailing in the com-
monwealth. Cicero.
Remain in that state of life in which God
has placed you. Ovid.
Whosoever hath nobly yielded to necessity I
hold him wise, and he knoweth the things of
God. Euripides.
Acquirement.
All our days are so unprofitable while they
pass that 'tis wonderful where or when we ever
got anything of this which we call wisdom,
poetry, virtue. We never got it on any dated
calendar day. Some heavenly days must have
been intercalated somewhere.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Acting^.
The most difficult character in comedy is
that of the fool, and he must be no simpleton
that plays that part. C<.riantes.
Action.
He nothing common did, or mean,
Upon that memorable scene.
Andrew Marvell :
Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland.
Every one has his allotted time upon earth ;
a brief and irretrievable space is given to all ;
but it is virtue's work alone to stretch the nar-
row space by noble deeds. Virgil.
For good thoughts, though God accept them-
yet toward man they are little better than good
dreams, except they be put in act ; and that
can not be without power and place, as the
vantage and commanding ground.
Francis Bacon.
I have always thought the actions of men the
best interpreters of their thoughts. John Locke.
Many actions, like the Rh6ne, have two
sources, one pure, the other impure.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
There is nothing preferable to the remem-
brance of a good action, except the intention of
doing a better. Anonymous.
Adaptability.
Have you not seen the nightingale
A pilgrim cooped into a cage.
How doth she chant her wonted tale.
In that her lonely hermitage !
Even there her charming melody doth prove
That all her boughs are trees, her cage a grove.
Roger L' Estrange.
I command Fortune while she stays ; if she
flaps her swiftly-moving wings, I resign what
she has besto\t'ed, and, wrapping myself in the
mantle of mine own integrity, seek only honest
poverty. Horace.
Adaptation.
W^hen we have not what we love, we must
love what we have. Bussey-Rabutin.
Adaptiveness.
All that clothes a man, even to the blue sky »
which caps his head- a little loosely — shapes
itself to fit each particular being beneath it.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
I am made all things to all men.
I Corinthians ix, 22.
ADHERENCE
523
AGE
Adherence.
For whither thou goest, I will go ; and where
thou lodgest, I will lodge : thy people shall be
my people, and thy God my God. Ruth.
Admonition. Your name is great
In mouths of wisest censure.
Sliakspeare : Othello.
Adoration.
That I should love a bright, particular star,
And think to wed it.
Shakspeare : AlPs Well that Ends Well.
Adnlation.
1 1 e was, indeed, the glass
Wherein the noble youth did dress themselves.
Sliakspeare : King Henry IV.
No ; let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp ;
And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee,
Where thrift may loUow fawning.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Adventnronsness.
Ijut Hies an eagle flight, bold, and forth on,
Leaving no tract behind.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Adversity.
Adversity recalls men to religion. Livy.
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous.
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head ;
And this our life, exempt from public haunt.
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running
brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in everything.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
The mind is best taught with a sharp whip.
Latin proverb.
Advice.
Ah gentle dames ! it gars me greet,
To think how monie counsels sweet,
How monie lengthened sage advices,
The husband frae the wife despises.
Robert Burns : Tarn 0' Shanter.
Affection.
Me, let the tender office long engage
To rock the cradle of reposing age.
With lenient arts extend a mother's breath,
Make Languor smile, and smooth the bed of
death ;
Explore the thought, explain the asking eye.
And keep awhile one parent from the sky.
Alexander Pope : Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot.
Money will buy a pretty good dog, but it
won't buy the wag of his tail. Josh Billings.
Where yet was ever found a mother
Who'd give her booby for another ?
John Gay:
The Mother, the Nurse, and the Fairy.
Affliction.
Thus with the year
Seasons return ; but not to me returns
Day, or the sweet approach of even or of mom.
Or sight of vernal bloom, or summer's rose,
Or flock, or herds, or human face divine ;
But cloud instead, and ever-during dark
Surrounds me, from the cheerful ways of men
Cut off, and for the book of knowledge fair
Presented with a universal blank.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Age.
As we grow less young the aged grow less
old, as if time gave us the years it took from
them. Anonymous.
Dewdrops are the gems of morning.
But the tears of mournful eve !
Where no hope is, life's a warning
That only serves to make us grieve
When we are old :
— That only serves to make us grieve
With oft and tedious taking-leave.
Like some poor nigh-related guest
That may not rudely be dismissed.
Yet hath outstayed his welcome-while.
And tells the jest without the smile.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : Youth and Age.
Even in the afternoon of her best days.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Every man desires to live long, but no man
would be old. Jonathan Swift.
For you and I are past our dancing days.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
His hair just grizzled
As in green old age.
John Dryden : (Edipus.
How far, how far, O Sweet,
The past behind our feet
Lies in the even-glow !
Now, on the forward way.
Let us fold hands and pray ;
Alas, Time stays — we go !
Austin Dobson : The Paradox of Time,
I am declined
Into the vale of years.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Life hath its home in heaven and earth beneath.
And so hath death.
Not all the chains that clank in Eastern clime
Can fetter time.
For all the phials in the doctor's store.
Youth comes no more.
Gerald Griffin : Vanitas Vanitatum.
Old age is the night of life, as night is the
old age of day. Still, night is full of magnifi-
cence ; and, for many, it is more brilliant than
the day. Madame Swetchine.
O, sir ! I must not tell my age.
They say women and music should never be
dated.
Oliver Goldsmith : She Stoops to Conquer.
Tell me what yon find better or more honor-
able than age. Is not wisdom entailed upon
it ? Take the pre-eminence of it in everything ;
AMAZEMENT
524
AMERICA
in an old friend, in old wine, in an old pedi-
gree.
IVa/ter Scott.
The mossy marbles rest
On the lips that he has pressed
In their bloom ;
And the names he loved to hear
Have been carved for many a year
On the tomb.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : The Last Leaf.
The seas are quiet when the winds are o'er,
So calm are we when passions are no more !
For then we know how vain it was to boast
Of fleeting things, so certain to be lost.
Clouds of affections from our younger eyes
Conceal that emptiness which age descries ;
The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed,
Lets in new light through chinks that time has
made.
Stronger by weakness, wiser men become
As they draw near to their eternal home ;
Leaving the old, both worlds at once they view.
That stand upon the threlshold of the new.
Edmund Waller.
The sun of life has crossed the line ;
The summer-shine of lengthened light
Faded and failed — till, where I stand,
'Tis equal day and equal night.
Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney : Equinoctial.
Touch us gently. Time !
We've not proud nor soaring wings,
Our ambition, our content.
Lies in simple things.
Humble voyagers are we.
O'er Life's dim, unsounded sea.
Seeking only some calm clime ; —
Touch us gently, gentle Time !
Bryan Waller Procter : A Petition to Time.
Would you be young again ?
So would not I —
One tear to memory given.
Onward I hie.
Life's dark flood forded o'er.
All but at rest on shore,
Say, would you plunge once more,
With home so nigh?
Lady Naime : Would You be Young again ?
Years steal
Fire from the mind as vigor from the limb ;
And life's enchanted cup but sparkles near the
brim. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Amazement.
O, wonderful, wonderful, and most wonder-
ful wonderful ! and yet again wonderful, and
after that out of all whooping.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Ambassadors.
An ambassador is an honest man sent abroad
to lie for the commonwealth.
Sir Henry Wotton.
Ambition.
Better be first in a village than second in
Rome. Julius Ccesar.
He who pitches too high won't get through
his song. German.
I see, but can not reach the height
That lies forever in the light.
Henry W. Longfellow : Christus
Lowliness is young ambition's ladder,
Whereto the climber-upward turns his face ;
But when he once attains the utmost round.
He then unto the ladder turns his back.
Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Mad ambition trumpeteth to all.
Nathaniel Parker Willis.
Most people would succeed in small things
if they were not troubled with great ambitions.
Henry W. Longfellow : Drift-wocd.
I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent ; but only
Vaultinjj ambition, which o'erleaps itself,
And falls on the other side.
Shakspeare : Macbeth,
Unless above himself he can
Erect himself, how poor a thing is man !
Samuel Daniel:
To the Countess of Cumberland.
What shall I do to be forever known.
And make the age to come my own 7
Abraham Cowley : The Motto.
Why should a man whose blood is warm within
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster?
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Amendment.
It's well we should feel as life's a reckoning
we can't make twice over ; there's no real mak-
ing amends in this world, any more nor you can
mend a wrong subtraction by doing your ad-
dition right. George Eliot.
America.
Bright flag at yonder tapering mast !
Fling out your field of azure blue !
Let star and stripe be westward cast.
And point as Freedom's eagle flew !
Strain home ! oh lithe and quivering spars !
Point home, my country's flag of stars !
Nathaniel Parker Willis : On Leaving Europe.
There shall be sung another golden age,
The rise of empire and of arts.
The good and great uprising epic rage.
The wisest heads and noblest heai'ts.
Not such as Europe breeds in her decay ;
Such as she bi-ed when fresh and young,
When heavenly flame did animate her clay.
By future poets shall be sung.
Westward the course of empire takes its way ;
The first four acts already past,
The fifth shall close the drama with the day ;
Time's noblest off"spring is the last.
George Berkeley :
On planting Arts and Learning in America.
AMIABILITY
525
APPRECIATION
Amiability.
Her angel's face,
As the great eye of heaven shined bright,
And made a sunshine in a shady place.
Edmund Spenser : Faerie Quecne.
Amnsements.
Cultivate not only the corn-fields of the mind,
but the pleasure-grounds also.
Sir Charles Weth'rell.
There is a certain dignity to be kept up in
pleasures as well as in business.
Lord Chesterfield.
Ancestry.
Great families of yesterday we show,
And lords, whose parents were the
Lord knows who.
Daniel Defoe : The True-bom Englishman.
He stands for fame on his forefathers' feet,
By heraldry proved valiant or discreet !
Edward Young : Love of Fame.
I haven't much doubt that man sprang from
the monkey, but where did the monkey spring
from ? Josh Billings.
The origin of a parvenu is forgotten if he re-
members it, remembered if he forgets.
Anonymous.
Anchorites.
In hope to merit heaven by making earth a
hell. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Angels.
Know we not our dead are looking
Downward, as in sad surprise,
All our strife of words rebuking
With their mild and earnest eyes?
Shall we grieve the holy angels, shall we cloud
their blessed skies ?
John Greenleaf Whitlier : Our .'taints.
Anger.
Is not anger a cursed vice ? Yes, Artis.
Alas ! it taketh away from a man his wit and
reason, and all his debonair life spiritual, that
should keep his soul. Chaucer.
Animals.
There is in every animal's eye a dim image
and gleam of humanity, a flash of strange light
through which their life looks out and up to
our great mystery of command over them, and
claims the fellowship of the creature, if not of
the soul. John Ruskin.
There is in the curious and kindly operation
of animal instincts something which, whosoever
studies and does not believe in God, will not be
aided by Moses and the prophets. In these ine
stincts I perceive what I call the omnipresenc-
of the Deity, who has everywhere spread and
implanted a portion of his endless love, and has
intimated, even in the brute, as a germ those
qualities which blossom to perfection in the
noblest forms of man. Goethe.
Animosity.
Life appears to me too short to be spent in
nursing animo.->ity or registering wrongs.
Charlotte Bronte.
Antagonists.
He that wrestles with us strengthens our
nerves and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist
is our helper. Edmtmd Burke.
Anticipation.
This moral, I think, may be safely attached,
" Reckon not on your chickens before they are
hatched."
Jeffreys Taylor : The Alilkmaid.
"We know that what we see is as a screen
hiding from us God and Christ, and his saints
and angels. And we earnestly desire and pray
for the dissolution of all we see, from our long-
ing after that we do not see.
John Henry Newman.
Antiquity.
Among so many things as are by men pos-
sessed or pursued in the whole course of their
lives, all the rest are bawbles besides old wood
to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to con-
verse with, and old books to read.
King Alfonso.
The pyramids themselves, doting with age,
have forgotten the names of their founders.
Thomas Fuller.
Anxiety.
1 would it were bedtime, Hal, and all well.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
The fretful stir
Unprofitable, and the fever of the world.
Have hung upon the beatings of my heart.
William Wordsworth : Tintcrn Abbey.
Appearances.
We'll have a swashing and a martial outside.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Applause.
He is not very sure of self-approbation who
too eagerly seeks that of others. Anonymous.
Applause is the spur of noble minds, the end
and aim of weak ones. Caleb C. Colton.
O popular applause ! what heart of man
Is proof against thy sweet, seducing charms?
William Cowper : The Task.
The silence that accepts merit as the most
natural thing in the world is the highest ap-
plause. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Appreciation.
It's poor work allays settin' the dead before
the livin'. We shall all on us be dead some
time, I reckon — it 'ud be better if folks 'ud
make much on us beforehand instead o' begin-
nin' when we're gone. It's but little good you'll
do a-waterin' last year's crop. George Eliot.
APPROPRIATENESS
526
ASSISTANCE
The play, I remember, pleased not the mill-
ion ; 'twas caviare to the general.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Appropriateness.
A millennium that comes before its time
would be a very profitless and stupid affair.
James A. Garfield.
A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in
pictures of silver. I^roverbs xxv, ji.
Neither cast ye your pearls before swine.
Matthew vii, 6.
For naught so vile that on the earth doth live,
But to the earth some special good doth give ;
Nor aught so good, but, strained from that fair
use.
Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse :
Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied,
And vice sometime's by action dignified.
Sh:^kspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
I have always believed that success would be
the inevitable result if the two services, the
army and navy, had fair play, and if we sent
the right man 10 till the right place.
Austin Henry Layard.
No man has a prosperity so high or firm but
two or three words can dishearten it. There is
no calamity which right words will not begin to
redress. Anonymous i
Architecture.
An architect should live as Httle in cities as
a painter. Send him to our hills, and let him
study there what Nature understands by a but-
tress, and what by a dome. There was some-
thing in the old power of architecture, which it
had from the recluse more than from the citizen.
John Ruskin : S.'ven Lamps J Architecture.
How cold is all history, how lifeless all
imagery, compared to that which the living na-
tion writes and the uncorrupted marble bears !
How many pages of doubtful record might we
not often spare for a few stones left one upon
another !
John Ruskin : Seven Lamps oj Architecture,
Argument.
In argument with men a woman ever
Goes by the worse, whatever be her cause.
John Milton : Samson Ag07tistes.
Who shall decide when doctors disagree.
And soundest casuists doubt, like you and me ?
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Art.
Art is the perfection of nature. Were the
world now as it was the sixth day, there were
yet a chaos. Nature hath made one world, and
art another. In brief, all things are artificial ;
for nature is the art of God.
Sir Thomas Browne.
Why should we admire a jug or a plate be-
cause there are no more jugs or plates like it ?
Why fall into ecstasies over a vase solely be-
cause it is several hundred years old ? The
decorative or artistic value of an object may be
enhanced by age, but unless this is the case the
number of years it bears is nothing that need
concern us. A piece of pottery may have con-
siderable archreological interest, but this fact
does not give it art interest.
Oliver B. Btince : My House.
Artifice.
A man of sense can artifice disdain,
As men of wealth may venture to go plain. . . .
I find the fool when I behold the screen.
For 'tis the wise man's interest to be seen.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
ArtlessnesB.
Give me a look, give me a face.
That makes simplicity a grace.
Robes loosely flowing, hair as free,
Such sweet neglect more taketh me,
Than all th' adulteries of art ;
They strike mine eyes, but not my heart.
Ben JoHson : The Silent Woman.
Aspiration.
An instinctive taste teaches men to build
their churches in flat countries with spire
steeples, which, as they can not be referred to
any other object, point as with'silent finger to
the sky and stars. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Of all the myriad moods of mind
That through the soul come thronging,
Which one was e'er so dear, so kind.
So beautiful as longing ?
The thing we long for that we are
For one transcendent moment ;
Before the present, poor and bare.
Can make its sneering comment.
James Russell Lowell : Longing.
Now that is the wisdom of a man, in every
instance of his labor, to hitch his wagon and see
his chore done by the gods themselves.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Civilization.
Those who have been among mountains, and
are condemned to live on plains, die of an in-
curable nostalgia. It is because we have issued
from above that we sigh for it, and that all
music is to us a reminiscence of our home, a
ranz-des-vaches to the exiled Swiss. Richter.
What are they all in their high conceit.
When man in the bush with God may meet ?
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Good-bye.
Assimilation.
My nature is subdued
To what it works in, like the dyer's hand.
Shakspeare : Sonnet CXL.
Assistance.
If you would lift me, you must be on higher
ground. If you would liberate me, you must
be free. If you would correct my false view of
facts, hold up to me the same facts in the true
order of thought. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
ASSOCIATION
527
AUTHORSHIP
What in me is dark
Illume, what is low raise and support ;
That to the height of this great argument
I may assert eternal Providence,
And justify the ways of tiod to men.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Association.
I sometimes think the less the hint that stirs
the automatic machinery of association the
more easily this moves us,
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Men's lives are as thoroughly blended with
each other as the air they breathe ; evil spreads
as necessarily as disease. George Eliot.
Nothing can be put, as it were, into a mental
vacuum and known by itself.
James Martincau.
The fixed and unchanging features of the
country perpetuate the memory of the friend
with whom we once enjoyed them ; who was
the companion of our most retired walks, and
gave animation to every lonely scene.
Washington Irving : Sketch- Book.
To refer all pleasures to association is to ac-
knowledge no sound but echo.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
What's in a name ? that which we call a rose,
By any other name would smell as sweet.
Shakspeare : Komeo and Juliet.
Endeavor as much as you can to keep com-
pany with people above you. Lord Chesterfield.
Evil communications corrupt good manners.
/ Corinthians xv, jj.
He that toucheth pitch shnll be defibd there-
with. Ecclesiasticus xiii, i.
Atheism.
Atheism is the suicide of the soul.
Anonymous.
Take an example of a dog, and mark v^hat
a generosity and courage he will put on when
he finds himself maintained by a man, who
to him is instead of a god, or melior natura ;
which courage is manifestly such as that creat-
ure, without that confidence of a better na-
ture than his own, could never attain. So man,
when he resteth and assureth himself upon
divine protection and favor, gathereth a force
and faith which human nature in itself could
not obtain. Therefore, as atheism is in all re-
spects hateful, so it is especially in this, that it
destroys magnanimity and depriveth human na-
ture of the means to exalt itself above human
frailty. Lord Bacon : Atheism.
The footprints of a barbarian in the sand
prove the presence of man to that same atheist
who denies the existence of a God of whose
hand the whole universe bears the marks.
Anonymous.
Who are atheists ? I answer with sorrow and
awe, practically every man is an atheist who
lives without God in the world.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Attrition.
Time has delicate little waves, but the sharp-
est-cornered pebble, after all, becomes smooth
and blunt therein at last Richter.
Audacity.
You may as well say that's a valiant flea that
dare eat his breakfast on the lip of a lion.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Aurora Borealis.
To claim the Arctic came the sun
With banners from the burning zone.
Unfurled upon their airy spars,
They froze beneath the light of stars.
And there they float, those streamers old,
Those Northern Lights, forever cold.
Benjamin F. Taylor.
Authorship.
Every age has a language of its own, and the
difference in the words is often greater than in
the thoughts. The main employment of authors,
in their collective capacity, is to translate the
thoughts of other ages into the language of
their own. Nor is this a useless or unimpor-
tant task, for it is the only way of making
kQowledge either fniitful or powerful.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
An author ! 'tis a venerable name !
How few deserve it, and what numbers claim !
Edward Young : Epistle to Pope. •
He who would not be frustrate of his hope to
write well hereafter in laudable things ought
himself to be a true poem. John Milton.
None but an author knows an author's cares,
Or Fancy's fondness for the child she bears.
William Cowper : Progress of Error.
One's first business in writing is to say what
one has to say.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Other men are known to posterity only
through the medium of histoiy, which is con-
tinually growing faint and obscure ; but the in-
tercourse between the author and his fellow-
men is ever new, active, and immediate.
Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
The ablest writer is a gardener first, and then
a cook. His tasks are carefully to select and
cultivate his strongest and most nutritive
thoughts, and, when they are ripe, to dress
them wholesomely, and so that they may have a
relish. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Writers, like bees, toll their sweets in the
wide world ; they incorporate with their own
conceptions the anecdotes and thoughts which
are current in society, and thus each generation
has some features in common characteristic of
the age in which it lives. Washington Irving.
AUTUMN
528
BEAUTY
Autumn.
The melancholy days are come, the saddest of
the year,
Of wailing winds, and naked woods, and mead-
ows brown and sere.
Heaped in the hollows of the grove, the autumn
leaves lie dead ;
They rustle to the eddying gust, and to the rab-
bit's tread.
The robin and the wren are flown, and from
the shrub the jay,
And from the wood-top calls the crow through
all the gloomy day.
William Cullen Bryant :
Death of the Flowers.
Availability.
What is really best for us is always within
our reach, though often overlooked.
Jltnry W. Longfellow.
Avarice.
A thirst for gold,
The beggar's vice, which can but overwhelm
The meanest hearts.
Lord Byron : Vision of Judgment.
Poverty is in want of much, but avarice of
everything. Pt(blius Synts.
Awkwardness.
Wooden folks had need ha' wooden things to
handle. George Eliot.
B.
Backbiting.
The backbiter prefaces the harm he will say
of you in future by the evil he tells you of an-
other. Anonymous.
Bad News.
For evil news rides post, while good news
baits. John Milton : Samson Agonistes.
Ballads.
I knew a very wise man that believed if a
man were permitted to make the ballads he
need not care who should make the laws of a
nation. Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun.
Bargains.
But in the way of bargain, mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Basbfalness.
Girls blush, sometimes, because they are alive,
Half wishing they were dead to save the shame.
The sudden blush devours them, neck and
brow ;
They have drawn too near the fire of life, like
gnats.
And flare up boldly, wings and all. What then ?
Who's sorry for a gnat — or girl ?
Elizabeth Barrett Browning : Aurora Leigh.
Beauty.
All high beauty has a moral element in it,
and I find the antique sculpture as ethical as
Marcus Antoninus, and the beauty ever in pro-
portion to the depth of thought.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
A thing of beauty is a joy forever ;
Its loveliness increases ; it will never
Pass into nothingness.
John Keats : Endymion.
Beauty comes, we scarce know how, as an
emanation from sources deeper than itself.
John Campbell Shairp.
Beauty is always queen.
Joseph IL
Beauty is at once the ultimate principle and
the highest aim of art. Goethe.
Beauty is truth, truth beaut)' — that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
John Keats : On a Grecian Urn.
Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop's ear.
Shakspeare: Fomeo and Juliet.
He that loves a rosy cheek,
Or a coral lip admires.
Or from star-like eyes doth seek
Fuel to maintain his fires ;
As old Time makes these decay,
So his flames must waste away.
Thomas Carew : Disdain Returned.
If eyes were made for seeing.
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Rhodora.
If to her share some female errors fall.
Look on her face, and you'll forget them all.
Alexander Pope : The Rape of the Lock.
Is she not more than painting can express,
Or youthful poets fancy when they love ?
Nicholas Rowe : The Fair Penitent.
O, what a deal of scorn looks beautiful
In the contempt and anger of his lips !
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Persons who can only be graceful and orna-
mental — who give the world nothing but flow-
ers — should die young, and never be seen with
gray hairs and wrinkles. . . . Not that beauty
is not worthy of immortality. Nothing else,
indeed, is worthy of it ; and thence, perhaps,
the sense of impropriety when we see it tri-
umphed over by time. Nathaniel Hawthorne.
She's beautiful, and therefore to be wooed ;
She is a woman, therefore to be won.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
BEGINNINGS
529
BENEVOLENCE
She walks in beauty like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies ;
And all that's best of dark and bright
Meets in her aspect and her eyes ;
Thus mellowed to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
Lord Byron : Hebrew Melodies.
There is a garden in her face,
Where roses and white lilies grow ;
A heavenly paradise is that place,
Wherein all pleasant fruits do grow :
There cherries grow that none may buy
Till cherry ripe themselves do cry.
Richard Allison :
An Hours Recreation in Music.
The stars of midnight shall be dear
To her ; and she shall lean her ear
In many a secret place
WTiere rivulets dance their wayward round.
And beauty bom of murmuring sound
Shall pass into her face.
William Wordsworth : Three Years She Grew.
Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
'Tis beauty tnily blent, whose red and white
Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Nijht.
Beginnings.
A little tire is quickly trodden out,
Which, being suffered, rivers can not quench.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
All beginning is difficult says the proverb.
True enough, no doubt, in a certain sense ; but
with a more comprehensive truth one may say :
All beginning is easy ; and the highest steps on
the ladder are the most difficult to reach.
Goethe.
lie has a deed half done who has made a
beginning. Horace,
Behold, how great a matter a little fire kin-
dle ih ! James Hi, j".
Behavior.
Among a man's equals a man .shall be sure of
familiarity, and therefore it is good a little to
keep state ; among a man's inferiors a man
shall be sure of reverence, and therefore it is
good a little to be familiar. Francis Bacon.
The tree is known by his fruit.
Matthew xii, jj.
Belie&.
How many of our most cherished beliefs are
like those drinking-glasses of ancient pattern,
that serve us well so long as we keep them in
our hand, but spill all if we attempt to set them
down ! Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Men willingly believe what they wish.
Julius Casar,
Benediction.
I thought our love at full, but I did err ;
Joy's wreath drooped o'er mine eyes ; I could
not see
That sorrow in our happy world must be
Love's deepest spokesman and inteqireter ;
But, as a mother feels her child first stir
Within her heart, so felt I instantly
Deep in my soul another bond to thee
Thrill with the life we saw depart from her ;
O mother of our angel child ! twice dear !
Death knits as well as parts, and still, I wis,
Her tender radiance shall enfold us here,
Even as the light, borne up by inward bliss,
Threads the void glooms of space without a
fear,
To print on farthest stars her pitying kiss.
James Russell Lowell : Sonnet.
My harp, farewell ! thy strains are past,
Of gleefu' mirth and heartfelt wae ;
The voice of song maun cease at last,
And minstrelsy itsel' decay.
But, oh ! where sorrow canna win,
Nor parting tears be shed ava',
May we meet neighbor, kith, and kin.
And joy for aye be wi' us a' !
Lady Nairne,
The auld will speak, the young maun hear.
Be cantie, but be guid and leal ;
Your ain ills aye ha'e heart to bear.
And ither's aye ha'e heart to feel.
So, erie I set I'll see you shine,
I'll see you triumph ere I fa' ;
My parting breath shall boast you mine.
Good-night, and joy be wi' ye a'.
Anonymous.
Benefactors.
Nations should wear mourning only for their
benefactors. Mirabeau.
A beneficent person is like a fountain water-
ing the earth and spreading fertility ; it is there-
fore more delightful and more honorable to
give than to receive. Epicurus.
Benevolence.
As the rays come from the sun, and yet are
not the sun, even so our love and pity, though
they are not God, but merely a poor, weak
image and reflection of him, yet from him alone
they come. Charl^ Kingsley,
Beware of making your moral staple consist
of the negative virtues. It is good to abstain,
and teach others to abstain, from all that is sin-
ful or hurtful. But making a business of it
leads to emaciation of character, unless one
feeds largely also on the more nutritious diet of
native sympathetic benevolence.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Benevolence is , invincible, if it be not an
affected smile nor acting a part.
Marcus Aurelius,
He had a face like a benediction. Cervantes.
BEQUEST
530
BETRAYAL
He hath a tear for pity, and a hand
Open as day for melting charity.
Shakspcare : King Henry IV.
It is necessary to economize in order to be
liberal. Voltaire.
O brothers ! sisters ! who would fain
Some balm of healing help apply —
Cheer some one agony of pain,
One note of some despairing cry —
Whose good designs uncertain wait,
By tangled social bands perplexed,
O, read the sacred sentence straight :
Do justice first — love mercy next !
Evangeline M. O'Connor : Daughters of Toil.
People are ready enough to do the Samaritan
without the oil and two-pence. Sydney Smith.
Beqaest.
Before I sigh my last gasp, let me breathe,
Great Love, some legacies : I here bequeathe
Mine eyes to Argus, if mine eyes can see ;
If they be blind, then, Love, I give them thee ;
My tongue to fame ; to ambassadors mine ears ;
To women, or the sea, my tears.
Thou, Love, hast taught me heretofore.
By making me serve her who had twenty more.
That I should give to none but such as had too
much before. John Donne : The Bequest.
For my name and memory I leave it to men's
charitable speeches, to foreign nations, and to
the next ages. Francis Bacon : From his ■will.
Bereavement.
" God lent him and takes him," you sigh.
Nay, there let me break with your pain
God's generous in giving, say I,
And the thing which he gives, I deny
That he ever can take back again.
He lends not, but gives to the end.
As he loves to the end. If it seem
That he draws back a gift, comprehend
'Tis to add to it, rather, amend,
And finish it up to your dream, —
So look up, friends ! you who indeed
Have possessed in your house a sweet piece
Of the heaven which men strive for, must need
Be more earnest than others are — speed
Where they loiter, persist where they cease,
Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
He did but float a little way, and, putting to
the shore,
While yet 'twas early day, went calmly on his
way
To dwell with us no more ;
No jarring did he feel, no grating on his ves-
sel's keel ;
A strip of silver sand mingled the waters with
the land
Where he was seen no more ;
O stern word — never more !
Full short his journey was ; no dust
Of earth unto his sandals clave ;
The weary weight that old men must he bore
not to the grave,
He seemed a cherub who had lost his way and
wandered hither, so his stay
With us was short, and 'twas most meet that he
should be no delver in earth's clod,
Nor need to pause and cleanse his feet to stand
before his God :
O blest word — ever more !
James Russell Lowell : Threnodia.
I hold it true, whate'er befall,
I feel it when I sorrow most ;
'Tis better to have loved and lost,
Than never to have loved at all.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
Speaking from sad experience, a long time
must yet elapse ere you and his mother will be
able to look back on your deprivation with phil-
osophic and unimpassioned minds, or be able
to dissever the what must be from what might
have been. But, when that time does come,
you will find that the lamentation for an inno-
cent child is a thornless sorrow, and that the
steadfast faith, through the Redeemer, of meet-
ing him again and forever, can lend a joy to
grief. David Macbeth Moir.
When the morning, half in shadow,
Ran along the hill and meadow,
And with milk-white fingers parted
Crimson roses, golden-hearted ;
Opening over ruins hoary
Every purple morning-glory.
And outshaking from the bushes
Singing larks and pleasant thrushes ;
That's the time our little baby.
Strayed from paradise, it may be.
Came with eyes like heaven above her —
Oh, we could not choose but love her !
Now the litter she doth lie on,
Strewed with roses bear to Zicn,
Go as through a pleasant meadow
Past the valley of the shadow ;
Take her softly, holy angels,
Past the ranks of God's evangels ;
Past the saints and martyrs holy.
To the earth-born, meek and lowly.
We would have our precious blossom
Softly laid in Jesus' bosom.
Phcebe Cary : Our Baby.
Bestowal.
Learn that to love is the one way to know
Or God or man : it is not love received
That maketh man to know the inner life
Of them that love him ; his own love bestowed
Shall do it.
Jean Ingelow : A Story of Doom.
Betrayal.
We shall march prospering — not through his
presence ;
Songs may inspirit us — not from his lyre :
Deeds will be done — while he boasts his quies-
cence,
Still blading crouch whom the rest bade as-
pire.
Blot out his name then — record one lost soul
more.
THE BIBLE
531
BIRDS
One task more declined, one more footpath
untrod ;
One more triumph for devils, and sorrow for
angels.
One wrong more to man, one more insult to
God!
RobeH Browning : The Lost Leader.
The Bible.
A noble book ! all men's book ! It is our
first oldest statement of the never-ending prob-
lem—man's destiny — and God's way with him
here in this earth. Sublime sorrow, sublime
reconciliation, oldest choral melody as of the
heart of mankind ; so soft and great, as the
summer midnight, as the world with its seas
and stars.
Thomas Carlyle : On tfie Book 0/ Job.
Bibles laid open, millions of surprises.
George Herbert : On Sin.
I am of opinion that the Bible contains more
true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, more
pure morality, more important beauty, and
purer strains of poetry and eloquence, than can
be collected from all other books, in whatso-
ever age or language. 6ir William Jones.
I am persuaded that the Bible will always
appear to us more beautiful the more it is
understood — that is to say. the more we com-
prehend that every word in it which we take up
in its universal significance and apply to our
own case had always an immediate and peculiar
application connected with the circumstances
out of which it arose. Goethe.
In the Bible there is more that finds me than
I have experienced in all other books put to-
gether ; the words of the Bible find me at
greater depths of my being ; and whatever finds
me brings with it an irresistible evidence of its
having proceeded from the Holy Spirit.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Out from the heart of Nature rolled
The burdens of the Bible old.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Problem.
So long as the word of God endures in a
language, will it direct the eyes of men upward.
It is with the Eternal as with the sun, which, if
but its smallest part can shine uncclipsed, pro-
longs the day, and gives its rounded image in a
dark chamber. Richter.
The evangelists may contradict themselves as
much as they please, so long as the evangel
does not contradict itself. Goethe.
The Old Testament literature was anterior to
even the incipient approximation between the
two directions of thought ; and interpreters who
infuse with it Platonic ideas to take out its
stains do but bleach away the rich colors of its
native liie, and destroy one of the most pictur-
esque and instructive contrasts in the history
of the human race. James Mariineau.
Thou truest friend man ever knew,
Thy constancy I've tried ;
Where all were false, I found thee true.
My counsellor and guide.
The mines of earth no treasure give
That could this volume buy ;
In teaching me the way to live,
It taught me how to die.
George P. Morris.
Bigotry.
A lawyer's brief will be brief before a free-
thinker thinks freely.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Christians have burnt each other, quite per-
suaded
That all the apostles would have done as they
did. Lord Byron : Don Juan.
With a little hoard of maxims preaching
down a daughter's heart.
Alfred Tennyson: Locksley Hall.
A proud bigot, who is vain enough to think
that he can deceive even God by affected zeal,
and throwing the veil of holiness over vices,
damns all mankind by the word of his power.
Boileau.
Loud indignation against vice often stands
for virtue, with bigots. Anonymous.
Biogfraphy.
I have the feeling that every man's biography
is at his own expense. He furnishes not only
the facts but the. report. I mean that ail biog-
raphy is autobiography. It is only what lie
tells of himself that comes to be known and
believed. Ralph Waldo Emerson
BirdB.
Thy liquid notes that close the eye of day.
John Milton : Sonnet.
Do you ne'er think what wondrous beings these ?
Do you ne'er think who made them, and who
taught
The dialect they speak, where melodies
Alone are the interpreters of thought ?
Whose household words are songs in many keys,
Sweeter than instrument of man e'er caught !
Henry W. Long/ello7v :
The Birds of Killingworth.
When Jesus hung upon the cross
The birds, 'tis said, bewailed the loss
Of him who first to mortals taught.
Guiding with love the life of all.
And heeding e'en the sparrow's fall.
But, as old Swedish legends say,
Of all the birds upon that day,
The swallow felt the deepest grief,
And longed to give her Lord relief.
And chirped, when any near would come,
" Hugs wala swala swal honom " —
Meaning, as they who tell it deem,
Oh, cool, oh, cool and comfort him.
Charles G. Leland.
BIRTH
532
BOMBAST
Birth.
Men think it is an awful sight
To see a soul just set adrift
On that drear voyage from whose night
The ominous shadows never lift ;
But 'tis more awful to behold
A helpless infant newly bom,
Whose little hands unconscious hold
The keys of darkness and of morn.
James Russell Lowell : Extreme Unction.
But even though you be sprung in direct line
from Hercules, if you show a low-bom mean-
ness, that long succession of ancestors whom
you disgrace are so many witnesses against you,
and this grand display of tarnished glory but
serves to make your ignominy more evident.
Boileau.
It is fortunate to be of noble ancestry ; it is
not less so to be such that people do not care
to be informed whether you are noble or ig-
noble. La Bruykre.
Birthdays.
This is my birthday, and a happier one was
never mine.
Henry W. Longfellow : The Divine Tragedy.
Thou art my single day, God lends to leaven
What were all earth else, with a feel of heaven.
Robert Browning : Lippa Passes.
A birthday ! — now a day that rose
With much of hope, with meaning rife —
A thoughtful day from dawn to close ;
The middle day of human life.
Jean Ingelow : A Birthday Walk.
My birthday ! — " How many years ago ?
Twenty or thirty ? " Don't ask me !
" Forty or fifty ? " How can I tell ?
I do not remember my birth, you see !
Julia C. R. Dorr : My Birthday.
Is that a birthday ? 'tis, alas ! too clear,
'Tis but a funeral of the former year.
Alexander Pope.
" My birthday ! " — what a different sound
That word had in my youthful ears !
And now, each time the day comes round,
Less and' less white its mark appears !
When first our scanty years are told.
It seems like pastime to grow old ;
And, as Youth counts the shining links
That Time around him binds so fast,
Pleased with the task, he little thinks
How hard that chain will press at last !
Thomas Moore : The Birthday.
Blame.
It is always more hopeful, always, as I think,
more philosophic, to throw the blame of failure
on man, on our own selves, rather than on God
and the perfect law of his universe.
Charles Kingsley.
Nothing is easier than to ascribe the blame of
an act to the dead. Julius Ccesar.
Blessings.
When the black-lettered list to the gods was
presented,
The list of what fate to each mortal intends,
At the long string of ills a kind goddess re-
lented.
And slipped in three blessings — wife, chil-
dren, and friends.
In vain surly Pluto maintained he was cheated ;
For justice divine could not compass its ends ;
The scheme of man's penance, he swore, was
defeated,
For earth became heaven with wife, children,
and friends. William Robert Spencer :
Wife, Children, and Ft iends.
Blessedness.
What is it that thou art fretting and self-tor-
menting about ? Is it because thou art not
happy ? Who told thee that thou wast to be
happy ? Is there any ordinance of the universe
that thou shouldst be happy ? Canst thou not
do without happiness? Yea, thou canst do
without happiness, and instead thereof find
blessedness. Thomas Carlyle.
Blighted.
For of all sad words of tongue or pen,
The saddest are these : " It might have been."
John G. Whittier : Maud Muller.
Blunders.
It is more than a crime, it is a political
blunder. Joseph Fouchi.
Boasting.
Hear you this Triton of the minnows?
Shakspeare : Coriolanus.
I am not in the roll of common men.
Shakspeare : King Henry LV.
Talk as familiarly of roaring lions.
As maids of thirteen do of puppy-dogs.
Shakspeare : King John.
To be puffed up by a good action is to give
reason to suppose that it is out of our usual
course. Anonymous.
We rise in glory, as we sink in pride !
Where boasting ends, there dignity begins.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
The Body.
That man, I think, has had a liberal educa-
tion who has been so trained in youth that his
body is the ready servant of his will.
'I'homas H. Huxley.
Bombast.
Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing,
more than any man in all Venice. His reasons
are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels
of chaff: you shall seek all day ere you find
them ; and when you have them, they are not
worth the search,
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice,
BOOKS
533
BRAVERY
Glendower. I can caH spirits from the vasty deep.
Hotspur. Why, so can I, or so can any man ;
But will they come when you do call for them ?
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Books.
A good book is the precious life-blood of a
master-spirit embalmed and treasured up on
purpose to a life beyond life.
John Milton: Areopagitica.
As good almost kill a man as kill a good
book ; who kills a man kills a reasonable creat-
ure, God's image ; but he who destroys a good
book kills reason itself.
John Milton : Areopagitica.
As one, who, destined from his friends to part,
Regrets his loss, but hopes again erewhile
To share their converse, and enjoy their smile,
And tempers, as he may, affection's dart ;
Thus, loved associates, chiefs of elder art,
Teachers of wisdom, who could once beguile
My tedious hours, and lighten every toil,
I now resign you ; nor with fainting heart ;
For pass a few short years, or days, or hours,
And happier seasons may their dawn unfold.
And all your sacred fellowship restore ;
When freed from earth, unlimited its powers,
Mind shall with mind direct communion hold,
And kindred spirits meet to part no more
William Roscoe.
Books are a guide in youth and an entertain-
ment for age They help us to forget the cross-
ness of men and things, compose our cares, and
lay our disappointments asleep. When we arc
weary of the living, we may rt pair to the dead,
who have nothing of peevishness, pride, or de-
sign in their conversation. Jeremy Taybr.
Books are for company the best friends ; in
doubts, counsellors ; in dumps, comforters ;
Time's prospective, the home-traveller's ship or
horse, the busy man's best recreation, the opiate
of idle wearines*;, the mind's best ordinary. Na-
ture's garden and seed-plot of immortality.
Richard Whitlock : Zootomia.
Books are not absolutely dead things, but do
contain a potency of life in them to be as active
as the souls whose progeny they are.
John Milton.
Books are spectacles to read nature.
John Dryden.
Books are the legacies that genius leaves to
mankind, to be delivered down from generation
to generation, as presents to the posterity of
those who are yet unborn. Joseph Addison.
Books can not always please, however good ;
Minds are not ever craving for their food.
George Crabbe : Letter.
Books that you can carry to the fire, and hold
readily in your hand, are the most useful, after
Samuel Johnson.
Each age must write its own books, or, rather,
each generation for the next succeeding. The
books of an older period will not lit this.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
He might be a very clever man by nature, for
aught I know, but he laid so many books upon
his head that his brains could not move.
Robert Hall.
Rarer than the author who makes his books
liked is the one who makes himself loved in
them. Anonymous.
Some books are drenched sands.
On which a great soul's wealth lies all in heaps ;
Like a wrecked argosy,
Alexander Smith : A Life Drama.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be
swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
digested. Lrancis Bacon : hssay on i^tudies.
The writings of the wise are the only riches
our posterity can not squander.
Walter Savage Landor.
'Tis pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print ;
A book's a book, although there's nothing in't.
Lord Byron :
' English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
The modernness of all good books seems to
give me an existence as wide as man. What is
well done I feel as if I did ; what is ill done I
reck not of. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Borrowing.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be,
For loan oft loses both itself and friend ,
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
This above all — to thine own self be true ;
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.
Shakspeare : Llamlet.
Boyhood.
Youth, that pursuest, with such eager pace,
Thy even way.
Thou pantest on to win a mournful race ;
Then stay ! oh stay I
Pause and luxuriate on thy sunny plain ;
Loiter — enjoy :
Once past, thou never wilt come back again,
A second boy.
Richard Monckton Milnes :
Youth, that Pursuest.
Bravery.
Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once
more,
Or close the wall up with our English dead !
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility ;
But when the blast of war blows in our ears.
Then imitate the action of the tiger :
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
BREVITY
534
CAPRICE
Brevity.
As, for example, I consider my life as but a
moment ; and to till that moment with duty is
my all. Francis Marion.
But pleasures are like poppies spread,
Vou seize the flower, its bloom is shed ;
Or like the snow-fall in the river,
A moment white, then melts forever.
Robert Bums : Tarn o' Shanter.
Death borders upon our birth, and our cradle
stands in the grave. Joseph Hall.
For brevity is very good,
When we are, or are not, understood.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
In small proportion we just beauties see,
And in short measures life may perfect be.
Ben Jonson : Gojd Life, Long Life.
Life is toC short for logic ; what I do
I must do simply ; God alone must judge —
For God alone shall guide, and God s elect.
Charles Kingsley : Saint's 1 ragedy.
We spend our years as a tale that is told.
Psalm xc, g.
Bribes.
I don't want it, but drop it into my hand.
Spanish.
Bridal.
Bring flowers, fresh flowers, for the bride to wear!
They were born to blush in her shining hair ;
She is leaving the home of her childhood's
mirth.
She hath bid farewell to her father's hearth,
Her place is now by another's side ;
Bring flowers for the locks of the fair young
bride. Felicia He/nans : Bring Floivers.
Brilliancy.
When he shall die,
Take him and cut him out in little stars.
And he will make the face of heaven so fine,
That all the world will be in love with night,
And pay no worship to the garish day.
Sliakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Borial.
Bring flowers, pale flowers, o'er the bier to shed,
A crown for the brow of the early dead ;
For this its leaves hath the white rose burst,
For this in the woods was the violet nursed ;
Though they smile in vain for what once was
oure.
They are love's last gift — bring ye flowers, pale
flowers. Felicia Hemans : Bring Lloivcrs.
He lay like a warrior taking his rest.
With his martial cloak around him.
Charles Wolfe: Burial oj Sir John Mcore.
I gathered, from some conversation that I
heard, that a son of Adam is to be buried this
afternoon from the meeting-house ; but the
name escaped me. It is no great matter, so it
be written in the Book of Life.
Nathaniel Haivthorr.e.
Underneath this stone doth lie
As much beauty as could die.
Which in life did harbor give
To more virtue than doth live.
Ben Jonson.
Business.
The crowning fortune of a man is to be bom
to some pursuit which finds him in employment
and happiness — whether it be to make baskets,
or broadswords, or canals, or statuettes, or
J songs. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
c.
Calamity.
An enemy's misfortune softens the rancor of
the good, but strengthens that of the bad, as
sun melts snow and hardens mud. Anonymous,
Calamity is man's true touchstone.
Beaumont and Fletcher :
The Triumph of Honor.
It is true that misfortune — real misfortune
(not imaginary misfortune, which we create for
ourselves) — is the surest touchstone of human
excellence, and that equanimity and strength of
mind belong especially to it ; to work without
constraint on the world, when fate cuts off all
our springs of enjoyment, and even binds our
hands in working. George Forster.
Callonsness.
To whomsoever the holy dead are of no
consequence, to him the living are so
too. Richter.
Calmness.
Be calm in argument : for fierceness makes
Error a fault, and tnith discourtesy.
George Herbert : Church Porch.
Power will accomplish more by gentle than
by violent means, and calmness will best en-
force the imperial mandate. Claudianus.
Calumny.
Calumny spreads like an oil-spot. We en-
deavor to cleanse it, but the mark remains.
Mile, de Lespinasse.
There is nothing that wings its flight so
swiftly as calumny, nothing that is uttered
with more ease ; nothing is listened to with
more readiness, nothing disperses more widely.
Cicero.
Caprice,
The caprices of womankind are not limited
by any climate or nation, and they are much
more uniform than can be imagined.
Jonathan Swift.
CARE
535
CHANGE
Care.
Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
For other things mild Heaven a time ordains,
And disapproves that care, though wise in
show,
That with superfluous burden loads the day,
And, when God sends a cheerful hour, re-
frains. John Milton : Sonnet.
I'm sure care's an enemy to life.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
I never heard
Of any true affection, but 'twas nipt
With care, that, like the caterpillar, eats
The leaves of the spring's sweetest book, the
rose Thomas Middleton.
See the Loire : the more it swells, the more it
is troubled. Stranger.
Carefolness.
.V prudent man must neglect no circumstance.
t^ophocks.
Considei the end. Chilo of Sparta.
Then, my good girls, be more than women,
wise;
At least, be more than I was ; and be sure
You credit anything the light gives light to
Before a man.
Beaumont and Fletcher : The Maid's Tragedy.
Look ere thou leap, see ere thou go.
Thomas Tusser : IViving and Thriving.
Carelessness.
Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin
As self-neglecting.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Caricature.
To draw caricatures of our contemporaries is
not difficult ; it requires only a small portion of
talent and a great want of courtesy.
Benjamin Disraeli.
Catastrophe.
Abstract ideas and great conceit are ever on
the road to produce terrible catastrophes.
Goethe.
Canse.
It must indeed be an undiscriminating mind
which can not see that a true cause is one thing,
and quite another is that without whicli the
cause could never have causality ; yet this, it
seems, is what most men, with thought groping
as in the dark, designate as the cause itself, as-
signing it a name to which it has no right.
Plato.
Caation.
A thief does not always steal, but be always
on your guard against him. Russian.
Give thy thoughts no tongue.
• Shakspeare: Hamlet.
Keep close to the shore ; let others launch
inio the main. Virgil.
35
Out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this
flower, safety. Shakspeare : King Henry J V.
What, wouldst thou have a serpent sting thee
twice ? Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Let him that thinketh he standeth take heed
lest he fall. / Corinthians jt, 12.
Celebrity.
I awoke one morning and found myself
famous. Lord Byron.
Censure.
Censure is the tax a man pays to the public
for being eminent. Jonathan Swift :
Thoughts on Various Subjects.
Ceremony.
What have kings that privates have not too.
Save ceremony ? Shakspeare : Henry V.
Certainty.
If this fail.
The pillared firmament is rottenness,
And earth's base built on stubble.
John Milton : Comus.
Never do anything concerning the rectitude
of which you have a doubt Pliny the Younger.
The way's as plain as way to parish church.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Chance.
Things don't turn up in this world until some-
body turns them up. James A. Garfield.
Change.
All but God is changing day by day.
Charles Kingsley : Prometheus,
It is not the weathercock that changes, it is
the wind. • C. Desmoulins.
Manners with fortunes, humors tune with
climes.
Tenets with books, and principles with times.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays,
The heart has often been compared to the
needle for its constancy : has it ever been so
for its variations ? Yet were any man to keep
minutes of his feelings from youth to age, what
a table of variations would they present ! how
numerous ! how diverse ! how strange !
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
There are not a few persons in the world
who, if they had not felt themselves bound to
repeat what is untrue, simply because they had
once said it, would have become something
quite different from what they are. Goethe.
Things change less than our way of looking
at them. Anonymous.
Weep not that the world changes — did it keep
A stable, changeless state, 'twere cause indeed
to weep.
William Cullen Bryant : Mutation,
CHANGEABLENESS
536
CHARACTER
We have seen better days.
Shakspeare : Timon of Athens.
The American is nomadic in religion, in
ideas, in morals, and leaves his faith and opin-
ions with as much indifference as the house in
which he was born.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Yea ! hope and despondency, pleasure and pain,
Are mingled together like sunshine and rain ;
And the smile and the tear, and the song and
the dirge.
Still follow each other, like surge upon surge.
IVilliam Knox : Mortality.
Changeableness.
Love not ! the thing ye love may change ;
The rosy lip may cease to smile on you,
The kindly-beaming eye grow cold and strange.
The heart still warmly beat, yet not be true !
Caroline Norton : Love Not.
Character.
All seems infected that the infected spy.
As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
A mind not to be changed by time or place.
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.
Johti Milton : Paradise Lost.
And mistress of herself, though china fall.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
A weak mind sinks under prosperity as well
as under adversity, A strong and deep mind
has two highest tides — when the moon is at the
full, and when there is no moon.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
A wit with dunces, and with wits a dunce.
Alexander Pope : The Dunciad.
Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover.
Fades in his eye, and palls upon the sense.
The virtuous Marcia towers above her sex.
Joseph Addison : Cato.
Be not all sugar, or the world will gulp thee
down ; nor all wormwood, or the world will
spit thee out. Persian.
Besides, this Duncan
Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been
So clear in his great office, that his virtues
Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against
The deep damnation of his taking-off.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Be what you are. This is the first step toward
becoming better than you are.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Circumstances do not make men ; they dis-
cover them. Lamennais.
Eternal smiles his emptiness betray.
As shallow streams run dimpling all the way.
Alexander Pope : Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot.
Even when a bird walks we see that it has
wings. Antoine-Marin Lemieroe.
Every man is the architect of his own for-
tune. Appius Claudius.
Every one is as God made him, and often
times a great deal worse. Cervantes.
Excessive indulgence to others, especially to
children, is in fact only self-indulgence under
an alias. Julius Hare : Guesses at I ruth.
For pointed satire I would Buckhurst choose.
The best good man with the worst-natured muse.
Earl of Rochester.
Good character is property. It is the noblest
of all possessions. Samuel Smiles.
Great parts produce great vices as well as
virtues, Plato.
He in whom there is much to develop will be
later in acquiring true perceptions of himself
and of the world. Goethe.
Here lies our sovereign lord the king,
Whose word no man relies on ;
He never says a foolish thing.
Nor ever does a wise one.
Earl of Rochester :
Written on the bedchamber door of Charles II.
Her wit was more than man, her innocence a
child. John Dtyden : Elegy on Mrs. Killegrew.
I am never less at leisure than when at leis-
ure, nor less alone than when alone.
Scipio Africanus.
I am no herald to inquire of man's pedigrees,
it sufficeth if I know their virtues.
Sir Philip Sidney.
I could hardly feel much confidence in a man
who had never been imposed upon.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
I leave my character behind me.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan : School for Scandal.
It is fortunate to be of noble ancestry ; it is
not less so to be such that people do not care
to be informed whether you are noble or ig-
noble. La Bruyere.
Leaves are light, and useless and idle, and
wavering, and changeable : they even dance :
yet God has made them part of the oak. In so
doing he has given us a lesson not to deny the
stout-heartedness within, because we see the
lightsumeness without.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Never does a man portray his own character
more vividly than in his manner of portraying
another. Richter.
None but himself can be his parallel.
Louis Theobald: I'he Double Falsehood.
Pray, goody, please to moderate the rancor of
your tongue ;
Why flash those sparks of fury from your eyes ?
Remember, when the judgment's weak, the
prejudice is strong. Kane O'Hara : Midas.
CHARACTER
537
CHARMS
Pygmies are pygmies still, though perched on
Alps ;
And pyramids are pyramids in vales.
Each man makes his own stature, builds himself:
Virtue alone outbuilds the Pyramids ;
Her monuments shall last when Egypt's fall.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
Reputation is what men and women think of
us ; character is what God and the angels know
of us. Thomas Paine.
Scorn trifles, lift your aims ; do what you are
afraid to do. Sublimity of character must come
from sublimity of motive.
Mary Moody Emerson.
Some men are like pyramids, which are very
broad where they touch the ground, but grow
narrow as they reach the sky.
Henry Ward Beec her.
Some men treat the God of their fathers as
they treat their father's friend. They do not
deny him ; by no means ; they only deny them-
selves to him, when he is good enough to call
upon them. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Tender-handed stroke a nettle.
And it stings you for your pains ;
Grasp it like a man of mettle,
And it soft as silk remains.
'Tis the same with common nature 3 :
Use 'em kindly, they rebel ;
But be rough as nutmeg-graters.
And the rogues obey you well.
Aaron Hill :
IVt it ten on a Window in Scotland.
The divine image in man may be burned, but
it can not be burned out. St. Bernard.
The formation of character is not, as it ought
to be, the chief concern with every man. Many
wish merely to find a sort of recipe for com-
fort, directions for acquiring riches, or what-
ever good they aim at. Goetlie.
The highest of characters is his who is as
ready to pardon the moral errors of mankind as if
he were everyday guilty of the same himself, and
at the same time as cautious of committing a fault
as if he never forgave one. Pliny the Younger.
The princess had all the virtues with which
hell is filled. Jacques Bossuet.
There ari human tempers, bland, glowing,
and gerilaTT within whose influence it is good
for the poor in spirit to live, as it is for the feeble
in frame to bask in the glow of noon.
Cliarlotte Bronte.
There's a great deal of unmapped country
within us which would have to be taken into
account in an explanation of our gusts and
storms. George Eliot.
The ruling i>assion. be it what it will,
The ruling passion conquers reason still.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
The well-being of our souls depends on what
we are ; and nobleness of character is nothing
else but steady love of good and steady scorn
of evil. — James A. Froude.
'Tis with our judgments as our watches, none
Go just alike, yet each believes his own.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism,
To those who know thee not, no words can
paint !
And those who know thee know all words are
faint ! Hannah More : Sinsibility.
We are never good enough at the bottom in
our own eyes to be above trying to appear so in
the eyes of others. Anonymous.
When firmness is sufficient, rashness is un-
necessary. Napoleon Bonaparte.
Wise men read very sharply all your private
history in your look and gait and behavior.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
As he thinketh in his heart so is he.
Proverbs xxiiiy 7.
Good and bad men are each less so than they
seem. Samuel Taylor Coletidge.
I can not help thinking that the indefinable
something which we call character is cumulative
— that the influence of the same climate, scen-
ery, and associations for several generations is
necessary to its gathering head, and that the
process is disturbed by continual change of
place. James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth
speaketh. Matthew xii, J4,
Charitableness.
He who looks at another's vices through his
own virtues is apt to pardon them ; for charity
is born of a pure soul. Anonymous.
Charlatan.
The charlatan ascends to the lowest point
of the intellectual level, like those rocks on the
shore which only grow large as the tide goes
out. Anonymous.
Charity.
Alas for the rarity
Of Christian charity
Under the sun !
Thomas Hood : The Bridge of Sighs,
Charity begins at home is one of the sayings
with which selfishness tries to mask its own de-
formity. . . . The charity that begins at home
is pretty sure to end there. It has such ample
work within doors, it flags and grows faint the
moment it gets out of them.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Charms.
Age can not wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety.
Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
CHASTISEMENT
538
CHILDREN
Chastisement.
Consideration, like an angel, came
And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him.
Skakspeare : King Henry V.
The good are better made by ill,
As odors crushed are sweeter still.
Samtul Rogers : Jacqueline.
Chastity.
'Tis chastity, ray brother, chastity :
She that has that is clad in complete steel.
John Milton : Comus.
Cheerfalness.
A merrier man, within the limit of becoming
mirth, I never spent an hour's talk withal.
Skakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
A merry heart goes all the day,
Your sad tires in a mile-a.
Skakspeare : A Winter s Tale.
A wide-spreading, hopeful disposition is your
only true umbrella in this vale of tears.
Aldrlch.
Don't be a cynic and disconsolate preacher.
Don't bewail and bemoan. Omit the negative
propositions. Nerve us with incessant affirma-
tives. Don't waste yourself in rejection, nor
bark against the bad, but chant the beauty of
the good. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
It is good
To lengthen to the last a sunny mood.
James Russell Lowell : Legend of Br ittany.
Laughing cheerfulness throws sunlight on all
the paths of life. Peevishness covers with its
dark fog even the most distant horizon. Sorrow
causes more absence of mind and confusion
than so-called levity. Richter.
Oh ! blessed with temper, whose unclouded ray
Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
The best part of health is fine disposition.
It is more essential than talent, even in the
works of talent. Nothing will supply the want
of sunshine to peaches, and, to make knowledge
valuable, you must have the cheerfulness of
wisdom. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
There is no real life but cheerful life ; there-
fore valetudinarians should be sworn, before
they enter into company, not to say a word of
themselves till the meeting breaks up.
Joseph Addison.
Thou hast no soitovv in thy song.
No winter in thy year.
John Logan : To the Cuckoo.
Wondrous is the strength of cheerfulness ;
altogether past calculation its power of endur-
ance. Efforts to be permanently useful must
be uniformly joyous — a spirit all sunshine —
graceful from very gladness, beautiful because
bright. Thomas Carlyle.
Give us, oh, give us, the man who sings at
his work. Be his occupation what it may, he
is equal to any of those who follow the same
pursuit in silent sullenness. He will do more
in the same time, he will do it better, he will
persevere longer. One is scarcely sensible of
fatigue when he marches to music. The veiy
stars are said to make harmony as they revolve
in their spheres. Wondrous is the strength
of cheerfulness, altogether past calculation its
power of endurance. Thomas Carlyle.
I think a wise and constant man ought never
to grieve while he doth play, as a man may say,
his own part truly. Sir Philip Sidney.
The most manifest sign of wisdom is a con-
tinual cheerfulness ; such a state and condition,
like things in the regions above the moon, is
always clear and serene. Montaigne.
Childhood.
Ah ! happy years ! once more who would not
be a boy? Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Childhood has no forebodings ; but then it is
soothed by no memories of outlived sorrow.
George Eliot.
How the heart of childhood dances
Upon a sunny day !
It has its own romances,
And a wide, wide world have they !
L. E. iMndon : Little Red Riding-Hood.
Rather wonder how such a puny, heartless,
feeble thing as manhood should be the abortive
fruit of the rich bud of childhood than think
that childhood is an imperfect promise and
opening of the future man. Edward Irving.
Children.
Children need some childish talk, some child-
ish play, some childish books. But they also
need, and need more, difficulties to overcome,
and a sense of the vast mysteries which the prog-
ress of their intelligence shall aid them to un-
ravel. Margaret Puller.
We must see the first images which the ex-
ternal world casts upon the dark mirror of his
mind ; or must hear the first words which
awaken the sleeping powers of thought, and
stand by his earliest efforts, if we would under-
stand the prejudices, the habits, and the pas-
sions that will rule his life. The entire man is,
so to speak, to be found in the cradle of the
child. Alexis de Tocqtteville.
It is well for us that we are born babies in
intellect. Could we understand half what most
mothers say and do to their infants, we should
be filled with a conceit of our own importance,
which would render us insupportable through
life. Happy the boy whose mother is tired of
talking nonsense to him before he is old enough
to know the sense of it.
Augustus Hare : Gttesses at Truth.
Let not the loss of children cause any incon-
solable grief. The loss of children, did I say —
nay, let me recall so harsh a word. The chil-
dren we count lost, are not so. The death cf
CHIVALRY
539
CHURCH-GOING
our children is not the loss of our children. They
are not lost, but given back ; they are not lost,
but sent before. Cotton Mather.
What sweeter gift from Nature has fallen to
the lot of man than his children ? Cicero.
Chivalry.
But the age of chivalry is gone ; that of soph-
isters, economists, and calculators has succeeded.
Edmund Burke.
Danger is sweet for Christ and my country.
Prince de Condi.
Sleep, soldiers ! still in honored rest
Your truth and valor wearing ;
The bravest are the tenderest —
The loving are the daring.
Bayard Taylor : Song of the Camp.
Soldier of Freedom, thy marches are ended —
The dreams that were prophets of triumph
are o'er;
Death with the night of thy manhood is blended —
The bugle shall call thee, the fight shall en-
thrall thee No more.
R. H. Newell: Xo More.
The knight's bones are dust,
And his good sword rust —
His soul is with the saints, I trust.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Knight's Tomb.
ChoiM.
The rose that all are praising,
Is not the rose for me.
Thomas Haynes Bayly.
Christ.
Christ alone, like his emblem the light, passed
through all things undefiled. Bishop Ilorne.
In those holy fields.
Over whose acres walked those blessed feet
Which fourteen hundred years ago were nailed,
P'or our advantage, on the bitter cross.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
The death of Christ is the death of a God.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Christianity.
Gave
His body to that pleasant country's earth.
And his pure soul unto his Captain, Christ,
Under whose colors he had fought so long.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
The Christian religion is a mighty lever, by
the help of which degraded and suffering hu-
manity has again been strengthened to lift itself
out of the mire ; and by allowing it the pos-
session of this great moral efficiency, we place
it on a platform higher than all philosophy, and
where, indeed, for the manifestation of its high-
est virtue no philosophy is required. Goethe.
The cross of Christianity towers above all
human civilization, and will always be the meas-
ure by which its degree of elevation can be de-
termined. — Anonymous.
The gospel alone has shown a full and com-
plete assemblage of the principles of morality
stripped of all absurdity. Napoleon Bonaparte.
The larger the universe of our faith the more
copious are the phenomena delivered to our
philosophy. So that Christianity, far from coun-
teracting the compass of our science, rather ex-
pands it to its own sublime proportions.
James Martineau.
There is between Christianity and all other
I religions whatever the distance of infinity.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
The virtue of paganism was strength ; the
virtue of Christianity is obedience.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Christmas.
At last thou art come, little Saviour !
And thine angels fill midnight with song ;
Thou art come to us, gentle Creator !
Whom thy creatures have sighed for so long.
Frederick W. Faber : Christtnas Night.
Now trees their leafy heads do bare
To reverence Winter's silver hair ;
A handsome hostess, merry host,
A pot of ale and now a toaSt,
Tobacco and a good coal fire.
Are things this season doth require.
Poor Robin's Almanack.
Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes
Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated,
The bird of dawning singeth all night long :
And then, they say, no spirit dare stir abroad ;
The nights are wholesome ; then no planets
strike.
No faiiy takes, nor witch hath power to charm.
So hallowed and so gracious is the time.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
It is the calm and solemn night !
A thousand bells ring out, and throw
Their joyous peals abroad, and smite
The darkness, charmed and holy now !
The night that erst no name had worn.
To it a happy name is given ;
For in that stable lay, new-born,
The peaceful Prince of earth and heaven,
In the solemn midnight.
Centuries ago !
Alfred Domett : A Christmas Ilyntn.
Church.
To be of no church is dangerous. Religion
of which the rewards are distant, and which is
animated only by Faith and Hope, will glide
by degrees out of the mind, unless it be in-
vigorated and reimpressed by external ordi-
nances, by stated calls to worship, and the salu-
tary influence of example.
Samuel Johnson : Life of Milton.
Church-going.
An' I hallus comed to's choorch afoor my Sally
wur dead.
An' 'eerd un a bummin' awaay loike a buzzard-
clock ower my yead,
CIRCUMSPECTION
540
COMFORT
An' I niver knavv'd whot a mean'd, but I thowt
a 'ad summut to saay,
An' I thowt a said whot a owt to 'a said, an' I
corned awaay.
Alfred Tennyson : The Northern Farmer.
Circomspection.
Be independent and moderate, and regard
not the opinion and censure of others, but keep
a watch upon yourself as your own most dan-
erous enemy. Epictetus.
Strive not to find out his secrets, and keep
what is intrusted to thee, though tried by wine
and passion ; praise not thy own pursuits, nor
blame those of thy friend. Horace.
My dear and only love, take heed,
Lest thou thyself expose.
And let all longing lovers feed
Upon such looks as those.
A marble wall then build about,
Beset without a door ;
But if thou let thy heart fly out,
I'll never love ihee more.
Let not their oaths, like volleys shot.
Make any breach at all ;
Nor smoothness of their language plot
Which way to scale the wall ;
Nor balls of wild-fire love consume
The shrine which I adore ;
For if such smoke about thee fume,
I'll never love thee mora.
James Graham, Earl of Montrose :
My Dear and Only Love.
Circumstances.
A man is not little when he finds it difficult
to rt)pe with circumstances, but when circum-
stances overmaster him. Goethe.
If Cleopatra's nose had been shorter, the face
of the whole world would have been changed.
Pascal.
Our likings are regulated by circumstances.
Charlotte Bronte.
Our wanton accidents take root, and grow
To vaunt themselves God's laws.
Charles Kingsley : Saint's Tragedy.
Cities.
Knowledge is what I love ; and the men who
dwell in towns are my teachers, not trees and
landscape. Socrates.
Let but thy wicked men from out thee go,
And all the fools that crowd thee so.
Even thou, who dost thy millions Ijoast,
A village less than Islington wilt grow,
A solitude almost.
Abraham Cowley: Of Solitude
City.
God the first garden made, and the first. city
Cain. Abraham Coxuley : The Garden.
Citizens.
Before man made us citizens great Nature
made us men.
James Russell Lowell : The Capture.
We figure to ourselves
The thing we like, and then we build it up
As chance will have it, on the rock or sand ;
For Thought is tired of wandering o'er the world.
And homebound Fancy runs her bark ashore.
Henry Taylor: Philip Van Artevelde.
Civilities.
My civilities were formerly taken for love-
declarations, now my love-declarations are taken
for civilities. Prince of Conti.
Civilization.
The ultimate tendency of civilization is toward
barbarism . A ugusttis hare.
Clamor.
Because half a dozen grasshoppers under a
fern make the field ring with their importunate
chink, while thousands of great cattle reposed
beneath the shadow of the British oak, chew
the cud and are silent, pray do not » imagine
that those who make the noise are the only in-
habitants of the field — that, of course, they are
many in number — or chat, after all, they are
other than the little, shrivelled, meagre, hop-
ping, though loud and troublesome insects of
the hour. Edmund Burke.
Cleanliness.
Certainly this is a duty, not a sin. Cleanliness
is next to godliness. John Wisley : vn Dress.
Clearness.
Oh ! rather give me commentators plain.
Who with no deep researches vex the brain ;
Who from the dark and doubtful love to run.
And hold their glimmering tapers to the sun.
George Crabbe : The Parish Register.
Sweet Phosphor, bring the day ;
Light will repay
The wrongs of night ;
Sweet Phosphor, bring the day.
Francis Quarks : Emblems.
Climate.
A Boston man is the east wind made flesh.
Thomas G. Appleton.
Combination.
Combination is stronger than witchcraft.
Haytian proverb.
Commemoration.
I direct that my name be inscribed in plain
English letters on my tomb, without the addi-
tion of " Mr." or " Esquire." , I conjure my
friends on no account to make me the subject
of any monument, memorial, or testimonial
whatever. I rest my claims to the remembrance
of my country on my published works, and to
the remembrance of my friends upon their ex-
perience of me. Charles Dickens.
Comfort.
Now stir the fire, and close the shutters fast.
Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round.
And while the bubbling and loud hissing urn
Throws up a steamy column, and the cups
COMMENDATION
541
COMPLIMENT
That cheer but not inebriate wait on each,
So let us welcome peaceful evening in.
IVtlliam Cowper : The Task.
The glory dies not, and the grief is past.
Sir Samuel E. Brydges.
The worst days of darkness through which I
have ever passed have been greatly alleviated
by throwing myself with all my energy into
some work relating to others. Vour life is so
much devoted in this direction that I think you
will find in it the greatest safety from the dan-
ger of gloom.
Javtes A. Garfield : private letter.
Was I deceived, or did a sable cloud
Turn forth her silver lining on the night?
John Milton : Comus.
Commendation.
To encourage talent is to create it.
Anonymous.
Common Sense,
Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven,
And though no science, fairly worth the seven.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Communion.
No one is so accursed by fate.
No one so utterly desolate, '
But some heart, though unknown.
Responds unto his own.
Henry \V. Longfellow : Endymion.
Though in distant lands we sigh,
Parched beneath a burning sky ;
Though the deep between us rolls,
Friendship shall unite our souls ;
Still, in fancy's rich domain
Oft shall we three meet again.
Anonymous.
Companionship.
Shalt thou not teach me, in that calmer home,
The wisdom that I learned so ill in this —
The wisdom which is love — till I become •
Thy fit companion in that land of bliss?
William C. Bryant • The Future Life.
They are never alone who are accompanied
with noble thoughts. Sir Philip Sidney.
We had the fortune, which neither of us
have had reason to call other than good, to
journey together through the green, secluded
valley of boyhood ; together we climbed the
mountain wall which shut in, and looked down
upon, those Italian plains of early manhood ;
and since then, we have met sometimes by a
well, or broken bread together at an oasis in
the arid desert of life, as it truly is.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
It is as hard for most characters to stay at
their own average point in all companies, as
for a thermometer to say 65° for twenty-four
hours together.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Keep good company, and you shall be of the
number. Portuguese proverb.
Compassion.
Whose wit, in the combat, as gentle as bright,
Ne'er carried a heart-stain away on its blade.
Thomas Moore : On t/ie Death of Sheridan.
Compensation.
If there are words and wrongs like knives
whose deep-inflicted lacerations never heal —
cutting injuries and insults of serrated and
poison-dripping edge — so, too, there are conso-
lations of tone too fine for the ear not fondly
bent forever to retain the echo.
Charlotte Bronte.
Belief in compensation — or, that nothing is
got for nothing — characterizes all valuable
minds. Ralph fValdo Emerson.
Completeness.
Like be none to another, but like be each to
the highest :
How to do that? — let each in his own sphere
be complete. Goethe.
Completion.
And what b writ, is writ.
Would it were worthier !
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Every moment think steadily, as a Roman
and as a man, to do what thou hast in hand to
do, with perfect and simple dignity, and affec-
tion, and freedom, and justice.
Marcus Aurelius.
The end crowns all.
Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressida.
•
The road is long from the intention to the
completion. Moliire.
Compliment.
Her eyes the glow-worm lend thee.
The shooting-stars attend thee ;
And the elves also.
Whose little eyes glow
Like the sparks of fire, befriend thee.
Robert Herrick : Night Piece to Julia.
Her face is like the milky way i' the sky,
A meeting of gentle lights without a name.
Sir John Stickling : Brennoralt.
I fill this cup to one made up
Of loveliness alone,
A woman, of her gentle sex
The seeming paragon.
Her health ! and would on earth there stood
Some more of such a frame,
■ That life might be all poetry.
And weariness a name !
Edzvard Coate Pinkney : A Health.
I know a little hand ;
'Tis the softest in the land,
And I feel its pressure bland.
While I sing ;
Lily white and resting now
Like a rose-leaf on my brow,
COMPOSITION
542
CONCENTRATION
As a dove might fan my brow
With its wing.
Well I prize, all hands above,
The dear hand of her I love.
Augustine J. H. Duganne : Her I Love.
It was a beauty that I saw —
So pure, so perfect, as the frame
Of all the universe were lame
To that one figure, could I draw,
Or give least line of it a law :
A skein of silk without a knot !
A fair march made without a halt !
A curious form without a fault !
A printed book without a blot !
All beauty ! — and without a spot.
Ben Jonson : A Vision of Beauty.
Not as all other women are
Is she that to my soul is dear ;
Her glorious fancies come from far.
Beneath the silver evening star ;
And yet her heart is ever near.
Great feelings hath she of her own.
Which lesser souls may never know ;
God giveth them to her alone,
And sweet they are as any tone
Wherewith the wind may choose to blow
Yet in herself she dwelleth not.
Although no home were half so fair ;
No simplest duty is forgot ;
Life hath no dim and lowly spot
That doth not in her sunshine share.
James Russell Lowell : My Love.
Queen rose of the rosebud garden of girls.
Come hither ! the dances are done ;
In ^loss of satin and glimmer of pearls,
Queen lily and rose in one ;
Shine out, little head, sunning over with curls.
To the flowers, and be their sun.
Alfred Tennyson : Maud.
Where I find her not, beauties vanish ;
Whither I follow her, beauties flee ;
Is there no method to tell her in Spanish
June'stwicejunesince shebreathed itwithme?
Come, bud, show me thete least of her traces.
Measure my lady's lightest footfall ;
Ah, you may flout and turns up your faces —
Roses, you are not so fair after all !
Robert Drowning : The Flower's Name.
Her cheeks so rare a white was on,
No daisy makes comparison ;
Who sees them is undone ;
For streaks of red were mingled there.
Such as are on a Cath'rine pear,
The side that's next the sun.
Sir John Suckling : The Bride.
Composition.
The great secret of writing well is to know
thoroughly what one writes about, and riot to
be aff'ected. Alexander Pope.
Comprehension.
Until you understand an author's ignorance,
presume yourself ignorant of his understanding.
Samuel Taylor Coletidge.
Compromise.
All government, indeed every human benefit
and enjoyment, every virtue and every prudent
act, is founded on compromise and barter.
Edmund Burke.
Compulsion.
(live you a reason on compulsion ! If reasons
were as plenty as blackberries, I would give no
man a reason upon compulsion.
Shakspeare : King Henry LV.
Peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must.
Josiah Quincy.
We are met by the will of the nation ;
We shall retire only upon compulsion.
Mirabeau.
Concealment.
She sings the wild song of her dear native plains,
Every note which he loved awaking —
Ah! little they think, who delight in her strains,
How the heart of the minstrel is breaking!
7 ho mas Moore : She is far from the Land.
She never told her love ;
But let concealment, like a worm i' the bud,
Feed on her damask cheek : she pined in
thought ;
And, with a green and yellow melancholy.
She sat, like Patience on a monument.
Smiling at grief. Shakspeare: Twelfth Night.
To hide a fault with a lie is like trying to
cover up a spot by a hole. Anonymous.
When thou art preparing to commit a sin,
think not that thou wilt conceal it ; there is a
God that forbids crimes to be hidden. Tibullus,
There's no art
To find the mind's construction in the face.
Shakspeare : Macbeth,
Conceit.
Conceit is to human character what salt is to
the ocean ; it keeps it sweet and renders it
endurable. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
I am Sir Oracle,
And when I ope my lips let no dog bark !
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
No parents think their own children ugly ;
and this self-deceit is yet stronger with respect
to the off'spring of the mind. Cervantes,
There is no Damocles like unto self-opinion.
Sir Thomas Browne.
Whatever skeptic could inquire for,
For every why he had a wherefore.
Satnuel Butler : Hudibras.
Ye are the people, and wisdom shall die with
you. Job xii, 2.
Concentration.
Concentration is the secret of strength in
politics, in war, in trade ; in short, in all man-
agement of human affairt.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Our efficiency depends so much on our con-
centration, that Nature usually, in the instances
CONDITION
543
CONGENIALITY
where a marked man is sent into the world,
overloads him with bias, sacrificing his symme-
try to his working power.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Condition.
They who are sinking in the world find more
weights than corks ready to attach themselves
to them ; and even if they can lay hold on a
bladder, it is too likely to burst before it raises
their heads above water.
Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Condact.
All bow to virtue — and then walk away.
J. De Finod.
Be plain in dress, and sober in your diet ;
In short, my deary, kiss me, and be quiet.
jMdy Mary Worthy Montagu :
A Summary of Lord Nettleton's Advice.
Dress and undress thy soul, watch the decay
And growth of it. If with thy watch, that too
Be down, then wind both up.
George Herbert : Church Porch.
lie had a daily beauty in his life.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Honor and shame from no condition rise ;
Act well your part, there all the honor lies,
Alexander Pope : Essay on Alan,
I charge thee, fling away ambition :
By that sin fell the angels.
Love thyself last ; cherish those hearts that hate
thee,
Corruption wins -not more than honesty.
Still in thy right hand carry gentle peace,
To silence envious tongues ; be just, and fear
not.
Let all the ends thou aims't at be thy country's,
Thy God's, and truth's.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
One of the saddest things about human na-
ture is, that a man may guide others in the path
of life without walking in it himself; that he
may be a pilot, and yet a castaway.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
On parent knees, a naked new-bom child
Weeping thou sat'st while all around thee
smiled ;
So live, that, sinking in thy last long sleep.
Calm thou mayst smile, while all around thee
weep.
Sir William Jones : Prow the Persian.
Owe no man anything, but to love one an-
other. Romans xiii, S.
Remember that you are an actor of just such
a part as is assigned you by the poet of the
()lay : of a short part, if the part be short ; of a
ong part, if it be long. Shculd he wish you to
act the part of beggar, take care to act it
naturally and nobly ; and the same if it be the
part of a lame man, or a ruler, or a private
man ; for this is in your power, to act well the
part assigned to you ; but to choose that part is
the function of another. Fptctetus,
Seven hours to law, to soothing slumber seven.
Ten to the world allot, and all to Heaven.
Sir William Jones.
Since the generality of persons act from im-
pulse much more than from principle, men are
neither so good nor so bad as we are apt to
think them. A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Thy purpose firm is equal to the deed :
Who docs the best his circumstance allows.
Does well, acts nobly ; angels could no more.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
'Tis impious in a good man to be sad.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
To act is easy. To think is hard. To act ac-
cording to our thinking is troublesome. Goethe.
To recall benefits we have bestowed shows
want of tact ; to forget those bestowed on us
shows want of heart. Anonymous.
Virtue she finds too painful an endeavor,
Content to dwell in decencies forever.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
What thou lovest, thou livest. Fichte.
Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow ;
The rest is all but leather and prunello.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Confession.
Brother, brother, we are both in the wrong.
John Gay : The Beggar's Opera.
He has no refuge from confession but suicide,
and suicide is confession. Daniel Webster,
Confidants.
Those who want friends to whom to open
their griefs are cannibals of their own hearts.
Francis Bacon.
Confidence.
Confidence is a plant of slow growth in an
aged bosom. William Pitt.
My foot is on my native heath, and my name
is MacGregor. Walter Scott : Rob Rcy.
Yet I argue not
Against Heaven's hand or will, nor bate one jot
Of heart or hope ; but still bear up and steer
Right onward. John Milton : Sonnet.
Confiict.
It is an irrepressible conflict between oppos-
ing and enduring forces. William //. Seward.
Conformity,
When in Rome, do as the Romans do,
St. Ambrose.
Confusion,
God bless the King, I mean the faith's defender ;
God bless — no harm in blessing — the pretender ;
But who pretender is, or who is king —
God bless us all — that's quite another thing.
John Byrom : To an officer of the army.
Congeniality.
A man after his own heart.
/ Samuel xiii, 14.
CONQUEST
544
CONSOLATION
A relationship in pursuits and habits is al-
most as important as the relationship of name
and family. Cicero.
For wheresoever the carcase is, there will the
eagles be gathered together.
Matthew xxiv, 28.
It is a great point in a gallery how you hang
pictures ; and not less in society how you seat
your party. When a man meets his accurate
mate, , society begins and life is delicious.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Our hearts ever answer in tune and in time,
love,
As octave to octave, and rhyme unto rhyme,
love. Joseph Brenan.
Conquest.
Success feeds with fresh hopes ; they are able
to conquer because they seem to be able.
Virgil.
Conscience.
Conscience is the most enlightened of all phi-
losophers. J- J- Rousseau.
It takes something else besides 'cuteness to
make folks see what'U be their interest in the
long run. It takes some conscience and belief
in right and wrong. George Eliot.
It is no advantage that conscience is shut
within us ; we lie open to God. Seneca.
Leave her to Heaven,
And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge.
To prick and sting her.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
My conscience hath a thousand several tongues.
And every tongue brings in a several tale,
And every tale condemns me for a villain.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
O faithful conscience, delicately clear, how
doth a little failing wound thee sore ! Dante.
Oh, the wound of conscience is no scar, and
Time cools it not with his wing, but merely
keeps it open with his scythe. Richter.
So may Heaven's grace clear away the foam
from thy conscience, that the* river of thy
thoughts may roll limpid thenceforth. Dante.
That no compunctious visitings of nature
Shake my fell purpose.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
The darts of the gods are fixed in the minds
of the wicked. Cicero.
The wormwood of conscience embitters even
sorrow. Richter.
We use our conscience chiefly to judge the
actions of others by. Anonymous.
When our actions do not,
Our fears do make us traitors.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
When we were children our parents entrusted
tis to a tutor who kept continual watch that we
might not suffer harm ; but when we grow to
manhood, God hands us over to an inborn con-
science to guard us. Epictctus.
ConscientiooBness.
If a man have not found his home in God,
his manners, his forms of speech, the turn of his
sentences, the build (shall I say?) of all his
opinions, will involuntarily confess it, let him
brave it how he will. Ralph Waldo F.nterson.
Consciousness.
I think, therefore I am.
Descartes.
Consecration.
What's hallowed ground ? 'Tis what gives birth
To sacred thoughts in souls of worth.
Peace, Independence, Truth, go forth,
Earth's compass round ;
And your high priesthood shall make earth
All hallowed ground !
Thomas Campbell : Hallowed Ground.
Consent.
Ask me no more : thy fate and mine are sealed :
I strove against the stream, and all in vain :
Let the great river take me to the main :
No more, dear love, for at a touch I yield ;
Ask me no more.
Alfred Tennyson : Song.
Consequences.
After thunder follows rain. Socrates.
He is not escaped v.ho drags his chain.
Richard Chettevix Trench.
If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere
well
It were done quickly : if the assassination
Could trammel up the consequence, and catch
With his surcease, success ; that but this blow
Might be the be-all and the end-all here.
But here, upon this bank and shoal of time —
We'd jump the life to come.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also
reap. Galatians vi, 7.
Conservatism.
There is a class among us so conservative
they are afraid the roof will come down if you
sweep off the cobwebs. Wendell Phillips,
Consistency.
A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little
minds, adored by little statesmen and philoso-
phers and divines. With consistency a great
soul has simply nothing to do. He may as well
concern himself with his shadow on the wall.
Speak what you think now in hard words, and
to-morrow speak what to-morrow thinks in hard
words again, though it contradicts everything
you said to-day. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Consolation.
Some griefs are medicinable.
Shakspeare : Cymbeline.
There is a pleasure which is bom of pain :
The grave of all things hath its violet.
CONSTANCY
545
CONTENTMENT
Else why, through days which never come
again,
Roams Hope with that strange longing, like
Regret ?
Why put the posy in the cold dead hand ?
Why plant the rose above the lonely grave ?
Why bring the corpse across the salt sea-
wavc ?
Why deem the dead more near in native land ?
kobert Bulwtr Lytton : Prologue.
Constancy.
An everlasting Now reigns in Nature, which
hangs the same roses on our bushes which
charmed the Roman and the Chaldean in their
hanging gardens. Ralph Waldo Emerson^
An hundred thousand oaths your fears,
Perhaps, would not remove ;
And if I gazed a thousand years,
1 could not deeper love.
.Sir Charles Sedlcy : Love.
But I am constant as a northern star,
Of whose true-fixed and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament.
Shakspeare : Julius Ctrsar.
But tell us, thou bird of the solemn strain.
Can those who have loved forget ?
We call — but they answer not again —
Do they love — do they love us yet ?
Felicia Hemans : The Messenger Bird.
Constant love is moderate ever.
And it will through life persever ;
Give me that with true endeavor, —
1 will it restore.
A suit of durance let it be,
For all weathers, — that for me, —
For the land or for the sea :
Lasting evermore. Anonymous.
Farewell, and forever ! The priest and the slave
May rule in the halls of the free and the brave —
Our hearths we abandon — our lands we resign ;
But, Father, we kneel at no altar but thine !
1 homas Babington Alacaulay : Aloncontour.
Lay a garland on. my hearse
Of the dismal yew.
Maidens willow branches wear,
Say I died true.
My love was false, but I was firm.
From my hour of birth,
Upon my buried body lie
Lightly, gentle Earth.
Beaumont and Fletcher : The Maid's Tragedy.
My son is slain ! But Christ still lives ; let
us on, my men ! Frederick I.
No, the heart that has truly loved never forgets,
But as truly loves on to the close !
As the sunflower turns on her god, when he sets,
The same look which she turned when he
rose. Thomas Moore :
Believe me, if all those endearing.
The moon looks on many night-flowers, the
night-flower sees but one moon.
Sir William Jones.
When change itself can give no more,
'Tis easy to be true.
Sir Charles Sedley : Reasons for Constancy.
When other friends are round thee,
And other hearts are thine :
When other bays have crowned thee
More fresh and green than mine,
Then think, oh think, how lonely
This throbbing heart must be,
Which, while it beats, beats only.
Beloved one, for thee.
George P. Morris.
Nobody errs for himself alone, but scatters his
folly among his neighbors and receives theirs in
return. Seneca.
Contempt.
Of all the griefs that harass the distressed.
Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest.
Samuel Johnson.
Sapping a solemn creed with solemn sneer.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Shall I, wasting in despair.
Die because a woman's fair ?
Or make pale my cheeks with care,
'Cause another's rosy are ?
Be she fairer than the day,
Or the flowery meads in May,
If she be not so to me.
What care I how fair she be ?
George Wither : The Shephera's Resolution.
The good he scorned
Stalked off reluctant, like an ill-used ghost,
Not to return ; or, if he did, in visits
Like those of angels, short and far between.
Robert Blair : The Grave.
There is a laughing devil in his sneer.
Lord Byron : The Corsair.
Contentment.
A pleasing land of drowsyhed it was.
Of dreams that wave before the half-shut eye ;
And of gay castles in the clouds that pass,
Forever flushing round a summer sky :
There eke the soft delights, that witchingly
Instil a wanton sweetness through the breast,
And the calm pleasures, always hovered nigh ;
But whate'er smacked of noyance, or unrest.
Was far, far off expelled from this c'alicious nest.
James Thomson : The Castle of Indolence.
Art thou poor, yet hast thou golden slumbers?
O, sweet content !
Art thou rich, yet is thy mind perplexW ?
O, punishment !
Dost thou laugh to see how fools are vex^d
To add to golden numbers, golden numbers ?
O, sweet content ! O sweet, O sweet content !
Canst drink the waters of the crispW spring?
O, sweet content !
Swimm'st thou in wealth, yet sink'.st in thine
own tears?
O, purishment !
Then he that patiently want's burden bears
CONTENTMENT
546
CONVERSATION
No burden bears, but is a king, a king !
O, sweet content ! O sweet, O sweet content !
Thomas Dekker.
He is well paid that is well satisfied.
Shakipeare .: Merchant of Venice.
How happy is he born and taught
That serveth not another's will ;
Whose armor is his honest thought,
And simple truth his utmost skill !
This man is freed from servile bands
Of hope to rise, or fear to fall ;
Lord of himself, though not of lands ;
And having nothing, yet hath all.
Sir Henry Wotton : The Happy Life.
How many things I do not want ! Socrates.
I do not own an inch of land,
But all I see is mine —
The orchard and the mowing-fields,
The lawns and gardens fine.
The winds my tax-collectors are.
They bring me tithes divine —
Wild scents and subtle essences,
A tribute rare and free :
And more magnificent than all,
My window keeps for me
A glimpse of blue immensity —
A little strip of sea.
Here sit I, as a little child :
The threshold of God's door
Is that clear band of chrysoprase ;
Now the vast temple floor.
The blinding glory of the dome,
1 bow my head before :
The universe, O God, is home.
In height or depth to me ;
Yet here upon thy footstool green
Content am I to be ;
Glad when is opened to my need
Some sea-like glimpse of thee.
Lucy Larcom : A Strip of Blue.
I feign not friendship where I hate :
I fawn not on the great in show ;
I prize, I praise a mean estate —
Neither too lofty nor too low :
This, this is all my choice, my cheer —
A mind content, a conscience clear.
foshua Sylvester.
If we have not quiet in our own minds, out-
ward comforts will do no more for us than a
golden slipper for a gouty foot. Johti Bunyan.
I laugh not at another's loss,
I grudge not at another's gain ;
No worldly wave nly mind can toss,
I brook that is another's bane :
I ^ear no foe, nor fawn on friend ;
I loathe not life, nor dread mine end.
Williatn Byrd.
I take with me everywhere that best of men,
Demetrius ; and, leaving those who wear purple
robes, I talk with him who is half-naked. . . .
The shortest road to riches lies through con-
tempt of riches. But our Demetrius lives not
so much as though he despised all things, but
as though he simply sufi"ered others to possess
them. Seneca.
My mind to me a kingdom is.
Such present joys therein I find,
That it excels all other bliss
That earth afford.s, or grows by kind :
Though much I want which most would have.
Yet still my mind forbids to crave.
Sir Edward Dyer.
Poor and content, is rich and rich enough.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Shut up
In measureless content.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
The loss of wealth is loss of dirt,
As sages in all times assert ;
The happy man's without a shirt.
John Heywood : Be Merry Frietids.
The man who would be tnily happy shovld
not study to enlarge his estate, but to contract
his desires. Plato.
The noblest mind the best contentment has.
Edmund Spenser : Faerie Quecne.
The robbed that smiles, steals something
from the thief. Shakspeare : Othello.
The shell was not filled with pearls until it
ceased from unrest. Persian proverb.
Contrast.
The most pleasant course is near the land :
the most inviting walk is near the sea. Ciceiv.
The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new.
And hope is brightest when it dawns from
fears.
The rose is sweetest washed with morning dew.
And love is loveliest v/hen embalmed in tears.
Walter Scott : Lady of the Lake.
Convenience.
Hang your knapsack where you can reach it.
Llaytian pi'oveib.
Conversation.
Don't put too fine a point to your wit, for
fear it should get blunted.
Cervantes : The Little Gypsy.
He draweth out the thread of his verbosity
finer than the staple of his argument.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor s Lost.
Just as music must have its diminished fifths,
its flat sevenths, its flourishes, as well as its per-
fect chords and simple melodies,' so conversation
must have its partial truths, its embellished
truths, its exaggerated truths.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Macaulay's conversation would be perfect if
only relieved by a few flashes of silence.
Sydney Smith.
Many people can ride on horseback who find
it hard to get on and off" without assistance.
CONTRADICTIONS
547
COURAGE
Some have to dismount from an idea, and get
into the saddle again at every parenthesis.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
No man would talk much in society if he were
fu'ly conscious how often he misunderstands
Oiher people. Goethe.
None are so tiresome as those who always
agree with us ; we might as well talk with
echoes. Anonymous.
Talking is like playing the harp. There is |
as much in laying the hand on the strings to j
slop the vibrations as in twanging them to bring
out the music. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Talking is one of the fine arts.
Oliver Wend.'ll Holmes.
The reason why so few people are agreeable
in conversation is, that each is thinking more on
what he is intending to say than on what others
are saying, and that we never listen when we
are desirous to speak. La Rochefoucauld.
Contradictions.
The human soul is hospitab'.e, and will enter-
tain conflicting sentiments and contradictory
opinions with much impartiality. George Eliot.
Conviction.
Make men realize how much better a differ-
ent choice would render them, and this new
light will change their soul. Socrates.
One, on God's side, is a majority.
Wend.ll Phillips.
Conviviality.
As o'er the glacier's frozen sheet
Breathes soft the Alpine rose,
So, through life's desert, springing sweet,
The flower of friendship grows.
And as, where'er the roses grow.
Some rain or dew descends,
'Tis Nature's law that wine shall flow
To wet the lips of friends.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
This song of mine is a song of the vine.
To be sung by the glowing embers
Of wayside inns, when the rain begins
To darken the drear Novembers.
Henry Wads worth I^n;^fc!low.
Co-operation.
When bad men combine, the good must asso-
ciate ; else they will fall, one by one, an un-
pitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle.
Edmund Burke.
Coquetry.
Alack ! there lies more peril in thine eye,
Than twenty of their swords.
Skakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Corrantion.
But the trail of the serpent is over them all.
Thomas Moore : Paradise and the Peri.
Connael.
How many there are who consult us less to
be benefited by our counsel than to be justified
by our approbation ! Anonymous.
The Countenance.
The whole countenance is a certain silent
language of the mind. Cicero.
Country.
But alas for his country ! — her pride is gone by.
And that spiiit is broken which never would
bend ;
O'er the iiiin her children in secret must sigh.
For 'tis treason to love her, and death to de-
fend !
Unprized are her sons, till they've learned to
betray ;
Undistinguished they live, if they shame not
their sires ;
And the torch that would light thtm through
dignity's way.
Must be caugnt from the pile where their
country expires !
y homas Moore : Oh I blame t. ot the bar.l.
They love their land, because it is their own.
And scorn to give aught other reason why ;
Would shake hands with a king upon his throne,
And think it kindness to his Majesty.
/■iiz-Greene halleck : Connecticut.
Courage.
Though your body be confined
And soft love a prisoner bound,
Yet the beauty of your mind
Neither check nor chain hath found.
Look out nobly, then, and dare
Even the fetters that you wear.
Giles Fletcher.
A brave soul is a thing which all things serve."
Alexander Smith : A Life Drama.
A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck.
James A. Garfield.
Be boldc, be bolde, and everywhere be bolde.
Edmnnd Spenser : Faerie Qucene.
Brave men are brave from the very first.
Corneille.
Bravery escapes more dangers than cowardice.
.S^gur.
By the rude bridtje that arched the flood.
Their flag to Anril's breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood.
And fired the shot heard round the world.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Hymn.
Few persons have courage enough to appear
as good as they really are. Guesses at Truth.
Fortune favors the brave.
Terence.
I dare do all that may become a man ;
Who dares do more, is none.
Skakspeare : Macbeth.
I have not quailed to danger's brow
When high and happy — need I now ?
Lord Byron : The Giaour.
I like to read about Moses best, in th' Old
Testament. He carried a hard business well
through, and died when other folks were going
COURTESY
548
CREATION
to reap the fruit ; a man must have courage to
look at his life so, and thinlv what'll come of it
after he's dead and gone. George Eliot.
No man can be brave who considers' pain to
be the greatest evil of life, nor temperate who
considers pleasure to be the highest good. Cicero.
The brave man is not he who feels no fear,
For that were stupid and irrational ;
But he whose noble soul its fear subdues,
And bravely dares the danger Nature shrinks
from. Joanna Baillie : Basil.
The best way to avoid danger is to meet it
plump. Sir Boyle Roche.
True courage is like a kite, a contrary wind
raises it higher. Anonymous.
Tush, tush, fear boys with bugs !
Shakspeare : '1 aming the Shrew.
Courtesy.
Courtesy is cumbersome to those that ken it
not. Scottish.
O good old man ! how well in thee appears
The constant service of the antique world,
When service sweat for duty, not for meed !
Thou art not for the fashion of these times.
Where none will sweat, but for promotion.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Courtesy is a science of the highest impor-
tance. It, like grace and beauty in the body,
which charm at first sight, and lead on to fur-
ther intimacy and friendship, opens a door that
we may derive instruction from the example of
others, and at the same time enables us to
benefit them by our example, if there be any-
thing in our character worthy of imitation.
Montaigne.
W^hat was ever like his bow? It was as if
you had received a decoration, and could write
yourself gentleman from that day forth.
James Rtissell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
CoartsMp.
She stood breast-high amid the com,
Clasped by the golden light of morn,
Like the sweetheart of the sun,
Who many a glowing kiss h^d won.
Sure, I said. Heaven did not mean
Where I reap thou shouldst but glean ;
Lay thy sheaf ad own, and come^
Share my harvest and my home.
Thomas Llood : Ruth.
" You night-moths that hover where honey
brims over
From sycamore blossoms, or settle, or sleep ;
You glow-worms shine out, and the pathway
discover
To him that comes darkling along the rough
steep.
Ah, my sailor, make haste.
For the time runs to waste,
And my love lieth deep —
Jean Ingelow : Love.
Covetousness.
A covetous man does nothing that he should
till he dies. Latin provetb.
You yourself
Are much condemned to have an itching palm.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Cowardice.
Every man would be a coward if he dare.
Earl of Rochester.
I dare not fight ; but I will wink, and hold
out my iron. Shakspeare : King Henry V.
I was a coward on instinct.
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
Thou slave, thou wretch, thou coward ;
Thou little valiant, great in villany !
Thou ever strong upon the stronger side !
Thou Fortune's champion, that dost never fight
But when her humorous ladyship is by
To teach thee safety !
Shakspeare : King John.
A plague of all cowards, I say.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Cowards die many times before their deaths ;
The valiant never taste of death but once.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Coyness.
" And yet, my one lover,
I've conned thee an answer, it waits thee to-
night."
By the sycamore passed he, and through the
white clover.
And all the sweet speech I had fashioned took
flight.
But I'll love him more, more
Then e'er wife loved before,
Be the days dark or bright.
Jean Ingelow : Songs of Seven.
Creation.
All these vast countries of azure and light,
drawn from the bosom of nothing, and formed
without matter, rounded without a compass, and
turning without a pivot, have scarcely cost the
expense of a word. Lemoine.
In the nature of Zeus, on account of the
causal power, there proves to be inherent a
kingly living soul, and kingly mind. Socrates.
Creation is conceived, and is by us conceiv-
able, only as the evolution of existence from
possibility into actuality by the fiat of the Deity.
Sir JVilliam Hamilton.
This goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a
sterile promontory ; this most excellent canopy,
the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firma-
ment, this majestical roof fretted with golden
fire, why, it appears no other thing to me than a
foul and pestilent congregation of vapors. What
a piece of work is man ! How noble in reason !
how infinite in faculties ! in form and moving,
how express and admirable ! in action, how like
an angel ! in apprehension, how like a god !
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
CREDIT
549
CRITICISM
The iheist, who holds the doctrine of a posi-
tive creation of all things by an act of volition,
does not suppose that the divine nature suffers
decrement by the sum of the created existences ;
nor does he think of God as now, in part even,
metamorphosed into the universe ; but as hav-
ing made space richer by an absolute augmen-
tation of being. James Alartiruau.
Credit.
He who hath lost his good name, how shall
he in future gain his living ? Piiblius Syrus.
Credulity.
Let us believe neither half the good people
say of us, nor half the evil they say of others.
Anonymous.
Creed.
Christ was the word that spake it ;
He took the bread and brake it ;
And what that word did make it,
That I believe, and take it. Dr. Donne.
In essentials unity, in things doubtful liberty,
in all things charity. Melanchthon.
Crises.
Once to every man and nation comes the mo-
ment to decide.
In the strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the
good or evil side ;
Some great cause, God's new Messiah, offering
each the bloom or blight.
Parts the goats upon the left hand, and the
sheep upon the right —
And the choice goes by forever 'twixt that dark-
ness and that light !
J. R. Lowell : The Present Crisis.
There's things go on in the soul, and times
when feelings come into you like a rushing
mighty wind, as the Scripture says, and part
your life in two a'most, so as you look on your-
self as if you was somebody else. George JLliot.
These are the times that try men's souls.
Thomas Paine,
To be right in great memorable moments, is
perhaps the thing we need most desire for our-
selves. George Edot.
Criticism.
A critic should be a pair of snuffers. He is
oftener an extinguisher, and not seldom a thief.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
An ugly criticism makes more noise than a
good book. Anonymous.
Beware of rash criticisms ; the rough and
stringent fruit you condemn may be an autumn
or a winter pear, and that which you picked up
beneath the same bough in August may have
been only its worm-eaten windfalls.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Criticism often takes from the tree caterpillars
and blossoms together. Richter,
Critics know much better how to chastise
than bow to correct authors, as children under-
stand sooner how to whip horses than to guide
them. Anonymous.
For I am nothing if not critical.
Shakspeare : Othello.
I am one who would gladly be refuted if I
should say anything not true, and would gladly
refute another should he say anything not true,
but would no less gladly be refuted than refute.
For I deem it a greater advantage ; inasmuch as
it is a greater advantage to be freed from the
greatest of evils than to free another ; and noth-
ing, I conceive, is so great an evil as a false
opinion on matters of moral discernment.
Socrates.
It is neither to the multitude nor to the few
who are gifted with great creative gLMiius that
we are to look for sound critical decisions.
T. B. Macaulay : Essay on Madame D'Arblay.
Mark there. We get no good
By being ungenerous, even to a book.
And calculating profits, so much help
By so much reading. It is rather when
We gloriously forget ourselves, and plunge
Soul-forward, headlong into a book's profound.
Impassioned for its beauty and self of trulh —
'Tis then we get the right good from a book.
Elizabeth B. Browning : Aurora Leigh.
The critic is often more pleased with the
fault he alone finds in a book than with all the
beauties which he admires in the rest of the
work. Anonymous.
The pleasure of criticism takes from us that
of being deeply moved by very beautiful things.
La Bruyhre.
The principles of literary criticism, though
equally fixed with those on which the chemist
and the surgeon proceed, arc by no means equally
recognized. Men are rarely al)le to assign a
reason for their approbation or dislike on ques-
tions of taste, and therefore they willingly sub-
mit to any guide who boldly asserts his claim to
superior discernment. Thomas B. Macaulay :
On the Royal Society of Literature.
Until you understand an author's ignorance,
presume yourself ignorant of his understanding.
Samuel T. Coleridge.
We are always saying with anger or wonder
that such and such a work of genius is unpopu-
lar. Yet how can it be otherwise ? Surely it
would be a contradiction were the most extraor-
dinary books in the language the commonest ;
at least till they have been made so by fashion,
which, to say nothing of its capriciousness, is
oligarchical.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
When a man says he sees nothing in a book,
he very often means that he does not see. him-
self in it ; which, if it is not a comedy or a sa-
tire, is likely enough.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
CRITICS
550
DEATH
Critics.
As soon
Seek roses in December, ice in June ;
Hope constancy in wind, or corn in chaff.
Believe a woman, or an epitaph,
Or any other thing that's false, before
You trust in critics. Lord Byron :
English Bards and Scotch Revieiuers.
Cmelty.
Man's inhumanity to man
Makes countless thousands mourn. 4
Robert Burns : Man %vas made to mourn.
I would not enter on my list of friends
(Though graced with polished manners and fine
sense,
Yet wanting sensibility) the man
Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm.
William Cow/>er : Retirement.
Cultivation.
I was common clay till roses were planted in
me. Oriental proverb.
We ought every day to hear at least one little
song, read a good poem, see a first-rate paint-
ing, and, if possible, speak a few sensible words.
Goet/ie.
Culture.
To communicate our feelings and sentiments
is natural ; to take up what is communicated
just as it is communicated is culture. Goethe.
When a fine nature too delicately, too con-
scientiously, cultivates, nay, if you will, over-
cultivates itself, there seems to be no toleration,
no indulgence for it in the world. Yet such
persons are without us what the ideal of per-
fection is within us : models not for being imi-
tated, but for being aimed at. Goethe.
Cunning.
I. know a trick worth two of that.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
What thou wouldst highly,
That wouldst thou holily ; wouldst not play false,
And yet wouldst wrongly win.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Curiosity.
The thinner the ice is, the more anxious every
one is to see if it will bear. Josh Billings.
It came from heaven, it reigned in Eden's shades,
It roves on earth, and every walk invades ;
Childhood and age alike its influence own ;
It haunts the beggar's nook, the monarch's
throne,
Leans o'er the cradle, hangs above the bier.
Gazed on old Babel's tower, and lingers here.
Charles Sprague : Curiosity.
Custom.
Custom is the universal ruler. Pindar.
Daintiness.
The hand of little employment hath the dain-
tier sense. Shakspeare : Hanilet,
Bandy.
Dandies are a quick study ; after you have
looked one over, you have got the size of the
whole lot. Josh Billings.
Danger.
In extreme danger fear turns a deaf ear to
every feeling of pity. Ccesar.
Daring,
Dar'st thou, Cassius, now
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And swim to yonder point? — Upon the word,
Accoutred as I was, I plunged in.
And bade him follow.
Shakspeare : Julius CcEsar.
Days.
Every day is a gift I receive from Heaven ;
let me enjoy to-day that which it bestows on
me. It belongs not more to the young than to
me, and to-morrow belongs to no one.
Francois de M'ancrcix.
Death.
Death forerunneth Love to win
Sweetest eyes were ever seen.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning :
Katarina to Comoens.
I So live, that when thy summons comes to join
I The innumerable caravan that moves
To that mysterious realm where each shall take
His chamber in the silent halls of death.
Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night.
Scourged to his dungeon ; but, sustained and
soothed
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave
Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
William Cttllen Bryant : Thaiiatopsis.
Fleet foot on the correi.
Sage counsel in cumber,
Red hand in the foray,
How sound is thy slumber !
Like the dew on the mountain.
Like the foam on the river.
Like the bubble on the fountain.
Thou art gone, and forever !
Sir Walter Scott : Coronach.
Of all the thoughts of God that are
Borne inward unto souls afar,
Along the Psalmist's music deep.
Now tell me if that any is,
For gift or grace, surpassing this —
" He giveth his beloved sleep ! "
" Sleep soft, beloved ! " we sometimes say.
But have no tune to charm away
Sad dreams that through the eyelids creep ;
DEATH
551
DEATH
But never doleful dream again
Shall break his happy slumber when
He giveth his beloved sleep.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning : The Sleep.
Our very hopes belied our fears,
Our fears our hopes belied —
We thought her dying when she slept,
And sleeping when she died.
Thomas Hood : l^he Death-bed.
Leaves have their time to fall,
And flowers to wither at the north wind's breath,
And stars to set — but all.
Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death !
Felicia I/emans : The Hour of Death.
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power.
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave.
Await alike the inevitable hour :
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
Thomas Gray :
Elegy written in a Country Churchyard.
Life I we've been long together,
Throu^Ii pleasant and through cloudy weather.
'Tis hard to part when friends are dear ;
Perhaps 'twill cost a sigh, a tear ;
Then steal away, give little warning,
Choose thine own time ;
Say not Good-night, but in some brighter clime
Bid me Clood-morning.
Anna Letitia Barbauld : Life's Good-morning.
Spirit with the drooping wing,
And the ever-weeping eye.
Thou of all earth's kings art King !
Empires at thy footstool lie !
Benqath thee strewed
Their multitude
Sink like waves upon the shore :
Storms shall never rouse them more !
George Croly : 'The Genius of Death.
Well his fevered pulse may flutter.
And the priests their mass may mutter
With such fervor as they may :
Cross and chrism, and genuflection,
Mop and mow, and interjection,
Will not frighten l>eath away.
By the dying despot sitting.
At the hard heart's portals hitting.
Shocking the dull brain to work,
Death makes clear what life has hidden,
Chides what life has left unchidden,
Quickens truth life tried to burke.
And the poor soul from life's islet,
Rudderless, without a pilot,
Driftelh slowly down the dark ;
While 'mid rolling incense vapor.
Chanted dirge, and flaring taper,
Lies the body, stiff and stark.
From Punch : Death of King Bomba.
" But hold ! whose funeral's that ? " cried John.
'* Je vous n'entend pas." " What ! is he gone ?
Wealth, fame, and beauty could not save
Poor Nongtongpaw, then, from the grave !
His race is run, his game is up —
I'd with him breakfast, dine, and sup ;
3G
But since he chooses to withdraw.
Good-night t'ye, Mounseer Nongtongpaw."
Charles Dibdin : Nongtongpaw.
Calm on the bosom of thy God,
Fair spirit, rest thee now !
E'en while with ours thy footsteps trod,
His seal was on thy brow.
Dust, to its narrow house beneath !
Soul, to its place on high !
They that have seen thy look in death
No more may fear to die.
Felicia Hemans : A Dirge.
The mufiled drum's sad roll has beat
The soldier's last tattoo ;
No more on life's parade shall meet
That brave and fallen few.
On Fame's eternal camping-ground
Their silent tents are spread ;
And Glory guards, with solemn round,
The bivouac of the dead.
Tluodore O'Hara : The Bivouac of the Dead.
Close his eyes ; his work is done !
What to him is friend or foeman,
Rise of moon or set of sun.
Hand of man or kiss of woman ?
Lay him low, lay him low,
In the clover or the snow !
What cares he ? he can not know ;
Lay him low !
George Henry Boker : Dirge for a Soldier.
Farewell ! — since nev«r more for thee
The sun comes up our earthly skies.
Less bright henceforth shall sunshine be
To some fond heart and saddened eyes.
Thomas K, Hervey.
Death rides on every passing breeze.
He lurks in every flower.
Reginald Heber.
I go whence I shall not return, even to the
land of darkness and the shadow of death.
Job X, 21.
The king of terrors.
Job xviii, 14.
It is a sad weakness in us, after all, that the
thought of a man's death hallows him anew to
us ; as if life were not sacred too ; as if it were
comparatively a light thing to fail in love and
reverence to the brother who has to climb the
whole toilsome steep with us, and all our tears
and tenderness were due to the one who is
spared that hard journey. George Eliot.
Come quickly, O Death ! for fear that at last
I should forget myself. Marcus Aurelius.
In the midst of life we are in death. Notker.
Grim death.
Philip Mas singer.
We always find better reasons for liking life
than the fear of death, and yet that is the best.
Anonymous.
Can storied urn, or animated bust.
Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ?
DEATH
552
DEATH
Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust,
Or flattery soothe the dull cold ear of death ?
Thomas Gray :
E,legy written in a Country Churchyard.
Man makes a death which Nature never made.
Edzvard Young: Aight Thoughts.
The chamber where the good man meets his
fate
Is privileged beyond the common walk
Of virtuous life, quite in the verge of heaven.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail
Or knock the breast, no weakness, no contempt,
Dispraise or blame, nothing but well and fair,
And what may quiet us in a death so noble.
John Milton : Samson Agonistes.
Golden lads and girls all must,
As chimney-sweepers, come to dust.
Shakspeare : Cymbeline.
Death borders upon our birth, and our cradle
stands in the grave. Joseph Hall : Epistles.
To smell to a turf of fresh earth is wholesome
for the body ; no less are thoughts of mortality
cordial to the soul.
Thomas Fuller : The Court Lady.
Dear beauteous Death, the jewel of the just.
Henry Vaughan : They are all gone.
He was exhaled, his great Creator drew
His spirit, as the sun the morning dew.
John Dryden: Death of a Very Young Gentleman.
Of no distemper, of no blast he died.
But fell like autumn fruit that mellowed long ;
Even wondered at, because he dropt no sooner.
Fate seemed to wind him itp for fourscore years ;
Yet freshly ran he on ten winters more :
Till, like a clock worn out with eating time,
The wheels of weary life at last stood still.
John Dryden : (Edipus.
My God, my Father, and my Friend,
Do not forsake me at my end.
Earl of Roscommon : Translation of Dies Ira.
To die is landing on some silent shore.
Where billows never break, nor tempests roar ;
Ere well we feel the friendly stroke, 'tis o'er.
Samuel Garth : The Dispensary.
Better be with the dead.
Whom we to gain our peace have sent to peace.
Than on the torture of the mind to lie
In restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fitful fever, he sleeps well :
Treason has done his worst : nor steel, nor
poison,
Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing,
Can touch him further ! Shakspeare : Macbeth.
This fell sergeant. Death,
Is strict in his arrest. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
He gave his honors to the world again,
His blessed part to Heaven, and slept in peace.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
The slender debt to Nature's quickly paid,
Discharged, perchance, with greater ease than
made. Francis Queries : Emblems.
Death calls ye to the crowd of common men.
James Shirley : The Last Conqueror.
And nothing can we call our own but death,
And that small model of the barren earth
Which serves as paste and cover to our bones.
For Heaven's sake, let us sit upon the ground.
And tell sad stories of the death of kings.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
Man must depart from life as from an inn,
not as from a dwelling. Cato.
The glories of our birth and state
Are .shadows, not substantial things;
There is no armor against fate ;
Death lays his icy hand on kings.
Sceptre and crown
Must tumble down.
And in the dust be equal made
With the poor crooked scythe and spade.
James Shirley.
The piteous image of Death
Stands not to the wise as a terror, and not as
the end to the pious.
Wisely the wise man is driven from thought of
death into action ;
Wisely the pious from death draws hope of bliss
for the future.
Each is wise in his way ; and death to life is
transmuted.
Wisely by both. Goethe,
Cut is the branch that might have grown full
straight.
And buried is Apollo's laurel bough.
That sometime grew within this learned man.
Christopher Marlowe : Faustus.
There are some moral conditions in which
Death smiles upon us, as smiles a silent and
peaceful night upon the exhausted laborer.
A If red Mercier.
The ancients dreaded death : the Christian
can only fear dying.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Thou art so fair,
That, gazing on thee, clamorous Grief becomes,
For very reverence, mute. If mighty Death
Made our rude human faces by his touch
Divinely fair as thine, O nevermore
Would strong hearts break o'er biers. There
sleeps to-night
A sacred sweetness on thy silent lips,
A solemn light upon thy ample brow.
That I can never hope to find
Upon a living face. Alexander Smith.
O eloquent, just, and mighty Dea^h ! whom
none could advise, thou hast persuaded ; what
none hath dared, thou hast done ; and whom all
the world hath flattered, thou only hast cast out
of the world and despised. Thou hast drawn
together all the far-fetched greatness, all the
DECAY
553
DEFORMITY
pride, cruelty, and ambition of man, and cov-
ered it all over with these two narrow words —
Nicjacet. Sir IValter Raleigh.
He who hath bent him o'er the dead
Ere the first day of death is fled,
The first dark day of nothingness,
The last of danger and distress.
Before Decay's effacing fingers
Have swept the lines where beauty lingers,
And marked the mild, angelic air.
The rapture of repose that's there —
The still yet tender traits that streak
The languor of that placid cheek —
And but for that sad, shrouded eye,
That fires not, wins not, weeps not now.
And but for that chill, changeless brow,
Where cold obstruction's apathy
Appalls the gazing mourner's heart
As if to him it could impart
The doom he dreads, yet dwells upon —
Yes, but for these, and these alone.
Some moments, ay, one lingering hour.
He still might doubt the tyrant's power,
So fair, so calm, so softly sealed,
The first, last look, by death revealed.
Lord Byron : The Giaour.
O Death, thou dost not trouble my designs,
thou accomplishest them. Haste, then, O favor-
able Death ! Bossuet.
There is a reaper, whose name is Death,
And, with his sickle keen,
He reaps the bearded grain at a breath,
And the flowers that grow between.
Henry W. Longfellow :
The Reaper and the Flowers.
But whether on the scaffold high
Or in the battle's van.
The fittest place where man can die
Is where he dies for man '
Michael J. Barry.
Thus let me live, unseen, unknown.
Thus unlamenlcd let me die ;
Steal from the world, and not a stone
Tell where I lie.
Alexander Pope : 7'o Solitude.
Heaven gives its favorites — early death.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Decay.
A thousand years scarce serve to form a state ;
An hour iiyiy lay it in the dust.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Deception.
And be these juggling fiends no more believed,
That palter with us in a double sense ;
That keep the word of promise to our ear,
And break it to our hope.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
And thus I clothe my naked villany
With old odd ends, stol'n out of holy writ.
And seem a saint when most I play the devil.
Shakspeare : King Richard ILL
He was a man
Who stole the livery of the court of heaven
To serve the devil in.
Robert PoUok : The Course of Time.
I fear the Greeks even when they come bear-
ing gifts. Virgil.
My tables, my tables — meet it is I set it down,
That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Was ever book containing such vile matter so
fairly bound ? O, that deceit should dwell in
such a gorgeous palace !
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Once deceived, do not attempt to protect the
man, who is weighed down with his own follies.
Horace.
The words of his mouth were smoother than
butter, but war was in his heart. Psalm Iv, 21.
Decision.
At the last moment there is always a reason
not existing before — namely, the impossibility
of further vacillation, George Eliot.
Plato knew, and proclaimed with as much
decision as Comte on the other side, that there
could be no compromise ; and that men must
make their choice whether in this universe they
were living in the grasp of a blind, delirious
giant, or holding, as a child, the gracious hand
and looking into the clear eyes of Infinite Right
and Reason. James Martineau.
Under which king, Bezonian ? Speak, or die !
Shakspeare : King Henry IV'.
Yes and No are for good or evil the giants of
life. Douglas Jerrold.
Let every man be fully persuaded in his own
mind. Romans xiv, 3.
Deeds.
Our acts our angels are, or good or ill,
Our fatal shadows that walk by us still.
John fletcher : One Honest Man's Fortune.
We live in deeds, not years.
Philip James Bailey : Festus.
Defeat.
Woe to the vanquished ! Livy.
Defence.
What boots it at one gate to make defence,
And at another to let in the foe ?
John Milton : Samson Agonistes.
Defiance.
I have set my life upon a cast.
And I will stand the hazard of the die.
Shakspeare : King Richard LLL.
Defilement.
If I wrestle with a filthy thing, win or lose,
I shall be defiled. Latin proverb.
Deformity.
I, that am curtailed of this fair proportion.
Cheated of feature by dissembling Nature,
DEGENERATION
554
DESERTION
Deformed, unfinished, sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up,
And that so lamely and unfashionable
That dogs bark at me as I halt by them —
Why, I, in this weak piping time of peace.
Have no delight to pass away the time.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Degeneration.
The world has become more worldly.
Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
Deity.
An atheist's laugh's a poor exchange
For Deity offended.
Robert Burns : Epistle to a Young Friend.
Do you think that any one can move the
heart but He who made it ? John Lily.
Do you wonder that man goes to the gods ?
God comes to men ; nay, what is yet nearer, he
comes into men. No good mind is holy with-
out God. Seneca.
I believe in God — that is a fair and laudable
profession ; but to acknowledge God when and
wherever he may reveal himself, this is the only
true blessedness upon earth. Goethe.
If there were no God, it would be necessary
to invent one. Voltaire.
It is a mistake to say that it is doubtful
whether there is a God or not. It is not in the
least doubtful, but the most certain thing in the
world, nay, the foundation of all other certainty
— the only solid, absolute objectivity — that there
is a moral government of the world. Fichte.
Heaven is above all yet ; there sits a judge
That no king can corrupt.
Shakspeare : Henry VIII.
People treat the divine name as if that in-
comprehensible and most high Being, who is
even beyond the reach of thought, were only
their equal. Otherwise they would not say the
Lord God, the dear God, the good God. This ex-
pression becomes to them, especially to the
clergy, who have it daily in their mouths, a
mere phrase, a barren name, to which no thought
is attached whatever. If they were truly im-
pressed by his greatness they would be dumb,
and through veneration unwilling to name him.
Goethe.
To err is human, to forgive divine.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
With God go even over the sea ; without him,
not even over the threshold, Russian proverb.
Delay.
Progress is lame.
Sainte-Beuve.
Why this delay ? — only who runs may win !
Well, laziness, you know, is not my sin ;
But, somehow, when great things I would
achieve,
I find a fool from whom I must ask leave.
Goethe.
Delicacy.
A delicate thought is a flower of the mind.
Rollin.
He that would heal a wound must not handle
it. Italian proverb.
Delusion.
Those who are always seeing happiness among
others are those who can find it nowhere for
themselves. Anonymous.
By Pollux, cruel friends, you have destroyed,
not saved me, in taking away this pleasure and
robbing me by force of such an agreeable de-
lusion. Horace.
Denial.
The atheist, seeking God in vain through Na-
ture, seems like the shadow denying the exist-
ence of the sun because it is never shone upon
by it. Anonymous.
Dependence.
Little thinks, in the field, yon red-cloaked clown
Of thee from the hill-top looking down ;
The heifer that lows in the upland farm,
Far-heard, lows not thine ear to charm ;
The sexton, tolling his bell at noon,
Deems not that great Napoleon
Stops his horse, and lists with delight,
While his files sweep round yon Alpine height.
Nor knowest thou what argument
Thy life to thy neighbor's creed has lent.
All are needed by each one —
Nothing is fair or good alone.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Each and All.
We can call nothing ours but such things as
we are ashamed to own, and such things as are
apt to ruin us. Everything besides is the gift
of God ; and for a man to exalt himself there-
on is just as if a wall on which the sun reflects
should boast itself against another that stands
in the shadow. Jeremy Taylor : Considera-
tions upon Christ's Sermon on Humility.
Depth.
The deepest rivers have the least sound.
Quintus Curtius Rufus.
Desert.
There is something sweeter than receiving
praise : the feeling of having deserved it.
Anotiymous.
'Tis not in mortals to command success.
But we'll do more, Sempronius : we'll deserve
it. Joseph Addison : Calo.
Use every man after his desert, and who
should 'scape whipping ? Shakspeare : Hamlet.
We rarely confess that we deserve what we
sufi"er. Questiel.
Desertion.
When the ambitious man withdraws from the
parties which have raised him to power, he re-
sembles the fool, who, mounting a ladder, breaks
the rounds after him : should he fall, it would
be into an abyss. Anonymous.
DESIGN
555
DETRACTION
Design.
All successful men have agreed in one thing
— they were causationists. They believed that
things went not by luck but by law ; that there
was not a weak or a cracked link in the chain
that joins the first and the last of things.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Power.
Desire.
By desiring what is perfectly good, even when
we don't quite know what it is, and can not do
what we would, we are a part of the divine
power against evil. George Eliot.
Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought.
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
\Vhat folly can be ranker ? Like our shadows,
Our wishes lengthen as our sun declines.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
Despair.
Beware of desperate steps. The darkest day.
Live till to-morrow, will have passed away.
William Cowper : The Needless Alarm.
It is not in the stonn, nor in the strife,
We feel benumbed and wish to be no more,
But in the after-silence on the shore,
When all is lost except a little life.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Then black despair,
The shadow of a starless night, was thrown
Over the world in which I moved alone.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : The Revolt of Islam.
Vain pomp, and glory of this world, I hate ye !
I feel my heart new opened. O, how wretched
Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors !
There is betwixt that smile we would aspire to.
That sweet aspect of princes and their ruin.
More pangs and fears than wars or women
have ;
And when he falls, he falls like Lucifer,
Never to hope again.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
Which way shall I fly
Infinite wrath, and infinite despair?
Which way I fly is hell ; myself am hell ;
And, in the lowest deep, a lower deep.
Still threat'ning to devour me, opens wide,
To which the hell I suffer seems a heaven.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
With hue like that when some great painter dips
His pencil in the gloom of earthquake and
eclipse.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : The Revolt of Islam.
The whole head is sick, and the whole heart
faint. Isaiah I, j.
Desperation.
Press not a falling man too far.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
And he that stands upon a slippery place
Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up.
Shakspeare : King John.
Desolation.
But midst the crowd, the hum, the shock of
men,
To hear, to see, to feel, and to possess,
And roam along, the world's tired denizen,
With none who bless us, none whom we can
bless. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
My life is like the summer rose.
That opens to the morning sky,
But ere the shades of evening close
Is scattered on the ground to die ;
Yet on the rose's humble bed
The sweetest dews of night are shed,
As if she wept the waste to see.
But none shall weep a tear for me !
Richard Henry Wilde.
Despondensy.
O wearisome condition of humanity !
Lord Brooke.
Despotism.
Despotism is the very essence of my govern-
ment, and it suits my land. Nicholas of Russia.
Destiny.
Every man has his block given him, and the
figure he cuts will depend very much upon the
shape of that — upon the knots and twists which
existed from the beginning. ... It is the vain
endeavor to make ourselves what we are not,
that has strewn history with so many broken
purposes, and lives left in the rough.
James Russell Lowell.
Lead me, O Zeus, and thou, Destiny, whither-
soever ye have appointed me to go, for I will
follow, and that without delay. Should I be
unwilling. I shall follow as a coward, but I shall
follow all the same. Cleanthes.
Detection.
Foul deeds will rise,
Though all the earth o'erwhelm them to men's
eyes. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Deterioration.
That experience which does not make us bet-
ter, makes us worse. Anonymoits.
Determination.
Hasten slowly, and without losing heart put
your work twenty times upon the anvil. Boileau.
The star of the unconquered will.
Henry W. Longfellow : The Light of Stars.
Detraction.
Can't I another's face commend,
And to her virtues be a friend, •
But instantly your forehead lowers,
As if her merit lessened yours ?
Edward Moore :
The Farmer, the Spaniel, and the Cat.
The brilliancy of genius is admired less than
its defects are noticed ; as the sun is especially
observed on the days of its eclipse. Anonymous.
DEVASTATION
556
DILIGENCE
Devastation.
We are tenants on the strand
Of the same mysterious land.
Must the shores that we command
Reassume
Their primeval forest hum,
And the future pilgrim come
Unto monuments as dumb
As Tuloom?
Erastus Wolcoti Ellsworth : Tuloom.
Development.
Any new formula which suddenly emerges in
our consciousness has its roots in long trains of
thought ; it is virtually old when it first makes
its appearance among the recognized growths of
our intellect. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
No hope so bright but is the beginning of its
own fulfilment. Every generalization shows the
way to a larger. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
People grow quickly on fields of battle.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
The Devil.
The devil, hath power to assume a pleasing
shape. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Thou art so witty, wicked, and so thin.
Thou art at once the devil, death, and sin.
Edward Young: On Voltaire
Devotion.
Making their lives a prayer.
John G. Whittier :
On receiving a Basket of Mosses.
The heart ran o'er
With silent worship of the great of old ! —
The dead but sceptred sovereigns, who still rule
Our spirits from their urns.
Lord Byron : Manfred.
'Tis not for love of gold I go,
'Tis not for love of fame ;
Though Fortune should her smile bestow.
And I may win a name,
Ailleen,
And I may win a name.
And yet it is for gold I go.
And yet it is for fame,
That they may deck another brow.
And bless another name,
Ailleen,
And bless another name.
John Banim : Aillee7i.
Yon starlit flag is dear to me,
Because beneath its shade,
To fight for what we all believe
Is right, he stands arrayed.
Though were he on the other side.
The Stars and Bars, I know,
Would be as dear as Stripes and Stars,
While floating o'er my beau.
A victory would be death to me,
Were he among the slain ;
I care not who shall win the fight.
So he comes back again.
Michael O' Connor : My Beau.
Your whim is for frolic and fashion,
Your taste is for letters and art ;
This rhyme is the commonplace passion
That glows in a fond woman's heart.
Lay it by in a dainty deposit
For relics — we all have a few ! —
Love, some day they'll print it, because it
Was written to you.
Frederick Locker : A Nice Correspondent.
But if thou wilt be constant, then.
And faithful to thy word,
I'll make thee glorious by my pen
And famous by my sword.
I'll serve thee in such noble ways
Was never heard before ;
I'll crown and deck thee all with bays.
And love thee evermoie.
James Graham, Marquis of Montrose :
My Dear and only Love.
She is far from the land where her young hero
sleeps,
And lovers around her are sighing ;
But coldly she turns from their gaze, and weeps,
For her heart in his grave is lying.
Thomas Moore : She is far from the land.
Difficulties.
Yet love has found the way.
Schiller : Hero and Leander.
Thus when I shun Scylla, your father, I fall
into Charybdis, your mother.
Shakspeare : Merclmnt of Venice.
Dignity.
All our dignity lies in our thoughts. Pascal.
He that holds himself in reverence and due
esteem, both for the dignity of God's image
upon him and for the price of his redemption,
which he thinks is visibly marked upon his fore-
head, accounts himself both a fit person to do
the noblest and godliest deeds, and mucli bet-
ter worth than to deject and defile, with such de-
basement and pollution as sin is, himself .so highly
ransomed and ennobled to a new friendship and
filial relations with God. John Milton.
Joke freely with the monkey, but don't play
with his tail. Haytian proverb.
One can not imagine how much cleverness
is necessary not to be ridiculous. Chamfort.
Whoever is in a hurry shows that the thing
he is about is too big for him. Lord Chesterfield.
Dilemma, '
A precipice is in front, a wolf behind.
Latin proverb.
Diligence.
A man that is young in years may be old in
hours, if he have lost no time, which happeneth
rarely. Lord Bacon.
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
Benjamin Franklin.
Seest thou a man diligent in his business ? he
shall stand before kings ; he shall not stand be-
fore mean men. Provej-bs xxii, 2g.
DIRECTNESS
557
DISCRIMINATION
Walk while ye have the light, lest darkness
come upon you. John xii, jj.
Directness.
In all the superior people I have met I notice
directness, truth spoken more truly, as if every-
thing of obstruction, of malformation, had been
trained away. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Disagreement.
And do as adversaries do in law —
Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends.
Shakspeare : Taming of the 6hrew.
Disappointment.
My cake is dough.
Shakspeare : Taming of the Shrew.
The hind that would be mated by the lion
must die for love.
Shakspeare: All's Well that Ends Well.
Oft expectation fails, and most oft there
Where most it promises.
.shakspeare-: All's Well that Ends Well.
Farewell, a long farewell, to all my greatness !
This is the state of man : to-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of htpe, to-morrow blossoms.
And bears his blushing nonors thick upon him :
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
From reveries so airy, from the toil
Of dropping buckets into empty wells,
And growing old in drawing nothing up.
William Cowper : The Task.
Failed the bright promise of your early day.
Reginald Ileher : Palestine.
O, ever thus, from childhood's hour,
I've seen my fondest hopes decay ;
I never loved a tree or flower.
But 'twas the first to fade away.
I never nursed a dear gazelle.
To glad me with its soft black eye.
But when it came to know me well.
And love me, it was sure to die.
Thomas Moore : I he Fire- Worshippers.
We look before and after,
And pine for what is not :
Our sincerest laughter
With some pain is fraught ;
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest
thought. P. B. Shelley : The Skylark.
Though wit may flash from fluent lips, and
mirth distract the breast.
Through midnight hours that yiclcj no more
their former hope of rest,
'Tis but as ivy leaves around the ruined turret
wreath.
All green and wildly fresh without, but worn
and gray beneath.
Lord Byron : Lines for Music.
That disappointment which involves neither
shame nor loss is as good as success ; for it sup-
plies as many images to the mind, and as many
topics for the tongue. Samuel Johnson.
God pity them both ! and pity us all.
Who vainly the dreams of youth recall.
John Grecnleaf Whittier.
Stern Ruin's plowshare drives elate
Full on thy bloom.
Robert Burns : To a Mountain Daisy.
Hope deferred maketh the heart sick.
Proverbs xiii, la.
Disaster.
Such a house broke !
So noble a master fallen ! All gone ! and not
One friend to take his fortune by the arm.
And go along with him.
Shakspeare : Timon of Athens.
Discernment.
Turn the perspective-glass, and a giant ap-
pears a pigmy. William M. Thackeray.
Discipline.
I believe — I daily find it proved — that we
can get nothing in this world worth keeping,
not so much as a principle or conviction, except
out of purifying flame, or through strengthening
peril. Charlotte Bronte.
Discontent.
I find the gayest castles in the air that were
ever piled far better for comfort and for use,
than the dungeons in the air that are daily dug
and cavcrned out by grumiiling, discontented
people. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
No one is satisfied with his fortune or dissat-
isfied with his wit. Madame D.shouliires.
Discord.
And there stalks Discord delighted with her
torn mantle. Virgil.
Disoorery.
Too early seen unknown, and known (oo late.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
It is a profound mistake to think everything
has been discovered : it is the same as to con-
sider the horizon to be the boun<iary of the
world. Lemierre.
Discretion.
Discretion of speech is more than eloquence,
and to speak agreeably to him with whom we
deal is more than to speak in good words or in
good order. Francis Bacon.
Discrimination.
Between two hawks, which flies the higher pitch ;
Between two dogs, which hath the deeper
mouth ;
Between two horses, which doth bear him best ;
Between two girls, which hath the merriest eye ;
I have, perhaps, some shallow spirit of judg-
ment.
But in these nice sharp quillets of the law,
Good faith, I am no wiser than a daw !
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Everything has two handles : one by which
it may be borne, the other by which it can not.
If your brother be unjust, do not lake up the
DISCUSSION
553
DOMESTICITY
matter by that handle — the handle of his injus-
tice — for that handle is the one by which it can
not be taken up ; but rather by the handle that
he is your brother, and then you will be taking
it up as it can be borne. Epictetus.
Wherefore we must by all means keep dis-
tinct two kinds of cause — the one necessary, the
other divine. And while, with a view to the
true blessedness of life, it is the divine that,
as far as our nature permits, we should every-
where seek ; yet, as a means to this end, we
must investigate the necessary too. Flaio.
Discussion.
If thou continuest to take delight in idle argu-
mentation, thou mayst be qualified to combat
with the sophists, but never know how to love
with men. Socrates.
Disgnst.
The wine of life is* drawn, and the mere lees
Is left this vault to brag of.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Dishonor.
The crime, not the scaffold, makes the shame.
Charlotte Corday.
Dislike.
Commonly we say a judgment falls upon a
man for something in him we can not abide.
John Seidell : Table- Talk.
Disposition.
The very truth hath a color from the disposi-
tion of the utterer. ' George Eliot.
Disputes.
The itch of disputing will prove the scab of
churches. Sir Henry Wotton :
Panegyric to King Charles.
When the cook and the steward quarrel, we
learn who stole the butter. Dutch proverb.
Dissatisfaction.
One morsel's as good as another when your
mouth's out o' taste. George Eliot.
Dissension.
Alas ! how light a cause may move
Dissension between hearts that love !
Hearts that the world in vain had tried,
And sorrow but more closely tied ;
That stood the storm, when Avaves were rough.
Yet in a sunny hour fall off,
Like ships that have gone down at sea,
When heaven was all tranquillity !
Thomas Moore : The Light of the Harem.
Dissimilarity.
What's one man's poison, signer,
Is another's meat or drink.
Beaumont and Fletcher : Lovers Cure.
Two stars keep not their motion in one
sphere. Shakspeare : King HeHry IV.
Distrust.
I hold it cowardice
To rest mistrustful, where an open heart
Math pawned an open hand in sign of love.
SJtakspeare : Henry VI.
It is more shameful to be distrustful of our
friends than to be deceived by them.
La Rochefoucauld.
Whoever is suspicious excites treason.
Voltaire.
Diversity.
The bee and the serpent often suck at the
self-same flower ; but the food undergoes in
them great change, for the flower becomes poison
in the breast of the serpent, while in the bee it
becomes a sweet liquid. Metastasio.
Thou hast not what others have, and others
want what thou hast got ; out of this imperfect
state of things springs the social good of the
world. If the gifts which Nature bestowed on
me did not fail my neighbor, he would think of
himself alone, and never waste a thought on me.
Christian Gellert.
There is no accounting for the difference of
minds or inclinations which leads one man to
observe with interest the development of phe-
nomena, another to speculate on the causes ;
but, were it not for this happy disagreement, it
may be doubted whether the higher sciences
could ever have attained even the present de-
gree of perfection. Sir John Herschel.
Divinity.
I know man, and I tell you that Jefus Christ
is not a man. A'apoleon Bonaparte.
Doctrine.
Doctrine is nothing but the skin of truth set
up and stuffed. Henry Wa7-d Beecher.
Pure doctrine always bears fruit in pure bene-
fits. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The question is not whether a doctrine is
beautiful, but whether it is true. When we
want to go to a place, we don't ask whether the
road lies through a pretty country, but whether
it is the right road, the road pointed out by
authority, the turnpike-road.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Dogmatism.
Dogmatism is puppyism come to its full
growth. Douglas Jerrold.
Domesticity.
O ! friendly to the best pursuits of man.
Friendly to thought, to virtue, and to peace,
Domestic life in rural pleasures past !
William Cowper.
Through each gradation, from the castled hall,
The city dome, the villa crowned with shade,
But chief from modest mansions numberless.
In town or hamlet, shelt'ring middle life,
Down to the cottaged vale and straw-roofed shed.
This western isle has long been framed for scenes.
Where bliss domestic finds a dwelling-place :
Domestic bliss, that like a harmless dove
(Honor and sweet endearment keeping guard)
Can center in a little quiet nest
All that desire would fly for through the earth ;
That can, the world eluding, be itself
DOOMSDAY
559
DUTY
A world enjoyed ; that wants no witnesses
But its own sharers and approving Heaven.
That, like a flower deep hid in rocky cleft,
Smiles, though 'tis looking only at the sky.
Rann Kennedy.
Doomsday.
Wiiy talk of a judgment to come on some
great day in the future, when every day is a day
of judgment. James Freeman Clarke.
Doubt.
Doubt follows white-winged Hope with a
limping gait. Balzac.
I've stood upon Achilles' tomb,
And heard Troy doubted : time will doubt of
Rome. Lord Byron : Don J nan.
Not to believe in our talent, except to thank
God for it, is to sanctify self-love. Anonymous.
Doubt of any kind can be removed by noth-
ing but action. Goethe.
Dread.
Some undone widow sits upon mine arm.
And takes away the use of it ; and my sword,
Glued to my scabbard with wronged orphans'
tears.
Will not be drawn. Philip M as singer :
A New Way to pay Old Debts.
Dreams.
How sweet a thing it is to wear a crown.
Within whose circuit is Elysium,
And all that poets feign of bliss or joy.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
I had a dream which was not all a dream.
Lord Byron : Darkness.
Misled by fancy's meteor-ray,
By passion driven ;
But yet the light that led astray
Was light from heaven.
Robert Burns : The Vision.
O, I have passed a miserable night,
So full of fearful dreams, of ugly sights.
That, as I am a Christian faithful man,
I would not spend another such a ni^;ht.
Though 'twere to buy a world of happy days.
Shakspeare : King Richard ///.
True, T talk of dreams.
Which are the children of an idle brain.
Begot of nothing but vain fantasy.
Shakspeare: Romeo and Juliet.
Dreas.
Dress changes the manners. Voltaire.
Dress drains our cellar dry
And keeps our larder clean ; puts out our fires.
And introduces hunger, frost, and woe,
Where peace and hospitality mitiht reign.
William Cowper : T/ie Task.
Drunkards.
They spend their life under another's will ;
meanwhile their property is wasted and mort-
gages incurred, while life's business is neglected
and their reputation is wrecked ; in the midst
of their imaginary happiness something bitter
bubbles up to poison their draught of pleasure.
Lucretius,
Dronkenness.
A man may choose whether he will have ab-
stemiousness and knowledge, or claret and igno-
rance. Samuel Johnson.
He who contends with the drunken injures
the absent. Publius Syrus.
Dnllneaa.
The cankers of a calm world and a long peace.
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
Duplicity.
Wiih one auspicious and one dropping eye,
With mirth in funeral and with dirge in mar-
riage.
In equal scale weighing delight and dole.
Shakspeare : //am let.
DntifolnesB.
The dutifulness of children is the foundation
of all virtues. Cicero.
Doty.
Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever ;
Do noble things, not dream them, all day
long:
And so make life, death, and that vast forever
One grand, sweet song.
Charles Kingsley : A Farewell.
Can man or woman choose duties ? No more
than they can choose their birthplace or their
father and mother. George Eliot.
Do the duty that lies nearest thee. Thy
second duty will already become clearer.
Thomas Carlyle.
Do what you should, not what you may.
Seneca.
Go on, and light will come to you.
Jean D' A lembert.
In the morning when thou risest unwillingly
let these thoughts be present : " I am rising to
the work of a human being ; why, then, am I
dissatisfied if I am going to do the things for
which I exist, and for which I was brought into
the world ? Or have I, then, been made for
this, to lie in the bedclothes and keep myself
warm? But this is more pleasant." Dost thou
exist, then, to take thy pleasure, and not for
action or exertion? Marcus Aurelius.
Duty is the soul's fireside.
Joseph Cook.
Preserve your just relations to other men ;
their miscopduct does not affect your duties.
Epictettis.
Steep and craggy is the pathway of the gods.
Porphyrius.
The consciousness of duty performed gives
us music at midnight. George Herbert.
There is little or nothing in this life worth
j living for, but we can all of us go straight fot-
1 ward and do our duty. Duke of Wellington.
EAGERNESS
560
EFFORT
When I'm not thanked at all, I'm thanked
enough.
I've done my duty, and I've done no more.
Hetiry Fielding : Tom Thumb the Great.
We can't choose happiness either for ourselves
or for another ; we can't tell where it will lie.
We can only choose whether we will indulge
ourselves in the present moment, or whether we
will renounce that, for the sake of obeying the
divine voice within us — for the sake of being
true to all the motives that sanctify our lives.
George Eliot.
E.
Eagerness.
He smelleth the battle afar off, the thunder
of the captains, and the shouting. Job xxxix, 2j.
Earnestness.
A great part of all the misery and mischief
that we find in the world arises from the fact
that men are too remiss to get a proper knowl-
edge of their object in life, and, when they do
know it, to work intensely in attaining it.
Goethe.
Not from a vain or shallow thought
His awful Jove young Phidias brought.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Frobl-m.
There is no substitute for thorough-going,
ardent, and sincere earnestness.
Charles Dickens.
The Earth.
Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot.
Which men call earth. John Milton : Comus.
Earthliness.
Sure to the mansions of the blest
When infant innocence ascends.
Some angel, brighter than the rest.
The spotless spirit's flight attends.
That inextinguishable beam,
With dust united at our birth.
Sheds a more dim, discolored gleam
The more it lingers upon earth.
John Quincy Adams.
Eating.
That all-softening, overpowering knell,
The tocsin of the soul — the dinner-bell.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Eccentricity.
Now, by two-headed Janus,
Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Economy.
There's husbandry in heaven ;
Their candles are all out.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Ye immortal gods ! men know not how' great
a revenue economy is. Cicero.
Education.
I shall detain you no longer in the demon-
stration of what we should not do, but straight
conduct you to a hillside, where I will point ye
out the right path of a virtuous and noble edu-
cation ; laborious indeed at the first ascent, but
else so smooth, so green, so full of goodly pros-
pect, and melodious sounds on every side, that
the harp of Orpheus was not more charming.
John Milton : Education.
Men and mind are my studies. I need no
observatory high in air to aid my percep-
tions or enlarge my prospect. I do not want a
costly apparatus to give pomp to my -pursuit or
to disguise its inutility. I do not desire to
travel and see foreign lands and learn all knowl-
edge and speak all tongues before I am pre-
pared for my employment. I have merely to
go out of my door — nay, I may stay at home at
ray chambers, and I shall have enough to do
and enjoy. Charles Emerson.
The schoolmaster is abroad, and I trust to
him, armed with his primer, against the soldier
in full military array. Lord Brougham.
Thou hast most traitorously cornipted the
youth of the realm in erecting a grammar-school !
and whereas, before, our forefathers had no
other books but the score and the tally, thou
hast caused printing to be used ; and, contrary
to the king, his crown, and dignity, thou hast
built a paper-mill.
Shakspeare : King Henry VL.
'Tis education forms the common mind :
Just as the twig is bent the tree's inchned.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Train the understanding. Take care that
the mind has a stout and straight stem. Leave
the flowers of wit and fancy to come of them-
selves. Sticking them on will not make them
grow. You can only engraft them by grafting
that which will produce them.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Effects.
Diseased nature oftentimes breaks forth
In strange eruptions.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
In everything you do, consider the end. Solon.
Effort.
Long is the way
And hard, that out of hell leads up to light.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Nothing is more uncertain than the result of.
any one throw ; few things more certain than
the result of many throws. James A. Garjield.
EFFRONTERY
561
ENDURANCE
Effrontery.
Man, proud man !
Drest in a little brief authority,
Most ignorance of what he's most assured,
His glassy essence, like an angry ape.
Plays such fantastic tricks before high Heaven
As make the angels weep !
Shakspeare : Measure for Measure.
The man who neither blushes nor fears has the
initiative to ever)' kind of shamelessness.
Edward Young.
Egotism.
In all that surrounds him the egotist only sees
the frame of his own portrait. Anonymous.
Eloquence.
In law, what plea so tainted and corrupt,
But, being seasoned with a gracious voice,
Obscures the show of evil ?
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Eloquence is a gift as minute as the genius
from which it springs. Frederic IV. Farrar.
I will roar you as gently as any sucking-dove ;
I will roar you an 'twere any nightingale.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night's Dream.
Whose words all ears took captive.
Shakspeare: Aifs Well that Ends Well.
It is of eloquence as of a flame ; it requires
matter to feed it, motion to excite it, and it
brightens as it bums. Tacitus.
Emigration.
It is a shameful and unblessed thing, to take
the scum of people, and wicked condemned
men, to be the people with whom you plant.
And not only so, but it spoileth the plantation :
for they will ever live like rogues, and not fall
to work, but be lazy, and do mischief, and spend
victuals, and be quickly weary, and then certify
over to their country to the discredit of the
plantation. Lord Bacon : On J'ena/ Colonies.
Eminence.
Eminence is to merit what fine attire is to a
handsome person. La /Rochefoucauld.
High positions are like the summit of high,
steep rocks : eagles and reptiles alone can reach
them. Madame A^ecker.
The foremost man of all this world.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Emotion.
As Rubens by one stroke of the brush con-
verted a laughing into a crying child, so Nature
frequently makes this stroke in the original ; a
child's eye, like the sun, never draws water so
readily as in the hot temperature of pleasure.
Richter.
Feeling is deep and still : and the word that
floats on the surface
Is as the tossing buoy, that betrays where the
anchor is hidden.
Henry W. Longfllow : Evangeline.
Most people, I should think, must have been
visited at times by those moods of waywardness,
in which a feeling adopts the language usually
significant of its opposite. Oppressive joy finds
vent in tears ; frantic grief laughs. So inade-
quate are the outward exponents of our feelings,
that, when feeling swells beyond its wont, it
bursts through its ordinary face and lays bare
the reverse of it.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The feeling is often the deeper truth, the
opinion tlie more superficial one
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Employment.
It's the will o' them that's above as a many
things should be dark to us ; but there's some
things as I've never felt in the dark about, and
they're mostly what comes i' the day's work.
George Eliot.
Piety and religion chiefly flourish in our souls
when we are occupied in divine services.
Pythagoras.
Emulation.
Emulation is the whetstone of wit.
Latin proverb.
Enchantment.
I'll seek a four-leaved shamrock
In all the fairy dtlls.
And if I find the charmM leaves.
Oh ! how I'll weave my spells !
I would not waste my magic might
On diamond, pearl, or gold,
For treasure tires the weaiy sense —
Such triumph is but cold ;
But I would play the enchanter's part,
In casting bliss around ;
Oh, not a tear nor aching heart.
Should in the world be found !
Samuel Lover : The Four-Laved Shamrock.
Endeavor.
He who would take the kernel must crack
the shell. Dutch proverb.
Endurance.
Come what come may,
Time and the hour runs through the roughest
clay. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
He dies, and makes no sign.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
How much the heart may bear, and yet not
break !
How much the flesh may suflTer, and not die I
I question much if any pain or ache
Of soul or body brings our end more nigh :
Death chooses his own time ; till that is sworn.
All evils may he borne.
Elizabeth Akers Allen : Endurance.
O, fear not in a world like this,
And thou shalt know ere long, —
Know how sublime a thing it is
To suff"er and be strong.
Henry W. Longfelloxv : The Light of Stars
ENJOYMENT
562
ETERNITY
holy Night ! from thee I learn to bear
What man has borne before !
Thou layest thy finger on the lips of Care,
And they complain no more.
Henry W. Longfellow : Hymn to the Night.
O suffering, sad humanity !
ye afflicted ones, who lie
Steeped to the lips in misery,
Longing, and yet afraid to die,
Patient, though sorely tried !
1 pledge you in this cup of grief,
Where floats the fennel's bitter leaf.
The battle of our life is brief —
The alarm, the struggle, the relief —
Then sleep we side by side.
Henry VV. Longfellow : The Goblet of Life.
We are all strong enough to endure the mis-
fortunes of others. La Rochefoucauld.
Enjoyment.
Softly sweet, in Lydian measures.
Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.
War, he sung, is toil and trouble ;
Honor, but an empty bubble ;
Never ending, still beginning,
Fighting still, and still destroying.
If all the world be worth the winning.
Think, O think it worth enjoying:
Lovely Thais sits beside thee.
Take the good the gods provide thee.
John Dry den : Alexander's Feast.
Enthnsiasni.
A mother should desire to give her children
a superabundance of enthusiasm, to the end that,
after they have lost all they are sure to lose in
mixing with the world, enough may still remain
to prompt and support them through great actions.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
1 do not love a man who is zealous for noth-
ing. Oliver Goldsmith.
In order to do great things, one must be en-
thusiastic. Saint-Simon.
Environment.
Every spirit makes its house, and we can give
a shrewd guess from the house to the inhabitant.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Envy.
Base envy withers at another's joy.
And hates that excellence it can not reach.
James Thomson : TJie Seasons.
Envy, like flame, blackens that which is above
it and which it can not reach. Anonymous.
Envy lurks at the bottom of the human heart
like a viper in its hole. Balzac.
Envy never has a holiday. Latin proverb.
He who surpasses or subdues mankind,
Must look down on the hate of those below.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
How bitter a thing it is to look into happi-
ness through another man's eyes !
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
I am told so much evil of that man, and I see
so little of it in him, that I begin to suspect he
possesses some inconvenient merit which ex-
tinguishes that of others. La Bniyhe.
The envious will die, but envy — never.
Moliire.
Equality.
I have known that I am a man, and that to
me there is no more share in to-morrow's day
than to you. Sophocles.
True religious equality is harder to establish
than civil liberty. No man has done more for
spiritual republicanism than Emerson, though
he came from the daintiest sectarian circle of
the time in the whole country.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
When Greeks joined Greeks then was the tug
of war. Nathaniel Lee.
Eqoibleness.
Oh ! blessed the temper whose unclouded ray
Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day.
Alexatuler Pope.
Equity.
Equity is a roguish thing : for law we have a
measure, know what to trust to ; equity is ac-
cording to the conscience of him that is chan-
cellor, and as that is larger or narrower, so is
equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the
standard for the measures we call a foot a chan-
cellor's foot : what an uncertain measure would
this be ! One chancellor has a long foot, an-
other a short foot, a third an indifferent foot.
'Tis the same in the chancellor's conscience.
John Selden : Table- Talk.
"Enat.
Errors, like s'raws, upon the surface flow ;
He who would search foi* pearls must dive be-
low. John Dryden : All for Love.
Illusion is just as possible by error in the
mind's natural tint, as by a false laying on of the
pure color. James Alariineau.
Escape.
Let us choose the best road to lead to the
right ; but to escape the evil, let us take the
shortest cut. Anonymous.
Estimate.
And give to dust that is a little gilt
More laud than gilt o'er-dusted.
Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressida.
Satire lies about men of letters during their
life, and eulogy after their death. Voltaire.
Estrangement.
To die and part
Is a less evil ; but to part and live, ,
There, there's the torment.
Lord Lansdowne : Heroic Love.
Eternity.
It is not from the tall crowded warehouse of
prosperity that men first or clearest see the
eternal stars of heaven. It is often from the
humble spot where we have laid our dear ones
EULOGY
563
EXCLUSION
that we find our best observatory-, which gives
us glimpses into the far-off world of never-end-
ing time. Theodore Parker.
The never-ending flight
Of future days. .
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
The thought of eternity consoles us for the
shortness of life. MaUsherbes.
Eulogy.
Servant of God, well done !
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Underneath this stone doth lie
As much beauty as could die ;
Which in life did harbor give
To more virtue than doth live.
Benjonson : Epitaph on Elizabeth.
Evanescence.
Ail that's bright must fade —
The brightest still the fleetest ;
All that's sweet was made
But to be lost when sweetest !
Thomas Moore : Song.
A schoolboy's tale, the wonder of an hour !
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
This world is all a fleeting show,
For man's illusion given ;
The smiles of joy, the tears of woe,
Deceitful shine, deceitful flow :
There's nothing true but Heaven !
'J horn as Moore.
What shadows we are, and what shadows we
pursue !
Edmund Burke.
Evening.
It is an hour when from the boughs
The nightingale's high note is heard
It is the hour when lovers' vows
Seem sweet in every whispered word.
Lord Byron : Parisina.
Evidence.
Take a straw and throw it up into the air:
you may see by that which way the wind is.
John Selden : Lib:ls.
Evil.
He who does evil that good may come, pays a
toll to the devil to let him into heaven.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
No sooner is a temple built by God, but the
devil builds a chapel hard by.
George Herbert : Jacula Prudjntium.
Imagined ills painted by our fears
Are always greater than the true.
Metastasio.
Philosophy triumphs easily over evils pa«t
and evils to come ; but present evils triumph
over philosophy. La Kochfoucauld.
All moral evils are in idea except one. which
is crime, and that depends on ourselves ; our
physical evils destroy themselves or destroy us.
Rousseau.
Evil-doing.
Thou sure and finn-set earth,
Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for
fear
Thy very stones prate of my whereabouts.
bthakspeare : Macbeth.
Exaggeration.
So over-violent, or over-civil.
That eveiy man with him was God or devil.
John Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel.
The lion is not so fierce as painted.
Thomas Fuller : Of expecting Preferment.
Exaltation.
Beggars mounted run their horse to death.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Example.
Do not, as some ungracious pastors do,
Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven.
Whilst, like a puffed and reckless libertine,
Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads,
And recks not his own rede.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Example is a dangerous lure : where the gnat
got through, the wasp sticks fast. Im Fontaine.
Examples would indeed be excellent things,
were not people so modest that none will set,
and so vain that none will follow them.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
From the old ox the young one learns to
plough. Latin proxerb.
Good, the more
Communicated, more abundant grows.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.
Henry H^. Longfellow !
'The Psalm of Life.
Excellence.
Nature seems to exist for the excellent. The
world is upheld by the veracity of good men :
they make the earth wholesome. We call our
children and our lands by their names; their
works and effigies are in our homes.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The surprising surprises once ; the admirable
is always more and more admired.
Joseph Joubert.
Excew.
He laughs ill that laughs himself to death.
Latin pi ovet b .
The desire of power in excess caused angels
to fall ; the desire of knowledge in excess
caused man to fall ; but in charily is no excels,
neither can man or angels come into danger by
it. Francis Bacon.
Exclusion.
It was in simmer time o' year, an' simmer leaves
were sheen,
EXCUSES
564
EXPERIENCE
Whan I and Kitty walked abroad, an' Jamie
walked atween ;
We reached the brig o'sr yon wee linn, our
bonny brig sae sma' ;
"Jenny," said Jem, " must walk behind, there's
nae room for twa."
A weal a day my heart leaped high, when walk-
in' by his side ;
Sic thoughts, alas ! are idle now, for Kitty is his
bride.
He c 3uld na*, an' he would, ha' baith, for that's
forbid by law ;
In wedded life, and wedded love, there's nae
room for twa. Gertrude Danby.
Hzcns^s.
And. oftentimes, excusing of a fault
Doth make the fault the worse by the excuse.
Shakspeare : King John.
Exile.
From clime to clime pursue the scene,
And mark, in all thy spacious way,
Where'er the tyrant, mm, has been.
There Peace, the cherub, can not stay.
In wilds and woodlands far away.
She builds her solitary bower.
Where only anchorites have trod.
Or friendless men, to worship Go J,
Have wandered for an hour.
Thomas CaupbelL
The breaking waves dashed high
On a stern and rock-bound coast.
And the woods against a stormy sky
Their giant branches tossed ;
And the heavy night hung dark
The hills and waters o'er,
When a band of exiles moored their bark
On the wild New England shore.
Landing of t/ie Pilgrim Fat Iters.
They sat them down upon the yellow sand.
Between the sun and moon, upon the shore ;
And sweet it was to dream of fatherland,
Of child, and wife, and slave ; but evermore
Most weary seemed the sea, weary the oar,
Weary the wandering fields of barren foam.
Then some one said, " We will return no more ! "
And some one said, " Our island home
Is far beyond the wave ; we will no longer roam."
Alfred Tennyson : The Lotus-Eaters.
They trod the crowded streets of hoary towns.
Or tilled from year to year the wearied fields.
And in the shadow of the golden crowns
They gasped for sunshine and the health it
yields.
They turned from homes all cheerless, child and
man,
With kindly feelings only for their toil.
They lifted up their faces to the Lord,
And read his answer in the westering sun.
That called them ever as a shining word.
And beckoned seaward as the rivers run.
John Boyle O^Reilly,
I have been a stranger in a strange land.
Exodus ii, 22,
Ezistenoe.
He whose days pass without imparting and en-
joying is like the bellows of a smith : he breathes,
indeed, but does not live. Hindoo proverb.
It is impossible for the human mind to think
what it thinks existent lapsing into non-exist-
ence, either in time past or future.
Sir William Hamilton.
Men exist for the sake of one another :
Teach them, or bear with them.
Marcus Aurelius.
Expectation.
Those blessings which we are forever expect-
ing are the only ones which never deceive us.
Anonymous.
'Tis expectation makes the blessing dear :
Heaven were not heaven, if we knew what it were.
Sir John Suckling : Against Fruition.
Experience.
Alas ! the rugged steersman at the wlicel
Comes back again to vision. The hoarse sea
Speaketh from its great heart of discontent.
And in the misty distance dies away.
The Wonderland ! — 'Tis past and gone. O soul !
While yet unbodied thou didst summer tliere,
God saw thee, led thee forth from thy green
haunts.
And bade thee know another world, less fair.
Less calm ! Ambition, knowledge, and desire
Drove from thee thy first worship. Live and
learn ;
Believe and wait ; and it may be that he
Will guide thee back again to Wonderland.
Cradock Newton : Wonderland.
Experience is a keen knife, that hurts while it
extracts the cataract that blinds. De Finod.
He who will be content with actual experi-
ence has light enough. The growing child is in
this sense wise. Goethe.
I have also seen the world, and after long ex-
perience have discovered that ennui is our
greatest enemy, and remunerative labor our
most lasting friend. Justus Moser.
Long experience made him sage. John Gay :
Fable of the Shepherd and the Philosopher.
Men of long experience without learning
have often proved of more benefit to society
than learned men without experience.
Francis Bacon.
Some smack of age in you, some relish of the
saltness of the time.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
The best of prophets of the future is the past.
Lord Byron.
Clouds of aflfection from our younger eyes
Concealed that emptiness which age descries :
The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed.
Lets in new light through chinks that time has
made.
EXPERIENXE
565
FAITH
Stronger by weakness, wiser men become,
As they draw near to their eternal home.
Edmund Walkr : Verses upon Divine Poesy.
To each his sufferings ; all are men,
Condemned alike to groan —
The tender for another's pain, •
The unfeeling for his own
Yet, ah ! why should they know their fate,
Since sorrow never comes loo late,
And happiness too swiftly flies ?
Thought would destroy their paradise.
No more ; — where ignorance is bliss,
'Tis folly to be wise. I'homas Gray :
On a distant prospect of Eton College.
Twice or thrice the young bird may be de-
ceived, but before the eyes of the full-fle<lged
it is vain to spread the net or speed the arrow.
Dante.
What we gain by experience is not worth
what we lose by illusion. Petit-Senn.
When at a game of chance the play is ended,
the loser grieving stays, and, repeating each
throw, sadly learns how fortune can be mended,
while all the rest go with the winner. Dante.
Expression.
Whatever we conceive well we express clearly,
and words flow with ease. Boileau.
We understood
Her by her sight ; her pure and eloquent blood
Spoke in her cheeks, and so distinctly wrought.
That one might almost say her body
thought.
John Donne : Elegy on Mistress Drury.
Externals.
He leans on a feeble reed who takes pleas-
ure in what is external to himself. i>eneca.
Exultation.
If thou conquerest, do not exult too openly ;
nor, if thou art conquered, bewail thy fate lying
down in thy house. Horace,
Failings.
Certain faults are necessary for the existence
of the individual. Goethe.
Failure.
Fallen, fallen, fallen, fallen,
F'allen from his high estate,
And weltering in his blood ;
Deserted, at his utmost need,
By those his former bounty fed ;
On the bare earth exposed he lies.
With not a friend to close his eyes.
John Dryden : Alexander's Feast.
I am not now in fortune's power :
He that is down can fall no lower.
Samuel Butler : Iludibras.
I have touched the highest point of all my great-
ness.
And from that full meridian of my glory,
I haste now to my setting: I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening.
And no man see me more.
Shakspear^ : King Henry VIII.
It was intended for a vase, it has turned out
a pot. Horace.
Never was poem yet writ, but the meanihg
out-mastered the metre.
Richard Realf : Indirection.
The best laid schemes o' mice and men
Gang aft a-gley.
And leave us naught but grief and pain
For promised joy.
Robert Burns : To a Mouse.
The painful warrior, famoused for fight.
After a thousand victories once foiled;
Is from the books of honor razid quite,
And all the rest forgot for which he toiled.
Shakspeare : Sonnet XX V.
Upon my head they placed a fruitless crown.
And put a barren sceptre in my grip.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Wherever there is failure there is some giddi-
ness, some superstition about luck, some step
omitted, which Nature never pardons.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Faith.
As still to the star of its worship, though clouded.
The needle points faithfully o'er the dim sea —
So dark when I roam, in this wintry world
shrouded.
The hope of my spirit turns trembling to thee,
My God, trembling to thee.
Pure, warm, trembling to thee.
Thomas Moore :
As doitm in the Sunless Retreats.
Faith alone can interpret life, and the heart
that aches and bleeds with the stigma of pain
alone bears the likeness of Christ and can com-
prehend its dark enigma.
Ilmry W. Longfellow.
I feel the earth move sunward,
I join the great march onward.
And take, by faith, while living.
My freehold of thanksgiving.
John G. Whittier: My Triumph.
" Is it come?" they said, on the banks of the
Nile,
Who looked for the world's long-promised
day,
FAITH
566
FALSEHOOD
And saw but the strife of Egypt's toil
With the desert's sand and the granite gray.
From the Pyramid, temple, and treasured dead.
We vainly ask for her wisdom's plan ;
They tell us of the tyrant's dread :
Yet there was hope when that day began.
The days of the nations hear no trace
Of all the sunshine so far foretold ;
The cannon speaks in the teacher's place ;
The age is weary with work and gold ;
And high hopes wither, and memories wane ;
On hearth and altar the fires are dead ;
But that brave faith hath not lived in vain —
And this is all that our watcher said.
Frances Browne : Is it come ?
Methinks it is good to be here ;
If thou wilt, let us build — but for whom?
Nor Elias nor Moses appear ;
But the shadows of eve that encompass with
gloom
The abode of the dead and the place of the
tomb.
The first tabernacle to Hope we will build,
And look for the sleepers around us to rise ;
The second to Faith, that insures it fulfilled ;
And the third to the Lamb of the great sacri-
fice,
Who bequeathed us them both when he rose to
the skies. Herbert Knowles :
Lines written in a Churchyard.
O thou whose days are yet all spring.
Trust, blighted once, is past retrieving ;
Experience is a dumb, dead thing ;
The victory 's in believing.
James Russell Lowell : Our Autumns.
Strong Son of God, immortal Love,
Whom we, that have not seen thy face.
By faith, and faith alone, embrace,
Believing where we can not prove ;
Thine are these orbs of light and shade ;
Thou madest life in man and brute ;
Thou madest Death ; and lo, thy foot
Is on the skull which thou hast made.
Thoij wilt not leave us in the dust :
Thou madest man, he knows not why ;
He thinks he was not made to die ;
And thou hast made him : thou art just.
Alfred Temiyson : In Memoriam.
'Tis sweet, as year by year we lose
Friends out of sight, in faith to muse
How grows in Paradise our store.
John Keble.
'Tis hers to pluck the amaranthine fiower
Of Faith, and round the sufferer's temples
bind
Wreaths that endure affliction's heaviest shower.
And do not shrink from sorrow's keenest
wind. William Wordsworth : Sonnet.
To understand that the sky is everywhere
blue, we need not go round the world. Goethe.
Trust no future, howe'er pleasant !
Let the dead past bury its dead !
Act, act in the living present.
Heart within, and God o'erhead.
Henry W. Longfellow : Psalm of Life.
We can not prove our faith by syllogisms.
The argument refuses to form in the mind.
You can not make a written theory or demon-
stration of this. It must be sacredly treated.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
We must reach one of two results : either
learn and discover how the fact really stands ;
or else, should this be impossible, at least take
up with the best and most incontrovertible
human belief respecting it ; and then, borne
upon this as in a skiff, venture the voyage of
life — unless we can find a securer and less haz-
ardous passage on the firmer support of some
divine word. Plato.
Faith is the substance of things hoped for,
the evidence of things not seen. Hebrews xi, /.
Whatever is the subject of faith should not be
subjected to reason, and much less should bend
to It. Pascal.
With what clear guile of gracious love enticed,
I follow forward, as from room to room.
Through doors that open into light from
gloom,
To find, and lose, and find again the Christ !
William C. Wilkinson : Enticed.
Faithfulness.
The candlestick set upon a low place has
given light as faithfully, where it was needed,
as that upon a hill. Margaret Fuller.
Say thou lovest me, while thou live
I to thee my love will give,
Never dreaming to deceive
While that life endures ;
Nay, and after death, in sooth,
I to thee will keep my truth.
As now when in my May of youth :
This my love assures. Anonymous.
The deepest hunger of a faithful heart
Is faithfulness. George Eliot : Spanish Gypsy.
Faithlessness.
Fareweel, and forever.
My first luve and last ;
May thy joys be to come —
Mine live in the past.
In sorrow and sadness
This hour fa's on me ;
But light as thy luve may
It fleet over thee !
William Motherwell : Wearie's Well.
Falsehood.
A goodly apple rotten at the heart,
O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath !
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
But optics sharp it needs, I ween.
To see what is not to be seen.
John Trumbull: McFingal.
FAME
567
FAME
O, what a tangled web we weave,
When first we practise to deceive !
IP'alter Scott : Marmion.
The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
Shakspt-are : Merchant of Venice.
The prevarications and white lies which a
mind that keeps itself ambitiously pure is as
uneasy under as a great artist under the false
touches that no eye detects but his own, are
worn as lightly as mere trimmings when once the
actions have become a lie. Charlotte Bronte.
We resent calumny, hypocrisy, and treachery
because they harm us, not .because they are un-
true. Take the detraction and the mischief
from the untruth, and we are little offended by
it ; turn it into praise, and we may be pleased
with it.
John R us kin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
You never need think you can turn over any
old falsehoo<i without a terrible squirming and
scattering of the horrid little population that
dwells under it. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Fame.
A great name is like an eternal epitaph en-
graved by the admiration of men on the road of
time. ^- Souvestre.
Ah, pensive scholar, what is fame ?
A fitful tongue of leaping flame ;
A giddy whirlwind's fickle gust,
That lifts a pinch of mortal dust :
A few swift years, and who can show
Which dust was Bill, and which was Joe?
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Bill and foe.
Ah ! who can tell how hard it is to climb
The steep where Fame's proud temple shines
afar ? fames Beattie : The Minstrel.
Better than fame is still the wish for fame.
The constant training for a glorious strife :
The athlete nurtured for the Olympian game.
Gains strength at least for life.
The wish for fame is faith in holy things
That soothe the life and shall outlive the
tomb —
A reverent listening for some angel wings
That cower above the gloom.
Edward I.ytton Bitlwer : The Desire of Fame.
Celebrity sells dearly what we think she gives.
E. Souvestre.
If fame is to come only after death, I am in
no hurry for it. Martial.
Death makes no conquest of this conqueror :
For now he lives in fame, though not in life.
Shakspeare : Richard III.
Fame Is not won on downy plumes nor under
canopies ; the man who consumes his days with-
out obtaining it, leaves such mark of himself
on earth as smoke on air, or foam on water.
„-, Dante.
Fame is the shade of immortality.
And in itself a shadow. Soon as caught,
Contemned, it shrinks to nothing in the grasp.
Edward Young: Aight Thoughts,
Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise
(That last infirmity of noble mind)
To scorn delights, and live laborious days ;
But the fair guerdon when we hope to find,
And think to burst out into sudden blaze,
Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,
And slits the thin-spun life.
John Milton : Lycidas.
Folly loves the martyrdom of fame.
Lord Byron : Death of Sheridan,
For thou art Freedom's now, and Fame's —
One of the few, the immortal names
That were not born to die.
Eits-Creene lialleck : Afarco Bozsaris.
He left the name at which the world grew pale,
To point a moral, or adorn a tale.
Samuel fohnson : Vanity of Human Wishes.
If eminent men whose histoi7 has been writ-
ten could return to life, how they would laugh
at what has been said of them ! J. De Einod.
Many have lived on a pedestal who will not
have a statue when dead. Biranger.
Men the most infamous are fond of fame.
And those who fear not guilt yet start at shame.
Charles Churchill.
Nor Fame I slight, nor for her favors call ; "
She comes unlooked for, if she comes at all.
Alexander Pope : The Temple of Eame.
Nothing can cover his high fame but heaven ;
No pyramids set off his memories,
But the eternal substance of his greatness :
To which I leave him.
Beaumont and Elctcher : The False One.
Some, for renown, on scraps of learning dote,
And think they grow immortal as they quote.
Edward Young : Love of Fame.
Slowly and sadly we laid him down.
From the field of his fame fresh and gory !
We carved not a line, we raised not a stone.
But wc left him alone in his glory.
Charles Wolfe : Burial of Sir John Moore.
The aspiring youth who fired the Ephesian
dome
Outlives in fame the pious fool that raised it.
Colley Cibber : Alteration to Richard I H.
There was a morning when I longed for fame.
There was a noontide when I passed it by ;
There is an evening when I think not shame
Its substance and its being to deny :
For if men bear in mind great deeds, the name
Of him that wrought them shall they leave to
die ;
Or if his name they shall have deathless writ,
They change the deeds that first ennobled it.
Jean Ingelow : The Star's Monument.
FAMILY
568
FASHION
Trust me, when Fame beneath the sod,
Has slept one hundred years, 'tis odd,
If one man in a million knows
How you disturbed the world's repose.
Goethe.
Unblemished let me live, or die unknown ;
O grant an honest fame, or grant me none !
A lexander Fope : Temple of Fame.
What is the end of Fame ? 'tis not to fill
A certain portion of uncertain paper.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Worldly fame is nothing but a breath of wind
that blows now this way, now that, and changes
name as it changes sides. Dante.
Your fame is as the grass, whose hue comes
and goes, and His might withers it by whose
power it sprang from the lap of earth. Dante.
Family.
His own is beautiful to each.
Anonymous.
Depend upon it, my snobbish friend,
Your family thread you can't ascend.
Without good reason to apprehend
You may find it waxed, at the farther end,
By some plebeian vocation !
Or, worse than that, your boasted line
May end in a loop of stronger twine.
That plagued some worthy relation !
John G. Saxe : American Aristocracy.
Friends moulder away ; time changes the
affections of men ; views of interest form new
connections ; the passions fluctuate ; desires
arise that can not be gratified ; misunderstand-
ings follow, and friendships are transferred to
others : but the ties of blood still remain in force.
Tacitiis.
Fancy.
His imperial fancy has laid all Nature under
tribute, and has collected riches from every
scene of the creation and every walk of art.
Robert Hall : Freedom of the Press.
It is the misfortune, or the safeguard, of the
English mind that Fancy is always an outlaw,
liable to be laid by the heels wherever Constable
Common Sense can catch her.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
I built my soul a lordly pleasure-house,
Wherein at ease for aye to dwell.
Alfred Tennyson : The Palace of Art.
My eyes make pictures when they are shut.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : A Day-dream.
O, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasu.s ?
Or cloy the hungry edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast ?
Or wallow naked in December snow
By thinking on fantastic Summer's heat?
O, no ! the apprehension of the good
Gives but the greater feeling to the worse.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
Present fears
Are less than horrible imaginings.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
With dreamful eyes
My spirit lies
Where Summer sings and never dies —
O'erveiled with vines.
She glows and shines
Among her future oil and wines.
Thomas Buchanan Read : Drifting,
Fantasy.
Wh)', this is a very midsummer madness.
Shakspeare : Twelfth AHght.
Farewell.
Adieu, adieu ! my native shore
Fades o'er the waters blue.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Farewell, my friends ! Farewell, my foes !
My peace with these, my love with those —
The bursting tears my heart declare ;
Farewell, the bonnie banks of Ayr !
Robert Burns : Farewell to his Native Country.
What I have done for lack of wit
I never, never can recall ;
I trust you're all my friends as yet —
Good-night, and joy be with ye all.
Anonymous.
Farming.
As for farming, it's putting money into your
pocket wi' your right hand and fetching it out
wi' your left. It's more than flesh and blood
'ull bear sometimes, to be toiling and striving,
and up early and down late, and hardly sleeping
a wink when you lie down for thinking as the
cheese may smell, or the cows may slip their
calves, or wheat may grow green again i' the
sheaf; and after all, at th' end of the year, it's
as if you'd been cooking a feast and had got the
smell of it for your pains. George Eliot.
Fascination.
Too late I stayed — forgive the crime !
Unheeded flew the hours ;
How noiseless falls the foot of Time,
That only treads on flowers !
William Robert Spencer : Too Late I Stayed.
- She hath a way so to control,
To rapture the imprisoned soul.
And sweetest heaven on earth display.
That to be heaven Ann hath a way ;
She hath a way,
Ann Hathaway ;
To be heaven's self, Ann hath a way.
Attiibutcd to Shakspeare : Ann Hathaway.
Fashion.
Fashion is not good sense absolute, but good,
sense relative ; not good sense private, but good
sense entertaining company.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
I am convinced that if the virtuosi could once
find out a world in the moon, with a passage to
it, our women would wear nothing but what di-
rectly came from thence. Jonathan Swift.
FASTIDIOUSNESS
569
FICKLENESS
If it wasn't for fashion, a large share of the
world wouldn't know what kind of clothes to
wear to be comfortable. Josh Billings.
The change of fashions is the tax that the in-
dustry of the poor levies upon the vanity of the
rich. Chamfort.
The fashion wears out more apparel than the
man. Shakspeare : Much Ado About Nothing.
Fastidiousness.
We may receive so much light as not to see,
and so much philosophy as to be worse than
foolish. Walter Savage Landor.
Fate.
I say again that this is true, and all history
bears testimony to it, that men may second For-
tune, but they can not thwart her ; they may
weave her net, but they can not break it.
Machiavelli.
They who talk much of destiny, their birth-
star, etc., are in a lower dangerous plane, and
invite the evils they fear.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Conduct of Life.
Fathen.
I announce to all men that noble children are
sprung from noble sires. Terentius.
Fatigue.
Weariness
Can snore upon the flint, when rusty Sloth
Finds the down pillow hard.
Shakspeare : Cymbeline.
Faults.
A fault seems smaller which it takes little
time to commit. Anonymous.
Every one fault seeming monstrous, till his
fellow-fault came to match it.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
We easily forget our faults when they are
known only to ourselves. La Rochefoucauld.
. To say of a man who is choleric, uncertain,
quarrelsome, surly, captious, capricious, that it
is his humor, is not to excuse him, as is often
thought, but to confess wiliiout intending it
that these great faults are irremediable.
La Bruyhre.
Favors.
Let him who hath conferred a favor hold his
tongue. Seneca.
Small favors conciliate, but great gifts make
enemies. Latin proverb.
Fear.
Early and provident fear is the mother of
safety, Edmund Burke.
Imagination frames events unknown.
In wild fantastic shapes of hideous ruin,
And what it fears creates.
Hannah Afore : Belshazzar,
It is good that fear should sit as the guardian
of the soul, forcing it into wisdom — good that
men should carry a threatening shadow in their
hearts under the full sunshine ; else, how should
they learn to revere the right ? ^Eschylus.
Let not fear create the (Jod of childhood :
fear was itself created by a wicked spirit. Shall
the devil become the grandfather of God ?
Richter, •
So lonely 'twas, that God himself
Scarce seemed there to be.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Ancient Mariner.
We should do little for God if the devil were
dead. Scottish proverb.
Feeling.
Feeling's a sort of knowledge. George Eliot.
I've seen pretty clear, ever since I was a
young un, as religion's something beside notions.
It isn't notions sets people doing the right
thing — it's feelings. George Eliot.
Noble sentiments belong alike to the culti-
vated and to the rude ; the former express,
while the latter feel them. Anonymous.
Fellowsliip.
We went through the whole catalogue of Do
you remembers ? and laughed at all the old sto-
ries, so dreary to an outsider.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Fervor.
I hate boldness — that boldness which is of
the brassy brow and insensate nerves ; but I
love the courage of the strong heart, t'he fervor
of the generous blood. Cliarlotte Bronte.
Fickleness.
Authority forgets a dying king.
Alfred Tennyson : Morte d* Arthur.
Can I think of her as dead, and love her for the
love she bore ?
No, she never loved me truly — love is love for
evermore.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
Have you not heard it said full oft,
A woman's nay doth stand for naught ?
Shakspeare : The Passionate Pilgrim.
How could I tell I should love thee to-day,
Whom that day I liuMk||t dear?
How could I know I ^^^^love thee away,
When I did npt l()^^^Hr ancar ?
Jean Ingilow : Supper at the Mil/,
Lik^iunmer friends,
Flies of estate and sum^^B-iine.
George H^ert : The Answer.
Has summer come without the rose,
Or left the bird behind?
Is the blue changed above thee,
O world ! or am I blind?
Will you change every flower that grows,
Or only change this spot.
Where she who said, " I love thee,"
Now says, " I love thee not?"
Arthur 0' Shaughnessy ; Song.
FICTION
570
FLOWERS
Behold man in his real character. He passes
from white to black ; he condemns in the morn-
ing what he maintained the evening before.
Worrying all around, not less an enemy to him-
self, he changes every moment his opinions, as
he does the fashion of his coat ; the least puff
of wind wheels him round ; he is upset by the
slightest rebuff: to-day in a helmet, to-morrow
in a cowl. BoiUau.
Fiction.
For my part, I love to give myself up to the
illusions of poetry. A hero of fiction that
never existed is just as valuable to me as a hero
of history that existed a thousand years since.
Washington Irving.
As Stephen Sly, and old John Naps of Greece,
And Peter Turf, and Henry Pimpernell ;
And twenty more such names and men as these,
Which never were, nor no man ever saw.
Shakspeare : Taming th^ Shrew.
Fidelity.
Years have not seen, Time shall not see,
The hour that tears my soul from thee.
Lord Byron : Bride of Abydos.
Fighting.
Ah me ! what perils do environ
The man that meddles with cold iron !
iiamuel Butler : Hudibras.
Firelight.
Where glowing embers in the room
Teach light to counterfeit a gloom.
John Milton : L' Allegro.
Firmness.
Stand firm as any tower which never shakes
its top whatever wind may blow. Dante.
The tree overthrown by the wind had more
branches than roots. Chinese proverb.
To live is often a greater proof of a firm soul
than to die. Aljieri.
Fishing.
This day Dame Nature seemed in love,
The lusty sap began to move,
Fresh juice did stir th' embracing vines,
And birds had drawn their valentines.
The jealous trout that low did lie,
Rose at a well-dissembled fly.
There stood my friend, with patient skill.
Attending of his trembling quill.
Sir Henry Woiton.
Fitness.
The right word is always a power, and com-
municates its defmiteness to our action.
George Eliot.
We must strive to make ourselves really
worthy of some employment ; we need pay no
attention to anything else, the rest is the busi-
ness of others. La Bruyere.
The Flag.
Ay, tear her tattered ensign down !
Long has it waved on high.
And many an eye has danced to see
That banner in the sky.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Old Ironsides.
W^hen Freedom from her mountain height
Unfurled her standard to the air.
She tore the azure robe of night,
And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
The milky baldric of the skies.
And striped its pure, celestial white,
With streakings of the morning light.
Flag of the free heart's hope and home !
By angel hands to valor given ;
Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
And all thy hues were bom in heaven.
Forever float that standard sheet !
Where breathes the foe but falls before us,
With Freedom's soil beneath our feet.
And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us ?
Joseph Rodman Drake : The American Hag.
Flatterers.
We squeeze an orange, and throw away the
rind. Frederick the Great.
Bees that have honey in their mouths have
stings in their tails. Scottish proverb.
If we did not flatter ourselves, the flattery of
others would not injure us. La Rochefoucauld.
But when I tell him he hates flatterers.
He says he does ; being then most flattered.
iihakspeare : Julius Casar.
In vain does flattery swell a little virtue to a
mountain : self-love can swallow it like a mus-
tard-seed. Anonymous.
Just as those who have heard a symphony
carry in their ears the tune and sweetness of the
song which entangles their thoughts, and does
not suffer them to give their whole energy to
serious matters, so the conversation of flatterers
and of those who praise evil things lingers
longer in the mind than the time of hearing it.
Seneca.
'Tis an old maxim of the schools.
That flattery's the food of fools ;
Yet now and then your men of wit
Will condescend to take a bit.
Jonathan Swift: Cassimus and Peter.
We sometimes think we hate flattery, when
we only hate the way in which we are flattered.
Anonymous.
Flirtation.
Framed to make women false.
Shakspeare : Othello.
In part to blame is she,
Which hath without consent been only tried :
He comes too near that comes to be denied.
Sir Thomas Overbury : A Wife. ^
Flowers.
Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with be?uty ; violets, dim.
But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes,
Or Cytherea's breath.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Alight.
FOLLY
571
FOPPISHNESS
Go, lovely Rose !
Tell her that wastes her time and me,
That now she knows,
When I resemble her to thee.
How sweet and fair she seems to be.
Edmund IValUr.
It is with flowers as with moral qualities : the
bright are sometimes poisonous ; but, I believe,
never the sweet.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Oh ! faint, delicious, spring-time violet,
Thine odor, like a key,
Turns noiselessly in memory's wards to let
A thought of sorrow free.
IVilliam IV. Story : The Violet.
Rhodora ! if the sages ask thee why
This charm is wasted on the marsh and sky,
Dear, tell them, that if eyes were made for see-
ing.
Then beauty is its own excuse for being.
Why thou wert there, () rival of the rose !
I never thought to ask ; I never knew.
But in my simple ignorance suppose
The selfsame Power that brought me there
brought you.
Jialph hVa/do Emerson : The Rhodora.
Spake full well, in language quaint and olden,
One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine,
When he called the flowers, so blue and golden.
Stars that in earth's firmament do shine.
Henry IV. Longfellow : Flowers.
There's rosemary, that's for remembrance ; and
there's pansies, that's for thoughts.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Throw hither all your quaint enameled eyes.
That on the green turf suck the honeyed showers,
And purple all the ground with vernal flowers.
Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies.
The tufted crow-toe, and pale jessamine.
The white pink, and the pansy freaked with jet,
The glowing violet.
The musk-rose, and the well-attired woodbine,
With cowslips wan that hang the pensive head,
And every flower that sad embroidery wears.
John Milton : Lycidas,
Were I in churchless solitudes remaining.
Far from all voice of teachers and divines,
My soul would find, in flowers of God's ordain-
ing,
Priests, sermons, shrines !
Horace Smith : Hymn to the Flowers.
Folly.
A man can never do anything at variance
with his own nature. He carries within him
the germ of his most exceptional action ; and if
we wise people make eminent fools of ourselves
on any particular occasion, we must endure the
legitimate conclusion that we carry a few grains
of folly to our ounce of wisdom. George Eliot.
If poverty is the mother of crimes, want of
sense is the father of them. La Bruyire.
I am not ashamed to own my follies, but I
am ashamed not to put an end to them. Horace.
If thou hast never been a fool, be sure thou
wilt never be a wise man.
William M. Thackeray.
It is difficult to free fools from the chains
they revere. Voltaire.
Thus we play the fools with the time, and
the spirits of the wise sit in the clouds and mock
us. Shakspeare : King Henry 1 V.
To give counsel to a fool is like throwing
water on a goose. Danish proverb.
Food.
Thou shouldst eat to live, not live to eat.
Cicero,
Fools.
Brain him with a lady's fan.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
He must be a thorough fool who can learn
nothing from his own folly.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
A fool makes no blunders, but attends right
to his business. Josh Billings.
A fool must now and then be right by chance.
IVilliam Cozapcr : Conversation.
All men are fools, and he who does not wish
to see them must remain in his chamber and
break his looking-glass. Marquis De Lade.
Fools are my theme, let satire be my song. .
Lord Byron :
English Bards and Scotch Rcvietoers.
Be wise with speed,
A fool at forty is a fool indeed.
Edward Young : Love of Fame.
For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
Alexander Pope : Lssay on Criticistn.
Their heads sometimes so little, that there is
no room for wit ; sometimes so long, that there
is no wit for so much room.
Thomas Fuller : Of Natural Fools.
I'm not denyin' the women are foolish ; God
Almighty made 'em to match the men.
George Eliot.
Foppifllmen.
Fresh as a bridegroom ; and his chin, new
reaped,
Showed like a stubble-land at harvest-home ;
He was perfumed like a milliner.
And 'twixt his finger and his thumb he held
A pouncet-box, which ever and anon
1 He gave his nose, and took't way again.
And as the soldiers bore dead bodies by.
He called them untaught knaves, unmannerly.
To bring a slovenly unhandsome corse
Betwixt the wind and his nobility.
And telling me, the sovereign 'st thing on earth
Was parmaceti for an inward bruise ;
FORBEARANCE
572
FREEDOM
And that it was great pity, so it was,
This villanous saltpetre should be digged
Out of the bowels of the harmless earth.
Which many a good tall fellow had destroyed
So cowardly ; and, but for these vile guns.
He would himself have been a soldier.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Forbearance.
You betray your own failing if you can not
bear with the fault of a friend. Publius Syrus.
Foreboding.
Behold there ariseth a little cloud out of the
sea, like a man's hand. / Kings xviii, 44.
Forecast.
It is of no use running : to set out betimes is
the main point. La Fontaine.
Forgetfalness.
Oblivion is the flower that grows best on
graves. George Sand.
Of all affliction taught a lover yet
'Tis sure the hardest science to forget.
Alexander Pope : Elo'ise to Ab/lard.
Our fathers find their graves in our short
memories, and sadly tell us how we may be
buried in our survivors.
Sir Thomas Browfie : Urn Butial,
Forgiveness.
Forgive others many things, yourself nothing.
Publius Syrus.
Lincoln's heart was as great as the world, but
there was no room in it to hold the memory of
a wrong. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
To forgive a fault in another is more sublime
than to be faultless one's self. George Sand.
Forms.
There is no external politeness which has not
a root in the moral nature of man. Forms of
politeness, therefore, should never be incul-
cated in young persons without letting them
understand the moral ground on which all such
forms rest. Goethe.
Fortune.
Fortune gives too much to many, enough to
none. Martial.
Fortune is a divinity in whom there are no
disbelievers. Senac de Meilhan.
Fortune is like the market, where many times,
if you stay a little, the price will fall. And
again, it is sometimes like Sibylla's off"er, which
at first offereth the commodity at full, then con-
sumeth part and part, and still holdeth-up the
price. Francis Bacon.
Fortune is to be honored and respected, and
it be but for her two daughters — Confidence
and Reputation. Francis Bacon.
There is nothing which continues longer than
a moderate fortune ; nothing of which one sees
the end sooner than a large fortune.
La Bruyire.
Usually, the more fortune a man acquires,
the less does he care to please others ; in return,
they become more anxious to please him ; so
that the sum of civilities between them remains
the same, but diff"erently divided. Anonymous.
When Fortune means to men most good.
She looks upon them with a threatening eye.
Shakspeare : King John.
Fcnnders.
He lives to build, not boast, a generous race,
No tenth transmitter of a foolish face.
Kichard Savage : 7 he Bastard.
Fragrance.
Oh, how much more doth beauty beauteous
seem,
By that sweet ornament which truth doth give !
The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem.
For that sweet odor which doth in it live.
Shakspeare : Sonnet.
Frailty.
Do you not remember that I am a frail human
being, and therefore I have erred ? Terence.
The weakest goes to the wall.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Frankness.
Speak to me as to thy thinkings.
As thou dost ruminate ; and give thy worst of
thoughts
The worst of words. Shakspeare : Othello.
If he persists in saying whatever he pleases,
he will hear what is displeasing. Terentius.
Whatever words thou shalt say, the same thou
shall hear. Homer.
Fraud.
But fraud, which is an ill peculiarly man's
own, displeases God most ; and therefore the
fraudulent fall lower, and groan with deeper
anguish. Dante.
Freedom.
Depend upon it that the lovers of freedom
will be free. Edmund Burke.
England may as well dam up the waters of
the Nile with bulrushes as to fetter the step of
Freedom, more proud and firm, in this youth-
ful land, than where she treads the sequestered
glens of Scotland, or couches herself among the
magnificent mountains of Switzerland.
Lydia Maria Child : The Rebels.
Eternal Spirit of the chainless mind !
Brightest in dungeons. Liberty, thou art ;
For there thy habitation is the heart,
The heart which love of thee alone ccn bind ;
And when thy sons to fetters are consigned.
To fetters, and the damp vault's dayless gloom,
Their country conquers with their martyrdom.
Lord Byron: Chillon.
For freedom's battle, once begun.
Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son,
Though baffled oft, is ever won.
Lord Byron : The Giaour.
FREEDOM
573
FRIENDSHIP
Fortune is an evil bond of the body, vice of
the soul : for he is a slave whose body is free
but whose soul is bound and he is free whose
body is bound but whose soul is free. Epictetus.
He is the freeman whom the truth makes
free. IVilUam Cowper : The Task.
Hereditary bondmen ! know ye not,
Who would be free, themselves must strike the
blow ? Lord Byron : Cliilde Harold.
How sleep the brave who sink to rest
By all their country's wishes blest !
When Spring, with dewy fingers cold.
Returns to deck their hallowed mould,
She there shall dress a sweeter sod
Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.
By fairy hands their knell is rung.
By forms unseen their dirge is sung:
There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray,
To bless the turf that wraps their clay ;
And Freedom shall awhile repair
To dwell a weeping hermit there !
William Collins: Odt.
Put me in chains ! No, you may put my leg
in chains, but not even Zeus himself can master
my will. Epictetus.
Stone walls do not a prison make,
Nor iron bars a cage ;
Minds innocent and quiet take
That for an hermitage :
If I have freedom in my love,
And in my soul am free.
Angels alone, that soar above,
Enjoy such liberty. Richard f^velace.
The best legacy I can leave my children is
free speech, and the example of using it.
Algt-mon Sidney.
This hand, to tyrants ever sworn the foe
For freedom only deals the deadly blow ;
Then sheathes in calm repose the vengeful blade.
For gentle peace in freedom's hallowed shade
John Quincy Adams.
Thy spirit. Independence, let me share,
Lord of the lion heart and eagle eye ;
Thy steps I follow with my bosom bare.
Nor heed the storm that howls along the sky.
Tobias Smollett : Ode to Independence.
Yet, freedom ! yet thy banner, torn, but flying.
Streams like a thunder-storm ae;ainst the wind.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
You ask me why, though ill at ease,
Within this region 1 subsist,
Whose spirits falter in the mist,
And languish for the purple seas.
It is the land that freemen till.
That sober-suited Freedom chose ;
The land where, girt with friends or foes,
A man may speak the thing he will.
Alfred Tennyson.
Wheresoever, whensoever, or howsoever, we
shall be called upon to make our exit, we wilt
die freemen. Josiah Quincy, Jr.
Free-will.
We know our will is free, and there's an end
on't.. Samuel Johnson.
Fretfolness.
I dare no more fret than I dare curse and
swear. John Wesley.
Friendship.
A friend may well be considered a master-
piece of Nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Give me the avowed, the erect, the manly foe.
Bold I can meet — perhaps may turn his blow ;
But of all plagues, good Heaven, thy wrath can
send.
Save, save, oh ' save me from the Candid Friend I
George Canning : New Morality.
I awoke this morning with devout thanksgiv-
ing for my friends, the old and the new. Shall
I not call God the Beautiful, who daily showcth
himself so to me in his gifts?
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Old friends are best. King James used to
call for his old shoes ; they were easiest for his
feet. John Selden : Table- Talk, Etiends.
A faithful friend is the tnie image of Deity.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
All men of gifted intellect and fine genius
must entertain a noble idea of friendship. Our
reverence we are constrainetl to yield where it
is due — to rank, merit, talents : but our affec-
tions we give not thus easily ; the hand of
Douglas is his own Charles Emerson.
A friend should bear his friend's infirmities.
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
A man should keep his friendships in constant
repair. Samuel Johnson.
A mind that is softened and humanized by
friendship can not bear frequent reproaches :
either it must quite sink under the oppression,
or abate considerably of the value and esteem
it had for him who bestows them.
Joseph Addison.
As characters traced on white paper with
sympathetic ink can only be made legible by
fire, so one's heart's characters can not be read
unless warmed by friendship. Anonymous.
As true as steel.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night's Dream.
As the shadow in early morning is friendship
with the wicked, it dwindles .hour by hour.
But friendship with the good increases, like the
evening shadows, till the sun of life sets. Herder.
A real friend is known in adversity. Emicus,
FRIENDSHIP
574
FRIENDSHIP
Be kind to my remains ; and O defend,
Against your judgment, your departed friend !
John Dryden : Epistle to Congreve.
Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar ;
The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
By friendship I suppose you mean the great-
est love, the greatest usefulness, and the most
open communications, and the most exemplary
faithfulness, and the severest truth, and the
heartiest counsel, and the greatest union of
minds, of which men and women are capable.
Jeremy Taylor.
Saul and Jonathan were lovely and pleasant
in their lives, and in their death they were not
divided. // Samuel i, 2j.
We took sweet counsel together.
Psalm Iv, 14.
Friendship ! mysterious cement of the soul !
Sweet'ner of life ! and solder of society !
Robert Blair : The Grave.
For to cast away a virtuous friend I call as
bad as to cast away one's own life. Sophocles.
Friendships are best formed at home. Solon.
Friends are the thermometers bv which we
may judge the temperature of our fortunes.
Lady Blessington.
From the wreck of the past which hath perished
Thus much I at least may recall :
It hath taught me that what I most cherished
Deserved to be dearest of all.
In the desert a fountain is springing.
In the wild waste there still is a tree,
And a bird in the solitude singing.
Which speaks to my spirit of thee.
Lord Byron : Stanzas to Augusta.
Green be the turf above thee,
Friend of my better days !
None knew thee but to love thee,
Nor named thee but to praise.
Fitz-Greene Halleck : Joseph Kodman Drake.
He only is fit to be chosen for a friend who
can do those offices for which friendship is ex-
cellent. Jeremy Taylor.
Here's a sigh for those that love me,
And a smile for those who hate ;
And, whatever sky's above me,
Here's a heart for every fate.
Were't the last drop in the well,
As I gasped upon the brink,
Ere my fainting spirit fell,
'Tis to thee that I would drink.
Lord Byron : To Thomas Moore.
I am willing to lose an hour in gossip with
persons whom good men hold cheap. All this
I will do out of regard to the decent conven-
tions of polite life. But my friends I must
know, and, knowing, I must love. There must
be a daily beauty in their lives that shall secure
my constant attachment. I can not stand upon
the footing of ordinary acquaintance. Friend-
ship is aristocratical — the affections which are
prostituted to every suitor I will not accept.
Charles Emerson.
It is easy to find a lover and to retain a friend :
what is difficult is to find the friend and to re-
tain the lover. Levis.
O Friend, my bosom said.
Through thee alone the sky is arched.
Through thee the rose is red ;
All things through thee take nobler form,
And look beyond the earth,
The mill-round of our fate appears
A sun-path in thy worth.
Me too thy nobleness has taught
To master my despair ;
The fountains of my hidden lii'e
Are through thy friendship fair.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Friendship.
Should auld acquaintance be forgot.
And never brought to min' ?
Should auld acquaintance be forgot.
And days o' lang syne ?
Robert Burns : A uld Lang Syne.
So we grew together.
Like to a double cherry, seeming parted.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Nighf s Dream.
The fire of my adversity has purged the mass
of my acquaintance. Lord Bolingbroke.
The man that hails you Tom or Jack,
And proves, by thumping on your back.
His sense of your great merit.
Is such a friend, that one had need
Be very much his friend indeed
To pardon, or to bear it.
William Cowper : On Friendship.
There is little friendship in the world, and
least of all between equals ; that which is, is be-
tween .'uperior and inferior, whose fortunes may
comprehend the one the other. Francis Bacon.
We never know the true value of friends.
While they live, we are too sensitive of their
faults ; when we have lost them, we only see
their virtues. Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Were we quite sure
To find the peerless friend who left us lonely.
Or there, liy some celestial stream as pure,
To gaze in eyes that here were lovelit only —
This weary mortal coil, were we quite sure,
Who would endure ?
Edmund Clarence Siedman :
The Undiscovered Country.
When the sun shines, you see your friends.
It requires sunshine to be seen by them to ad-
vantage. Lady Blessington.
You'd never hope
To be such friends, for instance, she and you,
As when you hunted cowslips in the woods,
Or played together in the meadow hay.
FRIGHT
575
GAMBLERS
Oh, yes — with age, respect comes, and your
worth
Is felt, there's growing sympathy of tastes.
There's ripened friendship, there's confirmed
esteem.
Robert Brovming : Blot in the 'Scutcheon.
You're my friend —
What a thing friendship is, world without end !
Robert Browning : Flight of the Duchess.
Fright.
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs.
Shakspeare : AJacbeth.
The village maids, with fearful glance.
Avoid the ancient, moss-grown wall,
Nor ever lead the merry dance
Among the groves of Cumnor Hall.
ll'iiliam Julius Mickle : Cumnor Hall.
Frivolity.
He has spent his youth in letting down empty
buckets into empty wells, and is frittering away
his age in trying to draw them up again.
Sydney Smith.
Words and feathers are tossed by the wind.
Spanish proverb.
Folsomeness.
That is fine, and I would have praised you
more if you had praised me less. Louis XIV'.
Fan.
A rogue alive to the ridiculous is still con-
vertible. If that sense is lost, his fellow-men
can do little for him. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The Future.
The present is never our goal ; the past and
the present arc our means ; the future alone is
our goal. Thus we are never living, but we
hope to live ; and looking forward always to be
h.ippy, it is inevitable that we should never be
so. Pascal.
They whom we loved and lost so long ago
Dwell in those cities, far from mortal woe —
Haunt those fresh woodlands, whence sweet
caroUings soar.
Eternal peace have they :
God wipes their tears away :
They drink that river of life which flows from
Evermore.
Mortimer Collins : The Two Worlds.
We know what we are, but we do not know
what we may be. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Ah, Christ, that it were possible
For one short hour to see
The souls we loved, that they might tell us
What and where they be !
A If red Tennyson : Maitd.
For who would bear the whips and scorns of
time.
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contu-
mely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his quietus make
With a bare bodkin ? Who would fardels bear.
To grunt and sweat under a weary life.
But that the dread of something after death —
The undiscovered country, from whose bourn
No traveller returns — puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have.
Than fly to others that we know not of?
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all :
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought ;
And enterprises of great pith and moment,
With this regard their currents turn awry,
And lose the name of action.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
I am going to seek a great Perhaps. Rabelais.
Is there a rarer being.
Is there a fairer sphere
Where the strong are not unseeing,
And the harvests are not sere ;
Where, ere the seasons dwindle,
They yield their due return ;
Where the lamps of knowledge kindle
While the flames of youth still burn ?
Edmund C. Stedman : Beyond the Portals.
0.
Gallantry.
The moon on the ocean was dimmed by a
ripple,
Affording a checkered delight ;
The gay, jolly tars passed the word for the tip-
ple.
And the toast, for 'twas Saturday night,
Some sweetheart or wife, he loved as his
life.
Each drank, and wished he could hail her ;
But the standing toast, that pleased the most.
Was "The wind that blows, the ship that
goes.
And the lass that loves a sailor."
Some drank " The Prince," and some " Our
land,"
This glorious land of Freedom ;
Some " That our tars may never want
Heroes bold to lead 'em " ;
That she who's in distress may find
Such friends as ne'er will fail her ;
But the standing toast, that pleased the most.
Was " The wind that blows, the ship that goes,
And the lass that loves a sailor."
Charles Dibdin,
Gamblers.
The more skillful the gambler, the worse the
man. Publius Syrus,
GARRULITY
576
GENTLENESS
Garrulity. . .
Everything that one says too much is insipid
and tedious. BoiUau.
Some folks are like clocks as run on strikin',
not to tell you the time o' day, but because
there's summat wrong i' their own inside.
George Eliot,
Ten measures of garrulity, says the Talmud,
were sent down upon the earth ; and the women
took nine. I have known in my life eight ter-
rific talkers, and five of them were of the mascu-
line gender. But, supposing that the rabbis
were right in allotting to the women a ninefold
proportion of talkativeness, I confess that I have
inherited my mother's share. Robert Southey.
Gayety.
I am willing to die when my time shall come.
And I shall be glad to go —
For the world, at best, is a weary place,
And my pulse is getting low ;
But the grave is dark, and the heart will fail
In treading its gloomy way ;
And it wiles my heart from its dreariness
To see the young so gay.
Nathaniel Parker Willis: Saturday Afternoon.
Generosity.
Framed in the prodigality of nature.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Generosity is the flower of justice.
Nathaniel Hawthorne.
The eagle suffers little birds to sing.
And is not careful what they mean thereby.
Shakspeare : Titus A ndi onicus.
Geniality.
It is very pleasant to see some men turn
round : pleasant as a sudden rush of warm air
in winter, or a flash of firelight in the chill dusk.
George Eliot.
Genius.
Genius is a mind of large general powers ac-
cidentally determined in some particular direc-
tion. Samuel Johnson.
Genius, like a torch, shines less in the broad
light of the present than in the night of the
past. Anonymous.
Great wits are sure to madness near allied.
And thin partitions do their bounds divide.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
Has your hand the cunning to draw shapes
of things you never saw? Alice Gary.
The life of great geniuses is nothing but a
sublime storm. George Sand.
Talent creates a work, genius keeps it from
dying. Anonymous.
There arise authors now and then who seem
proof against the mutability of language, be-
cause they have rooted themselves in the un-
changing principles of human nature. They
are like gigantic trees that we sometimes see on
the banks of a stream, which, by their vast and
deep roots, penetrating through the mere sur-
face, and laying hold on the very foundations
of the earth, preserve the soil around them from
being swept away by the overflowing current,
and hold up many a neighboring plant, and,
perhaps, worthless weed, to perpetuity.
IVashingfon Irviiig.
Turn him to any cause of policy.
The Gordian knot of it he will unloose.
Familiar as his garter • that, when he speaks,
The air, a chartered libertine, is still.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
When all of genius that can perish dies.
Lord Byron : Monody on Sheridan.
When a subtle critic has detected some rec-
ondite beauty in Shakspeare, the vulgar are fain
to cry that Shakspeare did not mean it. Well !
what of that ? If it be there, his genius meant
it. This is the very mark whereby to know a
true poet. There will always be a number of
beauties in his works which he never meant to
put into them.
, Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Gentility.
Gentility is nothing but ancient riches.
Lord Burleigh,
A Gentleman.
Gentleman is a very expressive word in our
language — a word denoting an assemblage of
many real virtues, and a union of manners at
once pleasing and commanding respect.
Charles Butler.
I know of no such sure test of a gentleman
as this, that he never contradicts a solecism in
conversation, or seems to know that a solecism
has been committed. Balzac.
In a gentleman appear all the great and solid
perfections of life with a beautiful gloss and
varnish ; everything that he says or does is ac-
companied with a manner, or rather a charm,
that draws the good-will of every beholder.
Richard Steele.
It is ungentlemanly to lie. Latin proverb.
The spirit of chivalry left behind it a more
valuable successor. The character of knight
gradually subsided in that of gentleman.
Henry Hallam.
His tribe were God Almighty's gentlemen.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
The best of men
That e'er wore earth about him was a suff'erer :
A soft, meek, patient, humble, tranquil spirit,
The first true gentleman that ever breathed.
Thomas Dekker.
Gentleness.
Kindness creeps where it canna gang.
Scottish proverb.
Soft is the music that would charm forever ;
The flower of sweetest smell is shy and lowly.
William Wordsworth : Sonnet.
GENUINENESS
577
GOODNESS
Who overcomes
By force, hath overcome but half his foe.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit.
/ Peter Hi, 4.
Genuineness.
Good wine needs no bush.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
I weigh the man, not his title ; 'tis not the
king's scamp can make the metal better.
William IVycherly.
One can not imitate Voltaire without being
Voltaire. Frederick the Great.
The question is what you are, not what you
are reckoned. Publius Syrus.
With no dread I am preparing myself for
that day on which, laying aside all artifice or
subterfuge, I shall be able to judge respecting
myself whether I merely speak or really feel as
a brave man should. Seneca.
06niL
Every ultimate fact is only the first of a new
series ; every general law only a particular fact
of some more general law presently to disclose
itself. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Oifti.
People like to give in the broad daylight, but
to receive in the dark. Anonymous.
What is bought is cheaper than a gift.
Portuguese proverb.
Oirlhood.
She was a phantom of delight
When first she gleamed upon my sight ;
A lovely apparition, sent
To be a moment's ornament.
Her eyes as stars of twilight fair ;
Like twilight's, too, her dusky hair ;
But all things else about her drawn
From May-time and the cheerful dawn —
A dancing shape, an image gay.
To haunt, to startle, and waylay.
William Wordsworth :
She was a Phantom of Delight.
Giving.
The secret of giving affectionately is great
and rare ; otherwise we lose instead of deriving
benefit from it. Corneille.
It is more blessed to give than to receive.
Acts XX, jj.
Gladness.
I rose up with the cheerful mom.
No lark more blithe, no flower more gay ;
And like the bird that haunts the thorn.
So merrily sung the livelong day.
William Julius Mickle : Cumnor Hall.
Glamour.
Love not ! O warning vainly said
In present hours as in the years gone by !
Love flings a halo 'round the dear one's head,
Faultless, immortal, till they change or die.
Caroline Norton : Love Not.
Glory.
Glories, like glow-worms, afar off shine bright,
But looked at near have neither heat nor light.
John Webster: The White De-M.
No flowery road leads to glory.
La Fontaine.
God.
A God all mercy is a God unjust.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
My child, though thy foes are strong and tried,
He loveth the weak and small ;
The angels of heaven are on thy side,
And God is over all !
Adelaide A. Procter : Life and Death.
O thou eternal One ! whose presence bright
All space doth occupy, all motion guide ;
Unchanged through time's all-devastating flight ;
Thou only God. There is no God beside !
Being above all beings ! Mighty One !
Whom none can comprehend and none ex-
plore ;
Who fiU'st existence with thyself alone ;
Embracing all, — supporting, — ruling o'er, —
Being whom we call God,«— and know no
more !
Gabiiel Romanowitch Derzhavin : God.
Gold-seeking.
For thee, for thee, vile yellow slave,
I left a heart that loved me true !
I crossed the tedious ocean-wave.
To roam in climes unkind and new.
The cold wind of the stranger blew
Chill on my withered heart ; the grave
Dark and untimely met my view —
And all for thee, vile yellow slave !
John Leyden : To an Indian Gold Coin.
Good-by.
Adieu, adieu ! my native shore
Fades o'er the waters blue ;
The night-winds sigh, the breakers roar,
And shrieks the wild sea-mew.
Yon sun that sets upon the sea
We follow in his flight ;
Farewell awhile to him and thee,
My native land — Good-night !
Lord Byron ; From Childe Harold.
Good Name.
Goo<l name, in man and woman, dear my lord,
Is the immediate jewel of their souls.
Who steals my purse, steals trash ; 'tis some-
thing, nothing ;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thou-
sands :
But he that filches from me my good name,
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Goodness.
God hath often a great share in a little house.
French proverb.
Down on your knees.
And thank Heaven, fasting, for a good man's
love. Shakspeare: As You Like It.
GOOD-NATURE
578
GRACE
Greatness and goodness are not means, but
ends !
Hath not he alvyays treasures, always friends,
The good, great man ? three treasures — love,
and light,
And calm thoughts, regular as infants' breath ;
And three firm friends, more sure than day and
night —
Himself, his Maker, and the angel Death.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : Reproof.
Howe'er it be, it seems to me,
'Tis only noble to be good.
Kind hearts are more than coronets,
And simple faith than Norman blood.
Alfred Tennyson : Lady Clara Vere de Vere.
If you have done something good in little, do
it also in great, as the good will never die.
Don Juan Manuel.
I never knew a man that was bad fit for serv-
ice that was good. Edmund Burke.
No longer talk about the kind of man a good
man ought to be, but be such. Marcus Aurelius.
Only the actions of the just
Smell sweet and blossom in the dust.
James Shirley :
Contention of Ajax and Ulysses.
True goodness is like the glow-worm in this,
that it shines most when no eyes, except those
of Heaven, are upon it.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
There is some soul of goodness in things evil.
Would men observingly distil it out.
Shakspeare : King Heury V.
Good-nature.
In came Mrs. Fezziwig, one vast substantial
smile. Charles Dickens : Christmas Carol.
Qood sense.
A sensible man does not brag, avoids intro-
ducing the names of his creditable companions,
omits himself as habitually as another man ob-
trudes himself in the discourse, and is content
with putting his fact or theme on its simple
ground. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The Gospel.
The great doctrines of a future state, the
dangers of a course of wickedness, and the effi-
cacy of repentance, are not only confirmed in
the gospel, but are taught — especially the last
is — with a degree of light to which that of na-
ture is darkness. Samuel Butler.
Gossip.
I saw a smith stand with his hammer thus.
The whilst his iron did on the anvil cool,
With open mouth swallowing a tailor's news.
Shakspeare : King John.
A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
We give altogether too little importance to
what we say of others, and too much to what
they say of us. Anonymous.
Government.
As virtue is necessary in a republic, and honor
in a monarchy, fear is what is required in a des-
potism. As for virtue, it is not at all necessary,
and honor would be dangerous there,
Montesquieu.
Good government obtains when those who
are near are made happy, and those who are far
off are attracted. Confucius.
" How can wrong-doing be avoided in the
state ? " was asked of Solon. " By those who
are not wronged feeling the same indignation
at it as those who are," he answered.
In a free country there is much clamor with
little suffering ; in a despotic state there is little
complaint but much grievance. Carnot.
Kings will be tyrants from policy when sub-
jects are rebels from principle. Edmund Burke.
Laws are like cobwebs, that entangle the
weak but are broken by the strong, Solon.
No perpetual motion — God be praised ! — has
yet been discovered for free governments. For
the impulse which keeps them going, they are
indebted mainly to subordinate reforms.
A ugustus hare : Guesses at Truth.
Liberalism is trust of the people tempered by
prudence ; conservatism distrust of the people
tempered by fear. William E. Gladstone.
The best form of government is that in which
the people obey the rulers, and the rulers obey
the laws, Socrates.
The best government is that which makes
itself superfluous, Goethe.
The English constitution being continually
progressive, its perfection consists in its acknowl-
edged imperfection.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The ideal state is one in which the citizens
fear blame more than punishment, Solon.
The thing in the world which it is most easi'y
perceived that one can do without is an em-
peror, Voltaire.
What constitutes a state ?
Men who their duties know.
But know their rights, and, knowing, dare main-
tain.
And sovereign law, that state's collected will.
O'er thrones and globes elate.
Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.
Sir William Jones : Ode.
Grace,
Her feet beneath her petticoat
Like little mice stole in and out,
As if they feared the light ;
But O, she dances such a way !
No sun upon an Easter-day
Is half so fine a sight.
Sir John Suckling : Ballad on a Wedding.
GRANDEUR
579
GUIDANCE
Whate'er he did was done with so much ease.
In him alone 'twas natural to please.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
When you do dance, I wish you
A wave o* th' sea, that you might ever do
Nothing but that.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Grandeur.
Scion of chiefs and monarchs, where art thou ?
Fond hope of many nations, art thou dead ?
Could not the grave forget thee, and lay low
Some less majestic, less belovW head ?
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
A court attendance seems pleasant to those
who have never tried it ; a little experience
convinces us of its irksomeness. Horace.
Oratitnde.
A grateful mind
By owing owes not, but still pays, at once
Indebted and discharged.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
A grateful mind is not only the greatest of
virtues, butthe parent of all the other virtues.
Cicero.
Gratitude is the memory of the heart.
Massi^u.
The gratitude of place-expectants is a lively
sense of future favors. Sir Robert WalpoU.
It is the due paying of our quit-rents which
God cxpecteth : I mean the realizing of our
gratitude unto him for his many mercies, in
leading the remainder of our lives to his will
and word. Thomas fuller.
I've heard of hearts unkind, kind deeds
With coldness still returning ;
Alas ! the gratitude of men
Hath often left me mourning.
William Wordsworth : Simon Lee.
The Grave.
The grave, it is deep and soundless,
And canopied over with clouds ;
And trackless, and dim, and boundless
Is the unknown land that it shrouds.
Saiis.
But in the calm indifTerence to our sorrow.
In the sharp anguish of her parting breath.
In the dark gulf that hides her from to-morrow,
Thou hast thy victory, Grave ! thy sting, O
Death !
Jjtslie Walter : The Mistress of the House.
Great Deeda.
From lowest place when virtuous things proceed.
The place is dignified by the doer's deed.
Shakspeare: All's Well that Ends Well.
The blood more stirs
To rouse a lion than to start a hare !
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Greatness.
Great men are like meteors : they glitter and
are consumed to enlighten the world.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Great men undertake great things because
they are great, and fools because they think
them easy. Vanvenargties.
In a mist the heights can for the most part
see each other; but the valleys can- not.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The great are great only because we are on
our knees. Let us rise ! Prud'homnte.
The past and the future illumine only the
great, as the rising and setting sun only gild the
mouniain-tops. Anonymous.
The world knows nothing of its greatest men.
Henry Taylor: Philip Van Artevelde.
Dead glory and greatness leave ghosts behind
them, and departed empire has a metempsy-
chosis, if nothing else has. Its spirit haunts
the grave, and waits and waits, till at last it
finds a body to its mind, slips into it, and his-
torians moralize on the fluctuation of human
affairs. James R. Lowell : Tireside Travels.
Greed.
A man who is not content with a little is con-
tent with nothing. Epicurus.
Gregarioosness.
All the mischief that befalls us springs from
not being able to live alone ; hence gambling,
luxurious habits, dissipation, love of wine and
women, ignorance, suspicion, envy, forgctful-
ness of self and God. La Bruyire.
Grief.
I*"or there is no day, however beautiful, that
is not followed by its night.
Grief, it is truly said, is sacred ; but grief
brought forward promiscuously, harped upon,
condoled over, made the staple of conversation,
becomes rapidly profane. (Jail Hamilton.
Growing old.
If wrinkles must be written upon our brows,
let them not be written upon the heart. The
spirit should not grow old. James A. Garfield.
You and I are now nearly in middle age, and
have not yet become soured and shriveled with
the wear and tear of life. Let us pray to be
delivered from that condition where life and na-
ture have no fresh, sweet sensations for us.
James A. Garfield.
Growth.
Grow we must, if we outgrow all that love
us. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Growth is better than permanence, and per-
manent growth is better than all.
James A. Garfield.
Grudges.
I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.
.Shakspeare : Merehant of Venice.
Guidance.
In passing along the path of life, unless we
have the light of heaven shed upon us, every
bold spirit is seized with dismay ; the heart fails
and the feet falter. Metastasio.
GUILT
580
HAPPINESS
The man who does not know his way to the
sea should always take a river for his guide.
, Flautus.
Omit.
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten
this little hand. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Be this the brazen bulwark of defence, to
preserve a conscience void of offence, and never
to turn pale with guilt
Horace.
I had most need of blessings and "Amen "
Stuck in my throat. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
No man e'er felt the halter draw,
With good opinion of the law.
John Trumbull: McFingal,
So full of artless jealousy is guilt,
It spills itself in fearing to be spilt.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
H.
Habit.
How use doth breed a habit in a man !
Shakspeare : Two Gentlemen of Verona.
I perceive that the things which we do are
silly ; but what can one do ? According to
men's habits and dispositions, so one must yield
to them. Terence.
It is easier to acquire a virtue than to get rid
of a vice. Anonymous.
One can stop when he ascends, but not when
he descends. Napoleon Bonaparte.
Small habits well pursued betimes
May reach the dignity of crimes.
Hannah More : Florio.
The tyrant custom, most grave senators,
Hath made the flinty and steel couch of war
My thrice-driven bed of down.
Shakspeare : Othello.
The young disease, that must subdue at length,
Grows with his growth and strengthens with
his strength.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Cleanliness is the toilet of old age.
Madame Necker.
Unless a tree has borne blossoms in spring,
you will vainly look for fruit on it in autumn.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
How many unjust and wicked things are done
from mere habit ! Terentius.
Happiness.
Must share it.
All who joy would win,
-Happiness vva« born a twin.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
And there is even a happiness
That makes the heart afraid.
y homas Hood : Ode to Melancholy.
Domestic Happiness, thou only bliss
Of Paradise that has survived the fall !
William Cowper : The Task.
Drawing near her death, she sent most pious
thoughts as harbingers to heaven ; and her soul
saw a glimpse of happiness through the chinks
of her sickness-broken body.
1 homas Fuller : The Life of Monica.
Happiness is where it is found, and seldom
where it is sought. Anonymous.
He is the happiest who renders the greatest
number happy. . Desmalus.
How fading are the joys we dote upon —
Like apparitions seen and gone !
But those which soonest take their flight
Are the most exquisite and strong :
Like angels' visits, short and bright,
Mortality's too weak to bear them long.
John Norris : The Parting.
How happy is he born and taught.
That serveth not another's will ;
Whose annor is his honest thought.
And simple truth his utmost skill !
Sir Henry Wotton.
If pleasure is the flower of youth, happiness
is the fruit of it. Anonymous.
If you ever find happiness by hunting for it,
you will find it, as the old woman did her spec-
tacles, safe on her own nose all the time.
Josh Billings.
It is easy to sit at the helm in fair weather.
Danish proverb.
It is not fit that I should give myself pain ;
for I have never intentionally given pain to
another. Alarcus Aurelius.
It seems as if we kept part of that happiness
which we gave away. Anony?nous.
No mockery in this world ever sounds to roe
so hollow as that of being told to cultivate hap-
piness. . . . Happiness is not a potato to be
planted in mould and tilled with manure. Hap-
piness is a glory shining far down upon us out
of heaven. Charlotte Bronte.
O happiness ! our being's end and aim !
Good, pleasure, ease, content ! whate'er thy
name :
That something still which prompts the eternal
sigh.
For which we bear to live, or dare to die.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Our happiness is but an unhappiness more
or less consoled. Ducis.
Such sober certainty of waking bliss.
John Milton : Com us.
HARMONY
581
HEAVEN
The dream of happiness is real happiness.
Fontanes.
The grand essentials of happiness are some-
thing to do, something 10 love, and something
to hope for. I komas Chalmers.
The life of man has wondrous hours
Revealed at once to heart ai.d eye,
When wake all being's kindled powers,
And joy, like dew on trees and flowers.
With freshness fills the earth and sky.
With finer scent and softer tone
The breezes wind through waving leaves ;
By friendlier beams new lints are thrown
On furrowed stem and mouldering stone :
The gorgeous grapes, the jewelled sheaves
To living glories turn ;
And eyes that look from cottage eaves.
Through shadows grim that jasmine weaves,
With love and fancy burn.
John Sterling : The Happy Hour.
To give happiness is to deserve happiness.
J.J. Rousseau.
We all drink at the spring of happiness in a
fractured vase : when it reaches our lips, there
is almost nothing left in it. Mme. du Deffaud.
We take less pains to be happy than to ap-
pear so. Im Rochefoucauld.
Who is the happiest person? He whose na-
ture asks for nothing that the world does not
wish and use. Goethe.
Happy the man, and happy he alone.
He who can call to-day his own :
He who, secure within, can say,
To-morrow do thy worst, for I have lived to-
day.
John Dryd-n : Imitation of Horace, Ode sg.
What dreaming drone was ever blest,
By thinking of the morrow?
To-day be mine — I leave the rest
To all the fools of sorrow ;
Give me the mind that mocks at care,
The heart its own defender ;
The spirits that are light as air.
And never beat surrender.
William Smyth : The Soldier.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures ;
he leadelh me beside the still waters.
Psalm xxiii, 2.
Harmony.
All things work together for good to them
that love God. Romans viii, 28.
Haste.
.Manners require time, as nothing is more
vulgar than haste.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Behavior.
Hatred.
Could I come near your beauty with niy nails,
I'd set my ten commandments in your face.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Hatred is like fire : it makes even light rub-
bish deadly. George Eliot.
The hate we bear our enemies injures their
happiness lass than ours. Anonymous.
To hate is a torment.
Segur.
We often hate for one little reason, when
I there are a thousand why we should love.
i Anonymous.
Healing.
Certainly at some hour, though perhaps not
your hour, the waiting waters will stir ; in some
shape, though perhaps not in the shape you
dreamed, which your heart loved, and for which
it bled, the healing herald will descend, the
cripple, the blind, and the dumb, and the pos-
sessed will be led to bathe. Charlotte Bronte.
Health.
Better to hunt in fields for health unbought.
Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught.
The wise for cure on exercise depend ;
God never made his work for man to mend.
John Dryden : Epistle xiii.
He keeps watch over a good castle who has
guarded his own constitution. Latin proverb.
Now, good digestion wait on appetite.
And health on both. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
It is a wearisome disease to preserve health
by too strict a regimen. La Rochefoucauld,
The Heart.
From the moment it is touched, the heart
can not dry up. Marguerite de Valois.
The heart has no wrinkles.
Aladame de Sh'ignS.
This house is to be let for life or years ;
Her rent is sorrow, and her income tears ;
Cupid, 't has long stood void ; her bills make
known.
She must be dearly let, or let alone.
Errands Quarles : Emblems.
The human heart is like a millstone in a
mill : when you put wheat under it, it turns and
grinds and bruises the flour. If you put no
wheat, it still grinds on, but then it is itself it
grinds and wears away. Martin Luther.
HeartlessnesB.
A hand for everybody, and a heart for no-
body.
Sir Jonah Barriugton {Of Lord Norbury)^
Heaven.
Every man must get to heaven his own way.
Frederick the Great.
I hear a voice you can not hear,
Which says 1 must not stay ;
I see a hand you can not see.
Which beckons me away.
Thomas Tickell : Colin and Lucy.
I know thou hast gone to the house of thy rest.
Then why should my soul be so sad ?
I know thou hast gone where the weary are
blest.
And the mourner looks up and is glad .'
HEAVEN
582
HEAVEN
Where Love has put off, in the land of its birth,
The stain it had gathered in this ;
And Hope, the sweet singer that gladdened the
earth.
Lies asleep on the bosom of Bliss !
Thomas K. Hervey : I know thou hast gone.
I pray you, what is the nest to me.
My empty nest ?
And what is the shore where I stood to see
My boat sail down to the west ?
Can I call that home where I anchor yet.
Though my good-man has sailed ?
Can I call that home where my nest was set,
Now all its hope hath failed ?
Nay, but the port where my sailor wpnt.
And the land where my nestlings be :
There is the home where my thoughts are sent,
The only home for me —
Ah me !
Jean Ingelow : Longing for Home.
I see them walking in an air of glory
Whose light doth trample on my days ;
My days which are at best but dull and hoary.
Mere glimmering and decays.
Henry Vaughan : They are all gone.
Like a bairn to its mither, a wee birdie to its nest,
I wad fain be ganging noo unto my Saviour's
breast ;
For he gathers in his bosom witless, worthless
lambs like me,
An' he carries them himself to his ain countree.
Mary Lee Demarest : My Ain Countree.
Nothing is farther than earth from heaven :
nothing is nearer, than heaven to earth.
Julius Hare.
O land unknown ! O land of love divine !
Father all-wise, eternal,
Guide, guide these wandering, way-worn feet of
mine
Unto those pastures vernal.
Nancy A. W. Priest : Heaven.
One sweetly solemn thought
Comes to me o'er and o'er —
I'm nearer my home to-day
Than I ever have been before.
Phoebe Cary : Neater Home.
Poor wanderers of a stormy day,
From wave to wave we're driven,
And Fancy's flash, and Reason's ray.
Serve but to light the troubled way — •
There's nothing calm but heaven 1
Thomas Moore :
This World is all a Fleetitg Show.
Slacken not sail yet
At inlet or island ;
Straight for the beacon steer.
Straight for the highland ;
Crowd all thy canvas on.
Cut through the foam ;
Christian, cast anchor now —
Heaven is thy home !
Caroline Bowles Southey :
The Mariner's Hymn.
Tell me, my secret soul,
O, tell me, Hope and Faith,
Is there no resting-place
From sorrow, sin, and death?
Is there no happy spot
Where mortals may be blessed —
Where grief may find a balm.
And weariness a rest ?
Faith, Hope, and Love, best boons to mortals
given.
Waved their bright wings, and whispered,
*' Yes, in heaven ! "
Charles Mackay : Tell me, ye Winged Wiuds.
The Land beyond the Sea !
Sweet is thine endless rest.
But sweeter far that Father's breast
Upon thy shores eternally possest ;
For Jesus reigns o'er thee,
Calm Land beyond the Sea !
Frederick William Faber :
The Land beyond the Sea.
The toil is very long, and I am tired :
O Father, I am weary of the way !
Give me that rest I have so long desired ;
Bring me that Sabbath's cool refreshing day.
And let the fever of my world-worn feet
Press the cool smoothness of the golden street.
William O. Stoddard: The Golden Street.
There is another and a better world.
Kotzebue : 7 he Stranger.
The Turks tell their people of a heaven
where there is a sensible pleasure, but of a hell
where they shall suffer they don't know what.
The Christians quite invert this order : they
tell us of a hell where we shall feel sensible
pain, but of a heaven where we shall enjoy we
can't tell what. John Selden : Table- 1 alk.
'Tis heaven alone that is given away ;
'Tis only God may be had for the asking.
James Russell Lowell :
The Vision of Sir Launfal,
When the dreams of life are fled.
When its wasted lamps are dead,
When in cold oblivion's shade
Beauty, power, and fame are laid ;
Where immortal spirits reign,
There shall we three meet again.
Anonymous : When shall we Three meet again ?
Where souls angelic soar,
Thither repair ;
Let this vain world no more
Lull and ensnare.
That heaven I love so well
Still in my heart shall dwell ;
All things around me tell
Rest is found there.
Lady Nairne : Pest is Not Here.
Thither we hasten through these regions dim,
But, lo, the wide wings of the Seraphim
Shine in the sunset ! On that joyous
shore
HEIGHT
58y
HISTORY
Our lightened hearts shall know
The life of long ago :
The sorrow-burdened past shall fade for
Evermore.
Mortimer Collins : The Two Worlds.
Height.
My Lord St. Albans said that Nature did
never put her precious jewels into a garret four
stories high, and therefore that exceeding tall
men had ever very empty heads.
Francis Bacon : Apotlugm.
Helpfolnesa.
To see without envy the glory of a rival shows
a worthy man ; to lejoice at it, a good heart ;
but to contribute to it, a noble soul. Anonymous.
Help.
In man's most dark extremity
Oft succor dawns from heaven.
Walter Scott : Lord of the Isles.
Or, if Virtue feeble were.
Heaven itself would stoop to her.
John Milton : Comus.
The helping word in trouble is often like a
switch on a railroad track — but one inch be-
tween wreck and smooth-rolling prosperity.
Henry Ward Beccher.
Thou marshal'st me the way that I was go-
ing. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Heredity.
I announce to all men that noble children
are sprung from noble sires. Terence.
The brave are bom from the brave and good.
Horace.
The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the
children's teeth are set on edge. Ezekiel xziii, 2.
Heroism.
His people's heart is his funeral urn ;
And should sculptured stone be denied him.
There will his name be found, when in turn
We lay our heads beside him.
Horeue Smith :
On the Death of George III.
How sleep the brave who sink to rest.
By all their country's wishes blest !
By fairy hands their knell is rung ;
By forms unseen their dirge is sung ;
There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray.
To bless the turf that wraps their clay ;
And Freedom shall awhile repair.
To dwell a weeping hermit there.
William Collins : Ode.
No man, they say, is a hero to his valet de
chambre. But the reason of this is, that a hero
can be recognized only by a hero. Goethe.
Slowly and sadly we laid him down.
From the field of his fame, fresh and gory !
We carved not a line, we raised not a stone.
But we left him alone with his glory !
Charles Wolfe : Burial of Sir John Moore.
38
Beneath each swinging forest-bough
Some arm as stout in death reposes ;
From wave-washed fool to heaven-kissed brow
Her valor's life-blood runs in roses ;
Nay, let our brothers of the West
Write smiling in their florid pages,
One half her soil has walked the rest
In poets, heroes, martyrs, sages!
Oliver W. Holmes : A Good Time Going.
Great men need to be lifted upon the shoul-
ders of the whole world, in order to perceive
their great ideas or perform their great deeds.
That is, there must be an atmosphere of great-
ness round about them. A hero can not be a
hero unless in an heroic world.
Nathaniel Hawthor:ie.
Life may be given in many ways.
And loyalty to Truth be sealed
As bravely in the closet as the field,
So bountiful is Fate ;
But then to stand beside her.
When craven churls decide her.
To front a lie in arms and not to yield,
This shows, methinks, God's plan
And measure of a stalwart man.
Limbed like the old heroic breeds.
Who stand self-poised on manhood's solid earth,
Not forced to frame excuses for his birth.
Fed from within with all the strength he needs.
James R. IajivcU : Commemoration Ode.
In the redoubt a fair form towered,
That cheered up the brave and chid the coward ;
Brandishi ig blade with a gallant air.
His head erect and his bosom bare.
Alfred Austin : The Last Redoubt.
They leaped in the rocking shallops —
Ten offered where one could go —
And the breeze was alive with laughter,
Till the boatmen began to row.
'Twixt death in the air above them.
And death in the waves below.
Through ball and grape and shrapnel
They moved — my God, how slow !
Anonymous : Crossing the Rappahantwck.
Heflitation.
My voice is still for war.
Gods ! can a Roman senate long debate
Which of the two to choose — slavery ot death ?
Joseph Addison : Cato.
The woman that deliberates is lost.
Joseph Addison : Cato.
Hindrance.
And if the blind lead the blind, both shall
fall into a ditch. Matthew xv, 14.
History.
History hath triumphed over time, which be-
sides It nothing but eternity hath triumphed
over. Sir Walter Raleig^h :
Preface to History of the World.
History, which is indeed little more than
the register of the crimes, follies, and misfor-
tunes of mankind. Edward Gibbon.
HOARDING
5«4
HONOR
Hoarding.
The unsunned heaps
Of miser's treasure. John Milton : Comus.
Holidays.
One of the least pleasing effects of modern
refinement is the havoc it has made among the
hearty old holiday customs.
Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
Holiness.
Only the actions of the just
Smell sweet, and blossom in the dust.
James Shirley.
Homage.
The great are only great because we are on
our knees. Let us rise up. Prud' homme.
Thou art to me most like a royal guest
Whose travels bring him to some lowly roof,
Where simple iiistics spread their simple fare.
And, blushing, own it is not good enough.
Bethink thee, then, whene'er thou com'st to me
From high emprise and noble toil to rest.
My thoughts are weak and trivial matched with
thine.
But the poor mansion offers thee its best.
Julia Ward Howe : The Royal Guest.
Home.
A man's house is his castle.
Sir Edward Coke.
Come home, come home ! And where a home
hath he.
Whose ship is driving o'er the driving sea ?
Through clouds that mutter, and o'er waves
that roar,
Say, shall we find, cr shall we not, a shore
That is, as is not ship or ocean foam.
Indeed our home ?
Arthur Hugh C lough : Come Home.
He is the happiest man, be he the king.
Or be he the meanest subject, whoso knows
The comfort of a home administered
By wisely practised hands. Goethe.
If solid happiness we prize,
Within our breast this jewel lies.
And they are fools who roam.
The world has nothing to bestow ;
From our own selves our joys must flow.
And that dear hut — our home.
Nathaniel Cotton : The Fireside.
Monuments are made for victories over stran-
gers ; domestic troubles should Le covered wiih
the veil of sadness. Julius Ccesar.
The barn, the trees, the brook, the birds,
The meadows with their lowing herds.
The woodbine on the cottage wall —
My heart still lingers with- them all ;
Ye strangers, on my native sill
Step lightly, for I love it still.
I'homas Buchanan Read :
The Stranger on the Sill.
The fireside wisdom that enrings.
With light from heaven, familiar things.
James Russell Lowell.
The poorest man may in his cottage bid de-
fiance to all the force of the crown. It may be
frail ; its roof may shake ; the wind may blow
through it ; the storms may enter, the rain may
enter — but the King of England can not enter !
All his forces dar6 not cross the threshold of th »
ruined tenement. William Pitt : Speech.
There is a land, of every land the pride.
Beloved by Heaven o'er all the world beside ;
Where brighter suns dispense serener light,
And milder moons emparadise the night ;
Where shall that land, that spot of earth, be
found ?
Art thou a man ? a patriot? look around ;
Oh ! thou shalt find, howe'er thy footsteps roam,
That land thy country, and that spot thy home.
James Montgomery : Home.
To learn such a simple lesson.
Need I go to Paris and Rome,
That the many make the household.
But only one the home ?
James R. Lowell : The Dead Hcuse.
When men do not love their hearths nor rev-
erence their thresholds, it is a sign that they
have dishonored both, and that they have never
acknowledged the true universality of that
Christian worship which was indeed to super-
sede the idolatry, but not the piety, of the
pagan. John Ruskin :
Seven Lamps of Architecture.
HomelessnesB.
1 am as a weed.
Flung from the rock, on ocean's foam, to sail
Where'er the surge may sweep, the tempest's
breath prevail.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Honesty.
" An honest man 's the noblest work of God,"
but the demand for the work has been so lim-
ited that I have thought a large share of the
first edition must still be in the author's hands.
Josh Billings.
A prince can make a belted knight,
A marquis, duke, and a' that ;
But an honest man's aboon his might,
Guid faith, he maunna fa' that.
Robert Burns : Is there for Honest Poverty.
Dare to be true — nothing can need a lie ;
A fault which needs it most grows two thereby.
George Herbert : The Church Porch.
Man is his own star, and that soul that can
Be honest is the only perfect man.
John Fletcher : Upon an Honest Man's Fortune.
Villain and he are many miles "asunder.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Honor, '
All else is gone ; from those great eyes
The soul has fled :
When faith is lost, when honor dies,
The man is dead !
John G. Whittier : Ichabod.
All is lost, madame, save honor. Francis I.
HONORS
585
HOPE
Every man has lived lon^ enough who has
gone through all the duties of life with unblem-
ished character. Cicero.
Honor is an island, rugged and without land-
ing-place ; we can never more re-enter when
we are once outside of it, Boikau.
If he that in the field is slain
Be in the bed of honor lain.
He that is beaten may be said
To lie in honor's truckle-bed.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Honor pricks me on. Yea, but how if honor
prick me oflT when I come on — how then ? Can
honor set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No.
Or take away the grief of a wound ? No.
Honor hath no skill in surgery, then ? No.
What is honor? A word. What is that word,
honor? Air. A trim reckoning! — Who hath
it? He that died o' Wednesday. Doth he feel
it? No. Doth he hear it ? No. Is it insen-
sible, then ? Yea, to the dead. But will it not
live with the living? No. Why? Detraction
will not suffer it : therefore, I'll none of it.
. Honor is a mere scutcheon, and so ends my
catechism. Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
That chastity of honor which felt a stain like
a wound. Edmund Burke.
Well, honor is the subject of my story.
I can not tell what you and other men
Think of this life ; but for my single self
I had as lief not be, as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
These were honorable men in their genera-
tions. Ecclesiasticus xliv, 7.
Honors.
Napoleon's troops fought in bright fields,
where every helmet caught some beams of glory.
But the British soldier conquered under the
cool shade of aristocracy ; no honors awaited
his daring, no dispatch gave his name to the
applauses of his countrymen ; his life of danger
and hardship was uncheered by hope, his death
unnoticed.
Sir IV. F. P. Napier : Peninsular War.
Hope.
Ah, Fate, should I live to be nonagenarian.
Let me still take Hope's frail I. O. U.'s upon
trust.
Still talk of a trip to the Island Macarian,
And still climb the dream-tree for — ashes and
dust !
James Russell- Lowell : In the Half-way House.
Again to colder climes we came.
For still we followed where she led ;
Now mate is blind and captain lame
And half the cr;jw are sick or dead
But blind or lame or sick or sound,
We follow that which flies before :
We know the merry world is round.
And we may sail for evermore.
Alfred Tennyson : The Voyage.
All things that are.
Are with more spirit chased than enjoyed.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Hope and fear are inseparable.
La Rochefoucauld.
Every gift of noble origin
Is breathed upon by Hope's perpetual breath.
William Wordsu'orth :
Sonnet to National Independence.
For hope is but the dream of those that wake.
Matthew Prior:
Solomon on the Vanity of the World.
Hope says to us at every step. Go on ! goon !
and leads us thus to the grave.
Madame de Maintenon.
Hope springs eternal in the human breast :
Man never is, but always to be blest.
The soul, uneasy, and confined from home.
Rests and expatiates in a life to come.
Lo, the poor Indian ! whose untutored mind
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Hope tells a flattering tale.
Delusive, vain, and hollow.
Ah, let not Hope prevail,
Lest Disappointment follow.
Miss Wrother,
In the desert a fountain is springing,
In the wide waste there still is a tree,
And a bird in the solitude singing,
Which speaks to my spirit of thee.
Lord Byron : To Augusta,
No man is more easily deceived than he who
hopes, for he aids in his own deceit.
Jacques Bossuet.
O welcome, pure-eyed Faith, white-handed
Hope,
Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings !
John Milton : Comus.
Should we condemn ourselves to ignorance
to preserve hope ? E. Souvestre.
Some very excellent people tell you they dare
not hope. To mc it seems more impious lo
despair. Sydney Smith.
There's a good time coming.
Waller Scott : Rob Roy.
Thus heavenly hope is all serene ;
But earthly hope, how bright soe'er.
Still fluctuates o'er this changing scene.
As false and fleeting as 'tis fair.
Reginald Ileber :
On Heavenly Hope and Earthly Hope.
To expect, is worth four hundred drachms.
Hebrew proverb.
True hope is swift, and flies with swallow's
wings ;
Kings it makes gods, and meaner creatures
kings, Shakspeare : King Richard III.
HOPEFULNESS
586
HUMILITY
While there is life there's hope, he cried.
John Gay : The Sick Man and the Angel.
Hope to the end. / Peter i, ij.
Hope, they say, deserts us at no period of our
existence. From first to last, and in the face
of smarting disillusions, we continue to expect
good fortune, better health, and better conduct ;
and that so confidently, that we judge it need-
less to deserve them.
Robert Louis Stevenson : Walking Tours.
Hopefulness.
Hope ! hope, you miserable ! There is no
infinite mourning, no incurabiC evil, no eternal
hell. Victor Hugo.
Hopelessness.
Afier death, the doctor.
George Herbert : Jacula Prudentium.
O, tell that woodbird that the summer grieves,
And the suns darken and the days grow cold ;
And tell her, love will fade with fading leaves,
And cease in common mould.
Robert Bulwer Lytton : A Bird at Sunset,
Weep no more, nor sigh, nor groan,
Sorrow calls no time that's gone !
Violets plucked, the sweetest rain
Makes not fresh nor grow again.
John Fletcher : The Queen of Corinth.
Hospitality.
The law of the table is Beauty — a respect to
the common soul of all the guests. Everything
is unseasonable which is private to two or throe
or any portion of the company.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for
thereby some have entertained angels unawares.
Hebrews xiii, 2.
Honses.
It would be better if, in every possible in-
stance, men built their own houses on a scale
commensurate rather with their condition at
commencement than their attainments at the
tennination of their worldly career ; and built
them to stand as long as human work at its
strongest can be hoped to stand ; recording to
their children what they have been, and from
what, if so it had been permitted them, they
had risen. John Ruskin :
Seven Lamps of Architecture.
Humanity.
Books, churches, governments, are what we
make them. Wendell Phillips.
Great men are not born among fools.
Thomas Carlyle.
Man !
Thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
No man's loss is irreparable.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Thank God, my lords, men that are greatly
guilty are never wise. Edmund Burke.
What constitutes a state ?
Not high-raised battlement or labored mouml.
Thick wall or moated gate ;
Not cities proud, with spires and turretscrowned ;
Not bays and broad-armed ports.
Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies
ride ;
Not starred and spangled courts.
Where iow-browed baseness wafts perfume to
pride.
No. Men, high-minded men,
With powers as far above dull brutes endued
In forest, brake, or den.
As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude —
Men who their duties know,
But know their rights, and, knowing, dare
maintain,
Prevent the long-aimed blow.
And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain.
Sir William Jones : Ode.
The first man is of the earth, earthy.
/ Corinthians xv, 47.
Hnman Life.
He weaves, and is clothed with derision ;
Sows, and he shall not reap :
His life is a watch or a vision
Between a sleep and a sleep.
A. C. Swinburne : Atalanta.
Human Nature.
Every one is as God made him, and often-
times a great deal worse.
Cervantes : Don Qttixote.
Hnmiliation.
The worst drop of bitterness can never be
wrung on to our lips from without. The lowest
depth of resignation is not to be found in martyr-
dom ; it is only to be found when we have cov-
ered our heads in silence, and felt, I am not
worthy to be a martyr ; the truth shall prosper,
but not by me. George Eliot.
Gregory, remember thy swashing blow.
Shakspeare : Komco and Juliet.
Humility.
Humility is the altar on which Ciod wishes
us to offer sacrifices to him. La Rochefoucauld.
For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Haughtiness lives under the same roof with
solitude. Plato.
I beseech your lordships to be merciful to a
broken reed. Lord Bacon.
I found it better for my soul to be humble
before the mysteries of God's dealings, and not
be making a clatter about what I could never
understand. George Eliot.
Intellectual humility consists in a profound
sense of the littleness of our actual knowledge,
as compared with the possible, not with the im-
possible. James Martineau.
Verily
I swear, 'tis better to be lowly born.
And range with humble livers in content,
%rpok'^
HUMOR
587
IDLENESS
Than to be perked up in a glist'ring grief,
And wear a golden sorrow.
Shakspcare : King Henry VIII.
Lessons to be learned from the humility and
cheerfulness of the grass. Its humility, in that
it seems created only for lowest service — ap-
pointed to be trodden upon. Its cheerfulness,
in that it seems to exult under all kinds of
violence and suffering. You roll it, and it is
stronger the next day ; you mow it, and it mul-
tiplies its shoots, as if it were grateful ; you
tread upon it, and it only sends up a richer per-
fume. John Ruskin.
Many wish to be pious, but none to be hum-
ble. La Roclufouiauld.
My pride fell with my fortunes.
Shakspcare : As You Like It.
Take physic, pomp ;
Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
The bird that sings on highest wing.
Builds on the ground her lowly nest ;
And she that doth most sweetly sing.
Sings in the shade when all things rest :
In lark and nightingale we see
What honor hath humility.
James Montgomery : Humility.
Humor.
Let your humor always be good humor in
both senses. If it comes of a bad humor, it is
pretty sure not to belie its parentage.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Hnrry.
Ingenious philosophers tell you, perhaps, that
the great work of the steam-engine is to create
leisure for mankind. Do not believe them : it
only creates a vacuum for eager thought to rush
in. Even Idleness is eager now. George Eliot.
Husband.
And truant husband should return, and say,
" My dear, I was the first who came away."
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Husbandi.
But oh ! ye lords of ladies intellectual !
Inform us truly, have they not henpecked you
all? Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Hvmiu.
Such songs have power to quiet
The restless pulse of care,
And come like the benediction
That follows after prayer.
Henry IV. Longfellow.
Hypocrisy.
Hypocrisy is the homage that Vice pays to
Virtue. Francis de Rochefoucauld : Maxims,
Ideals.
Every really able man, if you talk sincerely
•.vith him, considers his work, however much ad-
mired, as far short of what it should be. What
is this Better, this flying Ideal, but the perpetual
promise of his Creator ! Ralph IValdo Emerson.
The ideal incentives to virtuous energy arc a
sort of moon to the moral world. Their bor-
rowed light is but a dimmer substitute for the
life-giving rays of religion ; replacing those
rays, when hidden or obscured, and evidencing
their existence when they are unseen in the
heavens. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Does he paint ? — he fain would write a poem.
Does he write ? — he fain would paint a picture.
Put to proof art alien to the a/tist's,
Once, and only once, and for One only.
Robert Browning.
I'm growing old— I've sixty years;
I've labored all my life in vain.
In all that time of hopes and fears,
I've failed my dearest wish to gain.
I sec lull well that here below
Bliss unalloyed there is for none ;
My prayer would else fulfilment know —
Never have I seen Carcassonne !
Never have I seen Carcassonne !
Gustave Nadaud : Carcassonne.
Ideas.
Ideas outlive men. James A. Garfield.
Idiosyncrasies.
Every person's feelings have a front door and
a side door by which they may be entered.
The front door is on the street. Some keep
it always open ; some keep it latched ; some
locked ; some bolted, with a chain that will let
you peep in, but not get in ; and some nail
it up, so that nothing can pass its threshold.
This front door leads into a passage which opens
into an anteroom, and this into the interior
apartments. The side door opens at once into
the sacred chambers. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Idleness.
An idler is a watch that wants both hands ;
As useless if it goes as if it stands.
William Cowper : The Task.
He trudged along, unknowing what he sought,
And whistled as he went, for want of thought.
John Dryden : Cymon and Iphigcnia.
Idleness is the door to all vices. Malebranche.
In doing nothing men learn to do evil. Cato.
Stretched on the rack of a too easy chair.
And heard thy everlasting yawn confess
The pains and penalties of idleness.
Alexander Pope : The Dunciad.
The frivolous work of poli.shed idleness.
Sir James Mackintosh : Ethical Philosophy.
IGNORANCE
588
IMAGINATION
The keenest pangs the wretched find,
Are rapture to the dreary void,
The leafless desert of the mind,
The waste of feelings unemployed.
Lord Byron : The Giaour.
The rust of the mind is the destruction of
genius. Seneca.
There are persons who do not know how to
waste their time alone, and hence become the
scourge of busy people. De Bonald.
Ignorance.
A primrose by a river's brim
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more.
William Wordsworth : Peter Bell.
Death falls heavily on that man who, known
too well to others, dies in ignorance of himself.
Setu'ca.
He that is robbed, not wanting what is stolen,
Let him not know't, and he's not robbed at all.
Shakspeare : Othello.
He who attempts to show his learning to the
ignorant, generally exposes his ignorance to the
learned. Anonymous.
Ignorance is less distant from truth than
prejudice. Diderot.
Nothing is more terrible than ignorance with
spurs on.- Goethe.
Nothing is so dangerous as an ignorant friend ;
a wise enemy is worth much more. La Fontaine.
Suppose we put a tax on learning ! Learn-
ing, it is true, is a useless commodity, but I
think we had better lay it on ignorance ; for
learning being the property of i&x, and those
poor ones, I am afraid we can get little among
them ; whereas ignorance will take in most of
the great fortunes in the kingdom. Fielding.
That unlettered, small-knowing soul.
Shakspeare : Lovers Labor's Lost.
The only conquests that cause no regrets are
those made over ignorance.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Under the freest constitution ignorant people
are still slaves. Condorcet.
Ill Luck.
One writ with me in sour Misfortune's book.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
ni Temper.
A woman moved is like a fountain troubled,
Muddy, ill-seeming, thick, bereft of beauty.
Shakspeare : Taming of the Shrew.
niostrations.
To illustrate signifies to make clear. It would
be well if writers would keep this in mind, and,
still better, if preachers were to do so. They
would then feel the necessity of suiting their
Illustrations to their hearers. As it is, illustra-
tions often seem to be stuck in for the same
reason as shrubs and out-houses, to keep the
meaning out of sight.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Triith.
Imagination.
A feeble man can see the fanTis that arc
fenced and tilled, the houses that are built.
The strong man sees the possible houses and
farms. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard
Are sweeter ; therefore, ye soft pipes, play
on ;
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeared.
Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone.
John Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn.
Imagination rules the world.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
In character, in affection, the ideal is the only
real. Augustus Hare : Guesses at J ruth.
Is this a dagger which I see before me.
The handle toward my hand? Come, let me
clutch thee :
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling, as to sight ? or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation.
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ?
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Leave far behind thee the vext earth, where men
Spend their dark days in weaving their own
shrouds.
And Fraud and Wrong are crowned kings ; and
Toil
Hath chains for hire ; and all Creation groans,
Crying, in its great bitterness, to God ;
And Love can never speak the thing it feels,
Or save the thing it loves — is succorless.
For if one say, " I love thee," what poor words
They are ! Whilst they are spoken, the be-
loved
Travelleth as a doomed lamb the road of death ;
And sorrow blanches the fair hair, and pales
The tinted cheek. Not so in W^onderland.
Cradock Newton : Wonderland.
The lunatic, the lover, and the poet
Are of imagination all compact.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night's Dream.
There are no days so memorable as those
which vibrated to some stroke of the imagina-
tion. Ralph Waldo Emerson : Conduct of Life.
Are the realities of life ever worth half so
much as its cheats? And are there any feasts
half so filling at the price as those Barmecide
ones spread for us by imagination ?
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Imagination, this lordly power, enemy of rea-
son, which takes delight in controlling and
commanding, in order that it may show what
power it possesses over all things, has estab-
lished in man a second nature. It has its happy,
its unhappy, its sound, its sick, its rich, its poor ;
it makes them to believe, to doubt, to deny rea-
IMITATION
589
IMMORTALITY
son • it suspends the senses, it makes them Teel ;
it has its fools and its wise men ; and nothmg
vexes us mere than to see that it fills its guests
with a satisfaction far more fully and thoroughly
than reason. ^''^^«'-
Imitation.
He who imitates what is evil always goes be-
yond the example that is set ; on the contrary,
he who imitates what is good always falls short.
Guicciaraim.
All the stamped metals, and artificial stones,
and imitation woods and bronzes, over the in-
vention of which we hear daily exultation— all
the short and cheap and easy ways of doing
that whose difficulty is its honor, are just so
many new obstacles in our already encumbered
road. They will not make one of us happier or
wiser; they will extend neither the pride of
judgment nor the privilege of enjoyment. 1 hey
will only make us shallower in our understand-
ings, colder in our hearts, and feebler in our
wits.
John Rmkin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
Immortality.
Alas for him who never sees
The stars shine through his cypress-trees !
Who, hopeless, lays his dead away,
Nor looks to see the breaking day
Across the mournful marbles play !
Who hath not learned, in hours of faith.
The truth to flesh and sense unknown.
That Life is ever lord of Death,
And Love can never lose its own !
John G. Whitiier : Snorv-bound,
Alas ! for love, if thou art all,
And naught beyond, O Earth !
Felicia Ilemans : The Graves of a Household.
An able man, who has something regular to
do here, and must toil and struggle and pro-
duce day by day, leaves the future worul to
itself, and is active and useful in this. Goethe.
As to the immortality of the soul, the doc-
trine of science can determine nothing ; for
there is according to it no soul, and no dying or
mortality — therefore, also, no immortality ; but
there is only life, and this is eternal in itself,
and whatever life is it is just as this ; therefore
It affirms, as Jesus did, " Whosoever believeth
in me, he never dies, but it is given to him to
have life in himself." Fichte.
Brighter, fairer far than living.
With no trace of woe or pain,
Robed in everlasting beauty,
Shall I see thee once again.
By the light that never fadeth,
Underneath eternal skies.
When the dawn of resurrection
Breaks o'er deathless Paradise.
William Edmonds toune Aytoun :
The Buried Flower.
Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul,
As the swift seasons roll !
Leave thy low-vaulted past !
Let each new temple, nobler than the last,
Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast,
Till thou at length art free.
Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unrest-
ing sea !
Oliver VV. Holmes : The Chambered Nautilus.
But thy eternal summer shall not fade.
Shakspeare : Sonnet X VIII.
" Earth to earth, and dust to dust,"
Thus the solemn priest hath said —
So we lay the turf above thee now,
And seal thy narrow bed :
But thy spirit, brother, soars away
Among the faithful blest,
Where the wicked cease from troubling.
And the weary are at rest.
Henry Hart Milman : Hymn.
E'en such is Time ; which takes on trust
Our youth, our joys, our all we have.
And pays us back with earth and dust ;
Who in the dark and silent grave,
When we have wandered all our ways,
Shuts up the story of our days:
But from this earth, this grave, this dust.
My God shall raise me up, I trust.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Farewell, Life ! My senses swim,
And the world is growing dim ;
Thronging shadows crowd the light,
Like the advent of the night.
Colder, colder, colder still.
Upward steals a vapor chill ;
Strong the earthy odor grow., —
I smell the mould above the rose !
Welcome, Life ! The spirit strives !
Strength returns, and hope revives !
Cloudy fears and shapes forlorn
Fly like shadows at the morn :
O'er the earth there comes a bloom.
Sunny light for sullen gloom,
Warm perfume for vapor cold —
I smell the rose above the mould !
Thomas Hood : Farewell, Life ! Welcome, Life I
Farewell, then — for a while farewell —
Pride of my heart !
It can not be that long we dwell
Thus torn apart.
Time's shadows like the shuttle flee ;
And dark howe'er life's night may be,
Beyond the grave I'll meet with thee,
Casa Wappy !
David AI. Moir : Casa Wappy.
For many other reasons the souls of the good
appear to me to be divine and eternal ; but
chiefly on this account, because the soul of the
best and the wisest has such anticipation of a
future state of being, that it seems to center its
thoughts only on eternity. Cicero.
IMMORTALITY
590
IMMORTALITY
He that hath found some fledged bird's nest,
may know,
At first sight, if the bird be flown ;
But what fair dell or grove he sings in now,
That is to him unknown.
And yet, as angels in some brighter dreams
Call to the soul when man doth sleep.
So some strange thoughts transcend our wonted
themes.
And into glory peep. Henry Vaughan.
I have heard that, whenever the name of man
is spoken, the doctrine of immortality is an-
nounced ; it cleaves to his constitution.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
I know by one sweet token
My Charlie is not dead ;
One golden clew he left me
As on his track he sped.
Were he some gem or blossom,
But fashioned for to-day.
My love would slowly perish
With his dissolving clay.
Emily C. Judson : Angel Charlie.
I know that the path of virtue is straight and
narrow, and the road of vice broad and spacious.
I know also that their ends and resting-places
are diff"erent : for those of vice, large and open,
end in death ; and those of virtue, narrow and
intricate, end in life, and not in life that has an
end, but in that which is eternal. Cen antes.
I never, indeed, could persuade myself that
souls confined in these mortal bodies can be
properly said to live, and that, when they leave
them, they die ; or that they lose all sense when
parted from these vehicles : but, on the con-
trary, when the mind is wholly freed from all
corporeal mixture, and begins to be purified,
and recover itself again, then, and then only,
it becomes truly knowing and wise. Cicero.
It is not Time that flies :
'Tis we, 'tis we are flying.
It is not Life that dies :
'Tis we, 'tis we are dying.
Time and Eternity are one ;
Time is Eternity begun.
Life changes, yet without decay ;
'Tis we alone who pass away.
Yet we but die to live:
It is from death we're flying :
Forever lives our Life ;
For us there is no dying.
We die but as the spring-bud dies,
In summer's golden glow to rise. >
These be our days of April bloom ;
Our summer is beyond the tomb.
Horatius Bonar : Time and Eternity.
It must be so— Plato, thou reasonest well ! —
Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire,
This longing after immortality t
Or whence this secret dread, and inward horror,
Of falling into naught ? Why shrinks the soul
Back on herself, and startles at destruction ?
'Tis the divinity that stirs within us ;
'Tis heaven itself that points out an hereafter.
And intimates eternity to man.
Eternity ! thou pleasing, dreadful thought !
Joseph Addison : Cato.
Let him who believes in immortality enjoy
his happiness in silence ; he has no reason to
give himself airs about it. Goethe.
Look, how the floor of heaven
Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold.
There's not the smallest orb which thou be-
hold'st
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubims :
Such harmony is in immortal souls ;
But whilst this muddy vesture of decay
Doth grossly close it in, we can not hear it.
Shakspcare : Merchant of Venice.
More than once I have met death, but with-
out fear. Nor do I fear now. Without being
able to demonstrate it, I know that my soul
can not die. Bayard Taylor.
Mysterious Night ! when our first parent knew
Thee from report divine, and heard thy name,
Did he not tremble for this lovely frame,
This glorious canopy of light and blue ?
Yet 'neath the curtain of translucent dew.
Bathed in the rays of the great setting flame,
Hesperus, with the host of heaven, came ;
And lo ! creation widened in man's view.
Who could have thought such darkness lay con-
cealed
Within thy beams, O Sun ? or who could find.
While fly, and leaf, and insect stood revealed.
That to such countless orbs thou mad'st us
blind?
Why do we, then, shun death with anxious
strife ?—
If light can thus deceive, wherefore not life ?
J. Blanco White : Death and Aight.
Oh, may I join the choir invisible
Of those immortal dead who live again
In minds made better by their presence : live
In pulses stirred to generosity,
In deeds of daring rectitude, in scorn
For miserable aims that end with self.
In thoughts sublime that pierce the night like
stars.
And with their mild persistence urge man's
search
To vaster issues.
George Eliot : The Choir Invisible.
O perfect day ! O beautiful world ! O good
God ! And such a day is the promise of a
blissful eternity. Our Creator would never
have made such weather, and given us the deep
heart to enjoy it, above and beyond all thought, '
if he had not meant us to be immortal.
Nathaniel Hawthotme
Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting :
The soul that rises with us, our life's star,
Hath had elsewhere its setting.
And Cometh from afar :
IMMORTALITY
591
IMPERFECTION
Not in entire forget fulness,
And not in utter nakedness,
But trailing clouds of glory, do we come
From God, who is our home :
Heaven lies about us in our infancy.
IP'illiam Words'vorth :
Intimations of Immortality.
She is not dead — the child of our affection —
But gone unto that school
\Vhere she no longer needs our poor protection,
And Christ himself doth rule.
In that great cloister's stillness and seclusion,
By guardian angels led.
Safe from temptation, safe from sin's pollution.
She lives, whom we call dead.
Henry W. Longfellow : Resignation,
Some people seem to think that death is the
only reality in life. Others, happier and right-
lier minded, see and feel that life is the true
reality in death. Anonymous.
Take heart ! — the Waster builds again ;
A charmW life old Goodness hath ;
The tares may perish, but the grain
Is not for death.
God works in all things ; all obey
His first propulsion from the night.
Wake thou, and watch ! — the world is gray
With morning light !
John Greenleaf Whittier : The Reformer.
That last day brings not to us extinction, but
merely change of place. Cicero.
The belief in the immortality of the soul is
the only true panacea for the illk of life.
Lord Byron.
The Creator keeps his word with us. These
long-lived or long-enduring objects are to us, as
we see them, only symbols of somewhat in us
far longer lived. Our passions, our endeavors,
iiave something ridiculous and mocking, if we
come to so hasty an end.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
There is another world. Napoleon Bonaparte.
There is no death ! The stars go down.
To rise upon some fairer shore ;
And bright in heaven's jewelled crown
They shine for evermore.
There is no death ' The dust we tread
Shall change beneath the su.nnier shower
To golden grain of mallow fruit.
Or rainbow-tinted flower.
The granite rocks disorganize
To feed the hungry moss they bear ;
The forest leaves drink daily life
From out the viewless air.
Edward Bulwer Lytton.
There is no death I What seems so is transition ;
This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life elysian,
Whose portal we call death.
Henry iV. Ijingfellow : Resignation.
The power which thinks and works within
us is, according to its nature, a power as never-
dying as that which holds together suns and
stars. Its nature is eternal as the divine mind, /
and the supports of my being (not of my cor-
poreal form) are as firm as the pillars of the uni-
verse. Herder.
The surest means to convince one's self of a
life after death is so to act in the present that
one must wish it. Fichte,
The wish, that of the living whole
No life may fail beyond the grave,
Derives it not from what we have
The likest God within the soul ?
Alfred 7'ennysott : In Memoriam.
Yes, we all live to God !
Father, thy chastening rod
So help us, thine afllicted ones, to bear.
That, in the spirit-land,
Meeting at thy right hand,
'Twill be our heaven to find that — he is there !
John Pierpont : My Child.
Yet though thou fade.
From thy dead leaves let fragrance rise,
To teach the maid
That goodness Time's rude hand defies —
That virtue lives when beauty dies.
Henry Kirke White : Fragment.
Why should this worthless tegument endure,
If its undying guest be lost forever?
Oh ! let us keep the soul embalmed and pure
In living virtue — that when both must sever.
Although corruption may our frame consume, '
The immortal spirit in the skies may bloom !
Horace Smith : Address to a Mummy.
Impartiality.
He will give the devil his due.
Shakspcare : King Henry IV.
With equal foot, rich friend, impartial Fate
Knocks at the cottage and the palace gate.
Horace : Tr. by Thomas Creech.
Impatience.
Impatience dries the blood .sooner than age
or sorrow. Sir Thomas Browne.
If we should take away from the length of
our days those which the impatience of our de-
sires has wished away, the longest life would be
much shortened. Anonymous.
Imperfection.
Fresh clad from heaven in robes of white.
A young probationer of light.
Thou wert, my soul, an album bright,
A spotless leaf; but thought, and care.
And friend and foe, in foul and fair,
Have "written strange defeature" there ;
And Time, with heaviest hand of all,
Like that fierce writing on the wall,
, Hath stamped sad dates he can't recall.
And error, gilding worst designs —
! Like speckled snake that strays and shines-
Betrays his path by crooked lines ;
And vice hath left his ugly blot ;
IMPOSSIBILITY
592
INCOMPLETENESS
And good resolves, a moment hot,
Fairly begun, but finished not ;
And fruitless late remorse doth trace —
Like Hebrew lore a backward pace —
Her irrecoverable race.
Disjointed numbers, sense unknit.
Huge reams of folly, shreds of wit,
Compose the mingled mass of it.
My scalded eyes no longer brook
Upon this ink-blurred thing to look.
Go, shut the leaves, and clasp the book.
Oiarles Lamb : Lines written in my own Album.
Made still a blundering kind of melody ;
Spurred boldly on, and dashed through thick
and thin,
Through sense and nonsense, never out nor in.
John Dry Jen : Absalom and Achitophel.
Our sky shows darkest through the rifts ;
Our spirits breathe infected air ;
The dust we are about us lifts,
And rises with our purest prayer.
Jacob A. Hoekstra : In the Shadow.
There's small choice in rotten apples.
Shakspcare : Taming the Shrew.
Now we see through a glass darkly.
I Corinthians xiii, 12.
Impossibility.
By Heaven, methinks it were an easy leap, ^
To pluck bright honor from the pale-faced
moon.
Or dive into the bottom of the deep,
Where fathom-line could never touch the
ground.
And pluck up drownM honor by the locks.
Shakspcare : King Henry IV.
If we cry, like children, for the moon, like
children we must cry on. Edmund Burke.
There is no cream like that which rises on
spilled milk. Henry Ward Beecher.
Canst thou bind the sweet influences of
Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion ?
Job xxxviii. ji.
Suppose, as some folks say, the sky should
fall ? Terentius.
Impressions.
His heart was one of those which most enamor
us —
Wax to receive, and marble to retain.
Lord Byron : Beppo.
My heart is wax to be moulded as she pleases,
but enduring as marble to retain.
Cervantes : The Little Gypsy.
Impropriety.
An old woman dancing makes a great dust
Latin proverb.
Improvement.
Ring out old shapes of foul disease.
Ring out the narrowing lust of gold ;
Ring out the thousand wars of old,
Ring in the thousand years of peace.
Ring in the valiant man and free,
The larger heart, the kindlier hand ;
Ring out the darkness of the land ;
Ring in the Christ that is to be.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
Whatever your present self may be, resolve
with all your strength never to degenerate thence.
Charlotte Bronte.
Improvidence.
The week's eating finishes my last waistcoat ;
and next I must atone for my errors on bread
and water, A wig has fed me two days ; the
trimming of a waistcoat as long ; a pair of vel-
vet breeches paid my washerwoman ; a ruffle
shirt has found me in shaving. My coats I
swallowed by degrees, the sleeves I breakfasted
upon for two weeks ; the body, skirts, etc., served
me for dinner two months ; my silk stockings
have paid my lodgings, and two pair of new
pumps enabled me to smoke several pipes. It
is incredible how my appetite (liarometer-like)
rises in proportion as my necessities make their
terrible advances. I could here say something
droll about a stomach ; but it's ill jesting with
edged tools, and I am sure that is the sharpest
thing about me. George Alexander Stevens.
He that is surety for a stranger shall smart
for it. Broverbs xi, jj.
Inadequacy.
We can not reconstruct the hanging gardens
with a few bricks from Babylon.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Life of Emerson.
Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook ?
Job xli, I.
InappropriatenesB.
He madly thrust a right-hand foot into a left-
hand shoe.
Charles L. Dodgson : Alice in Wonderland.
If you choose to represent the various parts
in life by holes upon a table, of different shapes,
some circular, some triangular, some square,
some oblong, and the persons acting those parts
by bits of wood of similar shapes we shall gen-
erally find that the triangular person has got
into the square hole, the oblong into the triangu-
lar, and a square person has squeezed himself
into a round hole. Sydney Stnitk
Why wear out your great-coat in summer?
Latin proverb.
An accountant was the person wanted., and a
dancer got the place. Beazimarchais.
Incarnation.
We have often thought that the doctrine of
the incarnation may have been an indispen-
sable means of guarding the Church from the
most pestilent delusion of philosophy — that to
be divine, a nature must not feel.
James Martineau.
Incompleteness.
The vanished day ! It leaves a sense
Of labor hardly done ;
Of little gained with vast expense,
A sense of grief alone !
Emily Bronte : Self -Interrogation.
INCOMPREHENSIBLENESS
593
INDESTRUCTIBILITY
Labor with what zeal we will,
Something still remains undone ;
Something uncompleted still
Waits the rising of the sun.
By the bedside, on the stair.
At the threshold, near the gates.
With its menace or its prayer,
Like a mendicant it wails ;
Waits, and will not go away ;
Waits, and will not be gainsaid ;
By the cares of yesterday
Each to-day is heavier made.
Henry W. Longfellow : Something left undone.
Wealth increaseth, but a nameless something
is ever wanting to our insufficient fortune.
Horace.
We have scotched the snake, not killed it.
ahakspeare : Macbeth.
Incomprehensibleness.
Hut, for mine own part, it was Greek to me.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
Inconsistency.
You have silver vessels, but earthenware rea-
sons, principles, appetites. Epictetus.
The legs of the lame are not equal : so is a
parable in the mouth of fools. Proverbs xxvi, 7.
Inconstancy.
I can lorget black eyes and brows.
And lips of falsest charm.
If you forget the sacred vows
Those faithless lips could form.
If hard commands can tame your love.
Or strongest walls can hold,
I would not wish to grieve above
A thing so false and cold.
Emily Bronte : Last Words.
I hold thy faded lips to mine.
Though scent and azure tint are fled.
O dry, mute lips ! ye are the type
Of something in me cold and dead :
That found thee when thy dewy mouth
Was purpled as with stains of wine.
For love of her who love foi^ot,
I hold thy faded lips to mine !
Thomas Bailey Aldrich : Ike Faded Violets.
My dear and only love, I pray,
This noble world of thee
Be governed by no other sway
But purest monarchy.
For if confusion have a part.
Which virtuous souls abhor.
And hold a synod in thy heart,
I'll never love thee more.
James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
Increase.
" Poor deer," quoth he, " thou mak'st a testa-
ment
As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which had too much."
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
While I was musing the fire burned.
Psalm XXX ix, j.
Incredulity.
Is Saul also among the prophets ?
/ Samuel X, 11.
Indecision.
How happy could I be with either.
Were t'other dear charmer away !
John Gay : '1 he Beggar's Opera.
Indecision mars all success : there can be no
good wind for that sailor who knows not to what
port he is bound. Anonymous.
Independence.
Every subject's duty is the king's ; but every
subject's soul's his own.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
He makes no friend who never made a foe.
Alexander Pope.
He only who is able to stand alone is quali-
fied for society. Ralph Waldo Emerson :
Lecture on Fugitive Slave Law.
If I were not the independent gentleman
that I am, rather than I would be a retainer of
the great, a led captain, or a poor relation, I
would choose, out of the delicacy and true great-
ness of my mind, to be a beggar. Charles Lamb.
I never could believe that Providence had
sent a few men into the world ready booted and
spurred to ride, and millions ready saddled and
bridled to be ridden. Richard Rumbold.
O God, assist our side : at least, avoid assist-
ing the enemy, and leave the result to me.
l^rince of Anhalt-Dessau.
The great peril of democracy is, that the
assertion of private right should be pushed to
the obscuring of the superior obligation of pub-
lic duty. James Russell Lowell :
Progress of the World.
The glorious privilege of being independent.
Robert Burns : Epistle to a Young Friend.
Why. man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus ; and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs, and peep about
To find ourselves dishonorable graves.
Men at some time are masters of their fates ;
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars.
But in ourselves, that we are underlines.
Shakspeare : JuLus dtsar.
Indestmctibility.
Thus truly, when that breast is cold.
Thy prisoned soul shall rise ;
The dungeon mingle with the mould —
The captive with the .skies.
Nature's deep being thine shall hold.
Her spirit all thy spirit fold.
Her breath absorb thy sighs.
Mortal ! though soon life's tale is told.
Who once lives, never dies !
Emily Broni'e : The Night Wind.
INDIVIDUALITY
594
INFLUENCE
reproducing Nature ! from thy strife
Comes never same, but always other life.
Men die, but lives right on humanity.
Sewall S. Cutting : Easter.
Individaality.
A man's own manner and character is what
best becomes him. Cicero.
The heart knoweth his own bitterness ; and a
stranger doth not intermeddle with his joy.
Proverbs xtv, lo.
At all times it is the individual that preaches
the truth, not the age. It was the age that
gave Socrates hemlock for his supper ; the age
that burnt Huss. The age is always the same.
Goethe.
Beloved brother, let us not forget that man
can never lay aside his own nature. Goethe.
Emotion, I fear, is obstinately irrational ; it
insists on caring for individuals ; it absolutely
refuses to adopt a quantitative view of human
anguish, and to admit that thirteen happy lives
are a set-off against twelve miserable lives,
which leaves a clear balance on the side of sat-
isfaction. George Eliot.
Every individual man has a bias which he must
obey ; and it is only as he feels and obeys this
that he rightly develops and attains his legitimate
power in the world. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Every one feels that he is something else
than a nothing which has been animated by an-
other. From this arises the confidence that
death, though it may put an end to life, docs
not close man's existence. Schopenhauer.
Every one is s.lone who has an individual
nature : there is no complete agreement.
Auerbach.
1 care for myself. The more solitary, the
more friendless, the more unsustained I am, the
more 1 will respect myself. Charlotte Bronte.
Thou art after all what thou art. Deck thy-
self in a wig with a thousand locks ; ensconce
thyself in buskins an ell high ; thou still re-
mainest just what thou art. Goethe.
Why should we faint and fear to live alone,
Since all alone, so Heaven has willed, we die?
Nor even the tenderest heart, and next our own.
Knows half the reasons why we smile and
sigh. John Keble : The Christian Year.
You may break, you may shatter the vase, if
you will.
But the scent of the roses will hang round it
still. Thomas Moore :
Earewell I but whenever you welcome the hour.
Indtistry.
In the morning sow thy seed, and in the
evening withhold not thine hand.
Ecclesiastes xi, 6.
Inequality.
They are as sick that surfeit with too much.
As they that starve with nothing.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice,
What different lots our stars accord !
This babe to be hailed and woo'd as a lord,
And that to be shunned as a leper !
(jne, to the world's wine, honey, and corn ;
Another, like Colchester native, born
To its vinegar only and pepper.
Thomas Hood : Miss Kilmansegg.
Inevitahleness.
Above the cloud that casts its shadow upon
us is the star that sends toward us its light. We
can no more escape from the light than from
the shadow. Victor Hugo : Ninety-three.
On, ever on, with unexhausted breath.
Time hastes to death ;
Even with each word we speak a moment flies —
Is born and dies.
Of all for which poor mortals vainly mourn.
Naught shall return ;
Life hath its horiie in heaven and earth beneath.
And so hath death.
Not all the chains that clank in Eastern clime
Can fetter time ;
For all the phials in the doctor's store
Youth comes no more ;
No drugs on age's wrinkled cheek renew
Life's early hue ;
Not all the tears by pious mourners shed
Can wake the dead.
Gerald Griffin : Vanitas Vanitatum.
In&ncy.
When another life is added
To the heaving, turbid ma^s ;
When another breath of being
Stains creation's tarnished glass ;
When the first cry, weak and piteous.
Heralds long-enduring pain.
And a soul from non-existence
Springs, that ne'er can die again ;
When the mother's passionate welcome.
Sorrow-like, bursts forth in tears,
And a sire's self-gratulation
Prophesies of future years —
It is well we can not see
What the end shall be.
Frances Browne : What the End shall be.
Infatuation,
Wit and grace, and love and beauty.
In ae constellation shine !
To adore thee is my duty.
Goddess of this soul of mine.
Bonnie wee thing, canny wee thing.
Lovely wee thing, wert thou mine,
I wad wear thee in my bosom,
Lest my jewel I should tine.
Robert Bums : Bonnie Wee Thing.
Inference.
Where more is meant than meets the ear.
John Milton : II Penseroso.
Influence.
Every one is the son of his own works.
Cervantes : Don Qttixote,
Go with mean people, and you think the
world is mean. Then read Plutarch, and the
world is a proud place. Ralph Waldo Emerson,
INFLUENCE
595
INHERITANCE
He raised a" mortal to the skies,
She drew an angel down.
John Dry den : Alexander's Feast.
He mourns the dead who live as they desire.
Edward Young: Aight Thoughts.
How little fades from earth when sink to rest
The hours and cares that move a great man's
breast !
Though naught of all we saw the grave may
spare,
His life pervades the world's impregnate air.
John Sterling: Shakspeare.
If goodness lead him not, yet weariness
May toss him to my breast.
George Herbert : The Pulley.
Like the stained web that whitens in the sun.
Grow pure by being purely shone uix)n.
Thomas Moore : Lalla Rookh.
Measure your mind's height by the shade it
casts. Robert Browning : Paracelsus.
No life
Can be pure in its purpose and strong in its
strife,
And all life not be purer and stronger thereby.
Owen Meredith : Lucille.
That man is little to be envied whose patriot-
ism would not gain force upon the plain of Mar-
athon, or whose piety would not grow warmer
among the ruins of lona. Samuel Johnson :
Journey to the Western Islands.
That which we are we shall teach, not volun-
tarily but involuntarily. Thoughts come into
our minds by avenues which we never left open,
and thoughts go out of our minds through ave-
nues we never voluntarily opened. Cliaracter
teaches over our heads. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The cask will long retain the odor of that
which has once been poured into it when new.
Horace.
The words which a father speaks to his chil-
dren in the privacy of home are not heard by
the world, but, as in whispering galleries, they
are clearly heard at the end and by posterity.
Richter.
Though her mien carries much more invita-
tion than command, to behold her is an imme-
diate check to loose behavior ; to love her was
a liberal education.
Sir Richard Steele : The Taller.
Thou hast left behind
Powers that will work for thee — air, earth, and
skies ;
There's not a breathing of the common wind
That will forget thee ; thou hast great allies ;
Thy friends are exultations, agonies.
And love, and man's unconquerable mind.
William Wordsworth :
To Toussaint L'Ouverture.
We hold reunions, not for the dead, for there
is nothing in all the earth that you and I can
do for the dead. They are past our help and
past our praise. We can add to them no glory,
we can give to them no immortality. They do
not need us, but forever and forever more we
need them. James A. GarJicld.
We live under a government of men and
morning newspapers. Wendell Phillips.
Know ye not that a little leaven leavenclh
the whole lump ? / Corinthians v, 6.
The Crusaders, who, though they did not
realize their dream of permanent conquest,
came home, if not more human at least more
cosmopolitan — which is a long stride toward be-
coming so — and unwittingly brought with them
the seeds of that freer thinking which slowly
conquered for man that freedom to think which
was to emancipate Europe and make America
possible.
James Russell Lowell: Progress oj the World.
There is nothing so baleful to a small man as
the shade of a great one.
Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
Ingratitude.
And having looked to government for bread,
on the very first scarcity they will turn and bite
the hand that fed them. Edmund Burke.
Blow, blow, thou winter wind :
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Eaten bread is soon forgotten. Italian proverb.
How sharper than a serjient's tooth it is
To have a thankless child !
Shakspeare : King Lear.
The ingratitude of our children recalls to us
the kindness of our fatheis. Anonymous.
Reminding me of your kindness is as it were
reproaching me of ingratitude. Tercntius.
Time hath, my lord, a wallet at his back.
Wherein he puts alms for oblivion,
A great-sized monster of ingratitudes ;
Those scraps are good deeds past ; which arc
devoured
As fast as they are made, forgot as soon
As done. Terentitis.
Inheritance.
To-morrow, scorn will blight my name,
And hate will trample me —
Will load me with a coward's shame,
A traitor's perjury.
The dark deeds of my outlawed race
Will then like virtues shine ;
And men will pardon their disgrace.
Beside the guilt of mine.
Emily Bronte : Honor s Martyr.
And all to leave what with his toil he won,
To that unfeathered, two-legged thing, a son,
John Dryden : Absalom and Achitophcl,
INJUSTICE
596
INSTRUCTION
The best inheritance that a father can leave
to his children, and which is superior to any
patrimony, is the glory of his virtue and noble
deeds: to disgrace which ought to be regarded
as base and impious. Cicero.
The memory of a great name, and the inher-
itance of a great example, are the legacies of
heroes. Benjamin Disraeli.
Wit and wisdom are bom with a man.
John Selden.
Injastice.
The hungry judges soon the sentence sign,
And wretches hang, that jurymen may dine.
Alexander Pope : The Rape of the Lock.
Innocence.
An innocent man needs no eloquence.
Ben Jonson : Timber.
Happy are the old who die,
With the sins of life repented ;
Happier he whose parting sigh
Breaks a heart from sin prevented.
Anonymous.
I am a man
More sinned against than sinning.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
No proposal is insignificant when addressed
to the innocent : purity, like snow, receives
nothing on its surface that does not leave either
a trace or a stain. Anonymous.
Inquiry.
Other creatures have curiosity ; but it stops
short in the vagueness of wonder, nor pushes
on, like that of man to discovei-y. Other ani-
mals stare ; man looks.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
You will find that it is the modest, not the
presumptuous inquirer, who makes a 'real and
safe progress in the discovery of divine truths.
Viscount Bolingbroke.
InqTiisitiveness.
Inquisitive people are the funnels of conver-
sation : they do not take in anything for their
own use, but merely to pass it to another.
Richard Steele.
Shun the inquisitive, for thou wilt be sure to
find him leaky. Open ears do not keep conscien-
tiously what has been intrusted to them, and a
word once spoken flies never to be recalled.
Horace.
Insanity.
All power of fancy over reason is a degree of
insanity. Samuel Johnson : Rasselas.
Insanity is often the logic of an accurate
mind overtasked Good mental machinery ought
to break its own wheels and levers if knything
is thrust among them suddenly which tends to
stop them or reverse their motion.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Insight.
Hundreds of people can talk for one who
can think, but thousands of persons can think
for one who can see. To see clearly is poetry,
prophecy, and religion all in one. John Ruskm.
Nothing is clearer than that all things are in
all things, and that just according to the inten-
sity and extension of our mental being we shall
see the many in the one and the one in the
many. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
The world is a beautiful book, but of little
use to him who can not read it. Goldoni.
The divine faculty is to see what everybody
can look at.
James R. Lowell : fireside Travels.
Insignificance.
There are people so near nothing that they
are everywhere without being seen. Anonymous.
Inspiration.
A man must have either great men or great
objects before him, otherwise his powers degen-
erate, as the magnet does when it has lain for
a long time turned toward the right corners of
the world. Richter.
Do we not all agree to call rapid thought,
noble impulse, by the name of inspiration?
After our subtlest analysis of the mental process,
we must still say that our highest thoughts and
our best deeds are ail given to us. George Eliot.
Her speech, too, was not common speech ;
No wish to shine, no aim to teach,
Was in her words displayed :
She still began with quiet sense.
But oft the force of eloquence
Came to her lips in aid ;
Language and voice unconscious changed,
And thoughts, in other words arranged,
Her lervid soul transfused
Into the. hearts of those who heard,
And transient strength and ardor stirred
In minds to strength unused.
Charlotte Bronte : Mementos.
Inflamed with the study of learning and the
admiration of virtue ; stirred up with high hopes
of living to be brave men and worthy patriots,
dear to God, and famous to all ages.
John Milton : Education.
No man was ever great without divine in-
spiration. Cicero.
Such souls.
Whose sudden visitations daze the world.
Vanish like lightning, but they leave behind
A voice that in the distance far away
Wakens the slumbering ages.
Henry Taylor: Philip Van Artex'elde.
The light that never was on sea or land.
The consecration and the poet's dream.
William Wordsworth :
Suggested by a Picture of Peek Castle in a Storm.
Instruction.
An impatient and untutored spirit regrets
and hates words of instruction. Ovid.
INSULT
597
INVENTION
The public school has done for imagination.
. . . We have made ducks and drakes of that
large estate of wonder and delight bequeathed
to us by ancestral vikings.
James Russell Lowell : Essays — At Sea.
\Vhate%'er emancipates our minds without
giving us the mastery of ourselves is destructive.
Goethe.
Insult.
Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love,
But — why did you kick me down-stairs?
John Philip KembU : The Panel.
Integprity.
Oh, I would give my heart to death,
To keep my honor fair ;
Yet I'll not ffive my inward faith
My honor s name to spare.
So foes pursue, and cold allies
Mistrust me, every one :
Let me be false in others' eyes,
If faithful in my own.
Emily Bronte : Honor's Martyr.
My friends were poor but honest.
Shakspeare : All's Well that Ends Well.
It matters little where I was bom.
Or if my parents were rich or poor ;
Whether they shrank at the cold world's scorn.
Or walked in the pride of wealth secure.
But whether I live an honest man.
And hold my integrity firm in my clutch,
I tell you, brother, plain as I can.
It matters much.
Xoah Barker : What does it Matter?
To become a good man is truly difficult,
square as to his hands and feet, fashioned with-
out a fault. Horace.
There is no terror, Cr.ssius, in your threats ;
For I am armed so strong in honesty
That they pass by me as the idle wind,
Which I respect not.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
Though good faith should be banished from
the rest of the earth, yet she ought still to be
found in the mouth of kings. King John.
Intellect.
Pope has fancied man a pupil of the lower
animals, learning of the little nautilus to sail ;
and no doubt it is a fruitful characteristic of
man that he is clever enough to take and to
profit by those nods and winks that are thrown
away upon the blind horses of creation.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Force without intelligence is nothine.
A'apdeon Bonaparte.
Intellectual light is not poured from a lan-
tern, leaving the bearer in the shade : it sup-
plies us with the power of beholding and con-
templating the luminary it flows from.
A tigustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The faculty of thinking on his legs is a tre-
mendous engine in the hands of anv man.
Daniel O'Connell.
It is the cunning of man that has delineal,ed
the great dial-plate of the heavens — his mind
that looks before and after, and can tell the un-
witting stars where they were at any moment
of the unmeasured past, where they will be at
any moment of the unmeasurable future.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
All the wise, true to the conscious dignity of
wisdom, say, with one accord, that mind is king
of heaven and earth. Socrates.
Intemperance,
U that men should put an enemy in their
mouths, to steal away their brains !
J Shakspeare: Othello.
The vine bears three clusters : the first of
pleasure, the second of drunkenness, the third
of insult. Epictetus.
Intention.
How many think to atone for the evil they
have done by the good they intend to do, and
are only virtuous in prospective ! Anonymous.
Intimacy.
It is the sea only which knows the bottom of
the ship. West African proverb.
Shoes alone know if the stockings have holes.
Hay Han proverb.
Introapection,
Man forms himself in his own interior, and
nowhere else. Lacordaire.
The evening passes fast away ;
'Tis almost time to rest :
What thoughts has left the vanished day.
What feelings in thy breast?
Emily Bronte : Self-Interrogation.
Yet, oh ! for light ! One ray would tranquillize
My nen'es. my pulses, more than efi"ort can ;
I'll draw my curtain and consult the skies :
These trembling stars at dead of night look
wan.
Wild, restless, strange, yet can not be more
drear
Than this my couch, shared by a nameless fear.
Charlotte Bronte : Pilate's Wife's Dream.
Intuition.
My own soul began to regret the harshness of
my first words; I almost think it regretted
ihem before they were uttered. In like man-
ner, when one meets in the road a rut or a pud-
dle, one sees it, but has not time to avoid it.
Xavier dc Maistre.
Invention.
Perhaps it will even be found that the tele-
phone, of which we are so proud, can not
carry human speech so far as Homer an<i Plato
have contrived to carry it with their simpler ap-
pliances.
James Russell Lowell : Essay 9n Gray.
Man is the onlv animal that has given proof
of invention in the highest sense — that is, not
INVESTIGATION
59»
JUDGMENT
as a mere fence against the blasts of discomfort,
or as a lightener of his drudgery, but as a min-
ister of beauty.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Investigation.
Did the Almighty, holding in his right hand
Truth, and in his left Search after Truth, dt ign
to proffer me the one I might prefer, in all
humility, and without hesitation, I should re-
quest Search after Truth. Lessing.
Irreverence.
Physician art thou, one all eyes ;
Philosopher, a fingering slave,
One that would peep and botanize
Upon his mother's grave ?
Charles Chauncy Emerson.
Isolation.
Each in his hidden sphere of joy or woe.
Our hermit spirits dwell, and range apart ;
Our eyes see all around in gloom or glow,
Hues of their own, fresh borrowed from the
heart. John Keble :
Imperfection of Human Sympathy.
To her the inward life of thought
Full soon was open laid.
I know not if her friendliness
Did sometimes on her spirit press.
But plaint she never made.
Charlotte Bronte : Mementos.
So stood I, in heaven's glorious sun,
And in the glare of hell ;
My spirit drank a mingled tone
Of seraph's song and demon's moan :
What my soul bore, my soul alone
Within itself may tell.
Emily Bronte : My Comforter.
Every Englishman is an island. Novalis.
I have trodden the wine-press alone.
Isaiah lxiii,j.
J.
Jealousy.
Jealousy is said to be the offspring of Love.
Yet, unless the parent makes haste to strangle
the child, the child will not rest till it has
poisoned the parent.
Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
No one feels jealous of those who have ex-
isted ten thousand years ago, or of those who
are about to come into being, or of the dead.
Aristotle.
Jealousy is the homage that inferiority pays
to merit. Aladame de Puisieux.
Jealousy is cruel as the grave.
The Song of Solomon viii, 6.
O, beware, my lord, of jealousy ;
It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock
The meat it feeds on. Shakspeare : Othello.
Jealousy is in some respects just and reason-
able, since its object is only to preserve a good
which belongs, or which we think belongs, to
us ; whereas envy is a madness which can not
bear the good of others. La Rochefoucauld.
Trifles, light as air.
Are to the jealous confirmation strong
As proofs of Holy Writ. Shakspeare : Othello.
Joking.
I am convinced that jokes are often accidental.
A man, in the course of conversation, throws
out a remark at random, and is as much sur-
prised as any of the company on hearing it to
find it witty.
• Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Cease your jests ; there is no joke in being ill-
natured. Latin proverb.
A very ribbon in the cap of youth.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Joy is the main-spring in the whole round of
everlasting Nature ; joy moves the wheels of the
great time-piece of creation ; she it is that loos-
ens flowers from their buds, suns from their finn-
ament ; she that rolls spheres in distantspace.seen
not by the glass of the astronomer. Schiller.
Sweet is every sound.
Sweeter thy voice, but every sound is sweet ;
Myriads of rivulets hurrying through the lawn,
The moan of doves in immemorial elms.
And murmuring of innumerable bees.
Alfred Tennyson : The Princess.
The joy of the mind marks its strength.
Ninon de L'Enclos.
There's not a joy the world can give like that
it takes away. Lord Byron : There's not a Jcy.
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.
Psalm cxxvi,^.
Judgment.
Feeling without judgment is a washy draught
indeed ; but judgment untempered by feeling
is too bitter and husky a morsel for human
deglutition. , Charlotte Bronte.
I can promise to be sincere ; to be impartial,
I can not. Goethe.
We who are in private stations unknown to
the world ought to have a fixed rule within our '
breasts to try our actions, and, in accordance
with it, sometimes to approve, and sometimes
to condemn, ourselves. Montaigne.
If we wish to be just judges of all things, let
us first persuade ourselves of this — that there is
not one of us without a fault Seneca.
JUDGMENT
599
KINDNESS
It is the day of no judgment that I am afraid
of. Edmund Burke.
No man can justly censure or condemn an-
other, because indeed no man truly knows an-
other. 6» 1 homos Browne.
Our deeds determine us, as much as we de-
termine our deeds ; and until we know what
has been or will be the peculiar combination of
outward with inward facts which constitutes a
man's critical actions, it will be better not to
think ourselves wise about his character.
George Eliot.
Our thoughts are often more than we are, just
as they are often better than we are. And God
sees us as we are altogether, not in separate
feelings or actions as our fellow-men see us.
We are always doing each other injustice, and
thinking better or worse of each other than we
deserve, because we only hear separate feelings
or actions. We don't see each other's whole
nature. George Eliot.
The longer I live and learn experience, the
more I am convinced that individual actions
prove nothing either for or against a man ; the
whole life must be taken into account, for there
is no other measure of character than the re-
lation of the will to the conscience, or the feel-
ing of right and wrong. George Forster.
To judge a country one does not know the
lon-juage of, is like judging a book from the
binding. Balzac.
We but teach
Bloody instnictions, which, being taught, return
To plague the inventor. This even-handed
justice
Commends the ingredients of our poisoned
chalice
To our own lips. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
The world always judges a man by his little
faults, which he shows a hundred times a day,
rather than by his great virtues, which he dis-
closes perhaps once in a lifetime, and to a single
person. James R. Lo'uiell : J-ireside Travels.
We incline to judge every one's problem in
life as if it were our own. Anonymous.
Who made the heart, 'tis he alone
Decidedly can try us ;
He knows each chord — its various tone,
Each spring — its various bias.
Then at the balance let's be mute ;
We never can adjust it ;
What's done, we partly may compute,
But know not what's resisted.
Rabat Bums : Address to the Unco Guid.
Jostioe.
It is difRcult to do justice to the present.
Commonplace characters in the present cause
us ennui ; the good give us not a little to bear ;
and the bad we must often drag along with us,
whether we will or not. Goethe.
Render therefore to all their dues.
Romans xiii, 7.
Report me and my cause aright.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
The gods are just, and of our pleasant vices
Make instruments to plague us.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
The hope of all who suffer,
The dread of all who wrong.
John G. Whittier:
The Mantle of St. John De Matha.
The judge is condemned when the guilty are
acquitted. Publius Syrus.
Kindliness.
It may be glorious to write
Thoughts that shall glad the two or three
High souls, like those far stars that come in
sight
Once in a century ;
But better far it is to speak
One simple word, which now and then
Shall waken their free nature in the weak
And friendless sons of men.
James R. Lowell:
An Incident in a Railroad Car.
There shall be pleasantry without bitterness ;
there shall be no licence of speech that will
bring repentance on the morrow, and nothing
said that we would ^ish unsaid. Martial.
Kindness.
Always say a kind word if you can, if only
that it may come in, perhaps, with singular op-
39
portuneness, entering some mournful man's
darkened room like a beautiful fire-fly, whose
happy convolutions he can not but watch, for-
getting his troubles. Arthur IJelps.
For know, when sickening grief doth prey.
And tender love's repaid with scorn.
The sweetest beauty will decay —
What floweret can endure the storm?
William Julius Mickle : Cumnor Hall.
And kind as kings upon their coronation day.
John Drydcn : The Hind and Panther.
Kindnesses misplaced are nothing but a curse
and disservice. Cicero.
For my own part, when I am employed in
serving others, I do not look upon myself as
conferring favors, but as paying debts. In my
travels and since my settlement I have received
much kindness from men and numberless mer-
KINDNESS
600
KNOWLEDGE
cies from God. Those kindnesses I can only
return to their fellow-men ; and I can only
show my gratitude for these mercies from God
by my readiness to help my brethren.
Benjamin Franklin.
If thine enemy hunger, • feed him ; if he
thirst, give him drink ; for in so doing thou
shalt heap coals of fire on his head.
Romans xii, 20.
He who has once done you a kindness will
be more ready to do you another than he whom
you yourself have obliged.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
A soft answer turneth away wrath : but griev-
ous words stir up anger. Proverbs xv, i.
Like a soft air above a sea
Tossed by the tempest's stir ;
A thaw-wind, melting quietly
The snow-drift on some wintry lea.
No ! What sweet thing resembles thee,
My thoughtful comforter?
Emily Bronte : My Comforter.
Soul where kindred kindness
No early promise woke
Barren is thy beauty.
As weed upon a rock.
Emily Bronte : The Two Children.
We can not be just if we are not kind-
hearted. Vanvengties.
If thou intendest to do a kind act, do it
quickly, and then thou mayst expect gratitude.
Ausonius.
In misery's darkest cavern known.
His useful care was ever nigh
Where hopeless anguish poured his groan.
And lonely want retired to die.
Samuel Johnson : Verses on Robert Level.
I praise loudly, I blame softly. Catharine II.
Kindnesses misplaced are nothing but a curse
and a disservice. Ennius.
The first thing a kindness deserves is accept-
ance ; the next, transmission.
George MacDonald.
There is pleasure in meeting the eyes of those
to whom we have done good. La Bruyere.
'Tis a little thing
To give a cup of water ; yet its draught
Of cool refreshment, drained by fevered lips,
May give a shock of pleasure to the frame
More exquisite than when nectarean juice
Renews the life of joy in happiest hours.
Thomas Noon Talfourd: Ion.
That best portion of a good man's life.
His little, nameless, unremembered acts
Of kindness and of love.
William Wordsworth : Tintem Abbey
The best way to keep good acts in memory
is to refresh them with new. Cato.
We begin by profiting by the weakness of a
man who is too kind, and end by laughing at
him. Anonymous.
A willing heart adds feather to the heel.
And makes the clown a winged Mercury.
Joanna Baillie.
Then gently scan your brother man.
Still gentler sister woman. '
Robert Burns : Address to the Unco Gtiid.
Do I despise the timid deer.
Because his limbs are fleet with fear?
Or would I mock the wolfs death-howl,
Because his form is gaunt and foul ?
Or hear with joy the leveret's cry,
Because it can not bravely die ?
No ! Then about his memory
Let pity's heart as tender be ;
Say, "Earth lie lightly on that breast,"
And kind Heaven grant that spirit rest.
Emily Bronte : Stanzas.
Knavery.
It is difficult to believe that a great knave
can be a man of sense ; instinctive genius,
which goes straight to the root of every subject,
leads naturally to right principle, integrity, and
virtue. Whoever persists in walking in the
ways of unrighteousness and lying proves that
he is neither wise nor sagacious. La Bruyere.
Knighthood.
The age of chivalry is gone.
Edmuttd Burke.
So much for chivalry. Burke need not have
regretted that its days are over, though Marie
Antoinette was quite as chaste as most of those in
whose honors lances were shivered and knights
unhorsed. Lord Byron : Preface to Childe Harold.
Knowledge.
Diffused knowledge immortalizes itself.
Sir James Mackintosh : Vindicice Gallica.
From ignorance our pleasure flows:
The only wretched are the wise.
Matthew Prior : To Hon. Charles Montague.
Knowledge is power. Francis Bacon.
Knowledge is of two kinds : we know a
subject ourselves, or we know where we can
find information upon it.
Bos well's Life of Samuel Johnson.
Knowledge and timber shouldn't be much
used until they are seasoned.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Light itself is a great corrective. A thou-
sand wrongs and abuses that are grown in dark-
iiess disappear like owls and bats before the
light of day. Ja>?ies A. Garfield.
Pursuit of knowledge under difficulties.
Lord Brougham.
TvuiOi (r(avT6t> ! And is this the prime
And heaven-sprung adage of the olden time ?
Say, canst thou make thyself? Learn first that
trade :
KNOWLEDGE
6oi
LANGUAGE
Haply thou mayst know what thyself had made.
What hast thou, man, that thou dost call thine
own ?
What is there in thee, man, that can be known ?
Dark fluxion, all unfixable by thought,
A phantom dim, of past and future wrought,
Vain sister of the worm, life, death, soil, clod.
Ignore thyself, and strive to know thy God !
Samuel Taylor CoUridge : Know Thyself.
That virtue only makes our bliss below,
And all our knowledge is, ourselves to know.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
The progress of knowledge is slow. Like
the sun, we can not see it moving ; but after a
while we perceive that it has moved — nay, that
it has moved onward.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Young people are very apt to overrate both
men and things from not being enough ac-
quamted with them. Lord Chesterfield.
The wish to know — that endless thirst,
Which ev'n by quenching is awaked,
And which becomes or blest or curst.
As is the fount whereat 'tis slaked —
Still urged me onward, with desire
Insatiate, to explore, inquire. Lord Byron.
Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers, and he
bears a laden breast.
Full of sad experience, moving toward the still-
ness of his rest.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
Knowledge is as food, and needs no less
Her temperance o'er the appetite, to know
In measure what the mind may well contain,
Oppresses else to surfeit, and soon turns
Wisdom to folly. John Milton.
Knowledge is not happiness, and science
But an exchange of ignorance for that
Which is another kind of ignorance.
Lord Byron.
Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one.
Have ofttimes no connection. Knowledge
dwells
In heads replete with thoughts of other men.
Wisdom in minds attentive to their own.
William Cowper.
Man, if he compare himself with all that he
can see, is at the zenith of power ; but if he
compare himself with all that he can conceive,
he is at the nadir of weakness.
Caleb C, Colton : Laeon.
Deep subtle wits.
In truth, are master-spirits in the world.
The brave man's courage and the student's lore
Are but as tools his secret ends to work,
Who hath the skill to use them.
Joanna Baillie.
Theology will find out in good time that there
is no atheism at once so stupid and so harmful
as the fancying God to be afraid of any knowl-
edge with which he has enabled man to equip
himself.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World,
Labor.
Honest labor bears a lovely face.
Thomas Dekker : Patient Grissell.
How much more admirable is this tawny
vigor, the badge of fruitful toil, than the crop
of early muscle that heads out under the forc-
ing-gla.ss of the gymnisium !
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
I have also seen the world, and after long ex-
perience have discovered that ennui is our great-
est enemy, and rcmuneralive labor our most last-
ing friend. Moser.
The labor we delight in physics pain.
Sfiakspeare : Macbeth.
Bodily labor alleviates the pains of the mind ;
and hence arises the happiness of the poor.
La Rochefoucauld.
A Lady.
And, when a lady's in the case,
You know all other things give place.
John Gay : Fables.
Lamentation.
Accept, thou shrine of my dead saint.
Instead of dirges, this complaint ;
And for sweet flowers to- crown thy hearse
Receive a strew of weeping verse
From thy grieved friend, whom thou might'st
see
Quite melted into tears for thee.
Henry King : Exequy.
Language.
A burlesque word is often a mighty sermon.
Boihau.
Language is the mirror of the soul, catching
its most delicate hues, its most fleeting emotion,
preserving them in their original vitality and
freshness, and transmitting them from age to
age, making each successive generation the in-
heritor of the collected wisdom of the past.
Asahel C. Kendrick.
I swear
I have wandered about in the world every-
where ;
From many strange mouths have heard many
strange tongues ;
Strained with many strange idioms my lips and
my lungs ;
Walked in many a far land, regretting my own ;
In many a language groaned many a groan ;
LAUGHTER
602
LAWS
And have often had reason to curse those wild
fellows
Who built the big house at which Heaven
turned jealous,
Making human audacity stumble and stammer
When seized by the throat in the hard gripe of
Grammar.
But the language of languages dearest to me
Is that in which once, ma toiite ckerie,
When, together, we bent o'er your nosegay for
hours,
You explained what was silently said by the
flowers.
And, selecting the sweetest of all, sent a flame
Through my heart, as in laughing, you mur-
mured, Je t'airne.
The Italians have voices like peacocks j the
Spanish
Smell. I fancy, of garlic ; the Swedish and Dan-
ish
Have something too Runic, too rough and un-
shod, in
Their accents for mouths not descended from
Odin;
German gives me a cold in the head, sets me
wheezing
And coughing ; and Russian is nothing but
sneezing ;
But, by Belus and Babel ! I never have heard,
And I never shall hear (I well know it), one
word
Of that delicate idiom of Paris without
Feeling morally sure, beyond question or doubt,
By the wild way in which my heart inwardly
fluttered
That my heart's native tongue to my heart had
been uttered.
And whene'er I hear French spoken as I ap-
prove
I feel myself quietly falling in love.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
The writer, or even the student, of history
ought, if possible, to know all nations in their
own tongue. Languages have one inscru-
table origin — as have all national peculiarities
— and he has but an imperfect knowledge of a
people who does not know their language.
Niebuhr.
Laughter.
A silly laugh's the silliest thing I know.
Catullus.
Laughing is peculiar to man ; but all men do
not laugh for the same reason. Goldonu
Nobody who is afraid of laughing, and hearti-
ly too, at his friend, can be said to have a true
and thorough love for him ; and, on the other
hand, it would betray a sorry want of faith to
distrust a friend because he laughs at you.
Few men, I believe, are much worth loving, in
whom there is not something well worth laugh-
ing at. . . . This incongruity and incomplete-
ness, this contrast between the pure spiritual
principle and the manner and form of its mani-
festation, contain the essence of the ridiculous.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
We laugh but little in our days, but are we
less frivolous ? Berangcr.
We must laugh before we are happy, lest we
should die without having laughed.
La Brttyire.
Man is the only creature endowed with the
power of laughter ; is he not also the only one
that deserves to be laughed at ? Henri Griville.
Our comedians think there is no delight with-
out laughter, which is very wrong ; for though
laughter may come with delight, yet cometh it
not of delight, as though delight should be the
cause of laughter ; but well may one thing
breed two together. Sir Philip Sidney.
Lavishness.
Know you not,
The fire that mounts the liquor till it run o'er
In seeming to augment it, wastes it?
Shakspeare : Henry VIII.
Law.
Every man should know something of law.
If he knows enough to keep out of it, he is a
pretty good lawyer. Josh Billings.
Of law there can be no less acknowledged
than that her seat is the bosom of God, her
voice the harmony of the world ; all things in
heaven and earth do her homage, the very least
as feeling her care, and the greatest as not ex-
empted from her power. Thomas Hooker.
Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the
law. Oliver Goldsmith : The Traveller.
The law is a sort of hocus-pocus science, that]
smiles in yer face while it picks yer pocket ; and
the glorious uncertainty of it is of mair use to
the professors than the justice of it.
Charles Macklin : Love a la mode.
The law is good, if a man use it lawfully.
/ Timothy i, S.
There is a higher law than the constitution.
William H. Seward.
To matter or to force
The All is not confined ;
Beside the law of things
Is set the law of mind ;
One speaks in rock and star.
And one within the brain ;
In unison at times.
And then apart again ;
And both in one have brought us hither.
That we may know our whence and whither.
Francis Turner Palgrave : The Reign of Law.
Where law ends, tyranny begins.
William Pitt : Speech.
Laws.
For as laws are necessary that good manners
may be preserved, so there is need of good man-
ners that laws may be maintained. Machiavelli.
Where there are laws, he who has not broken
them need not tremble. Aljieri.
\
LAWYER
603
LEARNING
Lawyer.
Our lawyer is never equal to our case.
Anonymous.
Laziness.
1 can't abide to see men throw away their
tools i' that way, the minute the clock begins to
strike, as if they took no pleasure i' their work,
and was afraid o' doing a stroke too much. ...
The very grindstone 'ull go on turning a bit
after you loose it. Geor^^-e Eliot.
Sloth makes all things difficult, but Industry
all easy ; and he that riseth late must trot all
day, and shall scarce overtake his business at
night ; while Laziness travels so slowly that
Poverty soon overtakes him.
Benjamin Franklin.
Leaden.
There is always room for a man of force, and
he makes room for many. Society is a troop of
thinkers, and the best heads among them take
the best places. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
LeadersUp.
An army of stags with a lion at their head, is
better than an army of lions with a slag at
their head. Philip of Macedon.
Learning.
A little learning is a dangerous thing;
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring ;
There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain,
And drinking largely sobers us again.
AUxander Pope : Essay on Oitidsm.
Because thy library is full of books which
thou hast bought, dost thou think thyself a man
of letters? Ausonius.
Besides, 'tis known he could speak Greek
As naturally as pigs squeak ;
That Latin was no more difficile
Than to a blackbird 'tis to whistle.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Heaven first taught letters for some wretch's
*'<*» ..
Some banished lover, or some captive maid
Alexander Pope : Eloisa to Ab/lard.
He was a scholar, and a ripe and good one ;
Exceeding wise, fair spoken, and persuading:
Lofty, and sour, to them that loved him not ;
But to those men that sought him, sweet as
summer. Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
How index-learning turns no student pale.
Yet holds the eel of science by the tail.
Alexander Pope : The Dunciad.
In the election of those instruments which it
pleased God to use for the plantation of the
faith, notwithstanding that at the first he did
employ persons altogether unlearned, otherwise
than by inspiration, more evidently to declare
his immediate working, and to abase all human
wisdom or knowledge, yet, nevertheless, that
counsel of his was no sooner performed, but in
the next vicissitude and succession he did send
his divine truth into the world waited on with
other learnings, as with servants or handmaids :
for so we see St. Paul, who was the only learned
among the apostles, had his hand most used in
the scriptures of the New Testament.
Lord Bacon : Advancement of Leartting.
Learning hath gained most by those books by
which the printers have lost.
Thomas Fuller : Of Books.
Let the soldier be abroad if he will, he can
do nothing in this age. There is another per-
sonage, a personage less imposing, in the eyes of
some perhaps insignificant. The schoolmaster
is abroad, and I trust to him, armed with his
primer, against the soldier in full military array.
Lord Brougham : Speech.
Much of this world's wisdom is still acquired
by necromancy — by consulting the oracular
dead. Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Whence thy learning ? Hath thy toil
O'er books consumed the midnight oil ?
John Gay : The Shepherd and the Philosopher.
With just enough of learning to misquote.
Lord Byron :
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
You beat your pate, and fancy wit will come :
Knock as you please, there's nobody at home.
Alexander Pope : Epigram.
To the end that learning may not be buried
in the graves of our forefathers in church and
commonwealth, the Lord assisting our endeav-
ors, it is therefore ordered by this court and au-
thority thereof, that every township in this juris-
diction, after the Lord hath increased them to
fifty householders, shall then forthwith appoint
one within their towns to teach all such children
as shall resort to him, to write and read.
Laws of Massachusetts, 1647.
Small have continual plodders ever won
Save base authority from others' books.
These earthly godfathers of heaven's lights
That give a name to every fix<^d star
Have no more profit of their shining nights
Than those that walk and wot not what they
are. Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
Your learning, like the lunar beam, affords
Light i)ut not heat ; it leaves you undevout,
Frozen at heart, while speculation shines.
Edward Young.
No man is wiser for his learning ; it may ad-
minister matter to work in, or objects to work
upon ; but wit and wisdom are bom with a
man. John Selden,
For where is any author in the world
Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye ?
Learning is but an adjunct to ourself.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
To be proud of learning is the greatest igno-
rance. Jeremy Taylor.
Who can tell whether learning may not even
weaken invention, in a man that has great ad-
LEISURE
604
LIBERTY
vantages from nature and birth ; whether the
weight and number of so many men's thoughts
and notions may not suppress his own, or hinder
the motion and agitation of them, from which
all invention arises ; as heaping on wood, or too
many sticks, or too close together, suppresses
and sometimes quite extinguishes a little spark,
that would otherwise have grown up to a noble
flame. Sir William Temple.
He that wants good sense is unhappy in hav-
ing learning, for he has thereby only more ways
of exposing himself; and he that has sense
knows that learning is not knowledge, but
rather the art of using it. Sir Richard Steele.
What is it, then, to be educated? It is to
learn to apply the natural conceptions to each
thing severally according to nature ; and fur-
ther, to discern that of things that exist some
are m our own power and the rest are not in our
own power. And things that are in our own
power are the will, and all the works of the will.
And things that are not in our own power are
the body, and the parts of the body, and pos-
sessions and parents and brethren and children
and country, and, in a word, our associates.
Epictetus.
You will find that it is the modest, not the
presumptuous inquirer, who makes a real and
safe progress in the discovery of divine truths.
One follows Nature and Nature's God — that is,
lie follows God in his works and in his word.
Lord Bolingbroke : Letter to Mr. Pope.
Leisure.
He can not have a great deal of mind who
can not afford to let the larger part of it lie fal-
low. Margaret Fuller.
He that lacks time to mourn, lacks time to
mend.
Eternity mourns that. 'Tis an ill cure
For life's worst ills, to have no time to feel
them.
Where sorrow 's held intrusive and turned
out,
There wisdom will not enter, nor true power,
Nor aught that dignifies humanity.
Henry Taylor: Philip Van Artevelde.
I congratulate you on your leisure. I recom-
mend you to keep it as your gold, as your
wealth, as your means, out of which you win
the leisure you have to think, the leisure you
have to be let alone, the leisure you have to
throw the plummet with your hand, and sound
the depths and find out what is below ; the
leisure you have to walk about the towers of
yourself, and find how strong they are, or how
weak they are, and determine what needs build-
ing up, and determine how to shape them, that
you may make the final being that you are to
be. Oh, those hours of building !
James A. Garfield: Address at Hiram College.
The art of being elegantly and strenuously
idle is lost. James Russell Lowell : Essav on Gray.
If you suppress the exorbitant love of pleas-
ure and money, idle curiosity, iniquitous pur-
suits and wanton mirth, what a stillness there
would be in the greatest cities ! The necessaries
of life do not occasion, at most, a third part of
the hurry. La Bruyere.
You can not give an instance of any man who
is permitted to lay out his own time, contriving
not to have tedious hours, Samuel Johnson.
Lenity.
When lenity and cnielty play for a kingdom,
the gentler gamester is the soonest winner.
Shakspeare.
It is only necessary to grow old to become
more indulgent. I see no fault committed that
I have not committed myself. Goethe.
Letters.
Would you desire at this day to read our noble
language in its native beauty, picturesque form,
idiomatic propriety, racy in its phraseology,
delicate yet sinewy in its composition ? — steal the
mail- bags, and break open all the letters in female
handwriting. Thomas De Quincey.
Levity.
Levity of behavior is the bane of all that is
good and virtuous. Seneca.
Lil)erality.
Free-livers on a small scale, who are prodigal
within the compass of a guinea.
Washington Irving : The Stout Gentleman.
Liberality consists less in giving profusely
than in giving judiciously. La Bruyere.
Liberty.
Behold ! in Liberty's unclouded blaze
We lift our heads, a race of other days.
Charles Sprague : Centennial Ode.
Freedom ! the tyrants kill thy braves.
Yet in our memories live the sleepers ;
And, though doomed millions feed the graves
Dug by Death's fierce, red-handed reapers,
The world shall not forever bow
To things which mock God's own endeavor ;
'Tis nearer than they wot of now.
When flowers shall wreathe the sword for-
ever.
Gerald Massey : The People's Advent.
How false is the conception, how frantic the
pursuit, of that treacherous phantom which men
call Liberty : most treacherous, indeed, of all
phantoms ; for the feeblest ray of reason might
surely show us, that not only its attainment, but
its being, was impossible. There is no such
thing in the universe. There can never be.
The stars have it not ; the earth has it not ; the
sea has it not ; and we men have the mockery
and semblance of it only for our heaviest pun-
ishment.
John Ruskin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
How long, O Lord, how long
Doth thy handmaid linger?
LIBERTY
605
LIFE
She who shall right the wrong —
Make the oppressed strong —
Sweet morrow, bring her !
Hasten her over the sea,
O Lord, ere hope be fled —
Bring her to men and to me !
O slave, pray still on thy knee —
" Freedom's ahead ! "
Ro6ert Buchanan : The Old Politician.
In prostrating me, they have only thrown
down the tree of liberty in San Domingo. It
will yet repel them with its roots, which are
deep and numerous. Toussaint LOuverture.
Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be
purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know not what
course others may take ; but as for me. give me
liberty or give me death ! Patrick Henry.
Liberty is the right to do what the laws al-
low ; and if a citizen could do what they forbid,
it would be no longer liberty, because others
would have the same powers. Montesquieu.
Liberty must be limited in order to be en-
joyed. Edmund Burke.
Oh, that ej^le of Freedom ! age dims not his eye ;
He has seen earth's mortality spring, bloom,
and die ;
He has seen the strong nations rise, flourish, and
fall;
He mocks at Time's changes, he triumphs o'er
all.
He has seen our own land with wild forests
o'erspread ;
He sees it with suiishine and joy on its head ;
And his presence will bless this his own chosen
clime.
Till the archangel's fiat is set upon Time.
Alfred B. Street : The Gray Forest Eagle.
O Liberty ! Liberty I how many crimes are
committed in thy name ! Madame Koland.
Stone walls do not a prison make.
Nor iron bars a cage ;
Minds innocent and quiet take
That for a hermitage.
If I have freedom in my love,
And in my soul am free.
Angels alone that soar above
Enjoy such liberty.
Richard Lovelace : To Althea, from Prison.
The God who gave us life, gave us liberty at
the same time. Thomas Jefferson.
The God who made earth's iron would create
no slave ; therefore he gave the sabre, the
sword, the spear, for man's right hand. Hence
he imbued him with courage, and lent the ac-
cents of wrath to freedom's voice, that be might
maintain the feud till death. Arndt.
The tree of liberty only grows when watered
by the blood of tyrants. Bertrand Barkre.
Whether in chains or in laurels, liberty knows
nothing but victories. Wendell Phillips.
You ask me why. though ill at ease.
Within this region I subsist,
Whose spirits falter in the mist,
And languish for the purple seas?
It is the land that freemen till.
That sober-suited Freedom chose —
The land where, girt with friends or foes,
A man may speak the thing he will.
Alfred Tennyson : You ask me why.
Eternal spirit of the chain less mind !
Brightest in dungeons. Liberty ! thou art.
For there thy habitation is the heart —
The heart which love of thee alone can bind ;
And when thy sons to fetters are consigned —
To fetters and the damp vault's dayless
gloom,
Their country conquers with their martyr-
dom.
And freedom's fame finds wings on every wind.
Lord Byron : Sonnet on Chilian.
Who rules o'er freemen should himself be
free. Henry Brooke : Gustavus Vasa.
Lioenae.
Ah ! what an opening for profligacy thou
wilt make ! so that in process of time life itseK
will be a burden. For we all become worse
from too much liberty. Whatever comes into
his head, he will have, nor will he consider
whether it be right or wrong. Terentius.
Corrupted freemen are the worst of slaves.
David Garrick : The Gamesters.
I must have liberty
Withal, as large a charter as the wind,
To blow on whom I please.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
License they mean when they cry liberty.
John Milton : Sonnet.
Lies.
A lie hath no feet Hebrew proverb.
Sin has many tools, but a lie is the handle
that fits them all. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Life.
A good man doubles the length of his exist-
ence. To have lived so as to look back with
pleasure on our past existence, is to live twice.
Martial.
A knowledge of the nothingness of life is
seldom acquired except by superior minds.
Lady Blessington.
All the world 's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players :
They have their exits and their entrances ;
And one man in his time plays many parts —
His acts being seven ages. At first, the in-
fant.
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woful ballad
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LIFE
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard ;
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel.
Seeking the bubble Reputation
Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the
justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined.
With eyes severe, and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances —
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon,
With spectacle on nose and pouch on side ;
His youthful hose well saved, a world too wide
For his shruiik shank ; and his big, manly voice.
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion :
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans — every-
thing. Shakspcare : As You Like It.
I And so, from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe,
I And then, from hour to hour, we rot and rot.
And thereby hangs a tale.
' Shakspeare : As You Like It.
And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish, and short.
Thomas Hobbes : Leviat/ian.
And what is life ? An hour-glass on the run,
A mist retreating from the morning sun,
A busy, bustling, still-repeated dream.
Its length ? A minute's pause, a moment's
thought.
And happiness ? A bubble on the stream. ■
That in the act of seizing shrinks to naught.
John Clare : What is Life ?
An elegant sufficiency, content,
Retirement, rural quiet, friendship, books.
Ease and alternate labor, useful life.
Progressive virtue, and approving Heaven !
James Thomson : The Seasons.
A sacred burden is this life ye bear :
I^ook on it, lift it, bear it solemnly,
Stand up and walk beneath it steadfastly.
Fail not for sorrow, falter not for sin.
But onward, upward, till the goal ye win.
Frances Anne Kemble.
Behold the child, by Nature's kindly law.
Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw.
Some livelier plaything gives his youth deli"-ht,
A little louder, but as empty quite.
Scarfs, garters, gold, amuse his riper stage,
And beads and prayer-books are the toys of
age.
Pleased with this bauble still, as that before,
Till tired he sleeps, and life's poor play is o'er.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Between two worlds life hovers, like a star
'Twixt night and morn upon the horizon's
verge :
How little do we know that which we are !
How less what we may be ! The eternal surge
Of time and tide rolls on, and bears afar
Our bubbles ; as the old burst, new energe.
Lashed from the foam of ages ; while the graves
Of empires heave but like some passing waves.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Every man truly lives so long as he acts his
nature, or in some way makes good the faculties
of himself. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Everything came to him marked by Nature,
Right side up with care, and he kept it so.
James R. Lowell.
For v/ho would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being.
Those thoughts that wander through eternity.
To perish rather, swallowed up and lost
In the wide womb of uncreated night ?
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Give me my scallop-shell of quiet.
My staff of faith to walk upon ;
My scrip of joy — immortal diet ;
My bottle of salvation ;
My gown of glory, hope's true gauge :
And thus I'll take my pilgrimage !
Blood must be my body's 'balmer.
No other balm will there be given ;
Whilst my soul, like quiet palmer,
Travelleth toward the land of heaven.
Sir Walter Raleigh : The Pilgrimage.
How many who, after having achieved fame
and fortune, recall with regret the time when
they had nothing but courage, which is the
virtue of the young, and hope, which is the
treasure of the poor ! H. Murger.
I am ! how little more I know !
Whence came I ? Whither do I go?
A centred self, which feels and is :
A cry between the silences ;
A shadow-birth of clouds at strife
With sunshine on the hills of life ;
A shaft from Nature's quiver cast
Into the Future from the Past ;
Between the cradle and the shroud,
A meteor's flight from cloud to cloud.
John G. Whittier : Questions of Life.
If life be as a voyage, foul or fair.
Oh, bid me not my banners furl
For adverse gale, or wave in angry whirl.
Till I have found the gates of pearl.
And anchored there. .
Charles Warren Stoddard: A Rhyme of Life.
I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano ;
A stage, where every man must play a part.
And mine a sad one.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
I maintain that those who have died honora-
bly are alive, rather than that those live who
lead dishonored lives. Euripides.
I often shed tears in the motley Strand, for
feeling of joy at so much life. Charles Lamb.
I strove with none, for none was worth my
strife ;
Nature I loved, and next to Nature, Art ;
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607
LIFE
I warmed both hands before the fire of life :
It sinks, and I am ready to depart.
IValUr Savage Landor :
On his Seventy-fifth Birthday.
It is a brief period of life that is granted to
us by Nature, but the memory of a well-spent
life never dies. Cicero.
It is nothing to die ; it is frightful not to live.
Victor Hugo.
Life is a jest, and all things show it ;
I thought so once, and now I know it.
John Gay : My own Epitaph.
Life is a series of surprises, and would not be
worth taking or keeping if it were not. God de-
lights to isolate us every day, and hide from us
the past and the future. Ralph Waldo Ltnerson.
Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale
Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man.
S/iakspeate : King John.
Life is long enough to him who knows how
to use it. Working and thinking extond its
limits. Voltaire.
Life is made up, not of great sacrifices or
dutie.-,, but of little things, in which smiles and
kindnesses and small obligations, given habitu-
ally, are what win and preserve the heart and
secure comfort. i»r Humphry Davy.
Life is so much more tremendous a thing in
its heights and depths than any transcript of
it can be, that all records of human experience
are as so many bound herbaria to the innumer-
able glowintj, glistening, nestling, breathing, fra-
grance-laden, poison-sucking, life-giving, death-
disiilling leaves and flowers of the forest and
the prairies. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Life, like a dome of many-colored glass,
Stains the white radiance of eternity.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Adonais.
Life often resembles the trai:utree, with its
thorns directed upward, on which the bear
easily clambers up to the honey-bait, but from
which he can slide down again only under se-
vere stings. Richter.
Life 's a vast sea
That does its mighty errand without fail.
Panting in unchanged strength though waves
are changing.
George Eliot : Spanish Gypsy.
Life 's but a walking shadow ; a poor player.
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more : it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fur)-.
Signifying nothing. Shakspearc : Macbeth.
Life that dares send
A challenge to his end.
And when it comes say, Welcome, friend !
Richard Crashaw :
Wishes to his Supposed Mistress.
Life would be quite tolerable if it were not
for its amusements. Sir George Lewis.
Like to an arrow from the bow.
Or like swift course of water-flow.
Or like that time 'twixt flood and ebb,
Or like the spider's tender web.
Or like a race, or like a goal.
Or like the dealing of a dole :
Even such is man, whose brittle state
Is always subject unto Fate.
The arrow's shot, the flood soon spent,
The time's no time, the web soon rent.
The race soon run, the goal soon won,
The dole soon dealt — man's life is done !
Simon H'astel: Man's Mortality.
Live while you live, the epicure would say.
And seize the pleasures of the present day.
Live while you live, the sacred preacher cries.
And give to God each moment as it flies.
Lord, in my views let both united be :
I live in pleasure when I live to thee.
Philip Doddridge : Family .4rms.
Love not ! O warning vainly said
In present hours as in years gone by !
Love flings a halo round the dear one's head.
Faultless, immortal, till they change or die.
Love not !
Caroline Norton : Love Not.
Man has been lent to life, not given over to
it. Publius Syrus.
Man that is bom of woman is of few days,
and full of trouble. Job xiv, /.^
My heart leaps up when I behold
A rainbow in the sky ;
So was it when my life began,
So is it now I am a man.
So be it when I shall grow old.
Or let me die !
The child is father of the man ;
And I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety.
William Wordsworth : 7 he Rainbow.
My prime of youth is but a frost of cares ;
My feast of joy is but a dish of pain ;
My crop of com is but a field of tares.
And all my goods is but vain hope of gain.
The day is fled, and yet I saw no sun.
And now I live, and now my life is done !
Chediock Tichebome :
Verses written in the Tower of London.
O life ! thou art a galling load,
Along a rough, a weary road,
"To wretches such as I !
Robert Bums : Despondency.
On life's vast ocean diversely we sail.
Reason the card, but passion is the gale.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Only actions give life strength, only modera-
tion gives it a charm. Richter.
On parent knees, a naked, new-born child.
Weeping thou sat'st while all around thee smiled;
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608
LIFE
So live that, sinking to thy last long sleep,
Calm thou mayst smile, while all around thee
weep !
Sir William Jones : From the Persian.
Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting ;
The soul that rises with us, our life's star,
Hath had elsewhere its setting.
And Cometh from afar.
Not in entire forgetfulness.
And not in utter nakedness.
But trailing clouds of glory, do we come
From God, who is our home !
Heaven lies about us in our infancy !
Shades of the prison-house begin to close
Upon the growing boy ;
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows —
He sees it in his joy.
The youth, who daily farther from the east
Must travel, still is Nature's priest.
And by the vision splendid
Is on his way attended ;
At length the man perceives it die away.
And fade into the light of common day.
William Wordsworth : Ode on Immortality.
O youth immortal ! O undying love !
VVith these by winter fireside we'll sit down
Wearing our snows of honor like a crown ;
And sing as in a grove.
Where the full nests ring out with happy cheer,
" Summer is here ! "
Dinah Mulock Craik : Summer Gone.
Tell me not, in mournful numbers.
Life is but an empty dream,
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.
Henry W. Longfellow : Psalm of Life.
That life is long which answers life's great
end. Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
The idle business of shows, plays on the stage,
flocks of sheep, hertls, exercises with spears, a
bone cast to little dogs, a bit of bread in fish-
ponds, laborings of ants, and burden-carrying,
runnings about of little frightened mice, pup-
pets pulled by strings — this is what life resem-
bles. It is thy duty, then, in the midst of such
things to show good-humor, and not a proud
air : to understand, however, that eveiy man is
worth just as much as the things are worth
about which he busies himself.
Marcus Aurelius.
There are new eras in one's life that are
equivalent to youth — are something better than
youth. George Eliot.
There is more courage in supporting an ex-
istence like mine than in abandoning it.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
There is no knowledge for which so great a
price is paid as a knowledge of the world ; and
no one_ ever became an adept in it except at the
expense of a hardened or a wounded heart.
Lady Blessington.
The waves of life toss our destinies like sea-
weeds detached from the rock. Houses are
ships which receive but passengers. Souvestre.
The web of our life is of a mingled yarn,
good and ill together.
Shakspeare : All's Well that Ends Well.
The world is a comedy to those who think, a
tragedy to those who feel. Horace Walpolc.
The world itself is but a large prison, out of
which some are daily led to execution.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
The world was given us for our edification,
not for the purpose of raising sumptuous build-
ings ; life, for the discharge of moral and re-
ligious duties, not for pleasurable indulgence ;
wealth, to be liberally bestowed, not avariciously
hoarded ; learning, to produce good actions, not
empty disputes. . Arabic Inscription.
Think naught a trifle, though it small appear ;
Small sands the mountain, moments make the
year.
And trifles, life.
Edward Young : Love of Fame.
To hear, to heed, to wed.
Fair lot that maidens choose ;
Thy mother's tenderest words are said,
Thy face no more she views.
Thy mother's lot, my dear.
She doth in naught accuse :
Her lot to bear, to nurse, to rear.
To love — and ther^ to lose.
Jean Ingelvw : Giving in Marriage.
We are two heroes come from strife ;
Where have we been fighting?
On the battle-field of life.
Doing wrong, wrong righting.
Forth we went a gallant band —
Youth, Love, Gold, and Pleasure ;
Who, we said, can us withstand ?
Who dare lances measure?
Mark Lemon : Last poem.
We ask for long life ; but 'tis deep life or
grand moments that signify. Let the measure
of time be spiritual, not mechanical.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
We live in deeds, not years ; in thoughts, not
breaths ;
In feelings, not in figures on a dial.
We should count time by heart-throbs. He
most lives
Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the
best. Philip James Bailey : Festtis.
We look forward to living, and yet never
live. Fontenelle. ,
What is our life but an endless flight of
winged facts or events ! In splendid variety
these changes come, ^11 putting questions to the
human spirit. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
What shadows we are, and what shadows we
pursue
Edmund Burke.
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609
LIFE
When all the blandishments of life are gone,
The coward sneaks to death, the brave live on.
George Sewell : 1 he Suicide.
When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat.
Yet, fooled with hope, men favor the deceit ;
Trust on, and think to-morrow will repay :
To-morrow 's falser than the former day ;
Lies worse ; and, while it says we shall be blest
With some new joys, cuts off what we possessed.
Strange cozenage ! none would live past years
again.
Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain ;
And from the dregs of life think to receive
What the first sprightly running could not give.
John Dryden : A urungzebe.
When all is done, human life is, at the great-
est and best, but a froward child, that must be
played with and humored a little to keep it
quiet till it falls asleep, and then the care is
over. Sir William Temple.
It is not perhaps much thought of, but it is
certainly a very important lesson, to learn how
to enjoy ordinary life, an<l to be able to relish
your being without the transport of some pas-
sion, or gratification of some appetite. For
want of this capacity the world is filled with
whetters, tipplers, cutters, sippers, and all the
numerous train of those who, for want of think-
ing, are forced to be ever exercising their feel-
ing or tasting. Sir Richard Steele.
To-morrow, and tomorrow, and to-morrow,
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day.
To the last syllable of recorded time ;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief can-
dle !
Life's but a walking shadow ; a poor player.
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage.
And then is heard no more : it is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury.
Signifying nothing. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Reason thus with life : A breath thou art,
(Servile to all the skiey influences),
That dost this habitation, where thou keep'st,
Hourly afflict : merely, thou art death's fool ;
For him thou labor'st by thy flight to shun.
And yet runn'st towards him still : Thou art
not noble ;
For all the acc:mmodations that thou bear'st
Are nursed by baseness : Thou art by no means
valiant ;
For thou dost fear the soft and tender fork
Of a poor worm : Thy best of rest is sleep.
And that thou oft provokest.
Thou art not thyself;
For thou exist'st on many a thousand grains
That issue out of dust : Happy thou art not ;
For what thou hast not, still thou striv'st to
get;
And what thou hast, forget'st : Thou art not
certain ;
For thy complexion shifts to strange effects.
After the moon : If thou art rich, thou art
poor;
For, like an ass, whose back with ingots bows ;
Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey,
And death unloads thee : Friends hast thou
none ;
For thine own bowels, which do call thee sire.
The mere effusion of thy proper loins.
Do curse the gout, serpigo, and the rheum.
For ending thee no sooner : Thou hast nor
youth nor age ;
But, as it were, an after-dinner's sleep.
Dreaming on both : for all thy blessed youth
Becomes as aged, and doth beg the alms
Of palsied eld ; and when thou art old, and
rich.
Thou hast neither heart, affection, liiftb, nor
beauty.
To make thy riches pleasant. Yet in this life
Lie hid more thousand deaths : yet death we
fear. Shakspeare : Measure for Measure.
As it is the chief concern of wise men to re-
trench the evils of life by the reasonings of phi-
losophy, it is the employment of fools to multi-
ply them by the sentiments of superstition.
Joseph Addison.
If you would be known and not know, vege-
tate in a village. If you would know and not
be known, live in a city.
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
How blest should we be, have I often conceived.
Had we really achieved what we nearly achieved !
We but catch at the skirts of the thing we would
be.
And fall back on the lap of a false destiny.
So it will be, so has been, since this world be-
gan !
And the happiest, noblest, and best part of man
Is the part which he never hath fully played
out :
For the first and last word in life's volume is —
Doubt.
The face the most fair to our vision allowed
Is the face we encounter and lose in the crowd.
The thought that most thrills our existence is
one
Which, before we can frame it in language, is
gone.
Horace ! the rustic still rests by the river,
But the river flows on, and flows past him for-
ever !
Who can sit down, and say, " What I will be,
I will " ?
Who stand up, and affirm, " What I was, I am
still"?
Who is it that must not, if questioned, say,
"What
1 would have remained or become, 1 am not " ?
We are ever behind, or beyond, or beside
Our intrinsic existence. Forever at hide
And seek with our souls. Not in Hades alone
Doth Sisyphus roll, ever frustrate, the stone, •
Do the Danaids ply, ever vainly, the sieve.
Tasks as futile does earth to its denizens give.
Yet there's none so unhappy, but what he hath
been
Just about to be happy, at some time, I ween ;
LIGHT
6io
LITERARY FAME
And none so beguiled and defrauded by chance,
But what once in his life, some minute circum-
stance
Would have fully sufficed to secure him the
bliss
Which, missing it then, he forever must miss.
And to most of us, ere we go down to the grave,
Life, relenting, accords the good gift we would
have ; ...
But, as though by some strange imperfection in
fate,
The good gift, when it comes, comes a moment
too late.
The Future's great veil our breath fitfully flaps.
And behind it broods ever the mighty perhaps.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : l^ucile.
When I was born.
From all the seas of strength Fate filled a chal-
ice.
Saying : " This be thy portion, child— this chal-
ice.
Less than a lily's, thou shalt daily draw
From my great arteries — nor less nor more."
All substances the cunning chemist Time
Melts down into that liquor of my life-
Friends, foes, joys, fortunes, beauty, and disgust ;
And whether I am angry or content,
Indebted or insulted, loved or hurt,
All he distills into sidereal wine.
And brims my little cup ; heedless, alas !
Of all he sheds, how little it will hold.
How much rains over on the desert sands.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Day's Ration.
Who breathes, must suffer, and who thinks,
must mourn ;
And he alone is blessed who ne'er was bom.
Matthew Prior:
Solomon on the Vanity of the World.
Light.
Hail, holy light, offspring of Heaven first born.
Or of the eternal co-eternal beam.
May I express thee unblamed? since God is
light,
And never but in unapproached light
Dwelt from eternity, dwell then in thee.
Bright effluence of bright essence increate.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Likes.
If it be impossible for a man to like every-
thing, it is quite possible for him to avoid being
driven mad by what does not please him ; nay,
it is the imperative duty of a wise man to find
out what that secret is which makes a thing
pleasing to another.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Limitation.
A.S we advance in life we learn the limits of
our abilities. James A. Froude.
I have learned to seek my happiness by limit-
ing my desires, rather than in attempting to sat-
isfy them. John Stuart Mill.
It is sad to think that the day may come to
each of us when we shall have ceased to hope
for discovery and for progress ; when a thing will
seem a ptiori false to us, simply because it is
new ; and when we shall say querulously to the
Divine Light which lightens every man who
comes into the world, " Hither shalt thou come,
and no farther." Charles Kingsley.
Man is not born to solve the problems of the
universe, but to find out where the problem be-
gins, and then to restrain himself within the
limits of the comprehensible. Goethe.
We know but what we see —
Like cause and like event .
One constant force runs on.
Transmuted but unspent.
Because they are, they are ;
The mind may frame a plan ;
*Tis from herself she draws
A special thought for man :
The natural choice that brought us hither,
Is silent on the whence and whither.
Francis Turner Palgraze : The Reign of Law.
Limitations.
But now I'm cabined, cribbed, confined,
Bound into saucy doubts and fears.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Let us then understand what is within our
reach ; we are something, and yet not every-
thing. Pascal.
Lips.
Those cherries fairly do enclose
Of orient pearl a double row,
Whicn, when her lovely laughter shows.
They look like rosebuds filled with snow.
Richard Allison :
An Hour's Recreation in Music.
Listening.
Young man. Nature gave us one tongue, but
two ears, that we may hear just twice as much
as we speak. Anonymous.
Were we as eloquent as angels, yet should we
please some men, some women, and some chil-
dren much more by listening than by talking.
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
Literalness.
It is not in the bond.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Literary Fame.
A feeling of comical sadness is likely to come
over the mind of any middle-aged man who sets
himself to recollecting the names of different
authors that have been famous, and the number
of contemporary immortalities whose end he
has seen since coming to manhood.
James Russell Loiuell: Carlyle.
What is it that relegates divine Cowley to
that remote, uncivil Pontus of the " British ,
Poets," and keeps garrulous Pepys within the
cheery circle of the evening lamp and fire?
Originality, eloquence, sense, imagination — not
one of them is enough by itself, but only in
some happy mixture and proportion. Imagina-
tion seems to possess in itself more of the anti-
septic property than any other single quality ;
LITERATURE
6il
LONELINESS
but without less showy and more substantial
allies it can at best give only deathlessness
without the perpetual youth that makes it other
than dreary. James Russell Lowell : Carlyle.
Literature.
A good discourse is that from which nothing
can be retrenched without cutting into the
quick. finelott.
As one who, destined from his friends to part.
Regrets his loss, but hopes again, erewhile,
To share their converse and enjoy their smile,
And tempers, as he may, affliction's dart —
Thus, loved associates ! chiefs of elder art !
I'eachers of wisdom ! who could once be-
guile
My tedious hours, and lighten every toil,
I now resign you — nor with fainting heart.
For, pass a few short years, or days, or hours,
And happier seasons may their dawn unfold.
And all your sacred fellowship restore ;
When, freed from earth, unlimited its powers,
Mind shall with mind direct communion hold.
And kindred spirits meet to part no more.
William Koscoe : On parting ivith his Books.
Books are good enough in their own way, but
they are a mighty bloodless substitute for life.
Robert Louis Stexenson : Apology for IdUrs.
lie hath never fed of the dainties that are
bred in a book.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
"In good prose," says Frederick Schlegel,
" every word should be underlined." That is,
every word should be the right word ; and then
no word would be righter than another.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
It is more difficult to ascertain and establish
the merits of a poem than the powers of a ma-
chine or the benefits of a new remedy. Hence
it is in literature that quackery is most easily
puffed, and excellence most easily decried.
Thomas B. Macaulay :
On the Royal Society of Literature.
Literature is, and always must be, insepara-
bly blended with politics and theology ; it is
the great engine which moves the feelings of a
people on the most momentous questions.
Anonymous.
Of making many books there is no end ; and
much study is a weariness of the flesh.
t-cclesiastes xii, 12.
O that mine adversary had written a book !
Job xxxi, 2j,
We daily behold the varied and beautiful
tribes of vegetables springing up, flourishing,
adorning the fields for a short time, and then
fading into dust, to make way for their success-
ors. Were not this the case, the fecundity of
nature would be a grievance instead of a bless-
ing ; the earth would groan with rank and ex-
cessive vegetation, and its surface become a
tangled wilderness. In like manner, the works
of genius and learning decline, and make way
for subsequent productions. Language giuOu-
ally varies, and with it fade away the writings of
authors who have flourished their allotted time ;
otherwise the creative powers of genius would
overstock the world, and the mind would be
completely bewildered in the endless mazes of
literature. Washington Irving.
It is noteworthy that literature, as it becomes
more modern, becomes also more melancholy.
James Russell Lowell :
Introduction to Essay on the Progress of the
World.
What a sense of security in an old book
which Time has criticised for us !
James Russell Lowell :
Library of Old Authors.
My library was dukedom large enough.
Shakspeare : The Tempest.
A poet, of all writers, has the best chance for
immortality.
Washington hzing : Mutability of Litirature.
Littleness.
Many men, however ambitious to be great in
great things, have been well content to be little
in little things. Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Loftiness.
Too low they build who build beneath the stars.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
Loneliness.
Alone ! — that worn-out word.
So idly siK>ken, and so coldly heard ;
Yet all that poets sing, and grief hath known,
Of hopes laid waste, knells in that word —
Alone!
Edward Bulwer Lytton : The New Timon.
Cold, dark, and desolate the place without her,
Wanting her gentle smile as each allows ;
She bears a sunbeam light and warmth about
her —
Where is the little mistress of the house ?
Leslie Walter: I he Mistress of the House.
I feel like one
Who treads alone
Some banquet-hall deserted,
Whose lights are fled,
Whose garlands dead.
And all hut he departed !
Thomas Moore : Oft in the Stilly Night.
'Tis the last rose of summer,
Left blooming alone.
Thomas Moore : The Last Rose of Summer.
When true hearts lie withered.
And fond ones are flown,
Oh ! who would inhabit
This bleak world alone ?
Thomas Moore : The Last Rose of Summer.
For there's nae luck about the house.
There's nae luck at a' ;
There's little pleasure in the house
When our gudeman's awa'.
Jean Adam : The Marine)' s Wife.
LONGEVITY
612
LOVE
longevity.
Were the life of a man prolonged, he would
become such a proficient in villany that it would
be necessary again to drown or burn the world.
Earth would become a hell ; for future rewards,
when put off to a great distance, would cease
to encourage, and future punishments to alarm.
Caleb C. Colton.
Longing.
As the heart panteth after the water-brooks.
Psalm xli, i.
But oh ! for the touch of a vanished hand,
And the sound of a voice that is still !
Alfred Tennyson : Break, Break, Break.
Come to me, dear, ere I die of my sorrow ;
Rise on my gloom like the sun of to-morrow ;
Come swift and strong as the words which I
speak, love,
With a song on your lip and a smile on your
cheek, love ;
Come, for my heart in your absence is dreary ;
Haste, for my spirit is sickened and weary ;
Come to the arms which alone shall caress thee ;
Come to the heart that is throbbing to press
thee.
Joseph Brenan : The Exile to his Wife.
Oh that I had wings like a dove ! Psalm Iv, 6.
The desire of the moth for the star,
Of the night for the morrow,
The devotion for something afar
From the sphere of our sorrow !
Percy Bysshe Shelley.
The racing river leaped and sang
Full blithely in the perfect weather ;
All round the mountain echoes rang.
For blue and green were glad together.
This rains out light from every part.
And that with songs of joy was thrilling ;
But in the hollow of my heart
There ached a place that wanted filling.
Jean Ingdow : Love at First Sight.
Thy wish was father, Harry, to that thought.
Shakspeare : Henry I V.
Loc[uacity.
There is a time svhen nothing should be said ;
there is a time when some things may be said ;
but there is indeed no time in which everything
can be said. Latin saying.
Learn to hold thy tongue. Five words cost
Zacharias forty weeks' silence. Thomas Fuller.
Loss.
He that is stricken blind can not forget the
precious treasure of his eyesight lost.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
How are the mighty fallen in the .midst of
the battle ! // Samuel i, 23.
There is no flock, however watched and tended,
But one dead lamb is there !
There is no fireside, howsoe'er defended,
But has one vacant chair.
Henry W. Longfellow : Resignation.
Love.
A. friend loveth at all times, and a brother is
bom for adversity. Proverbs xvii, 17.
All love is sweet,
Given or returned. Common as light is love,
And its familiar voice wearies not ever.
They who inspire it most are fortunate,
As I am now ; but those who feel it most
Are happier still.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Prometheus Unbound.
All was so sweet and still that day !
The rustling shade, the rippling stream,
All life, all breath dissolved away
Into a golden dream ;
Warm and sweet the scented shade
Drowsily caught the breeze and stirred,
Faint and low through the green glade
Came hum of bee and song of bird ;
Our hearts were full of drowsy bliss
And yet we did not clasp nor kiss.
Nor did we break the happy spell
With tender tone or syllable.
But to ease our hearts and set thought free,
We plucked the flowers of a red-rose tree.
And leaf by leaf we threw them, sweet.
Unto the river at our feet,
And in an indolent delight
Watched them glide onward, out of sight.
Robert Buchanan : Charmian.
All thoughts, all passions, all delights.
Whatever stirs this mortal frame.
All are but ministers of Love,
And feed his sacred flame.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : Genevieve.
A love that took an early root
And had an early doom.
Thomas K. Hervey : The DeviFs Progress.
And never seemed the land so fair
As now, nor birds such notes to sing.
Since first within your shining hair
I wove the blossoms of the spring.
Edmund Clarence Stedman : Betrothed Anew.
And to his eye
There was but one beloved face on earth,
And that was shining on him.
She was his life.
The ocean to the river of his thoughts,
W^hich terminated all.
Lord Byron : The Dream.
And you must love him, ere to you
He will seem worthy of your love.
William Wordsworth : A Poet's Epitaph.
And when once the young heart of a maiden is
stolen.
The maiden herself will steal after it soon.
Thomas Moore : Lll Qmcns.
Are souls straight so happy that, dizzy with
heaven.
They drop earth's aff'ections, conceive not of
woe?
I think not. Themselves were too lately for-
given
LOVE
613
LOVE
Through that love and sorrow which recon-
ciled so
The above and below.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning :
Mother and Poet.
As certain perfumes drive away noxious in-
sects, so does pure love embalm the heart, and
drive away its baser instincts. Anonymous.
Ask if I l6ve thee? How else could I borrow
Pride from man's slander, and strength from
my sorrow ?
Laugh when they sneer at the fanatic's bride,
Knowing no bliss, save to toil and abide
Weeping by thee.
Charles Kingsley : Margaret to Dolcino.
As sweet and musical
As bright Apollo's lute, strung with his hair ;
And when Love speaks, the voice of all the
gods
Makes heaven drowsy with the harmony.
Shakspeare : Loj'e's Labor's Lost.
Beautiful tyrant ! fiend angelical !
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Come back again, my olden heart ! —
Ah, fickle spirit and untrue,
I bade the only guide depart
Whose faithfulness I surely knew :
I said, my heart is all too soft ;
He who would climb and soar aloft.
Must needs keep ever at his side
The tonic of a wholesome pride.
, Arthur Hugh Clough : Come Back Again.
Coquettes are the quacks of love.
La Rochefoucauld.
Curse on all laws but those which love has
made.
Love, free as air, at sight of human ties,
Spreads his light wings, and in a moment flies.
Alexander Pope : Eloisa to Abdlard.
Doubt that the stars are fire.
Doubt that the sun doth move,
Doubt truth to be a liar.
But never doubt I love.
Shakspeare) Hamlet.
Drink to me only with thine eyes.
And I will pledge with mine ;
Or leave a kiss within the cup.
And I'll not look for wine.
The thirst that from the soul doth rise,
Doth ask a drink divine :
But might 1 of Jove's nectar sup,
I would not change for thine.
I sent thee late a rosy wreath.
Not so much honoring thee.
As giving it a hope that there
It could not withered be :
But thou thereon didst only breathe.
And sent'st it back to me.
Since when it grows, and smells, I swear.
Not of itself, but thee.
Benjonson : To Celia.
Excellent wretch ! Perdition catch my soul,
But I do love thee ! and when I love thee not.
Chaos is come again. Shakspeare : Othello.
" Farewell," said the sculptor, " you're not the
first maiden
Who came but for Friendship and took away
Love."
Thomas Moore : A Temple to Friendship.
Fast silent tears were flowing.
When something stood behind ;
A hand was on my shoulder —
I knew its touch was kind ;
It drew me nearer — nearer —
We did not speak one word ;
For the beating of our own hearts
Was all the sound we heard.
Richard Monckton Milnes :
I wandered by the Brookside.
Folly was condemned to serve as a guide to
Love, whom she had blinded. La Fontaine.
Fool, not to know that love endures no tie,
And Jove but laughs at lover's perjury.
John Dry den : Palamon and Arcile.
For aught that ever I could read.
Could ever hear by talc or history.
The course of true love never did nin smooth.
Shakspeate : A Midsummer-Night' s Dream.
For stony limits could not hold love out.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
For sullen-seeming Death may give
More life to Love than is or ever was
In our low world, where yet 'tis sweet to live. '
Let no one ask me how it came to pass ;
It .seems that I am happy, that to me
A livelier emerald twinkles in the grass,
A purer sapphire melts into the sea.
Alfred Tennyson : Maud.
Give her time ; on grass and sky
Let her gaze if she be fain ;
As they looked ere he drew nigh.
They will never look again.
Jenn Ingetow : Goldilocks.
Gratitude is a cross-road that leads quickly to
love. Theophile Gautirr.
Had we never loved sae kindly,
Had we never loved sae blindly.
Never met or never parted.
We had ne'er been broken-hearted !
Robert Bums : Ae Fond Kiss.
He either fears his fate too much.
Or his deserts are small,
That dares not put it to the touch
To gain or lose it all.
Marquis of Montrose : My Dear and only Love.
He that hath love in his breast has spurs in
his side. Anonymous.
I can't remember what we said —
'Twas nothing worth a song or story ;
Yet that rude path by which we sped
Seemed all transfoimed and in a glory.
Edmund Clarence Stcdman : On the Doorstep.
LOVE
614
LOVE
If human love have power to penetrate the veil
(and hath it not?), then there are yet living here
a few who have the blessedness of knowing that
an angel loves them. N^athaniel Hawthorne.
If thou must love me, let it be for naught
Except for love's sake only. Do not say,
" I love her for her smile, her look, her way
Of speaking gently, for a trick of thought
That falls in well with mine, and certes brought
A sense of pleasant ease on such a day " ;
For these things in themselves, beloved, may
Be changed, or change for thee — and love, so
wrought,
May be unwrought so. Neither love me for
Thine own dear pity's wiping my cheeks dry ;
A creature might forget to weep, who bore
Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby.
But love me for love's sake, that evermore
Thou mayst love on through love's eternity.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning :
Sonnets from the Portuguese.
Love seizes on us suddenly, without giving
warning, and our disposition or our weakness
favors the surprise ; one look, one glance from
the fair, fixes and determines us. Friendship,
on the contrary, is a long time in forming ; it is
of slow growth, through many trials and months
of familiarity. La Bruyere.
" Love covers a multitude of sins." When a
scar can not be taken away, the next kind office
is to hide it. Love is never so blind as when it
is to spy faults. Robert South.
Love that has nothing but beauty to keep it
in good health is short-lived. Erasmus.
Thy love to me was wonderful, passing the
love of women. 'II Samuel i, 26.
At lovers' perjuries they say Jove laughs.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
It is possible that a man can be so changed
by love that one could not recognize him to be
the same person. . Terence.
All the breath and the bloom of the year in the
bag of one bee :
All the wonder and wealth of the mine in the
heart of one gem !
In the core of one pearl all the shade and the
shine of the sea :
Breath and bloom, shade and shine, wonder,
wealth, and — how far above them —
Truth, that's brighter than gem,
Trust, that's purer than pearl.
Brightest truth, purest trust in the universe — all
were for me
In the kiss of one girl.
Robert Browning : Summum Bonum.
A simple ring with a single stone
To the vulgar eye no stone of prize :
Whisper the right word, that alone —
Forth starts a sprite, like fire from ice.
And lo, you are lord (says an Eastern scroll)
Of heaven and earth, lord whole and sole
Through the power in a pearl.
A woman ('tis I this time that say)
With little the world counts worthy praise :
Utter the true word— out and away
Escapes her soul : I am wrapt in blaze,
Creation's lord, of heaven and earth
Lord whole and sole — by a minute's birth —
Through the love in a girl !
Robert Browning : A Pearl. A Girl.
By every hope that earthward clings,
By faith that mounts on angel-wings,
By dreams that make night-shadows bright,
And truths that turn our day to night,
By childhood's smile and manhood's tear.
By pleasure's day and sorrow's year,
By all the strains that fancy sings.
And pangs that time so sorely brings —
For joy or grief, or hope or fear,
For all hereafter as for here.
In peace or strife, in storm or shine.
My soul is wedded unto thine. Anonymous.
If you were queen of pleasure.
And I were king of pain.
We'd hunt down love together,
Pluck out his flying-feather,
And teach his feet a measure.
And find his mouth a rein ;
If you were queen of pleasure.
And I were king of pain.
Algernon Charles Swinburne : A Match.
I give thee all — I can no more,
Though poor the offering be ;
My heart and lute are all the store
That I can bring to thee.
John Philip Kemble : Lodoiska:
I love thee, I love but thee.
With a love that shall not die
Till the sun grows cold.
And the stars are old.
And the leaves of the Judgment Book unfold !
Bayard Taylor : Bedouin Song.
In love there are all these ills : wrongs, sus-
picions, quarrels, reconcilements, war, and peace
again. If thou wouldst try to do things thus
uncertain by a certain method, thou wouldst act
as wisely as if thou wert to run mad with reason
as thy guide. I'erentius.
In peace. Love tunes the shepherd's reed ;
In war he mounts the warrior's steed ;
In halls, in gay attire is seen ;
In hamlets, dances on the green.
Love rules the court, the camp, the grove.
And men below, and saints above ;
For love is heaven, and heaven is love.
Walter Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel.
In the spring a livelier iris changes on the bur-
nished dove ;
In the spring a young man's fancy lightly turns
to thoughts of love.
Alfred Tennyson : Locks ley Hall.
It is not true that love makes all things easy ;
it makes us choose what is difficult.
George Eliot.
LOVE
615
LOVE
I've wandered east, I've wandered west,
Through mony a weary way ;
But never, never can forget
The luve o' life's young day !
The fire that's hlawn on Beltane e'en
May weel be black gin Yule ;
But blacker fa' awaits the heart
Where first fond luve grows cule.
William Motherwell : Jeanie Morrison.
I will look out to his future —
I will bless it till it shine :
Should he ever be a suitor
Unto sweeter eyes than mine,
Sunshine gild them,
Angels shield them,
Whatsoever eyes terrene
Be the sweetest his have seen !
Elizabeth B. Browning : Catarina to Camoens.
Jesus Christ alone founded his empire upon
love, and at this moment millions of men would
die for him. Napoleon Bonaparte.
Journeys end in lovers meeting,
Every wise man's son doth know,
Sliakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Like the measles, love is most dangerous
when it comes late in life. Lord Byron.
Love decreases when it ceases to increase.
Chateaubriand.
Love in a hut, with water and a crust.
Is — Love forgive us I cinders, ashes, dust.
John Keats : Lamia.
Love is a game at which one always cheats.
Balzac.
Love is a religion of which the great pontifT
is Nature. A. Ricard.
Love i> a secondary passion in those who love
most, a primary in those who love least. He
who is inspired by it in a great degree is in-
spired by honor in a greater.
Walter Savage Landor :
Conversation between Roger Ascham and
Lady Jane Grey.
I-X)ve is composed of so many sensations that
something new of it can always be said.
Saint-Prosper.
Love is precisely to the moral nature what
the sun is to the earth. Balzac.
Love is" strong as death.
The Song of Solomon viii, 7.
Love is the fulfilling of the law.
Romans xiii, 10.
Love is the only good in the world.
Henceforth be loved as heart can love.
Or brain devise, or hand approve.
Robert Browning : Flight of the Duchess.
Love is the wisdom of the fool and the folly
of the wise. Samuel Johnson.
40
Love looks not with the eyes, but with the
mind.
And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.
Shakspeare : A Midsummer-Night' s Dream.
Love seldom haunts the breast where learning
lies.
And Venus sets ere Mercury can rise.
Alexander Pope : The Wife of Bath.
Love sought is good, but given unsought is
better. Shakspeare : Tivelfth Night.
Love still has something of the sea,
From whence his mother rose ;
No lime his slaves from doubt can free,
Nor give their thoughts repose.
Sir Charles Sedley.
Love took up the harp of Life, and smote on
all the chords with might ;
Smote the chord of Self, that, trembling, passed
in music out of sight.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
Many men kill themselves for love, but many
more women die of it. Lemontey.
Meanwhile,
We two will rise, and sit. and walk together.
Under the roof ot blue Ionian weather,
And wander in the meadows, or ascend
The mossy mountains, where the blue heavens
bend
With lightest winds to touch their paramour ;
Or linger where the pehblc-paven shore,
Under the quick, faint kisses of the sea.
Tumbles and sparkles as with ecstasy,
Possessing and possessed by all that is
Within that calm circumference of bliss,
And by each other, till to love and live
Be one Percy Bysshe Shelley : Epipsyckidion.
Men have died from time to time, and worms
have eaten them, but not for love.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
My merry, merry, merry roundelay
Concludes with Cupid's curse :
They that do change old love for new,
Pray gods, they change for worse !
George Peele : Arraignment of Paris.
My true-love hath my heart, and I have his.
By just exchange one to the other given :
I hold his dear, and mine he can not miss.
There never was a better bargain driven :
My true-love hath my heart, and I have his.
His heart in me keeps him and me in one ;
My heart in him his thoughts and senses
guides :
He loves my heart, for once it was his own ;
I cherish his because in me it bides :
My true-love hath my heart, and I have his.
Sir Philip Sidney :
My True-love hath my Heart.
None without hope e'er loved the brightest fair.
But love can hope where reason would despair.
Lord Lyttlcton : Epigram.
LOVE
6i6
LOVE
No sooner met, but they looked ; no sooner
looked, but they loved ; no sooner loved, but
they sighed ; no sooner sighed, but they asked
one another the reason.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
O, how this spring of love resembleth
The uncertain glory of an April day !
Shakspeare : Two Gentlemen of Verona.
Oh, sad are they who know not love,
But, far from passion's tears and smiles,
Drift down a moonless sea, and pass
The silver coasts of fairy isles !
And sadder they whose longing lips
Kiss empty air, and never touch
The dear warm mouth of those they love,
Waiting, wasting, suffering much !
But clear as amber, sweet as musk,
Is life to those whose lives unite ;
They walk in Allah's smile by day,
And nestle in his heart by night.
T. B. Aldrich : The Song of Fatima.
O, love, love, love !
Love is like a dizziness,
It winna let a poor body
Gang about his business !
James Hogg : Love is like a Dizziness.
O my earliest love, still unforgotten,
With your downcast eyes of dreamy blue !
Never, somehow, could I seem to cotton
To another as I did to you !
Alexander Smith : First Loie.
Pains of love be sweeter far
Than all other pleasures are.
John Dryden : Tyrannic Love.
See how she leans her cheek upon her hand !
O, that I were a glove upon that hand.
That I might touch that cheek !
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
She was a form of life and light.
That, seen, became a part of sight ;
And rose, where'er I turned mine eye,
The morning^star of memory !
Yes, love indeed is light from heaven ;
A spark of that immortal fire
With angels shared, by Allah given.
To lift from earth our low desire.
Lord Byron : The Giaour.
So close we are, and yet so far apart.
So close, I feel your breath upon my cheek ;
So far that all this love of mine is weak
To touch in any way your distant heart ;
So close that when I hear your voice I start.
To see my whole life standings bare and
bleak ;
So fair that though for years and years I seek,
I shall not find thee other than thou art ;
So while I live I walk upon the verge
Of an impassable and changeless sea.
Which more than death divides me, love,
from thee :
The mournful beating of its leaden surge
Is all the music now that I shall hear —
O love, thou art too far and yet too near !
Philip Bourke Alarston : Too Near.
Come in the evening, or come in the morning :
Come when you're looked for, or come without
warning :
Kisses and welcome you'll find here before you.
And the oftener you come here the more I'll
adore you !
Light is my heart since the day we were
plighted ;
Red is my cheek that they told me was
blighted ;
The green of the trees looks far greener than
ever.
And the linnets are singing, " True lovers don't
sever ! " Thomas Davis : A Welcome.
So watch, my heart, and let me dreaming dream.
Watch and awake me when the time shall
come ;
Perhaps our Prince is nearer than we deem.
But greet him thou — my dream may make me
dumb. William C. Wilkinson :
Where the Brook and River Meet.
Sweet love of youth, forgive, if I forget thee
While the world's tide is bearing me along ;
Other desires and other hopes beset me,
Hopes which obscure, but can not do thee
wrong. Fmily Bronte : Fragment.
That book in many's eyes doth share the glory,
That in gold clasps locks in the golden story.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
That golden key
That opes the palace of eternity.
John Milton : Comus.
That thou mayst be loved, love. Martial.
The fair Italian dream I chased,
A single thought of thee effaced ;
For the true land of song and sun
Lies in the heart that mine hath won.
Bayard Taylor : In Italy.
The first sigh of love is the last of wisdom.
Anioine Bret.
The fisher hangs over the leaning boat
And ponders the silver sea.
For Love is under the surface hid.
And a spell of thought has he ;
He heaves the wave like a bosom sweet.
And speaks in the ripple low.
Till the bait is gone from the crafty line,
And the hook hangs bare below.
Nathaniel P. Willis : The Annoyer.
The gray sea, and the long black land ;
And the yellow half-moon large and low ;
And the startled little waves, that leap
In fiery ringlets from their sleep,
As I gain the cove with pushing prow,
And quench its speed in the slushy sand.
Then a mile of warm, sea-scented beach ;
Three fields to cross, till a farm appears :
A tap at the pane, the cjuick sharp scratch
LOVE
617
LOVE
And blue spurt of a lighted match,
And a voice less loud, through its joys and fears,
Than the two hearts, beating each to each.
Robert Browning : Meeting at Night.
The heart needs not for its heaven much
space, nor many stars therein, if only the star
of love has risen. Richter.
The heart that had never loved was the first
atheist. L. S. Mercier,
The hope, the fear, the jealous care,
The exalted portion of the pain
And power of love, I can not .share,
But wear the chain !
Lord Byron : My Thirty-sixth Year.
The man who will share his wealth with a
woman has some love for her ; the man who
can resolve to share his poverty with her has
more — of course, supposing him to be a man,
not a child or a beast.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The might of one fair face sublimes my love,
For it hath weaned my heart from low desires ;
Nor death I heed, nor purgatorial fires.
Thy beauty, antepast of joys above.
Instructs me in the bliss that saints approve ;
For O, how good, how beautiful, must be
The God that made so good a thnig as thee,
So fair an image of the heavenly Dove !
Forgive me if I can not turn away
From those sweet eyes that are my earthly
heaven.
For they are guiding stars, benignly given
To tempt my footsteps to the upward way ;
And if I dwell too fondly in thy sight,
I live and love in God's peculiar light.
Michael Angela. Translation of J. E. Taylor:
7 he Might of one Fair Face.
The night has a thousand eyes.
And the day but one ;
Yet the light of the bright world dies
With the dying sun.
The mind has a thousand eyes.
And the heart but one :
Yet the light of a whole life dies
When love is done.
Francis IVilliam Bourdillon : Light.
Then since all Nature joins
In this love without alloy,
O, wha wud prove a traitor
To Nature s dearest joy ?
Or wha wud choose a crown,
Wi' its perils an' its fame,
And miss his bonnie lassie.
When the kye come hame?
James Hogg : When the Kye comes Hame.
There are three things I have always loved
and never understood — painting, music, and
women. Fontenelle.
There has fallen a splendid tear
From the passion-flower at the gate.
She is coming, my dove, my dear !
She is coming, my life, my fate !
The red rose cries, " She is near, she is near ! "
And the white rose weeps, " She is late ;"
The larkspur listens, " I hear, I hear ; "
And the lily whispers, " I wait."
She is coming, my own, my sweet !
Were it ever so airy a tread.
My heart would hear her and beat.
Were it earth in an earthy bed ;
My dust would hear her and beat.
Had I lain for a century dead —
Would start and tremble under her feet.
And blossom in purple and. red.
Alfred Tennyson : Maud.
There is music in the beauty and the silent
note which Cupid strikes far sweeter than the
sound of an instrument.
Sir Thomas Browne : Religio Medici.
There is no fear in love ; but perfect love
casteth out fear. I John iv, iS.
There's beggary in the love that can he reck-
oned, iihakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
The sight leaves his eye, as he cries with a
sigh,
" Dance light, for my heart it lies under your
feet, love."
John Francis Waller : Kilty Neil.
The supreme happiness of life is the con-
viction 'that we are loved ; loved for ourselves —
say, rather, in spite of ourselves. Victor Hugo.
The wandering airs they faint
On the dark, the silent stream —
The champak odors fail
Like sweet thoughts in a dream ;
The nightingale's complaint.
It dies upon her heart.
As I must die on thine,
O beloved as thou art !
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Lines to an Indian Air.
They sin who tell us Love can die :
With Life all other passions fly.
All others are but vanity.
Robert Southey : The Curse of Kchama.
This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath.
May prove a beauteous flower when next we
meet. Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Thus hand in hand through life we'll go ;
Its checkered paths of joy and woe
With cautious steps we'll tread.
Nathaniel Cotton : The Fireside.
'Tis better to have loved and lost
Than never to have Igved at all.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
'Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark
Bay deep-mouthed welcome as we draw near
home ;
'Tis sweet to know there is an eye will mark
Our coming, and look brighter when we come.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
True love is but a humble, low-born thing.
And hath its food served up in earthenware ;
LOVE
6i8
LOVELINESS
It is a thing to walk with, hand in hand,
Through every-dayness of this work-day world,
Baring its tender feet to every roughness,
Yet letting not one heart-beat go astray.
From Beauty's law of plainness and content ;
A simple, fireside thing, whose quiet smile
Can warm earth's poorest hovel to a home.
James Russell Lowell ; Love.
True love's the gift which God has given
To man alone beneath the heaven :
It is not fantasy's hot fire,
Whose wishes, soon as granted, fly ,
It liveth not in fierce desire.
With dead desire it doth not die ;
It is the secret sympathy,
Th^ silver link, the silken tie,
Which heart to heart, and mind to mind,
In body and in soul can bind.
Walter Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel.
They that scorn thy slaves to be.
Oft before thy throne, unmanned,
Grant thy great supremacy.
Clinton Scollard : Vis Erotis,
Without the smile from partial beauty won.
Oh ! what were man ? a world without a sun.
Thomas Campbell : Pleasures of Hope.
We used to think how she had come,
Even as comes the flower.
The last and perfect added gift
To crown Love's morning hour ;
And how in her was imaged forth
The love we could not say.
As on the little dew-drops round
Shines back the hfeart of day.
Maria IV kite Lowell : The Alorning-glory.
When does Love give up the chase ?
Tell, oh tell me, Grizzled-F'ace !
" Ah," the wise old lips reply,
" Youth may pass, and strength may die ;
But of Love I can't foretoken :
Ask some older sage than I ! "
Ednund C. Stedman : Toujours Amour.
Whene'er I recollect the happy time
When you and I held converse, dear, together.
There come a thousand thoughts of sunny
weather,
Of early blossoms and the fresh year's prime :
Your memory lives forever in my mind
With all the fragrant beauties of the spring.
With odorous lime and silver hawthorn twined.
And many a noonday woodland wandering.
There's not a thought of you but brings along
Some sunny dream of river, field, and sky ;
'Tis wafted on the blackbird's sunset song,
Or some wild snatch of ancient melody.
And as I date it still, our love arose
'Twixt the last violet. and the earliest rose.
Frances Anne Kemble : Sonnet.
When love begins to sicken and decay.
It useth an enforced ceremony.
There are no tiicks in plain and simple faith.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
When stars are in the quiet skies,
Then most I pine for thee :
Beam on me with thy tender eyes,
As stars look on the sea !
For thoughts, like waves that glide by night,
Are stillest when they shine ;
Mine earthly love lies hushed in light
Beneath the heaven of thine.
Edward Bulwer Lytton.
When we first met and loved, I did not build
Upon the event with marble. Could it mean
To last, a love set pendulous between
Sorrow and sorrow ?
Elizabeth Barrett Browning :
bonnets from the Portuguese.
Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?
Christopher Marlowe : Hero and Leander.
Why did she love him? Curious fool ! be still ;
Is human love the growth of human will?
Lord Byron : Lara.
Your ignorance is the mother of your de-
votion to me.
John Dryden : The Maiden Queen.
Loveliness.
Happy they.
Thrice fortunate ! who of that fragile mould.
The precious porcelain of human clay,
Break with the first fall.
Lord Byron: Don Juan.
Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye.
In every gesture dignity and love.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
For contemplation he, and valor formed ;
For softness she, and sweet attractive grace.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Old as I am, for ladies' love unfit.
The power of beauty I remember yet.
John Dryden : Cymon and Iphigenia.
Loveliness needs not the foreign aid of orna-
ment.
But is, when unadorned, adorned the most.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
Fair as a summer dream was Margaret,
Such dream as in a poet's soul might start.
Musing of old loves while the moon doth set ;
Her hair was not more sunny than her heart,
Though like a natural golden coronet
It circled her dear head with careless art,
Mocking the sunshine, that would fain have lent
To its frank grace a richer ornament.
James Russell Lowell : A Legend of Btittany.
It seemed the loveliness of things
Did teach him all their use.
For, in mere weeds, and stones, and springs,
He found a healing power profuse.
James Russell Lowell :
The Shepherd of King Admetus.
Then I said : " I covet truth ;
Beauty is unripe childhood's cheat —
I leave it behind with the games of youth."
As I spoke, beneath my feet
LOVERS
619
MAIDENHOOD
The ground pine curled its pretty wreath,
Running over the club-moss burrs ;
I inhaled the violet's breath ;
Around me stood the oaks and firs ;
Pine-cones and acorns lay on the ground ;
Above me soared the eternal sky.
Full of light and Deity ;
Again I saw, again I heard,
The rolling river, the morning bird ;
beauty through my senses stole,
I yielded myself to the perfect whole.
Ralph Wa do Emerson : Each and All.
There's beauty all around our paths, if but our
watchful eyes
Can trace it midst familiar things, and through
their lowly guise.
Felicia Hemans : Our Daily Paths.
Who hath not proved how feebly words essay
To fix one spark of Beauty's heavenly ray ?
Who doth not feel, until his failing sight
Faints into dimness with its own delight.
His changing cheek, his sinking heart confess
The might — the majesty of Loveliness?
Lord Byron : Bride of Abydos.
Loren.
A lover is a man who endeavors to be more
amiable than itis possible for him to be: this
is the reason why almost all lovers are ridicu-
lous. Chatnfort.
At lovers' perjuries.
They say Jove laughs !
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
By the merest chance, in the twilight gloom.
In the orchard path he met me ;
In the tall, wet grass, with its faint perfume,
And I tried to pass, but he made no room.
Oh I tried, but he would not let me.
So I stood and blushed till the grass grew red,
With my face bent down above it,
While he took my hand as he whispering said —
(How the clover lifted each pink, sweet head.
To listen to all that my lover said ;
Oh, the clover in bloom, I love it !)
Homer Greene • What my Lover said.
How silver-sweet sound lover's toigues by night.
Like softest music to attending ears !
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Lnok.
A drop of luck is worth a cask of wisdom.
Latin proverb.
It is easier to win good luck than to retain it.
Latin proverb.
Luck is an ignis fatuus. You ipay follow it
to ruin, but never to success. James A. Garjield.
LndicroiuneM.
To the man of superficial cleverness almost
everything readily takes a ridiculous aspect ; to
the man of thought almost nothing is really
ridiculous. Goethe.
The ludicrous has its place in the universe ;
it is not a human invention, but one of the
divine ideas, illustrated in the practical jokes of
kittens and monkeys long before Aristophanes
or Shakspeare. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
We love Addison for his vanities as much as
for his virtues. What is ridiculous is delightful
in him ; we are so fond of him because we
laugh at him so. William M. Thackeray.
Luxury.
Give us the luxuries of life, and we will dis-
pense with its necessaries.
John Lothrop Motley.
We read on the forehead of those who are
surrounded by a foolish luxury that Fortune sells
what she is thought to give. La Fontaine.
Lying.
And, after all, what is a lie ? 'Tis but
The truth in masquerade.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Lord, lord, how this world is given to lying !
I grant you I was down and out of breath, and
so was he ; but we rose both at an instant, and
fought a long hour by Shrewsbury clock.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Past all shame, so past all truth, Shakspeare.
Oh, what a tangled web we weave
When first we practise to deceive !
Walter Scott : Marmion.
Madneu.
There is a pleasure sure
In being mad which none but madmen know.
John Dryden : The Spanish Friar.
Magnanimity.
It never troubles the sun that some of his
lays fall wide and vain into ungrateful space,
and only a small part on the reflecting planet.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Friendship.
Kagnetism.
When he descended down the mount
His personage seemed most divine ;
A thousand graces one might count
Upon his lovely, cheerful eyne.
To hear him speak, and see him smile,
You were in paradise the while.
Matheiv Roydon :
Lament for Sir Philip Sidney.
Haidenhood.
In maiden meditation, fancy-free.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night's Dream.
Standing, with reluctant feet.
Where the brook and river meet.
Womanhood and childhood fleet.
Henry W. Longfellow : Maidenhood,
MALEDICTION
620
MANHOOD
Malediction.
Curses not loud, but deep.
Sliakspeare : Macbeth.
Malice.
He's gone, and who knows how he may report
Thy words by adding fuel to the flame?
John Milton : Samson Agonistes.
Man.
I have thought some of Nature's journeymen
had made men, and not made them well, they
imitated humanity so abominably,
Shakspcare : Hamlet.
Like a blaze of fond delight.
Or like a morning clear and bright.
Or like a frost, or like a shower.
Or like the pride of Babel's tower,
Or like the hour that guides the time,
Or like to Beauty in her prime ;
Even such is man, whose glory lends
That life a blaze or two, and ends.
The morn's o'ercast, joy turned to pain.
The frost is thawed, dried up the rain.
The tower falls, the hour is run,
The beauty lost — man's life is done ! ,
Simon IVastel : Alan's Mortality.
Lord of himself — that heritage of woe !
Lord Byron : Lara.
Man, false man, smiling, destructive man.
Nathaniel Lee : I'heodosius.
Man is creation's masterpiece. But who says
so? — man. Anonymous.
Man is one world, and hath
Another to attend him.
George Herbert : On Man.
Man, like everything else that lives, changes
with the air that sustains him. Taine.
Men are but children of a larger growth.
John Dryden : All for Jjrve.
Of all animals which fly in the air, walk on
the ground, or swim in the sea, from Paris to
Peru, from Japan to Rome, the most foolish ani-
mal, in my opinion, is man. Boileau.
That man that hath a tongue, I say, is no man.
If with his tongue he can not win a woman.
Shakspeare : Two Gentlemen of Verona.
The rank is but the guinea's stamp.
The man's the gowd for a' that.
Robert Burns : Is there for Honest Poverty.
The divine life of Nature is more wonderful,
more various, more sublime in man than in any
other of her works, and the wisdom that is
gained by commerce with men, as Montaigne
and Shakspeare gained it, or with one's own
soul among men, as Dante, is the most delight-
ful, as it is the most precious, of all.
James Russell Lowell : Thoreau.
The age is gone o'er
When a man may in all things be all. We
have more
Painters, poets, musicians, and artists, no doubt,
Than the great Cinquecento gave birth to ; but
out
Of a million of mere dilettanti, when, when
Will a new Leonardo arise on our ken ?
He is gone with the age which begat him. Cur
own
Is too vast, and too complex, for one man alone
To embody its purpose, and hold it shut close
In the palm of his hand. There Vvere giants in
those
Irreclaimable days ; but in these days of ours.
In dividing the work, we distribute the powers.
Yet a dwarf on a dead giant's shoulders sees
more
Than the 'live giant's eyesight availed to ex-
plore ;
And in life's lengthened alphabet what used
to be
To our sires X Y Z is to us A B C.
A Vanini is roasted alive for his pains,
But a Bacon comes after and picks up his brains.
A Bruno is angrily seized by the throttle
And hunted about by thy ghost, Aristotle,
Till a More or Lavater step into his place :
Then the world turns and makes an admiring
grimace.
Once the men were so great and so few, they
appear.
Through a distant Olympian atmosphere,
Like vast Caryatids upholding the age.
Now the men are so many and small, disengage
One man from the million to mark him, next
moment
The crowd sweeps him hurriedly out of your
comment ;
And since we seek vainly (to praise in our
songs)
'Mid our fellows the size which to heroes be-
longs,
We take the whole age for a hero, in want
Of a better ; and still, in its favor, descant
On the strength and the beauty which, failing
to find
In any one man, we ascribe to mankind.
Robert Bulwer Lytton : Liicile.
The proverbial wisdom of the populace at
gates, on roads, and in markets, instructs the
attentive ear of him who studies man more fully
than a thousand rules ostentatiously arranged.
Lavater.
The dignity of man is an excellent thing, but,
therefore, to hold one's self too sacred and
precious is the reverse of excellent.
James Russell Lowell : Thoreau.
Man upon this earth would be vanity and
hollowness, dust and ashes, vapor and a bubble,
were it not that he felt himself to be so. That
it is possible for him to harbor such a feeling —
this, by implying a comparison of himself with
something higher in himself — this is it which
makes him the immortal creature that he is.
Richter,
Manhood.
A man must stand erect, not be kept erect by
others. Marcus A urelius.
MANNERS
621
MANNERS
I weigh the man, not his title ; 'tis not the
king's stamp can make the metal better.
William Wycherley : The Country Wife.
Manhood, when verging into age, grows
thoughtful. Capel Lofft : Aphoiisms.
Quit yourselves like men. / Samuel iv, g.
They are not a pipe for Fortune's finger
To sound what stop she please. Give me that
man
That is not passion's slave, and I will wear
him
In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart,
As I do thee. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
His life was gentle ; and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, " This was a man ! "
Shakspeare : Julius C<esar.
A man is seldom more manly than when he
is what you call unmanned.
William M. Thackeray.
Manners.
A lion among ladies is a most dreadful thing.
Shakspeare : A Midsummer- A'ight's Dream.
A man's own good-breeding is his best se-
curity against other people's ill manners.
Lord Chesterfield.
A moral, sensible, and well-bred man
Will not affront me, and no other can.
William Cowper : Conversation.
Evil habits soil a full dress more than mud ;
good manners, by their deeds, set off a lowly
garb Plautus.
For as laws are necessary that good manners
may be preserved, so there is need of good man-
ners that laws may be maintained. Machiavclli.
Good-breeding never forgets that amour-
propre is universal. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Gravity is a stratagem invented to conceal
poverty of mind. La Rochefoucauld.
Iler air, her manners, all who saw admired ;
Courteous though coy, and gentle though re-
tired ;
The joy of youth and health her eyes displayed,
And ease of heart her every look conveyed,
George Crabbe : The Parish Register.
He was so generally civil that nobody thanked
him for it. Samuel Johnson.
His were not the manners of a man of the
world, nor a man of the other world either ; but
both met in him to balance each other in a
beautiful equilibrium.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
I implore forgiveness for any offence which in
my ignorance I may have given to good manners
and morals, which are the true emanations of ?.ll
faith. Ileinrich Heine.
In place of a rightly-ordered heart, we strive
only to exhibit a full purse ; and all pushing,
rushing elbowing on toward a false aim, the
courtier's kibes are more and more galled by
the toe of the peasant ; and on eveiy side, in-
stead of faith, hope, and charily, we have needi-
ness, greediness, and vainglory.
Thomas CarlyU.
It is great cleverness to know how to conceal
our cleverness. La Rochefoucauld.
Life is too short to get over a bad manner ;
besides, manners are the shadows of virtue.
Sydney Smith.
Manners are acquired from those with whom
we live familiarly : and as the body receives
disease from contagion, so the mind is affected
by the vicious propensities of others. Seneca.
Manners form at last a rich varnish, with
which the routine of life is washed, and its de-
tails adorned. If they are superficial, so are
the dew-drops which give such a depth to the
morning meadows. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Manners maketh man. William of Wykeham.
Manners must adorn knowledge and smooth
its way through the world. Lord Chesterfield.
Never hold any one by the button or the band
in order to be heard out ; for, if people are un-
willing to hear you, it is better to hold your
tongue than them. Lord Chesterfield.
Polite behavior and a refined address, like
good pictures, make the least show to ordinary
eyes. Sir Joshua Reynolds.
Politeness is as natural to delicate natures n's
perfume is to the flowers. De Finod.
.Some oblige as others insult. One is tempted
to ask reparation of them for their services.
Napoleon /.
The Marquis de Scvigne has the heart of a
cucumber fried in snow. Ninon de I' Enclos.
The prince of darkness is a gentleman.
Shakspeare : King Lear,
There is no external expression of politeness
which has not a root in the moral nature of
man. Forms of politeness, therefore, should
never be inculcated on young persons without
letting them understand the moral ground on
which all such forms rest. Goethe.
To be pleased, one must please. What
pleases you in others will in general please them
in you. Lord Chesterfield.
To no kind of begging are people so averse
as to begging pardon — that is, when there is
any serious ground for doing so. When there
is none, this phrase is as soon taken in vain as
other momentous words are upon light occa-
sions. On the other hand, there is a kind of
begging which everybody is forward enough at ;
and that is, begging the question. Yet surely
a gentleman should be as ready to do the for-
mer as a reasonable man should be loath to do
the latter. Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth,
MARRIAGE
622
MARRIAGE
True politeness consists in being easy one's
self, and in making every one as easy as one
can. Alexander Pope.
There is always a best way to do everything,
if it be to boil an egg. Manners are the happy
ways of doing things ; each one a stroke of
genius or of love, now repeated and hardened
into usage. Ralph Waldo Emerson : Behavior.
We salute more willingly an acquaintance in
a carriage tiian a friend on foot. J. Petit-Senn.
What prevents us from being natural is the
desire to appear so. La Rochefoucauld.
Do not think that your learning and genius,
your wit or sprightliness, are welcome every-
where. I was once told that my company was
disagreeable because I appeared so uncommonly
happy. Zimmemiann.
Unbecoming forwardness oftener proceeds
from ignorance than from impudence.
Henri GrAHlle.
Marriage.
Earthlier is the rose distilled,
Than that which, withering on the virgin thorn.
Grows, lives, and dies in single blessedness.
Shakspeare : A Midsummer-Nighf s Dream.
Every wedding, says the proverb,
Makes another, soon or late ;
Never yet was any marriage
Entered in the book of fate.
But the names were also written
Of the patient pair that wait.
Whose will be the next occasion
for the flowers, the feast, the wine?
Thine, perchance, my dearest lady ;
Or, who knows? — it may be mine.
What if 'twere— forgive the fancy —
What if 'twere — both mine and thine .
Thomas William Parsons :
The Groomsman to the Bridesmaid.
I come — but with me comes another
To share the heart once only mine !
Thou, on whose thoughts, when sad and lonely,
One star arose in memory's heaven —
Thou, who hast watched one treasure only —
Watered one flower with tears at even —
Room in thy heart ! The hearth she left
Is darkened to lend light to ours !
There are bright flowers of care bereft,
And hearts — that languish more than flowers !
She was their light — their very air —
Room, mother, in thy heart ! place for her in
thy prayer ! Nathaniel Parker Willis :
Lines on leaving Europe.
In our present human condition there is so
■ much of sorrow and joy interwoven that it is
beyond all calculations what obligations a mar-
ried pair lie under to one another. ^ It is an in-
finite debt, which it requires an eternity to can-
cel. Disagreeable it may be, I admit, some-
times : that is just as it should be. Are we riot
really married to our conscience, of which we
might often be willing to rid ourselves because
it annoys us more than any man or woman can
possibly annoy one another? Goethe,
It happens as wiih cages : the birds without
despair to get in, and those within despair of
getting out. Montaigne.
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments : love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds.
Shakspeare : Sonnet cxvi.
Let still the woman take
An elder than herself: so wears she to him.
So sways she level in her husband's heart ;
For, boy, however we do praise ourselves,
Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm,
More longing, wavering, sooner lost and won.
Than women's are.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Marriage is a lottery in which men stake
their liberty, and women their happiness.
Madame de Rieux.
Marriage is the beginning and the summit of
all civilization. It makes the savage mild ; and
the most highly cultivated man has no better
means of demonstrating his mildness. Goethe.
Men may say of marriage and women what
they please ; they will renounce neither the one
nor the other. Fontenelle.
So these lives that had run thus far in separate
channels.
Coming in sight of each other, then swerving
and flowing asunder,
Parted by barriers strong, but drawing nearer
and nearer.
Rushed together at last, and one was lost in the
other. Henry W. Longfellow :
Courtship of Miles ^tandish.
Of all serious things marriage is the most
ludicrous. Beaumarchais.
That wife who is given in marriage against
her will is an enemy to her husband. Plautus.
The reason why so few marriages are happy
is because young ladies spend their time in
making nets, not in making cages.
Jonathan Siuift:
Thoughts on Various Subjects.
The treasures of the deep are not so precious
As are the concealed comforts of a man
Locked up in woman's love. I scent the air
Of bles.sings, when I come but near the house.
What a delicious breath marriage sends forth —
The violet bed's not sweeter !
Thomas Middleton.
They that marry ancient people, merely in
expectation to bury them, hang themselves, in
hope that one will come and cut the halter.
Thomas Fuller : Of Marriage,
Three letters ! but one syllable ! Still less, a
single motion of the head, and all is done ! one
is married forever ! I do not know any break-
neck comparable to it. A. Ricard.
MARTYRDOM
623
MELANCHOLY
Thus grief still treads upon the heels of pleasure,
Married in haste, we may repent at leisure.
William Congreve : The Old Bachelor.
Yet it shall be : thou shalt lower to his level
day by day,
What is fine within thee growing coarse to sym-
pathize with clay.
As a husband is, the wife is: thou are mated
with a clown.
And the grossness of his nature will have weight
to drag thee down.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
You are my true and honorable wife ;
As dear to me as are the ruddy drops
That visit my sad heart.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
If you wish to marry suitably, marry your
equal. Ovid.
He that hath wife and children hath given
hostages to fortune for they are impediments
to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.
Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit
for the public, have proceeded from the unmar-
ried or childless men. Francis Bacon.
Thy wife now lives for thee — for thee alone.
She has enough of all kinds of weilth for this
present life, but she scorns them all for thy sake
alone. She has forsaken them all, because she
had not thee with them. Thy absence makes
her think that all she possesses is naught. Thus,
for love of thee, she is wasting away, and lies
near death for tears and grief.
Alfred the Great.
Martyrdom.
He that dies a martyr proves that he was not
a knave, but by no means that he was not a
fool. Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
To die for truth is not to die for one's coun-
try, but to die for the world. Truth, like the
Venus de' Medici, will pass down in thirty frag-
ments to posterity, b it posterity will collect and
recompense them into a goddess. Richter.
Mastery.
Gentlemen, we have a master ; this young
gentleman does everything, is able for every-
thing, and wills everything. Sieyis.
Men at some time are masters of their fates.
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
Materialiam.
Analysis is carried into everything. Even
Deity is subjected to chemic tests. We must
have exact knowledge, a cabinet stuck full of
facts pressed, dried, or preserved in spirits, in-
stead of the large, vague world our fathers had.
With them science was poetry ; with us, poetry
is science. James Russell Loivell : At Sea.
Meaning.
Meaning is a plant of slow growth.
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Meanness.
God made him, and therefore let him pass
for a man. Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Mediocrity.
Be commonplace and creeping, and every-
thing is within your reach. Bcaumarchais.
For when I find that the middle condition of
life is by far the happiest, I look with little
favor on that of princes. Horace.
There are certain things in which mediocrity
is not to be endured, such as poetry, music,
painting, public speaking. La Bruyire.
Meditation.
He that lacks time to mourn lacks time to
mend.
Eternity mourns that. 'Tis an ill cure
For life's worst ills, to have no time to feel
them.
Where sorrow's held intrusive, and turned out.
There wisdom will not enter, nor true power,
Nor aught that dignifies humanity.
Henry Taylor.
I daily plead my cause before myself, when
the light has been taken away, and my wife, who
has now become aware of my habit, has be-
come silent ; I carefully consider in my heart
the entire day, and take a deliberate estimate of
my deeds and words. Seneca.
I pluck up the goodlisome herbs of sentences
by pruning, eat them by reading, digest them
by musing, and lay them up at length in the.
high seat of memory by gathering them to-
gether ; that so, having tasted their sweetness, I
may the less perceive the bitterness of life.
Queen Llizabeth.
Pacing through the forest,
Chewmg the food of sweet and bitter fancy.
Shakspeare : As You Like it.
Women are in this respect more fortunate,
and yet more unfortunate, than men — that
most of their employments are of such a nature
that they may at the same time be thinking of
quite different things. I would pronounce this
to be a lucky circumstance, for one may almost
the whole day continue a train of deep thought
without the slightest interruption to work, or
being in any way distracted in our labors. This
is no doubt one of the chief reasons why many
women surpass men in everything which requires
deep thought and a more subtle knowledge of
ourselves and others. Wilhelm von Humboldt.
It is a melancholy of my own, compounded
of many objects, and, indeed, the sundry con-
templation of my travels, in which my often
rumination wraps me.
Shakspeare : As You Like it.
Melancholy.
A plaf^ue of .sighing and grief ! it Hows a man
up like a bladder. Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
A sadness ever sings
Of unforgotten things,
MELLOWNESS
624
MEMORY
And the bird of love is patting at the pane ;
But the wintry water deepens at the door,
And a step is phishing by upon the moor
Into the dark upon the darkening moor,
And alas, alas, the drip-drop of the rain !
Sydney DobcU : Desolate.
It is a melancholy of mine own, compounded
of many simples, extracted from many objects,
and, indeed, the sundry contemplation of my
travels, in which my often rumination wraps me
in a most humorous sadness.
Shakspeare : As You Like it.
Man delights me not ; no, nor woman neither.
Shakspeare: Hamlet.
Never give way to melancholy. Nothing en-
croaches more. I fight against it vigorously.
One great remedy is to take short views of life.
Are you happy now ? Are you likely to remain
so till this evening, or next month, or next year?
Then, why destroy a present happiness by a
distant misery which may never come at all, or
you may never live to see ? For every substan-
tial grief has. twenty shadows, and many of them
shadows of your own making. Sydney Smith.
Yet strew
Upon my dismall grave
Such offerings as you have,
Forsaken cypresse and yewe ;
For kinder flowers can take no birth
Or growth from such unhappy earth.
J homas Stanley.
You think I have a merry heart,
Because my songs are gay ;
But, oh ! they all were taught to me
By friends now far away ;
The bird retains his silver note.
Though bondage chains his wing ;
His song is not a happy one —
I'm saddest when I sing !
Thomas H. Bayly : I'm Saddest when I Sing.
Mellowness.
When what is good comes of age and is
likely to live, there is reason for rejoicing.
George Eliot.
Melodies.
I hear the blackbird in the corn.
The locust in the haying ;
And, like the fabled hunter's horn.
Old tunes my heart is playing.
John Greenlcaf Whittier.
Memorials.
Spirit that made those heroes dare
To die, to leave their children free,
Bid Time and Nature gently spare
The shaft we raise to them and thee.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Hymn.
Thus, thus, and thus, we compass round
Thy harmless and unhaunted ground,
And as we sing thy dirge, we will
The daffodill
And other flowers lay upon
The altar of our love, thy stone.
Robert Herrick.
Yet, for the love I bare thee once.
Lest that thy name should die,
A monument of marble stone
The truth shall testify ;
That every pilgrim passing by
May pity and deplore
My case, and read the reason why
I can love thee no more.
James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
Yet, look thou still serenely on.
And if sweet friends there be.
That when my song and soul are gone
Shall seek my form in thee.
Tell them of one for whom 'twas best
To flee away and be at rest.
Eelicia Hemans : Under her Portrait.
The ambition of the old Babel-builders was
well directed for this world : there are but two
strong conquerors of the forgetfulness of men.
Poetry and Architecture ; and the latter in some
sort includes the former, and is mightier in its
reality ; it is wtll to have, not only what men
have thought and felt, but what their hands
have handled, and their strength wrought, and
their eyes beheld all the days of their life.
John Ruskin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
In seeds of laurel in the earth
The blossom of your fame is blown.
And somewhere, waiting for its birth,
The shaft is in the stone.
Henry Timrod : Ode.
They know not what sweet duty
We come each year to pay.
Nor heed the blooms of beauty,
The garland gifts of May,
Strewn here to-day.
Theodore P. Cook : Ode.
"VLesaxitj.
Ah, happy hills ! ah, pleasing shade !
Ah, fields beloved in vain !
Where once my careless childhood strayed,
A stranger yet to pain !
I feel the gales that from ye blow
A momentary bliss bestow.
Thomas Gray :
On a Distant Prospect of Eton College.
Back through the mist and film of years,
Through a cloud of blinding tears,
O'er a file of silent biers.
We look with sighs.
And see, ranged on Memory's shrine,
Lights of love and pleasure shine.
With the lustre of red wine
And brilliant eyes.
Michael O'Connor : Memory and Hope.
Dear as remembered kisses after death,
And sweet as those by hopeless fancy feigned
On lips that are for others ; deep as love.
Deep as first love, and wild with all regret ;
O Death in Life, the days that are no more !
Alfred Tennyson : Tears, Idle Tears.
Every one complains of his memory ; no-
body of his Judgment. La Rochefoucauld.
MEMORY
625
MEMORY
I am touched again with shades of early sadness,
Like the summer-cloud's light shadow in my
hair ;
I am thrilled again with breaths of boyish glad-
ness,
Like the scent of some last primrose on the
air. Robert Bulwer Lytton : Astarte.
I can not but remember such things were.
That were most precious to me.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
It is as good as second life to be able to look
back upon our past life with pleasure. Martial.
Memory, the warder of the brain.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
My days among the dead are passed ;
Around me I behold.
Where'er these casual eyes are cast,
The mighty minds of old ;
My never-failing friends are they.
With whom I converse day by day.
Robert Southey.
O Memory, ope thy mystic door !
O dream of youth, return !
And let the lights that gleamed of yore
Beside this altar burn !
The past is plain ; 'twas Love designed
E'en Sorrow's iron chain,
And Mercy's shining thread has twined
With the dark warp of Pain.
David Gray, the American :
The Golden Wedding.
Father ! when I have passed, witlf deathly
swoon.
Into the ghost-world, immaterial, dim.
Oh may not time nor circumstance dislimn
My image from thy memoiy, as noon
Steals from the fainting bloom the cooling dew !
Like flower, itself completing bud and bell.
In lonely thicket, be thy sorrow true,
And in expression secret. Worse than hell
To see the grave hypocrisy, to hear
The crocodilian sighs of summer friends
Outraging griefs assuasive, holy ends !
But thou art faithful, father, and sincere ;
And in thy brain the love of me shall dwell
Like the memorial music in the curved sea-
shell. David Gray, the Scotchman :
In the Shadows.
Praising what is lost
Makes the remembrance dear.
Shakspeare: All's Well that Ends Well.
Remember me when I am gone away.
Gone far away into the silent land ;
When you can no more hold me by the hand.
Nor I half turn to go, yet turning stay.
Remember me when no more, day by day.
You tell me of our future that you planned :
Only remember me ; you understand
It will be late to counsel then, or pray.
Yet, if you should forget me for a while
And afterward remember, do not grieve :
For if the darkness and corruption leave
A vestige of the thoughts that once I had.
Better by far you should forget and smile.
Than that you should remember and be sad.
Christina G. Rossetti : Remember.
Some winter night, shut snugly in
Beside the fagot in the hall,
I think I see you sit and spin.
Surrounded by your maidens all.
Old tales are told, old songs are sung.
Old days come back to memory ;
You say, " When I was fair and young,
A poet sang of me ! "
William Makepeace Thackeray :
Ronsard to his Mistress.
Sweet are the rosy memories of the lips
That first kissed ours, albeit they kiss no
more:
Sweet is the sight of sunset-sailing ships.
Although they leave us on a lonely shore :
Sweet are familiar songs, though Music dips
Her hollow shell in Thought's forlomest
wells :
And sweet, though sad, the sound of mid-
night bells.
When the oped casement with the night-rain
drips. Robert Bulwer Lytton : Prologue.
The leaves of memory seemed to make
A mournful rustling in the dark.
Henry W. Longfellow : Fire of Driftrvood.
The memory ought to be a store-room. Many
turn theirs into a lumber-room. Nay, even
stores grow mouldy and spoil, unless aired and
used betimes ; and then they too become lum-
ber. Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The remembrance of the good done those we
have loved is the only consolation left us when
we have lost them. De Moustier.
When tim^ has passed and seasons fled.
Your hearts will feel like n>ine ;
And aye the sang will maist delight
That minds ye o' lang syne !
Susanna Blamire : The Traveller's Return.
We sat looking into the fire, as it wavered
from shining shape to shape of unearthliest
fantasy, and both of us, no doubt, making out
old faces among the embers, for we both said
together, " Let us talk of old times."
James Russell Lowell : Italy.
Attention is the stuff that memory is made of,
and memory is accumulated genius.
James Russell Lowell : 1 he Biglow Papers,
It is a mere wild rose-bud.
Quite sallow now, and dry.
Yet there's something wondrous in it.
Some gleams of days gone by ;
Dear nights and sounds that are to me
The very moons of memory,
And stir my heart's below
Its short-lived waves of joy and woe.
James Russell Lowell : The Token.
MEN
626
METHOD
Men.
Men are April when they woo,
December when they wed.
Shakspeare : As You Like it.
The men are mostly so slow, their thoughts
overrun 'em, an' they only catch 'em by the
tail. I can count a stocking-top while a man's
gettin' 's tongue ready ! an' when he out's wi
his speech at last, there's little broth to be
made on't. It's your dead chicks take the
longest hatching. George Ehot.
VLercj.
Blessed is he that considereth the poor.
Psalm xli, i.
How many are unworthy of the light ! and
yet the day dawns. Seneca.
If is a noble act to bestow life on the van-
quished. Statins.
Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge.
Shakspeare: Titus Andronicus.
The quality of mercy is not strained ;
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath : it is twice blessed ;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes :
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest : it becomes
The throned monarch better than his crown :
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power.
The attribute to awe and majesty.
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings ;
But mercy is above this sceptred sway ;
It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,
It is an attribute to God himself,
And earthly power doth then show likest God's,
When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,
Though justice be thy plea, consider this —
That in the course of justice none of us
Should see salvation : we do pray for mercy,
And that same prayer doth teach us all to render
The deeds of mercy.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Msrit.
Ah me ! full sorely is my heart forlorn,
To think how modest Worth neglected lies.
While partial Fame doth with her blast adorn
Such deeds alone as pride and pomp disguise ;
Deeds of ill sort, and mischievous emprise :
Lend me thy clarion, goddess ! let me try
To sound the praise of merit, ere it dies.
Such as I oft have chanced to espy.
Lost in the dreary shades of dull Obscurity.
William Shenstone : The Schoolmistress.
All merit ceases the moment we perform an
act for the sake of the consequences. Tnily in
this respect we have our reward. Humboldt.
How seldom, friend, a good great man inherits
Honor and wealtli, with all his worth and
pams
It seems a sto.ry from the world of spirits
When any man obtains that which he merits,
Or any merits that which he obtains.
Samuel T. Coleridge : The Good Great Man.
If we knew the reasons of the regard others
bear us we should be astonished to see how lit-
tle our own merit has to do with it. Anonymous.
Reward not a sleeping pilot. Latin proverb.
Uerriment.
Sport that wrinkled Care derides.
And Laughter holding both his sides.
Come and trip it as you go
On the light fantastic toe.
John Milton : L' Allegro.
Care to our coffin adds a nail, no doubt.
And every grin so merry draws one out.
John Wolcot : Expostulatory Odes.
Messengers.
As the cold of snow in the time of harvest,
so is a faithful messenger to them that send
him ; for he refresheth the soul of his masters.
Proverbs xxiii, ij.
He that sendeth a message by the hand of a
fool cutteth off the feet, and drinketh damage.
Proverbs xxvi, 6.
Metaphysics.
Fix the mind on an orange, the ordinary oc-
cupation of the metaphysician ; take from it
(without eating it) odor, color, weight, form,
substance, and peel ; then let the mind still
dwell on it as an orange. The experiment is
perfectly successful ; only, at the end of it, you
haven't any mind. Charles Dudley Warner.
When the speaker and he to whom he speaks
do not understand, that is metaphysics. Voltaiie.
Metempsychosis.
But there is something more than mere earth
in the spot where great deeds have been done.
The surveyor can not give the true dimensions
of Marathon or Lexington, for they are not re-
ducible to square acres. Dead glory and great-
ness leave ghosts behind them, and departed em-
pire has a metempsychosis, if nothing else has.
James Russell Loivell : Bits of Roman Mosaic.
Method.
Forms and regularity of proceeding, if they
are not justice, partake much of the nature of
justice, which, in its highest sense, is the spirit
of distributive order.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Who keeps no guard upon himself is slack,
And rots to nothing at the next great thaw ;
Man is a shop of rules : a well-trussed pack
Whose every parcel underwrites a law.
Lose not thyself, nor give thy humors way ;
God gave them to thee under lock and key.
George Herbert.
It is not of so much importance what you
learn at school as how you learn it.
Hookham Frere.
Plans which are wise and prudent in them-
selves are rendered vain when the execution of
them is carried on negligently and with im-
prudence. Guicciardini.
A METROPOLIS
627
MISCHIEF
A Metropolis.
We have never known the varied stimulus,
the inexorable criticism, the many-sided oppor-
tunity of a great metropolis, the inspiring re-en-
forcement of an undivided national conscious-
ness. James Russell Lowell :
A Great Public Character.
Militia.
And raw in fields the rude militia swarms ;
Mouths without hands : maintained at vast ex-
pense.
In peace a charge, in war a weak defence ;
Stout once a month they march, a blustering
band.
And ever, but in times of need, at hand.
John Dryden : C\ man and Iphigenia.
Mind.
A man will never change his mind if he has
no mind to change. Richard Whately.
It would be easier to make a people great in
whom the animal is vigorous than to keep one
so after it has begun to spindle into over-intel-
lectuality. James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
The sequences of law
We learn through mind alone ;
'Tis only through the soul
That aught we know is known :
With equal voice she tells
Of what we touch and see
Within these bounds of life,
And of a life to be ;
Proclaiming One who brought us hither,
And holds the keys of whence and whither.
Francis Turner Palgrave : Tht Reign of Law.
The endeavor has been made to distinguish
man from the brutes by defining him as the
only animal that laughs, that has learned the
uses of fire, and what not. . . . But I conceive
his truer and higher distinction to be that he
alone has the gift, or, rather, is laid under the
ennobling necessity, of conceiving and formu-
lating an ideal.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Minntenesa.
Me could distinguish and divide
A hair 'twixt south and southwest side.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Miracles.
He in his science plans
What no known laws foffetell ;
The wandering fires and fixed
Alike are miracle.
Francis Turner Palgrave : The Reign of Law.
Mirth.
A jest's prosperity lies in the ear
Of him who hears it, never in the tongue
Of bim who makes it.
Shakspeare : Love's Loot's Lost.
Gentle Dulness ever loves a joke.
Alexander Pope : The Dunciad.
And yet, methinks, the elder that one grows.
Inclines us more to laugh than scold, though
laughter
Leaves us so doubly serious shortly after.
Lotd Byron : Beppo.
A very merry, dancing, drinking,
Laughing, quaffing, and unthinking time.
John Dryden : The Secular Masque.
Hang sorrow ! care will kill a cat.
And therefore let's be merry.
George Wither : Poem on Christmas.
I had rather have a fool to make me metry,
than experience to make me sad.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
In mirth that after no repenting draws.
John Milton : Sonnet.
It would be argument for a week, laughter
for a month, and a good jest forever.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Nay, if aught can be sure, what is surer
Than that earth's good decays not with earth ?
And of all the heart-springs none are purer
Than the springs of the fountains of mirth.
He that sounds them has pierced the heart's
hollows.
The places where tears chose to sleep ;
For the foam-flakes that dance in life's shallows
Are wrung from life's deep.
Anonymous: On Artemus Ward.
Some things are of that nature as to make
One's fancy chuckle, while his heart doth ache. '
John Bunyaii.
Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable.
S/uzkspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Though this may be play to you,
'Tis death to us.
Roger L' Estrange : Fables from Several Authors.
It is ever my thought that the most God-
fearing man should be the most blithe man.
Anonymous.
Then is not he the wisest man
Who rids his brow of wrinkles.
Who bears his load with merry heart,
And lightens it by half,
Whose pleasant tones ring in the ear,
As mirthful music trinkles.
And whose words are true and telling,
Though they echo with a laugh ?
Anonymous.
Misapplication.
Pretty ! in amber to observe the forms
Of hairs, or straws, or dirt, or grubs, or worms !
The things, we know, are neither rich nor rare,
But wonder how the devil they got there.
Alexander Pope : Epistle to Dr. Arbuthn.t.
Mischief.
I do not understand, yet I can not despise
The cold man of science, who walks with his
eyes
MISCONCEPTION
628
MODERNNESS
All alert through a garden of flowers, and strips
The lilies' gold tongues and the roses' red lips,
With a ruthless dissection ; since he, I suppose.
Has some purpose beyond the mere mischief he
does.
But the stupid and mischievous boy, that up-
roots
The exotics, and tramples the tender young
shoots,
For a boy's brutal pastime, and only because
He knows no distinction 'twixt hearl's-ease and
haws —
One would wish, for the sake of each nursling
so nipped
To catch the young rascal and have him well
whipped ! Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Misconception.
There is lots of folk who think that all there
was of note about Diogenes was the tub he
lived in. Josh Billings.
Misery.
Most men employ the first part of their life
to make the other part miserable. La Bruykre.
Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are.
That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm.
How shall your houseless heads and unfed
sides.
Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend
you
From seasons such as these?
Shakspeare : King Lear.
Thou art not bom to misery ; the Almighty
never called any of his creatures, into existence
to render them unhappy, yet man may be
wretched from his own follies and vices.
Solomon Gessner.
Misfortune.
Little minds are tamed and subdued by mis-
fortune, but great minds rise above it. Irving.
Sympathize with others, at least externally,
when they are in sorrow and misfortune ; but
remember in your own heart that to the brave
and wise and true there is really no such thing
as misfortune. Epictetiis.
If all our misfortunes were laid in one com-
mon heap, whence every one must take an equal
portion, most people would be contented to take
their own and depart. Socrates.
The friends of the unfortunate live a long
way off. Latin proverb.
The only real misfortune that can befall man
is to find himself in fault, and to have done
something of which he need be ashamed.
La Bruyere.
There is no one more unfortunate than the
man who has never been unfortunate, for it has
never been in his power to try himself. Seneca.
When mischance befalls us, all the interval
between its happening and our knowledge of it
is clear gain. Terentius.
Misjudgment.
He jests at scars who never felt a wound.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Any man may commit a mistake, but none
but a fool will continue in it. Cicero.
I have shot mine arrow o'er the house,
And hurt my brother. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Striving to better, oft we mar what's well.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
Mismanagement.
Heaven sends us good meats, but the devil
sends cooks. David Garrick.
Misuse.
Give not that which is holy unto the dogs,
neither cast ye your pearls before swine.
St. Alattluw vii, 6.
Mockery.
Cervantes smiled Spain's chivalry away.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Moderation.
It is best to rise from life, as from a banquet,
neither thirsty nor dmnken. Horace.
Love me little, love me long !
Is the burden of my song :
Love that is too hot and strong
Burnetii soon to waste.
Still I would not have thee cold —
Not too backward, nor too bold ;
Love that lasteth till 'tis old
Fadeth not in haste.
Love me little, love me long !
Is the burden of my song. Anonymous.
Moderate speed is a sure help to all proceed-
ings ; where those things which are presented
with violence of endeavor or desire, either suc-
ceed not or continue not. Joseph Hall.
Moderation is the pleasure of the wise.
Voltaife.
Moderation is the silken thread running
through the pearl chain of all the virtues.
Joseph Hall : Chnstian Moderation.
O, could T flow like thee, and make thy stream
My great example, as it is my theme !
Though deep, yet clear ! though gentle, yet not
dull ;
Strong without rage ; without o'erflowing, full.
Sir John Denham : Cooper's Hill.
On Fortune's cap we are not the very button.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Whoever thou art that hast become rich from
great poverty, use thy good fortune with mod-
eration. Ansonius.
Modernness.
We are of yesterday, and it is to no purpose
that our political augurs divine from the flight
of our eagles that to-morrow shall be ours, and
flatter us with an all-hail hereafter.
James Russell Lowell :
A Great Public Character,
MODESTY
629
MOROSENESS
Modesty.
lie takes the greatest ornament from friend-
ship who takes modesty from it. Cicero.
I would 'rather posterity should inquire why
no statues were erected to my memory than why
they were. Cato.
Modesty and dew alike love the shade ; both
shine forth in daylight only to soar to heaven.
Anonymous.
Modesty is to merit what shade is to figures
in a picture, giving it strength and relief.
La Bruyire.
Modesty should accompany youth. Plautus.
Glory is like beauty, it is heightened by
modesty. Lacordairt.
Then fly betimes, for only they
Conquer Love, that run away.
Thomas Carew : Conquest by Flight.
True modesty does not consist in an igno-
rance of our merits, but in a due estimate of
them. Modesty then, is only another name for
self-knowledge.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
When any one remains modest, not after
praise but after censure, then he is truly so.
Jiichter.
Who builds a church to God and not to fame,
Will never mark the marble with his name.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
On their own merits modest men are dumb.
George Colman the Younger : The Heir at Law.
Moments.
( iod works in moments. French.
Money.
But the jingling of the guinea helps the hurt
that honor feels.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
For the love of money is the root of all evil.
/ Timothy vi, 10.
Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare,
And Mammon wins his way where seraphs
might despair. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Money is an evil spirit ; as soon as you touch
it, it disappears. Many precautions are re-
quired in opening its coffers.
Toussaint LOuverture.
Put money in thy purse. Shakspeare : Othello.
Saint-seducing gold.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
The Almighty Dollar, that great object of
universal devotion throughout our land, seems
to have no genuine devotees in these peculiar
villages.
Washington Irving : The Creole Village.
The deepest depth of vulgarism is that of
setting up money as the ark of the covenant.
Thomas Carlyle.
What makes all doctrines plain and clear?
About two hundred pounds a year.
And that which was proved true before,
Proves false again ? Two hundred more.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Would you know the value of money, go and
borrow some. Spanish proverb.
Gold sowed the world with every ill ;
Gold taught the murderer's hand to kill ;
'Twas gold instructed coward hearts
In treachery's more pernicious arts.
Who can recount the mischiefs o'er?
Virtue resides on earth no more.
John Gay : Fables.
Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare,
And Mammon wins his way where seraphs
might despair. Lord Byron : ChiLie harold.
For the love of money is the root of all evil.
/ 1 imothy vi, to.
Monuments.
Recollect how fleeting are all human things,
and that there is nothing so likely to hand
down your name as a poem ; all other monu-
ments are frail and fading, passing away as
quickly as the men they pretend to perpetuate.
Pliny the Younger.
T direct that my name be inscribed in plain
English letters on my tomb, without the addi-
tion of "Mr." or "Esquire." I conjure my
friends on no account to make me the subject
of any monument, memorial, or testimonial
whatever. I rest my claims to the remembrance-
of my country upon my published works, and to
the remembrance of my friends upon their ex-
perience of me.
Charles Dickens ; From his Will.
Morals.
If he does really think that there is no dis-
tinction between virtue and vice, why, sir, when
he leaves our houses let us count our spoons.
Boswell's Life of Johnson.
There are some people whose morals are
only in the piece ; they never make a coat.
Joubert.
Morning.
An hour before the worshipped sun
Peered forth the golden window of the east.
Shakspeare : Home and Juliet.
The mom, in nisset mantle clad.
Walks o'er the dew of yon higii eastern hill.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
The sun had long since in the lap
Of Thetis taken out his nap,
And, like a lobster boiled, the morn
From black to red began to turn.
Samuel Jiutler : Hudibras.
Moroseness.
Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort.
As if he mocked himself and scorned his spirit,
That he could be moved to smile at anything.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
MORTALITY
630
motherhood:
mortality.
Art is long and time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave.
Still like muffled drums are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
Henry W. Longfellow : Psalm of Life.
I am going the way of all the earth.
Joshua xxiii, 14.
Like as the damask rose you see.
Or like the blossoms on the tree,
Or like the dainty flower of May,
Or like the morning of the day,
Or like the sun, or like the shade,
Or like the gourd which Jonas had ;
Even such is man, whose thread is spun,
Drawn out and cut, and so is done.
The rose withers, the blossom blasteth.
The flower fades, the morning hasteth,
The sun sets, the shadow flies.
The gourd consumes, and man — he dies !
Simon Wastell: Man's Mortality.
Man is ever clogged with his mortality, and
it was my mortal nature which now pattered
and plained. Charlotte Bronte.
My prime of youth is but a frost of cares,
My feast of joy is but a dish of pain.
My crop of corn is but a field of tares,
And all my goodes is but vain hope of gain.
The day is fled, and yet I saw no sun ;
And now I live, and now my life is done '
Chediock Tichebome.
Not a robin held its little breath.
But sang right on in the face of death ;
You never would dream, to see the sky
Give glance for glance to the violet's eye,
That aught between them could ever die.
Benjamin F. Taylor : Going LLome.
The knight's bones are dust,
And his good sword rust ;
His soul is with the saints, I trust.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Knight's Tomb.
We all do fade as a leaf.
Lsaiah Ixiv, 6.
Motherhood.
Her, by her smile, how soon the stranger knows ;
How soon by his the glad discovery shows.
As to her lips she lifts the lovely boy.
What answering looks of sympathy and joy ! .
He walks, he speaks. In many a broken word,
His wants, his wishes, and his griefs are heard.
And ever, ever to her lap he flies.
When rosy sleep comes on with sweet surprise.
Locked in her arms, his arms across her flung
(That name most dear forever on his tongue).
As with soft accents round her neck he clings.
And, cheek to cheek, her lulling songs she
sings.
How blest to feel the beatings of his heart :
Breathe his sweet breath, and bliss for bliss im-
part ;
Watch o'er his slumbers like the brooding dove.
And, if she can, exhaust a mother's love !
Samuel Rogers : A Mother's Love.
Sleep safe, O wave-worn mariner !
Fear not, to-night, or storm or sea !
The ear of heaven bends low to her !
He comes to shore who sails with me I
The spider knows the roof unriven,
While swings his web, though lightnings
blaze —
And by a thread still fast on heaven,
I know my mother lives and prays !
N, P. Willis : Lines on leaving Euro/e.
The death of a mother is the first sorrow
wept without her. Anonymous.
Youth fades, love droops ; the leaves of friend-
ship fall :
A mother's secret hope outlives them all.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : A Mother's Secret.
A mother is a mother still.
The holiest thing alive,
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Three Graves.
Happy be
With such a mother ! faith in womankind
Beats with his blood, and trust in all things
high
Comes easy to him, and though he trip and fall.
He shall not blind his soul with clay.
Alfred Tennyson : The Princess.
Mothers are the only goddesses in whom the
whole world believes, Chamfort.
The remembrance of a beloved mother be-
comes a shadow to all our actions ; it precedes
or follows them. Anonymous.
Easy thought was hers to fathom,
Nothing hard her glance to read.
For it seemed to say : " No praises
For this little child I need : ^
If you see, I see far better.
And I will not feign to care
For a stranger's prompt assurance
That the face is fair."
Jean Lngelow :
A Mother showing a Portrait of her Child.
I wonder so that mothers ever fret
At little children clinging to their gown ;
Or that the footprints, when the days are wet.
Are ever black enough to make them frown.
If I could find a little muddy boot,
Or cap, or jacket, on my chamber floor —
If I could kiss a rosy, restless foot,
And hear it patter in my house once more —
If I could mend a broken cart to-day.
To-morrow make a kite to reach the sky,
There is no woman in God's world could say
She was more blissfully content than I.
But ah ! the daincy pillow next my own
Is never rumpled by a shining head.
May Riley Smith : 'Jired Mothers.
Sleep and rest, sleep and rest,
Father will come to thee soon ;
Rest, rest on mother's breast.
Father will come to thee soon ;
Father will come to his babe in the nest,
Silver sails all out of the west
MOTIVES
631
MUSIC
Under the silver moon :
Sleep, my little one, sleep, my pretty one, sleep.
Alfred Tennyson : Lullaby.
Wearie is the mither that has a storie wean,
A wee stumpie stoussie, that canna rin his lane,
That has a battle aye wi' sleep, before he'll
close an ee ;
But a kiss frae aff his rosy lips gies strength
anew to me.
William Miller: Willie Winkie.
Motives.
After all, it is the imponderables that move
the world — heat, electricity, love.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
The two noblest things are sweetness and
light. Jonathan Swift.
Moaming.
He mourns the dead who lives as they desire.
EduHird Young: Night Thoughts.
If in another world there is a pious mansion
for the blessed ; if, as the wisest men have
thought, the soul is not extinguished with the
body, mayst thou enjoy a state of eternal felicity !
From that station behold thy disconsolate family ;
exalt our minds from fond regret and unavail-
ing grief to the contemplation of thy virtues.
Those we must not lament ; it were impiety to
sully them with a tear. To cherish their mem-
ory, to embalm them with our praises, and, if
our frail condition will permit, to emulate their
bright example, will be the truest mark of our
respect, tlie best tribute thy family can offer.
l^acitus.
Karder.
Confusion now hath made his masterpiece.
Most sacrilegious murder hath broke opQ
The Lord's anointed temple, and stole thence
The life o' the building. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Mormnring.
•Murmur at nothing : if our ills are reparable,
it is ungrateful ; if remediless, it is vain.
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
Miuio.
I am never merry when I hear sweet music.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
Music (which is earnest of a heaven.
Seeing we know emotions strange by it.
Not else to be revealed) is as a voice,
A low voice calling fancy, as a friend.
To the green woods in the gay summer time ;
And she fills all the way with dancing shapes.
Which have made painters pale, and they go on
While stars look at ti em, and winds call to
them, '^
As they leave life's path for the tjvilight world
Where the dead gather.
Robert Browning : Pauline.
Song is the tone of feeling. Like poetry, the
language of feeling art should regulate, and
perhaps temper and modify it. But whenever
such a modification is introduced as destroys the
predominance of the feeling — which yet hap-
pens in ninety-nine settings out of a hundred,
41
and with nine hundred and ninety-nine taught
singers out of a thousand — the essence is sacri-
ficed to what should be the accident ; and we
get notes, but no song.
Augustus //are : Guesses at Truth.
That which is not worth the trouble of being
spoken, they sing. Beaumarckais.
The man that hath no music in himself,
Nor is not moved by concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils :
The motions of his spirit arc dull as night,
And his affections dark as Erebus.
Let no such man be trusted.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
"This must be the music," said he, "of the
spears.
For I'm cursed if each note of it doesn't run
through one ! "
Thomas Moore : Fudge Family.
The vile squeaking of the wry-necked fife.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
If music be the food of love, play on ;
Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting.
The appetite may sicken and so die.
That strain again ; it had a dying fall :
O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet south.
That breathes ujxju a bank of violets.
Stealing and giving odor.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
I played a soft and doleful air ;
I ^ang an old and moving story —
An old rude song that suited well
That ruin wild and hoary.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
The portal soon was opened, for in the land of
song
The minstrel at the outer gate yet never lin-
gered long.
And inner doors were seldom closed 'gainst
wanderers such as he ;
For locks or hearts to open soon, sweet music is
the key. Samuel Lover.
So quaintly sadly mute they hang,
We ask in vain what fingers played.
What hearts were stirred, what voices sang.
What songs in life's brief masquerade —
What old-world catch or serenade.
What ill-worn mirth, what mock despairs
Found voice when maid or ruffling blade
Sang long-forgot familiar airs.
We only know that once they rang
In oaken room and forest glade,
WTiere yule-logs glowed or branches swang ;
When earth and heaven itself were made
For roistering off a Spanish raid.
To drown in such life's shallower cares,
Or trip in ruffs and old brocade.
To long-forgot familiar airs.
Mortimer Wheeler: Old /nstruments.
Sentimentally I am disposed to harmony ; but
organically I am incapable of a tune.
Charles Lamb : A Chapter on Ears.
MUSING
632
THE NATION
A solemn, strange, and mingled air ;
'Twas sad by fits, by starts 'twas wild.
William Collins : The Passions.
Forgotten seers of lost repute
That haunt the banks of Acheron,
Where have you dropped the broken lute
You played in Troy or Calydon ?
O ye that sang in Babylon
By foreign willows cold and gray,
Fall'n are the harjjs ye hanged thereon,
Dead are the tunes of yesterday !
De Coucy, is your music mute,
The quaint old plain-chant woe-begone
That served so many a lover's suit ?
Oh, dead as Adam or Gu^dron !
Then, sweet De Caurroy, try upon
Your virginals a virelay ;
Or play Orlando, one pavonne —
Dead are the tunes of yesterday '
But ye whose praises none refute,
Who have the immortal laurel won ;
Trill me your quavering close acute,
Astorga, dear unhappy Don !
One air, Galuppi ! Sarti one
So many fingers used to play ! —
Dead as the ladies of Villon,
Dead are the tunes of yesterday !
A. Alary F. Robinson : Forgotten Tunes.
Hosing.
I sit and brood beside my fire,
Watching the red coals change their shape :
Through moving flames rise gates and towers,
Black eyeballs stare and hot mouths gape ;
While dreaming I spin rhyme on rhyme
Of dew-fall and the summer time.
Waller Thornbury : Faces by the Fire.
Matability.
The fashion of this world passeth away.
/ Corinthians vii, ji.
I And oh ! what changes we all know.
Long years can bring in one small place,
In names and shapes, from face to face.
As souls will come and souls will go :
And here, where hills have all stt'od fast.
While babes have come and men have passed,
The wind-stream softly seems to sigh,
" Man's lifetime glides avway as I."
William Barnes : Changes.
I know that all beneath the moon decays.
And what by mortals in this world is brought.
In time's great periods shall return to nought.
I know that all the Muses' heavenly layes.
With toil of sprite which are so dearly bought.
As idle sounds of few or none are sought.
That there is nothing lighter than mere praise.
Drummond of Ilawthornden.
Mystery.
Man is not born to solve the problems of the
universe, but to find out where the problem be-
gins, and then to restrain himself within the
limits of the comprehensible. Goethe.
Not only the incoming and outgoing of life
are hidden with a manifold veil, but even the
short path itself ; as around Egyptian temples,
so around the greatest of all temples, sphmxes
lie ; and, reversing the ca e as it was with the
sphinx, he only solves it who dies. Richter.
The veil which covers the face of futurity was
woven by the hand of mercy.
Edward Bulwer Lytton.
IS.
XTames.
Fall back upon a name? rest, rot in that?
Nor keep it noble, make it nobler ? Fools !
Alfred Tennyson.
Science peddling with the names of things.
James Russell Lowell : Ode.
These are deeds that should not pass away,
And names that must not wither, though the
earth
Forget her empire with a sure decay.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Call things by their right names. Robert Hall'.
One of the few, the immortal names
That were not born to die.
Fitz-Greene Halleck : Marco Bozarris.
If his name be George, I'll call him Peter ;
For new-made honor doth forget men's names.
Shakspeare : King John.
Stephen Sly. and old John Naps of Greece,
And Peter Turf, and Henry Pimpernell ;
And twenty more such names and men as
these.
Which never were, nor no man ever saw.
Shakspeare : Taming of the Shreiv.
Oh no, we never mention her.
Her name is never heard.
Thomas Haynes Bayly : Song.
Who shall conjure with Saugus or Cato Four .
Comers — with Israel Putnam or Return Jona-
than Meigs? James Russell Lowell :
A Great Public Character. '
The Nation.
Barbarism recommences by the excess of
civilization. Lamartine.
Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puis-
sant nation rousing herself like a strong man
after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks ;
NATURALNESS
633
NATURE
methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her
mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes
at the full midday beam.
John Milton: Areopagitica.
Nationality.
Our literature, when we have learned to feel
our own strength, and to respect our own
thought because it is ours, and not because
the European Mrs. Grundy agrees with it, will
have a fresh flavor and a strong body that will
recommend it, especially as what we import
is watered more and more liberally with every
vintage.
James Russell Lowell : In the Mediterranean.
Naturalness.
Beloved brother, let us not foi^et that man
can never lay aside his own nature. Goethe.
Nothing prevents us so much from being
natural as the desire to appear so.
La Koehejoucauld.
You never stained your face with walnut-juice
or rouge ; you never delighted in dresses indeli-
cately low ; your single ornament was a loveli-
ness which no age could destroy ; your special
glory was a conspicuous chastity.
Seneca : To his Mother.
It is as easy, and no easier, to be natural in
a salon as in a swamp, if one do not aim at it,
for what we call unnaturainess always has its
spring in a man's thinking too much about him-
self. James Russell Lowell : 'J hofeau.
Nature.
A cloud lay cradled near the setting sun,
A gleam of crimson tinged its braided snow ;
Long had I watched the glory moving on.
O'er the still radiance of the lake below :
Tranquil its spirit seemed, and floated slow,
E'en in its very motion there was rest.
While every breath of eve that chanced to blow,
Wafted the traveller to the beauteous west.
Emblem, methought, of the departed soul,
To "whose white robe the gleam of bliss is
given,
And by the breath of mercy made to roll
Right onward to the golden gates of heaven,
While to the eye of faith it peaceful lies,
And tells to man his glorious destinies.
John Wilson : The Cloud.
And, calm and patient. Nature keeps
Her ancient promise well.
Though o'er her bloom and greenness sweeps
The battle's breath of hell.
Oh, give to us her finer ear !
Above this stormy din
We, too, would hear the bells of cheer
Ring Peace and Freedom in !
John G. Whitlier: The Battle Autumn.
And here, while the night-winds round me sigh,
And the stars bum bright in the midnight sky.
As I sit apart by the desert stone.
Like Elijah at Horeb's cave, alone,
"A still small voice" comes through the wild
(Like a father consoling his fretful child),
Which banishes bitterness, wrath, and fear.
Saying, Man is distant, but God is near !
Thomas Pringle : Afar in the Desert.
And 'tis my faith that every flower
Enjoys the air it breathes.
William Wordsworth : In Early Spring.
And what is so rare as a day in June ?
Then, if ever, come perfect days ;
Then Heaven tries the earth if it be in tune.
And over it softly her warm ear lays.
James Russell Lowell :
7 he Vision of Sir Launfal.
Autumn nodding o'er the yellow plain.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
Autumn wins you best by this its mute
Appeal for sympathy for its decay.
Robert Browning : Paracelsus.
My God, I thank thee who hast made
The earth so bright ;
So full of splendor and of joy.
Beauty and light ;
So many glorious things are here,
Noble and right !
Adelaide A. Procter : Thankfulness,
Behold the sea.
The opaline, the plentiful and strong,
Yet beautiful as is the rose in June,
Fresh as the trickling rainbow of July ;
Sea full of food, the nourishcr of kinds,
Purger of earth, and medicine of men ;
Creating a sweet climate by thy breath.
Washing out harms and griefs from memory.
And, in thy malhematic ebb and flow.
Giving a hint of that which changes not.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Sea-shore.
Boughs are daily rifled
By the gusty thieves.
And the book of Nature
Getteth short of leaves.
Thomas Hood : The Seasons.
But on and up, where Nature's heart
Beats strong amid the hills.
Richard Monckton Milnes.
But who can paint
Like Nature ? Can imagination boast.
Amid its gay creation, hues like hers?
James Thomson : 'The Seasons.
Earth, with her thousand voices, praises God.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge :
Hymn in the Vale of Chamouni.
Ever charming, ever new.
When will the landscape tire the view !
The fountain's fall, the river's flow.
The woody valleys, warm and low ;
The windy summit, wild and high.
Roughly rushing on the sky !
The pleasant seat, the ruined tower,
The naked rock, the shady bower ;
The town and village, dome and farm,
NATURE
634
NATURE
Each gives each a double charm,
As pearls upon an Ethiop's arm.
John Dyer : Gongar Hill.
For Art may err, but Nature can not miss.
John Dryden : The Cock and Fox.
For winter's rains and ruins are over,
And all the season of snows and sms ;
The days dividing lover and lover.
The light that loses, the night that wins ;
And time remembered is grief forgotten,
And frosts are slain and flowers begotten,
And in green underwood and cover
Blossom by blossom the spring begins.
Algernon Charles Swinburne.
Glide on in your beauty, ye youthful spheres.
To weave the dance that measures the years !
Glide on, in the glory and gladness sent
To the furthest wall of the firmament —
The boundless visible smile of him.
To the veil of whose brow your lamps are dim !
William C. Bryant : Song of the Stars.
Going — the great round Sun,
Dragging the captive Day
Over behind the frowning hill,
Over beyond the bay —
Dying :
Coming — the dusky Night,
Silently stealing in.
Wrapping himself in the soft warm couch
Where the golden-haired Day hath been
Lying.
Edward A. Jenks : Going and Coming.
To me
High mountains are a feeling, but the hum
Of human cities torture,
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Hither rolls the storm of heat ;
I feel its finer billows beat
Like a sea which me enfolds ;
Heat with viewless fingers moulds,
Swells, and mellows, and matures.
Paints and flavors and allures.
Bird and brier inly warms,
Still enriches and transforms.
Gives the reed and lily length.
Adds to oak and oxen strength.
Transforming what it doth enfold.
Life out of death, new out of old.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : May-Day.
How beautiful is night !
A dewy freshness fills the silent air ;
No mist obscures, nor cloud, nor speck, nor stain.
Breaks the serene of heaven :
In full-orbed glory, yonder moon divine
Rolls through the dark-blue depths.
Beneath her steady ray
The desert-circle spreads.
Like the round ocean, girdled with the sky.
How beautiful is night !
Robert Southey : Thalaba.
How many days, with mute adieu,
Have gone down yon untrodden sky !
And still it looks as clear and blue
As when it first was hung on high.
The rolling sun, the frowning cloud
That drew the lightning in its rear.
The thunder, trampling deep and loud,
Have left no dark impression there.
Thomas Miller : An Evening Hymn.
How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this
bank ! Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice,
I came to my country, but not with the hope
That brightened my youth, like the cloud-
lighting bow ;
For the vigor of soul that was mighty to cope
With time and with fortune hath fled from
me now.
And love, that illumined my wanderings of
yore.
Hath perished, and left but a weary regret
For the star that can rise on my midnight no
more —
But the hills of my country, they welcome
me yet !
Frances Browne : The Hills of my Country.
I care not. Fortune, what you me deny :
You can not rob me of free Nature's grace ;
You can not shut the windows of ihe sky.
Through which Aurora shows her brightening
face ;
You can not bar my constant feet to trace
The woods and lawns, by living stream, at eve;
Let health my nei-ves and finer fibres brace.
And I their toys to the great children leave :
Of fancy, reason, virtue, naught can me be-
reave.
James Thomson : The Castle of Indolence.
I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where ox-lips and the nodding violet grows.
Shakspeare : A Midsummer-Nighf s Dream.
I'm sadder now — I have had cause ; but O, I'm
proud to think
That each pure joy-fount, loved of yore, I yet
delight to drink ; —
Leaf, blossom, blade, hill, valley, stream, the
calm, unclouded sky.
Still mingle music with my dreams, as in the
days gone by.
WTien summer's loveliness and light fall round
me dark and cold,
I'll bear indeed life's heaviest curse — a heart
that hath waxed old !
William Motherwell :
They Come, the Merry Summer Months.
In a valley, centuries ago.
Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
Veining delicate and fibres tender.
Waving when the wind crept down so low. >
Rushes tall, and moss and grass grew round it ;
Playful sunbeams darted in and found it ;
Drops of dew stole down by night and
crowned it ;
But no foot of man e'er came that way —
Earth was young and keeping holiday.
Mary L. Bolles Branch : the Petrified Fern.
NATURE
635
NATURE
In those vernal seasons of the year, when the
air is calm and pleasant, it were an injury and
sullenness against Nature not to go out and see
her riches, and partake in her rejoicing with
heaven and earth. John Milton : Education.
I said that the power of human mind had its
growth in the wilderness : much more must the
love and the conception of that beauty who>>e
every line and hue we have seen to be, at the
best, a faded image of God's daily work, and an
arrested ray of some star of creation, be given
chiefly in the places which he has gladdened
by planting there the fir-tree and the pine.
John Ruskin : Sevtn Lamps of Architecture.
I tax not you, you elements, with unkind-
ness. Shakspeate : King Lear.
Knowing that Nature never did betray
The heart that loved her.
William Wordsworth : Tintem Abbey.
Lead me to your dens,
Ye fays and sylvan beings — lead me still
Through all your wildly tangled grots and
groves.
With Nature, and her genuine beauties full ;
And on another stop, a stop thine own,
I'll sound thy praise, if praise can please —
A truant long to Nature and to thee !
Richard Alfred Afillikin.
Nature has her language, and she is not un-
veracious ; but we don't know all the intrica-
cies of her syntax just yet, and in a hasty read-
ing we may happen to extract the very opposite
of her real meaning. George Eliot.
Nature is a rag-merchant who works up
every shred, art, and end into new creations.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Nature is sanative, refining, elevating. How
cunningly she hides every wrinkle of her incon-
ceivable antiquity under roses, and violets, and
morning dew ! Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund Day
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain-tops.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
Had in her sober livery all things clad ;
Silence accompanied ; for beast and bird,
They to their grassy couch, these to their nests,
Were slunk, all but the wakeful nightingale ;
She all night long her amorous descant sung ;
Silence was pleased : now glowed the firma-
ment
With living sapphires ; Hesperus, that led
The starry host, rode brightest, till the moon,
Rising in clouded majesty, at length
Apparent queen unveiled her peerless light,
And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw.
John Milton : Paradise Lost,
O bright-hearted river,
With crystalline quiver.
Like a sword from its scabbard, far-flashing
abroad !
And I think, as I gaze
On the tremulous blaze,
That thou surely wert drawn by an angel of God !
Through the black heart of night !
Leaping out to the light.
Thou art reeking with sunset and dyed with
the dawn ;
Cleft the emerald sod —
Cleft the mountains of God —
And the shadows of roses yet rusted thereon !
Benjamin F. Taylor: Rhymes of a River.
Oh, it is pleasant, with a heart at ease.
Just after sunset, or by moonlight skies,
To make the shifting clouds be what you please.
Or let the easily-persuaded eyes
Own each quaint likeness issuing from the
mould
Of a friend's fancy ; or, with head bent low,
A.nd cheek aslant, see rivers flow of gold,
'Twixt crimson banks ; and then, a traveller,
go
From mount to mount, through- cloudland,
gorgeous land !
Or, listening to the tide with closM sight.
Be that blind bard, who on the Chian strand,
By those deep sounds possessed with inward
light.
Beheld the Iliad and the Odyssey
Rise to the swelling of the voiceful sea.
Samuel Taylor Coletidge : Fancy in Nubibus.
O Nature, how fair is thy face.
And how light is thy heart and how friendless
thy grace ! Oioen Meredith : Lucile'.
Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll !
Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain ;
Man marks the earth with ruin— his control
Stops with the shore— upon the watery plain
The wrecks are all thy deed, nor doth remain
A shadow of man's ravage save his own.
When, for a moment, like a drop of rain,
He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan.
Without a grave, unknelled, uncoftined, and un-
known. Lord Byron : Childe IJarold.
Slave to no sect, who takes no private road,
But looks thiough Nature up to Nature's God.
Alexander Tope : Essay on Man.
Sweet April's tears
Dead on the hem of May.
Alexander Smith : A Life Drama.
Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky !
The dew shall weep thy fall to-night ;
For thou must die.
George Herbert : Virtue.
Sweet spring, full of r.weet days and roses,
A box where sweets compacted lie.
George Ilobcrt : Virtue.
That full star that ushers in the even.
Shakspeare : Sonnet cxxxii.
The flowers of spring may wither, the hope of
summer fade.
NATURE
636
NATURE
The autumn droop in winter, the birds forsake
the shade ;
The winds be hilled, the sun and moon forget
their old decree —
But we, in Nature's latest hour, O Lord ! will
cling to thee.
Bishop Heber : Hymn to the Seasons.
The foregoing generations beheld God and
Nature face to face ; we through their eyes.
Why should not we also enjoy an original re-
lation to the universe ? Why should not we
have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not
of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us
and not the history of theirs ?
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Nature.
The green earth sends her incense up
From many a mountain shrine ;
From folded leaf and dewy cup
She pours her sacred wine.
John G. lVhittie> : Tent on the Beach,
The heavens declare the glory of God, and
the firmament showeth his handiwork. Day
unto day uttereth speech, and night into night
showeth knowledge. Psalm xix, /.
The morn, in russet mantle clad.
Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
There is a pleasure in the pathless woods.
There is a rapture on the lonely shore.
There is society, where none intrudes.
By the deep sea, and music in its roar :
I love not man the less, but Nature more,
From these our interviews, in which I steal
From all I may be, or have been before.
To mingle with the universe, and feel
What I can ne'er express, yet can not all con-
ceal. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
There is no color in the world,
No lovely tint on hill or plain ;
The summer's golden sails are furled.
And sadly falls the autumn rain.
Celia Thaxter : November.
These are thy glorious works, parent of good.
Almighty, thine this universal frame.
Thus wondrous fair ; thyself how wondrous
then!
Unspeakable, who sitt'st above these heavens
To us invisible, or dimly seen
In these thy lowest works ; yet these declare
Thy goodness beyond thought and power divine.
Speak, ye who best can tell, ye sons of light.
Angels ; for ye behold him, and with songs
And choral symphonies, day without night.
Circle his throne rejoicing ; ye in heaven.
On earth join, all ye creatures, to extol
Him first, him last, him midst, and without end.
Fairest of stars, last in the train of night.
If better thou belong not to the dawn.
Sure pledge of day, that crown'st the smiling
morn
With thy bright circlet, praise him in thy sphere,
While day arises, that sweet hour of prime.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
The sky is changed ! and such a change ! O
night.
And storm, and darkness ! ye are wondrous
strong.
Yet lovely in your strength, as is the light
Of a dark eye in woman ! Far along,
From peak to peak, the rattling crags among
Leaps the live thunder.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
The soft blue sky did never melt
Into his heart ; he never felt
The witchery of the soft blue sky.
William Wordsworth : Peter Bell.
The sounding cataract
Haunted me like a passion : the tall rock.
The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood.
Their colors and their forms were then to me
An appetite ; a feeling and a love.
That had no need of a remoter charm
i By thoughts supplied, nor any interest
Unborrowed from the eye. -'
William Wordsworth : Tin tern Abbey.
The volume of Nature, like that of revelation,
is written with the finger of Jehovah, and
teaches in every page the lessons of his wisdom
and goodness. Asahel C. Kendrick.
The groves were God's first temples.
William Cullen Bryant : The Forest Hymn.
The pines stood by, the stars looked on, and
listless fell the snow ;
The breeze made merry with the trees, nor
heeded wolf nor woe.
John William Weidemeyer : The Song of Rorek.
To claim the Arctic came the sun
With banners of the burning zone.
Unrolled upon their airy spars,
They froze beneath the light of stars ;
And there they float, those streamers old,
Those Northern Lights, forever cold !
Benjamin F. Taylor: The Northern Lights.
To him who in the love of Nature holds
Communion with her visible forms, she speaks
A various language.
William Cullen Bryant : Tkanatopsis.
To win the secret of a weed's plain heart.
James Russell Lowell : .Sonnet.
What potent blood hath modest May ;
What fiery force the earth renews
The wreath of forms, the flush of hues ;
What joy in rosy waves outpoured.
Flows from the heart of Love, the Lord !
Ralph Waldo Emerson : May-day.
What is it we look for in the landscape, in
sunsets and sunrises, in the sea and the firma-
ment ? What but a compensation for the cramp
and pettiness of human performance ?
Ralph Waldo Emersoti.
\Vhat was't awakened first the untuned ear
Of that sole man who was all human kind ?
Was it the gladsome welcome of the wind,
Stirring the leaves that never yet were sear ?
NEARNESS
637
NEW YEAR
The four mellifluous streams which flowed so
near,
Their lulling murmurs all in one combined?
The note of bird unnamed ? The startled hind
Bursting the brake in wonder, not in fear.
Of her new lord ? Or did the holy ground
Send forth mysterious melody to greet
The gracious pressure of immaculate feet ?
Did viewless seraphs rustle all around,
Making sweet music out of air as sweet ?
Or his own voice awake him with its sound?
Hartley Coleridge : The First Voices of Paradise.
When proud-pied April, dressed in all his trim,
Hath put a spirit of youth in everything.
Shakspeare : Sonnet xcviii.
When Spring unlocks the flowers to paint the
laughing soil. Reginald Heber.
I look upon a great deal of the modern sen-
timentalism about Nature as a mark of disease.
... If matters go on as they have done, and
everybody must needs blab of all the favors that
have been done him by roadside and river
brink and woodland walk, as if to kiss and tell
were no longer treachery, it will be a positive
refreshment to meet a man who is as superbly
indiflierent to Nature as she is to him.
James Russell Lo^vcll : Thorcau.
To him, from of old.
The hills have confided their secrets, and told
Where the while partridge lies, and the cock o*
the woods ;
Where the izard flits fine through the cold soli-
tudes ;
Where the bear lurks perdu ; and the lynx on
his prey
At nightfall descends, when the mountains are
gray;
Where the sassafras blooms, and the blue-bell
is born,
And the wild rhododendron first reddens at
morn ;
Where the source of the waters is fine as a
thread ;
How the storm on the wild Maladetta is
spread ;
Where the thunder is hoarded, the snows lie
asleep.
Whence the torrents are fed, and the cataracts
leap. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Ltuile.
Nearness.
A man's best things are nearest him.
Lie close about his feet.
Richard Monckton Milnes : The Men of Old.
O merciful One !
When men are farthest, then art thou most
near ;
When friends pass by, my weaknesses to shun,
Thy chariot I hear.
Elizabeth Lloyd Howell :
Milton's Prayer of Patience.
Veatneas.
Still to be neat, still to be drest
As you were going to a feast.
Ben Jonson : The Silent Woman.
We are charmed by neatness of person ; let
not thy hair be out of order. Ovid.
Necessity.
Necessity is the argument of tyrants, it is the
creed of slaves. William Pitt : Speech.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
Richard Franck : Memoirs.
We give to necessity the praise of virtue.
Quintilian.
Needs.
How few are our real wants ! and how easy
is it to satisfy them ! Our imaginary ones are
boundless and insatiable.
Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Perhaps if we could penetrate Nature's secrets
we should find that what we call needs are
more essential to the world than the most pre-
cious grain or fruit. A'athaniel Hawthorne.
Man wants but little ; nor that little long.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
Neighborliness.
I'm no fool myself; I'm forced to wink a
gotid deal, for fear of seeing too much, for a
neighborly man jjiust let himself be cheated a
little. George Eliot.
News,
It happens, as is usual among men, that my
ills should reach thy ears before thy joys reach
mine. Terentius.
The first bringer of unwelcome news
Hath but a losing office ; and his tongue
Sounds ever after as a sullen bell.
Remembered knolling a departed friend.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Newness.
I think the human mind pines more or less
where everything is new, and is better for a diet
of stale bread.
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
When we say there is nothing new under the
sun, we do not count forgotten things.
E. 'Thierry.
New Year.
'Tis midnight's holy hour — and silence now
Is brooding like a gentle spirit o'er
The still and pulseless world. Hark ! on the
winds
The bell's deep tones are swelling — 'tis the
knell
Of the departed year. No funeral train
Is sweeping past ; yet, on the stream and woOd,
With melancholy light, the moonbeams rest
Like a pale, spotless shroud ; the air is stirred
As by a mourner's sigh ; and on yon cloud
That floats so still and placidly through heaven.
The spirits of the seasons seem to stand —
Young Spring, bright Summer, Autumn's sol-
emn form.
And Winter with its aged locks — and breathe,
In mournful cadences that come abroad
Like the far wind-harp's wild and touching wail,
NIGGARDLINESS
638
OBLIVION
A melancholy dirge o'er the dead year,
Gone from the earth forever.
George D. Prentice : The Closing Year.
Niggardliness.
Always to be sparing is always to be in want.
Danish.
I hate niggardly hands ; give us ro=es in
abundance. Horace.
Nipped.
As is the bud bit with an envious worm,
Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air,
Or dedicate his beauty to the sun.
Sliakspeare : Romeo and JuHet.
Nobility.
This was the ruler of the land
When Athens was the land of fame ;
This was the light that led the band
When each was like a living flame ;
The centre of earth's noblest ring —
Of more than men the more than king.
George Croly : Pericles and Aspasia.
His nature is too noble for the world !
He would not flatter Neptune for his trident.
Or Jove for his power to thunder.
Shakspeare : Coriolanus.
Noble blood is an accident of fortune ; noble
actions characterize the great. Goldoni.
The unbought grace of life, the cheap de-
fence of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment
and heroic enterprise, is gone. Edmund Burke.
Great thoughts, great feelings came to them,
Like instincts, unawares.
Richard Monckton Milnes : The Men of Old.
High erected thoughts seated in the heart of
courtesy. Sir Philip Sidney : Arcadia.
Night.
Heaven's ebon vault.
Studded with stars unutterably bright.
Through which the moon's unclouded grandeur
rolls.
Seems like a canopy which Love has spread
To curtain her sleeping world.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Queen Mab.
O holy Night ! from thee I learn to bear "
What man has borne before !
Thou layest thy finger on the lips of Care,
And they complain no more.
Henry W. Longfellow : Hymn to the Night.
Non-essentials.
The world is too broad, and humanity too
precious, either for delays, for jealousies, or for
strifes. John A. Andrew.
Nonsense.
Sense must be very good indeed to be as
good as good nonsense.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Thou little thinkest what little foolery gov-
erns the world. John Selden : Pope.
One handful of their buoyant chaff"
Exceeds our hoards of careful grain.
Robert Bulwer Lytton : Good Night in the Porch.
A little nonsense now and then
Is relished by the wisest men.
Anonymous.
Notoriety.
What rage for fame attends both great and
small !
Better be cursed than mentioned not at all.
John IVolcott .• To the Royal Academicians.
That German-silver kind of fame, notoriety.
James Russell Lowell :
A Great Public Character.
Numbers.
A majority is always better than the best
repartee. Disraeli.
Round numbers are always false.
Samuel Johnson.
Numbers sanctified the crime.
Beilby Porteus : Death.
I hope good luck lies in odd' numbers. There
is divinity in odd numbers, either in nativity,
chance, or death.
Shakspeare : Merry Wives of Windsor.
Nurture.
The tasks set to children should be moderate.
Overexertion is hurtful both physically and in-
tellectually, and even morally. But it is of the
utmost importance that they should be made to
fulfil all their tasks correctly and punctually.
Julius Hare : Guesses at 1 ruth.
Obedience.
He commands enough that obeys a wise
™^n- Italian pi overt.
?litherto shalt thou come, but no further •
and here shall thy proud waves be stayed.
Job xxxviii, 11.
Oblivion.
My life is like the prints which feet
Have left on Tampa's desert strand,
0.
Soon as the ri«ing tide shall beat,
All trace will vanish from the sand ;
Yet, as if grieving to eff"ace
All vestige of the human race.
On that low shore loud moans the sea,
But none, alas ! shall mourn for me !
Richard Henry Wilde:
My Life is like the Summer Rose.
OBSCURITY
639
OCEAN
The Egyptian mummies, which Cambyses or
time hath spared, avarice now consumeth ; Miz-
raim cures wounds, and Pharaoh is sold for
balsams. Sir Thomas Browne : Urn Burial.
The Pyramids themselves, doting with age,
have forgotten the names of their founders.
Thomas Fuller : Of Tombs.
Obscurity.
Along the cool sequestered vale of life
They kept the noiseless tenor of their way.
Thomas day.
Born in the garret, in the kitchen bred.
Lord Byron : A Sketch.
Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear ;
Full many a flower is bom to blush unseen.
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
Some village Hampden, that, with dauntless
breast.
The little tyrant of his fields withstood,
Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,
.Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's
blood.
Thomas Gray : Elegy in a Country Churchyard.
Me has lived not ill who has lived and died
unnoticed by the world. Horace.
Know ye not me ? Ye knew me once no mate
For you, there sitting where ye durst not soar.
Not to know me argues yourself unknown,
The lowest of your throng.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Obstacles.
.\11 impediments in fancy's course
Are motives of more fancy.
Shakspeare : All's Well that Ends iVell.
In the pathway of life only great obstacles
are seen, and yet it is the little hindrance that
overcomes us. A wall may stop us, perhaps,
but a little stone trips us up. Anonymous,
Obviousness.
There needs no ghost, my lord, come from the
grave
To tell us this. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
The point is plain as a pike-staff.
John Byrom : Epistle.
Occasion.
Even when there is a real stock of wit, yet
the wittiest sayings and sentences will be found
in a great measure the issues of chance, and
nothing else but so many lucky hits of a roving
fancy. For consult the acutest poets and speak-
ers, and they will confess that their quickest and
most admired conceptions were such as darted
into their minds like sudden flashes of light-
ning, they knew not how nor whence ; and not
by any certain consequence or dependence of
one thought upon another.
Robert South : Sermon.
Occupation.
You would wish to be proud of your daugh-
ters and not to blush for them ; then seek for
them an interest and an occupation that .shall
raise them above the flirt, the manoeuvrer, the
mischief-making tale-bearer. Charlotte Bronte.
Ocean.
I love, oh how I love to ride
On the fierce, foaming, bursting tide !
When ever)' mad wave diowns the moon,
Or whistles aloft his tempest tune.
And tells how goeth the world below.
And why the sou'-west blast doth blow !
I never was on the dull, tame shore,
But I loved the great sea more and more.
And backward flew to her billowy breast,
Like a bird that seeketh its mother's breast ;
And a mother she was and is to me.
For I was horn on the open sea.
Bryan U'alUr Procter : The Sea.
Like an eagle caged I pine.
On this dull, unchanging shore ;
Oh, give me the flashing brine,
The spray and the tempest's roar !
Epes bargent : A Life on the Ocean Wave.
Likeness of heaven, agent of power,
Man is thy victim, shipwrecks thy dower !
Spices and jewels from valley and sea.
Armies and banners are buried in thee !
Thou art almighty, eternal, sublime,
Unweakened, unwasled, twin brother of Time !
Fleets, tempests, nor nations thy glory can bow ;
As the stars first beheld thee, still chainless art
thou. John A ugustus Shea : 7 he Ocean.
O happy ship.
To rise and dip.
With the blue crystal at your lip !
O happy crew.
My heart with you
Sails, and sails, and sings anew.
Thomas Buchanan Read : Drifting^
Our country is our ship, d'ye see !
James Cobb.
Roll on, thou deep and dark-blue ocean — roll !
Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain ;
Man marks the earth with ruin — his control
Stops with the shore.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
There's tempest in yon horned moon,
And lightning in yon cloud,
And hark ! the music, mariners.
The wind is piping loud ;
The wind is piping loud, my boys,
The lightning flashing free,
While the hollow oak our palace is.
Our heritage the sea
Allan Cunningham :
A Wet Sheet and a Plowing Sea.
Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow —
Such as creation's dawn beheld, thou rollest
Thou glorious mirror, where the Almighty's
form
Glasses itself in tempests.
OCTOBER
640
OMNIPOTENCE
And I have loved thee, Ocean ! and my joy
Of youthful sports was on thy breast to be
Borne, like thy bubbles, onward : from a boy
I wantoned with thy breakers,
And tnisted to thy billows far and near,
And laid my hand upon thy mane — as I do
here Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
October.
When the spent year its carol sinks
Into a humble psalm,
Asks no more for the pleasure-draught,
But for the cup of balm,
And all its storms and sunshine bursts
Controls to one brave calm —
Then step by step walks Autumn,
With steady eyes that show
Nor grief nor fear, to the death of the year,
While the equinoctials blow.
Dinah Mulock Craik : October.
Office.
A public office is a guest which receives the
best usage from them who never invited it.
Thomas Fuller.
Old Age.
An old man, broken with the storms of state.
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye ;
Give him a little earth for charity.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
Ah, I often think it's wi' the old folks as it is
wi' the babbies ; they're satisfied wi' looking,
no matter what they're looking at. It's God
A'mighty's way o' quieting 'em, I reckon, afore
they go to sleep. George Eliot.
Earth shows no fairer sight than the old man
whose worn-out brain and nerves make it pain-
ful, and perhaps impossible, to produce fresh
thought himself, but who can yet welcome smil-
ingly the fresh thoughts of others ; who keeps
unwearied his faith in God's government of the
universe, in God's continual education of the
human race. Charles Kingsley.
His golden locks time halh to silver turned ;
O time too swift ! O swiftness never ceasing !
His youth 'gainst time and age hath ever
spurned,
But spurned in vaine ; youth waneth by in-
creasing.
His helmet now shall make a hive for bees.
And lovers' songs be turned to holy psalms ;
A man at arms must now serve on his knees,
And feed on prayers, which are old age's
alms. George Feele : Sonnet, Polyhymnia.
My way of life
Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf ;
And that which should accompany old age.
As honor, love, obedience, troops of friends,
I must not look to have ; but, in their stead.
Curses, not loud, but deep, mouth-honor, breath.
Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare
not. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Old age hath yet his honor and his toil ;
Death closes all : but something, ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men tiiat strove with gods.
Alfred Tennyson : Ulysses.
Pittie olde age, within whose silver haires
Honour and reverence evermore have raigned.
Christopher Marlowe : Tamburlaine.
The airs of spring may never play
Among the ripening corn.
Nor freshness of the flowers of May
Blow through the autumn morn ;
Yet shall the blue-eyed gentian look
Through fringed lids to heaven ;
And the pale aster in the brook
Shall see its image given ;
The woods shall wear their robes of praise,
The south wind softly sigh.
And sweet calm days in golden haze
Meit down the amber sky.
John G. Whittier : My Psalm.
Thou shalt come to thy grave in a full age,
like as a shock of com cometh in his season.
Job T, 2b.
We are growing old — how the thought will rise
When a glance is backward cast
On some long-remembered spot that lies
In the silence of the past !
It may be the shrine of our early vows.
Or the tomb of early tears ;
But it seems like a far-off isle to us.
In the stormy sea of years.
Frances Browne : We are Growing Old.
We must not take the faults of our youth into
our old age ; for old age brings with it its own
defects. Goethe.
Young folks for the young folks are here,
, And have no word to say to thee ;
Nor thou hast right to say to them.
Come boys, be old and wise with me !
Goethe.
Old Times.
Oh, those blessed times of old, with their chiv-
aliy and state !
I love to read their chronicles, which such brave
deeds relate ;
I love to sing their ancient rhymes, to hear their
legends told —
But, heaven be thanked ! I live not in those
blessed times of old !
Frances Browne : Oh, the Pleasant Days of Old.
Omnipotence.
God of the thunder \ from whose cloudy seat
The fiery winds of desolation flow ;
Father of vengeance ! that with purple feet.
Like a full wine-press, tread'st the world be-
low ;
The embattled armies wait thy sign to slay,
Nor springs the beast of havoc on his prey.
Nor withering Famine walks his blasted way.
Till thou the guilty land hast sealed for woe.
OMNIPRESENCE
641
OPTIMISM
God of the rainbow ! at whose gracious sign
The billows of the proud their rage suppress ;
Father of mercies ! at one word of tiiine
An Eden blooms in the waste wilderness ;
And fountains sparkle in the arid sar.tls.
And timbrels ring in maidens' glancing hands,
And marble cities crown the laughing lands,
And pillared temples rise thy name to bless.
Hettry Hart Milman :
The Captivf Jews at Babylon.
I have learned that we are not to find solace
in our own strength ; we must seek it in (.lod's
omnipotence. Fortitude is good ; but fortitude
itself must be shaken under us to teach us how
weak we are. Charlotte Bronte.
Omnipresence.
Ciod is where the sun glows, God is where
the violet blooms, is where yon bird flaps its
wings, is where this worm is moving Though
no friend, no man, be with thee, fear nothing !
Thy God is here. DinUr.
If you wish to behold God, you may see him
in every object around ; search in your breast,
and you will find him there. And if you do
not yet perceive where he dwells, confute me, if
you can, and say where he does not. Metastasio.
Himself the way that leads us thither.
The All-in-all, the Whence, .ind Whither.
Francis Turner Palgrave : The Jieign of Law.
He who does not see God everywhere will
find him nowhere. Anonymous.
Omniscience.
We nLiy not hope to read
Or comprehend the whole
Or of the law of things,
Or of the law of soul :
E'en in the eternal stars
Dim perturbations rise ;
And all the searcher's search
Does not exhaust the skies :
He who has framed and brought us hither
Holds in his hands the whence and whither.
Francis Turner Palgi are : Tlu Reign of Law.
Openness.
\()ur face, my thane, is as a book, where men
May read strange matters.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Opinion.
Diversity of opinion proves that things are
only what we think them. Montaigne.
I could never divide myself from any man
upon the difference of an opinion, or be angry
with his judgment for not agreeing with me in
that from which within a few days I should dis-
sent myself. Thomas Fuller.
Remember that to change thy opinion, and
to follow him who corrects thy error, is as con-
sistent with freedom as it is to persist in error.
Marcus A urelius.
The good opinion of the vulgar is injurious.
Montaigne.
Your name is great in mouths of wisest cen-
sure. Shakspeare : Otlullo.
For most men (till by losmg rendered sager)
Will back their own opinions with a wager.
L^rd Byron : Beppo.
Opportunity.
A good opportunity is seldom presented, and
is easily lost. Anonymous.
How oft the sight of means to do ill deeds
Makes ill deeds done !
Shakspeare : ICing John.
Once to every man and nation comes the mo-
ment to decide.
In the strife of Truth with Falsehood, for the
good or evil side ;
Some great cause, CJod's new Messiah offering
each the bloom or blight,
Parts the goats upon the left hand, and the
sheep upon the right ;
And the choice goes by forever, 'twixt that
darkness and that light.
James Russell Lowell : The Present Crisis.
More men have missed opportunities than
have lacked opportunities. La Beaumelle.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
I must work the works of Him that sent me,
while it is day ; the night cometh, when no man
can work. St. John ix, 4. '
If we could only carry that slow, imperturba-
ble old clock of Opportunity, that never strikes
a second too soon or too late, in our fobs, and
push the hands forward as we can those of our
watches 1 James Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years ago.
Opposition.
The other often contends for things of no
consc<iuence whatever ; armed witli futile argu-
ments, he combats everything tliat is advanced.
Horace.
Optimism.
Angels are bright still, though the brightest
fell. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
I resolved that, like the sun, as long as, my
day lasted, I would look on the bright side of
everything. Thomas Hood.
No man who is correctly informed as to the
past, will be disposed to take a morose or de-
sponding view of the present.
Thomas B. Macaulay.
The habit of looking at the best side of any
event is worth far more than a thousand pounds
a year. Sam uel Johnson .
To me it seems not unreasonable to find a
re-enforcement of optimism, a renewal of cour-
age and hope, in the modern theory that man
has mounted to what he is from the lowest step
of potentiality, through toilsome grades of ever-
ORATORY
642
OSTENTATION
expanding existence, even though it have been
by a spiral stairway, mainly dark or dusty, with
loop-holes at long intervals only, and these
granting but a narrow and one-sided view.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Heed not the folk who sing or say,
In sonnet sad or sermon chill,
"Alas, alack, and well-a-day.
This round world's but a bitter pill."
Poor porcupines of fretful quill !
Sometimes we quarrel with our lot :
We, too, are sad and careful ; still
We'd rather be alive than not.
Graham R. Tomson.
Oratory.
No man can make a speech alone. It is the
great human power that strikes up from a thou-
sand minds that acts upon him and makes the
speech. James A. Garjield.
Oratory may be symbolized by a warrior's
eye, flashing from under a philosopher's brow.
But why a warrior's eye, rather than a poet's ?
Because in oratory the will must predominate.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
There happened in my time one noble speaker,
who was full of gravity in his speaking. His
language was nobly censorious. No man ever
spake more neatly, more pressly, more weightily,
or suffered less emptiness, less idleness, in what
he uttered. No member of his speech but con-
sisted of his own graces. His hearers could
not cough, or look aside from him. without loss.
He commanded where he spoke.
Ben Jonson : On Bacon.
Skilled to pronounce what noblest thoughts in-
spire,
He blends the speaker's with the patriot's fire.
Thomas IVharton : Triumph of /sis.
Order.
Let all things be done decently and in order.
/ Corinthians xiv, 40.
Not chaos-like together crushed and bruised,
But, a3 the world, harmoniously confused.
Where order in variety we see.
And where, though all things diflfer, all agree.
Alexander Pope : Eloise to Abilard.
Order gave each thing view.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
The mind is like a trunk. If well packed, it
holds almost everything ; if ill packed, next to
nothing. Augustus Hare : Guesses at I'ruth.
In no well-ordered house doth one come in
and say to himself, " I should be the steward
of the house," else when the lord of the house
shall have observed it, and seeth him insolently
giving orders, he will drag him forth arid chas-
tise him. So it is also in this great city of the
universe, for here too there is a master of the
house who ordereth each and all : " Thou art the
Sun ; thy power is to travel round and to make
the year and the seasons, and to increase and
nourish fruits, and to stir the winds and still
them, and temperately to warm the bodies of
men. Go forth, run thy course, and minister
thus to the greatest things and to the least.
Thou art a calf; when a lion shall appear, do
what befits thee, or it shall be worse for thee.
! Thou art a bull ; come forth and fight, for this
is thy part and pride, and this thou canst. Thou
art able to lead the army against I lion ; be
Agamemnon. Thou canst fight in a single com-
bat with Hector ; be Achilles But if Thersites
came forth and pretended to the authority, then
either he would not gain it, or, gaining it, he
would have been shamed before many witnesses."
Epictetus,
Organ-Orinders.
You think they are crusaders, sent
From some infernal clime.
To pluck the eyes of Sentiment,
And dock the tail of Rhyme,
To crack tbe voice of Melody,
And break the legs of Time.
Oliver Wendell Hobnes : Alusic-Grinders.
Origin.
Can there any good thing come out of Naza-
reth ? John i, 46.
Originality.
Inventive power is the only quality of which
the Creative Intelligence seems to be economi-
cal ; just as with our largest human minds, that
is the divinest of faculties, and the one that
most exhausts the mind which exercises it.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
I was the first to step out freely along a
hitherto untravelled route ; I have not trod in
the footsteps of others : he who relies on him-
self is the leader to guide the swarm. Horace.
No man is the wiser for his learning ; wit
and wisdom are born with a man.
John Selden : Table-Talk, Learning.
Though I am young, I scorn to flit
On the wings of borrowed wit.
George Whither : The Shepherd's Hunting.
Whatever is too original will be hated at
first. It must slowly mould a public for itself ;
and the resistance of the early thoughtless judg-
ments must be overcome by a counter-resistance
to itself in a better audience slowly mustering
against the first.
Thomas De Quincey : On Wordsworth.
I am not made like any of those I have seen ;
I venture to believe myself unlike any that exist.
If I am not worth more, at least 1 am different.
Rousseau.
Orthodoxy.
And prove their doctrine orthodox
By apostolic blows and knocks.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Orthodoxy is my doxy ; heterodoxy is another
man's doxy. Thomas Warburton.
Ostentation.
Hung be the heavens with black.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
OUTSIDERS
643
PARTED
Outsiders.
Every one can master a grief but he that has
it. Shakspeare : Much Ado about Nothing.
Not he who shares in the grief may suggest
comfort, but he to whom there is no anxiety at
home. Sophocles.
We all, when we are well, give good advice
to the sick. Terentius.
Overdoing.
Overdoing is doing nothing to the purpose.
Latin proverb.
Satire or sense, alas ! can Sporus feel,
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel !
Alexander Pope : Prologue to the Satires.
Overthrow.
How are the mighty fallen !
// Samuel i, ig.
I think the soul of Cromwell kissed
The soul of Baker when,
With red sword in his bloody fist,
He died among his men.
I think, too, that when Winthrop fell,
His face toward the foe,
John Hampden shouted, " All is well ! "
Above that overthrow. Richard Realf.
Overwork.
I never knew a man to escape failure, in either
body or mind, who worked seven days in the
week. Sir Robert Peel.
Unlimited activity, of whatever kind, must
end in bankruptcy. Goethe.
P.
Fninting.
hilent nymph, with curious eye,
Who the purple evening lie
On the mountain's lonely van,
Beyond the noise of busy man ;
Painting fair the form of things.
While the yellow linnet sings ;
Or the tuneful nightingale
Charms the forest with her tale —
Come, with all thy various dues.
Come and aid thy sister Muse ;
Now, while Phoebus riding high.
Gives lustre to the land and sky !
John Dyer : Grongar Hill.
Ah ! then, if mine had been the painter's hand
To express what then I saw, and add the
gleam,
The light that never was on sea or land,
The consecration and the poet's dream —
I would have planted thee, thou hoary pile,
Amid a world how different from this —
Beside a sea that could not cease to smile.
On tranquil land, beneath a sky of bliss.
William Wordsworth :
On a Picture of Peel Castle.
It is a fact more universally acknowledged
than enforced or acted upon, that all great paint-
ers, of whatever school, have been great only in
their rendering of what they had seen and felt
from early childhood ; and that the greatest
among them have been the most frank in ac-
knowledging this their inability to treat any-
thing successfully but that with which they had
been familiar. John Ruskin : Modem Painters.
The picture which is looked to for an inter-
pretation of Nature is invaluable, but the picture
which is taken as a substitute for Nature had
better be burned.
John Ruskin : Modern Painters.
Paradise.
O where shall we follow thee, conquering
Lord?
To paradise, unto us outcasts restored ?
'Tis paradise. Lord, in thy presence to be :
And, living or dying, we're ever with thee !
Lucy Larcom : Follow thou Me.
He on honey dew hath fed.
And drunk the milk of paradise.
Samuel T. Coleridge : Kubla Khan.
Pardon.
Forgiveness to the injured does belong ;
For they ne'er pardon who have done the wrong.
John Dryden : Conquest of Granada.
We pardon in the degree that we love.
La Rochefoucauld.
Parted.
As to the polar star
The earth forever yearns ;
So doth my constant heart
Beat oft for thine alone.
And o'er its far-off heaven of dreams
Thine image high enthrone.
But ah ! the sea and moon.
The earth and star meet never ;
Ard space as wide, and dark, and high
Divideth us forever !
Anru C. Lynch : As to the Distant Moon.
Go, forget me — why should sorrow
O'er that brow a shadow fling?
Go, forget me — and to-morrow
Brightly smile and sweetly sing.
Smile — though I shall not be near thee :
Sing — though I shall never hear thee :
May thy soul with pleasure shine.
Lasting as the gloom of mine !
Charles Wolfe : Go, forget me.
The beck grows wider, the hands must sever ;
On either margin, our songs all done,
PARTIALITY
644
PATHOS
We move apait, while she singeth ever,
Taking the course of the stooping sun.
He prays, " Come over ! " — I may not follow ;
I cry, " Return !" — but he can not come.
We speak, we laugh, but with voices hollow ;
Our hands are hanging, our hearts are numb.
Jean Ingelow : Divided,
Partiality.
How difficult it is to bring a matter before
the mind of another for his opinion without
giving a bias to his judgment. Pascal.
Not that I loved Caesar less, but that
I loved Rome more.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Parting.
farewell ! a word that must be, and hath been —
A sound tliat makes us linger — yet farewell.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Forever and forever, farewell, Cassius.
If we do meet again, why, we shall smile ;
If not, why, then this parting was well made.
Shakspeare : Julius Ccesar.
Farewell !
For in that word — that fatal word — howe'er
We promise — hope — believe — there breathes de-
spair. Lord Byron : The Corsair.
Good-by, proud world ! I'm going home :
Thou art not my friend, and I'm not thine.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Good-by.
Good-night, good-night : parting is such sweet
sorrow.
That I shall say good-night till it be morrow.
Shakspeare: Romeo and Juliet.
If every word, through space profound,
A widening circle ripples round,
In endless waves on waves of sound.
For evermore.
Nor breaks on any farthest shore ;
And some bright spirit in his place
Upon the azure verge of space
Floats, poised, with calm, expectant face.
And listening hears
The echoes of a thousand years ;
As come the pulsing murmurs clear,
The voices from the distant sphere,
Which only angel ears can hear,
How mournful swells
The burden of the world's farewells !
David L. Proudfit : To Meet again.
Passion.
Beware the fury of a patient man. It is
enough to make a parson swear, or a Quaker
kick his mother.
John Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel.
Brain is always to be bought, but passion
never comes to market.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Passion often makes a fool of the ablest man,
and an able man of the most foolish.
La Rochefoucauld.
Passions are defects or virtues in the highest
power. Goethe.
Every spendthrift of passion is debtor to
thought. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
The Past.
Mother Earth, are the heroes dead !
Do they thrill the soul of the years no more ?
Are the gleaming snows and the poppies red
All that is left of the brave of yore ?
Are there none to fight as Theseus fought,
Far in the young world's misty dawn ?
Or to teach as the gray-haired Nestor taught?
Mother Earth, are the heroes gone ?
Ldna Dean Proctor : Heroes,
The love of the past is often but the hatred
of the future. Dorion.
Two worlds there are. To one our eyes we
strain,
Whose magic joys we shall not see again ;
Bright haze of morning veils its glimmering
shore.
Ah, truly breathed we there
Intoxicating air — *
Glad were our hearts in that sweet realm of
Nevermore.
Mortimer Collins : The Two Worlds.
Life lapses by for you and me ;
Our sweet days pass us by and flee,
And evermore death draws us nigh ;
The blue fades fast out of our sky.
The ripple ceases from our sea.
What would we not give, you and I,
The early sweet of life to buy?
Alas ! sweetheart, that can not we ;
Life lapses by.
John Payne : Life Lapses by.
The past always has the advantage of us in
the secret it has learned of holding its tongue,
which may perhaps account in part for its re-
puted wisdom.
James Russell Lowell : Essay on Gray
To build up the future. Heaven shatters the
past. Robert Buhuer-Lytton : L.ucile.
Paternity.
And if there be a human tear
From passion's dross refined and clear,
A tear so limpid and so meek.
It would not stain an angel's cheek,
'Tis that which pious fathers shed
Upon a duteous daughter's head.
Walter Scott : Lady of the Lake.
Pathos.
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of
saddest thought. Percy Bysshe Shelley.
O last regret, Regret can die !
No — mixed with all this mystic frame,
Her deep relations are the same.
But with long use her tears are dry.
Alfred Tennyson : Ln Memoriam.
PATIENCE
645
PATRIOTISM
The pathos of remembered wrong,
The hope of better days.
John G. Whittier: At Port Royal.
Patience.
Alas ! the rugged steersman at the wheel
Comes back again to vision. The hoarse sea
Speaketh from its great heart of discontent,
And in the misty distance dies away.
The Wonderland ! — 'Tis past and gone. O soul,
Whilst yet unbodied thou didst summer there,
God saw thee, led thee forth from thy green
haunts.
And bade thee know another world le'is fair,
Less calm. Ambition, knowledge, and desire
Drove from thee thy first worship. Live and
learn.
Believe and wait — and it may be that he
Will guide thee back again to Wonderland.
Cixtdock Newton : IVonderlanJ.
Beware the fury of a patient man.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
Both above and below, which way soever
thou dost turn thee, everywhere thou shalt find
the cross; and everywhere of necessity thou
must have patience, if thou wilt have inward
peace, and enjoy an everlasting crown.
Thomas <J Kempis.
I am not eager, bold.
Nor strong — all that is past ;
I am ready not to do
At last, at last.
Mary VV. J lowland : In the Hospital.
It may welf wait a century for a reader, as
God has waited six thousand years for an ob-
server. John Kepler :
From firewster's Martyrs of Science.
Patience is the art of hoping. Vauvenargius.
Patience is the courage of virtue. St. Pierre.
There is no music in a "rest," that I know
of; but there is the making of music in it.
And people are always. talking of perseverance,
an<l courage, and fortitude ; but patience is the
finest and worthiest part of fortitude, and the
rarest, too. John Rtiskin.
The worst speak something good ; if all want
sense,
God takes a text, and preacheth Pa-ti-ence.
George Herbert : The Church Porch.
Thy steady temper, Fortius,
Can look on guilt, rebellion, fraud, and Ccesar,
In the calm lights of mild philosophy.
Joseph Addison : Cato..
. . . What ! and shall Me wait.
And must He wait, not only till we say,
*' Good Lord, the house is clean, the hearth is
swept.
The children sleep, the mackerel-boats are in,
And all the nets are mended ; therefore I
Will slowly to the door and open it,"
But must he also wait there still, behold !
He stands and knocks, while we do say, " Good
Lord,
The gentlefolk are come to worship here,
And I will up and open to thee soon ;
But first I pray a little longer wait.
For I am taken up wiih them ; my eyes
Must needs regard the fashion of their clothes,
And count the gains I think to make by them ;
Forsooth they are of much account, good Lord !
Therefore have patience with me — wait, dear
Lord !
Or come again ? "
What ! must he wait for this —
For this? Ay, he doth wait for this, and still.
Waiting for this, he, patient, raileth not ;
Waiting for this, e'en this he saith, " Behold !
I stand at the door and knock."
Jean Ingelow : Brothers and a Sermon.
No great thing cometh suddenly into being,
for not even a bunch of grapes can, or a fig. If
you say to me now, / desire a Jig, I answer
that there is need of time : let it first of all
flower, and then bring forth the fruit, and then
ripen. When the fruit of a fig-tree is not per-
fected at once, and in a single hour, would you
win the fruit of a man's mind thus quickly and
easily ? Even if I say to you, expect it not.
Epictetus.
Patriotism.
A man who fights against his country de-
serves pity more than 1. Chevalier Bayard.
And where is that band who so vauntingly
swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's con-
fusion
A home and a country should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul foot-
steps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of death and the gloom of the
grave.
And the star-spangled banner in triumph
shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the
brave !
Francis Scott Key : The Star-spangled Banner.
Still the race of hero-spirits
Pass the lamp from hand to hand ;
Age from age the words inherits —
"Wife, and Child, and Fatherland."
Still the youthful hunter gathers
Fiery joy from wold and wood ;
He will dare as dared his fathers,
Give him cause as good.
Charles Kingsley : The World's Age.
They rose in dark and evil days
To right their native land ;
They kindled here a living blaze
That nothing shall withstand.
Alas ! that might can vanquish right —
They fell and passed away ;
But true men, like you, men,
Are plenty here to-day.
John Kelts Ingram : Memory of the Dead.
PATRIOTISM
646
PEACE
A song for our banner ? The watchword recall
Which gave the Republic her station :
" United we stand — divided we fall ! "
It made and preserves us a nation !
The union of lakes — the union of lands —
The union of States none can sever —
The union of hearts — tiie union of hands —
And the Flag of our Union forever !
George P. Morris : The Flag of our Union.
Breathes there the man, with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said,
This is my own, my native land !
Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned.
As home his footsteps he hath turned
From wandering on a foreign strand ?
If such there breathe, go, mark him well ;
For him no minstrel raptures swell ;
High though his titles, proud his name.
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim ;
Despite those titles, power, and pelf.
The wretch, concentred all in self,
Living, shall forfeit fair renown,
And, doubly dying, shall go down
To the vile dust, from whence he sprung.
Unwept, unhonored, and unsung.
Walter Scott : Lay of tfie Last Minstrel.
If I were an American, as I am an English-
man, while a foreign troop was landed in my
country, I never would lay down my arms,
never — never — never ! William Pitt : Speech.
I only regret that I have but one life to lose
for my country. Nathan Hale.
I should like my country well enough if it
were not for my countrymen. Horace Walpole.
It is sweet and glorious to die for one's coun-
* try. Horace.
'' I was born an American ; I live an Ameri-
can ; I shall die an American. Daniel Webster.
Liberty and union, now and forever, one and
inseparable. Daniel Webster.
One country, one constitution, one destiny.
Daniel Webster.
" Qui vive ! " And is the sentry's cry —
The sleepless soldier's band —
Are these — the painted folds that fly
And lift their emblems, printed high
On morning mist and sunset sky —
The guardians of a land ?
No, if the patriot's pulses sleep,
How vain the watch that hirelings keep.
The idle flag that waves,
When Conquest, with his iron heel.
Treads down the standard and the steel
That belt the soil of slaves !
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Take courage, madame ; it is true that our
banner is torn, but the word " Constitution " is
still legible thereon. Antoine Bamave.
To every man upon this earth
Death cometh soon or late,
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds.
For the ashes of his fathers
And the temples of his gods ?
Thomas B. Alacaulay : Horatius.
The more I saw of foreign lands, the more I
loved my own. De Belloy.
They who find America insipid, they for
whom London and Paris have spoiled their own
homes, can be spared to return to those cities. I
not only see a career at home for more genius
than we have, but for more than there is in the
world. Ralph Waldo Emerson :
Fortune of the Republic.
We join ourselves to no party that does not
carry the flag and keep step to the music of the
Union. Rufus Choate.
Yes, when the frowning bulwarks
That guard this holy strand.
Have sunk beneath the trampling surge —
In beds of sparkling sand ;
While in the waste of ocean,
One hoary rock shall stand.
Be this its latest legend —
Here was the Pilgrim's Land !
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Yet for Sarmatia's tears of blood atone,
And make her arm puissant as your own.
Oh ! once again to freedom's cause return
The patriot Tell — the Bruce of Bannockburn.
Thomas Campbell : Pleasures of Hope.
Erin ! an exile bequeaths thee his blessing !
Land of my forefathers ! Erin go bragh !
Buried and cold, when my heart stills her mo-
tion.
Green be thy fields — sweetest isle of the ocean !
And the harp-striking bards sing aloud with de-
votion :
Erin mavournin — Erin go bragh !
Thomas Campbell : Exile of Erin.
Patronage.
The protection of the great is like the shelter
of those high trees which protect us from the
rain but attract the lightning. Anonymous.
The gratitude of place-expectants is a lively
sense of future favors. Sir Robert Walpole.
Pay.
Base is the slave that pays.
Shakspeare : King Hemy V.
All those men have their price.
Sir Robert Walpcle.
Peace.
A heaven on earth.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
And thou, too : if through Nature's calm
Some strain of music touch thine ears,
Accept and share that soothing balm.
And sing, though choked with pitying tears.
Charles Kingsley : " September 2/, 1870."
PEACE
647
PEDANTRY
I have an inward treasure, born with me,
which can keep me alive if all extraneous de-
lights should be withheld, or offered only at a
price I can not afford to give. Charlotte Bronte.
Let not your heart be troubled. John xiv, i.
Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York,
And all the clouds that lowered upon our house
In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.
Now are our brows bound with victorious
wreaths ;
Our bruised arms hung up for monuments ;
Our stem alarums changed to merry meetings,
Our dreadful marches to delightful measures.
Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled
front. Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Peace hath her victories
No less renowned than war.
John Milton : Sonnet.
Peace is sought for by the cruelty of war.
Statius.
Some favorable event raises your spirits, and
you think good 4ays are prejjaring for jou. Do
not believe it. J Nothing can bring yoa peace
but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace
but the triumph of principles. ,
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Then all the jarring notes of life
Seem blending in a psalm.
And ajl the angles of its strife
Slow rounding into calm.
John 6. IVhittier: My Psalm.
They make a desert, and call it peace.
Tacitus.
They shall beat their swords intp ploughshares,
and their spears into pruning-hooks ; nalion
shall not lift up sword against nation, neither
shall they learn war any more. Isaiah ii, 4.
Thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace : thou
shall be buried in a good old age. Genesis xv, ij.
Were half the power jthat fills the world wi:h
terror.
Were half the wealth bestowed on camps and
courts.
Given to redeem the human mind from error.
There were no need of arsenals nor forts ;
Down the dark future, through long genera-
tions,
The echoing sounds grow fainter and then
cease ;
And like a bell, with solemn, sweet vibrations,
(I hear once more the voice of Christ say,
\" Peace ! " Henry IV. Lonf^fellow :
The Arsenal at Springfield.
When my eyes shall be turned to behold for
the last time the sun in heaven, may I not see
him shining on the broken and dishonored frag-
ments of a once glorious Union ; on States dist
severed, di'-cordant, belligerent ; on a land ren-
with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fra-
ternal blood. Daniel Webster.
42
With malice toward none, with charity for
all, with firmness in the right as God gives us
to see the right, let us finish the work we are
in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for
him who shall have borne the battle, and for
his widows and his orphans, to do all which
may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace
among ourselves and with all nations.
Abraham Lincoln.
Peace-maken.
Your //is the only peace-maker ; much virtue
in an if. Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Blessed are the peace-makers, for they shall
be called the children of God. Matthew v, g.
Peasantry.
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey.
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.
Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade,
A breath can make them as a breath has made ;
But a bold peasantry, their country's pride.
When once destroyed, can never be supplied.
Oliver Goldsmith : The Deserted Village.
PecoliaritiM.
See in each sprite some various bent appear !
These rudely carol most incondite lay ;
Those sauntering on the green, with jocund
leer
Salute the stranger passing on his way ;
Some builden fragile tenements of clay ;
Some to the slantling lake their courses Iiend,
With pebbles smooth at duck and drake to
play ;
Thilk to the huxter's savory cottage tend.
In pastry kings and queens th' allotted mite to
spend. #
William Shenstone : The School-mistress.
Pedagogues. "
With stupidest boys, he was kind and cool,
Speaking only in gentlest tones ;
The rod was scarcely known in his school ;
Whipping to him was a barbarous rule.
And too hard work for his poor old bones ;
*' Besides, it was painful," he sometimes said,
" We should make life pleasant here below,
The living need charity more than the dead,"
Said the jolly old pedagogue, long ago.
George Arnold : The Jolly Old Pedagogue.
Pedantry.
The pedant cares more to teach us what he
knows than what we do not know. Anonymous.
At a literary festival, the first Latin quotation
draws the first applause, the clapping of hands
being intended as a tribute to our own famil-
iarity with that sonorous tongue, and not at all
as an approval of the particular sentiment con-
veyed in it. James Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years Ago.
They have been at a great feast of languages,
and stolen the scraps.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
PEDIGREE
643
PERPLEXITY
Pedigree.
But it is intolerable that a silly fool, with
nothing but empty birth to boast of, should in
his insolence array himself in the merits of
others, and vaunt an honor which does not be-
long to him. Boileau.
He who boasts of his descent.
Praises what belongs to another.
Seneca.
I am the first of my line. ' Napoleon I.
Pride of birth, I have noticed, takes two
forms. One complacently traces himself up to
a coronet, another defiantly to a lapstone. The
sentiment is precisely the same in both cases,
only that one is the positive and the other the
negative pole of it.
James Russell Lozvell .' Bigloxv Papers.
Pentuy.
I said to penury's meagre train.
Come on ! your threats I brave ;
My last poor life-drop you may drain,
And crush me to the grave ;
Yet still the spirit that endures
Shall mock your force the while.
And meet each cold, cold grasp of yours
With bitter smile.
Lavinia Stoddard : The Soul's Defiance.
Chill penury repressed their noble rage.
Thomas Gray : Klegy.
Fenurioosness.
Through life's dark road his sordid way he
wends.
An incarnation of fat dividends.
Charles Sprague : Curiosity.
With one hand he put
A penny in the urn of poverty,
And with the other took a shilling out.
Robert Pollok : The Course of Time.
Any man may get a reputation for benevo-
lence by judiciously laying out five pounds a
year. JonatJian Swift.
Perception.
We must recognize a God from our own
mind before we can detect a God in the uni-
verse of Nature. Sir William Hamilton.
Perfection
All men have a rational soul and moral per-
fectibility ; it is these qualities which make the
poorest peasant sacred and valued by me.
Moral perfectibility is our destiny, and here
are opened up to the historian a boundless field
and a rich harvest. George Forster.
He only lacked some vices to be perfect.
Madame de Sdvigne.
If a man should happen to reach perfection
in this world, he would have to die to enjoy
himself. josh Billings.
It is not growing like a tree
In bulk, doth make men better be ;
Or standing long an oak, three hundred year,
To fall a log at last, dry, bald, and sere.
A lily of a day
Is fairer far in May,
Although it fall and die that night,
It was the plant and flower of light.
In small proportions we just beauty see,
And in just measures life may perfect be.
Ben Jonson.
They who disbelieve in virtue, because man
has never been found perfect, might as reasona-
bly deny the sun because it is not always noon
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at 7 ruth.
Trifles make perfection, but perfection is no
trifle. Michael Angela.
Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see.
Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e't r shall be.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
Was never eye did see that face,
Was never ear did hear that tongue,
Was never mind did mind his grace
That ever thought the travail long ;
But eyes, and ears, and every thought,
Were with his sweet perfections caught.
Matthew Roydon : On Sir Philip Sidney.
Permanence.
I am heartily sorry for those persons who are
constantly talking of the perishable nature of
things, and the nothingness of human life ; for,
for this very end are we here, to stamp the per-
ishable with an imperishable worth ; and this
can be done only by taking a just estimate of
both. ' Goethe.
Let a man learn to look for the permanent
in the mutable and fleeting; let him learn to
bear the disappearance of things he was wont
to reverence, without losing his reverence ; let
him learn that, though abyss open under abyss,
and opinion displace opinion, all are at last con-
tamed in the Eternal Cause.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The sky is always blue, pure, changeless
azure ; rains and tempests are only for the lit-
tle dwellings where men abide. Thomas Carlyle.
The success of a good book may be slow,
but it will come ; that of a bad book may be
swift, but it soon passes away. Anonymous-
What is excellent.
As God lives, is permanent ;
Hearts are dust, hearts' loves remain.
Heart's love will meet thee again.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Threnody.
Perpetuity.
Remove not the ancient landmark.
Proverbs xxiii, 10.
To the last syllable of recorded time.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Perplexity.
If I speak to thee in Friendship's name.
Thou think'st I speak too coldly ;
PERSISTENCE
649
PHILOSPHY
If I mention Love's devoted flame,
Thou say'st I speak too boldly.
Thomas Aloore : How shall I Woo ?
Fersistence.
I dare say she's like the rest of the women —
thinks two and two'll come to make five if she
cries and bothers enough about it. George Eliot.
I will die in the last ditch.
William of Orange.
Still harping on my daughter.
Shakspeare : HamUt.
Personality.
Always there is a black spot in our sunshine ;
it is the shadow of ourselves. Thomas Carlyle.
An infinite being comes before us with a
whole eternity wrapt up in his mind and soul, and
we proceed to classify him, put a label upon
him, as we would upon a jar, saying : This is
rice, that is jelly, and that, pomatum ; and then
we think we have saved ourselves the necessity
of taking off the cover. How differently our
Lord treated the people who came to him ! . . .
Consequently at his touch each one gave out
his peculiar spark of light. Frederick Robertson.
A sweet, attractive kind of grace ;
A full assurance given by looks ;
Continual comfort in a face ;
The lineaments of gospel books :
I trow that countenance can not lie
Whose thoughts are legible ir. the eye.
Matthew Koydon :
Lament for Sir Philip Sidney.
Bury the body of Bcranger —
Bury the printer's boy you may ;
But the spirit no death can ever destroy
That made a bard of that printer's boy.
A clerk at twelve hundred francs per ann.
Were a very easily buried man ;
But the spirit that gave up that little all
For freedom, is free of the funeral.
You may bury the prisoner, it may be,
T he man of La Force and Ste. Pelagie ;
But the spirit, mon fimpereur, that gave
That prisoner empire knows no grave.
" Au spectacle des ombres une loge d'honneur "
Is easily given, mon Empereur ;
But a something there is which even the will
Of an emperor can not inter or kill —
By no space restrained, to no age confined.
The fruit of a simple great man s mind,
Which to all eternity lives and feeds
The births of which here it has laid the seeds.
Could you bury these, you might sit secure
On the throne of the Bourbons, mon Empereur.
Alfred Watts: Burial of Bcranger.
He is one of those spirits, the favorites of
Heaven, who are everything by. themselves, and
nothing by their ancestors. Voltaire.
There happened in my time one noble speaker,
who was full of gravity in his speaking. His
language was nobly censorious. No man ever
spake more neatly, more pressly, more weightily,
or suffered less emptiness, less idleness, in what
he uttered. No member of his speech but con-
sisted of his own graces. His hearers could not
cough, or look aside from him without loss. He
commanded where he spoke.
Ben Jonson : On Lord Bacon.
What can ennoble sots, or slaves, or cowards ?
Alas, not all the blood of all the Howards !
Alexander Pope : Essay on Afan.
What this country longs for is personalities,
grand persons, to counteract its materialities,
for it is the rule of the universe that com shall
serve man, and not man corn.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Ferspeotiye,
Men and the affairs of life have their peculiar
point of perspective. Some we must see close
at hand to be able to form an opinion of, others
can be judged best at a distance.
La Rochefoucauld.
Penpieaity.
Perspicuity is the framework of profound
thoughts. V'ain'euargius.
Feryerdon.
Is it not a lamentable thing, that of the skin
of an innocent lamb should be made parch-
ment ? That parchment, being scribbled o'er,
should undo a man ?
Shakspeare : King Henry VL
So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain.
No more through rolling clouds to soar again.
Viewed his own feather on the fatal dart,
And winged the shaft that quivered in his heart.
Lord Byron : English Bards.
FettineM.
Woe unto you, for ye pay tithe of mint and
anise and cummin ! Matthew xxiii, 23.
There was a little man, and he had a little
soul.
Thomas Moore : Little Man and Little Soul.
Little boats should keep near shore.
Benjamin Franklin : Almanac.
Fhilosophen.
A philosopher is the last sort of man I
should chooFe to resemble. I find it enough to
live, without spinning lies to account for life.
George Eliot.
The name "wise" seems to me, O Phadrus,
a great matter, and to belong to God alone. A
man may be more fitly denominated " philoso-
phus," " would-be-wise," or some such name,
Plato.
If I wished to punish a province, I would
have it governed by philosophers.
Frederick the Great.
Philosophy.
Adversity's sweet milk, philosophy.
Shakspeare : Romeo and fuliet.
A little philosophy inclineth a man's mind to
atheism, but depth of philosophy bringelh men's
minds about to religion.
Francis Bacon : Essay on Atheism.
PHILOSOPHY
650
PLAY
A philosopher is a fool who torments himself
while he is alive, to be talked of after he is
dead. J^ti'^ iT Alembert.
Apologies only account for what they do not
alter. Benjamin Disraeli.
Change is constant. Benjamin Disraeli.
Every philosopher is cousin to an atheist.
A. de Musset.
Force is no remedy. JoHh Bright.
For there was never yet philosopher
That could endure the toothache patiently.
Shakspeare • Much Ado abaut Nothing.
Free trade is not a principle ; it is an expe-
dient. Benjamin Disraeli.
How charming is divine philosophy !
Not harsh and crabbed, as dull fools suppose ;
But musical as is Apollo's lute,
And a perpetual feast of nectared sweets.
Where no crude surfeit reigns.
John Milton : Com us.
" I can forgive, but I can not forget," is only
another way of saying, " I can not forgive,"
Henry Ward Beecher.
Ignorance never settles a question.
Benjamin Disraeli.
It is not at all impossible that a man, always
studying one subject, will view the general
affairs of the world through the colored prism
of his own atmosphere. Benjamin Disraeli.
No man was ever written down except by
himself. A ichard Bentley.
Philosophy is a first-rate thing to have, but
you can't Alleviate the gout with it, unless the
gout happens to be on some other fellow.
Josh Billings.
Philosophy is a good horse in the stable, but
an arrant jade on a journey. Oliver Goldsmith.
Philosophy is properly a home-sickness, a
longing to be everywhere at home. Aovalis.
Philosophy teaches us to bear with calmness
the misfortunes of our friends. J. J. Rousseau.
Philosophy will clip an angel's wings.
John Keats : Lamia.
She is talking aesthetics, the dear clever creat-
ure !
Upon Man, and his functions, she speaks
with a smile.
Her ideas are divine upon Art, upon Nature,
The Sublime, the Heroic, and Mr. Carlyle.
I no more am found worthy to join in the talk,
now ;
So I follow with my surreptitious cigar ;
While she leads our poetical friend up the walk,
now.
Who quotes Wordsworth and praises her
" Thoughts on a Star."
Robert Buluer Lytton : Midges.
There are more things in heaven and earh,
Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosphy.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
The beginning of philosophy, at least witli
those who lay hold of it as they ought and enter
by the door, is the consciousness of their own
feebleness and incapacity in respect of neces-
sary things. For we come into the world hav-
ing by nature no idea of a right-angle triangle,
or a quarter-tone, or a semi-tone, but by a cer-
tain tradition of art we learn each of these
things. And thus those who know them not,
do not suppose that they know them. But
good and evil and nobleness and baseness, and
the seemly and the unseemly, and happiness
and misfortune, and what is our concern and
wJiat is not, and what ought to be done and
what not — who hath come into the world with-
out an implanted notion of these things.
Epictetus.
Physiognomy.
It is believed that physiognomy is only a sim-
ple development of the features already marked
out by Nature. It is my opinion that in addi-
tion to this development, the features come in-
sensibly to be formed and assume their shape
from the frequent and habitual expression of
certain affections of the soul. Rousseau.
Piety.
I would rather be a poor beggar's wife and be
sure of heaven than queen of all the world and
stand in doubt thereof by reason of my own con-
sent. Katharine of Aragon.
Pity-
Of all the paths lead to a woman's love
Pity's the straightest.
Beaumont and Fletcher : The Knight of Malta.
Never to blend our pleasure, or our pride,
With sorrow of the meanest thing that feels.
William Wordsworth : Hart-Leap Well.
The tale of divine pity was never yet be-
lieved from lips that were not felt to be moved
by human pity. George Eliot.
Dejected Pity at his side.
Her soul-subduing voice applied.
William Collins: 'The Passions.
Plagiarism.
As thieves never know or dare to make the
right use of their stolen goods, so it is mostly
with plagiaries.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
If that severe doom of Synesius be true —
" It is a greater offence to steal dead men's labors
than their clothes " — what shall become of most
writers ? Robert Burto',i.
Play.
If all the year were playing holidays.
To sport would be as tedious as to work.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
PLEASANTNESS
651
POETRY
A careless song, with a little nonsense in it,
now and then, does not misbecome a monarch.
Horace Walpole.
The world is a comedy to those who think, a
tragedy to those who feel. Horace Walpole.
Pleasantness.
The lines are fallen to me in pleasant places.
Psalm xzi, 6.
Cultivate not only the corn-fields of the
mind, but the pleasure-grounds also.
Richard Whately.
Pleasing.
Do not care how many you please, but whom.
Publius Syrus.
The drama's laws, the drama's patrons give.
For we that live to please, must please to live.
Ben Jonson.
Pleasure.
Kly not yet, 'tis just the hour
When pleasure, like the midnight flower
That scorns the eye of vulgar light,
Begins to bloom for sons of niglit.
And maids who love the moon.
Thomas Moore : Irish Melody.
Pleasures are like poppies spread.
You seize 1 he flower, its bloom is shed ;
Or, like the snow-fall in the river,
A moment white, then melts forever ;
Or, like the borealis race.
That flit ere you can point their place.
Robert Burns : Tarn o' Shunter.
Pleasures, like flowers, may wither and decay,
And yet the root perennial may be.
Henry IV. Longfellow : Memories.
Life would be very agreeable if it were not
for its pleasures. Sir G. Cornewall Lewis.
I'd sooner ha' hrewin' day and washin' day
together than one o' these plcasurin' days.
There's no work so tirin' as danglin' about an'
starin', an' not rightly knowin' what you're goin'
to do next ; and k^epin' your face in smilin'
order like a grocer o' market-day, for fear peo-
ple should na think you civil enough. An'
you've nothin' to show for't when's done, if it
IS 'ut a yallor face wi' eatin' things as disagree.
George Eliot.
Pleasures are like liqueurs ; they must be
drunk, but in small glasses. Romainville.
We tire of those pleasures which we take, but
never of those which we give. Anonymous.
Plenteoosness.
I am come down to bring them up out of that
land unto a good land .ind a large, unto a land
flowing with :nilk and honey. Exodus Hi, 8.
Poetasters.
I had rather be a kitten and cry mew,
Than one of these same metre ballad-mongers.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Physicians practice what belongs to their art ;
mechanics work only at their trades ; but learned
and unlearned, we all equally are scribbling
verses. Horace.
Poetry.
For doth not song
To the whole world belong?
Is it not given wherever tears c.in fall.
Wherever hearts can melt, or blushes glow.
Or mirth and sadness mingle as they flow,
A heritage to all ?
Isa Craig Knox : Bums.
For that fine madness still he did retain.
Which rightly should possess a poet's brain.
Michael Drayton : Of Poets and Poetry.
Happy who in his verse can gently steer
From grave to light ; from pleasant to severe.
John Dryden : The Art of Poetry.
I had rather be hissed for a good verse than
applauded for a bad one. Victor Hugo,
In general, prize sheep are good for nothing
but to make tallow candles, and prize poems
are good for nothing but to light them.
Thomas B. Macaulay :
On the Royal Society of Literature.
In most men there is a dead poet whom the
man survives. Sainte-Beuve.
It (poesy) was ever thought to have some par-
ticipation of divineness, because it doth raise
and erect the mind by submitting the shews of
things to the desires of the mind.
Francis Bacon :
Essay on Advancement of Learning.
I was not bom under a rhyming planet.
Shakspeare : Much Ado about Nothing.
Means not, but blunders round about a mean-
ing ;
And he whose fustian 's so sublimely bad.
It is not poetry, but prose run mad.
Alexander Pope : Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot.
Most wretched men
Are cradled into poetry by wrong ;
They learn in suffering what they teach in song.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Julian and Maddalo.
Old-fashioned poetry, but choicely good.
Izaak Walton : The Complete Angler.
Poetry is to philosophy what the Sabbath is
to the rest of the week.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The poetry of the earth is never dead.
John Keats :
On the Grasshopper and the Ct ickct.
The poet's verse slides into the current of
our blood. We read it when young, we remem-
ber it when old. Samuel SmiLs.
There is a pleasure in poetic pains
Which only poets know.
William Cowper : The Task.
POETS
652
POPULACE
There is as much diflference between good
poetry and fine verses as between the smell of a
flower-garden and of a perfumer's shop.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Where go the poet's lines ?
Answer, ye evening tapers !
Ye auburn locks, ye golden curls,
Speak from your folded papers !
Oliver Wendell Holmes : The Poet's Lot.
Within these woods of A ready
He chief delight and pleasure took ;
And on the mountain Partheny,
Upon the crystal liquid brook,
The Muses met him every day —
Taught him to sing, and write, and say.
Mathew Roydon : Lament for Philip Sidney.
The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling.
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth
to heaven ;
And, as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night's Dream.
As eveiy young person goes through all the
world-old experiences, fancying them some-
thing peculiar and personal to himself, so it is
with every new generation, whose youth always
finds its representatives in its poets.
James Russell Lowell : Essay on Keats.
The genius of poetry must work out its own
salvation in a man. It can not be matured by
law and precept, but by sensation and watch-
fulness in itself. That which is creative must
create itself. John Keats : Letters.
Poets,
Blessings be with them, and eternal praise.
Who gave us nobler loves, and nobler cares,
The poets, who on earth have made us heirs
Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays !
William Wordsworth : Personal Talk.
Happy insect ! ever blest
With a more than mortal rest.
Rosy dews the leaves among.
Humble joys, and gentle song !
Wretched poet ! ever curst
With a life of lives the worst.
Sad despondence, restless fears.
Endless jealousies and tears.
Walter Harte :
A Soliloquy, occasioned by the chirping of a
Grasshopper.
Truly, I would the gods had made thee poeti-
cal. Shakspeare : As You Like Jt.
Poets are the hierophants of an unappre-
hended inspiration ; the mirrors of the gigantic
shadows which futurity casts upon the present.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : A Defence of Poetry.
The heart's instinctive loyalty to the poet is
proof of its consciousness that he is the human-
izer, strengthener, consoler.
. George William Curtis.
The true bards have been noted for their
firm and cheerful temper. Homer lies in sun-
shine ; Chaucer is glad and erect. Not less
sovereign and cheerful — much more sovereign
and cheerful — is the tone of Shakspeare.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
While pensive poets painful vigils keep,
Sleepless themselves to give their readers sleep.
Alexander Pope : 1 he Dunciad.
Yet half a beast is the great god Pan
To laugh, as he sits by the river,
Making a poet out of a man.
The true gods sigh for the cost and pain —
For the reed that grows nevermore again
As a reed wilh the reeds in the river.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning :
A Alusical Instrument.
Poise.
A man that Fortune's buffets and rewards
Hast ta'cn with equal thanks.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Politeness.
I consider that the spirit of politeness is a
certain desire to bring it about that by our
words and manners others may be pleased w ith
us and with themselves. Alontesquieu.
The polite of eveiy country seem to have
but one character. It is among the vulgar that
we find those distinctions which characterize a
people. Oliver Goldsmith.
There is 110 policy like politeness ; and a good
manner is the best thing in the world, either to
get one a good name or to supply the want of
it. Edward Bulwer Lytlon.
Politics.
Whoever wishes to see an emblem of political
unions and enmities should walk, when the sun
shines, in a shrubbery. So long as the air is
quite still, the shadows combine to form a pretty
trellis-work, which looks as if it would be
lasting. But the wind is perverse enough to
blow, and then to pieces goes the trellis-work
in an instant ; and the shadows, which before
were so quiet and distinct, cross and intermingle
confusedly. It seems impossible they should
ever reunite ; yet the moment the wind sub-
sides they dovetail into each other as closely as
before. Augustus Hare : Guesses at 7 ruth.
Pomposity.
Celebrities are almost always surrounded by
nobodies ; those who like to show themselves
draw near to those who are most observed.
Anonymotis.
Pondering.
When thou wishest to delight thyself think
of the virtues of those who live with thee— the
activity of one, the modesty of another, the
liberality of a third. Marcus Aurelitis.
Populace.
Sometimes the vulgar throng form a just
judgment, but oft they labor under gross mis-
takes. Horace.
POPULARITY
6S3
POVERTY
The populace, as usual, knowing neither tnith
nor falsehood, and indifferent about both, paid
their tribute of (lattery with noise and uproar.
Tacitus.
Popularity.
(Jolden opinions from all sorts of people.
iihakspeare : Macbeth.
Let a famous author fill a volume with non-
sense, and if the public does not praise it let
me be tarred and feathered. Yriarte.
Immediate popularity and lasting fame, then,
would seem to be the result of different quali-
ties, aiid not of mere difference in degree.
James Russell Lowell : On CarlyU.
Portents.
When beggars die there are no comets seen ;
The heavens themselves blaze forth the death
of pnnces. Shakspcare : Julius Cttsar.
Possession.
An ill-favored thing, sir, but mine own.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
But they shall sit every man umler his vine
and under his fig-tree. Alicah iv, 4.
Dost thou revel in the rosy morning. %
When all nature hails the lord of light.
And his smile, the mountain-tops adorning,
Robes yon fragrant fields in radiance bright ?
Other hands may grasp the field and forest,
proud proprietors in pomp may shine ;
But with fervent love if thou adorest,
Thou art wealthier — all the world is thine.
Harriet Window Sewall.
I die — but first I have possessed.
And come what may, I have been blest.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Shall I not take my ease in mine inn?
Shakspeare : A'ing Henry IV,
Aspiration sees only one side of every ques-
tion ; possession, many.
James Russell Lowell :
New England Two Centuries Ago.
Posterity.
As though there were a tie.
And obligation to posterity.
We get them, bear them, breed and nurse.
What has posterity done for us.
That we, lest they their rights should lose,
Should trust our necks to gripe of noose.
John Trumbull : McFingal.
He only half dies who leaves an image of
himself in his sons. Goldoni.
Posterity is a pack-horse, always ready to be
loaded. Benjamin Disraeli.
Why should we legislate for p)Osterity ? What
has posterity ever done for us ?
Sir Boyh Koche.
Potentates.
Tell potentates they live
Acting by others' actions —
Not loved unless they give.
Not strong but by their factions ;
If potentates reply.
Give potentates the lye.
Tell men of high condition.
That rule afiairs of state,
Their purpose is ambition.
Their practice only hale ;
And if they once reply.
Then give them all the lye.
Sir Walter Raleigh : The Lye.
Poverty.
But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page.
Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll ;
Chill penury repress'd their noble rage.
And froze the genial current of the soul.
Thomas Gray :
Elegy in a Country Churchyara.
Gold gives an appearance of beauty even to
ugliness ; but everything becomes frightful with
poverty. Boilcau.
His wit, being snuffed by want, burned clear.
Thomas Killcgrew.
It does not even need philosophy to enable
us to despise poverty. Look at the poor ; are
they not obviously happier than the rich ?
Seneca.
Let not poverty stand as an obstacle in your
way. James A. Garfield.
" My keg is but low, I confess.
Gaffer Gray,
What then ? While it lasts, man, we'll live."
" The poor man alone.
When he hears the poor moan,
Of his morsel a morsel will give,
Wcll-a-day."
Thomas Ilolcroft : Gaffer Gray.
Of all kinds of shame, the worst, surely, is
being ashamed of frugality or poverty. Livy.
Poverty destroys pride. It is difficult for an
empty bag to stand upright.
Dumas the Younger.
This mournful truth is everywhere confessed,
Slow rises worth by poverty depressed.
Samuel Johnson : Vanity of Human Wishes.
Thou too hast travelled, little fluttering thing.
Hast seen the world, and now thy weary wing
Thou too must rest.
But much, my little bird, could'st thou but tell,
I'd give to know why here thou lik'st so well
To build thy nest.
Did fortune try thee ? — was thy little purse
Perchance run low, and thou, afraid of worse.
Felt here secure ?
Ah no ! thou need'st not gold, thou happy one !
Thou know'st it not. Of all God's creatures,
man
Alone is poor.
Jane Welch Carlyle :
On a Swallow building in our Eaves.
POWER
654
PRAYER
Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, a little fold-
ing of the hands to sleep. So shall thy poverty
come as one that travelleth, and thy want as an
armed man. Proverbs vi, 11.
What is the use of the lower orders ?
To plough — and to dig one's garden — and to
rub down one's horses — and to feed one's
pigs — and to black one's shoes — and to wait
upon one.
Nothing else ?
O yes — to be laughed at in a novel, or in a droll
Dutch picture — and to be cried at in Wilkie,
or in a sentimental story.
Is that all ?
Why ! yes — no — what else can they be good for?
except to go to church.
Ay ! that is well thought of. That must be the
meaning of the words, Blessed are the poor :
for theirs is the kingdom of God.
Julius hare : Guesses at Truth.
With looks demure, and silent pace, a Dun,
Horrible monster ! hated by gods and men,
To my aerial citadel ascends.
With vocal heel thrice thundering at my gate,
With hideous accent thrice he calls ; I know
The voice ill-boding, and the solemn sound.
What should I do ? or whither turn ? Amazed,
Confounded, to the dark recess I fly
Of wood-hole ; straight my bristling hairs erect
Through sudden fear ; a chilly sweat bedews
My shuddering limbs, and (wonderful to tell !)
My tongue forgets her faculty of speech ;
So horrible he seems ! His faded brow.
Intrenched with many a frown, and conic
beard.
And spreading band, admired by modern saints.
Disastrous acts forbode ; in his right hand
Long scrolls of paper solemnly he waves,
With characters and figures dire inscribed,
Grievous to mortal eyes ; (ye gods avert
Such plagues from righteous men !)
John Philips : The Splendid Shilling.
Tower.
It is a hard but good law of fate, that as
every evil, so every excessive power wears itself
out. Herd.'r.
Power, like a desolating pestilence.
Pollutes whate'er it touches ; and obedience,
Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth.
Makes slaves of men, and of the human frame
A mechanized automaton.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Queen Mab.
That better self shall live till human Time
Shall fold its eyelids, and the human sky
Be gathered like a scroll within the tomb
Unread forever. This life is to come,
Which martyred men have made more glorious
For us who strive to follow. May I reach
That purest heaven, be to other souls
The cup of strength in some great agony,
Enkindle generous ardor, feed pure love.
Beget the smiles that have no cruelty —
Be the sweet presence of a good diffused,
And in diffusion ever more intense,
So shall I join the choir invisible
Whose music is the gladness of the world.
George Eliot : O, may I join the Choir Invisible.
The desire of power is stronger than all other
feelings. Tacitus.
To be able to endure odium is the first art to
be learned by those who aspire to power. Seneca.
Praise.
I thank you for your voices, thank you —
Your most sweet voices.
Shakspeare : Coriolanus.
I would applaud thee to the very echo.
That should applaud again.
Shakspeare : Alacbeth,
The applause of a single human being is of
great consequence. Samuel Johnson.
The great creator we behold not ; he veils
himself within his own eternal laws. The
sceptic sees their operation, but he beholds him
not. " Wherefore a God ? " he cries ; " the world
itself suffices for itself." And the piety of no
Christain has praised him more than does this
sceptic's blasphemy. Schiller.
The praise of others may be of use in teach-
ing us, not what we are, but what we ought to
^" Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truths
be
Underneath this sable hearse
Lies the subject of all verse —
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother.
Death ! ere thou hast killed another
Fair, and learned, and good as she,
Time shall throw a dart at thee.
Ben Jonson : Epitaph.
We praise willingly in others those merits
which we fancy we ourselves possess.
Anonymous.
Ye ice-falls ! ye that from the mountain's brow
Adown enormous ravines slope amain —
Torrents, methinks, that heard a mighty voice,
And stopped at once amid their maddest plunge !
Motionless torrents ! silent cataracts ! —
Who made you glorious as the gates of heaven
Beneath the keen full moon ? Who bade the
sun
Clothe you with rainbows? Who with living
flowers
Of loveliest blue, spread garlands at your feet ?
" God ! " let the torrents, like a shout of nations,
Answer ; and let the ice-plains echo, " God ! "
Samuel Taylor Coleridge :
Morning Hymn to Mont Blanc,
Prayer,
I ask not a life for the dear ones
All radiant, as others have done,
But that life may have just enough shadow
To temper the glare of the sun ;
I would pray God to guard them from evil,
But my prayer would bound back to myself;
Ah ! a seraph may pray for a sinner,
But a sinner must pray for himself.
Charles M. Dickinson : The Children.
PREACHING
655
PREJUDICE
If thus through lesser Nature's empire wide
Nothing abide —
If wind, and wave, and leaf, and sun, and
flower
Have all their hour —
He walks on ice whose dallying spirit clings
To earthly things ;
And he alone is wise whose well-taught love
Is fixed above :
Truths firm and bright, but oft to mortal ear
Chilling and drear ;
Harsh as the raven's croak the sounds that tell
Of pleasure's knell.
Pray, reader, that the minstrel's strain
Not all be vain ;
And when thou bend'st to God the suppliant
knee.
Remember me.
Gerald Grij^in : Vanitas Vanitatus.
More things are wrought by prayer
Than this world dreams of. Wherefore let thy
voice
Rise like a fountain for me night and day.
For what are men better than sheep or goats
That nourish a blind life within the brain,
If, knowing Ciod, they lift not hands of prayer
Both for themselves and those whom they call
friend? Al/n-d Tennyson: Mart d' Arthur.
Prayer is intended to increase the devotion
of the individual ; but if the individual himself
prays, he requires no formula — he pours himself
forth much more naturally in self-chosen and
connected thoughts before God, and scarcely
requires words at all. Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Prayer was not meant for luxury,
Or selfish pastime sweet ;
It is the prostrate creature's place
At his Creator's feet.
Had I, dear Lord ! no pleasure found
But in the thought of thee,
Prayer would have come unsought, and been
A truer liberty.
Frederick IV. Faber : The Thought of God.
Preaching.
And pulpit, drum erclesiastick.
Was beat with fist instead of a stick.
Samtiel Butler . Hudibras.
He who lives well is the best preacher.
Cervantes.
I preached as never sure to preach again,
And as a dying man to dying men.
Richard Baxter .
Love bfeathitig Thanks and Praise.
Many a meandering discourse one hears, in
which the preacher aims at nothing and hits it.
Sir Charles Wetherell.
Precantion.
Let not him that girdeth on his harness boast
himself as he that putteth it off. I Kings xx, 11.
Let us crown ourselves with rosebuds before
they be withered.
Wisdom of Solomon : Apochrypha.
Precedents.
A precedent embalms a principle.
Benjamin Disraeli.
Freoionsness,
He kept him as the apple of his eye.
Deuteronomy xxxii, 10.
Like stones of worth, they thinly placed are.
Or captain jewels in the carcanet.
Shakspeare : Sonnet Hi.
Precipitancy.
As there is always a coming man who never
■comes, so there is a man who always conies (it
may be only a quarter of an hour) too early.
James Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years Ago.
Precocity.
So wise so young, they say. do ne'er live long.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
The apparent facility of learning is the cause
why children are ruined. Their smooth and
polished brains reflect like a mirror the objects
presented to it ; but nothing remains, nothing
penetrates. The child retains the words, the
ideas are reflected ; those who listen under-
stand them ; the child does not understand
them at all. Rousseau.
Precision.
We must speak by the card, or equivocation
will undo us. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Predestination.
God smiles as he has always smiled ;
Ere suns and moons could wax or wane.
Ere stars were thundergirt, or piled
The heavens, God thought on me his child ;
Ordained a life for me, arrayed
Its circumstances, every one
To the minutest ; ay, God said
This head this hancl should rest upon
Thus, ere he fashioned star or sun.
Robert Browning : Madhouse Cell.
Pre-eminence.
Like the beac&n-lights in harbors, which,
kindling a great blaze by means of a few fagot';,
afford sufficient aid to vessels that wander over
the sea, so, also, a man of bright character in a
storm-tossed city, himself content with little,
effects great blessings for his fellow-citizens.
Epictetus.
Preference.
We prefer to perfect people those who are
worth something to ourselves. Anonymous.
Here's metal more attractive.
Shakspeare : Hc{mlet.
Prejudice.
IJ)rive prejudices out by the door, they will
re-enter by the window. Fredeiick the Great.
He who never leaves his country is full of
prejudices. Goldoni.
Ignorance is less distant from truth than
prejudice. Diderot.
Prejudice is the reason of fools. Voltaire.
PREMONITION
656
THE PRESENT
The minds of some of our statesmen, like the
pupil of tlie human eye, contract themselves the
more the stronger light there is shed upon
them. Thomas Moore :
Preface to Corruption and Intolerance.
Prejudices, my friend, are what rule the vul-
gar crowd. Voltaire.
Premonition.
Often do the spirits
Of great events stride on before the events,
And in to-day already walks to-morrow.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
The baby figure of the giant mass of things
to come. Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressicia.
Preparation.
But in the tent that night awake,
I ask, if in the fray I fall,
Can I the mystic answer make.
When the angelic sentries call?
And pray that Heaven may so ordain.
Where'er I go, what fate be mine.
Whether in pleasure or in pain,
I still may have the countersign.
Anonymous : 'The Countersign.
For my eightieth year warns me to pack up
my baggage before I leave life. Virgil.
He's faithfu' that hath promised, he'll surely
come again ;
He'll keep his tryst wi' me, at what hour I dinna
ken ;
But he bids me still to watch, an' ready aye to be
To gang at ony moment to my ain countree.
So I'm watching aye an' singing o' my hame as
I wait
For the soun'ing o' his footsteps this side the
gowden gate.
God gie his grace to ilka ane wha listens noo to
me.
That we a' may gang in gladness to cur ain
countree.
Mary Lee Demarest : My Ain Countree.
T am glad of your health, and of the recovery
of your little ones ; but, indeed, it was a shai-p
stroke of the pen that told me your little Johnny
was dead, and I felt it truly' more, to my re-
membrance, than I did the death of any child
in my lifetime. Sweet thing ! and is he so
quickly laid asleep? ... He is but gone an
hour or two sooner to bed, as children used to
do, and we are undressing to follow. And the
more we put off the love of the present world,
and all things superfluous beforehand, we shall
have the less to do when we lie down.
Robert Leighton.
If we are indeed here to perfect and complete
our own natures, and grow larger, stronger, and
more sympathetic against some nobler career
in the future, we had all best bestir ourselves
to the utmost while we have the time. To
equip a dull, respectable person with wings
would be but to make a parody of an angel.
Robert Louis Stevenson : Vitginibus Puerisque.
So live that when thy summons comes to join
The innumerable caravan which moves
To that mysterious realm where each shall take
His chamber in the silent halls of death,
Thou go not, like the quarry-slave at night.
Scourged to his dungeon, but, sustained and
soothed
By an unfaltering tnist, approach thy grave
Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
William Cullen Bryant : Thanatopsis.
The good mariner, when he draws near the
port, furls his sails, and enters it softly ; so
ought we to lower the sails of our worldly op-
erations, and turn to God with all heart and
understanding. Dante.
Where death awaits us is uncertain ; we
ought to expect it everywhere. The premedi-
tation of death is the premeditation of liberty ;
he who has learned to die has unlearned to sei^ve.
There is no evil ; to be ready to die frees us
from bondage and thraldom. Montaigne.
Prescience.
Be not wretched before the time ; since the
things which thou thinkest to be impending
perhaps will never happen, at all events have
not yet happened. Therefore some things tor-
ment us more than they ought ; some things tor-
ment us before they ought ; some things torment
us when they ought not to do it at all. Seneca.
I am glad to think that God sees through my
heart, and, if any angel has power to penetrate
into it, he is welcome to know everything that
is there. Yes, and so may any mortal who is
capable of full sympathy, and therefore worthy
to come into my depths. But he must find his
own way there. I can neither guide nor en-
lighten him. A^athaniel IJawthorne.
The Present.
Enjoy what you have ; hope for what yru
lack. Levis.
I feel myself gradually leaving my ideal and
theoretic tendencies, and more and more able
to appreciate the value of the present moment.
Eckermann.
In the centuries before us, humanity appears
to us to be growing up ; in those which come
after us, to be fading away ; in our own, to burst
forth in glorious bloom : thus do the clouds,
only when in our zenith, seem to move straight
forward ; those in front of us come up from our
horizon, the others behind us sail downward
with foreshortened forms. Richter.
Our century is a brutal thinker.
Philosophy finds no difficulty in triumphing
over past and future ills ; but present ills tri-
umph over her. La Rochefoucauld.
Those roses under my window make no refer-
ence to former roses or to better ones ; they are
for what they are ; they exist with God to-day.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
PRESENTS
657
PROCRASTINATION
Unmarked our course before us lies
O'er time's eternal tide ;
And soon the sparkling ripple dies
We raise, as on we glide ;
Our barks the brightest bubbles fling
Forever from the prow ;
Then let us gayly sail, and sing,
" The happiest time is now ! "
Samutl Lover : Tht Happiest Time is A'ow.
Presents.
What is bestowed on our friends is beyond
the reach of fortune ; the riches that thou hast
given away are the only riches that thou really
possesses!. Marital.
Presents, I often say.'endcar absents.
CharUs Lamb : Dissertation upon Roast Pig.
The Press.
Here shall the press the people's right main-
tain,
Unawed by influence and unbribed by gain ;
Here patriot Truth her glorious precepts draw,
Pledged to Religion, Liberty, and Law.
Joseph >- lory : Motto of the Salem Register.
Presnmption.
Presumption is our natural and original dis-
ease. The most wretched and frail of all creat-
ures is man, and yet, alas, the proudest.
Montaigne.
Oh, what men dare do ! what men may do !
what men daily do. not knowing what they do !
Shakspeare : Much At^ about Nothing.
Pretence.
It is by no means necessary to understand
things to speak confidently about them.
" Beaumarchais.
The lady doth protest too much, methinks.
Shakspeate : Hamlet.
Virtues paraded hide vices, like the strong
odors used to conceal bad smells. Anonymous.
We are never nmde so ridiculous by the
qualities we have as by' those which we pretend
to have. La Rochefoucauld.
Pretexts.
Pretexts are not wanting when one wishes a
thing. Gcldoni.
Price.
The truth is we think lightly of Nature's
penny shows, and estimate what we see by the
cost of the ticket.
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
It so falls out.
That what we have we prize not at its worth
Whiles we enjoy it ; but, being lacked and lost,
Why then we rack the value.
Shakspeare : Much Ado about Nothing.
Pride.
In pride, in reasoning pride, our error lies ;
All quit their sphere, and rush into the skies.
Pride still is aiming at the blessed abodes,
Men would be angels, angels would be gods.
A lexander Fope : Essay on Man.
O'Ruark, Maguire, those souls of fire, whose
names are shrined in story —
Think how their high achievements once made
Erin's greatest glory !
Yet now their bones lie mouldering under weeds
and cypress-boughs.
And so, for all your pride, will yours, O Woman
of Three Cows !
J. C. Mangan : The Woman of Three Cows.
Pride, the never-failing vice of fools.
Alexander Fope : Essay on Criticism.
Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk.
Shakspeare : Cymbeline.
There is a certain noble pride through which
merits shine brighter than through modesty.
Richter.
'Tis pride, rank pride, and haughtiness of soul ;
I think the Romans call it stoicism.
Joseph Addison : Cato.
Priggishness.
I'or ill! a rhetorician's rules
Teach nothing but to name his tools
Samuel Butler : JJudibras.
Prinoei.
Brinces are like to heavenly bodies, which
cause good or evil times, and which have much
veneration, but no rest.
Ftancis Bacon : Essay on Empire.'
Prodigies.
There are no prodigies for those who do not
fear them ; they fascinate ind.eed the ignorant
vulgar, but they are the device of the knave,
and the scorn of the great. Voltaire.
Procrastination.
He who is prepared to-day will be less so to-
morrow. Ovid.
How mankind defers from day to day the
best it can do, and the most beautiful things it
can enjoy, without thinking that every day may
be the last one, and that lost time is lost eternity.
Afax MUller.
I know not why we should delay our tokens
of respect to those who deserve them until the
heart that our sympathy could have gladdened
has ceased to beat. As men can not read the
epitaphs inscribed upon the marble that covers
them, so the tombs that we erect to virtue often
only prove our repentance that we neglected
them when with us. Horace.
Procrastination is the thief of time ;
Year after year it steals ; till all are fled.
And to the mercies of a moment leaves
The vast concerns of an eternal scene.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
The man that procrastinates struggles ever
with ruin. Hcsiod.
PRODUCTION
658
PROGRESS
Production.
Whoever could make two ears of corn, or two
blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground
where only one grew before, would deserve bet-
ter of mankind, and do more essential service
to his country, than the whole race of politicians
put together.
Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels.
Profession.
I hold erery man a debtor to his profession ;
from the which as men of course do seek to re-
ceive countenance and profit, so ought they of
duty to endeavor themselves by way of amends
to be a help and ornament thereunto.
Francis Bacon : Maxims of the Law.
Prognostication.
The childhood shows the man
As morning shows the day.
John Milton : Paradise Regained.
Dark and despairing, my sight I may seal,
But man can not cover what God would reveal ;
'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore,
And coming events cast their shadows before.
Thomas Campbell : Lochiel's Warning.
Progress.
Bad kings and governors help us, if only they
are bad enough.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Progress of Culture.
For Humanity sweeps onward : where to-day
the martyr stands
On the morrow crouches Judas with the silver
in his hands ;
Far in front the cross stands ready and the
crackling fagots burn.
While the hooting mob of yesterday in silent
awe return
To glean up the. scattered ashes into History's
golden urn.
James Russell Lowell : The Present Crisis.
Heaven is not reached at a single bound ;
But we build the ladder by which we rise
From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies,
And we mount to its summit round by round.
Josiah Gilbert Holland : Gradatim.
He who has observed how throughout history,
while man is continually misusing good and
turning it into evil, the overruling sway of God's
providence out of evil is ever bringing forth
good, will never be cast down, or led to de-
spond, or to slacken his efforts, however un-
toward the immediate aspec^t of things may ap-
pear. Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Learn the mystery of progression duly :
Do not call each glorious change decay ;
But know we only hold our treasures truly,
When it seems as if they passed away.
Adelaide Procter : Incompleteness.
Let us allow and believe that there is a prog-
ress in the species toward unattainable per-
fection ; or, whether this be so or not, that it is a
necessity of a good and greatly gifted nature to
believe it. William Wordsworth.
New occasions teach new duties ; Time makes
ancient good uncouth ;
They must upward still, and onward, who would
keep abreast of Truth ;
Lo, before us gleam her camp-fires ! we our-
selves must Pilgrims be,
Launch our Mayflower, and steer boldly through
the desperate winter sea,
Nor attempt the Future's portal with the Past's
blood-rusted key.
James Russell Lowell : The Present Crisis
Progress is lame.
Sainte-Beuve.
The apparent and real progress of human
affairs are both well illustrated in a waterfall ;
where the same noisy, bubbling eddies continue
for months and years, though the water whicii
froths in them changes every moment ; but as
every drop in its passage tends to loosen and de-
tach some particle of the channel, the stream is
working a change all the time .
Augustus Liare : Guesses at Truth.
The difference between heathen virtue and
Christian goodness is the difference between
oars and sails, or rather between galleys and
ships. A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The goal of yesterday will be our starting-
point to-morrow. 7 homas Carlylc.
The greatness of the mighty dead has always
consisted in this, that they were seekers, im-
provers, inventors, endued with that civine
power and right of discovery which has been
bestowed on us, even as on them.
Charles Kingsley.
Their armor rings on a fairer field
Than the Greek and the Trojan fiercely trod ;
For Freedom's sword is the blade they wield,
And the gleam above is the smile of God.
So, in his isle of calm delight,
Jason may sleep the years away ;
For the heroes live, and the sky is bright.
And the world is a braver world to-day.
Edna Dean Proctor : Heroes.
The little dissatisfaction which every artist
feels at the completion of a work is the germ of
a new work. Auerbach.
The march of the human mind is slow.
Edmund Burke.
There is progress wherever there is a pro-
pensity not only to thought but to after-thought.
Novalis.
The working of revolutions, therefore, mis-
leads me no more ; it is as necessary to our race
as its waves to the stream, that it may not be a
stagnant marsh. Ever renewed in its forms the '
genius of humanity blossoms. Herder.
Utopia ! such is the name with which igno-
rance, folly, and incredulity have always char-
acterized the great conceptions, discoveries, en-
terprises, and ideas which have illustrated the
ages, and marked eras in human progress.
E. de Girardin.
PROMINENCE
65'^
PROVIDENCE
Westward the course of empire takes its way :
The four first acts already past,
A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
Time's noblest offspring is his last.
George Berkeley : The Old IVorld and the Ne-w.
Is it so certain, then, that the greatest good
is also the highest ? and has it been to the great-
est or to the smallest number that man has been
most indebted ? For myself, while I admit, be-
cause I can not help it, certain great and mani-
fest improvements in the general well-being, I
can not stifle a suspicion that the modern spirit,
to whose tune we are marching so cheerily, may
have borrowed of the Pied Piper of Hamelin
the instrument whence he draws such bewitch-
ing music.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Prominence.
.Many have lived on a pedestal who will never
have a statue when dead. BSranger.
Ye are the light of the world. A city that is
set upon a hill can not be hid. Mattluw v, 14.
Promise.
His life, though in all things so gifted and
skilled.
Was at best but a promise which nothing ful-
filled. Robert Bulwer-Lytton ; Lucile.
Promptness.
The flighty purpose never is o'ertook,
Unless the deed go with it.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Prophecy.
Hury Beranger ! Well for you
Could you bury the spirit of Bt-ranger too !
Bury the bard if you will, and rejoice ;
But you bury the bo<ly. and not the voice.
Bury the prophet and garnish his tomb ;
The prophecy still remains for doom,
.\nd many a prophecy since proved true
Has that prophet spoken for such as you.
Alfred Watts: The Burial of Beranger.
One of the most reliable prophets I know of
is a hen. She doesn't prophesy an egg until
after it has happened. Josh Billings.
Prophecy is no fatalism. Augustine.
When the east lightens with strange hints of
morn,
The first tinge of the growing glory takes
The cold frown of omc hushed high Alp forlorn.
While yet o'er vales below the dark is spread.
Even so the dawning age in silence breaks,
O solitary soul, on thy still head :
And we, that watch below with reverent fear,
Seeing thee crowned, do know that day is near.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton.
Prophets.
A prophet is not without honor, save in his
own country, and in his own house.
Matthew xiii, 57.
The best of prophets of the future is the
Past. Lord Byron : Letter.
Proportion.
Great is the art of beginning, but greater the
art is of ending ;
Many a poem is marred by a superfluous verse.
Henry W. Longfellow : Elegiac Verse.
Propriety.
As proper men as ever trod upon neat's
leather. Shakspeare : Julius Ctesa/.
He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat
commitleth himself to prison. Trancis Bacon.
How forcible are right words ! Job vi, 2^.
Render therefore unto Cccsar the things which
are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are
God's. Matihew xxii, 21.
Seat yourself in your place and you need not
rise. Portuguese.
The shallowness of a water-nixie's soul may
have a charm until he becomes didactic.
George Eliot.
A man of the best parts and greatest learn-
ing, if he does not know the world by his own
experience and observation, will be very ab-
surd, and consequently very unwelcome in com-
pany. He may say very good things ; but they
will be probably so ill-timed, misplaced, or im-
properly addressed, that he ha<l much better
hold his tongue. Lord Chesterfield.
Proie.
It is one of my constant regrets, in this gen-
eration, that men to whom the gods have given
a genius will insist, in such an earnest time as
ours has grown, in bringing out their divine gift
in the shape of verse, which now no man reads
entirely in earnest. 1 homas Carlyle.
Prosperity.
As half in shade and half in sun
This world along its path advances,
May that side the sun's upon
Be all that e'er shall meet thy glances !
Tlwmas Moore : Peace be around Thee.
Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity
within thy palaces. Psalm cxxii, 7.
Prosperity is a feeble reed.
Daniel D'Auchires.
Prosperity unmasks the vices ; advereity re-
veals the virtues. Diderot.
So what signifies wishing and hoping for bet-
ter times? We may make these times better, if
we bestir ourselves. Benjamin Franklin.
Proverbs.
A proverb is the wisdom of many and the wit
of one. Ric/iard Whately.
Providence.
Aflliction cometh not forth of the dust, neither
doth trouble spring out of the ground. Job v, 6.
All can not be happy at once ; for because
the glory of one state depends upon the ruin of
PROVIDENCE
66o
PRUDENCE
another, there is a revolution and vicissitude of
their greatness which must obey the spring of
that wheel, not moved by intelligences, but by
the hand of God, whereby all estates rise to their
zenith and vertical points, according to their
predestined periods. Sir Thomas Browne.
Always there is seed being sown silently and
unseen, and everywhere there come up sweet
flowers without our foresight or labor. We reap
what we sow, but Nature has love over and above
that justice, and gives us shadow and blossom
and fruit that spring from no planting of ours.
George Eliot.
A man's heart deviseth his way ; but the Lord
directeth his steps. Proverbs xzu, g.
And He that doth the ravens feed,
Yea, providently caters for the sparrow,
Be comfort to my age !
.Shakspeare : As You Like It.
For my part, I am delighted to find a few
flowers on the mile-stones as I pass along. No
matter how simple they are : a buttercup is as
good as a japonica ; somebody placed it there
who remembered that I was going by, and that
is sufficient. Lydia Maria Child.
God is the author, men are only players.
These grand pieces which are played upon
earth have been composed in heaven. Balzac.
Had I but served my God with half the zeal
I served my king, he would not in mine age
Have left me naked to mine enemies.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
If a sparrow can not fall without God's knowl-
edge, how can an empire rise without his aid ?
Benjamin Franklin.
If I did not believe in a special providence,
in a perpetual education of men by evil as well
as good, by small things as well as great — if I
did not believe that, I could believe nothing.
Charles Kingsley.
If the course of human events be considered.
It will be seen that many things arise against
which Heaven does not allow us to guard.
Afachiavelli.
I have lived, sir, a long time ; and the longer
I live the more convincing proofs I see of this
truth, that God governs in the affairs of man.
Benjamin Franklin.
I knoAV not where his islands lift
Their fronded palms in air ;
I only know I can not drift
Beyond his love and care.
John a. Whittier : Eternal Goodness.
Man proposes, but God disposes.
Thomas d. Kempis.
Rest satisfied that whatever is by the appoint-
ment of Heaven is right, is best. James Hervey.
Since it is providence that determines the
fates of men, their inner nature is thus brought
into unison. There is such harmony, as in all
things of nature, that one might explain the
whole without referring to a higher providence.
But this only proves the more clearly and cer-
tainly this higher providence, which has given
existence to this harmony.
Wilhelm von Humboldt.
That very law which moulds a tear
And bids it trickle from its source.
That law preserves the earth a sphere
And guides the planets in their course.
Samuel Rogers : To a Tear.
Tlie blood of the noblest is lavished
That the selfish a profit may find ;
But God sees the lives that are squandered.
And we to his wisdom are blind.
Bayard Taylor: Squandered Lives.
The foxes have holes, and the birds of the air
have nests. Matthew viii, 20.
The problems of Providence are insoluble.
A'apoleon Bonaparte.
There are unseen elements which often frus-
trate our wisest calculations — which raise up
the sufferer from the edge of the grave, contra-
dicting the prophecies of the clear sighted phy-
sician, and fulfilling the blind, clinging hopes of
affection ; such unseen elements Mr. Tryan
called the Divine Will, and filled up the margin
of ignorance which surrounds all our knowledge
with the feelings of trust and resignation. Per-
haps the profoundest philosophy could hardly
fill it up better. George Eliot.
There is a special providence in the fall of a
sparrow. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
Rough-hew them how we will.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Yet I doubt not through the ages one increasing
purpose runs,
And the thoughts of men are widened with the
process of the suns. Alfred Tennyson.
Provincialism.
The axis of the earth sticks out visibly through
the center of each and every town or city.
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Have we not both seen persons abroad who
put us in mind of parlor gold-fish in their vase,
isolated in that little globe of their own element,
incapable of communication with the strange
world around them, a show themselves, while it
was always doubtful if they could see at all be-
yond the limits of their portable prison ?
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Proxy.
He who does a deed by the hand of another
is the same as if he did it himself.
Boniface VIII.
Prudence.
Better to leave undone, than by our deed
Acquire too high a fame ; when him we serve's
away. Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
PRUDERY
66i
PURITY
It is much easier to get a new buckler than a
ne.v life. Archilochus.
Men, when misfortunes threaten, are very apt
to lose that prudence by which they might have
been averted. Guicciardini.
Prudence in action avails more than wisdom
in conception. Cicero.
Put your trust in God ; but mind to keep
your powder dry. Oliver Cromwell.
Till you are across the river beware how you
insult the mother alligator. l/aytian proverb.
Pradery,
Prudes always seem to have more propriety
on hand than they know what to do with.
Josh Billings.
Wherever an accumulation of small defences
is found, whether surrounding the prude's virtue
or the man of the world's respectability, there,
be sure, it is needed. Charlotte Bronte.
Public Office.
Bad a|)i>ointments to office are a threefold in-
convenience : they are an injury to public busi-
ness ; they dishonor the prince ; and they are a
kind of robbery of those who deserve advance-
ment. Frederick the Great.
Publicity.
'lis pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print ;
A book's a book, although there's nothing in't.
Lord Byron :
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
.Say, Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory.
And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor.
Shakspeare : King Henry VJII.
Ptinning.
I lomicide and verbicide — that is, violent treat-
ment of a word with fatal results to its legiti-
mate meaning, wliich is its life — are alike for-
bidden. Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.
People who make puns are like wanton boys
who put coppers on the railroad tracks. They
amuse themselves and other children, but their
little trick may upset a freight train of conver-
sation for the sake of a battered witticism.
Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast Table.
A man who could make so vile a pun would
not hesitate to pick a pocket. Jofin Dennis.
Fanishment.
For whom the Lord loveth he correcteth.
Proverbs Hi, 12.
My punishment is greater than I can bear.
Genesis iv, ij.
The best of us being unfit to die, what an in-
expressible absurdity to put the worst to death !
Nathaniel Hawthorne.
The end of punishment is to make an end of
punishing. Chinese.
The greatest punishment a rascal can have is
to find out himself. Anonymous.
Things ill got had ever bad success,
And happy always was it for that son
Whose father, for his hoarding, went to hell !
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth.
Hebrews xii, 6.
Porchases.
Buy what ye dinna want, and ye'll sell what
ye canna spare. Scottish.
See here, now, here's a thing to make a lass's
mouth water — and why ? Why, 'cause there's a
bit of a moth-hole in this plain end. Lass, I
think the moths and the mildew was sent by
Providence o' purpose to cheapen the goods a
bit for the good-lookin' women as haven't got
much money. George Eltot.
Paritanism.
Puritanism tried over again the old experi-
ment of driving out nature with a pitchfork,
and had the usual success. It was like a ship
inwardly on fire, whose hatches must be kept
hermetically battened down ; for the admittance
of an ounce of heaven's own natural air would
explode it utterly.
James Russell Lowell : linside Travels.
Faith in God, faith in man, faith in work —
this is the short formula in which we may sum
up the teaching of the founders of New Eng-
land. James Russell Lowell :
New England Two Centut ies Ago.
Purily.
Chaste as the icicle
That's curded by the frost from purest snow,
And hangs on Dian's temple.
Shakspeare : Coriolanus.
God looks to the pure and not to the full
hands. I^ublius Syrus.
He had kept
The whiteness of his soul, and thus men o'er
him wept. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
He that has light within his own clear breast
May sit in the center and enjoy bright day ;
But he that hides a dark soul and foul thoughts
Benighted walks under the midday sun.
John Milton : Comus.
Immodest words admit of no defence.
For want of decency is want of sense.
Earl of Roscommon :
Essay on Translated Verse.
O God, keep me innocent ; make others great !
Caroline Matilda.
Only a sweet and virtuous soul.
Like seasoned timber, never gives.
George Herbert : On Virtue.
For his chaste muse employed her heaven-
taught lyre,
None but the noblest passions to inspire ;
PURITY
662
QUIET
Not one immoral, one corrupted thought ;
One line which, dying, he could wish to blot.
Lord Lyttleton :
Prologue to Thomson's Coriolanus.
What an antiseptic is a pure life ! At sixty-
five he has that privilege of soul which abolishes
the calendar, and presents him to us always the
unwasted contemporary of his own prime.
James Russell Lowell r Emerson the Lecturer.
The will of the pure runs down from them
into other natures, as water runs down from a
higher into a lower vessel. This natural force
is no more to be withstood than any other natu-
ral force. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Unto the pure all things are pure. Titus i, /j.
Wish to win the suffrages of your own inward
approval, wish to appear beautiful to God.
Epictettis.
Purpose.
Any man may occasionally be mistaken as to
the means which he has in view ; but if the end
be just and praiseworthy, it is by it that he will
be ultimately judged. George Canning.
For promotion cometh neither from the east,
nor from the west, nor from the south.
Psalm Ixxv, 6.
Multitudes, multitudes, in the valley of de-
cision, yoel it, /./.
Quarrel.
Reproachful speech from either side
The want of argument supplied ;
They railed, reviled — as often ends
The contests of disputing friends.
/ohn Gay : Fables.
A plague o' both your houses.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
I am rather inclined to like this European
impatience and fire, even while I laugh at it,
and sometimes find myself surmising whether
a people who, like the Americans, put up quiet-
ly with all sorts of petty personal impositions
and injustices, will not at length find it too
great a bore to quarrel with great public wrongs.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Those who in quarrels interpose
Must often wipe a bloody nose.
John Gay : The Mastiffs.
WTiy is it that ihe most fervent love becomes
more fervent by brief interruption and recon-
ciliation ? and why must a storm agitate our
affections before they can raise the highest rain-
bow of peace ? Ah ! for this reason it is — because
all passions feel their object to be as eternal as
themselves, and no love can admit the feeling
that the beloved object should die. Richter.
If the crow could have been satisfied to eat
his food in silence, he would have had more
meat and much less quarrelling and envy.
Horace.
Questioning.
A wise questioning is the half-way toward
knowledge. Francis ficuon.
If this be all in all :
Life but one mode of force ;
Law but the plan which binds
The sequences in course ;
All essence, all design.
Shut out from mortal ken —
We bow to Nature's fate.
And drop the style of men.
The summer dust the wind wafts hither
Is not more dead to whence and whither.
But if our life be life,
And thought and will and love
Not vague unconscious airs
That o'er wild harp-stnngs move ;
If consciousness be aught
Of all it seems to be.
And souls are something more
Than lights that gleam and flee —
Though dark the road that leads us thither.
The heart must ask its whence and whither.
Fratteis Turner Palgrave : The Reign of Law.
I've stood upon Achilles' tomb.
And heard Troy doubted — lime will doubt of
Rome. Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Enough ; for you doubt, you hope, O men,
You fear, you agonize, die, what then ?
Is an end to your life's work out of ken?
Have you no assurance that, earth at end.
Wrong will prove right ? who made shall mend
In the higher sphere to which yearnings tend ?
Robert Browning : Rephan.
Quibbling.
Between two hawks, which flies the higher pitch.
Between two dogs, which hath the deeper mouth.
Between two blades, which bears the better
temper.
Between two horses, which doth bear him best,
Between two girls, which hath the merrier eye,
I have, perhaps, some shallow spirit of judgment :
But in these nice, sharp, quiblets of the law,
Good faith, I am no wiser than a daw.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Quiet.
But quiet to quick bosoms is a hell.
Ij)rd Byroti : Childe Harold.
In vain you search the domes of Care !
Grass and flowers Quiet treads,
On the meads, and mountain-heads,
Along with Pleasure, close allied,
Ever by each other's side ;
And often, by the murmuring rill,
Hears the thrush, while all is still.
Within the groves of Grongar Hill.
John Dyer : Grongar Hill.
QUIET
663
READING
O for a lodge in some vast wilderness.
Some boundless contiguity of shade,
Where rumor of oppression and deceit.
Of unsuccessful or successful war.
Might never reach me more.
William Cowper : The J ask.
Rest, rest, perturbed spirit,
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Self-wearied, Lord ! I come ;
For I have lived my life too fast :
Now that years bring me nearer home,
Grace must be slowly used to make it last ;
When my heart beats too quick I think of Thee,
And of the leisure of thy long eternity.
Frederick \V. Faber : The Eternity of Cod.
Come, read to me some poem.
Some simple and heartfelt lay,
That shall soothe this restless feeling,
And banish the thoughts of day :
Not from the grand old masters,
Not fron. the bards sublime.
Whose distant footsteps echo
Through the corridors of time.
For, like strains of martial music,
Their miglity thoughts suggest
Life's endless toil and endeavor ;
And to-night I long for rest.
H. W. Longfellow : The Day is done,
O for a seat in some poetic nook,
Just hid \vith trees and sparkling with a brook.
I^gh Hunt : Politics and Poetics.
Smooth runs the water where the brook is
deep. Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Study to be quiet. / Thessalonians iv, //.
Quotation.
In literature, quotation is good only when the
writer whom I follow goes my way, and, being
better mounted than I, gives me a cast, as wo
say ; but if I like the gay equipage so well as
to go out of my road, 1 had better have gone
afoot. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
There is an honest unwillingness to pass off
another's observations for our own, which makes
a man appear pedantic.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
B.
Baillery.
He had often made the prince the subject of
his raillery ; and raillery, when seasoned with
truth, never fails to leave a sting that festers in
the memory. Tacitus.
Raillery is a mo<le of speaking in favor of
one's wit against one's good nature.
Montesquieu,
Balment.
•And why take ye thought for raiment? Con-
sider the lilies of the field, how they grow ;
they toil not, neither do they spin : and yet I
say unto you, that even S<ilomon in all his glory
w.is not arrayed like one of these.
Matthew vi, 28,
Bank.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
That in the captain's but a choleric word
Which in the soldier is flat blasphemy.
Shakspeare : Measure for Measure.
Underground
Precedency's a jest ; vassal and lord,
Grossly familiar, side by side consume.
Robert Blair : The Grave.
Beaction.
There is a fellowship among the virtues by
which one great, generous passion stimulates
another. James A. Garfield.
We see men fall from high positions because
of the very faults through which they rose.
La Bruyire.
43
I Beadiness.
I All things are ready, if our minds are so.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Chance is always powerful ; let your hook al-
I ways be cast. In a pool where you least ex-
pect it there will be a fish. Ovid.
I said to Death's uplifted dart,
Aim sure I oh, why delay ?
Thou wilt not tind a fearful heart —
A weak, reluctant prey ;
For still the spirit, firm and free,
Unruffled by this last dismay,
Wrapt in its own eternity,
Shall pass away.
Lavinia Stoddard : The SouPs Defiance.
Let your loins be girded about, and your
lights burning. Luke xii, jj.
Beading.
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
Earl of Roscommon : Essay on Translated Verse.
If time Is precious, no book that will not im-
prove by repeated readings deserves to be read
at all. Thomas Carlyle.
I read books bad and good — some bad and good
At once ; (good aims not always make good
books ;
Well-tempered spades turn up ill-smelling soils
In digging vineyards, even) books that prove
God's being so definitely that man's doubt
Grows self-defined the other side the line,
Made atheist by suggestion ; moral books
Exasperating to license ; genial books.
READING
664
REASON
Discounting from the human dignity ;
And merry books, which set you weeping when
The sun shines — ay, and melancholy books,
Which make you laugh that any one should
weep.
In this disjointed life, for one wrong more.
Elizabeth B. Browning : A urora Leigh.
Meek young men grow up in libraries, be-
lieving it their duty to accept the views which
Cicero, which Locke, which Bacon have given ;
forgetful that Cicero, Locke, and Bacon were
only young men in libraries when they wrote
these books. One must be an inventor to read
well.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The American Scholar.
Reading maketh a full man, conference a
ready man, and writing an exact man.
Francis Bacon : Essay on Studies.
Read not to contradict nor to believe, but to
weigh and consider. Francis Bacon.
Stuff the head
With all such reading as was never read :
For thee explain a thing till all men doubt it.
And write about it, goddess, and about it
Alexander Pope : The Dunciad.
Stupid people read a book and do not under-
stand it ; second-rate minds think they under-
stand it perfectly ; master spirits sometimes do
not understand it entirely ; that appears to them
obscure which is obscure, as that seems clear
which is clear. La Bruyere.
The difference between desultory reading and
a coui-se of study may be illustrated by com-
paring the former to a number of mirrors set in
a straight line, so that every one of them reflects
a different object, the latter to the same mirrors
so skilfully arranged as to perpetuate one set of
objects in an endless series of reflections.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
There is a gentle but perfectly irresistible
coercion in a habit of reading, well directed,
over the whole tenor of a man's character and
conduct, which is not the less effectual because
it works insensibly, and because it is really the
last -thing he dreams of. Sir John Herschel.
There studious let me sit,
And hold high converse with the mighty dead.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
When you are reading a book, and an agree-
able idea suddenly enters your imagination, your
soul attaches herself to the new idea at once
and forgets the book, while your eyes follow
mechanically the words and lines. You get
through the page without understanding it, and
without remembering what you have read. Now,
this is because your soul, having ordered her
companion to read to her, gave no warning of
the short absence she contemplated, so that the
other went on reading what the soul no longer
attended to. Xavier le Maistre.
Knowing I loved my books, he furnished me
From mine own library with volumes that
I prize above my dukedom.
Shakspeare : The Tempest.
This books can do ; nor this alone, they give
New views of life, and teach us how to live ;
They soothe the grieved, the stubborn they
chastise.
Fools they admonish, and confirm the wise.
George Crabbe : The Library.
Seality.
An acre in Middlesex is worth a principality
in Utopia. lliomas B. Macaulay.
Faith in the veracity of our faculties, if it
means anything, requires us to believe that
things are as they appear — that is, appear to the
mind in the last and highest resort.
James Martineau.
One can journey with delight in the ideal,
but one reposes well only in the reality. Vieillard.
To deal with the fact that things "only ap-
pear," as if it constituted an eternal exile from
their reality, is to attribute lunacy to universal
reason. James Martineau.
Of what use to import a gospel from Judea, if
we leave behind the soul that made it possible,
the God who keeps it forever real and present ?
James Russell Lowell : Thoreau.
Season.
A knock-down argument : 'tis but a word and
a blow. John Dryden : Amphitryon.
Beneath the rule of men entirely great
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Edward Bulwer Lytton : Richelieu.
Every one's reason is his private way of de-
ceiving himself. Anonymous.
If animals had reason, they would act just as
ridiculous as men do. Josh Billings.
Let us consider the reason of the case. For
nothing is not law that is not reason.
Sir John Powell.
The heart has reasons that reason does not
know. Bossuet.
The greatness of reason is not estimated by
size or height, but by the doctrines which it em-
braces. Will you not then lay up your treasure
in those matters wherein you are equal to the
gods ? Epictetus.
Of all our faculties ye shall find but one that
can contemplate itself, or, therefore, approve or
disapprove itself. How far hath grammar the
power of contemplation ? Only so far as to judge
concerning letters. And music ? Only so far as
tojudge concerning melodies. Doth any of them,
then, contemplate itself? Not one. But when
you have need to write to your friend, grammar
will tell you how to write ; but whether to write
or not, grammar will not tell. And so with
the musical art in the case of melodies ; but
whether it is now meet or not to sing or to play,
REBELLION
665
REITERATION
music \vill not tell. "What, then, will tell it?
That faculty which both contemplates itself arid
all other things. And what is this? It is the
faculty of reason ; for we have received none
other which can consider itself — what it is, and
what it can, and what it is worth — and all the
other faculties as well. For what else is it that
tells us that a golden thing is beautiful since
itself doth not ? Clearly it is the faculty which
makes use of appearances. What else is it that
judges of" music and grammar and the other
faculties, and proves their uses, and shows the
fit occasions ? None else than this. Lpictetus.
There is occasions and causes why and where-
fore in all things. Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Sebellion.
Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God.
Benjamin Franklin.
Beboke.
The silence of the people b the lesson of
kings. Loatuen^ Bishop of Senez.
Beoiprocation.
Whoever knows how to return a kindness he
has received must be a friend beyond all price.
Sophocles.
BecklessneM.
I. ft the world slide, let the world go :
A fig for care, and a fig for woe !
If I can't pay, why I can owe.
And death makes equal the high and low.
John Heywooti : Be Merry Friends.
Who pensheth in needless danger is the
devil's martyr. English.
Beco^tion.
Oh, there are looks and tones that dart
An instant sunshine through the heart,
As if the soul that minute caught
Some treasure it through life had sought.
Thomas Moore.
Becommendation.
Never recommend a man till thou knowest
him thoroughly, what he is in passion, temper,
and manners. Theognis.
Becompenie.
This world is to the sharpest, heaven to the
most worthy. Anonymous.
Beconciliation.
For when we came where lies the child
We lost in other years.
There above the little grave.
Oh, there above the little grave.
We kissed again with tears.
Alfred Tennyson :
As through the Land at Eve we went.
Becreancy.
Thou wear a lion's hide ! doflf it for shame,
And hang a calf s-skin on those recreant limbs.
Shakspeare : King John.
Beoreation.
For the bow can not possibly stand always
bent, nor can human nature or human frailty
subsist without some lawful recreation.
Cervantes.
Beotitnde.
Ill-gotten gains are never worth the price,
and a good conscience never costs what it is
worth. Anonymous.
Bedemption.
Palms of glory, raiment bright.
Crowns that never fade away.
Gird and deck the saints in light.
Priests, and kings, and conquerors they.
\ et the conquerors bring their palms
To the Lamb amidst the throne ;
And proclaim in joyful psalms,
Victor)' through his cross alone !
James Montgomery : Palms of Glory.
Badnndanoe.
He smells not well whose smell is all perfume.
Martial.
Beflnement.
Refinement which carries us away from our
fellow-men is not God's refinement.
Henry Ward Beecher.
Beflection.
The imprudent man reflects on what he has
said ; the wise man, on what he is going to say.
Anonymous,
A wise man reflects before he speaks ; a fool
speaks, and then reflects on what he has uttered.
Anonymous.
Begret.
Men are we, and must grieve when even the
shade
Of that which once was great is passed away.
William Wordsworth :
On the Venetian Republic.
Gold or silver every day.
Dies to gray.
There are knots in every skein.
Hours of work and hours of play
Fade away
Into one immense Inane.
Shadow and substance, chaff" and grain,
Are as vain
As the foam or as the spray.
Life goes crooning, faint and fain.
One refrain —
" If it could be always May ! "
W. E. Henley : Truisms.
His course by each star that would cross it was
set.
And whatever he did he was sure to regret.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Behearse.
I can not tell how the truth may be ;
I say the tale as 'twas said to me.
Walter Scott : Lay of the Last Minstrel.
Beiteration.
Repetition is the mother not only of study,
but of education. Like the fresco-painter, the
REJECTION
666
RELIGION
teacher lays colors on the wet plaster which
ever fade away, and which he must ever renew
until they remain and brightly shine. Richter.
Bejection.
Winter's cold or summer's heat,
Autumn's tempests on it beat ;
It can never know defeat,
Never can rebel ;
Such the love that I would gain,
Such the love, I tell thee plain.
Thou must give, or woo in vain :
So to thee— farewell ! Anonymous.
Bejoicing.
My heart is like a singing bird
Whose nest is in a watered shoot ;
My heart is like an apple-tree
Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit ;
My heart is like a rainbow shell
That paddles in a halcyon sea ;
My heart is gladder than all these,
Because my love is come to me.
Christina G. Rossetti : A Birthday.
The morning stars sang together, and all the
sons of God shouted for joy. Job xxxviii, 7.
Belationship. .
A little more than kin and less than kind.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Where'er I roam, whatever realms to see.
My heart untravelled fondly turns to thee ;
Still to my brother turns, with ceaseless pain.
And drags at each remove a lengthening chain.
Oliver Goldsmith : The Traveller.
Belease.
The poor heart, in this vale of sorrow.
By the storms of life beat sore,
Lies down to a happier morrow,-
On the couch where it beats no more.
Salis.
Belies.
Earth's stablest things are shadows.
And, in the life to come.
Haply some chance-saved trifle
May tell of this old home ;
As now sometimes we seem to find.
In a dark crevice of the mind.
Some relic which, long pondered o'er.
Hints faintly at a life before.
James Russell Lowell : The Token.
Belief.
Weeping may endure for a night, but joy
conieth in the morning. Psalm xxx, j-.
Is there no balm in Gilead ? is there no phy-
sician there ? Jeremiah viii, 22.
Beligion.
And almost every one — when age.
Disease, and sorrow strike him —
Inclines to think there is a God,
Or something ver>' like him
Arthur Hugh Clough : Atheism.
As the strict observance of religious worship
is the cause why states rise to eminence, so con-
tempt for religion brings ruin on them. For
where the fear of God is wanting, destruction is
sure to follow ; or else it must be sustained by
the fear felt for their prince, who may thus sup-
ply the want of religion in his subjects. Whence
it arises that the kingdoms that depend only on
the virtue of a mortal have a short duration ; it
is seldom that the virtue of the father survives
the son. Machiavedi.
I am a Catholic, but not a papist.
Daniel Q'Connell.
In truth, my worthy fathers, there is a won-
derful difference between laughing at religion
and laughing at those who profane it by ex-
travagance of their opinions. It would be im-
pious to fail in respect for the truths which the
Spirit of God has revealed ; but it would be im-
pious also not to treat with deserved conte" jir.
the falsehoods and misrepresentations with whi jh
the spirit of man envelops them. Rascal.
Mere art depraves taste, just as mere theology
depraves religion. Augustus Hare.
Newton, Pascal, Bossuet, Racine, Fenelon —
that is, the most enlightened men on earth, in
the most philosophical of all ages, and in the
full vigor of mind and body — have believed in
Jesus Christ. Vauvenargves.
Religion converts despair, which destroys,
into resignation, which submits.
Lady Blessington.
Religion is the blessedness arising from a
knowledge of God. ... A code of morality
only rules bad, unloving souls, in order that they
may become first better and then good. But
the loving contemplation of the soul's first
friend, who abundantly animates those laws,
banishes not merely the bad thoughts which
conquer, but those also which tempt. As the
eagle flies high above the highest mountains, so
does true love above struggling duty. Richter.
Religion presents few difficulties to the hum-
ble, many to the proud, insuperable ones to the
vain. Marcus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Religious principles inculcated in a child's
heart are like golden nails which time drives in
faster, and no philosophical claw can completely
draw them out. Anonymous.
That one unquestioned text we read.
All doubt beyond, all fear above.
Nor crackling pile nor cursing creed
Can bum or blot it : GoD is Love !
Oliver Wendell Holmes • What we all Think.
The dispute about religion and the practice
of it seldom go together. Edward Young.
The religion which is to guide and fulfil the
present and coming ages, whatever else it be,
must be intellectual.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Worship.
The writers against religion, while they op-
pose every system, are wisely careful never to
set up any of their own. Edmund Burke :
A Vindication of Natural Society.
RELUCTANCE
667
REMEMBRANCE
Were not the mysteries of antiquity, in their
practical effect, a sort of religious peerage, to
embrace and absorb those persons whose in-
quiries might endanger the established belief?
If so, it is a strong presumption in favor of
Christianity, that it contains none ; especially
as it borrows no aid from castes.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Men will wrangle for religion ; write for it ;
fight for it ; die for it ; anything but live for it,
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
You remember, it may be, O king, that which
sometimes happens in winter when you are
seated at table with your earls and thanes
Your fire is lighted and your hall warmed, and
without are rain and snow and storm. Then
comes a swallow flying across the hall ; he en-
ters by one door and leaves by another. The brief
moment while he is within is pleasant to him ;
he feels not rain, nor cheerless winter weather ;
but the moment is brief — the bird flies away in the
twinkling of an eye, and he passes from winter
to winter. Such, methinks, is the life of man
on earth, compared with the uncertain time be-
yond. It appears for a while ; but what is the
time which comes after? — the time which was
before ? We know not. If, then, this new doc-
trine may teach us somewhat of greater cer-
tainty, it were well that we should regard it.
Ancient iaxon.
Belaotance.
There is nothing so easy in itself but grows
(liflicult when it is performed against one's will.
Terence.
Remarks.
One can be hit with a remark when he is be-
yond the reach of more material missiles.
James Russell Lowell : I-ireside Travels.
Bemediet.
Diseases, desperate grown.
By desperate appliance are relieved,
Or not at all. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
The remedy is worse than the disease.
Francis Bacon.
Remembrance.
And when the stream
Which overflowed the soul was passed away,
A consciousness remained that it had left.
Deposited upon the silent shore
Of memory, images and precious thoughts
That shall not die, and can not be destroyed.
William Wordsworth : The Excursion.
But the tender grace of a day that is dead.
Will never come back to me.
Alfred Tennyson : Break, Break, Break.
Dear as remembered kisses after death,
Ar.d sweet a ; those by hopeless fancy feigned
On lips that are for others ; deep as love,
Deep as first love, and wild with all regret ;
O Death in Life ! the days that are no more. ,
Alfred Tennyson : The Princess. \
Fade, day-dreams sweet, from memory fade !
The perished bliss of youth's first prime,
That once so bright on fancy played.
Revives no more in after-time.
Far from my sacred natal clime,
I haste to an untimely grave ;
The daring thoughts that soared sublime
Are sunk in ocean's southern wave.
John Leyden : To an Indian Gold Coin.
He had lived for his love — for his country he
died,
Thay were all that to life had entwined him ;
Nor soon shall the tears of his country be dried.
Nor long will his love stay behind him !
Thomas Moore : She is far from the Land.
The memory of the just is blessed.
Proverbs x, 7.
If I had thought thou couldst have died,
I might not weep for thee ;
But I forgot, when by thy side.
That thou couldst mortal be :
It never through my mind had passed
The time would e'er be o'er,
And I on thee should look my last,
And thou wouldst smile no more !
I do not think, where'er thou art,
Thou hast forgotten me ;
And I, perhaps, may soothe this heart.
In thmking, too, of thee.
Yet there v as round thee such a dawn
Of light ne'er seen before,
As Fancy never could have drawn.
And never can restore !
Charles Wolfe: If I had Thought.
Joy's recollection is no longer joy.
While sorrow's memory is a sorrow still.
Lord Byron : Marino Faliero.
Many a year is in its grave
Since I crossed this restless wave,
And the moonlight, fair as ever,
Shines on ruin, rock, and river.
Then in this same boat beside.
Sat two comrades old and tried —
One with all a father's truth.
One vith all the fire of youth.
One on earth in silence wrought,
And his grave in silence sought ;
But the younger, brighter form.
Passed in battle and in storm.
Take, O boatman, thrice thy fee —
Take, I give it willingly ;
For, invisible to thee.
Spirits twain have crossed with me.
Translated by Sarah Austin: Ludwig Lhland.
Music, when soft voices die.
Vibrates in the memory ;
Odors, when sweet violets sicken.
Live within the sense they quicken.
Rose-leaves, when the rose is dead.
Are heaped for the beJovWs bed ;
And so thy thoughts, when thou art gone,
Love itself shall slumber on.
Percy Bysshe Shelley : Fragment.
REMEMBRANCE
668
REMORSE
Oft, in the stilly night,
Ere Slumber's chain has bound me,
Fond Memory brings the light
Of other days around me ;
The smiles, the tears,
Of boyhood's years.
The words of love then spoken ;
The eyes that shone,
Now dimmed and gone.
The cheerful hearts now broken !
Thomas Moore : Oft in the Stilly Night.
Recollection is the only paradise out of which
we can not be driven. Caron.
Sing again the song we sung
When we were together young —
When there were but you and I
Underneath the summer sky.
Sing the song, and o'er and o'er.
Though I know that never more
Will it seem the song you sung
When we were together young.
Georg; William Curtis.
Strange to me now are the forms I meet
When I visit the dear old town ;
But the native air is pure and sweet.
And the trees that o'ershadow each well-known
street.
As they balance up and down,
Are singing the beautiful song.
Are sighing and whispering still,
" A boy's will is the wind's will.
And the thoughts of youth are long, long
thoughts."
Henry W. Longfellow : My Lost Youth.
Sweet Memory, wafted by thy gentle gale,
Oft up the stream of Time I turn my sail.
To view the fairy-haunts of long-lost hours.
Blest with far greener shades, far lovelier flowers.
Samuel Rogers : Pleasures of Memory.
The eyes of memory will not sleep ;
Its ears are open still,
And vigil with the past they keep,
Against my feeble will.
John G. Whittier : Knight of St. John,
The life of the dead arises from being pres-
ent to the mind of the living. Cicero.
They are all gone into the world of light.
And I alone sit lingering here !
Their very memory is fair and bright.
And my sad thoughts doth clear.
Henry Vaughan : "J hey are all gone.
There is a voice from the tomb sweeter than
song. There is a remembrance of the dead, to
which we turn even from the charms of the liv-
ing. Washington Irving: Skeich-Book.
This is truth the poet sings.
That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remember-
ing happier things.
Alfred Tennyson : Locksley Hall.
To live in hearts we leave behind.
Is not to die.
Thomas Campbell : Hallowed Ground.
When from the sessions of sweet silent thought
I summon up remembrance of things past.
Shakspeare : Sonnet xxx.
When I remember something which I had.
But which is gone, and I must do without,
I sometimes wonder how I can Le glad,
Even in cowslip time, when hedges sprout ;
It makes me sigh to think on it — but yet
My days will not be better days, should I for-
get. Jean Ingelow : Songs with Preludes.
Yet, though I can not see thee more,
'Tis still a comfort to have seen ;
And though thy transient life is o'er,
'Tis sweet to think that thou hast been ;
To think a soul so near divine,
Within a form so angel-fair,
United to a heart like thine.
Has gladdened once our humble sphere.
Aniie Bronte : A Reminiscence.
Though lost to sight, to memory dear.
George Linley.
Seminders.
" I wear a long beard, that when I see the
white hairs in it I may do nothing unworthy of
them," said a Spartan.
Reminiscence.
Has she wedded some gigantic shrimper.
That sweet mite with whom I loved to play?
Is she girt with babes that whine and whimper,
That bright being who was always gay ?
Alexander Smith : First Love.
It is odd, almost painful, to be confronted
with your past self and your past self's doings,
when you have forgotten both.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Sing to your sons those melodies,
The songs your fathers loved.
Felicia Hemans,
When time has passed and seasons fled.
Your hearts will feel like mine.
And aye the song will maist delight
That minds ye o' lang syne.
Susanna Blamire.
Fought all the battles o'er again ;
And thrice he routed all his foes, and thrice he
slew the slain.
John Dry den : Alexander's Feast.
Remorse.
Could ye come back to me, Douglas, Douglas,
In the old likeness that I knew,
I would be so faithful, so loving, Douglas,
Douglas, Douglas, tender and true.
Dinah Mulock Craik :
Douglas, Douglas, tender and true.
It is the terror "that arises from his own dis-
honest and evil life that chiefly torments a man ;
his wickedness drives him to and fro, racking
him to madness ; the consciousness of bad
thoughts and worse deeds terrifies him ; these
are the never-dying furies that inwardly gnaw
his life away. Cicero.
RENUNCIATION
669
REPETITION
Man may lay violent hands on himself and
on his own blessings, and for this he must in
t.ie second round deplore his crime with un-
availing penitence. Dante.
Remorse goes to sleep when we are in tlie
enjoyment of prosperity, and makes itself fell
in adversity. Rousseau.
Benonciation.
It was not love that heaved thy breast,
Fair child ! it was the bliss within.
Adieu ! and say that one, at least.
Was just to what he did not win.
Matthew Arnold : Indifference.
Nothing in his life
Became him like the leaving it ; he died
As one that had been studied in his death.
To throw away the dearest thing he owed,
As 'twere a careless trifle.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Renunciation remains sorrow, though sorrow
borne willingly. George Eliot.
There's nothing like settling with ourselves»
as there's a deal we must do without i' this life.
George hliot.
The last link is broken
That bound me to thee,
And the words thou hast spoken
Have rendered me free.
Fanny Steers.
Thou'rt mine ! yes, still thou art mine own !
Who tells me thou art lost ?
But yet thou art not mine alone :
I own that Me who crossed
My hopes hath greatest right in thee ;
Yea, though He ask and take from me
Thee, O my child, my heart's delight.
My wish, my thought, by day and night.
Paul Gcrhardt.
I give thee all — I can no more,
Though poor the offering be ;
My heart and lute are all the store
That I can bring to thee.
Thomas Moore : Song.
Bepentance.
And the ways of God are darkness ;
His judgment waiteth long ;
He breaks the heart of a woman
With a fisherman's careless song.
Hose Terry Cooke : A Fishing Song.
Drop, drop, slow tears, and bathe those beau-
teous feet
Which brought from heaven the news and
Prince of Peace !
Cease not, wet eyes. His mercy to entreat !
To cry for vengeance sin doth never cease.
In your deep floods drown all my faults and
fears,
Nor let His eye see sin but through my tears.
Giles Fletcher : Drop, drop, slow tears.
Every one goes astray, and the least imprudent
is he who repents the soonest. Voltaire.
If it be noble in our hearts to keep
The memory of our faults, and weigh them
well,
And in fheir room plant virtues, never more
[ Can it be right and praiseful, with long fret
For past misdeeds, to undermine the heart
And lame the springs of action ! Goethe.
Let not the sun go down upon your wrath.
Ephesians it , 26.
Repentance draws us nearer to the Eternal
than sm can separate us from him. Anonymous.
Repentance is a goddess and preserver of
those who have erred. Julian.
Repentance is nothing else but a renunciation
of our will and a controlling of our fancies,
which lead us which way they please.
Montaigne.
The severest punishment a man can receive
who has injured another is to have committed
the injury ; and no man is more severely pun-
ished than he who is subject to the whip of his
own repentance. Seneca.
To err is human ; but the pain felt for the
crime that has been committed separates the
good from the bad. Alfieri.
Our purposes God justly hath discovered ;
And I repent my fault more than my death ;
Which I beseech your highness to forgive.
Although ray body pay the jirice of it.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Pity was all the fault that was in me ;
For I should melt at an ofTender's tears.
And lowly words were ransom for their fault.
Shakspeare • King Henry VI.
Bepetition.
And many strokes, though with a little axe,
Hew down and fell the hardest-timbered o.ik.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
For we are the same that our fathers have been ;
We see the same sights that our fathers have
seen ;
We drink the same stream, and we feel the
same sun.
And we run the same course that our fathers
have run.
The thoughts we are thinking, our fathers would
think ;
From the death we are shrinking from, they loo
would shrink ;
To the life we are clinging to, they too would
cling,
But it speeds from the earth like a bird on the
wing. William Knox : Mortality.
Hasten slowly, and, without losing heart, put
your work twenty times upon the anvil.
Boileau.
I could smile when I hear the hopeful ex-
ultation of many at the new reach of worldly
science and vigor of worldly effort ; as if we
were again at the beginning of days. There is
REPINING
670
REPUBLICS
thunder on the horizon as well as davvn. The
sun was risen upon the earth when Lot entered
Zoar. John Ruskin :
Seven Lamps of Architecture.
That tuneful nymph, the babbling Echo, who
has not learned to conceal what is told her, nor
yet is able to speak till another speaks. Ovid.
Bepining.
The misty mountains, smoking lakes,
The rocks' resounding echo,
The whistling wind that murmur makes,
Shall with me sing hey-ho !
The tossing seas, the tumbling boats
Tears dropping from each shore.
Shall tune with me their turtle notes —
I'll never love thee more.
James Graham : My Dear and only Love.
Beplies.
The retort courteous, the lie circumstantial,
and the lie direct.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Bepresentative.
He is the true history of the American peo-
ple in his time. Step by step he walked before
them ; slow with their slowness, quickening his
march by theirs ; the true representative of
this continent ; an entirely public man ; father
of his country, the pulse of twenty millions
throbbing in his heart, the thought of their
minds articulated by his tongue.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : On Lincoln.
Beproof.
By the dying despot sitting.
At the hard heart's portals hitting.
Shocking the dull brain to work.
Death makes clear what life has hidden.
Chides what life has left unchidden.
Quickens truth life tried to burke.
Anonymous : Death of King Bomba.
Everything that thou reprovest in another
thou must above all take care that thou art not
thyself guilty of. Cicero.
Beputation.
How difficult it is to save the bark of repu-
tation from the rocks of ignorance ! Petrarch.
How many people live on the reputation of
the reputation they might have made !
Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Piles of stones, when the judgment of pos-
terity rises to , execration, are mere charnel-
houses. I now. therefore, address myself to
the allies of the empire, the citizens of Rome,
and the immortal gods : to the gods it is my
prayer that, to the end of life, they may grant
the blessing of an undisturbed, clear, collected
mind, with a due sense of laws, both human
and divine. Of mankind I request that, when
I am no more, they will do justice to my mem-
ory, and with kind acknowledgments record my
name and the actions of my life. Tacitus.
Reputation, reputation, reputation ! O, I have
lost my reputation ! I have lost the immortal
part, sir, of myself, and what remains is bestial.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Satire lies respecting literary men during
their life, and eulogy does so after their death.
f oltaire.
The gain which is made at the expense cf
reputation should be set down as loss.
Publius Syrus.
There is no luck in literary reputation. They
who make up the final verdict upon every book
are not the partial and noisy readers of the
hour when it appears, but a court as of angeh,
a public not to be bribed, not to be entreated,
and not to be overawed.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
What a heavy burden is a name that has be-
come famous too soon ! Voltaire.
Your deeds are known
In words that kindle glory from the stone.
Schiller: The Walk.
A malignant astronomer has lately done his
best to prove that the sun's stock of fuel can
not hold out more than seventeen million years.
Is, then, that assurance of an earthly immortal-
ity which has hitherto sustained poets through
cold and hunger and Philistine indift'erence, to
be fobbed off at last with so beggarly a pittance
as this ? James Russell Lowell.
On the choice of friends
Our good or evil name depends.
John Gay : Fables.
I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous boy.
The sleepless soul that perished in his pride ;
Of him who walked in glory and in joy,
Following his plough along the mountain-
side. William Wordsworth :
Resolution and Independence.
And rest is sweet, when laurelled fame
Will crown the soldier's crest ;
But a brave heart, with tarnished name.
Would rather fight than rest.
Emily Bronte : Self -Interrogation.
It is the advantage of fame that it is always
privileged to take the world by the button, and
a thing is weightier for Shakspeare's uttering it
by the whole amount of his personality.
James Russell Lowell : The Biglow Papers.
The Bepablic.
Sail on, O Ship of State !
Sail on, O Union, strong and great !
Humanity with all its fears.
With all the hopes of future years,
Is hanging breathless on thy fate !
Henry W. Longfellow :
The Building of the Ship.
BepuhlicB.
The party of the past, under the name of the
party of order, resisted the republic ; in other
words, resisted the future. Let one oppose it
REQUIEM
671
REST
or not, let one consent to it or not, every illu-
sion laid aside, the republic is the future of na-
tions ; it may be near or far, but it is inevitable.
How shall the republic be established? It can
be established in two ways : by struggle or by
progress. Victor Hugo : Napoleon the Little.
Kings are for nations in their swaddling-
clothes ; France has attained her majority.
Victor Hugo.
Republics come to an end by luxurious habits ;
monarchies by poverty. Montesquieu.
Beqaiem.
\'et shall poor Tom find pleasant weather,
When He, who all commands.
Shall give, to call life's crew together,
The word to pipe all hands.
Thus death, who kings and tars despatches.
In vain Tom's life hath doffed,
For, though his body's under hatches,
His soul is gone aloft. Charles Dibdin.
Bescne.
To find a human soul is gain ; it is nobler to
keep it ; and the noblest and most difficult is to
save that which is already lost Herder.
When the tale of bricks is doubled, then
comes Moses. German.
Sesemblance.
She in thee
Calls back the lovely April of her prime.
Shakspeare : Svnnet Hi.
Beterre.
Be somewhat scanter of your maiden pres-
ence. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Reserve is the freedom and abandonment of
lovers. It is the reserve of what is hostile or
indifferent in their natures, to give place to what
is kindred and harmonious. A true friendship
is as wise as it is tender. 'J'horeau.
Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the
streets of Ashkelon. // Samuel i, 20.
Besig^ation.
How is it with the child? 'Tis well ;
Nor would I any miracle
Might stir my sleeper's tranquil trance,
Or plague his painless countenance :
I would not any seer might place
His staff on my immortal's face.
Or lip to lip, and eye to eye.
Charm back his pale mortality.
No, Shunamite ! I would not break
God's stillness. Let them weep who wake.
John IV. Palmer : For Charlie's Sake.
Love, art thou sweet ? then bitter death must
be:
Love, thou art bitter ; sweet is death to me.
Love, if death be sweeter, let me die.
Sweet love, that seems not made to fade away !
Sweet death, that seems to make us loveless
clay !
1 know not which is sweeter — no, not I.
I fain would follow love, if that could be ;
I needs must follow death, who calls for me.
Call, and I follow, I follow ! Let me die.
Alfred Tennyson : Elaine.
Things without all remedy
Should be without regard ; what's done is done.
Shakspeare: Macbeth.
Besistanoe.
Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.
James iv, 7.
Besolution.
Be thine despair and sceptred care ;
To triumph and to die are mine.
Thomas Gray : The Bard.
Beaolntiona.
Every sin is our last ; every ist of January a
remarkable turning-point in our career. Any
overt act, above all, is felt to be alchemic in its
power to change.
A'obert Louis Stez'enson : Virginibus Puerisque.
Sudden resolutions, like the sudden rise of
the mercury in the barometer, indicate little
else than the changeableness of the weather.
Julius Hare : Guesses at '1 ruth.
Besoorce.
The mouse that always trusts to one poor hole
Can never he a mouse of any soul.
Alexander Pope : The Wife of Bath.
BespoDBiveneM.
Deep calleth unto deep.
Psalm xliiy 7.
BeaponM.
He that striketh an instrument with skill
may cause notwithstanding a very unpleasant
sound, if the string whereon he strikes chance
to be incapable of harmony. Kichard Hooker.
Betpoxisibility.
He who weighs his responsibilities can bear
them. Martial.
As ever in my great Taskmaster's eye.
John Milton : Sonnet.
He that hath wife and children hath given
hostages to fortune ; for they are impediments
to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.
Francis Bacon : Essay on Marriage.
My work is mine,
And, heresy or not, if my hand slacked,
I should rob God — since he is fullest good.
George Eliot : Stradivarius.
Best.
And ever, against eating cares,
Lap mc in soft Lydian airs,
Married to immortal verse.
Such as the meeting soul may pierce,
In notes with many a winding bout
Of linked sweetness long drawn out.
John Milton : V Allegro.
O calm, distant haven, where the clear starlight
gleams
On the wild, restless waters, on the heart's rest-
less dreams,
RESISTLESSNESS
672
RESURRECTION
How oft, gazing upward, my soul yearns to be
In that far world of angels, wliere is no more
sea ! Caroline hlizabeth Norton.
Where souls angelic soar,
Thither repair ;
Let this vain world no more
Lull and ensnare.
That heaven I love so well
Still in my heart shall dwell ;
All things around me tell
Rest is found there.
Lady Nairne : Would You be Young Again ?
Besistlessness.
Like driftwood spars which meet and pass
Upon the boundless ocean-plain,
So on the sea of life, alas !
Man nears man, meets, and leaves again.
Matthfzo Arnold : The T:rrace at Berne.
Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel.
Genesis xlixy 4.
Bestoration.
Here bring your wounded hearts, here tell your
anguish ;
Earth hath no sorrow that Heaven can not heal.
Thomas Moore : Come, ye Disconsolate.
Bestraint.
Ah ! fly temptation ! Youth, refrain ! refrain !
I preach forever ; but I preach in vain !
George Crabbe : The Parish Register.
Besults.
For they have sown the wind, and they shall
reap the whirlwind. Hosea viii, 7,
Every art is wearisome, in the learning of it,
to the untaught and unskilled. Yet things that
are made by the arts immediately declare theii
use, and for what they were made, and in most
of them is something attractive and pleasing.
And thus, when a shoemaker is learning his
trade, it is no pleasure to stand by and observe
him ; but the shoe is useful, and moreover not
unpleasing to behold. And the learning of a
carpenter's trade is very grievous to an un-
taught person who happens to be present, but the
work done declares the need of the art. But far
more is this seen in music ; for, if you are by
where one is learning, it will appear the most
painful of all instructions ; but that which is
produced by the musical art is sweet and de-
lightful to hear, even to those who are untaught
in it. And here we conceive the work of one
who studies philosophy to be some such thing,
that he must fit his desire to all events, so that
nothing may come to pass against our will, nor
may aught fail to come to pass that we wish for.
Whence it results to those who so order it, that
they never fail to obtain what they would, nor
to avoid what they would not, living, as regards
themselves, without pain, fear, or trouble ; and
as regards their fellows, observing all the re-
lations, natural and acquired ; as son or father,
or brother or citizen, or husband or wife, or
neighbor or fellow-traveller, or prince or subject.
Such we conceive to be the work of one who
pursues philosophy. Epictetus.
Cast thy bread upon the waters : for thou shalt
find it after many days. Ecclesiastes xi, i.
Victory is worth nothing except for the fruits
that are under it, in it, and above it.
James A. Garfield.
Besurrection.
Men may die, and moulder in the dust^ —
Men may die, and arise again from dust.
Shoulder to shoulder, in the ranks of the just.
When Heaven is marching on.
Henry Howard Brownell.
Dear Saviour of a d\ ing world.
Where grief and change must be.
In the new grave where thou wast laid
My heart lies down with thee :
Oh, not in cold despair of joy,
Or weariness of pain,
But from a hope that shall not die.
To rise and live again.
Amia L. Waring : A Resurrection Hymn.
man of Calvary, O Son of God,
1 mark the path thy holy footsteps trod.
Through death to life, thy living self to me
Potence and pledge of immortality.
Sewall S. Cutting : Easter.
Sh.ill I fear, O Earth, thy bosom ?
.Shrink and faint to lay me there,
Whence the fragrant, lovely blossom
Springs to gladden earth and air?
Whence the tree, the brook, the river,
Soft clouds floating in the sky.
All fair things come, whispering ever
Of the love divine on high?
Yea, whence One arose victorious
O'er the darkness of the grave.
His strong arm revealing, glorious
In its might divine to save ?
No, fair Earth ! a tender mother
Thou hast been, and yet canst be ;
And through him, my Lord and Brother,
Sweet shall be my rest in thee !
7'homas Davis .•
Shall I fear, Earth, thy bosom ?
So sinks the day-star in his ocean bed.
And yet anon repairs his drooping head,
And tricks his beams, and with new-spangled
ore
Flames in the forehead of the morning sky.
John Milton : Lycidas.
Yet more — the billows and the depths have
more !
High hearts and brave are gathered to thy .
breast. '
They hear not now the booming waters roar ;
The battle - thunders will not break their
rest,
— Keep thy red gold and gems, thou stormy
grave !
Give back the true and brave !
RETALIATION
673
RETROSPECT
To thee the love of woman has gone down ;
Dark flowed thy tides o'er manhood's noble
head,
O'er youth's bright locks, and beauty's flowery
crown.
— Yet must thou hear a voice — Restore the
dead !
Earth shall reclaim her precious things from
thee!
— Restore the dead, thou sea !
Felicia Hetnans : Treasures of the Deep.
O empty shell ! O beautiful, frail prison !
Cold, white, and vacant, tenantless and
dumb.
From such poor clay as this has Christ arisen —
For such as this he shall in gloiy come !
Yet shall she walk so fair that we who know
her
Would pale before the glory of her brows.
Nor in the radiant beauty dare to woo her
To be again the mistress of the house.
Ijeslie iValter : The Mistress of the House.
But I'll not fear. I will not weep
For those whose bodies rest in sleep ;
I know there is a blessed shore.
Opening its ports for me and mine ;
And, gazing Time's wide waters o'er,
I weary for that land divine.
Where we were bom, where you and I
Shall meet our dearest, when we die.
From suffering and corruption free,
Restored unto the Deity.
Entity Bronte : Faith and Despondency.
Retaliation.
I'or 'lis the sport to have the engineer
Hoist with his own petard.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
To-day for you, to-morrow for me.
Uaytian pioverb.
Reticence.
If any man think it a small matter, or of
mean concernment, to bridle his tongue, he is
much mistaken ; for it .is a point to be silent
when occasion requires, and better than to
speak, though never so well. Plutarch,
My tongue within my lips I rein.
For who talks much must talk in vain.
John Gay : Fables.
And I oft have heard defended,
Little said is soonest mended.
George Wither : The Shepherd's Hunting.
One man can teach another to speak, but
none can teach another to hold his tongue.
Polish proverb.
Retirement.
How happy is the blameless vestal's lot.
The world forgetting, by the world forgot !
Alexander Pope : Eloise to Ab^lard.
Retreat.
Oh that I had in the wilderness a lodging-
place of wayfaring men ! Jeremiah ix, 2.
Retribntion.
Laying hands on another
To coin his labor and sweat.
He goes in pawn to his victim
For eternal years in debt.
Ralph Walilo Emerson : Boston Hymn.
Retribution may come from any voice ; the
hardest, cruellest, most embruted urchin at the
street comer can inflict it : surely help and pity
are rarer things — more needful for the righteous
to bestow. George Eliot.
The times have been,
That when the brains were out the man would
die,
And there an end : but now, they rise again,
VVi.h twenty mortal murders on their crowns.
And push us from our stools.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
The thorns which I have reaped are of the tree
I planted — they have torn me, and 1 bleed :
I should have known what fruit would spring
from such a seed.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they
grind exceeding small ;
Though with patience he stands waiting, with
exactness grinds he all.
Henry W. Longfello7o : Retribution.
Truth forever on the scaffold, Wrong forever on
the throne ;
But that scaffold sways the future, and behind
the dim unknown
Standeth God within the shadow, keeping watch
above his own !
James R. Lowell : 7 he Present Crisis.
Betrospeot.
Break, break, break.
At the foot of thy crags, O Sea !
But the tender grace of a day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
Alfred Tennyson : Break, Break, Break.
Eyes, which can but ill define
Shapes that rise about and near —
Through the far horizon's line
Stretch a vision free and clear ;
Memories, feeble to retrace
Yesterday's immediate flow^ —
Find a dear, familiar face
In each hour of long ago.
On that deep-retiring shore
Frequent pearls of beauty lie.
Where the passion-waves of yore
I^iercely beat and mounted high ;
Sorrows that are sorrows still
Lose the bitter taste of woe ;
Nothing's altogether ill
In the griefs of long ago.
Richard Monckton Milnes : The Long Ago,
For I am not at all uneasy that I came mto
and have so far passed my course in this world ;
because I have so lived in it that 1 have reason
RETROSPECT
6:4
REUNION
to believe I have been of some use to it ; and
when the close comes, I shall quit life as I
would an inn, and not as a real home. Cicero.
How many now are dead to me,
That live to others yet !
How many are alive to me,
Who crumble in their graves, nor see
That sickening, sinking look which we,
Till dead, can ne'er forget !
John G. C. Brainard :
How many now are dead to me !
I have had playmates, I have had companions,
In my days of childhood, in my joyful school-
days :
All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.
Charles Lamb : The Old Familiar Faces.
I remember, I remember
The house where I was born,
The little window where the sun
Came peeping in at morn.
He never came a wink too soon,
Nor brought too long a day ;
But now I often wish the night
Had borne my breath away !
Thomas Hood : I Remember, I Remember.
My days are in the yellow leaf ;
The flowers and fruits of love are gone ;
The worm, the canker, and the grief
Are mine alone !
Lord Byron : On my Thirty-sixth Birthday.
Not for a moment could I now behold
A smiling sea, and be what I have been ;
The feeling of my loss will ne'er be old ;
This, which I know, I speak with mind se-
rene. William Wordstuorth :
On a Picture of Peel Castle in a Storm.
O World ! O Life ! O Time !
On whose last steps I climb,
Trembling at that where I had stood before ;
When will return the glory of your prime ?
No more — O nevermore !
Out of the day and night
A joy has taken flight :
Fresh spring, and summer, and winter hoar
Move my faint heart with grief, but with delight
No more — O nevermore !
Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Perhaps the day may come when we shall re-
member these sufferings with joy. Virgil.
When I remember all
The friends so linked together,
I've seen around me fall
Like leaves in wintry weather,
I feel like one »
Who treads alone
Some banquet-hall deserted,
Whose lights are fled,
Whose garlands dead,
And all but he departed !
Thomas Moore : Oft in the Stilly Night.
When the uneasy waves of life subside,
And the soothed ocean sleeps in glassy rest,
I see, submerged beyond or storm or tide.
The treasures gathered in its greedy breast.
There still they shine through the translucent
past.
Far down on that forever quiet floor ;
No fierce upheaval of the deep shall cast
Them back — no wave shall wash them to the
shore.
Bayard Taylor: Sunken Treasures.
Vain was the man, and false as vain.
Who said, were he ordained to run
His long career of life again.
He would do all that he ^a^/done.
Ah ! 'tis not thus the voice that dwells
In sober birthdays speaks to me ;
Far otherwise — of time it tells
Lavished unwisely, carelessly —
Of counsel mocked — of talent, made
Haply for high and pure designs,
But oft, like Israel's incense, laid
Upon unholy, earthly shrines !
Of nursing many a wrong desire ;
Of wandering after Love too far,
And taking every meteor fire.
That crossed my pathway, for his star.
All this it tells, and could I trace
The imperfect picture o'er again,
With power to add, retouch, efface
The lights and shades, the joy and pain,
How little of the past would stay !
How quickly all should melt away —
All, but that freedom of the mind
Which hath been more than wealth to me —
Those friendships in my boyhood twined,
And kept till now unchangingly ;
And that de?.r home, that saving ark.
Where Love's true light at last I found,
Cheering within, when all grows dark.
And comfortless, and stormy round !
Thomas Moore : My Birthday.
Seunion.
I part with thee for a few days, that I may
receive thee forever, and find thee what thou
art. It is for no language but that of heaven
to describe the sacred joy which such a meeting
must occasion. Philip Doddridge.
I shall know the loved who have gone before.
And joyfully sweet will the meeting be,
When over the river, the peaceful river.
The angel of death shall carry me.
Nancy Priest Wakefield : Over the River.
Lament your kinsmen with moderation, for
they are not dead, but have gone before on the
same road along which we must necessarily
pass ; then we, too, hereafter shall come to the
same resting-place, about to spend the remain-
der of our time along with them. Antiphanes..
Should any parent who hears us feel softened
by the touching remembrance of a light that
twinkled a few short months under his roof, and
at the end of its little period expired, we can
not think that we venture too far when we say
that he has only to persevere in the faith, and in
REVELATION
675
RICHES
the following of the gospel, and that very light
will again shine upon him in heaven.
Thomas Chalmers.
Sweet seraph, I would learn of thee,
And hasten to partake thy bliss ;
And, oh, to thy world welcome me.
As first I welcomed thee to this.
Daniel Webster.
Bevelation.
Fortune does not change men — it unmasks
theui. Madame flecker.
Beven^.
And if we do but watch the hour,
There never yet wa'; human power
Which could evade, if unforgiven,
The patient search and vigil long
Of him who treasures up a wrong.
Lord Byron : Maztppa.
Deep vengeance is the daughter of deep
silence. Aljieti.
He that studieth revenge keepwith his ONvn
wounds green. Francis Bacon.
The smallest worm will turn, being trodden
on. Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Thus the whirligig of Time brings in his re-
venges, Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall
his blood be shed. Genesis ijr, 6.
Reverence.
God is in heaven, and thou upon earth : there-
fore let thy words be few. EccUsiastes v, 2.
Having the fear of God before their eyes.
Romans Hi, 18.
On reverence for the authority of by-gone
generations depends the permanence of every
form of thought or belief, as much .is of all
social, national, and family life ; but on rever-
ence of the spirit, not merely of the letter; of
the methods of our ancestors, not merely of
their conclusions. Charles Kingsley.
Bevolation.
Revolution is the name given to successful
treason and rebellion. Greek.
Revolutions are not made : they come.
Wendell Phillips.
Revolutions never go backward.
Wendell Phillips.
Reward.
Give unto them beauty for ashes, the oil of
joy for mourning, the garment of praise for the
spirit of heaviness. Isaiah Ixi, 3.
O Youth, flame-earnest, still aspire
With energies immortal !
To many a heaven of desire
Our yearning opes a portal !
And though Age wearies by the way.
And hearts break in the funow.
We'll sow the golden grain to-day —
The harvest comes to-morrow.
Build up heroic lives, and all
Be like the sheathen sabre.
Ready to flash out at God's call —
O Chivalry of labor !
Triumph and Toil are twins — and aye
Joy suns the cloud of sorrow ;
And 'tis the martyrdom to-day
Brings victory to-morrow !
Gerald Masscy : 7 o-day and To-morrow.
Strange glory streams through life's wild rents,
And through the open door of death
We see the heaven that beckoneth
To the beloved going hence.
God's ichor fills the hearts that bleed ;
The best fruit loads the broken bough ;
And in the wounds our sufl"erings plough,
Immortal Love sows sovereign seed.
Gerald Alassey : Babe Christabel.
There is suflicient recompense in the very
consciousness of a noble deed. Cicero.
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.
Psalms cxxvi, j.
He that hath pity upon the poor lendeth unto
the Lord ; and that which he hath given will he
pay him again. Proverbs xix, jj.
Biches.
A great fortune enslaves its owner.
Publius Syrus.
A man has no more goods than he gets the
good of. Scottish proverb.
As the baggage is to an army, so is riches to
virtue. It can not be sp.ired, nor left behind,
but it hindereth the march ; yea, and the care
of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth the victory.
Francis Bacon.
He that maketh haste to be rich shall not be
innocent. Proverbs xxviii, 20.
His best companions, innocence and health,
And his best riches, ignorance of wealth.
Oliver Goldsmith : The Deserted Village.
" How did you acquire your great fortune?"
was asked of Lampis, the ship-owner. " My
great fortune, easily ; my small one, by dint of
exertion," he answered. Anonymous.
Let none admire
That riches grow in hell : that soil may best
Deserve the precious bane.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Many fortunes, like rivers, have a pure source,
but grow muddy as they grow large.
Anonymous.
One is rich when one is sure of the morrow.
Chevalier.
RIDICULE
676
RITUAL
Riches are for spending, and spending for
honor and good actions, therefore, extraordi-
nary expense must be limited by the worth of
the occasion. Francis Bacon.
Riches certainly make themselves wings.
Proverbs xxiit, J.
Riches, the greatest source of human trouble.
Seneca.
Riches have wings ; for I see those who once
had ihem failing from their high hopes.
£,uripides.
Riches, like insects, when concealed they lie,
Wait but for wings, and in their season fly.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Riches do not gain hearty respect ; they only
procure external attention. Samuel Johnson.
Seek not proud riches, but such as thou may-
est get justly, use soberly, distribute cheerfully,
and leave contentedly. Francis Bacon.
The goods of fortune seldom avail anything
toward the relief of misfortunes sent from
heaven. Cervantes.
The traveller with empty pockets will sing
even in the bandit's face. The prayers that are
generally first offered up and best known in our
temples are that our riches and wealth may in-
crease, that our money-chest be the largest in
the whole forum. But no aconite is drunk
from earthenware. Then is the time to dread
it when thou quaffest from jewelled cups and
the ruddy Setine glows in the broad gold.
Juienal.
Through tattered clothes small vices do appear ;
Robes and furred gowns hide all.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
To despise money is to dethrone a king.
Chamfort.
Turn thyself to the true riches ; learn to be
content with little. Seneca.
Bidicule.
But, alas ! to make me
A fixed figure, for the time of scorn
To point his slow, unmoving finger at.
Shakspeare : Othello.
Would the fountain of your mind were clear
again, that I might water an ass with it ! I had
rather be a tick in a sheep than such a valiant
ignorance. Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressida.
Ridicule dishonors more than dishonor.
La Rochefoucauld.
Ridicule, perhaps, is a better expedient against
love than sober advice ; and I am of opinion
that Hudibras and Don Quixote may be as
effectual to cure the extravagancies of this pas-
sion as any one of the old philosophers.
Joseph Addison,
Man learns more readily and remembers
more willingly what excites his ridicule than
what deseiTes esteem and respect, Hotacc.
Sight.
All nature is but art, unknown to thee ;
All chance, direction which thou canst not see ;
All discord, harmony not understood ;
All partial evil, universal good ;
And spite of pride, in erring reason's spite.
One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
I am for equality. I think that men are en-
titled to equal rights, but to equal rights to un-
equal things. Charles James Fox.
I take it for granted that every thoughtful,
intelligent man would be glad, if he could, to
be on the right side, believing that in the long
run the right side will be the strong side.
James A. Garjield.
There is a higher law than the Constitution.
William H. Seward.
There would not be half the difficulty m do-
ing right, but for the frequent occurrence of
cases where the lesser virtues are on the side of
wrong. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
What stronger breastplate than a heart un-
tainted ?
Thrice is he armed that hath his quarrel just ;
And he but naked, though locked up in steel,
Whose conscience with injustice is corrupted.
Shakspeare : King Henry VL.
Sighteousness.
Do well and right, and let the world sink.
George Herbert : The Country Parson.
If it is not right, do not do it. If it is not
true, do not say it. Marcus Aurelius.
The path of the just is as the shining light,
that shineth more and more unto the perfect
day. Proverbs iv, j8.
Eight Living.
He who would not be frustrate of his hope to
write well hereafter in laudable things, ought
himself to be a true poem
John Milton : Apology for Smectymnuus.
Bipeness.
Time is, after all, the greatest of poets, and
the sons of Memory stand a better chance of
being the heirs of fame. James Russell Lo well :
A Great Public Character.
Bisks.
And heaven had wanted one immortal song.
But wild Ambition loves to slide, not stand,
And Fortune's ice prefers to Virtue's land.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
Bitual.
Well his fevered pulse may flutter,
And the priests their mass may mutter
With such fervor as they may ;
Cross and chrism and genuflection,
Mop and mow and interjection,
Will not frighten Death away.
Anonymous : Death of King Bomba.
RIVAL
677
SACRIFICE
Sival.
Like Alexander I will reign,
And I will reign alone ;
My thoughts shall evermore disdain
A rival on my throne.
He either fears his fate too much,
Or his deserts are small,
That puts it not unto the touch,
To win or lose it all.
James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
Biven.
And see the rivers how they run,
Through woods and meads, in shade and sun,
Sometimes swift, sometimes slow.
Wave succeeding wave, they go
A various journey to the deep.
Like human life, to endless sleep !
Thus is Nature's vesture wrought,
To instruct our wandering thought ;
Thus she dresses green and gay,
To disperse our cares away.
John Dyer : Gongar Hill.
Rivers are roads which move, and carry us
whithersoever we wish to go. Pascal.
Robbery.
I'll example you with thievery :
The sun's a thief, and with his great attraction
Robs the vast sea ; the moon's an arrant thief.
And her pale fire she snatches from the sun ;
The sea's a thief, whose liquid surge resolves
The moon into salt tears ; the earth's a thief,
That feeds and breeds by a composture stolen
From general excrement : each thing's a thief.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet. 1
Kowing.
On the ear !
Drops the light drip of the suspended oar.
Lord Byron : Chitde Harold. \
On blue Cayuga, 'neath high Cornell,
Balanced we sit in our six-oared shell,
Whi'e fast to the sweep of her ligneous wings
Away o'er ihe air-clear wave she springs.
'Neath open skies on lake and land
Live spirits of health for brain, heart, hand.
And the waving oar hath a wand-like spell
To win them hither, where'er they dwell.
Lifted, and feathered, and dipped in time,
Six oars pul%e true as a poet's rhyme.
With cadence sweet as our sweet bells' chime.
Francis O'Connor: Cornell Boat-Song.
Budeness.
'Tis not enough your counsel still be true ;
Blunt truths more mischief than nice fali<ehoods
do. Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
Bole.
Slight those who say amidst the sickly healths,
Thou livest by rule. What doth not so but
man?
Houses are built by rule, and commonwealths.
Entice the trusty sun, if that you can,
From his ecliptic line ; beckon the sky.
Who lives by rule, then, keeps good company.
George Herbert.
Burality.
And, loving still these quaint old themes,
Even in the city's throng,
I feel the freshness of the streams
That, crossed by shades and sunny gleams.
Water the green land of dreams,
The holy land of song.
Henry Wadsworth IjjngfeUoto.
Bu8h.
We snatch an education like a meal at a rail-
road station. Just in time to make us dyspeptic,
the whistle shrieks, and we must rush, or lose
our places in the great train of life.
James R. Lowell ; Fireside Travels.
s.
Sabbath, The.
And entertains the harmless day
With a religious book or friend.
Sir Henry Wot ton :
7 /u Character of a Happy Life.
The Sabbath was made for man, and not man
for the Sabbath. Mark ii, 2j.
Yes, child of suffering, thou mayst well be sure,
He who ordained the Sabbath loves the poor !
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Urania.
" Sleep, sleep to-day, tormenting cares,
Of earth and foily born !"
Solemnly sang the village choir
On that sweet Sabbath morn.
Henry W. Longfellow : A Gleam of Sunshine.
Sacrednesst
But there is something more than mere earth
in the spot where great deeds have been done.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the
place whereon thou standest is holy ground.
Exodus Hi, J.
Sacrifice.
• Crcater love hath no man than this, that a
man lay down his life for his friend. John xv, ij.
He who willingly throws away his life for the
cause of mankind, which is the cause of the
Father of mankind, he shall save it, and be re-
warded a hundred-fold. Charles Kingslcy.
'Twere sweet, indeed, to close our eyes.
With those we cherish near,
And, wafted upward by their sighs,
Soar to some calmer si>here.
But whether on the scaffold high,
Or in the battle's van.
The fittest place where man can die
Is where he dies for man !
Michael Joseph Batry :
The Place where Man should Die.
SADNESS
673
SCHOLARS
Very few of us will have the chance of heroic
self-devotion ; but every day brings the petty,
wearing sacrifice which weighs full weight in
God's scales. Samuel Osgood.
You must live for another, if you wish to live
for yourself. Seneca.
Sadness.
And if I laugh at any mortal thing,
'Tis that I may not weep.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean.
Tears from the depth of some divine despair
Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes,
In looking on the happy autumn fields,
id thinking of the days that are no more.
Alfred Tennyson : The Princess.
Why am I sad when the sky is blue ?
You ask, O friend, and I answer you :
I love the sun and the balmy air.
The flowers and glad things everywhere ;
But if life is merry, lis earnest too.
Courthope Bowen : Rondeau.
Safety.
My vessel is in harbor, reckless of the troubled
sea. Terentius.
The way to be safe is never to feel secure.
Edmund Burke.
Sailing.
This quiet sail is as a noiseless wing
To waft me from distraction.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
I never liked the landsman's life.
The earth is aye the same ;
Gie me the ocean for my dower,
My vessel for my hame.
Gie me the fields that no man ploughs,
The farm that pays no fee ;
Gie me the bonny fish that glance
So gladly through the sea.
When sails hang flapping on the masts
While through the waves we snore.
When in a calm we're tempest-tossed,
We'll go to sea no more —
No more ;
We'll go to sea no more.
Miss Corbett : We'll go to Sea no more.
Saints.
Many saints have been canonized who ought
to have been cannonaded. Caleb C. Colton.
Salute.
Drink ye to her that each loves best,
And if you nurse a flame
That's told but to her mutual breast.
We will not ask her name.
Thomas Campbell : Dtink ye to Her.
Salvation
With crosses, relics, crucifixes,
Beads, pictures, rosaries, and pixes ;
The tools for workmg out salvation
By mere mechanic operation.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras,
Sameness.
Ennui was born one day of uniformity.
La Motte.
Satiety.
The fly that sips treacle is lost in the sweets.
John Gay : The Beggar's Optra.
To loathe the taste of sweetness, whereof a
little more than a little is too much.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Satisfaction.
My soul tasted that heavenly food which gives
new appetite while it satisfies. Dante.
Some have too much, yet still they crave ;
I little have, yet seek no more ;
They are but poor, though much they have.
And I am rich with little store.
They poor, I rich ; they beg, 1 give ;
They lack, I lend ; they pine, I live.
William Byrd : My Mind to me a Kingdom is.
Oh, could I flow like thee, and make thy stream
My great example, as it is my theme !
Though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not
dull ;
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full.
Sir John Denham : Cooper's Hill.
Savionr, The.
My sins hae been mony, an' my sorrows hae
been sair.
But there they'll never vex me, nor be remem-
bered mair ;
His bluid has made me white, his hand shall
wipe mine ee.
When he brings me hame at last to my ain
countree.
Mary Lee Demarest : My Ain Countree.
Scandal.
But as some muskets so contrive it
As oft to miss the mark they drive at.
And though well aimed at duck or plover,
Bear wide, and kick their owners over.
John Trumbull : McFingnl.
Every one that repeats it adds something to
the scandal. Ovid.
For greatest scandal waits on greatest state.
Shakspeare : Lucrece.
It is only before those who are glad to hear
it, and anxious to spread it, that we find it easy
to speak ill of others. Anonymous.
Scenery.
Never need an American look beyond his
own country for the sublime and beautiful of
natural scenery. Washington Irving.
Scholars.
An excellent scholar ! One that hath a head
filled with calves' brains without any sage in it.
La Bruyire.
No way has been found for making heroism
easy, even for the scholar. Labor, iron labor, is
for him. The world was created as an audience
SCHOOL
679
SECRETS
for him ; the atoms of which it is made are op-
portunities. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
School.
When the lessons and tasks are all ended,
And the school for the day is dismissed,
The little ones gather around me
To bid me good-night and be kissed :
Oh, the little white arms that encircle
My neck in their tender embrace !
Oh, the smiles that are halos of heaven,
Shedding sunshine of love on my face !
Charles M. Dickinson : I he Children.
School-mistress.
In every village marked with little spire.
Embowered in trees, and hardly known to
fame,
There dwells in lowly shed, and mean attire,
A matron old, whom we school mistress name,
Who boasts unruly brats with birch to tame;
They grieven sore, in piteous durance pent.
Awed by the power of this relentless dame ;
And ofitimes, on vagaries idly bent.
For unkempt hair, or task unconned. are sorely
shent.
IVilliam Shenstone : The Schoolmistress.
Science.
If God there be, or gods.
Without our science lies ;
We can not see or touch.
Measure or analyze.
Francis T. Palgrave : T/ie Reign of Law,
Science falsely so called. / Timothy vi, 20.
If Science has made men seem ephemeral as
midges, she has conferred a great benefit on
humanity by endowing collective man with
something of that longncval dignity which she
has compelled the individual to renounce.
James Russell Loroell : Progress of the World.
An undevout astronomer is mad.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
Give to Science her undi putcd prerogative in
the realm of matter, and she must become,
whether she will or no, the tributary of Faith.
James Russell Lowell : Progress of the World.
Scorn.
A proverb and a by-word among all people,
J Kings ix, 7.
The Sea.
There is nothing so desperately monotonous
as the sea, and I no longer wonder at the cruelty
of pirates. James Russell Lowell : At Sen.
If a man dwelt in the vicinity of beautiful
inland scenery, yet near the sea, his horse's
head would be turned daily to the ocean, for the
sea and sky are exhaustless in interest as in
beauty, while, m the comparison, you soon drink
up the little drop of satisfaction in fields and
trees. George William Curtis : Lotus-Eating.
Search.
As for me, I am persuaded that if in my youth
I had been taught all the truths of which I have
44
since sought the demonstrations, I should never,
perhaps, have known any others, or at least
never have acquired the habit and facility which
I think I possess of finding new ones. Descartes.
For 'tis a truth well known to most,
That whatsoever thing is lost.
We seek it, ere it come to light,
In every cranny but the right.
William Cowper : The Retired Cat.
Seasona.
These as they change. Almighty Father ! these
Are but the varied God. The rolling year
Is full of thee. James 'Thomson: Hymn.
Seclusion.
Afar 111 the desert I love to ride.
With the silent Bush-boy alone by my side,
When the sorrows of life the soul o'ercast,
And, sick of the present, I cling to the past ;
When the eye is suffused with regretful tears.
From the fond recollections of former years,
And shadows of things that have long since fled
Flit over the brain, like the ghosts of the dead :
Bright visions of gloiy that vanished too soon ;
Day-dreams, that departed ere manhood's noon ;
Attachments by faie or falsehood reft ;
Companions of early days lost or left ;
And my native land, whose magical name
Thrills to the heart like electric flame ;
The home of my childhood ; the haunts of my
prime ;
AH the passions and scenes of that rapturous
time
When the feelings were young, and the world
was new.
Like the fresh bowers of Eden unfolding to view ;
All — all now forsaken — forgotten — foregone !
And I — a lone exile remembered of none —
My high aims abandoned — my good acts un-
done —
Aweary of all that is under the sun —
With that sadness of heart which no stranger
may scan,
I fly to the desert afar from man.
Thomas Pringle : Afar in the Desert.
Oh, that the desert were my dwelling-place.
With one fair spirit for my minister.
That I might all forget the human race.
And, hating no one, love but only her !
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
The snake that wishes to live does not travel
on the highway. H ay tian proverb.
Secrets.
I'he secret things belong unto the Lord our
God. Deuteronomy xxix, 2g.
Everything that is mine, even to my life, I
may give to one I love, but the secret of my
friend is not mine. Sir Philip Sidney.
He who gives up the smallest part of a secret
has the rest no longer in his power. Richter.
How can we expect another to keep our
secret when it is more than we can do ourselves?
La Rochefoucauld.
SECURITY
680
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
The secret counsels of princes are a trouble-
some burden to such as have only to carry them
out. Montaigne.
Thy secret is thy prisoner ; if thou let it go,
thou art its prisoner. Hebrew proverb.
Your purpose told to others is your own
No longer ; with your svill once set at large
Blind accident will sport. Who would com-
mand
Mankind, must hold them fast by swift sur-
prise. Uoethe.
Security.
Do not praise the fairness of the day till even-
ing. '^''^''«-
For most men (till by losing rendered sager)
Will back their own opinions by a wager.
Lcrd Byron : Beppo.
Hang out our banners on the outward walls ;
The cry is still, They come. Our castle's strength
Will laugh a siege to scorn.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Not all the water in the rough, rude sea
Can wash the balm from an anointed king.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
One night came on a hurricane, the sea was
mountains rolling,
When Barney Buntliue turned his quid, and
said to Billy Bowling :
"A strong sou'wester's blowing, Bill — ah, can't
you hear it roar now ?
God help 'em, how I pities all unhappy folks
ashore, now !
" Foolhardy chaps as lives in towns, what dan-
ger they are all in !
And now they're quaking in their beds for fear
the roof should fall in.
Poor creatures, how they envies us, and wishes,
I've a notion,
For our good luck, in such a storm, to be upon
the ocean ! " Williatn Pitt.
Selection.
Behold, I set before you this day a blessing
and a curse. Deuteronomy xi, 26.
He that's liberal
To all alike, may do a good by chance.
But never out of judgment.
Beaumont and Fletcher : The Curate.
Poets lose half the praise they should have got,
Could it be known what they discreetly blot.
Edmund Waller :
Upon Roscommon' s Translation of Horace's De
Arte Poetica.
When you wander, as you often delight to do,
you wander indeed, and give never such satis-
faction as the curious time requires. This is
not caused by any natural defect, but first for
want of election, when you, having a large and
fruitful mind, should not so much labor what to
speak as to find what to leave unspoken. Rich
soils are often to be weeded.
Francis Bacon : Letter to Coke.
Self.
How happy one would be if one could throw
off one's self as one throws off others !
Madame Dti Deffand.
Self-abnegation.
And yet, O Lord ! a suffering life
One grand ascent may care ;
Penance, not self-imposed, can make
The whole of life a prayer.
All murmurs lie inside thy will
Which are to thee addressed :
To suffer for thee is our work,
To think of th^e our rest.
Frederick VV. Faber : Distractions in Prayer.
Self-accusation.
O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict
me ! Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Self-complacency.
Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous,
there shall be no more cakes and ale ?
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Self-conceit.
It appears to me that the high opinion which
a man has of himself is the nursing-mother of
all the false opinions that prevail in the world,
whether public or private. Montaigne.
It is more often true that a man who could
scarce be induced to expose his unclothed body
even to a village of prairie-dogs, will compla-
cently display a mind as naked as the day it was
born in every gallery in Europe.
James Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years ago.
I bless and praise thy matchless might.
When thousands thou hast left in night.
That I am here afore thy sight.
For gifts an' grace
A burning and a shining light
To a' this place.
Robert Burns : Holy Willie's Prayer.
Self-condemnation.
Out of thine own mouth will I judge thee.
Luke xix, 22.
Self-conquest.
If you can not frame your circumstances in
accordance with your wishes, frame your will
into harmony with your circumstances.
Epictetus.
Self-consciousness.
I pity bashful men, who feel the pain
Of fancied scorn and undeserved disdain,
And bear the marks, upon a blushing face.
Of needless shame and self-imposed disgrace.
William Cowper : Conversation.
A man who can say what he thhiks of an-
other to his face is a disagreeable rarity; but
one who could look his own Ego straight in the
eye, and pronounce unbiased judgment, were
worthy of Sir Thomas Browne's museum.
James Russell Lowell : Rousseau.
SELF-CONTROL
68i
SELF-LOVE
Self-control.
He that has learned how to obey will know
how to control. Solon.
The man who masters himself is free.
Epictetus.
The queen, who sat
With lips severely placid, felt the knot
Climb in her throat, and with her feet unseen
Crushed the wild passion out against the floor.
Alfred Tennyson.
To rule one's self and subdue one's passions
is so much the more praiseworthy, as few know
how to do so, and in proportion as the causes
that excite our indignation and desires are more
just. Guicciardini.
Whoso acts a hundred times with high moral
principle before he speaks of it once, that is a
man whom one could bless and clasp to one's
heart. I am far from saying that he is on that
account free from faults, but the plus et minus
— the degree of striving after perfection and
virtue — determines the value of the man.
George Forster.
Well, thou hast fought for many a year,
Hast fought thy whole life through.
Hast humbled falsehood, trampled fear;
What is there left to do?
'Tis true this arm has hotly striven,
Has dared what few would dare ;
Much have I done, and freely given,
But little learned to bear.
Emily Bronte : Self-Interrogation.
Self criticism.
1 1 is easy enough while busied in a mechani-
cal operation to think of something (|uite differ-
ent ; it is extremely difficult, so to speak, to
•atch one's self-work, or, if I express myself
ystematically, to employ one's soul to examine
the animal's progress, and to watch its work
without taking part in it. This is the most ex-
traordinary feat a man can execute.
Xavier de Mais t re : A Journey Round my Room,
Self-deception.
All men think all men mortal but themselves.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
We confess small faults in order to insinuate
that we have no groat ones. La Rochefoucauld.
Like one
Who having unto truth, by telling of it.
Made such a sinner of his memory.
To credit his own lie.
Shakspeare : The Tempest.
Self-denial.
The more we deny ourselves the more the
gofls supply our wants. Horace.
Self-dependence.
By diligence and self-command let a man put
the bread he eats at his own disposal, that he
may not stand in bitter and false relations to
other men ; for the best good of wealth is free-
dom. Ralph IValdo Emerson.
Self-esteem.
Self-love would be a necessary principle in
every one, if it were only to serve as a scale for
his love to his neighbor. Alexander Pope.
Self-estimation.
It is an uncontrolled tnith that no man ever
made an ill figure who understood his own tal-
ents, nor a good one who mistook them.
Jonathan Swift.
Self-help.
Man is his own star, and the soul that can
Render an honest and a perfect man
Commands all light, all influence, all fate.
Nothing to him falls early, or too late.
Our acts our angels are, or good or ill.
Our fatal shadows that walk by us still.
John Fletcher:
Upon an Honest Man's Fortune.
Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie,
Which we ascribe to Heaven.
Shakspeare: All's Well that Ends Well.
Self-ignorance.
Every one is least known to himself, and the
most difficult task is to get acquainted with
one's own character. Cicero.
Self-importance.
I am Sir Oracle,
And when I ope my lips let no dog bark.
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice^
Selfishness.
It is a most unjust ambition to desire to en-
gross the mercies of the Almighty, nor to be
content with the goods of mind without a pos-
session of those of body or fortune.
Sir Thomas Browne.
Selfishness is moral suicide.
De Gaston,
Wouldst thou both eat thy cake and have it ?
George Herbert : On the Size.
Self-knowledge.
Be not wise in your own conceits.
Romans xii, i6.
Know myself? What profit could that bring?
I'd shudder at myself and flap my wing.
And fly ten leagues away from such a hateful
thing. Goetlte.
O wad some power the giftie gie us
To see oursels as others see us !
It wad frae monie a blunder free us,
And foolish notion.
Robert Burns : 7~o a Louse.
Who hath sailed about the world of his own
heart, sounded each creek, surveyed each cor-
ner, but that still there remains much terra in-
cognita to himself? Thomas Fuller : Holy State.
Self-love.
Know that the love of thyself doth hurt thee
more than anything in the world.
Thomas d Kempis.
SELF-MEASUREMENT
682
SEPARATION
Other men's children we love not quite so well
as our own ; and
Error that's born of our blood closely we hug
to our heart. Goethe.
To observations which ourselves we make,
We grow more partial for the observer's sake.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Self-measurement.
Our opinion of ourselves, like our shadow,
makes us either too big or too little.
Ationymous.
Self-possession.
If you are robbed, remind yourself that your
peace of mind is of more value and importance
than the thing which has been stolen from you.
Epictetus.
Self-reliance.
Every man is the architect of his own fort-
une. Sallust.
The basis of good manners is self-reliance.
Necessity is the law of all who are not self-pos-
sessed. Those who are not self-possessed ob-
trude and pain us. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The man that stands by himself, the universe
stands by him also.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Self-reproach.
Conscience is harder than our enemies,
Knows more, accuses with more nicety.
George Eliot : Spanish Gypsy.
Self-respect.
A man should be careful never to tell tales of
himself to his own disadvantage.
Sam uel Johnson.
Every one ought especial'y to reverence him-
self, for every one is always in his own presence.
Plutarch.
Lord of himself, though not of lands ;
And having nothing, yet hath all.
Sir hienry Wot ton :
The Character of a Happy Life.
No one can be despised by another until he
has learned to despise himself. Seneca.
One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Self-restraint.
He is twice a conqueror who can restrain him-
self in the hour of triumph. Publius Syrus.
I would lash thee, were I not angry. Socrates.
Self-sacrifice.
And for myself, quoth he.
This my full rest shall be ;
England ne'er mourn for me.
Nor more esteem me.
Victor I will remain.
Or on this earth lie slain ;
Never shall she sustain
Loss to redeem me.
Michael Drayton : Ballad op Agincourt.
Prayers of love like rain-drops fall ;
Tears of pity are cooling dew ;
And dear to the heart of our Lord are all
Who suffer, like him, in the good they do.
John Greenleaf Whittier : J he Robin.
Self-satisfaction.
Whatever good is sad of us, we learn noth-
ing new. La Rochefoucauld.
Self-seeking.
When the political economist reckons up the
unproductive classes, he should put at the head
the class of pitiers of themselves, cravers of
sympathy, bewailers of imaginary disasters.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Sense.
Common-sense is not a common thing.
Valaincourt.
Good sense is the master of human life.
Bossuet.
A man of sense may love like a madman, but
never like a fool. La Rochefoucauld.
Senses.
If it be important for a state to educate its
lower classes, so it is for us peisorally to in-
struct, elevate, and refine our senses, the lower
classes of our private body politic.
James R. Lowell : Pireside Travels.
Sensibility.
And the heart that is soonest awake to the flow-
ers
Is always the first to be touched by the thorns.
Thomas Moore : think not my Spirit.
Sensitiveness.
Give me the boy who rouses when he is
praised, who pro.'its when he is encouraged, and
who cries when he is defeated. Such a boy
will be fired by ambition ; he will be stung by
reproach, and animated by preference ; never
shall I apprehend any bad consequences from
idleness in such a boy. Quintilian.
Sentiment.
Sentiment is intellectualized emotion — emo-
tion precipitated, as it were, in pretty crystals
by the fancy. It puts in words for us that dec-
orous average of feeling to the expression of
which society can consent without danger of be-
ing indiscreetly moved.
James Russell Lowell : Roz-.sseau.
Separation.
And when that tracing goddess Fame
From east to west shall flee.
She shall record it, to thy shame.
How thou hast loved me ;
And how in odds our love was such
As few have been before ;
Thou loved too many, and I too much.
So I can love no more.
, James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
He prays, " Come over " — I may not follow ;
I cry, " Return " — but he can not come :
SERENITY
683
SHADOWS
We speak, we laugh, but with voices hollow ;
Our hands are hanging, our hearts are numb.
And yet I know past all doubting, truly—
A knowledge greater than grief can dim —
I know, as he loved, he will love me duly —
Yea, better — e'en better than I love him.
And as I walk by the vast, calm river,
The awful river so dread to see,
I say, " Thy breadth and thy depth forever
Are bridged by his thoughts that cross to
me." Jean Ingeiow : Divided.
Take hands and part with laughter ;
Touch lips and part with tears ;
Once more and no more after,
Whatever comes with years.
We twain shall not remeasure
The ways that left us twain ;
Nor crush the lees of pleasure
From sanguine grapes of pain.
Algernon C. Swinburne : Rococo.
They grew in beauty side by side,
They filled one home with glee !
Their graves are severed far and wide,
By mountain, stream, and sea.
The same fond mother bent at night
O'er each fair sleeping brow :
She had each folded flower in sight —
Where are those dreamers now?
They that with smiles lit up the hall,
And cheered with song the hearth ! —
Alas, for love ! \i thou wert all.
And naught beyond, O Earth !
Felicia Hemant : Graves of a Household.
Thou must leave thy lands, house, and be-
loved wife ; nor shall any of these trees follow
thee, their short-lived master, except the hated
cypress. Horace.
Serenity.
A life that leads melodious days.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
A gay, serene spirit is the source of all that
is noble and good. Whatever is accomplished
of the greatest and the noblest sort flows from
such a disposition. Petty, gloomy souls, that
only mourn the past and dread the future, are
not capable of seizing upon the holiest moments
of life. Schiller.
I quake not at the thunder's crack ;
I tremble not at noise of war ;
I svvound not at the news of wrack,
I shrink not at a blazing star ;
I fear not loss, I hope not gain,
I envy none, I none disdain.
Joshua Sylvester: A Contented Mind.
So his life has flowed
From its mysterious urn a sacred stream,
In whose calm depth the beautiful and pure
Alone are mirrored ; which, though shapes of ill
May hover round its surface, glides in light,
And takes no shadow from them.
Thomas Noon Talfourd : Ion.
Sermons.
What do our clergy lose by reading their ser-
mons? They lose preaching, the pre.nching of
the voice in many cases, the preaching of the
eye almost always.
A ugustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Service.
And he gave it for his opinion, that whoever
could make two ears of corn, or two blades of
grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only
one grew before, would deserve better of man-
kind, and do more essential service to his coun-
tr)', than the whole race of politicians put to-
gether. Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's Travels.
A servant with this clause
Makes drudgery divine ;
Who sweeps a room as for thy laws
Makes that and the action fine.
George Herbert : The Elixir.
In the service of mankind to be
A guardian god below ; still to employ
The mind's brave ardor in heroic aims,
Such as may raise us o'er the grovelling herd,
And make us shine forever — that is life.
James Thomson.
Never was monarch better feared and loved
Than is your Majesty ; there's not, I think, a
subject
That sits in heart-grief and uneasiness
Under the sweet shade of your government.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
There is no service like his that serves be-
cause he loves. Sir Philip Sidney.
Thousands at His bidding speed,
And post o'er land and ocean without rest ;
They also serve who only stand and wait.
John Milton : Sonnet.
We estimate services rendered us by others
more by the good they do us than by the trouble
they have given them. Anonymous.
Ye can not serve God and Mammon.
Matthew vi, 24.
Servility.
If It be a good thing for an English duke
that he has no social superiors, I think it can
hardly be bad for a Yankee farmer. If it be a
bad thing for the duke that he meets none but
inferiors, it can not harm the farmer much that
he never has the chance.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
When I see a merchant over-polite to his cus-
tomers, begging them to taste a little brandy,
and throwing half his goods on the counter,
thinks I. That man has an axe to grind.
Charles Miner : Who'll Turn Grindstone ?
Severity.
His heart is as firm as a stone ; yea, as hard
as a piece of the nether millstone. Job xli, 24^
Shadows.
By the apostle Paul, shadows to-night
Have struck more terror to the soul of Richard
SHALLOWNESS.
684
SIMPLICITY
Than can the substance of ten thousand sol-
diers. Shakspeare : King Richard III.
Shallowness.
Small draughts of philosophy lead to atheism ;
but larger lead back to God. Lord Bacon.
Some persons give one the notion of an abyss
of shallowness. Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Superstitions, errors, and prejudices are cob-
webs continually woven in shallow brains.
De Finod.
To speak, but say nothing, is for three people
out of four to express all they think.
Commettant.
Life's enchanted cup but sparkles near the
brim. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Sham.
Goe tell the court it glowes
And shines like rotten wood ;
Goe tell the church it showes
What's good, and doth no good ;
If church and court reply.
Then give them both the lye.
Sir Walter Raleigh : The Lye.
Shamelessness.
Where the heart is past hope, the face is past
shame, Walter Scott.
Ships.
Ships, ships, I will descrie you
Amidst the main ;
I will come and try you,
What you are protecting,
And projecting,
What's your end and aim.
One goes abroad for merchandise and trading ;
Another stays to keep his country from invad-
A third is coming home with rich and wealthy
lading ;
Hallo ! my fancie, whither wilt thou go?
Anonymous.
Shortcoming.
Thou art weighed in the balances, and art
found wanting. Daniel v, 27.
Shrewdness.
For the childen of this world are in their gen-
eration wiser than the children of light.
Luke xvi, 8.
The sure way to be cheated is to think one's
self more cunning than others.
La Rochefoucauld.
Shrines.
Such graves as his are pilgrim-shrines,
Shrines to no code or creed confined —
The Delphian vales, the Palestines,
The Meccas of the mind.
Fitz-Greene Halleck : Burns.
Silence.
Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is
counted wise. Proverbs xvii, 28.
If a word is worth a shekel, silence is worth
a pair. Hebrew proverb.
It is but a slight excellence to be silent, but
it is a grievous fault to speak of things that
ought to be concealed. Ovid.
The silent organ loudest chants
The master's requiem.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Dirge.
To be silent is sometimes an art, yet not so
great an art as certain people, who are wisest
when they are most silent, would have us be-
lieve. Wieland.
Silliness.
I perceive that the things which we do are
silly ; but what can one do? According to men's
habits and dispositions, so one must yield to
them. 7erentius.
Similarity.
My nature is subdued to what it works in.
Shakspeare : Sonnet cxi.
Simpletons.
Like a man made after supper of a cheese-
paring : when he was naked, he was, for all the
world, like a forked radish, with a head fantas-
tically carved upon it with a knife.
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
Simplicity.
An honest tale speeds best being plainly
told. Shakspeare : King Richard III.
He does it with a better grace, but I do it
more natural. Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
I feign not friendship where I hate ;
I fawn not on the great (in show) ;
I prize, I praise a mean estate,
Neither too lofty nor too low :
This, this is all my choice, my cheer —
A mind content, a conscience clear.
Joshua Sylvester : A Contented Mind,
More matter with less art.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Loveliness
Needs not the foreign aid of ornament.
But is, when unadorned, adorned the most.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
Simplicity is the real key of the heart.
William Wordsworth.
There was a noble way, in former times, of
saying things simply, and yet saying them
proudly. Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
Write the vision, and make it plain upon
tables, that he may run that readeth it.
Haiakkuk ii, 2.
It is impossible for a vulgar man to be simple.
Turgot.
Behold the child, by Nature's simple law.
Pleased with a rattle, tickled with a straw.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
SIN
685
SLANDER
It is only by the rich that the costly plain-
ness, which at once satisfies the taste and the
hnagination, is attainabhe.
James Russell Lowell : Essay on Keats.
Bin.
Compound for sins they are inclined to
By damning those they have no mind to.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Crimes sometimes shock us too much ; vices
almost always too little.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
He must needs go that the devil drives.
Shakspeare : All's Weil that Ends Well.
He who will fight the devil at his own weapon
must not wonder if he finds him an overmatch.
Robert South.
It is as hard to find a man without guilt as a
fish without a b.ickbcne. Archytos.
It is more wicked to love a sin than to com-
mit one. Latin proverb.
Live with the world whoso has nerve
To make the world his purpose ser^•e ;
But, if you leave your lofty level
To do the world's command.
You were as well to lei the devil
Keep all your gear in hand. Goethe.
Men's evil manners live in brass ; their virtues
We write in water.
Shakspeare : King Henry VIII.
The best of what we do and are,
Just Ocd, forgive.
William Wordsworth : Thoughts.
The wages of sin is death. Romans vi, 23.
Tremble, thou wretch.
That hast within thee undivulged crimes,
Unwhipped of justice !
Shakspeare : King Lear,
Sinoerity. •
A man who strives earnestly and persevering-
ly to convince others, at least convinces us that
he is convinced himself.
Francis Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Better the world should know you as a sinner,
than God know you as a hypocrite.
Danish proverb.
But I have that within which passeth show ;
These but the trappings and the suits of woe.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
But understandest thou how much easier it is
to be a pious visionary than to act an honest
part in life? how willingly the worst of men is
a pious enthusiast only — at times he himself is
not really aware of his motives — that he may
not require to act an honest part ? Lessing.
Look then into thine heart, and write.
Henry W. Longfello7u : Voices of the Night.
No man is a hypocrite in his pleasures.
Samuel Johnson.
Sincerity and pure truth in every age still
pass current. Montaigne.
The hand that rounded Peter's dome,
And groined the aisles of Christian Rome,
Wrought in a sad sincerity ;
Himself from God he could not free ;
He builded better than he knew —
The conscious stone to beauty grew.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : The Problem.
Thy true speech will sow in my heart meek
humility, and allay what tumults rankle there.
Dante.
We must live as if we were living in sight of
all men ; we must think as though some one
could and can gaze into our inmost breast.
Seneca.
Slander.
Alas ! they had been friends in youth :
But whispering tongues can poison truth ;
And constancy lives in realms above ;
And life is thorny ; and youth is vain ;
And to be wroth with one we love
Dotii work like madness in the brain.
Samuel T. Coleridge : Christabel.
And there's a lust In man no charm can tame
Of loudly publishing our neighl)or's shame ;
On eagle's wings immortal scandals fly.
While virtuous actions are but born and die.
Juvenal, Satire ix.
At every word a reputation dies.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer,"
And without sneering leach the rest to sneer ;
Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,
Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.
Alexander Pope : Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot.
How many people would be mute if they
were forbidden to speak well of themselves and
ill of others ! Madame de Fontaines.
Hov;ever well disposed we may be to forgive
the harm said of us, it is belter never to have
known it than to have it to forgive.
Anonymous
Never cast dirt into that fountain of which
thou hast some time drunk. Hebrew.
No, 'tis slander.
Whose edge is sharper than the sword ; whose
tongue
Outvcnoms all the worms of Nile.
Shakspeare : Cymbeline.
Slander is a poison which extinguishes charity,
both in the slanderer and in the person who lis-
tens to it ; so that a single calumny may prove
fatal to an infinite number of souls, since it kills
not only those w,ho circulate it, but also all those
who do not reject it. Saint Berard.
When the sting of slander stings thee, let this
be thy comfort : They are not the worst fruits
on which the wasps alight. Burger.
SLAVERY
686
SOCIETY
When will talkers refrain from evil-speaking ?
When listeners refrain from evil-hearing. At
present there are many so credulous of evil, they
will receive suspicions and impressions against
persons whom they don't know from a person
whom they do know, in authority, to be good
for nothing.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Where it concerns himself,
Who's angry at a slander makes it true.
Publius Syrus.
Slavery.
Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still.
Slavery, thou art a bitter draught.
Laurence Sterne.
I would not have a slave to till my ground.
To carry me, to fan me while I sleep,
And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth
That sinews bought and sold have ever earned.
l\ illiam Cowper : The Task.
That execrable sum of all villanies,
Commonly called the slave trade.
John Wesley.
Slavery is a weed that grows on every soil.
Edmund Burke.
Sleep.
But the soul in sleep, above all other times,
gives proofs of its divine nature ; for when free
and disengaged from the immediate service of
the body, it has frequently a foresight of things
to come ; whence we may more clearly con-
ceive what will be its state when entirely freed
from this bodily prison. Cicero,
Gentle sleep despises not the humble cottages
of rustics. Horace.
I have an exposition of sleep come upon me.
Shakspeare : Midsummer-Night' s Dream.
Now blessings light on him that first invented
sleep. Cervantes.
O sleep ! it is a gentle thing,
Beloved from pole to pole.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge : The Ancient Mariner.
Sleep, that knits up the ravelled sleeve of care,
The death of each day's life, sore labor's bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great Nature's second course.
Chief nourisher in life's feast.
Shakspeare: Macbeth.
Sleep ! O gentle sleep !
Nature's soft nurse, how have I frighted thee.
That thou no more wilt weigh my eyelids down.
And steep my senses in forgetfulness ?
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
Slighted Love.
The tears I shed must ever fall :
I mourn not for an absent swain ;
For thoughts may past delights recall.
And parted lovers meet again.
But bitter, bitter are the tears
Of her who slighted love bewails ;
No hope her dreary prospect cheers.
No pleasing melancholy hails.
Mrs. Dugald Steuart :
The Tears 1 Shed must ever Fall.
Smiles.
She is not fair to outward view.
As many maidens be ;
Her loveliness I never knew
Until she smiled on me :
Oh, then I saw her eye was bright —
A well of love, a spring of light.
Hartley Coleridge :
She is not Eair to Outward View.
Smiles from reason flow.
To brute denied, and are of love the food.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Without the smiles from partial beauty won.
Oh ! what were man? — a world without a sun.
Thomas Campbell : Pleasures of Hope.
Smoking.
The leaf burns bright, like the gems of light
That flash in the braids of beauty ;
It nerves each heart for the hero's part
On the battle-plain of duty.
Francis M. Finch : Smoking Away.
Snarea.
Faster than spring-time showers comes thought
on thought ;
And not a thought but thinks on dignity.
My brain, more busy than the laboring spider.
Weaves tedious snares to trap mine enemies.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Sneen.
Of all the griefs that harass the distrest.
Sure the most bitter is a scornful jest.
Samuel Johnson : Vanity of Human Wishes.
Snobbislmess.
And if his name be George, I'll call him Peter ;
For new-made honor doth forget, men's names.
Shakspeare : Kitig John.
Snow.
Flowers upon the summer lea
Daisies, kingcups, pale primroses —
These are sung from sea to sea,
As many a dailing rhyme discloses.
Tangled wood and hawthorn dale
In many a songful snatch prevail ;
But never yet, as well I mind.
In all their verses can 1 find
A simple tune, with quiet flow.
To match the falling of the snow.
David Gray : Snow.
Society.
Besides the general infusion of wit to heighten
civility, the direct splendor of intellectual power
is ever welcome in fine society as the costliest
addition to its rule and its credit.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Nature takes care not to leave out of the great
heart of society either of its two ventricles of
hold-back and go-ahead.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
SOLACE
687
SONG
No man fears men but he who knows them
not ;
And he who shuns them may not hope to know.
Goethe.
Nothing is so embarrassing as the first tfte-h-
tite, when everything is to be said, unless it be
the last, when everything has been said.
Koqueplan.
Society is divided into two classes, the shearer
and the shorn. We should always be with the
former against the latter. Talleyrand.
Society is composed of two great classes :
those who have more dinners than appetite, and
those who have more appetite than dinners.
Chamfort.
Society would be a charming thing if we were
only interested in one another. Chamfort.
Qualities of a too superior order render a
man less adapted to society. One docs not go
to market with big lumps of gold ; one goes
with silver or small change. Chamfort.
The art of conversation consists less in showing
one's own wit than in giving opportunity for the
display of the wit of others. La Bruyire.
The moral sentiment of what is called the
world is made up in great measure of ill-will
and envy. Goethe.
'Tis the fine souls who serve us, and not what
is called fine society. Fine society is only a
self-protection against the vulgarities of the
street and the tavern. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Bolaoe.
In some rude spot, where vulgar herbage grows.
If chance a violet rear its purple head.
The careful gardener moves it ere it blows,
To thrive and flourish in a nobler bed.
Such was thy fate, dear child.
Thy opening such !
Pre-eminence in early bloom was shown,
For earth too good, perhaps,
And loved too much.
Heaven saw, and early marked thee for its
own ! Richard BrinsLy Sheridan.
Soldiers.
The soldier falls 'mid corses piled
Upon the battle-plain,
Where reinless war-steeds gallop wild
Above the mangled slain ;
But though his corse be grim to see.
Hoof-trampled on the sod.
What recks it, when the spirit free
Has soared aloft to God ?
Michael Joseph Barry:
The Place where Man should Die.
You have dreamed of your homes and friends
all night ;
You have basked in your sweethearts' smiles so
bright ;
Come, part with them all for a while again —
Be lovers in dreams ; when awake, be men.
Michael O'Connor : Reveille.
Solidity.
Time only respects that in which he has a
part. Lamartine.
Solitude.
Far in a wild, unknown to pul)lic view.
From youth to age a reverend hermit grew ;
The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell,
His food the fruits, his drink the crystal well :
Remote from men, with God he passed the days.
Prayer all his business, all his pleasure praise.
Thomas Panull : The Hermit.
For solitude sometimes is best society.
And short retirement urges sweet return.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
I can not praise a fugitive and cloistered vir-
tue, unexercised and unbreathed, that never
sallies out and seeks her adversary.
John Milton : Areopagitica.
In solitude, where we are least alone.
Loird Byron : Childe Harold.
Nothing is achieved without solitude.
Lacordaire.
Solitude, the safeguard of mediocrity, is to
genius the stern friend, the cold, obscure shelter,
where moult the wings which will bear it far-
ther than suns and stars.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Culture.
There is a pleasure in the pathless woods.
There is a rapture on the lonely shore.
There is society, where none intrudes.
By the deep sea, and music in its roar.
L ord Byron : Childe Harold.
But a guide is not engaged to lead one into
the world of imagination. He is as deadly to
sentiment as a sniff of hartshorn.
James Russell Lowell : Italy.
Song.
Things are heard more negligently and affect
less when they are expressed in prose ; but when
they are sung in verse and given forth in certain
cadences, the very same idea darts out like an
arrow from a strong arm. Seneca.
It went deep into his heart, like the melody
of a song that sounds up from childhood.
Richter.
Sinsj them upon the sunny hills,
When days are long and bright.
And the blue gleam of shining rills
Is loveliest to the sight.
Sing them along the misty moor.
Where ancient hunters roved ;
And swell them through the torrent's roar —
The songs our fathers loved.
Felicia He mans : The Songs of our Fathers.
Song should breathe of scents and flowers !
Song should like a river flow !
Song should bring back scenes and hours
That we loved — ah ! long ago.
Bryan Waller Procter.
SONG-BIRDS
688
SORROW
Verse sweetens toil, however nide the sound ;
All at her work the village maiden sings,
Nor, while she turns the giddy wheel around,
Revolves the sad vicissitudes of things.
Richard Gifford : Contemplation.
I knew a very wise man that believed that, if
a man were permitted to make all the ballads,
he need not care who should make the laws of a
nation. Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun.
Oh ! the songs of the people are voices of power,
That echo in many a land ;
They lighten the heart in the sorrowful hour.
And quicken the labor of hand ;
They gladden the shepherd on mountain and
plain,
And the sailor who travels the sea :
The poets have chanted us many a strain.
But the songs of the people for me.
John Critchle^ Prince.
Song-birds.
Hail, beauteous stranger of the grove !
Thou messenger of Spring !
Now heaven repairs thy rural seat.
And woods thy welcome sing.
Soon as the daisy decks the green.
Thy certain voice we hear.
Hast thou a star to guide thy path,
Or mark the rolling year?
John Logan : To the Ctukoo.
Sorcery.
Away with him ! he hath a familiar under his
tongue ; he speaks not i' God's name.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
Sorrow.
Anguish is so alien to man's spirit, that noth-
ing is more difficult to will than contrition.
Therefore God is good enough to afflict us, that
our hearts, being brought low enough to feed on
sorrow, may the more easily sorrow for sin unto
repentance. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Canst thou not minister to a mind diseased ;
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow ; .
Raze out the written troubles of the brain ;
And, with some sweet oblivious antidote.
Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuff,
Which weighs upon the heart ?
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Dear Sir: I am in some little disorder by
reason of the death of a little child of mine, a
boy that lately made us very glad ; but now he
rejoices in his little orb, while we think, and
sigh, and long to be as safe as he is.
Jeremy Taylor.
Down, thou climbing sorrow !
Thy element's below.
Shakspeare : King Lear.
Every one can master a grief but he that has
it. Shakspeare : Much Ado about Nothing.
Give sorrow words ; the grief that does not speak
Whispers the o'er-fraught heart, and bids it
break. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Grief conquers the unconquered man. Ovid.
Grief counts the seconds; happiness forgets
the hours. De Linod.
Grief fills the room up of my absent child.
Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me,
Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words,
Remembers me of all his gracious parts.
Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form.
Shakspeare : King John,
Here I and sorrow sit ;
Here is my throne ; bid kings come bow to it.
Shakspeare : King John.
If any, born of kindlier blood.
Should ask. What maiden sleeps below?
Say only this, A tender bud.
That tried to blossom in the snow.
Lies withered where the violets blow.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Under the Violets.
Immortal ? I feel it and know it ;
Who doubts it of such as she ?
But that is the pang's very secret —
Immortal away from me !
J. R. Lowell : After the Burial.
Lament your kinsmen with moderation, for
they are not dead, but have gone before on the
same road along which we niust necessarily pass ;
then we, too, hereafter shall come to the same
resting-place, about to spend the remainder of
our time along with them. Antiphanes.
Melancholy is the convalescence of sorrow.
Madame Dufresnoy.
Misery acquaints a man with strange bed-fel-
lows. Shakspeare: The Tempat.
No words suffice the secret soul to show.
For truth denies all eloquence to woe.
Lord Byron : The Corsair.
Oh, watch you well in pleasure.
For pleasure oft betrays ;
But take no watch in sorrow
When joy withdraws its rays :
For in the hour of sorrow,
As in the darkness drear.
To Heaven intrust the morrow —
The angels then are near.
Then watch you well by daylight.
Samuel Lover :
Oh t ruatch you well by daylight.
Rachel weeping for her children, and would
not be comforted, because they are not.
Matthew ii, i8.
Some disbelieve in other's woes that they need
not pity them ; others deplore all, that they may
get rid of alleviating any. Atwnymous.
Sorrows are like thunder-clouds : in the dis-
tance they look black, over our heads hardly
gray.
Richter.
That kill the bloom before its time ;
And blanch, without the owner's crime,
The most resplendent hair.
William Wordsworth :
Lament of Mary, Queen of Scots.
SORROW
689
SPEAKING
That loss is common, would not make
My own less bitter — rather more :
Too common ! Never morning wore
To evening, but some heart did break.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
The breaking of a heart leaves no trace.
George Sand.
The big round tears
Coursed one another down his innocent nose
In piteous chase.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
The grasshopper shall be a burden, and de-
sire shall fail : because man goeth to his long
home, and the mourners go about the streets.
Ecclesiastes xii, 5.
There are some sorrows of which we should
never be consoled. Madame de S^igni.
The sorrow for the dead is the only sorrow
from which we refuse to be divorced.
Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions. Shakspean- : Hamlet,
We need as much the cross we bear,
As air we breathe, as light we see ;
It draws us to Thy side in prayer.
It binds us to our strength in Thee.
Anna Letitia Waring: Source of my Life.
Sorrow can beautify only the heart —
Not the face^-of a woman ; and can but impart
Its endearment to one that has suffered. In
truth
Grief hath beauty for grief ; but gay youth loves
gay youth. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : I.ucile.
Perdition catch my soul, but I do love thee !
And when I love thee not, chaos is come again.
Shakspeare : Othello.
They thought the tide of grief would flow
Unchecked through future years ;
But where is all their anguish now,
And where are all their tears ?
Well, let them fight for honor's breath.
Or pleasure's shade pursue —
The dweller in the land of death
Is changed and careless too.
Emily Bronte.
O source of the holiest joys we inherit,
O Sorrow, thou solemn, invisible spirit !
Ill fares it with man when, through life's desert
sand.
Grown impatient too soon for the long-promised
land,
He turns from the worship of tKee, as thou art,
An expressless and imageless truth in the heart.
And takes of the jewels of Egypt, the pelf
And the gold of the godless, to make to himself
A gaudy, idolatrous image of thee.
And then bows to the sound of the cymbal the
knee.
The sorrows we make to ourselves are false
gods :
Like the prophets of Baal, our bosoms with
rods
We may smite, we may gash at our hearts till
ihey bleed,
But these idols are blind, deaf, and dumb to our
need.
The land is athirst, and cries out f . . . 'tis in
vain ;
The great blessing of Heaven descends not in
rain. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : LuciU.
Soul.
A fiery soul, which, working out its way.
Fretted th»: pygmy-body to decay.
And o'er-informed the tenement of clay.
John Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel.
But man, his spiritual being, and the light
which is to lighten it, his possibilities here, his
destiny herealter, these still remain, amid all the
absorption of external things, the one highest
marvel, the permanent center of interest to men.
James C. Shairp.
Everything in which I have been engaged in
this world, as the wisest ol men think, will be
regarded in after-ages as belonging to my soul ;
at present, at all events, I delight myself with
such thoughts and hopes. Cicero.
I am positive that I have a soul ; nor can all
the books with which materialists h.ive pestered
the world ever convince me to the contrary.
Laurence Sterne.
It is the soul itself which sees and hears, and
not those parts which are, as it were, but win-"
dows to the soul. Cicero.
Thought is deeper than all speech.
Feeling deeper than all thought ;
Souls to souls can never teach
What unto themselves was taught.
Chfistopher P. Cranch.
Of all that exists, the only thing susceptible
of the prerogative of reason we must pronounce
to be soul ; and this is invisible, while fire and
water, and earth and air, all present themselves
as visible bodies. Plato.
Soitroe.
All things come from a universal, ruling Power
either directly or by way of consequence. . . .
Do not therefore imagine that hurtful things
are of another kind from that which thou dost
venerate. Marcus Aurelius.
Speaking.
A speech, being a matter of adaptation, and
having to win opinions, should contain a little
for the few, and a great deal for the many.
Aus^ustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
He mouths a .sentence, as curs mouth a bone.
Charles Churchill : The Rosciad.
Talking and eloquence arc not the same ; to
speak, and to speak well, are two things.
Ben Jonson.
SPECTATOR
690
SPRING
The first rule for speaking well is to think
well. Madame de Lambert.
He that can not refrain from much speaking
is like a city without walls, and less pains in the
world a man can not take than to hold his
tongue : therefore if thou observest this rule in
all assemblies, thou shalt seldom err ; restrain
thy choler, hearken much, and speak little ; for
the tongue is the instrument of the greatest
good and greatest evil that is done in the world.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Spectator.
I have no wife nor children, good or bad, to
provide for. A mere spectator of other men's
fortunes and adventures, and how they play
their parts ; which, methinks, are diversely pre-
sented unto me, as from a common theatre or
scene.
Richard Burton : Anatomy of Melancholy.
Speculation.
Man must always in some sense cling to the
belief that the unknowable is knowable, other-
wise speculation would cease. Goethe.
Speech.
For rhetoric, he could not ope
His mouth, but out there flew a trope.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Gents wear pants, but gentlemen wear panta-
loons. Anonymous.
Half the sorrows of women would be averted
if they could repress the speech they know to
be useless — nay, the speech they have resolved
not to utter. George Eliot.
I sometimes hold it half a sin
To put in words the giief I feel ;
For words, like Nature, half reveal
And half conceal the soul within.
But, for the unquiet heart and brain,
A use in measured language lies ;
The sad mechanic exercise.
Like dull narcotics, numbing pain.
In words, like weeds, I'll wrap me o'er.
Like coarsest clothes against the cold ;
But that large grief which these enfold
Is given in outline and no more.
Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
Let your speech be always with grace, seasoned
with salt. Colossians iv, 6.
Men ever had, and ever will have, leave
To coin new words well suited to the age.
Words are like leaves : some wither every year,
And every year a younger race succeeds.
Use may revive the obsoletest words.
And banish those that now are most in vogue ;
Use is the judge, the law and rule of speech.
Horace :
Art of Poetry, Roscommon's Translation.
Speech is the cloth of Arras opened and put
abroad, whereby the imagery doth appear in tig-
ure ; whereas in thoughts they lie but as in
packs. Plutarch.
Speech was given to man to conceal his
thoughts. Talleyrand.
The poetry of speech.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
To speak, but to say nothing, is for three
people out of four to say all they think.
Commettant.
Without big words how could many people
say small things? Anonymous.
Spirit.
I said to cold Neglect and Scorn,
Pass on ' I heed you not ;
Ye may pursue me till my form
And being are I'orgot ;
Yet still the spirit, which you see
Undaunted by your wiles.
Draws from its own nobility
Its high-born smiles.
Lavinia Stoddard : The Soul's Defiance.
Spirits.
Millions of spiiitual creatures walk the earth
Unseen, Loth when we wake and when we
sleep. John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Spiritnality.
Great men are they who see that spiritual is
stronger than any material force, that thoughts
rule the world.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Progress of Culture.
The lilies of peace cover the terrible fields of
Waterloo; and out of the giaves of our dear
ones there spring up such flowers of spiritual
loveliness as you and I else had never known.
Theodore Parker.
The mind shall banquet, though the body
pine. Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us ;
'Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter,
And intimates eternity to man.
Joseph Addison : Cato.
Spoliation.
They see nothing wrong in the rule that to
the victors belong the spoils of the enemy.
William L. Marcy : Speech.
Spontaneity.
As the sun does not wait for prayers and in-
cantations that it may rise, but shines at once,
and is greeted by all ; so neither wait thou for
applause, and shouts, and eulogies, that thou
mayst do well ; but be a spontaneous benefactor,
and thou shalt be beloved like the sun.
Epictetus.
Consider the lilies of the field, how they
grow ; they toil not, neither do they spin.
Matthew vi, 28.
Spring.
The bud is in the bough, and the leaf is in the
bud.
And earth's beginning now in her veins to feel
the blood,
or TjLx
STABILITY
691
STRAIGHTFORWARDNESS
Which, warmed by summer's sun in the alembic
of the vine,
From her founts will overrun in a ruddy gush
of wine.
Horace Smith : The First of March,
The snow-drop, and then the violet.
Arose from the ground with the warm rain wet ;
And their breath was mixed with fresh odor,
sent
From the turf, like the voice and the instru-
ment.
Percy Bysshe ShelUy : The Sensitive Plant.
Worship all ye that lovers be this May,
For of your bliss the kalends are begun ;
And sing with us, Away, winter, away ;
Come, summer, come, the sweet season and
sun. J^itg James I of Scotland.
SUbiUty.
He who has a good seat should not leave it.
Don Juan Manuel.
Stan.
O Hesperus ! thou bringest all good things —
Home to the weary, to the hungry cheer.
Lord Byron : Don Juan,
Statesmen.
The heart of a statesman should be in his
head. Napoleon I.
Be persuaded that there is a certain place in
heaven for those who have preserved, aided, and
ameliorated their country, where they may en-
joy happiness to all eternity. For there is noth-
ing on earth which gives more pleasure to the
.Supreme Being who governs this world than
the meetings and assemblies of men, bound to-
gether by social rights, which are called states ;
the governors and the preservers of these com-
ing thence return to the same place. Cicero.
The minds of our statesmen, like the pupil of
the human eye, contract themselves the more
the stronger light there is shed upon them
Thomas Moore.
A statesman, we are told, should follow pub-
lic opinion. Doubtless — as a coachman follows
his horses ; having firm hold on the reins, and
guiding them.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Steadfastness.
Along the shore, along the shore
I see the wavelets meeting ;
But thee I see — ah, never more,
For all my wild heart's beating.
The little wavelets come and go.
The tide of life ebbs to and fro,
Advancing and retreating :
But from the shore, the steadfast shore.
The sea is parted never;
And mine I hold thee evermore,
Forever and forever.
Along the shore, along the shore
I hear the waves resounding ;
But thou wilt cross them never more
For all my wild heart's bounding :
The moon comes out above the tide
And quiets all the billows wide
Her pathway bright surrounding :
Thus on the shore, the dreary shore,
I walk with weak endeavor :
I have thy love's light evermore,
Forever and forever.
Dinah Mulock Craik : Song.
As doth the turtle, chaste and true,
Her fellow's death regrete.
And daily mourns for his adieu.
And ne'er renews her mate :
So, though thy faith was never fast.
Which grieves me wondrous sore.
Yet I shall live in love so chaste,
That I shall love no more.
James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
I said to sorrow's awful storm.
That beat against my breast.
Rage on !— thou mayst destroy this form,
And lay it low at rest ;
But still the spirit that now brooks
Thy tempest, raging high.
Undaunted on its fury looks.
With steadfast eye.
Lavinia Stoddard : The Soul 's Defiance.
It fortifies my soul to know
That, though I perish. Truth is so :
That, howsoe'er 1 str.ny and range,
Whate'er I do. Thou dost not change.
I steadier step when I recall
That, if I slip. Thou dost not fall.
Arthur Hugh C lough :
" IVith Whom is no Variableness."
Oh, Thou art very meek
To overshade Thy creatures thus !
Thy grandeur is the shade we seek ;
To be eternal is Thy use to us :
Ah, blessed God ! what joy it is to me
To lose all thought of self in Thine eternity !
Frederick W.Faber: The Eternity of God.
Truth — what is truth ? Two bleeding hearts
Wounded bv men, by fortune tried,
Outwearied with their lonely parts.
Vow to beat henceforth side by side.
Matthew Arnold : Indifference.
The American is nomadic in religion, in ideas,
in morals, and leaves his faith and opinions with
as much indifference as the house in which he was
born.
James Russell Lowell : A Moosehead Journal.
No man, having put his hand to the plough,
and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God.
Luke ix, 62.
Straightforwardness.
A straight line is the shortest in morals as in
mathematics. Maiia Edgeworth.
Do not be supercilious, but cling to the things
which appear best to you in such manner as
though you were conscious of having been ap-
pointed by God to this position. Epictetus,
STRENGTH
692
SUBMISSION
Strength.
Because the good old rule
Sufficeth them, the simple plan,
That they should take that have the power,
And they should keep who can.
William Wordsworth : Hob Roy's Grave.
For courage mounteth with occasion.
Shakspeare : King John.
He whose strength exceeds his necessities,
though an insect, a worm, is a strong being ; he
whose necessities exceed his strength, though
.in elephant, a lion, a conqueror, a hero, though
a god, is a feeble being. Rousseau.
I said to Friendship's menaced blow,
Strike deep ! my heart shall bear ;
Thou canst but add one bitter woe
To those already thore ;
Yet still the spirit that sustains
This last severe distress.
Shall smile upon its keenest pains.
And scorn redress.
Lavinia Sloddard : The Soul's Defiance.
My mind showed me it was just such as I —
the helpless who feel themselves helpless — that
God especially invites to come to him, and
offers all the riches of his salvation ; not for-
giveness only — forgiveness would be worth little
if it left us under the powers of our evil pas-
sions — but strength, that strength which enables
us to conquer sin. George Eliot.
Strength goes straight. Every cannon-ball
that has in it hollows and holes gets crooked.
Richter.
There are two kinds of strength. One, the
strength of the river,
Which through continents pushes its pathway
forever
To fling its fond heart in the sea ; if it lose
This, the aim of its life, it is lost to its use,
It goes mad, is diffused into deluge, and dies.
The other, the strength of the sea ; which sup-
plies
Its deep life from mysterious sources, and draws
The river's life into its own life, by laws
Which it heeds not. The difference in each
case is this :
The river is lost, if the ocean it miss ;
If the sea miss the river, what matter ? The
sea
Is the sea still, forever. Its deep heart will be
Self-sufficing, unconscious of loss as of yore ;
Its sources are infinite ; still to the shore.
With no diminution of pride it will say :
" I am here — I, the sea ! stand aside, and make
way ! " Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lticile.
The weakest goes to the wall.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Strife.
Poke not the fire with a sword. Pythagoras.
Struggle.
It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks.
Acts ix, J.
StabbomnesB.
I canna turn her, say what I will. It's al-
lays the way wi' them meek-faced people : you
may's well pelt a bag o' feathers as talk to 'em.
George Eliot.
Stadies.
Histories make men wise ; poets, witty ; the
mathematics, subtle ; natural philosophy, deep ;
moral, grave ; logic and rhetoric, able to con-
tend. Francis Bacon : Essay on Studies.
Beholding the bright countenance of truth in
the quiet and still air of delightful studies.
John Milton :
The Reason of Church Government.
I must do something to keep my thoughts
fresh and growing. I dread nothing so much
as falling into a rut and feeling myself becom-
ing a fossil. James A . Garfield.
Stupidity.
Give a clown your finger, and he'll take your
whole hand. English proverb.
I pity the man who can travel from Dan to
Beer-sheba, and cry, "Tis all barren ! "
Laurence Sterne : A Sentimental Journey.
Style.
Imagination has more charm in writing than
in speaking : great wings must fold before en-
tering a salon. Ffince de Eigne.
Style is the dress of Thought.
Lord Chesterfield : Letter.
The clearness of the air on mountain-tops de-
ceives the eye, and brings the distant objects
near ; and, in like manner, the clearer the talent
of an author the easier it seems to reach.
Anonymous.
The more an idea is developed the more con-
cise becomes its expression ; the more a tree is
pruned the better is the fruit. Alfred Bougeart.
Sahlimity.
Sublimity is Hebrew by birth.
Samuel T. Colendge.
Submission.
Ah, then into that countiy
Of which I nothing know,
The everlasting countiy,
With willing heart I go, I go —
With willing heart I go.
Dinah Mulock Craik : At Eventide.
Bell, my wife, she loves not strife.
Yet she will lead me if she can ;
And oft, to live a quiet life,
I'm forced to yield though I be good-man.
It's not for a man with woman to threap,
Unless he first give o'er the plea ;
As we began sae will we leave.
And I'll take my old cloak about me.
Anonymous.
Ever)' phase, aspect, and circumstance of life
suited Aristippus, though he aimed at higher
SUBSERVIENCY
693
SUFFERING
objects, still submitting with an unruffled coun-
tenance to the events of life. Horace.
Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and
naked shall I return thither: the Lord gave,
and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed be the
name of the Lord. Job i, 21.
Some men with swords may reap the field,
And plant fresh laurels where they kill ;
But their strong nerves at last must yield —
They tame but one another still ;
Early or late
They stoop to fate.
And must give up their murmuring breath,
When they, pale captives, creep to death.
James Shirley : Death's Final Conquest.
Sabserriency.
When a man has determined to hold a place,
he has already sold hunself to it.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Snbstitntion.
One fire bums out another's burning,
One pain is lessened by another's anguish.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
Sacceu.
Great things through greatest hazards are
achieved.
And then they shine.
Beaumont and Fletcher : Loyal Subject.
If all our wishes were gratified, most of our
pleasures would be destroyed.
Richard IVhately.
In the lexicon of you'.h, which fate reserves
For a bright manh(X>d, there is no such word
As — fail. F.dward Bulwcr-Lytton : Richelieu.
Prosperity makes few friends. Vauvenargues.
Say not. The stnijjglc naught availeth.
The labor and the wounds arc vain,
The enemy faints not, nor faileth.
And as things have been they remain.
If hopes were dupes, fears may be liars ;
It may be, in yotr smoke concealed,
Your comrades chase e'en now the fliers.
And, but for you, possess the field.
For while the tired waves, vainly breaking,
Seem here no painful inch to gain,
. Far back, through creeks and inlets making.
Comes silent, flooding in, the main.
And not by eastern windows only,
When daylight comes, come-; in the light ;
In front, the sun climbs slow, how slowly.
But westward, look, the land is bright,
Arthur Hugh Cloui^h :
Say not. The struggle naught availeth.
Some are bom great, some achieve greatness,
and some have greatness thrust upon them.
Shakspeare : Twelfth Night.
Success gives the character of honesty to
some classes of wickedness. Seneca.
The success of the greater part of things de-
pends upon knowing how long it takes to suc-
ceed. Montesquieu.
They laugh that win. Shakspeare : Othello.
They never fail who die
In a great cause.
JLord Byron : Matino Faliero,
To succeed in our work, we should exagger-
ate its importance. , Anonymous.
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
Napoleon Bonaparte.
A wiser temper would have seen something
more consoling than disheartening m the con-
tinual failure of men eminently endowed to
reach the standard of this spiritual require-
ment ; would perhaps have found in it an in-
spiring hint that it is mankind, and not special
men, that are to be shaped at last into the image
of God, and that the endless life of generations
may hope to come nearer that goal of which
the short-breathed threescore years and ten fall
too unhappily short.
James Russell Lowell : Carlyle.
Suffering.
For martyrdoms, I reckon them among mira-
cles, because they seem to exceed the strength
of human nature. Francis Bacon.
For men must work, and women must weep,
And there's little to earn, and m.-vny to keep ;
Though the harbor bar be moaning.
Charles Kingsley : Three Fishers.
hearts that break and give no sign
Save whitening lip and fading tresses.
Till Death pours out his cordial wine,
Slow-dropped from Misery's crushing presses '
If singing breath or echoing chord
To every hidden pang were given,
What endless melodies were poured.
As sad as earth, as sweet as heaven !
Oliver W. Holmes : The Voiceless.
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.
Shakspeare : Romeo and Juliet.
'Tis a great and mysterious gift, this clinging
of the heart, whereby it hath often seemed to
me that even in the very moment of- suff'ering
our souls have the keenest foretaste of heaven.
1 speak not lightly, but as one who hath en-
dured And it is a strange truth, that only in
the agony of parting we look into the depths of
love. George Eliot.
We can hardly learn humility and tenderness
enough except by suff'ering. George Eliot.
Who best can suff"er, can do. John Milton.
With all troubles, men sufl"er far less from the
things themselves than from the opinions they
have of them. Flpicletus.
The iron entered into his soul, Prayer-Book.
SUFFICIENCY
694
SUPERSTITION
SujB&ciency.
Content I live, this is my stay ;
I seek no more than may suffice ;
I press to Lear no haughty sway ;
Look ! what I lack, my mind supplies.
Lo ! thus I triumph like a king,
Content with what my mind doth bring.
William Byrd : My Mind to Me a Kingdom is.
As thy days, so shall thy strength be.
Deuteronomy xxxiii, 2^.
In my father's house are many mansions.
John xiv, 2.
Suicide.
I'm weary of conjectures — this must end 'em.
Thus am I doubly armed : my death and life,
My bane and antidote, are both before me :
This in a moment brings me to an end ;
But this informs me I shall never die.
The soul, secure in her existence, smiles
At the drawn dagger, and defies its point.
The stars shall fade away, the sun himself
Grow dim with age, and Nature sink in years,
But thou shalt flourish in immortal youth.
Unhurt amidst the war of elements.
The wrecks of matter, and the crush of worlds.
Joseph Addison : Lafo,
Wherefore, Publius, thou and all the good
must keep the soul in the body, nor must men
leave this life without the pennission of the Be-
ing by whom it has been given. Cicero.
Suitableness. ^
No profit grows where is no pleasure ta'en ;
In brief, sir, study what you most affect.
Shakspeare : Taming of the Shrew.
Nor time, nor place.
Did then adhere. Shakspeare : Macbeth.
I could have better spared a better man.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
Would you know the ripest cherries ?
Ask the boys and the blackbirds. Goethe.
SuUenness.
Many Christians do greatly wrong themselves
with a dull and heavy kind of sullenness ; who,
not suffering themselves to delight in any world-
ly thing, are thereupon often so heartless that
they delight in nothing. Joseph Hall.
Sammer.
When summer dies, the leaves are falling fast
In fitful eddies on the chilly blast.
And fields lie blank upon the bare hillside
Where erst the poppy flaunted in its pride.
And woodbine on the breeze its fragrance cast.
And where the hawthorn scattered far and wide
Its creamy petals in the sweet springtide.
Red berries hang, for birds a glad repast
When summer dies.
Gone are the cowslips and the daisies pied ;
The swallow to a v/armer clime hath hied ;
The beech has shed its store of bitter mast,
And days are drear and skies are overcast ;
But love will warm our hearts whate'er betide
When summer dies.
Arthur G. Wright.
Sunday.
Of all the days are in the week,
I dearly love but one day.
And that's the day that comes betwixt
A Saturday and Monday ;
For then I'm dressed all in my best,
To walk abroad with Sally ;
She is the darling of my heart,
And lives in our alley.
Hemy Carey : Sally in our Alley.
There are many people who think that Sun-
day is a sponge to wipe out all the sins of the
week. Henry Ward Beechcr.
Strnset.
Parting day
Dies like a dolphin, whom each pang imbues
With a new color as it gasps away,
The last still loveliest, till — 'tis gone — and all is
gray. Lord Byron : Childe Han Id.
Snnsliine.
But now the clouds in. airy tumult fly !
The sun emerging opes an azure sky ;
A fresher green the smelling leaves display.
And, glittering as they tremble, cheer the day.
Thomas Parnell : The Hermit.
As sunshine, broken in the rill,
Though turned astray, is sunshine still.
Thomas Moore : The Fire - Worshippers.
Superfine.
For her own person, it beggared all descrip-
tion. Shakspeare: Antony and CLopati-a.
Superfluity.
To gild refined gold, to paint the lily,
To throw a perfume on the violet.
To smooth the ice, or add another hue
Unto the rainbow, or with taper-light
To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish.
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess.
Shakspeare : King John.
Everything that one says too much is insipid
and tedious. Boileau.
There is corn in Egypt.
Genesis xlii, 2.
The superfluous is a veiy necessary thing.
Voltaire.
Superiority.
Not more the rose, the queen of flowers.
Out-blushes all the bloom of bovvers.
Than she unrivalled grace discloses
The sweetest rose, where all are roses.
Thomas Moore,
Of whom the world was not worthy.
Hebrews xi, j8.
Superstition.
A superstition, as its name imports, is some-
thing that has been left to stand over, like un-
SUPPLICATION
695
SYMBOLS
finished business, from one session of the world's
witenagemoU to the next.
James Rtissell Lowell : Witchcraft.
Superstition is to religion what astrology is to
astronomy : a very stupid daughter of a very
wise mother. Voltaire,
The less we know as to things that can be
done, the less skeptical are we as to things that
can not. Hence it is that sailors and gamblers,
though not over-remarkable for their devotion,
are even proverbial for their superstition. The
solution of this phenomenon is, that both these j
descriptions of men have so much to do with |
things beyond all possibility of being reduced
either to rule or to reason — the winds and the
waves, and the decisions of the dice-box.
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
Supplication.
King of majesty tremendous,
Who dost free salvation send us,
Save me, Source of love stupendous !
Think, O Jesus, kind and tender,
Why thou left'st thy throne of splendor.
Nor to death my soul surrender.
Me thou sought'st with travail sorest ;
Crown of thorns for me ihou worest ;
Be not vain the toil thou borest.
Thomas de Celano :
Dies Ira, translated by A. C. Kendrick.
Sappression.
And art made tongue-tied by authority.
Shakspeare : Sonnet Ixvi.
Surfeit.
I see how plenty surfeits oft.
And hasty climbers soonest fall ;
I see that such as sit aloft
Mishap doth threaten most of all ;
The>e get with toil and keep with fear ;
Such cares my mind could never bear.
H'illiam Byrd : My Mind to Me a Kingdom is.
Sarprise,
Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood.
Heaved the rocks, and changed the mighty
motion
Of the strong, dread currents of the ocean ;
Moved the hills, and shook the haughty wood ;
Crushed a little fern in soft, moist clay.
Covered it, and hid it safe away.
Oh, the long, long centuries since that day !
Oh, the changes ! Oh, life's bitter cost.
Since the little useless fern was lost !
Useless ? Lost ? There came a thoughtful man,
Searching Nature's secrets far and deep ;
From a fissure in a rocky steep
I ie withdrew a stone, o'er which there ran
Fairy pencillings, a quaint design —
Leafage, veining. fibres, clear and fine —
And the fern's life lay in every line.
So, I think, God hides some souls away.
Sweetly to surprise us the Last Day.
Mary L. Bolles Branch : The Petrified Fern.
Surroundings.
A man's dignity should be increased by his
house, and yet not wholly sought from it ; the
master ought not to be ennobled by the house,
but the house by the master. Cicero.
But every thing is not a thing, and all things
are good for nothing out of their natural habitat.
If the heroic Barnum had succeeded in trans-
planting Shakspeare's house to America, what
interest would it have had for us, torn out of its
appropriate setting in softly-hilled W'ar\vickshire,
which showed us that the most English of poets
must be born in the most English of counties?
Jami-s Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years Ago.
Stupioion.
.Suspicion always haunts the guilty mind ;
The thief doth fear each bush an officer.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
The losing side is full of suspicion.
Publitts Syrus.
StupidoTisness.
lie that accuses all mankind of corruption
ough* to remember that he is sure to convict
only one. hdmund Burke.
SurreiUanoe.
The eyes and ears of many will see and watch
you without your being aware, as they have
done already. Cicero.
Swearing.
From a common custom of swearing, men
easily slide into perjury ; therefore, if thou,
wouldst not be perjured, do not swear.
Uierocles.
Sycophancy.
A nod from a lord is a breakfast for a fool.
Scottish proverb.
In good King Charles's golden days.
When loyalty no harm meant,
A zealous high-churchman was I,
And so I got preferment.
To teach my flock I never missed :
Kings were by God appointed,
And lost are those that dare resist
Or touch the Lord's anointed.
And this is law that 1 'II maintain
Until my dying day, sir.
That whatsoever king shall reign,
Still J 11 be Vicar of Bray, sir.
Anonymous: The Vicar of Bray.
Many kiss the hand they wish cut off.
Spanish proverb.
To shake with laughter ere the jest they hear ;
To pour, at will, the counterfeited tear;
And, as their patron hints the cold or heat.
To shake in dog-days, in December sweat.
Samuel Johnson : London.
Syllables.
Syllables govern the world. John Selden.
Symbols.
It has often set me thinking, when I find that
I can always pick up plenty of empty nuts under
SYMMETRY
696
SYMPATHY
my shagbark-tree. The squirrels know them
by their lightness, and I have seldom seen one
with the marks of their teeth in it. What a
school-house is the world, if our wits would
only not play truant ! For I observe that men
set most store by Lrms and symbols in propor-
tion as they are mere shells. It is the outside
they want, not the kernel. What stores of such
do not many, who m material things are as
shrewd as squirrels, lay up for the spiritual
winter-supply of themselves and their children !
James Russell Lowell : Biglow Papers.
Symmetry.
The world of reality has its limits ; the world
of imagination is boundless. Not being able
to enlarge the one, let us contract the other ;
for it is from their difference alone that all the
evils arise which render us really unhappy.
Rousseau.
Sympathy.
And when all gallants ride about
These monuments to view,
Whereon is written, in and out,
,Thou traitorous and untrue ;
Then in a passion they shall pause,
And thus say, sighing sore,
" Alas ! he had too just a cause
Never to love thee more."
James Graham : My Dear and Only Love.
And we, with Nature's heart in tune.
Concerted harmonies.
Wiliiam Motherwell : Jeannie Morrison.
Hand
Grasps hand, eye lights eye in good friendship,
And great hearts expand.
And grow one in the sense of this world's life.
Robert Browning : Saul.
Hard things alone will not make a wall.
Latin proverb.
I am a part of all that I have met.
Alfred Tennyson : Ulysses.
I loved you, Evelyn, all the while ;
My heart seemed full as it could hold —
There was place and to spare for the frank
young s nile.
And the red young mouth, and the hair's
young gold.
So, hush ! I will give you this leaf to keep ;
See, I shut it inside the sweet, cold hand.
There, that is our secret ! go to sleep ;
You will wake, and remember, and under-
stand. Robert Browning : Evelyn Hop'.
Minds that have nothing to confer
Find little to perceive.
William Wordsworth : Yes, Thou art Fair.
Nothing more exposes us to madness than
distinguishing ourselves from others, and noth-
ing more contributes to our common-sense than
living in the common way with multitudes of
men. Goethe.
No man can make a speech alone. It is the
great human power that strikes up from a thou-
sand minds that acts upon him and makes the
speech. James A. Garfield.
No radiant pearl, which crested Fortune wears,
No gem, that twinkling hangs from Beauty's
ears.
Not the bright stars, which Night's blue arch
adorn,
Nor rising suns that gild the vernal morn.
Shine with such lustre as the tear that flows
Down Virtue's manly check for others' woes.
Erasmus Darwin : The Loves of the Plants.
No wonder the secret of our emotions escapes
the unsympathetic observer, who might as well
put on spectacles to discern odors. George Eliot.
O friends, I pray to-night.
Keep not your kisses for my dead, cold brow :
The way is lonely, let me feel them now.
Think gently of nie ; I am travel-worn ;
My faltering feet are pierced with many a thorn.
Forgive, O hearts estranged, forgive, I plead !
When dreamless rest is mine, I shall not need
The tenderness for which I long to-night.
Belle E. Smith : If I should Die To-night.
One touch of nature makes the whole world
kin. Shakspeare : Troilns and Cressida.
Pity the sorrows of a poor old man.
Whose trembling limbs have borne him to
your door.
Whose days are dwindled to the shortest span ;
Oh, give relief, and Heaven will bless your
store. 'J homas Moss : The Beggar.
When Envy's breath and rancorous tooth
Do soil and bite fair worth and truth.
And merit to distress betray.
To soothe the heart, Ann hath a way.
She hath a way to chase despair,
To heal all grief, to cure all care,
Turn foulest night to fairest day.
Thou know'st, fond heart, Ann hath a way —
She hath a way,
Ann Hathaway ;
To make grief bliss, Ann hath a way.
Ann Hathaway : Attributed to Shakspeare.
The few men who think in common with us
are much more necessary to us than the whole
of the rest of mankind ; they give strength and
tone to our principles. George Forster.
The man who melts with social sympathy
though not allied, is of more worth than a thou-
sand kinsmen. Eurtpdes.
The soul of music slumbers in the shell.
Till waked and kindled by the master's spell ;
And feeling hearts, touch them but rightly,
pour
A thousand melodies unheard before !
Samuel Rogers : Human Life.
The wound is for you, the sorrow is for me.
Charles IX.
When Liberty lives loud on every lip,
But Freedom moans.
SYMPATHY
697
SYMPATHY
Trampled by nations whose faint footfalls slip
Round bloody thrones ;
When, here and there, in dungeon and in
thrall.
Or exile pale,
Like torches dying at a funeral,
Brave natures fail ;
When Truth, the armed archangel, stretches
wide
God's tromp in vain,
And the world, drowsing, turns upon its side
To drowse again ;
O Man, whose course hath called itsejf sublime
Since it began,
What art thou in such dying age of time,
As man to man ?
Robert Bulwer-LyttoH : Progress.
When we were idlers with the loitering rills,
The need of human love we little noted :
Our love was Nature ; and the pfeace that
floated
On the white mist, and dwelt upon the hills,
To sweet accord subdued our wayward wills :
One soul was ours, one mind, one heart de-
voted.
That, wisely doting, asked not why it doted ;
And ours the unknown joy, which knowing
kills.
But now I find how dear thou wert to me :
That man is more than half of Nature's treas-
ure.
Of that fair beauty which no eye can see.
Of that sweet music which no ear can measure ;
And now the streams may sing for others' pleas-
ure,
The hills sleep on in their eternity.
Hartley Coleridge : To a Friend.
Not being untutored in suffering, I learn to
pity those in affliction. Virgil.
There should be no despair for you
While nightly stars arc burning ;
While evening pours its silent dew,
And sunshine gilds the morning.
There should be no. despair — though tears
May flow down like a river ;
Are not the best beloved of years
Around your heart forever ?
They weep, you weep— it must be so ;
Winds sigh as you are sighing ;
And winter shedi its grief in snow
Where autumn leaves are lying ;
Yet these revive, and from their fate
Your fate can not be parted ;
Then journey on, if not elate,
Stili never broken-hearted.
Emily Bronte : Sympathy.
A fellow-feeling makes one wondrous kind.
David Carrie k.
For wheresoever the carcass is, there will the
eagles be gathered together. Matthew xxiv, 2S.
O Nature, how fair is thy face.
And how light is thy heart, and how friendless
thy grace '
Thou false mistress of man ! thou dost sport
with him lightly
In his hours of ease and enjoyment ; and brightly
Dost thou smile to his smile ; to his joys thou
inclinest.
But his sorrows, thou knowest them not, nor
divinest.
While he woos, thou art wanton ; thou lettest
him love thee ;
But thou art not his friend, for his grief can not
move thee ;
And at last, when he sickens and dies, what
dost thou ?
AH as gay are thy garments, as careless thy
brow.
And thou laughest and toyest with any new-
comer,
Not a tear more for winter, a smile less for sum-
mer !
Hast thou never an anguish to heave the heart
under
That fair breast of thine, O thou feminine won-
der!
For all those — the young, and th© fair, and the
strong,
Who have loved thee, and lived with thee gayly
and long,
And who now on thy bosom lie dead ? and their
deeds
And their days are forgotten ! Oh, hast thou no
weeds.
And not one year of mourning— one out of the
many
That deck thy new bridals forever — nor any
Regrets for thy lost loves, concealed from the
new,
O thou widow of earth's generations? Go to !
If the sea and the night-wind know aught of
these things.
They do not reveal it. We are not thy kings.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Who can tell what we owe to the Mutual
Admiration Society of which Shakspcare, and
Ben Jonson, and Beaumont and Fletcher, were
members? Or to that of which Addison and
Steele formed the centre, and which gave us
the Spectator ? Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table.
I am of a constitution so general, that it
consorts and sympathizeth with all things. I
have no antipathy, or rather idiosyncrasy, in
anything. Those natural repugnancies do not
touch me, nor do I behold with prejudice the
French, Italian, Spaniard, or Dutch.
it> Thomas Browtu : Religio Medici.
TACT
698
TEACHING
T.
Tact.
Grant graciously what you can not refuse
safely, and conciliate those you can not con-
quer. Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
Never join with your friend when he abuses
his horse or his wife, unless the one is about to
be sold and the other to be buried.
Caleb C. Colton : Lacon.
Tale-bearing.
People who tell a secret do a wrong even to
those who listen to it ; for we naturally feel as
much dislike for those who have been told what
we did not wish them to know as for those who
tell it. Hiero.
Talent.
An ounce of mother-wit is worth a pound of
school-wit. German.
Talents are distributed by Nature without re-
gard to genealogies. Frederick the Great.
Talent takes the existing moulds, and makes
its castings, better or worse, of richer or baser
metal, according to knack and opportunity ;
but genius is always shaping new ones, and runs
the man in them, so that there is always a hu-
man feel in its results which gives us a kindred
thrill. James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Talkativeness.
The talkative listen to no one, for they are
ever speaking. And the first evil that attends
those who know not to be silent, is that they
hear nothing. Plutarch.
Talking.
I profess not talking ; only this.
Let each man do his best.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
The noisiest streams are the shallowest.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Then he will talk — good gods ! how he will
talk ! Nathaniel Lee : Alexander the Great.
To talk without effort, is after all, the great
charm of talking.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
In general, the current remark upon men is
valid also with respect to women — that those,
for the most part, are the greatest thinkers who
are the least talkers ; as frogs cease to croak when
light is brought to the water's edge. However,
in fact, the disproportionate talking of women
arises out of the sedentariness of their labors :
sedentary artisans, as tailors, shoemakers, weav-
ers, have this habit as well as hypochondriacal
tendencies in common with women. Richter.
With thee conversing I forget all time.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Little-minded people's thoughts move in such
small circles that five minutes' conversation gives
you an arc long enough to determine their whole
curve. An arc in the movement of a large intel-
lect does not sensibly differ from a straight line.
Even if it have the third vowel as its center, it
does not too soon betray itself.
Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table.
Tasks.
I attempt a difficult task, but there is nothing
noble that is not arduous. Ovid.
What do we here who, v/ith reverted eyes,
Turn back our longing from the modern air
To the dim gold of long-evanished skies.
When other songs in other mouths were fair ?
Why do we stay the load of life to bear,
To measure still the weary, worldly ways,
Wailing upon the still recurring sun,
That ushers in another waste of days.
Of roseless Junes and unenchanted Mays?
Why, but because our task is yet undone ?
Songs have we sung, and many melodies
Have from our lips had issue rich and rare ;
But never yet the conquering chant did rise.
That should ascend the very heaven's stair,
To rescue life from anguish and despair.
Oft and again, drunk with delight of lays,
" Lo ! " have we cried, " this is the golden one
That shall deliver us ! " — Alas ! Hope's rays
Die in the distance, and life's sadness stays.
Why, but because our task is yet undone?
John Payne: Ballad.
Taste.
It is the essence of good taste to do that
which is consistent with our position.
Latin saying.
In art there is a point of perfection, as of
goodness or maturity in nature : he vho is able
to perceive it, and who loves it, has perfect taste ;
he who does not feel it, or loves on this side or
on that, has an imperfect taste. La Bruyere.
Taste is the soul's literary conscience.
Joseph Joubert.
Taverns.
A tavern is a rendezvous, the exchange, the
staple of good fellows. I have heard my great-
grandfather tell, how his great-great-grandfather
should say, that it was an old proverb when his
great-grandfather was a child, that "it was a
good wind that blew a man to the wine."
Mother Bombie.
Whoe'er has travelled life's dull round,
Where'er his stages may have been,
May sigh to think he still has found
The warmest welcome in an inn.
William Shenstone :
Lines written in an Inn at Henley.
Teaching.
Delightful task ! to rear the tender thought.
To teach the young idea how to shoot.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
TEARS
699
TERROR
lean.
O father, what a hell of witchcraft lies
In the small orb of one particular tear !
Shakspeare : A Lover' ^ Complaint.
Oh, let not women's weapons, water-drops,
Stain thy man's cheeks.
Shakspeare • King Lear.
There is even in misfortunes a pleasure to
mortals while they weep and shed tears. This
assuages giief, and is wont to relieve the excess-
ive pangs of the heart. Ovid.
TedionsneBS.
There are men that it weakens one to talk
with an hour, more than a day's fasting would
do. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
Temperance.
A man may choose whether he will have ab-
stemiousness and knowledge or claret and igno-
rance. Samttel Johnson.
Call things by their right names. Glass of
brandy and water ! That is the current but
not the appropriate name : ask for a glass of
liquid fire and distilled damnation !
Robert Hall.
I can not live with a man whose palate has
quicker sensations than his heart. Cato.
The cups that cheer but not inebriate.
William Cowper : The Task.
Though I look old, yet I am strong and lusty,
For in my youth I never did apply
Hot and rebellious liquors in my blood.
Therefore my age is as a lusty winter.
Frosty, but kindly.
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
Tempest.
The Storm is abroad in the mountains ! He
fills
The crouched hollows and all the oracular hills
With dread voices of power. A roused million
or more
Of wild echoes reluctantly rise from their hoar
Immemorial ambush, and roll in the wake
Of the cloud, whose reflection leaves vivid the
lake ;
And the wind, that wild robber, for plunder de-
scends
From invisible lands, o'er those black mountain
ends ,-
He howls as he hounds down his prey ; and his
lash
Tears the hair of the timorous, wan mountain-
ash.
That clings to the rocks, with her garments all
torn.
Like a woman in fear ; then he blows his hoarse
horn
And is off, the fierce guide of destruction and
terror.
Up the desolate heights, 'mid an intricate error
Of mountain and mist. There is war in the
skies !
Lo ! the black-winged legions of tempest arise
O'er those sharp splintered rocks that are gleam-
ing below
In the soft light, so fair and so fatal, as though
Some seraph burned through them, the thun-
derbolt searching
Which the black cloud unbosomed just now.
Lo ! the lurching
And shivering pine-trees, like phantoms, that
seem
To waver above, in the dark ; and yon stream,
How it hurries and roars, on its way to the
white
And paralyzed lake there, appalled at the sight
Of the things seen in heaven !
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Temptation.
It is when the wind is blowing that we see
the skin of the fowl. Haytian proverb.
Tendency.
Yet man is born unto trouble, as the sparks
fly upward. Job v, 7.
Tendemeee.
A bruised reed shall he not break, and the
smoking flax shall he not quench. Isaiah xlii,j.
He shall come down like rain upon the mown
grass. J'salm Ixxii, 6.
It seems to me it's the same with love and
happiness as with sorrow — the more we know of
it the better we can feel what other people's
lives are or might be, and so we shall only be
the more tender to 'em, and wishful to help '6m.
George Eliot.
The great man is he who does not lose his
child-heart. To keep tenderness I pronounce
strength. Chinese.
Terror.
The sense of death is most in apprehension ;
And the poor beetle, that we tread upon.
In corporal sufferance finds a pang as great
As when a giant dies.
Shakspeare: Measure for Measure.
Man is bom on a battle-field. Round him, to
rend
Or resist, the dread Powers he displaces attend,
By the cradle which Nature, amid the stern
shocks
That have shattered creation, and shapen it,
rocks.
He leaps with a wail into being ; and lo !
His own mother, fierce Nature herself, is his
foe.
Her whirlwinds are roused into wrath o'er his
head :
'Neath his feet roll her earthquakes : her soli-
tudes spread
To daunt him : her forces dispute his com-
mand :
Her snows fall to freeze him : her suns bum to
brand :
Her seas yawn to engulf him : her rocks rise to
cmsh :
THANKFULNESS
700
THOUGHT
And the lion and leopard, allied, lurk to rush
On the startled invader. In lone Malabar,
Where the infinite forest spreads breathless and
far,
'Mid the cniel of eye and the stealthy of claw
(Striped and spotted destroyers !) he sees, pale
with awe.
On the menacing edge of a fiery sky,
Grim Doorga, blue-limbed and red-handed, go
by,
And the first thing he worships is Terror. Anon,
Still impelled by necessity hungrily on,
He conquers the realms of his own self-reliance.
And the last cry of fear wakes the first of defi-
ance.
From the serpent he crushes its poisonous soul :
Smitten down in his path see the dead lion roll !
On toward heaven the son of Alcmena strides
high on
The heads of the hydra, the spoils of the lion :
And man, conquering terror, is worshipped by
man. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : LuciU.
Thankfulness.
Kept by thy goodness through the day,
Thanksgivings to thy name we pour ;
Night o'er us, with its tears, we pray
Thy love to guard us evermore !
In grief console — in gladness bless —
In darkness guide — in sickness cheer —
Till, in the Saviour's righteousness,
Before thy throne our souls appear !
Thomas Miller : An Evening Hymn.
Thanks.
Beggar that I am, I am poor even in thanks.
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Evermore thanks, the exchequer of the poor.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
Theatre, The.
The theatre has often been at variance with
the pulpit ; they ought not, I think, to quarrel.
How much is it to be wished that, in both, the
celebration of Nature and of God were en-
trusted to none but men of noble minds ! Goethe.
Themes.
Ye writers, choose a subject fitted to your
strength, and ponder long what your shoulders
refuse to bear and what they are able to support.
He who has hit upon a subject suited to his
powers will never fail to find eloquent words and
lucid arrangement. Horace.
Theology.
It is unwise to insist on doctrinal points as
vital to religion. The Bread of Life is whole-
some and sufficing in itself, but gulped down
with these kickshaws cooked up by theologians,
it is apt to produce an indigestion ; nay, even at
last an incurable dyspepsia of skepticism.
James Russell Lowell.
Thinkers.
Beware when thegreat God lets loose a thinker
on this planet. Then all things are at risk.
Ralph Waldo Emerson : Intellect.
Thinking.
There is nothing either good or bad, but
thinking makes it so. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
One of the many ways of classifying minds
is under the heads of arithmetical and algebrai-
cal intellects. All economical and practical wis-
dom is an extension or variation of the follow-
ing arithmetical formula : 2-1-2 = 4. Every
philosophical proposition has the more general
character of the expression a -\- b ^=^c. We are
mere operatives, empirics, and egotists until we
learn to think in letters instead of figures.
Oliz er Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table.
Thoronghness.
War to the knife !
Palafox.
There is one class of minds who think about
things, another who strive to understand them
in themselves, according to the essential prop-
erties of their nature. Schelling.
Thought.
Almost all difficulties may be got the better
of by prudent thought, revolving and pondering
much in the mind. Marcellinus.
All our dignity lies in our thoughts. Pascal.
A thought is often original though you have
uttered it a thousand times. It has come to you
over a new route by a new and express train of
associations. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
For just experience tells, in every soil.
That those that think must govern those that
toil. Oliver Goldsmith : The Traveller.
Guard well thy thought ; our thought is heard
in heaven. Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
My thoughts are my own possession ; my acts
may be limited by my country's laws.
George Forster.
Notions may be imported by books from
abroad ; ideas must be grown at home by
thought. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Thought is the property of him who can en-
tertain it, and of him who can adequately place
it. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Thou wert a beautiful thought, and softly
bodied forth. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
They are never alone that are accompanied
by noble thoiights.
Sir Philip Sidney : Arcadia.
Thinkers are as scarce as gold ; but he whose
thought embraces all his subject, who pursues it
uninterruptedly and fearless of consequences, is
a diamond of enormous size. I avater.
To their own second and sober thoughts.
Mattluw Henry : Exposition of Job.
THOUGHTFULNESS
701
TIME
Thoughts shut up want air,
And spoil, like bales unopened to the sun.
Edioard Young: Night Thoughts.
Whatever we conceive well we express clear-
ly, and words flow with ease. Boileau.
Who think too little, and who talk too much.
John Dryden : Absalom and Achilophd.
With curious art the brain, too finely wrought.
Preys on herself, and is destroyed by thought.
CharUs Churchill: Epistle.
Though this be madness, yet there's method
in it. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Guard well thy thought ; our thoughts are
heard in heaven.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
People are apt to confound mere alertness of
mind with attention. The one is but the flying
abroad of all the faculties to the open doors and
windows at every passing rumor . the other is
the concentration of every one of them in a
single focus, as in the alchemist over his alem-
bic at the moment of expected projection.
James Kussell Lowell : The Bigloxv Papers.
ThoaghtfalneM.
Stop not, unthinking, every friend you meet,
To spin your wordy fabric in the street ;
While you are emptying your colloquial pack,
The fiend Lumbago jumps upon his back.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : A Rhymed Lesson.
Consideration like an angel came, and whipped
the ofivnding Adam out of him.
Shakspeare : Henry V.
Thoughtlessness.
lint evil is wrought by want of thought.
As well as want of heart
Thomas Hood : The Lady's Dream.
As men are unable to find a remedy for death,
misery, and ignorance, they have bethought
themselves, as the next best thing, if they are to
have happiness, not to think of them. Pascal.
We bleed, we tremble, we forget, we smile —
The mind lums fool before the cheek is dry.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
For want of a nail the shoe was lost ; for
want of a shoe the horse was lost ; for want of
a horse the rider was lost.
George Herbert : Jacula Prudentum.
Thrift.
God speed thee, pretty bird ! May thy small
nest
With little ones all in good time be blest.
I love thee much ;
For. well thou managest that life of thine,
While I — oh, ask not what I do with mine !
Would I were such !
Jane Welch Carlyle :
On a Swallow building under our Eaves.
Thunder.
What mind is unawed, what limbs do not
tremble, when the parched earth shakes with
the fearful peal of thunder, and the whole
heaven re-echoes with the noise ? Do not peo-
ple and nations stand horror-struck, and proud
kings tremble at their approaching doom, lest
the hour of vengeance should have arrived for
their deeds and vaunting words? Lucretius.
Tidings.
As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good
news from a far country. Proverbs xxv, ^j.
Though it be honest, it is never good
To bring bad news : give to a gracious message
An host of tongues ; but let ill tidings tell
Themselves, when they be felt.
Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
What joy is better than the news of friends
Whose memories were a solace to me oft.
As mountain-baths to wild fowls in their flight?
Robert Browning : Paracelsus.
Time.
Dear Lord ! my heart is sick
Of this perpetual lapsing time.
So slow in grief, in joy so quick.
Yet ever casting shadows so sublime :
Time of all creatures is least like to thee,
And yet it is our share of thine eternity.
Ercderick IV. Faber : The Eternity of Gcd.
Dost thou love life? Then do not .squander
time, for that is the stufl" life is made of.
Benjamin Franklin : Poor Richard.
For a thousand years in thy sight are but as
yesterday when it is past. Psalm xc, 4.
For time has bent me downward, a cunning
craftsman no doubt, but making all things
weaker. Crates.
Hold fast by the present.
Goethe.
I a.sked my Bible, and methinks it said :
" Time is the present hour, the past has fled ;
Live ! live to-day ! to-morrow never yet
On any human being rose or set."
1 asked old Father Time himself at last.
But in a moment he flew swiftly past ;
His chariot was a cloud, the viewless wind
His noiseless steeds, which left no trace behind.
I a.sked the mighty angel who shall stand
One foot on sea and one on solid land :
" Mortal ! " he cried, " the mystery now is o'er ;
Time was, time is, but time shall be no more !"
William Marsden : What is Time ?
I consider time as a treasure increasing every
night ; and that which every day diminishes
soon perishes forever. Sir William Jones.
My days are swifter than a weaver's shuttle.
Job vii, 6.
Roll round, strange years ; swift seasons, come
and go ;
Ye leave upon us but an outward sign ;
Ye can not touch the inward and divine,
While God alone does know ;
TIME
702
TIME
There sealed till summers, winters, all shall
cease
In his deep peace.
Dinah Mulock Craik : Summer Gone.
Time flies and draws us with it. The mo-
ment in which I am speaking is already far
from me. Boileau.
Time is a hoary artisan, my friend ; it takes
pleasure to change all things for the worse.
Diphilus.
Revolutions sweep
O'er earth, like troubled visions o'er the breast
Of dreaming Sorrow ; cities rise and sink
Like bubbles on the water ; fiery isles
Spring blazing from the ocean, and go back
To their mysterious caverns ; mountains rear
To heaven their bald and blackened cliffs, and
bow
Their tall heads to the plain ; new empires rise.
Gathering the strength of hoary centuries,
And rush down like the Alpine avalanche,
Startling the nations ; and the very stars.
Yon bright and burning blazonry of God,
Glitter awhile in their eternal depths,
And, like the Pleiad, loveliest of their train,
Shoot from their glorious spheres, and pass
away
To darkle in the trackless void. Yet, Time,
Time, the tomb-builder, holds his fierce career.
Dark, stern, all-pitiless, and pauses not
Amid the mighty wrecks that strew his path.
To sit and muse, like other conquerors.
Upon the fearful nun he has wrought.
George Denison Prentice : The Closing Year.
Lose an hour in the morning, and you will be
all day hunting for it. Sir Charles Weiherell.
Here in the body pent,
Absent from Him I roam.
Yet nightly pitch my moving tent
A day's-march nearer home.
James Montgomery : At Home in Heaven.
Nobody has ever been able to change to-day
into to-morrow, or into yesterday ; and yet
everybody who has much energy of character
is trying to do one or the other.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Now ! — it is gone. Our brief hours travel post.
Each with his thought or deed, its Why or
How ;
But know, each parting hour gives up a ghost,
To dwell within thee — an eternal Now !
Samuel T. Coleridge: For a lime-piece.
Lo, here hath been dawning
Another blue day :
Think, wilt thou let it
Slip useless away?
Out of eternity
This new day is born ;
Into eternity.
At night, will return.
Behold it aforetime
No eye ever did ;
So soon it forever
From all eyes is hid.
Here hath been dawning
Another blue day :
Think, wilt thou let it
Slip useless away ?
Thomas Carlyle : To-day.
The iron tongue of midnight hath told twelve.
Shakspearc : Midsummer-Night' s Dream.
The bell strikes one. We take no note of time.
But from its loss.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
This narrow isthmus 'twixt two boundless seas.
The past, the future, two eternities !
Thomas Moore : Lalla Rookh.
The inaudible and noiseless foot of Time.
Shakspeare : All's Well that Ends Well.
Those that dare lose a day are dangerously
prodigal ; those that dare misspend it, desper-
ate. Joseph Hall.
Time has a forelock, but is bald behind.
Latin proverb .
Time is no agent, as some people appear to
think, that it should accomplish anything of it-
self. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Time rolls his ceaseless course.
Walter Scott : Lady of the Lake.
Time shoots wrinkles, as the Parthian his
lance — in his flight. Anonymous.
Time, with its mighty strides, will soon reach
a future generation, and leave the present in
death and forgetfulness behind it.
Thomas Chalmers.
'Tis greatly wise to talk with our past hours.
And ask them what report they bore to heaven.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
Too late I stayed — forgive the crime !
Unheeded flew the hours ;
How noiseless falls the foot of Time
That only treads on flowers !
And who with clear account remarks
The ebbings of his glass,
When all its sands are diamond-sparks,
That dazzle as they pass ?
Oh, who to sober measurement
Time's happy swiftness brings,
When birds-of-paradise have lent
Their plumage to his wings ?
William R. Spencer : Too Late / Stayed.
Youth is not rich in time — it may be poor ;
Part with it as with money, sparing ; pay
No moment but with purchase of its worth ;
And what it's worth, ask death-beds — they can
tell. Edward Young; Night Thoughts,
TIMELINESS
7«3
T^MIS
Timeliness.
Take no thought for the morrow, for the mor-
row shall take thought for the things of itself.
Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof.
Matthew vi, J4.
There is a tide in the affairs of men which,
taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
Shakspeare : Julius Casar.
Time's changes.
Where are the Marys, and Anns, and Elizas,
Loving and lovely of yore ?
Look in the columns of old Advertisers —
Married and dead by the score.
O. IV. Holmes : Questions and Answers.
Unmoved she lay
Beyond Life's dim, uncertain river,
A glorious mould of fading clay,
From whence the spark had fled forever !
I gazed — my heart was like to burst —
And, as I thought of years departed —
The years wherein I saw her first,
When she, a girl, was lightsome hearted—
And as I mused on later days.
When moved she in her matron duty,
A happy mother, in the blaze
Of ripened hope and sunny beauty —
I felt the chill — I turned aside —
Bleak Desolation's cloud came o'er me ;
And Being seemed a troubled tide,
Whose wrecks in darkness swam before me !
David M. Aloir : Time's Changes.
Timidity.
Letting I dare not wait upon I would.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
It is not because things are difficult that we
do not dare attempt them, but they are difficult
because we do not dare attempt them. Seneca.
So bright the tear in beauty's eye,
Love half regrets to kiss it dry ;
So sweet the blush of bashfulness.
Even pity scarce can wish it less.
Lord Byron : The Bride 0/ Abydos.
Tippling.
'Tis by the glow my bumper gives
Life's picture 's mellow made ;
The fading light then brightly lives,
And softly sinks the shade ;
Some happier tint still rises there
With every drop I drain,
And that I think s a reason fair
To fill my glass again.
My Muse, too, when her wings are dry,
No frolic flight will take ;
But round a bowl she'll dip and fly,
Like swallows round a lake.
Then, if the nymph will have her share
Before she'll bless her swain.
Why. that I think 's a reason fair
To fill my glass again.
Charles Morris : Reasons for Drinking.
TitlM.
Albeit ne flattery did corrupt her truth,
Ne pompous title did debauch her ear ;
Goody, good-woman, gossip, n'aunt, forsooth.
Or dame, the sole additions she did hear ;
Yet these she challenged, these she held right
dear:
Ne would esteem him act as mought behove.
Who should not honoured eld with these revere ;
For never title yet so mean could prove,
But there was eke a mind which did that title
love.
William Shenstone : The Schoolmistress.
Tobacco.
Sublime tobacco ! which from East to West
Cheers the tar s labor or the Turkman's rest.
Divine in hookahs, glorious in a pipe.
When tipped with amber, mellow, rich, and
ripe ;
Like other charmers, wooing the caress
More dazzlingly when daring in full dress ;
Yet thy true lovers more admire by far
Thy naked beauties. — Give me a cigar !
Lord Byron : The Island.
Yes, social friend, I love thee well,
In learned doctor's spite ;
Thy clouds all other clouds dispel,
And lap me in delight.
Charles Sprague : To my Cigar.
To^y.
Defer not till to-morrow to be wise ;
To-morrow's sun to thee may never rise.
IVilliam Congreve : Letter to Cobham.
Do not crouch to-day, and worship
The old Past whose life is fled ;
Hush your voice with tender reverence ;
Crowned he lies, but cold and dead :
For the Present reigns our monarch.
With an added weight of hours :
Honor her, for she is mighty !
Honor her. for she is ours !
Adelaide A . Procter : The Present.
Tolerance.
I look on, and hold my tongue about many
things, because I would not disturb others in
their faith or enjoyment, and am content that
they should find pleasure in what is distasteful
to me. Goethe.
They who boast of tolerance merely give
others leave to be as careless about religion as
they are themselves. A walnis might as well
pride itself on its endurance of cold.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Toleration, moreover, is something that is
won, not granted. It is the equilibrium of neu-
tralized forces. James Russell Lowell :
New England Two Centut ies ago.
Tombs.
The grave should be surrounded by every-
thing that might inspire tenderness and venera-
tion for the dead, or that might win the living
to virtue. It is a place not of disgust and dis-
may, but of sorrow and meditation.
Washington Irving : Sketch'Book.
TO-MORROW
704
TRANSITORINESS
Oh ! make her a grave where the sunbeams
rest,
When they promise a glorious morrow.
They'll shine o'er her sleep, like a smile from
the west.
From her own loved island of sorrow !
Thomas Moore : She is far from the Land.
The house appointed for all living.
Job XXX, 2J.
There the wicked cease from troubling ; and
there the weai7 be at rest. Job Hi, fj.
To-morrow.
No one has ever found the gods so much his
friend that he can promise himself another day.
Seneca.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow.
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle !
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Tongue, The.
My tongue is the pen of a ready writer.
Psalm xlv, I.
The tongue can no man tame ; it is an unruly
evil. James Hi, 8.
Too late.
And is it too late ?
No ! for Time is a fiction, and limits not fate.
Thought alone is eternal, Time thralls it in
vain.
For the thought that springs upward and yearns
to regain
The pure source of spirit, there is no Too LATE.
Robert Buhver-Lytton : Lucile.
Towns.
God made the country, and man made the
town. William Cowper : The Task.
Towns are the sink of the human race. At
the end of some generations races perish or de-
generate ; it is necessary to renew them, and it
is always the country that furnishes this re-
newal. Rousseau.
Trade.
The philosopher and lover of man have much
harm to say of trade ; but the historian will see
that trade has the principle of liberty ; that
trade planted America and destroyed feudalism ;
that it makes peace and keeps peace.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Tradition.
There is only one thing better than tradition,
and that is the original and eternal life out of
which all tradition takes its rise.
James Russell Lowell : Thoreau.
We prate about the old paths, while we for-
get that paths were made for men that men
might walk in them, and not stand still, and try
in vain to stop the way. Charles Kingsley.
Tragedy.
If mischief befall him by the way in which
ye go, then shall ye bring down my gray hairs
witli sorrow to the grave. Genesis xlii, j8.
Tragedy openeth the greatest wounds and
showeth forth the ulcers that are covered with
tissue. Sir Philip Sidney.
Training.
Children, for many reasons, should not learn
life from a copy sooner than from the original.
Instead, therefore, of being in a hurry to put
books into their hands, we should make them
gr.adually acquainted with things and human
relations. Schopenhauer.
He should be well trained in his habits who
is to study aright things beautiful and just, and,
in short, all moral subjects. Aristotle.
To communicate our feelings and sentiments
is natural : to take up what is communicated,
just as it is communicated, is culture. Goethe.
Train up a child in the way he should go, and
when he is old he will not depart from it.
Proverbs xxii, 6.
Tranqnillity.
Death will have rainbows round it, seen
Through calm Contrition's tears.
If tranquil Hope but trims her lamp
At the eternal years.
Frederick William Faber : The Eternal Years.
Happy the man who, unknown to the world,
lives content with himself in some retired nook ;
whom the love of this nothing called Fame has
never intoxicated with its vain smoke ; who
makes all his pleasure dependent on his liberty
of action, and gives an account of his leisure to
no one but himself. Boileau.
Let me have what I now have, or even less ;
and may I live for myself the remainder of my
life, whatever time the gods grant me : give me
a plenteous store of books and a competence ;
let me not oscillate between hope and fear, anx-
iously looking to the future Horace.
We place a happy life in tranquillity of mind.
Cicej'o.
Transcendentalism.
The word " transcendental " then was the
maid-of-all-work for those who could not think,
as " pre-Raphaelite " has been more recently for
people of the same limited housekeeping.
James Russell Lowell : Thoreau.
Transitoriness.
All our strong feelings, like ghosts, hold sway
only up to a certain hour ; and if a man would
always say to himself, " This passion, this grief,
this rapture will in three days certainly be gone
from this soul," then would he become more
and more tranquil and composed. Richter.
For here we have no continuing city, but we
seek one to come. Hebrews xiii, 14..
TRAVEL
705
TREACHERY
Gather ye rose-buds while ye may,
Old Time is still a-flying,
And this same flower, that smiles to-day,
To-morrow will be dying.
/ Robert Herri ck :
To the Virgins, to make much of Time.
I sought for death, and found it in the wombe ;
I lookt for life, and yet it was a shade ;
I trade the ground, and knew it was my tombe,
And now I die, and now I am but made.
The glass is full, and yet my glass is run ;
And now I live, and now my life is done !
Chediock Tichebome.
Love not ! love not, ye hapless sons of clay !
Hope's gayest wreaths are made of earthly
flowers —
Things that are made to fade and fall away,
Ere they have blossomed for a few short
hours. Caroline Norton : Love Not.
Man wants but little ; nor that little long ;
How soon he must resign his very dust.
Which frugal Nature lent him for an hour !
Edroard Young: Night Thoughts.
The fashion of this world passeth away.
/ Corinthians vii, ji.
We are not sure of sorrow.
And joy was never sure ;
To-day will die to-morrow ;
Time stoops to no man's lure ;
And love, grown faint and fretful.
With lips but half regretful,
Sighs, and with eyes forgetful
Weeps that no loves endure.
Algernon Charles Swinburne :
'J he Garden of Proserpine.
Many a light, hailed by too careless observers
as a fixed star, has proved to be only a short-
lived lantern at the tail of a newspaper kite.
James Russell Lowell : Carlyle.
Where be your gibes now? your gambols?
your songs? your flashes of merriment, that
were wont to set the table in a roar?
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
What's man in all his boast of sway ?
Perhaps the tyrant of a day.
John Gay : Fables.
Sun and sky, and breeze, and solitary walks,
and summer holidays, and the greenness of
fields, and the delicious juices of meats and
fishes, and society, and the cheerful glass, and
candle-light, and fireside conversations, and in-
nocent vanities, and jests, andirony itself— do
these things go out with life ?
Charles Lamb : New - Year's Eve.
TraveL
Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.
Shakspeare : Two Gentlemen of Verotia.
It is to know things that one has need to
travel, and not men. Those force us to come
to them, but these come to us — sometimes
whether we will or no.
James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
Oft has it been my lot to mark
A proud, conceited, talking spark.
With eyes that hardly served at most
To guard their master 'gainst a post.
Yet round the world the blade has been
To see whatever could be seen.
Returning from his finished tour.
Grown ten times perter than before ;
Whatever word you chance to drop,
The travelled fool your mouth will stop.
James Merrick : The Chameleon.
The fault of modem travellers is that they
see nothing out of sight.
James Russell Lowell : At Sea.
Many shall run to and fro, and knowlege shall
be increased. Daniel xii, 4.
Three days of uninterrupted company in a
vehicle will make you better acquainted with
another than one hour's conversation with him
every day for three years. iMvater.
It has passed into a scornful proverb, that it
needs good optics to see what is not to be seen ;
and yet I should be inclined to say that the first
e.ssential of a good traveller was to be gifted
with eyesight of precisely that kind.
James Russell Lowell :
Cambridge Thirty Years ago.
Far countries he can safest visit who is him-
self doughty, Beowulf.
A ivise traveller never despises his own coun-,
try. Goldoni.
I am of this mind with Homer, that a.s the
snaile that crept out of her shel was turned
eftsoones into a toad, and thereby was forced to
make a stoole to sit on ; so the traveller that
stragleth from his owne country is in a short
time transformed into so monstrous a shape,
that he is fainc to alter his mansion with his
manners, and to live where he can, not where
he would. Ly/y's Euphucs.
I had read in the works of various philoso-
phers that all animals degenerated in America,
and man among the number. A great man of
Europe, thought I, must therefore be as supe-
rior to a great man of America, as a peak of the
Alps to a highland of the Hudson ; and in this
idea I was confirmed, by observing the com-
parative importance a)id swelling magnitude of
many English travellers among us, who, I was
assured, were very little people in their own
country, Washington Irving : Sketch-Book.
Travelling makes a man sit still in his old
age with satisfaction, and travel over the world
again in his chair and bed by discourse and
thoughts.
Richard Lassels : The Voyage of Italy.
Treachery.
This was the most unkindest cut of all,
Shakspeare : Julius Caesar.
TREASON
706
TROUBLE
Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more !
Men were deceivers ever.
Shakspeare : Much Ado about Nothing.
Treason.
Treason doth never prosper — what's the reason ?
Why, if it prosper, none dare call it treason.
Sir John Harrington : Epigrams, Book iv.
Treasures.
None are so desolate but something dear,
Dearer than self, possesses or possessed.
Lord Byron : Ckilde Harold.
The pleasant books, that silently among
Our household treasures take familiar places.
And are to us as if a living tongue
Spake from the printed leaves or pictured
faces.
Henry W. Longfellow : Seaside and Fireside.
Where your treasure is, there will your heart
be also. Matthe70 m, 21.
Trees.
Trees have about them something beautiful
r-nd attractive even to the fancy, since they can
not change their places, are witnesses of all the
changes that take place around them ; and as
some reach a great age they become, as it were,
historical monuments, and like ourselves they
have a life, growing and passing away — not be-
ing inanimate and unvarying — like the fields
and rivers. Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Besides, where trees grow there human' sym-
pathy lingers. With the trees you leave the sights
and sounds and sentiments of life.
George William Curtis: Lotus-Eating.
Trial.
Thou art weighed in the balances and found
wanting. Daniel v, 27.
Every man has a rainy comer of his life, out
of which foul weather proceeds, and follows
after him. Richter.
For the noblest man that lives there still re-
mains a conflict.
James A. Garjield : Oration on Lincoln.
I have sometimes thought that we can not
know any man thoroughly well while he is in
perfect health. As the ebb-tide discloses the
real lines of the shore and the bed of the sea,
so feebleness, sickness, and pain bring out the
real character of a man. For years he pushed
away the hand that was reaching for his heart-
strings, and bravely worked on until the last
hour. I do not doubt that his will and cheer-
ful courage prolonged his life many years.
James A. Garjield.
Many minds that have withstood the most
severe trials have been broken down by a suc-
cession of ignoble cares. Lady Blessington.
Sorrows and reverses spring up independently
of external circumstances, and Heaven has dealt
them out so wisely to man that those who are
to outward appearance most highly favored by
fortune are yet not on that account more ex-
empt from the causes that originate inward
pain. Wilhelm von Humboldt.
The rose does not bloom without thorns.
True ; but would that the thorns did not outlive
the rose ! Richter.
Tribulation.
I am exceeding joyful in all our tribulation.
// Corinthians vii 4.
Trifles.
A verse may find him who a sermon flies.
And turn delight into a sacrifice.
George Herbert : The Church Porch.
Behold also the ships, which, though they be
so great, and are driven of fierce winds, yet are
they turned about with a very small helm,
whithersoever the governor listeth. James Hi, 4.
Tritimph.
I know there shall dawn a day —
Is it here on the homely earth?
Is it yonder, worlds away,
Where the strange and the new have birth,
That power comes full in play ?
Somewhere, below, above.
Shall a day dawn — this I know —
When power, which vainly strove
My weakness to overthrow.
Shall triumph. 1 breathe, I move.
I truly am, at last !
For a veil is rent between
Me and the truth which passed
Fitful, half-guessed, half seen.
Grasped at, not gained, held fast.
Robert Browning : Reverie.
As one who long hath fled with panting breath
Before his foe, bleeding and near to fall,
I turn and set my back against the wall,
And look thee in the face, triumphant Death.
I call for aid, and no one answereth ;
I am alone with thee, who conquerest all ;
Yet me thy threatening form doth not appall.
For thou art but a phantom and a wraith.
Wounded and weak, sword broken at the hilt.
With armor shattered, and without a shield,
I stand unmoved ; do with me what thou wilt ;
I can resist no more, but will not yield.
This is no tournament where cowards tilt ;
The vanquished here is victor of the field.
Henry W. Longfellow : Victor and Vanquished.
Trouble.
Man is bom to trouble as the sparks fly up-
ward. Job V, 7.
Never hunt trouble. However dead a shot
one may be, the gun he carries on such expe-
ditions is sure to kick or go off half-cocked.
Artemus Ward.
Trouble brings trouble to trouble. Sophocles.
TRUCKLING
707
TRUST
Truckling.
In a bondman's key,
With bated breath, and whispering humbleness.
Shal'speare : Merchant of Venice.
Trae-heartedness.
Oh, blessed with temper, whose unclouded ray
Can make to-morrow cheerful as to-day ;
She who can love a sister's charms, or hear
Sighs for a daughter with unwounded ear ;
She who ne'er answers till a husband cools,
Or, if she rules him, never shows she rules ;
Charms by accepting, by submitting sways,
Yet has her humor most when she obeys.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Tmism.
He'd undertake, by force
Of argument, a man's no horse.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Trust.
All places that the eye of heaven visits
Are to a wise man ports and happy havens.
Shakspeare : King Richard II.
Couldst thou withdraw thy hand one day
And answer to my claim,
That Fate, and that to-day's mistake —
Not thou — had been to blame?
Some soothe their conscience thus ; but thou
wilt surely warn and save me now.
Nay, answer not — I dare not hear ;
The words would come too late ;
Yet I would spare thee all remorse.
So comfort thee, my fate :
Whatever on my heart may fall, remember, I
would risk it all !
Adelaide A. Procter : A Woman's Question.
I know 'tis hard to bear the sneer and taunt —
With the heart's honest pride at midnight
wrestle,
To feel the killing canker-worm of want,
While rich rogues in their stolen luxury
nestle.
For I have felt it. Yet from earth's cold real
My soul looks out on coming things, and
cheerful
The warm sunrise floods all the land ideal.
And still it whispers to the worn and tearful,
Hope on, hope ever.
Gerald Massey : Hope on, Hope ei/er.
Man should trust in God as if God did all,
and labor himself as if man did all.
Thomas Chalmers.
Once let good faith be abandoned, and all
social existence would perish. Livy.
So, we'll not dream, nor look back, dear,
But march right on, content and bold.
To where our life sets, heavenly clear,
Westward, behind the hills of gold.
Dinah Mulock Craik : Westward Ho I
That blessed mood.
In which the burden of the mystery.
In which the heavy and the weary weight
Of all this unintelligible world
Is lightened.
William Wordsworth : Tintem Abbey.
The trust which we put in ourselves causes
us to feel trust in others. La Rochefoucauld.
Through all the long, dark night of years
The people's cry ascendeth.
And earth is wet with blood and tears :
But our meek sufferance endelh !
The few shall not forever sway.
The many moil in sorrow :
The powers of hell are strong to-day.
But Christ shall rise to-morrow.
Gerald Massey : To-day and To-morrcw.
Through this dark and stormy night
Faith beholds a feeble light
Up the blackness streaking ;
Knowing God's own time is best.
In a patient hope I rest
For the full day-breaking !
John G. Whittier : Barclay of Cry.
Weak, weak, forever weak.
We can not hold what we possess ;
Youth can not find, age will not seek —
Oh, weakness is the heart's worst weariness :
But weakest hearts can lift their thoughts to
thee ;
It makes us strong to think of thine eternity.
Thou hadst no youth, great God !
An Unbeginning End thi u art ;
Thy glory in itself abode.
And still abides in its.own tranquil heart :
No age can heap its outward years on thee :
Dear God, thou art thyself thine own eter-
nity !
Frederick W. Faber : The Eternity of God.
Must one not often act thoughtlessly, if one
would provoke Fortune to do something for
him ? Lessivg.
O holy trust ! O endless sense of rest !
Like the belovW John
To lay his head upon the Saviour's breast,
And thus to journey on !
Henry W. Longfellow : Hymn.
Better trust all, and be deceived.
And weep that trust and that deceiving,
Than doubt one heart that if believed
• Had blest one's life with true believing.
Oh, in this mocking world too fast
The doubting fiend o'ertakes our youth !
Better be cheated to the last,
Than lose the blessed hope of truth.
Frances Anne Kemble : Faith.
O Comforter of God's redeemed.
Whom the world does not see.
What hand should pluck me from the flood
That casts my soul on thee ?
Who would not suffer pain like mine.
To be consoled like me ?
Anna Lcctitia Wafing:
Hymns and Meditations.
TRUTH
708
TRUTH
Who against hope believed in hope.
Romans iv, 18.
Truth.
A truth that one does not understand be.
comes an error. Desbarolles-
Every man seeks for truth : God only knows
who has found it. Lord Chesterfield.
Everywhere truth is one, and error manifold ;
as there is only one health and a thousand dis-
eases. Anonymous.
For Truth has such a face and such a mien,
As to be loved needs only to be seen.
John Dryden : The Hind and the Panther.
Goe, soule, the bodie's guest,
Upon a thanklesse arrant ;
Feare not to touch the best —
The truth shall be thy warrant !
Goe, since I needs must dye,
And give the world the lye.
Sir Walter Raleigh : The Lye.
Great is truth, and mighty above all things.
Esdras iv, £i.
I look upon eveiy true thought as a valuable
acquisition to society, which can not possibly
hurt or obstruct the good effect of any other
truth whatsoever. Aliddleton.
I must call everything by its name. I call a
cat a cat, and Rolet a scoundrel. Boileau.
It is a great misery for a man to lie, even un-
consciously, even to himself. Thomas Carlyle.
It is not right or manly to lie, even about
Satan. James A. Garfield.
It is not Truth that flies ;
'Tis we, 'tis we are flying.
It is not Faith that dies ;
'Tis we, 'tis we are dying.
O ever-during Faith and Truth,
Whose youth is age, whose age is youth.
Twin stars of immortality,
Ye can not perish from our sky.
Horatius Bonar : Time and Eternity.
Mark, now, how plain a tale you shall put
down. Shakspcare : King Henry IV.
Truth comes home to the mind so naturally,
that when we learn it for the first time it seems
as though we did no more than recall it to our
memory. Fontenelle.
No pleasure is comparable to the standing
upon the vantage-ground of truth.
Francis Bacon : Essay on Truth.
O nude truth ! O true truth ! how difficult
thou art to find, and how difficult to utter !
Sainte-Beuve.
Plato is my friend, Socrates is my friend ;
but Truth is a friend that I value above both.
Aristotle.
Statesman, yet friend to truth ! of soul sincere,
In action faithful, and in honor clear ;
Who broke no promise, served no private end.
Who gained no title, and who lost no friend.
AUxander Pope : Moral Essays.
The truth of God requires not the assistance
of our untruths. Anonymous.
The truth shall make you free. John viii, j2.
There are some faults slight in the sight of love,
some errors slight in the estimate of wisdom ; but
Truth forgives no insult, and endures no stain.
Johti R us kin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
'Tis strange, but true ; for truth is always
strange —
Stranger than fiction
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
The soul is the perceiver and revealer of
truth. We know truth when we see it, let
skeptic and scoffer say what they choose. We
know truth when we see it, from opinion, as we
know when we are awake that we are awake.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
The language of truth is simple. Euripides.
Truth is as impossible to be soiled by any
outward touch as the sunbeam. John Milton :
The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.
. Truth was the message all great men had to
communicate to the human race ; truth, the re-
lation of things to one another and to us.
They discharged properly their commission,
and gave us truth, the jewel of the wise, the
sword in the fool's hand. George Forster,
Truth is so related and correlated that no de-
partment of her realm is wholly isolated.
James A. Garfield.
Truth is not impatient. Boileau.
Truth is a great stronghold, barred and forti-
fied by God and Nature ; and diligence is prop-
erly the Understanding's laying siege to it ; so
that, as in a kind of warfare, it must be per-
petually upon the watch, observing all the
avenues and passes to it, and accordingly makes
its approaches. . . . For Truth, like a stately
dame, will not be seen, nor show herself at the
first visit, nor match with the understanding upon
an ordinary courtship or address. Robert South.
Truth, I cried, though the heavens crush me
for following her ! No falsehood, though a whole
celestial lubberland were the price of apostasy !
Thomas Carlyle.
Truth alone wounds.. Napoleon Bonaparte.
Truth is a torch, but a terrible one ; often-
times so terrible that the' natural instinct of us
all is to give a side-glance with a blinking eye,
lest, looking it fairly in the face, the strong glare
might blind us. Goethe.
Without courage there can not be truth, and
without truth there can be no other virtue.
Sir Walter Scott.
Truth takes no account of centuries.
William Wordsworth.
TRUTH
709
TYRANTS
Truth crushed to earth shall rise again ;
The eternal years of God are hers ;
But Error, wounded, writhes in pain,
And dies among his worshippers.
William CulUn Bryant : The BattU-Jield.
We are natural believers. Truth, or the con-
nection between cause and effect, alone inter-
ests us. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a
free and open encounter?
John Milton : Areopagitica.
Tell truth and shame the devil.
If thou have power to raise him, bring him
hither.
And I'll be sworn I have power to shame him
hence.
Oh, while you live, tell truth, and shame the
devil ! Shakspeare : A'ing Henry I V.
Love is like the wild rose-brier;
Friendship like the holly-tree ;
The holly is dark when the rose-brier blooms,
But which will bloom most constantly ?
The wild rose-brier is sweet in spring.
Its summer blossoms scent the air ;
Yet wait till winter comes again.
And who will call the wild-brier fair?
Then, scorn the silly rose-wreath now.
And deck thee with the holly's sheen.
That, when December blights thy brow.
He still may leave thy garland green.
Lmily Bronte : Love and Friendship.
A man's capability
Of imparting to others a tnith with facility
Is proportioned forever with painful exactness
To the portable nature, the vulgar compactness.
The minuteness in size, or the lightness in
weight,
Of the truth he imparts. So small coins circulate
More freely than large ones. A beggar asks alms,
And we fling him a sixpence, nor feel any
qualms ;
But if every street charity shook an investment,
Or each beggar to clothe we must strip off a
vestment.
The length of the process would limit the act ;
And •herefore the truth that's summed up in a
tract
Is most lightly dispensed.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Art is not a study of positive re?lity, but a
seeking after ideal truth. George Sand.
TormoiL
It is a tempest in a glass of water.
Paul of Russia.
We poor fools of time always hurry as if we
were the last type of man, the full-stop with
which Fate was closing the colophon of her vol-
ume ; as if we had just read in our newspaper,
as we do of the banks on holidays. The world
will close to-day at twelve o'clock — an hour
earlier than usual. James Russell Lowell : Italy.
Tomcoats.
" Have you any sour apples, deacon ? "
" Well, no, I haven't any just now that are ex-
actly sour ; but there's the bell-flower apple, and
folks that like a sour apple generally like that."
Enter another customer.
" Have you any sweet apples, deacon?"
" Well, no, I haven't any just now that are
exactly sweet ; but there's the bell-flower apple,
and folks that like a sweet apple gcner.iUy like
that." James Russell Lowell : Fireside Travels.
When royal James possessed the crown.
And popery grew in fashion.
The penal laws I hooted down.
And read the declaration ;
The Church of Rome I found would fit
Full well my constitution ;
And I had been a Jesuit
Buf for the revolution.
When William was our king declared.
To ease the nation's grievance.
With this new wind about 1 steered,
And swore to him allegiance ;
Old principles I did revoke.
Set conscience at a distance ;
Passive obedience was a joke,
A jest was non-resistance.
When royal Anne became our queen.
The Church of England's glory,
Another face of things was seen.
And I became a Tory ;
Occasional conformists base,
I blamed their moderation ;
And thought the Church in danger was.
By such prevarication.
Anonymous : The Vicar of Bray.
Toming-point.
The great, the important day, big with the fate
Of Cato and of Rome. Joseph Addison : Cato.
Twins.
This fatal likeness ever dogged
My footsteps when at school.
And I was always getting flogged
When John turned out a fool.
I put this question, fruitlessly.
To ©very one I knew,
" What would you do, if you were me,
To prove that you were you ? "
Henry S. Leigh : The Twins.
Tyranny.
The many still must labor for the one.
Lord Byron : The Corsair,
Where law ends, tyranny begins.
William Pitt.
Tyrants.
Few tyrants go down to the infernal regions
by a natural death. Juvenal.
He who is feared by many must fear many.
Publius Syrus.
Kings will be tyrants from policy, when sub-
jects are rebels from principle. Edmund Burke.
UNBELIEF
UNION
V.
Unbelief.
By night an atheist half believes in God.
Edward Young : Night Thoughts.
A man can not become an atheist by merely
wishing it. Napoleon Bonaparte.
" There is no God." the foolish .saith —
But none, ' There is no sorrow" ;
And Nature oft the cry of Faith
In bitter need will borrow.
Eyes which the preacher could not school.
By wayside graves are raised ;
And lips say, " God be pitiful,"
That ne'er said, " God be praised."
Elizabeth B. Browning : Cry of the Human.
Uncertainty.
He fell to-day. I may fall to-morrow.
Latin proverb.
He heapeth up riches, and knoweth not who
shall gather them. Psalm xxxix, 6.
How long halt ye between two opinions?
/ Kings, xviii, 21.
If! O sorrowful if! All the best things have
an if. Goethe.
Life's night begins ; let him never come back
to us !
There would be doubt, hesitation, and pain,
Forced praise on our part — the glimmer of twi-
light.
Never glad, confident morning again !
Robert Browniitg : 7 he Lost Leader.
Life — what is life? but the immediate breath
we draw :
Nor have we surety for a second gale.
A frail and fickle tenement it is.
Which, like the brittle glass which measures
time.
Is broke ere half its sands are run. Anonymous.
Where lies the land to which the ship would
go?
Far, far ahead, is all her seamen know ;
And where the land she travels from ? Away,
Far, far behind, is all that they can say.
Arthur Hugh Clough : Where Lies the Land.
Ye immortal gods, where in the world are
we ? Cicero.
Boast not thyself of to-morrow ; for thou
knowest not what a day may bring forth.
Proverbs xxvii, i.
Was ever feather so lightly blown to and fro
as this multitude?
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
By your patience, ancient Pistol. Fortune is
painted blind, with a muffler before her eyes, to
signify to you that Fortune is blind. And she
is painted also with a wheel, to signify to you
which is the moral of it — that she is turning.
and inconstant, and variations, and mutabilities.
And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical
stone, which rolls, and rolls and rolls ; in good
truth, the poet is make a most excellent descrip-
tion of fortune : Fortune, look you, is an excel-
lent moral. Shakspeare : King Henry V.
Unoongeniality.
I have not loved the world, nor the world mc.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Undertaking.
If he did not succeed in his attempt, yet he
failed in a glorious undertaking. Ovid.
Unexpectedness.
That's a perilous shot out of an elder gun.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
One morning follows another; then, while we
are heedless of our coming doom, suddenly the
dark one will step in. Ammianus.
Unhappiness.
Ha]ipiness passes away, leaving hardly the
slightest trace behind — indeed, can scarcely be
called happiness, since nothing lasting is gained.
Unhappiness also passes away (and that is a
great comfort), but leaves deep traces behind ;
and if we know how to improve them, of a
most wholesome nature, and is often the cause
of the highest happiness, as it purifies and
strengthens the character.
Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Union.
Hope on, hope ever. After darkest night
Comes, full of loving life, the laughing Morn-
ing.
Hope on, hope ever. Spring-tide flushed with
light.
Aye crowns old Winter with her rich adorn-
ing.
Hope on, hope ever. Yet the time shall come.
When man to man shall be a friend and
brother,
And this old world shall be a happy home,
And all earth's family love one another !
Hope on, hope ever !
Gerald Alassey : Hope On, Hope Ever !
Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State !
Sail on, O Union, strong and great !
Humanity with all its fears.
With all the hopes of future years.
Is hanging breathless on thy fate.
We know what master laid thy keel.
What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel.
Who made each mast, and sail, and rope,
What anvils rang, what hammers beat,
In what a forge and what a heat
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope.
In spite of rock and tempest's roar.
In spite of false lights on the shore.
Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea !
Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee —
UNITY
711
USEFULNESS
Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears,
Our faith triumphant o'er our fears,
Are all with thee, are all with thee !
Henry W. Longfellow :
The Building of the Ship.
Unity.
I f a house be divided against itself, that house
can not stand. Mark iii, 2^.
We carry not a heart from hence
That grows not in a fair consent with ours ;
Nor leave not one behind, that dolh not wish
Success and conquest to attend on us.
Shakspeare : King Henry V.
The wicked find it easier to coalesce for sedi-
tious purposes than for concord in peace.
Tacitus.
Those whom religion separates are not re-
ligious ; all worships are the radii of a circle
wnose center is the Eternal One. Anonymous.
UniTenity.
Steam has made travel so easy that the great
university of the world is open to ail comers,
and the old cloister system is frilling astern.
Perhaps it is only the more needed ; and, were I
rich, I would founn a few iazyships in my Alma
Mater as a kind of counterpoise.
James R. Lowell : Fireside Travels.
XJnkindBess.
If I have uttered a single irritating word,
may the winds take it up and hurry it off im-
mediately ! Horace.
I was wounded in the house of my friends.
Zechariah xiii, 6.
Man's inhumanity to man
>!akes countless thousands mourn.
Robert Bums : Man was made to Mourn,
Unreality.
As a dream when one awaketh.
Psalm Ixxiii, 20.
But, with all the efforts that the best men
make, much of their being passes in a kind of
dream, in which they indeed move and play
their parts sufficiently to the eyes of their fel-
low-dreamers, but have no clear consciousness
of what is around them or within them : blind
to the one, insensible to the other.
John A' us kin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
Gone, glimmering through the dream of thinc;s
that were. Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Nothing is
But what is not. Shaksfeare : Macbeth.
People stare much more at a paper kite than
at a real one.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Oh, who can hold a fire in his hand
By thinking on the frosty Caucasus?
Shakspeare : Richard LI.
46
XFnrequital.
Alas ! our young affections run to waste,
Or water but the desert.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
UnsuitablenesB.
Crabbed age and youth
Can not live together.
Shakspeare : The Passionate Pilgrim.
Set a frog on a golden stool.
Off he goes again to the pool.
German.
Unworthiness.
1 would that I were laid in my grave ;
I am not worth this coil that's made for me.
Shakspeare : King John.
Be the Spartan's epitaph on me :
Sparta hath many a worthier son than he.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
Um.
A man has nae mair goods than he gets the
good o'. Scottish proverb.
A use must have preceded an abuse, properly
so called. Augustus Hare : Guesses at 'I ruth.
UBefolnesB.
A creature not too bright or good
For human nature's daily food ;
For transient sorrows, simple wiles,
Praise, blame, love, kisses, tears, and smiles.
William Wordsworth :
She was a Phantom of Delight.
I could have better spared a better man.
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
It is melancholy to see time passing away
without being put to its full value. Surely in a
matter of this kind we should endeavor to do
something, that we may say that we have lived ;
that we have not lived in vain ; that we may
leave some impress of ourselves on the sands of
Time. Napoleon Bonaparte.
It matters little how long I stay
In a world of sorrow, sin, and care ;
Whether in youth I am called away,
Or live till my bones and pate are bare.
But whether I do the best I can
To soften the weight of Adversity's touch
On the faded cheek of my fellow-man,
It matters much.
Noah Barker : What does it Matter?
I was eyes to the blind, and feet was I to the
lame. Job xxix, ij.
Sure, He that made us with such large discourse,
Looking before and after, gave us not
That capability and godlike reason.
To fust in us unused. Shakspeare : Hamlet.
Who is the happiest person? He whose na-
ture asks for nothing that the world does not
wish and use. Goethe.
All ways of earning his bread are alike be-
coming to an honest man, whether to split wood
or to sit at the helm of state. It does not con-
USELESSNESS
712
VANITY
cern his conscience how useful he is, but how
useful he would be. Lessing.
Uselessness.
He is already dead who lives only to keep
himself alive. Goethe.
Utopia.
They say there is a garden fair,
That's haunted by the dove,
Where love of gold doth ne'er eclipse
The golden light of love.
The place must be a paradise.
But how shall I get there ?
" Straight down the Crooked Lane,
And all round the Square."
Thomas Hood: A Plain Direction.
From the windows of those castles look the
beautiful women whom I have never seen, whose
portraits the poets have painted. They wait
for me there, and chiefly the fair-haired child,
lost to my eyes so long ago, now bloomed into
an impossible beauty. The lights that never
shone glance at evening in the vaulted halls
upon banquets that were never spread. The
bands I have never collected play all night long
and enchant the brilliant company that was
never assembled into silence. In the long sum-
mer mornings the children that I never had
play in the gardens that I never planted. I .
hear their sweet voices sounding low and far
away, calling " Father ! father ! " I see the lost
fair-haired girl, grown now into a woman, de-
scending the stately stairs of my castle in Spain,
stepping out upon the lawn, and playing with
those children. They bound away together
down the garden ; but those voices linger, this
time airily calling " Mother ! mother ! "
George William Curtis : Prue and I.
V.
Vacillation,
Infirm of purpose.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Valor.
The better part of valor is discretion.
Shakspeare : King Heiiry I V.
Cowards are cruel, but the brave
Love mercy, and delight to save.
John Gay : Dedication to Fables.
Values.
As a man advances in life he gets what is
better than admiration — judgment, to estimate
things at their true value. Samuel Johnson.
It is a strong proof of a weak judgment when
men estimate things by their rarity, novelty, or,
still more, by the difficulty of their acquisition,
if they be not at the same time commended by
their goodness and usefulness. Montaigne.
Vanity.
Are you quite sure that Pygmalion is the only
person who ever fell in love with his own handi-
work ? Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
A vain man finds it wise to speak good or ill
of himself; a modest man does not talk of him-
self. La Bruyhre.
Sir Plume, of amber snuff-box justly vain.
And the nice conduct of a clouded cane.
Alexander Pope : The Rape of the Lock.
Soothed with the sound, the king grew vain ;
Fought all his battles o'er again ;
And thrice he routed all his foes, and, thrice he
slew the slain,
John Dryden : Alexander's Feast.
Such labored nothings, in so strange a style,
Amazed the unlearned, and made the learned
smile.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Ctiticism.
The less power a man has the more he likes
to use it. Anonymous.
The most violent passions grant us sometimes
a respite ; but vanity never rests.
La Rochefoucauld.
There is no folly of which a man who is not
a fool can not get rid, except vanity. Of this
nothing cures a man except experience of its
bad consequences, if, indeed, anything can cure
it. At its commencement, indeed, we may per-
haps prevent it from growing up. Rousseau.
The soul of this man is his clothes.
Shakspeare : All's Well that Ends Well
While tumbling down the turbid stream.
Lord love us, how we apples swim !
David Mallett : Tyburn.
Vanity is the quicksand of reason.
George Sand.
Verily man in his best estate is altogether
vanity. Psalm xxxix, ^.
The big teetotum twirls,
And epochs wax and wane
As chance subsides or swirls ;
But of the loss and gain
The sum is always plain.
Read on the mighty pall.
The weed of funeral
That covers praise and blame,
The isms and the anities,
Magnificence and shame,
" O vanity of vanities ! "
The Fates are subtile girls !
They give us chaff for grain ;
And Time, the Thunderer, hurls,
Like bolted death, disdain
At all that heart and brain
VARIABLENESS
713
VIGIL
Conceive, or great or small.
Upon this earthly ball.
Would you be knight and dame ?
Or woo the sweet humanities?
Or illustrate a name?
"O vanity of vanities!"
We sound the sea for pearls.
Or lose them in the drain ;
We flute it with the merles,
Or tug and sweat and strain ;
We grovel, or we reign ;
We saunter, or we brawl ;
We answer, or we call ;
We search the stars for Fame,
Or sink her subterranities ;
The legend's still the same :
" O vanity of vanities I "
^V. E. Healey : Nothingness of Things.
Why, he stalks up and down like a peacock, a
stride and a stand : ruminates, like an hostess
that hath no arithmetic but her brain to set
down her reckoning : bites his lip with a politic
regard, as who should say — there were wit in
this head, an 'twould out : and so there is ; but
it lies as coldly in him as a fire in flint, which
will not show without knocking. . The man's
undone forever; for if Hector break not his
neck i' the combat, he'll break it himself in
vainglory. Shakspeare : Ttoilus and Cressida.
Variableness.
We do not know either unalloyed happiness
or unmitigated misfortune. Everything in this
world is a tangled yam. We taste nothing in its
purity, we do not remain two moments in the
■^ame state. Our afl"ections, as well as bodies,
are in a perpetual flux. Rousseau.
Variety.
A man so various, that he seemed to be
Not one, but all mankind's epitome ;
Stiff" in opinions, always in the wrong.
Was everything by starts, and nothing long ;
But in the course of one revolving moon
Was chymist, fiddler, statesman, and buff'oon.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
The earth was made so various, that the mind
Of desultory man, studious of change.
And pleased with novelty, might be indulged.
William Cowper : The Task.
To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new.
John Milton : Lycidas.
Variety's the very spice of life,
That gives it all its flavor.
William Cowper: The Task.
We are not all able to accomplish the same
things. Virgil.
Verbosity.
Too much is seldom enough. Pumping after
your bucket is full prevents its keeping so.
Julius Hare : Guesses at 7'rutA.
He draweth out the thread of his verbosity
finer than the staple of his argument.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor^s Lost.
Vice.
To feign a virtue is to have its opposite vice.
Anonymous.
Vice is a monster of so frightful mien.
As, to be hated, needs but to be seen ;
Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face,
We first endure, then pity, then embrace.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
Vice itself lost half its evil by losing all its
grossness. Edmund Burke.
We seek a thousand reasons to accuse vice in
poverty, but two thousand to excuse it in pros-
perity. Anonymous.
Many a man's vices have at first been nothing
worse than good qualities run wild.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
To the student who professes his wish to rise
to a loftier grade of virtue, I would answer that
this is my wish also, but I dare not hope it. I
am preoccupied with vices. Seneca.
Victory.
He who is soonest checkmated — he who, judg-
ing by what is seen merely, comes by the earli-
est, most disastrous defeat — may in reality have
won the highest moral victory. James Shairp.
If we gain one more such victory, we Sire
lost. ^i*^g Pyrrhus.
It matters little where be my grave
Or on the land or in the sea,
By purling brook or 'neath stormy wave —
It matters little or naught to me ;
But whether the angel Death conies down
And marks my brow with his loving touch,
As one that shall wear the victor's crown.
It matters much.
Noah Barker : What does it Matter?
'Twas a victory — yes, but it cost us dear ;
For that company's roll, when called at night,
Of a hundred men who went into the fight.
Numbered but twenty that answered " Here !"
Nathaniel Graham Shepherd : Roll-call.
God is our fortress ; in whose conquering name
Let us resolve to scale their flinty bulwarks.
Shakspeare : King Henry VI.
VigU.
How often, while women and girls sit warm
at sweet firesides, their hearts and imaginations
are doomed to divorce from the comfort sur-
rounding their persons, forced out by night to
wander through dark ways, to dare stress of
weather, to contend with snow-blast, to wait at
lonely gates and stiles in wildest storms, watch-
ing and listening to see and hear the father, the
son, the husband coming home !
Charlotte BronH.
VILIFYING
714
VISIONS
Vilifying.
Throw sufficient dirt — some will stick.
Bcaumarchais.
Virtue.
A soul that dwells with virtue is like a peren- ^
nial spring; for it is pure, and limpid, and re- |
freshful, and inviting, and serviceable, and rich,
and innocent, and uninjurious. Lpictetus.
Avails it whether bare or shod
Those feet the paths of duty trod ?
If from the bowers of joy they sped
To soothe affliction's humble bed ;
If grandeur's guilty bribe they spurned,
And home to virtue's lap returned,
Those feet with angel wings shall vie,
And tread the palace of the sky !
Anonymous : Lines on a Skeleton.
Do you wish to render the gods propitious ?
Be virtuous. To honor them it is enough to
imitate them. Seneca.
Faith in the perpetual progression of human
nature toward perfection will, in some shape,
always be the creed of virtue,
Samuel T. Coleridge.
Happiness is not what we are to look for.
Our place is to be true to the best we know, to
seek that and do that ; and if by " Virtue is its
own reward " be meant that the good man cares
only to continue good, desiring nothing more,
then it is a true and noble saying.
James A. Froude.
I imagine that virtue is something else and
more noble than a tendency to goodness, which is
born with us. Minds that are properly trained
and naturally good move indeed in the same
direction, and their acts assume the same ap-
pearance as those of the virtuous. But the
word virtuous sounds, I know not how, a loftier
and grander note, and means something else
than merely allowing a man, in consequence of
a happy temperament, to move on gently and
smoothly in obedience to reason. Montaigne.
It is along the paths of virtue that we soar
upward to the blessed state of those pure spirits
who dwell in paradise. Solomon Gessner.
One that feareth God, and escheweth evil.
Job i, 8.
Sweet saints, it is no sin or blame
To love a man of virtuous name.
Matthew Roydon : Lament for Philip Sidney.
The advantage to be derived from virtue is so
evident, that the wicked practice it from inter-
ested motives. Vauvenargues.
Virtue alone is the unerring sign of a noble
soul. Boileau.
Virtue could see to do what virtue would
By her own radiant light, though sun and moon
Were in the flat sea sunk.
John Milton : Comus.
Virtue has many preachers, but few martyrs.
Jlelvetius.
Virtue is everywhere the same, because it
comes from God, while everything else is of
man. Voltaire.
Virtue is like precious odors, most fragrant
when they are incensed or crushed.
Francis Bacon.
Virtue is not to be considered in the light of
meie innocence, or abstaining from harm, but
as the exertion of our faculties in doing good.
Joseph Butler.
While all other things are uncertain, evanes-
cent, and ephemeral, virtue alone is fixed with
deep roots. Cicero.
Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt
have lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted ?
Matthew v, ij.
Each man makes his own statue, builds him-
self ;
Virtue alone outbuilds the pyramids.
Samuel Johnson : Vanity of Human Wishes.
Oh, let us still the secret joys partake,
To follow virtues e'en for virtue's sake.
A lexander Pope : 'I 'emple of Fame.
Man, like his Maker, saw that all was right ;
To virtue in the paths of pleasure trod.
And owned a father when he owned a God.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
• Our most genuine virtues are those which we
suspect the least. Anonymous.
There is a fellowship among the virtues by
which one great, generous passion stimulates
another. James A. Garfield.
Those virtues which cost us dear, prove that
we love CJod ; those which are easy to us, prove
that he loves us. Anonymous.
Visions.
And yet, as angels in some brighter dreams
Call to the soul when man doth sleep.
So some strange thoughts tianscend our wonted
themes,
And into glory peep.
Henry Vaughan : They are all Gone.
In thoughts from the visions of the night,
when deep sleep falleth upon men. Job iv, ij.
" 'Tis but to cross yon streak of light —
And fresh the breezes blow ;
You will not lose me from your sight —
One kiss, and now I go !"
And she sits singing on the shore
A song of pure delight ;
The boat flies on — a Tittle more,
And he will cross the light.
And on, and on, and ever on.
The light lies just before ;
But oh, for evermore is done
The song upon the shore !
Robert Kelley Weeks : Moonlight.
VOICE
715
WAR
To-day I will not seek the shadowy region ;
Its unsustainiiig vastness waxes drear ;
And visions rising, legion after legion,
Bring the unreal world too strangely near.
Emily Bronte : Stanzas.
Voice.
The devil hath not, in all his quiver's choice,
An arrow for the heart like a sweet voice.
Lord Byron : Don Juan.
Her voice was ever soft,
Gentle, and low — an excellent thing in wom-
an. Shakspeare : King I^ar.
Voting.
A weapon that comes down as still
As snow-flakes fall upon the sod,
But executes a freeman's will.
As lightning does the will of God ;
And from its force nor doors nor locks
Can shield you — 'tis the ballot-box.
John Pierpont : A Word from a Petitioner.
In my mind he was guilty of no error, he was
chargeable with no exaggeration, he was be-
, trayed by his fancy into no metaphor, who once
i said that all we see about us, kings, lords, and
commons, the whole machinery of the state, all
the apparatus of the system, and its varied
workings, end in simply bringing twelve good
men into a box.
Lord Brougham : Present State of La7v.
The freeman casting with unpurchased hand
The vote that shakes the turrets of the land.
Oliver Wendell Holmes : Poetry.
Volition.
A wise man will so act that whatever he does
may rather seem voluntary and of his own free-
will than done by compulsion, however much
he may be compelled by necessity. Machiavelli.
VolnbiUty.
In chatter a river, in understanding but a
single drop, Latin proverb.
Vulgarity.
It is impossible for a vulgar man to be simple.
Turgot.
Waiting.
Ik'calmed upon the sea of thought.
Still unattained the land it sought.
My mind, with loosely hanging sails.
Lies waiting the auspicious gales.
Henry W. Longfellow : Becalmed.
Wandering.
lie dwells nowhere who dwells everywhere.
Martial.
The dove found no rest for the sole of her
foot. Genesis viii, g.
War,
And many a brave, stout fellow.
Who sprang in the boats with mirth,
Ere they made that fatal crossing
Was a load of lifeless earth.
And many a brave, stout fellow.
Whose limbs with strength were rife,
Was torn and crushed and shattered —
A helpless wreck for life.
But yet the boats moved onward ;
Through fire and lead they drove.
With the dark, still mass within them,
And the floating stars above.
Anonymous : Crossing the Rappahannock.
At a certain stage of his progress the man
fights, if he be of a sound body and mind. At
a certain high stage he makes no offensive dem-
onstration, but is alert to repel injury, and of an
uncon(|ucrabl ; heart. At a still higher stage
he comes inio the region of holiness : passion
has passed away from him ; his warlike nature
is all converted into an active medicinal prin-
ciple; he sacrifices himself, and accepts with
alacrity wearisome tasks of denial and charity ;
but being attacked, he bears it, and turns the
other cheek, as one engaged, throughout his be-
ing, no longer to the service of an individual,
but to the common good of all men.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
A revolution is the lava of a civilization.
Victor Hugo,
Battle's magnificently stem array.
Lord Byron : Childe Harold.
But the bugle call and the battle ball
Again shall rouse him never :
He (ought and fell, be served us well ;
His furlough lasts forever.
Samuel P. Merrill: Dirge for a Soldier.
Father, to thee I pray !
'Tis for no treasures of earth we're contend-
ing—
Holiest of rights with the sword we're defend-
ing.
Victor or vanquished, to thee I pray —
Battling, I dare to pray.
Karl Theodor Korner : The Battle Prayer.
O great corrector of enormous times.
Shaker of o'er-rank states, thou grand decider
Of dusty and old titles, that healest with blood
The earth when it is sick, and curest the world
O' the pleurisy of people !
Beaumont and Fletcher : The Two Kinsmen.
One murder made a villain,
Millions a hero. Princes were privileged
To kill, and numbers sanctified the crime.
Beilby Porteus : Death.
WARNING
716
WEAKNESS
One to destroy is murder by the law,
And gibbets keep the lifted hand in awe ;
To murder thousands takes a specious name,
War's glorious art, and gives immortal fame.
Edward Young: Night Thoughts.
'Tis you, 'tis I, that meets the ball ;
And me it better pleases
In battle with the brave to fall.
Than die of cold diseases ;
Than drivel on in elbow-chair
With saws and tales unheeded,
A tottering thing of aches and care,
Nor longer loved nor needed.
William Smyth;: The Soldier.
To be prepared for war is one of the most
eflfectual means of preserving peace.
George Washington.
War is pleasant to those who have no experi-
ence of it, but any one who knows it from the
heart greatly dreads its approach. Pindar.
Let the gulled fool the toils of war pursue,
Where bleed the many to enrich the few.
William Shenstone : Judgment of Hercules.
Rat-tat-tat-tattle thru the street
I hear the drummers makin' riot.
An' I set thinkin' o' the feet
Thet foUered once an' now are quiet —
White feet as snow-drops innercent,
Thet never knowed the paths o' Satan,
Whose comin' step there's ears that won't.
No, not life long, leave off awaitin'.
James Russell Lowell : Biglow Papers.
Every war is long, though it end to-morrow ;
every battle is terrible, though only your son
perish.
George William Curtis : Lecture in War-time.
Yet, spirit immortal, the tomb can not bind
thee,
For, like thine own eagle that soared to the
sun,
Thou springest fro n bondage, and leavest be-
hind thee
A name which before thee no mortal had won.
Though nations may combat, and war's thunders
rattle.
No more on the steed wilt thou sweep o'er
the plain :
Thou sleep'st thy last sleep, thou hast fought
thy last battle !
No sound can awake thee to glory again !
H. S. Washburn : The Grave of Bonaparte.
Warning.
O thou child of many prayers.
Life hath quicksands — life hath snares.
Henry W. Longfellow : Maidenhood.
We are often saved from crime by the dis-
grace of others. Horace.
Waste.
For we must needs die, and are as water spilt
on the ground, which can not be gathered up
again. LI Samuel xiv, 14..
The king of France, with forty thousand men.
Went up a hill, and so came down agen.
Richard Tarllon : The Pigges Corantoe.
Watch-care.
But the very hairs of your head are all num-
bered. Matthew x, jo.
The baimies cuddle doon at nicht,
Wi' mirth that's dear to me ;
But sune the big warl's cark an' care
Will quaten doon their glee.
Yet come what will to ilka ane.
May He who sits aboon
Aye whisper, though their pows be bauld,
" O bairnies, cuddle doon."
Alexander Anderson : Cuddle Doon.
The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the
moon by night. Psalm cxxi, 6.
WatchfalnesB.
The providence that's in a watchful state.
Knows almost every grain of Plutus' gold ;
Finds bottom in the uncomprehensive deeps ;
Keeps pace with thought, and, almost like the
gods,
Does thoughts unveil in their dumb cradles.
Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressida,
The dusty day is done.
The night begun ;
While prayerful watch I keep.
Sleep, love, sleep !
Is there no magic in the touch
Of fingers thou dost love so much ?
Fain would they scatter poppies o'er thee now ;
Or. with its mute caress.
The tremulous lip some soft nepenthe press
Upon thy weary lid and aching brow ;
While prayerful watch I keep.
Sleep, love, sleep !
Emily C. Judson : Watching.
Waverera.
Unstable as water, thou shall not excel.
Genesis xlix, 4.
Damned neuters, in their middle way of steer-
ing.
Are neither fish nor flesh nor good red-herring ;
Not Whigs, nor Tories they ; nor this, nor that ;
Nor birds, nor beasts, but just a kind of bat ;
A twilight animal, true to neither cause,
' With Tory wings, but Whiggish teeth and claws.
John Dryden : Epilogue to the Duke of Guise.
Weakness.
To be weak is miserable.
Doing or suffering.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
Psalm Ix, II.
Weakness of character is the only defect that
can not be amended. La Rochefoucauld.
Yet do I fear thy nature :
It is too full of the milk of human kindness.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Vain is the help of man.
WEALTH
717
WEDDING
A woman impudent and mannish grown,
Is not more loathed than an effeminate man,
In time of action.
Shakspeare • Troilus and Oessida.
Wealth.
Be not greedy of filthy lucre.
/ Timothy Hi, j.
Errors look so very ugly in people of small
means, one feels they are taking quite a liber-
ty in going astray ; whereas people of fortune
may naturally indulge in a few delinquencies.
" They've got the money for it," as the girl said
of her mistress who had made herself ill with
pickled salmon. George Eliot.
Every one that can administer what he pos-
sesses has enough. Goethe.
It requires a kind of genius to make a for-
tune, and above all a large fortune. It is neither
good behavior, nor wit, nor talent, nor greatness
of genius, nor strength, nor delicacy of mind. I
know not precisely what it is : I am waiting till
some one tells me. La Bruyire.
My wealth is health and perfect ease ;
My conscience clear my chief defence ;
I never seek by bribes to please,
Nor by desert to give offence ;
Thus do I live, thus will I die ;
Would that all did so well as I !
William Byrd : My Mind to Me a Kingdom is
The trappings of a monarchy would set up an
ordinary commonwealth.
Samuel Johnson : Life of Milton.
The pulpit and the press have many common-
pl.ice^ denouncing the thirst for wealth ; but if
men should take these moralists" at their word,
and leave off aiming to be rich, the moralists
would seek to rekindle at all hazards this love
of power in the people, lest civilization should
be undone. Ralph Waldo Emerson : Wealth.
The wealth of man is the number of things
he loves and blesses which he is loved and
blessed by. Thomas Carlyle.
Wear.
My galligaskins, that have long withstood
The winter's fury and encroaching frosts,
By time subdued (what will not time subdue !),
An horrid chasm disclosed with orifice
Wide, discontinuous ; at which the winds
Eurus and Auster, and the dreadful force
Of Boreas, that congeals the Cronian waves,
Tumultuous enter with dire chilling blasts.
Portending agues. Thus a well-fraught ship
Long sailed secure, or through ih' ^gean deep.
Or the Ionian, till cruising near
The Lilybean shore, with hideous crush
On Scylla, or Charybdis (dangerous rocks !)
She strikes rebounding ; whence the shattered
oak.
So fierce a shock unable to withstand,
Admits the sea : in at the gaping side
The crowding waves gush with impetuous rage
Resistless, overwhelming ; horrors seize
The mariners ; death in their eyes appears ;
They stare, they lave, they pump, they swear,
they pray,
(Vain efforts !) still the battering waves rush in.
Implacable, till, deluged by the foam.
The ship sinks foundering in the vast abyss.
John Philips : The Splendid Shilling.
Weariness.
I could lie down like a tired child,
And weep away the life of care
Which I have borne and yet must bear.
Percy Bysshe Shelley.
I would not live alway.
Job vii, lb.
Let us alone. Time driveth onward fast,
And in a little while our lips are dumb.
Let us alone. What is it that will last?
All things are taken from us, and become
Portions and parcels of the dreadful past.
Let us alone. What pleasure can we have
To war with evil ? Is there any peace
In ever climbing up the climbing wave?
All things have rest, and ripen toward the grave —
In silence ripen, fall, and cease :
Give us long rest, or death, dark death, or dream-
ful ease !
Alfred Tennyson : The Lotus-Raters.
Oh, that this too, too solid flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew !
Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
His canon 'gainst self-slaughter. O God ! O
God!
How wearj', stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world !
Shakspeare : Hamlet.
When all the world is old, lad,
And all the trees are brown ;
And all the sport is stale, lad,
And all the wheels run down —
Creep home and take your place there,
The spent and maimed among ;
God grant you find one face there,
You loved when all was young !
Charles Kingsley : Song from " Water Babies."
Weather.
The complaint about the weather is to me
especially strange, and I can not well endure it
in others. I like to look upon Nature as a
mighty power, imparting the purest joy when
we live tranquilly with her in all her develop-
ments, and consider the sum of these as one
great whole, in which we are not to think
whether any individual portion is pleasing if
only the great general ends are accomplished.
Wilhelm von Humboldt.
Wedding.
O Love, whose patient pilgrim feet
Life's longest path have trod,
Whose ministry hath symbolled sweet
The dearer love of God —
The sacred myrtle wreathes again
Thine altar, as of old ;
WEEDS
718
WISDOM
And what was green with summer then,
Is mellowed now to gold.
Not now, as then, the Future's face
Is flushed with fancy's light ;
But Memory, with a milder grace,
Shall rule the feast to-night.
Blest was the sun of joy that shone,
Nor less the blinding shower :
The bud of fifty years agone
Is Love's perfected flower.
David Gray : The Golden Wedding.
Weeds.
What is a weed ? A plant whose virtues have
not been discovered. Jialph Waldo Emerson.
While a slave bewails his fetters ;
While an orphan pleads in vain ;
While an infant lisps his letters.
Heir of all the age's gain ;
While a lip grows ripe for kissing ;
While a moan from man is wrung —
Know, by every want and blessing.
That the world is young.
Charles Kings ley : The World's Age.
Welcome.
Sae true his heart, sae true his speech,
His breath like caller air !
His very foot has music in 't
As he comes up the stair !
And will I see his face again ?
And will I hear him speak ?
I'm downright dizzy wi' the thought —
In troth I'm like to greet !
Jean Adam : Nae Ltuk about the House.
We meet thee, like a pleasant thought.
When such are wanted.
William Wordsworth : To the Daisy.
Whist.
A clear fire, a clean hearth, and the rigor of
the game.
Charles Lamb : Mrs. Battle's Opinions on Whist.
Wickedness.
A deed without a name.
Shakspeare : Macbeth.
Between the acting of a dreadful thing
And the first motion, all the interim is
Like a phantasma, or a hideous dream :
The Genius, and the mortal instruments.
Are then in council ; and the state of man,
Like to a little kingdom, suff"ers then
The nature of an insurrection.
Shakspeare : Julius Ceesar.
For every inch that is not fool is rogue.
John Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel.
No wickedness proceeds on any ground of
reason. Livy.
The assistants in the commission of crimes
are always regarded as if they were reproach-
ing the act. Tacitus.
There is a method in man's wickedness :
It grows up by degrees.
Beaumont and Fletcher : A King and no King.
Well does Heaven take care that no man se-
cures happiness by crime. Alfieri.
You make but a poor bait to catch luck, if
you go and bait it wi' wickedness. George Eliot.
Wife.
Choose a wife from among your equals.
Latin proverb.
Giving honor unto the wife, as unto the
weaker vessel. / Peter Hi, '/.
The wife of thy bosom. Deuteronomy xiii, 6.
WiU.
He that complies against his will,
Is of his own opinion still.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Resolved to ruin or to rule the state.
John Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel.
What's done we partly may compute,
But know not what's resisted.
Robert Burns : Address to the Unco Guid.
Whatsoever the Lord pleased, that did he in
heaven, and in earth, in the seas, and all deep
places. Psalm cxxxv, 6.
Wine.
thou invisible spirit of wine, if thou hast
no name to be known by, let us call thee devil !
Shakspeare : Othello.
There's many a lad I knew is dead.
And many a lass grown old ;
And as the lesson strikes my head,
My weary heart grows cold.
But wine awhile drives off" despair —
Nay, bids a hope remain ;
And that I think's a reason fair
To fill my glass again.
Charles Morris : Reasons for Drinkittg,
Winning.
There is a way of winning more by love.
And urging of the modesty, than fear ;
Force works on servile natures, not the free ;
He that's compelled to goodness may be good,
But 'tis but for that fit ; where others, drawn
By softness and example, get the habit.
I'erentius.
Wisdom.
A Daniel come to judgment !
Shakspeare : Merchant of Venice.
All truly wise thoughts have been thought
already thousands of times ; but to make them
truly ours, we must think them over again hon-
estly till they take fiiTn root in our personal ex-
perience. Goethe.
Anybody who is as wise as a serpent can
afford to be as harmless as a dove.
Josh Billings.
A wise man gets learning from those who
have none of their own. Scottish proterb.
1 alone of all the Greeks know that I know
nothing. Socrates.
WISDOM
719
WIT
I know thee not, old man : fall to thy prayers.
How ill white hairs become a fool and jester !
Shakspeare : King Henry I V.
In idle wishes fools supinely stay ;
Be there a will, and wisdom finds a way.
George Crabbe : The Birth of Flattery.
It is better to sit in prison with a wise man
than in paradise with a fool. Russian proverb.
Knowledge is proud that he has learned so
much ;
Wisdom is humble that he knows no more.
Books are not seldom talismans and spells.
William Couper : The Task.
Miss not the discourse of the elders.
EccUsiasticus viii, g.
No man can be wise on an empty stomach.
George Eliot.
Speak forth the words of truth and soberness.
Acts xxvi, jj.
Strong thoughts are iron nails driven in the
mind, that nothing can draw out. Diderot.
The feeble tremble before opinion, the fool-
ish defy it, the wise judge it, the skilful direct
it. Aladame Roland.
The fool maintains an error with the assur-
.ince of a man who can never be mistaken. The
sensible man defends a truth with the circum-
spection of a man who may be mistaken.
De Bruix.
The intellect of the wise is like glass : it ad-
mits the light of heaven, and reflects it.
Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
The wise seek wisdom — no empty word, but
God's living power — nutritious food ; and if he
finds it where the world does not deem it worthy
of uplifting, there is no end of joy in his soul.
George Forster.
This dead of midnight is the noon of thought.
And Wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars.
Anna La-tilia Bnrbauld :
A Summer Evening's Meditation.
To know
That which before us lies in daily life.
Is the prime wisdom.
John Milton : Paradise Lost.
What is it fo be wise?
'Tis but to know how little can be known ;
To see all others' faults and feel our own.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Man.
When life has been well spent, age is a loss
of what it can well spare. But the central wis-
dom, which was old in infancy, is young in four-
"■core years, and, dropping ofi" obstructions, leaves
ill the happy subjects the mind purified and
wise. Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Whosoever is not more than wise enough, is
wise. Martial.
Wisdom is alchemy : else it could not be
wisdom. This is its unfailing characteristic,
that it " finds good in everything," that it ren-
ders all things more precious. In this respect
also does it renew the spirit of childhood within
US : while foolishness hardens our hearts and
narrows our thoughts, it makes us feel a child-
like curiosity and a childlike interest about all
things. Augustus Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Wisdom is the only thing which can relieve
us from the sway of the passions and the fear of
danger, and which can teach us to bear the
injuries of fortune itself with moderation, and
which shows us all the ways which lead to tran-
quillity and peace. Cicero.
Wisdom is the principal thing ; therefore get
wisdom : and with all thy getting get under-
standing. Proverbs iv, 7.
Wisdom is to the soul what health is to the
body. La Rochefoucauld.
Wisdom is not, as you think, an art that can
be learned ; wisdom comes from above. It is
what Heaven sends, and only to the children of
earth who turn themselves to it. Paul Fleming.
Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all
her paths are peace. Proverbs Hi, 77.
Be wisely worldly, be not worldly wise.
Francis Quarles : Emblems.
Beware
Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in,
Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee.
Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice ;
Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judg-
ment.
Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.
But not expressed in fancy ; rich, not gaudy :
For the apparel oft proclaims the man.
Shakspeare: Hamlet.
Wit.
All the wit in the world is useless to him who
has none. La Bruyire.
Brevity is the soul of wit.
Shakspeare: Hamlet.
I am not only witty in myself, but the cause
that wit is in other men.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
I fear nothing so much as a man who is witty
all day long. Madame de S^oigni.
Many a great wit has thought the wit it was
too late to speak. Benjamin Disraeli.
Tell Wit how much it wrangles
In tickle-points of nicenesse ;
Tell Wisdom she entangles
Herself in over-wisenesse ;
And if they do reply,
Straight give them both the lye.
Sir Walter Raleigh : The Lye.
There is nothing so unready as readiness of
wit. Rivarol.
WOES
720
WOMAN
The right honorable gentleman is indebted to
his memory for his jests, and to his imagination
for his facts. Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
To leave this keen encounter of our wits.
Shakspeare : King Richard III.
We find ourselves much wittier in thinking of
what we might have said than in remembering
what we did say. Anonymous.
We get beautiful effects from wit — all the
prismatic colors — but never the object as it is
in fair daylight. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
We grant, although he had much wit,
He was very shy of using it.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
When one runs after wit, he is sure to catch
nonsense. Montesquieu.
Wit is in general the finest sense in the world.
I had lived long before I discovered that wit
was truth. Richard Porson.
Your wit makes others witty. Catharine II.
Woes.
Not ignorant of misfortune, I learn from my
own woes to succor the wretched. Virgil.
Woman,
Let a man who wants to find abundance of
employment procure a woman and a ship ; for
no two things do produce more trouble if you
begin to equip them ; neither are these two
things ever equipped enough, nor is the largest
amount of equipment sufficient for them.
Plautus.
Auld Nature swears, the lovely dears
Her noblest work she classes, O !
Her 'prentice han' she tried on man,
And then she made the lasses, O !
Robert Burns : Green grow the Rashes !
A woman who pretends to laugh at love is
like the child who sings at night when he is
afraid. Rousseau.
Earth's noblest thing, a woman perfected.
James Russell Lowell : Irene.
Every literary girl will remain a maid all her
life, as long as there shall be sensible men on
the earth. Rousseau.
For where is any author in the world
Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye ?
Learning is but an adjunct to ourself.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
Frailty, thy name is woman.
Shakspeare .• • Hamlet.
From women's eyes this doctrine I derive :
They sparkle still the right Promethean fire ;
They are the books, the arts, the Academes,
That show, contain, and nourish all the world.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
God, who repented of having created man,
never repented of having created woman.
Malsherbes.
It is a powerful sex. It was too strong for
the first, the strongest, and the wisest man.
Hozvell.
int .
for \
dU
re- «
It is the glory of a woman that .she was sent
into the world to live for others rather than
herself; and therefore I shall say. Let her small
est rights be respected, her smallest wrongs re
dressed. " Charles Kingsley.
Let woman never be persuaded to forget that
her calling is not the lower and more earthly
one of self-assertion, but the higher and diviner
calling of self-sacrifice. Charles Kingsley.
My only books
Were voman's looks,
And folly's all they've taught me.
Thomas Moore : The Time I 've Lost.
Nothing is so intolerable as a woman with a
long purse. Latin proverb.
Not she with trait'rous kiss her Saviour stung.
Not she denied him with unholy tongue ;
She, while apostles shrank, could danger brave.
Last at his cross, and earliest at his grave.
Eaton Stannard Barrett.
O woman ! in our hours of ease.
Uncertain, coy, and hard to please,
And variable as the shade
By the light quivering aspen made ;
When pain and anguish wring the brow,
A ministering angel thou !
Walter Scott : Marmion.
O woman ! lovely woman ! Nature made thee
To temper man ; we had been brutes without
you.
Angels are painted fair, to look like you :
There's in you all that we believe of heaven —
Amazing brightness, purity, and truth.
Eternal joy, and everlasting love.
Ihomas Otway : Venice Preserved.
Rejected lovers need never despair. There
are four-and-twenty hours in a day, and not a
moment in the twenty-four in which a woman
may not change her mind. De Finod.
She hugged the offender, and forgave the offence.
Sex to the last.
John Dryden : Cymon and Iphigenia.
The egotism of woman is always for two.
Madame de Stael.
The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she. V
Shakspeare : As You Like It.
The future of society is in the hands of
mothers. If the world was lost through a
woman, she alone can save it. De Beaufort.
The reason firm, the temperate will,
Endurance, foresight, strength, and skill ;
WOMAN
721
WORDS
A perfect woman, nobly planned.
To warn, to comfort, and command.
iVilliam IVordsTvorlh :
She was a Phantom of Delight.
'Tis woman that seduces all mankind ;
By her we first were taught the wheedling arts.
John Gay : The Beggar's Opera.
What mighty ills have not been done by woman ?
Who was 't betrayed the Capitol ? A woman !
Who lost Mark Antony the world? A woman !
Who was the cause of a long ten years' war,
And laid at last old Troy in ashes ? Woman !
I )estructive, damnable, deceitful woman !
Thomas Otway : 'The Orphan,
Woman's at best a contradiction still.
Alexander Pope : Moral Essays.
Woman is like a reed which bends to every
breeze, but breaks not in the tempest.
Richard Whateley.
Woman is the Sunday of man. MicheUt.
When one writes of woman, he must reserve
the right to laugh at his ideas of the day be-
fore. A. Ricard.
A v/oman is too slight a thing
To trample the world without feeling its sting.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
A jest that makes a virtuous woman only
smile often frightens away a prude ; but when
real danger forces the former to flee, the latter
does not hesitate to advance. Latema.
Women are an aristocracy. Michclet.
All arc good maids : whence ccme the bad
wives ? Spanish proverb.
Discretion is more necessary to women than
eloquence, because they have less trouble to
speak well than to speak little.
Father Du Bose.
God created the coquette as soon as he had
made the fool. Victor Hugo.
How women love love !
Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table.
If ladies be but young and fair.
They have the gift to know it : and in his
brain.
Which is as dry as the remainder biscuit
After a voyage, he hath strange places crammed
With observation, the which he vents
In mangled forms. Shakspeare : As You Like It.
It requires more charms and address in women
to revive one fainting charm than to kindle new
ones. Jonathan Swift.
Men say of women what pleases them. Women
do with men what pleases them. De Segur.
To be brief, she was that wisest but unlove-
liest variety of woman, a philosopher, bearing
troubles of the heart with equanimity, dispens-
ing with all that should have been her happi-
ness, and making the best of what remained.
Nathaniel Hawthorne : The Wedding Knell.
Just so much respect as a woman derogates
from her own sex, in whatever condition placed
— her handmaid or dependant — she deserves to
have diminished from herself on that score.
Charles Lamb : Modem Gallantry.
Modesty in women has great advantages : it
enhances beauty, and serves as a veil to un-
comeliness. Fontenelle.
My dear, my better half.
Sir Philip Sidney : Arcadia.
One of the principal occupations of men is to
divine women. LcuretelL:
Sir, a woman's preaching is like a dog's walk-
ing on his hind-legs : it is not done well, but
you are surprised to find it done at all.
Samuel Johnson.
She is pretty to walk with.
And witty to talk with.
And pleasant, too, to think on.
Sir John Suckling: Brennoralt.
The happiest women, like the happiest na- \
tions, have no history. George Eliot, '
The only secret a woman guards inviolably is
that of her age. Chamfort.
The prejudices of men emanate from the
mind, and may be overcome ; the prejudices of*
women emanate from the heart, and are im-
pregnable. D'Argens.
There are no ugly women : there are only
women who do not know how to look pretty,
Antoine Bcrryer.
Women distrust men too much in general,
and not enough in particular. Commerson.
Women, in a course of action, describe a
smaller circle than men ; but the perfection of
a circle is not in its dimensions, but in its cor-
rectness. Hannah More.
I fill this cup to one made up
Of loveliness alone,
A woman, of her gentle sex
The seeming paragon.
Her health ! — and would on earth there stood
Some more of such a frame.
That life might be all poetry,
And weariness a name !
Edward Coate Pinkney : A Health.
"Words.
But words are things, and a small drop of ink,
Falling, like dew, upon a thought, produces
That which makes thousands, perhaps millions,
think. Lord Byron : Don Juan.
For words are wise men's counters — they do
but reckon by them ; but they are the money uf
fools. Thomas Hobbes : The Leviathan.
WORK
722
WORLD, THE
It is nowise easier to check the course of a
heavy stone hurled from the hand than a word
from the tongue. Menander.
Syllables govern the world.
John Selden : Power.
The world is satisfied with words ; few care
to dive beneath the surface. Pascal.
Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words
without knowledge ? Job xxxviii, 2.
Words are like leaves; and where they most
abound,
Much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
Words are the daughters of earth, and deeds
are the sons of heaven. East-Indian proverb.
When I feel inclined to read poetry T take
down my dictionary. The poetry of words is
quite as beautiful as that of sentences. The
author may arrange the gems effectively, but
their shape and lustre have been given by the
attrition- of ages. Bring me the finest simile
from the whole range of imaginative writing,
and I will show you a single word which con-
veys a more profound, a more accurate, and a
more eloquent analogy.
Oliver Wendell Holmes :
Autocrat of the Breakfast- Table.
Work.
He who is only in good health and is willing
to work, has nothing to fear in the world.
Lessing.
And Nicanor lay dead in his harness.
/ Maccabees xv, 28.
Little sometimes weighs more than much.
When it has no relief ;
A joyless life is worse to bear
Than one of active grief.
Fredenck W. Fader : The Thought of God.
Absence of occupation is not rest,
A mind quite vacant is a mind distressed.
William Cowper : Retirement.
By labor and intent study (which I take to be
my portion in this life), joined with the strong
propensity of nature, I might perhaps leave
something so written to after-times as they
should not willingly let it die.
John Milton :
The Reason of Church Government.
Catch, then, O catch the transient hour ;
Improve each moment as it flies ;
Life's a short summer, man a flower :
He dies — alas ! how soon he dies !
Samuel Johnson : Winter.
Celerity is never more admired
Than by the negligent.
Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
Every man's task is his life-preserver. The
conviction that his work is dear to God and can
not be spared, defends him.
Ralph Waldo Emerson.
How various his employments whom the world
Calls idle ; and who justly in return
Esteems that busy world an idler too !
William Cowper: The Task.
I know that he can toil terribly. Lord Cecil.
I must die in harness, like a hero or a horse.
Thomas Hood.
In order that people may be happy in their
work, three things are needed : they must be fit
for It, they must not do too much of it, and they
must have a sense of success in it. John Ruskiu.
Perpetual devotion to what a man calls his
business is only to be sustained by perpetual
neglect of many other things. And it is not by
any means certain that a man's business is the
most important thing he has to do.
Robert Louis Stevenson : Apolo^ for Idlers.
Pleasure and action make the hours seem
short. Shakspeare : Othello.
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
Benjamin Franklin : Poor Richard.
The best o' working is, it gives you a grip-
hold o' things outside your own lot. George Eliot.
Those who till a spot of earth scarcely larger
than is wanted for a grave have deserved that
the sun should shine upon its sod till violets
answer. Margaret Fuller,
To that dry drudgery at the desk's dead wood.
Charles Lamb : Work.
What the Puritans gave the world was not
thought, but action. Wendell Phillips.
We think too much in our benevolent efforts,
more multiplied and more vain day by day, of
bettering men by giving them advice and in-
struction. There are few who will take either :
the chief thing they need is occupation.
John Ruskin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
World, The.
For still the world prevailed, and its dread
laugh,
Which scarce the firm philosopher can scorn.
James Thomson : The Seasons.
He who thinks he can do without the world,
deceives himself; but he who thinks that the
world can not do without him, is still more in
error. La Rochefoucauld.
The World came, and shook hands, and was
pleased and amused
With what the World then went away and
abused. Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Let any man once show the world that he feels
Afraid of its bark, and 'twill fly at his heels ;
Let him fearlessly face it, 'twill leave him alone ;
But 'twill fawn at his feet if he flings it a bone.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
The world in all doth but two nations bear —
The good, the bad — and these mixed every-
where. Andrew Marvell : The Loyal Scot.
WORSHIP
7=3
WRITING
Some persons who throughout the whole
twelve months are worldly, think it necessary
to be godly in time of straits. Goethe.
The more a man drinketh of the world the
more it intoxicateth, Francis Bacon.
The world is too much with us ; late or soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers.
William Wordsworth : Sonnet.
You have too much respect upon the world :
They lose it that do buy it with much care.
Shakspeare : Mercliant of Venice.
Worship.
.\s a state ought to acknowledge God in its
public capacity, so ought each individual family.
Virgil.
Even from a corner it is possible to spring
up mto heaven. Rise, therefore, and form thy-
self into a fashion worthy of God ; thou canst
not do this, however, with gold and silver ; an
image like to God can not be formed out of
such materials as these. Seneca.
Had I been a nightingale, I should have sung
the songs of a nightingale ; or had I been a
swan, the songs of a swan ; but, being a reason-
able being, it is my duty to hymn God.
Anonymous.
Happiness may fly away, pleasure pall or
cease to be obtainable, wealth decay, friends
fail or prove unkind ; but the power to serve
God never fails, and the love of him is never re-
jected. James A. Frottde.
How different is a walk with a religious man
from one with a vulgar, worldly soul ! The
earth appeared to him holy, just fallen from the
hands of the Creator ; it was to him as if he
were walking in a planet hanging over us and
clothed with flowers. Richter.
It is not he who forms divine images in gold
and marble that makes them gods, but he who
kneels before them. Martial.
Our God is a household God, as well as a
Heavenly one ; He has an altar in every man's
dwelling. Let men look to it when they rend it
lightly and pour out its ashes.
John Ruskin : Seven Lamps of Architecture.
Worth.
Even in leaving an humble place the man of
worth leaves a great void, for the sphere of his
usefulness always goes beyond the bounds of his
position. Anonymous,
Worthiness.
He not simply good : be good for something.
Henry D. Thoreau.
Worthlessness.
There's neither honesty, manhood, nor good
fellowship in thee.
Sliakspeare : King Henry IV.
Writing.
And force them, though it were in spite
Of Nature and their stars, to write.
Samuel Butler : Hudibras.
Devise, wit ! write, pen ! for I am for whole
volumes m folio.
Shakspeare : Love's Labor's Lost.
Hardly anything is so difficult in writing as
to write with ease.
Julius Hare : Guesses at Truth.
Of all those arts in which the wise excel.
Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well.
Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire :
Essay on Poetry.
There is this disadvant-ige in writing, which
brings it into exact analogy with painting ; The
artist's productions stand before you as if they
were alive ; but if you ask them anything, they
keep a solemn silence. Just so with an au-
thor's language : you would fancy it actually
charged with the thoughts it speaks ; but if you
ask it about something which you want to have
explained, it only loolis at you with the same
invariable sign. Plato.
Tnie ease in writing comes from art, not chance,
As those move easiest who have learned to
dance.
'Tis not enough no harshness gives ofi"ence ;
The sound must seem an echo to the sense.
Soft is the strain when zephyr gently blows,
And the smooth stream in smoother numbers
flows :
But when loud surges lash the sounding shore.
The hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent
roar.
When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to
throw.
The line, too, labors, and the words move slow ;
Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain,
Flies o'er th' unbending corn, and skims along
the main.
Alexander Pope : Essay on Criticism.
You write with ease to show your breeding ;
But easy writing's curs'd hard reading.
Richard Brinsley She) ida/t.
Eschew fine words as you would rouge ; love
simjjle ones, as you would native roses on your
cheeks. Act as you might be disposed to do on
your estate ; employ such words as have tho
largest families ; keep clear of foundlings, ai.il
of those of which nobody can tell whence they
come, unless he happens to be a scholar.
Anonymous.
Let us be grateful to writers for what is left in
the inkstand ;
When to leave off' is an art only attained by the
few,
Henry W. Longfellow : Elegiac Verse.
As for writings, thieves can not destroy them,
and they are improved by time ; they are the
only monuments that are proof against death.
Martial.
WRONG
724
YOUTH
Wrong.
The multitude is always in the wrong.
Earl of Roscommon :
Essay on Translated Verse.
If any man has done wrong, the harm is his
own. But perhaps he has not done wrong.
Marcus Aurelius.
Those wounds heal ill that men do give theoi-
selves :
Omission to do what is necessary
Seals a commission to a blank of danger ;
And danger, like an ague, subtly taints
Even then when we sit idly in the sun.
Shakspeare : Troilus and Cressida.
T.
Yet.
Ah, that yet ! Fatal word ! 'tis the moral of all
Thought and felt, seen or done, in this world
since the Fall !
It stands at the end of each sentence we learn ;
It flits in the vista of all we discern ;
It leads us, forever and ever, away
To find in to-morrow what flies with to-day.
Robert Bulwer-Lytton : Lucile.
Yielding.
Thou canst not get the better of the stream
if thou swimmest against the current. Ovid
Youth.
Be old when young, that you may be young
when old. Anonymous.
Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven !
William Wordsworth : The Excursion.
By the waters of life we sat together,
Hand in hand, in the golden days
Of the beautiful early summer weather,
When hours were anthems and speech was
praise. Richard Realf.
Enjoy, poor imps ! enjoy your sportive trade.
And chase gay flies and cull the fairest flow-
ers ;
For when my bones in grass-green sods are laid,
O never may ye taste more careless hours
In knightly castles, or in ladies' bowers.
Oh, vain to seek delight in earthly thing !
But most in courts where proud Ambition
towers ;
Deluded wight ! who weens fair Peace can
- spring
Beneath the pompous dome of kesar or of
king.
William Shenstotie : The School-mistress.
O my own, my beautiful, my blue-eyed !
To be young once more, and bite' my thumb
At the world and all its cares with you, I'd
Give no inconsiderable sum.
Alexander Smith : First Love.
Girls are protected as if they were Something
very frail or silly indeed, while boys are turned
loose on the world as if they, of all beings in
existence, were the wisest and least liable to
be led astray. Charlotte Bronte.
He wears the rose of youth upon him.
Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
My salad days,
When I was green in judgment.
Shakspeare : Antony and Cleopatra.
O Life ! how pleasant in thy morning.
Young Fancy's rays the hills adorning !
Cold-pausing Caution's lesson scorning.
We frisk away,
I-ike school-boys at the expected warning.
To joy and play.
Robert Bums : Epistle to James Smith.
The heart has no wrinkles.
Madame de Sevigne.
'Tis now the summer of your youth ; time
has not cropped the roses from your cheek,
though sorrow long has washed them.
Edward Moore : The Gamester.
We that are in the vanward of our youth.
Shakspeare : King Henry IV.
When the boy, upon the threshold
Of his all-comprising home.
Puts aside the arm maternal
That enlocks him ere he roam ;
When the canvas of his vessel
Flutters to the favoring gale,
Years of solitary exile
Hid behind the sunny sail :
When his pusles beat with ardor.
And his sinews stretch for toil.
And a hundred bold emprises
Lure him to that Eastern soil —
It is well we can not see
What the end shall be.
Frances Browne : What the End shall be.
Bestow thy youth so that thou mayst have
comfort to remember it when it hath forsaken
thee, and not sigh and grieve at the account
thereof. While thou art young thou wilt think
it will never have an end ; but behold, the longest
day hath his evening, and that thou shalt enjoy it
but once, that it never turns again ; use it, there-
fore, as the spring-time, which soon departeth,
and wherein thou oughtest to plant and sow all
provisions for a long and happy life.
Sir Walter Raleigh.
Fair laughs the morn, and soft the zephyr
blows.
While proudly riding o'er the azure realm
In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes ;
Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm.
"' imas Gray : The Bard.
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