of Science antr &rt of tfje (Committee of 
 <rmtnril on 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COLLECTION OF METALLURGICAL SPECIMENS 
 
 FORMED BY THE LATE 
 
 JOHN PEECY, ESQ., M.D., F.E.S., 
 
 NOW IN THE 
 
 SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM, 
 
 U 
 
 BY PROFESSOR J. F. BLAKE, M.A., F.G.S. 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 BY PROFESSOR ROBERTS-AUSTEN, C.B., F.R.S. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 
 
 AND SOLD AT THE SOUTH KENSINGTON MUSEUM. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Price Four Shillings and Sixpence. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION; ix. 
 
 FUELS : 
 
 Fuels of modern origin ; p. 1. 
 Lignites and brown coals ; 2. 
 Bituminous substances and oil shales ; 9. 
 British coals ; 11. 
 Foreign coals : 
 
 European coals ; 35. 
 
 American coals ; 36. 
 
 Asiatic coals ; 42. 
 
 Australasian coals ; 47. 
 
 African coals ; 53. 
 Cokes; 55. 
 Patent fuels; 58. 
 
 REFRACTORY MATERIALS FOR FURNACES, &c. : 
 
 Clays, bricks, and sandstones ; 59. 
 Graphite; 65. 
 Casting materials ; 66. 
 
 COPPER : 
 
 Experiments showing the properties of copper ; 66. 
 
 Copper ores ; 78. 
 
 Products of English copper smelting : 
 
 Early stages ; 82. 
 
 Experiments on blue metal ; 85. 
 
 Products rich in copper ; 87. 
 
 Ore furnace and metal slags ; 88. 
 
 Special furnace products ; 91. 
 
 Moss copper ; 95. 
 
 Kernel roasting ; 97. 
 Products of the refinery furnace : 
 
 Refinery slags ; 97. 
 
 Special refinery products ; 98. 
 
 Illustrations of foreign copper smelting Saxony ; 99. 
 Copper smelting at the Rammelsberg, Harz : 
 
 Primary smelting ; 106. 
 
 Drying the residual copper ; 108. 
 
 Refinery process ; 109. 
 
 Treatment of waste products ; 110. 
 
 Treatment of the furnace accretions ; 111. 
 *' Saiger " processes at Hettstedt : 
 
 Leading process ; 112. 
 
 Liquation process ; 112. 
 
 Cupelling process ; 113. 
 
 Drying process ; 113. 
 
 Refining process ; 114. 
 
 Treatment of the refinery slag ; 114. 
 
 " Kratz " smelting ; 114. 
 Miscellaneous foreign operations ; 115. 
 Various forms of copper ; 117. 
 Results of treating copper in various ways ; 122. 
 Defects in copper ; 125. 
 Wearing of copper : 
 
 Sheathing in use in Her Majesty's Navy ; 126. 
 Alloys of copper ; 133. 
 Copper and its alloys in use ; 140. 
 Defects and wearing of brass ; 147. 
 Special applications of copper ; 150. 
 U 61955- 500 & 6. 2/92. Wt. 22597. a 2 
 
IV 
 
 ZINC: 
 
 Experiments ; 151. 
 
 Zinc ores ; 155. 
 
 Products of the operations for the extraction of zinc ; 156. 
 
 Metallic zinc ; 158. 
 
 Alloys of zinc; 160. 
 
 Products of the process of " galvanizing " iron with zinc ; 161. 
 
 LEAD : 
 
 The properties of lead experimentally illustrated ; 162. 
 
 Ores of lead; 169. 
 
 Illustrations of lead smelting ; 174. 
 
 Accidental products ; 178. 
 
 Pattinson's process for the extraction of silver from lead ; 179. 
 
 Parke's process of desilverization ; 179. 
 
 Cordurie's process ; 181. 
 
 Purification of hard lead ; 181. 
 
 Lead fumes ; 182. 
 
 Illustrations of the smelting of complex ores containing lead and other 
 
 metals, as carried on in the Harz ; 184. 
 Lead working near Freiberg ; 188. 
 Miscellaneous foreign lead smelting ; 189. 
 Samples of metallic lead ; 191. 
 Defects and corrosions of lead ; 194. 
 Alloys of lead ; 196. 
 
 Various uses of lead and its alloys ; 197. 
 Type metals ; 198. 
 
 SILVEE : 
 
 Experiments ; 200. 
 Silver ores ; 208. 
 The smelting of silver ores ; 210. 
 Amalgamation processes ; 214. 
 Eefining silver by cupellation ; 214. 
 Abnormal products in silver works ; 215. 
 The metal in various forms ; 218. 
 Alloys of silver ; 219. 
 Alloys of silver in use ; 221. 
 
 GOLD: 
 
 Experiments on gold ; 223. 
 
 Specimens showing the wide distribution of gold ; 223. 
 
 Ores of gold ; 226. 
 
 Various forms of the metal ; 226. 
 
 Weights used in dealing with gold ; 228. 
 
 Alloys of gold ; 229. 
 
 Gold and its alloys in use ; 231. 
 
 NOBLE METALS, OTHER THAN GOLD : 
 
 Platinum; 232. 
 Palladium; 233. 
 Iridium; 233. 
 Osmium ; 234. 
 Ruthenium; 234. 
 Rhodium; 235. 
 
 CADMIUM ; 235. 
 
 TIN: 
 
 Laboratory experiments ; 236. 
 
 Ores of tin, and their preparation for smelting ; 237. 
 
 Tin smelting ; 240. 
 
TIN continued. 
 
 Eefining of tin ; 241. 
 
 Various forms of the metal ; 243. 
 
 Alloys of tin ; 246. 
 
 Uses of tin; 247. 
 
 Decay of tin ; 247. 
 
 ANTIMONY: 
 
 Experiments ; 248. 
 
 Ores of antimony ; 248. 
 
 Extraction of antimony ; 249. 
 
 Metallic antimony in various forms ; 250. 
 
 Alloys of antimony ; 250. 
 
 Other special compounds of antimony ; 251. 
 
 BISMUTH ; 252. 
 
 MERCURY ; 254. 
 
 ARSENIC ; 255. 
 
 CHROMIUM ; 256. 
 
 MOLYBDENUM ; 258. 
 
 TUNGSTEN ; 259. 
 
 URANIUM; 260. 
 
 TANTALUM, COLUMBIUM AND YTTRIUM ; 261. 
 
 METALS OF THE CERIUM GROUP : 
 
 Cerium; 261. 
 Lanthanum ; 263. 
 Didymium ; 264. 
 
 MAGNESIUM : 
 
 General experiments ; 264. 
 
 Experiments on the production of phosphide of magnesium ; 265. 
 
 Alloys of magnesium ; 267. 
 
 GLUCINUM; 270. 
 
 ALUMINIUM : 
 
 Experiments; 270. 
 Various forms of the metal ; 270. 
 Alloys of aluminium ; 271. 
 
 Illustrations of the process of making aluminium alloys by means of 
 Cowle's electric furnace ; 272. 
 
 INDIUM; 274. 
 MISCELLANEOUS METALS ; 274. 
 
 VARIOUS NON-METALS OCCURRING IN METALLURGICAL 
 OPERATIONS : 
 
 Selenium ; 274. 
 Tellurium; 275. 
 Boron; 275. 
 Silicon; 275. 
 
 MANGANESE : 
 
 Metal and compounds ; 277. 
 Alloys; 278. 
 
VI 
 
 NICKEL: 
 
 Ores of the metal ; 279. 
 
 Speiss and regulus obtained in the extraction of nickel from its ores ; 
 
 280. 
 
 Slags produced in the extraction of nickel ; 281. 
 Furnace bottoms and bye products ; 282. 
 Various forms of the metal ; 284. 
 Alloys of nickel; 285. 
 
 COBALT : 
 
 The ores of cobalt ; 288. 
 Preparation of cobalt ; 289. 
 The reduced metal ; 289. 
 Compounds of cobalt ; 290. 
 
 IEON AND STEEL : 
 
 Experiments on the character and compounds of iron ; 290. 
 
 Alloys of iron ; 301. 
 
 Special cases of the reduction and cementation of iron ; 306. 
 
 Experiments on meteoric iron ; 307. 
 
 British iron ores : 
 
 Magnetic iron ores ; 308. 
 
 Haematites; 309. 
 
 Brown haematites 
 Spathic iron ores 
 Argillaceous ores 
 
 311. 
 315. 
 317. 
 
 Foreign iron ores : 
 
 Iron ores from France ; 321. 
 
 Iron ores from Germany ; 322. 
 
 Iron ores from Holland ; 322. 
 
 Iron ores from Spain ; 323. 
 
 Iron ores from Portugal ; 324. 
 
 Iron ores from Sweden and Norway ; 324. 
 
 Iron ores from other European countries ; 327. 
 
 Iron ores from Africa ; 327. 
 
 Iron ores from the East Indies ; 327. 
 
 Iron ores from China and Japan ; 328. 
 
 Iron ores from Australasia ; 328. 
 
 Iron ores from Canada ; 328. 
 
 Iron ores from America ; 329. 
 Iron ores from unknown localities ; 333. 
 False iron ores ; 334. 
 The production of pig iron : 
 
 Materials used as fluxes ; 335. 
 
 Slags produced in the manufacture of pig iron : 
 Non-crystalline slags ; 336. 
 Foreign slags ; 341 . 
 Crystalline slags ; 343. 
 
 Ancient slags ; 351. 
 
 Miscellaneous products in the smelting of iron ore in blast 
 furnaces ; 352. 
 
 Varieties of pig iron obtained by smelting British ores ; 364. 
 
 Foreign pig iron ; 370. 
 
 Ancient pig iron ; 372. 
 
 Spiegeleisen ; 373. 
 
 Special crystallizations of iron ; 374. 
 
 Slags produced in the fining of pig iron to obtain wrought iron ; 
 377. 
 
 Slags produced in the puddling furnace ; 383. 
 
 Slags from the re-heating furnace ; 386. 
 
Vll 
 
 IRON AND STEEL continued. 
 
 Special processes in the production of iron ; 388. 
 
 Samples of wrought iron ; 389. 
 
 Special forms of iron ; 393. 
 
 Iron subjected to special treatment ; 394. 
 
 Special processes of steel production : 
 
 Bessemer process ; 395. 
 
 Thomas -Gilchrist process ; 397. 
 
 Siemens' process ; 399. 
 
 Heaton's process ; 400. 
 
 Price and Nicholson's process ; 400. 
 
 Parry's process ; 401. 
 
 Process for refining iron for tin-plates ; 401. 
 
 Polish methods of steel making ; 402. 
 
 Indian methods of steel and iron making ; 402. 
 Various forms of steel ; 404. 
 Foreign made steel ; 407. 
 
 Composite bars, &c. of separate layers of iron and steel ; 408. 
 Irregularities in steel ; 410. 
 Iron and steel specially treated ; 411. 
 Special adaptations of iron and steel to various uses ; 413. 
 
 Watchmakers' steel ; 422. 
 Defects in iron and steel ; 424. 
 Wearing and decay of iron ; 425. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ; 430. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IT is not a little remarkable that while cabinets of 
 minerals, both public and private, are to be found in 
 every important town, but few collections have been 
 made of the metallurgical specimens which illustrate the 
 processes employed, either in extracting metals from 
 their ores or in fitting them for use. 
 
 Of the nature and extent of ancient industrial col- 
 lections but little is known. Bernard Palissy, who 
 died late in the 16th century (1589), insisted on the 
 importance of providing them, and formed one himself. 
 Georgius Agricola, the author of the first systematic 
 treatise on metallurgy (1556), who shared with Palissy 
 the leading position as exponent of industrial chemistry, 
 certainly possessed a metallurgical cabinet, which is 
 known to have been an extensive one, but how far 
 this, the collection of the leading metallurgist of his 
 day, was representative, may be gathered from the 
 fact that it did not contain a specimen of zinc, which 
 had been known for two centuries, although the metal 
 was still rare. 
 
 Even so late as the first half of the present century, 
 public collections of metallurgical specimens were far 
 from being numerous. The National one, newly formed 
 when the museum in Jermyn Street was opened in 1851, 
 was described by Dr. Percy in 1854 as being " already 
 " of considerable value," and as destined to " become 
 " one of the most perfect in Europe." 
 
 He also referred to a private collection which he had 
 himself been engaged in forming during the previous 
 twelve years, as containing " numerous examples of the 
 " defects which occur from time to time in the working 
 
 U 61955. 
 
" of certain metals, and frequently depend upon the 
 " presence of foreign bodies, in minute proportions, 
 " which have escaped the attention of the smelter." 
 Towards the close of his life, in his inaugural address 
 as President of the Iron and Steel Institute (1885), he 
 again referred to his very large collection, from the 
 study of which he had derived much instruction. Dr. 
 Percy began to form this in 1842, and at the time of 
 his death in 1889 it comprised over 4,000 specimens, 
 besides a very numerous miscellaneous series of metals 
 and alloys. The value of the collection was well 
 known, and as Dr. Percy's, family wished that it should 
 be preserved in connection with the school where he 
 had so long taught, a careful examination of the spe- 
 cimens was made by my colleague, Professor Judd, 
 and myself, and we unhesitatingly recommended its 
 purchase. We further suggested that the services of 
 Professor J. F. Blake should be secured for cataloguing 
 and arranging the specimens. 
 
 From the entire series, 3,700 specimens were selected. 
 These were all accompanied by descriptive labels 
 written by Dr. Percy's own hand, each label bearing 
 testimony to his laborious care and minute accuracy. 
 The value of the collection is indicated by the fact that 
 the specimens practically illustrate his classical treatise 
 on Metallurgy, and the labels in many cases refer to the 
 pages in his work where the specimens are described, 
 to the specification of a patent with which they are 
 connected, or to a monograph which they illustrate. 
 
 A large number of the specimens have been completely 
 analysed ; the results are stated in the catalogue, and 
 in most cases the per-centage amount is given of the 
 particular constituent from which the interest is derived. 
 Many of the specimens illustrate processes which are 
 now antiquated or even obsolete, while others represent 
 processes of which it is very difficult to obtain complete 
 
XI 
 
 typical illustrations. As an instance of the latter might 
 be cited those which show the various stages of the 
 " kernel roasting " of cupriferous iron pyrites, with a view 
 to concentrate the copper in a central kernel of each 
 lump of ore. Another series of interest is that showing 
 some of the results of Sir James Hall's well known 
 experiments on the effect of heat and compression on 
 various substances. These formerly belonged to Faraday, 
 and are labelled by him. Among the samples of metals 
 prepared for industrial use, the series illustrating the 
 wearing of copper sheathing which has been employed 
 in Her Majesty's Navy, may be specially mentioned. 
 
 Many as yet undescribed alloys will be found in the 
 collection, and suggest a wide field of laboratory 
 research, whilst its richness in ores and fuels makes it 
 of great value to the miner. 
 
 The series, as a whole, may be described as the most 
 interesting of its kind in the world. The admirable 
 metallurgical collection exhibited in the United States 
 National Museum at Washington, is of such recent date, 
 that, although it contains nearly the same number of 
 specimens as the Percy collection, it has but little 
 antiquarian interest. Many of the continental museums 
 are rich in specimens illustrating the investigations of 
 the earlier metallurgists, but no collection can compare 
 with Dr. Percy's, either in historical importance, in 
 scientific interest, or in educational value. 
 
 It should be added that Professor Blake's labour in 
 arranging and cataloguing has necessarily been con- 
 siderable; all who study the specimens will greatly 
 appreciate the care and thoroughness with which he 
 has performed his task. 
 
 W. C. ROBERTS- AUSTEN. 
 
 December 1891. 
 
CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF 
 METALLURGICAL SPECIMENS FORMED BY 
 THE LATE DR. PERCY, F.R.S. 
 
 FUELS. 
 
 FUELS OF MODERN ORIGIN. 
 
 1. Sample of decayed oak wood. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 43-59 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 4-82 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 36-78 
 
 Ash - - - - - 5-12 
 
 Water- - - - - 9-69 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 186. 
 
 2. Brown peat from Ireland. 
 
 From the Bog of Allen. It has been triturated with water. 
 Communicated by J. R. Wigham. 
 
 3. Black peat from near Maryboro', Ireland. Air dried. 
 
 From a bog or. the Great North- Western Railway. Communicated 
 by J. R. Wigham. 
 
 4. Brown peat from Ireland compressed into a cylindrical 
 shape by hydraulic machinery. 
 
 Communicated by J. R. Wigham. 
 
 5. Peat cut from near the surface. Showing its uncom- 
 pressed state, with the remains of the sphagnum, of which it is 
 composed still visible. 
 
 6. Air dried compressed peat, by Clayton's patent process 
 (1875). 
 
 See Specification No. 2975, 1872. Communicated by H. Bauermnn. 
 
 7. Round ball of compressed peat. 
 
 8. Round ball of compressed material made of one-half peat, 
 and one-half slack coal. 
 
 9. Black peat from the lowest part of the deposit. 
 
 Very dry. Communicated by Professor Goodeve. Analysed by 
 W. J. AVard. 
 
 II 61953. A 
 
10. Hanoverian peat. No. 1 is from near the surface. No. 2 
 from deeper layers. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 220. Communicated by Mr, 
 Hedley. 
 
 11. Two samples -of German peat from the newest peat forma- 
 tion. 
 
 The brown variety shows remains of the twigs and roots, and is from 
 the top of the deposit. The black variety shows them more feebly. 
 
 12. Ereiniog prepared peat, from Portmadoc, and specimen of 
 charcoal made from the same. 
 
 Tins peat yields on an average 27 3 per cent, of charcoal. Examined 
 by R. Smith, 1875. 
 
 13. Peat from Cashmere (formed in a lake) from the aquatic 
 plants but not from any species of sphagnum. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Falconer. 
 
 14. Compressed peat, as used on some sections of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 Communicated by G-. M. Dawson. 
 
 15. Boa constrictor's dung, used as a fuel for smelting in the 
 East. 
 
 LIGNITES AND BROWN COALS. 
 
 16. Lignite from Bovey Tracey, Devonshire. A deposit of 
 Tertiary (Eocene) age. 
 
 The variety called "board coal" yields after air-drying 52-37 per 
 cent, of coke containing 29 '98 per cent, of ash. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Fuel, p. 313. Communicated by Mr. Pengelly. 
 
 17. Resin coal occurring in association with the lignite of 
 Bovey Tracey, Devonshire. 
 
 A compact brown mass. 
 
 18. Lignite from Suderoe. Faroe Islands. In Miocene Basalt- 
 Exhibited by the Danish Government in the Paris Exhibition. 
 1878. 
 
 Brilliant, black, in broad and narrow bands. 
 
 19. Lignite from the Island of Majorca. Contains Planorlis 
 and other freshwater shells, believed to be of Tertiary age 
 Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - 51-61 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-11 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -9-06 
 
 Sulphur - 7-87 
 
 Ash (grey) - - - 17-25 
 
 Water - 10-10 
 
 100-00 
 
No pyrites visible. This black lignite occurs in bands interstra- 
 tified with light coloured bituminous shales, examples of which here 
 accompany it. 
 
 &e~Percy?B Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 319. 
 
 20. Black lignite from Cebu, Philippine Islands. Age 
 undetermined. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 318. 
 
 21. Lignite from Desolation Island, part of the Kerguelen 
 group. 
 
 It is much broken up by thin veins of a zeolitic mineral containing 
 lime. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Including veinstuff. Excluding veinstuff. 
 
 Carbon - - 41-59 48-07 
 
 Hydrogen - - *3-61 3-88 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen 14-681 i o* 
 Sulphur - - 0-57 J 
 
 Ash - 27-50 17-05 
 
 Water - 12-05 14-05 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 318. Communicated by the 
 Admiralty. 
 
 22. Black lignite from Kukaghatch, Asia Minor ; of Tertiary 
 age. Produces 50 08 per cent, of granular and non-coherent coke. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 56-69 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-36 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 15-94 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-48 
 
 Ash - - 8-80 
 
 Water- - - 13-73 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 319. 
 
 23. Lignite from Nicaragua. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 58-16 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 5-13 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 14-89 
 
 Sulphur - 0-63 
 
 A 2 
 
Water- - 18-24 
 
 Ash ..... 2-95 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 320. Communicated by Hart and 
 Company. 
 
 24. Shaly lignite from Nicaragua. 
 
 Communicated b}* C. Bedford Pirn. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 25. Lignite from Venezuela. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 Yields 52-54 per cent. of. coke. 
 
 Carbon ... 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash .... 
 
 Water - 
 
 Bisulphide of iron 
 
 Sulphate of iron 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 321. A disintegrated mass like 
 decayed wood. Communicated by J. Bedford Pirn, 1866. 
 
 26. Lignite from Lota, on the coast of Chili, 250 miles south 
 of Valparaiso. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 47-15 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-61 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 12-80 
 
 Sulphur - 1-51 
 
 Ash ... - 15-58 
 
 Water- - - - - 19-35 
 
 100-00 
 
 Produces 47 per cent, of coke. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, 
 p. 321. Communicated by A. J. Duston, 1873. 
 
 27. Lignite, with resin occurring in it, from Auckland, New 
 Zealand. 
 
 The resin is diffused throughout in pieces from the size of a pea 
 
 upwards. Analysed by C. Tookey in bulk. 
 
 Carbon - 55-57 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-13 
 
 Oxygen -. - 15-67 
 
 Nitrogen - 1-15 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-36 
 
 Ash - - 9-00 
 
 Water- - - 14-12 
 
 100-00 
 
See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 317. Communicated by Governor 
 Denison. 
 
 28. Lignite, with diffused resin from Tasmania. Analysed by 
 C. Tookey, in bulk. 
 
 Carbon - 59-90 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-66 
 
 Oxygen - - - 15 -.99 
 
 Nitrogen - - 1-08 
 
 Sulphur - 0-30 
 
 Ash - - 4-64 
 
 Water - 13-43 
 
 100-00 
 
 The resin is in small opaque honey-yellow masses which yield on 
 combustion 81-60 per cent, carbon and 11-06 per cent, hydrogen. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 317. Communicated by Governor 
 Denison. 
 
 29. Compact lignite from Toepletyz, Bohemia. 
 
 Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 314. Communicated by Mr. 
 Casella. 
 
 30. Lignite from the right bank of the Saskatchewan River 
 at Fort Edmonton ; 6 ft. seam ; lat. 53 33' N. ; long. 113 30' W. 
 Of lower Cretaceous age. Broken up by exposure to the air. 
 Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 50-60 
 
 Hydrogen - - -3*24 
 
 Oxygen - - - - 14-41 ' 
 
 Nitrogen - - 0-90 
 
 Sulphur - - - 0-42 
 
 Ash .... - 15-93 
 
 Water- - - 14-50 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by Dr. Hector. 
 
 31. Lignite from the right bank of the Saskatchewan River 
 at Fort Edmonton. Of Cretaceous age. (See No. 30.) 
 
 A solid black resinous, bedded mass. 
 
 32. Lignite from San Pete county, Utah State, Western 
 Territories of America. Probably of Cretaceous age. 
 
 Accompanied by a piece of coke produced from it. See Coal Com- 
 missioners' Report, Vol. III., p. 247. Very dull and fine banded. 
 
 33. Lignite from Goneza Iglesias, west of Cagliari, I. of 
 Sardinia. Probably of Carboniferous age. Analysed by C. 
 Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 50-80 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-03 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 6-92 
 
Sulphur - - 10-81 
 
 Ash - - 21-28 
 
 Water - - 6-16 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 315. Communicated by Sig. 
 Semenza, 1862. 
 
 34. Lignite from the Dranista Coalfield, near Katerina, on the 
 west side of the Gulf of Salonika. The 16 inch vein analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 47-11 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-19 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 15-05 
 
 Sulphur - '0-72 
 
 Ash - - 14-25 
 
 Water - - - 19-68 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by B. Baker, 
 1874. 
 
 35. Lignite from the Dranista Coalfield, " Laca " bed. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 46-40 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-36 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -12-04 
 
 Sulphur - 2-72 
 
 Ash - - - 15-88 
 
 Water- - - - - 19-60 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by B. Baker, 
 
 1874. 
 
 36. Brown lignite from the Dranista Coalfield, " Demolaca " 
 bed. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 46-47 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-84 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 12-99 
 
 Sulphur 1-87 
 
 Ash - - 18-10 
 
 Water- - 16-73 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by B. Baker, 
 1874. 
 
 37. Shaly lignite from the Dranista Coalfield, " Panaya" bed. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by B. Baker, 
 1874. 
 
 38. Lignite from Dranista Coalfield, " Lof taoarria " bed. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 46-47 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 3*44 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -15-38 
 
 Sulphur - 0-80 
 
 Ash - - 15-07 
 
 Water- - 18-84 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. Communicated by B. Baker, 
 1874. A banded black coal, like an ordinary bituminous one. 
 
 39. Lignite from Sasso Forte, Italy. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 64-31 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-69 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 12-40 
 
 Sulphur - 1 
 
 Ash (grey) - - - 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316. It yields no coke, but 56 '61 
 percent, of a carbonised non-coherent residue, and 35 * 09 per cent, of 
 volatile gaseous matter. It breaks into small black fragments. Commu- 
 nicated by J. Brunton, 1874. 
 
 40. Brown coal from Bromberg, Saxony. Heated up to a 
 certain point, and compressed in cylinders, but still has the 
 aspect of compressed peat. 
 
 Communicated by the Zollverein Department of the Exhibition of 
 1862. 
 
 41. Pirnie brown coal. 
 Very brown and wood-like. 
 
 42. Pirnie black coal. 
 Like an ordinary caunel coal. 
 
43. Lignite from Sebnde, Hanover ; of Wealden age. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 52-53 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-10 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 1 57 
 
 Sulphur - - - - 2-05 
 
 Ash - - 17-70 
 
 Water - - - - 13-05 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, p. 336. A brown earthy mass. 
 
 44. Lignite from Portree Harbour, Skye, lying between 
 sheets of lava ; of Miocene age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 68-90 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 5-67 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 12-85 
 
 Sulphur - 0-33 
 
 Ash - - - 5-40 
 
 Water - - - - 6-85 
 
 100-00 
 
 It is black and dull, and breaks in small pieces. It yields 51-74 pel- 
 cent, of carbonaceous residue and 41-41 per cent, of volatile matter. 
 
 45. Shaly lignite from Zagola, in Corinth ; of Tertiary age. 
 Communicated by A. Lennox. 
 
 46. Shaly lignite from Megalopolis, Arcadia, in the valley of 
 Alpbeus, Greece ; of Tertiary age. 
 
 Communicated by A. Lennox. 
 
 47. Shaly lignite from Kumi, in Euboea, Greece ; of Tertiary 
 age. 
 
 Communicated by A. Lennox. 
 
 48. Shaly lignite from Kalamaki, near the Isthmus of Corinth ; 
 of Tertiary age. 
 
 Communicated by A. Lennox. 
 
 49. Lignite from Germany. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 46-50 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3-23 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 17-54 
 
 Sulphur - 2-70 
 
 Ash --- - 12-65 
 
 Water- - - - 17-38 
 
 100-00 
 
It is a black compact coal, yielding 40-90 per cent, of carbonaceous 
 residue and 41-72 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated by 
 J. Simpson. 
 
 50. Brown coal from Brazil. Occurs in great quantity about 
 70 miles south of Babia on a navigable river, and about 12 miles 
 from the sea. 
 
 A brown resinous 
 Sargent. 
 
 looking- substance. Communicated 
 
 51. Dark, brown, woody lignite from Hesse Cassel. 
 
 47 50 per cent, of coke. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 62-18 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-42 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 19-21 
 
 Sulphur - 0-71 
 
 Ash - - - 2-08 
 
 Water- - - - - 11-45 
 
 J. D. 
 
 Yields 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 315. 
 
 52. Dull, black, coal -like lignite from Panama. 
 Communicated by Sir George Elliott, 1871. 
 
 53. Four samples of " Fuels " from Trinidad. 
 
 One of these labelled " 6 " has the appearance of lignite, the one 
 labelled " 15 " is dull and pitch-like, that labelled " 17" is more shaly, 
 and that labelled " 18 " is soft like asphalt. They are all said to be 
 analysed by C. Tookey. Communicated by Mr. Bonnycastle. 
 
 Four samples of " lignite " from Trinidad are mentioned in Dr. 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 316, where the following analyses are 
 given : 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 60-13 
 
 69-53 
 
 57-38 
 
 56-19 
 
 Hydrogen - 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen 
 
 4-14 
 10-77 
 
 5-36 
 15-22 
 
 3-74 
 17-50 
 
 4-14 
 17-39 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 2-36 
 
 0-55 
 
 0-68 
 
 2-23 
 
 Ash - 
 
 2-10 
 
 3-44 
 
 3-90 
 
 2-40 
 
 "Water 
 
 20-50 
 
 5-90 
 
 16-80 
 
 17-65 
 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 These doubtless refer to the above specimens, but there is nothin" 
 show their individual correspondence. 
 
 BITUMINOUS SUBSTANCES AND OIL SHALES. 
 
 54. Natural asphalt from the Pitch Lake of Trinidad. 
 A solid dull mass. Communicated by Mr. Bonnycastle. 
 
10 
 
 55. Boiled asphalt from the Pitch Lake of Trinidad. 
 
 More compact and pitch-like. Communicated by Mr. Bonnycastle. 
 
 56. Carbonaceous substance occurring in pieces of various 
 sizes, lying on the sandy soil of the desert, Australia. 
 
 A light porous crumbly substance, which burns readily to an ash, 
 and contains a large quantity of highly carbonaceous gas or oil. Com- 
 municated by J. I). Fortescue. 
 
 57. Elastic bituminous substance from Australia. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward in 1866. 
 
 Carbon - 80-113 
 
 Hydrogen - - 11-744 
 
 Oxygen - 7-077 
 
 Ash - - 0-664 
 
 Water - - - - 0-402 
 
 100-000 
 
 Yields on distillation 59-2 per cent, of oil, 10 per cent, of water, and 
 16 '3 per cent, of gaseous matter, leaving a residue of 14*5 per cent. 
 
 58. Resin from Botany Bay. 
 
 A light brown mass with signs of cellular structure. 
 
 59. Horn coal (? New South Wales). 
 
 A black compact mass, like cannel coal, which yields paraffin by 
 distillation. 
 
 60. Hartley kerosene shale. Found in many parts of New 
 South Wales. 
 
 A black lustrous lignite, which yields paraffin by distillation. 
 
 61. Oil shale from Scotch coalfields. 
 
 Yields 11-62 per cent, of oil, or 30 gallons to the ton. Two speci- 
 mens : one duller, the other more like cannel coal. Communicated by 
 the Right Hon. J. F. Kennedy. 
 
 62. Oil shale from Scotch coalfields. 
 
 Yields 23-9 per cent, of oil, or 65 gallons per ton. A compact mass, 
 with slickensides of the appearance of fossils. Communicated by the 
 Right Hon. J. F, Kennedy. 
 
 63. A black compact oil shale from Scotch coalfields. 
 
 Yields 4-72 per cent, of oil, or 13 gallons per ton. Communicated by 
 C. W. Bell. 
 
 64. " Plane shale " from Scotland. 
 
 Yields 12-7 per cent, of oil, or 35 gallons per ton. Small fragments 
 of a dark grey shale. Communicated by J. Fender. 
 
11 
 
 65. " Curley shale" from Scotland. 
 
 Yields 14-5 per cent, of oil,' or 39 gallons per ton. Similar to the 
 " Plane shale." Communicated by J. Pender. 
 
 66. Petroleum earth. 
 
 Yields 5 46 per cent, of oil, or 15 gallons per ton. 
 
 67. Shale from Rugby. 
 
 Y ields 21-7 per cent, of oil, or 58 gallons per ton. Contains 1 59 per 
 cent, of sulphur. It is in small flat pieces, exactly resembling some of 
 the jet rock shale of Whitby, which is also sulphur bearing. 
 
 68. Stellar oil coal. Stellarton, Pictou County. 
 
 69. Albertite. Nova Scotia. 
 
 Occurs in fissures in Carboniferous rocks. Carbon 82-67. Hydro- 
 gen 9-14. Oxygen and Nitrogen 8 '19. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, 
 p. 331. Very brilliant and glassy looking. From the Exhibition of 
 1862. 
 
 70. Albertite from Kittram parish, Ross-shire, Scotland. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 391. Very glassy looking. Com- 
 municated by A. C. Mackenzie. 
 
 71. Petroleum oil cannel coal from New South Wales. 
 
 Shale Oil Co.'s Mine, Hartley, 80 miles S. of Sydney. A 3 ft. 6 in. 
 seam yields 150 gallons of crude oil per ton and 18,000 cubic ft. of gas. 
 Entirely compact without grain, with silky lustre and conchoidal 
 fracture. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 72. Petroleum oil cannel coal from the outcrop of the bed 
 mined at Bathgate near Wallerawang, New South Wales. 
 
 Two beds 14 in. thick are contained in 6 ft. and yield 17,500 cubic 
 ft. of gas per ton. Dull, earthy, quite compact, entirely without grain. 
 Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 73. Bitumen from Cape Paterson, Victoria, New South 
 Wales. 
 
 A solid bright, soft, brittle mass. 
 
 74. Bituminous shale called " Kimeridge coal/' 
 
 It occurs in the midst of the Kimeridge clay in Kimeridge Bay on 
 the south coast of England, where it has been known to take fire 
 spontaneously. It burns with a yellow flame when heated. 
 
 BRITISH COALS. 
 
 75. Peareth gas coal from Springwell Colliery, Northumber- 
 land. Analysed by A. Dick, after desiccation. 
 
Carbon - 82-42 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-82 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -11-11 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-86 
 
 Ash - 0-79 
 
 100-00 
 
 A brilliant black coking coal with a hackly fracture. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 322. 
 
 76. Nant-y-glo and Blaina coal, No. 1. The old coal, or 
 Lower 4-feet seam. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 83-74 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-83 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-72 
 
 Sulphur - 1-01 
 
 Ash (pale red)- 6-02 
 
 Water- - - 0-68 
 
 100-00 
 
 Black and splintering into small fragments. Yields 78-12 per cent, 
 of firm lustrous coke. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. 
 
 77. Nant-y-glo and Blaina coal, No. 2. Top grain or three- 
 quarter coal. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (reddish grey) 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 A black splintering coal, yielding 75-52 per cent, of firm lustrous 
 coke. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570.' 
 
 78. Nant-y-glo and Blaina coal, No. 3. Big vein. Analysed 
 by W. J Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 84-44 
 
 Hydrogen - - -5-00 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 4-23 
 
 Sulphur - 0-81 
 
 Ash (pinkish grey) - - 4-87 
 
 Water- - - - - 0-65 
 
 100-00 
 
 A black splintering coal, yielding 74 60 per cent, of firm lustrous coke. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. 
 
13 
 
 79. Nant-y-glo and Blaina coal, No. 4. Elled vein. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 83-64 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-64 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -5-76 
 
 Sulphur - - 0*75 
 
 Ash (reddish grey) - 4-55 
 
 Water- - - - - 0-66 
 
 100-00 
 
 A black and lustrous small splintering coal, yielding 73 22 per cent, 
 of firm lustrous coke. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 70. 
 
 80. The first part of 10-yard coal from Whyley Colliery, South 
 Staffordshire, called "Hooves." Analysed by A. Dick, after 
 desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - 76-12 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-83 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - J 5 72 
 
 Sulphur - - I -00 
 
 Ash - - - - - 2-33 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 325. A compact non-caking coal. 
 
 81. The second part of 10-yard coal from Whyley Colliery, 
 South Staffordshire, called " Top Slipper." Analysed by A. Dick, 
 after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - 77-01 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 4- 71 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 15-98 
 
 Sulphur - 0-74 
 
 Ash - - - - 1-56 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 325. A splintering non-caking coal. 
 
 82. The third part of 10-yard coal from Whyley Colliery, 
 South Staffordshire, called " White coal." Analysed by A. Dick, 
 after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - -. 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 325. A fine splintering non-caking 
 coal. 
 
14 
 
 83. The fifth part of 10-yard coal from Whyley Colliery, 
 South Staffordshire, called " Brazil." Analysed by A. Dick, 
 after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon . 72-13 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-32 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 16-57 
 
 Sulphur - 0-54 
 
 Ash - - - - 6-44 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 325. A fine splintering non -caking- 
 coal. Used for reverberatory smelting furnaces. 
 
 84. Part of the 10-yard, or thick coal, from Grace May Col- 
 liery, Rowley Regis, South Staffordshire, called the " Foot " or 
 " Sawyer " coal. Analysed by C. Law. 
 
 Carbon - 68-40 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-43 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 10-28 
 
 Sulphur - 1-05 
 
 Ash (buff) - 8-91 
 
 Water - ' 6-93 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570, A compact banded, irregular 
 coal, scarcely caking. 
 
 85. Part of the 10-yard, or thick coal, from Grace Mary Col- 
 liery, Rowley Regis, South Staffordshire, called the "Lambs " or 
 " Brazils " coal. Analysed by C. Law. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (buff) 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. A thin banded bright c al y 
 scarcely caking. 
 
 86. "Heathen" or " Spin coal" below the 10-yard coal, from 
 Grace Mary Colliery, Rowley Regis, South Staffordshire. Ana- 
 lysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - 70-41 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4*f>9 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 12-47 
 
 Sulphur - 0-71 
 
 Ash - - - 2-20 
 
 Water - 9-52 
 
 100-00 
 
15 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 327. A solid, compact, uon-caking 
 coal. 
 
 87. " Mother of coal " from the surface of the heathen coal. 
 
 88. "Upper Four-foot coal." Dowlais, S. Wales. Analysed 
 by E. RiJey, after desiccation. 
 
 Carhon - 89-33 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-43 
 
 Oxygen - - ^3-25 
 
 Nitrogen - - 1-24 
 
 Sulphur - 0-55 
 
 Ash - - 1-20 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 328. A bright thin splintering 
 non-caking coal used in blast furnaces. 
 
 89. " Rhes Las " or brassy coal. Dowlais, S. Wales. Analysed 
 by E. Riley, after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - 88-13 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-51 
 
 Oxygen - - - - 2-94 
 
 Nitrogen - 1-41 
 
 Sulphur - 1-01 
 
 Ash - - 2-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 328. A small splintering non- 
 caking coal used in forges. 
 
 90. " Bargoed Big coal." Dowlais, S. Wales. Analysed by E. 
 Riley, after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - - 87-62 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-34 
 
 Oxygen - 2-52 
 
 Nitrogen - 1-13 
 
 Sulphur - - 1-07 
 
 Ash - .... 3-32 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 328. A small splintering non- 
 caking coal used in blast furnaces. 
 
 91. " Tomo yard coal." Dowlais, S. Wales. Analysed by E. 
 Riley, after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - - 82-60 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-28 
 
 Oxygen - 3-44 
 
1C 
 
 Nitrogen - - 1-28 
 
 Sulphur - 1-22 
 
 Ash - 7-18 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 328. A thin banded non-caking 
 coal, not good for blast furnaces. 
 
 92. Cannel coal. Kirkless Hall and Hendley Colliery, near 
 Wigan, Lancashire. 
 
 93. Very compact Cannel coal. Channock Chase, Stafford- 
 shire. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. McCleun. 
 
 94. Cannel coal. Dukinfield Colliery, Ashton-under-Lyne, 
 Staffordshire. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - 83-25 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-75 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 5-06 
 
 Sulphur - 0-86 
 
 Ash (grey) - - 3-48 
 
 Water - - - - - 1-60 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 330. It yields 63 '25 per cent, of 
 coke and 35* 15 per cent, of volatile gaseous matter. 
 
 95. Smooth Cannel coal. Leeswood Green Colliery, Mold, 
 Flintshire. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - -79-87 
 
 Hydrogen - - - - 5-78 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 8-09 
 
 Sulphur - 0-57 
 
 Waier- - - - 2-84 
 
 Ash - - 2-85 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 330. It yields 43-40 per cent, of 
 volatile gaseous matter. 
 
 96. Curley Cannel coal. Leeswood Green Colliery, Mold, 
 Flintshire. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 77-81 
 
 Hydrogen - - 8-47 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -6-32 
 
 Sulphur - 0-71 
 
 Water- - -068 
 
 Ash - - 6-01 
 
 100-00 
 
17 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 328. It yields 92 '08 per cent, of 
 volatile gaseous matter. 
 
 97. Cannel Coal. Leeswood Green Colliery, Mold, Flintshire. 
 A more earthy looking bed lying helow No. 100 and yielding 30 '50 
 
 per cent, of ash. 
 
 98. Seaton Burn steam coal, or Ravensworth West Hartley, 
 from Seaton Burn Colliery, Northumberland. Analysed by 
 A. Dick, after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - 78-65 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-65 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 13-66 
 
 Sulphur - - - 0-55 
 
 Ash 2-49 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 322. A non-caking coal. 
 
 99. Thick coal. Russell's Hall Colliery, Dudley, South 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 The finest quality set aside for making smiths' coke. It is one of the 
 brilliant bituminous bands in the coal. 
 
 100. Main coal. Broughton Coal Company, Wrexham, Den- 
 bighshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-0 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 333. A dull thin banded coal, 
 yielding 61 38 per cent, of coke. 
 
 101. Crank coal. Broughton Colliery, Wrexham, Denbigh- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 81-29 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-53 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 6-77 
 
 Sulphur -r - 0-91 
 
 Ash - - -2-50 
 
 Water - 4-10 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 333. A very dull and earthy looking 
 coal, yielding 68-80 per cent, of coke. 
 U 61955. 
 
 
18 
 
 102. Bituminous coal, No. 1. Risca Colliery, Newport, 
 
 Monmouthshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 80-08 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-03 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -5-29 
 
 Sulphur - 3-42 
 
 Ash (greyish white) - 5 05 
 
 Water - - - - 1-13 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 333. A banded coal, yielding 
 64 -72 per cent, of firm and coherent coke. 
 
 103. Bituminous coal, No. 2. Risca Colliery, Newport, 
 Monmouthshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 75-49 
 
 Hydrogen - -4-73 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -6-78 
 
 Sulphur - 1-21 
 
 Ash (greyish white) - - 10-67 
 
 Water - -1-12 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 333. A compact banded coal, yield- 
 ing 68-88 per cent, of firm and coherent coke. 
 
 104. " Cae David " coal. Tywith Colliery, Llynvi Valley, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Used at the Tonddu Ironworks.. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 82-26 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-28 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 5-96 
 
 Sulphur - 1-25 
 
 Ash - - - 4-18 
 
 Water 1-07 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A thin banded coal, yielding 
 66 38 per cent, of coke. 
 
 105. " Nine-foot " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 87-61 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-73 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 3-55 
 
 Sulphur - 1-07 
 
 Ash - - 2-38 
 
 Water- ... - 0-66 
 
 100-00 
 
19 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A thin banded, small splinter- 
 ing coal, yielding 79 -90 percent, of coke. 
 
 106. " Six-foot " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 87-85 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-67 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 3-77 
 
 Sulphur - - 1-07 
 
 Ash - - 2-00 
 
 Water- - 0-64 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A brilliant small splintering 
 coal, yielding 79-72 per cent, of coke. 
 
 107. " Duffryn " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 84-75 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-65 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 5-04 
 
 Sulphur - 0-76 
 
 Ash - - 3-93 
 
 Water- - 0-87 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A small splintering coal, yield 
 ing 76 92 per cent, of coke. 
 
 108. " Cae David " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 84-10 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-76 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-79 
 
 Sulphur - 1-28 
 
 Ash - - - 5-43 
 
 Water- - 0-64 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A thick banded compact coal,, 
 yielding 76-12 per cent, of coke. 
 
 109. " Yard " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, Bridgend, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 86-67 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-77 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 4-30 
 
 Sulphur - 0-88 
 
 B 2 
 
20 
 
 Ash - - 2-63 
 
 Water- - - - - 0-75 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A banded small splintering 
 coal, yielding 76*86 per cent, of coke. 
 
 110. " Victoria " coal. Llynvi Coal and Iron Company, 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 86-59 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-98 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -4-52 
 
 Sulphur - 0-93 
 
 Ash - - - 2-00 
 
 Water- - .0-98 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A broad banded, small splin- 
 tering coal, yielding 73- 16 per cent, of coke. 
 
 111. Top and bottom coal. No. 2 vein, Dunraven Colliery, 
 Pontypridd, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. The 
 average of the two portions gives 
 
 Carbon - 86-81 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-51 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -2-75 
 
 Sulphur - 1-75 
 
 Ash - - 3-40 
 
 Water - - - 0-78 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A small splintering coal, 
 yielding 86-81 per cent, of coke. 
 
 112. " Imperial Merthyr " coal. Aberdare, Glamorganshire. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 88-34 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-06 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 3-18 
 
 Sulphur - - 4-66 
 
 Ash - - 2-93 
 
 Water- - - 0-83 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A bright, splintering coal, 
 yielding 87 '54 per cent, of coke. Communicated by Livingston, 
 Richards, and Almonds. 
 
21 
 
 113. " Cory's Merthyr " coal. Aberdare, Glamorganshire. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 86-80 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-25 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 3*06 
 
 Sulphur - - - 0-83 
 
 Ash - - - 4-40 
 
 Water- - - - 0-66 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A thin banded, splintering coal, 
 yielding 84-42 per cent, of coke. 
 
 114. "Nine foot" coal. Bute pit, Hirvain, Aberdare, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 90-41 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3-97 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-20 
 
 Sulphur - 0-78 
 
 Ash - - - i-9o 
 
 Water- - - 0-89 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A semi-anthracitic, thin 
 splintering, non-caking coal. Its particles slightly rounded on heating. 
 Communicated by A. Tyler. 
 
 115. Top and bottom coal. No. 2 vein. Rhondda Waterfall 
 Colliery, Glyn Neath, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 The average of the two portions gives 
 
 Carbon - 84-17 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-12 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 2 36 
 
 Sulphur - - 2-19 
 
 Ash - - 6-37 
 
 Water- - - - - 0-79 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A bright thick banded coal, 
 yielding 84-04 per cent, of coke. 
 
 116. " Nine foot " coal. Venallt Colliery, Glynabont, Neath, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 89-26 
 3-75 
 3-25 
 0-74 
 1-43 
 1-57 
 
 100-00 
 
22 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. Yields 90 86 per cent, of coke. 
 Communicated by W. Gregory, 1871. 
 
 117. Venalt coal, No. 1< Glynabont, Neatb, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J". Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 88-85 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-22 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 3-15 
 
 Sulphur - 1-30 
 
 Ash - - 1-77 
 
 Water- - - 0-71 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A dull coal, yielding 87 20 per 
 cent, of coke. Communicated by W. Gregory, 1871. 
 
 118. Venallt coal, No. 2. Glynabont, Neatb, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 85 00 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-93 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-24 
 
 Sulphur - 2-18 
 
 Ash - - 5-85 
 
 Water- - 0-80 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 334. A dull, banded coal, yielding 
 87 74 per cent, of coke. 
 
 119. " Wain-y-Coed " coal. Pontardawe, Swansea, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 89-92 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-32 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 2-37 
 
 Sulphur - 0-78 
 
 Ash (red) - - 1-90 
 
 Water- - 0-71 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. A thin splintering coal, yield- 
 ing 86-04 per cent, of coke. Communicated by the Primrose Coal Com- 
 pany, 1870. 
 
 120. " Primrose " coal from the Primrose Colliery, Pontardavve, 
 Swansea, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 88-83 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-25 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-41 
 
 Sulphur - 0-77 
 
23 
 
 Ash (red) - - - 3-13 
 
 Water - - - 0-61 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. A thin splintering coal, yield- 
 ing 83-82 per cent, of coke. Communicated by the Primrose Coal 
 Company, 1870. 
 
 121. No. 3 coal. Nant-y-Moel Colliery, Ogmore Valley, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. Used at the 
 Tonddu Ironworks. 
 
 Carbon - - 86-67 
 
 Hydrogen - - 5-03 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -4-44 
 
 Sulphur - 1-15 
 
 Ash - 1-63 
 
 Water- - 1-08 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. In small fragments. Yields 
 71-70 per cent, of coke. 
 
 122. Anthracite from Landshipping Colliery, Haverfordwest, 
 Pembrokeshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 As sent. Dried at 212 F. 
 
 Carbon - - 91-05 92-35 
 
 Hydrogen - 2-80 2-85 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 1-72 1-74 
 
 Sulphur- - 0-98 0-99 
 
 Ash (light red) - - 2-05 2-07 
 
 Water - 1-40 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. A brilliant, compact, broad- 
 banded, non-caking coal. 
 
 123. "Upper four foot seam/' Blaen Rhondda Colliery, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 86-49 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-69 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-08 
 
 Sulphur . 0-91 
 
 Ash - - 4.75 
 
 Water - -1-08 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. A dull, small splintering, non- 
 caking coal. 
 
24 
 
 124. Hafod coal. Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. 
 Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 86-95 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-84 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -4-64 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-64 
 
 Ash - - 2-05 
 
 Water - - - - 0-88 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 335. A bright, brittle coal, yielding 
 76 87 per cent, of coke. 
 
 125. Anthracite. Capel Ifan Colliery, Caermarthenshire. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569, where the analysis includes 1 -25 
 per cent, of water. A brilliant and compact coal. Total volatile matter 
 6 '05 per cent. Communicated by A. C. Miller. 
 
 126. Anthracite suitable for malting. From the Deep 
 Stanllyd Big Vein, Llandebie, Caermarthenshire. 
 
 A bright compact coal. 
 
 127. Anthracite from the " Pump Quart " Vein, Llandebie, 
 Caermarthenshire. 
 
 A bright and somewhat brittle, pyritous coal, containing " Mother of 
 coal." 
 
 128. Anthracite from the "Pump Quart" Vein, Llandebie, 
 Caermarthenshire. 
 
 A very bright and compact coal, free from " Mother of coal." 
 
 129. Anthracite from Llangennech Colliery, Llanelly, Gla- 
 morganshire. A steam coal. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 86-32 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3-09 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 4.29 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-66 
 
 Ash (pale red) - - 4-77 
 
 Water- - - 0-87 
 
 100-00 
 
25 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. A dull fibrous coal, yielding 
 85-08 per cent, of firm lustrous coke. 
 
 130. "Grey Gog" seam. Trimsaran Colliery, Kidwelly, 
 Caermarthen shire, without band. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 85-86 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-51 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-47 
 
 Sulphur - 0-80 
 
 Ash (white) - - 5-87 
 
 Water- - 1-49 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. A bright, small splintering 
 anthracite, yielding 91-88 per cent, of coke. 
 
 131. The " Green " seam. Trimsaran Colliery, Kidwelly, 
 Caermarthenshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 90-53 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 3-61 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -1-89 
 
 Sulphur - 1-07 
 
 Ash (red) - 1-30 
 
 Water- - 1-60 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. A bright, small splintering 
 anthracite, yielding 90 90 per cent, of coke. 
 
 132. The " Drap Yein " top coal. Trimsaran Colliery, near 
 Kidwelly, Caermarthenshire. 
 
 An earthy coal, with transverse fibration due to pressure. 
 
 133. The " Drap Vein " bottom coal. Trimsaran Colliery, near 
 Kidweily, Caermarthenshire. 
 
 An irregular thin-banded coal. 
 
 134. " Smokeless steam coal " from Trimsaran Collieries, 
 near Kidwelly, Caermarthenshire. Composed of equal parts by 
 weight of two seams. Analysed in bulk by W. J. Ward after 
 desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - 90-51 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3-85 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-30 
 
 Sulphur - 0-80 
 
 Ash (red) - 2-54 
 
 100-00 
 Both are bright, small splintering coals. 
 
26 
 
 135. Rhondda coal. Pwllfaron Colliery, Glyn Neath, Gla- 
 morganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 88-25 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-71 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-09 
 
 Sulphur - 0-84 
 
 Ash (dark greyish red) - 4-13 
 
 Water - - 0-98 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. An anthracite in small dull 
 pieces, yielding 92-f>9 per cent, of coke. 
 
 136. "Duffryn" coal. Dynevor, Duffryn Colliery, Neath, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 A dull irregularly banded coal. 
 
 137. " No. 2 Rhondda " coal. Top portion. Glyn Corrwg 
 Colliery, Cardiff. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - b6-7l 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-71 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-20 
 
 Sulphur - 1-53 
 
 Ash (pink) - 3-06 
 
 Water- - 0-79 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. A thin-banded, decaying cojil, 
 yielding 80-72 per cent, of coke in concentric layers. 
 
 138. "No. 2 Rhondda" coal. Middle portion. Glyn Corrwo 
 Colliery, Cardiff. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 83-99 
 
 Hydrogen - 4 42 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 2-42 
 
 Sulphur - - 2-69 
 
 Ash (red) - 5-75 
 
 Water- 0-73 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. A dull coal, mostly decayed 
 to powder, yielding 81-08 per cent, of coke in concentric layers. 
 
 139. "No. 2 Rhondda" coal. Bottom portion. Glyn Corrwg 
 Colliery, Cardiff. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 84-99 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-39 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 3-70 
 
27 
 
 Sulphur - 1-49 
 
 Ash (pink) - 4-83 
 
 Water- - 0-60 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 569. A moderately bright, small 
 splintering coal, yielding 80 52 per cent, of coke in concentric layers. 
 
 140. " Six feet " or top coal. Great Western Colliery, Ponty- 
 pridd, Glamorganshire. 
 
 A dull, thin splintering coal. 
 
 141. " Four feet " or middle coal. Great Western Colliery, 
 Pontypridd, Glamorganshire. 
 
 A moderately bright, brittle coal. 
 
 142. " Four feet " coal. Cymmer Colliery, Porth, Glamorgan- 
 shire. 
 
 A bright coal. 
 
 143. " Nine feet " coal. Cymmer Colliery, Porth, Glamorgan- 
 shire. 
 
 A rather dull coal. 
 
 144. " No. 2 Rhondda " coal. Corrwg Fechan Colliery, 
 Glyn Corrwg, Cardiff. 
 
 A rather dull, splintery coal. 
 
 145. Anthracite from the upper part of Penygraig vein, No. 2 
 Rhondda. Penygraig Colliery, Cwm Click, near Pontypridd, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 85-79 
 Hydrogen - 3-71 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 2' 17 
 
 Sulphur - 1-89 
 Ash (reddish grey) - 5-25 
 
 Water - 1-19 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. Broken down to small 
 fragments. 
 
 146. Anthracite from the lower part of Welsh vein, No. 3 
 Rhondda. Penygraig Colliery, Cwm Click, near Pontypridd, 
 Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
28 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (pale red) - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. Breaks into small, dull pieces. 
 
 147. Anthracite from the lower seam. Bonville Court 
 Colliery, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire. 
 
 A bright, compact coal, with conchoidal fracture. 
 
 148. Anthracite from the same locality as No. 147. 
 A bright, banded coal showing iridescent colours. 
 
 149. " Kilgetty " coal. Kilgetty Colliery, Saundersfoot, Pem- 
 brokeshire. 
 
 A brilliant banded coal. 
 
 150. Anthracite from Moreton Colliery, Saundersfoot, near 
 Tenby, Pembrokeshire. 
 
 A bright banded coal. 
 
 151. The " six foot " seam. Mynydd-Bach-y-glo Colliery. 
 Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 A dull and fibrous coal, used for household purposes, gas-making, 
 and smelting. Communicated by W. P. Struve. 
 
 152. The " three foot " seam. Mynydd-Bach-y-glo Colliery, 
 Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 An irregular dull coal, very free from sulphur and excellent for 
 foundry and smelting purposes. Communicated by W. P. Struve. 
 
 153. The "two foot" vein. Mynydd-Bach-y-glo Colliery, 
 Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 A dull, rather compact coal, suitable for household purposes, gas- 
 making, and smelting. Communicated by W. P. Struve. 
 
 154. " Ynysgreinion " anthracite, smokeless steam coal, used 
 also for malting. Victoria Coal and Iron Company, Swansea, 
 Yale Ystalyfera, Glamorganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 89-53 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-66 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -1-98 
 
 Sulphur - 1-38 
 
 Ash (red) - 1-75 
 
 Water- - - - 1-70 
 
 100-00 
 
29 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. A very brilliant, small splinter- 
 ing coal, yielding 91-10 pev cent. coke. 
 
 155. " Ynysgeinion" malting coal No. 2. Ystalyfera, Gla- 
 morganshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 90-49 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 3-97 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 0-88 
 
 Sulphur - 1-18 
 
 Ash (pale red) - 2-20 
 
 Water- - - - - 1-28 
 
 100-00 
 A brilliant, small splintering coal. 
 
 156. " Ynyscedwin " coal No. 1. Near Swansea, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 90-48 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3-77 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -1-95 
 
 Sulphur - - - 0-54 
 
 Ash (pale reddish grey) - 1/95 
 
 Water- - 1-31 
 
 100-00 
 A compact, not very brilliant coal. 
 
 157. " Ynyscedwin " coal No. 2. Near Swansea, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 87-61 
 
 Hydrogen - ..-.. 3-62 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-10 
 
 Sulphur - 3-81 
 
 Ash (white) - - - 3-55 
 
 Water - 1-31 
 
 100-00 
 
 Brilliant, thin banded, and compact. 
 
 158. " Ynyscedwin " coal No. 3. Near Swansea, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 87-76 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-76 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-75 
 
 Sulphur . 0-78 
 
 Ash (pale, reddish grey) - 3-70 
 
 Water- - - 1-25 
 
 100-00 
 Brilliant, banded, and compact. 
 
30 
 
 159. ' : Ynyscedwin " coal No. 4. Near Swansea, Glamorgan- 
 shire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 86 67 
 
 Hydrogen - 3*24 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 3-15 
 
 Sulphur 0'74 
 
 Ash (pale, reddish grey) - 5-00 
 
 Water - -1-20 
 
 100-00 
 A compact and dull coal. 
 
 160. "Four feet" seam. Maedy Colliery, Pontypridd, Gla- 
 morganshire. 
 
 A steam coal. Not very bright, but banded. Communicated by E. 
 S. Judkins. 
 
 161. Coals No. 1 and 2 from Glamorgan Colliery, Pontypridd, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 Both are bright and banded. 
 
 162. Coals No. 3 and 4 from Glamorgan Colliery, Pontypridd, 
 Glam organshir e. 
 
 Bright and thin splintering. 
 
 163. Coals No. 5 and 6 from Glamorgan Collier}', Pontypridd, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 One is dull, the other brighter. 
 
 164. " Black vein " steam coal. Celynen Colliery, Abercarn, 
 Monmouthshire. 
 
 A bright, thin banded coal. 
 
 165. Tyrcenol coal, Used in copper smelting at Hafod Works, 
 near Swansea. Mixed with equal parts of Mynydd Newydd and 
 Pentrefelin coals. Analysed by A. Dick after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon - - 76 -SI 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-42 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -5-65 
 
 Sulphur - 1-96 
 
 Ash - - 12-16 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 350, where analyses of the ashes 
 of these coals are also given. In fragments. 
 
 166. " Top Coal." Henlis Coal and Firebrick Works, New- 
 port, Monmouthshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
31 
 
 Carbon - - 75-85 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-74 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 7*72 
 
 Sulphur - - -1-09 
 
 Ash (grey) - - - 8-87 
 
 Water - - - -1-73 
 
 100 -CO 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. Yields 69-40 per cent, of 
 coke. Communicated by J. C. Hill, 1874. 
 
 167. " Bottom coal." Henlis Coal and Firebrick Works, 
 Newport, Monmouthshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 74-90 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-98 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -8-16 
 
 Sulphur - 1-69 
 
 Ash (reddish grey) - - 8-17 
 
 Water - - - - -2-10 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. Yields 65-60 per cent, of 
 coke. Communicated by J. C- Hill, 1874. 
 
 168. "Smith coal," or 20-inch coal, Forest of Dean. 
 Nearly the highest seam in the district. Bright and compact. 
 
 169. " Little Delf," Forest of Dean ; average thickness 20 in. 
 Follows the Smith coal. Less compact and duller. 
 
 170. "Parkend High Delf," or "Lowry" coal, Forest of 
 Dean ; average thickness 3 ft. 7 in. 
 
 Follows the Little Delf. The only sort used at Parkend furnaces. 
 Brilliant and compact. 
 
 171. Black shale. Parkend, High Delf Colliery, Forest of 
 Dean. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 In small fragments. 
 
 172. " Starkey Delf," Forest of Dean ; average thickness 
 2ft. 
 
 Follows the Parkend. Duller, compact, and thin banded. 
 
 173. " Rocky Delf," Forest of Dean ; average thickness 
 1 ft. Sin. 
 
 Follows the Starkey. Compact, banded, alternately bright and dull. 
 
 174. "Churchway High Delf/ 5 or " Oaken Hill and Smart 
 Delf," Forest of Dean; average thickness 1 ft. 11 in. 
 
32 
 
 Follows the Rocky, and is followed by Churchway Low Delf. Rather 
 dull, compact. 
 
 175. Bailey or Yorkley Delf, Forest of Dean ; average 
 thickness 1 ft. 9 in. 
 
 Follows the Churchway Delf, and is followed by Nags Head Delf. 
 Thin banded, efflorescing and decayed. 
 
 176. " Whittington," Forest of Dean; average t ickness 
 2 ft. 6 in. 
 
 Follows the Nags Head Delf. An earthy coal, very brown and res- 
 inous looking. 
 
 177. " Coleford High Delf," Forest of Dean ; average thick- 
 ness 5 ft. 
 
 Follows the Whittington. Not very bright nor compact. 
 
 178. " Trenchard Coal," Forest of Dean ; averages 2 ft. 
 
 Follows the Coleford High Delf, and is the lowest coal but one in 
 the field. Dull, earthy, effloresced, and decayed. 
 
 179. " Top coal," Bagworth, Leicester. 
 
 Dull and earthy, like cannel. Communicated by the OHyndon Iron 
 Company, 1871. 
 
 180. " Middle coal," Bagworth, Leicester. 
 
 \ r ery dull, thin banded, and compact. Communicated by the Glyndon 
 Iron Company, 1871. 
 
 181. "Main coal/' Whitwick Colliery, Leicester. Analysed 
 by J. W. Ward, 1875. 
 
 Carbon - - 69-00 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-35 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 10-78 
 
 Sulphur - 0-78 
 
 Ash (pinkish) - - 5-4:3 
 
 Water - - - - 9-67 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 570. Yields 58-14 per cent, of coke 
 and 32 19 per cent, of volatile matter. 
 
 182. Coal from the Leeswood Green Colliery, Mold, Flint- 
 shire, showing (i mother of coal." 
 
 Very bright and compact, the mother of coal being the disintegrated 
 parting between the solid layers. 
 
 183. " Arley Mine coal," Wigan, Lancashire ; considered the 
 best coal in the district for house, gas, and coking purposes. 
 
 Compact, iridescent, and slightly effloresced. 
 
33 
 
 184. " Arley Mine coal," Wigan, Lancashire ; of a different 
 structure from No. 187, and from a different part of the 
 workings. 
 
 Duller and more thinly banded. 
 
 185. Wigan cannel coal, in association with ordinary coal, 
 which takes its place as the cannel dies away, so that the 
 average total thickness is maintained. 
 
 Communicated by C. Wright. 
 
 186. The ordinary Wigan coal, that accompanies the cannel 
 oal, without any of the latter. 
 
 A dull, very compact coal. Communicated by C. Wright. 
 
 187. "Thick" coal, or 6 ft. seam, Burnley Coalfield, from 
 Bancroft Colliery, Padiham, Lancashire. 
 
 A broad-banded, moderately bright coal. Communicated by Sir J. K. 
 Shuttleworth. 
 
 188. " Roof coal/' Gawthorpe Colliery, in the Burnley Coal 
 field, Lancashire. 
 
 Bather dull and more thinly banded. Communicated by Sir J. K. 
 Shuttleworth. 
 
 189. " Low Moor " coal ; hard ; Yorkshire. 
 Very dull, compact, and thin banded. 
 
 190. " Low Moor " coal ; soft ; Yorkshire. 
 Bright, with thin bands alternately bright and dull. 
 
 191. Iron pyrites in soft Low Moor coal. 
 
 192. " Hesley Silkstone " coal, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Compact, thin banded, rather dull. Communicated by Newton, 
 Chambers, and Co. 
 
 193. " Silkstone Gas " coal, near Barnsley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Brighter and more thickly banded. Communicated by Newton, 
 Chambers, and Co. 
 
 194. Steam coal, from near Barnsley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Bright and moderately thin banded. Communicated by Newton, 
 Chambers, and Co. 
 
 195. " Yorkshire coal," sample A. Analysed by W. J. Ward 
 
 Carbon - 72-31 
 
 Hydrogen . 5-52 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -9-62 
 
 Sulphur - - 2-44: 
 
 Ash (reddish grey) - 4-80 
 
 Water- - 5-31 
 
 100-00 
 U 61955. n 
 
34 
 
 A very bright and compact coal, with a uniform, almost couchoidal 
 fracture, and yielding 56*32 per cent, of coke. Communicated by Row. 
 Winn. 
 
 196. "Yorkshire coal," sample B. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 74-05 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-25 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - JO- 38 
 
 Sulphur - 1-66 
 
 Ash (reddish grey) - - -2-64 
 
 Water - 6-02 
 
 100-00 
 
 Similar to the last, but the fracture is a little rougher. Yields 56-92 
 per cent, of coke. Communicated by Bow. Winn. 
 
 197. Coal from Fair Oak Colliery. 
 Rather dull and irregularly banded. 
 
 198. " Fernhill " coal. 
 
 Very bright and broad banded, with dull partings. 
 
 199. Sample from a mass of coal which ignited spontaneously 
 in the Woolwich Gasworks in 1873. 
 
 It was received as " New Pelton Gas Coal," and in a wet condition 
 150 tons of it were stored in a shed having only the front open ; and 
 2,000 tons of other coal were placed on the top, and no system of 
 internal ventilation was adopted. It ignited after six months' storage, 
 from May to November. This is not, properly speaking, a coal at all r 
 but a mass of pyrites in which is imbedded a large quantity of the charcoal- 
 like mother of coal. Communicated by C. Iceby. 
 
 200. " Six-foot " coal from Pentrefelin Colliery, near Swansea, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 Used in the Copper Smelting Works at Hafod. Mixed with equal 
 parts of Mynydd Newydd and Tyrcenol coal. Analysed by A. Dick 
 after desiccation. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - - - , 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 350. Moderately light and broad 
 banded. 
 
 201. " Six-foot coal " from Mynydd Newydd Colliery, near 
 Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Used in copper smelting works at Hafod. Mixed with equal 
 parts of Pentrefelin and Tyrcenol. Analysed by A. Dick after desic- 
 cation. 
 
85 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 350. Kather dull and small 
 splintering. 
 
 202. Coal of the age of the Lower Oolites from the Brora 
 Coalfield, Sutherlandsnire. (See Hull's Coalfields of Great 
 Britain.) 
 
 A perfectly black and compact coal, brighter than cannel coal. Com- 
 municated by the Duke of Sutherland. 
 
 FOREIGN COALS. 
 EUROPEAN COALS. 
 
 203. Coal from Steyerdorf, Switzerland. Of Carboniferous 
 age. 
 
 Formerly supposed to belong to the Lias, having been misplaced by 
 the inversion of the strata. Small fractured, solid, feebly banded. 
 
 204. Coal from the level at Courtres (Novelle?), Switzerland. 
 Of Carboniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 59-16 
 
 Hydrogen - 3-78 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 4-97 
 
 Sulphur - 3-48 
 
 Ash (pale red) - - 28-13 
 
 Water - - - - -48 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 336. Compact, dull, without band- 
 ing and with irregular fracture. Yields a light coke. Communicated 
 by McDougal Smith, 1865. 
 
 205. Coal from the upper or east gallery, Novelle, Switzerland.. 
 Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 A dark earthy lignite-like coal with irregular fracture. Yields 
 45 40 per cent, of a scarcely coherent coke and 10 95 per cent, of 
 ash. Burns with a smoky yellow flame. Communicated by McDougal 
 Smith, 1865. 
 
 206. Coal from Novelle, Switzerland. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Yields 55 28 per cent, of coke and 2- 70 of ash. Burns with a smoky 
 name and yields much gas, and decrepitates. Brilliant, compact, and 
 resinous, with conchoidal fracture. Communicated by McDougal 
 Smith, 1865. 
 
 c 2 
 
36 
 
 207. Coal from Servia, 
 
 A very dark irregular lignite. 
 
 208. Cannel coal from Styria. 
 
 A hard eaithy black shale. Used in the manufacture of gas at Vienna 
 by the Imperial and Continental Gas Company. Communicated by 
 E. W. Voelcher, 1876. 
 
 AMERICAN COALS. 
 
 209. Coal from Springfield, Bay of Fundy, "Nova Scotia. Of 
 Carboniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 75-51 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-00 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -9-37 
 
 Sulphur - 1-09 
 
 Ash (greyish white) - 5-05 
 
 Water - - - - 3-98 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 337. A dull, resinous looking coal 
 with irregular fracture. Yields 64 94 per cent, of coke. Communicated 
 by J. Livesey. 
 
 210. Glasgow and Cape Breton coal, Nova Scotia ; of Car- 
 boniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (dark greyish red) 
 
 Water - 
 
 300-00 
 
 Dull and compact in one part, decayed in another ; yields 62-74 per 
 cent, of coke and 36-20 of volatile matter. Communicated by the 
 Glasgow and Cape Breton Coal Company. 
 
 211. Coal from Schooner Pond, Nova Scotia ; of Carboniferous 
 age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon ... 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur ... 
 
 Ash (dark greyish red) 
 
 Water - - 
 
 100-00 
 
 It has an irregular fracture, and is effloresced and disintegrated. It 
 yields 61 -90 per cent, of coke and 35-43 per cent, of volatile matter. 
 Communicated by the Glasgow and Cape Breton Coal Company. 
 
37 
 
 212. Cannel coal from Schooner Pond, Nova Scotia ; of Car- 
 boniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - 63-72 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-79 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 Sulphur - 
 
 Ash (red) 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 337. A dull, massive coal, like 
 cannel, yielding 63 1 1 per cent, of a hard and compact coke, and 35 64 
 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated by the Schooner Pond 
 Coal Company. 
 
 213. Coal from the Inter-colonial Company's Colliery, Pictou 
 County, Nova Scotia. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 The seam called the "Lower Bunch," which is about 19 feet thick. 
 A rather dull, compact, thin-banded coal. 
 
 214. Coal from the Inter-colonial Company's Colliery, Pictou 
 County, Nova Scotia. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 The seam called " Upper Bunch," which is about 19 feet thick. A 
 compact and thin-banded coal. 
 
 215. Coal from the Albion Mines, Pictou County, Nova 
 Scotia. From the " Cage pit." Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 The "Deep seam," 12 feet thick, yielding a good coal in three 
 bands. It is dull and compact, with narrow bright bands. 
 
 216. Coal from the Albion Mines, Pictou County, Nova 
 Scotia. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 The " Main seam," 38 feet thick, with some partings, also called the 
 " Upper Bunch." A dull, thin-banded coal, with much " mother of 
 coal." 
 
 217. Coal from " Mitchells adit," Pictou County, Nova Scotia. 
 Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 About 13 feet thick with some coarse coal. Bright, irregularly 
 banded. 
 
 218. Coal from the Yale Colliery, Pictou County, Nova 
 Scotia. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 The " Eight-foot " seam. Dull, thin-banded. 
 
 219. Coal from Vale Colliery, Pictou County, Nova Scotia. 
 The outcrop of the 3-foot seam. Communicated by Gr. M. Dawson. 
 
 220. The Coal, Brick, and Pottery Company's seam, Pictou 
 County, Nova Scotia. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 A coal 2 feet thick, worked with several feet of fire-clay. Irregularly 
 banded, alternately dull and bright. 
 
38 
 
 221. Coal from " Chimney corner," Cape Breton Island. Of 
 Carboniferous age. 
 
 Broad banded, with no bright layers and some very dusty. 
 
 222. Coal from Port Hood, Cape Breton Island. The main 
 or " six foot " seam. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Compact and thin-banded, but now completely effloresced and frag- 
 mentary. 
 
 223. Coal from the Vancouvers Coal Mines and Land 
 Company's Colliery, Vancouvers Island, British Columbia. Of 
 Cretaceous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 72-29 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-58 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -6-36 
 
 Sulphur - 2-62 
 
 Ash - - 11-62 
 
 Water- - - - - 1-53 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 338. A black, dull, not clearly 
 banded coal, in small pieces, yielding 57- 15 per cent, of coke. 
 
 224. Coal from Vancouvers Coal Mines and Land Company's 
 Colliery, Vancouvers Island, British Columbia. Of Cretaceous 
 age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 69-93 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-95 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 1 1 48 
 
 Sulphur - 0-74 
 
 Ash - - 9-70 
 
 Water- - 3-20 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 338. A rather dull, broad-banded, 
 black coal, yielding 60-08 per cent, of coke. Communicated by Mr. 
 Eobins, 1873. 
 
 225. Coal from Vancouvers Coal Mines and Land Company's 
 Colliery, Vancouvers Island, British Columbia, Of Cretaceous 
 age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 70-99 
 
 Hydrogen - - 5 19 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 10-20 
 
 Sulphur - 0-97 
 
 Ash - - 9-75 
 
 Water- - 2-90 
 
 100-00 
 
39 
 
 See Peicy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 338. A rather dull, irregularly 
 breaking, not clearly banded coal, yielding 62-15 per cent, of coke. 
 Communicated by Mr. Robins, 1873. 
 
 226. Coal from near Nanaimo, Vancouvers Island, British 
 Columbia. Of Cretaceous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 73-28 
 Hydrogen - 5-37 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -11-44 
 Sulphur - 0-51 
 Ash (dirty buff) - - 6-63 
 Water 2-77 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 338. A black, moderately bright and 
 compact, rather broad-banded coal, yielding 58 80 per cent, of coke and 
 38 43 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated by the Admiralty. 
 
 227. Coal brought to England by H.M.S. " Discovery," 
 discovered during the Arctic expedition in 1876. It occurs in 
 81 43' N. L. and 64 4' W. L. It is of Miocene age. A sample 
 analysed by R J. Moss yielded- 
 Carbon - - 75-49 
 Hydrogen - - 5-60 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -9-89 
 Sulphur - - 0-52 
 Ash - - 6-49 
 Water- . . . 2-01 
 
 100-00 
 
 A black, lustrous, tender coal, in thin bands and with many trans- 
 verse cracks. Yields 61 per cent, of coke. See Proc. Royal Dublin 
 Society, N.S., vol. 1, p. 61. 
 
 228. " Black Diamond " or " Tower Vein " from Mount 
 Diablo. About 40 miles South of San Francisco, California. 
 
 A compact cannel-like coal, slightly banded. Communicated by J. 
 Jouberton. 
 
 229. Colorado coal ; locality not stated. 
 
 Dull, almost resinous, thin-banded. Communicated by W. Cope. 
 
 230. Coal from Canon City on the Arkansas river in Colorado, 
 North America. Probably of Cretaceous age. 
 
 A compact bright coal, indistinctly but thinly banded. Communi- 
 cated by A. G. Renshaw, 1874. 
 
 231. Coal from the United States of Colombia, South 
 America. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
Carbon - - 76*45 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-88 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 1 2 06 
 
 Sulphur - 0-25 
 
 Ash - - 1-25 
 
 Water- - - - - 5-11 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 339. A dull, very tender, thin- 
 banded, non- caking coal. Communicated by the Admiralty, 1872. 
 
 232. Coal from the United States of Colombia. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 56-66 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4-08 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 17-25 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-30 
 
 Ash - - - - - 2-63 
 
 Water- - 19-08 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 339. A very dull and tender 
 black coal, in separate layers of compacted dust. Communicated by the 
 Admiralty, 1872. 
 
 233. Coal from San Jeronymo, New Granada. Analysed by 
 C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - -' - 59-05 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-03 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 10-54 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-54 
 
 Ash (nearly white) - - 16-68 
 
 Water- - 9-16 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 340. A tolerably compact and thin 
 banded coal. 
 
 234. Coal from Brazil. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 56-28 
 
 Hydrogen 3-87 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -10*74 
 
 Sulphur - 0-56 
 
 Ash (white) - - 16-85 
 
 Water- - - - 11-70 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 340. A very dull and compact coal, 
 yielding 59-60 per cent, of coke. It has occasional bright bands and 
 splits along the bedding. Its composition is the same as some South 
 Staffordshire coals. 
 
41 
 
 235. Coal from the Province of S. Catherine's, Brazil. 
 
 A dull, brownish black, compact coal, with irregular bright bands. 
 
 236. Coal from the Imperial Brazilian Collieries Company's 
 mines, South Brazil. 
 
 A dull, compact, banded coal, with occasional bright bands. 
 
 237. Coal from Punta Arenas or Sandy Point, Straits of 
 Magellan. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 74-82 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-91 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 8-93 
 
 Sulphur - 0-82 
 
 Ash - - 6-98 
 
 Water - - - - -3-54 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 341. A compact, dull, very feebly 
 broad-banded coal, yielding 62 '80 per cent, of compact coke. Com- 
 municated by the Admiralty, 1873. 
 
 238. Coal from Chili, near Coronel, 250 miles south of 
 Valparaiso. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur - - 
 
 Ash ----- 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 341. A bright, compact, feebly 
 banded coal, yielding 60-56 per cent, of compact coke. 
 
 239. Coal from the South of Chili. 
 
 Used for smelting copper, for which purpose it is mixed with two- 
 thirds of its weight of Welsh coal. A dull coal, once compact, now 
 effloresced and decayed. Communicated by the Copiapo Smelting 
 Company, Caldera. 
 
 240. Anthracite from Peru. Brought by H. Bauerman from 
 a 6 ft. bed at Poaten, in the Pampas of the Sierra, 40 miles 
 north-east of Truxillo. Believed to be of Mesozoic age. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 82-70 
 
 Hydrogen _ 1-41 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - -0-85 
 
42 
 
 Sulphur 
 Ash - 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 567. Brilliant, compact, with 
 irregular fracture. A sample accompanies the raw coal which has been 
 heated for a long time ; by this treatment the per-centage of sulphur 
 was only reduced to 7-35 per cent., showing that this amount must 
 exist in an organic combination. 
 
 ASIATIC COALS. 
 
 241. Labuan coal from the north-west of Borneo. Contains 
 small lumps of resin. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 71-66 
 
 Hydrogen - 5 53 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -14-66 
 
 Sulphur - 0'40 
 
 Ash - - 1'95 
 
 Water- 5*80 
 
 100*00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 342. A bright, compact coal, with 
 irregular fracture and obscure bands, yielding 50-70 per cent, of semi- 
 coherent coke. Communicated by Vice- Admiral Hope, 1872. 
 
 242. Labuan coal. Labuan Coal Company, Borneo. Ana- 
 lysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 342. A very compact, bright coal, 
 with conchoidal fracture, resembling c:mnel coal, and having no band- 
 ing. Yields 56 '10 of coke. Communicated by Vice-admiral Hope, 
 
 1872. 
 
 243. Labuan coal. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1865. 
 Carbon - 70-96 
 
 Hydrogen - 5 ' 57 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 14-34 
 
 Sulphur 1-43 
 
 Ash (pale red) - 2*15 
 
 100-00 
 
43 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 342. A dull, compact, thinly and 
 obscurely banded coal, yielding 52-16 per cent, of coke. 
 
 244. Coal from Labuan, N.W. of Borneo. Sample from the 
 surface outcrop obtained in 1851. 
 
 Dull, resinous, banded. Communicated by J. Drummond, 
 
 245. Labuan coal. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1865. 
 
 Carbon - 71*56 
 
 Hydrogen - - 5*09 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 14-47 
 
 Sulphur - 0-98 
 
 Ash (brownish red) - 2*45 
 
 Water - 5*45 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 342. Yields 51-02 per cent, of 
 coke. It is a broad- banded, dull, effloresced coal, which contained, when 
 received, pyrites, ferrous sulphate, and basic ferric sulphate. 
 
 246. Coal from Sumatra, called " Ranti " coal. Analysed by 
 W. J. Ward, 1872. 
 
 Carbon - 75*27 
 
 Hydrogen - 5*63 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -12-56 
 
 Sulphur - 0*49 
 
 Ash - 0*83 
 
 Water _ 5-22 
 
 100 '00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 343. A very compact, moderately 
 bright coal, in very broad ill-defined bands. Yields 54-58 per cent, of 
 coke. 
 
 247. Coal from Sumatra, called " Soengei Doerian " coal 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1872. 
 
 Carbon . 73-04 
 
 Hydrogen . 4.99 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - _ 12-41 
 
 Sulphur - 1-08 
 
 Ash - - 1-43 
 
 Water - 7 '05 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 343. A very compact, moderately 
 bright coal, with a very obscure but excessively fine banding. Yields 
 55-48 per cent, of coherent coke. 
 
 248. Coal No. l,from Tjitjalenka, Java. Analysed by W. J. 
 Ward. 
 
44 
 
 Carbon - - - 47 "91 
 
 Hydrogen - - 4*71 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 11*31 
 
 Sulphur - 0'74 
 
 Ash (buff) - - 23-32 
 
 Water - - - 12 '01 
 
 100 '00 
 
 A very dull, deep brown, very compact lignite, yielding 49 52 per 
 cent, of non-coherent carbonaceous residue and 38 * 17 per cent, of volatile 
 matter. Communicated by Bateman and Company, 1872. 
 
 249. Coal No. 2, from Tjitjalenka, Java. Analysed by W. J. 
 Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - - - 53-85 
 
 Hydrogen - - 3*59 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -11-17 
 
 Sulphur - .0*91 
 
 Ash (pale red) - - 8-15 
 
 Water - - - - 22-33 
 
 100 '00 
 
 A brown, earthy lignite, with occasional bright bands, yielding 46 '58 
 per cent, of a non-coherent carbonaceous residue and 31*09 per cent, of 
 volatile matter. Communicated by Bateman and Company, 1872. 
 
 250. Coal from the Island of Formosa. 
 
 A moderately bright, irregularly banded anthracite -like coal. Com- 
 municated by the Admiralty, 1872. 
 
 251. Coal from the Bolan Pass, Beloochistan, West of India. 
 An earthy, dark brown lignite. Communicated by.W. H. Sykes. 
 
 252. Coal from the Ranigimgi Coalfield, Bengal Colliery, of 
 Ranigungi Coal Association. 
 
 Dull, banded, compact, with a few thin bright bands ; with cylinders of 
 coke produced from its dust. Communicated by A. J. Mackay. 
 
 253. Coal from the Ranigungi Coalfield, Damuda Valley, 
 Bengal. 
 
 Belongs to the Gondwana series of Carboniferous age, though with the 
 type of flora which is Mesozoic in Europe. A compact, dull coal, with 
 bright bands. 
 
 254. Coal from " Sanatoria " Coalfield, Bengal. 
 
 Probably also of Gondwana series of Carboniferous age. A bright, 
 compact, fine-banded coal. 
 
 255. Coal from Hyderabad, Deccan, India (No. 1). Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
45 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 345. A tender, irregularly banded, 
 dull coal, yielding 54-74 per cent, of non-coherent coke. Communicated 
 by J. G. Palmer, 1872, 
 
 256. Coal from Hyderabad, Deccan, India (No. 2). Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 
 
 Hydrogen - 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 Sulphur - - 
 
 Ash 
 
 Water - ... 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 345. A very dull, banded, lignite- 
 like coal, yielding 57 24 per cent, of non-coherent coke. Communicated 
 by J. G. Palmer, 1872. 
 
 257. Coal from Takasima, in the island of Niphon, Japan. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 79-26 
 
 Hydrogen - 5 86 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -8-76 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-11 
 
 Ash (pale red) - - 4*51 
 
 Water - - - - - 1-50 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 345. A friable, small splintering, 
 not very brilliant coal, yielding 58 per cent, of tender coke. 
 
 258. Anthracite from China, locality unknown. Brought 
 from Pekin. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - 72-27 
 
 Hydrogen - - - 2-00 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -3-42 
 
 Sulphur - 0-41 
 
 Ash (sandy grey) - 19-00 
 
 Water - - - 2 90 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 348. A bright, compact, thin- 
 banded coal, which does not cake in the slightest degree and gives 
 
46 
 
 no illuminating gas on ignition. It yields 89*55 per cent, of car- 
 bonaceous residue and 7 '55 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated 
 by the Admiralty. Obtained by James Hope. 
 
 259. Coal from the hills about 180 miles west of Pekin near 
 Tung-chow; believed to be of Mesozoic age. (See Newberry, 
 Am. Journ. Sci. XLII.) Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 85-3 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-50 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 3 39 
 
 Sulphur - 0-40 
 
 Ash (brownish red) - -5-82 
 
 Water- - 0-53 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 348. A very bright, large-fractured 
 coal, yielding 83-47 per cent, of coke and 16-60 per cent, of volatile 
 matter. In trial on board the ' ; Weasel " it was found to be equal or 
 superior to the best Welsh steam coal. Communicated by the Admiralty. 
 Obtained by James Hope. 
 
 260. Coal from the hills near Tseug-ko-ken, in the province 
 of Pechili, and brought from Jehol in Tartary. Analysed by 
 C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon - - 70-09 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-90 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 8-57 
 
 Sulphur - 0-77 
 
 Ash (grey) - 13-82 
 
 Water - - - 1-85 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 348. A bright, compact, thick- 
 banded coal, yielding 63-15 per cent, of a firm coherent coke, and 
 35 per cent, of volatile matter containing much illuminating gas. 
 Communicated by the Admiralty. 
 
 261. Coal from the hills near Tseng-ko-ken ; being part of 
 the same parcel as No. 260, and having the same properties. 
 Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Carbon 61-90 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-58 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -8-57 
 
 Sulphur - 0-68 
 
 Ash (grey) - - 22-62 
 
 Water - - 1-65 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 348. A duller, and more compact 
 coal, yielding 31-30 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated by 
 the Admiralty. 
 
47 
 
 262. Coal from China ; locality unknown. Brought by J. 
 White. 1877. 
 
 A very dull, earthy, lignite-like coal. 
 
 263. Coal from Hu-Is'iin (No. 1), China. 
 Brilliant, compact, and thin banded. 
 
 264. Coal from Chang-chia Hill behind Po-fcu village, China, 
 Rather tender, thin banded, alternately bright and dull. 
 
 265. Coal from Su feng bridge, China. 
 B road banded, compact. 
 
 266. Coal from Shan-ti village, China, 
 Bright, compact, thin banded. 
 
 267. Coal from Hu Is'un (No. 2), China. 
 Bright, rather tender, irregularly banded. 
 
 268. Coal from Hsiwang-kan village, China. 
 Bather dull, thin banded. 
 
 269. Coal from Lao Tsa Gulley, China. 
 Dull, tender, obscurely banded. 
 
 270. Two varieties of Pung Chung coal, China. 
 Both are rather dull and irregular. 
 
 AUSTRALASIAN COALS. 
 
 271. Small samples of Australian coal, originally sent over to 
 Sir B,. I. Murchison. 
 
 These are severally : 1. Lustrous, black cannel, from Stony Creek. 
 2. Dull, earthy canuel, from Hartley. 3. Brown, lustrous cannel, from 
 Lower Hunton. 4. Bright cannel. from Colley Creek. 5. Dull, earthy, 
 carbonaceous shale, from Illawarra. 6. Brownish lignite, from Barra- 
 gomerg. Accompanying them are some fossils of Palaeozoic type. 
 
 272. Coal from Bosewood, Kendal county, Queensland. Of 
 Carboniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - - 68-28 
 
 Hydrogen - 6-34 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -9-08 
 
 Sulphur - O40 
 
 Ash (pale red)- - 13-98 
 
 Water - - 1-92 
 
 100-00 
 
48 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p, 343. A massive, lignite-like, dull 
 coal, yielding 50-35 per cent, of firm lustrous coke. 
 
 273. Coal from Flagstone Creek, Queensland. Of Carboni- 
 ferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (white) 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 343. A moderately tender, 
 irregularly banded coal, yielding 66-36 per cent, of firm lustrous coke. 
 Communicated by E. Daintree. 
 
 274. " Allora " coal, Queensland ; of Carboniferous age. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 69-31 
 
 Hydrogen - - 6*08 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - 11-51 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-31 
 
 Ash (buff) - 8-87 
 
 Water - - - - 3-92 
 
 100-00 
 
 A compact, rather dull, feebly banded coal, yielding 70- 16 per cent, 
 of coke and 25-92 per cent, of volatile matter. .Communicated by 
 E. Daintree, 1873. 
 
 275. " Thomas " coal, Queensland ; of Carboniferous age. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash (white) 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 A bright coal, with irregular fracture, yielding 72 50 per cent, of coke 
 and 25*59 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated by R. Daintree, 
 1873. 
 
 276. " Davies " coal, Queensland ; of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Carbon - 79-01 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-19 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -6-56 
 
49 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-37 
 
 Ash (pale red) - - - 7-73 
 
 Water- - 1-14 
 
 100-00 
 
 A not brilliant, compact, and rather thin-banded coal, yielding 68 84 
 per cent, of coke and 30*02 per cent, of volatile matter. Communicated 
 by E. Daintree, 1873. 
 
 277. Coal from New South Wales, imported in 1872. 
 
 A tender coal, with variable bands. Of probably Carboniferous age. 
 
 278. Coal from New South Wales, imported in 1872. 
 A dull, thin-banded, compact coal. 
 
 Both these coals were imported in H.M.S. " Eclipse " and communi- 
 cated by the Sheerhess officers. Dr. Percy gives (Metallurgy, Fuel, 
 p. 344) two analyses of coals from this locality, but it is not indicated 
 which of these correspond to either. They are 
 
 I. II. 
 
 Carbon - 77 '65 65 '11 
 
 Hydrogen - 4 '94 4 '61 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 1 63 1 1 93 
 
 Sulphur - 0-58 0'68 
 
 Ash - - 3-25 7'12 
 
 Water - - - 2 -95 10.55 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 279. " Bulli " coal, Cumberland county, New South Wales ; 
 of Carboniferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 75-57 
 
 Hydrogen - 4-70 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 4*99 
 
 Sulphur - ' 54 
 
 Ash - - - 13.17 
 
 Water- - - 1-03 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 344. A dull, tender coal, with broad 
 bands, yielding 74-78 per cent, of coke. 
 
 280. Coal from New South Wales, Of Carboniferous age. 
 See " See Mines and Mineral Statistics of New South Wales," 1875.. 
 
 Bituminous coal from a ten foot seam. Australian Agricultural Com- 
 pany's Colliery, Newcastle. An excellent house, steam, gas, smelting, 
 and caking coal. Brilliant, compact, scarcely banded. Communicated 
 by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 281. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 Bituminous coal from a ten feet seam. Lambton Colliery, near 
 
 Newcastle. An excellent house, steam, gas, smelting, and caking 
 U 61955. 
 
50 
 
 coal. Bright, compact, and banded. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 
 1873. 
 
 282. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Bituminous coal from a ten feet seam. Waratah Colliery, near 
 Newcastle. An excellent house, steam, gas, smelting, and caking 
 coal. Moderately 'bright, compact, and banded. Communicated by 
 J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 283. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Bituminous coal from the Dukinfield Colliery, near Newcastle. An 
 excellent house, gas, steam, smelting, and caking coal. Compact, fairly 
 bright, broad banded. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 284. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Semi-bituminous coal from a ten feet seam. From the Bulli Colliery, 
 near Wollongong, An excellent steam, smelting, and house coal. Dull, 
 feebly banded, small splintering. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 
 1873. 
 
 285. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Splint coal from a 26 foot seam. Greta Colliery, 35 miles from 
 Newcastle. This seam of coal has 1 ft. of Boghead cannel in it. An 
 excellent gas, steam, smelting, house, and coking coal. Bright, very 
 compact, fine banded. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 286. Coal from New South Wales. Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 Splint coal from a 10 ft. 6 in. seam. In the Upper Coal Measures, 
 Lithgow Valley, County Cork. This seam is worked by the Bowenfels, 
 Lithgow, Esk Bank, and Vale of Clwydd Colliery Companies. Very 
 dull, compact, feebly banded. Communicated by J. Mackenzie, 1873. 
 
 287. Coal from Cape Paterson, near Victoria, New South 
 Wales. Sent by A. Burrell. 
 
 Analyses are given by Dr. Percy, Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 344, of two 
 samples of coal from this locality ; but there is no indication as to which 
 of these two specimens corresponds to the two analyses made by C. 
 Tookey. They are - 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 100-00 
 
 Of these two samples, one is more compact, regularly banded, and dull 
 the other, more irregular, thinner banded, and brighter. 
 
 288. New Zealand coal. Bituminous non-caking coal from 
 Bninner Mine, Nelson. From the exhibits of the Colonial 
 Museum in the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. 
 
51 
 
 Much jointed, homogeneous, tender and friable ; lustre pitch-like, 
 glistening ; often iridescent ; colour black, with a purple hue ; powder, 
 brownish ; cakes strongly ; the best varieties forming a vitreous coke 
 with brilliant metallic lustre ; average evaporative power 74 Ibs. of 
 water per Ib. of coal. Occurs with grits and conglomerates of Upper 
 Neocomian age in seams' 2 to 20 ft. in thickness. 
 
 289. New Zealand coal. Semi-bituminous coal from Pre- 
 servation Inlet, Otago. From the exhibits of the Colonial 
 Museum in the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. 
 
 Compact with laminae of bright and* dull coal alternately; fracture ir- 
 regular ; lustre moderate ; cakes moderately, or is non-caking ; rarely 
 cakes strongly; evaporative power 6J Ibs. Occurs in thin irregular 
 seams in sandstone of Upper Neocomian age. 
 
 290. New Zealand coal. Glance coal from Hills Drive, 
 Malvern Hills, Selwyn, Canterbury. From the exhibits of the 
 Colonial Museum in the Vienna Exhibition, 1873. 
 
 Non-caking, massive, compact, or friable ; fracture cuboidal, splintery ; 
 lustre glistening to metallic ; structure obviously laminated ; colour 
 black ; does not form a compact coke, but slightly adheres. A variety 
 of brown coal altered by faults or igneous rocks, and presenting every 
 intermediate stage from brown coal to an anthracite. 
 
 291. New Zealand coal. Pitch coal from Shag Point, Otago. 
 From the exhibits of the Colonial Museum in the Vienna Exhi- 
 bition, 1873. 
 
 Of compact structure ; fracture, smooth, conchoidal ; jointed in large 
 angular pieces; colour brown or black; lustre waxy; does not desiccate 
 much on exposure, nor is it absorbent of water ; burns freely, and contains 
 resin distributed throughout its mass. Evaporative power 4*2 Ibs. 
 Derived from beds of Upper Neocomian age. 
 
 292. New Zealand coal. Brown coal from Saddle Hill 
 Otago. From the exhibits of the Colonial Museum in the 
 Vienna Exhibition, 1873. 
 
 Barely shows vegetable structure ; fracture irregular, conchoidal, 
 with incipient laminations; colour dark brown ; lustre feeble; cracks 
 readily on exposure to atmosphere, losing 5 to 10 per cent, of water, 
 which is not reabsorbed ; burns slowly ; contains resin in large masses. 
 Evaporative power 5 Ibs. From the lower part of beds of Upper 
 Neoeomian age. 
 
 293. Coal from the West Coast of the Middle Island, New 
 Zealand. Analysed by C. Tookey. Of supposed Miocene age. 
 
 Carbon - 79-00 
 
 Hydrogen - 5-35 
 
 Oxygen - 7-71 , 
 
 Nitrogen - 0-89 
 
 Sulphur 2 '50 
 
 Ash - - - - 3-50 
 
 Water - - 1 05 
 
 100-00 
 
 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 344. Irregular, dull, small splintering 
 coal, yielding 64 -82 per cent, of coke. Communicated by C. L. Carter. 
 
 294. Coal from Kawa-Kawa, Auckland, New Zealand. Bitu- 
 minous coal ; of Tertiary age. 
 
 Contains Combustible matter - - 88-48 
 
 Sulphur - 5-42 
 
 Ash - - 1-70 
 
 Water - - - - -4-40 
 
 100-00 
 
 A dull, resinous looking coal, yielding 57 per cent, of coke. One ton 
 occupies one cubic yard. Communicated by the Colonial Museum, New- 
 Zealand, 1868. 
 
 295. Coal from Grey River, Westland, New Zealand. Bitu- 
 minous coal ; of Tertiary age. 
 
 Contains Combustible matter - - 91 '81 
 
 Ash - - 6-20 
 
 Water- - 1-99 
 
 100-00 
 
 A bright, broad-banded, compact coal, yielding 68 7 per cent, of coke.. 
 One ton occupies -999 cubic yards. Communicated by the Colonial 
 Museum, New Zealand, 1868. 
 
 296. Coal from Buller River, Coalbrookdale, Nelson, New 
 Zealand. "Nine-foot seam" of bituminous coal; of Tertiary 
 age. 
 
 Contains Combustible matter - -95-80 
 
 Sulphur - 1-20 
 
 Ash - 40 
 
 Water- - 2-60 
 
 100-00 
 
 A rather bright, very compact coal, yielding 65 8 per cent, of coke- 
 One ton occupies 1*066 cubic yards. Communicated by the Colonial 
 Museum, New Zealand, 1868. 
 
 297. Coal from Pakawan, Nelson, New Zealand. " Seven- 
 foot " seam of bituminous coal ; of Tertiary age. 
 
 Contains Combustible matter - - 87-14 
 
 Sulphur - - 1-04 
 
 Ash - - - 8-26 
 
 Water - - 3.56 
 
 100*00 
 
53 
 
 A rather dull, very compact coal, with bright bands, yielding 58 8 
 per cent, of coke. One ton occupies "909 cubic yards. Communicated 
 by the Colonial Museum, New Zealand, 1868. 
 
 298. Cool from Acvere River, Nelson, New Zealand, A 
 " one-foot " seam of bituminous coal ; of Tertiary age. 
 
 Contains Combustible matter - - 94-00 
 
 Ash - 3-80 
 
 Water - 2-20 
 
 100-00 
 
 A moderately dull, very compact, banded coal, yielding 58-5 per cent, 
 of coke. Communicated by the Colonial Museum, New Zealand, 1868. 
 
 AFRICAN COALS. 
 
 299. Coal from Stormberg, Cape of Good Hope. Of Carbon- 
 iferous age. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 340. A bright, compact coal, with 
 almost a conchoidal fracture, and yielding 67-88 per cent, of coke. 
 See Dunn, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 27. Also Report on Storm- 
 berg Coalfield. Communicated by the Crown Agents, 1871. 
 
 300. Coal from Transvaal. Probably of Carboniferous age. 
 Heavy, dull, and compact, very feebly banded. 
 
 301. Coal from Zambesi river, discovered by Dr. Livingstone. 
 
 See " Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries," 1865. 
 Analysed by W. J. Yv r ard. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Ash - - - 
 
 Water - 
 
 100-00 
 
 A compact, dull, irregularly banded coal, partly in loose particles, 
 Communicated by the Admiralty. 
 
54 
 
 302. Mineral found in the hills distant not more than 30 
 miles inland from Machinga Bay on the Zanzibar coast, a little t > 
 the south of Keleva. Found in 1878. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 58 67 
 
 Hydrogen - 4 ' 57 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - - - 12*73 
 Sulphur - - 1-58 
 
 Ash - - 1-45 
 
 Water- - - - - 21-00 
 
 100*00 
 
 A compact cannel coal, resembling Wigan cannel, with a bright con- 
 choidal fracture. Communicated by Dr. Kirk. 
 
 303. Coal from the Camdeboo Mountains, South Africa. 
 Of Carboniferous age. 
 
 (See E. J. Dunn's "Keport on the Camdeboo and Nieuwveldt Ccal," 
 Cape of Good Hope, 1879.) The coal called " Vices," middle portion, 
 yields 19 per cent, of ash ; 2-40 per cent, of water ; 1-25 per cent, of 
 sulphur ; and 64 per cent, of fair coke. It is compact, dull, and narrow 
 banded. Collected by E. J. Dunn. 
 
 304. Coal from Camdeboo Mountains, South Africa. Of 
 Carboniferous age. (See 303.) 
 
 "Vices " coal, bottom portion. Yields 17-80 per cent, of ash ; 2 per 
 cent, of water ; 1 per cent, of sulphur ; and 64 per cent, of fair coke. 
 It is dull, compact, with narrow, bright bands. Collected by E. J. 
 Dunn. 
 
 305. Coal from Camdeboo Mountains, South Africa. Of 
 Carboniferous age. " Hal tings " coal, middle portion. 
 
 Yields 29 per cent, of ash ; 90 per cent, of water ; 84 per cent, 
 of sulphur. It is compact, tender, and banded alternately bright and 
 dull, and an imperfectly caking coal. Collected by E. J. Dunn. 
 
 306. Coal from Camdeboo Mountains, South Africa. Of 
 Carboniferous age. " Haltings " coal, bottom portion. 
 
 Yields 24 per cent, of ash ; 1 -0 per cent, of water ; 1 .05 per cent, 
 of sulphur. It is a rather tender ,nd thin banded non-caking coal. 
 Collected by E. J. Dunn. 
 
 307. Coal from "" November Kraal, Cape Colony." 
 
 Yields 23-60 per cent, of ash; 1*30 per cent, of water ; 1-05 per 
 cent, of sulphur. It is a tender, bright banded, non-caking coal. 
 Collected by E. J. Dunn. 
 
 308. " Dundee " coal, from Natal. 
 
 A banded bituminous coal. Communicated by Ar. Browning. 
 
55 
 
 COKES. 
 
 309. Hair-like coke. 
 
 Produced by a bubble of hydrocarbon vapour being more highly 
 heated, and decomposing, depositing its carbon on the surface ; two 
 such bubbles adjacent to each other build up thus a wall between them ; 
 and three produce a narrow thread standing out from the surface of the 
 coke. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 421. 
 
 310. No. 1 Glamorgan coke. 
 
 311. No. 2 Glamorgan coke. 
 
 312. No. 3 Glamorgan coke. 
 
 313. Foundry coke. Newton, Chambers, and Co, 
 
 314. Coke used at the Tonddu Iron Works. Made from No. 3 
 coal. Mailts Moel Colliery, Ogmore Valley, near Bridgend, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 315. Rhondda coke, in small fragments. 
 
 316. Anthracite coke. Made in an ordinary beehive oven by 
 the Bouvilles Court Coal and Iron Company, Saundersfoot, S. 
 Wales. 
 
 The ingredients used were anthracite slack, 70 ; bituminous slack, 25 ; 
 and pitch, 5 per cent. A very brilliant but irregular coke. 
 
 317. Anthracite coke, made in an ordinary beehive oven, at 
 the Kilgetty works of the Borwelle's Court Coal and Iron 
 Company, 1873. 
 
 The ingredients used were, anthracite slack, 25 ; and bituminous or 
 caking slack, 75 per cent. Less brilliant and irregular. 
 
 318. " Lowry " or " Parkend " coal, in the Forest of Dean and 
 the coke that is made from it. 
 
 This is the only kind in use at the Cinderford furnaces (1875). See 
 No. 170. The coal is bright and slightly banded, the coke is pretty 
 compact. 
 
 319. Coke used at the Parkend furnaces, Forest of Dean, 
 made from the "Lowry" or "Parkend" High Delf coal. 
 
 320. Light coke, from the South Staffordshire thick coal. 
 Used in the blast furnaces, Russell's Hall, Dudley. 
 
 321. Medium coke from the South Staffordshire thick coal. 
 Used in the furnaces at Russell's Hall, Dudley. 
 
 322. Heavy coke from the South Staffordshire thick coal, 
 Russell's Hall, Dudley. 
 
 A very dense and lustrous coke, capable of bearing a heavy burden. 
 
56 
 
 323. Slack coke made from the South Staffordshire ten yard 
 or thick coal, Dudley. 
 
 In small pieces. Communicated by S. Blackwell. 
 
 324. Coke produced by a mixture of equal weights of pitch 
 and the slack of South Staffordshire thick coal. (1859.) 
 
 Coked in Jones' coke oven, at the Russell's Hall Furnaces, Dudley, 
 of which a full description is given in Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 438. 
 The resulting coke is used in the blastfurnaces. It is dull and very 
 regularly scoriaceous. Communicated l?y S. Blackwell. 
 
 325. Light coke from the Heathen coal. South Staffordshire, 
 Russell's Hall, Dudley. 
 
 326. Coke from Peareth gas coal. 
 
 Made by exposing the pulverised coal to a dull red heat in a Stour- 
 bridge clay crucible, until the evolution of gas ceased. 
 
 327. Two samples of coke from Peareth gas coal. 
 
 Prepared at a low temperature, by exposing the finely pulverised coal 
 to a full red heat for about three-quarters of an hour, and increasing the 
 heat for a few minutes. The crucible was embedded in a second pot 
 filled with anthracite, to exclude air. Experiment byR. Smith. (1856.) 
 
 In one of these samples the pulverised coal was inserted dry ; in the 
 other it was previously wetted and rammed in. 
 
 328. Coke from Peareth gas coal. 
 
 Prepared at a high temperature by exposing the finely pulverised 
 coal to a bright red heat for about an hour, the crucible being embedded 
 in anthracite. In one of the two samples the powder was dry; in 
 the other it was wetted with water and well rammed down in the 
 crucible. Experiment by R. Smith. (1856.) 
 
 329. Coke from an old gas retort at Leith, near Edinburgh. 
 (1840.) 
 
 Showing a laminated structure, and of a highly specific gravity. 
 
 330. Coke from steam coal obtained at Seaton Burn Colliery, 
 near Newcastle-on Tyne. (1856.) 
 
 Produced by exposing the pulverised coal to a dull red heat in a 
 covered Stourbridge clay pot until evolution of gas ceased ; time about 
 1 hour. 
 
 331. Coke from the Abercarn Black Vein steam coal, Newport, 
 Monmouthshire. Analysed by E. Jackson. 
 
 Carbon 
 Hydrogen 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 
 Ash - 
 
 100-00 
 Contains 0-45 per cent, of moisture and 0-75 per cent, of sulphur. 
 
57 
 
 332. Coke produced from the Tertiary lignite of Bovey 
 Tracey, Devonshire, without pulverisation. 
 
 Very light and charcoal-like. 
 
 333. Coke prepared at a high temperature from the " White " 
 coal, Whyley Pit, South Staffordshire. 
 
 The very finely powdered coal was .placed in a covered Cornish 
 crucible, enclosed in a Stourbridge clay pot, filled up with anthracite 
 powder to exclude the air. It was then heated as rapidly as possible 
 at a strong red heat for rather more than half an hour. This coke 
 shows well the arborescent and mammilated form produced on the 
 surface by the rapid and irregular evolution of gas. A little further 
 subdivision would produce the hair-like coke, No. 309. 
 
 334. Coke prepared as 324 5 part, in fact, of the same 
 preparation. 
 
 And showing a quantity of hair-like coke in the crevices where the 
 main mass has separated, the crevices being closed at the surface and 
 wider below. One of these is filled, not with round hairs, but with th'in 
 plates. A finely laminated coke. 
 
 335. Result of heating pulverised " Thick coal " in a furnace 
 for half an hour, the temperature being raised as rapidly as 
 possible. 
 
 Forms a pulverulent and scarcely coherent coke. Experiment by 
 E. Smith. (1855.) 
 
 336. Patent coke. From the Glamorgan Coal Company, 
 South Wales, No. 1. Analysed by W. J. Ward. (1878.) 
 
 Carbon - 85-73 
 
 Hydrogen - 0-73 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - 0-88 
 
 Sulphur - 0-74 
 
 Ash - 8-08 
 
 Water - -3-84 
 
 100-00 
 
 A very porous coke. Communicated by W. Perch and Co. 
 
 337. Patent coke from the Glamorgan Coal Co., South Wales, 
 No. 2. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Carbon - 92-73 
 
 Hydrogen - 0-64 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -0-60 
 
 Sulphur - 0-79 
 
 Ash - - 4-87 
 
 Water - - 0-37 
 
 100-00 
 
58 
 
 338. Coke used for iron smelting at the Dunbar Ironworks, 
 Pennsylvania. A strong lustrous coke. Analysed by Mr. 
 Habrishaw. It contains 
 
 Carbon - - - - 89-047 
 
 Volatile matter - 1 296 
 
 Sulphur - 0-184 
 
 Water at 125 C. - 0-032 
 
 Ash - - - 9-523 
 
 100-032 
 
 The ash is composed of silica 5-413, alumina 3272, ferric oxide 
 0-479, lime 0-243, and phosphoric acid 0-012. 
 
 339. Coke produced from the slack of the Main Seam Albion 
 Mines, Pictou County, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Communicated by G. M. Dawson. 
 
 PATENT FUELS. 
 
 340. Dawson's Patent Fuel. 
 
 Produced by the subjection of coal slack to heat and pressure. (1851.) 
 
 341. Portion of the fuel which oozes out from the iron box 
 during the process of compressing the slack in Dawson's patent 
 process. 
 
 342. The coal powder which is moistened with water and 
 afterwards subjected to heat and compression in the manufacture 
 of patent fuel by Dawson's process. (1856.) 
 
 343. Venallt Patent Fuel, South Wales. 
 
 Made by compressing slack combined with a bituminous substance. 
 Communicated by Wm. Gregory. 
 
 344. Patent fuel in cylinders made by the compression of 
 slack. 
 
 Four samples. 1. Suitable for locomotives and steamships. 2. From 
 steam coal. 3. From anthracite. 4. From bituminous coal. 
 
 345. Mineral charcoal. Two samples from different coals. 
 
 It is light and porous and easily broken. Used as a substitute for 
 wood-charcoal in the manufacture of tin-plate iron. The coal is 
 powdered and washed and spread in its wet state over the floor of a 
 reverberatory furnace previously heated to redness. Much ebullition 
 and evolution of gas occurs and the residue in about an hour is the 
 mineral charcoal. 
 
 346. Samples of Barker's Patent Fuel. 
 
 Produced by mixing fragments of coke or coal with farinaceous 
 matter, and subjecting them to compression. No. 1 is made from coke. 
 
59 
 
 No. 2 is the same material which has been re-coked in an oven. No. 3 is 
 made from " Nixon's Navigation " coal. No. 4 from Powell's Duffryn 
 coal; and No. 5 from Lambton's Wallsend. 
 
 REFRACTORY MATERIALS FOR FURNACES, &c. 
 CLAYS, BRICKS, AND SANDSTONES. 
 
 347. Stannington fire-clay. From carboniferous beds in the 
 Sheffield District. 
 
 It is used for cast-steel pots. After desiccation its analysis gives : 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Earths and Alkalies 
 
 Iron Oxide - - - 
 
 Water in combination - 
 
 99-76 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, Ac., p. 98. 
 
 348. Edgemount pot-clay. From carboniferous beds near 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Used in making crucibles for melting cast-steel. Its analysis by 
 W. J. Ward, after desiccation, gives : 
 
 Silica - - - - - 45-73 
 
 Alumina - - 34-14 
 
 Alkalies and Earths - 1-98 
 
 Iron Oxide - - - -1-76 
 
 Water combined - 10-17 
 
 Water hygroscopic "- 4-45 
 
 Organic matter - 0-70 
 
 98-93 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 98. Communicated by Mi. 3. 
 Morgan. It is accompanied by samples ground and burnt. 
 
 349. Fire-clay from Edensor. From carboniferous beds near 
 Derby, 
 
 Used in making crucibles for cast-steel. After desiccation its 
 analysis gives : 
 
 Silica - - - - - 48-08 
 
 Alumina - 36-89 
 
 Alkalies and Earths - 2-43 
 
 Iron Oxide - 2-26 
 
 Water combined - 10-87 
 
 100-53 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 98. 
 
60 
 
 350. Carboniferous fire-clay from Buckley Mountain, Flint- 
 shire. 
 
 The lowest bed and best quality worked. Burns white, and is 
 largely used for fire-bricks at the Holywell Lead Furnaces and at 
 Swansea. 
 
 351. Teignmouth clay, Devonshire, known as the chocolate 
 variety. It is used as an ingredient in JulefFs crucibles. 
 
 It really occurs at Bovey Tracey, but is called Teignmouth clay from 
 its port of .shipment. It is a white Tertiary clay, and its analysis by W. 
 Weston gives : 
 
 Silica - - 52-06 
 
 Alumina - 29-38 
 
 Alkalies and Earths - . - 2-74 
 
 Iron Oxide - ,. - 2-37 
 
 Water combined 10-27 
 
 Organic matter , - traces. 
 
 Water hygroscopic - -2-56 
 
 99-38 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 99. 
 
 352. Clay from Poole, Dorsetshire. 
 
 A white Tertiary clay used as an ingredient in Juleft's crucibles. Its 
 analysis gives : 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina - - . - 
 
 Alkalies and Earths - 
 
 Iron Oxide - , - - 
 
 Water combined 
 
 Water hygroscopic 
 
 99-36 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 99. 
 
 353. China clay from South Cornwall Mining Company's 
 Works. 
 
 It is a white clay derived from the decay of the neighbouring granite. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward, after desiccation. 
 
 Silica - - 47-75 
 
 Alumina - - - 38-11 
 
 Alkalies and Earths - 0-91 
 
 Iron Oxide - - - 0-69 
 
 Water combined - - 12-54 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 100. 
 
 354. Fire-clay from the Star Fire-brick Works, Glenborg, 
 near Coat Bridge, N.B. 
 
61 
 
 Used for fire-bricks, Bessemer tuyeres, &c. A dark, carbonaceous, 
 hard, sandy clay. Communicated by J. Dunnackie. 
 
 355. Black Stourbridge fire-clay, used for making " London 
 pots '' by the Patent Plumbago Crucible Company, Batfcersea. 
 
 A carboniferous under-clay. 
 
 356. French fire-clay, 'used in making French crucibles by 
 the Patent Plumbago Crucible Company, Battersea. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 121. A sandy loose clay. 
 
 357. White Stourbridge- fire-clay, used for making "Glass 
 pots " by the Patent Plumbago Crucible Company, Battersea. 
 
 A strong brown sandstone. Communicated by Mr. Gadby. 
 
 358. Red clay, Devonshire. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Silica - - 57-83 
 
 Alumina - 20-55 
 
 Ferric Oxidte - - 7-75 
 
 Manganous Oxide - trace. 
 
 Lime - 
 Potash 
 Soda - 
 
 Carbonic Acid - 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 Water combined 
 Water hygroscopic 
 
 100-63 
 
 In its moist state it contained 24-42 per cent, of water. A uniform 
 red clay apparently derived by weathering from the Trias clays. 
 
 359. Belgian clay, imported into Swansea for zinc retorts. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 122. A soft grey clay. 
 
 360. " China stone " from the Isle of Man. 
 
 A white siliceous material used for brick-making for furnaces, from 
 the ancient schists of the island. A portion of it tested in a crucible 
 by Mr. R. Smith accompanies the mass. Communicated by A. 
 Klingenden. 
 
 361. Sand as occurring at S. Agnes Beacon, Cornwall. One 
 of the ingredients of Juleffs Cornish crucibles. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Gadby. 
 
 362. Prepared composition of JulefFs Cornish crucibles 
 Kedruth. 
 
 It consists of one part of Teignmouth clay (No. 351), one part of 
 Poole clay (No. 352), and two parts of sand from S. Agnes Beacon, 
 Cornwall (361), all by measure, and is yellowish white and granular. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 118. Communicated by Mr* 
 Gadby. 
 
62 
 
 363. China stone from Cornwall. 
 
 A. green siliceous stone, accompanied by specimens of the result of 
 fusing it in a platinum crucible. 
 
 364. Result of trials with Glascote fire-clay, from near 
 Tamworth. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, &c., p. 99. It is cut into trial pieces 
 of the form described and figured, loc. cit., p. 113. 
 
 365. Tested clays from the Rockingham Clay Works, West 
 Willow, Romsey, Hants. 
 
 White uniform clays. Communicated by Mr. Sturgeon. 
 
 366. Fire-clay from Way Wood, with the results of testing 
 the same. 
 
 A hard, micaceous, gritty, banded rock. Communicated by Mr. 
 Dougall Smith. 
 
 367. The original rock from whence is derived the material 
 for the (< Dinas fire-bricks." 
 
 A very hard, compact, siliceous rock, found at Dinas, in the Vale of 
 Neath, Glamorganshire. Too hard to be worked by itself. Analysed 
 by W. Weston. Communicated by E. Young. 
 
 Silica - - - - 96-73 
 
 Alumina - 1-39 
 
 Iron Oxide - 0-48 
 
 Lime - 0-19 
 
 Alkalies - 0-20 
 
 Water combined - 0-50 
 
 99-49 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, &c., p. 147. 
 
 . 368. The weathered material actually used for the Dinas 
 bricks. 
 
 It occurs in the soft, crumbly state, as well as in the condition 
 of hard rock, but the latter is known to become softer by weathering. 
 
 369. The prepared material used for the manufacture of 
 Dinas bricks, consisting of the rock ground with one per cent. 
 of lime. . 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 147. 
 
 370. The varieties of material required for the manufacture of 
 Devonshire fire-bricks. 
 
 They are all derived from the decomposition of granite, and for use 
 the best composition is found to be one part of " coarse mica " and two 
 parts of" fine sand.'* The several varieties are as follows : 1. " Coarse 
 sand." This consists of the larger masses of quartz which are separated 
 from the kaolin used for china clay. 2. " Fine sand." This consists 
 of the finer particles of quartz, mixed with much of the mica, and a 
 small proportion of some more basic ingredient of dark tint. 3. " Pipe 
 
63 
 
 clay." This is the separated kaolin. 4. " Coarse mica." This consists 
 of the kaolin mixed with the larger fragments of partially decomposed 
 mica. 5. " Fine mica." This consists of the kaolin mixed with the 
 finer fragments of the mica. 
 
 371. Soft, white, friable, siliceous material between Great 
 and Little Ormes Head, near Llandudno. 
 
 Suitable, when mixed with a little clay, for furnaces and the setting 
 of fire-bricks, but used also for building and shipped as ballast. 
 
 372. Aluminous mineral from Ireland (? from Belfast). 
 
 With results of testing it (1) by heating alone, (2) by mixing it 
 with 10 per cent, of French fire-clay, (3) by mixing it with 20 per 
 cent, of French fire-clay. 
 
 373. Fragments of the Pennant grit rock, a coarse sand- 
 stone belonging to the Coal Measure series, which have been built 
 into the Gwyther Old Furnace, South Wales, and have, there- 
 fore, long been subjected to heat, of which the effects may be 
 seen in the specimens. 
 
 374. Sandstone used for hearth stone in the Glyndon 
 Furnace on the river Lehigh, Easton, Carbon County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, U.S.A. 
 
 A coarse siliceous grit. 
 
 375. Columnar structure produced at Glyndon Furnace, 
 Lehigh River, Pennsylvania. 
 
 This is formed at the mouth of the furnace, of the sandy loam used 
 in closing up the outlet after casting. It is black and hard, but com- 
 paratively light. 
 
 376. Samples of Dinas fire-bricks. 
 
 The fracture is very rough, owing to the irregular white particles of 
 quartz which are set in a yellowish matrix. 
 
 377. Material of which the Dowlais fire-brick is made. 
 
 It is known as the " Little Vein West Clay." Analysed when burnt 
 into brick by E. Eiley, and yields : 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Earth and Alkalies 
 
 Iron Oxide - 
 
 Titanic Acid - 
 
 99-92 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 150. 
 
 378. Sample of material and results of experiments on 
 " Windsor bricks." 
 
 These bricks are red, and known as PP. fire-bricks, and are made at 
 Chalfont St. Peters, Buckinghamshire, The material is a soft, red, 
 
64 
 
 argillaceous sandstone. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, p. 150, where an 
 analysis is given. 
 
 379. Buckley fire-brick, used for lead smelting furnaces. 
 
 From Buckley, in Flintshire ; a specimen brought from the Dee Bank 
 Lead Works. It is a very coarse yellowish red brick, with particles of 
 unaltered white silica ; also used for parts exposed to great heat in 
 chimneys, flues, &c. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, &c., p. 150, where 
 an analysis is given. 
 
 380. Stormy fire-brick ; formerly used as a substitute for 
 Dinas bricks. 
 
 This is a siliceous brick made from boulders scattered over Lias- 
 Limestone, near Bridge End. Pyle, Glamorganshire. These were 
 collected and ground, but the manufacture has been discontinued as too 
 expensive, and the resulting brick too tender. 
 
 381. A portion of brick made by the Chinese on the Bendigo- 
 Gold Fields. 
 
 They take the clay and knead it with " sludge," mould it into bricks 
 and bur them in a kiln, somewhat resembling a conical coke oven, but 
 very large. About half-way up the interior of the kiln are four 
 openings for piping, one and a half inch diameter, through which they 
 force water by means of a pump. The bricks are carefully packed so as 
 to let as much surface as possible come in contact with the hot air and 
 steam. 
 
 382. Fragment of reddish white fire-brick from India; 
 together with the results obtained by R. Smith in testing its- 
 power of resisting fusion, showing it to fuse slightly. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman. 
 
 383. Sand as used for beds of copper furnaces. 
 
 384. Tanners spent bark, burnt into ashes, and sieved ready 
 for mixing in water with which to wash the inside of copper 
 cake moulds. 
 
 385. Ganister used for furnace bottoms. 
 
 From the quarry at Hazlehead, near Penistone. Communicated by 
 Sir J. Brown and Company. 
 
 386. Gornal sandstone altered by heat. From the hearth of 
 the blast furnace, Woodside. 
 
 It has become roughly columnar in structure with slickensides. 
 Communicated by A. B. Boden. 
 
 387. Specimen showing the action of silicate of iron upon a 
 Cornish crucible. 
 
 It has invaded the substance of the crucible and divided it into- 
 numerous irregular lamella, which are filled with the melted substance 
 in a glassy form. 
 
65 
 
 388. Specimen showing the action of. oxide of iron on a tire- 
 brick of interior quality from Sielce. 
 
 It has entered into combination, and is commencing to perforate the 
 brick. 
 
 GRAPHITE. 
 
 389. Natural graphite from Ceylon. 
 
 As used by the Patent Plumbago Crucible Company in making 
 " black-lead" crucibles. It is very massive, with a fibrous striation. 
 
 390. Native graphite from the Horicon Mines, Triconderoga, 
 on Lake Champlain, U.S.A. 
 
 The mass is divided into bands from f to f inch in thickness, and the 
 finer foliaB of graphite cross these bands obliquely, and at different 
 -angles in different bands. 
 
 391. Native graphite from the Horicon Mines, Triconderoga. 
 
 Showing a crystalline or, platy form. It is very irregular, and 
 apparently from a disturbed mass. 
 
 392. Native graphite from the Horicon Mines, Triconderoga. 
 
 Showing a massive form, with an indefinite number of fine bands of 
 irregular form, each of which is , produced by very fine transverse, 
 crystalline plates set side by side. 
 
 These three samples are all from the " Laurentian" rocks of the State 
 of New York, where they occur in bauds. 
 
 393. Sample of purified graphite from Horicon Mines, Tri- 
 conderoga. 
 
 This is called "Photographers' graphite," and is purified first mechani- 
 cally, and then chemically, so that the remaining impurity does not 
 exceed 5 per cent. From the American Graphite Company, New 
 York. 
 
 394. Sample of purified graphite from Horicon Mines, Tri- 
 -conderoga. 
 
 This is called " Electrotypers' graphite," and is purified by mechanical 
 means only. From the American Graphite Company, New York. 
 
 395. Specimen of the material used in making the Morgan 
 crucibles. 
 
 This has been tested in the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Royal 
 School of Mines by incineration in a muffle heated to whiteness, and 
 it has yielded 51-66 per cent, of a yellowish- white residue, giving 
 48-34 per cent, of graphite. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 126. 
 
 396. Plumbaginous or graphitic anthracite from the mica 
 schists of Worcester, 45 miles west of Boston, U.S.A. Brought 
 by Sir Chas. Lyell. Analysed by Dr. Percy. 
 
 U 63.955. v. 
 
66 
 
 Carbon - - - - 28-350 
 
 Hydrogen - 0-926 
 
 Oxygen and Nitrogen - -2-155 
 
 Ash - - - 68-569 
 
 100-000 
 
 A well-banded mass very graphitic in appearance. See Quart, 
 Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. I., p. 205. 
 
 CASTING MATERIALS, &c. 
 
 397. Casting sand from Birmingham. 
 
 A fine red sand from below the Bunter series. It- takes a sharp 
 mould. Communicated by J. P. Marrian. 
 
 398. Casting sand from Japan. 
 
 From a core in which it had been used. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 
 including the fragments of charcoal with which it is mixed. 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Iron Oxides - 
 
 Oxides of Copper, Zinc, and Manganese 
 
 Earths and Alkalies - 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 Carbon - 
 
 Water - 
 
 99-78 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 153. Communicated by J. 
 Fisher. 
 
 399. Substance of the mould used for large steel castings at 
 Messrs. Spear and Jackson's Atlas Works, Sheffield, 1885. 
 
 It is very hard and dark grey, and seems to contain much graphite, 
 but its actual composition is not stated. 
 
 400. Loam used for casting moulds and cores at the Wool- 
 wich Arsenal. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS SHOWING THE PROPERTIES OF COPPER. 
 
 401. Copper scale. 
 
 Consists almost wholly of copper dioxide. It is largely produced in 
 the process of annealing sheet copper in rolling mills, with access of air. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 242. 
 
 402. Pulverized copper scab 
 
67 
 
 403. Copper scale heated to redness with access of air, and 
 thereby converted into cupric oxide. 
 
 404. Cuprous oxide, produced by heating cupric oxide with 
 copper. 
 
 A hard red mass of artificial cuprite, an important ore of copper. 
 
 405. Cuprous oxide, produced by heating one equivalent of 
 copper sulphide with two equivalents of copper sulphate at a low 
 heat in a covered pot. 
 
 200 grains of copper sulphide and 400 grains' of copper sulphate were 
 taken. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 
 406. Cuprous oxide, produced by heating one equivalent of 
 cuprous sulphide with four of cupric sulphate. 
 
 300 grains of copper sulphide with 1,200 grains of cupric sulphate 
 were heated together in a covered pot to a low red heat. Experiment 
 by W. Baker. 
 
 407. Cuprous oxide, produced by heating five equivalents of 
 cuprous chloride and three of sodium carbonate, and digesting the 
 product in water. 
 
 408. Cupric oxide exposed to a high temperature. 
 It has melted to' a purple slag-like mass. 
 
 409. Result of heating silica with cuprous oxide in the pro- 
 portion of 30 to 70, or 3 Cu 2 O, 2 Si0 2 . Conducted by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 The mixture was heated strongly in a plumbago crucible. The pro- 
 duct was fritted, but not melted, and forms a hard earthy red mass. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 243. 
 
 410. Result of heating silica with cupric oxide in the 
 proportion of 84 : 116, or CuO, Si0 2 . Conducted by R. Smith. 
 
 This was exposed to an intense heat in a French pot for about two 
 hours. This only partially softened, but did not entirely fuse the 
 mixture, producing an earthy, irregular, black and red banded mass. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 244. 
 
 411. Result of heating silica with cupric oxide in the pro- 
 portion of 44 : 58, or 3 CuO, 2 SiO 2 . Conducted by R. Smith. 
 
 The materials were intimately mixed, and the mixture exposed in an 
 uncovered platinum dish to a strong red heat in a muffle during 3 J hours, 
 about half the product was again exposed during 5J hours to a heat 
 approaching whiteness. No perceptible change occurred. The results 
 of both are here. They are dark earthy masses with a red fracture. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, vol. I., p. 244. 
 
 412. Bisulphide of copper. 
 
 Produced by the direct combination of flowers of sulphur with copper 
 scale. It is black, with fine radiating crystals from the sides of the 
 crucible. 
 
 E 2 
 
68 
 
 413. Result of the experiment of heating cuprous oxide with 
 iron bisulphide and sUica. 
 
 1,296 grains of cuprous oxide wore mixed with 786 grains of 
 bisulphide of iron and 276 grains of silica, and heated in a plumbago 
 crucible with charcoal. The result is threefold : at the top is a smooth 
 compact slag, in the middle is a regulus-like bisulphide of copper 
 showing a little moss-copper here and there, and a button of copper 
 through which bisulphide of copper is diffused. Experiment by B. 
 Smith, 1856. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 2o5. 
 
 414. Bisulphide of copper. 
 
 Produced by fusing six equivalents of cupric oxide, six of pyrites, and 
 , two of silica. Yielding two of silicate of iron and six of bisulphide of 
 copper. A steel-grey mass of metallic lustre. 
 
 415. Copper bisulphide coating the surface of copper foil. 
 
 Produced by leaving the foil in a flask with flowers of sulphur at the 
 ordinary temperature of the air for some days, whereby it has become 
 quite black by being covered by a loose layer of sulphide. 
 
 416. Copper bisulphide. 
 
 Produced by heating together copper wire and sulphur in a flask. 
 The form of the fragments of copper wire is not lost, but they are con- 
 verted nearly or quite to, the centre into the above-named black com- 
 pound. 
 
 417. Artificial copper pyrites. 
 
 , Produced by fusing copper bisulphide with two equivalents of iron 
 bisulphide or native iron pyrites. Two atoms of sulphur are expelled, 
 leaving a double sulphide of the formula Cu 2 S -f 2 FeS containing by 
 analysis 30-39 per cent, of sulphur. 1,000 grains of Cu 2 S and 1.513 
 of FeS 2 were taken. It is of a dull brass yellow colour. Experi- 
 ment by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 217. 
 
 418. Artificial copper pyrites. 
 
 Producad by fusing together copper bisulphide with two equivalents 
 of iron sulphide, adding sulphur in pieces and stirring with a woodon 
 rod. 1,000 grains of Cu 2 S and 1,109 grains of FeS were taken, and the 
 analysis of the product gave sulphur 29-6 per cent. The formula 
 Cu 2 S-|-2FeS corresponds to 28-69 per cent, of sulphur, showing that 
 no more was taken into composition. Experiment by W. Baker. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 247. 
 
 419. Massive bisulphide of copper. 
 
 Artificial copper-glance, consisting of dull black square prisms one 
 inch in the side. 
 
 420. Artificial copper pyrites. 
 
 Produced by fusing together one equivalent of copper bisulphide and 
 one of iron sulphide. 320 grains of the former and 176 grains of the 
 latter were token and fused in a covered crucible, producing 450 grains 
 of pyrites, much resembling the "blue-metal" of copper smelters. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 247. 
 
69 
 
 421. Artificial bisulphide of copper. 
 
 Produced by fusing copper scrap and sulphur on a large scale 
 (30 Ibs.). It shows crystals arranged in an arborescent form, and 
 having a brassy lustre. Experiment by W. RatclifFe, Wolverhampton, 
 1876. 
 
 422. Copper produced by mixing copper bisulphide with two 
 equivalents of cuprous oxide. 
 
 There were heated together in a luted pot for 25 minutes at a strong 
 red heat 1,000 grains of Cu 2 S and 1,796 grains of Cu 2 O. The copper 
 obtained weighs 2,301 grains. Experiment conducted by W. Baker, 
 1 854. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1 86 1 , p. 250. 
 
 423. Copper produced by mixing copper bisulphide with two 
 equivalents of cupric oxide. 
 
 1,000 graius of each ingredient were taken and heated together in a 
 luted pot at a strong red heat. The button of copper weighed 1,295 
 grains. Experiment conducted by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 250. 
 
 424. Copper produced by mixing one equivalent of copper 
 bisulphide with one of copper sulphate. 
 
 500 grains of each were taken and heated in a luted crucible for 25 
 minutes at a strong red heat. The button of copper weighed 516 grains. 
 Experiment conducted by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 250. 
 
 425. Kesult of experiment to show the action of silica in 
 melting copper bisulphides in an earthen crucible. 
 
 One equivalent of copper bisulphide and four of copper sulphate were 
 mixed and heated at a regulated temperature until converted entirely 
 into cupric oxide. The heat was then increased, and the oxide of copper 
 combined with the silica contained in the pot, forming A very fusible 
 silicate. This v as poured out into a mould, forming a dark brown 
 massive substance (here broken in two), and a portion of the corroded pot 
 preserved, showing an irregular black surface and discoloured section. 
 Experiment conducted by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 250. 
 
 426. Result of heating four equivalents of copper with one 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 320 grains of granulated copper were fused with 280 grains of litharge, 
 the resulting metallic button weighed 340 grains, and was accompanied 
 by a red -brown slag. It contained 308-4 grains, or 90 '7 per cent, of 
 copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 250. 
 
 427. Result of heating two equivalents of copper with one 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 320 grains of copper and 560 grains of protoxide of lead were fused 
 together, and the product consisted of 340 grains of red mortal accom- 
 panied by a red brown glassy slag. 
 
70 
 
 428. Result of heating one equivalent of copper with one 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 320 grains of copper and 1,120 grains of litharge were fused together, 
 and the product consisted of 321 grains of metal and of red-brown 
 slag. The button contained 233 7 grains, or 72 8 per cent, of copper. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 251. 
 
 429. Result of heating one equivalent of copper with two 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 320 grains of copper and 2,240 grains of litharge were fused together 
 and a button of metal weighing 392 grains was obtained, and in a 
 second experiment when the copper was granulated, 373 grains, accom- 
 panied by a mottled slag. The button, in the last case, contained 203 9 
 f rains, or 54 66 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See 
 ercy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 251. 
 
 430. Result of heating one equivalent of copper with three 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 160 grains of copper and 1,680 grains of litharge were fused together, 
 and a button of metal weighing 195 grains was obtained. The slag 
 shows two layers, the upper one rich in copper, the lower one rich in 
 lead. The button contained 56-9 grains, or 29-2 per cent, of copper. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 251. 
 
 431. Result of heating one equivalent of copper with six 
 of protoxide of lead. 
 
 64 grains of copper and 1,344 grains of litharge were fused together, 
 and a button of metal weighing 86 grains was obtained. The slag is 
 dark brown and vitreous. The button resembled lead, and contained 
 10-6 grains, or 12-3 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R, Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 251. 
 
 432. Result of heating two equivalents of copper and one 
 of sulphate of lead. 
 
 320 grains of copper and 760 grains of lead sulphate were heated 
 together. The reaction only takes place at a strong red heat. The 
 slag produced is dark and scoriaceous on the surface, and brick red 
 below. Two globules of copper weighing 11 ! grains were left. Ex- 
 periment by E. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 252. 
 
 433. Result of heating one equivalent of copper with one 
 of sulphate of lead. 
 
 160 grains of copper and 760 grains of lead sulphate were heated 
 together. There were no globules of copper, and the slag weighed 640 
 grains. It is brownish red, with a darker and sub-metallic surface. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 252. 
 
 434. Result of heating two equivalents of cupric oxide 
 with one of metallic lead. 
 
 800 grains of the cupric oxide and 1,040 grains of granulated lead 
 were fused together, yielding a crystalline black slag with semi-metallic 
 lustre, I&periment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 253. 
 
71 
 
 435. Result of heating three equivalents of cupric oxide 
 and two of metallic lead. 
 
 480 grains of cupric oxide and 832 grains of lead were fused together. 
 The resulting metallic button weighed 460 grains, and contained 330-7 
 grains, or 71*9 per cent, of copper. The slag is reddish brown, and 
 semi-vitreous. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 253. 
 
 436. Result of heating one equivalent of cupric oxide with one 
 of metallic lead. 
 
 400 grains of cupric oxide and 1,040 grains of lead were fused 
 together. The resulting metallic button weighed 343 grains. The 
 experiment was repeated on half the above quantities, and the metallic 
 button weighing 180 grains contained 119-7 grains, or 66 '5 per cent, 
 of copper. The slag is reddish brown. Experiment by R. Smith. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 253. 
 
 437. Result of heating one equivalent of cupric oxide with 
 two of metallic lead. 
 
 200 grains of cupric oxide were fused with 1,040 grains of lead. The 
 resulting button weighed 574 grains, consisting of lead mixed with 
 copper. It is accompanied by a black, highly vitreous slag, which is 
 reddish brown in thin flakes. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 253. 
 
 438. Result of heating one equivalent of cuprous oxide with 
 one equivalent of oxide of lead. 
 
 720 grains of copper scale and 1,120 grains of litharge were fused 
 together at a low red heat, producing this dark crystalline mass. It 
 shows signs of contraction on cooling. Experiment by R. Smith. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 253. 
 
 439. Result of heating one equivalent of cuprous oxide with 
 two of oxide of lead. 
 
 720 grains of cuprous oxide were fused with 2,240 grains of litharge. 
 Produces a similar dark crystalline mass, the upper coat of sub-metallic 
 lustre, but no lead is formed. The mass has a contraction cavity in the 
 centre. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 253. 
 
 440. Result of heating one equivalent of cupric oxide with 
 one of oxide of lead. 
 
 400 grains of cupric oxide were heated with 1,120 of litharge. The 
 result is a hard dark crystalline slag. Experiment by R. Smith. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 253. ' 
 
 441. Result of heating one equivalent of cupric oxide with 
 two of oxide of lead. 
 
 200 grains of cupric oxide were fused with 1,120 grains of litharge. 
 The result is a dark greenish slag, with radiating crystallisation and 
 hollow centre. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy 
 1861, p. 253. 
 
442. Result of heating one equivalent of cupric oxide 
 with one of lead sulphide. 
 
 400 grains of cupric oxide were fused with 1,200 grains of pure 
 galena, and produced a button of regulus weighing 705 grains, together 
 with a black vitreous slag. The experiment was repeated with half 
 quantities, and the button weighing 302 grains, yielded 142-3 grains, or 
 47 '15 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 254. 
 
 443. Result of heating three equivalents of cupric oxide 
 with two of lead sulphide. 
 
 600 grains of cupric oxide were fused with 1,200 grains of galena, and 
 produced a regulus weighing 710 grains, with a button of metal below. 
 It contained 504 grains, or 71 '04 per cent, of copper. There is also a 
 vitreous brown-red slag. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 254. 
 
 444. Result of heating two equivalents of cupric oxide with 
 one of lead sulphide. 
 
 800 grains of cupric oxide were fused with 1,200 grains of galena, 
 and produced a regulus with a copper-coloured button at the bottom. 
 The whole weighed 565 grains, of which the button was 307 grains, con- 
 taining 299 grains, or 97 4 per cent, of copper. The slag is a hard sealing- 
 wax-red opaque glass. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, 1861, p. 254. 
 
 445. Result of heating three equivalents of cupric oxide 
 with one of lead sulphide. 
 
 1,000 grains each of cupric oxide and galena were fused together, and 
 produced a brownish-red slag, with a button of metal weighing 140 
 grains, of which 138-6 grains, or 99 per cent., is copper ; the slag only is 
 here. Experiment byR. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy* 1861, p. 254. 
 
 446. Result of heating four equivalents of cupric oxide with 
 one of lead sulphide. 
 
 800 grains of cupric of oxide were fused with 600 grains of galena, 
 and produced a red opaque slag and a copper-like button weighing 162 
 grains, and containing 156-7 grains, or 96-7 per cent, of copper; the 
 slag only is here. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 254. 
 
 447. Result of heating sulphide of copper with carbon. 
 
 200 grains of copper sulphide were exposed to a high temperature in 
 a brasqued crucible, and produced 8 5 grains of metallic copper, with 
 189-5 grains of unchanged sulphide. Experiment by R. Smith. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 257. 
 
 448. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphide of copper 
 with one of iron. 
 
 1,000 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 353 grains of iron 
 filings in a crucible with a luted cover, for about 20 minutes at a strong 
 red heat, and produced a regulus and a button of metal weighing 853 
 grains. This button, analysed by Mr. Tween, gave copper 62-45, 
 
73 
 
 iron 31-70, and sulphur 3-85 per cent. Experiment by W. Baker. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 257. 
 
 449. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphide of copper 
 with two of iron. 
 
 1,000 grains of copper sulphide and 700 grains of iron filings were 
 fused together, and produce4 a brittle crystalline regulus of iron-grey 
 colour. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 257. 
 
 450. Result of heating two equivalents of sulphide of copper 
 with one of iron. 
 
 1,000 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 910 grains of iron 
 in a luted crucible and anthracite fire for 45 minutes, and produced a 
 purple-coloured regulus and no metal. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 257. 
 
 451. Yellow copper ore fused and stirred with metallic iron. 
 
 This illustrates the statement (Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 258) that 
 metallic iron exerts little reducing effect upon .the double sulphide of 
 copper and iron, the result being still the compound sulphide, rather 
 browner and dark in the middle by the introduction of a larger propor- 
 tion of iron. 
 
 452. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphide of copper 
 with four of iron. 
 
 1,000 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 1,410 grains of iron 
 filings in a luted pot with anthracite for 45 minutes, and produced a 
 dark grey regulus, which is crystalline, except its upper layer, and 
 transfused in it is a certain amount of moss-copper, and a few crystals 
 like those of copper sulphide. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 258. 
 
 453. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 with one of zinc. 
 
 320 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 128 grains of zinc in 
 fine powder in a luted crucible at a bright red heat for 20 minutes, and 
 the result weighed 246 grains. It consists of a thin layer of bluish-grey 
 regulus and a metallic button-like brass ; the regulus contains 58-4 per 
 cent, and the button 81 -8 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 258. 
 
 454. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 with two of zinc. 
 
 160 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 128 grains of zinc at a 
 bright red heat ; the result weighed 182 grains, consisting of a layer of 
 regulus weighing 119 grains, and a button of metal weighing 63 grains. 
 The regulus has its upper surface partially covered with moss-copper, 
 and contains 62-37 per cent, of copper. The button contains 80-9 per 
 cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 258. 
 
 455. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 with one of lead. 
 
74 
 
 400 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 520 grains of finely 
 granulated lead in an unluted crucible. The result is a dark grey 
 regulus, and a button of malleable metal weighing 495 grains, of which 
 10 -3 per cent, is copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 258. 
 
 456. Result of heating two equivalents of copper sulphide 
 with three of lead. 
 
 400 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 780 grains of lead, and 
 the result is a dark grey regulus, and a button of malleable metal weigh- 
 ing 753 grains and containing 8-84 per cent, of copper. Experiment 
 by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 259. 
 
 457. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 and two of lead. 
 
 400 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 1,040 grains of lead, 
 and the button of metal produced weighed 1,019 grains, containing 
 6*76 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 259. 
 
 458. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 and one of tin. 
 
 1,000 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 741-7 grains of tin 
 in powder. They were placed in a luted pot and heated to bright 
 redness for 10 minutes. The product is a grey regulus containing tin, 
 and a white metallic button having the composition, tin 65-17, copper 
 33-25, sulphur 0-37 per cent. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 259. 
 
 459. Result of heating one equivalent of copper sulphide 
 and one of antimony. 
 
 160 grains of copper sulphide and 258 grains of antimony were fused 
 together, and produced a regulus containing 57 48 per cent, of copper, 
 and a metallic button like antimony, containing 19-2 percent, of copper. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 260. 
 
 460. Result of heating three equivalents of copper sulphide 
 and one of antimony. 
 
 240 grains of copper sulphide and 129 grains of antimony were fused 
 together, and produced a regulus containing 57 9 per cent, of copper, 
 and a button of metal containing copper 33-40, antimony 60-56, and 
 sulphur 6-04 per cent. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 260. 
 
 461. Result of heating three equivalents of copper with one 
 of tersulphide of antimony. 
 
 192 grains of copper wire in small pieces were fused with 354 grains of 
 tersulphide of antimony at a bright red heat for half an hour in a luted 
 crucible. The product is regulus and metal, of which the former con- 
 tains 47-53 per cent, and the latter 3-86 per cent, of copper. Experi- 
 ment by W. Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 260. 
 
 462. Result of heating six equivalents of copper with one 
 of tersulphide of antimony. 
 
75 
 
 380 grains of copper were fused with 354 grains of antimony ter- 
 sulpliide, and produced a regulus containing 66-44 per cent., and a 
 button of metal containing 42 54 per cent, of copper. Experiment by 
 W. Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 26 1/ 
 
 463. Result of heating 12 equivalents of copper with one 
 of tersulphide of antimony. 
 
 761 grains of copper were fused with 354 grains of antimony ter- 
 sulphide. and produced a regulus containing 75 9 per cent., and a button 
 of metal containing 66*72 per cent, of copper. Experiment by W, 
 Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 261. 
 
 464. Eesult of heating 18 equivalents of copper with one 
 of tersulphide of antimony. 
 
 1,141 grains of copper were fused with 354 grains of antimony ter- 
 sulphide, and produced a regulus containing 77 '36 per cent., and a 
 button of metal containing 75 90 per cent, of copper. Experiment by 
 W. Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 261. 
 
 465. Result of heating bisulphide of copper with 25 times 
 Its weight of litharge. 
 
 100 grains of copper sulphide were fused with 2,500 grains of oxide 
 of lead, and produced a button of metal resembling lead, weighing 422 
 grains, and 21-67 grains of copper adhering as a film to the surface of the 
 button. This amount of litharge is therefore more than enough to 
 oxidise all the sulphur. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 262. 
 
 466. Result of heating three equivalents of copper with one of 
 tersulphide of antimony. 
 
 190 grains of copper were heated with 354 grains of tersulphide of 
 antimony, and the result as seen was a button of metal containing 
 antimony 95-97, copper 3-86, sulphur 0-17, and a regulus contain- 
 ing copper 47-53, antimony 29-32, sulphur 23*15. Experiment by 
 Ambrose Tween. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 260. 
 
 467. Result of heating one equivalent of silver sulphide with 
 two of cupric oxide. 
 
 A button of copper and silver is produced. 
 
 468. Artificial oxychloride of copper. 
 
 Strips of copper foil were put into a wide-mouthed bottle and kept 
 moistened with strong hydrochloric acid, diluted with its own volume of 
 water. The bottle was closed with a loose fitting cork, kept in a warm 
 place and shaken from time, to time. This oxychloride was thus 
 produced. Analysed by R. Smith. 
 
 Copper - 59-24 
 
 Chlorine ~ 16-87 
 
 Oxygen - 11-15 
 
 Water by difference - - - 12-74 
 
 100-00 
 
 Corresponding to the formula CuCl 2 , 3 CuO, 3 H 2 O. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 78. 
 
76 
 
 469. Experimental liquation of lead from copper. 
 
 Stage 1. By heating the mass to the fusing point of copper and letting 
 it gradually cool ? It shows a thick covering of copper on the surface 
 of the lead. 
 
 470. Experimental liquation of lead from copper. 
 
 Stnge 2. It shows a thin covering of copper on the surface of the 
 lead. 
 
 ' 471. Liquated copper and liquation cake. 
 
 The copper contained 2*2 per cent, of silver, and was melted with 
 three parts of common lead. Accompanying these is a sample of the 
 grey coating on the surface of the lead and copper alloy. 
 
 472. Result of experiment on roasted pyrites with lead. 
 
 2,000 grains of roasted pyrites from California, 850 grains of silica, 
 750 grains of lime, 38 grains of charcoal, and 500 grains of lead were 
 melted together. The result consists of a small non-sectile metallic 
 button floating in a large sectile button, the whole being covered by a 
 green glassy slag, with white fragments scattered in it irregularly. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 473. Result of experiment on roasted pyrites and lead. 
 
 1,000 grains of roasted pyrites from California were heated with the 
 same weights of silicn, lime, charcoal, and lead as in the last experiment. 
 The result is Very similar, the non-sectile hutton is absent. Experiment 
 by R. Smith. 
 
 474. Metallic copper as a red-coloured powder, precipitated 
 by heating solutions of copper sulphate and sugar together. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 475. Copper precipitated by zinc. 
 
 From a solution of sulphate of copper, acidulated by hydrochloric 
 acid. Experiment by W. Baker. It is in the form of a black powder. 
 
 476. Copper precipitated by iron from a solution of copper 
 sulphate. 
 
 As a black powder. 
 
 477. Copper prepared from copper scale. 
 
 By digesting it in dilute sulphuric acid and washing the residue till 
 free from the copper sulphate formed. A black powder. Experiment 
 by W. Baker. 
 
 478. Copper prepared from copper scale by hydrogen. 
 A copper-coloured powder. 
 
 479. Copper containing phosphorus. 
 
 Made by heating copper in a mixture of bone ash and charcoal in a 
 charcoal crucible to a white heat for about an hour. Experiment by 
 A. Dick. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 281. It consists of dark 
 grey globules of various sizes, from a mustard seed downwards. 
 
77 
 
 480. Phosphide of copper obtained by the reduction of 
 copper phosphate by carbon. 
 
 860 grains of copper phosphate was heated with 240 grains of char- 
 coal af a strong red heat. A dark grey metallic button weighing 
 200 grains was obtained. Experiment by K. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 280. 
 
 481. Phosphide of copper by the reduction of copper phos- 
 phate by carbon, starch and carbonate of soda. 
 
 1,000 grains of phosphate of copper, 200 grains of charcoal, and 
 500 grains each of starch and carbonate of soda were heated together 
 at a strong red heat; the resulting carbonaceous mass with metallic 
 globules was again heated with 500 more grains of carbonate of soda, 
 and a dark grey button weighing 210 grains is the result. Experiment 
 by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 280. 
 
 482. Phosphide of copper cast at Chatham. 
 
 Employed for copper refining by Weston's process. Accompanied by 
 the small masses of metal that ooze out of the surface during the 
 process ; a reddish-grey metallic mass. 
 
 483. Result of experiment with copper zinc and sodium in 
 
 1858. 
 
 200 grains of finely powdered zinc, 200 grains of copper foil cut in 
 pieces, and 200 groins of sodium cut in pieces were heated in 600 grains 
 of silico-fluoride of potassium. The result is a yellowish-white metallic 
 button weighing 268 grain?, and a quantity of grey opaque glassy slag. 
 
 484. Arsenide of copper. 
 
 500 grains of copper, 500 grains of starch, and 1,000 grains each of 
 ursenious acid and carbonate of soda were heated together at a strong 
 red heat. The dark grey crystalline metallic button weighed 760 grains, 
 and was accompanied by a little black slag. Experiment by II. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 281. 
 
 485. Alloy of silicon and copper. Produced in Cowles' electric 
 furnace. 
 
 This has been remelted and cast into an ingot. The silicon in com- 
 bination has been reduced from pure white sand by means of a strong 
 current of electricity passed from large carbon po'es through the mix- 
 ture. The alloy contains 10*59 per cent, of silicon and 89*41 per cent, 
 of copper. The value of this alloy lies in the combination of great 
 tensile strength with great conductivity. Thus while pure copper 
 requires a breaking weight of 17 '78 tons per square inch, in this silicon 
 copper, commonly called silicon bronze, the breaking weight is 
 28*57 per square inch, while the conductivity is only decreased 4 per 
 <jent. A small portion of this added to copper or bronze increases the 
 strength and sharpens the castings. 
 
 486. Siiicide of copper. Prepared by heating copper with 
 sand and charcoal at a high temperature. 
 
 It has a fracture of a little lighter tint than pure copper, and when 
 beaten out chows signs of splitting. 
 
78 
 
 487. Silicide of copper. Cast by Robinson and Cottam, and 
 rolled out at the Royal Gun Factory, Woolwich. 
 
 It contains 1' 82 per cent, of silicon and has a specific gravity of 8*70. 
 Experiment by A. Dick. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 282. The 
 rolled ribbon shows no signs whatever of splitting. 
 
 488. Silicide of copper, which has been rolled out, reheated 
 in sand and charcoal, and fused under glass. 
 
 489. Copper pennies cemented into brass in a crucible. 
 
 One of the original pennies is shown with three others that have been 
 subjected to the fumes of zinc in a covered crucible, i.e., to the process 
 of cementation. On their surface and for some depth they have become 
 yellow like brass, but a broken one shows that the centre is still copper. 
 
 COPPER ORES. 
 
 490. Collection of the various copper ores employed in 
 mixture at Hafod Works, Swansea, in 1848. 
 
 No. 1. Copper pyrites, called yellow ore, from Fowey Consols, 
 Cornwall, used particularly for making "tile copper/' No. 2. Copper 
 pyrites, from Wheal Friendship, Devonshire, yielding about 10 per 
 cent, copper, a green earthy mass. No. 3. Cobre ore, a dark green 
 earth, chiefly pyrites, from Cuba, containing 28^ per cent, of copper. 
 No. 4. Cobre dust, a dark greenish pyrites in fragments, from the same 
 mine, containing about 12 per cent, of copper. No. 5. The cupriferous 
 residue from iron pyrites calcined for sulphuric acid, in large dirty 
 lumps, and known as Irish ore. No. 6. Vitreous copper, in admixture 
 with iron pyrites and haematite, from the Levant Mine, Cornwall, a red 
 earthy ore in small fragments. No. 7. Mixture of various ores as 
 prepared for calcining at the Hafod Copper Works. No. 8. Red oxide 
 of copper with blue and green carbonate, from Burra Burra, Australia, 
 in hard coloured lumps. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 322. 
 
 491. Copper pyrites from W T heal Buller Mine, Cornwall. 
 
 Rich in fluor-spar. Ground to small size. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds, Mines Royal, Neath. 
 
 492. Copper pyrites, a yellow copper ore from the Bedford 
 United Mine, Devonshire. 
 
 Rich in fluor, not so good for copper as Wheal Buller. broken into 
 small pieces. Communicated by W. Edmonds, Mines Royal, Neath. 
 
 493. Copper ore occurring in spathic iron ore. 
 
 From the Brendon Hills, Luxborough, Somerset. Analysed by R. 
 Smith. The average yields J6* 16 per cent, of copper. Communicated 
 by A. G. Lethbridge. 
 
 494. Ordinary copper ore from Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 
 Consists of green carbonate of copper infused in sandstones of Triassic 
 
 age. 
 
79 
 
 495. Mixture of the blue and green carbonates of copper 
 Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 
 
 496. Alderley Edge ore, containing black oxide of copper. 
 
 The black oxide is disseminated in isolated grains in the midst of the 
 sandstone, and at the surfaces of the cracks it is redeposited as green 
 carbonate in the form of malachite. 
 
 497. Copper precipitated by scrap-iron from hydrochloric 
 acid solution of ore. Alderley Edge Mines, Cheshire. 
 
 A brown earthy-looking deposit, containing 10 to 40 ounces of silver 
 per ton. 
 
 498. Liquor from which copper is precipitated by scrap-iron, 
 at Pary's Mountain, Anglesey. 
 
 The liquor is derived from water which is pumped into the old copper 
 workings and which takes up some of the salts. Communicated by Mr. 
 Askin. 
 
 499. Specimen showing the accidental formation of malachite. 
 
 Blown sea-sand, containing carbonate of lime in the state of com- 
 minuted shells, has come in contact with the roasted residues containing 
 sulphate of copper, water also being present, the result being the 
 cementation of the particles by green carbonate of copper. At the 
 Arsenic Works, Hayle, Cornwall. 
 
 500. Ochre produced in the copper cementation pits in the 
 Mona Mine, Pary's Mountain, Anglesey. 
 
 The liquor from which the copper has been precipitated is carried 
 away into open basins, where it is oxidised by the atmosphere and 
 deposits the ochre, which still contains about 1 per cent, of copper. 
 
 501. Copper-bearing shale used at the Sangershausen Copper 
 Works, Prussian Saxony. 
 
 A hard black shale belonging to the Permian series. 
 
 502. Compact copper-bearing shale from Sangershausen, 
 Saxony. 
 
 It is black, earthy, compressed, and more or less foliated. 
 
 503. " Sand ore " and shale from the Copper Works of 
 Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 
 Contains two layers, one richer and more siliceous than the other. 
 56-08 per cent, is soluble in nitric acid. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 414. 
 
 504. Rich band of copper shale from Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 A dark compressed shale of high specific gravity. 
 
 505. Brecciated band of copper shale from Sangershausen, 
 Saxony. 
 
80 
 
 506. Copper shale, showing richer vein of copper ore, from 
 Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 
 It is a shale in two parts, one half being black and the other lighter 
 brown. 
 
 507. The l&yer of copper-bearing shale, known as " Noberge," 
 at Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 
 44 '58 per cent, is sol'.ible in hydrochloric aeid. It is extra hard and 
 compact, as though it were gritty. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861,. 
 p. 414. 
 
 508. The band of copper ore known as " Oberberge," at 
 Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 
 It is a compact mass with no visible stratification, from 4 inches to 
 6 inches thick; 61*6*5 per cent, is soluble in hydrochloric acid. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 415. 
 
 509. Massive ore, from Sangershausen, Saxony. 
 
 Showing the whole thickness of the band (Abbruch), which is about 
 1J inches, and is not laminated like the shales. 
 
 The whole of these ores belong to the " Kupferschiefer " portion of 
 the Permian rocks. 
 
 510. Copper ore from the Garonne. 
 
 Shipped at Bordeaux and used at the Llanelly Copper Works; con- 
 tains about 9J per cent, of copper and 8 J ozs. of silver per ton. A 
 quartzose rock impregnated with blue carbonate of copper. Commu- 
 nicated by Verill, Druce, and Co. 
 
 511. Eight varieties of copper ore from the Rio Tinto Mines, 
 Spain. 
 
 No. 1 is a solid dark pyrites. No. 2 is very similar. No. 3 is a 
 shale with disseminated pyrites. No. 4 is a compact dark pyrites. 
 No. 5 is a massive golden pyrites weathering green. No. 6 is a dark 
 earthy rock with green impregnations. No. 7 is a grit impregnated with 
 <jopper pyrites. No. 8 is massive iridescent copper pyrites. 
 
 512. Prepared copper ore from the Rio Tinto Mines. 
 
 513. Spanish copper ore. Portions rejected. 
 
 It still contains copper and silver. Communicated by Bertrand 
 de Lis. 
 
 514. Cupriferous pig iron. 
 
 Found in a cargo of ore from Almeria, Spain ; contains 17 per cent, 
 of copper. It is brown and full of holes like a scoria. Communicated 
 by W. Pearce. 
 
 515. Goldkrone copper slate. 
 
 A black gritty slab. Probably the Permian Kupferschiefer, as at 
 Sangershausen. 
 
81 
 
 516. Cupriferous sandstone from Schweinkopf. 
 
 Similar in character to the sandstones of Alderley Edge, containing 
 nests of blue carbonate and bands of green carbonate of copper. 
 
 517. Copper ore from Corsica. 
 
 Said to occur in a dyke of serpentine similar to that at Monte Cataiii, 
 in Tuscany. From the French Department of the Exhibition of 1862. 
 Consists of grey copper ore, mixed with copper pyrites, 
 
 518. Copper ore from Fronteriza Mine, Spain. 
 
 Principally copper pyrites. Communicated by Yglesias and Co., 
 1874. 
 
 519. German copper ore. 
 A compact copper pyrites. 
 
 520. Copper slate for the neighbourhood of Mansfeld, 
 Saxony. 
 
 This is the Permian Kupferschiefer, and is said to contain silver and 
 bismuth. It is a soft black shale. Obtained from Mr. Krantz. 
 
 521. Rough plate. Copper shale from near Mansfeld, 
 Saxony. 
 
 A soft black shale used at the copper works at Hettstedt. Obtained 
 from Mr. Krantz. 
 
 522. Copper ore from Mansfeld, Saxony. 
 A sandstone impregnated with copper salts. 
 
 523. Copper ore from Algeria. 
 
 A copper pyrites containing 24 per cent, of copper. Analysed by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 524. Copper ore from Turkey. 
 
 A copper pyrites from Cabbae Tippa, Ordou Mines, containing 27 44 
 per cent, of copper. Analysed by R. Smith. Communicated by E. 
 Maurice Ward. 
 
 525. Native copper from Japan. 
 
 It has been melted, and is accompanied by fragments of iron pyrites 
 from the same spot. Communicated by Mr. Bristow. 
 
 526. Copper ore from Australia. Queensland ? 
 Sent by R. Daintree, 1868, a kind of loose earthy gossan. 
 
 527. Copper ore from the Bell Mine, Buth, Montana, U.S.A. 
 
 Vitreous ore containing silver and iron. Communicated by 
 " W. A. C." 
 
 528. Copper ore from Lexington Mine, Buth, Montana, 
 U.D.A. 
 
 Vitreous and pyrites ores mixed. Communicated by " W. A. C." 
 U 61955. F 
 
 'ti: 
 
82 
 
 529. Copper ore from Lexington Mine, Buth, Montana, 
 U.S.A. 
 
 Copper and iron pyrites. Communicated by " W. A. C." 
 
 530. Argentiferous copper ore from Anaconda Mine, Montana, 
 
 Contains 55 per cent, of copper, and 22 ounces of silver to the ton. 
 Imported to Lla nelly for smelting. Communicated by Nevill, Druce, and 
 Company, 1883. 
 
 531. Copper pyrites from Newfoundland. 
 
 Used at the Mines Eoyal Smelting Works, South Wales, 1869. 
 
 532. Precipitated copper from the Cobre Mines, Cuba. 
 
 From water rich in sulphate of copper. A solid mass of red copper 
 with a crystalline mammillated surface. 
 
 533. Sulphide of copper from Greenland. 
 
 Black and crystalline in a brecciated quartz rock. Communicated by 
 Sir W. C. Treveleyan. 
 
 534. Copper pyrites from California. 
 
 535. Copper pyrites called " Magistral " from Mexico. 
 Said to be of good quality, but is mixed with gangue. 
 
 536. Atacamite from the province of Atacama, Chili. 
 
 A hydrated oxy chloride of copper found in the form of a bright 
 green sand, yielding 70 per cent, of copper oxide on calcining. A 
 considerable quantity has been imported into Swansea. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 312. Communicated by R. Pearce. 
 
 537. Chilian copper ore containing oxychloride of copper. 
 
 A gravelly ore from which, when thrown into the furnaces at Swansea, 
 the chlorine escaped in great quantities. This was highly injurious to 
 the workmen, and at the same time carried off a portion of the copper. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds, Mines Royal, Neath, 1872. 
 
 538. Native copper from the Vista-Bella Mine, province of 
 Cayabamba, Peru. 
 
 In the form of a brown earthy-looking aggregated dust. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF ENGLISH COPPER SMELTING. 
 EARLY STAGES. 
 
 539. Calcined ore from the Hafod Iron Works, 1848. 
 
 Being the result of the first process to which the mixed ores are 
 subjected. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 322. 
 
83 
 
 540. Calcined ore from the Mines Rx^al Copper Works. 
 
 Also crushed into dust and fragments. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 541. Calcined artificial sulphide of copper. 
 In the form of a black powder. 
 
 542. Cupriferous iron pyrites from Spain, after roasting. 
 
 It is practically washed copper precipitated by iron. Communicated 
 by Mr. Pethered. 
 
 543. " Ore furnace regulus," Mines Royal Copper Works, 
 1869. 
 
 The result of the second operation. A dark pyritous-looking 
 mass. 
 
 544. " Coarse metal " from the Spitty Works, Loughor, near 
 Swansea. 
 
 In this state the salt cake is added and rabbled in Napier's process. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 382. It is granular and pyritous, with 
 a more compact metallic layer on the surface. 
 
 545. " Coarse metal " before granulation from Mines Royal 
 Copper Works, Neath. 
 
 Poured out in a molten state. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 324. 
 
 546. " Coarse metal " from the Hafod Copper Works, 
 Swansea, 1848. 
 
 The final result of the second operation as described in Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 324. Contains about 33 per cent, of copper. 
 A pyritous banded slightly scoriaceous mass. 
 
 547. Granulated " coarse metal " from the Hafod Copper 
 Works. 
 
 Consists of small brown fragments. 
 
 548. Calcined coarse metal from the Hafod Copper Works. 
 Brown earthy-looking fragments, the result of the third operation in 
 
 copper smelting (in 1848) as described in Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 324. 
 
 549. Calcined granulated metal from the Mines Royal 
 Copper Works, Neath. 
 
 Small black fragments. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 550. Calcined coarse metal from the Spitty Works at 
 Loughor, near Swansea, 1848. 
 
 The result of the third operation in Napier's process. It contains 
 about 45 per cent, of oxide of copper, and 52 per cent, of the mixed 
 oxides of iron. Loose black earth with larger fragments. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 384. 
 
 F 2 
 
84 
 
 551. " White metal " from the Hafod Copper Works. 
 
 The result of the fourth operation in copper smelting at these works. 
 It contains 72 per cent, of copper combined with sulphur, and very 
 little iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, pp. 324, 347. It is a dark 
 grey sub-metallic mass tarnishing black. 
 
 552. "White metal" which has crystallised in arborescent 
 forms on the surface of a drusy cavity. 
 
 It is solid below like the last. Communicated by R. Pearce. 
 
 553. Spectacle furnace regulus from the Boston Copper 
 Works. 
 
 White metal with large cavities. 
 
 554. Furnace metal with a little regulus on the surface. 
 
 The produce of washed sweepings of the floors and ground cinders 
 from casting furnaces. Exposed to intense heat for eight hours. 
 Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 555. Precipitate from " Rio Tinto " ; furnace-dried and 
 ready for smelting. 
 
 Loose black earth with aggregated lumps. 
 
 556. Chilian copper regulus, imported into Swansea in 
 1865. 
 
 For the method by which this regulus is produced in Chili from the 
 mixed copper ores of the country see Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 331. It is a blue-grey, dark weathering solid mass iu several 
 crystalline layers. Communicated by Mr. Earth. 
 
 557. Close regule (from Chilian ores) obtained at Nevill and 
 Company's Copper Works, Llanelly, 1859. 
 
 A black rough mass with vertical cavities lined with moss-copper. 
 
 558. Four specimens of rich Chilian regulus, imported into 
 Liverpool in 1880. 
 
 A solid regulus with cavities and vertical tubes often having moss- 
 copper disseminated through them. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 322. Communicated by W. Weston. 
 
 559. Regulus from the first fusion of Chilian regulus. 
 
 As calcined and fused at the Sutton Copper Works in 1871. It has 
 a brown pyritous aspect and coarse fracture, and is much richer in 
 copper than common " coarse metal." 
 
 560. Regulus from the second fusion of Chilian regulus. 
 Usually called " white metal." The Chilian regulus calcined and 
 
 fused with rich sulphides and carbonate of copper at the Sutton 
 Copper Works, 1871. The sample is highly crystalline, and from its 
 colour it probably contains iron, and is more properly " blue metal." 
 It has moss-copper scattered over its crystalline surface. 
 
85 
 
 561. " Blue metal " of characteristic colour. 
 
 From the Hafod Works, 1861. The result of the fourth operation 
 when there is too much iron in it. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 349. 
 A dark pyritous mass with a well-marked blue tarnish. Communicated 
 by Mr. Hussey Vivian. 
 
 562. "Blue metal" from Hafod Copper Works, Swansea, 
 1848. 
 
 Very massive and dark. Contains about 50 per cent, of copper. 
 
 563. Coarse metal (blue) from the Mines Royal, Neath. 
 
 Resulting from the fusion of calcined coarse metal. A compact mass 
 in two bands with transverse crystallisation and intervening cavities. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 564. "Blue metal" from the Mines Royal Copper Works, 
 3869. 
 
 The end of a tongue of metal. 
 
 565. " Blue metal " from Bankart's Copper Works, Neath, 
 1859. 
 
 Massive and sub-metallic, showing a fine blue-purple colour on 
 fractured surface. 
 
 566. " Blue metal " from Keates' furnaces, Bagillt, Holy well, 
 1867. 
 
 Of a mixed blue and brown colour and of hackly fracture, resulting 
 from the smelting together of cupriferous iron-pyrites ; the residue 
 from soda works and pyritous ores of copper. Communicated by J. H. 
 Henry. 
 
 EXPEEIMENTS ON BLUE METAL. 
 
 567. Result of experiment on "blue metal" cooled rapidly. 
 
 The blue metal, with finely diffused particles of copper, was melted 
 under charcoal in a very small covered clay crucible at a bright red 
 heat, and the crucible immediately on being withdrawn from the furnace 
 was plunged red-hot into cold water. The colour of the surface is 
 copper red, produced by fine particles. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 352, Experiment 1. 
 
 568. Result of experiment on " blue metal " cooled slowly. 
 
 The blue metal was melted under charcoal in a very small covered 
 clay crucible at a bright red heat, and the crucible left to cool in the air. 
 The copper is found radiating in gas cavities on the outside of the cooled 
 metal. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 352, Experiment 2. 
 
 569. Result of experiment on "blue metal" cooled very 
 slowly. 
 
 The blue metal was melted in a covered clay crucible, placed in 
 another crucible, and surrounded with anthracite powder. Fusion was 
 effected at a bright red heat, and the whole left to cool until the 
 
86 
 
 following morning. The copper is seen coating the cavities irregularly. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 353, Experiment 3. 
 
 570. Result of experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 Bisulphide of copper, prepared by heating together "best selected" 
 copper and sulphur, was mixed by trituration with sulphide of iron, 
 containing 29-9 per cent, of sulphur, and prepared by heating thin 
 sheet-iron and sulphur together in the proportions of 7 to 3. Of this 
 mixture 600 grains were triturated with 120 grains of powder of copper, 
 obtained by reducing oxide of copper in a current of hydrogen, and 
 heated to bright redness in a covered clay crucible, contained with 
 another covered crucible, the space between the two being entirely 
 filled with anthracite powder. Copper appears disseminated in the 
 mass in a filamentous form, and especially in a contraction cavity in the 
 centre. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 353, Experiment 4. 
 
 571. Result of another experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 500 grains of the same mixture were triturated and melted with 
 50 grains of powder of copper. The resulting metal has copper 
 uniformly disseminated in small particles, but no button is formed. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 354, Experiment 5. 
 
 572. Result of .another experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 500 grains of the same mixture were heated without the addition of 
 any metallic copper. The resulting metal is very like the result of 
 Experiment 5, and appears to have as much disseminated copper. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 354, Experiment 6. 
 
 573. Result of another experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 250 grains of the same mixture were heated with 250 grains of 
 disulphide of copper in a clay crucible, enclosed in another, containing 
 anthracite powder. The metal is studded with copper particles, but 
 no shots of metallic copper are formed. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, Experiment 7. 
 
 574. Result of another experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 The same mixture was triturated with a large excess of sulphur, and 
 heated in a covered clay crucible in a muffle without any protecting 
 outer crucible. The metal is crystallised in the cavities, and is of two 
 colours, the colour being due to copper microscopically disseminated 
 throughout. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 354, Experiment 8. 
 
 575. Result of another experiment on imitation blue metal. 
 
 A mixture of 300 grains of disulphide of copper, and 136 of iron 
 pyrites from South Wheal Frances, was heated in a closed crucible, 
 enclosed within another, filled with anthracite powder. The metal 
 resulting has a coppery hue, which is due to microscopic particles of 
 disseminated copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 354, Experi- 
 ment 9. 
 
 576. Result of another experiment relating to blue metal. 
 
 Some disulphide of copper was heated alone in the same manner as 
 in the last experiment. There are cavities on the outer surface, con- 
 
taining angular, apparently crystallised, copper-like particles. 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 355, Experiment 10. 
 
 577. Result of another experiment relating to blue metal. 
 
 Some of the same disulphide was heated as before with a large excess 
 of sulphur. The metal has a smooth fracture, and copper particles are 
 only seen on the surface, and in a central cavity. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, 1861, p. 355, Experiment 11. 
 
 PRODUCTS RICH IN COPPER. 
 
 578. " Pimple copper," from Hafod Copper Works, Swansea, 
 
 1848. 
 
 A dark pyritous mass, showing well the volcano-like eruptions on the 
 surface due to the escape of gas. It is occasionally got in the fourth 
 operation, and is intermediate between white metal and blister copper. 
 It contains about 75 per cent, of copoer. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 362. 
 
 579. Pimple copper, from Hafod Copper Works, Swansea, 
 1848. 
 
 A mass consisting of scoreaceous red copper, very much blistered on 
 the surface. Entirely different in appearance from the last. 
 
 580. Blister copper, Hafod Works, Swansea, 1848. 
 
 The result of the fifth operation, or roasting, in the process of copper 
 smelting, contains about 95 per cent, of copper. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, 1861, p. 324. It has large cavities, and is rough and irregular 
 below. 
 
 581. Copper rain thrown off from blister copper. 
 
 A mixture of fine and coarse metallic globules, formed in running 
 from the roaster-furnace into the sand bed. Mines Royal Copper 
 Works, near Neath, 1869. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 410. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 582. Moderately coarse " copper rain." 
 
 Produced as above. See Percy's Metallurgy, Copper, p. 410. 
 
 583. Fine " copper rain." 
 
 584. Regule of first running down in the process of making 
 " best selected " copper. 
 
 From the Mines Royal Copper Works. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 330. A coarse scoriaceous mass, consisting mostly of copper. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 585. " Fine metal," resulting from the second fusion of coarse 
 metal. 
 
 From the Mines Royal Copper Works, Neath. In the process of 
 making " best selected " copper. A dark, massive sub-pyritous mass, 
 with a few large cavities. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
88 
 
 586. Regule from the second fusion in making best selected 
 copper. 
 
 A finely scoriaceous dark mass, mammillated on the surface, and 
 weathering green and copper-red. Communicated by W. Edmonds, 
 Mines Royal, Neath. 
 
 587. " Fine metal," named " close regule," in making best 
 selected copper. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 331. A dark grey rough mass, with 
 vertical holes. 
 
 588. Copper from under the pigs of regule in the first running 
 down in making best selected copper, at Mines Royal Copper 
 Works. 
 
 A small metallic cake, with a cavernous surface. Communicated by 
 W. Edmonds. 
 
 589. " Regule/' containing 75 per cent, of copper. 
 
 Obtained in preparing "best selected" copper, and containing the 
 purer parts of the metal. Hafod Copper Works, Swansea. It has a 
 dark rough fracture, with a central cavernous band and vertical holes 
 filled with moss-copper. 
 
 590. Specimen illustrating the " best selected " process. 
 
 Showing the state or form of the copper when separated in the 
 furnace at or above the melting-point of copper. Hafod Works. 
 Swansea, 1848. It consists of a small flat dark regular nugget of 
 copper with a dark surface. 
 
 ORE-FURNACE AND METAL SLAGS. 
 
 591. Ore-furnace slag. Hafod Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 The refuse from the second operation in copper smelting. Compact, 
 black and sub-metallic, with a bluish lustre. 
 
 592. Ore-furnace slag, showing a porphyritic appearance. 
 
 This is due to the unmelted pieces of quartz. Hafod Works, Swansea, 
 1848. 
 
 593. Ore-furnace slag, showing shots of regulus. 
 
 Hafod Works, Swansea, 1885. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 324. 
 It is a black rough mass, with more brilliant but equally black minute 
 spots here and there, which are the separating regulus. 
 
 594. Ore-furnace slag, showing spherulitic arrangement and 
 white patches. 
 
 From Hafod Copper Works, Swansea. This form is said to be never 
 seen except when lime in notable quantity is present. The white 
 patches are the unmelted flux; the black radiating spherulites are 
 composed of flat rhombic plates. 
 
89 
 
 595. Crystallised ore-furnace slag, showing spherulitic 
 arrangement. 
 
 Hafod Works, Swansea. The spherules have no definite boundary, 
 but are produced by a radiating arrangement of the black plates. 
 Communicated by W. Morgan. 
 
 596. Crystallised ore-furnace slag. Hafod Works. 
 
 Showing a number of interlocking flat prismatic forms. These are 
 the same plates as in the spherulitic form, but they are not arranged 
 radially. Communicated by W. Morgan. 
 
 597. Crystallised ore-furnace slag from Hafod Works. 
 
 One specimen shows very fine hair-like crystals arranged in parallel 
 bands, which in the other combine together to form a striated rectan- 
 gular parallelepiped bevelled on all its edges. 
 
 598. Ore-furnace slag with crystals and angular pieces of 
 quartz included. 
 
 Morfa Copper Works, Swansea, 1885. The crystals are small and 
 almost buried in the amorphous matrix. 
 
 599. Ore-furnace slag from Mines Royal Copper Works. 
 
 Not of a good quality, being too fluid when melted. It is light 
 and massive, with a blue and brown tarnish. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 600. Ore slag from first fusion. Mines Royal Copper Works, 
 Neath. 
 
 A bluish-grey sub-metallic compact mass, with fragments of the flux 
 imbedded. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 601. Ore-furnace slag used for making a culvert from the 
 copper furnaces. 
 
 It has been discoloured on the surface, and was therefore mistaken, 
 when wet, for refinery slag. From the Sutton Copper Works, 1871. 
 
 602. Ore-furnace regulus and slag. 
 
 From the Mines Royal Copper Works. The regulus is very scaly, 
 and the slag is crystalline. 
 
 603. Junction of " metal slag " and regulus. 
 
 From the Mines Royal Copper Works, 1869. Showing both results 
 of the fourth operation in copper smelting. The metallic slag is blue- 
 black, compact, and with platy crystals. The regulus is rough, reddish, 
 and filled with moss-copper. 
 
 604. " Metal slag " from the fourth operation in copper 
 smelting. 
 
 Hafod Works, Swansea, 1865. 
 
90 
 
 605. Metal slag from Hafod Works, 1865, containing in a 
 cavity numerous small octahedral crystals of magnetite of 
 brilliant Justre. 
 
 606. Metal slag from the Hafod Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 Tt has the surface covered with large vertical crystalline plates of 
 brilliant black, each being striated rectangularly parallel to the edges 
 of the plates. 
 
 607. Metal-furnace slag from Hafod Copper W T orks, Swansea. 
 
 This has close plates which are aggregated in parallel sheaves, and 
 the intervals are spotted with small hexagonal scales, as in the refinery 
 slags of the iron puddling furnaces. 
 
 608. Metal slag, probably from Copper Works. 
 
 Communicated by R. Phillips. The surface is covered by thin vertical 
 black plates, each with numerous rectangular ridges. 
 
 609. Crystallised surface of metal slag. Swansea, 1869. 
 
 Consisting of interlocking flat crystalline plates, on whose surface are 
 innumerable octahedral points with brassy lustre, probably of copper 
 sulphide. 
 
 610. Crystallised metal slag from the Hafod Works, Swansea. 
 
 Showing arborescent crystals in rectangular groups; brown, with a 
 purple lustre. Communicated by W. Morgan. 
 
 611. Crystals in a metal slag. Swansea, 1883. 
 
 They are very brilliant, rhombic-hopper shaped, and probably consist 
 of a silicate of iron. 
 
 612. Copper slag from old smelting works at Middleton Tyas, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Black and compact, and full of bright acicular crystals. Communi- 
 cated by W. Weston. 
 
 613. Ore-furnace slag from Whiston Copper Works, Cheadle, 
 Stafford. 
 
 This slag, in acicular crystals of a dark colour, arranged in bundles 
 perpendicular to the surface, was produced in 1849, when the Ecton 
 and other ores were smelted, containing carbonate of copper. Com- 
 municated by J. Keates. 
 
 614. " Sharp slag " from second fusion. Mines Royal Works. 
 
 Produced in the third method of smelting by the second fusion of the 
 coarse metal and other ingredients. See Percy's Metallurgy, 186 J, 
 p. 329. A blue tarnishing crystalline mass. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 615. Crystallised sharp slag from second fusion. Mines 
 Royal. 
 
91 
 
 Consists or brilliant intersecting thin rhombic plates, often arranged 
 so as to produce a hollow crystalline form on the surface of a thin sheet 
 of black slag. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 616. Crystallised sharp slag from second fusion. 
 
 From the Mines Royal Copper Works, 1859. Minute octahedral 
 crystals of black magnetite (?) occupying flat cavities in the blue-black 
 slag. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 617. Fine metal slag. 
 
 The result of the third fusion in the modified process of copper 
 smelting. A compact reddish -yellow inch-thick slab with a flat cavity 
 coated with low rectangular pyramids of silicate of iron (?). Commu- 
 nicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 618. Roaster slag from the Hafod Works, Swansea. 
 
 The result of the last processes in the modified form of copper 
 smelting. It contains copper disseminated in blebs. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 329. A very scoriaceous mass. 
 
 619. Roaster slag from the Mines Royal Copper Works, 
 Neath. 
 
 A rough fractured minutely scoriaceous dark mass, containing metallic 
 copper disseminated in fine grains. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 620. Old copper slag from the Swansea district. 
 Weatherworn and coated with carbonate of copper. 
 
 621. Slag from a cupola working first slags with limestones 
 at Detroit Copper Works.. 
 
 An opaque black glass. 
 
 SPECIAL^FUKNACE PRODUCTS. 
 
 622. Scum from the tapping pit of an ore furnace. Swansea. 
 A fine loose greenish powder. Principally composed of sulphur. 
 
 623. Deposit from the ore-furnace flues. Hafod Works. 
 Swansea, 1848. 
 
 A light brown loose dust aggregating into lumps. 
 
 624. Crystals in an ore-furnace bottom. Mines Royal, Neath, 
 1860. 
 
 They are brilliant octahedra (? of magnetic oxide), with an efflorescence 
 or capillary metallic copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 334. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 625. Crystals in an ore-furnace slag, at Morfa Copper Works, 
 Swansea, 1886. 
 
 They show a radiate form, possibly a silicate of iron, and are thought 
 to be a form of augite. Communicated by Mr. Terrill. 
 
92 
 
 626. Deposit coating the bricks inside the stack of the ore- 
 furnace at the Mines Koyal Works, Neath. 
 
 A green scoriaceous earth containing carbonate of copper. Com- 
 municated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 627. Deposit coating the bricks inside the stack of the ore- 
 furnace at Mines Koyal, after it has been fused. 
 
 It is now a blue-green semi-vitreous mass. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 628. Dinas clay from the ore-furnace at the Mines Eoyal 
 Works, Neath, showing partial fusion. 
 
 There are two specimens, one from the bottom, the other used for 
 repairing the furnace ; both are black glass with confused angular 
 inclusions of quartz. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 629. Bed of metal furnace when making rnetal containing 
 about 40 per cent, of copper. Morfa Copper Works, Swansea, 
 1883. 
 
 Contains crystals referred to bornite, or copper sulphide. It is 
 in small rhombic dodecahedra of dull lustre. Communicated by Mr. 
 Terrill. 
 
 630. Pieces from furnace bottoms. Morfa Copper Works, 
 1885. 
 
 One shows a stalactitic form, the rest are mixed earthy masses. 
 
 631. Clay from the bottom of a copper furnace, showing 
 artificial copper pyrites by infiltration. 
 
 Morfa Copper Works, 1871. 
 
 632. Furnace product resulting from the melting of a roast 
 heap of yellow sulphide of copper. 
 
 Within it is still the yellow copper pyrites, but the surface is clothed 
 with small brilliant blue-black crystals of the form of octahedra. Com- 
 municated by Josiah Cooke. 
 
 633. Brick from a copper refinery furnace bottom, at the 
 Morfa Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 The brick is white and softened, and smells strongly of sulphur. 
 The outside is deeply impregnated with blue crystalline sulphate of 
 copper. Communicated by Mr. Terrill. 
 
 634. Artificial felspar from the furnace of the Sangershausen 
 Copper Works. 
 
 These are transparent purple- tinted prismatic combinations of the 
 triclinic system, and occur coating the surface of a black crystalline 
 regulus. 
 
 635. Artificial felspar from the furnace of the Sangershausen 
 Copper Works. 
 
93 
 
 These are semi-transparent white, small prismatic combinations of the 
 triclinic system, some of which show twining. 
 
 Samples of these artificial felspars have been analysed by Heine and 
 Abich. One analysis gives silica 65 '95, alumina 18*50, ferric oxide 
 0*68, lime 4*28, soda 10*47 percent., which approaches nearest to some 
 examples of oligoclase. 
 
 636. Artificial felspar from the furnace of the Sangershausen 
 Copper Works. 
 
 These are black lustrous oblique rhombic crystals, almost fibrous in 
 parts. An artificial felspar has been analysed by Rammelsberg from 
 Laimbach in this district, and has yielded silica 63*96 per cent., ferric 
 oxide 20 04, potash 15 26, lime * 43 per cent., in other words, it is in an 
 iron orthoclase free from alumina. 
 
 637. Bed of natural ochre from the Mona Mine, Anglesey. 
 
 This is originally derived from cupriferous ores, but is now free from 
 copper which has been precipitated. Obtained in 1 867. 
 
 638. Skeleton crystals from metal slag. Hafod Works, 
 Swansea. 
 
 They are composed of numerous octahedra, and appear to consist of 
 magnetite. Communicated by W. Morgan. 
 
 639. Mass of cuprous oxide found in a furnace bottom, 
 coating a piece of copper. 
 
 From the Greenfield Copper Works at Holywell, 1867. It shows 
 the characteristic red colour in thin pieces. Communicated by Mr. 
 Hughes. 
 
 640. Copper found occasionally under the pigs of pimple 
 metal in the third fusion. Mines Royal, Neath. 
 
 A thin brassy coloured scoriaceous mass, containing much tin. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 641. Hsematite crystals in slag, from melting precipitate 
 with coal and lime. 
 
 Morfa Copper Works, 1884. They are noticed in the Mineralogical 
 Magazine, 1884, and consist of thin interosculating black plates. 
 Communicated by Mr. Terrill, 1884. 
 
 642. Cupreous oxide from a furnace bottom at the Sutton 
 Copper Works, Liverpool, 1848. 
 
 It consists of a thin slab of regulus, the centre of which is occupied 
 by metallic lustred, ruby-red translucent crystals, like ruby copper. 
 Communicated by J. Keates, Jr. 
 
 643. Crystallised cupreous oxide from a furnace bottom at 
 the Morfa Works, Swansea, 1885. 
 
 In modified octahedral forms. Communicated by Mr. Terrill. 
 
 644. Crystallised cupreous oxide from slag at Morfa Copper 
 Works, 1883, produced in melting precipitate. 
 
94 
 
 Crystals so minute as to form a reddish bloom tinged with blue. 
 Communicated by Mr. Terrill. 
 
 645. Sand bottom of roaster furnace, showing infiltration 
 of copper. From Mines Koyal Copper Works, Neath. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 646. Crystalline deposit on the walls at the Copper Works 
 at Mines Royal, Neath, 1869. 
 
 A sort of efflorescent form of dark grey dust, compacted into mam- 
 millated forms. Slightly soluble. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 647. Globular concretions of copper, formed under a steam 
 jet in a tank. Port Tennant Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 The copper is being precipitated by iron in the tank for the extraction 
 of silver by Augustin's process, and a jet of steam enters at the side to 
 keep the water hot ; underneath this jet these globules accumulate. 
 They consist of crystalline particles of precipitated metallic copper, 
 coated over with a sheath of the same, about the thickness of writing 
 paper. Some of the globules have been separated by levigation. 
 Communicated by Jos. Roskell. 
 
 648. Crystallised sulphate of lime on mortar joints in walls 
 at Neath Abbey, where exposed to the sulphurous smoke of the 
 Copper Smelting Works, 1869. 
 
 This is discoloured to a dirty grey, and closely resembles the last. 
 Communicated by G. Brown. 
 
 649. Sulphate of copper from a culvert, which carried off the 
 residual gases from a sulphuric acid chamber and those of some 
 calcining furnaces, and to which water had access. From the 
 Swansea district. 
 
 650. Copper fume from a copper furnace flue. 
 
 At Mr. Grenfell's Works, Swansea, 1840. A light porous mass, 
 largely charged with green carbonate of copper. 
 
 651. Specimen of sand showing the penetrating power of 
 copper. 
 
 It has been used as a mould for gun casting at Woolwich, and the 
 metal has now entered its interstices, so that it is very largely impregnated 
 with copper, making it hard and yellow. Communicated by A. Laird, 
 1860. 
 
 652. Sulphate of soda and copper, from Widnes Metal Works, 
 1871. 
 
 A compact green crystalline mass. 
 
 653. Lining of the ore-furnace stack at Mines Royal Copper 
 Works, 1869. 
 
 A light cavernous slab, showing the deposit of copper fume, principally 
 by the blue coloration of the exposed half. 
 
95 
 
 654. Samples illustrative of the elimination of arsenic from 
 copper. 
 
 Three of these show the junction of the roaster slag of blister copper 
 with the sand-bed of the furnace, and where it becomes intermingled 
 with this, the action of the sand liberates the arsenic acid, which is in 
 combination with the copper as arseuiate, and this is decomposed into 
 arsenious acid and oxygen. The fourth consists of arsenious acid 
 collected from the sand round the pigs of slag, which is whitened all 
 around by it. The fifth is the pimple copper, topped after drawing off 
 this slag, and from which a large part of the arsenic formerly present 
 has been removed, so that while the slag contains 10-41 per cent, 
 of arsenic, the copper contains only 4 per cent. Communicated by D. 
 Watson, Broughton Copper Works, Manchester, 1883. 
 
 655. Crystals of arsenious acid in slag. 
 
 Produced in the process of making "best selected" copper at Hafod 
 Works. 
 
 There are two sets of specimens. In the flat pieces the slag is black 
 and rough, and contains moss-copper. The crystals consist of small 
 transparent octahedra, scattered over the depressions in the cavities. 
 Communicated by W. Morgan, 1848. The other specimen was brought 
 from the same works by R. Smith, and shows large octahedra in a 
 cylindrical (artificial) cavity. 
 
 656. Crystals of arsenious acid covering the surface of a slag. 
 
 The slag is very thin, and many of the crystals are twined. Com- 
 municated by A. Primrose. 
 
 657. Crystals of arseniate of copper formed in a furnace 
 bottom on a metal slag. 
 
 From Morfa Copper Works, 1885. They are of a beautiful emerald- 
 green colour. Communicated by W. Terrill. 
 
 658. Crystals (? arsenical) in copper slag, Swansea. 
 
 Transparent crystals in radiating plates of rhombic hexagonal form, 
 tinged with an orange colour. Communicated by Mr. Benson. 
 
 659. Crystalline bright black needles forming on the surface 
 of malleable copper. 
 
 From Swansea. Communicated by J. Benson. 
 
 Moss COPPER. 
 
 660. Large specimen of moss copper on white metal. 
 
 The copper is in very long hairs, and has been oxidised to a black 
 colour by exposure. 
 
 661. Regulus showing minute fibres of metallic copper in 
 crevices. 1848. 
 
 The moss copper is chiefly confined to the surface. Communicated 
 by A. Parkes, Birmingham. 
 
662. Moss copper in rather thick strings in cavities, and on 
 the surface of an ore-furnace regulus. 
 
 From Verrill and Co.'s Works, Swansea, 1869. 
 
 663. Moss copper in cavities in a regulus. 
 
 In this specimen the cavities are long and parallel gas-paths through 
 the regulus, and the copper is deposited in radial strings from the sides 
 of these cavities. Communicated by W. Weston. 
 
 664. Specimen showing moss copper outside and inside the 
 regulus. 
 
 The copper on the outside is very dense, arranged perpendicular to 
 the surface and tarnished. That on the inside is perpendicular to the 
 narrow tubes, which are themselves perpendicular to the surface, and it 
 is untarnished. 
 
 665. Short fibred moss copper formed in irregular cracks in 
 a regulus. 
 
 The fibres of the copper are perpendicular to the surface of the 
 cracks. A. Parkes' Works, Birmingham, 1880. 
 
 666. Fibrous copper from a fine metal furnace bottom, Mines 
 Royal, Neath. 
 
 This is long in fibre and very yellow in tint, and very loosely and 
 irregularly connected with the stone. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 667. Fibrous copper from a fine metal furnace bottom, 
 Mines Royal, Neath, 
 
 This lies in comparatively narrow bands, and the fibres run directly 
 across from one side of the band to the other, and are brilliant copper- 
 red in colour, and very compact. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 668. Fibrous copper from a roaster furnace bottom. Mines 
 Royal, Neath. 
 
 This is in parallel-sided bands, across which the fibres run very com- 
 pactly. The bands are divided into two or more smaller bands alter- 
 nately of yellowish copper-red, and brilliant purple-red, the latter being 
 the narrower. Fully described in Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 360. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 669. Fibrous copper from a fine metalfurn ace bottom, Mines 
 Royal, Neath. 
 
 The copper in this is in very long fibres, which are of several 
 different tints in different parts, from brassy-yellow to purple-red. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 670. Moss copper produced in the white metal, at the Hafod 
 Copper Works, Swansea. Three specimens. 
 
 The copper is scattered irregularly in large cavities, the fibres are 
 very fine and of a brilliant red colour. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
97 
 
 671. Hair-like substance resembling moss copper, on the 
 surface of "fine metal." From the Morfa Copper Works, 
 Swansea, 1886. 
 
 The fibres are long and hair-like, and seem more elastic than copper. 
 They are brassy in colour, with several surface tints : they are grouped 
 in tufts, but have no sensible connexion with the " metal." 
 
 672. Artificial sulphide of copper, showing moss copper in 
 the cavities. 
 
 KERNEL ROASTING. 
 
 673. Illustrations of kernel roasting. 
 
 A collection of samples of cupriferous iron pyrites which have been 
 roasted so as to concentrate the copper in a kernel in the centre, whence 
 it is smelted, and the residue is lixiviated to extract sulphate of copper, 
 and by Claudet's process for silver. From Widnes Metal Works. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 439, et seq. 
 
 674. Rich specimens of kernel roasted cupriferous pyrites. 
 
 From Widnes Metal Works, 1871. The kernels contain about 15 
 per cent, of copper. Communicated by J. A. Phillips, 1871. 
 
 675. Iron pyrites, containing 2'18 per cent, of copper, sub- 
 jected to kernel roasting in Spain. 
 
 The kernels used to be thrown away, and the residue only treated 
 with water for sulphate of copper. 1858. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE REFINERY FURNACE. 
 
 REFINERY SLAGS. 
 
 676. "Refinery slag" from Sutton Copper Works, St. 
 Helen's, Lancashire, 1871. 
 
 The last material separated from the marketable copper in the refining 
 process. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 325. It is compact and 
 sub- vitreous, slightly scoriaceous on the top, and shows two colours, 
 orange and red. 
 
 677. Refinery slag from the Mines Royal Copper Works, 
 Neath. 
 
 A sub-vitreous red mass, with large cavities. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 678. Refinery slag from the Hafod Copper Works, Swansea. 
 Largely scoriaceous. 
 
 679. Slag from refining Chilian bar copper. 
 
 This copper assays to 98 per cent. Refined at Greenfield Copper 
 Works, Holywell, 1871. The slag is very compact, dark reddish in 
 colour, slightly crystalline, and very finely scoriaceous. 
 
 L' 61955. G 
 
98 
 
 680. Refinery slag from Detroit Copper Works. 
 Remarkably red and sub-vitreous. 
 
 SPECIAL REFINERY PRODUCTS. 
 
 681. Stalactite from under the arch of a refinery furnace, 
 Mines Royal Copper Works, 1859. 
 
 It is composed of tubes of metallic copper, and a mass resembling 
 white metal, forming numerous mammillated processes growing out from 
 the sides. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 682. Dinas brick from the roof of a refinery, Mines Royal 
 Copper Works. 
 
 Showing the corrosive action of cuprous oxide, which has converted 
 it into a purple scoriaceous slag. 
 
 683. Portion of refinery furnace bottom, showing absorption 
 of copper, Mines Royal Copper Works. 
 
 It is converted into the appearance of a porous refinery slag. Com- 
 municated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 684. Portion of refinery furnace bottom, Mines Royal. 
 
 It is coated with a brilliant sealing-wax coloured band of refinery 
 slag. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 685. Bottom of a refinery furnace, Mines Royal, 1870. 
 
 In use six years ; is now a very fine semi-vitreous scoriaceous slag of 
 the colour of refinery slag. 
 
 686. Refinery furnace bottom, Mines Royal, 1869. 
 Very like the last, but heavier and more copper coloured. 
 
 687. Bed of copper refinery furnace, Morfa Works, Swansea, 
 
 1883. 
 
 Contains small brilliant crystals, some of which resemble octahedra, 
 stated to be compounds of cuprous and cupric oxide in equivalent pro- 
 portion. Communicated by Mr. Terrill 
 
 688. Piece of the bottom of a refinery furnace under repair, 
 Hafod Works, Swansea, 1865. 
 
 It is a green, porous, semi-vitreous mass, tinged here and there with 
 blue, probably a silicate of copper, but the original grains of sand are 
 not obliterated. 
 
 689. Bed of refinery furnace, containing dark blue crystals. 
 From the Morfa Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 The crystals are insoluble in acids, and contain oxide of copper 
 and silica. They coat the surface of the brick, and also occur massive 
 in the interstices. Communicated by Mr. Terrill, 1883. 
 
99 
 
 690. Globules of copper formed during ebullition of the 
 copper in a refinery furnace, and carried off by the draft. 
 Mines Royal Copper Works, Neath. 
 
 They are very minute and dark-coloured, and are partly aggregated 
 together in a solid mass. Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 691. Crystals of stannic acid found above the bridge of a 
 copper refinery surface, by Napier's process. 
 
 Small brownish-grey acicular crystals, perfectly transparent; after 
 having been treated with aqua regia. They have been examined by 
 Professor Miller, of Cambridge. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 374. 
 
 692. A set of specimens illustrating the process of copper 
 refining, at Mines Royal, Neath, in 1869. 
 
 No. 1 is taken from the original blister copper after it had been filled 
 into the refinery furnace, melted and skimmed. The surface of the 
 ingot from which it was taken was very much swollen, and the fracture 
 shows numerous large cavities. No. 2 is taken from the same mass 
 after the second skimming. The ingot has become flat round the edge, 
 though still swollen in the middle, and cavities of some size are still 
 seen in the fracture. No. 3 has been rabbled and poled until the ingot 
 is flat on the surface, and shows a set on the face, which proves it to be 
 ready for the refiner. No. 4 has had the lead put in, and it has been 
 poled up to tough pitch, and is now ready for ladling. No. 5 is the 
 same copper which has been a little overpoled, so that the surface of 
 the ingot is a little "too fine" and "too high." No. 6, a typical 
 sample of overpoled copper, showing the characteristic ridge along the 
 centre of the ingot. No. 7 is copper fairly overpoled, in which con- 
 dition the charcoal covering over the face of the copper would be re- 
 moved, and the side door taken down to allow a current of air to pass 
 over its surface to restore its malleability. Communicated by W. 
 Edmonds. 
 
 693. A set of specimens illustrating the' process of copper 
 refining at the Hafod Works, Swansea. 
 
 No. 1. Dry copper, with the characteristic depression on the surface 
 of the ingot. Nos. 2-6 are ingots taken during the process of poling, 
 and show the varieties of fracture and surface indicative of their 
 diminishing amount of dryness. No. 7 is copper at "tough pitch," 
 in which the surface of the copper is remarkably flat. No. 8 is slightly 
 overpoled, the surface of the ingot commencing to rise in the centre. 
 No. 9 is very much overpoled, the central ridge being very conspicuous. 
 With these there is a small piece which has been taken out as a " proof" 
 during the process. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 325. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF FOREIGN COPPER SMELTING SAXONY. 
 
 694. Ore-furnace slag, " Rohschlacke/' from the Sangers- 
 hauseii Copper Works, Prussian Saxony. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 415 (Process 1). This contains 
 less than 0-3 per cent, of copper. A compact flat slab of purple opaque 
 glass. 
 
 G 2 
 
100 
 
 695. Ore-furnace regulus, " Rohstein," from Sangershausen. 
 
 These samples show masses of moss copper. The general analysis 
 of this gives from 40 to 50 per cent, of copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 419. It is black and compact with round cavities. 
 
 696. Ore-furnace regulus after the first roasting, " 1-feuriger 
 Rohstein," from Sangershausen. 
 
 Flat rough fracturing slabs with vertical tubes, weathered and un- 
 weathered specimens. Percy's I.e., p. 415 (Process 3). 
 
 697. Ore-furnace regulus after the second roasting, " 2-f euriger 
 Rohstein," Sangershausen. 
 
 A brassy mass with winding cavities. 
 
 698. Ore-furnace regulus after the third roasting, " 3-feuriger 
 Rohstein," Sangershausen. 
 
 An irregular dark scoriaceous mass. 
 
 699. Ore-furnace slag, " Rohschlacke/' Sangershausen. 
 
 See No. 694. A black irregular slab of glass rock with abundant 
 cavities. 
 
 700. Ore-furnace slag, " Rohschlacke/' Sangershausen. 
 Obsidian-like form. 
 
 701. Concentrated regulus, " Spurstein," after one roasting, 
 Sangershausen. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 415 (Process 5). Brassy and 
 scoriaceous. 
 
 702. Concentrated regulus, " Spurscein," after two roastings, 
 Sangershausen Copper Works. 
 
 Heavy and scoriaceous, weathering green. 
 
 703. Concentrated regulus, " Spurstein," after three roastings, 
 Sangershausen. 
 
 Black scoriaceous and sub-crystalline. 
 
 704. Concentrated regulus, " Spurstein," after four roastings, 
 Sangershausen. 
 
 Dark crystalline, very open and scoriaceous. 
 
 705. Concentrated regulus, " Spurstein," after five roastings, 
 Sangershausen. 
 
 Brassy and frothy, dark on the surface. 
 
 706. Concentrated regulus,, " Spurstein," after six roastings, 
 Sangershausen. 
 
 Shows masses of metallic copper in the ppongy regulus. 
 
101 
 
 707. Thin rich regulus, " Diinnstein," Sangershausen. 
 
 One product of the sixth process or third fusion which contains 
 about 63 per cent, of copper. See Percy's I.e., p. 415. Very heavy, 
 about half an inch thick. 
 
 708. Black copper, " Schwarz Kupfer," Sangershausen. 
 
 The other product of the sixth process. Only has a dark surface in 
 parts, otherwise is red on the surface like the Japanese copper. It is in 
 very thin plates. 
 
 709. Refined copper, " Gaar Kupfer," Sangershausen. 
 
 In a rectangular ingot ; the final result of the process here pursued* 
 
 710. Ore-furnace slag, " Rohschlacke," from the Copper Works 
 at Hettstedt near Mansfeld, Saxony. 
 
 A black obsidian-like glass. 
 
 711. Ore furnace regulus, " Kupferstein," Hettstedt. 
 
 Contains 32 per cent, of copper. Heavy, black, sub-crystalline, with 
 occasional cavities. 
 
 712. Once roasted ore-furnace regulus, " 1-mal gerbstete 
 Kupferstein," Hettstedt. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 415. A black compact stony mass, 
 weathering green. 
 
 713. Twice roasted ore- furnace regulus, " 2-mal gerostete 
 Kupferstein," Hettstedt. 
 
 An irregular and brecciated dark rock. 
 
 714. Thrice roasted ore-furnace regulus, " 3-mal gerostete 
 Kupferstein," Hettstedt. 
 
 A black loose cinder-like mass. 
 
 715. Furnace product, " Gestubestein," Hettstedt. 
 
 Part of this is white, belonging to the furnace wall, the other part is 
 black and shows bright parallel, obliquely radiating crystals. 
 
 716. Furnace product, " Gestubestein/' Hettstedt. 
 
 The floor consisting of rough grit with fragments of charcoal, and. 
 impregnated with copper. 
 
 717. Sulphurous regulus, " Schwefel," Hettstedt. 
 A black compact mass with a few holes. 
 
 718. Copper sulphate, Hettstedt Copper Works. 
 
 In large blue crystals obtained by washing the roastings of the ore- 
 furnace regulus. See Percy's I.e., p. 416. 
 
 719. Mixed sulphate or "black vitriol," Hettstedt Copper 
 Works. 
 
102 
 
 Dark dirty coloured crystals with a shade of blue, in oblique prisms, 
 obtained in association with the copper sulphate ; contains several 
 isomorphous bases. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1&61, p. 424. 
 
 720. Mixed sulphate deposited round roots, Hettstedt Copper 
 Works. 
 
 Dirty grey transparent crystals. 
 
 721. Concentrated regulus, " Spurstein," Hettstedt Copper 
 Works. 
 
 The product of the second fusion. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 421. Contains 59 per cent, of copper. A flat slab f inch thick, dark 
 grey sub-metallic, with fine vertical tubes. 
 
 722. Fluor-spar used in the first and second fusions at 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 723. Metal-furnace slag, " Spurschlacke," Hettstedt. 
 
 The other product of the second fusion. An irregular slab with 
 numerous cavities. 
 
 724. Once roasted regulus, " 1-mal gerostete Spurstein/' 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 A heavy irregular cinder-like mass. 
 
 725. Twice roasted regulus, " 2-mal gerostete Spurstein," 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 A more open cindery mass with black metal lie lustre in places. 
 
 726. Thrice roasted regulus, " 3-mal gerostete Spurstein," 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 A cindery dark mass with specks of copper scattered throughout. 
 
 727. Four times roasted regulus, " 4-mal gerostete Spurstein," 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 Nearly the same as the last. 
 
 728. Five times roasted regulus, " 5-mal gerostete Spurstein," 
 Hettstedt. 
 
 A similar cindery mass of greater specific gravity. 
 
 729. Six times roasted regulus, " Gaarrost," Hettstedt, 
 A sub-metallic cinder of a reddish tint. 
 
 730. Black copper, " Schwartz Kupfer," Hettstedt Copper 
 Works. 
 
 The product of the third fusion of the roasted regulus, contains 
 95 per cent, of copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 422. A run- 
 out | inch thick slab. 
 
 731. Thin rich regulus, " Diinnstein," Hettstedt. 
 
 A thin black slab, closely set with fine vertical tubes. This is the 
 other product of the third fusion. It contains about 60 per cent, of 
 
103 
 
 copper, and is roasted again with the concentrated regulus. See Percy's 
 l.c., p. 421. 
 
 732. Copper slag, " Schlacke/' Mansfeld. 
 
 Probably a metal-furnace slag. A thin black compact slab, -with a 
 stalactitic under-surface. 
 
 733. Residual products, " Gekratz," Hettstedt. 
 
 Used up in the furnaces for melting with the ores. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 417. An irregular glassy cinder, filled with 
 fragments of charcoal. 
 
 734. Cement copper, Hettstedt Copper Works, Mansfeld. 
 A tangled network of fine strings of metallic copper. 
 
 735. Furnace product, "Ofen Glimmer/' Mansfeld Copper 
 Works. 
 
 Obtained from Dr. Krantz in 1842. Bright black crystalline plates, 
 arranged so as to have empty intervals giving a foliated appearance. 
 
 736. Roasted copper ore, Halsbriickner Hiitte Copper Works, 
 near Mansfeld. 
 
 A coarse reddish-brown powder. 
 
 737. Concentrated copper regulus, " Kupferstein," Hettstedt, 
 Mansfeld. 
 
 Now coated with green carbonate of copper. 
 
 738. Ore-furnace regulus, " Rohstein," Freiberg Copper 
 Works. 
 
 Compact purple-brown dust, with gas cavities. 
 
 739. Ore-furnace slag, " Rohschlacke," Freiberg. 
 
 A thin irregular sub-vitreous slab, with rather large cavities. 
 
 740. Roasted ore-furnace regulus, " Gerostete Rohstein," 
 Feiberg. 
 
 Reddish earthy cinder, with large cavities. 
 
 741. Concentrated regulus, " Kupferstein/' Freiberg, 
 A coarse reddish heavy slab, showing much metallic copper. 
 
 742. Roasted concentrated regulus, " Gerostete Kupferstein/' 
 Freiberg. 
 
 A very irregular dark scoriaceous mass, with large cavities. 
 
 743. Thin matt, " Kupferliek," Freiberg. 
 A J-inch slab, with numerous vertical tubes. 
 
 744. Roasted thin matt, " Gerostete Kupferlieh.," Freiberg. 
 A sub-metallic dark grey exfoliated mass. 
 
104 
 
 745. "Black copper," Freiberg. 
 
 Solid metal, with a coarse fracture and dull colour. 
 
 746. Crystals of magnetic iron. 
 
 Found in the bed of a reverberatory furnace used for roasting the ore 
 in the copper works of Freiberg. None of these appear to be simple 
 octahedra, but more resemble crystals of the rhombic system 3 they are 
 iridescent. 
 
 747. Ore-furnace regulus, " Rohstein," Muldner Hutte Copper 
 Works, near Freiberg. 
 
 The result of the first fusion of the ore. A massive one-inch slab of 
 A rather coppery hue. 
 
 748. Ore - furnace slag, " Rohschlacke," Muldner Hiitte, 
 Freiberg. 
 
 A solid black sub-metallic mass, showing a surface crystallisation in 
 Hat rectangular plates. The other product of the first fusion of the ore. 
 
 749. Roasted ore-furnace regulus, " Gerbstet Rohstein," 
 Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 Compact brown dust, with numerous cavities (like No. 741). 
 
 750. Metal-furnace regulus, " Kupferstein/' Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 A f-inch dark slab, with vertical tubes and a green efflorescence of 
 carbonate of copper due to its exposure to the air. The product of the 
 second fusion. 
 
 751. Metal-furnace regulus, " Kupferstein," Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 Brownish, sub-metallic, showing the long cavities perpendicular to the 
 surface lined with moss copper. 
 
 752. Concentrated Kupferstein, Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 A solid pyritous mass, with iridescent colours, principally blue, owing 
 to exposure to the air. 
 
 753. Red litharge, " Rothe Glatte," Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 Produced by cupellation. In thin loose scales mixed with similar 
 white scales. 
 
 754. Furnace bottom, "Heerd," Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 A heavy porous slab, with a greenish-yellow transverse crystallisation 
 of litharge. 
 
 755. Crystals of arsenious acid from the roasting heaps on 
 which the ore-furnace regulus has been roasted. Muldner Hiitte, 
 Freiberg. 
 
 In transparent octahedra contained in the crevices. This is eliminated 
 from the regulus in the process of roasting. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 432. 
 
105 
 
 756. Crystallised furnace bottom, Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 A black regulus-likemass, with the surface covered with mammillae of 
 small cubical crystals. 
 
 757. Crystallised slag, Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 From the concentrated Kupferstein furnace. Showing black semi- 
 transparent thin parallel plates in nests like those of an iron silicate. 
 
 758. Sheet copper, Griinthal Hiitte. 
 
 759. Refined copper, pitch assay, Griinthal Hiitte. 
 A small cake, flat and bent. 
 
 760. Melted realgar covering ore-furuace regulus, or 
 Rohstein. 
 
 A brilliant red glassy incrustation, from a roast heap at Freiberg ; a 
 very rare product from the ore. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p, 432. 
 
 761. Argentiferous black copper, an accidental product. 
 A small running of a rather lighter tint than purer copper. 
 
 762. Metallic copper in Kupfersbein from Halsbriicke. 
 
 A black regulus, with scattered metallic grains. Communicated by 
 Mr. Blaridford. 
 
 763. Porous copper from a refinery, Mansfeld, Saxony. 
 
 764. Yellow litharge, called " Scheide Glatte," from the 
 Copper Works of Halsbriickner Hiitte. 
 
 765. Slag containing vanadium from Eisleben. 
 
 This is a blue glassy slab, one inch in thickness, of ore-furnace slag, 
 obtained by treating the copper slates of Saxony. (Two specimens.) 
 
 766. Cement copper deposited on old miners' tools. 
 
 A porous granular mass, found covering the tools in the old Rammels- 
 berg mine in the Harz, reduced by chemical reaction on the copper- 
 bearing water passing over the iron in the tools. Two eroded tools 
 accompany the copper. 
 
 767. Roasted Kupferstein, Clausthal, Harz. 
 
 From lead smelting works. Two specimens, one of a 1-inch slab 
 with vertical cavities containing moss copper, the other a thin compact 
 slab. In both there is a sheet of copper on the surface. 
 
 768. Copper regulus, with a fibrous band of moss copper. 
 
 The band of copper with transverse fibres separates a sub-metallic 
 regulus from a rusty-looking covering. From the Griinthal Saiger- 
 hiitte, Saxony. 
 
106 
 
 SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATING THE COPPER- SMELTING PROCESSES, 
 including the extraction of silver f rom it, as pursued at the 
 Rammelsberg smelting works in the Harz, by Breymann, 
 1840-50. 
 
 PRIMARY SMELTING. 
 
 Products of the first operation. 
 
 769. Sulphur obtained in roasting the sulphide ores of the 
 district, produced in cakes. 
 
 770. Once roasted ore. 
 
 The mass is partly a sulphide, the roasting not having been completed ; 
 the remainder is black and porous, and coated with limonite and sulphur. 
 
 771. Twice roasted ore. 
 A finely porous dark mass. 
 
 772. Thrice roasted ore. 
 
 Soft dirty bro\vn material, in small fragments (mixed with charcoal). 
 
 Materials obtained in the second operation. 
 
 773. Ore-furnace regulus, " Rohstein." 
 
 A thin regulus like a metal regulus, with transverse tubes lined with 
 moss copper. 
 
 774. Ore-furnace slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 Of very metallic appearance : thin and heavy, more like a metal 
 slag. 
 
 775. Copper regulus, called " Konigs-Kupfer," belonging to 
 the second operation. 
 
 A mass of dark porous copper. 
 
 776. Stoking rabble, or " Schurkratz." 
 
 Bye product containing metal, and afterwards used. It is like a fine 
 powdered regulus, or metal-furnace slag. 
 
 Materials obtained in the third operation. 
 
 777. Copper regulus, " Stein." 
 
 Very thin, sub-metallic, and with large holes below. 
 
 778. Slag from this fusion, " Schlacke." 
 
 A one-inch irregular slab, somewhat metallic and full of large flat 
 holes parallel to the surface. 
 
 779. Raw roasted black copper, " Rohrost-Schwarzkupfer," 
 A porous mass of impure copper. 
 
107 
 
 Materials obtained in the fourth operation. 
 
 780. Copper regulus, " Stein." 
 
 A very thin cake of black regulus with innumerable parallel tubes 
 across it, often containing moss copper. 
 
 781. Slag from this fusion, " Schlacke." 
 A very metallic slag with large cavities. 
 
 782. Rich roasted black copper, " Kupferrost-Schwarz- 
 kupfer." 
 
 A kind of pimple metal with a black crust. 
 
 Materials obtained in the fifth operation. 
 
 783. Slag from this fusion, Schlacke." 
 
 A very dense and heavy slag with blebs of copper on its surface. 
 
 784. Granulated copper, " Granalien." 
 The final result of the process. 
 
 785. Luting material, " Schmier." 
 
 A cindery kind of slag of considerable weight, containing various 
 materials, including bits of copper. 
 
 THE LEADING AND LIQUATION PROCESS, " KUPFERFRISCH UND 
 SAIGER ARBEIT." 
 
 Products of the first operation. 
 
 786. Poor leaded slag, " Arm-frisch-Schlacke." 
 
 Glassy with large cavities, black with tinges of red. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 311. 
 
 787. Poor liquation cake, " Arm-frisch-Stiicke." 
 
 Consisting of copper mixed with lead in certain proportion. This 
 specimen is merely a sample on a small scale ; the actual cakes being 
 two feet in diameter. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 308. 
 
 Products of the second operation. 
 
 788. Part of the cake ^after liquation, or residual copper, 
 " Kiehnstocke." . 
 
 A very irregular mass, full of openings. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Silver and Gold, pp. 313, 323, where it is described. 
 
 789. Liquation waste, " Saigerkratz." 
 
 Heavy rubbishy-looking fragments in a white cement, produced as a 
 slag in the liquation process. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 324, where it is described. 
 
108 
 
 Products of the third operation. 
 
 790. Rich leaded slag, " Reich-frisch-Schlacke." 
 
 Glassy, black, and full of holes, said lo contain 40-60 per cent, of 
 lead. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 311. 
 
 791. Rich liquation cake, " Reich-frisch-Stiicke." 
 
 This also is a sample cake specially made. It has been treated with 
 potash by R. Smith, and the copper left ascertained. 
 
 Products of the fourth operation. 
 
 792. Rich lead-cake, " Reichwerke." 
 
 A small convex mass of lead, the product of the liquation. It is rich 
 in silver. 
 
 793. Part of the cake after liquation, or residual copper, 
 " Kiehnstoeke." 
 
 Similar to that noticed before. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p. 323, where it is described. 
 
 794. Liquation- waste, " Saigerkratz." 
 
 A mass of irregular copper, mixed with slag. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 324, where it is described. 
 
 RESULTS OF OPERATING ON THE LEAD-CAKE BY CUPELLATION. 
 
 795. Scum, " Abzug." 
 
 The irregular, earthy, fragmental mass which forms on the surface of 
 the cupellation furnace, consisting of oxides of lead and of the other 
 metals that are in the cake. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, pp. 193 
 and 198, where analyses are given. 
 
 796. Litharge, " Glatte." 
 
 The main product of cupellation ; white and micaceous on the surface, 
 golden yellow within. 
 
 797. Cupellation-furnace bottom, t( Heerd," 
 
 A heavy, brown, earthy mass, which often contains 58-60 per cent, 
 of metallic lead, being impregnated by the litharge that is driven off by 
 cupellation. 
 
 Note. The " Blicksilber " or bright silver button which is obtained 
 by this process will be found under Silver (described in Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Lead, p. 196). 
 
 THE PROCESS OF " DRYING " THE RESIDUAL COPPER, " DARRARBEIT." 
 Products of the first operation. 
 
 798. Dried residual copper, " Darrlinge." 
 
 A mass of granular copper, with cavities, and a black glaze on the 
 surface; said to contain about 85 per cent, of copper and 15 per cent, of 
 
109 
 
 lead. It is obtained from this drying process performed on the liquation 
 copper or Kiehnstock. Sec Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 332, 
 where it is described. 
 
 799. Drying-slag, " Dnrrschlacke." 
 
 'Phe slag produced, which is very rich in oxide of lead. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 335, where analyses are given. It 
 contains a quantity of metallic copper in grains, and also fragments of 
 charcoal. 
 
 800. Drying-furnace accretion, "Ofenbruch." 
 
 The marl, used as a basis, impregnated by oxide of lead driven off in 
 the process, forming a dark, scoriaceous, heavy mass. 
 
 Products of the second operation. 
 
 The main product, "selected residual copper," "Abgepickte 
 Darrlinge/' is not present in the collection. 
 
 801. Lead and copper scale, " Pickschiefer." 
 
 Small black fragments of impure cupric oxide, which is red when 
 powdered (sample shown), which is found on the surface of the " dried" 
 metal. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 334, where it is 
 described. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE REPINING PROCESS " GAARARBEIT." 
 
 802. Refined copper, " Gaarkupfer." 
 
 In form like the hollow finger of a glove ; apparently some that has 
 run down. 
 
 803. Refinery-slag, Gaarschlacke." 
 
 Dull red and compact. About f inch thick, with large cavities and 
 blebs of copper. 
 
 804. Refinery-waste, " Gaarkratz." 
 
 The scum, impregnated with copper and copper salts, and of green 
 and black tints. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF TREATING THE REFINERY-SLAG, " GAARSCHLACKEN- 
 
 ARBEIT." 
 
 Results of the first operation. 
 
 805. Regulus from refinery-slag, " Gaarschlackenkonige." 
 Grey granular metal, pimply on the surface. 
 
 806. Matt from refinery-slag, " Stein." 
 
 A thin cake with vertical pores, blistered on the surface. 
 
 807. Slag from refinery-slag, Gaarschlackenschlacke." 
 Compact and glassy in parts. About f inch thick and very regular. 
 
110 
 
 Results of the second operation or liquation. 
 
 808. Residual copper after liquating the refinery-slag regulus, 
 *' Gaarschlacken-Kiehnstocke." 
 
 A dark grey pulverulent mass, being grains of copper coated with 
 oxide. r 
 
 809. The lead-cake obtained by the liquation, " Saigerblei." 
 
 810. Liquation- waste, " Saigerkratz." 
 
 A loosely aggregated mass composed of the charcoal and clay, &c., 
 impregnated with the liquated lead. 
 
 According to the scheme accompanying this collection of 
 specimens there should be the following, which are not present. 
 
 Products of the third operation on the Residual Copper. 
 
 . Oxidizing blast-furnace slag, " Verblasenschlacken." 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 334. 
 
 p. Refined copper, " Gaarkupfer." 
 
 Products of treating the Oxidizing Blast-furnace Slag, 
 " Verblasehschlackenarbeit." 
 
 First operation of fusion, 
 y. Slag, Schlacke." 
 
 8. Regulus from blast-furnace slag, " Ver blase nschlacken- 
 onige." 
 . Matt from blast-furnace slag, " Verblasenschlackenstein/' 
 
 Second operation of refining. 
 . Refinery-slag, " Gaarschlacken." 
 
 v). Refined copper, " Gaarkupfer/' 
 
 It is stated that some pieces are wanting because the process 
 is so seldom executed. This may be one such process. 
 
 TREATMENT OF THE WASTE PRODUCTS BY LEADING, " KRATZFRISCH- 
 
 ARBEIT." 
 
 First operation of leading. 
 
 811. Waste-leading liquation-cake, " Kratzfrischstucke." 
 Small sample, earthy and showing some copper. 
 
 812. Waste-leading slag, " Kratzfrischschlacken." 
 A very vitreous black slag with large cavities. 
 
Ill 
 
 Second operation of liquation. 
 
 813. Liquation-lead from waste, " Kratzblei." 
 
 814. Residual copper from the liquation, " Kiehnstocke." 
 A very porous black metallic mass, of high specific gravity. 
 
 815. Liquation-waste. " Saigerkratz." 
 
 Loose bits of impure copper, fragments of charcoal, slag, and dust. 
 
 Third operation of drying the Residual Copper. 
 
 The first product, dried residual copper or " Darrlinge," is not 
 present. 
 
 816. Drying slag, " Darrschlacke." 
 
 A black semi-vitreous very porous slag, in small fragments. 
 
 817. Furnace accretion, " Ofenbruch." 
 
 [ A grey slaggy mass of loosely aggregated fragments. 
 
 Fourth operation. 
 
 818. Selected residual copper, " Abgepickte Darrlinge." 
 A porous mass of copper, discoloured black on the surface. 
 
 There is another product, lead and copper scale, " Pickschiefer," 
 not present in the collection. 
 
 Fifth operation refining the selected Residual Copper. 
 
 819. Refined copper, " Gaarkupfer." 
 
 A long hollow finger-like form, with rough exterior surface and smooth 
 within. 
 
 820. Refinery-slag, (t Gaarschlacke." 
 
 Rather red ; very compact on one side, porous on the other. 
 
 TREATMENT OF THE FURNACE ACCRETIONS. 
 First operation. 
 
 821. Broken material from the stamping mills, " Pochwerks- 
 kratzschlieg." 
 
 Mixed waste in small pieces of various kinds. 
 
 Second operation. 
 
 822. Black copper, " Schwarz-Kupfer." 
 Porous, dark, and impure. 
 
112 
 
 823. Slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 A 1-inch slab of compact and metalliferous sub -crystalline slag, like 
 that from a metal furnace. 
 
 824. Matt, " Stein." 
 
 A thin, flat cake, with vertical pores, and impregnated with moss 
 copper. 
 
 The '' SAIGER " or LIQUATION PROCESS of EXTRACTING SILVER 
 from COPPER by means of lead, as practised at the Saiger- 
 hiitte, Hettstedt. Mansfeld. 
 
 LEADING PROCESS. 
 
 825. Black copper, containing silver. 
 
 This is the original material obtained by former processes, on which 
 the Saiger operations are performed. It is a darkish copper, containing 
 46-67 per cent, of silver, or 152 ozs. to the ton. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 307. 
 
 826. Liquating lead, " Frischblei." 
 
 (From the mines of Longbau in the county of Wirmland.) Used for 
 adding to the copper. 
 
 827. Rich liquation cake, " Reich Frisch Stiicke." 
 
 A grey, earthy -looking crumbling mass, produced by the mixture 
 of the two metals; it contains about 11 parts of lead to three of copper, 
 and 164 per cent, of silver. 
 
 828. Poor liquation cake, " Arm Frisch Stiicke." 
 
 Partly earthy, partly lead-like, and containing 10 parts of lead to 
 three of copper, and 12 per cent, of silver. 
 
 829. Slag or lead scum, " Frisch Abstrich." 
 
 Produced in the process of melting tlie lead and copper together. It 
 contains a certain amount of lead, copper, iron, &c., and is a reddish- 
 black glass, very like refinery slag. 
 
 LIQUATION PROCESS. 
 
 830. "Refinery lead, " Treibblei." 
 
 Liquation cake of lead separated by the process from the black copper ; 
 it contains 24 per cent, of silver. 
 
 831. Poor liquation lead, " Armf rischblei." 
 
 Separated from the original lead ; contains 16 per cent, of silver, 
 and is somewhat crumbling on one side. 
 
 832. Rich residual copper from the liquation, " Reich frisch- 
 Kienstocke." 
 
113 
 
 It is left after the liquation, and contains about 1 per cent, of silver ; 
 it is used for the drying process. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p. 323. A vacuous mass coated with a pink efflorescence. 
 
 833. Poor residual copper from the liquation, " Arinfrisch- 
 Kienstocke." 
 
 The same as the last, but contains only about -07 per cent, of silver. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 323. 
 
 834. Liquation waste or liquation thorns, " Saigerkratz " or 
 *' Saigerdorner." 
 
 The material that boils over and trickles down the side of the 
 liquation furnace, and thus forms a kind of stalactite, compared to 
 thorns. These contain a mixture of lead and copper, without any 
 separation having taken place ; they are worked up again by a separate 
 process. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 320. 
 
 CUPELLING PROCESS. 
 
 835. Litharge, " Glatte." 
 
 The result of cupelling the refinery lead. This contains a little copper, 
 and also about -015 per cent, of silver. A loose crumbling flat mass, 
 red in the inner layer, greenish-grey on the outside. 
 
 836. Cupellation furnace bottom, " Heerd." 
 
 A heavy brick-like mass with crystalline fracture. Produced by the 
 lead and copper sinking into the sandy base of the furnace ; the metals 
 are recovered by a subsequent process. 
 
 837. " Blicksilber " or bright silver button. 
 
 Obtained by cupellation of the refinery lead. It contains 14 J parts 
 of silver to l\ parts of lead, copper and nickel. 
 
 838. Refined silver, " Brandsilber." 
 
 Obtained by refining the " Blicksilber " by remelting it. 
 
 DRYING PROCESS. 
 
 839. Dried residual copper, " Darrlinge." 
 
 Obtained when the residual copper has been cleared of its associated 
 lead, silver, &c. A more or less porous mass. 
 
 840. Drying slag, " Darrost." 
 
 A heavy, red. compact slag, derived from the residual copper, 
 " Kienstock," when the Darrlinge is separated. This is an oxidized 
 product, and contains some silver and lead. This is used up later in 
 the " Dorner " smelting. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 329. 
 
 841. Drying furnace bottom or passage product, " Darrsohle." 
 
 A heavy, dark, stony substance formed by the action of the slag on 
 the loam of the furnace walls which is attacked by it, and itself is 
 U 61.965. H 
 
114 
 
 rendered more infusible. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 330. 
 
 842. Drying furnace regulus, " Darrofenzeug." 
 
 A mixture of copper, lead, and nickel obtained by smelting the drying 
 slag, ''Darrost." It contains about *24 per cent, silver, and is used in 
 working up refinery lead, " Treibblei." It is a loose, earthy, grey 
 mass, with patches of visible copper. 
 
 843. Refinery slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 An opaque, brilliant, red glass, obtained in smelting the Darrsohle. 
 It contains lead and copper, and is used for smelting again. 
 
 REFINING PROCESS. 
 
 844. "Refinery slag, " Gaarschlacke." 
 
 A light, scoriaceous, dark red glass, obtained by smelting the 
 Darrlinge in the blast of the refinery furnace. It is a red scoriaceous 
 slag of not a great specific gravity, but still containing some lead and 
 copper. 
 
 845. Refined copper, " Gaarkupfer." 
 
 Obtained as the main product of drying the Darrlinge. This is the 
 final product in the way of copper ; it is in a thin red sheet with local 
 pimples. 
 
 TREATMENT OF THE REFINERY SLAG. 
 
 846. Regulus. 
 
 From smelting the refinery slag ; a mixture of copper, lead, &c. ; a 
 decayed metallic mass. 
 
 847. Refinery waste slag, <* Gaarkratzschlacke." 
 
 The remaining product, still containing some copper and lead, but 
 very black, massive, and glassy. 
 
 "KRATZ" SMELTING. 
 
 848. Kratz smelting regulus, " Schmelzstuck." 
 
 A decayed mixture of copper, lead, and silver, obtained by melting 
 up the waste products and slag, including the Saigerkratz, the 
 Litharge or Glatte, the poor residual copper, and the drying slag, 
 " Darrost." These are mixed in definite proportion to produce the best 
 result. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 336, where a 
 similar mixture is recorded. 
 
 849. Residual copper from Kratz smelting, " Schmelz- 
 Kiehnstock." 
 
 This is liquated in the usual way, and the present sample is the 
 residual impure copper left after the lead, &c. is extracted. It is 
 decayed on the surface. 
 
115 
 
 850. The lead cake from liquating the " S chin elzs buck/' 
 " Schmelzblei." 
 
 This is used again for the leading process. 
 
 851. Rich slag, from some previous process. 
 
 Contains about 42 per cent, of lead and copper, and is used to mix 
 with the refinery slag and the regulus obtained from it. A solid semi- 
 glassy mass with a somewhat porous surface. 
 
 852. Once melted slag obtained in melting the last in the 
 concentration process. 
 
 It still contains 20 per cent, of metals, the richer parts being sepa- 
 rated as regulus ; a black slightly porous glass. 
 
 853. Twice melted slag from melting the last in the concen- 
 tration process. 
 
 It contains about 13-15 per cent, of metals. For the concentration 
 process, see Karsten's Archiv, 1st Ser. 9. It is a black glass. 
 
 854. Thrice melted slag from the last. 
 
 Still contains metal, but in too small a proportion to be worth 
 smelting again, and this is therefore the final waste product of all the 
 processes. No more can be extracted by them. It is a black glass. 
 
 855. Kratz smelting liquation cake, " Schlackenstiicke " ? 
 
 The mixture of lead and copper obtained by smelting the material of 
 which the last three are the slags, and is the combined product of the 
 concentration process. It is lead-like, with a grey decayed surface. 
 
 856. The liquated lead from the liquation cake, " Schlacken- 
 blei." 
 
 857. Iron ore added to the slags for the separation of the 
 lead. 
 
 A gravelly oxide of iron, apparently glazed by partial fusion. 
 
 The last specimen of the series which should be the residual 
 copper from which the lead has been liquated is not present. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN OPERATIONS. 
 
 858. Regulus of copper sulphides containing <e Nickel " from 
 Ekinau, Sweden. 
 
 A dark compact mass with hollow gas cavities and gravelly surface. 
 
 859. Lead ore accompanying copper pyrites used in the 
 copper works of Finland. 
 
 It is a combination of galena and zinc blende. Communicated by E. 
 L. Julin, 1872. 
 
 860. Furnace accretion " Ofenbruch," Finland Copper 
 Works. 
 
 H 2 
 
116 
 
 An earthy brown porous slag. Communicated by E. L. Julin, 
 1872. 
 
 861. Furnace accretion " Ofenbruch " after roasting. 
 
 A compact reddish mass with large cavities. Communicated byE. L. 
 Julin, 1872. 
 
 862. Furnace accretion "Ofenbruch," Finland Copper 
 Works. 
 
 A black heavy glittering slag with small pores. Communicated by 
 E. L. Julin, 1872. 
 
 863. " Skumnas " from the Atvitaberg Copper Works, Sweden. 
 
 A light grey compact opaque iridescent glass mixed with crystalline 
 matter. A product of the imperfect roasting formerly effected. It 
 formed a covering on the surface of the melted regulus, and contains a 
 large amount of sulphide of zinc as well as copper. It is now no longer 
 formed, owing to improved methods, and the old skumnas has been 
 worked up again for copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 402. 
 
 864. Slag from Cyprus. 
 
 Contains copper 0' 59 per cent., iron 6' 5 per cent. Another piece, 
 contains 8 per cent, of silica and a quantity of manganese, lime, &c. 
 A good clean compact earthy slag, as clean as is now made. 
 
 865. Copper slag said to come from Arabia Petrsea. 
 
 Dark, massive, and crystalline, weathering to green. Communicated 
 by Trenham Reeks. 
 
 Specimens illustrating the extraction of silver from copper 
 by liquation in Japan. Supplied by C. Tookey, late assayer to 
 the Japanese Mint. 
 
 866. Coarse copper from which the silver is to be extracted, 
 " Arado." 
 
 A thin blistered cake. 
 
 867. Copper mixed with lead for liquation, " Awasido." 
 Grey and porous. 
 
 868. Copper after the lead has been liquated from it, 
 " Siborido." 
 
 Irregular and vacuous. 
 
 869. Liquation cake of lead containing the silver, " Denamari." 
 
 870. The litharge remaining in the cupels, (l Kukasu." 
 Stony and transversely crystalline. 
 
 871. Coarse lead, " Aranamari." 
 
 872. The silver extracted by cupellation from the lead 
 " Dehaifukigin." 
 
 A thin slab. 
 
117 
 
 873. The liquated copper not containing silver, " Mafukido." 
 
 Melted and cast under water in the usual way, making it red and 
 vacuous. 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF COPPER. 
 
 874. Overpoled copper from the Spitty Copper Works, 
 Swansea, 1848. 
 
 This shows the development of the longitudinal ridge to an extra- 
 ordinary degree. Communicated by Jas. Napier. 
 
 875. " Best selected " copper. 
 
 Found, nevertheless, to be inferior. Communicated by T. Moor. 
 
 876. "Bean-shot" copper. From the Hafod Works, 1848. 
 
 A form of commercial copper produced by lading the copper into hot 
 water, so that it does not cool so very rapidly, by which means it takes 
 on the form and size of flat haricot beans. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 326. 
 
 877. "Feathered shot" copper, from the Hafod Works, 1848. 
 
 Produced by lading overpoled copper into cold water, thus cooling 
 it as rapidly as possible, producing the shape of ordinary granulated 
 zinc. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 326. 
 
 878. Triturated copper, produced by shaking the copper in 
 water when heated. 
 
 In small irregular granules. 
 
 879. Copper broken when red hot. 
 
 Showing an imperfect arborescent crystallisation in the centre, and 
 in the border round the surface a coarse fibrous or pseudo-columnar 
 structure. 
 
 880. Copper accidentally crystallised. From the Mines Royal 
 Copper Works, Neath, 1869. 
 
 Crystallised in rectangular arborescent forms, similar to those of the 
 regulus, but built up into large skeleton pyramids, black on the surface. 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 881. Copper from under the pigs of metal from the second 
 running down in making "best selected" copper. Mines Royal, 
 Neath. 
 
 Communicated by W. Edmonds. 
 
 882. Crystallised copper from a pig of dry copper. 
 
 From Newcastle-on-Tyne, where pyritic copper residues are treated 
 by a ** wet " process. It shows pointed arborescent copper-coloured 
 outgrowths. 
 
 883. Cake copper, the result of the " best selected " process. 
 Made when inferior ore was being used. 
 
118 
 
 884. Cake copper which has been " broken down " hot, but 
 which crumbles before the cut of the shears when cold. 
 
 From Own Avon Copper Works. It has been analysed by C. Tookey, 
 and in 100 parts of copper is found to contain lead *43, antimony '09, 
 iron '02, sulphur 17, and traces of arsenic; total impurities "557 per 
 cent. Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 885. Sheet of the same copper rolled cold. 
 
 It has a rich red fracture, but is very rotten. Communicated by C. 
 Clifford. 
 
 886. Best selected copper which has been re-melted and 
 poured into an iron ingot mold. 
 
 Made in 1848 in illustration of a lecture on copper smelting to the 
 British Association. This has been broken across and shows coarse 
 crystalline fibres radiating from the angles to the centre, and the edges 
 are much cracked. 
 
 887. Samples illustrating the process of refining by means of 
 phosphide of copper. 
 
 They include the dry copper without the phosphide, the same when 
 the phosphide has been added, and the final result when the copper ha^s 
 been brought to tough pitch. Chatham, 1875. They are seen to differ 
 ' in the lustre and colour of the fracture. 
 
 888. Two specimens of copper cast under water on the 
 Japanese plan. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 394. These ingots were cast by Dr. 
 Percy without difficulty and the metal was poured at a high temperature. 
 The difference of colour of these two specimens is remarkable ; it is pro- 
 bably due to a difference of temperature in the water or in the molten 
 copper, or in both. They were made from the same "best selected" 
 copper. 
 
 889. Copper from the bed of a copper furnace at Hafod 
 Works, Swansea, 1848. 
 
 Of a beautiful yellow colour. The formation in this case was quite 
 accidental, but it closely resembles the tint produced by casting under 
 water. It is entirely superficial, as is seen by a cut on the side, and is 
 probably due to a film of cuprous oxide of a certain thickness coating 
 the metallic copper. 
 
 890. Turning off copper roll for calico printing works. From 
 Newton, Keats, and Co., St. Helen's, Lancashire, 1881. 
 
 891. Copper for vents of guns, &c. used in the Royal Gun 
 Factory, Woolwich. 
 
 Procured from Pontifix, supposed to be entirely free from impurities. 
 
 892. Ingot of copper melted from the borings of " Bearing 
 metal." 
 
 Communicated by Mr. May. 1871. 
 
119 
 
 893. Specimens illustrating the casting of copper. 
 
 Two porous ingots and two dense ingots. The porous ones have 
 deep holes in the bottom, making it honeycombed. See A. Dick, Phil. 
 Mag., vol. XL, 1856. 
 
 894. Samples of copper which by themselves have shown a 
 want of malleability, but which, notwithstanding, made very 
 good brass. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Keats in 1849. 
 
 895. Series of bars of copper produced by Parkes' process. 
 
 No. 1. Copper from sulphide ores after six hours' calcining and four 
 hours' smelting. No. 2. Copper as No. 1, but fused a second time with 
 chloride of calcium for 1^ hours, and not poled. No. 3. Copper from 
 carbonate ores produced by Parkes' process in 2 hours. No. 4. Deposited 
 copper fused with charcoal. No. 5. Deposited copper fused with chloride 
 of calcium. 
 
 896. Copper produced by Bankart's process. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 447. A solid square ingot. 
 
 897. Metallic copper reduced by coal from impure oxide. 
 A dark brown earthy-looking powder. 
 
 898. Electro-deposited copper on iron rollers for calico 
 printing, 
 
 Broughton Copper Works, Manchester. The deposit is remarkably 
 hard and tough, nothing having been done to it beyond etching the 
 pattern. The rusty appearance at the back shows the intimate connexion 
 between the copper and iron at the surface of junction. 
 
 899. Electrotype copper deposited in a stalactitic form. 
 
 Caused by very rapid action (?). These are a pair of long bars on 
 which the copper has grown out in mammillated forms at right angles to 
 the surface. 
 
 900. Electrotype copper in a thin dense sheet. 
 
 901. Electro-deposited copper from the Pembrey Copper 
 Works, Birmingham. 
 
 Showing the double layer round the original sheet and the trans- 
 versely fibrous structure. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 499. Communicated by Mr. Elkington, 1880. 
 
 902. Electrotype copper in ingot. 
 
 Cast by Messrs. Elkington and Co., Birmingham ; the same as used by 
 Captain James in his experiments on the corrosive action of sea water. 
 
 903. Electrotype copper, hard and not good for German 
 silver. 
 
 904. Electrotype foil. 
 
 Made from copper not annealed before rolling by Elkington and Co. 
 
120 
 
 905. Electrotype foil. 
 
 Made from copper annealed before rolling by Elkington and Co. 
 
 906. Wire from electro-deposited copper. 
 
 From Morfa Copper Works, Swansea, 1883. Communicated by Miv 
 Cady. 
 
 907. Residue obtained in copper electrotyping. 
 Communicated by Messrs. Elkington. A green earthy powder. 
 
 908. Copper with 1 3 per cent, of arsenic. 
 
 The electric conductivity of the wire drawn from this is only 20 per 
 cent, of that of pure copper. This was refined in the usual way at 
 Broughton Copper Works, Manchester, and was very red-short, 1 882. 
 
 909. Copper wire, containing 0*17 per cent, of lead. 
 Analysed by A. Dick. 
 
 910. Beechwood impregnated with native copper. 
 Part of a beam in a smelting house in Sweden. 
 
 911. Atten copper, Norway. 
 
 Showing a very flat ingot. Imported by Evans and Askin, Birmingham, 
 1848. 
 
 912. Peculiar coloured copper from a mass of Russian metal. 
 
 The slabs of metal had some very large holes in the centre, and this 
 specimen shows the colour next the holes. Imported to Birmingham, 
 1849. Communicated by P. Moore. 
 
 913. Slab of copper from Lake Superior. 
 
 Of a very yellow tint on the surface. See Experiment by Dr. Percy, 
 whose results are shown in No. 888- Communicated by J. L. Cooker. 
 
 914. Part of an ingot of copper from Lake Superior. 
 
 Said to be entirely free from arsenic. Communicated by Dr. 
 Matthiesen, 1881. 
 
 915. Copper obtained from stamping native copper ore at 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 The original rock yields only 1 2 per cent, of copper, or 400 Ibs. per 
 cubic fathom ; but the native copper is disseminated through it in 
 various sized pieces. These are the largest pieces which are obtained when 
 the rock is crushed and the powder separated. These become attached to 
 the stamp heads, and will not go through the gratings, but are all small, 
 less than a farthing in size, except a large stamped out-piece. They 
 yield 99 per cent, of metallic copper. Communicated by Mr. 
 Petherwick. 
 
 916. Copper obtained from stamping native copper ore at 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 This is from the same rock, and consists of the minute fragments 
 which go through the first and second gratings. It yields 90 per cent, 
 of copper besides some silver. Communicated by Mr. Petherwick. 
 
121 
 
 917. Copper obtained from stamping native copper ore, Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 This is from the same rock, and is the finest copper dust obtained ; it 
 contains 60 per cent, ot' copper. Communicated by Mr. Petherwick. 
 
 918. Laminated copper from Lake Superior. 
 
 This has been purified and treated to obtain the per-centage of 
 copper in the stamp material. In flat scales. Communicated by Mr. 
 Petherwick. 
 
 919. Copper from Burra Burra, Australia, 1 848. 
 
 This contains antimony, and makes bad brass. Smelted at Moore's 
 Works. See Percy's Metallurgy, 186J, p. 504. 
 
 920. Copper produced by Eodda's patent. 
 
 Reduced by cementation, stamping and washing. From the Australian 
 Exhibits at the Exhibition of 1862. It is a fine-grained, cracked, 
 porous, copper-coloured mass of very small specific gravity as a whole. 
 
 921. Slab of Japan copper called tile copper. 
 
 Showing the peculiar red surface colour characteristic of their method 
 of casting, which is by pouring the molten liquid into water. Much of 
 this is imported into Liverpool. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 192. 
 
 922. Triangular ingot of Japan copper. 
 
 These are of small size and triangular section, as usually made. The 
 colour is said to be produced by throwing the ingots, as soon as solid, 
 into cold water. This sample has been analysed by A. Dick, and found 
 to contain 0-13 per cent, of nickel, 0-03 per cent, of iron, and extremely 
 minute traces of tin and gold, but there is no appreciable quantity of 
 cobalt, or of the metals of the alkalies or alkaline earths. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, 1861, p. 394. 
 
 923. " White copper " from the Province of Yun-nan, China. 
 
 Melted from the ore, not an artificial compound. It is a black, very 
 porous mass, apparently of metal. 
 
 924. A piece of "white copper," or Pih-tung, from the 
 Province of Yun-nan, China. 
 
 This is cast into a small ingot of rectangular shape, and has a very 
 fine fracture, but from its very light yellow, colour it is obviously an 
 alloy, probably a native one. Communicated by Dr. Lockhart, 1858. 
 
 925. Copper containing silicon cast into a medallion. 
 
 Prepared by heating copper to whiteness in contact with silica and 
 carbon. The medallion was cast by Messrs. Robinson and Cotton. The 
 metal requires a higher temperature for fusion than bronze. The metal 
 was prepared by A. Dick, and found to contain 1-82 per cent, of silicon. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 282. 
 
 926. Two bars of Japanese copper. 
 
 Broader than the usual kind. A large quantity of this copper has 
 been imported into Liverpool. Communicated by D. Watson, 1 872. 
 
122 
 
 927. Two discs of Japanese copper. 
 
 These are comparatively seldom imported into this country. They 
 are slightly convex, about 5 inches in diameter, of a brilliant red colour, 
 and not completely refined. Communicated by D. Watson, 1872. 
 
 928. A series of copper "proofs," taken out for testing the 
 copper in the process of poling. Morfa Copper Works. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 325. (a) has been poled for 15 
 minutes, and is rough and granular ; (b) for 20 minutes, and is slightly 
 fibrous or platy; (c) for 25 minutes, and is granular ; (d) for 30 
 minutes, and is highly fibrous ; (e) for 35 minutes, and is coarsely 
 fibrous ; (/) for 40 minutes, and is finely fibrous and platy ; (g) for 
 45 minutes, and is granular and finely fibrous ; (h) for 50 minutes, 
 and is very finely fibrous, scarcely brittle, but bends, when it is 
 considered to be good ; (t) for 55 minutes, when the poling is 
 perfect, it can be torn, but not broken ; (k) for 60 minutes, and is 
 coarsely fibrous, when it is overpoled ; (/) for 65 minutes, and is 
 slightly fibrous ; (m) has been poled for 20 minutes and then allowed 
 to cool in the air instead of in water, and is crystalline and platy. 
 
 929. Sample of copper sheeting from Cwm Avon Copper 
 Works. 
 
 Exhibited at the International Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 930. Russian sheet copper. 
 
 From the International Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 931. Swedish sheet copper. 
 
 From the International Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 932. Large <c rosette "of Swedish (?) copper. 
 
 About 2 feet in diameter, smooth on one side, and rough on the 
 other. 
 
 933. Smaller " rosette " of copper, from blast furnaces. 
 About 18 inches in diameter. 
 
 RESULTS OF TREATING COPPER IN VARIOUS WAYS. 
 
 934. Electrotype copper, melted under charcoal and left to 
 cool in the crucible. 
 
 Experiment by A. Dick, showing that under these circumstances 
 the copper contracts and crystallises in fern-like branches, leaving a 
 cavity in the centre. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 275. 
 
 935. Electrotype copper, melted under charcoal and poured 
 out into a mould. 
 
 Experiment by A. Dick, to show the porous structure and the raised 
 band along the centre of the ingot produced by the ordinary process. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 276. 
 
 936. Best selected copper, melted under charcoal and cast 
 into an ingot mould. 
 
 Showing the vesicular structure produced by the ordinary method. 
 
123 
 
 987. Wire and foil from copper which had been melted in 
 charcoal and allowed to cool in the crucible. 
 Experiment by A. Dick. See Phil. Mag., vol. XI., 1856. 
 
 938. Russian copper, melted under charcoal and cast in the 
 usual way. 
 
 Experiment by A. Dick, showing a raised surface to the ingot and a 
 porous fracture. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 276. 
 
 939. Best selected copper from Messrs. Newton and Co., 
 Greenfield, Holywell. 
 
 This has been reduced to powder by trituration when hot, mixed 
 with black oxide of copper and melted. Cast in an iron ingot mould. 
 Annealed and rolled afterwards. Kolled at Clifford's Mills, Birmingham, 
 1848. 
 
 940. Best selected copper from Messrs. Newton and Co. 
 
 This has been melted alone and cast in an iron ingot mould. Annealed 
 and rolled afterwards. The edges are cracked as usual when copper 
 is cast alone in small quantity and rolled. Rolled at Clifford's Mills, 
 Birmingham, 1848. 
 
 941. Best selected copper from Messrs. Newton and Co. 
 
 This has been melted, and metallic arsenic dropped into the melted 
 metal and stirred well. Cast in an iron ingot mould, annealed and 
 rolled. Annealed twice after the first rolling. Here the edges are 
 clean. Analysed by A. Dick, it contains silicon and phosphorus 
 derived from the ash of the charcoal. Rolled at Clifford's Mills, Bir- 
 mingham, 1848. 
 
 942. Best selected copper from Messrs. Newton and Co. 
 
 Artificial sulphide of copper was added to the melted metal, 
 which was then cast in an iron ingot mould, annealed and rolled. It 
 has broken down altogether. Rolled at Clifford's Mills, Birmingham, 
 1848. 
 
 943. Best selected copper from Newton, Keats, and Co. 
 
 This was reduced to powder by triturating it in a mortar when hot, 
 the finest particles were sifted out, and cemented with carbon for seven 
 or eight hours at or near the melting-point ; at the end of this time, the 
 copper was found in round globules imbedded in the charcoal ; the latter 
 was blown away, the metal remelted with carbon, and cast and rolled, 
 which it submits to very well. Another portion of the same was drawn 
 out into wire, 1848. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 270. Illustration 
 of Lecture to British Association at Swansea. 
 
 944. Copper cemented in charcoal powder. 
 
 This is another portion of the same copper as No. 943 ; an attempt 
 has been made to forge it at a red heat without success on account of 
 its brittleness. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 270. 
 
 945. Best selected copper from Newton, Keats, and Co. 
 
 In this, phosphorus has been dropped into the melted metal and 
 stirred, It rolls well, but is harder than that simply cemented or heated 
 with carbon, 1848. 
 
124 
 
 946. Copper sheet, tested by hammering. 
 
 Phosphorus was used in refining as suggested by W. Weston, of 
 Chatham Dockyard, 1878. It is folded twice flat without the slightest 
 sign of breakage. 
 
 947. Copper wire become dry under special circumstances. 
 
 It was drawn hard in the usual manner, put into a cast-iron annealing 
 pot with lid, and luted with clay to make it air-light. It was then put 
 into an ordinary " muffle " furnace, and left for an hour, and afterwards 
 cooled in the air. The inside of the pot which had been used for brass 
 annealing was slightly coated with zinc oxide, possibly mixed with 
 carbon from the suds used in the wire drawing. Communicated by 
 J. Hughes, of Newton, Keats, aud Co., 1881. 
 
 948. Copper wire which has been tough, but has become 
 brittle. 
 
 It lay about for five years in a laboratory, and was then found to have 
 changed its character. Communicated by J. F. Ansill. 
 
 949. Two samples of brass wire, one "short," the other 
 sound. 
 
 They are from the same coil, but the " short " one has been exposed 
 to the air of a laboratory for two years and has become tarnished, the 
 other which is sound has been kept in a drawer. Communicated by 
 Major Peile. 
 
 950. Copper containing f 31 per cent, of antimony and * 29 
 per cent, of lead. 
 
 The electric conductivity of the wire at 12 as tested by Dr. 
 Matthiesen is 64 '5, the standard of pure copper at 15^ being 100. 
 With these are two pieces of the same wire melted under carbon and 
 hammered out hot and cold. The piece hammered out has cracked. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 288. 
 
 951. Wire made from the sheathing of H.M.S. " Fantome," 
 1867. 
 
 The electric conductivity of pure copper at 11 C. being 95*3, that 
 of this wire as determined by Dr. Matthiesen is 59 '4. 
 
 952. Wire made from the sheathing of H.M.S. " Argonaut." 
 The electric conductivity as determined by Dr. Matthiesen is 64*5. 
 
 953. Electrotype and common copper heated in hydrogen. 
 The former is unaltered, the latter is rendered brittle. 
 
 954. Electrotype and common copper heated in coal gas. 
 The former is unaltered, the latter is rendered brittle. 
 
 955. Electrotype and common copper heated in carbonic 
 oxide. 
 
 The former is unaltered, the latter is rendered brittle. 
 
 956. Electrotype wire and foil heated in ammonia. 
 It is unaffected. 
 
125 
 
 957. Ordinary copper wire heated in ammonia. 
 
 It is rendered brittle, arid though heated in steam to try to anneal it, 
 no annealing took place under this treatment. 
 
 958. Copper wire and foil from a porous ingot of electrotype 
 copper. 
 
 Cast under ordinary circumstances. Experiment by A. Dick. The 
 relative conductivity of this wire at 13 to that of pure unmelted electro- 
 type copper at 15- 5 is 98-8 per cent. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 286. See also A. Dick, Phil. Mag., vol. XI., 1856. 
 
 959. Copper wire and foil from a dense ingot of electrotype 
 copper. 
 
 It had been melted under charcoal which had been digested in 
 hydrochloric acid. Experiment by A. Dick. The relative conductivity 
 in this case is 93-2. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 288 ; and also 
 Phil. Mag., vol. XI., 1856. 
 
 960. Electrotype copper, melted under charcoal and poured 
 into the mould under burning coal gas. 
 
 Experiment by A. Dick. The surface is depressed, and there is no 
 porosity in the fibre of the fracture ; it is pale salmon in colour. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 276. 
 
 DEFECTS IN COPPER. 
 
 961. Defective copper from the Governor and Company of 
 Copper Smelters. 
 
 Obtained during the working up of furnace bottoms, 1848. It 
 exfoliates in rolling. From Clifford's Mills, Birmingham. 
 
 962. " Spilly " copper from smelting furnace bottoms. 
 
 At Newton, Keats, and Co., Holy well. Communicated by W. Keats, 
 1871. 
 
 963. Defective sheet copper too hard to spin into shape. 
 
 It has torn away from the side. Intended for a carriage lamp. 
 Communicated by Randolph Clay, 1878. 
 
 964. Copper wire, cemented by heating in an annealing pot 
 containing brass wire. 
 
 The copper wire has been left in the luted annealing pot for 12 
 hours, and has become brassy on the outside by imbibing the fumes 
 of zinc given off by the heated brass wire, but it is copper-red within, 
 it has also become more brittle, and its diameter has slightly increased. 
 The brass wire at the same time became softer. Three samples of 
 copper were thus treated, and they severally increased in diameter from 
 0-341 in. to 0-344 in., from 0-121 in. to 0-125 in., and from 0-039 in. 
 to 0-043 in. Similar pieces of copper wire when heated in exactly the 
 same way, except in the absence of the brass wire, decreased from 
 0-0256 in. to 0-0255 in., from 0-137 in. to 0-135 in., and from 0-040 
 in. to 0-038 in. This was due partly to scaling, which does not occur 
 
126 
 
 when the brass wire is present. Experiment by Thomas Hughes, 
 Greenfield Copper Works, Holywell, 1871. 
 
 965. Corroded copper tube from steam boiler. 
 
 The corrosion has taken place at the spots where the horizontal tubes 
 were supported by a vertical sheet of gun-metal. The corrosion occurred 
 in about 30 days, all the tubes being corroded. Communicated by C. 
 Wigram, 1876." 
 
 966. Defective copper, split in rolling at Clifford's Mills, 
 Birmingham. 
 
 967. Copper cracked on cutting. 
 
 The cracked surface supposed to have been exposed to fumes of 
 sulphur. Clifford's Mills, Birmingham, 1848. 
 
 968. Copper cracked in rolling. 
 
 From the Forrest Works (Cvvm Avon) when smelting furnace 
 bottoms. Clifford's Mills, Birmingham, 1849. 
 
 969. Piece of copper tube on the surface of which appear 
 spiral marks caused by drawing through the die. 
 
 The question is suggested whether, on the tube cracking from any 
 cause, the cracks would follow these lines. 
 
 WEARING OF COPPER. 
 SHEATHING WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN H.M. NAVY. 
 
 These specimens have been supplied by the Chemical Depart- 
 ment of the Admiralty, and illustrate the length of time such 
 sheathing lasts, and the method of its decay as dependent on the 
 different circumstances indicated in each case. 
 
 The following 22 are examples of great durability : 
 
 970. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Forth." Put on 
 September 1832. Taken off November 1845. 
 
 Payed with coal tar originally, but with vegetable tar when repaired 
 in 1839. The copper put on in 1839 was eaten into holes at the water 
 line. Four sheets were also put on at the same time under the bottom, 
 and when examined, in 1845, were eaten to shreds. Average loss per 
 sheet, 1 oz. per annum. 
 
 971. Copper sheathing from "Plymouth" yacht. Put on 
 March 1825. Taken off March 1846. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. The vessel lay generally near a large 
 extent of mud, and it is probable that the slimy coating arising there- 
 from may have defended the face of the copper. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0-5 oz. per annum. 
 
 972. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Cambrian," marked 
 " O.M." Put on August 1846. Taken off April 1851. 
 
127 
 
 973. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Cambrian," marked "G" 
 Put on and taken off as above. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. The durability of these specimens was 
 plainly visible, when compared with the remainder of the copper on the 
 bottom, marked " IV." and "-J-," which lost 9 and 8 oz. per sheet per 
 annum. Average loss per sheet of these, "O.M," 3-8 oz., and " G." 
 4-2 oz. per annum. 
 
 974. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Laimia." Put on 
 September 1816: Taken off January 1852. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. Average loss per sheet, 67 oz. per annum. 
 
 975. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Lucifer." Put on 
 February 1844. Taken off November 1849. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. The durability of this sheathing does not appear 
 to be attributable to the quality of the copper, but rather to the circum- 
 stances to which it was exposed in relation to the coal tar or boiler 
 water. Average loss per sheet, 0-7 oz. per annum. 
 
 976. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Saracen." Put on 
 February 1831. Taken off December 1851. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. Average loss per sheet, 1-125 oz. per annum. 
 
 977. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Astrea." Put on May 
 1823. Taken off April 1851. 
 
 Payed with a composition of coal tar and coal pitch. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0'475 oz. per annum. 
 
 978. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Chatham," marked " J." 
 Put on July 1825. Taken off December 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 0-58 oz. per 
 annum. 
 
 979. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Chatham." Put on 
 June 1833. Taken off December 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 1 -6 oz. per annum. 
 
 980. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Chatham/' marked "V." 
 Put on August 1817. Taken off December 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 0-33 per annum. 
 This vessel had Davy's protector applied in 1825, when she was partially 
 stripped and re-coppered. No waste appeared to have occurred in the 
 sheathing for a long time, the bottom being covered with weed and 
 barnacles with a smooth brown coating of mud. 
 
 981. Vivian's bronze sheathing from H.M.S. " Express." Put 
 on 1835. Taken off September 1843. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. This sheathing was taken off on account of the 
 adhesion of weed and barnacle. Average loss per sheet, 3-75 oz. per 
 annum. 
 
128 
 
 982. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Falmouth." Put on 
 September 1837. Taken off November 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. From the keel upwards about 6 ft. the 
 sheathing had acquired a smooth brown coating by coming in contact 
 with muddy water. 
 
 983. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Nereus." Put on Sep- 
 tember 1821. Taken off August 1843. 
 
 Payed with a mixture of coal tar and coal pitch. This copper had 
 Davy's protector applied in 1826, which, when taken off in 1843, had 
 become decomposed, leaving merely spongy lumps of carbonate of iron, 
 which for some time has reacted destructively on the sheets immediately 
 contiguous, and eaten them into large holes, the remainder being 
 generally very little worn. Average loss per sheet, 0-83 oz. per annum. 
 
 984. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Impregnable." Put on 
 April 1826. Taken off July 1843. 
 
 Payed with a mixture of coal tar and coal pitch. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0-6 oz. per annum. 
 
 985. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Medway." Put on 
 December 1820. Taken off May 1847. 
 
 Payed with a mixture of coal tar and coal pitch. Remarkable as one 
 of four ships which had remained at Hamoaze from the first coppering 
 without the sheets becoming perforated at the water line. All payed in 
 the same way ; while fifteen others coppered since 1830, and payed with 
 vegetable tar, had all had the sheathing eaten into holes, under similar 
 circumstances. Average loss per sheet, 0-8 oz. per annum. 
 
 986. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Netley." Put on March 
 1821. Taken off February 1845. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. The durability of this sheathing would 
 appear to be due to the quality of the copper alone. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0-66 oz. per annum. 
 
 987. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Favorite." Put on 
 September 1833. Taken off January 1846. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 1-66 oz. per 
 annum. 
 
 988. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " San Josef." Put on 
 December 1831. Taken off April 1849. 
 
 Payed with coal tar and pitch. This copper was clean on the surface 
 and not perceptibly worn or eaten at the water line. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0-42 oz. per annum. 
 
 989. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Gosport." Put on 
 December 1823. Taken off August 1846. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. The durability of this sheathing would 
 appear to be due to the quality of the copper alone. Average loss per 
 sheet, 0-5 oz. per annum. 
 
129 
 
 990. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Portland." Put on 
 January 1840. Taken off February 1846. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. This sheathing was slightly honeycombed, 
 but not eaten at the water line. Average loss per sheet, 0-5 oz. per 
 annum. 
 
 991. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Aurora." Put on Feb- 
 ruary 1825. Taken off April 1851. 
 
 Payed with a mixture of coal tar and pitch. Average loss per sheet, 
 0-9 oz. per annum. 
 
 The following 12 are examples of least durability : 
 
 992. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Petrel," Put on May 
 1838. Taken off September 1843. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. Average loss per sheet, 17-5 oz. per annum, 
 due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 993. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Apollo." Put on 
 January 1838. Taken off September 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 8 oz. per annum, 
 due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 994. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Indefatigable." Put 
 on September 1849. Taken off November 1849. 
 
 995. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Indefatigable." Put 
 on and taken off with the above. 
 
 Both payed with vegetable tar, partially neutralised by lime. Corroded 
 only at the water line, where the sheets were eaten into holes all round 
 the ship, as almost invariably occurs on newly coppered ships which 
 remain in Hamoaze. 
 
 996. Copper sheathing from the rudder of H.M.S. " Melampus." 
 Put on February 1835. "Taken off March 1845. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. It remained green while in dock. Average 
 loss per sheet, 2 15 oz. per annum. 
 
 997. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Melampus." Put on 
 April 1843. Taken off March 1845. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 6 oz. per annum, 
 which took place at the water line, where the sheets were eaten quite 
 through in large holes. 
 
 998. Sterling's patent mixed metal sheathing from H.M.S. 
 "Britomart." Put on February 1850. Taken off December 
 1850. 
 
 Payed with coal tar. Taken off the bottom within the year on 
 account of the edges and fastenings of the sheets being eaten away 
 round the nail heads. 
 
 999. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Penguin." Put on 
 April 1838. Taken off November 1843. 
 
 U 61955. T 
 
130 
 
 Payed with coal tar. Average loss per sheet. 13 '75 oz. per annum, 
 due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 1000. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Petrel." Put on 
 September 1847. Taken off April 1850. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 13*6 oz. per 
 annum, due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 1001. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Crane." Put on 
 January 1844. Taken off July 1847. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 11 oz. per annum, 
 due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 1002. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Swift." Put on April 
 1838. Taken off November 1843. 
 
 Payed with vegetable tar. Average loss per sheet, 13-6 oz. per 
 annum, due to the mechanical action of the sea water. 
 
 1003. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Calliope." Put on 
 August 1849. Taken off November 1850. 
 
 Payed with coal tar neutralised with lime. Eaten into holes at the 
 water line. 
 
 1004. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Naid." Put on June 
 1828. Taken off August 1846. 
 
 Average loss per sheet, 8 oz. per annum. 
 
 1005. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Acteon." Put on 
 April 1845. Taken off March 1848. 
 
 Average loss per sheet, 5-3 oz. per annum. 
 
 The rate of wear of the following has not been ascertained. 
 
 1006. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Portland." Put on 
 January 1840. Taken off February 1846. 
 
 1007. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Aurora." Put on 
 February 1825. Taken off April 1851. 
 
 1008. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Leviathan." Put on 
 1817. Taken off 1847. 
 
 1009. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Eurydice." Put on 
 May 1843. Taken off July 1846. 
 
 1010. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Resistance." Put on 
 1840. Taken off 1846. 
 
 1011. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Duke." Put on 1794. 
 Taken off 1843. 
 
 1012. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Helena." Put on 
 September 1847. Taken off June 1848. 
 
131 
 
 1013. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. Ci Frolic." Put on 
 August 1847. Taken off June 1848, 
 
 1014. Samples of old copper sheathings without special 
 information from the Chemical Department of Admiralty. 
 
 Stamped with numbers: (3) " Eurydice." (5) "Cambrian." (10) 
 "Duke." (11) "Thunder." (12) "Letitia." (13) "Royal George." 
 (14) "Argonaut." (15) "Leviathan." (16) "Frolic." (17) 
 " Resistance." (18) " Helena." (19) " Amphitrite." (26) " Acteon." 
 (44) Collingwood." (45) "San Josef." (48) "Success." (138) 
 Sprightly." (139) " Sprightly." (176) " Electra." (179) " Electra." 
 (189) "Apollo," average loss per annum 6J oz. (209) " Hussey." 
 (226) " Amphitrite." (222) " Amphitrite," W. (232) " Topaze. (242 ) 
 "Letitia." (251) "Ajax." (255) "Acheron." (256) "Spiteful." 
 (258) " Athol/' (260) "Royal William," N., one of the worst sheets 
 (261) "'Royal William." (265) "Meeanee." (266) "Meearee." 
 (269) "Blenheim," average loss per sheet 5 oz. in 5 years. (271) 
 " Blenheim," average loss per sheet 4f oz. in 5 years. (273) 
 "Blenheim," average loss in 2 years 11 months 1 Ib. 1^ oz. 
 (275) "Arrogant." (276) "Arrogant." (277) "Winchester," loss 
 14 oz. per sheet. (286) "Hecla," average loss 9J oz. in 3| years. 
 (289) Flying Fish," average loss 14 oz. (290) " Pantaloon," average 
 loss per sheet 2 Ibs. 6 oz. in 4 years. (291) " Pantaloon," average 
 loss per sheet 2 Ibs. 5 oz. in 4 years. (299) No. 1 Lighter. (296) 
 " Meeanee." (300) " Sampson." (328) " Rapid," which lay on the 
 bottom 12 months, average loss per sheet 7J oz. (329) " Rapid," 
 which lay on the bottom 12 months, loss 1 oz. per sheet. (342) 
 " Hercules," average loss 1 Ib. 2J oz. (349) " Grampus," average loss 
 per sheet 6 oz. in 3 years. (353) " Grampus," average loss per sheet 
 3 oz. in 3 years. (354) " Stirling Castle," which lay at the bottom for 
 33 years, average loss per sheet 1 Ib. 5 oz. 
 
 1015. Copper sheathing from the ship " Frolic." 
 Rolled in Birmingham. 
 
 1016. Copper sheathing from the bottom of H.M.S. (< Argus." 
 
 Showing an unusual method of corrosion in long parallel streaks. It 
 has been fixed ten years. The last part of the time in the West 
 Indies. 
 
 1017. Defective nails from H.M.S "Flying Fish," with 
 sheathing. 
 
 The sheathing was fixed with these nails in January 1874, and had 
 to be taken off again in June of the same year, owing to the heads of 
 the nails coming off by the action of the sea water upon them. The 
 original nails are here also. 
 
 1018. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Hound." Put on May 
 1846. Taken off September 1849. 
 
 1019. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Thunder." Put on 
 August 1841. Taken off September 1844. 
 
 Made of new cake copper, marked N. The average loss per sheet per 
 annum was 8 oz. 
 
 I 2 
 
132 
 
 1020. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Fantome." Put on 
 March 1844. Taken off December 1844. 
 
 Made of new cake copper, marked N. Loss per sheet per annum 
 5-62 oz. This sheathing has been analysed by C. Tookey, and found to 
 contain: lead -1187, bismuth -1240, antimony -0143, arsenic 0-1908, 
 iron -0042, nickel -0287 per cent. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 624. 
 
 1021. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. Duke." Put on 1794. 
 Taken off 1843. 
 
 Average loss per sheet per annum 0-73 oz. 
 
 1022. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Meeanee." Put on 
 at Bombay, 1841. Taken off' at Chatham, 1851. 
 
 New cake copper, marked N. Average loss per sheet per annum 
 7 oz. 
 
 1023. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Boadicea." Put on 
 December 1830. Taken off April 1858. 
 
 Eemanufactured sheathing. Loss per sheet per annum 0-5 oz. 
 
 1024. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. " Spy." Put on July 
 1848. Taken off November 1850. 
 
 New cake copper, marked N. Loss per sheet per annum 8-36 oz. 
 
 1025. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Argonaut." Put on 
 December 1790. Taken off December 1830. 
 
 Loss per sheet per annum 17 oz. 
 
 1026. Copper sheathing from H.M.S. "Argonaut," Put on 
 1790. Taken off 1830. 
 
 In this specimen are seen straight broad lines drawn both ways from 
 nail-hole to nail-hole, and there is also the arrow-mark preserved in the 
 same way. It is suggested that before it was customary to mark the 
 position of the nail-holes, lines were drawn with a steel tool called a 
 scribe, to fix their position, and along these lines so marked the copper 
 has been indurated, and thus is better preserved. In proof of this it 
 is noted that copper cast under pressure has its strength increased 40 
 per cent. See Article by Dr. Percy, Trans. Inst. C. E., Oct. 1880. 
 Communicated by W. Weston, 1873. 
 
 1027. Specimen showing corrosion of copper in bilge-water. 
 
 This copper strainer was placed to protect the suction pipe of 
 auxiliary bilge-pump of s.s. " Durham," belonging to Money, Wigram, 
 and Sons. It was fitted in Jan. 1875, and had to be taken out on 
 account of its corrosion in July 1878. Communicated by Clifford 
 Wigram. 
 
 1028. Copper wire rope used as lightning conductor in a 
 chimney. 
 
 It originally consisted of seven strands, each strand of seven wires, 
 but the whole is now almost entirely fused together, showing the 
 effects of lightning on copper wire. Communicated by R. S, Newall. 
 
133 
 
 ALLOYS OF COPPER. 
 
 The following 26 experimental alloys, all made by R. Smith, 
 are in the form of small buttons, broken to show their fracture. 
 
 1029. Alloy of 999 copper and 1 antimony. 
 Copper-like, granulated. 
 
 1030. Alloy of 995 copper and 5 antimony. 
 Copper-like, granulated. 
 
 1031. Alloy of 90 copper and 10 antimony. 
 A little lighter in tint. 
 
 1032. Alloy of 80 copper and 20 antimony. 
 Of a reddish-grey tint, with a granular fracture. 
 
 1033. Alloy of 75 copper and 25 antimony. 
 Of a warm grey tint, slightly crystalline in fracture. 
 
 1034. Alloy of 70 copper and 30 antimony. 
 
 Of a grey tint tarnishing yellow, platy and crystalline in fracture. 
 
 1035. Alloy of 60 copper and 40 antimony. 
 
 Of a grey tint with a red tarnish, strongly platy in fracture, 
 
 1036. Alloy of 55 copper and 45 antimony. 
 Like No. 1034. 
 
 1037. Alloy of 57 copper and 43 antimony. 
 Like No. 1036. 
 
 1038. Alloy of equal parts of copper and antimony. 
 Of a warmish tint, in broad crystalline plates. 
 
 1039. Alloy of 47 copper and 53 antimony. 
 Slightly warm in tint, and crystalline in fracture. 
 
 1040. Alloy of 45 copper and 55 antimony. 
 Like No. 1039. 
 
 1041. Alloy of 40 copper and 60 antimony. 
 Like No. 1038. 
 
 1042. Alloy of 32 copper and 68 antimony. 
 A little less warm in tint. 
 
 1043. Alloy of 25 copper and 75 antimony. 
 Tarnishing black, crystalline. 
 
 1044. Alloy of 20 copper and 80 antimony. 
 Irregular plates in an irregular bottom. 
 
134 
 
 1045. Alloy of 10 copper and 90 antimony. 
 Spotted with dark grey, platy in fracture. 
 
 1046. Alloy of 76 parts of copper and 24 of tin. 
 
 The total material used was 2,000 grains, and the resulting alloy 
 weighed 1,980 grains, showing a loss of 20 grains or 1 per cent. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. It is yellowish white, and very compact. 
 
 1047. Alloy of 2 copper to 1 tin, making " speculum " 
 metal. 
 
 Very fine grained, and dead white. 
 
 1048. Alloy of 95 copper and 5 tin. 
 Copper-like, with fibro-crystalline fracture. 
 
 1049. Alloy of 90 copper and 10 tin. A bronze. 
 
 1050. Alloy of 85 copper and 15 tin. A " bell metal.'' 
 Reddish grey, and moderately compact. 
 
 1051. Alloy of 80 copper and 20 tin. A " bell metal." 
 
 1052. Alloy of 1 part copper and 3 lead. 
 Much oxidation is shown. 
 
 1053. Alloy of 3 parts copper and 1 of lead. 
 Altogether coated thickly with oxide of lead. 
 
 1054. Alloy of copper and zinc. 
 
 Obtained in experiments by R. Smith on cementation. The lower 
 portion of the crucible contents consists of malleable brass, and the 
 upper portion of a white brittle alloy. The experiment consisted of 
 melting 461 grains of zinc with a copper penny weighing 285 grains, 
 giving copper 38 * 20 and zinc 61 8 per cent. 
 
 1055. Alloy of copper and zinc. 
 
 Obtained by R. Smith, by the cementation of a copper penny weighing 
 295 grains, with 495 grains of zinc, or copper 37 ' 34, zinc 62 66 per 
 cent. The bottom of the button is bright brass-yellow, the upper part 
 a brittle white metal. 
 
 1056. Thin sheet (No. 4 metal gauge) of Dutch metal brass. 
 Sent from this country as rolled brass. 
 
 It contains 2 Ibs. of copper to 1 Ib. of zinc. Communicated by P. 
 Moore. 
 
 1057. Two books of Dutch metal in thin sheets. 
 
 1058. Alloy of 1 part of copper with 1 part of nickel. 
 
 A solid metallic alloy is not formed, and the result is inseparable from 
 the crucible. 
 
 1059. Copper amalgam. 
 
 A very brittle, easily tarnished, warm white metallic alloy. 
 
135 
 
 1080. Alloy of 98 parts of copper with 2 of gold. 
 Appears very slightly different from pure copper. 
 
 1061. Alloy of copper and aluminium. " Aluminium 
 bronze." 
 
 Electro-deposited copper was melted with 2 per cent, of aluminium. 
 The result is extremely tough, files and polishes well, and resembles 
 copper. 
 
 1062. Alloy of 95 copper and 5 aluminium from cryolite. 
 It has a golden colour. 
 
 1063. Alloy of 90*7 copper and 9*3 of aluminium. 
 Partly rolled out into a sheet. Of a light yellow tint. 
 
 1064. Alloy of 90 copper and 10 aluminium. 
 Golden yellow, fracture fibrous. 
 
 1065. Alloy of 90 copper, 5 aluminium, and 5 zinc. 
 Yellowish white, the button has been hammered out. 
 
 1066. Alloy of 937 copper, 4'5 aluminium, and 1*8 
 silicon. 
 
 Light yellow, crystalline on a filed surface. 
 
 1067. Alloy of 95 copper and 5 aluminium. 
 
 Of a fine golden colour, the ingot has been hammered and filed. 
 
 1068. Alloy of 3 of copper and 1 of tin. 
 
 The button is very like copper, but it is full of large black-lined 
 holes. 
 
 1069. Alloy of equal parts of copper, antimony, and lead. 
 
 Imperfectly united, fracture irregular, colour grey. It has formed 
 distinct metallic globules. 
 
 1070. Alloy of 83 copper, 12 tin, and 5 lead, called '' Eoman 
 pot metal." 
 
 Reddish, fracture rough, with some globules. 
 
 1071. Roman pot metal, found in Cambridgeshire. 
 Analysed in 1847. 
 
 1072. Alloy of copper, tin, and antimony. 
 
 1,540 grains of bean-shot copper, 400 grains of granulated tin, and 60 
 of best regulus antimony were fused at a loss of 8 grains. Of warmish 
 grey tint, v/ith irregular platy fracture. 
 
 1073. Alloy of copper, tin, lead, and zinc. 
 
 Analysis gave copper 68 '88, tin 8 '67, lead 15 '89, zinc 6 '34, and iron 
 42. It is copper-red, with specks of white metal unassimilated. The 
 surface has effloresced with a white powder. 
 
136 
 
 1074. Bronze made directly from Cornish ore, containing a 
 little cassiterite. At Morfa Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 The ore is melted with sharp slag, to get coarse metal, which contains 
 all the tin, and if raised to about 40 per cent, by admixture of refinery 
 slag, or other rich oxidised copper stuff, will deliver the alloy perfectly 
 distinct from the regulus. The specimen has been remelted and cast. 
 Rsddish with crystalline fracture. Used for ships' nails. Communicated 
 by W. Terrill. 
 
 1075. Copper cobalt alloy from Australia. 
 
 Contains copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, and chromium. A rough scori- 
 aceous ingot. Communicated by J. Holworthy, &c. 
 
 1076. Alloy of copper and manganese. Patented by Dr. Percy 
 in 1850. 
 
 It contains about 30 per cent, of manganese. The lump weighing 
 about 6 Ibs. was made with copper, such as was used at the Nickel and 
 Cobalt Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham, and oxide of manga- 
 nese precipitated by lime, from a boiling solution of chloride of 
 manganese. A clay pot was heated, and a thin carbon pot was dropped 
 in, and then the copper and oxide of manganese, with more charcoal 
 than sufficed for reduction and the whole heated in a German silver melting 
 furnace. The pot was covered, and a high temperature was used. 
 Reduction of the oxide of manganese was complete. The carbon pot 
 was made of gas retort carbon, mixed with tar ; it was unaltered in 
 appearance by the process. This is accompanied by a MS. with further 
 details of similar alloys, by Dr. Percy. 
 
 1077. Alloy of copper and manganese. 
 
 The two metals have been in one case fused together under carbon,, 
 in the other case by means of a flux composed of a mixture of salt and 
 fluor-spar. 
 
 1078. Alloy of copper and manganese. 
 
 Contains 16-06 per cent, of manganese and 85*03 per cent, of 
 copper. 
 
 1079. Fenton's patent antifrictional metal. 
 
 Patent No. 10,208, 1844. This alloy is stated to be not liable to heat 
 or other destructive results caused by friction, and to be of increased 
 durability and of lighter weight than copper or brass. It is made in. 
 two stages. 32 parts of copper are melted, and to it are added 1 part 
 of sheet brass, and afterwards 15 parts of block tin. The alloy thus 
 formed is called the hardening metal. In the second stage of the 
 process, 19 parts of zinc are melted under charcoal, to this is added 
 2 parts of the hardening metal, and after these are well mixed 3 parts 
 of block tin. Communicated by Mr. Bromhead. 
 
 1080. Samples of brass intended for railway bearings. 
 The composition of this brass is 
 
 Copper - - - - 69-33 
 
 Zinc - - - 25-74 
 
 Tin - - - 4-39 
 
 Lead - - 0'72 
 
 Bismuth - trace 
 
 100-18 
 
137 
 
 1081. Brass showing columnar fracture. 
 
 Composition unknown. The extreme of the coarse fibre-crystalline 
 fracture. 
 
 1082. Series of brasses containing different proportions of 
 copper and zinc. 
 
 (1) contains copper 6, zinc 4; (2) scrap copper 7, zinc 4 ; (3) copper 
 4, " brass " 1; (4) copper 9, zinc 4; (5) selected copper 7, zinc 4; 
 (6) proportion not known ; (8) 3 copper, 1 zinc ; (9) 5 copper, 2 zinc. 
 Clifford's Mills, Birmingham. 
 
 1083. Munfcz yellow metal, broken hot and broken cold. 
 
 Showing the difference of fracture : the one broken cold is finely 
 radiate, that broken hot is torn out into coarse shreds. Communicated 1 
 by W. Edmonds of the Mines Royal. 
 
 1084. Brass made by cementation and afterwards remelted. 
 Copper 78, zinc 22 per cent. 
 
 1085. Brass supposed to contain tungsten. 
 Two fragments of a dish. 
 
 1086. Soft French brass. 
 
 Said by the Paris manufacturer to contain equal parts of zinc and 
 copper from Swedish ores. It is inelastic as a sheet. Communicated 
 by P. Moore, 1848. 
 
 1087. Calamine brass. Birmingham, 1848. 
 
 Three qualities showing difference of fracture, all being coarse. Com- 
 municated by Mr. Penberth. 
 
 1088. Impure brass containing arsenic. 
 Copper 2, zinc 1, arsenic 1 per cent, of the whole. 
 
 1089. Impure brass containing lead. 
 Copper 2, zinc 1, lead 1 per cent, of the whole. 
 
 1090. Impure brass containing antimony. 
 Copper 2, zinc 1, antimony 1 per cent, of the whole. 
 
 1091. Crystallised brass. 
 
 From the poured-out interior of a crucible. It shows arborescent 
 crystals forming skeleton octahedra. Communicated by J. Keats, 1849. 
 
 1092. Yellow metal broken cold to show the structure which 
 is strongly fibrous. 
 
 Contains 38 per cent, of zinc. Morfa Works, 1869. 
 
 1093. Specimens of " phosphorus " bronze. 
 
 One ingot and one sample of sheathing. Communicated by Colonel 
 Maxwell. 
 
138 
 
 1094. Brass consisting of equal parts of copper and zinc. 
 
 1095. Phosphor-bronze. 
 
 Contains about 10 per cent, of tin and 1 per cent, of phosphorus. Its 
 tensile strength is reported to be 63,000 Ibs. per square inch of sec- 
 tional area. It is thus especially tough as well as hard. The copper 
 forms a homogeneous alloy with tin phosphide, which prevents the 
 solution of the metallic oxides. Communicated by D. Weston, 1885. 
 
 1096. Sample trade specimen of " crown bronze." 
 Communicated by Thomson, Stone, and Co. 
 
 1097. Alloy of copper, antimony, and cobalt. 
 
 This is the result of an attempt to separate cobalt from copper regulus 
 (coarse metal) containing about 40 per cent, copper and 3 per cent, 
 cobalt. To this, when oxidised, copper waste was added, and this alloy 
 was obtained as a "bottom." It contains 16*56 per cent, antimony and 
 6*08 cobalt. It has a white tint. Morfa Copper Works, 1886. Com- 
 municated by W. Terrill. 
 
 1098. Complex alloy called " arguzoid." Manufactured by 
 Thomson, Stone, and Co. Analysis by R. Smith. 
 
 Copper - - 51*54 51*52 in second sample. 
 
 Zinc - - 15*27 
 
 Nickel - - 23*94 
 
 Lead - 4*33 
 
 Tin - 3*21 3-21 in second sample. 
 
 Iron - - 0*64 
 
 Arsenic - traces 
 
 98*93 
 
 1099. Bronze, cast round a centre of iron, after the manner of 
 the ancient Assyrians. 
 
 1100. Specimen of ordinary Chinese brass, cast in a thin 
 sheet. Analysed by J. Philipp, 1855. 
 
 Copper - 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Lead 
 
 Tin - 
 
 Iron - 
 
 100-71 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 618. Communicated by Sir H. S. 
 Parkes. 
 
 1101. Japanese alloy used for mending native saucepans. 
 Analysed by C. Tookey, 1874. 
 
139 
 
 Copper 
 Lead - 
 Zinc - 
 Tin - 
 Iron 
 
 99-38 
 
 1102. Japanese tempo. 
 
 Illustrating the casting of Japanese bronze. One specimen is in the 
 form of an oval coin stamped with words, and with a square central hole. 
 The other is an irregular flat rod. 
 
 1103. Samples of naval brass bars. 
 
 Manufactured at the Morfa Works, Swansea. It is Muntz metal 
 with the addition of 1 per cent, of tin. The fracture is exceedingly 
 fine. 
 
 1104. Sheet of naval brass, as put on the " Anson " at 
 Sheerness, 
 
 It is made of copper 61, zinc 38, tin 1. 
 
 1105. Muntz metal sheathing. 
 
 Two specimens as put on the " Anson " at Sheerness. The copper 
 in one is believed to contain a large per-centage of arsenic. Copper 60, 
 zinc 40. Communicated by J. Farquharson. 
 
 1106. Muntz metal test assay. 
 Shows on one side the " rough surface." 
 
 1107. Yellow, or Muntz metal, showing peculiar pattern on 
 the surface, due to the copper scale in rolling. Greenfield 
 Copper Mills, Holywell. 
 
 Irregular in fracture, and peppered with lighter coloured scales. 
 
 1108. Naval brass substituted for Muntz metal in H.M. Navy 
 in 1874. 
 
 (1.) A bolt made from a plain rod, and the head forged hot in a 
 machine by one blow. (2.) A sheet rolled hot and cold, as is usual 
 with Muntz metal. (3.) An ingot. (4.) Some ships' nails. This 
 contains a greater proportion of copper and also a little tin. Commu- 
 nicated by the Chatham Officers. 
 
 1109. Series of castings of Muntz metal used as a test for the 
 purity of the copper of which it is composed, especially the 
 presence or absence of arsenic. 
 
 (1.) Muntz metal made from best selected copper, showing a very 
 fine fibrous fracture. This is what the fracture is when arsenic is 
 absent. (2.) In this slab * 1 per cent, of arsenic has been added to the 
 copper, and the fibre of the fracture has become coarser. (3.) In this 
 05 per cent, of arsenic has been added, and the coarseness of the fibre 
 is intermediate. (4.) In this *05 per cent, of antimony has been added 
 
140 
 
 and the effect on the coarseness of the fibre is much greater. (5.) In (his 
 there is '01 per cent, only of antimony, and the fracture is intermediate, 
 but coarser than with '05 per cent, of arsenic. The test can, therefore, 
 only be applied when antimony is not in question. (6.) This has 1 per 
 cent, of tin, and this is seen to make an imperceptible difference in the 
 fracture. (7.) This has 1 per cent, of bismuth, and the effect on the 
 fracture is equally small. The test of fracture does not serve, there- 
 fore, for the detection of these metals. Coramunicfited by W. Weston, 
 Portsmouth Dockyard, 1874. 
 
 1110. Castings of Muntz metal to test copper of boiler tubes. 
 
 Of the three samples (1) contains no arsenic, (2) less than (3), and 
 (3) about '045 per cent. This is indicated by the comparison of their 
 fractures with those containing definite amounts of arsenic. Commu- 
 nicated by W. Weston, Portsmouth Dockyard, 1874. 
 
 1111. Samples of gun metal broken at high temperatures. 
 
 (1.) Gun metal containing 83 per cent, copper, 2 of tin, and 15 of 
 zinc, broken at 450 Fahr. (fine radial fibres). (2.) Gun metal con- 
 taining 88 per cent, of copper, 3 of tin, and SJ of zinc, broken at 
 350 Fahr. (irregular fibre-crystalline fracture). (3.) Gun metal con- 
 taining 87J copper, 9| of tin, and 2^ of zinc, broken at 300 Fahr. 
 (coarse fibro -crystalline fracture). Communicated by J. Farquharson, 
 Admiralty. 
 
 COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS IN USE. 
 
 1112. Two bronze medallions.' 
 
 Of British manufacture, apparently of the 17th century. 
 
 1113. Phosphor-bronze pins from the International Exhibition, 
 1873. 
 
 Communicated by A. Dick. 
 
 1114. Phosphor-bronze hammer. 
 
 1115. Phosphor-bronze chisel. 
 
 1116. Phosphor-bronze bread-knife. 
 
 1117. Chips from the exterior of a phosphoric "B.L." gun 
 under trial. 
 
 These contain 1'9 per cent, of phosphorus. Communicated by Col. 
 C. Maxwell. 
 
 1118. Chips from the interior of a phosphoric " M.L." gun 
 under trial. 
 
 These contain 1 '23 per cent, of phosphorus. Communicated by 
 Col. C. Maxwell. 
 
 1119. Top of dead-head of " M.L/' phosphoric bronze gun 
 under trial. 
 
 This contains 2*3 pec cent, of phosphorus. Communicated by Col. C. 
 Maxwell. 
 
141 
 
 1120. Piece of dead-head of phosphoric gun and turnings from 
 the same. 
 
 Communicated by Col. C. Maxwell. 
 
 1121. Pinchbeck metal made into watch-cases and spoons. 
 
 Formerly much used for watches, &c. The larger watch-case con- 
 tains 90 59 per cent, copper, and the smaller 87 ' 54 per cent, with a 
 small quantity of tin. Determination by W. J. Ward. Obtained 
 from Mr. Baker, of Cranbourne Street. 
 
 1122. Speculum metal. 
 
 A portion of the material used for Mr. Lassels' four-feet speculum in 
 1859. It consists of copper and tin alone. The polish obtained on 
 this material in the great speculum was very brilliant and durable, and 
 after six months' exposure retained its lustre as well as any speculum. 
 Communicated by Mr. Lassells, 1859. 
 
 1123. Bronze metal used for making the figures on the Wel- 
 lington funeral car. Stewart and Smith, Sheffield. 
 
 1124. Indian brass sheep-bells ; cast in a dome-like form. 
 
 1125. Hollow vase made of thin beaten copper. 
 
 From the Italian Department of the Exhibition of 1862; of an egg- 
 like shape, with a small opening. 
 
 1126. Moorish coins. 
 
 Containing : copper, 70 per cent. ; lead, 24 per cent. ; tin, 3 per 
 cent. ; and zinc, 3 per cent. Communicated by A. M. Bell. 
 
 1127. Old Russian coins. 
 
 Made of a very fine quality of copper. 
 
 1128. Ancient Indian coins. 
 
 Communicated by E. Thomas for analysis. No. 1 is of a very 
 early date, and of the old square form. No. 2 is a cast coin, one of a 
 class extensively current about 300 B.C. No. 3 is a coin of similar 
 character to No. 1129, in which iron was found ; and No. 4 is a 
 variety of the same type, 
 
 1129. Copper and iron coin from Delhi. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Thomas. Analysed by C. Tookey. It con- 
 tains 94-59 per cent, of copper, and 5-06 per cent, of iron. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 504. 
 
 1130. Brass coin of the Emperor Tiberius, about A.D. 33. 
 
 1131. Coins from the Duke of Northumberland's collection. 
 Named by A dm. Smyth, F.R.S. Some analysed by Trenham Phillips 
 
 {see Journal). Second brass coin of Adrian, A.D/119. Third brass 
 coin of Alexander 2nd, 128-122 B.C. Second brass coin of Demetrius 
 Soter, B.C. 162-150. A large brass Greek Imperial of Philip, junior, 
 
142 
 
 A.D. 247. Second brass coin of Vespasian, A.D. 71 (analysed). It 
 contains 81-97 per cent, of copper, 18-68 of zinc, 0-14 of lead, and 
 0-12 of iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 522. A large brass 
 Greek Imperial coin of Philip, senior, A.D. 245, obliterated coin. 
 Second brass coin, struck at Syracuse, B.C. 275 ; struck at Alexandria, 
 180 A.D. Coin of Ptolemy Philadelphus, middle of brass, B.C. 282. 
 Small brass coin of Alexander the Great, B.C. 330 (but it is a forgery). 
 Two second brass coins of Antioch, in Syria. Coin of Aurelian, 
 A.D. 274. Coin of Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, B.C. 276. Small brass 
 Greek coin, about 199 B.C. Coin of Aurelian, about A.D. 270. A 
 third brass coin of Philip the Second of Macedon (doubtful). Second 
 brass coin struck at Antioch, about A.D. 80 (analysed), These are 
 evidence of the early use of brass. 
 
 1132. Canadian one-cent piece. Analysed and found to con- 
 tain 95 per cent, of copper, 4 of tin, and 1 of zinc. 
 
 1133. Ancient Pompeian bronze. 
 
 A 4J inch nail, a curtain ring, and fragments. Communicated by 
 C. R. Clarke. 
 
 1134. Bronze and copper objects from the ruins of Mycenae. 
 
 Analysed in 1878. Described in Schliemann's " Mycenas," p. 368, &c. 
 
 No. L, II., and III., there described, being silver and gold, will be 
 found under that head. 
 
 No. IV. is a portion of a bronze sword, figured at No. 546, p. 372. 
 This is now coated over with several layers, produced by weathering, 
 consisting of carbonate, oxychloride, and red oxide of copper, and 
 peroxide of tin. The metal within is very sound and free from cavities ; 
 the fracture is yellowish copper-red, and finely granular. 
 
 Its mean composition, as analysed by R. Smith, is 
 
 Copper 
 Tin - 
 Lead - 
 Iron - 
 Nickel - 
 
 99-85 
 
 No. 5 is a fragment of a bronze vase handle, figured as No. 547-9. 
 It is covered with green weathering products. Its analysis by W. J. 
 Ward, gives 
 
 Copper - - - - 89-69 
 
 Tin - - 10-08 
 
 99-77 
 
 and was therefore exceptionally pure. 
 
 No. 6 is a fragment of a copper kettle from the fourth Sepulchre ; 
 it is much crumpled, and is from ^ to -^ in. in thickness. There are 
 three rivets, and one rivet hole. The rivets appear to be of the same 
 
143 
 
 metal as the kettle. The weathered surface contains oxychloride of 
 copper. The analysis by W. J. Ward gives 
 
 Copper - - - 98-47 
 
 Tin - 0-09 
 
 Lead- - 0-16 
 
 Bismuth - traces 
 
 Silver 0-13 
 
 Iron - - 0-03 
 
 Nickel - 0-19 
 
 Arsenic - - - 0-83 
 
 99-90 
 
 1135. Piece of a bronze shell made by the Chinese, and 
 thrown into Canton during the first Chinese war. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Lockhart. 
 
 1136. Orichalcum. 
 
 Melted from ornaments contained in the British Museum. The brass 
 of the ancients containing copper and zinc. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 526. 
 
 1137. Assyrian bronze. 
 
 Analysed by Dr. Percy, and found to contain 89-51 copper, and 
 10-63 tin, with traces of iron. 
 
 1138. Piece of Assyrian bronze. 
 
 Analysed by Dr. Percy, and found to contain 89-92 per cent, copper, 
 9-71 of tin, and a trace of iron. 
 
 1139. Ancient Assyrian bronze from Nineveh. For analysis. 
 
 1140. Bronze spear head from Evesham. 
 Communicated by J. Gibbs. For analysis. 
 
 1141. Fragments of a speculum, and a ring from a Roman 
 burial-ground at Colchester. 
 
 They are green from the contained copper. Communicated by J. 
 Taylor. 
 
 1142. Piece of Roman shield. Analysed by J. H. Henry. 
 
 Contains copper, antimony, cobalt, &c. 
 
 1143. Indian anklet of bronze cast in one piece. 
 
 This is a flexible ring 4 in. in diameter, made of an endless curb 
 chain of 43 links, cast at a single operation. First, each link is 
 modelled in wax, in its final position, interlocking three other links ; 
 each has three knobs, of which one serves as a channel for the metal to 
 enter. Each ring is then separated from the rest by painting it over 
 with a thin coat of fine clay ; other coats are added to \ in. thickness, 
 and a groove is cut at the top down to the knobs. The wax is then 
 melted out, and the metal poured in. The anklet is then inflexible, 
 
144 
 
 being attached to the ring, which runs round the groove ; this is then 
 broken off, and the rest becomes flexible. See C. P. Clarke. Journal 
 Iron and Steel Institute, 1886. Communicated by Caspar P. Clarke. 
 
 1144. Piece of large bronze ring, from Africa ; said to be of 
 native manufacture. 
 
 Analysed by J. F. Phillips. Copper, 89-84; tin, 10-61; zinc. 20; 
 lead, 15. Communicated by D. Stranger. 
 
 1145. Brass used for gilt spoons, &c. 
 
 Analysed by C. H. B. Hambly. Contains: copper, 87-83; zinc, 
 12-44; iron, 0'3o. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, pf 621. Communi- 
 cated by Mr. Tyler. 
 
 1146. Bronze casting. The lowest part of the bottom runner, 
 which cooled first. 
 
 Very rough and irregular. 
 
 1147. Bronze casting. The sow or feeding runner, which 
 cooled last, with a coarse arborescent fracture. 
 
 These two specimens show the difference between two portions of the 
 same casting. 
 
 1148. Specimen of bronze metal from the tomb of Henry VII. 
 in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 1149. Filings off Y7estminster Abbey gate. 
 
 1150. Portion of the first " Big Ben," after it was broken up. 
 
 From the Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament. Communicated 
 by Sir E. Beckett. 
 
 1151. Bell of the same composition as " Big Ben." 
 
 This bell has become completely cracked at the top, without ever 
 having been rung. 
 
 1152. Bronze of which the Peel statute was cast. 
 
 Bismuth was added, and was found also by analysis. Cast by Messrs. 
 Robinson, Pimlico. 
 
 1153. Parts of one of the lower, and one of the upper, runs of 
 the " Great Bell." 
 
 1154. Six specimens df fragments of bell metal from Russia. 
 Communicated by Sir R. J. Murchison. No further information. 
 
 1155. Fragment of " Old Tom," of Lincoln. 
 Communicated by E. B. Denison, 1860. 
 
 1156. Fragment of " Big Ben." 
 
 The first that was set up in the Houses of Parliament, Westminster, 
 and which cracked. Communicated by E. B. Denison, 1860. 
 
145 
 
 1157. Fragment of the old Tenor Bell of Doncaster Parish 
 Church. 
 
 Set up in 1722. A very fine bell, weighing 30 cwt. Communicated 
 by E. B. Denison, 1860. 
 
 1158. Small fragment of the successor of the Doncaster Bell. 
 A bad bell. Communicated by E. B. Denison, 1860. 
 
 1159. Fragment of a Kussian bell. 
 Communicated by Mr. Mears, 1860. 
 
 1160. Fragment of a bell manufactured by Mr. Mears. 
 Communicated by E. B, Deuison, 1860. 
 
 1161. Fragments of the great bell at Westminster. 
 
 Communicated by E. B. Denison. The bell is composed of 7 parts of 
 tin to 22 parts of copper, which were melted together twice, once in 
 pots and secondly in a revei beratory furnace. Some of the tin is. 
 probably lost in the process. 
 
 1182. Turnings from the crack in "Big Ben" in 1860, at 
 various depths. 
 
 1 is from the lower end ; 2, from a depth of 1 inch ; 3, between 1 inch 
 and 2^g inches ii) depth ; 4, from between 2^ and 2| inches deep ; 
 5, from between 2J inches and 3 inches ; and 6, from beyond 3 inches 
 deep. 
 
 1163. The metal of which a Chinese gong has been made, 
 melted and cast into an ingot. 
 
 With fragments of the original gong. The metal is brass-yellow and 
 very compact in fracture. 
 
 1164. Brass nails made at Portsmouth Dockyard for fixing 
 sheathing". 
 
 o 
 
 Contain copper, tin, and zinc, and are not of the same composition as 
 the sheathing. 
 
 1165. Fluted brass nails, to be used for fixing ship sheathing. 
 
 1166. Fluted brass nails, after they have been used in fixing 
 ship's sheathing. 
 
 1167. Iron nails coated with brass. 
 Communicated by Mr. Fearn, Birmingham. 
 
 1168. Alloy of copper and zinc, made according to the 
 composition recommended for ships' nails. 
 
 1169. Brass ships' nails in three sets (labelled A, B, C). 
 
 1170. Bad ships' nails which rotted and broke off at the heads 
 after a few months' voyage to India. 
 
 U 61955. v 
 
146 
 
 They contain 52-73 per cent, of copper, 41 -18 of zinc, and 4-72 of 
 lead. 'See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 516. 
 
 1171. Ships' nails off the bottom of a ship after a voyage of 
 eighteen months to India and "back. 
 
 Analysed and found to contain 62- C2 per cent, of copper, 24-64 of 
 zinc, 8-69 of lead, and 2-64 of tin. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 516. 
 
 1172. Samples of nail heads that have come off owing to the 
 defective composition of the ships' nails. 
 
 With a nail made after the composition in use at the Government 
 Dockyards in 1 858. Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1173. Bad brass ships' nails, showing where they have failed. 
 
 Their heads have corroded off, where the inside of the sheathing has 
 been pushed into the wood in driving them in. 
 
 1174. Brass tube which has been six years in use in the 
 "Ruby" engine. 
 
 1175. Brass tube which has been in use in the " Acis " 
 engine, till replacement was necessary. 
 
 1176. Deposit formed in the brass tube during use in the 
 " Acis " engine. 
 
 It is a dark green powder, changing to bright green. 
 
 1177. Brass tube which has been in use in the " Thistle "' 
 engine for about eighteen months. 
 
 It is a little choked internally with a green dusty deposit. 
 
 1178. Brass tube which has been in use in the " Sittingbourne" 
 engine, till replacement was necessary. 
 
 1179. Sample of brass metal cock analysed for the Admiralty 
 in 1877. 
 
 The material for analysis was taken from the portion between the two 
 remaining pieces. No. I. from the inlet part, No. II. from the outlet 
 part ; with the following result : 
 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Copper 
 Tin 
 
 88-04 
 3-59 
 
 87-49 
 3-59 
 
 87-76 
 3 -.59 
 
 Zinc 
 
 5-44 
 
 5-50 
 
 5-47 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 0-63 
 
 0-65 
 
 0-64 
 
 Lead 
 
 2-44 
 
 2-44 
 
 2-44 
 
 Iron 
 
 014 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-15 
 
 Antimony - 
 Manganese - 
 Nickel 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 100-28 99-83 100-05 
 
147 
 
 1180. Sample of old Muniz metal sheathing, showing very 
 great corrosion. 
 
 Taken off May 1875. Communicated by Mr. H. Wiggin. 
 
 1181. Piece of ornamental brass work, made by punching on 
 the upper surface. 
 
 The piece of brass is laid and fixed on another piece of brass, which lies 
 on a solid bed. The design is fashioned by punching the surface of the 
 brass in the depressed portions, whereby the prominent portions are left 
 in relief. Commonly worked at Keswick, where the specimen was 
 procured, 1885. 
 
 DEFECTS AND WEAKING OF BRASS. 
 
 1182. Brass wire which has become brittle by keeping for 
 about one year. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Ward. 
 
 1183. Screw bolt from the propeller of H.M.S. " Frederick 
 William." 
 
 Propeller fixed in 1860, removed in 1875 ; showing state of bolt. 
 
 1184. Defective brass casting. 
 
 The surface appears quite sound, as is seen where the brass has net 
 been turned, but as soon as it is turned minute specks and holes appear. 
 It is thought by some to be due to the metal and not to the casting, there 
 being too much " dust " metal, as brass filings, &c., employed in its 
 manufacture. See Percy's Metallurgy, Copper, 1861, p. 622. Commu- 
 nicated by T. C. Salt, 1849. 
 
 1185. " Spuey brass " in the form of a foliated ornament. 
 
 This has the characteristic defect of green spots on the surface after 
 lacquering. The acid liquor used in dipping previous to lacquering 
 gets into minute cavities just below the surface, but opening on to it by 
 a narrow passage, so that the acid cannot be completely washed off. 
 After lacquering the acid breaks through in tims and causes the green 
 spots. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 622. Communicated by T. C. 
 Salt, 1849. 
 
 1186. Defective brass. Splits on bending into rings. 
 Communicated by Francis Clarke, Birmingham, 1848. 
 
 1187. Defective brass. Breaks on twisting. 
 Communicated by Francis Clarke. 
 
 1188. A piece of brass which cannot be annealed. 
 
 It has been nearly seven hours at a heat nearly sufficient to melt it 
 without being softened when cooled. 
 
 1189. A piece of copper, requiring only a slight blow of a 
 hammer to break it like glass. 
 
 K 2 
 
148 
 
 1190. Arm of a brass gas pendant, which broke of its own 
 accord and fell in Mr. Prim's sitting-room, Houses of Par- 
 liament, 1869. 
 
 1191. Undulating markings on brass, produced in rolling. 
 Probably by the jerking of the rolls at Clifford's Mills, Birmingham, 
 
 1848. 
 
 1192. Defective brass, splitting along the centre. 
 
 Made from bad copper from Burra-Burra ore. Communicated by P. 
 Moore. 
 
 1193. Brass ship-bolt, showing highly crystalline fracture. 
 Communicated by Mr. Hughes, of Keats and Co., 1867. 
 
 1194. Molecular change in Muntz metal. 
 
 The outer part of the bolt has become separated from the inner, which 
 stands out by itself. This change is produced by constant strain. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 621. 
 
 1195. Samples showing the breaking up of the surface of 
 Muntz's metal under the action of sea water. 
 
 In one case where it has been cracked in rolling, in the other where 
 the bolt has been strained. In both cases there is a distinct surface- 
 layer of a brown rough fracture. This portion on analysis shows 90 
 per cent, of copper, the original brass having only 60 per cent. The 
 lost zinc appears to have been dissolved out as a chloride by the sea 
 water. From the condenser of the " Active " after 10 years' use. The 
 naval brass is not found to be acted on in the same manner. Com- 
 municated by A. Musson of the Admiralty, 1881. 
 
 1196. Brass made with bad copper from Burra-Burra ore, 
 
 1848. 
 
 It becomes " frog-mouthed " on rolling. A sample of the ore contained 
 antimony. Communicated by P. Moore, Birmingham, 1848. 
 
 1197. Result of bad copper being used in brass making. 
 
 When the brass is rolled it splits into rough sheets, which part 
 asunder. Communicated by P. Moore, 1848. 
 
 1198. Tubes which have become brittle from lying about. 
 
 They have been kept near the ceiling in a room in which gas was 
 burning, and in which acid chemicals were often slightly escaping. They 
 cannot be restored by annealing. Communicated by B. P. Walker, 
 1869. 
 
 1199. Action of organisms on Muntz metal in sea water. 
 
 The tube is from the condenser of the Orontes, and the hole was 
 found under a barnacle, such as here accompany it. Possibly only due 
 to the water lodging there. Communicated by A. Musson of the 
 Admiralty, 1881. 
 
149 
 
 1200. Samples of broken screws showing the molecular 
 changes in Muntz metal under strain. 
 
 From the " Bullfinch." Described in M. Farquharson's report to the 
 Admiralty. The outer part has decayed away, and left only a small 
 cylinder of sound brass in the centre. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 621. 
 
 1201. Part of an old ship's rudder-band having the appear- 
 ance of copper, but made really of Muntz metal. 
 
 It has lost its colour, weight, and tenacity, yet is only Muutz metal 
 cast in a sand mould. Communicated by F. Bleiber, Handsworth, 
 Birmingham, 1885. 
 
 1202. Old Muntz metal remelted. 
 
 The casting has been made from the pieces of old sheathing accom- 
 panying it, which will bend. The melting was done Tery carefully, 
 and the result is a metal of a bright yellow colour like that produced 
 by 7 of copper to 4 of zinc. It actually contains 36 36 per cent, of 
 zinc. Communicated by F. Bleiber. 
 
 1203. Old Muntz metal remelted. 
 
 Each piece that was remelted in this case was rotten and brown in 
 fracture (like No. 1201)? but on remelting carefully a metal is produced 
 of a deep yellow colour equal to that of 7 best selected copper to 3 of zinc. 
 The old pieces accompany the casting. Communicated by F. Bleiber. 
 
 1204. Gun-metal casting, split in the middle. 
 
 There are seen two distinct layers of metal, which in some cases can 
 be separated as if they had never been joined, though poured from the 
 same crucible. It is suggested that this is caused by the metal flowing 
 into the mould to the furthest end. and then welling up and turning back 
 over the lower part/ and thus each ingot consists of two currents in 
 opposite directions cooling at different times. This will not happen if 
 the metal is poured quickly or very hot, or the castings are upright. 
 Communicated by F. Bleiber. 
 
 1205. Samples of Muntz metal bolts, showing a central core. 
 
 These pieces show a difference in lustre of the central core, before 
 it has been acted on by the sea water, showing that the defect is in the 
 original casting. If a bolt be rolled from an ingot divided into layers as 
 No. 1204, and one of these is enclosed within the other and then drawn 
 out, there will be a cylindrical line of separation, and the sea water will 
 attack the bolt where the cohesion is weakest. Communicated by F. 
 Bleiber. 
 
 1206. Fine brass castings, showing the " sere " where broken. 
 
 These consist of 70 parts of copper, 40 of zinc, and 1 of lead, care- 
 fully melted and run into ingots, and then used in casting. The casting 
 is liable to " sere " if the best copper and zinc are not used. Commu- 
 nicated by F. Bleiber. 
 
 1207. Piece of old sheathing, worn very thin, but yet retaining 
 its toughness and original colour in the fracture. 
 
 Communicated by C. Clifford, 1860. 
 
150 
 
 1208. Old sheathing, very little worn, but retaining no tough- 
 ness and become red in the fracture. 
 
 The metal which thus becomes red and rotten seldom wears thin. 
 Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1209. Sheathing honeycombed in wear. 
 
 This has made two voyages to Australia, and has lain in the London 
 Docks whilst in port. It retains its toughness and original colour of 
 fracture. The peculiarity is not due to imperfect mixture of the metals, 
 for they were well stirred. It may be the water of the London Docks. 
 Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1210. Sheathing prevented from weathering by paint. 
 Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1211. Bolt that has been in a ship's timbers six years. 
 
 It shows a different core in the centre, even where not corroded, and 
 in one case this core has different diameters at one end and the other, 
 showing it is conical and original. Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1212. Copper sheathing honeycombed on the surface in the 
 .same way as the Muntz metal sheathing. 
 
 Communicated by C. Clifford. 
 
 1213. Muntz metal sheathing which has been preserved from 
 decay by the action of the nails. 
 
 The sheathing is sound and of its original thickness round the nail 
 holes, though worn away and honeycombed elsewhere. Communicated 
 by C. Clifford. 
 
 1214. Old yellow metal sheathing. 
 
 This has been on the " San Fernanda," of Sutherland, for 2J years 
 on three voyages to Chili and back. Communicated by J. Nicholson, 1860. 
 
 1215. Old yellow metal sheathing. 
 
 On for four years on West Indian and Chilian voyages. Communi- 
 cated by J. Nicholson. 
 
 1216. Old yellow metal sheathing, showing corrosion of the 
 surface. 
 
 Taken from the " Calphurn>a," 1863. Communicated by J. 
 Nicholson. 
 
 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF COPPER. 
 
 1217. Glass coloured with red oxide of copper. 
 
 It shows a beautifully crystalline structure under the microscope. It 
 is manufactured near St. Petersburg. Specimens were exhibited in the 
 Exhibition of 1862. There is a fine specimen in the Slade Collection 
 in the British Museum. 
 
151 
 
 1218. Opaque glass filled with minute separate copper scales, 
 giving it a red colour. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Matthews. 
 
 1219. Glass coloured red by copper oxide. 
 Perfectly transparent. 
 
 1220. Glass " flashed " with a fine layer of copper glass. 
 
 From Messrs. Chance's Works, Birmingham. The copper glass is 
 opaque at a distance, the red colour by reflected light preventing the 
 passage of the transmitted light, which is seen to be green when the 
 glass is held to the light. 
 
 1221. Copper deposited in the interior of an incandescent 
 lamp. 
 
 A fifty-candle Edison lamp. It very rarely happens that such a 
 copper deposit is formed. The copper is vaporised when the greatest 
 resistance in the circuit happens to be at the copper junction of the 
 carbon film and platinum wire. This lamp shows the vertical line of no 
 deposit, or shadow of the carbon film which indicates that the particles of* 
 copper are ejected in straight lines from the heated junction. The 
 deposited copper when thin enough is seen to be green by transmitted 
 Jight. See Fleming, Phil. Mag., July 1883, p. 48. Communicated by 
 him. 
 
 1222. Glass containing oxides of copper and iron. 
 
 The tear-like piece shows two colours, the one red, produced by gently 
 heating and slowly cooling, the other green, produced by strongly 
 heating and rapidly cooling. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 351. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 1223. Result of heating one equivalent of zinc with two of 
 
 litharge. 
 
 160 grains of zinc in fine powder were heated with 1,120 grains of 
 litharge, in a well- covered clay crucible to a strong red heat Tor three 
 quarters of an hour. The result is a button of malleable lead, weighing 
 245 grains, and an imperfectly fused slag of dark brown colour. 
 
 1224. Result of heating together two equivalents of zinc and 
 one of galena. 
 
 An imperfectly metallic porous mass, not thoroughly fused. 
 
 1225. Zinc heated with phosphorus. 
 Said to give it a more silver-like colour. 
 
 1226. Result of heating one equivalent of zinc oxide with 
 one of boracic acid. 
 
 20C grains of zinc oxide were fused with 175 grains of boracic acid 
 in a platinum crucible, to strong redness in a muffle for half an hour, 
 
152 
 
 arid poured into an open ingot mould. The result is a colourless trans- 
 parent glass, slightly opalescent on the surface, with conchoidal, 
 non-crystalline fracture. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 538. 
 
 1227. Result of heating two equivalents of zinc oxide with 
 one of boracic acid. 
 
 240 grains of zinc oxide were fused with 105 grains of boracic acid 
 in the same manner as the last. The result is a white, vitreous, 
 crystalline, translucent solid, with a large lamellar fracture and pearly 
 lustre. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 538. 
 
 1228. Result of heating three equivalents of zinc oxide with 
 one of boracic acid. 
 
 240 grains of zinc oxide were fused with 70 grains of boracic acid in 
 the same manner as before. The result is vitreous, pale yellow, and 
 opaque in mass, but translucent in small pieces. The fracture is less 
 largely lamellar, and the lustre less pearly. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 538. 
 
 1229. Result of heating three equivalents of oxide of zinc 
 "with two of boracic acid. 
 
 240 grains of oxide of zinc were fused with 140 grains of boracic 
 acid in the same manner as before. The result is a beautiful transparent 
 glass, with no trace of crystallisation. Experiments by R. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 538. 
 
 1230. Result of heating one equivalent of zinc oxide with one 
 of silica. 
 
 200 grains of zinc oxide were heated with 230 grains of fine 
 Australian sand of great purity, in a Cornish crucible placed in a muffle 
 during five hours to a strong heat at or near whiteness. The product is 
 fritted only and not melted. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 536. 
 
 1231. Result of heating two equivalents of zinc oxide with 
 one of silica. 
 
 240 grains of zinc oxide were heated with 138 grains of the same 
 sand, under the same conditions as the last. The product is fritted, but 
 not so firmly as the last. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 536. 
 
 1232. Result of heating three equivalents of zinc oxide with 
 one of silica. 
 
 240 grains of zinc oxide were heated with 92 grains of the same sand, 
 under the same conditions as before. The product is fritted more than 
 the last. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 536. Experiments by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 1233. Result of heating together four equivalents of zinc and 
 one of arsenic. 
 
 132 grains of zinc were heated with 75 grains of arsenic in a glass 
 test tube. They combined with a red glow at a temperature considerably 
 below a red heat, forming a porous mass of peculiar fracture and sub- 
 metallic lustre. It was not changed by subjecting it to a good red heat 
 in a covered crucible, but at a bright red heat was volatilised. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 547. 
 
153 
 
 1234. Result of heating zinc with 10 per cent, of arsenic. 
 
 This produces no glow when heated, but the result has a similar 
 fracture, rather more coherent. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 547. 
 
 1235. Zinc and arsenic. 
 
 Result of stirring pulverised arsenic with melted zinc. One portion 
 remained fluid in the centre, the remainder became a very porous solid 
 mass. Samples of both are here. The solid portion is crystalline, so 
 that an arsenide of zinc appears to be formed. Experiment by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 1236. Zinc and arsenic. 
 
 A hard scum of peculiar bluish lustre, and smelling strongly of 
 arsenic. 
 
 1237. Crystals obtained by exposing zinc oxide and zinc 
 sulphide to a white heat in a Cornish crucible. 
 
 They are minute, obscure, brownish-yellow crystals incrusting the 
 crucible. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 541. 
 
 123S. Zinc oxide heated with alumina on platinum foil. 
 
 One equivalent of ziuc oxide was mixed with six equivalents of 
 anhydrous alumina in a small crucible of platinum foil, enclosed in 
 a covered and luted clay crucible. It was heated for an hour in 
 Deville's furnace ; the result is a compact, grey, stony substance which 
 scratches glass. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 539. 
 
 1239. Result of heating zinc oxide in a blende-lined crucible. 
 
 The clay crucible was filled with Laxey blende in powder solidly 
 rammed down, closed with well-luted covers, and strongly heated for 
 half an hour. A cavity was made in the blende, thus firmly aggluti- 
 nated, and 40 grains of zinc oxide were inserted and the remainder 
 filled with powdered blende. The crucible was enclosed in a plumbago 
 crucible, and heated to white heat for an hour. The cavity which had 
 been filled with zinc oxide is now quite empty, the blende is much acted 
 on here, and the clay crucible below the cavity is coloured blue. The 
 cover of the clay crucible is coated with small brown crystals. Experi- 
 ment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 542. 
 
 1240. Result of heating a mixture of zinc oxide and zinc 
 sulphide in a blende-lined crucible. 
 
 20 grains of oxide of zinc were intimately mixed with 92 grains df 
 Laxey blende, i.e. in the ratio of one equivalent of zinc oxide to three 
 of zinc sulphide. The mixture was treated in the same way as in No. 
 1239. A light porous crystalline residue (contained in the glass-capped 
 box) was found in the blende cavity. This is the weight that ought 
 to be left if the zinc oxide and sulphide combined to form zinc and 
 sulphurous acid. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's MetaUurgy, 
 1861, p. 542. 
 
 1241. Result of heating zinc oxide and zinc sulphide in a 
 blende-lined crucible. 
 
 40 grains of zinc oxide were mixed with 48 grains of zinc sulphide, 
 i.e. in the ratio of one equivalent of zinc oxide to one of zinc sulphide, 
 
154 
 
 and treated in the same way as in No. 1239. A light porous residue 
 weighing 22 grains is left, the proper balance from the reaction 
 being 24 grains. The crucible cover is again lined with brown 
 crystals. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 542. 
 
 1242. Result of exposing sulphide of zinc to a high tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 200 grains of Laxey blende free from matrix were very strongly 
 heated in a small Stourbridge clay crucible in Deville's furnace during 
 JJ hours, with anthracite. The crucible was covered with various 
 other crucibles. The blende has become firmly agglutinated, though 
 not fused, into one mass, and has lost nine grains in weight. On the upper 
 part of the crucible is seen some dark crystalline matter of a somewhat 
 metallic lustre. Experiment by R. Smith. Sec Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 540. 
 
 1243. Result of heating sulphide of zinc with tin. 
 
 96 grains of pulverised Laxey blende and 116 grains of granulated tin 
 were exposed together in a covered clay crucible to a bright red heat 
 during half an hour. A metallic button weighing 14-5 grains has been 
 produced. It is harder than tin, but has been flattened considerably 
 under the hammer, but not without slightly cracking at the edges. Its 
 fracture is crystalline-granular, and it has nearly the colour of tin, but 
 contains zinc. This is covered by an easily separable regulus weighing 
 11 grainy. It is hard, brittle, finely granular in fracture, and iron-grey 
 in colour. The internal surface of the crucible is not acted on, nor is it 
 permeated. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, 
 p. 543. 
 
 1244. Result of heating sulphide of zinc with antimony. 
 
 A mixture of 144 grains of Laxey blende and 120 grains of antimony 
 was prepared by trituration, and exposed in a covered clay crucible to a 
 bright red heat during half an hour. The product consists of an aggluti- 
 nated and firmly coherent mass weighing 245 grains, thereby showing 
 a loss of 19 grains ; it is easily fractured, and shows a uniform mixture of 
 particles of blende and a well-melted metal resembling antimony ; in 
 certain lights a cleavage with a brillant metallic lustre is shown. Ex- 
 periment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 543. 
 
 1245. Result of heating sulphide of zinc with lead. 
 
 A mixture of 192 grains of pulverised Laxey blende and 416 of finely 
 granulated lead was exposed in a covered clay crucible, at a bright red 
 heat during three quarters of an hour. The product is an imperfectly 
 fused cavernous mass, hard, brittle, largely crystalline, dark lead-grey, 
 and metallic in lustre. The internal surface of the crucible has been 
 acted on and covered with a brown porous substance. No metallic lead is 
 seen. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 543. 
 
 1246. Result of heating sulphide of zinc with copper. 
 
 A mixture of 48 grains of Laxey blende with 128 grains of powdered 
 copper was exposed in a covered clay crucible to a bright red heat 
 during half an hour. The product consists of a button of metal and 
 regulus. The metal resembles brass in colour and fracture, and weighs 
 85 grains. The regulus resembles sulphide of copper, and weighs 
 
155 
 
 71 grains. This shows a reduction of the zinc. Experiment by B. 
 Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 544. 
 
 1247. Fragments of crucibles used in the above experiments. 
 They show crystals in various spots. 
 
 1248. Result of heating oxide of zinc with iron. 
 
 80 grains of zinc oxide were intimately mixed with 56 grains of iron 
 wire in very small pieces, and heated in a wrought-iron crucible at a 
 very high temperature for one hour within a French pot. The result is 
 a mass of iron and a black glassy slag. In the exterior crucible is a dark 
 green glass, as if the wrought-iron pot had leaked. Experiment by B. 
 Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1851, p. 536. 
 
 1249. Result of fusing together three equivalents of silicate 
 of zinc of the formula 3 ZnO . Si0 2 , with one equivalent of borate 
 of zinc of the formula 3 ZnO . BO 3 , in a platinum crucible at a 
 white heat. 
 
 This is equivalent to introducing 5 -37 per cent, of boracic acid. 
 One result is a translucent greenish- white glass. 
 
 ZINC ORES. 
 
 1250. Laxey blende. 
 
 The sulphide of zinc, obtained at Laxey, and used at Hafod. 
 Pounded to small fragments. 
 
 1251. Calami ne or carbonate of zinc, in a transparent crystal- 
 line form. 
 
 1252. Calamine from Sweden. 
 
 As used at the Vieille Montagne Works, Belgium, for the manufac- 
 ture of Belgian zinc. In a brown, earthy form, 
 
 1253. Silicate of zinc. 
 
 From Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. In a stalactitic form. 
 
 1254. Artificial blende or sulphide of zinc. 
 
 From the Muldner Hutte, Freiberg. An incrustation on the surface 
 of the roasting furnaces. 
 
 1255. Franklinite, an oxide of zinc, iron, and manganese. 
 
 From New Jersey Mining Company, Newark. Communicated by 
 H. Bauerman. After calcination it is treated as an iron ore. 
 
 1256. Franklinite, from New Jersey. 
 
 An oxide of zinc, iron, and manganese. Used first for the extraction 
 of zinc, and the residue smelted for manganiferous iron. 
 
156 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE OPERATIONS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF ZlNC. 
 
 1257. Calcined blende mixed with coke ready for distillation. 
 Vivian's Works, 1848 In small fragments. 
 
 1258. Calcined blende, without coke. 
 Vivian's Works, 1848. In small fragments. 
 
 1259. Calcined calamine. 
 
 From Llansamlet Spelter Works, Swansea, 1869. The inner part 
 has an incrustation of rhombic white crystals, which are radially- 
 arranged about numerous points. 
 
 1260. Incrustation on the inner surface of the top of Silesian 
 zinc pot. 
 
 This is an arborescent yellow mass of crystalline oxide of zinc. One 
 specimen shows brilliant crystal faces. Communicated by Messrs. 
 Dillwyn, 1859. 
 
 1261. Fragment of zinc pot, from an old English zinc furnace. 
 
 From Mines Royal Works, 1869. Shows a scoriaceous scum on the 
 surface of the blue-purple pot, which is coated with a fused brown 
 substance within. 
 
 1262. Concretion of oxide of zinc formed by leaving the pot 
 in the furnace. 
 
 A curved shell-like mass of consolidated powder of white oxide, 
 showing a radiating and concentric structure, coated with loose powder 
 within. Communicated by Mr. Clifford, Fazeley Street Mills, Birming- 
 ham. 
 
 1263. Zinc from the internal surface of a condensing tube in 
 the English process. 
 
 Vivian's Works, Morriston, Swansea, 1848. 
 
 1264. Piece of spelter pot, impregnated with zinc and thus 
 rendered purple to a certain depth. 
 
 This will be used over again wish fresh Stourbridge clay in making 
 new pots. 
 
 1265. Piece of old spelter pot, impregnated with zinc and 
 associated substances. 
 
 It looks purple and scoriaceous. 
 
 1266. Portion of an old Belgian zinc retort. 
 
 Used at the Spelter Works, Dee Bank. Showing two layers ; the 
 inner the edge of the fused contents, the outer the impregnated pot 
 of purple colour with unaltered, siliceous fragments. 
 
 1267. Microscopic section of a Silesian zinc retort, from Lipine, 
 Silesia. 
 
157 
 
 Showing the formation of zinc spinel. See Freiberg Jahrbuck, 1881. 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman. 
 
 1268. Mammillated crystalline zinc oxide. 
 
 From the bottom of a spelter pot at Mines Royal Works, 1859, 
 where spelter was then obtained by the English process. Communicated 
 by W. Edmonds. 
 
 1269. Zinc oxide incrustation, as a greenish- white crystalline 
 stalactite. 
 
 From the New Jersey White Zinc Works. See Am. Journ. Sci., 
 Fol. 13, p. 417. 
 
 1270. Powdered oxide of zinc. 
 
 From Hafod Zinc Works, 1848. This is produced in the Silesian 
 and Belgian processes. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 586. 
 
 1271. " Grey oxide of zinc." 
 
 Collected from the neck of the retorts at Alston Works. Com- 
 municated by G. Attwood. 
 
 1272. Zinc fume. 
 
 From the Alston Works. Contains 49 92 of zinc. Communicated 
 by G. Attwood. 
 
 1273. Tube of oxide of zinc formed on a cupel in which zinc 
 was heated in a muffle. 
 
 Produced at the Metallurgical Laboratory, Jermyn Street, 1880. The 
 cupel on which it was formed accompanies it. It has a very close 
 resemblance to a long coral from the chalk, possessing both longitudinal 
 furrows and transverse lines of growth. The furrows, however, some- 
 times bifurcate and sometimes reunite. The tube is quite hollow, and 
 has a crater-like top, free from any radial grooves. 
 
 1274. Zinc fumes, called " Blue oxide." 
 
 From Vivian's Spelter Works, Morriston, Swansea, 1883. Contains 
 zinc in a finely divided state, mixed with its oxide. 
 
 1275. Consolidated zinc fumes, from the Zinc Works of 
 Laurium, Greece. 
 
 Showing columnar formation. Grey oxide within coated with white 
 oxide. 
 
 1276. Consolidated zinc fumes from Laurium, Greece. 
 
 Showing a fine and contorted columnar formation. Grey oxide coated 
 with white oxide. 
 
 1277. Scoria from the distillation of zinc. 
 Hafod Zinc Works, 1848. 
 
 1278. Residium of the zinc pots. 
 
 Vivian's Works, Swansea. An earthy, dark, crumbling mass. 
 
158 
 
 1279. Refuse from the spelter pot. 
 
 After the zinc has been distilled away, all the non-volatile material in 
 the ore or in the coke is left as an open mass in the bottom of the 
 pot. This is chiefly derived from the triturated ore. It is fragmontal 
 in structure. 
 
 1280. Slag from spelter pot. 
 
 This is another variety of the same refuse derived more directly from 
 the fuel. It resembles a purple coke. 
 
 1281. Spelter dross. 
 
 Heated to a very high temperature in an open pot, then with a 
 perforated ladle the sediment is removed from the bottom of the pot. 
 Rylands' Works, Warrington. A mass of grey metallic crystals of 
 prismatic form. Communicated by F. Dixon. 
 
 1282. Spelter dross. 
 
 The refuse of the hard spelter, after it has been in a closed pot and 
 heated so high as to drive off all the spelter. It is a mass of beautiful 
 iridescent grey, rhombic metallic crystals. Mostly of prismatic form. 
 Communicated by F. Dixon. 
 
 1283. Crystallised zinc oxide. 
 
 From the New Jersey, U.S.A., White Zinc Works. From Professor 
 G. J. Brush, Yale College. Long, greenish, transparent needles. 
 
 1284. Iridescent crystals in zinc. 
 
 Formed on heating zinc which had been accidentally mixed with dross 
 and refuse in the ash-pit. Ry lands' Works, Warrington. These are 
 very like the crystals of No. 1282. Communicated by F, Dixon, 1873. 
 
 METALLIC ZINC. 
 
 1285. Zinc made from silicate ores. 
 
 Minerva Works, Wrexham. It is very tough, and not so bright as 
 that made from blende or oxide ores, but the grain is good. Communi- 
 cated by G. Darlington. 
 
 1286. Zinc produced by the old English process. 
 Hafod Works, Swansea, 1848. Largely crystallised. 
 
 1287. Zinc from the Warrington Galvanising Works. 
 
 Bank Quay, Warrington, 1873. Very brilliant narrow crystals* 
 Communicated by F. Dixon. 
 
 1288. Sheet zinc rolled cold. 
 
 1289. Finely granulated zinc. 
 
 1290. Zinc showing a very large crystalline cleavage. 
 Communicated by C. Tookev. 
 
159 
 
 1291. Sample of zinc showing a finely lamellar crystalline 
 fracture. 
 
 Communicated by F. A. Dixon. Warrington, 1873. 
 
 1292. Zinc melted at a low temperature under carbon, and 
 cooled slowly. 
 
 It is a granular mass, but each granule is globular and smooth, and 
 more or less adherent to the neighbouring ones, the whole formiug an, 
 arborescent pseudo-crystallisation. 
 
 1293. Hollow conical forms of zinc. 
 
 Produced by dropping melted zinc into water. The cones have 
 undulating surfaces. 
 
 1294. Commercial zinc recrystallised. 
 
 The zinc has been melted in an earthen pot, and allowed to cool 
 slightly ; then the surface broken and the still fluid contents in the- 
 centre poured out. 
 
 1295. Zinc containing T46 per cent, of lead. 
 Communicated by Muntz and Co. 
 
 1296. Impure zinc. 
 
 Contains 0' 1 7 per cent, of iron, and 1 '26 per cent, of lead. Analysis 
 by R. Smith. Communicated by Muntz and Co. 
 
 1297. Zinc free from arsenic. 
 
 1298. Zinc specially prepared pure. 
 
 By the chemiot at the works of Messrs. Rylunds Brothers, Warring- 
 ton. Shows a broad and brilliant cleavage. 
 
 1299. Zinc perfectly free from iron. 
 Prepared by R. Smith. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 1300. Zinc redistilled and free from iron. 
 
 1301. An ingot of the first zinc produced in Finland. 
 
 Produced from Finnish ore the original silver-lead-zinc blende, by 
 means of wood, turf and sawdust as fuel. Made by Finnish workmen 
 in part, at Arainne, Pojo, south coast of Finland, the only spelter 
 works in North-East Europe, 1879. Communicated by Mr. Julin. 
 
 1302. Chinese zinc from the province of Yunan. 
 
 Brought by Sir Harry Parkes. The fracture is platy, but very 
 irregular and spotted. 
 
 1303. Zinc which has been in a steam boiler for six weeks. 
 
 At the Rhys Las Works, Dowlai?, South Wales. It is now entirely 
 brittle, and has for the most part been converted into red oxide, the 
 innermost parts only being grey. 
 
 1304. Samples of manufactured zinc. 
 Perforated examples. 
 
160 
 
 1305. Samples of zinc tubing with galvanised iron roofing. 
 Communicated by F. Braby. 
 
 ALLOYS OF ZINC. 
 
 1306. Zinc containing sodium. 
 
 Tt has been fused at a low temperature, in an iron crucible under 
 salt. It has a whiter, more compact, and granular fracture than zinc 
 alone. 
 
 1307. Alloy of two equivalents of zinc with one of tin. 
 
 1,475 grains of tin were fused with 1,622 grains of zinc; the com- 
 pound has therefore 52 '42 per cent, of zinc. It has a brilliant platy 
 fracture. 
 
 1308. Alloy composed of one equivalent of antimony to three 
 of zinc. 
 
 It has been melted in a crucible to which it firmly adheres. It 
 has a brilliant bluish-white fracture, soon tarnishing, but not 
 crystalline. The surface has numerous crystalline plates crossing each 
 other. Two specimens. Communicated by Mr. Keats, of Bagillt Lead 
 Works. 
 
 1309. Pump-barrel metal. 
 
 Consisting of 44 parts of zinc, 44 of tin, and 12 of antimony per 
 cent. The fracture is small and granular, with occasional small flakes. 
 
 1310. Zinc and lead, 
 
 Commercial zinc melted with about 2 per cent, of lead, well stirred 
 and cooled rapidly by removing the crucible and its contents from the 
 furnace and plunging it into cold water. The lead does not mix, but is 
 found collected at the lower surface. Experiment by E. Smith, 1856. 
 
 1311. Alloy of zinc and antimony. 
 
 Fused in a crucible. Made by Professor Josiah Cooke, Junior, 
 of Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A., in the laboratory of the Royal 
 School of Mines, It adheres to the sides of the crucible as a solid 
 metallic mass below, its surface having large long dull iridescent 
 crystals in form like antimony. 
 
 1312. Alloy of 96 ! per cent, of zinc, and 2*6 per cent, of 
 iron. 
 
 Has a curious laminated transverse fracture. 
 
 1313. Alloy of zinc and iron from Gospel Oak Works, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 Remelted and cooled ; it differs very little in appearance from plain 
 zinc, out it is hard and duller, and contains 3 per cent, of iron and a 
 little lead. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 154. 
 
 1314. Alloy of iron and zinc produced experimentally. 
 A hard compact mass, of grey tint and conchoidal fracture. 
 
161 
 
 1315. Zinc containing 1 64 per cent, of iron. 
 Shows a dull and irregular fracture. 
 
 1316. Alloy of zinc and iron. 
 
 Fused with sulphur and cast into an ingot, like No. 1319. It shows 
 the same spotted fracture. 
 
 PRODUCTS OF THE PROCESS OF "GALVANISING" IRON WITH 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 1317. Alloy of zinc and iron. 
 
 This alloy has been produced in the process of galvanising iron. 
 The result is a mass of small elongated rhombic crystals, similar to 
 those of No. 1319. It contains 9-4 per cent, of iron. Communicated 
 by T. H. Henry, Gospel Oak Works, Birmingham. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 155. 
 
 1318. Spelter dross, from Ry lands' Galvanised Iron Works, 
 Warrington. 
 
 This is the ferriferous material that forms in the spelter bath, 
 heated to a very high temperature in an open pot, then with a per- 
 forated ladle the sediment is removed from the bottom of the pot, the 
 holes allowing the liquid metal to pass through. This is an alloy of 
 iron and zinc, and consists of minute examples of the same iridescent 
 crystals as in No. 1282. Communicated by W. Dixon. 
 
 1319. Alloy of iron and zinc in an ingot. 
 
 Produced in the process of galvanising as above. It is remelted and 
 cast into these small square ingots, which are exported to India. 
 Rylands' Galvanised Iron Works. The fracture is very irregular and 
 platy, with numerous minute black spots. Communicated by F. Dixon. 
 
 1320. Alloy of zinc and iron. 
 
 Produced in the galvanising process at the Arsenal, Woolwich, 1875. 
 These are very well-formed rhombic prisms, with double pyramidal ends 
 as in No. 1282. They are all of small size. Communicated by Mr. 
 Charles. 
 
 1321. Alloy of zinc and iron, from Gospel Oak Works, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 Obtained in galvanising iron. Contains about 5 per cent, of iron. 
 This is in a solid mass, showing more needle-like crystals than the 
 others, so far as it is separate. 
 
 1322. Zinc from among the bricks round a galvanising bath. 
 
 One example shows a fine hair-like product, matted together, and 
 having the general aspect of zinc, the rest are platy and brilliant. 
 Communicated by F. Dixon, of the Galvanised Iron Company, War- 
 rington. 
 
 1323. Residue from distilling ferriferous zinc lumps obtained 
 in the process of galvanising iron. 
 
 U 61955. 
 
162 
 
 Rylands' GJ-alvanising Works, Warrington. An impure earthy- 
 looking mass, probably consisting of iron oxide mixed with zinc and 
 iron alloy. Communicated by F. Dixou. 
 
 LEAD. 
 THE PROPERTIES OF LEAD EXPERIMENTALLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 1324. Octahedral crystals of lead. 
 
 Shown on the surface of glass which was being coated with lead 
 in the process known as " quicking," by which the glass is made into a 
 mirror. The glass is placed in a tray and heated to above the melting- 
 point of lead, and melted lead is poured into the tray, and afterwards 
 drained off. This specimen was produced by the lead accidentally being 
 allowed to stay too long and to partially solidify. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Lead, p. 1. Made by Mr. Matthews, of Birmingham. 
 
 1325. Lead wire, to show its feeble ductility. 
 Communicated by P. Moore. 
 
 1326. Granulated lead, after exposure to the atmosphere. 
 
 It has been entirely converted into sub-oxide, by the increase of its 
 bulk by the absorption of oxygen. It burst the wooden box in which it 
 had been contained. 
 
 1327. Litharge or protoxide of lead, which has been fused in a 
 crucible. 
 
 1328. Litharge crystallised on metallic lead. 
 
 This lead has been exposed to the joint action of air and water, 
 which produced colourless transparent crystals of protoxide of lead, 
 having the form of rhombic dodecahedra with truncated acute angles, 
 and on heating in a tube they have become opaque and orange-coloured. 
 See Yorke> Phil. Mag., 1834, p. 83; and Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 14. Communicated by Colonel Yorke. 
 
 1329. Litharge passing into carbonate of lead. 
 
 1330. Litharge melted and coloured by cuprous oxide. 
 A brownish black glass. 
 
 1331. Result of heating together copper sulphide with five 
 times its weight of protoxide of lead. 
 
 400 grains of copper sulphide were mixed with 2,000 grains of 
 litharge in covered crucible, and heated for about 10 minutes at a 
 temperature just sufficient to effect perfect fusion. The result is a 
 button resembling lead weighing 410 grains, and containing 5 -5 per 
 cent, of copper, together with a slag of the two metallic oxides. 
 Experiment by W. Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 261. 
 
 1332. Result of heating together equal parts of white lead and 
 oxychloride of lead. 
 
 It is a greenish-yellow crystalline mass. 
 
163 
 
 1333. Result of heating together 750 parts by weight of 
 litharge with 250 parts of oxychloride of lead. 
 
 It is a brownish-yellow crystalline mass. 
 
 1334. Result of heating copper sulphide with 20 times its 
 weight of protoxide of lead. 
 
 JOO grains of copper sulphide were heated with 2,000 grains of 
 litharge, and a button of metal was produced weighing 394 gains. It 
 resembles lead, but contains 5 8 per cent, of copper. Experiment by 
 W. Baker. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 261. 
 
 1335. Result of heating 15 parts of litharge with one of red 
 haematite. 
 
 A liver-coloured crystalline mass. Experiment by J. F. Davis. 
 
 1336. Result of heating eight parts of litharge with one of 
 red haematite. 
 
 A darker-coloured solid mass, without obvious crystals. Experiment 
 by J. F. Davis. 
 
 1337. Result of heating four parts of litharge with one of red 
 haematite. 
 
 A dark compact mass, except in the centre, in which are minute black 
 crystals. 
 
 1338. Result of heating three parts of litharge with one of red 
 haematite. 
 
 A black mass with a crystal-lined cavity in the centre. 
 
 1339. Result of heating two parts of litharge with one of red 
 haematite. 
 
 A black semi-porous mass. 
 
 1340. Result of heating four equivalents of litharge with one 
 of arsenious acid. 
 
 99 grains of arsenious acid were fused with 448 grains of litharge in 
 a closed crucible. The product is compact homogeneous, wax-like, 
 t)paque and pale orange colour, with a button of lead weighing 28 grains. 
 Hence the arsenious acid has not been to any appreciable extent con- 
 verted into arsenic acid. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Lead, p. 18. 
 
 1341. Result of heating together one equivalent each of 
 litharge and white arsenic. 
 
 112 grains of litharge were fused at a dull red heat with 91 grains of 
 white arsenic. The result is an opaque egg-yellow glass. 
 
 1342. Result of heating four equivalents of litharge with one 
 of antimony. 
 
 194 grains of antimony in powder were fused with 672 grains of 
 litharge in a covered crucible. The product is a brittle button of 
 
 L 2 
 
164 
 
 impure lead weighing 374 grains, and a glassy amber- coloured slag. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead. p. 19. 
 
 1343. Lead reduced by antimony. 
 
 500 grains of native antimony, 600 grains of sulphate of lead, 300 
 grains of nitre, and 300 grains of carbonate of soda were fused together. 
 A button of lead was obtained weighing 70 grains, together with this 
 crystalline slag of antimoniate of lead and soda, which has since 
 decomposed on the surface. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 1344. Result of heating together three equivalents of oxide of 
 lead and one of tin. 
 
 840 grains of lead oxide and 148 grains of granulated tin were taken. 
 The result is not homogeneous, but contains some reduced lead. 
 
 1345. Result of heating two equivalents of litharge with one 
 of iron. 
 
 140 grains of iron filings were fused at a bright red heat with 1,120 
 grains of litharge. The product is a button of lead weighing 530 grains, 
 containing only a trace of iron, and a compact, semi-vitreous, dark 
 brownish-black magnetic slag with shots of lead. Experiment by R. 
 Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 21. 
 
 1346. Result of fusing three equivalents of litharge with one 
 of silica. 
 
 Melts at a comparatively low temperature, to an orange-coloured 
 glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 29. 
 
 1347. Result of fusing two equivalents of litharge with one of 
 silica. 
 
 Melts easily to a bright yellow glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1348. Result of fusing two equivalents of litharge with one of 
 silica. 
 
 In this case the product was allowed to cool slowly in the furnace. 
 The result is a green-grey compact mass, with a coating of semi-trans- 
 parent green glass on the surface. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1349. Result of fusing three equivalents of litharge with two 
 of silica. 
 
 Melts easily to a dark orange-yellow glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1350. Result of fusing one equivalent of litharge with one of 
 silica. 
 
 Melts easily to a light yellow glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See 
 Percy, I.e. 
 
165 
 
 1351. Result of fusing one equivalent of impure litharge 
 with one of silica. 
 
 In this case the litharge contained traces of iron and copper, and the 
 result is a transparent green glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1352. Result of fusing two equivalents of litharge with three 
 of silica. 
 
 This required a rather high temperature for its fusion, but the result 
 is a yellow glass. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lc. 
 
 1353. Result of heating one equivalent of litharge with two 
 of silica. 
 
 This required a high temperature for reaction, but fritted into a com- 
 pact, whitej opaque, porcelain-like mass. This has been remelted at a 
 still higher temperature, and poured out rapidly : a glass is thus with 
 difficulty formed. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, I.e. 
 
 1354. Result of heating one equiraleat of litharge with four 
 of silica. 
 
 At a very high temperature this was fritted into a compact porcelain- 
 like, nearly white mass, very slightly porous. Experiment by Dr. Beck. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1355. Result of heating one equivalent of litharge with six of 
 silica. 
 
 This is an opaque porous mass, white with a greenish tinge. Experi- 
 ment by Dr. Beck. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1356. Result of heating one equivalent of litharge with 12 of 
 silica. 
 
 This has been fritted in a white porous mass, scarcely cohering. 
 Experiment by Dr. Beck. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1357. Silicate of lead from red lead and sand. 
 
 Two equivalents of red lead were fused in platinum with one of silica. 
 The result is a white powder. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 1358. Hollow globules obtained by heating silicate of lead 
 with charcoal. 
 
 The silicate is made by uniting one equivalent of litharge with one 
 of silica ; it is intimately mixed with excess of charcoal powder, and 
 strongly heated in a covered Cornish crucible. No button of lead is 
 formed, but the result is a number of small hollow globules, of white or 
 light yellowish-brown colour, opaque and vitreous, in fracture, and 
 studded with small shots of lead. Experiment by Dr. Beck. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 31. 
 
 1359. The same hollow globules mounted as microscopic 
 objects. 
 
166 
 
 1360. Silicate of lead containing one equivalent of lead oxide 
 to one of silica. 
 
 5,000 grains of litharge wore fused with 2,034 grains of sand. The- 
 result was a not very fluid green glass, which poured without difficulty at 
 a very bright red heat. Experiment by Mr. Gribbs. 
 
 1361. The same silicate with some of the sand uncombined, 
 
 1362. Silicate of lead containing three equivalents of lead 
 oxide to two of silica. 
 
 6,000 grains of litharge were fused with 1,628 grains of sand. This 
 was more fluid than the last and poured more easily. It is a green glass, 
 on account of the impurity of the litharge. Experiment by Mr. 
 Gibbs. 
 
 1363. Silicate of lead containing two equivalents of lead oxide 
 to one of silica. 
 
 5,000 grains of litharge were fused with 1,017 of sand. The result 
 is a green glass, very fluid at a bright red heat. Experiment by Mr. 
 Gibbs. 
 
 1364. The same silicate with purer litharge. 
 In this case the glass is bright orange-coloured. 
 
 1365. Silicate of lead containing three equivalents of lead 
 oxide to one of silica. 
 
 5,000 grains of litharge were fused with 678 grains of sand, and the 
 product is a deep orange glass, very fluid at a bright red heat. Experi- 
 ment by Mr. Gibbs. 
 
 1366. Results of experiments on the reduction of silicate of 
 lead by iron. 
 
 The silicate of lead, containing two equivalents of lead oxide to one 
 of silica, was prepared by heating red lead with fine sand in a platinum 
 vessel, at a temperature sufficient to frit but not to melt the mass. The 
 temperature was afterwards raised to fuse it. When solid, the product 
 was of an amber colour (a). It was poured, and 3,000 grains were 
 heated in a wrought-iron crucible placed for protection against reduction 
 in a clay crucible : at full redness lead began to separate, and the result 
 was soft lead (>) ; 2,212 grains, and a black largely crystalline slag; 
 (c) 1,418 grains: 1,115 grains of this slag were remelted in the same 
 iron crucible for an hour, from which 13 grains of lead were obtained; 
 and a crystalline slag (d) was left. This slag contains 
 
 Protoxide of iron - 68-25 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron - 2-57 
 
 Protoxide of lead 82 
 
 Silica - 28-36 
 
 100-00 
 
 Experiment by K. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, pp. 34 
 and 533. 
 
167 
 
 1367. Lead and galena fused together and cooled slowly. 
 These were fused together in proportions of one equivalent each. 
 
 The lead is found at the bottom of the mass, the galena at the top, but 
 there is no very clear line between them. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 39. 
 
 1368. Lead and galena fused together and cooled rapidly. 
 
 The product is apparently homogeneous, intermediate in character 
 between the two ingredients. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 39. 
 
 1369. " Subsulphide of lead." 
 
 In a dark coloured crystalline ingot. One half of the ingot has been 
 heated to very low redness, without any lead sweating out of it. 
 
 1370. Result of heating sulphate of lead with lead. 
 
 One equivalent of each yielded two equivalents of lead oxide. 760 
 grains of sulphate of lead were melted in an earthen crucible with 520 
 grains of finely granulated lead. The result is a small button of lead 
 weighing 52 grains, and a dark amber-coloured glass, probably silicate 
 of lead. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 46. 
 
 1371. Result of heating sulphate of lead with iron. 
 
 1,000 grains of the sulphate were heated to bright redness in a 
 wrought-iron crucible, with the addition of iron nails. The result is a 
 button of 520 grains of lead, out of the 681 grains contained in the 
 sulphate. There is left 1,173 grains, dark coloured, imperfectly melted 
 scoriaceous slag. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lead, p. 45. 
 
 1372. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphate of lead with 
 one of sulphide of lead. 
 
 In this case the sulphur and oxygen in the ingredients are in the 
 proper proportion to form sulphurous acid which is evolved, and a 
 residue of metallic lead is left. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 46. 
 
 1373. Result of heating three equivalents of sulphate of lead 
 with one of sulphide of lead. 
 
 In this case the sulphur can combine with only two thirds of the 
 oxygen present, and protoxide of lead is left as a residue. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 46. 
 
 1374. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphate of lead 
 with two of carbon. 
 
 The carbon forms carbonic dioxide with the oxygen, which is evolved, 
 and the residue consists of sulphide of lead. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 51. 
 
 1375. Subsulphate of lead produced by fusing together one 
 equivalent of lead sulphate with one of litharge. 
 
 760 grains of lead sulphate and 560 grains of litharge were taken. 
 The result is a yellow sub-crystalline solid. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
168 
 
 1376. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphate of lead 
 with one of carbon. 
 
 Carbonic dioxide and sulphurous acid is given off and lead is left. 
 760 grains of sulphate of lead were fused with 30 grains of carbon, and 
 the result is a button of lead weighing 105 grains, and a glassy amber- 
 coloured slag probably silicate of lead, derived from the crucible. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 52. 
 
 1377. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphide of lead 
 with two of protoxide of lead. 
 
 In this case the sulphur and oxygen in, the ingredients are in the 
 proportion to form sulphurous acid which is given off, and the residue 
 left is lead. 560 grains of litharge were fused with 300 grains of galena, 
 and there is a residue of 576 grains of metallic lead. Experiment by R. 
 Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 45. 
 
 1378. Result of heating one equivalent of sulphide of lead 
 with one of protoxide of lead. 
 
 In this case the same reaction takes place, but half the sulphide is 
 left unchanged in the midst of the reduced lead. 560 grains of litharge 
 were fused with 600 grains of galena, and the resulting button weighed 
 962 grains. These resulting numbers both show great loss of lead. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 46. 
 
 1379. Result of heating sulphide of lead with haematite and 
 carbon. 
 
 200 grains of hematite, 420 grains of galena, 35 grains of charcoal, 
 were heated under 100 grains of salt. The result is a button of lead, 
 covered by a dark glass, and this by an earthy slag. Experiment by 
 R. Smith. 
 
 1380. Galena reduced by iron. 
 
 The contents of the crucible after fusion are a button of lead at the 
 bottom, and a metallic slag, covered with a glassy film. 
 
 1381. Impure sulphide of iron produced in assaying lead ores 
 in an iron dish. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 108. 
 
 1382. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of lead with two of tin. 
 
 The result is a button in two layers. The upper one vjery thin, 
 crystalline, brittle, but yielding like talc, and friable. The lower one 
 is easily cut with a knife, and shows a highly crystalline structure, with 
 broad cleavage planes, and a blacker colour than galena, more like 
 protosulphide of tin. Experiment by A. Dick, 1855. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 59. 
 
 1383. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of lead with two of tin. 
 
 This is the same experiment as No. 1382, repeated on a larger scale, 
 by R. Smith. 3,700 grains of galena were heated with 3,480 grains of 
 tin, The result is very similar, showing the cleavnge planes of the 
 
169 
 
 mass well. A small button of lead was also found at the bottom. 
 Sec Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 60. 
 
 1384. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of lead with one of copper. 
 
 These were heated in a covered crucible, and when fused consisted 
 of two layers. The upper one is a brittle regulus, with a fine-grained 
 bluish-grey fracture ; the lower one, soft malleable lead, containing 
 0-88 per cent, of copper. Experiment by R. Dick. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 60. 
 
 1385. Result of heating together five equivalents of galena 
 with one of zinc. 
 
 The mixture was heated in a covered plumbago crucible, and 
 covered with small pieces of charcoal. The product is crystalline, of 
 deeper colour than galena. There was a small button of lead at the 
 bottom. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 61. 
 
 1386. Result of heating sulphide of lead with antimony. 
 The product is homogeneous, and powders before the knife; it is 
 
 largely crystalline, and has a granular cleavage. There are air-holes, 
 where it has been in contact with the crucible. The pieces of charcoal 
 on the top are coated here and there with crystals of galena. This 
 result shows that galena is not reduced when heated with antimony. 
 Experiment by J. C. Cloud. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 62. 
 
 1387. Result of experiment showing reduction of arsenite of 
 lead. 
 
 650 grains of protoxide of lead, 495 grains of arsenious acid, and 
 60 grains of carbon, when heated together, produce a metallic button 
 of lead, containing arsenic, weighing 380 grains, and capable of being 
 beaten out. Experiment by R. Smith. The product of heating 
 together the litharge and arsenious acid before adding the carbon is 
 an opaque orange-yellow glass, as recorded by Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lead, p. 18. 
 
 1388. Result of heating together galena and phosphate of 
 lead. 
 
 119-5 grains of galena and 182-5 grains of phosphate of lead were 
 heated in a covered crucible, and left to cool slowly. The result is in 
 two layers, the upper is of phosphate of lead, which is crystalline, and 
 dirty green in colour, the lower of galena. There is, therefore, no 
 reaction between these bodies at a high temperature. Experiment by 
 J. C. Cloud. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 76. 
 
 ORES OF LEAD. 
 
 1389. Coarse crystallised galena from Devonshire. 
 
 Contains 79 per cent, of lead and 4 oz. 15 dwt. 9 gr. of silver per 
 ton. Communicated by Sir. L. Palk. 
 
 1390. Fine-grained galena from Devonshire. 
 
 Contains 51 per cent, of lead and 2 oz. 5 dwt. 8 gr. of silver per 
 ton. Communicated by Sir Lawrence Palk. 
 
170 
 
 1391. Fine-grained galena from Cornwall. 
 Communicated by Mr. Garby. 
 
 1392. Galena from Gogbam Lead Mines, near Aberystwith. 
 Contains 30 oz. of silver per ton. 
 
 1393. Coarse galena from the New Red Sandstone, at 
 Garendon, near Charnwood Forest. 
 
 This is an accidental occurrence as an isolated mass ; not a vein. 
 It is coarsely crystalline, and contains 81 per cent, of lead and 1 oz. 
 12 dwt. silver per ton. 
 
 1394. " Steel ore " from Snailbeach Mines, Shropshire. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Eddy. It is very fine-grained, compact 
 pure galena, having somewhat of the lustre of fractured steel. 
 
 1395. " Blue stone " from North Wales. 
 
 A complex ore, obtained at Pary's Mountain, Anglesea, containing 
 sulphide of lead and sulphide of zinc, intimately mixed. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 405. 
 
 1396. Coarse galena from Hornachos, Province of Badajoz, 
 Spain. 
 
 1397. Coarse galena and blende intermixed, from Welkenradt, 
 Belgium. 
 
 Shows a concretionary structure in the gangue. 
 
 I 
 
 1398. Galena from the Val-Sassam Mines. 
 Contains 58 per cent, of lead and 49 oz. of silver per ton. 
 
 1399. Coarse galena from Arrayanez Mine, Linares, Province 
 of Jaen, Spain. 
 
 1400. Granular galena from Ems, Nassau. 
 
 1401. Coarse galena, called " Potters' ore," or <f Glazur-Erz." 
 From Blei Alf, Rhenish Prussia. 
 
 1402. Coarse galena from Portugal. 
 
 1403. Coarse galena from Saila, Sweden. 
 
 Contains 75'2 per cent, of leadandO'769 per cent, of silver=281 oz. 
 4 dwt. to the ton ; also traces of gold. 
 
 1404. Lead ore from Dickenlie Mines, Turkey. 
 
 Contains 77 per cent, of lead and 11 oz. 11 dwt. 12 gr. of silver 
 per ton. In small fragments. Communicated by E. M. Ward. 
 
 1405. Complex lead ore from Turkey. 
 
 Contains 37 per cent, of galena, 20 per cent, of blende, 20 per cent, of 
 iron pyrites, and 23 per cent, of quartz, yielding 32 per cent, of lead, 
 13* 16 per cent, of zinc, and 0--0218 of silver, equal to 7 oz. 2 dwt. 10 gr. 
 
171 
 
 per ton of ore. A rough irregular veinstuff. Communicated by Mr. 
 Bateman. 
 
 1406. Galena disseminated in conglomerate. 
 From the Lower Trias, Mechernich, Ehenish Prussia. 
 
 1407. Galena disseminated in sandstone. 
 From the Lower Trias, Mechernich, Ehenish Prussia. 
 
 1408. Galena from Australia imported to England. 
 
 Used at the Llanelly Lead Works, 1886. Said to be rich in silver, 
 i.e., from 50 to 100 oz. per ton. A sparry ore. 
 
 1409. Fine-grained galena from Dhamauri Mine, near 
 Subathu, India. 
 
 1410. Galena from Magna Mine, near Subathu, India. 
 A brown gravelly ore. 
 
 1411. Carbonate of lead, "cerussite," from the Morning Star 
 Mine, Leadville, Colorado. Crystallised. 
 
 1412. Carbonate of lead, " cerussite," from the Evening Star 
 Mine, Leadville, Colorado. Massive. 
 
 The next 25 specimens are from the Emma Mine, Utah. They 
 are all worked for lead and silver, and the assays are estimated 
 from the ton of 2,000 Ibe. All of them are communicated by 
 G. Attwood. 
 
 1413. Coarse galena, containing 7 5 per cent, lead and l,151-82oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1414. Galena, containing 64 per cent, lead and 165 24 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1415. Galena with associated copper ore, contains 56 per cent, 
 lead and 123 93 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1416. Galena and cerussite, contains 68 per cent, lead and 
 140 93 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1417. Galena and wall, contains 62 per cent, lead and 
 626 * 93 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1418. Mixed ore, contains 70 per cent, lead and 69 25 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1419. Mixed ore, contains 63 per cent, lead and 267 ' 3 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1420. Light carbonate (?) with copper, contains 73 per cent, 
 lead and 2,741 04 oz. silver per ton (t). 
 
172 
 
 1421. Mixed ore, contains 74 per cent, lead and 685 26 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1422. Cerussite with copper, contains 61 per cent, lead and 
 68-04 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1423. Mixed ore, contains 70 per cent, lead and 908 82 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1424. Mixed ore, contains 70 per cent, lead and 68 04 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1425. Cerussite, contains 68 per cent, lead and 1,992 64 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1426. Impregnated breccia, contains 74 per cent, lead and 
 68 * 04 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1427. Surface gossan, contains 33 per cent, lead and 1,081 35 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1428. Coppery gossan, containing 39 per cent, lead and 
 1,105 * 84 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1429. Ferruginous gossan, contains 24 per cent, lead and 
 112 99 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1430. Impregnated breccia, contains 20 per cent, lead and 
 36 45 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1431. Coppery gossan, contains 20 per cent, lead and 399 73 
 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1432. Cerussite breccia, contains 14 per cent, lead and 48 60 
 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1433. Gossan, contains 6 per cent, lead and 6 * 07 oz. silver 
 per ton. 
 
 1434. Weathered breccia, contains 6 per cent, lead and 13 39 
 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1435. Surface breccia, contains 5 per cent, lead and 82 62 oz. 
 silver per ton. 
 
 1436. Impregnated washings, contain 4 per cent, lead and 
 10 93 oz. silver per ton. 
 
 1437. Lower limestone wall of the lode. 
 
 1438. General sample of the silver-lead ores from Utah, 
 imported into this country. 
 
 Taken at Liverpool in 1871 from a cargo sent for smelting at Dee 
 Bank. 
 
173 
 
 1439. Series of samples of lead ores called " linnets," from 
 the Alport Smelting Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 There are seven samples, of which five are called carbonates and two 
 called phosphates, but all of them " linnets," owing to their colour. 
 They are all in small fragments. Two of these samples, apparently 
 Nos. 1 and 7, have been analysed by R. Smith. No. 1 is a carbonate, 
 and contains only a trace of phosphoric acid ; it yields 24 6 per cent, 
 of lead, and 0025 per cent, of silver, 56 6 per cent being insoluble 
 in acids. No. 7 contains 2-62 per cent, of phosphoric acid, corre- 
 sponding to 16 '7 per cent, of phosphate of lead ; it yields a total of 
 35 1 per cent, of lead, and there is 41 83 per cent, insoluble in acids. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 433. 
 
 1440. Mixed Flintshire lead ores. 
 
 Ground and prepared for smelting at the Bagillt Lead Works, 
 Flintshire. 
 
 1441. Mixed pounded ores ready for smelting at the Dee Bank 
 Lead Works, Holywell. 
 
 Communicated by A. B. Dick. 
 
 1442. Lead ore prepared for use at the Snailbeach Lead 
 Works, Shropshire. 
 
 Communicated by Eddy and Sons. 
 
 1443. Coarse-ground galena from Snailbeach Lead Mines. 
 
 1444. Lead ore as prepared for use in the reverberatory 
 furnace at Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1445. Powdered galena. 
 
 As used in the ore-hearth furnace of the Keld Head Lead Works 
 Wensleydale, North Yorkshire. 
 
 1446. Waste ores as smelted in a double-bedded reverberatory 
 furnace at Keld Head Lead Works. 
 
 Communicated by W. Weston. 
 
 1447. Superior slime ore, pounded. 
 
 As smelted in the double-bedded reverberatory furnace at Keld Head. 
 Slime ore is Dr. Percy's name for the fine dust which is separated from 
 the coarser ore, and which requires special precautions in smelting to 
 prevent its being carried away. See his Metallurgy, Lead, p. 360. 
 
 1448. Poor slimes. 
 
 Grey powder, roasted in reverberatory furnace and smelted in the slag 
 hearth. 
 
 1449. Best ore, as smelted on the ore hearth. 
 
 At the Keld Head Lead Works, near Leyburn, Yorkshire. Commu- 
 nicated by W. Weston. 
 
 1450. Crystallised cerussite. 
 
 From the Haematite Mines, Sydney, New South Wales. 
 
174 
 
 1451. Sulphate of lead, an Australian ore. 
 
 This is imported into England for smelting at the Bagillt Works, 
 Holywell (1859). Analysed by Smith and Ward, 1870. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 430. 
 
 Sulphuric acid - 20-66 
 
 Protoxide of lead - -42-34 
 
 Oxides of iron - - 18-93 
 
 Silver, &c. - 0-84 
 
 Water combined 3 48 
 
 Insoluble residue - 13-09 
 
 Earths and' non-metals 1 44 
 
 100-78 
 Contains 39-30 per cent, lead, 132 oz. 6 dwt. 19 grains silver per ton. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF LEAD SMELTING. 
 
 1452. Roasted ore, previous to pulverisation. Dee Bank 
 Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 1453. Calcined ore, previous to pulverisation. Dee Bank 
 Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 1454. Galena roasted for 2J hours. 
 
 It is then gradually reduced to small fragments. 
 
 1455. Ore calcined for two hours in a re verberatory Flintshire 
 furnace. 
 
 From Newton. Keats, and Co.'s Lead Works, Bagillt, Holywell. 
 Analysed by W. Weston. 
 
 Sulphide of lead { ^ ; 4 ^} 53-79 
 
 o i T , c i -, f Protoxide of lead 2 09 1 . 
 Sulphate ot lead < , , . ., ^ H _>2*84 
 \ Sulphuric acid 0-75 / 
 
 Protoxide of lead - 36-87 
 
 Oxide of zinc 2-65 
 
 Lime- 1-63 
 
 Protoxide of iron - 0-90 
 
 Silica- - - - 1-10 
 
 99-78 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 239. A loosely aggregated powder. 
 
 1456. Ore calcined for three hours in a reverberatory Flint- 
 shire furnace. 
 
 From Newton, Keats, and Co.'s Lead Works, Bagillt. Analysed 
 by W. Weston. 
 
 Sulphide of lead {^L I Us} 54 ' 56 
 Sulphate of 
 
175 
 
 Protoxide of lead - - 27-18 
 
 Oxide of zinc 5-19 
 
 Lime - -1-96 
 
 Protoxide of iron - 1-33 
 
 Silica - - - - 1-85 
 
 99-74 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 239. A loosely aggregated powder. 
 
 1457. Charge after setting up previous to pulverisation. Dee 
 Bank Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 1458. Grey earthy slag from smelting galena. Dee Bank 
 Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 1459. Grey slag from the ores of the district. Dee Bank Lead 
 Works. 
 
 A rough brown semi-scoriaceous mass. 
 
 1460. Skimming from the Flintshire furnace. 
 
 This is taken from the surface of the lead towards the end of the 
 smelting process. It has been remelted in a crucible. From Newton, 
 Keats, and Co.'s Works, Bagillt. It is dark and sub crystalline. 
 
 1461. Black glassy slag for crushing and washing. 
 
 This is " clean slag " from the blast furnace. It is crushed and 
 washed to separate the intermixed spots of metallic lead. The 
 remainder is thrown away. From the Bagillt Works. Analysed by 
 W. Weston. 
 
 Silica - 
 Alumina 
 Lime - 
 
 Protoxide of lead 
 Protoxide of iron 
 Oxide of zinc - 
 
 99-40 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 420. 
 
 1462. Skimming of furnace pot. 
 
 From the Flintshire furnaces of the Dee Bank Lead Works. It is 
 black, pulverulent, and crystalline. 
 
 1463. Grey slag from Cornish ores of high assay. 
 
 This slag may contain from 40 to 50 per cent, of lead, and from 5 to 
 8 oz. silver per ton. From the Dee Bank Lead Works. A grey 
 crystalline rough slab with large vertical holes. Communicated by 
 A. B. Dick. 
 
 1464. Scum from the surface of the furnace pot. 
 
 From the Flintshire furnace at Walker, Parker, and Co.'s. Containing 
 most of the impurities of the lead. An irregular, heavy, scoriaceous 
 black mass. Communicated by A. B. Dick. 
 
176 
 
 1465. Slag from the slag hearth. 
 
 From the Flintshire furnace at Alport, Derbyshire. Black and glassy, 
 broken to small fragments. 
 
 1466. Run slag from the reverberatory furnace. 
 
 From Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. The composition of such 
 a slag is given in Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 241, but not of this 
 sample. It is light coloured and strong, with tube-like holes. 
 
 1467. Drawn slag from the reverberatory furnace. 
 
 From Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. The composition of such 
 a slag is given in Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 241, but not of this 
 sample. It is grey and stony. 
 
 1468. Run slag. 
 
 From Llanelly Lead Works. A blue glassy slag, having the surface 
 tinged with red. 
 
 1469. Black crystalline slag from the breast pan of the slag 
 hearth. 
 
 From the Lead Works at Alport, Derbyshire. 
 
 1470. Grey slag. 
 
 A crystalline stony mass, weathering brown. From Newton, Keats, 
 and Co.'s Works, Bagillt. 
 
 1471. Mean sample of grey slag. 
 
 Ground to a powder. It may contain 50 or 55 per cent, of lead, and 
 1 or 2 oz. of silver per ton of lead. Walker, Parker, and Co.'s Lead 
 Works. 
 
 Experiments made at the Lead Smelting Works, Alston, to 
 ascertain if scorification removes foreign metals or other im- 
 purities from slag lead, 1848. 
 
 1472. Scoria from slag lead kept melted during four hours 
 with access of air. 
 
 It is now heavy and dark. 
 
 1473. Scoria from slag lead kept melted during eight hours 
 with access of air. Nenthead Lead Works, Alston. 
 
 It is now dark and cavernous. 
 
 1474. Scoria from slag lead kept melted during 12 hours with 
 access of air. Nenthead Works. 
 
 It is now light and irregular. 
 
 1475. Grey slag from smelting best ore. 
 
 At the ore-hearth furnaces at Keld Head Mines, Wensleydale, York- 
 shire. It is massive and earthy. Communicated by W. Weston. 
 
 1476. Slag from slag hearth in smelting inferior ore. 
 Keld Head Works, Yorkshire. In small dull black fragments. 
 
177 
 
 1477. Pounded white slag from ore hearth. 
 
 The portion that passed through a sieve of 60 to the inch. Com- 
 municated by W. Weston. 
 
 1478. White slag from ore hearth. 
 
 The lead, &c. which is retained by the ^-inch sieve ; 452 grains 
 out of 5,512 grains is thus retained. Communicated by W. Weston, 
 
 1479. Slags from smelting calcined Utah ores in a flowing 
 furnace. 
 
 From Dee Bank Lead Works, 1871. One is a black compact slag, 
 glassy on the surface. The second is more slaggy, and the third, which 
 is oxidised, is red in colour. 
 
 1480. Slag from smelting Australian sulphate ores. 
 
 Produced at the Bagillt Smelting Works. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lead, p. 431. It is dull black and massive, with a few cavities. 
 
 1481. Matt from smelting Australian sulphate ores. 
 
 From this the lead is obtained by two roastings and smeltings. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. Jt is a heavy sub-metallic dark slab. 
 
 1482. Slag from Australian lead ore. 
 
 From the smelting of an earthy ore in a water-jacket furnace, 1886. 
 It consists of brilliant black plates like those of silicate of iron. Com- 
 municated by F. M. Drake. 
 
 1483. Slag from Australian lead ore. 
 
 From a furnace in continual work where the object is the extraction 
 of gold from pyrites with the use of as little lead as possible. It 
 consists of brilliant interlocking acicular crystals. Communicated byF. 
 M. Drake. 
 
 1484. Slag from Australian argentiferous lead ore. 
 
 Smelced in a water-jacket furnace. It shows striated rhombic prisms 
 like those of silicate of iron. Communicated by F. M. Drake. 
 
 1485. Lead slag with metallic lead found at Alston Moor. 
 Supposed to have been produced in Roman lead works. 
 
 1486. Lead slag with pieces of charcoal imbedded in it, from 
 Alston Moor. 
 
 Supposed to have been produced in Roman lead works. It was 
 found under cover of three feet of soil and turf near Bowgill Barn, a 
 short distance from the Roman Road, in the Manor of Glassonby. 
 
 1487. Lead slag from old lead works at Loe Pool, Falmouth. 
 It is compact and black, and slightly scoriaceous. 
 
 1488. Slags from lead smelting used in " sweep " smelting. 
 The " sweeps " are the residues in gold and silver works, which are 
 
 smelted with lead slags, &c. to recover the more precious metals. The 
 history of these specimens is rather doubtful. 
 
 U 61955. M 
 
178 
 
 ACCIDENTAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 1489. Red lead formed in the bed of a reverberatory furnace, 
 at the Dee Bank Lead Works, 1871. 
 
 A crumbling cake. Communicated by A. B. Dick. 
 
 1490. Red lead formed in a smelting furnace. 
 From the Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1491. Lead and red lead found in an old reverberatory furnace 
 at Pontesford, Shropshire. 
 
 Found about 2 ft. 4 in. below the level of the surface of the working 
 furnace bed, below the slags and below part of the brickwork. This 
 furnace was not built on a double arch as is now done, and yielded when 
 broken up and revived about 11 tons 3 cwts. 3 qrs. of refined lead. 
 Communicated by Mr. Eddy. 
 
 1492. Silvery micaceous litharge. 
 
 Found in taking up the bed of a calciner at the LlanellyLead Works, 
 1859. Communicated by Mr. Williams. 
 
 1493. Deposit which forms in the flues of the litharge 
 furnaces. 
 
 At Benson's White Lead Works, Birmingham. It is stalactitic in 
 form, red inside, and grey and crumbling outside. 
 
 1494. Yellow micaceous litharge. 
 
 From the bed of the lead calcining furnace at Nenthead, Alston. 
 
 1495. Crystallised sulphide of lead. 
 
 Formed in the bed of a reverberatory furnace at the Dee Bank Lead 
 Works, 1871. It is now disintegrated. Communicated by A. B. Dick. 
 
 1496. Crystallised product from the smelting furnace at Dee 
 Bank Lead Works. 
 
 The crystals in the cavity are micaceous and may be litharge. 
 
 1497. Concretions under the test of a cupellation furnace. 
 
 From Gossage's White Lead Works, Birmingham, 1841. They are 
 long complex stalactitic masses of decayed lead. 
 
 1498. Microscpic slide of crystalline litharge. 
 
 From the base of a calciner at the Llanelly Lead Works, South 
 Wales. 
 
 1499. Artificially crystallised sulphide of lead. 
 
 Brilliant hopper-shaped crystals, forming an incrustation from a lead 
 smelting furnace, at Regla, near Real del Monte, 1846. Communicated 
 by Mr. Broomhead, of Birmingham. 
 
 1500. Artificially crystallised sulphide of lead. 
 
 A furnace product from the Wahsatch Smelting Works, U.S.A. Some 
 of this shows a purple lamina due to the intermixed metallic impurities. 
 
179 
 
 The crystals are not well formed, but appear to be cubic. Communicated 
 by Mr. Blackwell. 
 
 1501. Concretion from the protoxide furnace. 
 
 Formed in the production of lead in the dry way, by oxidising the ore 
 in a reverberatory furnace. From Messrs. Atkins' Works. 
 
 PATTINSON'S PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF SILVER 
 FROM LEAD. 
 
 1502. Specimens of hard lead from slag smelting. 
 
 Nos. 1, 2, and 3, of different hardness, previous to submission to 
 Pattinson's process. Communicated by H. L. Pattinson, 1849. 
 
 1503. The original lead put into the fourth pot. 
 It contains 9 oz. 16 dwt. silver per ton of 21 cwt. 
 
 1504. The first crop of crystals obtained from the fourth 
 pot. 
 
 These contain 4 oz. 4 dwt. 16 gr. silver per ton of 21 cwt. 
 
 1505. The second crop of crystals obtained from the fifth pot. 
 These contain 2 oz. 7 dwt. silver per ton of 21 cwt. 
 
 1506. The third crop of crystals obtained from the sixth pot. 
 These contain 1 oz. 3 dwt. 12 gr. silver per ton of 21 cwt. 
 
 1507. The fourth crop of crystals obtained from the seventh 
 pot. 
 
 These contain 10 dwt. 23 gr. silver per ton of 21 cwt. 
 
 1508. The melted lead from the market pot. 
 
 Called " horn lead," being the melting of the crystals obtained from 
 the seventh pot, and containing only 10 dwt. 23 gr. silver per ton of 
 21 cwt. 
 
 PARKES' PROCESS OF DESILVERISATION. 
 
 1509. Piece of Belgian retort, after use in smelting the 
 lead. 
 
 1510. Argentiferous zinc crust, taken off the molten lead. 
 From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. This contains most of the 
 
 silver in the lead, viz., 275 oz. 8 dwt. per ton. See Percy's Metallurgy. 
 Lead, p. 152. 
 
 1511. First skimming of the molten lead, after taking off the 
 crust. 
 
 From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 M 2 
 
180 
 
 1512. Lead liquated out of the zinc crust. 
 
 This contains 55 oz. of silver per ton, but should not contain more 
 than 10 oz. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 152. 
 
 1513. Portion of the zinc crust, after the lead has been 
 liquated out of it. 
 
 1514. Zinc distilled from the liquated zinc, and cast in the form 
 of a bar. 
 
 1515. The silver powder left as a residue, after the zinc has 
 been distilled off. 
 
 An earthy grey powder containing the silver. 
 
 1516. Slag from the run-down silver powder. 
 It is massive, compact, and cavernous. 
 
 These are all (Nos. 1509-16) from the same process as carried on 
 at the Llanelly Works in 1859. 
 
 1517. Zinc alloy taken from the lead in Parkes' process. 
 
 This has been subsequently liquated to withdraw a portion of the 
 lead. It now has the composition 
 
 Silver - - - - - 3*13 
 
 Lead - 73 '42 
 
 Copper - 2-07 
 
 Arsenic - 3*49 
 
 Antimony - - - 0*19 
 
 Zinc - - - - 16-84 
 
 Iron - trace 
 
 Insoluble residue - 25 
 
 99-39 
 
 Analysed and communicated by J. G. Hochstatter, at Par Smelting 
 Works, Cornwall, 1870. In small earthy lumps. 
 
 1518. Lead rich in silver after distilling off the zinc. 
 
 This is a further stage of the same process. From the Par Smelting 
 Works, 1870. Communicated by J. G. Hochstatter. 
 
 1519. Zinc containing silver from the skimmings of the zinc 
 alloy. 
 
 From the Par Smelting Works. In a fine powder called "scum 
 powder." 
 
 1520. Dross from the softening furnace. 
 
 This is produced in the treatment of the lead contaminated with zinc. 
 It contains the impurities after the lead has been softened by Parkes' 
 process. From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Lead. It is heavy, scoriaceous, and earthy-looking. 
 
 1521. Ingot of desilvered lead now ready for the softening 
 furnace in Parkes' process. 
 
 From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. 
 
181 
 
 1522. Ingot of lead after softening. 
 
 This has had the impurities partially removed (see No. 1518) by 
 heating in the softening furnace, and is now ready for the poling pot. 
 From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 1523. Desilvered softened lead after poling. 
 
 This is the softened lead tapped off from the softening furnace into a 
 cast-iron receiver, where it is " boiled " or poled by submerged wood, 
 and is now ready for the market. From the Llanelly Lead Works, 1859. 
 
 CORDURI'S PROCESS. 
 
 1524. Oxide from near the charging door of the silver blast 
 furnace in Cordurie's process. 
 
 This is produced in the dezincification of lead by steam, passed 
 through the molten mass, whereby the impurities and part of the lead 
 are oxidised, and blow away as powder. It contains 17-85 per cent, 
 of lead, and 37 oz. 11 dwt. of silver to the ton. From the Par Smelting 
 Works, 1870. Communicated by J. Gr. Hochstatter. 
 
 1525. Powdery deposit in the chimney, in Cordurie's process 
 of steaming lead. 
 
 This contains 6-22 per cent, of oxide of lead. From the Par Smelting 
 Works. Communicated by J. G. Hochstatter. 
 
 1526. Another powdery deposit in the chimney, in Cordurie's 
 process of steaming lead. 
 
 From the Par Smelting Works. Communicated by J. G. Hochstatter. 
 
 PURIFICATION OF HARD LEAD. 
 
 1527. Sample of " hard lead." 
 
 Contains antimony, arsenic, copper, nickel, cobalt, and possibly other 
 ingredients. It shows a brilliant crystalline surface on one side, with 
 platy and octahedral crystals. 
 
 1528. Slag lead from Atkins' Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 This is a hard lead, and requires to be softened. It has soft, 
 rounded, radiating fibres. 
 
 1529. Crystals from hard lead, from very coarse ore. 
 They are dull and platy. 
 
 1530. Substance obtained in the liquating of hard lead. 
 
 At the Dee Bank Lead Works, Bagillt. The upper lamellar portion 
 is a speiss ; the lower is in soft small pyritic crystals. Communicated 
 by A. Dick. 
 
 1531. Speiss obtained from the lead smelted in a flowing 
 furnace. 
 
 Contains much antimony, and probably some cobalt. A layer of 
 regulus is seen on the top. 
 
182 
 
 1532. Result of smelting hard lead, with various residual 
 substances, containing lead, mixed with a poor coppery regulus,. 
 to separate copper from the hard lead. 
 
 This mass of hard lead, containing silver, when molten, was left to- 
 cool slowly. It consists of three parts. The top part contains 
 Lead - - 42-22 
 
 Iron - 19-39 
 
 Copper - 11-15 
 
 Antimony - 4 . 93 
 
 Sulphur - - - - 21-41 
 
 99-10 
 
 This is, therefore, a regulus. The middle part is crystalline, 
 granular, and like pig-iron in structure, and of the colour of antimony. 
 
 The lower, largely crystalline, and foliated part, contains 
 Lead- - 57-83 
 
 Tin - 9-40 
 
 Copper 2-44 
 
 Iron - 0-18 
 
 Nickel - - - 0-89 
 
 Antimony - - 27-55 
 
 Arsenic 0-62 
 
 Sulphur 0-52 
 
 99-43 
 
 Analysis by W. J. Ward. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 467,. 
 and Silver and Gold, p. 669. 
 
 1533. Results of experiments on liquating hard lead. 
 
 (1.) Liquated lead : granulated. (2.) Residual lead, last poured out : 
 dull and soft. (3.) Sulphide after liquation : grey dust with pyritous 
 lumps. (4.) Sulphide that first comes to the surface on melting : 
 broadly crystalline and dull. 
 
 1534. Lead liquated from copper, first stage. 
 
 1535. Lead liquated from copper, second stage. 
 
 LEAD FUMES. 
 
 1536. Lead fume from the flue of the smelting furnace. 
 From the Bagillt Lead Works, 1859. This sample is made from 
 
 portions of fume taken at different distances out of the main flue, into 
 
 which the short flues enter, from 10 yards, at intervals of 50 yards. 
 Analysed by W. Weston. 
 
 Protoxide of lead - 46-54 
 
 Sulphide of lead 4-87 
 
 Iron oxide and Alumina 4-18 
 
 Zinc oxide - 1-60 
 
 Lime - 6-07 
 
 Sulphuric acid - 26-51 
 
 Insoluble - 10-21 
 
 99-98 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 451. A reddish-white powder. 
 
183 
 
 1537. Lead fume deposited at the bottom of the stack. 
 
 From the Bagillt Lead Works, 1859. This consists of the mixed fumes 
 of the smelting furnaces and slag-hearth. Analysed by W. Weston. 
 
 Protoxide of lead - - -62-26 
 
 Sulphide of lead 1 05 
 
 Iron oxide and Alumina 3-00 
 
 Zinc oxide - - 1-60 
 
 Lime - 3-77 
 
 Sulphuric acid - 25-78 
 
 Insoluble - - - 1-97 
 
 99-43 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 481. A white powder. 
 
 1538. Lead fame from the slag-hearth. 
 
 From the Bagillt Lead Works, 1859. Taken from the slag-hearth flue 
 before its junction with the main flue. Analysed by W. Weston. 
 
 Protoxide of lead - 46-88 
 
 Iron oxide and Alumina - 10-00 
 
 Zinc oxide - - - 4-14 
 
 Lime- 6-73 
 
 Sulphuric acid - 14 '15 
 
 Insoluble - 14-40 
 
 Carbonaceous matter from fuel 3-37 
 
 99-67 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 451. A grey powder. 
 
 1539. Lead fume as taken from the condenser. 
 
 From the Keld Head Lead Works, Wensleydale, Yorkshire. A 
 dark grey aggregated powder. 
 
 1540. Series of lead fumes from different parts of the same 
 condensing system. 
 
 Probably from the Keld Head Lead Works, Yorkshire. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 
 position not stated. No. 5 from above the little condenser. No. 6 from 
 the top of the chimney. No. 7 from the cistern. No. 8 position not stated. 
 They are light coloured powders of various shades, the darkest being 
 No. 6. 
 
 1541. Four samples of lead fumes from the Alport Lead 
 Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 No. 1 is from the first condensing chamber in connexion with the 
 slag-hearth, and is an aggregated grey dust. Nos. 2-4 are from the 
 return flue, after passing through the condenser. No. 2 is lighter grey. 
 No. 3 nearly white. No. 4 light brown. 
 
 1542. Another series of lead fumes from the Alport Lead 
 Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 Locality in' flue not stated. They nre labelled Nos. 2, 3, 4. No. 2 
 is the darkest ; the others are light brown, or nearly white. 
 
184 
 
 1543. Fume from the cupelling hearth. 
 
 From a German lead works. It is called " Frisch Raust," and is a 
 hite powder. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF SMELTING COMPLEX ORES, CONTAINING LEAD 
 AND OTHER METALS, AS CARRIED ON IN THE HARZ. 
 
 PRIMARY OPERATIONS. 
 
 1544. Compact galena. The lead ore on which the operations 
 are made. 
 
 1545. Once-roasted lead ore, " 1-mal gerostetes Bleierz." 
 It is now brown and lighter. 
 
 1546. Twice-roasted lead ore, " 2-mal gerostetes Bleierz." 
 A dark brown earthy mass. 
 
 1547. Thrice-roasted lead ore, " 3-mal gerostetes Bleierz." 
 In small brown earthy fragments. 
 
 In the preliminary process of roasting the ore, sulphur is given 
 off, which is recovered as below 
 
 1548. Raw sulphur from the roasting, " Rohschwef el." 
 
 Cast into a thin cake. The thrice-roasted ore is smelted with zinc 
 slag. 
 
 1549. Calamine or silicate of zinc from whence the zinc is 
 obtained, " Galmei." 
 
 An impregnated slate. 
 
 1550. Zinc reduced in the process. 
 Covered with a coat of slag. 
 
 1551. Slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 A hard regulus-like mass, with large cavities. 
 
 The products obtained are 
 
 1552. Blast-furnace lead, " WerkbleL" 
 
 The basis of the refining operations. For analysis, see Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Lead, p. 312. 
 
 1553. Furnace accretion, " Ofenbruch." 
 
 Consisting of a mass of minutely crystallised stalactitic impure lead. 
 
 1554. Marl-bottom of the furnace, " Lehmsohle." 
 
 This becomes impregnated with the litharge, and also more or less 
 melted. 
 
 1555. Lead regulus, " Bleistein." 
 
 This contains a portion of the lead which has afterwards to be worked. 
 Tt is a massive slabby substance, and contains the impurities including 
 copper. For analysis, see Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 313. 
 
185 
 
 The next operations are performed upon the blast-furnace lead 
 (No. 1552), refining it by means of cupellation, yielding the 
 following products 
 
 1556. Scum, " Abzug." 
 
 This is the rubbish which forms on the surface of the lead when 
 molten, and consists of a mixture of dark earthy fragments, containing 
 oxide of lead with the impurities which may be present. 
 
 1557. Skimming poor in lead, " Bleiarmer Abstrich." 
 
 A stony decaying mass, consisting mostly of litharge, being formed 
 after the removal of the Abzug ; it is sometimes called " black litharge." 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, pp. 194, 201. 
 
 1558. Skimming rich in lead, " Bleireicher Abstrich." 
 
 An earthy-looking mass, consisting of a purer mixture of litharge 
 with other materials, taken off at a later stage of the cupellation. 
 
 1559. Litharge for reduction, " Frisch-Glatte." 
 
 This is the last product to be driven off and collected in a molten form. 
 It is now white, earthy, and crumbling. 
 
 1560. Brightened silver, " Blicksilber." 
 
 This is the mass that is left after the lead has been oxidised and 
 driven off. When the mass loses the last trace of litharge it suddenly 
 brightens, and is then Blicksilber. This contains numerous large rounded 
 cavities below the surface, formed by the gas which did not escape, and 
 which raises the surface into hills. The whole mass is composed of 
 finely arborescent silver crystals. The upper surface has a thin layer 
 of yellow vitreous oxide of lead. It has been analysed bv R. Smith, and 
 contains 96-95 per cent, of silver. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, 
 p. 196. 
 
 1561. Marketable litharge, " Kauf-Glatte." 
 Consisting of red and white scales of tolerable purity. 
 
 1562. Furnace bottom, " Heerd." 
 
 Marl strongly impregnated with litharge. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lead, p. 203. 
 
 The working up of the Scum, " Abzug." 
 On smelting this the following three substances are produced 
 
 1563. Lead for operations, " Werkblei." 
 A sample of the impure lead. 
 
 1564. Regulus from the scum, " Abzugstein." 
 
 A porous irregular stony mass, containing much metal. 
 
 1565. Slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 A blue glassy mass, with large holes. 
 
186 
 
 The lead thus obtained is now liquated, and produces 
 
 1566. The more purified lead for operations, " Abzugswerk- 
 blei." 
 
 A sample from the lead liquated from the copper and other impurities, 
 except silver. 
 
 1567. Liquation rubbish from the scum, " Abzugsaigerkratz." 
 A mass of mixed materials including charcoal. 
 
 The first of these products is now cupelled as the first lead 
 was, and yields 
 
 1568. The scum, " Abzug." 
 
 This includes all the rubbish that collects on the surface of the molten 
 lead, in separate small pieces. 
 
 1569. First skimming, " Abstrich." 
 A dark impure litharge material. 
 
 1570. Second skimming, (( Abstrich." 
 A solid mass of greenish impure litharge. 
 
 1571. Litharge, " Glatte." 
 
 Flowing off at a later stage as a micaceous mass. 
 
 1572. The residual Blicksilber from this process, to obtain 
 which is its object. 
 
 A swollen doubly convex mass, with a cavity inside and a tail-like 
 process. 
 
 1573. Furnace button, ; ' Heerd." 
 
 Marl, richly impregnated with litharge, and which will be worked up 
 again with it when the litharge is reduced. 
 
 The liquation rubbish is also smelted, and produces a mass of 
 workable lead, some slag, and 
 
 1574. Regulus from the liquation rubbish, " Abzugsaigerkratz- 
 stein." 
 
 A porous crumbling mass, which contains all the copper. 
 
 On smelting and treating this in a suitable manner, there are 
 obtained 
 
 1575. Refinery slag, " Verblasenschlacke." 
 
 A reddish stony mass, which forms the bulk ; and 
 
 1576. The refined copper, " Gaarkupfer." 
 In the form of a long hollow finger. 
 
 1577. Roasted lead regulus, " Gerostete Bleistein." 
 
 This is the result of the first operation. It is then smelted, and yields 
 three products. A dark loose cinder. 
 
187 
 
 1578. Poor lead from liquating, " Armwerke. 
 
 This consists of the lead which has been liquated off, and which con- 
 tains all the silver there was in the copper, but this does not amount to- 
 very much. 
 
 The treatment of the Lead Regulus. 
 
 1579. Slag, Schlacke." 
 
 A blue-tinted compact regulus-like mass, with large flat holes and a 
 blistered surface. 
 
 1580. Furnace regulus, " Rohstein." 
 
 A crystalline |-inch slab, the subject of future operations. 
 
 1581. Black copper, " Schwarzkupfer." 
 
 This is dark and granular in fracture, and requires much refining,, 
 but the operation is not connected with lead. 
 
 The furnace regulus is again roasted, forming roasted regulus, 
 " Rohrost," not in the collection, and afterwards smelted, pro- 
 ducing 
 
 1582. Dark regulus from the roasted regulus, " Rohroststein." 
 
 A thin sub-metallic blistery substance which is again operated on y 
 yielding a second crop of copper. 
 
 1583. Black copper, " Schwarzkupfer." 
 
 Of arborescent crystalline form, to be still further treated for ob- 
 taining copper. 
 
 1584. Slag, Schlacke." 
 
 A light sub-metallic-looking thin sheet with large holes. The black 
 copper when refined yields granulated copper, " Granalien," and 
 refinery slag, '' Verblasenschlacke," but these are not in the collection. 
 
 The dark regulus is again roasted, and yields 
 
 1585. Roasted regulus, " Gerostete Rohroststein " or " Kupfer- 
 rest." 
 
 An irregular cinder-like dark mass. This is afterwards smelted, and 
 yields a third crop of copper. 
 
 1586. Black copper, " Schwarzkupfer." 
 
 A porous mass, forming the final product so far as the lead processes 
 are concerned. 
 
 1587. Thin matt, " Stein." 
 
 A very thin metallic-looking covering with vertical holes, used again 
 in combination with other products. 
 
 1588. Slag, " Schlacke." 
 
 A hard, solid, metallic-looking crust, also worked up again. 
 
188 
 
 1589. Lead regulus, " Bleistein." 
 
 A porous earthy mass. The result of smelting the ores in the blast 
 furnace, Freiberg. 
 
 1590. Roasted lead regulus, " Gerostete Bleistein." 
 
 A cindery brown mass ; the first result of the second operation. 
 
 1591. Lead slag, Bleischlacke." 
 
 A compact dark mass with large holes, glassy below, and with flow 
 lines and fragments above. 
 
 1592. Regulus slag, " Bleisteinschlacke." 
 
 The slag produced in the first operation, a rough mass full of holes, 
 and with fragments of unsmelted ore. 
 
 1593. Litharge refinery slag, " Glattfrischeschlacke.' 
 
 The slag produced in the later refining process ; a very scoriaceous 
 dark mass. 
 
 LEAD WORKING AT MULDNER HUTTE, &c.. FREIBERG. 
 The series from Freiberg (so labelled) is very incomplete. 
 
 1594. Lead regulus, " Bleistein," from Halsbruckner Hiitte. 
 
 This is the result of previous operations on mixed ores containing 
 both copper and lead. A 1^-inch compact slab with cavities. 
 
 1595. Lead regulus, "Bleistein," and speiss from Muldner 
 Hutte. 
 
 This is a porous, dark, heavy mass with mixed metallic contents, and 
 having a thin coating of speiss containing arsenic and antimony. 
 
 1596. Lead speiss, Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 The antimonious lead regulus obtained in smelting. It is a IJ-inch 
 metallic, broadly crystalline slab. 
 
 1597. The lead obtained from the lead regulus, " Bleistein- 
 werke." 
 
 This has to be afterwards subjected to refining processes, and is, there- 
 fore, called " Werke." 
 
 1598. Speiss from Bleistein smelting, Muldner Hiitte. 
 
 Another more massive example of the antimonious regulus, with 
 irregular crystals of a golden colour. 
 
 1599. Lead slag, " Bleischlacke." 
 
 From the lead workings at Muldner Hiitte, but the stage is not 
 stated. It is apparently in part metalliferous. A solid, black, sub- 
 metallic slate. 
 
 1600. Lead obtained from the smelting of coarsely powdered 
 galena, " Schliegwerkblei." 
 
189 
 
 The ore is first ground to coarse powder called " Schlieg," before 
 being smelted : this is the first product of the reduction by iron, it has 
 afterwards to be refined. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 369. 
 
 1601. The first skimmings of the already scorified molten 
 lead, " Abstrich." 
 
 This is the first coating of impurities after the scum, or " Abzug," in 
 the cupellation furnace. Consists of a mixture of litharge and other 
 materials in compact masses. 
 
 1602. The second skimmings of the molten lead, " Abstrich." 
 
 The litharge in this is a more abundant ingredient, and it is more 
 crystalline aud regular, forming a. thin slab. 
 
 1603. Litharge ready for reduction, " Frisch-Glatte." 
 
 A yellow, micaceous, crumbling mass, consisting of the pure litharge 
 after the <f Abstrich " has been drawn off. At a later stage, and by a 
 separate process, it will be reduced again to lead. 
 
 1604. Litharge crystals formed under particular circumstances 
 at this stage. 
 
 A set of loose white flakes. 
 
 1605. Lead reduced from the skimmings and requiring to be 
 refined, " Abstrich-Frisch-Blei." 
 
 1606. Lead derived from the skimmings which contains gold, 
 and which will be treated for its extraction, " Goldgekratz- 
 arbeit." 
 
 1607. Gneiss impregnated with minium from the base of an 
 old furnace at Freiberg. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman. 
 
 1608. Furnace product from Freiberg. 
 
 It consists of arborescent interlacing crystallisations of a dark colour, 
 interspersed with brilliant rhombic prisms. It has not been analysed. 
 Communicated by Mr. Bell. 
 
 1609. Crystallised slag from the lead furnaces at Freiberg. 
 
 It is massive below, but shows a remarkable foliation in its substance ; 
 on the surface are irregularly placed flat plate-like crystals, often 
 arranged in a hopper-shaped manner. Communicated by Mr. Bell. 
 
 1610. Artificially crystallised product from the Muldner Hiitte, 
 Freiberg. 
 
 This has a long columnar fracture and platy crystallisation, and an 
 iridescent surface ; it doubtless contains antimony. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FOKEIGN LEAD SMELTING. 
 
 1611. " Slagged ore " from the lead works at Mechernich, 
 Khenish Prussia. 
 
190 
 
 The materials used in these works are " potters' ore/' " white lead 
 ore," and common ore, and the mixture is first calcined at the cooler 
 part of the furnace ; by this means the lead is oxidised, and when 
 melted with the siliceous ingredients accompany ing it in the hotter part, 
 forms a silicate of lead which is called slagged ore. A. black-spotted 
 glass which has afterwards to be reduced. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Lead, p. 352. 
 
 1612. Crystalline purple slag. 
 
 A pink, crystalline, transparent coating, possibly from the Mechernich 
 Lead Works. 
 
 1613. Crystallised product, from the slag heaps at Mechernich. 
 
 The slagged ore is afterwards smelted in a blast furnace with half its 
 weight of puddling-furnace slags, and half of limestone ; lead and 
 lead regulus is obtained ; the slag left is mostly a silicate of iron in long, 
 black, thin prisms, and is thrown away. Communicated by W. Freche- 
 ville, 1874. 
 
 1614. Banded slag, from the blast furnace at Mechernich. 
 
 This has been obtained from the side of the furnace, and shows stages 
 of crystallisation ; the inner band is composed of flat, triangular, 
 arborescent crystals, intersecting at right angles in a point, forming 
 sharp prismatic ends. Communicated by W. Frecheville, 1874. 
 
 1615. Stalactitic galena which has been melted in the bed of a 
 reverberatory furnace. 
 
 From the works of the Rheinisch-Nassau'sche Actien-Gesellschaft. 
 It shows a large, brilliant, prismatic fracture. Communicated by W. 
 Frecheville, 1874. 
 
 1616. Part of sow (Anglice, " Bear "), from lead smelting in the 
 Rachette Furnace. 
 
 An earthy slag, with fragments of charcoal. Clausthal Silver Hiitte, 
 1873. 
 
 1617. Lead ore for roasting in the small calciner. 
 
 It contains 12 Ibs. 7 ozs. 5 dwts. 8 grains of silver per ton. From the 
 Kalsbruckner Hiitte. 
 
 1618. Roasted ore from small calciner at Halsbruckner Hiitte. 
 
 The charge was 6 cwt., and it was roasted five hours. It consists of 
 hard black fragments and dust. 
 
 1619. Ancient lead slags, from Laurium, Greece. 
 
 Two brown, earthy-looking masses. Communicated by H. G. Bell. 
 
 1620. Impure lead , obtained by fusing the ancient Greek 
 scoria and ekvolades. 
 
 From the Laurium Smelting Works, Greece. Communicated by H. 
 G. Bell. 
 
 1621. Ancient lead slag, now being resmelted at Laurium, 
 Greece. 
 
191 
 
 It is heavy and dark, like a modern roasted ore. Communicated 
 by H. G. Bell. 
 
 1622. Ancient litharge found at Laurium, Greece. 
 
 A very heavy mass, probably containing metallic lead in the centre. 
 Communicated by H. Gr. Bell. 
 
 1623. Lead fame, from Laurium, Greece. 
 
 These masses are in part irregular ; but in some places are in the 
 form of branched column?, which are blue within, but have a white 
 exterior. Each column is banded across by darker and lighter bands, 
 which go across at the same level from one column to another, and they 
 are sometimes broken off at these levels. Thus they have all grown at 
 the same time, and it is probable that when formed the columns were 
 all joined, and that they have separated at a later stage as the fume 
 cooled. Communicated by H. G. Bell. 
 
 1624. Litharge from the lead-refining works at Utah, U.S.A., 
 1875. 
 
 Communicated by H. Blackwell. 
 
 SAMPLES OF METALLIC LEAD. 
 
 1625. Square ingot of lead, showing crystals on the surface. 
 
 These crystals radiate in long bands from the sides and corners, with 
 branches and secondary branches, placed obliquelv. Ingot marked 
 J. M. 
 
 1626. Arborescent crystals of lead, built up into skeleton 
 octahedra. 
 
 From the P^lswick Lead Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Obtained by 
 lifting a large block of lead before it was quite set in the mould. 
 Communicated by E. A. Walker. 
 
 1627. Crystallised lead, obtained experimentally. 
 
 Molten lead is poured into an iron ingot mould, and when set the 
 surface is broken and the ingot inverted, leaving the unsolidified lead to 
 flow out. 
 
 1628. Crystallised lead, obtained in Pattinson's process. 
 
 A sheet with its surface covered by fine tetrahedral points with 
 arborescent sides. Communicated by H. L. Pattinson, 1849. 
 
 1629. Crystallised lead in a prismatic form. 
 
 A cavity in a solid cylinder 4 in. in diameter and 5 in. in length, cast 
 in an ordinary sand mould, showing the crystals. Communicated by 
 H. H. Smith. 
 
 1630. Specimens showing dependence of the fracture of lead 
 on its purity. 
 
 One pair of pieces are unrefined lead, the other pair showing a 
 columnar fracture have been purified by two re-cry -stallisations. Com- 
 municated by Mr. Baker, of Sheffield. 
 
192 
 
 1631. Pig lead, broken to show fracture. 
 
 This is practically pure lead, made by Mr. Baker, of Sheffield, and 
 shows columnar fracture. 
 
 1632. Lead showing columnar structure. 
 
 They are starch -like columns, starting from the sides of a bar and 
 meeting toward the middle. 
 
 1633. Granulated lead, obtained by pouring molten lead into 
 water. 
 
 1634. Finely granulated lead, in powder. 
 
 1635. Sample of the purest possible lead. 
 
 It was made by repeatedly scorifying 100 tons of the purest lead in 
 the Dee Bank Lead Works, Holy well, until it was reduced to 5 tons. 
 Suitable for special experiments on pure lead. Prepared by A. Dick. 
 
 1636. Lead cylinder, out of which bullets are made. 
 
 The fracture is seen to be concentric. This is due to the flowing 
 of the metal at different rates as it cools from the sides. 
 
 1637. Lead without antimony. 
 
 Extraordinarily refined by repeated crystallisation and long melting, 
 whereby the antimony is all oxidized and the lead left whiter. It shows 
 a coarse columnar fracture, of a pure grey tint. 
 
 1638. Lead with a trace of antimony. 
 
 To compare with No. 1637. It shows a finer columnar structure, and 
 has a purplish tint characteristic of the presence of antimony, even 
 when present to the amount of not more than 0-01 per cent. 
 
 1639. Artificial slag lead. 
 
 Produced by adding 0-25 per cent, of antimony to refined lead. The 
 colour is rendered remarkably white on the fracture, and resembles that 
 of ordinary slag lead. The surface of the columns is spotted. 
 
 1640. Antimonial lead. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Keates, of Bagillt Lead Works, Holywell. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Lead- - - 87-58 
 
 Antimony - - 10-38 
 
 Copper 1 52 
 
 Iron - 0-20 
 
 Silver 0-01 
 
 99-69 
 
 The fracture is very irregular, and the antimony is probably not 
 in combination with the lead, but merely mixed as a separable impurity. 
 
193 
 
 1641. Lead free from arsenic poured from a height of about 
 8 feet on to a sheet of paper on the floor. 
 
 The lead is in very irregular fragments of all sizes, only some of 
 which are round. 
 
 1642. Lead containing arsenic poured from a height of about 
 8 feet on to a sheet of paper on the floor. 
 
 The lead is all in round shots, only differing in size. These two 
 samples are the results of experiments in a lecture to working men 
 in 1885 on the influence of arsenic on the properties of lead. 
 
 1643. Lead shot analysed for arsenic. No. 1 shot. 
 
 This contains 0* 133 per cent, of arsenic and 0-030 per cent, of copper. 
 Analysis by R Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 72. 
 
 1644. Lead shot analysed for arsenic. No. 6 shot. 
 
 This contains 1 157 per cent, of arsenic and 284 per cent, of copper. 
 Analysis by R. Smith. See Percy, I.e. 
 
 1645. Five samples of lead contaminated with copper. 
 
 That labelled 3L contains 0*147 per cent, of copper, 11 L contains 
 I)' 375 of copper, 12 L contains 0*445 of copper, 13 L contains 0*368 of 
 copper, nrid 14 L contains the same. From the Snailbeach Mines. 
 Shropshire. 
 
 1646. Boat-shaped ingot of refined lead from Snailbeach 
 Mines, Shropshire. 
 
 1647. Pig of Stanhope lead. Tyne Dock, 1862. 
 
 1648. Snailbeach lead, showing peculiar platy fracture. 
 From Atkins' Works, 1850. 
 
 1649. Pig of Greek lead, marked EAAAS. 
 
 1650. Half a disc of Chinese lead. 
 Brought from Szechuen Province by H. S. Parkes. 
 
 1651. Piece of ancient Roman lead from an open working 
 near Carthagena. 
 
 -Coated over with a crust of litharge by oxidation in* the atmosphere. 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman. 
 
 1652. Piece of antique lead entirely coated with oxide. 
 
 1653. Soft lead from No. 1 best ore. Keld Head Mines, 
 Leyburn. 
 
 1654. Slag lead from grey slag. Keld Head Mines. 
 
 1655. Lead from melting poor slimes. Keld Head Mines. 
 
 1656. Lead from smelting waste ore. Keld Head Mines. 
 
 U 61955. - 
 
194 
 
 1657. Lead from fume-smelting in double-bedded reyerberatory 
 furnace. Keld Head Mines, Ley burn. 
 
 The above five specimens are small ingots, differing little in appear- 
 ance. Communicated by W. Weston. 
 
 1658. Lead from reverberatory furnace. 
 From the Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1659. Unsof fcened lead from tbe slag-hearth. 
 From the Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1660. Lead from the Spanish slag-hearth. 
 From the Bagillt Lead Works, Holy well. 
 
 1661. Lead from the Flintshire Furnace. 
 From the Bagillt Lead Works, Holywell, Flintshire. 
 
 1662. Lead from silver-ore mixture, in irregular droppings. 
 
 1663. Lead from South Australian ore, in irregular droppings 
 
 DEFECTS AND COKROSIONS OF LEAD. 
 
 1664. Lead pipe imbedded for 30 years in the concrete of 
 the Carnivora House in the Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, 
 1870. 
 
 It is thickly coated externally with compact amorphous matter in 
 successive layers, which is yellowish near the surface, and internally 
 bluish or greenish grey. Probably acted on by the animals' urine. 
 Analysed by J. W. Ward. 
 
 Protoxide of lead 
 
 Peroxide of tin 
 
 Water - ... 
 
 Carbonic acid - - - - 
 
 Nitric and nitrous acid 
 
 100-00 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 535. 
 
 1665. Lead pipe from the Houses of Parliament corroded from 
 the outside. 
 
 1666. Lead pipe corroded on the outside to lead oxide. 
 
 This is part of a pipe for the conveyance of cold water at the Houses 
 of Parliament. It was imbedded for several years in Portland cement 
 and was taken out in 1877. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Lead oxide - - 98 '84 
 
 Carbonic acid - ' 70 
 
 Water- - - - 0'73 
 
 100-27 
 
195 
 
 It is a solid red mass without structure, and the remains of the lead 
 pipe within is very thin. Communicated by Mr. Jones, Clerk of the 
 Works. 
 
 1667. The Portland cement in which the corroded lead pipe 
 was laid. 
 
 1668. Piece of disintegrated lead. 
 
 This is from the lead cistern of a railway truck, constructed to carry 
 vitriol in bulk. It has become transversely brittle. 
 
 1669. Piece of old lead pipe showing longitudinal cracks. 
 Contains 0'0072 per cent, of silver. 
 
 1670. Piece of corroded sheet lead. 
 
 Taken from the flange joint of blow-off pipe under No. 10 old boiler, 
 Houses of Parliament. It is very irregularly eaten away. 
 
 1671. Sheet lead corroded into numerous holes. 
 
 This lead was used for lining wooden troughs for soaking cotton in 
 before 1840 in the Cotton Spinning Works of Arkwright and Melville, 
 Matlock Bath. The water used was derived from the millstone grit, 
 and no perforations were observed in another mill where the water was 
 derived from the carboniferous limestone, but the lead was the same. 
 The holes and pits are on the side next the water, and not next the 
 wood. They are from J- in. to T T in. in diameter ; some are very regular, 
 but others are irregular. It has been suggested that they may be due 
 to insects. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 622. Communicated by 
 Mr. Melville, 1840. 
 
 1672. Corrosions of lead into white lead, showing the depen- 
 dence of the colour on the quality of the lead. 
 
 The four samples show different amounts of silver per ton on analysis. 
 No. 1 has 6 dwts. 12 gr. ; No. 2, 13 dwts. 1 gr. ; No. 3, 19 dwts. 14 gr. ; 
 No. 4, 1 oz. 2 dwts. 5 gr. ; and the gradual appearance of a pink tint, 
 due to the presence of the silver, may be detected. Communicated by 
 W. Bnker, Sheffield. 
 
 1673. Corrosion of pure lead with a certain amount of 
 sulphur. 
 
 1674. Corrosion of lead containing 0071 per cent, of copper 
 and * 0029 per cent, of iron. 
 
 1675. Corrosion of lead containing a trace of copper, 0056 per 
 
 cent, of iron, and 1 oz. 16 dwts. 14 gr. of silver to the ton. 
 
 
 
 1676. Corrosion of refined slag lead, containing '0007 per 
 cent, of copper and 0061 per cent, of iron. 
 
 1677. Corrosion of lead, containing 0088 per cent, of copper 
 and 009 per cent, of iron. 
 
196 
 
 1678. Corrosion of lead, containing 0931 per cent, of copper, 
 0092 per cent, of iron, *0376 per cent, of antimony, and '0516 
 per cent, of sulphur. 
 
 These six, Nos. 1673 to 1678, are small white experimental slabs. 
 
 1679. Piece of sheet lead which is broken up into small sub- 
 divisions, where corroded into oxide on one side ; all these are 
 held together by the uncorroded portion on the other side. 
 
 No history is attached to thin specimen ; possibly it is a portion of 
 the lead lining of the cisterns conveying sulphuric acid. See No. 1668. 
 Communicated by Mr. A. Walker. 
 
 ALLOYS OF LEAD. 
 
 1680. Alloy of sixteen and a half parts of lead to four of fcin. 
 Fuses at 500 Fahr, 
 
 1681. Alloy of three parts of lead to one of tin. 
 
 1682. Alloy of eight and a half parts of lead to four of tin. 
 Fuses at 450 Fahr. 
 
 1683. Alloy of two parts of lead to one of tin, called multi- 
 plying metal. 
 
 1684. Alloy of three and a half parts of lead to four of tin. 
 Fuses at 400 Fahr. 
 
 1685. Alloy of one part of lead to three of tin, called multiplying 
 metal. 
 
 1686. Alloy of two parts of lead to one of bismuth. 
 
 It has been hammered put to show its malleability. It broke across 
 on twice bending it in a vice. 
 
 1687. Alloy of 66 parts of lead to 34 of bismuth. 
 
 1688. Alloy of lead containing 20 73 per cent, of arsenic. 
 1,000 grains of granulated lead were melted with an equal amount of 
 
 arsenic. A fusible alloy was formed, which is very brittle and has a 
 crystalline fracture, and soon tarnishes to a black colour. The composi- 
 tion by weight is said to correspond to an arsenide of lead (Pb 3 As), 
 but this is not the case with the modern numbers. Experiment by J. C. 
 Cloud. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 72. 
 
 1689. Alloy of lead containing 38 55 per cent, of arsenic. 
 1,000 grains of lead were kept melted under charcoal, while 2,000 
 
 grains of metallic arsenic were gradually added and stirred in. The 
 temperature was then raised to produce perfect fusion. The ingot weighed 
 1,600 grains. It is brittle, has a crystalline fracture, and soon tarnishes. 
 The composition by weight is said to correspond to an arsenide of lead 
 (Pb As), but this is not the case with the modern numbers. Ex- 
 periment by J. C. Cloud. See Percy's Metallurgy, Lead, p. 72. 
 
197 
 
 1690. Alloy of one part of lead to one of antimony. 
 Shows a coarsely crystalline fracture. 
 
 1691. Alloy containing two equivalents of lead to one of 
 antimony, or 76 2 per cent, lead and 23 8 per cent, antimony. 
 
 Shows a granular fracture. 
 
 1692. Alloy of lead containing five per cent, of aluminium. 
 Eemains quite malleable, but has a whiter tint. 
 
 1693. Attempt at forming an alloy of lead and iron. 
 
 88 parts of lead were melted with 12 parts of iron, or in the pro- 
 portion of two equivalents^of lead to oue of iron, and the mixture 
 allowed to cool. No combination took place, and there is still lead at 
 the bottom and iron at the top. 
 
 1694. Alloy of eight parts of lead, two of antimony, and one 
 and a half of tin. 
 
 Forms stereotype metal. 
 
 1695. Alloy of three parts of lead, five of bismuth, and two 
 of tin. 
 
 Forms the alloy used for stereotype cliches. The pieces are flattened 
 out and impressed. 
 
 1696. Alloy of four parts of lead, one of bismuth, and three 
 of tin. 
 
 This melts at 352 Fahr. 
 
 1697. Alloy of two parts of lead, six of bismuth, and one of 
 tin. 
 
 This melts at 300 Fahr. 
 
 1698. Alloy of equal parts of lead, bismuth, and tin. 
 This melts at 254 Fahr. 
 
 1699. Alloy of five parts of lead with eight of bismuth and 
 three of tin. 
 
 This is known as fusible metal, and melts at 202 Fahr. 
 
 1700. Alloy of one part of lead with two of bismuth and one 
 of tin. 
 
 This melts at 200 Fahr. 
 
 VARIOUS USES OF LEAD AND ITS ALLOYS. 
 
 1701. Spongy lead, suitable for electrical accumulators. 
 
 Williams and Howeli's patent 2573, 1883. This lead is produced by 
 dipping a perforated ladle into a mixture of lead and crystallised lead, 
 and raising it out of the pot and letting the more liquid lead drain out 
 of the bottom ; the lead which is left in the ladle will be porous. Of 
 
198 
 
 the two samples here shown one has had its surface smoothed, and the 
 other has had the outer skin removed to show the internal structure. 
 They are both cut out of a thick block by circular saw. Communicated 
 by Mr. Williams, of Nevill, Druce, and Co.'s Lead Works, Llanelly. 
 
 1702. Jacobsean medal, made of lead. 
 
 Probably of the 17th century. Represents the King with a shield 
 of " passive obedience," against two men, one with a dagger and the 
 word " Burces," and the other going away with the word " separation. 55 
 
 1703. Leaden comb, used for making the hair black. 
 
 1704. Lead pipe coated internally with tin. 
 
 A piece of tin is put into the mould through which the heated viscous 
 lead is forced. From the International Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 1705. Piece of an old Egyptian lead coffin. 
 
 It has become transversely columnar. It contains 2 oz. 4 dwts. 10 
 grains of silver per ton, and a trace of gold. Communicated by the 
 Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich. 
 
 1706. Nail made of a patented alloy, used for fastening slates 
 to roofs. 
 
 Partially analysed by C. Tookey. They contain 77 9 per cent, of 
 lead and 21*1 per cent, of antimony, and a small quantity of zinc. 
 
 1707. Various counterfeit British coins. 
 Composed of various alloys of lead, &c. 
 
 1708. Terra de Siena. 
 
 A yellow-coloured glass composed of silicate of lead, cut into orna- 
 ments as an artificial gem. 
 
 TYPE METALS. 
 
 1709. Higgins' small pica type metal. 
 
 1710. Wilson's small pica type metal. 
 
 1711. Fry's pica type metal. 
 
 1712. Caslon's English type metal. 
 
 These four are broken to show their granular fracture. 
 
 1713. Bolitho's Bombay type metal. 
 
 1714. Type cast in patent hard metal. 
 
 1715. Large ingot of Higgins' small pica. 
 
 1716. Large ingot of Wilson's small pica. 
 
 1717. Large ingot of Caslon's English. 
 
199 
 
 1718. Large ingot of Fry's pica. 
 
 1719. Series of experimental combinations of lead, tin, and 
 antimony. 
 
 Made by C. Tookey with a view to finding the most suitable pro- 
 portions for type metals. About 15,300 grains in each case were taken 
 in all. The lead and tin were melted together first, and the antimony 
 was then added. Stick charcoal was used to form a covering, and then 
 resin was added. The whole was stirred up and poured after clearing 
 back the impurities. 
 
 A. contains no lead, tin 75, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 B. contains lead 10, tin 65, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 C. contains lead 75, no tin, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 D. contains lead 75, tin 5, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 E. contains lead 20, tin 55, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 F. contains lead 30, tin 45, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 0. contains lead 65, tin 10, antimony 25 per cent. 
 H. contains lead 60, tin 15, antimony 25 per cent. 
 
 1. contains lead 40, tin 35, antimony 25 per cent. 
 J. contains lead 50, tin 25, antimony 25 per cent. 
 K. contains lead 55, tin 20, antimony 25 per cent. 
 L. contains lead 45, tin 25, antimony 30 per cent. 
 M. contains lead 50, tin 20, antimony 30 per cent. 
 N. contains lead 70, no tin, antimony 30 per cent. 
 O. contains lead 65, tin 5, antimony 30 per cent. 
 P. contains lead 55, tin 15, antimony 30 per cent. 
 Q. contains lead 60, tin 10, antimony 30 per cent. 
 R. contains lead 40, tin 25, antimony 35 per cent. 
 S. contains lead 45, tin 20, antimony 35 per cent. 
 T. contains lead 65, no tin, antimony 35 per cent. 
 U. contains lead 60, tin 5, antimony 35 per cent. 
 V. contains lead 50, tin 1 5, antimony 35 per cent. 
 W. contains lead 55, tin .10, antimony 35 per cent. 
 
 These vary very considerably in fracture, the most crystalline being 
 W., the finest D. 
 
 1720. Didot's metal. 
 
 Made by C. Tookey, 1861. Contains lead 30, tin 30, antimony 30, 
 and copper 10 per cent. It has a very irregular and platy fracture. 
 
 1721. Series of type castings. Made by combination of the 
 above. 
 
 A. on C., C. on C., J. on C., C. on J., J. on D., A. on Didot, Didot 
 on A. 
 
 1722. Type made from the alloy containing 50 per cent, of 
 lead, and 25 per cent, each of tin and antimony. 
 
200 
 
 1723. Long primer type, No. 11, made in 1846. 
 
 1724. Brevier type, No. 12, made in 184(1. 
 
 1725. Pearl type metal. Made in 1850. 
 
 1726. Two samples of type cast at a high temperature from 
 Didot's metal ; the larger type cast at a slightly higher tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 SILVER. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 1727. Result of heating oxide of silver with charcoal. 
 
 This, shows the reducing power of charcoal. The reaction takes place 
 at different temperatures below 300 C., according to the proportions. 
 The silver is produced in a powdery form. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 1861, p. 17 ; and Silver and Gold, p. 10. 
 
 1728. Silver button from cupellation swollen by included 
 oxygen. 
 
 The silver was reduced from the chloride by heating to fusion with 
 carbonate of soda. The silver thus obtained was cupelled with an equal 
 weight of lead, and left to cool for some time in the muffle. This 
 button of silver was obtained, the " spitting " having occurred over 
 the whole surface of the metal, and a subsequent rising in the weakest 
 portion of the crust. It has been cut off to show that the upper convex 
 surface is not due to any accidental shape of the solid silver, but to a 
 rising produced by the oxygen given off during solidification. Experi- 
 ment by R. Smith, March 1888. 
 
 1729. Repetition of Plattner's experiment on the action of 
 oxygen on finely divided silver at a red heat. 
 
 Three grammes of finely divided silver were carefully mixed with an 
 equal bulk of finely triturated quartz. The mixture was inserted in a 
 glass tube half an inch diameter and two feet long, and the part where the 
 mixture was, was coated with platinum foil to distribute the heat. A 
 current of dry oxygen was passed along the tube for an hour, while the 
 mixture was kept of a moderate red heat by an argand burner. At this 
 temperature the silver has been said to be oxidised and rendered volatile, 
 and then reduced again in the cooler part of the tube, where a metallic 
 mirror has been said to be formed. No such metallic mirror has been 
 produced in this case by Dick and Tookey. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Silver and Gold, p. 19. 
 
 1730. Sulphide of silver in the condition of a powder. 
 
 Prepared by passing hydro-sulphuric acid through a solution of 
 chloride of silver in ammonia. 
 
 1731. Pure sulphide of silver in powder dried at a high 
 temperature. 
 
201 
 
 1732. Sulphide of silver in a solid radially crystalline form. 
 Produced by fusing together silv er and sulphur. 
 
 1733. Result of fusing together silver and sulphide of silver. 
 (Experiment I.) 
 
 A mixture of 648 grains of silver and 248 grains of sulphide of 
 silver was melted uuder charcoal in a clay crucible and there left to cool. 
 The result weighed the same as the mixture, and consists of a layer of sul- 
 phide of silver at the top uncombined, weighing 119 grains, and a com- 
 pound at the bottom weighing 777 grains. It therefore represents a 
 compound of twelve equivalents of silver with one of silver sulphide. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy. Silver and Gold, 
 p. 25. 
 
 1734. Result of fusing together silver and silver sulphide. 
 (Experiment II.) 
 
 260 grains of silver were melted with 100 grains of sulphide. The 
 product was similar to that of Experiment I. The lower layer being 
 analysed gave, silver 83*63 per cent., sulphide of silver 16 '37 per cent. 
 Experiment by Edgar Jackson. See Percy's Metallurgy, l.c. 
 
 1735. Result of fusing together silver and silver sulphide. 
 (Experiment III.) 
 
 Silver and its sulphide were fused together in the proportions of the 
 lower layer as analysed in Experiment II., and a homogeneous metallic 
 product is thus obtained, showing that the two combine in definite and 
 no other proportions. See Percy's Metallurgy, l.c. 
 
 1736. Sulphide of silver produced by fusion not entirely pro- 
 tected from air. 
 
 This has been melted in a covered crucible and left to cool therein. 
 There are numerous barnacle-like protuberances of metallic silver on 
 the surface, produced by the imperfect protection of the fused sulphide 
 from the air, by which it has been partially reduced. Experiment by 
 R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 27. 
 
 1737. Silver precipitated in an arborescent form by means of 
 iron. 
 
 A microscopic slide. Communicated by Mr. Makin, 1872. 
 
 1738. Silver reduced from its chloride by zinc in the cold. 
 In the form of a grey powder. 
 
 1739. Silver reduced from sulphide of silver by hydrogen. 
 
 When heated in a current of hydrogen sulphide of silver is reduced 
 in a capillary form. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 28. 
 
 1740. Silver reduced from sulphide of silver by hydrogen. 
 In a glistening powder. Sealed in 1869. 
 
 1741. Metallic silver produced in burning a filter containing 
 some sulphate of silver. 
 
202 
 
 1742. Result of heating together two equivalents of silver 
 oxide with one of silver sulphide. 
 
 62 grains of the sulphide were heated with 116 grains of oxide of 
 silver in a crucible to the melting point of silver. Metallic silver sepa- 
 rated and was poured out. It weighed 156 grains. Its fracture is 
 bluish grey, partly granular and partly fibrous, and it contains some 
 sulphide of silver, while the total original weight of silver was 162 
 grains. This shows the mutual reduction of these two silver com- 
 pounds. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p. 37. 
 
 1743. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of silver with two of oxide of lead. 
 
 The mixture fused with effervescence, and the metallic alloy pro- 
 duced contains sensibly all the silver and lead in the mixture employed. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 38. 
 
 1744. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of silver with four of oxide of lead. 
 
 62 grains of sulphide of silver were heated with 223 grains of oxide 
 of lead. The same metallic alloy was produced with a fine-grained 
 bluish-grey fracture. It weighed 152 "5 grains, out of 157 *o grains of 
 silver and lead in the original mixture, and there could not therefore be 
 any sensible formation of sulphate of lead. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1745. Result of heating together sulphides of lead and silver. 
 It is a blue-black powder. 
 
 1746. Sulphide of silver which has been cupelled, giving a 
 per-centage of silver from 84 79 to 84 * 702. 
 
 1747. Result of heating together one equivalent of sulphide 
 of silver with one of sulphate of silver. 
 
 62 grains of the sulphide were heated in a clay crucible with 78 
 grains of the sulphate of silver. The mixture fused with effervescence 
 due to sulphurous acid, and produced a metallic button of very white 
 colour and of finely fibrous fracture, weighing 107 * 9 grains, out of 
 108 grains in the original mixture. Practically therefore the whole 
 of the silver is reduced. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 39. 
 
 1748. Silver precipitated by sulphite of soda. 
 
 When solutions of salts of silver are boiled with an excess of alkaline 
 sulphite silver is precipitated in the form of white powder. Experiment 
 by Edgar Jackson. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 48. 
 
 1749. Coating of silver spontaneously deposited from Mr. 
 Wooliiuh's solution of silver in sulphite of potash. 
 
 Sulphite of potash is added to an aqueous solution of nitrate of silver, 
 and the precipitated sulphite of silver is redissolved in excess of the 
 precipitant. From this solution under the action of an electric current 
 
203 
 
 silver is deposited on the surface of glass or earthenware, as well as 
 upon metallic surfaces, but not upon wood, and it is independent of the 
 action of light. It was this discovery of Mr. VVoolrich's, from whom 
 this bottle with the silver coating inside was received in 1845, that laid 
 the foundation of successful electro-plating. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Silver and Gold, p. 48. 
 
 1750. Result of heating sulphide of silver with sulphate of 
 socla. 
 
 62 grains of sulphide of silver have been heated with 71 grains of 
 sulphate of soda and kept heated in a clay crucible at a full red heat 
 for about a quarter of an hour with exclusion of air. A button of 
 sulphide of silver, weighing 61 '92 grains, is produced at the bottom of 
 ' the crucible, showing that no action takes place. Experiment by H. 
 Louis, 1876. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 39. 
 
 1751. Result of heating sulphide of silver with nitrate of 
 potash. 
 
 62 grains of sulphide of silver were heated with 186 grains of nitrate 
 of potash in a clay crucible. Fusion with effervescence occurred at a 
 low red heat. The result was a slag-like mass, and a button of silver 
 weighing 52 * 5 grains. It is white, vesicular and uneven on the surface, 
 by the absorption and evolution of oxygen. There were 54 grains of 
 silver in the sulphide, and there is therefore but little loss. Experiment 
 by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 39. 
 
 1752. Result of heating sulphide of silver with cyanide of 
 potassium. 
 
 62 grains of sulphide of silver and 248 grains of cyanide of potassium 
 were heated in an open clay crucible. The result is a button of 
 metallic silver weighing 45-4 grains (out of 54 in the sulphide). It is 
 white and finely fibrous in fracture. Over this was a brown-red slag 
 containing sulphide of silver. About five sixths of the silver is there- 
 fore reduced. Experiment by R. Smith, 1876. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Silver and Gold, p. 37. 
 
 1753. Result of heating together sulphide of silver and 
 chlorate of potash. (Experiment I.) 
 
 62 grains of sulphide of silver and 248 grains of chlorate of potash 
 were heated in a clay crucible to a temperature below redness. Action 
 occurred after 15 minutes. The product is unfused silver weighing 
 17-95 grains, and slag which darkens on exposure, and. contains 
 chloride of silver 23-82, chloride of potassium 60-98, sulphate of potash 
 14-77 per cent. One third of the silver is thus reduced. Experiment 
 by H. Louis. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 40. 
 
 1754. Result of heating together sulphide of silver and 
 chlorate of potash. (Experiment II.) 
 
 62 grains of sulphate of silver were heated to low redness with 186 
 grains of chlorate of potash. Violent and almost instantaneous action 
 occurred. The result is a slag with spots of silver. The separable 
 silver weighed 13-45 grains, or nearly one fourth of the total silver in 
 the mixture. There are, however, globules in the slag. Experiment by 
 H. Louis. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
204 
 
 1755. Sulphate of silver crystallised from sulphuric acid. 
 
 1756. Sulphate of silver after ignition. 
 A pinkish-brown powder. 
 
 1757. Sulphate of silver fused at a temperature just above 
 redness. 
 
 It is a yellow liquid when molten and becomes crystalline on cooling. 
 If a little sulphide of silver is present it is orange coloured, as here 
 seen. Experiment by H. Louis. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p. 44. 
 
 1758. Silver reduced from sulphate of silver by copper. 
 
 A granular mass of loose metallic silver. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 1759. Selenide of silver. 
 
 Produced by fusing 41-6 grains of silver with L5-9 grains of selenium. 
 H. Louis, 1876. 
 
 1760. Silver containing 3 75 per cent, of selenium. 
 
 25-7 grains of pure silver and one grain of selenide of silver, as above, 
 were placed in a small clay crucible, closed by plug of charcoal, heated 
 for 10 minutes to bright redness, and allowed to cool gradually. The 
 button weighs 26-67 grains. It is moderately malleable and has a 
 crystalline surface. Experiment by H. Louis, 1876. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 53. 
 
 1761. Silver containing * 375 per cent, of selenium. 
 
 26-6 grains of pure silver and 1 grain of the selenide were treated 
 in the same way. The button weighs 26-67 grains. The fracture is 
 whiter, the surface not so crystalline, and the metal is very malleable. 
 Experiment bv H. Louis. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 53. 
 
 1762. Chloride of silver dried to a dirty white powder. 
 
 1763. Chloride of silver obtained by exposing silver leaf to 
 the action of chlorine gas. 
 
 This is more or less discoloured, very little is white. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 61. 
 
 1764. Chloride of silver resembling " horn silver." 
 
 This is in the form of a thin hard plate, which was found after the 
 lapse of about three weeks at the bottom of a vessel at the Mint, con- 
 taining a strong solution of nitrate of silver with free nitric acid, to 
 which hydrochloric acid had been added. Communicated by Prof. W. 
 C. Roberts Austen. 
 
 1765. Result of fusing together chloride of sil\ 7 er and chloride 
 of sodium. 
 
 47-8 grains of chloride of silver and 117 grains of rock salt, i.e., 
 quantities in the ratio of one equivalent of the former to six of the latter, 
 were kept fused at a low red heat for 20 minutes in a glass tube placed 
 
205 
 
 vertically in a crucible. The result is highly crystalline, apparently 
 homogeneous with a metallic taste and darkening on exposure to sunlight. 
 Experiment by II. Louis, 1876. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p. 63. 
 
 1766. Coins showing the formation of chloride of copper by 
 long exposure to damp earth. 
 
 They are of Edward the Confessor's reign, and have become brittle. 
 They are partially coated with a thin crust, leaving the rest of the sur- 
 face bright. The whole of one coin weighed 21-02 grains. This was 
 washed with ammonia water and the washings analysed, giving the 
 following results : 
 
 Original metal 
 Chloride of silver 
 Oxide of copper 
 Oxychloride of copper ? 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 100-00 
 
 Analysis by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Grold, p. 87. 
 
 1767. Experiment to show the formation of chloride of silver 
 by the action of chloride of copper on metallic silver. 
 
 A strip of metallic silver was heated to redness and put into a glass 
 tube containing an aqueous solution of chloride of copper, which was 
 boiled and sealed in hermetically after two years, during which the tube 
 had been more or less exposed to daylight. The solution had become 
 dark, and the strip of silver (here shown) was coated with a dark crust, 
 which is crystalline under a lens. This crust dissolves in aqueous 
 solution of ammonia without turning it blue, and on addition of nitric 
 acid in excess a copious white precipitate of chloride of silver was 
 formed. Experiment by J. Percy, 1853-5. See his Metallurgy, Silver 
 and Gold, p. 70. 
 
 1768. Experiment to show the formation of chloride of silver 
 by the action of the chlorides of copper and sodium. 
 
 The same method was pursued as in the last experiment, but with the 
 addition of salt to the solution. After two years the solution was found 
 to be dark brown, and the silver sheet (here shown) is covered with 
 shining crystalline particles, apparently cubical, much larger than before. 
 It has the consistency of horn silver. It dissolves as before in ammonia, 
 and is precipitated by nitric acid, showing the presence of the chloride 
 of silver. The brown colour of the solution being due to cuprous 
 chloride. Experiment by J. Percy. See his Metallurgy, I.e., p. 71. 
 
 1769. Result of exposing sulphide of silver, immersed in 
 chloride of copper, to air. 
 
 This remained exposed from August 1855 to January 1856, and there 
 is now a light green deposit with portions of the unaltered silver sul- 
 phide. This deposit when dissolved in ammonia had a blue colour, and 
 was precipitated by nitric acid, showing it to be chloride of silver. 
 Experiment bv A. Dick. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 74. 
 
206 
 
 1770. Formation of chloride of silver from sulphate of silver. 
 
 104 grains of sulphate of silver and 39 grains of chloride of sodium 
 were kept molten during 15 minutes. The upper and outer band has a 
 pink tint, darkening on exposure to light, and consists mainly of sul- 
 phate of soda. The lower layer was at first yellow, but is now dark by 
 exposure to light. It is crystalline, sectile, and horny, and is nearly 
 entirely chloride of silver. Experiment by H. Louis, 187t>. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 87. 
 
 1771. A mixture of silver sulphide, copper chloride, and com- 
 mon salt exposed in solution to the air for five years. 
 
 The mixture is now a green liquid and with a white precipitate. 
 
 1772. Compound ? produced by the action of silver on mercuric 
 chloride, in proportions to form silver chloride and mercurous 
 chloride. 
 
 1773. Sulphide of silver derived from silver chloride. 
 
 In the form of a black powder. By acting on the chloride dissolved 
 in sulphate*of soda by hydrochloric acid. 
 
 1774. Action of sulphide of lead on chloride of silver. 
 
 A mixture of these two compounds, in proportion of one equivalent 
 of each, was fused in a hard glass tube at a dull red heat. The fused 
 mass consisted of two layers : the upper one, almost entirely soluble in 
 water, was mostly chloride of lead ; the lower layer is black, dense and 
 sectile, soluble in nitric acid, and is mostly sulphide of silver, containing 
 72 '53 per cent, of silver out of the 87-1 per cent, it would contain if 
 it were pure. Experiment by U. Louis. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver 
 and Gold, p. 101. 
 
 1775. Bromide of silver formed by acting on silver leaf by the 
 vapour of bromine. 
 
 Grey metallic fragments, retaining the form of the leaf. 
 
 1776. Result of heating together silver and phosphorus. 
 
 To 501 grains of molten silver in a clay crucible, 200 grains of red 
 phosphorus were added in successive portions with stirring. After the 
 surface had become smooth, the metallic mass on cooling rose in the 
 crucible to nearly double its volume, giving out phosphorus vapour. It 
 is vesicular in the upper part and solid underneath. The metal in the 
 upper part is rather yellowish white and crystalline, in the lower part it 
 is clearer white and more solid. The upper part was found to contain 
 0-293 per cent, of phosphorus, and to contain 0-072 per cent, of phos- 
 phorus in addition in the form of phosphoric acid in the cavities. The 
 lower part contained 0-207 per cent, of phosphorus. Experiment by 
 R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 137. 
 
 1777. Silver compound analogous to the purple of Cassius. 
 
 If hydrated peroxide of tin is stirred into a thin milky liquid, a 
 neutral solution of nitrate of silver added, and the mixture gently 
 heated, this substance, purplish-brown when dried, is produced, con- 
 sisting of stannate of tin and stannic hydrate, or possibly of the latter 
 
207 
 
 only and metallic silver. Experiment by H. Louis. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 128. 
 
 1778. Arsenide of silver. 
 
 501 grains of silver were melted under charcoal in a clay crucible, 
 and 201 grains of metallic arsenic added in three successive portions. 
 The metallic mass was well stirred till the surface was tranquil and then 
 allowed to cool. The product is hard and brittle, its fracture is granular 
 and slightly crystalline, dark iron-grey, and dull in lustre, but becoming 
 bright by burnishing. It contains silver 8] '46 per cent, and arsenic 
 18 '54 per cent., and corresponds therefore approximately to the formula 
 Ag 3 As. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver 
 and Gold, p. 139. 
 
 1779. Compound of three equivalents of silver and one of 
 antimony. 
 
 162 grains of silver were melted under charcoal in a clay crucible, 
 and 61 grains of antimony added by degrees. The metal was well 
 stirred, and taken out of the furnace to cool. The product weighed 
 222 8 grains, showing a loss of two grains. It is harder than silver, 
 its fracture is largely crystalline, and its colour is bluish white. Ex- 
 periment by R. Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 143. 
 
 1780. Compound of four equivalents of silver and one of 
 antimony. 
 
 216 grains of silver and 61 grains of antimony were operated upon 
 in a similar manner to the last. The product weighed 276 grains, show- 
 ing a loss of one grain. The colour is greyish white, but otherwise the 
 product resembles the last. Experiment by R. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1781. Compound of six equivalents of silver to one of 
 antimony. 
 
 162 grains of silver and 30-5 grains of antimony were similarly acted 
 on. The product weighed 192 grains, showing loss of -5 grain. Its 
 fracture is granular and the colour greyish white. Experiment by R. 
 Smith. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1782. Result of heating together oxide of silver and oxide of 
 antimony in atmospheric air. 
 
 A mixture of equal bulks of the two oxides was heated to low redness 
 in a glass tube open at both ends, and slightly inclined so that a current 
 of air kept passing through it. The product is a dull greenish-grey 
 mass, which gives reduced silver when heated in a closed tube ; 19-165 
 grains of this on analysis gave 5 '31 5 grains of chloride of silver and 
 10-713 grains of antimony, corresponding to 22-44 per cent, oxide of 
 silver and 75 87 per cent, antimonic acid. Experiment by H. Louis. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 146. 
 
 1783. Antimoniate of silver heated. 
 A greenish-grey powder. 
 
208 
 
 1784. Alloy of silver and antimony in the proportion of one 
 equivalent each. 
 
 42 per cent, of silver and 58 per cent, of antimony were heated 
 together, producing a dark grey brittle mass. Experiment by G. H. 
 Hochstatter. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 147. 
 
 1785. Calcined alloy of silver and antimony. 
 
 The alloy produced in the last experiment was finely powdered and 
 heated, with free access of air. The product, is brownish yellow, and 
 contains metallic silver. On analysis it contains 
 
 Oxide of silver - - 34 
 
 Metallic silver - - - 37-20 
 
 Antimonious acid - - -62-89 
 
 100-43 
 Experiment by G. H. Hochstatter. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1786. Alloy of silver and antimony calcined with ferrous 
 sulphate. 
 
 A mixture of 50 grains of the finely powdered alloy (prepared as in 
 No. 1784) and 20 grains of dry ferrous sulphate was calcined in air. 
 The product is a dark brown powder, containing metallic silver. Its 
 analysis gives 
 
 Metallic silver - - 30-92 
 
 Ferric oxide - - - 15-23 
 
 Antimonious acid - 53-90 
 
 100-05 
 
 1787. Metal produced in an attempt to prepare silicide of 
 silver. 
 
 Contains 92-04 per cent, of silver, 4-90 per cent, of lead, 0-15 per 
 cent of aluminium, and 2-77 per cent, of uncombined silicon. Experi- 
 ment by L. Jackson, 1875. 
 
 SILVER ORES. 
 
 1788. Silver ore from Avrastras, Real del Monte. 
 
 1789. Silver ore for amalgamation. 
 Contains 171 oz. 3 dwt. 21 gr. to the ton. 
 
 1790. Pyrargyrite, ground, a sulphide of silver and antimony. 
 
 1791. Proustite, ground, a sulphide of silver and arsenic from 
 MarienLerg. 
 
 1792. Silver ore from Valparaiso. 
 
 Containing 30 per cent, of silver in the form of ground chloride ; also 
 some arsenic. 
 
209 
 
 1793. Fused chloride of silver from Africa. 
 
 Probably from sand containing it. Communicated by Rose, Norton, 
 and Co. 
 
 1794. Silver-lead ore from Spanish Mine, Bingham Canon, 
 Utah. 
 
 A soft grey stone. 
 
 1795. Silver-lead ore from Davenport Mine, Little Cottonwood 
 District, Utah. 
 
 A dark heavy sub-metallic mass. 
 
 1796. Silver-lead ore from Miner's Delight Mine, East Canon, 
 Ophir Mining District, Utah. 
 
 Grey and scoriaceous. 
 
 1797. Silver ore from MoHeriry's Mine, Parley's Park Canon, 
 Utah. 
 
 Grey and sub-metallic. Communicated by the Utah Mining Company. 
 
 1798. Mass of brown quartz sh owing ciystals of native silver. 
 New South Wales. 
 
 1799. Silver-lead ore from San Juan Mine, Mexico. 
 
 Analysed by R. Smith. Contains 63 per cent, of lead and 44 oz. 
 3 dwt. 17 gr. silver to the ton of ore. Communicated by Stevenson 
 Forbes, Llandudno. 
 
 1800. Silver ore from Morning Star Mine, Butte, Montana. 
 
 In a gnngue of pyritous quartz. In 1881 this mine had produced 
 600 tons of ore, containing 135 oz. silver and 1 oz. gold to the ton. 
 Communicated by W. A. Clarke. 
 
 1801. Ore containing zinc, copper, and iron. Butte, Montana. 
 
 Dark and sub-metallic, yields 160 oz. silver to the ton. Communi- 
 cated by W. A. Clarke. 
 
 1802. Silver ore from Mintton Mine, Butte, Montana. 
 Massive and speckled. Produce $45 worth of silver per ton, 
 
 1803. Silver ore. Lexington Mine, Butte, Montana. 
 An earthy gossan. Communicated by W. A. Clarke. 
 
 1804. Ruby silver ore from Sheridan Mine, San Miguel 
 County, Colorado, U.S.A. 
 
 In a massive quartzose gangue. 
 
 1805. Silver ore from Mexico. 
 
 Earthy brown ore containing sulphide of silver, in the rough state ; 
 some is ground to powder for the purposes of amalgamation. 
 U 61955. 
 
210 
 
 1806. Silver chloride ore, or horn silver. 
 
 From "Big Pittsburg Mine," Leadville, Colorado, U.S.A. ; very rich 
 in chloride of silver. Heavy, brown, and earthy. Communicated by 
 Dr. Johnson. 
 
 1807. Silver ore from Little Sliver Mine, Leadville. Colorado, 
 U.S.A. 
 
 Brown and ochreous. Contains chloride of silver. 
 
 1808. Silver ore from Kobert E. Lee Mine, Leadville. Colorado, 
 U.S.A. 
 
 Red and ochreous. Contains chloride of silver. 
 
 1809. Bismuth -silver ore from the Geneva district, Colorado. 
 A dark grey brecciated vein. 
 
 THE SMELTING OF SILVER GEES. 
 
 SERIES of SPECIMENS showing the Method of Silver-working at 
 the Morfa Silver Works, South Wales. Supplied by the 
 late Richard Pearce when Manager, 1869. 
 
 1810. Mixed silver ore ground to powder. 
 
 This contains about 400 ounces of silver to the ton. It is smelted 
 with the two succeeding specimens. 
 
 1811. Crushed slag metal. 
 
 This consists of dark fragments derived from the silver-ore slag after 
 smelting it with mundic. It forms part of the mixture for the primary 
 smelting. 
 
 1812. Gossan, 
 
 Surface- weathered product, used to form part of the mixture for the 
 primary smelting of the ores. 
 
 1813. Silver metal regulus. 
 
 20 cwts. of mixed silver ore, 10 cwts. of crushed slag metal, and 
 5 cwts. of gossan are smelted together, and the products are this black 
 porous regulus, containing about 2 5 per cent, of silver and 10 per cent, 
 of copper, and the following slag. 
 
 1814. Silver-ore slag. 
 
 Accompanying the regulus No. 1813. A black glass taken from the 
 top of the slag where rapid cooling occurs. 
 
 1815. Silver-ore slag. 
 
 Accompanying the regulus No. 1813. Taken from the middle of the 
 slag. It contains, on an average, about 10 ounces of silver to the ton. 
 Massive, black, and vacuous. 
 
211 
 
 1816. Mundic to smelt with the silver-ore slag. 
 
 The products are the slag metal used in the primary smelting, and 
 the next substance. 
 
 1817. Slag from smelting silver-ore slag (Nos. 1814, 1815) 
 with mundic (No. 1816). 
 
 A massive, black, compact slag, said to be clean, i.e., not to contain 
 any metal worth extracting. 
 
 The final product of the smelting process is No. 1813; this is then 
 treated by Ziervogel's process for the extraction of the silver as sulphate. 
 
 1818. Silver-metal regulus, ground and passed through a sieve 
 of 60 holes to the linear inch. 
 
 1819. Ground silver-metal regulus calcined for eight hours. 
 
 The silver which is present in the form of sulphide is thus converted 
 into a soluble sulphate, while the copper, iron sulphides, &c. with which 
 it is contaminated become sulphates sooner, and are now converted into 
 insoluble oxides. 
 
 1820. Residue after washing No. 1819 with hot water for 
 about 12 hours. 
 
 The sulphate of silver is by this washing extracted in a soluble form, 
 and this residue contains about * 20 per cent, only of silver (= 65 oz. to 
 the ton) and 10 per cent, of copper. 
 
 1821. Silver in flakes as precipitated from the solution of the 
 sulphate by plates of copper. 
 
 1822. Silver precipitate after washing with dilute sulphuric 
 acid. 
 
 This washing separates the copper and copper oxide, and the residue, 
 a clear silver-white powder, is fit for melting, and should contain 
 99*80 per cent, of silver. 
 
 The larger amounts of silver having thus been extracted, further 
 processes are resorted to for the extraction of the residue, and the metal 
 contained in poorer ores ; the following 15 specimens (Nos. 1823 to 
 1837) illustrate this process. They are all communicated by Mr. E. 
 Pearce, of the Morfa Silver Works, South Wales. 
 
 1823. Mixture of argentiferous ores, raw and calcined. 
 
 This contains about 5 per cent, of copper and 4 to 5 oz. of silver to 
 the ton. This is mixed with " sharp " slag (see No. 1829) in the pro- 
 portion of 30 cwt. of the former to 5 cwt. of the latter. 
 
 1824. Ore metal from smelting No. 1823. 
 
 It is solid, sub-metallic, with a brownish lustre, and is full of cavities ; 
 it contains about 38 per cent, of copper and 30 oz. of silver to the ton. 
 
 1825. Slag accompanying the ore metal, No. 1824. 
 
 It is a crystalline black slag with small cavities, and is thrown away 
 as worthless. 
 
 o 2 
 
212 
 
 1826. Ore metal (1824) crushed and calcined during 30 
 hours. 
 
 1827. White metal. 
 
 This is obtained by smelting No. 1826 with siliceous argentiferous ore 
 rich in^ copper, or " cobbing " (old bricks, &c.). It is black, heavy, and 
 glistening, and usually contains about 70 per cent, of copper and 80 oz. 
 of silver to the ton, in the form of sulphides. 
 
 1828. Sharp slag, 
 
 A solid mass without grain or obvious crystallisation, except at the 
 surface, which is covered with a loose aggregation of arborescent 
 crystals, in the form of minute octahedra of magnetite (?), with a few. 
 brown transparent plates of iron-silicate. 
 
 1829. Sharp slag. 
 
 This is the other product which accompanies No. 1827. It is blue 
 black, brilliantly metallic, with crystals in the cavities, and is used for 
 the primary smelting in this process. See No. 1823. 
 
 The white metal is then subjected to ZiervogeFs process for the 
 extraction of the silver as sulphate. 
 
 1830. White metal crushed previous to calcination. 
 
 1831. Crushed white metal after calcination for 24 hours, 
 
 1832. Calcined white metal, ground and passed through ,** 
 sieve with 80 holes to the linear inch. 
 
 1833. The ground calcined white metal recalcined for the 
 production of sulphate of silver. 
 
 This has been calcined four additional hours, whereby the silver 
 sulphides become sulphates, and the already produced copper sulphates 
 become oxides. 
 
 1834. Residue after washing out the sulphate of silver. 
 
 It usually contains about 24 oz. of silver to the ton,, which has not 
 been converted into sulphate by the process. The sulphate is treated 
 with copper plates as before. This residue is then subjected to 
 Augustin's process for the extraction of the silver as chloride. 
 
 1835. Product of the calcination of JS [ o. 1834 with salt for 
 the production of chloride of silver. 
 
 1836. Residue after washing No. 1835 with strong hot 
 solution of salt. 
 
 This salt solution removes the silver chloride, and this residue 
 contains about 6 oz. silver to the ton, 
 
 1837. Silver precipitated as a grey powder from chloride 
 solution by copper plates. 
 
 It is afterwards boiled with hydrochloric acid, to separate copper and 
 lead. This is the final product of the process, and is melted with the 
 silver obtained by precipitation in the Ziervogel process. 
 
213 
 
 1838. Blister copper obtained by melting the residue (No. 
 1836) with coal. 
 
 It is sent to the copper works. For the whole process thus illus- 
 trated, see J. A. Phillips' Mining and Metallurgy of Silver and Gold, 
 p. 409, &c. 
 
 1839. Four varieties of regains obtained by smelting various 
 South American silver ores at Liverpool. 
 
 They contain a great variety of metals, and are not further dealt 
 with in the works where they are smelted. They are all reduced ta 
 powder. 
 
 1840. Argentiferous regulus for the Ziervogel and Augustin 
 processes. 
 
 Two specimens from Morfa Silver Works, 18fi9, really duplicates of 
 No, 1827* but of rather different aspect. One is massive, with 
 brilliant platy crystals ; the other compact dark brown, with cavities. 
 
 1841. Matt from smelting mixed silver ore. 
 
 No locality given. A speiss-like 1-inch slab with irregular cavities. 
 
 1842. Slag from smelting silver ore in the flowing furnace. 
 Ground to a coarse black powder. 
 
 1843. Slag from Grant Smelting Company, Leadville. 
 Very solid, and with a brown lustre. 
 
 1844. Kegulus from smelting silver ores. 
 
 It is speiss-like, with irregular cavities, in a 1^-inch slab. It consists 
 of sulphides and arsenides of iron, &c. 
 
 1845. Slag from smelting argentiferous residues from zinc 
 pots. 
 
 The zinc is derived from blende, and iron pyrites is used to collect 
 the silver. Two specimens of dull opaque, semi-vitreous substance^ 
 with a scoriaceous surface. 
 
 1846. Argentiferous and auriferous copper matt. 
 
 A solid, crystalline, sub-metallic mass, called (i white metal," ready 
 for " stripping." Black Ha*,vk, Colorado. 
 
 1847. Argentiferous copper matt. 
 
 A thick copper slab, scoriaceous in parts, called "purple metal," 
 After stripping the white metal. Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 
 1848. Gold and silver regulus slag. 
 
 Produced in the process of smelting " sweeps " from gold and silver- 
 smiths' shops. At Betts' Refinery, Birmingham, 1845. It consists of 
 a compact matt below, and a coating of reddish-black glass above. 
 
 1849. Lead slag used in gold and silver sweep refining at 
 Betts' Refinery, Birmingham. 
 
214 
 
 It contains a certain amount of lead, and this extracts the gold and 
 silver from the " sweep " on smelting. It is grey, earthy, and scori- 
 aceous, with crystals in the cavities, and is probably from Derbyshire. 
 See No. 1488. 
 
 1850. Slag from " sweep " refinery. 
 
 From Bett's Works, Birmingham. Contains numerous black acicular 
 crystals. These appear to be the crystals measured by Professor Miller, 
 and described by Dr. Percy in the Eeport for 1846 to the British 
 Association on Crystalline Slags. They belong to the oblique system, 
 and are not identified with any known mineral. 
 
 AMALGAMATION PROCESSES. 
 
 1851. Roasted ore ready for amalgamation. Freiberg. 
 A brown powder. 
 
 1852. Silver amalgam squeezed. 
 
 Contains one-sixth part of silver, and is now ready for retorting. 
 Comstock Mines. Communicated by R. J. Frechville. 
 
 1853. Crude bullion, or retorted amalgam. 
 
 From " Crown Point Mine," Comstock Lode, Nevada, U.S.A. A 
 rough button, containing about 94 per cent, of silver and 4 per cent, 
 of gold. Communicated by R. J. Frechville. 
 
 1854. Silver obtained as a solid button by heating the solid 
 amalgam. 
 
 Mexican amalgamation method. 
 
 1855. Arborescent silver, " Ausglich silber." 
 
 Solid below, with parallel black stalactites. From the Halsbruckner 
 Amalgamation Works, Freiberg. 
 
 REFINING SILVER BY CUPELLATION. 
 
 1856. " Vegetable silver." 
 
 This has " spit " into a remarkable rose-like form. In the process 
 of refining silver by mixing it with lead, and then cupelling, the silver, 
 as it becomes refined, absorbs a large quantity of oxygen, and towards 
 the end of the process this oxygen is given out again like steam from 
 water, and throws the silver into fantastic shapes. From the Black 
 Hawk Silver Works, Colorado, 1875. For an account of this form 
 of silver, see Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 14. Communi- 
 cated by R. Pearce. 
 
 1857. Refined silver, in an irregular cup-like form, of a 
 brilliant metallic white. 
 
 This has spit in a similar manner. In the accompanying tube is 
 shown the trace of gold obtained from 102-13 grains of this silver. 
 
 1858. Two cupel buttons of silver. 
 
215 
 
 ABNORMAL PRODUCTS IN SILVER WORKS. 
 
 1859. Slag containing reduced silver in hollow cavities. 
 
 No history is attached to this; it is dark, earthy, porous, and brown. 
 
 1860. Silver-ore slag, containing arsenious acid and metallic 
 arsenic. 
 
 A black cinder-like mass, with crystalline arsenic in small cavities. 
 From the Morfa Silver Works, 1869. See No. 1835. Communicated 
 by R. Pearce. 
 
 1861. Silver-ore slag, containing metallic arsenic in cavities 
 on the surface, 
 
 This slag was formed from smelting silver ores, containing a large 
 quantity of arsenic ; it was tapped from the furnace, and allowed to 
 remain in the bed for 36 hours. It is accompanied by small selected 
 crystals of arsenic. Morfa Silver Works, 1866. Communicated by R. 
 Pearce. 
 
 1862. Argentiferous and auriferous copper matt, 
 
 " Coarse metal." From Boston and Colorado Works, Black Hawk, 
 Colorado. Compact, brown, sub-metallic, with fine holes. This and the 
 eight following (Nos. 1863-1870) were all communicated by R. Pearce, 
 
 1875.. 
 
 1863. Furnace bottom product containing free gold visible in 
 the cracks of the compact rock. 
 
 Black Hawk, Colorado. (Three specimens.) 
 
 1864. Furnace bottom product containing metallic, brilliant 
 white plates and octahedra in a thin sheet. 
 
 Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 
 1865. Furnace bottom product with purple - tarnished 
 octahedral crystals in small cavities. 
 
 Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 
 1866. Argentiferous copper matt with the surface showing 
 octahedral crystals. 
 
 Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 
 1867. Argentiferous and auriferous copper matt with the 
 surface showing arborescent crystals, arranged in skeleton 
 octahedra. 
 
 Boston and Colorado Works, Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 
 1868. Crystals from a silver-smelting furnace bottom. 
 
 They came from immediately above the brickwork of the arch 
 forming the vault of the furnace, below the furnace bottom proper, and 
 from a part that had not been disturbed for five or six years. The 
 crystals are partly dark octahedra, resembling bornite, and partly 
 
216 
 
 brilliant white platy crystals, a rough analysis of which gives silver 
 40 per cent., lead 40 per cent., and gold 3 per cent. Black Hawk, 
 Colorado. 
 
 1869. Artificial galena. 
 
 From a furnace bottom, smelting silver ores at Black Hawk, Colorado. 
 The furnace bottom is composed of pieces of gneiss, in the interstices 
 between which the galena is also found. 
 
 1870. Artificial galena with white crystals on the surface. 
 
 From Black Hawk, Colorado. Compare No. 1868. The galena 
 crystallises perpendicular to the surface of a dark stony mass. 
 
 1871. Crystals resembling olivemte from a furnace bottom. 
 
 They are from a metal furnace bottom which had been working five 
 years, and are formed on some bricks immediately resting on the arcli 
 supporting the bottom. Two specimens showing a bluish incrustation 
 of small crystals. From the Morfa Silver Works, Swansea, 1870. 
 This and the following eleven (1872-1882) were all communicated 
 by B. Pearce. 
 
 1872. Artificial copper pyrites from a furnace bottom. 
 
 The massive dark yellow crystalline substance has the appearance, 
 specific gravity, and composition of copper pyrites. It is from an ore 
 furnace which had been in work four years, and occurred sparingly in 
 some vertical joints and fissures. Morfa Silver Works, 1870. 
 
 1873. Substance resembling copper pyrites from a furnace 
 bottom. 
 
 Morfa Silver Works, 1870. It is a cracked mass of matt, the surface 
 of the cracks and of some stalactitic droppings are coloured a metallic 
 yellow, but this appears to be superficial. 
 
 1874. Furnace bottom product. 
 
 Morfa Silver Works, 1870. A calcined lump showing green 
 radiating crystals of some copper salt. 
 
 1875. Substance resembling iron pyrites from a furnace 
 bottom. 
 
 Morfa Silver Works, 1870. Compact and massive, of a rather dull 
 brownish-yellow colour, 
 
 1876. Crystallised sharp slag. 
 
 The surface mainly consists of brilliant flat plates overlapping each 
 other, and arranged so as to form a hollow box with prismatic edges. 
 Here and there on the surface are clusters of dull octahedra. It 
 thus resembles the crystalline forms of the silicates of iron formed 
 in iron furnaces. From Morfa Silver Works, 1870. 
 
 1877. Crystallised sharp slag. 
 
 The whole of the surface is covered with needle-like outgrowths, 
 each of which is composed of a large number of superposed octahedral 
 
217 
 
 crystals, possibly of magnetite, but having a peculiar tarnish. From 
 Morfa Silver Works, 1870. 
 
 1878. Speiss from an old furnace bottom at Morfa Silver 
 Works. 
 
 The long prismatic crystals resembling stibnite have a specific gravity 
 of 7 308, and have been analysed by Mr. Holdich at the Morfa Works, 
 and yield 
 
 Arsenic - - 43*75 
 
 Antimony - 20-95 
 
 Copper - 12-50 
 
 Iron - - 12-85 
 
 Nickel and Cobalt - 4-90 
 
 Bismuth, Lead, and Silver - 3-00 
 
 Sulphur - 2-30 
 
 100-25 
 
 1879. Another example of a similar speiss. 
 
 In this case the brilliant prismatic crystals are interspersed with and 
 overgrown up some dull tinted arborescent crystals. Morfa Silver 
 Works, 1870. 
 
 1880. Black scale-like crystals on the surface of a furnace- 
 brick. 
 
 It is suggested that these crystals are oxide of copper pseudomorphous 
 after chloride of copper. They occurred on the surface of and 
 impregnating old bricks which formed part of a salting calciner at 
 the Morfa Silver Works, 1869. 
 
 1881. Crystals of cupreous oxide formed on the surface of the 
 copper plates used to precipitate silver from its sulphate 
 solution. 
 
 They are scales off the plates, with a minutely crystalline surface. 
 From the Morfa Silver Works, 1869. 
 
 1882. Piece of one of the wooden precipitation vats at Morfa 
 Silver Works, after incineration, 1871. 
 
 The silver is precipitated in the fibres of the wood, and this is after- 
 wards incinerated, and a large quantity of silver recovered. The 
 specimen is therefore a model in silver of all the vessels and cavities in 
 the substance of the wood. 
 
 1883. Furnace product from a silver reduction works at Salt 
 Lake City, United States. 
 
 Communicated by E. S. Black well, 1874. Brilliant crystalline plates 
 standing erect, and composed of numerous smaller hexagonal and 
 rectangular plates. They are a mixture of lead, copper, zinc, and 
 silver- 
 
218 
 
 1884. Crystals believed to be disulphide of copper. 
 
 From one of the furnace bottoms at the Boston and Colorado Silver 
 Smelting Works, Denver, 1880. 
 
 1885. Crystals of red oxide of copper artificially produced. 
 
 These minute crystals were found in clusters attached to the sides of 
 a wooden cistern, which was used for the recovery of the last traces of 
 silver from the solution of the sulphate in Ziervogel's process. They 
 are one year's growth, the cistern being annually cleaned, the tempera- 
 ture being pretty constant from 180 to 200 Fahr. Boston Silver 
 Smelting Works, Denver, 1880. 
 
 1886. Artificially crystallised copper. 
 
 Minute pieces coated with grey dust obtained from one of the bottoms 
 of the furnaces used for roasting white metal for the concentration of 
 the gold. Boston Silver Smelting Works, 1880. 
 
 1887. Two specimens of a brilliant crystalline furnace bottom 
 alloy. 
 
 Produced in the smelting furnaces of the Boston and Colorado 
 Smelting Company, Colorado, 1883. It consists of outgrowths, of octahe- 
 dra and octahedral plates, sometimes in spear-like forms, sometimes in 
 rectangular or oblique arborescent form. Roughly analysed, it consists 
 of gold 19-88 per cent., silver 39-07 per cent., and lead 41-05 per 
 cent. 
 
 1888. Brick from calcining furnace showing absorption of 
 silver. 
 
 This was taken from the bottom of a calcining furnace which was 
 employed for some weeks in oxidising a granulated alloy containing 
 84 per cent, of copper and 16 per cent, of silver. The heat used was at 
 no time above a good cherry-red heat, sufficient to completely oxidise the 
 copper. The brick contains 4 2 per cent, of silver, and 3 6 per cent, 
 of copper. Communicated by J. F. Williams. From Llanelly Lead 
 Works, J883. 
 
 1889. Clay between the bricks of a calcining furnace showing 
 absorption of silver. 
 
 This is the intervening material between the bricks, No. 1888. In 
 this case the clay has absorbed 8-5 per cent, of silver and 3-6 per cent. 
 of copper. These specimens point to the conclusion that the silver is ex- 
 tracted in the form of aluminate or silicate by the porous clay and brick, 
 but little copper being taken with it, and that the unburnt clay has a 
 stronger action in this respect than the brick. Llanelly Lead Works, 
 1883. Communicated by J. F. Williams. 
 
 THE METAL IN VARIOUS FORMS. 
 
 1890. " White Pine" silver bullion cast into an ingot. 
 
 From the White Pine Mine, Comstock Lode, Nevada, U.S.A. Con- 
 tains 99*5 per cent, of silver, weight 12-83 oz. Communicated by 
 E. J. Frecheville. 
 
219 
 
 1891. Silver precipitated from the sulphate in irregular 
 pieces. 
 
 1892. Silver specially purified. 
 
 In a precipitated granular form, prepared by A. Dick. 
 
 1893. Silver purified by cupellation, in a solid button. 
 
 1894. Silver showing columnar fracture. 
 
 Melted silver was poured at the Morfa Silver Works into an open 
 mould of the usual shape,' and fractured by a blow of a hammer. Near 
 the upper edge of the fracture, in the neighbourhood of the point of 
 percussion, the metal consisted of a confused aggregate of imperfectly 
 formed octahedral crystals (upper specimen), elsewhere it is fibrous and 
 columnar, the fibres nearly perpendicular to the sides and bottom of the 
 ingot (lower specimen). See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, 
 p. 3. 
 
 1895. Purified silver in the form of a button containing 
 99 ' 76 per cent, silver and 1 per cent. gold. 
 
 1896. Figure in " Pina silver " from Mexico. 
 Weight, o ounces 264 grains, 1879. 
 
 1897. Pure silver wire. 
 
 1898. Silver leaf. 
 
 Showing the tarnishing it suffers on exposure. 
 
 ALLOYS OF SILVER.* 
 
 1899. Alloy of 95 parts of silver to 5 of aluminium. 
 
 1900. Alloy of silver and zinc, containing * 18 per cent, of 
 silver. 
 
 600 grains of zinc were heated to as near the melting point of the 
 metal as possible, and 12 grains of silver added. After half an hour 
 the silver on cooling was found in its original solid state at the bottom, 
 hence at this temperature very little solution of silver takes place. 
 Experiment by G. H. Godfrey, 1870. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver 
 and Gold, p. 169. 
 
 1901. Alloy of silver and zinc, containing 8 16 per cent, of 
 silver. 
 
 Produced by heating 600 grains of granulated zinc and 60 grains of 
 granulated silver to strong redness under charcoal for half an hour. It 
 has a specific gravity 7-44. It is bluish grey, hard, brittle, easily 
 scratched with a knife, and with a granular fracture. Experiment by 
 G. H. Godfrey. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 170. 
 
 * Exclusive of those with arsenic and antimony. 
 
220 
 
 1902. Alloy of silver and zinc, containing 22 47 per cent, of 
 silver. 
 
 Produced by pouring molten zinc into molten silver, when violent 
 action ensued. It has a specific gravity 7 -62 is bluish grey, harder 
 than No. 1901? brittle, less easily scratched, with a bright fibro-colnm- 
 uar fracture. Experiment by G. H. Godfrey. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 I.e. 
 
 1903. Alloy of silver and zinc, containing 49 72 per cent, of 
 silver. 
 
 Produced in the same way as No. 1902. It has a specific gravity 
 8-61, and is copper-red on the surface and fracture when hot, but white 
 and bright when cold. It is very hard and brittle, the fracture is foliated 
 or columnar, inclining to conchoidal. Experiment by G. H. Godfrey. 
 Sec Percy's Metallurgy, Lc. 
 
 1904. Alloy of silver and zinc, containing 67 "58 per cent, of 
 silver. 
 
 Produced in the same way as No. 1902. It has a specific gravity 
 9-30. It has a faint yellowish tinge, and is hard and brittle. Its fracture 
 is columnar, and its colour is white at first, but tarnishing to yellow. 
 Experiment by G. H. Godfrey. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1905. Alloy of equal parts of silver and thallium. 
 
 Made by Mr. Crookes, 1876. The two metals readily fuse together ; 
 tha alloy is somewhat, but not completely malleable. They are easily 
 separated on a cupel, the thallium very rapidly oxidising, as on this 
 specimen ; when the surface is freshly scraped, the colour is white. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 17.5. 
 
 1906. Semi-liquid amalgam of silver and mercury. 
 Obtained in experimenting on South American ores. 
 
 1907. Solid amalgam of silver and mercury. 
 
 1908. Alloy of two parts of silver and one of platinum. 
 
 Used by dentists for artificial palates, and also as a standard of 
 electrical resistance, &c. Prepared in sheet by Johnson, Matthey, and 
 Co. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 182. 
 
 1909. Alloy of silver [and platinum ?]. 
 
 Annealed, and unannealod, after rolling into a sheet, like the last. 
 
 1910. Alloy of three parts of silver and one of palladium. 
 
 Rolled out into a very thin sheet. It does not blacken by sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, but these specimens are much tarnished. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 182. 
 
 1911. Silver containing gold and iridium. 
 
 In a small thin sheet from Messrs. Betts' Refinery Works, Birming- 
 ham. Silver is said to form no alloy with iridium alone. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 183. 
 
221 
 
 1912. Filings of an alloy of silver and tin. 
 
 Used to form an amalgam with a small quantity of mercury for 
 stopping teeth, sold as Smale's Dental Compound. It is said to 
 contain 60 per cent, of silver and 40 per cent, of tin. 
 
 1913. Alloy of silver with 20 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by J. Parkinson in rock salt and fluor-spar. It has a 
 yellowish tint, and cracks on being beaten out. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Silver and Gold, p. 188. 
 
 1914. Alloy of silver containing 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 In a small yellow tarnished button. See Percy's Metallurgy, I.e. 
 
 1915. Alloy of silver and cadmium. 
 
 Used for graduated scales of philosophical instruments. Analysed bv 
 R. Smith. 
 
 Silver - - 86 '66 
 
 Copper ' 02 
 
 Cadmium 13 '34 
 
 Gold - 0-02 
 
 100-04 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Gold, p. 668. 
 
 1916. Alloy of silver and gold in a plate, such as is used for 
 parting. 
 
 Made by Johnson, Matthey, and Co. 
 
 1917. Alloy of 49 parts of silver to 51 of copper. 
 
 Yields by cupellation 48 '3 of silver. Made by R. Smith, and beaten- 
 into a sheet. 
 
 1918. Alloy of 89 parts of silver to 11 of gold. 
 Made by R. Smith, and beaten into a sheet. 
 
 1919. Alloy of 32 parts of silver with 51 parts of copp<T and 
 17 of gold. 
 
 Made by R. Smith, and beaten into a yellowish sheet. 
 
 1920. Alloy of 10 parts of silver with 45 of tin and 45 of lead. 
 Made by R. Smith, and beaten into a sheet, now tarnished. 
 
 ALLOYS OF SILVER IN USE. 
 
 1921. Rolled out United States dollar, 1839. 
 
 Yields 90*1 percent, of silver by cupellation. Experiment by K 
 Smith. 
 
 1922. Rolled out riksdaler. 
 
 Yields 87 '4 percent, of silver by cupellation. Experiment by R, 
 Smith. 
 
222 
 
 1923. Spanish dollar. 
 
 Contains 22*58 per cent, of silver by wet assay; 22 '62-22* 65 by 
 cupel lation. 
 
 1924. Piece of Mexican dollar. 
 
 Shows lamination produced in casting, and therefore thought to be 
 spurious. Yields 91 per cent, of silver. 
 
 1925. Chinese "chopped " dollar. 
 
 The Chinese being great adepts at forging coins, each possessor of a 
 coin punches his name or " chop JJ on the coin, so that the value may be 
 demanded if it turn out to be spurious. This is so chopped over as to 
 become concave. A Chinaman who is pitted from small-pox is called a 
 " chop-dollar." 
 
 1926. The ring or milling of a Spanish dollar from which the 
 Interior has been removed by " chopping." . 
 
 The small bits which are detached after repeated chopping are used 
 by the Chinese as a medium of exchange for rice, &c., until they are 
 received by the bankers., who send the accumulated fragments to the 
 refiners for conversion into Sycee silver. 
 
 1927. Mexican dollar rendered fraudulent by the Chinese. 
 
 One face of the coin is sawn off near its under surface ; the whole 
 thickness of the inside of the coin is then scraped out, and the place of 
 the silver supplied by some base metal, in this case by lead ; the upper 
 surface of the coin is then hammered on again, and the outside appear- 
 ance of the coin is in no way affected. 
 
 1928. A similar coin rendered fraudulent by filling the interior 
 with copper. 
 
 1929. A similar coin rendered fraudulent by filling the interior 
 with brass. 
 
 1930. Fragments of a Mexican dollar in the process of being 
 made fraudulent by the insertion of lead. 
 
 The above six Chinese specimens and the information regarding them 
 were communicated by Mr. C. Tookey, late assayer to the Hong Kong 
 Mint. 
 
 1931. A silver dollar of Charles II. of Spain, struck in Mexico 
 in 1781. 
 
 Found on the Chesil beach in 1878, after having been lost in the sea. 
 It is now coated with an oxide, the nature of which has not been 
 determined. 
 
 1932. Mexican dollar acted on by sea water. 
 
 It was taken from the steamer " Pacha " five years after she was 
 wrecked in the straits of Malacca. All the silver, amounting to 50,000/. 
 worth, was covered by a thick coating of sulphide, of which specimens 
 are here. Procured by Dr. Boycott. 
 
223 
 
 1933. Coin of the 17th century. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Hawkins. Analysed by R. Smith,, contains 
 23 '72 per cent, of silver and *05 per cent, of gold. 
 
 1934. Part of a silver vase from My cense. 
 
 Procured by Dr. Schliemann. The fragment weighed 44 36 grains 
 
 in all. It is a thin convex plate, with a weathered crust in two layers, 
 
 a dark one next the metal, and a lighter one outside. Part of the crust, 
 
 soluble in ammonia, consisted principally of chloride of silver with a 
 
 little black oxide of copper. The insoluble portion was less in quantity, 
 
 consisting chiefly of silver and carbonate of lime. The relative weights 
 
 were metal 74 "66, soluble crust 21 '97, insoluble crust 3 '16=99 '79. 
 
 The original metal is supposed to have had the following composition: 
 
 Silver - - 95 '59 
 
 Gold - 0-30 
 
 Copper - 3-23 
 
 Lead - - 0'44 
 
 Iron - - 0-12 
 
 99-68 
 
 For full description, see Schliemanu, Mycenae and Tiryns. Appendix 
 by Dr. Percy, No. III., p. 370. 
 
 GOLD. 
 EXPERIMENTS ON GOLD. 
 
 1935. Specimens of charcoal showing its reducing action on 
 chloride of gold. 
 
 These sticks of charcoal were immersed in water, and 32*50 grains 
 of gold in the form of chloride were added on August 7, 1869. 85 
 more grains of gold in the form of chloride were added on November 3, 
 1869, and the bottle has been left to stand. The surface of the charcoal 
 is now coated over with metallic gold. 
 
 1936. Gold precipitated from its chloride by means of 
 charcoal. 
 
 This is a model in gold of the surface of the end of a stick of charcoal 
 left immersed in a strong solution of chloride of gold. The fibres and 
 vessels of the stem are all shown on the surface of the metal. 
 
 1937. Auriferous copper before and after trituration. 
 
 SPECIMENS IN GLASS TUBES TO SHOW THE WIDE DISTRIBUTION 
 
 OF GOLD. 
 
 They are small specks of gold, of various sizes, gummed to paper. 
 
 1938. Gold from 2,000 grains of Pattinson's crystallised lead. 
 
 1939. Gold from 2,000 grains of " Longelwyks "un crystallised 
 lead. 
 
224 
 
 1940. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead from Tuscany called 
 " Coridi." 
 
 1941. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead called " Pzribramer 
 Hartblei." 
 
 1942. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead called "Pzribramer 
 Weichblei." 
 
 1943. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead called " Bleiberger 
 Probierblei." 
 
 1944. Gold from 300 grains of dried lead fume. 
 Sample No. 1. From Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1945. Gold from 300 grains of dried lead fume. 
 Sample No. 4. From Alport Lead Works, Derbyshire. 
 
 1946. Gold from 500 grains of lead ore. 
 
 1947. Gold from 4,000 grains of lead obtained from Pattin- 
 son's oxychloride of lead. 
 
 Two examples to obtain the mean. 
 
 1948. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from re i lead 
 manufactured from Snailbeach lead, Shropshire. 
 
 1949. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead from red lead, prepared 
 from Derbyshire lead ores. 
 
 1950. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from litharge. 
 
 1951. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from litharge. 
 Sample No. 2. 
 
 1952. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from litharge. 
 Sample No. 3. 
 
 1953. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from litharge. 
 Sample No. 4. 
 
 1954. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from white 
 lead. 
 
 1955. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead obtained from white 
 lead. 
 
 Sample No. 2. 
 
 1956. Gold from 4,000 grains of lead obtained from carbonate 
 of lead. 
 
 The carbonate of lead was obtained by precipitating nitrate of lead by 
 carbonate of soda. 
 
225 
 
 1957. Gold from 4,000 grains of le.id obtained from acetate 
 of lead. 
 
 1958. Gold from 4,000 grains of lead obtained from acetate 
 of lead. 
 
 Sample No. 2. 
 
 1959. Gold from 4,000 grains of lead obtained by precipitation 
 from acetate of lead by zinc. 
 
 1960. Gold from 2,000 grains of lead forming part of a lead 
 pipe used at the Exhibition of 1851. 
 
 1961. Gold from 770 grains of lead. 
 
 1962. Gold and silver from 100 grains of lead ore. 
 
 1963. Gold from 100 grains of iron pyrites with 800 grains of 
 lead. 
 
 1964. Gold from 100 grains of copper sheathing from H.M.S. 
 Hound." 
 
 Put on May 1846, taken off September 1849. The copper was 
 cupelled with 1,700 grains of lead obtained by precipitation from 
 carbonate of lead. A portion therefore of the gold may have been 
 obtained from the latter source, and not from the sheathing. See No. 
 1956. 
 
 1965. Gold from 10 grains of copper sheathing of H.M.S. 
 " Hound " after the corroded surface had been removed. 
 
 The sheathing was on the vessel from May 1846 to September 1849. 
 It was cupelled with 150 grains of lead obtained from acetate of lead. 
 To obtain the amount derived from the sheathing, this sample must be 
 compared with Nos. 1957-1959, remembering the amounts taken in 
 each case. 
 
 1966. Gold from 10 grains of the portion removed by scraping 
 the copper sheathing taken from H.M.S. " Hound." 
 
 Cupelled with 150 grains of lead obtained from nitrate of lead. See 
 1956, comparing the quantities taken. The sheathing was on from 
 1846 to September 1849. 
 
 1967. Gold from 100 460 grains of silver. 
 
 1968. Gold from 2,000 grains of bismuth. 
 
 1969. Gold from silver ore. 
 
 500 grains of the ore were treated in different ways. Sample No. 1 
 is the amount from an alloy obtained by fusing the ore. The other 
 one marked III. is the amount from an alloy obtained by scorification. 
 The third sample marked IV. is the amount of gold obtained by a 
 similar process to No. 3, when the silver has been removed. 
 
 All these results on the distribution of gold in small quantities have 
 been obtained by Mr. R. Smith in 1 855, &c. 
 
 u 61955. P 
 
226 
 
 ORES OF GOLD. 
 
 1970. Auriferous iron sand from Africa. 
 
 From the River Lombige district of Golungo Alto, about 1,50 miles 
 to the interior of Loanda, capital of Angola, West Coast of Africa. The 
 sand is taken from the " rocker " which is washed in bowls called 
 *' peats," to get the gold dust. Obtained in 1868 by J. J. Monterio. 
 
 1971. Auriferous rock from the Effuenta Mines, Wassan 
 Country, Gold Coast, West Africa. 
 
 Numerous particles of gold are visible under a lens in the largest of 
 the three specimens. They are schists containing a large quantity of 
 titaniferous iron. Brought by E. T. Macarthy, 1881. 
 
 1972. Gold quartz from Penkera Country, Gold Coast, West 
 Africa. 
 
 The gold is in visible quantities. Brought by E. T. Macarthy 1881. 
 
 1973. Rock supposed to contain gold from California. 
 Communicated by F. Calder\vood. 
 
 1974. Crushed gold quartz, not washed nor amalgamated, 
 from California.ii Mines. 
 
 Communicated by F. Calderwood. 
 
 1975. Tailings from the mill at the Californian Mines. 
 
 This is what is carried away by the water employed, and deposited 
 some little distance on in the bed of the stream. Communicated by 
 F. Calderwood. 
 
 1976. Fine tailings from the mill at the Californian Mines. 
 
 This contains 20 oz. 11 dwt. 11 gr. of silver and 2 oz. 16 dwt. 3 gr. 
 of gold to the ton. Communicated by F. Calderwood. 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS or THE METAL. 
 
 1977. Assay gold. 
 
 Prepared by Messrs. Johnson and Matthey in 1871. Said (o be pre- 
 pared by oxalic acid acting on chloride of gold. The metal obtained has 
 been fused and run into an ingot, and part has been rolled out. The 
 fineness has been examined at the Royal Mint, and it is found to be as 
 nearly as possible pure gold. 
 
 1978. Book of gold leaf. 
 
 1979. Wire of pure gold. Weight 135 grains. 
 
 1980. Moss gold from New South Wales. 
 
 An arborescent mass, somewhat resembling in form the moss copper 
 of the smelters. Communicated by A. Liversidge in 1877. 
 
227 
 
 1981. Hollow globule of gold mounted as a microscopic object. 
 
 It shows numerous cracks or sub-divisions on its surface. Com- 
 municated by Mr. Makin in 1872. 
 
 1982. Assay gold. 
 
 Prepared by W. C. Roberts (now Professor W. C. Roberts-Austen) 
 at the Royal Mint in 1871. It has been thrown down from chloride of 
 gold by sulphurous acid, and afterwards melted into an ingot and 
 rolled. 
 
 1983. Pure gold. 
 
 Made by C. Tookey in Hong Kong, when he was assay er to the Mint 
 there. 
 
 1984. Gold leaf which has beea overheated. 
 
 Accompanied by a box containing the same kind of gold leaf before 
 it was heated. No further details accompany these specimens. 
 
 1985. Pottery gold, as used by Messrs. Miiiton for gilding 
 china ware. 
 
 1986. Gold in the form of fine, rich brown powder. 
 
 It has been precipitated from its chloride by ferrous sulphate. Such 
 
 gold in powder is used in china works for gilding china. It has to be 
 
 incorporated with an oily liquid. This sample was not found to incor- 
 porate well, and could not be used for the purpose. 
 
 1987. Gold in fine, rich brown powder, obtained from its 
 sulphide. 
 
 1988. Gold precipitated by sulphurous acid. 
 
 1989. Gold precipitated by ferrous sulphate. 
 
 1990. Gold precipitated by Ash's precipitafcer. 
 
 1991. Crystallised gold. 
 Showing obscure outlines of octahedra. 
 
 1992. Gold precipitated by oxalic acid. 
 
 On one side it is loosely aggregated and dull ; on the other, more 
 closely compacted and brilliant. 
 
 1993. Gold precipitated by oxalic acid. 
 In very minute crystals. 
 
 1994. American sponge gold. 
 
 It is deposited in very minute, loosely aggregated fibres. 
 The above specimens (Nos. 1988-1994) are microscopic slides, 
 and were all communicated by Mr. Makin, 1872. 
 
 1995. Gold crystals obtained from amalgamation works. 
 
 These crystals were found in the mercury troughs at the foot of the 
 blanket strikes, in an amalgamation works. The troughs are placed to 
 
 P 2 
 
228 
 
 catch tiny stray particles of gold that might pass the blankets. The 
 amount of gold, however, recovered in this way amounting only to 
 grain per ton of ore crushed, it is not worth while to clean out the 
 boxes very frequently ; they had therefore been left undisturbed for 
 nine months, at the end of which time all the amalgam was found to be 
 crystallised. The mercury has been dissolved off by nitric acid, and the 
 gold crystals remain. The smaller crystals are rather indefinite in 
 shape, but amongst the larger ones are well-defined combinations of the 
 octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, and cube. Communicated by Mr. 
 Bland. 
 
 WEIGHTS, &c. USED IN DEALING WITH GOLD. 
 
 1996. Fractional carat weights. 
 
 150 carats make 1 oz. troy; 1 carat ought, therefore, to weigh 3-20 
 grains, half a carat should weigh 1 . 60 grains, &c. These weights 
 have been tested by E,. Smith and found to be inaccurate. The 
 J carat weighs 1 58 grains instead of 1 60. The ^ carat weighs 
 80 grains, as it should ; the J- carat weighs -415 grains instead of -4. 
 The y 1 ^ carat weighs -185 instead of -2; the -^ carat weighs -105 
 instead of ! ; and the ^ carat weighs -075 instead of -05. These 
 are also used for diamonds. 
 
 1997. Chinese commercial weights for gold and silver. 
 
 The largest is called the " Jael," and weighs about 580 grains ; the 
 middle size is called the " Mace," and weighs about 58 grains ; the 
 smallest, called the lt Candareen," weighs about 5 8 grains. The 
 Chinese, therefore, employ the decimal system in these weights. Each 
 is marked with a distinctive Chinese word, doubtless their names. 
 Communicated by C. Tookey when assayer to the Hong Kong Mint. 
 
 1998. Ashantee weight for gold called te Nymsu-acka-cheree." 
 
 This is in the form of an ibex with extremely long horns. The 
 value of the gold of this weight is 21. 2s. 9d. Communicated by E. T. 
 Macarthy in 1881. 
 
 1999. Ashantee weight for gold called " Bah." 
 
 It is in the form of a lizard with a curled tail. The value of the 
 gold of this weight is II. 7s. Communicated by C. T. Macarthy in 
 
 1881. 
 
 2000. Ashantee weights for gold of unknown name and 
 value. 
 
 These are flat brick-like weights. The larger has a complex, 
 geometrical pattern on the upper side, and on the under side 16 small 
 pits. The other has a key-pattern on the upper side, with eight wards, 
 and on the under side two small pits. These patterns and pits probably 
 indicate the value. Communicated by T. Macarthy in 1881. These 
 doubtless are used by a different, more matter of fact tribe than the 
 previous ones. 
 
 2001. Ashantee weight for gold called " Nyansah-por." 
 
 In the form of a knotted rope. The value of the gold of this weight 
 is 3/. 12*. This weight and the two succeeding ones come from Achem, 
 
229 
 
 a country on the borders of Ashantee. The gold dust sold by them is 
 valued at 37. 12s. per oz., this weight being taken as equivalent to the 
 ounce. It often assays to the value of 31. 17s. per ounce. Communi- 
 cated by E. T. Macarthy in 1881. 
 
 2002. Spoon used by the Ashantees and Fantees for weighing 
 out the gold dust. 
 
 Communicated by E. T. Macarthy in 1881. 
 
 2003. Seeds of the Abrus precatorius used as weights for 
 gold. 
 
 This seed is the " surkh " or " rati " used as the basis of Indian 
 weights. It originally was reckoned at 1-75 of a grain, but now is 
 estimated at 1-875 grains, so that 96 of them make a total of 180 
 grains. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and Grold, p. 375. 
 
 ALLOYS OF GOLD. 
 
 2004. Japanese obang. 
 
 This large oval coin, about 5 4 inches long and 3 2 inches broad, has 
 the appearance of gold only on the surface. It bears the Mikado's 
 private crest, and certain mint marks, and carries a value of 4/. 16s. 
 The inner part is a white alloy, containing 36*75 per cent, of gold and 
 63-25 per cent, of silver, with a little copper. On heating the surface 
 it loses its golden colour and becomes white, but the colour is restored 
 again by hot dilute sulphuric acid. See Percy's Metallurgy, Silver and 
 Gold, p". 402. Assayed by C. Tookey. 
 
 2005. Set of four alloys of silver and gold in different pro- 
 portions, to show the effect upoo the colour. 
 
 No. 1 has 50 per cent, of gold and 50 per cent, of silver. This has 
 a light yellow colour, which, however, is partly due to tarnish. No. 2 
 has 60 per cent, of gold and 40 per cent, of silver. No. 3 has 66-6 per 
 cent, of gold and 33 3 per cent, of silver. No. 4 has 75 per cent, of 
 gold to 25 per cent, of silver. The colour gradually becomes deeper, 
 and No. 1 is of light gold tint. Experiments by R. Smith. 
 
 2006. Alloy containing 95 per cent, of gold and 5 per cent, 
 of aluminium. 
 
 Even this small per-centage of aluminium renders the gold much 
 harder, and while the fresh surface is whiter, the tarnishing renders it a 
 redder yellow, approaching to copper colour. 
 
 2007. Alloy of gold and magnesium. 
 
 The proportions of the two metals taken is not stated. The alloy 
 was prepared in cryolite and fluor-spar. The rolled out fragment shows 
 several cracks, as though the alloy was not very malleable. 
 
 2008. Alloy of gold,-silver, and magnesium. 
 
 The proportions of the three metals taken is not stated. The alloy 
 was fused in cryolite and fluor-spar. It is a yellowish-grey non-malleable 
 material. When, however, the alloy was fused in carbonate of soda and 
 carbon, a malleable button was obtained, which was rolled out and 
 
230 
 
 accompanies the alloy. The malleable alloy is probably due to the 
 extraction of the magnesium by its oxidising out into the flux. 
 
 2009. Crystalline alloy of gold and bismuth. 
 
 In treating auriferous copper containing bismuth, a greyish-white 
 alloy appears on the surface of the copper as the latter cools. This 
 is found to consist of bismuth, holding in solution a crystalline alloy 
 of bismuth and gold. The globules are rapidly attacked by nitric acid, 
 leaving the alloy untouched. On melting this in a crucible under a 
 flux the present specimen appeared on cooling. It consists of fine 
 crystalline dust of a bronze-brown colour, with some long needles. It 
 contains 68-22 per cent, of gold and 31-78 per cent, of bismuth. This 
 and the two following were prepared and communicated by R. Pearce* 
 of Denver, and described by him in the Transactions of the American 
 Institute of Mining Engineers in 1885. 
 
 2010. Crystalline alloy of gold and silver. 
 
 This alloy was obtained by remelting some of the original alloy of 
 gold and bismuth with a suitable quantity of silver to enter into com- 
 bination with all the gold, allowing this to cool very slowly within a 
 large red-hot crucible, and then treating the product with dilute, and 
 afterwards with boiling nitric acid. The crystals left consist entirely of 
 octahedra variously combined in groups. Some are large and disposed 
 in pyramidal form, others are small and superposed in straight lines, 
 forming an arborescent growth. In some the octahedra are cut off by 
 parallel planes, making a plate divided into triangles. They contain 
 61 -6 per cent, of gold and 35-8 per cent, of silver. 
 
 2011. Crystalline alloy of gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 This was obtained in a similar manner, by the addition of both silver 
 and copper. If these metals are present in sufficient quantity, gold will 
 not form an alloy with bismuth, but with them, and any excess of them 
 is dissolved out by the dilute nitric acid which will not attack the alloy. 
 This shows an arborescent crystallisation composed of smaller octahedra 
 than the last, and contains 69-9 per cent, of gold, 27-96 per cent, of 
 copper, and 2 1 per cent, of silver. 
 
 2012. Gold deposited on platinum, making a superficial alloy. 
 
 Prepared by Messrs. Johnson, Matthey, and Co., 1885. The other 
 side of the platinum sheet shows its natural colour, for comparison. 
 
 2013. Complex alloy consistiug principally of gold. 
 The analysis gives 
 
 Gold - - - - - 908-79 
 
 Silver 8-99 
 
 Copper - 49-51 
 
 Antimony - 14-52 
 
 Tin - ... 13-49 
 
 Iron - - - - 4-10 
 
 999-40 
 It has a dull grey appearance on the tarnished surface. 
 
231 
 
 2014. Samples of alloys of gold and brass. 
 
 These circular discs, which are carved in patterns and engine-turned 
 behind, were manufactured in Birmingham in 1850, and have been left 
 to tarnish. They contain, in order from left to right, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 
 16 carats of gold. For purposes of commerce such articles are thinly 
 coated with electro-deposited gold, to which they form the foundation. 
 
 GOLD AND ITS ALLOYS IN USE. 
 
 2015. Gilt pens. Manufactured by J. Gillott. 
 
 They are steel pens, with a coating of brass first, and then an electro- 
 deposit of gold. 
 
 2016. Gold pens ; inked, but not corroded. 
 
 2017. Fragments of a " half eagle " coin. 
 
 Analysed by R. Smith, and found to contain 90- 15 per cent, of gold. 
 
 2018. Fragments of a 20 franc piece ? 
 
 Analysed by R. Smith, and found to contain 90 per cent, of gold. 
 
 2019. Argentiferous gold foil from Mycenae. 
 
 This was brought by Dr. Schliemann from Mycenas, and examined 
 by Dr. Percy. It was one of the gold leaves found strewn in vast 
 numbers about the bodies. It was much crumpled, and appears to have 
 been lacquered ; on heating, the foil becomes yellower. Boiling solution 
 of caustic potash has a similar but weaker effect. 1-168 grains on 
 cleaning with dilute hydrochloric acid lost 0-015 of a grain. The 
 remaining 1-153 grains weight of cleaned metal has the following 
 composition : 
 
 Gold ..... 73-11 
 
 Silver- - - 23-37 
 
 Copper 2-22 
 
 Lead - 0-35 
 
 Iron - - 0-24 
 
 99-29 
 See Schliemann, Mycenae and Tiryns, p. 368. 
 
 2020. Gold-plated electrotype, tarnished by age. 
 
 This was made by the firm of Elkingtou and Mason, in Birmingham, 
 iu 1845. It is an electrotype in copper of the Travelled Monkey. It 
 was, when made, well gilded and tightly framed in papier-mache. It 
 has since been taken out of its frame, after it had tarnished in it, but 
 has never been exposed to acid or other chemical fumes. The principal 
 tarnishing has encroached from the edges of the plate. 
 
 2021. False sovereigns of the weight and appearance of gold. 
 
 A large number of these were circulated about 1873-74. They con- 
 sist of platinum and copper gilt. They have the weight of gold, and 
 stand the test of acid. They have, however, a different ring by which 
 they may be detected, and their rubbed edges have a white appearance. 
 
232 
 
 2022. Mystery gold. 
 
 An artificial palate, made to resemble gold, to deceive pawnbrokers. 
 It is composed of platinum to about one-eighth to one-tenth its weight, 
 and the remainder of copper and tin. It is thin gilt. If rubbed with 
 a file in the ordinary way, nitric acid will be resisted, unless laid on to 
 the filed part for some time. It has also the weight of gold, and the 
 ordinary distinctive tests fail. In former years, 1869-70, an enormous 
 quantity of this material was manufactured in Paris for dentists, but 
 being of the thickness of sovereigns, coins of it were stamped and 
 gilt, and largely circulated. 
 
 2023. Ordinary spurious sovereign. 
 
 Analysed by Johnson and Matthey. Contains 89-9 per cent, of 
 copper; 9-7 percent, of zinc; and 0-4 per cent, of gold; in other 
 words, it is gilt brass. 
 
 NOBLE METALS OTHER THAN GOLD. 
 
 PLATINUM. 
 
 2024. Platinum wire. 
 
 This wire, heated in an oxy hydrogen blow-pipe flame, gives a 
 splendid green flame not like that of barium or copper. Rhodium has 
 been said to give a green coloured flame. Communicated by Mr. 
 Charles, late assistant at the Royal Artillery Institute. 
 
 2025. Platinum electro-deposited on silver. 
 By Messrs. Johnson, Matthey, and Co., 1885. 
 
 2026. Platinum electro-deposited on copper. 
 
 By Messrs. Johnson, Matthey, and Co., 1885. A thick plate of 
 copper, with platinum on one side only. 
 
 2027. Spongy platinum. 
 
 Consisting of finely divided metallic platinum. If strongly heated it 
 becomes denser, and will assume a metallic lustre on burnishing. 
 
 2028. Platinum and phosphorus. 
 
 Finely divided platinum is heated in vapour of phosphorus, and 
 burns with evolution of light to platinum diphosphide a bright 
 metallic mass not attacked by hydrochloric acid, very easily dissolved by 
 ammonia. See Roscoe and Schorleinmer's Chemistry, Vol. II., p. 421. 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1850. 
 
 2029. Silicon and platinum heated before the blow-pipe. 
 A few small metallic fragments. 
 
 2030. Platinum melted with silica. 
 
 A spongy mass, full of large cavities, and of white metallic appear- 
 ance. The upper part is torn by the escaping gas, the small bubbles of 
 which, passing outwards to the larger cavities, divide the intervening 
 substance into a columnar form. Some of the cavities contain a 
 white powder, used in the operation, which is not described. 
 
233 
 
 PALLADIUM. 
 
 2031. Rolled palladium. 
 
 Prepared by Messrs. Johnson and Matthey, 1885. Palladium occurs 
 in the Brazils and the Harz. It is separated by potassium iodide from 
 its impure chloride. It is also obtained from the residues of platinum 
 works. 
 
 2032. Palladium electro-deposited on copper. 
 
 By the late T. H. Henry, before 1855. A thin sheet of copper, 
 coated on both sides with palladium. 
 
 2033. Alloy of palladium and hydrogenium. 
 
 This alloy was discovered by Graham, Master of the Mint ; and these 
 coins were produced by him there. They bear on the obverse the 
 Queen's head, and on the reverse " Palladium-Hydrogenium, 1869," 
 round the edge, and " Graham " in the centre, The alloy is formed 
 by the absorption of nascent hydrogen by the metal. The amount of 
 absorption is variable ; the maximum reduced the alloy to a specific 
 gravity of 11-06 as against 11-4 ; the substance, therefore, expands. 
 At the time of its manufacture, the now tarnished coin was too large to 
 pass through the accompanying ring ; but by escape of the hydrogen by 
 lapse of time it has become smaller, and now passes through it. 
 
 IRI-DIUM. 
 
 2034. Iridium deposited from gold during fusion. 
 
 This is in the form of small metallic scales, forming a heavy coarse 
 powder having a specific gravity of 22 38. It is deposited when native 
 gold containing osmiridium (which this powder doubtless is, as iridium 
 is never free from osmium without special processes) is remelted. 
 This is the only way in- which these metals can be separated from gold, 
 as they are not attacked by any acids. See Crookes and Rohrig's 
 Metallurgy, p. 660. Communicated by the Hon. C. W. Fremantle, 
 Deputy Master of the Mint, London, 1876. 
 
 2035. Pure iridium. 
 
 Communicated by Johnson, Matthey, and Co., 1885. This is the 
 spongy form of the metal. Impure iridium obtained from treating 
 platinum is fused with 10 times its weight of lead. The lead is dis- 
 solved out by nitric acid, the residue is digested a long time with aqua 
 regia, and the crystalline mass left unattacked is fused with potassium 
 bisulphate to remove rhodium. To remove ruthenium this is melted 
 with 10 parts of potassium hydrate and three parts of nitre in a gold 
 crucible ; a blue residue of potassium iridiate' is obtained, which is 
 washed with water, by which the ruthenium iridiate is taken into 
 solution. The iridiate is repeatedly washed with water and acids and 
 then dissolved in aqua regia, the solution evaporated to dryness, and the 
 product dissolved in distilled water. The solution is filtered and 
 poured slowly into a concentrated solution of soda containing sodium 
 hyposulphite. This is subjected to a current of chlorine, which pre- 
 cipitates the blue iridium oxide, and this is reduced by a current of 
 carbonic oxide and dioxide. It is then again heated to redness with 
 
234 
 
 potassium bisulphate, and washed with chlorine water to remove the 
 traces of rhodium and gold. The pure iridium remains. Sec Matthey, 
 " Chemical News," XXXIX., p. 175. It is of the greatest importance 
 to obtain pure iridium 'to alloy with pure platinum to make the 
 unalterable standards of length and weight. It should have a specific 
 gravity of 22 '39. 
 
 2036. Iridium obtained at the bottom of the crucible in 
 raelting Sibeiian gold at the Russian Mint. 
 
 This is the massive form of osmiridium. It contains scattered 
 particles of a transparent substance, probably sand. Communicated by 
 Sir C. Wheatstone. 
 
 2037. Slag containing iridium. 
 
 A spongy mass produced by fusion, from Mr. Phillips' collection, and 
 labelled by him as containing iridium. 
 
 OSMIUM. 
 
 2038. Native alloy of osmium and iridium. 
 
 In the form of small flat scales of tin- white colour and metallic lustre, 
 among which the hexagonal form is occasiomilly observable. Locality 
 not stated. This alloy contains ^rom 53 to 58 per cent, of iridium, 
 and 31 to 43 per cent, of osmium, being commonly contaminated with 
 rhodium and ruthenium. 
 
 2039. Osmium compressed while strongly heated. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Sellon, of Johnson, Matthey, and Co., 1871. 
 It is obtained from the native osmiridium in the process of preparing 
 ruthenium. The solution of volatile tetroxide is precipitated with 
 ammonia and ammonium sulphide, the precipitate mixed with salt and 
 heated in a slow current of chlorine. The mass yields on lixiviation an 
 osmichloride of sodium, from which ammonium oxychloride is thrown 
 down by sal ammoniac. When this is heated in a covered crucible, spongy 
 osmium is obtained. It has never been fused, but when strongly heated 
 it compresses into a compact metallic body, the maximum specific 
 gravity being 22 '477. This substance, therefore, is the heaviest body 
 known. 
 
 . RUTHENIUM. 
 
 2040. Alloy of ruthenium and tin. 
 
 From the French Department, International Exhibition, 1862. Pre- 
 pared by Deville and Debray. Ruthenium is obtained fro'm the alley 
 of osmiridium by fusing with zinc, the regulus is treated with hydro- 
 chloric acid, and one part of. the finely divided residue is mixed with 
 three parts of barium dioxide and one part of barium nitrate, and the 
 mixture heated for two hours to a bright red heat. The cold mass is 
 powdered finely and thrown into hydrochloric acid ; when the action is 
 over one part of nitric and two of sulphuric acid are added, the barium 
 sulphate allowed to deposit, and the clear liquid is separated and dis- 
 tilled to one quarter its bulk, to which is added two parts of sal ammoniac 
 and a little nitric acid, and the whole is dried in a water bath. This is 
 
235 
 
 i 
 
 washed by water with sal ammoniac, and the residue is ignited, and the 
 remainder fused for two hours in a silver basin with two parts of nitre 
 and one of caustic potash. The fused mass is dissolved in water, 
 forming an orange-red solution of rutheniate of potassium. This is 
 treated with nitric acid till the yellow colour disappears, when 
 ruthenium oxide separates, which is reduced in a graphite crucible. The 
 ruthenium thus obtained is heated to redness in a graphite crucible 
 with 10 to 15 times its weight of tin, and when cool the excess of tin 
 is dissolved out by hydrochloric acid. The alloy then remains in 
 magnificent cubic crystals of brilliant lustre, like those produced by 
 melted bismuth. 
 
 RHODIUM. 
 
 2041. Spongy rhodium. 
 
 This is obtained from the liquors from which platinum salts have 
 been precipitated. The metals in solution are precipitated by metallic 
 iron, and the precipitate fused with one part of lead and two parts of 
 litharge. A regulus is thus obtained from which the other metals are 
 dissolved out by dilute nitric acid. The metallic powder left is mixed 
 with five parts of barium dioxide and heated to redness for two hours, 
 the solid mass lixiviated with water, and the osmium tetroxide driven 
 off by aqua regia, and the barium oxide precipitated by sulphuric acid. 
 The filtrate is evaporated at 100 with an excess of sal ammoniac, and 
 afterwards with nitric acid, and the residue heated with three to four 
 parts of sulphur. It is then rapidly boiled out by sulphuric acid and 
 aqua regia, and nearly pure rhodium is thus obtained. 
 
 2042. A red powder, labelled " Metallic " rhodium. 
 
 CADMIUM. 
 
 2043. Cadmium fume mixed with zinc fume. 
 
 From the Spelter Works, Mines Eoyal, South Wales. This is the 
 crude material from which metallic cadmium is obtained. It is given 
 off with the brown smoke at the commencement of the distillation of 
 zinc, and consists of the mixed oxides and carbonates of cadmium and 
 zinc. 
 
 2044. Bar of metallic cadmium. 
 
 The cadmiferous fumes are heated to 360 C., which only fuses zinc, 
 but volatilises cadmium, and on cooling it is deposited as a brown 
 oxide. This is reduced by means of charcoal in a small cylindrical cast- 
 iron retort, furnished with a conical iron plate adapter, closed with a 
 pierced wooden plug. The cadmium collected in the iron adapter is 
 remelted and cast into this long cylindrical bar. See Crookes and 
 Eohrig's Metallurgy, Part I., p. 468. 
 
 2045. Metallic cadmium made in Germany. 
 
 This is the commercial unpurified material, obtained from zinc, in 
 Germany, where it was discovered. 
 
236 
 
 2046. Bar of metallic cadmium ; purified. 
 Prepared by Johnson, Matthey, and Co. 
 
 2047. Ingots of remelted cadmium, showing the roughness. 
 
 2048. Hydroxide of cadmium. 
 
 A white powder obtained by precipitating a soluble salt of cadmium 
 by caustic potash. 
 
 2049. Sulphide of cadmium. 
 
 A bright yellow powder, obtained by precipitating a soluble salt of 
 cadmium by sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 
 TIN. 
 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 2050. Aurum nmsivum. 
 
 Bisulphide of tin prepared -by heating 2 parts of tin, 1 part of 
 mercury, 1 part of sal ammoniac, and J J parts of sulphur. 
 
 2051. Bisulphide of tin. 
 
 Prepared by heating 5 parts of sulphide of tin with 8 parts of 
 corrosive sublimate. 
 
 2052. Bisulphide of tin coated with sulphide of tin. 
 Communicated by C. Button. 
 
 2053. Crystalline sulphide of tin. 
 
 This has .a well-marked crystalline cleavage, and a bluish- white 
 metallic lustre. It is formed by projecting sulphur upon melted tin 
 and stirring with aii iron rod. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 
 2054. Sulphide of tin. 
 
 Prepared by the same operation as that producing No. 2050, at a 
 different stage of the process. It is from this that No. 2051 was 
 prepared. 
 
 2055. Oxide of tin, fused into a glassy form. 
 Opaque-white, and banded. 
 
 2056. Result of fusing one equivalent of sulphide of antimony 
 with three equivalents of tin. 
 
 500 grains of sulphide of antimony were mixed with 498 grains of 
 pulverised tin, and placed in a pot with a luted cover, and kept at a 
 bright red heat for 10 minutes, and broken open when cool. It is 
 metallic and crystalline, with a platy cleavage like that of sulphide of 
 tin. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 
 2057. Result of fusing tin stone and hsematite together. 
 
 75 grains of tin oxide prepared by treating tin with nitric acid were 
 heated to a white heat, with 160 grains of ferric oxide which had been 
 
237 
 
 previously heated to redness. The result has the aspect of a regulus, 
 which is more or less porous. Experiment by Dr. Percy. 
 
 2058. Result of fusing together haematite, limestone, and tin 
 stone. 
 
 80 grains of ferric oxide, 50 grains of calcium carbonate,, and 75 
 grains of tin oxide were fused together. The result is a regulus-like 
 mass, not very bright, and with a few cavities. Experiment by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 2059. Button of tin obtained by treating tin slag. 
 
 800 grains of slag, 15 grains of borax, and 300 grains of carbon were 
 fused together. The resulting metal button weighs 34 9 per cent, of 
 the original slag. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 2060. Results of four experiments on heating iron pyrites 
 with cassiterite. 
 
 All the mixtures were heated for three quarters of an hour in French 
 pots, placed within another crucible, and filled up to exclude air. In 
 No. 1, 240 grains of iron pyrites, and 148 of tin ore were mixed. The 
 result is an irregular mass with a brilliant metallic appearance in parts. 
 In No. 2, 240 grains of iron pyrites, 148 grains of tin ore, and 36 grains 
 of sand were taken. The result is very scoriaceous and frothy, and 
 less metallic. In No. 3, 240 grains of iron pyrites, 148 grains of tin 
 ore, 36 grains of sand, and 12 grains of charcoal were taken. The 
 result is a uniform, compact, crystalline, metallic substance. In No. 4, 
 120 grains of iron pyrites, 74 grains of tin ore, 46 grains of sand, 
 80 grains of hsematite, and 12 grains of charcoal were taken. The 
 result is very frothy, and scarcely metallic. Experiments by R. Smith. 
 
 2061. Result of heating copper pyrites with cassiterite. 
 
 368 grains of copper pyrites were mixed with 148 grains of tin ore, 
 and heated strongly for three quarters of an hour. The result was a 
 regulus weighing 412 grains, showing a loss of 104 grains. Some 
 needle-shaped crystals of stannic oxide have been formed in the 
 cavities. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 ORES OF TIN AND THEIR PREPARATION FOR SMELTING. 
 
 2062. Mine tin. 
 
 Prepared from the massive tin stone, or binoxide of tin by simple 
 crushing between rollers, and not using stamps. From the Trevaskis 
 Mine, Cornwall. Contains about 75 per cent, of tin. Communicated 
 by Mr. Wellington. 
 
 2063. Black tin as dressed by the old process (fluran). 
 
 From Drake Wall's Tin Mines, Cornwall. The ore is called black 
 tin after it has been calcined, for the purpose of driving off any 
 sulphur or arsenic present, and reducing the impurities to oxides lighter 
 than the tin ore, which is unaffected. These are then washed away, 
 and this " black tin " is left. 
 
 2064. Black tin as dressed by the old process. 
 
 This has been " jigged " from massive ore, and prepared by roasting 
 as above. From Drake Wall's Tin Mine, Cornwall. 
 
238 
 
 2065. Black tin dressed by R. Oxland's process. 
 
 This process consists in the employment of a revolving calciner, in the 
 form of a long cylinder lined with fire-brick, and placed in an inclined 
 position. The arsenic is thus removed, and the ore is washed and 
 jigged, and contains from 60 to 70 per cent, of tin. Drake Wall's Tin 
 Mine. 
 
 2066. Mixture of ore for common tin. 
 
 This has been ground into powder. From the Chyandour Smelting 
 Works, Penzance. 
 
 2067. Average sample of refined tin ore. 
 
 This has been ground to powder, and separated by washing. 
 Chyandour Smelting Works, Peuzance. 
 
 2088. Residual deposits thrown out after grinding and 
 washing the tin ore. 
 
 These particles are much lighter than the tin ore, and are thus 
 separated. From the Chyandour Smelting Works, Penzance. 
 
 2089. Tin ore in stage No. 1 of the dressing and preparing. 
 
 Taken from the stamps grate on the side on which the ore is most 
 contaminated with wolfram. From East Pool Tin Works, Cornwall., 
 
 2070. Tin ore in stage No. 2. 
 
 This has been dressed and passed through two round buddies, and is 
 now ready for calcining. From East Pool Tin Works, Cornwall. 
 
 2071. Tin ore in stage No. 3. 
 
 This is the same as No. 2 after it has been calcined to drive off the 
 sulphur and arsenic from the associated pyrites. From East Pool Tin 
 Works. 
 
 2072. Tin ore in stage No. 4. 
 
 This is dressed ready for roasting with salt. It has been washed and 
 the heavier parts consisting of the tin ore separated. From East Pool 
 Tin Works. 
 
 In the second roasting 12 Ibs. of salt is added to each cwt. of the ore 
 for the purpose of forming tungstate of soda with the wolfram which is 
 present and cannot be removed by washing. 
 
 In the series there is a 5th stage, of which a sample is wanting. It 
 represents the tin and wolfram after it has been roasted for six. or seven 
 hours. It is then sent to the stamps and stamped with quartz for the 
 purpose of breaking up the coherence of the mass. 
 
 2073. Tin ore in stage No. 6. 
 
 It has now been submitted to the stamps and washed, whereby the 
 tungstate of soda is washed away, though the tungsten is not entirely 
 removed by this process, and the whole is still subjected to a further 
 process of dressing, after which it is ready (as stage No. 7) for the 
 market. East Pool Tin Works, 1868. 
 
 2074. Sample of sand containing tin stone from Brittany. 
 
239 
 
 2075. Tin ore obtained from the sand (2074) by washing. 
 
 A fragment of gold is also contained in the sample. Communicated 
 by Mr. Grant. 
 
 2076. A cupreous tin ore obtained from copper works. 
 
 It is called in the capper works " burnt leavings." It is calcined and 
 then washed, and the heavier tin oxide is thus separated from it. From 
 Hafod Copper Works, South Wales, 1848. 
 
 2077. Tin ore from Salangore. 
 
 Massive crystalline tin stone imbedded in a quartz vein. It is found 
 in rivers as stream tin. It is from this part of the world, the East 
 Indies, that the purest tin is obtained. Communicated by Mr. Barker. 
 
 2078. Tin ore from Tasmania. 
 
 From the N".E. crop of a lode in Mount Bischoff in the N.W. of 
 Tasmania. It is a massive vein, associated with much brown limonite. 
 Communicated by Mr. C. Gould, 1874. 
 
 2079. Blitong tin ore, Australia. 
 
 This is tin oxide irregularly diffused through a mass of ferric oxide, 
 which is itself part of a vein. In the larger specimen only a string -of 
 tin stone is visible ; in the smaller the whole mass is impregnated 
 with it. 
 
 2080. Iron pyrites said to contain 3 per cent, of tin. 
 Communicated by F. O. Ward, 1867. 
 
 2081. Massive tin stone from Australia. 
 
 This was purchased in 1853 in the sale of an Australian mineral 
 dealer, notorious in gold-hunting circles. It has been rubbed on the 
 surface with gold. It was nearly 20 years after this before tin was 
 worked in Australia. 
 
 2082. Tin stone, locality unknown. 
 
 2083. Tin ore from which the gold has been extracted. 
 
 By Messrs. Johnson and Matthey. No gold found on assay by R. 
 Smith. 
 
 2084. Coarse-grain tin ore from Parrit, Tenggah, Salan- 
 gore. 
 
 2085. Fine-grain tin ore from Boonoes, Salangore. 
 
 2086. Black tin after calcination with sulphate of soda. 
 
 Sulphate of soda is used in Oxland's process for removing the 
 wolfram, or tungstate of iron and manganese. By an alternately 
 oxidising and reducing action the tungsten unites with the soda and 
 leaves the oxides behind on washing. This sample is in the unwashed 
 state. From Drake Wall's Tin Mine. 
 
240 
 
 2087. Tungstate of lime formed in Oxland's process. 
 
 The tungstate of soda washed from the calcined ore is precipitated by 
 common salt, and an insoluble tungstate of lime obtained. Drake Wall's 
 Tin Mines. 
 
 2088. Tungstate of lead formed in Oxland's process. 
 
 The tungstate of soda is also precipitated by a soluble salt of lead 
 yielding a white precipitate of tungstate of lead. Drake Wall's Tin 
 Mines. 
 
 TIN SMELTING. 
 
 2089. Tin slag, glassy form. 
 
 The washed and purified tin stone is simply melted with anthracite 
 together with some flux, to form a slag with the siliceous impurities of 
 the ore ; according to the flux so the slag. In this case a ferruginous 
 flux has probabjy been used. Remains of the quartz are scattered over 
 the surface. 
 
 2090. Tin slag, compact form. , 
 
 Contains fragments of coke upon its surface, but no quartz or visible 
 tin. 
 
 2091. Slag from tin smelting at Gyenap. 
 
 Scoriaceous towards the top, and with fragments of the 'unmelted flux 
 and blebs of tin. 
 
 2092. Penrose's tin slag. 
 
 Said not to contain more than 3J per cent, of tin. A brown semi- 
 transparent glass. Landore Tin Works, 1859. 
 
 2093. Glassy tin slag. 
 
 From Chyandour Tin Worts, Penzance, 1859. This is largely con- 
 taminated on the surface with mechanically enclosed tin. It was tapped 
 from the smelting furnace at the same time as the metal, and is the 
 richest kind of slag produced. 
 
 2094. Furnace bottom at tin works. 
 
 This is the remnant left in the smelting furnace after the slag has 
 been run off the top, and the metal off the lower part. It consists of 
 scoria, dross, and particles of metallic tin, and has to be reinelted. 
 From the Chyandour Smelting Works, Penzance, 1858. 
 
 2095. Crystalline metallic substance found between the 
 bricks of an old tin smelting furnace. 
 
 The tin smelting furnaces at the Huel Vor Mine were continued for 
 about 20 years and then taken down. The whole of the inner surface 
 was much injured and broken down, and cavities of all sizes, sometimes 
 including the divisions of several bricks, were found. All these cavities 
 up to those of 10 in. by 7 in. were filled with this metallic material. 
 The still larger cavities were more or less lined with it. It was more 
 abundant where there was lime than where there were only bricks. The 
 substance consists of thin plates crossing each other at all angles. 
 
241 
 
 REFINING OF TIN. 
 
 2096. " Hard head." 
 
 From Chyandour Smelting Works, Cornwall. This is the remainder 
 of the ingots of impure tin left on the refining hearth after all the purer 
 tin has been liquated out into the kettle. It contains all the foreign 
 metals which were associated with the tin. It is very hard, semi- 
 crystalline and fibrous. 
 
 2097. " Hard head " calcined at first per se, afterwards with 
 the original rock, and lastly per se, until it ceased to give off 
 fumes. 
 
 2098. " Hard head," powdered. 
 
 2099. " Hard head " fused with sulphur. 
 
 Experiment by Dr. Percy, 1858. Hard head being produced from 
 roasted ores, contains little or no sulphur, and on fusing with sulphur 
 the metals become sulphides. This is a compact, porous, regulus-like 
 mass. 
 
 2100. " Hard head " heated with lime after calcination. 
 
 Experiment by Dr. Percy, 1858. A compact mass of sub-metallic 
 appearance, and filled with small holes, is produced. 
 
 2101. " Hard head." 
 
 A massive yellowish sample with crystalline cleavage, with portions of 
 the hearth floor adherent. 
 
 2102. Skimmings from the tin pot. 
 
 From Bolitho's Tin Works, Penzance, 1858. Consisting of frag- 
 ments of metallic tin, with the oxide dust produced in the air. 
 
 2103. " Hard head " not properly removed from Mexican tin. 
 
 Out of 60 Ibs. of metal sold as tin, 3 Ibs. of this metallic impurity, or 
 hard head, was extracted on remelting. 
 
 2104. Crystals found on some of the hard head at the Redruth 
 Smelting Works. 
 
 Communicated by L. Young, 1874. This is the same crystalline 
 metallic substance in their crossing plates as in No. 2095. 
 
 2105. Dross skimmed off the kettle of common tin. 
 
 From Chyandour Smelting Works, Penzance, 1858. It is skimmed 
 
 from the surface of the melted metal, after it has run out of the hearth 
 
 into the kettle, while it is being refined. The metal is laded out at the 
 
 same time that it flows in from the furnace ; but in refined tin the metal 
 
 is not laded out during the time of running from the furnace. It 
 
 is kept in the kettle five or six hours. Analysed by C. Tookey in 1881. 
 
 Tin - - - - - 93-73 
 
 Iron - 3-89 
 
 Arsenic 1-19 
 
 U 61955. Q 
 
242 
 
 Copper 0-31 
 
 Cobalt - 0-10 
 
 Sulphur - - - 0-62 
 
 99-84 
 This shows that it is metallic tin contaminated with " hard head." 
 
 2106. Residual product from refining tin in South America. 
 Hard head mixed with tin. Communicated by Mr. Darker. 
 
 2107. Crystals formed on the surface of tin-slag. 
 
 From the Chyandour Tin Works, Penzauce. Communicated by 
 A. K. Barnett. This is the same brilliant tin-white, platy, metallic 
 substance as the last. In these specimens the crystalline form is clearly 
 seen. It consists of plates parallel to the basal plane of a tetragonal 
 prism. As tin is the only metal which crystallises in the tetragonal 
 system, it appears that these crystals are essentially metallic tin, though, 
 contaminated with impurities. 
 
 2108. Crystals on the surface of tin-slag and in cavities. 
 
 This is the same metallic tin as No. 2107. The crystals are more- 
 delicate, and the mass has been formed in the cavities between the 
 bricks in the bottom of the smelting furnaces, and found when they 
 were broken up in 1879. Communicated by A. K. Barnett. From the 
 Chyandour Tin Works. 
 
 2109. Portion of the furnace bottom showing the position of 
 the above crystals. 
 
 The bricks are all fractured and filled with metallic substance. The 
 intervals between have an exterior layer of greyish metal, and the inner 
 face has these tin crystals growing from the sides. They must have- 
 formed during the contraction in cooling. 
 
 2110. Product of the first process of tin refining. 
 
 From the Mellanear Tin Smelting Works, Hayle, Cornwall. Com- 
 municated by G. B. Pearce. This is not the final hard head, containing 
 no tin, but an intermediate product, with tin mechanically mixed. It is 
 covered by conical protuberances, apparently perforated at the top, and 
 divided into segments, as though metal had oozed out of the summit and 
 divided in various streams. 
 
 2111. Crystalline slag from tin smelting at Redruth. 
 
 Arborescent crystals in thin plates, which are occasionally iridescent 
 on the surface. It has an entirely metallic aspect, and is doubtless pro- 
 duced in the refining process. 
 
 2112. Crystallised hard head. 
 
 From Chyandour Smelting Works, 1880. These are dull-coloured, 
 flat crossing plates, which have formed on the surface. They have no- 
 definite crystalline form, and their dulness is due to surface oxidation, 
 &c., the interior fracture being metallic and of the colour of hard head. 
 
243 
 
 2113. Mosaic gold on the surface of " hard head." 
 
 From the Chyandour Smelting Works, Penzance, 1881. The grey mass 
 is sub-metallic, and finely porous. The golden looking deposit has formed 
 in the cracks, and doubtless consists of sulphide of tin, which has this 
 colour. See No. 2051, & It is probably produced by the action 
 of sulphur, in combination with the associated metals, on the oxide 
 of tin. 
 
 VARIOUS FOKMS OF THE METAL. 
 
 2114. Crystallised mefcal obtained by the remelting of tin 
 canisters. 
 
 The sweep from the manufacture of hexagonal powder canisters is 
 remelted with the old canisters, which are made of block tin. The 
 crystals are long tetragonal prisms, and are doubtless crystalline tin 
 metal. From Messrs. Shears. 
 
 2115. Tin rendered " crystalline " by exposure to intense cold. 
 
 These so-called crystals are really columnar fragments, which may 
 follow more or less the crystalline form the metal might take ; but they 
 have no regular shape, nor any crystal surface. The tin was exposed to 
 intense cold in St. Petersburg; during the winter it was found broken up 
 into these particles ; a result experimentally repeated by Fritsche. See 
 Berichte Deutsch. Chem. Ges., II., p. 112. Communicated by W. C. 
 Roberts. 
 
 2116. Samples of crystals of tin. 
 
 Separated from the tin, of which an ingot accompanies them 
 (No. 2139). 
 
 2117. Crystallised tin. 
 
 Communicated by Professor W. H. Miller. In this specimen are 
 crystal combinations of the tetragonal pyramid, tetragonal prism, and 
 basal planes. 
 
 2118. Granulated tin, in small particles. 
 
 2119. Metallic tin, as it ran into the " float." 
 Chyandour Smelting Works, 1858. Common tin. 
 
 2120. Metallic tin, as it ran into the "kettle. 
 
 Chyandour Smelting Works. One of the three products of the- 
 refining process, 1858. 
 
 2121. Refined metallic tin. 
 
 From Chyandour Smelting Works, 1858. 
 
 2122. Inferior tin. 
 
 From the Wheal Owles Mines. Smelted at Cliyandour, 1858. 
 
 Q 2 
 
 \ 
 
244 
 
 2123. Common tin, from Chyandour Works. 
 
 This is the refined common rnetal, being an assay taken out of the 
 kettle when refining the metal from the common lin ore mixtures, 
 accompanied by an assay of the primary regulus of the mixture. 
 
 2124. Refined tin, from Chyandour Works. 
 
 This is the refined metal, being an assay taken out of the kettle when 
 refining the metal from the refined tin ore mixture, accompanied by an 
 assay of the primary regulus of the mixture. 
 
 2125. Tin as laded from the kettle for the block. 
 
 One of the three products of refining common tin at Chyandour 
 Works. 
 
 2126. Tin used for experiments on crystallising tin by Pattin- 
 son's process for lead. 
 
 Experiments by R. Smith. No. 1. 
 No. 2 is wanting. 
 
 2127. Sample of the residuum after the crystals were 
 separated, in these experiments. 
 
 212S. Series of ingots of tin used in experiments for purifying 
 it by Pattinson's process for lead. 
 
 Three ingots marked 3 0, 4 C, 5 C, apparently from their lustre con- 
 sisting of common tin : and three ingots of the same size marked 1 R, 
 2 R, 3 R, doubtless refined, and a smaller one marked 4 R. There is also 
 a sample marked " original specimen Bolitho Penzance." The actual 
 experiments are not recorded. 
 
 2129. Grain tin. 
 
 Showing roughly the prismatic crystallisation of the metal. 
 
 2130. Tin foil. 
 
 2131. Tin melted in a crucible. 
 
 2132. Sample of tin produced by assay from ore obtained at 
 Wheal Margaret, Cornwall, 1858. 
 
 Probably contains copper. 
 
 2133. Best refined tin. 
 
 Produced in 1858 by Messrs. Bolitho, Chyandour Smelting House. 
 Adapted to the manufacture of tin plate. Refined tin was then about 
 2J per cent, more valuable than common tin. 
 
 2134. Sample of tin produced by assay, from ore obtained at 
 Wheal Vor, Cornwall. 
 
 Supposed to contain copper, and possibly bismuth and lead. 
 
245 
 
 2135. Sample of tin produced by assay, from ore obtained at 
 Wheal Owles. 
 
 Believed to contain iron. Penzance, 1858. 
 
 2136. Second quality of tin. 
 
 As produced at the Chyandour Works in 1858. 
 
 2137. Electro-deposited tin. 
 
 Showing a brilliant square pyramid, banded parallel to its basal edges. 
 A microscopic slide. Communicated by Mr. Makin, 1872. 
 
 2138. Electro-deposited tin. 
 
 In an arborescent form. Communicated as above by Mr. Makin. 
 
 2139. Ingots obtained from melting down medicine case. 
 Melted at the Houses of Parliament from cases of " Lloyd's Euxesis." 
 
 It has been tested and found to consist substantially of tin. 
 
 2140. White bronze, or tin reduced to a fine powder by 
 lamination, trituration, and laevigation. 
 
 Manufactured by Lane, 1847. 
 
 2141. Sample of tin produced by assay from Australian tin 
 ore. 
 
 From the Chyandour Smelting Works, Penzance, 1858. 
 
 2142. Sample of tin remelted from Banca tin. 
 
 The Banca tin is the purest form, it is from an island in the East Indies. 
 
 2143. Peruvian tin smelted in Peru. 
 
 A very impure ingot, the surface is ah 1 covered with dendritic crystal- 
 lisation, apparently belonging to the cubic system. 
 
 2144. Sample of tin produced by assay, from large pits of tin 
 ore obtained in Brittani (sic). 
 
 2145. Tin from Banca in the East Indies. 
 
 Remelted and purified at Shanghai, and cast in an ornamental pyra- 
 midal ingot with a Chinese symbol on it. 
 
 2146. Tin from Borneo. 
 
 A wedge-shaped mass. Marked u Rajah Sarawak, S. and I. 29." 
 Communicated by Mr. Budd. 
 
 2147. Bar of tin from the first ton of Colonial tin. 
 Marked G. T. and Co., April 1853. 
 
246 
 
 ALLOYS OF TIN. 
 
 2148. Alloy of tin and copper. 
 
 Consists of 20 parts by weight of tin and one part by weight of 
 copper. This is included among the alloys called pewter, which may 
 contain copper up to 20 per cent, or down to 5 per cent. 
 
 2149. Alloy of four parts of tin with six parts of copper. 
 
 It has a dull white colour, but is very compact and finely granular. 
 Supplied from Berlin. 
 
 2150. Alloy containing one part of tin, two parts of nickel, 
 and four parts of copper. 
 
 Total weight 1,375 grains, prepared in 1845. 
 
 2151. Britannia metal in rolls. 
 
 This usually contains from 80 to 85 per cent, of tin. from 10 to 16 
 per cent, of antimony, arid 2 to 3 per cent, of zinc. 
 
 2152. Britannia metal. 
 
 From Mr. Sturges, Birmingham. Contains about 80 per cent, of tin 
 and 15 per cent, of antimony. 
 
 2153. * Bearing metal." 
 
 This is used for bushes in steam engines, as it wears against iron. 
 The usual composition of such material, known as " white" or " anti- 
 friction" metal, is 85 per cent, of tin, 10 per cent, of antimony, and 5 
 per cent, of copper. Communicated by Mr. May. 
 
 2154. Alloy of 94 parts of tin with six parts of arsenic. 
 
 The ingot has a very crystalline surface, with acicular, and platy 
 crystals, and has a still more crystalline fracture. 
 
 2155. Alloy of tin containing 10 per cent of arsenic. 
 
 Communicated by D. Watson, Broughton Copper Works, 1882. It 
 has a highly crystalline surface, of vertical plates. The fracture is of a 
 brilliant white colour, and very crystalline in broad plates. 
 
 2156. Alloy of 90 parts of tin with 10 parts of aluminium. 
 
 The result is a non-malleable alloy, irregular in its fracture, and 
 dividing into thin plates, which are brittle on hammering out. 
 
 2157. Alloy of tin containing 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 It is a dark-coloured granular mass, very brittle and sub-crystalline. 
 It has scarcely a metallic appearance. 
 
 2158. Alloy containing four equivalents of iron to one of tin. 
 
 Made by fusing 1,120 grains of sheet iron with 590 grains of tin, at a 
 white heat. Experiment by R. Smith. A bluish-white, granular, 
 sub-crystalline mass of considerable hardness. 
 
247 
 
 2159. Alloy of tin containing 5 per cent, of phosphorus. 
 
 To be used in the manufacture of phosphor bronze. A white crystal- 
 line mass, of a highly metallic lustre. Communicated by H. Simon, 
 
 1877. 
 
 2160. Alloy of tin and phosphorus. 
 
 Made by Messrs. Billington and Newton, Longport, Staffordshire, 
 1881. It contains 3-3 per cent, of phosphorus. It is bought by copper 
 smelters at Manchester for making phosphor bronze. Its fracture is 
 largely and broadly crystalline. It is said to be produced under pressure. 
 Communicated by D. Watson. 
 
 2161. Babbitt's patent metal. 
 
 This contains 10 parts by weight of tin, one part of regulus of 
 antimony, and one part of copper. The accessory ingredients may be 
 varied in proportion, but the essential feature is the larger proportion 
 of tin. It is a hard and tough material, with a pretty uniform but 
 coarsely granular fracture. 
 
 2162. Tin alloyed with tungsten. 
 
 This is the produce of the Drakewalls Tin Mine. The tin in 
 Cornwall being largely contaminated with wolfram, the tin derived from 
 it, unless refined, is really an alloy of tin and tungsten. Its presence 
 renders the tin darker in colour and more difficult to fuse. Communi- 
 cated by D. Matthews. 
 
 2163. Solders of various descriptions. 
 
 1, Spelter solder, of a yellow colour for brass work. 2. Silver solder, 
 a white alloy. 3. Pewter solder. 
 
 USES OF TIN. 
 
 2164. Enamel containing 6 per cent, of oxide of tin. 
 
 2165. Early specimen of ornamental tin plate. 
 
 Procured from Messrs. Leach, Flower, and Co.'s Works, Neath, before 
 the process was introduced into the market. The vehicle of the pig- 
 ment is a kind of varnish; the plate when painted over is heated pretty 
 strongly in an oven. 
 
 DECAY OF TIN, 
 
 2166. Scale from the surface of " Jews House " tin, Tremen- 
 hack, Penzance. 
 
 The metal seems to have been run in ancient time into a shallow pit, 
 and the upper and lower surfaces are now encrusted for the thickness 
 of an eighth or a quarter of an inch with a substance of non-metallic 
 appearance. This has been analysed by R. Smith, and found to consist 
 chiefly of oxide of tin, a small quantity of oxide of iron and water, and 
 a scarcely perceptible trace of chlorine. The latter is doubtless derived 
 from the saline spray which saturates the air of the Cornish coasts. 
 Communicated by W. J. Hen wood, 1871. 
 
248 
 
 2167. Flaws in tin plates. 
 
 After tinning, irregular spots, such as are seen in this specimen, make 
 their appearance. It is supposed that in the process of tinning, after 
 the iron plate has been dipped in the acid, some of this " pickling 
 liquor " remains in the cracks and crevices unperceived, and eats its 
 way into the tin at a later period. 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 2168. Jamesonite, fused and cooled slowly. 
 
 Experiment by R. Smith. Jamesonite contains about 33 per cent, 
 of antimony in combination with sulphur, in addition to ordinary 
 metallic sulphides. These masses show an eminently fibrous structure. 
 
 2169. Massive sulphide of arsenic ; produced by fusing the 
 precipitated sulphide. 
 
 Experiment by W. Baker. It has a fibrous structure, somewhat 
 similar to the more massive varieties of native stibnite. 
 
 2170. Antimony reduced from its sulphide by fusing with 
 charcoal. 
 
 Experiment by W. Baker. 
 
 2171. Sulphide of antimony reduced by heating one equiva- 
 lent of it with three equivalents of iron. 
 
 One equivalent of antimony and three of ferrous sulphide are produced. 
 Experiment by W. Baker. 
 
 ORES OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 2172. Native antimony from Borneo, pulverised. 
 
 2173. Stibnite, or sulphide of antimony. 
 A columnar mass, locality unknown. 
 
 2174. Hungarian crude black antimony. 
 
 This is derived from the native ore by simple fusion to separate the 
 gangue. Analysed by J. Ward. Contains 70-28 per cent, of the 
 metal, and is therefore nearly pure sulphide. Communicated by R. G. 
 Schwarz. 
 
 2175. Oxide of antimony. 
 
 Probably produced by the oxidation of the sulphide, and therefore 
 senarmonite. From New South Wales. Communicated by Messrs. 
 Johnson arid Matthey, 1871. 
 
249 
 
 2176. Valentinite from South Ham, near Quebec. 
 
 An oxide of antimony, crystallising in radiating tufts belonging to 
 the rhombic system. This sample has been analysed by R. Smith, and 
 yields 
 
 Antimony oxide - 89-95 
 
 Antimony sulphide - -6-52 
 
 Iron sulphide - - - 0-09 
 
 Gangue (Silica, &c.) - -3-29 
 
 99-85 
 This is equivalent to 79 83 per cent, of metallic antimony. 
 
 2177. Mixed oxides of antimony obtained by roasting native 
 antimony sulphide. 
 
 The product has been powdered. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 
 EXTRACTION OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 2178. Antimony ore and gangue from Borneo, pulverised. 
 
 The intermediate product obtained in washing the native sulphide 
 ore. 
 
 2179. The fused product of No. 2178, still containing the 
 antimony sulphide mixed with the gangue. 
 
 2180. Pure sulphide of antimony ore from Borneo. 
 
 Separated from the gangue by washing. A large amount floated off 
 in the process and was only deposited after standing, showing that 
 this method of separating the ore would not avail commercially. Ex- 
 periment by R. Smith. 
 
 2181. Residual gangue after liquating the powdered and 
 washed antimony ore. No. 2180. 
 
 The antimony still retained has sweated out on the surface on 
 cooling. 
 
 2182. The antimony derived from No. 2180, after the gangue 
 is removed. 
 
 2183. Poor antimony ore from Borneo. 
 
 Used in extracting the pure antimony sulphide as below. This is a 
 sulphide ore mixed with a considerable quantity of vein stuff. 
 
 2184. Residual gangue after the antimony is liquated out. 
 
 2185. The antimony which has been liquated out of the ore. 
 Forming the ordinary crude antimony in needle-shaped crystals. 
 
 2186. Rich antimony ore from Borneo. 
 
 This is also the sulphide, much more free from gangue. 
 
250 
 
 2187. The residual gangue after the antimony has been 
 liquated out. 
 
 2188. The regulus or sulphide of antimony which has been 
 liquated out of the ore, and subsequently fused in a crucible. 
 
 The process is simply heating the ore in a cylinder or in a furnace 
 with an outlet below, out of which the fused ore runs into a receptacle. 
 
 2189. Product from smelting antimony ore in Borneo. 
 
 Shows various crystalline products in the form of hexagonal plates, 
 fibres and transparent octahedra. Communicated by Mr. Russell. 
 
 2190. " Metal " product from smelting Borneo antimony ore, 
 by Messrs. Hallett. 
 
 This is the residue after the antimony has been extracted. It con- 
 tains some globules of metal here and there. 
 
 2191. The flux used in smelting the antimony ore, by Messrs. 
 Hallett. 
 
 METALLIC ANTIMONY IN VARIOUS FORMS. 
 
 2192. Antimony obtained by smelting the ore from Borneo, 
 by Messrs. Hallett. 
 
 A very irregularly crystalline mass ; not very compact. 
 
 2193. Common commercial antimony. 
 
 In large compact crystals radiating from the side. 
 
 2194. Antimony from Leghorn. 
 
 A pure white sample of broadly crystalline fracture. 
 
 2195. Antimony obtained by reducing the native oxide by 
 charcoal. 
 
 Experiment by B. Smith. The antimony thus obtained is in small 
 globules, producing a dark grey powder in bulk. 
 
 2196. Crystals of antimony. 
 
 There are ti number of cubes built up upon one another, yet remain- 
 ing distinct, so as to form a mass like bismuth. There is no tendency 
 to radiation here seen. 
 
 2197. Crystals of antimony. 
 
 Produced as a furnace product, in the smelting of ores containing 
 antimony. It consists of similar aggregated cubes, and hopper-shaped 
 crystals, for the most part coated over with a dark grey powder, which 
 appears to be the metal in a more pulverulent form. Communicated by 
 Josiah Cooke. 
 
 2198. Metallic antimony containing arsenic. 
 
 Communicated by "W. W. Smyth. It has a brilliant white, broad, 
 crystalline, flat fracture. 
 
251 
 
 2199. Antimony electro-deposited on a brass plate. 
 
 Communicated by G. Gore, 1855. It has been deposited from a 
 solution consisting of 1 oz. by measure of hydrochloric acid, J ox. of 
 water, and 500 grains of tartar emetic. The anode was of commercial 
 antimony, and of about the same size as the cathode. The process 
 occupied about three days with four Grove's cells in series. This has not 
 been found to be explosive. It consists of botryoidal masses of brassy 
 lustre and fracture, coated with darker metal. The antimony seems 
 therefore to have alloyed itself with the brass. 
 
 2200. Antimony obtained from the solution, from which 
 explosive antimony was obtained. 
 
 It is now excessively brittle, but not explosive. It has been deposited 
 by electrolysis from a solution of tartar-emetic and ordinary terchloride 
 of antimony, then washed in dilute hydrochloric acid, and distilled water, 
 and dried. It would appear that the chlorine has escaped. Communi- 
 cated by G. Gore (the discoverer of explosive antimony), 1855. 
 
 2201. The above antimony powdered under ice and salt, and 
 dried over sulphuric acid for several months. 
 
 It is now a brown metallic powder. 
 
 ALLOYS OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 2202. Alloy composed of equal parts of antimony and copper. 
 
 It has a peculiar purple tinge and a crystalline fracture, and is com- 
 monly known as " Regulus of Venus." 
 
 2203. Alloy containing 50 per cent, of antimony and 50 per 
 cent, of tin. 
 
 A bar made by Mr. E. Matthey, 1883. The fracture is very finely 
 granular, and the bar is very brittle, This kind of alloy is said to be 
 the only one suitable for use in dry gas meters. 
 
 2204. Alloy composed of antimony and phosphorus. 
 
 Experimentally made in a crucible under salt. It is brilliant white, 
 and excessively brittle. It has a flaky fracture, irregularly disposed, 
 the surface of the flakes being spotted. 
 
 OTHER SPECIAL COMPOUNDS OF ANTIMONY. 
 
 2205. " Crocus of antimony." 
 
 Produced by fusing together 1 cwt. of black sulphide of antimony and 
 12 Ibs. of nitrate of potash. Communicated by W. KatclifFe, 1879. A 
 reddish, slightly porous, regulus-like mass, containing oxysulphide of 
 antimony. One of the earliest preparations from the metal (15th 
 century). 
 
 2206. " Kermes mineral." 
 
 Prepared by W. Baker. This is one of the ancient (15th century) 
 preparations of antimony, and supplied one of its earliest uses for 
 
252 
 
 medicinal purposes. It is an amorphous form of the native sulphide, 
 and is produced from it by fusing it with carbonate of soda, and precipi- 
 tating by sulphuric acid. It is now used for colouring and vulcanising 
 indiarubber. 
 
 2207. " Glass of antimony." 
 
 Prepared by W. Baker, by fusing the oxidised sulphide, with a small 
 quantity of the same unoxidised. It forms a large dark red, almost 
 opaque glass, used for staining window glass. It has been known and 
 used from the fifteenth century. 
 
 2208. " Glass of antimony." 
 
 Also called " Liver of Antimony." Prepared by W. Baker by fusing 
 together oxide of antimony, prepared by roasting the sulphide, with half 
 its weight of sulphide of antimony unroasted. It is dark brown and 
 quite opaque. 
 
 2209. " Crocus of antimony." 
 
 Prepared by W. Baker. It is dark brown and opaque, not to be 
 distinguished from the darker glass of antimony. 
 
 2210. Sulphide of antimony fused with carbonate of soda. 
 
 Five parts of the first with three of the second have been fused 
 together for the production of kermes mineral, by precipitating the 
 solution of this. Experiment by W. Baker, 1854. 
 
 2211. Antimoniate of potash. 
 
 Prepared by R. Smith. This was also known in the fifteenth century 
 as " antimonium diaphoreticum." It has been here prepared by heating 
 450 grains of the native oxide of antimony (sample shown) with 50 
 grains of nitre, producing a yellow powder. This has been boiled four 
 times in water, producing a lighter yellow powder, the preparation in 
 question. 
 
 BISMUTH. 
 
 2212. Metallic bismuth, crystallised. 
 
 Prepared in a crucible by allowing a large quantity to cool slowly, till 
 a crust is formed on the surface, then breaking the crust and pouring the 
 still liquid portion out. It has crystallised in hopper-shaped crystals 
 belonging to the hexagonal system, but whose angles are so nearly 
 right angles (87 40') that they look cubical. 
 
 2213. Crystallised bismuth showing iridescence. 
 
 This consists of the ordinary hopper-shaped crystals which have 
 slightly oxidised in the air and have become covered with varying thick- 
 nesses of oxide. Exposure to iodine vapour is said to facilitate the 
 formation of the film. 
 
 2214. Metallic bismuth cast in an ingot. 
 Shows the distinctive reddish tinge of the metal. 
 
253 
 
 2215. Bismuth crystallised in an unusual form. 
 
 Consists of a number of rhombohedral plates and prisms, covered with 
 metal hardly crystallised. 
 
 2216. Bisulphide of bismuth. 
 
 Prepared by precipitating chloride of bismuth by sulphuretted hydrogen. 
 It is a black-brown powder which, when heated, takes the form of bis- 
 muthite, one of the ores of the metal. 
 
 2217. Bisulphide of bismuth. 
 
 Produced by fusing one equivalent of bismuth with one of sulphur, 
 and pouring the molten mass into a mould. It is a dark reddish-grey 
 metallic mass of fine fibrous structure, radiating from the sides of the 
 moulfl. Prepared by "W. Baker. 
 
 2218. Crystals of bismuth amalgam. 
 
 Four parts, by weight, of mercury have been mixed with one part, by 
 weight, of bismuth in powder, and the amalgam thus formed has been 
 allowed to stand for a year or two, in which time these crystals formed 
 on the surface of the liquid. They have been examined by Professor 
 W. H. Miller. They are sectile and flexible, and probably therefore 
 contain mercury in their composition, and may be analogous to the crys- 
 talline alloy of antimony and zinc. See No. 1308. They are here in 
 the form of oblique pyramids, with truncated angles. 
 
 2219. The amalgam of mercury and bismuth, in which the 
 above crystals formed after standing a long time. 
 
 Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 2220. Amalgam of equal parts of mercury and bismuth. 
 
 Powdered bismuth in large quantity has been mixed with mercury, 
 and the mixture kept. A very brilliant white amalgam has formed, with 
 irregular fracture, and some portions have taken a crystalline external 
 form, viz., an oblique prism, apparently not rhombohedral. 
 
 2221. Alloy of four equivalents of bismuth with one. of 
 nickel. 
 
 416 grains of bismuth were fused with 30 grains of nickel. The 
 result is an irregularly granular, semi-fibrous, dark grey alloy. Experi- 
 ment by R. Smith. 
 
 2222. Stereotype metal plate, made of fusible metal. 
 
 Accompanying this is the negative in prepared pasteboard, of which a 
 stereotype is to be taken. Upon such a negative the metal is poured in 
 a molten state. Its composition has to be such that it will not destroy 
 the negative at the temperature of fusion. The essential ingredient of 
 such a composition is bismuth. If half the alloy is bismuth, one quarter 
 lead, and the rest tin and cadmium, the melting point is only 60*o C. ; 
 moreover, the bismuth expands in solidifying and takes a sharp im- 
 pression. 
 
254 
 
 MERCURY. 
 
 2223. Cinnabar ore. From Almaden, Spain. 
 
 The original locality whence mercury was earliest obtained, and from 
 whence the name of the ore is derived. It is a sulphide containing, 
 when pure, 86 per cent, of mercury. Communicated by C. de A ndrade. 
 
 2224. The exhausted residue from cinnabar ore. Almaden. 
 
 The massive nature of these residues shows that the mercury is a 
 sublimation filling up the interstices in an ordinary rock bed. The ore 
 is simply heated and the mercury sublimes. 
 
 2225. Massive cinnabar, very rich in the ore. 
 
 Mostly in the crimson crystalline form and partly in the earthy 
 scarlet form. 
 
 2226. Cinnabar from Cyprus. 
 
 Partly massive and partly powder. Communicated bv E. T. Wake- 
 field. 
 
 2227. Vermilion ore from Algeria. 
 
 From the Province of Constantine, twelve hours south of Batna. 
 Discovered in 1875. The amorphous red powder is the sulphide of 
 mercury. The ore yields 5 per cent, of mercury. Communicated by 
 J. C. Deane. 
 
 2228. Vermilion ore from Algeria. 
 The pure powder extracted from the rock. 
 
 2229. Crystallised cinnabar ore. 
 Yields 63 per cent, of mercury. 
 
 2230. Onofrite from Mexico. 
 
 Another ore of mercury containing selenium. The published analyses 
 give selenium 6-42, sulphur 10-30, mercury 81 -63 per cent. It is 
 dark steel-grey in colour and is found impregnating the material of a. 
 vein. 
 
 2231. Sulphide of mercury, sublimed. 
 
 Crystalline form of the sublimate corresponding to cinnabar. 
 
 2232. Sulphide of mercury in a black powder. 
 
 Produced by triturating metallic mercury with warm powdered 
 sulphur. 
 
 2233. Sulphide of mercury, sublimed and pulverised. 
 Corresponding to the red amorphous vermilion po\vder of the ore. 
 
 2234. Iron sulphide, produced by decomposing vermilion with 
 iron filings with the aid of heat. 
 
255 
 
 2235. Chloride of mercury or calomel. 
 
 In crystals composed of tetragonal prisms and pyramids, yellowish 
 grey and transparent. Found at Altwasser in Tipper Hungary, where 
 the mercurial fallow ores are worked for their copper, mercury being 
 obtained as a bye-produci. The ores are roasted in mounds, and this 
 incrustation was obtained at eight fathoms distant from the place where 
 the roasting occurred, and two fathoms deep in the earth. 
 
 ARSENIC. 
 
 2236. Metallic arsenic. 
 
 From the Harz. It has been deposited in crystals lying parallel to the 
 axis of the cylinder or tube in which it has been formed. It is dark 
 grey by tarnish, and shows the hexagonal prisms and pyramids of the 
 rhombohedral system. 
 
 2237. Crystallised arsenious acid. 
 
 Three specimens. From Muldener Hiitte, Freiberg. These transparent 
 octahedral crystals are formed on the surface of the roasting heaps, when 
 the ores of copper, &c. contain a considerable quantity of arsenides. 
 These are oxidised to form the arsenious acid, which is accompanied 
 by red masses of realgar, formed by the combination of other portions of 
 the arsenic with the associated sulphur. 
 
 2238. Realgar from the roast heaps. Muldener Hiitte^ 
 Freiberg. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman, 1854. A red transparent glass of 
 sulphide of arsenic. 
 
 2239. Crystals of arsenious acid. 
 
 Deposited on the upper layer of some pyritic ore during roasting in 
 a heap. From Eldridge Mine, Buckingham County, U.S.A. Com- 
 municated by J. W. Baker. They are in well-formed semi-transparent 
 octahedra, tinged with yellow. 
 
 2240. Realgar from China. 
 
 A native ore consisting of arsenic sulphide, containing 70 per cent, of 
 arsenic. Some portions are darker coloured. 
 
 2241. Arsenious acid as a sublimate from copper works. 
 
 Obtained in the process of roasting arsenical ores in furnaces provided 
 with chambers. It contains also some traces of realgar from the sulphur 
 associated. From the Mines Royal Copper Works, Swansea. 
 
 2242. Orpiment from France. 
 
 A sesquisulphide of arsenic containing 61 per cent, of arsenic, 
 together with arsenious acid. It is in the form of a yellow opaque glass. 
 The depth of the colour depends on the proportion of the sulphur added 
 to the arsenious acid for the fusion mixture. 
 
256 
 
 2243. Orpiment from China. 
 
 This is the natural sesquisulphide of arsenic, of a more or less 
 crystalline and fibrous form. 
 
 2244. Native orpiment. 
 
 In a dark tinted fibrous form. Communicated by R. Pearce. Locality 
 not given. It is very tough, aad the cleavage parallel to the macro- 
 diagonal is highly perfect. The crystals resemble yellow talc. 
 
 2245. Arsenical ore ready for roasting. 
 
 From the Arsenic Works, Hayle, Cornwall, 1858. The ore is 
 powdered mispickel, or arsenical iron pyrites. 
 
 2246. Residue thrown away at the Arsenic Works, Hayle, 
 Cornwall, 1858. 
 
 This consists of the ground gangue of the ore after the sublimation of 
 all the arsenious acid in the furnace. 
 
 2247. Arsenious acid from the condensing flue. 
 
 From the Arsenic Works, Hayle, Cornwall, 1858. This is the un- 
 refined product, which atill contains mechanically mixed particles of the 
 gangue and fuel. It is known as " Griftmehl," or poison-flour, in 
 Germany. 
 
 2248. Arsenical glass. 
 
 From the Arsenic Works, Hayle, Cornwall, 1858. This is the 
 commercial form in which arsenic is used. It is a consolidated and 
 purified arsenious acid. The powder first produced is submitted to 
 a second sublimation with carefully regulated temperature, so that only 
 the pure acid passes into the condensing cylinder, this is then 
 heated to a higher temperature, under which the deposit consolidates 
 into a glass. In this form it is nearly pure. When first made it is 
 translucent. 
 
 2249. Illustration of the effect of light on arsenic glass, 
 showing the cause of its opacity. 
 
 Two tubes contain sealed up within them pieces of arsenic glass, which 
 when placed there were both translucent. The one has been exposed 
 for many years to the light, and this has become opaque and white ; the 
 other has been covered during the same period with tin foil, this has 
 retained almost entirely its translucency. 
 
 CHROMIUM. 
 
 2250. Metallic chromium. 
 
 Produced by strongly heating in an air furnace a mixture of chromic 
 oxide with carbon. Experiment by R. Smith, 1888, A porous mass is 
 produced, in which there is abundance of a metallic substance of a tin- 
 white colour, mixed with darker material derived from the fuel. Chromium 
 is used in the manufacture of particular kinds of steel. 
 
257 
 
 2251. Mixture of chromic oxide and lime strongly heated. 
 
 Experiment by R. Smith, 1888. It has become a purplish-black 
 powder. 
 
 2252. Chromic oxide obtained by heating mercurous chro- 
 mate. 
 
 Prepared by C. Tookey, 1857* Forms a fine green pigment. 
 
 2253. Chromic oxide obtained from chromate of potash with 
 a little carbonate of soda. 
 
 2254. Crystallised chromic oxide. 
 
 Obtained as a furnace product in the Baltimore Chrome Works. The 
 amorphous green substance has entered into the crevices and pores of 
 the brick. Some of this is also transparent and crystalline. On part 
 of the surface are numerous black semi-metallic hexagonal scales of 
 chromium ? See American Journal of Science, vol. X., p. 352. 
 
 2255. Hydrate of chromic oxide. 
 
 Prepared by treating lead chromate with hydrochloric acid and 
 alcohol, precipitating the solution with hydrosulphuric acid, evaporating 
 to dryness, digesting with water, precipitating with sal-ammoniac and 
 washing. 
 
 2256. Chromic sulphate. 
 The pale green form. 
 
 2257. Chrome alum, or potassium chromic sulphate. 
 In dark purple, almost black oclahedra. 
 
 2258. Oxalate of chromium and potash. 
 
 This has the formula, Cr 2 O 3 , 3 C 2 O 3 + 3 (KO,C 2 O 3 ) + 6 H 2 O. 
 Pale transparent purple crystals, in thin plates of the rhombic system. 
 
 2259. Molybdate of chromium. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1851. A light green powder. 
 
 2260. Chloride of chromium. 
 
 Obtained by heating chromic oxide and carbon in a stream of dry 
 chlorine. It consists of peach -blossom coloured transparent scales. 
 
 2261. Chromate of copper. 
 
 Produced by precipitating sulphate of copper with chromate of 
 potash. 
 
 2262. Sand composed of chromite. 
 
 In brilliant black octahedra. Analysed by Ch. Tookey, contains 
 30 30 per cent, of chromic oxide, the remainder being ferrous oxide and 
 alumina. Locality not stated. 
 U 61955. 
 
258 
 
 2263. Alloy of chromium and manganese, containing 40 per 
 cent, of chromium, with the green glassy slag formed during the 
 process. 
 
 200 grains of manganese dioxide were heated for two hours with 123 
 grains of chromium oxide and 85 grains of charcoal. The button weighs 
 197 grains, is not very brittle, and scratches glass. 
 
 2264. Green aventurine glass. 
 
 Discovered by Pelouze. The colour is due to spangles of oxide of 
 chromium in a crystalline form. Communicated by Sir C. Wheatstone. 
 
 MOLYBDENUM. 
 
 2265. Metallic molybdenum. 
 
 In the form of a dark powder. Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1850. 
 
 2266. Molybdenum ore. 
 
 Consisting of the sulphide mixed with gangue, and the whole 
 powdered. 
 
 2267. Sulphide of molybdenum, or molybdenite. 
 
 This is the native ore from which most molybdenum is obtained ; it 
 occurs massive. 
 
 2268. Molybdic acid (a). 
 
 Impure form. Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1850. 
 
 2269; Molybdic acid (6). 
 
 Partially purified. Prepared by Dr. Peicy iu 1850. 
 
 2270. Pure molybdic acid. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy according to the method of Berzelius in 1850. 
 
 2271. Molybdic acid. 
 
 Prepared by Emile Rousseau of Paris. In all these cases it is a 
 greenish-yellow powder. 
 
 2272. Anhydrous molybdic acid. 
 
 Prepared by dissolving the trioxide obtained by decomposing the 
 ammonium molybdate by nitric acid, in a fresh portion of nitric acid and 
 allowing the solution to evaporate in vacuo over sulphuric acid. It 
 consists of small, transparent, colourless, prismatic crystals. 
 
 2273. Molybdate of ammonia. 
 
 Ordinary impure form prepared in 1847. Coloured green by the 
 presence of copper. 
 
 2274. Molybdate of ammonia? 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1850. Blue and green prismatic narrow 
 crystals. 
 
259 
 
 2275. Bimolybdate of ammonia. 
 
 Prepared. according to Berzelius by Dr. Percy iu 1851. Brilliant 
 sea-green crystals of short prismatic habit. 
 
 2276. Molybdate of stannous oxide. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1851. A dark, nearly black amorphous 
 
 substance in small fragments. 
 
 TUNGSTEN. 
 
 2277. Wolfram. 
 
 The ordinary ore of tungsten, composed of tungstate of iron and 
 manganese, Associated with tin ore in Cornwall. 
 
 2278. Wolfram, carefully picked out and very finely powdered 
 in an agate mortar for experimental purposes. 
 
 2279. Wolfram supposed to resemble zinc blende. 
 It was sold as zinc blende and assayed for zinc, 
 
 2280. Metallic tungsten. 
 
 Obtained by R. Oxland's process, at the Drakewalls Tin Mine, 
 Cornwall. The wolfram picked out from the tin ore, as well as the tin 
 ore contaminated by wolfram, is fused with soda ash and sodium nitrate 
 in a reverberatory furnace, and the soluble sodium tungstate dissolved out 
 and obtained by crystallisation. From this the tungsten trioxide can 
 be precipitated by nitric acid, and the metallic tungsten obtained by 
 reduction by carbon in a covered crucible. 
 
 2281. Metallic tungsten in powder. 
 
 Produced by Th. Kniesche, Rosswein, Saxony. Analysed at. the 
 Royal Forge Laboratory, Freiberg. Gives 97*4 percent, of metallic 
 tungsten, 1 per cent, of tin, and 1*16 per cent, of carbon, without any 
 trace of copper, arsenic, or sulphur. It is produced for melting with 
 steel to improve its hardness and tenacity for tools. 
 
 2282. Blue oxide of tungsten crystallised. 
 
 This is a mixture of two equivalents of the trioxide with one of the 
 dioxide, obtained by partially reducing the trioxide in a current of 
 hydrogen. It is nearly black, and is not crystalline in form, but only in 
 lustre. 
 
 2283. Tungsten prepared by reduction. 
 
 2284. Tungsten grains left after dissolving an alloy of tungsten 
 and silver in nitric acid. 
 
 2285. Compound obtained by. boiling the white precipitate of 
 tungsten trioxide by nitric acid in aqua regia. 
 
 A bright yellow, powder, consisting of purified tungsten trioxide. 
 
 R 2 
 
260 
 
 2286. Impure tungstic acid. 
 
 Precipitated by acid from a tungstate ; a brown powder. 
 
 2287. Pure tungstic acid. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy, after the method of Berzelius, by dissolving 
 tungstic oxide in sulphide of ammonium and treating with hydro- 
 sulphuric acid. It forms a light green powder. 
 
 2288. Sulphide of tungsten. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1845, and treated with dilute hydrochloric 
 acid. It is a very brilliant black crystalline powder. Probably pro- 
 duced by heating tungsten trioxide with cinnabar. 
 
 2289. Tungstate of soda. 
 
 The ordinary product of tungsten ores, obtained by fusing them with 
 soda ash and lixiviating. In white crystals. 
 
 2290. Tungstate of soda. 
 
 An impure form of brownish tint, but in larger crystals. 
 
 2291. Tangstate of ammonia. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy. Yellowish-white, needle-shaped, and platy 
 crystals. 
 
 2292. Tungstate of ammonia. 
 
 In minute white needle-shaped crystals. 
 
 2293. Tungstate of ammonia. 
 
 In small needles with short crystalline particles. 
 
 ! 2294. Tungstate of baryta. 
 
 In the form of a white amorphous powder. Prepared by Messrs. 
 Lister and Biggs. 
 
 URANIUM. 
 
 2295. Powdered pitchblende. 
 
 Various samples of the ore from Cornwall. Communicated by A. W. 
 Bell. The uranium is contained in these ores in the form of uranoso- 
 uranic oxide. No. 1 contains 49*1 per cent, of this oxide. No. 2 
 contains 56 * 5 per cent. No. 3 contains 57 * 35 per cent. No. 4 contains 
 50'01 per cent. A fifth sample, " ex Nevada," contains 55* 47 per cent, 
 of the same oxide. 
 
 2296. Hydrated oxide of uranium. 
 
 Obtained by evaporating a solution of uranic nitrate ; a bright yellow 
 powder. 
 
 2297. Nitrate of uranium. 
 
 In lemon-yellow fluorescent rhombic prisms, partially deliquesced, 
 obtained by dissolving uranium oxide in nitric acid. 
 
261 
 
 2298. Phosphate of uranium. 
 
 Alight green powder, obtained by heated uranium oxide with phos- 
 phoric acid. 
 
 2299. Uranate of barium, precipitated hot. 
 
 Prepared by C. Tookey in 1874, by precipitating a mixture of nitrate 
 of uranium and nitrate of baryta with ammonia. This has a light yellow 
 tint. 
 
 2300. Uranate of barium, precipitated cold. 
 
 Prepared by C. Tookey in 1874. Precipitated from the same solution 
 as No. 2299 after it had become cold. This has a deeper tint. With 
 it is the same, as it appeared when dry. 
 
 TANTALUM, COLUMBIUM, AND YTTRIUM. , 
 
 2301. Columbite from Middletown, Massachussets. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Brooke. This dark-coloured mineral is said 
 to contain 28*5 per cent, of tantalum oxide and 51*5 per cent, 
 columbium oxide in combination with 13*5 per cent, of ferrous oxide. 
 
 2302. Tantalite from Sweden. 
 
 This contains 49*6 per cent, of tantalum oxide and 29*2 percent, 
 columbium oxide in combination with 13 '7 per cent, of ferrous oxide. 
 
 2303. The mineral called Torreylite, from the Andover Iron 
 Mines, New Jersey, O.S. 
 
 The name is now changed to Columbite. It is a columbate of iron ; 
 massive and red. 
 
 2304. Yttrotantalite from Ytterby, in Sweden. 
 
 This mineral contains 10 per cent, of tantalum oxide, 42 per cent, of 
 columbium oxide in combination with 27*7 per cent, of yttrium oxide, 
 and 12* 4 per cent, of erbium oxide. 
 
 2305. Tantalite from Frinnitto, Finland. 
 
 This ore contains 76*3 of tantalum oxide and 7*5 per cent, of 
 columbium oxide with 13 '9 per cent, of ferrous oxide. 
 
 METALS OF THE CERIUM GROUP. 
 CERIUM. 
 
 2306. Gadolinite from Finland. 
 
 This is the original ore in which the metals of this group were dis- 
 covered by Oradolin in 1794. It is a silicate of these and other metals, 
 and contains 34 64 per cent, of yttrium, 2 * 86 of cerium, 2 93 of 
 erbium, 8 '38 of didymium, and 3 '21 per cent, of lanthanum. It is black 
 and semi-vitreous. 
 
262 
 
 2307. Cerite, powdered. 
 
 Another ore of cerium, occurring as a band in gneiss at Barnas, 111 
 Sweden. It contains 61 per cent, of cerium with 3 '5 per cent, of 
 lanthanum and 3 '90 per cent, of didymium. 
 
 2308. Cerium metal in the form of a greenish-grey powder. 
 Obtained by heating the chloride with sodium. 
 
 2309. Cerium dioxide. 
 
 A pale straw-yellow powder, prepared by Bunsen's method from 
 cerite by first precipitating the oxalate from a highly acid solution of 
 the ore, heating this oxalate, dissolving in nitric acid, evaporating, pre- 
 cipitating the cold water solution by strong sulphuric acid, and dis- 
 solving in dilute, and precipitating by caustic potash. See Bunsen, 
 Phil. Mag., vol. 4, p. 533. 
 
 2310. Ceric oxide. 
 
 A fine white powder, probably identical with the last, prepared by a 
 different process. 
 
 2311. Cerium fluoride, mixed with fluoride of silicon and 
 strongly heated. 
 
 Is of a pale straw-yellow powder. 
 
 2312. Sesquifluoride of cerium. 
 
 A pinkish-white powder. Usually obtained by acting on eerie oxide 
 with hydrofluoric acid. 
 
 2313. Hydrated cerium chloride. 
 
 Obtained by dissolving scsquioxide of cerium in hydrochloric acid and 
 precipitating with sal-ammoniac. Of a bright yellow tint. 
 
 2314. Cerium phosphide. 
 
 A dark grey mass, broken into small fragments. Produced by heating 
 cerium dioxide to whiteness in a current of phosphuretted hydrogen 
 gas. It usually contains some phosphate of cerium. 
 
 2315. Cerium sulphide. 
 
 Obtained by heating cerium dioxide with sulphur. If heated in the 
 air alone it takes fire, or is pyrophoric. 
 
 2316. Nitrate of cerium. 
 
 Produced by acting on sulphate of cerium with nitrate of barium, 
 when a double decomposition takes place. It is a desiccated crystalline 
 powder. 
 
 2317. Carbonate of cerium. 
 
 Produced by adding carbonate of ammonia to a solution of the 
 sulphate ; a crystalline powder. 
 
263 : 
 
 2318. Oxalate of cerium. 
 
 This is the crude product containing oxalates of cerium and its allied 
 metals, from which all the other salts are derived. It is obtained froin 
 cerite by treating the powdered ore with sulphuric acid, and precipi- 
 tating the solution saturated with hydrochloric acid, and oxidised by 
 chlorine, by means of oxalic acid. A white powder. 
 
 2319. Oxalate of cerium, still containing lanthanum and 
 didymium. 
 
 A pinkish powder. 
 
 2320. Purified oxalate of cerium. 
 
 Obtained by repeating the above process with suitable modifications. 
 The cerium sulphate being insoluble, while those of the associated metals 
 are soluble. 
 
 2321. Cerium residues, consisting of brick -red powder. 
 
 LANTHANUM. 
 
 2322. Lanthanum mixed with oxychloride of lanthanum. 
 
 A greyish powder. The metallic lanthanum produces a grey colour, 
 the oxychloride being obtained by passing chloride over the heated 
 oxide at 200. It is a white powder ; by heating the chloride with 
 potassium tho metal is obtained. 
 
 2323. Lanthanum sulphide. 
 
 Obtained by calcining the oxide of lanthanum in the vapour of carbon 
 disulphide. It is a yellow mass which decomposes when brought in 
 contact with water. 
 
 2324. Anhydrous sulphate of lanthanum. 
 
 Obtained by calcining the hydrated sulphate at a heat below red heat. 
 It is a pinkish- white powder. * It dissolves more readily in cold water 
 than in hot. The hydrated sulphate is thus obtained from the mixed 
 ore of cerium, lanthanum, and didymium, by warming the mixed sul- 
 phates till that of lanthanum precipitates. 
 
 2325. Carbonate of lanthanum. 
 
 A brownish-yellow powder, obtained as a precipitate on adding arc 
 alkaline carbonate to any of the soluble salts. 
 
 2326. Mixed anhydrous sulphates of lanthanum and didy- 
 mium. 
 
 This is the product of calcining the original sulphates below a red 
 heat. These are obtained by treating the native mineral with sulphuric 
 acid. It is the starting-point of all the salts of these two metals, and 
 hence of their own separation. 
 
264 
 
 DlDYMIUM. 
 
 2327. Didymium with oxy chloride of didymium. 
 
 This is produced by heating the oxide in a current of chlorine. It is 
 a grey powder, which when heated with potassium is partly converted 
 into the metal. The oxide may be obtained by igniting the sulphate. 
 
 2328. Didymium sulphide. 
 
 A greenish-brown powder. Obtained by calcining the oxide in the 
 vapour of bisulphide of carbon. 
 
 2329. Crystallised sulphate of didymium. 
 
 This is the primary source of all the didymium compounds, and thence 
 of the metal itself. It is the last to be extracted from the product of 
 treating the ore with sulphuric acid. After the mixed lanthanum 
 and didymium sulphate has been obtained, and the salt of lanthanum has 
 been precipitated by heating the solution, the remainder is precipitated 
 by oxalic acid, the first permanent precipitate being richest in didymium ; 
 this is again converted into sulphate, and the process repeated till purity 
 is attained. It consists of rose-red tabular crystals. 
 
 2330. Anhydrous sulphate of didymium. 
 
 Prepared by heating the crystallised salt to 200 F. It forms a pink 
 powder. 
 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 GENERAL EXPEKIMENTS. 
 
 2331. Metallic magnesium cast into the form of a medal. 
 
 This was ca&t in 1851, and has on the obverse the head of Prinae 
 Albert and the inscription " H.B.H. Prince Albert, President of the Royal 
 Commission," and on the reverse a globe and the word "Exhibition" 
 across it and the inscription " Exhibition of the works of industry of 
 all nations. MDCCCLI." At this date metallic magnesium was a 
 metallurgical curiosity. It has now entirely oxidised on the surface. 
 
 2332. Oxide of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared from oxidised amalgam of mercury and magnesium, by 
 igniting it in a closed tube. 
 
 2333. Magnesium heated in benzole. 
 
 Apparently a mixture of white oxide of magnesium, with the reduced 
 carbon from the benzole. 
 
 2334. Carbonic dioxide decomposed by magnesium (two 
 examples). 
 
 Magnesium has been burned in carbonic dioxide, and the result is a 
 quantity of magnesia in blebs on the surface of carbon reduced from the 
 gas. 
 
265 
 
 2335. Result of heating together -equal parts of alumina and 
 magnesium. 
 
 The alumina was freshly prepared and pure. The product is a dark 
 pulverulent mass, apparently produced by the volatilisation of the 
 magnesium, and the concomitant reduction of the alumina. See No* 
 2365. 
 
 2336. Result of strongly heating together magnesia and 
 alumina. 
 
 This is a white, and apparently unaltered powder, for comparison with 
 the product of the last experiment, showing the action of the metallic 
 magnesium. 
 
 2337. Result of heating silica with magnesium. 
 
 - A sub-metallic scoriaceous mass is produced, apparently a compound 
 of the two elements, i.e. a silicide of magnesium. 
 
 2338. Result of heating silica and magnesium in an atmo- 
 sphere of hydrogen. 
 
 The product is a dark grey pulverulent mass, formed by the reduction 
 of the silica. 
 
 2339. Result of heating together 2 4 grains of magnesium 
 with 1 5 grain of silica. 
 
 The result is a scoriaceous mass like No. 2337. 
 
 2340. Result of heating together 2 grains of magnesium with 
 ] grain of silica. 
 
 The result cannot be distinguished from that of the last ; the 
 magnesium not required for combination probably volatilising. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION or PHOSPHIDE OF 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 2341. Phosphorus and magnesium heated in pure hydrogen, 
 in an ignition tube, and sealed up in hydrogen. 
 
 The contents of this tube since the heating have never been in contact 
 with the air. The tube has a mass of dark sub-metallic appearance 
 which is the true phosphide of magnesium. 
 
 2342. Phosphorus and magnesium heated in a bulb tube and 
 sealed up as quickly as possible. 
 
 This shows the effect of the air in the result of the union of these 
 two elements. The bottle contains a quantity of a dull grey powder 
 into which the phosphide of magnesium ordinarily decomposes. 
 
 2343. Phosphide of magnesium, prepared in hydrogen, but 
 allowed to come in contact with the air. 
 
 Tt has immediately oxidised and become a dull grey powder. 
 
266 
 
 2344. Phosphide of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by heating amorphous phosphorus wfth magnesium to 
 redness in a bulb tube. The greater part of this has decomposed, but 
 some is dark and massive. 
 
 2345. Phosphide of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by igniting magnesium filings in melted phosphorus in a 
 current of hydrogen, [t is the same dull grey powder. 
 
 2346. Phosphide of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by igniting magnesium wire and ribbon in hydrogen with 
 melted phosphorus in the same way as the filings in No. 2345. The 
 metal has not been entirely acted on by the phosphorus. 
 
 2347. Magnesium wire and ribbon heated in melted phos- 
 phorus and in hydrogen. 
 
 This is not entirely combined, but consists in part of magnesium merely 
 coated with the phosphide, and a dark sub-metallic mass which has 
 undergone fusion, and is the true phosphide. 
 
 2348. Magnesium wire and ribbon heated to redness in a bulb 
 tube with phosphorus. 
 
 This has not been fused, and retains the shape of the original ribbon. 
 It is probably only coated with the phosphide. 
 
 2349. Magnesium wire and ribbon heated in a current of 
 hydrogen and phosphorus vapour. 
 
 This has been partially oxidised by exposure to the air, by which the 
 usual grey powder has been formed, but the wire and ribbon have only 
 been partially acted on by the vapour of phosphorus. 
 
 2350. Phosphide of magnesium added to dilute sulphuric- 
 acid. 
 
 At the time of adding it, all the phosphorus in the compound 
 immediately escaped in the form of phosphuretted hydrogen, and what 
 is left in the acid consists of magnesia with a trace of phosphorous acid 
 and a brown residue derived from the corrosion of the glass by the 
 magnesium in the combustion. 
 
 2351. Falsely called black phosphide of magnesium. 
 
 This is really produced by the combustion of magnesium in carbon 
 dioxide, and contains no phosphorus at all, though the combustion may 
 have taken place in the presence of phosphorus. See No. 2334. 
 
 2352. Reproduction of the falsely called " stable phosphide of 
 magnesium." 
 
 Magnesium filings have been ignited in a current of carbon dioxide 
 and phosphorus vapour at a red heat. The product has been added to 
 this bottle of dilute sulphuric acid. The result is the precipitation of 
 insoluble carbon. This is the so-called " stable " phosphide of magnesium 
 which is seen by the above products to be non-existent. 
 
267 
 
 ALLOYS OF MAGNESIUM. 
 
 2353. Alloy of magnesium and arsenic. 
 
 15 grains of arsenic have been heated in hydrogen with 13 grains of 
 magnesium. A slight explosion occurred, and the metals united, but 
 immediately on exposure to the air the product exploded, and became 
 a fine brown powder. 
 
 2354. Alloy of magnesium and antimony. 
 
 Prepared in a mixture of salt and fluor-spar. It is metallic within,, 
 but the entire surface has deeply oxidised into magnesia, &c. 
 
 2355. Alloy of magnesium and antimony fused in hydrogen. 
 This is a dark porous and only slighty metallic mass. 
 
 2356. Alloy of magnesium and tin. 
 
 Prepared in fluor-spar and salt. A clean surface has been produced 
 by filing, and the alloy sealed up immediately. The surface is speckled 
 by black dots on a white metal ground. 
 
 2357. Alloy of magnesium and tin. 
 
 Prepared in fluor-spar and salt, but not sealed up. This is entirely 
 tarnished, and coated with a considerable thickness of oxidised 
 material. 
 
 2358. Alloy of magnesium and tin. 
 
 Prepared in a brasqued crucible and sealed up at once. This is not 
 at all tarnished on the broken surfaces. It is a bluish-white irregularly 
 cleaving metallic substance. 
 
 2359. Tin alloyed with 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by melting the two metals together in a current of hydrogen ; 
 a bluish-grey granular metallic mass adhering to the glass. 
 
 2360. Tin alloyed with 5 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 This has a very similar appearance to the last. It is partly cohesive 
 when cut. It has been prepared in the same manner as the last. 
 
 2361. Tin alloyed with 2 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 This shows much less difference from tin. It is duller and somewhat 
 tarnished. It has been prepared in the same manner in hydrogen. 
 
 2362. Alloy of aluminium and magnesium. 
 
 Produced by fusing aluminium and magnesium together in cryolite 
 and fluor-spar. It is a white sub-crystalline metallic substance, not at 
 all tarnished on the fractured surface. 
 
 2363. Alloy of aluminium and magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by fusing the metals together beneath salt, and sealing up 
 the product. It is a brilliant white metallic substance, without tarnish, 
 with an irregular fracture. 
 
268 
 
 2364. Alloy of aluminium and magnesium. 
 
 Prepared in a crucible of magnesia. At the heat of union a large 
 proportion of the magnesium escapes, so that the resulting alloy, which 
 is highly porous from the escape of the vapour, retains on analysis only 
 0*86 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 2365. Alloy of aluminium and magnesium. 
 
 49 " 5 grains of aluminium and 20 grains of magnesium were taken and 
 fused together in a crucible of freshly calcined magnesia (see No. 2366). 
 Most of the magnesium volatilised, and an irregular, porous, grey metallic 
 mass is left. 
 
 2366. Brasque of freshly calcined magnesia blackened by 
 carbon. 
 
 The carbon is derived from the action of the magnesium vapour in 
 the substance experimented upon, on the trace of carbon dioxide which 
 the magnesia contained, and which the metal has decomposed. 
 
 2387. Alloy of cadmium with 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by fusing the metals together in a current of hydrogen. 
 This specimen has been sealed up at once ; it is untarnished, and shows 
 a brilliant white, platy, and crystalline metallic fracture. 
 
 2368. Alloy of cadmium with 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 This was prepared in the same manner as the last, but it was not 
 immediately sealed up. It has in consequence crumbled and oxidised, 
 and consists of dark-coloured small metallic fragments with flat 
 surfaces. 
 
 2369. Alloy of lead with 7 per cent, of magnesium. 
 Prepared by fusing the two metals in a current of hydrogen. The 
 
 fracture is dark bluish-grey, with a fibro-crystalline structure ; the 
 sectility of the lead is unaltered. 
 
 2370. Alloy of lead and magnesium. 
 
 Prepared in fluor-spar and salt. This has entirely disintegrated on 
 the surface, not having been sealed up. It is a mass of red oxide 
 mixed with yellow and grey. The surrounding glass appears also to 
 have been attacked where the metal has been in contact with it. 
 
 2371. Alloy of zinc and magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by melting the two metals together in a current of hydrogen. 
 The product is tarnished and porous, but does not appear to be greatly 
 altered by exposure to the atmosphere. 
 
 2372. Alloy silver with 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 Prepared by melting the two metals together in a current of hydrogen. 
 
 It has a somewhat yellow tarnish. 
 
 2373. Amalgam containing 4 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 The mercury is for the most part unaltered, but the magnesium has 
 formed with part of it a loose light yellowish-brown powder. 
 
269 
 
 2374. Amalgam containing 7 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 Appears to have boen prepared in a different manner from the last. 
 It consists of an immovable mass with a black powder. 
 
 2375. Alloy of copper and magnesium. 
 
 The two metals have been fused together, surrounded by salt and 
 fluor-spar. The product is not homogeneous, but shows on the fractured 
 surface an intermingling of copper-coloured spots with irregular fibres, 
 and darker tinted areas of a fibre-crystalline structure. 
 
 2376. Alloy of bismuth and magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by fusing the two metals together in fluor-spar and salt. It 
 is a dark compact mass, which has for the most part oxidized into a 
 white powder. 
 
 2377. Alloy of bismuth with 10 per cent, of magnesium. 
 
 Prepared by fusing the two metals together in a current of hydrogen. 
 It consists of a brittle, fractured, black charcoal-like mass. 
 
 2378. Alloy of bismuth, magnesium, and copper. 
 
 Prepared by fusing certain proportions not stated, of the three metals 
 in fluor-spar and salt. The union of the metals is not complete, the 
 filed surface having a blotched aspect, and the fracture is fibro- 
 crystalline. It has a coppery appearance. 
 
 2379. Attempt at an alloy of iron and magnesium. 
 
 Iron and 15 J per cent, of magnesium were fused in graphite, but no 
 magnesium is found in the product, it having volatilised before entering 
 into combination. 
 
 2380. Attempt at an alloy of cobalt and magnesium. 
 
 The two metals have been fused together in a brasqued crucible. The 
 magnesium has all volatilised, and none is left in the product, which is 
 a highly porous mass. 
 
 2381. Attempt at an alloy of nickel and magnesium. 
 
 The two metals were fused together in a brasqued crucible, but very 
 little magnesium has been taken up by the nickel, the analysis being 
 nickel 95-340, magnesium 0-055, graphite 4-600. 
 
 2382. Alloy of nickel and copper with magnesium. 
 
 100 parts of nickel and 270 parts of copper were taken so as to form 
 the best German silver, without the usual zinc, for which magnesium has 
 been substituted. It has a fibro-crystalline structure, and a yellow 
 tarnish. 
 
 2383. Another product of the substitution of magnesium for 
 zinc is German silver. 
 
 The same proportions as in No, 2382 have been taken. The result 
 is a grey mass with a granular fracture, and iris larnish. On analysis 
 it yields copper 65 63 per cent., nickel 28 24 per cent., and magnesium 
 6 34 per cent. 
 
270 
 
 GLUCINUM. 
 
 2384. Gluciria. 
 
 A light brown soft powder. Impure oxide of glucinum or beryllium. 
 
 2385. Purified glucina. 
 A white powder. 
 
 2386. Phosphate of glucina. 
 A white powder. 
 
 2387. Carbonate of glucina. 
 A white powder. 
 
 ALUMINIUM. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 2388. Lime and alumina heated together in platinum in the 
 proportion of their equivalent numbers. 
 
 It still remains a white powder without visible reaction. 
 
 2389.- Ferric oxide and alumina heated together in platinum 
 in the proportion of their equivalent numbers. 
 
 It still remains a red powder, slightly aggregated together, but with 
 no further visible reaction. A portion has been re-heated to the tem- 
 perature at which, in another experiment, lime and ferric oxide fused, 
 but without any change taking place. 
 
 2390. Magnesia and alumina heated together in platinum in 
 the proportion of their equivalent numbers. 
 
 It still remains a white powder without visible reaction. 
 
 2391. Pellets produced by mixing alumina with one-third of 
 its weight of charcoal powder into a stiff paste with oil, and 
 calcining in a covered crucible. 
 
 Experiment by R. Smith. The hardest part of the pellet is the coat, 
 which shows a graphite looking network. 
 
 2392. Cryolite from Greenland. 
 
 A fluoride of aluminium and sodium, which is used as an ore of 
 aluminium. Communicated by T. Reeks. 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF THE 'METAL. 
 
 2393. Piece of aluminium wire. 
 
 2394. Pieces of sheet aluminium. 
 
271 
 
 2395. Piece of seamless aluminium tube. 
 
 Prepared by A. Parkes, Birmingham, according to his patent. 
 
 2396. Ingot of aluminium. 
 
 Made in France, where the process of H. St. Clair Deville was first 
 introduced. 400 parts of the double chloride of aluminium and sodium 
 with 200 parts of fluor-spar or cryolite, and 200 parts of common salt are 
 dried and mixed together. The mixture is then laid in alternate layers 
 with. 80 parts of metallic sodium in small pieces. This on a large scale 
 is strongly heated in a furnace. At the end of the process the slag is 
 tapped first and the aluminium is extracted later. 
 
 2397. Aluminium made from cryolite. 
 
 Cryolite was powdered with half its weight of salt arid placed in 
 alternate layers with two parts of sodium. The resulting metal has 
 been rolled out into thin plates. The operation was performed by A. 
 Dick for Dr. Percy in 1855, and these specimens (the first to be made 
 from cryolite alone), were exhibited by Professor Faraday at the Soyal 
 Institution the same evening. 
 
 2398. Aluminium made by the Deville process. 
 
 By A. Dick in the laboratory of the Royal School of Mines. Part 
 has been beaten out to show the malleability of the metal. 
 
 2399. Aluminium prepared from cryolite by means of sodium. 
 Made by F. W. Gerhardt in 1858 by Dr. Percy's process, as in 
 
 No. 2397. 
 
 ALLOYS OF ALUMINIUM. 
 
 2400. Sheet of nluminmm said to contain platinum and 
 iridium. 
 
 Communicated by W. Meredith. It is of a brilliant white- colour and 
 completely untarnished. 
 
 2401. Alloy of aluminium and zinc. 
 
 A dark grey fractured lump. Made in Dr. Percy's laboratory in 
 1856. 
 
 2402. Alloy of aluminium and iron. 
 
 100 grains of each of the metals have been fused together by R. 
 Smith. The result is a broken grey mass disintegrating to powder, or 
 divided by many fissures. 
 
 2403. Alloy of aluminium and copper. 
 
 90 par cent, of copper and 10 per cent, of aluminium.. It has a brassy 
 
 aspect and is much tarnished. Part of the ingot has been rolled out 
 
 into a sheet, and part has been drawn out into a wire. Communicated 
 by D. Forbes, 1857. 
 
272 
 
 2404. Alloy of aluminium and copper tested for electric con- 
 ductivity. 
 
 The electric conductivity of copper being taken as 100, and that of 
 pure aluminium at 33, the electric conductivity of this wire is only 
 12'7. Tested by Dr. Matthiessen in 1872. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE PROCESS OF MAKING ALUMINIUM 
 ALLOYS BY MEANS OF COWLE'S ELECTRIC FURNACE. 
 
 This process consists essentially of producing an intense heat, not 
 otherwise obtainable, by passing a strong electric current through a very 
 resisting medium. A column of fragments of well calcined charcoal, 
 so prepared and arranged as to present the requisite electrical resistance, 
 is imbedded in pulverized charcoal, and covered by a layer of the same 
 coarsely broken ; the whole being arranged in a box of fire-brick 
 covered with a perforated tile. Through these the current from a 
 dynamo-electric engine of 30-horse power is made to traverse the central 
 core of carbon, and thus produce an enormously high temperature. 
 
 2405. Corundum used for the extraction of aluminium in the 
 electric furnace. 
 
 This is reduced to small fragments and mingled with the carbon in 
 the path of the current, when aluminium is rapidly liberated, and is in 
 part carried off with the escaping gas and in part condensed in the 
 upper layer of charcoal. 
 
 2406. Granulated copper as it is charged into the electric 
 furnace. 
 
 When this is mixed with the corundum in the path of the current an 
 alloy of the two metals is obtained. 
 
 2407. End of a carbon which has been used in combination 
 with several others to form the electrode in the electric 
 furnace. 
 
 It is changed in several parts of the surface into graphite, a change 
 which takes place readily at a high temperature in the presence of 
 aluminium or of iron. In the absence of either of these met;ls, the 
 change into graphite is much less readily effected, and iu smaller 
 amount. It very commonly happens that the woody structure of the 
 charcoal is retained in the graphite, which shows that the change has 
 taken place without fusion or solution in the metal. 
 
 2408. Bye product from the incomplete reduction of alumina 
 in the electric furnace. 
 
 These are fragments of a glittering black, metallic-looking substance, 
 adhering to pieces of the carbon, and resembling graphite in appearance. 
 It comes from the runs where the copper is highly charged with 
 aluminium, in the process of making aluminium bronze, and a large 
 amount of the aluminium has been extracted from the ore charge. It 
 contains rich globules of the copper aluminium alloy, and is very com- 
 mon in the furnace, but has not been analysed. 
 
273 
 
 2409. Crystalline bye product in the electric furnace. 
 
 It is a green slag with a surface of interosculatiug crystalline plates. 
 It has a very perfect cleavage in one direction and two imperfect ones in 
 two others, oblique to the first. It is glassy in lustre and semitrans- 
 lucent. According to a rough analysis it is an aluminate of lime, or an 
 artificial lime-spinel, a mineral not hitherto obtained. There is nothing 
 in the furnace beyond the corundum with 5 to 8 per cent, of silica, 
 copper, charcoal, some of which has been washed in strong milk of lime. 
 This is one of the main bye products of the process. 
 
 2410. Sublimate which condenses in the upper part of the 
 electric furnace where it is cooler. 
 
 Probably consists of amorphous powder of metallic aluminium, with 
 some alumina which is oxidized by the air which obtains access to the 
 furnace. 
 
 2411. Bye product in the process of reducing aluminium in 
 the electric furnace. 
 
 This is a fused mass of the same kind of material as No. 2408. 
 It probably contains a certain amount of unreduced corundum. 
 
 2412. The alloy of aluminium and copper as it first conies 
 from the electric furnace. 
 
 It is an irregular mass, mixed up with pieces of charcoal, and about 
 jin. in thickness. It has a whitish-yellow appearance, and yields on 
 analysis 12 per cent, of aluminium, 2 per cent, of silicon, and 86 per 
 cent, of copper. 
 
 2413. Ingot of high-grade aluminium bronze, 'made in the 
 electric furnace. 
 
 This has been recast from the first product. It has a. whitish-yellow 
 colour and a crystalline fracture. This alloy is remarkable for its great 
 tensile strength. It requires a breaking weight of 102,000 Ibs. to the 
 square inch, while rolled steel plates require only 81,000 Ibs. It elon- 
 gates to the extent of 4 per cent, before breaking. The alloy contains 
 from 10 to 11 per cent, of aluminium, and is considered to be a true 
 compound of one equivalent of aluminium with nine of copper. 
 
 2414. Alloy of aluminium and iron. 
 
 As produced in the electric furnace in the first stage. A rough mass 
 about J in. thick with a coarsely crystalline fracture and brilliant steel- 
 grey metallic lustre. This is usually accompanied by a large quantity of 
 flaky graphite, which has apparently been in solution in the iron and 
 is given off during cooling. 
 
 2415. Alloy of aluminium and iron, as re-melted and cast into 
 an ingot. 
 
 This contains on analysis 2 '86 per cent, of silicon, and 8*38 per cent, 
 of aluminium, the remainder being iron and carbon. It has a dull grey, 
 finely granular fracture. The value of this alloy is not so much in 
 itself as for mixing with iron and steel, so as to introduce a smaller per- 
 centage of aluminium. An addition, amounting to *2 per cent., renders 
 the melting point much lower, or increases the fluidity of already 
 molten iron or steel, thereby rendering the castings free from blow- 
 U 61955. s 
 
274 
 
 holes and sharp. This is particularly the case with wrought iron or 
 Mitis castings. This ingot has not in any way oxidized, the aluminium 
 acting as a preventive. 
 
 INDIUM. 
 
 2416. Metallic indium. 
 
 Prepared and communicated by M. Richter of Freiberg, who dis- 
 covered it in 1863. It is obtained from the zinc which is smelted at 
 Freiberg by treating it with insufficient hydrochloric acid to dissolve all 
 the zinc, and leaving the solution to stand. The indium is thereby 
 precipitated on the zinc and is afterwards purified. It is soft enough to 
 be scratched by the naif. It has not at all tarnished since its preparation. 
 
 2417. Indium oxide. 
 
 Prepared and communicated by M. Richter. It is a pale yellow pow- 
 der, prepared by strongly heating the sulphide. 
 
 2418. Indium sulphide. 
 
 Prepared and communicated by M. Richter. It is a dark brown 
 glassy mass, prepared by heating together sulphur and indium at a heat 
 below redness. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS METALS. 
 
 2419. Sodium preserved in dry oxygen. 
 
 The metal has been melted in a glass tube, which has been broken up 
 and enclosed in a larger tube. This has been filled with dry oxygen 
 and sealed up. The contents have been enclosed for 30 years, but the 
 sodium, though tarnished, is not otherwise changed. 
 
 2420. Impure titanium. 
 
 Mixed with titanium oxide and titanide of iron, <fec. A black powder 
 probably derived from menaccanite. 
 
 2421. Pure titanic acid, in the- form of a greenish-grey 
 powder. 
 
 VARIOUS NON-METALS OCCURRING IN METAL- 
 LURGICAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 SELENIUM. 
 
 2422. Selenium. 
 
 From the Mansfeld Copper Works. Exhibited at the International 
 Exhibition in 1862. It has been cast in long sticks. This was 
 originally and is still obtained from a deposit formed in sulphuric acid 
 chambers, where certain minerals are used. It is originally in red flakes, 
 but is cast in sticks by melting and cooling to 210. It thus obtains a 
 metallic lustre. 
 
275 
 
 2423. Solid selenium. 
 
 A mass with a metallic lustre prepared by Professor Mitscheiiich of 
 Berlin. Communicated by Professor W. H. Miller. 
 
 2424. Bust of Berzelius in selenium. 
 
 An oval medallion cast in selenium, with " Batka dedic." on the re- 
 verse side. Berzelius discovered selenium in Sweden in 1817. From 
 the International Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 TELLURIUM. 
 
 2425. Tellurium. 
 
 Artificially prepared. Showing a very metallic lustre and a fibrous 
 structure. It is bluish-white when fresh, but tarnishes yellow. In one 
 specimen it has been cast into a stick form, in another it has been 
 melted in a crucible and allowed to crystallise, showing rhombohedral 
 forms. 
 
 2426. An ingot of tellurium. 
 
 Melted and cast in rectangular form. This operation has to be per- 
 formed in an atmosphere of hydrogen. 
 
 BORON. 
 
 2427. Adamantine boron. 
 
 Four tubes of different forms of the element, prepared and communi- 
 cated by H. St. Glair Deville. One of these is in very small crystals, 
 another in larger, and a third is well formed crystals, consisting of 
 monoclinic prisms with pyramidal ends. These are black. A fourth 
 tube contains more transparent yellowish -brown crystals. This form of 
 boron is invariably produced by the aid of aluminium, and retains some 
 of this metal in its composition. 
 
 2428. Boride of aluminium. 
 
 This is the so-called graphitic boron. It consists of thin plates of 
 a gold-tinted, metallic-looking, opaque substance, which has been 
 shown to consist of one equivalent of aluminium to two of boron. Pre- 
 pared and communicated by H. St. Clair Deville. 
 
 2429. Amorphous boron. 
 
 The ordinary form of a brown powder. Prepared in France. 
 
 SILICON. 
 
 2430. Various forms of silicon. 
 
 Three tubes containing the element, prepared and communicated by 
 H. St. Clair Deville. One is the ordinary amorphous form (labelled A), 
 another is the crystalline (labelled C), and the third is graphitoidal, 
 i.e., in thin plates (labelled G). Amongst the crystals (in C) octahedral 
 
 s 2 
 
276 
 
 forms can be easily seen, and they are often twinned. The graphitoidal 
 forms have been examined by Professor Miller, who reports that they 
 belong to the cubic system, and are octahedra, thin in one dimension, 
 some being twins, like the twins of magnetite. It is to be noted that 
 this form is also obtained by the aid of aluminium (see No. 2428) in 
 Deville's process. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 83. 
 
 2431. Crystallised silicon, prepared by the zinc and sodium 
 process. 
 
 Prepared by St. Clair Deville. Communicated by Johnson, Mathey, 
 and Co. This process consists in throwing a mixture of 30 parts of 
 potassium silico-fluoride, 40 parts of granulated zinc, and 8 parts of 
 finely divided sodium, into a red-hot crucible, kept for some time just 
 below the boiling point of zinc. The product consists of fine plates 
 composed of an indefinite number of small octahedra placed side by side, 
 many being thin in one dimension. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 83. 
 
 2432. Silicon prepared by aluminium. 
 
 Said to be made with silicon fluoride and aluminium mixed with a 
 fluoride of aluminium and silicon. Prepared by H. St. Clair Deville. 
 Communicated by S terry Hunt. It is imperfectly crystalline and 
 impure. 
 
 2433. Fused silicon. 
 
 Prepared by St. Clair Deville, and communicated by Johnson, Mathey, 
 and Co. A solid mass, obtained by raising the product of Xo. 2431 
 above the boiling point of zinc. 
 
 2434. Crystalline silicon. 
 
 2435. Amorphous silicon. 
 Prepared in France. In a solid form. 
 
 2436. Silicon prepared from silico-fluoride of potassium, 
 sodium, and silver. 
 
 This is an analogous process to that by which No. 2431 was produced, 
 merely substituting silver for zinc. It consists of a pure black crys- 
 stalline powder. 
 
 2437. Crystalline silicon. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1858. It consists of octahedral crystals of 
 great brilliancy. 
 
 2438. Silicon produced in an experiment with iron and 
 magnesium. 
 
 Magnesium and iron were heated in a clay crucible with cryolite and 
 fluor-spar. The iron did not fuse, but silicon was found at the bottom 
 of the crucible. 
 
277 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 THE METAL AND COMPOUNDS. 
 
 2439. Pyrolusite or black oxide of manganese. 
 
 From the Travina Mine, Butte, Montana. Communicated by W. A. 
 Clark. This ore contains 135 ounces of silver and 3 ounces of gold to 
 the ton of 2,000 Ibs. 
 
 2440. Rhodonite, or silicate of manganese. 
 
 From the Moulton Mine, Butte, Montana. Communicated by W. A. 
 Clark. 
 
 2441. Manganese ore from Portugal. 
 
 The larger mass contains 83-78 per cent, of manganese binoxide, and 
 the smaller lump 65-15 per cent, of the same. Communicated by 
 Mr. Pithoriet. 
 
 2442. Metallic manganese. 
 
 Reduced from the oxide by heating with charcoal to a white heat. A 
 grey brittle crystalline mass. 
 
 2443. Metallic manganese. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy from its oxide by heating with carbon in a 
 carbon-lined crucible. It has to a great extent disintegrated to powder. 
 It speedily tarnished and evolved the odour of fetid hydrogen when 
 breathed upon. 
 
 2444. Pure mangano-manganic oxide. 
 
 A brown powder produced by precipitation from manganous sulphate 
 by carbonate of soda. 
 
 2445. Aluminate of manganese. 
 A pinkish powder. 
 
 2446. Oxysulpbide of manganese. 
 
 Prepared by heating mangano-manganic oxide with excess of sulphur. 
 It is a very dark brown powder. 
 
 2447. Phosphide of manganese. 
 
 Prepared in 1865. Consists of a mass of interlocking prismatic 
 crystals, of a yellowish-grey colour and metallic lustre. 
 
 2448. White enamel, containing 3 per cent, of arsenic. 
 [Misplaced by error.] 
 
 2449. Manganiferous furnace product. 
 
 Produced in the furnaces at Clausthal in the Harz, where mixed ores 
 are used. This is produced when manganiferous ores have been 
 employed. Communicated by Mr. Voelcker. It is a red transparent 
 crystalline coating resembling a silicate. 
 
278 
 
 ALLOYS. 
 
 2450. Alloy of manganese and copper. 
 
 Prepared and communicated by J. F. Allen in 1870. This alloy is 
 produced directly from the oxides of the two metals, which are 
 ground with wood charcoal, and intimately mixed, and placed in a 
 plumbago crucible, which is then heated in an air furnace to an intense 
 heat for three or four hours. The alloy contains about 25 per cent, of 
 manganese, and rolls easily when cold. See Chemical News, Vol. XXII., 
 p. 194. 
 
 2451. Alloy of manganese and chromium, containing 60 per 
 cent, of the latter. 
 
 Prepared in the laboratory of the Royal School of Mines. It is 
 white, granular, porous, and brittle. 
 
 2452. Alloy of manganese and chromium, containing 20 per 
 cent, of the latter. 
 
 Prepared in the laboratory of the Eoyal School of Mines. It is a 
 white mass, with occasional prismatic crystals, and mixed with green 
 slag ; a sample of the separated slag is contained in one tube, and some 
 small metallic globules with a perfect crystalline cleavage in another. 
 
 2453. Alloy of manganese with ] per cent, of chromium. 
 
 Prepared in the laboratory of the Royal School of Mines. A dark 
 grey brittle metallic mass, with prismatic crystals, accompanied by 
 numerous globules of the same. 
 
 2454. Alloy of manganese with copper and zinc, worked 
 into a stamp. 
 
 Made at Evans and Askin's Works, Birmingham. Communicated by 
 H. Wiggin. It is supposed to contain some nickel also. It has the 
 colour of light brass. 
 
 2455. Alloy of iron and manganese or " ferro-manganese." 
 
 Two specimens, one containing 46 per cent, of manganese, the other 
 about 50 per cent. They have been produced by heating manganic 
 oxide and iron ore with lime and coal in Siemen's gas regenerator 
 furnace at Terre Noire, St. Etienne, Loire, for the purpose of making 
 spiegeleisen. They contain about 6 per cent, of carbon. 
 
 2456. Ferro-manganese, containing about 50 per cent, of 
 manganese. 
 
 Made in a cupola from Italian ores. Communicated by H. E. 
 Hackney. It contains about 5 per cent, of carbon. 
 
 2457. Ferro-manganese, containing about 50 per cent, of 
 manganese. 
 
 Made in a Siemens' furnace from Italian ore. Communicated by 
 .11. E. Hackney. 
 
279 
 
 2458. Alloy of one part of iron with two of manganese. 
 
 It has the fracture of a very fine grained white iron. It contains 
 67 per cent, of manganese, and is used at the North Woolwich Works 
 for the manufacture of spiegeleisen. Communicated by G. W. Harvey. 
 
 2459. Results of experiments on the combination of man- 
 ganese and copper. i 
 
 NICKEL. 
 
 ORES OP THE METAL. 
 
 2460. Kupfernickel from Schneeberg, Saxony. 
 
 Called " Rothnickelkies." The kupfernickel or arsenide of nickel is 
 imbedded in isolated grains in the midst of quartz vein-stuff. 
 
 2461. Kupfernickel from the Kupferschiefer of Mohringen, 
 near Sangershausen, Saxooy. 
 
 The ore occurs in an irregular breccia. 
 
 2462. Kupfernickel from Linares, Spain. 
 
 A small green-coated mass. Contains 43-85 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 2463. Kupfernickel as imported. 
 
 Used at the Nickel Works of Messrs. Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 
 2464. Rough kupfernickel coated with green. 
 The green coating is probably nickel ochre. 
 
 2465. Grey nickel ore. 
 
 Contains kupfernickel disseminated through it. It is this that is 
 called false copper ore, as it yields no copper. 
 
 2466. Copper nickel ore. 
 
 From the mines of Mr. Ascham at Lessebo, Sweden. Contains mixed 
 sulphides of copper and nickel, and yields on smelting an alloy of the 
 two metals containing 80 per cent, of nickel. See No. 2550. 
 
 2467. Nickel ore from the United States of America. 
 
 As imported for the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 It is probably from Connecticut, and consists of a green earthy mass, 
 containing some salt of nickel. 
 
 2468. Nickel ore from the United States. 
 
 As imported for the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham, 
 It is a nickeliferous pyrites containing lead and copper. 
 
 2469. Nickel ore. 
 
 As imported for the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham, 
 A massive grey ore like mispickel, associated with copper pyrites. 
 Probably nickel-glance. 
 
280 
 
 2470. Nickel if er OTIS pyrites from Espedal, Norway. 
 
 As imported for the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 Kupfernickel and iron pyrites are about equally divided. 
 
 2471. Nickeliferous pyrites from Norway. 
 
 A brecciated mass with disseminated kupfernickel. A portion 
 analysed yielded only 1'28 per cent, of" nickel. 
 
 2472. Nickeliferous pyrites from Especial, Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. A brecciated mass from a hornblendie 
 rock impregnated with pyrites and kupfernickel. 
 
 2473. Nickel .ore from New Caledonia. 
 
 Communicated by B. Daintree, 1876. A bright green earthy ore 
 called garmerite or noumeite. It is a hydrated magnesian silicate, more 
 or less impregnated with nickel oxide, and containing on an average 24 
 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 2474. Nickel ore from Inverary. 
 
 A disintegrating mass of nickeliferous pyrites; A sample of this ore, 
 analysed by Greg and Lettsom, gave iron 43*76, nickel 14-22, sulphur 
 34-46, silica 5-90, and lime 1-45. 
 
 2475. Nickel ore ? from Lamerhoe Mine, Cornwall. 
 Probably a nickeliferous mispickel. 
 
 SPEISS AND REGULUS OBTAINED IN THE EXTRACTION OF NICKEL 
 FROM THE ORES. 
 
 2476. Crystallised nickel speiss. 
 
 From Espedal, Norway. Communicated by I). Forbes. A yellowish 
 granular mass with cavities towards the surface, which has crystallised 
 in jagged crests. This contains the nickel of the ore, combined with 
 the arsenic and sulphur, but freed from most of the other ingredients. 
 
 2477. Crystallised matt and speiss of nickel. 
 
 From Espedal, Norway. Communicated by D. Forbes. In this 
 specimen the lower portion contains most of the sulphur, in combination 
 with various substances, and the upper portion most of the arsenic in 
 combination with the nickel. This, like No. 2476, runs out inta 
 jagged crystalline crests on the surface. 
 
 2478. Nickel speisp. 
 
 As produced at Evans and Askin's Nickel Works, Birmingham. 
 A solid macs with crystalline cleavage, and the colour of kupfernickeJ. 
 
 2479. Nickel sulphides. 
 
 As produced with the speiss at Evans and Askin's Nickel Works, 
 Birmingham. A finely porous pyritous mass of the colour of nickel 
 sulphide. 
 
281 . 
 
 2480. Nickel regulus., 
 
 A compact tarnished mass, light yellow when fresh, containing 41-94 
 per cent, of nickel, 19-75 per cent, of copper, in combination with sul- 
 phur, together with 1*09 per cent, of oxide of cobalt. 
 
 2481. Nickel regulus smelted at Piedmont. 
 
 This is afterwards sent to Liege for the extraction of the metal from 
 it. A completely tarnished mass, but pale yellow on a fresh fracture. 
 Compact between the scattered pores. 
 
 2482. Metal Nickel speiss. 
 
 Produced in the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 It contains., at least, two distinct compounds coarsely intermixed ; one 
 is of the ordinary colour of kupfernickel, with irregular fracture ; the 
 other is bright grey, with crystalline cleavage. 
 
 2483. Nickel regulus. 
 
 Produced at Birmingham. It has been fused under charcoal, by 
 which means the lead contained in it has gone as a button to the 
 bottom. The remainder has 'been analysed by R. Smith, and found to 
 contain 1 -99 per cent, of copper, 9-2 per cent, of nickel, and 2-72 per 
 cent, of oxide of cobalt. It is heavy brass-yellow, with a sub-crystalline 
 fracture. 
 
 2484. Nickel regulus. 
 
 From the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. It has 
 been analysed by R. Smith, and contains 5-29 per cent, of nickel, and 
 4 12 per cent, of copper. These analysed specimens of regulus illus- 
 trate, by their poor per-centage of nickel, the concentration of the metal 
 into the speiss. 
 
 2485. Nickel regulus. 
 
 Another sample of the same kind as the last. This contains, on 
 analysis, 6-48 per cent, of nickel, and 6-27 per cent, of copper. 
 
 2486. Rich nickel speiss. 
 
 Porous, and very metallic in appearance. Formerly sold as nickel. 
 
 SLAGS PRODUCED IN THE EXTRACTION OF NICKEL. 
 
 2487. Blast furnace slags, from Espedal, Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. These are dark, and one has numerous 
 large holes. They are composed of minute translucent crystals, having 
 the appearance of some basic silicate. 
 
 2488. Crystallised slag, from the smelting of nickel ores in a 
 reverberatory furnace. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. The surface is covered by upstanding, 
 translucent, plate-like crystals of oh" ve-brown colour. They are slightly 
 oblique. Probably an iron silicate allied to olivine. 
 
282 
 
 2489. Crystallised slag, from melting nickeliferous iron 
 pyrites in a blast furnace with coke. 
 
 From Espedal Works, Norway. Communicated by D. Forbes. 
 
 2490. Nickel slags. 
 
 From Barkis's Works. Produced in the reverberatory furnace. 
 Some show numerous spherulites imbedded in a black glass. 
 
 2491. Crystalline slag produced in the smelting of Norwegian 
 nickeliferous pyrites with lime, at Evans and Askin's Nickel 
 Works, Birmingham, 1846. 
 
 In a cavity are seen numerous brilliant black octahedral crystals 
 built up so as to be hopper-shaped on each face. Probably consisting 
 of a silicate of iron. 
 
 2492. Another specimen from the same source. 
 
 This is scoriaceous on one side, and on the other has long light- 
 coloured needle-like crystals, which are only isolated in the drusy 
 cavities. 
 
 2493. Another specimen from the same source. 
 
 This is a drusy cavity in the centre of a compact slag at the boundary 
 of two varieties of No. 2491. It consists of innumerable small brilliant 
 octahedra of iron silicate, with hopper-shaped faces, arranged parallel, 
 so as to build up between them a much larger octahedron. 
 
 2494. Crystalline surface of nickel slag produced at the Nickel 
 Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 
 The compact side has numerous tears of melted slag, which indicate 
 that this was the upper or exposed side ; the crystal-covered surface 
 must be a cavity of separation. It is clothed with a mass of small 
 crystals, some of which are octahedra, like No. 2491, but not so bright, 
 and sometimes combined with the rhombic dodecahedron ; others are 
 the slender needles of No. 2492, so that in this the two kinds of slag 
 are combined. 
 
 2495. Slag from the smelting of nickel and cobalt ores. 
 
 Produced at the Nickel works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. It 
 is an opaque, indigo-coloured glass, which becomes black on the surface. 
 The presence of cobalt indicates that this is a kind of smalt, the nickel 
 being left behind. 
 
 FURNACE BOTTOMS AND BYE PRODUCTS. 
 
 2496. Crystallised nickel regulus from a furnace bottom. 
 Espedal Nickel Works. Communicated by D. Forbes. It has a dull 
 
 brown, arborescent, crystalline surface. 
 
 2497. Crystallised basic sulphates from a furnace bottom. 
 Espedal Nickel Works, Norway. Communicated by D. .Forbes. 
 
 A coating of crystals lining a cavity in the slag. Sharp pointed, 
 arborescent forms with rounded outgrowths, now black. 
 
283 
 
 2498. The material used for the blast furnaces at Espedal. 
 Consists of ordinary mica schist. 
 
 2499. Gneissose rock used for the bottoms of blast furnaces 
 at Espedal, "Norway. 
 
 2500. The rock from the bottom of a Nickel furnace at 
 Espedal. 
 
 This was similar to the last, hut has now some thin films of metal 
 run in between the hands. Communicated by T). Forbes. 
 
 2501. Rock from the bottom of a Nickel furnace, Espedal. 
 
 This was originally a light porous soapstone. It is now thoroughly 
 impregnated with the sulphide of nickel which has settled to the 
 bottom of the furnace on smelting the ore. Communicated by D. 
 Forbes. 
 
 2502. Mass of sulphide of iron, showiog crystalline cleavage 
 surfaces. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. From the Nickel furnaces of Espedal, 
 Norway. 
 
 2503. Miscellaneous specimens from the Nickel Works of 
 Espedal, Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. 
 
 2504. Sulphur obtained from the roasting heaps at the Nickel 
 Works of Espedal, Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. 
 
 2505. Residue from the anode in a nickel plating battery. 
 A thin cake of greenish-black crystalline particles. 
 
 2506. Crystallised nickel vitriol. 
 
 Obtained by dissolving the roasted Norwegian nickel ore in hydro- 
 chloric acid. The sulphuric acid is doubtless produced by the roasting 
 of the sulphides and re-acts on the metal dissolved by the hydrochloric 
 acid. These crystals are not solid, but consist of a number of super- 
 imposed shell?, with interspaces. They have the form of an oblique 
 rhomb, and are greenish-yellow, with an external purple appearance. 
 Long oblique acicular prismatic crystals are associated with them. 
 From Evans and Askin's Nickel Works, Birmingham. 
 
 2507. Arseniate of iron precipitated in the extraction of 
 nickel. 
 
 This is produced at the Nickel Works of Evans and Askin, 
 Birmingham, by treating the roasted speiss with hydrochloric acid, and 
 precipitating the arseniate of iron, at the common temperature, by lime 
 water and chloride of lime. It is called " mud " by the workmen. 
 
 2508. Compound of cobalt produced in Nickel works. 
 
 This is called '* bran " by the .workmen. It is in coarse grains of flat 
 shape, some red, some grey. From Evans and Askin's Works, 
 Birmingham. 
 
284 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF THE METAL. 
 
 2509. Hydroxide of nickel. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Merry (1840), as " Crude nickel/* Produced 
 in the process of nickel extraction in the wet way, after separation of 
 the iron and copper. 
 
 - 
 
 2510. Nickel in powder. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Merry (1840). A fine, dark grey, loose powder 
 by reduction of the oxide. 
 
 2511. Crude nickel. 
 
 Communicated by Evans and Askin, Birmingham. In small black 
 scoriaceous lumps, mixed with charcoal, used in the reduction. 
 
 2512. Fine nickel. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Merry (1840). Small irregular grey granules, 
 showing here and there a green salt on the surface. 
 
 2513. Sample of impure nickel. 
 Communicated by Mr. Johnson. 
 
 2514. Crude nickel in lumps. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Merry (1840). This is the solid metal which 
 has been remelted from the granular form. It is slightly scoriaceous on 
 the surface and is tinged with green. 
 
 2515. Crude nickel in various pieces. 
 
 Communicated by E. Phillips. The powder has been melted into 
 some scoriaceous lumps, which are very porous. 
 
 2516. Crude nickel. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Ekman. Several pieces fused together as for 
 purification. 
 
 2517. Metallic nickel. 
 
 The oxide is worked into small cubes, which are then reduced by 
 heating in charcoal. The forms of these cubes are seen here; some part 
 has also been reduced in hydrogen. 
 
 2518. Fine nickel of foreign manufacture. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Merry (1840). Probably from Saxony. 
 These are the original masses reduced from the oxide. 
 
 2519. A button of nickel weighing 1,688 grains. 
 
 Obtained by fusing about 300 grains of nickel oxide with metallic 
 nickel under glass, some of which still adheres to it. 
 
 2520. A mass of pure nickel. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Askin. This specimen has been experimented 
 upon by Faraday. With regard to its magnetic properties, see Phil. 
 Mag., 1845. The fracture is extremely crystalline, showing fine arbores- 
 cent forms throughout. 
 
285 
 
 2521. Specimen of the first nickel made by a dry process from 
 noumeite at Noumea, 
 
 Communicated by Prof. Liversidge in 1877. This is obtained from 
 the new source of nickel, noumeite being a dark green, unctuous mineral 
 consisting of a hydrated nickel and magnesian silicate, found chiefly in 
 antipodeal regions. 
 
 2522. Imported granulated nickel. 
 Contains 98 1 per cent, of the pure metal. 
 
 2523. Refined nickel in fragments produced in Birmingham. 
 
 Contains 96-11 per cent, of the pure metal. Analysed by W. J. 
 Ward. 
 
 2524. Nickel cast into the form of a horse-shoe magnet and 
 keeper. 
 
 It does not show any perceptible magnetic properties by the ordinary 
 tests. 
 
 2525. Bar of nickel said to be free from carbon. 
 
 Communicated by W. W. Wiggin, Birmingham, in 1882. Weight 
 17 ounces, of a brilliant white colour. The method employed to free 
 the nickel from carbon is to resmelt it with a suitable proportion of 
 oxide of nickel to burn off the carbon. 
 
 2526. Rolled sheet of nickel. 
 
 Communicated by W. W. Wiggin, Birmingham, in 1882. This, is 
 chiefly used in plating purposes, for which it is far superior to cast 
 nickel. 
 
 2527. Nickel electro-deposited on sheet copper. 
 Communicated by J. H. Henry. 
 
 2528. Brass plated with metallic nickel. 
 Communicated by J. H. Henry. 
 
 2529. Nickel electro-deposited on sheet iron. 
 
 Communicated by J. H. Henry. It has not adhered in a satisfactory 
 manner. 
 
 2530. Sample of nickel prepared for use in the manufacture 
 of German coinage. 
 
 Prepared by H. Wiggin and Co., Birmingham, 1875. Contains 98 16 
 per cent, of pure nickel. Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 2531. Ingot of pure nickel cast in sand. 
 By Brown, in October 1845, at Birmingham. 
 
 ALLOYS OF NICKEL. 
 
 2532. Samples of German silver of four qualities. 
 
 From Messrs. Evans and Askin's Nickel Works, Birmingham, 1845. 
 No. 1 contains most nickel, viz., about 19 per cent. The zinc in this 
 
286 
 
 alloy is never .added directly, but in the form of brass made by alloying 
 equal parts of copper and zinc. 
 
 2533. Chinese Packfong. 
 
 This is the earliest known example of an alloy of nickel in use 
 (except one ancient coin). The word signifies white copper, and 
 analysis shows it to be composed of 4*4 per cent, of copper, 25 '4 per 
 cent, of zinc, 31*6 percent, of nickel, and 2*6 per cent, of iron. This 
 sample has been rolled out into sheets. 
 
 2534. Samples of German silver solder. 
 
 That is, of an alloy suitable for soldering German silver articles. 
 
 2535. German silver wires. 
 
 They are of considerable thickness, but both have split down the 
 centre. Communicated by R. Clay, 1875. 
 
 2536. Alloy of German silver with 12 per cent, of tungsten. 
 
 This has been rolled out into sheets, on the surface of which are seen 
 long dark lines, caused by the drawing out of the spots of the incom- 
 pletely combined tungsten. 
 
 2537. German silver alloyed with 10 49 per cent, of 
 tungsten. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1845. 
 
 2538. German silver alloyed with 4 per cent, of tungsten. 
 
 Formed by heating together 32 parts of an alloy composed of equal 
 weights of coppar and nickel with 24 parts of copper shot and 8 parts 
 of metallic tungsten. See British Association Report, 1848. 
 
 2539. Alloy of German silver with 12 -59 parts of tungsten, 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1845. 
 
 2540. Alloy of German silver and tungsten. 
 
 819 grains of the former have been melted with 200 grains of the 
 latter. It has a dull yellowish tint. 
 
 2541. Alloy of German silver and tungsten containing 
 16 34 per cent, of the latter. 
 
 Prepared by Dr. Percy in 1845. 
 
 2542. Alloy of German silver and tungsten. 
 
 These hare been polished, and show the speckly surface produced by 
 incomplete union with the dull tungsten. 
 
 2543. Defective German silver, which will not braze, as it 
 is fusible, probably owing to its containing manganese. 
 
 Communicated by R. Clay, 1877. 
 
 2544. Defective German silver of second quality, showing 
 a blister on one side. 
 
 Communicated by R. Clay, 1877. 
 
287 
 
 2545. Crystalline granular powder, said to consist of nickel 
 and iron. 
 
 From the Swedish Department, Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 2546. Alloy of one part of nickel and one part of copper. 
 
 Cast in an ingot mould, 1845, by Evans and Askin, Birmingham. 
 This scarcely shows the colour of the copper at all. 
 
 2547. Alloy of nickel and iron. 
 
 Communicated by H. Brookes & Co., 1879. It has a rough surface, 
 a coarsely crystalline, arborescent fracture, and a yellowish colour. 
 
 2548. Alloy of nickel and iron from New Caledonia. 
 
 Melted and granulated by pouring into water, in order to obtain a 
 good average for assay. Communicated by C. Tookey. The pieces are 
 dark in colour, crystalline, and rather scoriaceous within. 
 
 2549. Portion of nickel and iron (with silicon and carbon) 
 alloy. 
 
 Smelted from noumeite or garnierite in New Caledonia. Commu- 
 nicated by C. Tookey, 1882. It is run down in a furnace with lime- 
 stone and fuel, and cast into ingots and cakes, which are then sent to 
 Sydney, instead of importing the ore, which may contain no more than 
 15 per cent, of nickel. The average per-centage of nickel in the alloy 
 is 70 per cent. This piece is a portion of a sample which solidified in 
 the pot. It is dark grey in colour, and has a rough fracture and only 
 slightly in recognisable crystals and is somewhat scoriaceous. 
 
 2550. Alloy of nickel and copper. 
 
 Derived from the mines and works of Mr. Ascham at Lessebo, 
 Sweden. Communicated by Mr. B. Donkin. It contains 16 '76 per 
 cent, of copper, 80 42 per cent, of nickel, 2 * 30 per cent, of iron, and 
 0*76 per cent, of sulphur. Analysed in 1853. 
 
 2551. Alloy of nickel with 5 per cent, of tin. 
 
 Experiment by Dr." Percy at Evans and Askin's Nickel Works, 
 Birmingham, in 1845. It has bent before breaking, and has a granular 
 fracture. 
 
 2552. " Pottery nickel." 
 
 An impure compound of nickel and arsenic, of yellow metallic 
 appearance, resembling Kupfernickel, to which it corresponds in 
 general composition. 
 
 2553. Alloy of copper and nickel. 
 
 Manufactured in Birmingham, in small cubes of rather open granular 
 structure within. They contain 91*54 per cent, of nickel and 4*93 per 
 cent, of copper. 
 
 2554. Swiss coinage of 1850 containing nickel. 
 
 The amount of nickel is said to be 20 per cent., the metals alloyed 
 with it being silver, copper, and zinc. 
 
288 
 
 2555. Sample French coin, not in currency, made of nickel 
 from New Caledonia, 1881. 
 
 On the opposite side are written the words " Specimen ' le Nickel/ all. 
 25 '75, Societe anonyme." Th?s is an attempt to introduce a 5 cent, 
 piece of this composition under the name of a " Nickel." 
 
 COBALT. 
 THE ORES OF COBALT. 
 
 2556. Arsenical cobalt or Skutterudite. 
 
 Small metallic iridescent crystals, of various combinations of the 
 cubic system. From Skutterude, near Modum, Norway. Contains 
 20 per cent, of cobalt. 
 
 2557. Cobalt ore as imported from America. 
 
 Used in Evans and Askin's Works, Birmingham, 1845. In the form 
 of an 'earthy, dark brown powder. Probably from Mine la Motte, 
 Missouri. 
 
 2558. Cobalt ore with manganese, as imported from 
 America. 
 
 Used in Evans and Askin's Works, Birmingham, 1845. An earthy, 
 brown powder. The ore commonly called earthy cobalt^ being a 
 hydrated oxide of cobalt and manganese. 
 
 2559. Cobalt ore with manganese, from Australia. 
 
 This consists of compact, bluish-black stalactitic, and branching 
 masses, contained within boundaries of quartz. Probably a psilomelane 
 with cobalt oxide. Analysed by W. J. Ward in 1867. 
 
 2560. Cobalt ore, from Africa. 
 Communicated by Mr. Whitehead. 
 
 2561. Arseniate of cobalt, or cobalt, bloom, from South 
 Africa. 
 
 Communicated by the South African Mining Company. Analysed 
 by R. Smith, 1875. Contains 22 per cent, of oxide of cobalt, and 
 2 per cent, of nickel. Consists of bands of fibrous purple crystals, 
 impregnating sand. 
 
 2562. Smaltine, from Africa. 
 
 Communicated by the South African Mining Company. Analysed 
 by R. Smith, 1875." Contains 18-97 per cent, of cobalt and 2 ; 58 of 
 nickel. It is an arsenide of cobalt and nickel. Tin white, but tarnishes 
 pink. 
 
 2563. Cobalt ore, from South Africa, north of the diamond 
 fields. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. P. Whitehead. Analysed by R. Smith, 1873. 
 Contains 19-45 per cent, of oxide of cobalt. A pink, earthy bloom. 
 
289 
 
 2564. Cobalt ore, from New Caledonia. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. D. Dixon. Analysed by R. Smith, 1876. 
 Contains 3-87 per cent, of oxide of cobalt, and also chrome-iron. 
 It is black and earthy. 
 
 PREPARATION OF COBALT. 
 
 2565. Zaifre. 
 
 The product of roasting the arsenical ores or cobalt speiss, which 
 yield an arseuiate of cobalt. Analysed by W. J. Ward. Contains 
 13-44 per cent, of oxide of nickel and 38*43 per cent, of oxide of 
 cobalt. 
 
 2566. Cobalt and nickel speiss. 
 
 Contains also sulphide of molybdenum. A black metallic-looking 
 mass, obtained by fusing the ore with a flux to carry away the iron, &c. 
 
 2567. Residue from copper works at Alderley, . containing . 
 cobalt and manganese. 
 
 The copper and iron in the Triassic sandstone at Alderley is extracted 
 by acid, and these are afterwards separated, and this residuum is left. 
 It is a black mass of powder resembling wad in appearance, which 
 mineral occurs native in the same locality. 
 
 2568. Furnace accretion from cobalt furnaces, Pfannenstiel. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blandford. A yellow, green, and purple 
 bloom. 
 
 2569. Concretion from the base of a cobalt and nickel 
 furnace. 
 
 At Evans and Askin's Works, Birmingham, Gibbs and Canning's 
 highly pyritous coal being used in the smelting. A pink-coloured 
 stalactitic slag. 
 
 THE REDUCED METAL. 
 
 2570. Impure metallic cobalt. 
 
 Communicated by H. Wiggin. Produced at Evans and Askin's 
 Works, Birmingham, 1867. Contains fragments of the glass under 
 which it has been smelted. The surface has numerous circular pits, as 
 from the escape of gas. 
 
 2571. Two specimens of metallic cobalt. 
 
 Prepared by Mr. Askin in 1845. One of these is fractured, and 
 shows a coarse, crystalline, arborescent fracture. The other, which 
 encloses portions of the glass beneath which it has been fused, has a very 
 regular radial crystallisation on its upper flat surface, and is irregular 
 in the centre, On one of these specimens Faraday determined the 
 magnetism of cobalt. See Phil. Mag., 1845. 
 
 2572. Pure cobalt. 
 
 Prepared by Emile Rousseau, of Paris. Small spongy pieces, or foil- 
 like, and brilliantly white. 
 
 U 61955. T 
 
 .^ . a 
 
290 
 
 2573. A sheet of rolled cobalt. 
 
 Produced and communicated by Mr. W. Wiggin, at Evans and 
 Askin's Cobalt and Nickel Works, Birmingham, J882. A beautifully 
 smooth and uniform sheet, of great hardness, not easily scratched by 
 steel. 
 
 COMPOUNDS OF COBALT. 
 
 2574. Glass coloured blue by oxide of cobalt. 
 
 This was the original form in which cobalt Was used before it was 
 ascertained that the blue colour was due to the oxide of an hitherto 
 undiscovered metal. 
 
 2575. Fine smalts. 
 
 The original commercial product of cobalt. It is the blue glass 
 powdered for mixing as a paint. 
 
 2576. Silicate of cobalt. 
 
 Prepared at the Works of Evans and Askin, Birmingham. . A purple 
 scoriaceous mass, very different from smalt glass, which is not an actual 
 compound of cobalt. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL. 
 EXPERIMENTS ON THE CHARACTERS AND COMPOUNDS OF IRON. 
 
 2577. Supposed pure iron, by Berzelius' process. 
 
 Iron filings mixed with ^ their weight of ferric oxide are heated 
 for an hour under pounded glass free from metallic impurities, in a 
 covered Hessian crucible with coke. The fracture is largely crystalline 
 and greyish white, and the mass has a specific gravity of 7 8707. A 
 portion of it has been hammered and rolled in the cold ; the specific 
 gravity of this is 7 -865; but it is not really pure, as it evolves fetid 
 hydrogen when treated with hydrochloric acid. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 1. 
 
 2578. Electro-deposited iron, subjected to experiments. 
 
 This iron is deposited on copper plates for the purpose of protecting 
 them. The liquid used in this process, which is known as acierage, is 
 a solution of ferrous chloride and chloride of ammonium. The bright 
 polish is original in the thin films. This iron does not give any fetid 
 smell when heated in hydrochloric acid. The specimens experimented 
 upon have, however, rusted rapidly in the moist air. The specific gravity 
 of these has been determined in six experiments by R. Smith, the most 
 trustworthy of which gave 8-1393. Some have been plunged, while 
 red hot, into mercury, without losing their hardness or flexibility. 
 Other specimens show the finest film, and the amount deposited in 
 24 hours. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 2. 
 
 2579. Pyrophoric iron in powder. 
 
 Pure ferric oxide was prepared by the addition of ammonia in excess 
 to a solution of ferric chloride, and the precipitated mass was reduced by 
 
291 
 
 purified hydrogen under a gentle heat. The reduced metal in powder, 
 when shaken into the air from the tube, spontaneously ignited, and was 
 rnado to do so again by heating it to about 100 C. 
 
 2580. Series of samples of " burnt iron " expressly made 
 at the Dowlais Ironworks, Wales. 
 
 There are 10 specimens, two of which has been forged into smaller 
 bars. They have a largely crystalline and irregular fibrous fracture, with 
 dark patches. They are supposed to be unforgable, but the specimen 
 marked W has been forged into a rod with a good fibrous fracture, and 
 one marked A into one less fibrous. Communicated and prepared by 
 E. Riley. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 7. 
 
 2581. Iron vessel made for experiments on the permeation 
 of hydrogen when acted on by dilute sulphuric acid. 
 
 2582. Reduction of ferric oxide by heating in hydrogen. 
 
 Powdered haematite has been heated in a gas furnace in hydrogen. 
 The first stage of the reduction, in which it has become magnetic oxide, 
 is here shown. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p, 17. 
 
 2583. Compound of ferric oxide and lime, produced arti- 
 ficially. 
 
 An intimate mixture of 190 grains of ferric oxide and 66-5 grains of 
 lime were kept heated to whiteness for several hours in a platinum 
 crucible, by means of a muffle furnace whose atmosphere is oxidizing, 
 and there left to cool. The product consists of dark lustrous acicular 
 crystals, which are magnetic and have a specific gravity of 4-693. 
 Analysed by R. Smith. 
 
 Ferric oxide - 
 Ferrous oxide 
 Lime 
 Silica 
 Alumina 
 
 100-06 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, 1875, p. 78 ; cf. Iron and Steel, p .19, 
 and Phil. Mag., Series 4, 1873, XLV., p. 455. 
 
 2584. Experiment on the union of lime and haematite. 
 
 Haematite strongly heated in a lime crucible. Only a few dark masses 
 are formed. 
 
 2585. Further experiment on the union of lime and haematite. 
 
 A mixture of one equivalent of lime to one of hasmatite strongly 
 heated in a lime crucible. More numerous dark masses are formed. 
 
 2586. Magnetite artificially formed in the extraction of 
 iodine from Chilian nitre. 
 
 Cast iron retorts are used for the subliming, and the surface becomes 
 coated with crystalline magnetite. 
 
 T 2 
 
292 
 
 2587. Pure ferric oxide. 
 
 Obtained from ferrous sulphate by means of alcohol and nitric acid. 
 Precipitated by ammonia and washed free from sulphuric acid. 
 
 2588. Magnetic oxide of iron, formed from the hard ore of 
 the Haematite Iron Co. 
 
 It contains 15-25 per cent, of silica. 
 
 2589. Action of sulphur on iron. 
 
 A strip of sheet iron has been left in an aqueous solution of hypo- 
 sulphite of soda. It has become quite black, and the powder has been 
 shown by the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen when treated with 
 hydrochloric acid to be sulphide of iron. 
 
 2590. Sulphide of iron, produced by heating together zinc- 
 sulphide and iron filings. 
 
 The iron sulphide has been found to be free from zinc. 
 
 2591. Result of an experiment on the combination of iron 
 and sulphur. 
 
 The resulting mass is of metallic appearance, and the same has been 
 remelted into globules. 
 
 2592. The graphite and slag produced in the above ex- 
 periment. 
 
 2593. Globules of iron separated from the graphite produced 
 in the above experiment. 
 
 2594. Solution of sulphide of iron in molten iron. 
 
 The sulphide was prepared by heating together sheet iron and sulphur, 
 and was found to contain 29-9 per cent, of sulphur. 960 grains of this 
 sulphide were melted with 1,920 grains of iron wire, under plate glass 
 in a clay crucible. The product is highly crystalline and homogeneous, 
 and has a black vitreous slag above it. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 33. 
 
 2595. Solution of sulphide of iron in molten iron. Second 
 experiment. 
 
 1,440 grains of the same sulphide were heated with an equal quantity 
 of iron wire. The product is well melted and was covered with black slag, 
 but is less crystalline than the last. These experiments show that 
 sulphide of iron dissolves in iron in very variable proportions. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 33. 
 
 2596. Result of fusing two equivalents of galena with one 
 of ferrous sulphide. 
 
 The mixture was melted under charcoal, stirred with a piece of wood, 
 and slowly cooled. It consists of two tolerably distinct layers ; an upper 
 one crystalline and like galena in colour, and a lower one more largely 
 crystalline, rather darker in colour, and with less lustre. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 37. 
 
293 
 
 2597. Result of fusing one equivalent of galena with one of 
 ferrous sulphide. 
 
 The mixture was melted under borax. The product is a dark bluish- 
 grey crystalline mass, presenting no sign of separation into ' distinct 
 layers. It had a black crystalline slag on its surface. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 37. 
 
 2598. Result of fusing one equivalent of galena with two of 
 ferrous sulphide. 
 
 The fusion was made as in the last experiment, and the resulting mass 
 is dark grey and crystalline, equally homogeneous with the last. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 38. 
 
 2599. Iron wire which has been heated in ammonia. 
 
 One portion of this, in which the heating only lasted 1J hours, 
 has increased in weight from 254-17 grains to 255-30 grains. A 
 piece of it was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the solution distinctly 
 evolved ammonia on addition of excess of potash. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 55. 
 
 2600. Thick iron wire heated in ammonia. 
 
 This increased in weight from 302-03 grains to 302-60 grains. It is 
 only superficially changed, the altered portion, which was attracted by the 
 magnet, having scaled off on bending. 
 
 2601. The lowest phosphide of iron. 
 
 This is prepared by directly uniting the two elements by dropping 
 bits of phosphorus on iron filings heated to redness in a crucible, with 
 the least possible access of air. The product has its upper surface 
 covered with interlacing crystals, which occur also in cavities in the in- 
 terior. They consist of tetragonal prisms. The fracture is very uneven 
 and confusedly crystalline. The colour is white. It is nearly as hard 
 as felspar and has a specific gravity of 7-245. Analysis by W. J. Waid 
 has shown that it contains 11-02 per cent., of phosphorus. See full 
 description, with the reactions, in Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 
 p. 60. 
 
 2602. Iron containing 1 per cent, of phosphorus. 
 
 Prepared by melting fine iron wire with iron phosphide. It is hardep, 
 whiter, and more brittle than a similar button of iron free from phos- 
 phorus. Experiment by W. Hochstatter. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 64. 
 
 2603. Result -of heating iron with iron phosphate. 
 
 Three parts, by weight, of" phosphate of protoxide of iron " were heated 
 with four parts of iron filings. The. resulting button contains 2 38 per 
 cent, of phosphorus, and has very similar properties to that with 1 
 per cent. Experiment by W. Hochstatter. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 69. 
 
 2604. Compound of iron and arsenic . approximating to the 
 formula Fe 2 As. 
 
 Pieces of hoop iron were heated to whiteness in a clay crucible, and 
 then an excess of arsenic was dropped in. The product was again 
 
294 
 
 heated to whiteness for about an hour in clay crucibles with luted covers, 
 It no\v contains 57-74 per cent, of iron, and is close Drained and crystal- 
 line in fracture. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 75. 
 
 2605. Compound of iron and arsenic approximating to the 
 formula Fe 3 As. 
 
 Of the two specimens, one was obtained from an auriferous ore com- 
 posed of iron pyrites, arsenical pyrites, &c., by fusion with borax ; 
 carbonate of soda, red lead, and charcoal, and stirring with an iron rod. 
 It contains 28-89 per cent, of arsenic to 70-93 per cent, of iron. The 
 other was obtained froai arsenical galena, by fusion with carbonate of 
 soda, and inserting a piece of hoop iron. It contains 27* 18 per cent, of 
 arsenic to 72-17 per cent, of iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 76. 
 
 2606. Cannon ball, containing arsenic. 
 
 Purchased as old iron at Sinope, in Greece, which was attacked by 
 the Russian fleet in 1854. The fractured surface has a radiated,, 
 crystalline structure. It has a greyish-white colour like white-iron, 
 and several cavities, due to bad casting. Borings from a similar ball 
 have been analysed by Dr. Noad, and gave 16-20 per cent, of arsenic 
 and only 0-57 per cent. oF sulphur, and mere traces of silica and 
 phosphorus. Communicated by Mr. Levich, of the Blaina Ironworks, 
 1859. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 76. 
 
 2607. Piece of " puddled bar" made from the above balls? 
 
 It has a glistening, highly crystalline fracture and will not weld. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 77. 
 
 2608. Attempt at the production of a suicide of iron by 
 means of silico-fluoride of potassium. 
 
 900 grains of this were heated with 450 grains of iron wire cut into 
 short pieces, but no silicon is found to pass into the iron. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 91. 
 
 2609. Another experiment with the same object. 
 
 2610. Attempt at the production of a silicide of iron by 
 iiieans of hydrofluo-silicic acid. 
 
 The dry gas was passed over this coil of iron wire in a porcelain 
 tube heated beyond redness, but it remained unchanged. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 92. 
 
 2611. Siliciferous iron, produced by the aid of charcoal. 
 
 Pure iron wire has been imbedded in fine white sand and charcoal, 
 and exposed to an intense heat in a closed crucible. Experiment by 
 R. Smith. 
 
 2612. Silicide of iron by reduction of silica. 
 
 2,000 grains of a pure variety of red hematite, containing about 69 per 
 cent, of iron, was intimately mixed with 2,310 grains of fine sand and 
 900 grains of charcoal, and heated in a covered crucible to a high 
 temperature during 1J hour. Magnetic particles were extracted from 
 the product and fused alone. A well melted button, weighing 961 grains, 
 
295 
 
 has thus been obtained. It is hard and brittle and minutely crystalline. 
 It has a specific gravity of 6-94, and contains 12-26 of silicon per cent. 
 Experiment by W. Hochstatter, 1863. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 92. 
 
 2613. Silicide of iron by reduction of silica. 
 
 6,000 grains of the same red haematite were mixed with 4,000 grains 
 of the sand and 2,700 grains of charcoal, and treated in the same way. 
 The resulting button is brighter in fracture and lighter in colour. It 
 weighs 1,945 grains, has a specific gravity of 7-23, and contains 8 '96 
 per cent, of silicon. In both cases it is believed that carbon is present. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 92. 
 
 Results of a series of experiments conducted by R. Smith on 
 the production of silicified iron from hard red hematite 
 containing much finely diffused quartz. 
 
 This ore left on digestion with hydrochloric acid an insoluble residue 
 of 13-49 per cent., of which 12-76 per cent, consisted of silica. It was 
 variously treated, and the resulting iron analysed by W. Weston, to 
 show the per-centage of silicon introduced. For the account of these 
 experiments, see Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 93. 
 
 2614. Result of Experiment I. 
 
 1,000 grains of the hard ore were submitted to a very high tempera- 
 ture with 250 grains of charcoal. 601 grains of metal were produced, 
 containing 0-87 per cent, of silicon. 
 
 2615. Result of Experiment II. 
 
 The hard ore was heated to a very high temperature with the 
 charcoal in excess. Ths resulting metal contains 13-78 percent, of 
 silicon. The surface of the button is honeycombed. 
 
 2616. Result of Experiment HA. 
 
 The hard ore was heated with an excess of charcoal and sand. The 
 button of metal obtained contains 8-84 per cent of silicon. The 
 surface of the button is quite smooth. 
 
 2617. Result of Experiment III. 
 
 1,000 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of charcoal, 
 100 grains of lime, and 250 grains of fluor-spar. The resulting metal 
 weighed 660 grains, and contained 1 -41 per cent, of silicon. 
 
 2618. Result of Experiment IV. 
 
 1 ,000 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of charcoal and 
 150 grains of fluor-spar. The result was 650 grains of iron, containing 
 2-15 per cent, of silicon, with 226 grains of slag. 
 
 2619. Result of Experiment V. 
 
 1,000 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of anthracite, 
 190 grains of clay, and 110 grains of sand. The resulting metal 
 contains 0-64 per cent, of silicon, and the composition of the accom- 
 panying slag is lime 51 -08, alumina 9-7, silica 39-2. 
 
296 
 
 2620. Result of Experiment VI. 
 
 1,000 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of charcoal, 
 300 grains of lime, and 190 grains of sand. The resulting metal 
 contains 0-58 per cent, of silicon. The accompanying slag has a 
 per-centage composition of lime 52-4, alumina 13-3, and silica 34 -3, 
 thereby approaching closely the ordinary " blast furnace cinders." 
 
 2621. Result of Experiment VII. 
 
 V>00 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of anthracite 
 in^a^der, 125 grains of lime, 190 grains of clay, and 260 grains of 
 sancfr The resulting metal is white iron, and contains 85 per cent, 
 of silicon. The reduction is not complete. [The description on the 
 label and in the " Metallurgy " do not entirely agree.] 
 
 2622. Result of Experiment VIII. 
 
 1,000 grains of the hard ore were heated with 200 grains of anthra- 
 cite, 125 grains of lime, 190 grains of clay, and 260 grains of sand ; and 
 the mixture was covered by a thin layer of anthracite powder. The 
 resulting metal contains 0-38 per cent, of silicon, and the accompanying 
 green slag has the per-centage composition of lime 19, alumina .11-55, 
 silica 69-45. 
 
 2623. Result of Experiment IX. 
 
 1,000 grains of hard ore were heated with 250 grains of anthracite, 
 125 grains of lime, 190 grains of clay, 1,400 grains of sand ; 50 addi- 
 tional grains of anthracite powder were placed on the top of the mixture. 
 The resulting iron weighed 387 grains, and contains 1 15 per cent, of 
 silicon. The accompanying slag is green. 
 
 2624. Result of an unrecorded experiment. 
 
 1,000 grains of the hard ore were heated with 250 grains of anthra- 
 cite, 190 grains of clay, and 350 grains of lime. No proper button is 
 formed, but a white stony slag, with scattered globules of metal. 
 
 2625. Result of another unrecorded experiment. 
 
 1,000 grains of the hard ore were heated with 250 grains of anthra- 
 cite, 190 grains of clay, and '325 grains of lime. The result is a white 
 scoriaceous stony slag, with numerous metallic globules. 
 
 2626. Wrought iron melted in 15 minutes from a T 5 F square 
 bar in a closed clay crucible/ 
 
 2627. Attempt at the union of ferric oxide with alumina, 
 
 A mixture in the ratio of the equivalents was strongly heafed in a 
 platinum crucible. The result is a slightly coherent mass, without 
 evidence of union. Experiment by E. Smith, 1871. The same mass 
 reheated in a clay crucible has produced a black glassy substance. 
 
 2628. Attempt at the union of ferric oxide and lime. 
 
 A mixture in the ratio of the equivalents was strongly heated in a 
 platinum crucible contained within a crucible of lime. A portion has 
 run together into a black slag. The remainder is still in powder. 
 Experiment by R. Smith, 1871. 
 
297 
 
 2629. Attempt at the union of ferric oxide and lime. 
 
 A mixture in the ratio of the equivalents has been strongly heated, 
 but only a certain amount of adhesion is brought about. Experiment 
 by E. Smith, 1871. 
 
 2630. Micaceous oxide of iron produced artificially. 
 
 By heating crystals of sulphate of iron with salt, and washing the 
 precipitate with water. 
 
 2631. Production of slag by the union of haematite and 
 limestone. 
 
 160 grains of ferric oxide have been heated with 100 grains of 
 carbonate of lime, and the product is a dark, opaque, slag -like mass. 
 
 2632. Result of experiment with a soft ore. 
 
 This ore contains only 6 36 per cent, of matter insoluble in hydro- 
 chloric acid, of which 1 87 per cent, is silica. This has been heated 
 with excess of charcoal, and has yielded a metal containing 1 66 per 
 cent, of silicon. 
 
 2633. Result of another experiment with the same ore. 
 
 It was fused with fine sand, and an excess of charcoal, and the metal 
 produced contains 5-15 per cent, of silicon. 
 
 2634. Results of experiments on the production of silicides 
 of iron. 
 
 By E. Riley. Dowlais Iron Works, 1871. A mixture of red hema- 
 tite ore, with charcoal in excess, and siliceous sand, from crushed 
 washed sandstone, was made and fused after exposure in a plumbago 
 steel-pot in a Siemens 1 furnace for 36 hours. The fused mass of iron at 
 the bottom (No. 1) was about 3 Ibs. in weight. It contains 17-96 per 
 cent, of silicon. Much of the sand retained its granular form, with 
 fused cinder (No. 4) between the granules containing scattered buttons 
 of iron (No. 3), which contain 3-72 per cent, of silicon. There are 
 also many buttons suspended in the charcoal (No. 2), which contain 
 21-71 per cent, of silicon. 
 
 2635. Results of another experiment of the same kind. 
 
 In this case silicate of iron was first formed from the same red ore as 
 above, by mixing it with sand and a little charcoal, after pulverising 
 it, and mixing the whole with wood charcoal, and exposing it in a plum- 
 bago pot in a Siemens' furnace for 36 hours. Siliceous cinder (No. 6) 
 was perfectly fused, and the mass of iron at the bottom (No. 5), which 
 was about 4 Ibs. in weight, is highly crystalline in fracture, with large 
 graphitic scales, and contains 17 40 per cent, of silicon. Communi- 
 cated by E. Riley. 
 
 2636. Result of experiment on the union of silicide of iron 
 with phosphide of iron. 
 
 220 grains of silicide of iron, containing 8-96 per cent, of silicon, 
 were mixed with 143 grains of phosphide of iron, containing 12-66 
 per cent, of phosphorus. The mixture was heated in a covered clay 
 crucible placed within another, and heated during 1 hour to whiteness 
 
298 
 
 The button produced weighed 356 grains, and had a little slag on the 
 top. It is hard, brittle, and strongly magnetic. Its fracture is crystal- 
 line, but dull, and its colour light greyish-white. It contains 5-57 per 
 cent, of silicon, and 4-50 per cent, of phosphorus. Experiment by Mr. 
 Hochstatter. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 95. 
 
 2637. " Silicate of protoxide of iron." 
 
 Prepared by W. B. Richardson. The proportions employed were 
 haematite 47'1, silica 57-5, and anthracite 6 per cent. This mixture 
 was heated to whiteness in an iron crucible. It is highly vesicular, 
 dark olive brown in colour, opaque, brittle, and vitreous. It contains 
 33 per cent, of iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 96. 
 
 2638. " Trisilieate of protoxide of iron." 
 
 Prepared by W. B. Richardson. 2,400 grains of iuematite, 900 
 grains of pure white sand, and 180 grains of powdered anthracite being 
 in the proportions of 78-1, 29-8, and 6 per cent, were treated in the 
 same way as in the last experiment. The product weighed 3,070 grains, 
 showing 70 grains to have been derived from the iron crucible. It has 
 a bright almost metallic lustre, is brittle and crystalline, the cavities con- 
 taining crystals of iron olivine. It contains 54 per cent, of iron. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 96. 
 
 Results of a series of experiments on the carburisation of iron 
 
 by cementation. Nos, 2639-2644. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 105. 
 
 2639. Strips of iron prepared for experiments by means of 
 hydrogen. 
 
 2640. Result of Experiment 4. 
 
 The strip of iron was imbedded in sugar charcoal and heated in a 
 porcelain tube during two hours in a current of hydrogen, and allowed 
 to cool in the gas. The charcoal had already been used in a similar 
 experiment. The strip increased in weight from 15-385 to 15-550 
 grains. 
 
 2641. Result of Experiments 5 and 6. 
 
 The curved pieces were treated by imbedding one in the previously 
 used charcoal and not the other, and passing hydrogen over them at a 
 red heat. The free strip increased in weight from 5-405 grains to 
 5-425 grains. The imbedded strip increased from 5-805 grains to 
 5 -850 grains. The free strip is more dead in lustre and the other is 
 deeper grey. The unbent portions were treated in a similar way. 
 
 2642. Result of Experiment 9. 
 
 2643. Result of Experiment 10. 
 
 The strips were placed in two long glass tubes. In one the strip was 
 imbedded in the same charcoal as used in previous experiments, and 
 both were heated in hydrogen for three and a half hours. The free strip 
 has increased in weight from 9-458 grains to 9-468 grains. The im- 
 bedded strip increased from 10-081 grains to 10-133 grains. 
 
299 
 
 2644. Result of Experiment 11. 
 
 The last experiment was repeated with two free strips and electrotype 
 iron, the hydrogen having been passed through nitrate of silver and over 
 pumice wetted with sulphuric acid. The free strips have increased 
 from 9-086 grains to 9-150 grains; the imbedded one from 5-026 
 grains to 5-080 grains. 
 
 2645. Experiment on the absorption of carbon by pure 
 iron. 
 
 Conducted by R. Dick. Ferric oxide obtained .from iron wire was 
 intensely heated with excess of carbon. The result is a number of but- 
 tons and globules. The buttons have a specific gravity of 7 097. They 
 split when hammered, and show plates of graphitic carbon, amounting in 
 various trials to three or four per cent. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 113. 
 
 2646. Another experiment on the same subject. 
 
 The ferric oxide was obtained from ferrous sulphate. The result is a 
 multitude of small globules which will not fuse together on reheating. 
 The largest button has a different fracture, a specific gravity of 
 6 968, and contains graphite to 4 56 per cent. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 114. 
 
 2647. Mixture of grey and white cast iron. 
 
 The crystals of the white iron form a rectangular complex network, 
 belonging to the cubical system, the sheets in a horizontal direction 
 being the most conspicuous, with the grey iron in the interstices between 
 them. Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 116. 
 
 2648. Experiment on the combination of iron with carbon. 
 
 Tin plate iron has been heated with chemically pure charcoal. The 
 result is a very graphitic iron containing 4^ per cent, of carbon. 
 
 2649. Results of Messrs. Baker and Stuart's experiments 
 on the conversion of soft iron into steel by means of carbonic 
 oxide. 
 
 (a.) Specimen of a very soft iron used in the experiment. It is 
 manufactured by Messrs. Marshall and Mills, Wednesbury. One of the 
 pieces is straight, the other has been heated to a full red heat and 
 quenched as in hardening steel ; nevertheless, it remains perfectly soft 
 and has been bent cold. (6.) Part of the same iron converted into 
 steel by the action of carbonic oxide passed over at a full red heat for 
 12 hours. The carbonic oxide was prepared from oxalic acid and sul- 
 phuric ncid. The evolved gas was passed through milk of lime, 
 caustic potash, and pyrogallic acid, and dried by sulphuric acid, (c.) 
 Another portion of the same steel broken in pieces to show its brittle- 
 ness. The transverse section shows a central core of unconverted 
 crystalline soft iron, surrounded by the fine grained steel, showing the 
 depth to which the conversion has penetrated. Experiments conducted 
 in 1864. Communicated by Win. Baker. Compare Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 105. 
 
300 
 
 2650. Spiegeleisen melted under plate glass. 
 
 This does not show any separation of graphite or any sensible change 
 in the external characters of the metal'. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 121. 
 
 Results of experiments on the action of sulphur on iron con- 
 taining carbon conducted by W. Weston, recorded in Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, pp. 135, 136. Nos. 2651-2654. 
 
 2651. Result of Experiment 7. 
 
 376 grains of cast iron were melted with 64' 5 grains of iron sulphide, 
 which is equivalent to introducing 4 378 per cent, of sulphur. The 
 product is white iron, without graphite. It contains 2 '12 per cent, 
 of sulphur, showing a loss of 2 '258 per cent. The carbon is 3 '17 per 
 cent. 
 
 2652. Result of Experiment 8. 
 
 359 grains of cast iron were melted with 29 grains of iron sulphide, 
 which is equivalent to introducing 2 '235 per cent, of sulphur, for half 
 an hour. The button consists of very crystalline white iron, with 
 separated graphite. The metal contains 1 68 per cent, of sulphur. .The 
 carbon amounts to 3 '9 per cent., of which 1*44 per cent, is graphitic, 
 the remainder being in combination. 
 
 2653. Result of Experiment 9. 
 
 415 grains of cast iron were melted with 18 grains of iron sulphide, 
 which is equivalent to introducing I '243 per cent, of sulphur. The 
 product is white iron, with separated graphite. The analysis showed 
 1'313 per cent, .of sulphur (which must be in error). The carbon 
 amounts to 3 6 per cent. 
 
 2654. Result of Experiment 10. 
 
 302 grains of cast iron were melted with 7 '2 of iron sulphide, 
 which is equivalent to introducing 0*696 per cent, of sulphur. Some 
 graphite separated. The metal is not white, but grey, with a network of 
 white iron. The analysis showed 0'72 per cent, of sulphur (which must 
 be in error). 
 
 2655. Result of experiment on heating grey pig-iron with 
 sulphide of iron. 
 
 8,800 grains of grey pig-iron were melted in a clay crucible under 
 plate glass with 870 grains of sulphide of iron containing 29 '9 per cent, 
 of sulphur. The metal here obtained has the appearance of white iron. 
 It is brittle and excessively hard. The centre is more or less hollow, 
 and shows a few skeleton crystals. The fracture is uneven and rather 
 lamellar. It contains 0*78 per cent, of sulphur. Experiment by 
 R. Smith, 1858. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 133. . 
 
 2656. Result of the action of sulphur on gtey iron. 
 
 1,540 grains of grey pig-iron were melted with 90 grains of iron sul- 
 phide,-equivalent to 2 per cent. The product is a hard white iron, with a 
 
301 
 
 somewhat lamellar fracture. It contains 0' 78 percent, of sulphur, 
 Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 133. 
 
 2657. Grey pig-iron remelted. 
 
 2658. Result of experiment on the action of manganese 
 containing carbon on iron containing silicon. 
 
 A very white metal is produced. 
 
 2659. Result of experiment on the heating of spiegeleisen 
 containing manganese with feme oxide. 
 
 2660. Formation of silicate of iron by the action of copper. 
 
 Six equivalents of copper, one of ferric oxide, and two of silica, were 
 heated with abundance of charcoal, hsematite being employed which 
 contained the above proportion of silica. A union of the silica and iron 
 has taken place. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 2661. The slag which accompanied the silicate of iron in 
 the above experiment. 
 
 2662. Result of heating together 400 grains of roasted 
 Wicklow pyrites, 15 grains of carbon, and 150 grains of 
 silica. 
 
 The result is a pyritous button accompanied by an opaque blue glassy 
 slag. Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 2663. Result of an experiment on Wicklow pyrites. 
 
 3,500 grains of roasted ore, 131 grains of charcoal, 1,312 grains of 
 silica, and 960 grains of cast iron have been smelted together. The 
 products are (a) a light porous black shining slag, together with a minute 
 particle of gold derived therefrom ; (b) the button of iron left at the 
 bottom ; (c) a button obtained after treating part of the iron with lead ; 
 (d) minute particle of gold derived from the iron. 
 
 2664. Result of another experiment in heating grey pig- 
 iron with sulphide of iron. 
 
 10,600 grains of another variety of grey pig-iron were melted during 
 about an hour in a clay crucible, under plate glass, with 327 grains of 
 sulphide of iron, containing 29 ' 9 per cent, of sulphur. The metal 
 produced contains 0*91 per cent, of sulphur, showing a loss of 0*815 
 per cent. The surface is coated with dark glass. A cut surface shows 
 a mottled network of bright crystalline meshes. Experiment by R. 
 Smith, 1858. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 134, exp. 4. 
 
 ALLOYS OF IKON. 
 
 2665. Experiment on the fusion of spiegeleisen and copper. 
 
 500 grains of each have been fused together, showing a loss of 3*4 per 
 cent. The product consists of copper below and spiegeleisen above, but 
 the copper contains 1 18 per cent, of manganese and 3 * 19 per cent, of 
 iron. Experiment by J. Richardson. 
 
302 
 
 2666. Another experiment on the same subject. 
 
 666*45 parts of iron have been melted with 334 parts of copper. 
 The loss on fusion has been 2 '35 per cent., and the copper surrounds 
 the iron with a dark intermediate layer between. Experiment by 
 J. Richardson. 
 
 2667. Alloy of 10 of copper with 2 of iron. 
 
 200 grains of iron wire with 1,000 grains of electrotype copper 
 were fused under plate glass, in a clay crucible, with luted cover. 
 The result is a well melted button, showing a loss of 8 grains. 
 It is much harder than copper, but the fracture is copper-red in colour. 
 It has a granular fracture, but cannot be drawn into wire. Experiment 
 by J. Richardson. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 149. 
 
 2668. Alloy of 10 of coppc-r with 3 of iron. 
 
 300 grains of iron and 1,COO grains of copper were heated together 
 at a red heat. 55 grains of iron remained unfused, and the button has 
 a paler colour, but is not so tough. It appears to be homogeneous, 
 and contains 20 per cent, of copper. Experiment by J. Richardson. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 149. 
 
 2669. Alloy of 5 of copper with 7 of iron. 
 
 500 grains of copper and 700 grains of iron were melted together as 
 before. The button is well melted with a loss of 6 grains. The surface 
 of the alloy is grey, liko iron, and appears to be coated with it; it, is 
 crystalline and brittle, having minute crystal faces. It contains 58^ 
 per cent, of iron. Experiment by J. Richardson. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 150. 
 
 2670. Alloy of 2 of copper with 8 of iron. 
 
 800 grains of iron and 200 grains of copper were melted together as 
 before ; the button was well melted with a loss of only 2 grains. It is 
 extremely brittle. It has a pale coppery grey colour, and is crystalline 
 granular. The fracture shows iron-grey mica-like scales, intermingled 
 with copper-red particles. It contains 80 per cent, of iron. Experiment 
 by J. Richardson. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 140. 
 
 2671. Alloy of iron and manganese. 
 
 Made by G. Parry, Ebbw Yale Iron Works. It has a coarsely 
 crystalline fracture, is greyish white, and is said to contain about 20 per 
 cent, of manganese. 
 
 2672. .Alloy of iron and manganese. 
 
 Obtained by reducing together haematite and pyrolusite. It probably 
 contains carbon derived from the reducing agent. 
 
 2673. Alloy of iron and manganese. 
 
 Obtained by melting together spiegeteisen^ which already contains 
 some manganese and carbon, with pyrolusite to increase the proportion 
 of manganese. 
 
 2674. Alloy of iron and manganese, and containing carbon. 
 
303 
 
 2675. Ferromanganese crystals. 
 
 Made under the direction of Mons. Th. Gautier, in Wales, at the Pyle 
 Company's Works, 1885. It is a loose aggregation of small crystals, 
 some of which are acicular and iridescent. They contain 86 per cent, 
 of manganese. 
 
 2676. Alloy of iron and tin. 
 
 490 grains of iron have been melted with 10 grains of tin, producing 
 an alloy containing 2 per cent, of tin. The resulting button is brittle, 
 being cracked in several places. 
 
 2677. Attempt at the union of iron and titanium. 
 
 125 grains of prepared ferric oxide and 127 grains of rutile were ex- 
 posed in a covered brasqued crucible during 1J hours, to a white heat, 
 and reheated with 40 grains of lime and 60 grains of glass. Some grey 
 globules are produced, but these, on analysis, do not show a trace of 
 titanium. 
 
 2678. Alloy of titanium and iron. 
 
 A piece of rolled sheet iron, made direct from ilmenite, containing 45 
 per cent, of titanic acid, the remainder being iron oxides and only half 
 per cent, of lime and magnesia. The whole of the metal was reduced. 
 It COE tains the two elements in probably about equal proportions. 
 Communicated by J. D. Clure, of Handsworth, 1875. 
 
 2679. Alloy of iron and antimony. 
 
 It contains 70 per cent, of antimony and 30 per cent, of iron. It its a 
 porous ingot, tarnished on the fracture. 
 
 2680. Attempt at the union of iron and bismuth.- 
 
 50 grains of bismuth have been melted together with 150 grains of 
 iron. The bismuth has been for the mcst part eliminated, the resulting 
 metal containing only 2-23 per cent, of bismuth. 
 
 2681. Union of iron and bismuth. 
 
 290 grains of iron have been fused with 10 grains of bismuth, under 
 glass. The resulting button shows a loss of one grain only. Experi- 
 ment by W. B. Richardson. 
 
 2682. Alloy of iron with 1 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 495 grains of iron were melled, under glass, with five grains of nickel. 
 A well melted button has been obtained, weighing 490 grains. The 
 fracture is like that of iron alone. Experiment by W. B. Richardson. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 171, No. 1. 
 
 2683. Alloy of iron with 5 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 285 grains of iron were melted, under glass, with 15 grains of nickel. 
 The button weighs 290 grains, and is coated with black scale. It is 
 more brittle than iron, and has a loose granular fracture and bright 
 colour. Experiment, by W. B. Richardson. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 171, No. 2. 
 
304 
 
 2884. Alloy of iron with 20 per cent, of nickel. 
 
 240 grains of iron were melted, under glass, with 60 grains of nickel. 
 The button weighs 280 grains. Its surface is smooth and is free from 
 scale. It is brittle and has a very irregular fibro-columnar fracture. It 
 is bluish- white, and has a specific gravity of 7 -91 7. Experiment by W. 
 B. Eichardson. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 171, No. 3. 
 
 2685. Alloy of iron and nickel in equal parts. 
 
 200 grains of each metal were melted together, under glass. The 
 resulting button weighs 380 grains. It is smooth, free from scale, and 
 tarnishes yellow. It is very brittle. It has a uniform, even, finely 
 granular fracture, with minute crystalline faces. Its specific gravity is 
 8-2. Experiment by W. B. Eichardson. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 172, No. 4. 
 
 2686. Experiment on the alloying of iron with cobalt. 
 
 200 grains of nearly pure haematite and 200 grains protoxide of 
 cobalt were mixed and placed in a charcoal-lined plumbago crucible, the 
 cavity being filled up with a mixture of china clay and lime, the pot 
 luted over, and the whole exposed to a white heat for two hours. The 
 result is a well fused button weighing 296 grains, attracted by the 
 magnet. It flattened under the hammer and then broke. The fracture 
 is granular, bluish-grey, with feeble lustre. It is accompanied by melted 
 globules and a pale bluish-green glassy slag. It contains 46*71 per 
 cent, of iron, and the remainder is cobalt. Experiment by E. Smith. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 173. 
 
 2687. Second experiment on the alloying of iron with 
 cobalt. 
 
 360 grains of nearly pure hematite and 40 grains of cobalt oxide 
 were treated in the same way as in the last experiment. The result is a 
 well fused button weighing 286 grains, attracted by the magnet. It has 
 broken under the hammer. The fracture is granular, greyish-white in 
 the centre, and on the outside is a very thin, fine-grained, dull, dark- 
 grey layer. There are fewer globules, and a similar slag. It contains 
 87 '21 per cent, of iron. Experiment by E. Smith. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 173. 
 
 2688. Alloy of iron with 5 per cent, of aluminium. 
 
 950 grains of wrought iron were melted, and 50 grains of metallic 
 aluminium were plunged in and stirred. The union of the metals 
 seems here imperfect, and the whiter portion is so brittle as to be 
 crumbling. Experiment by E. Smith. 
 
 2689. Experiment on the alloying of iron and magnesium. 
 
 140 grains of iron were melted with 20 grains of magnesium. The 
 button weighs 160 grains. It has a rough, crystalline, granular 
 fracture ; does not yield very readily to the hammer. 
 
 2690. Alloy of iron and magnesium. 
 
 2691. Alloy of iron and magnesium. 
 
 On analysis it yields only a trace of magnesium, carbon, and silica. 
 
305 
 
 2692. Alloy of iron and tungsten, containing 9 5 per cent, 
 of tungsten. 
 
 The complete analysis shows 
 
 Carbon - - - 1-123 
 
 Tungsten - - 9-477 
 
 Silicon - - 0-756 
 
 Manganese - 0-520 
 
 Tron .... 88-124 
 
 100-000 
 
 It contains no sulphur or phosphorus. In its present state it can be 
 cut by a file; nut after heating to red heat' and quenching in water, 
 it becomes much harder, and cannot be touched by a file. It has an 
 exceedingly fine granular fracture. Analysed and communicated by 
 W. Baker, 1874. 
 
 2693. Tungsten steel, said to contain 4 per cent, of 
 tungsten. 
 
 Made by adding wolfram to molten steel. From Messrs. Seebohm 
 and Co.'s Works, Sheffield. It has a fine silky fracture. 
 
 2694. Tungsten steel. 
 
 Manufactured at Siemens' Steel Works, Landore, 1870. It has a 
 granular fracture, and possesses great power of retaining magnetism. 
 
 2695. Tungsten steel from Austria. 
 
 Exhibited at the Congress of Miners in Vienna, 1858. The fracture 
 is remarkably fine, uniform, compact, and conchoidal. Not favourably 
 reported on as to its working and other qualities by Mr. Saunderson, of 
 Sheffield. Communicated by W. W. Smyth. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 193. 
 
 2696. Experiments on the alloying of iron with chromium. 
 Experiment I. 
 
 In all four experiments nearly pure red hasmatite was used, and pre- 
 pared sesquioxide of chromium. The quantities were intimately mixed 
 and placed in a charcoal-lined French crucible, the cavity filled up with 
 charcoal powder, the whole luted over, and exposed to a white heat for 
 two hours. In this first experiment 190 grains of hasmatite and 10 
 grains of chromium oxide were employed. The result is a well fused 
 button with globules, and interlacing crystals on the surface. The 
 fracture is white, bright, and crystalline. It is hard, and contains 4-24 
 per cent, of chromium. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 187. 
 Experiment by R. Smith. 
 
 2697. Alloying of iron and chromium. Experiment II. 
 
 150 grains of haematite and 50 grains of chromium oxide were taken. 
 The result is a well fused button with globules, which is hard, brittle, 
 with a tin-white, very bright, and finely granular fracture. It is crystal- 
 line in structure, and contains 72-93 per cent, of iron. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron !ind Steel, p. 187. 
 
 U 61955. TJ 
 
306 
 
 2698. Alloying of iron and chromium. Experiment III. 
 
 150 grains of haematite and 150 grains of chromium oxide were taken, 
 and half as much carbon was added more in the form of anthracite 
 powder instead of charcoal. The result is a somewhat spongy button 
 with metallic globules, not attracted by the magnet, hard, and with a 
 finely granular, bright, greyish- white fracture. It contains 45 35 per 
 cent, of iron. A slag is also produced in this case. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iroft and Steel, p. 187. 
 
 2699. Alloying of iron and chromium. Experiment IV. 
 
 50 grains of hematite and 150 grains of chromium oxide were taken. 
 The result is an imperfectly fused spongy mass less coherent than the 
 last. It is not attracted by the magnet, is very hard, and can be crushed. 
 The colour is yellowish-grey, and the lustre rather dull. In the centre 
 are bright needle-shaped crystals. It contains 23-42 per cent, of iron. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 187. 
 
 2700. Alloy of chromium and iron made by the reduction 
 of chromium oxide in the electric furnace. 
 
 It contains 14 per cent, of chromium and the remainder is iron. It 
 has rusted on the fractured surface. For the " electric furnace," see 
 No. 2405. 
 
 2701. Alloy of iron containing 5 per cent, of chromium. 
 It has a largely crystalline fracture and a greyish colour. 
 
 2702. Alloy of iron containing 10 per cent, of chromium. 
 
 It has a crystalline fracture and a whitish colour. It is hard enough 
 to scratch glass. 
 
 2703. Alloy of iron containing 20 per cent, of chromium. 
 
 It has a crystalline fracture, with numerous narrow crystals, and is of 
 a whitish colour. It scratches glass easily. 
 
 2704. Alloy of iron containing 30 per cent, of chromium. 
 
 P This has a vesicular structure, being largely composed of brilliant, 
 prismatic, interlocking crystals, with intervals between. The colour is 
 white. It scratches glass with difficulty. 
 
 2705. Alloy of iron containing 40 per cent, of chromium. 
 
 It is finely vesicular, having an almost granular fracture, and a 
 rather dull colour. It does not scratch glass. 
 
 2706. Chromium steel. 
 
 A sample of normal steel containing 0-90 per cent, of carbon, and a 
 rod of chromium steel containing 5 95 per cent, of chromium, and 308 
 of silicon. Communicated by C. V. Boys. 
 
 SPECIAL CASES OF THE REDUCTION AND CEMENTATION 
 OF IRON. 
 
 2707. Clay ironstone cemented in charcoal. 
 
 No reduction has taken place. Prepared in the Metallurgical 
 Laboratory of the Royal School of Mines. 
 
307 
 
 2708. Haematite cemented in charcoal powder. 
 
 This is at the same time reduced to a ma;>s of iron, which retains the 
 kidney shape, the concentric layers and the radiating lines of the 
 original ore. Prepared in the Metallurgical Laboratory of the Royal 
 School of Mines, 
 
 2709. Cumberland haematite reduced direct. 
 
 This is a mass of iron, which retains the shape, and the concentric and 
 radiating structure of the original ore, which has parted by open cracks. 
 Communicated by R. Mushet, 1866. 
 
 2710. Red iron ore reduced by cementation in charcoal. 
 
 Communicated by S. Blackwell, 1867. This has the same appearance 
 as the last, but is tinged with blue. 
 
 2711. Powdered clay iron ore reduced by means of charcoal. 
 
 A stick of charcoal has been placed in the centre of a retort, and 
 surrounded by the powdered ore ; this has been closed and heated. The 
 result is a very porous, mostly metallic, iron mass. Prepared in the 
 Laboratory of the Royal School of Mines. 
 
 2712. Accidental reduction of iron by coke. 
 
 A piece of coke has been imbedded by chance in the top cinder while 
 the latter was being heated. The spot where it lay is now surrounded by 
 a thin irregular sheet of reduced iron. 
 
 2713. A series of specimens illustrating the carburisation 
 of ore by means of the furnace gases. 
 
 No. 1. .The calcined ironstone which was exposed to the furnace 
 fumes. It is derived from the Cleveland iron ore. No 2 is the same 
 after exposure to the 'escaping gases of a furnace 48 feet high for 24 
 hours. No. 4 is another sample of calcined Cleveland ore, containing 
 42 '2 per cent, of iron. No. 3 is this sample after it has been subjected 
 to the gases of a furnace 80 feet in height for 24 hours. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS ON METEORIC IRON. 
 
 Conducted by R. Smith, on portions of the largest meteorite 
 in the British Museum and on the rust derived from it. 
 
 2714. Pieces of the meteoric iron as received. 
 
 They are all small fragments, and are mostly changed to ferric oxide. 
 They exhibit a pseudo-columnar structure. 
 
 2715. Meteoric iron. Rusted portion reduced by carbonic 
 oxide gas. 
 
 The material has been heated in a crucible placed within another and 
 filled up with anthracite powder. The result is that irregular metallic 
 masses are produced, black on the surface, purplish-white within, and 
 showing an irregular, prismatic structure. 
 
 2716. Meteoric iron. Rusted portion reduced by hydrogen 
 gas and cooled in the same. Experiment I. 
 
 It forms irregular, prismatic, metallic masses of purplish hue. % 
 
 U 2 
 
308 
 
 2717. Meteoric iron. Rusted portion reduced by hydrogen. 
 Experiment II. 
 
 It was heated in hydrogen for two hours and left to cool for two 
 hours more in hydrogen. The result is very similar to the last, but the 
 lustre is a little more brilliant. 
 
 2718. Meteoric iron. Rusted portion reduced in hydrogen 
 and afterwards remelted. 
 
 A portion was selected showing Wiedmanstattian figures, and this 
 was fused under glass and allowed to cool in the furnace. The 
 arborescent, crystalline structure is now well seen on the surface and 
 top of the melted button, which has a coarse crystalline fracture. 
 
 2719. Meteoric iron. Metallic portion melted under plate 
 glass and allowed to cooi in the furnace. 
 
 It weighs 1,292 grains. The fracture is granular, and the crystalline 
 structure of the surface so minute as to be almost invisible. 
 
 2720. Meteoric iron. Metallic portion melted under glass, 
 and allowed to cool in the furnace. Second experiment. 
 
 The button weighs 1,,'ViO grains, and the whole of the surface is covered 
 by arborescent crystallisation. 
 
 2721. Meteoric iron. Metallic portion melted under glass, 
 and allowed to cool in the furnace. Third experiment. 
 
 The fracture is finely granular, and no crystallisation is visible on the 
 surface. 
 
 2722. .Meteoric iron, run into moulds and hammered. Made 
 from the rusted portion after reduction by cementation in 
 charcoal. 
 
 IRON OHES. 
 
 BRITISH. 
 
 Magnetic Iron Ores. 
 
 2723. Magnetic iron ore from Rosedale, Yorkshire. 
 This is a black mass, belonging to the base of the Inferior Oolite. 
 It is oolitic in structure, and appears to have been primarily calcareous. 
 Then the lime was replaced by iron, and, finally, the carbonic acid has, 
 for the most part, escaped. It is mixed with some clay. Analyzed by 
 E. F. Techmacher. 
 
 Oxide of iron 
 Alumina 
 Silica 
 Lime - 
 Magnesia 
 Water and loss 
 
 100-00 
 
 This gives a per-centage of 55 of metallic iron. 
 
309 
 
 2724. Magnetic iron ore from Rosedale, Yorkshire. 
 
 Another portion of the same mass, assaying only 41 '5 percent, of 
 iron. 
 
 2725. Magnetic iron ore from Rosedale, Yorkshire. 
 
 From the south drift. A blue -black variety, containing 39 "38 per 
 cent, of metallic iron. Communicated by A. C. Sheriff. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 235. 
 
 2726. Magnetic iron ore from Rosedale, Yorkshire. 
 
 From the old drift. A bluish dark grey variety, containing 38*44 
 per cent, of metallic iron. Communicated by A. C. Sheriff. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 235. 
 
 2727. Magnetic iron ore from Limerick. 
 
 A concretionary mass, partly weathered to brown oxide. 
 
 2728. Magnetic iron ore from near Torquay, Devonshire. 
 
 A crystalline vein-substance, probably in Devonian rocks, accompanied 
 by fibrous hornblende. Yields 58 93 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2729. Magnetic iron ore from Dolgelly, N. Wales. 
 
 A fine grained, crystalline vein substance, probably* in Cambrian 
 rocks, in which brilliant octahedra of magnetite may be seen. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward. It contains 41 '58 per cent, of metallic iron, 0'29 per 
 cent, of phosphorus, and 0*17 per cent, of sulphur. There is an in- 
 soluble residue of 25 * 76 per cent, and a loss on ignition of 3*92 .pet- 
 cent. Communicated by Brassey and Co., 1867. 
 
 Hcematites. 
 
 2730. Micaceous iron ore from Cornwall. 
 
 Obtained from a fissure. It contains 77 '20 per cent, of ferric oxide, 
 equivalent to 54*03 per cent, of metallic iron. Only a small portion of 
 the powder is taken up by the magnet. Analysed by R. Smith. Com- 
 municated by Mr. Murray. 
 
 2731. Micaceous iron ore from Wadebridge, Cornwall. 
 
 A concretionary mass with radiating crystals of black oxide passing, 
 to red kidney ore. Used at Blaiua Ironworks in 1859. 
 
 2732. Specular iron ore from Birkershanon, Eskdale. 
 Communicated by F. H. Noyes. 
 
 2733. Kidney iron ore from the New Vein, Birkershanon, 
 Eskdale. 
 
 Communicated by F. H. Noyes. 
 
 2734. Micaceous iron ore from Bovey Tracey, Devonshire. 
 
 A brittle mass, going down into powder of purplish tint. It contains 
 57*57 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
310 
 
 2735. Micaceous iron ore from Devonshire. 
 Communicated by D. Pridham, 1867. Similar to the last. Occurs 
 
 as a vein in the Devonian rocks. 
 
 2736. Earthy red haematite from Somersetshire. 
 
 Contains 46*03 per cent, of metallic iron. It forms part of the 
 Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Trias. Communicated by R. Bristowe. 
 
 2737. Iron ore from Luccombe, Somerset. 
 
 This is a sandstone of the Trias, deeply impregnated with ferric oxide 
 between the grains of sand, and forms part of the Dolomitic Conglome- 
 rate. Communicated by R. Bristowe. 
 
 2738. Haematite from Luccombe, Somerset. 
 
 This is more or less in the micaceous form. It consists of a breccia, 
 in tfye Triassic rocks, which had the interstices infiltrated by the ferric 
 oxide. It contains therefore many fragments of stone, and .forms part 
 of the series called the Dolomitic Conglomerate. Communicated by R. 
 Bristowe. 
 
 2739. Ironstone from the Trias of Luccombe, Somerset. 
 
 Fragments of stone imbedded in an abundant matrix of red haematite, 
 and forming part of the Dolomitic Conglomerate. Communicated by R. 
 Bristowe. 
 
 2740. Kidney ore from Cleator, Whitehaven, Cumberland. 
 Communicated by M. Blackwell. 
 
 2741. Red -and black kidney ore from Ulverstone, Lanca- 
 shire. 
 
 2742. Puddling ore from Ulverstone. 
 
 This is most suitable for putting on the bottoms of puddling furnaces. 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper, Newland furnace. 
 
 2743. Blast ore from Ulverstone. 
 
 This is not so suitable for puddling, but is used in the blast furnaces. 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper. 
 
 2744. Gravelly iron ore from Ulverstone. 
 
 All these ores from Ulverstone and Cleator occur in fissures and nests 
 in the Carboniferous Limestone. 
 
 2745. Five samples of varieties of haematite iron ore in 
 powder. 
 
 As used by the Whitehaven Haematite Iron Co. 
 
 2746. Haematite iron ore as used at Dowlais Furnaces, 1870. 
 
 2747. Another more earthy variety of haematite used at 
 Dowlais Furnaces, 1870. 
 
 2748. Haematite from the Mumbles, Swansea. 
 Contained in a slickensided vein in the Carboniferous Limestone. 
 
311 
 
 2749. Dark haematite from the Forest of Dean. 
 
 This is a very solid mass of fine grain, weathering red, of concentric 
 structure and conchoidal fracture. 
 
 2750. Iron ore from Ashton-under-Lyne. 
 
 Doubtless from the Trias. It is a red, earthy, fissure-material with 
 cavities, and contains sulphate of barium. Communicated by E. Riley, 
 Dowlais. 
 
 2751. Haematite from Winsford, Somerset. 
 
 A compact, earthy, red mass, with geodes of quartz crystals. In the 
 mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills. 
 
 2752. Haematite from Ilfraeombe, North Devon. 
 
 A radiating concretionary mass containing 82 64 per cent, of ferric 
 oxide, equivalent to 57 84 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2753. Iron ore from the Carboniferous Limestone of 
 Pembrokeshire. 
 
 This consists of models in haematite of numerous organic remains 
 which were of course originally composed of carbonate of lime, which 
 has been replaced by the iron oxide. Portions of Encrinites and of 
 Bryozoa have been detected in it by J. W. Salter. 
 
 2754. Iron ore from the " Crane " Iron Works. 
 
 This consists of a cavernous mass, with long, parallel, hollow spaces, 
 round which the ferric oxide is accumulated, covered with red powder. 
 
 2755. Iron ore quarried near Berry Head, Tavistock, on .the 
 shore and inland. 
 
 Massive haematite, partially converted into limonite. 
 
 Brown ffcematites. 
 
 2756. Iron ore from Tynardreath, Par Station, Cornwall. 
 
 Banded vein-stuff, containing 63-31 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 Communicated by Wm. Polkinghorne. 
 
 2757. Iron ore from Tynardreath, Par, Cornwall. 
 
 Dark crystalline material with fragments. Contains 43-88 per cent, 
 of metallic iron. 
 
 2758. Brown iron ore from Ilsington, Devon. 
 
 Irregular, tubular masses of dark limonite. Used at the Atlas Iron 
 Works, Bovey. Communicated by W. W. Smyth. 
 
 2759. Brown iron ore from the Brendon Hilis, Somerset. 
 
 A dark, irregular, porous, banded mass, used at the Ebbw Vale Iron 
 Works, 1859. Associated with spathic ores in the Devonian slates. 
 
312 
 
 2760. A mixed ore from the mines at Perran, Cornwall. 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 
 
 Ferric oxide - 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime - 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Carbonic acid - 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Water - 
 
 99-40 
 
 This is equivalent to 34-07 per cent, of metallic iron. An irregular, 
 breccia-like spathose rock. 
 
 2761. Brown iron ore from Perran Iron Mines, Cornwall. 
 Porous concretionary masses. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1870. 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 Manganous oxide 
 Alumina 
 Lime - 
 Magnesia 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Sulphuric acid - 
 Silica - 
 Water - 
 
 99-74 
 
 This is equivalent to 52-45 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2762. Brown haematite from Froghall, near Cheadle, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 It is a calciferous brown haematite, occurring in the latest portion of 
 the Coal Measures. It is compact, homogeneous, and brownish-red in- 
 colour and has a vein of calcareous spar. Analysed, when dried, by 
 A. Dick. 
 
 Iron oxide 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Lime - 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Carbonic acid - 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphuric acid - 
 
 Combined water 
 
 Organic matter 
 
 Ignited insoluble residue 
 
 98-78 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, pp. 207, 224. 
 
313 
 
 2763. Brush iron ore, Forest of Dean 
 
 A concretionary solid brown ore. For analyses of these so called ores, 
 see Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 207. One variety contains 
 90 per cent, of ferric oxide. It is derived from the Coal Measures. 
 
 2764. Forest ore, or Smith ore, Forest of Dean. 
 
 An earthy brownish-red gravelly ore, derived from the Coal Measures. 
 An analysis of this ore, but not, of this sample, by A. Dick, gave 89-76 
 per cent, of ferric oxide, with 7 per cent, of water, and fractions of the 
 usual bases arid of phosphoric acid. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 207. 
 
 2765. Forest of Dean ore 
 
 Used at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. A tufaceous mass with small 
 parallel hollows. 
 
 2766. Botryoidal and stalactitic brown haematite from the 
 Forest of Dean coal measures. 
 
 Massive within and with radiating crystals on the surface. 
 
 2767. Iron ore from the Forest of Dean, ground and prepared 
 as a red colouring matter. 
 
 2768. Iron ore from the Fore.st of Dean, ground and prepared 
 as a brown colouring matter. 
 
 2769. Bog iron ore, from Ireland. 
 
 A solid irregular mass, in parts nearly black. 
 
 2770. Aluminous iron ore from Antrim, north of Ireland. 
 
 A dark, reddish-brown granular mass, with black pebbles. It has a 
 specilic gravity 2-9, and contains 40-49 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 Communicated by Mr. Bauerman. Compare the analyses, p. 207 of 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel. 
 
 2771. Aluminous iron ore from Belfast. 
 
 Used at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. It consists of a breccia of 
 darker red fragments in a light red matrix and is entirely soft and earthy. 
 
 2772. Iron ore from Arklow, Ireland. 
 
 Used at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. Consists of a porous, dark, 
 concretionary mass. 
 
 2773. Iron ore from the north of Ireland. 
 
 A red earthy ma^s, which yielded on analysis, ferric oxide, 59-08; 
 alumina, 27-30; silica, 8-80. The loss on calcination was 6-86 per 
 cent, and the ignited insoluble residue, 21 37 per cent. There is 41-36 
 per cent, of metallic iron. These ores occur in lenticular beds, asso- 
 ciated with the dolerites of Antrim and are of Tertiary age. 
 
 2774. Iron ore from the north of Ireland. 
 
 A brownish red earthy soft mass. Yielding on analysis 35-20 per 
 cent, of ferric oxide, 38-22 of alumina, 6-06 of silica. The loss on 
 
314 
 
 calcination is 24 26, and the ignited insoluble residue is 24 90. This 
 yields 24-64 per cent, of metallic iron when raw, 31-29 when calcined. 
 
 2775. Iron ore from the north of Ireland. 
 
 A dark irregular earthy mass of various red and brown colours, yield- 
 ing on analysis 77 84 per cent, of ferric oxide, 2- 16 of ferrous oxide, 
 7-16 of alumina, 11-92 of silica. The loss on ignition was 3-24 per 
 cent, and the ignited insoluble residue was 20 '31. This yields 56-17 
 per cent, of metallic iron. None of these three ores contain any sensible 
 proportion of phosphorus or sulphur. 
 
 2776. Northampton iron ore. 
 
 Used at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. An earthy hydrated 
 sesquioxide of iron, oolitic in structure and ochre-brown in colour. 
 More or less concretionary. It belongs to the lower part of the Inferior 
 Oolite. These ores contain about 51 per cent, of ferric oxide with 14 per 
 cent, of insoluble residue. It was one of these specimens of Northamp- 
 ton iron ore to which Dr. Percy directed the attention of Mr. Blackwell, 
 of Dudley, and thus led to its introduction Jnto extensive use. See 
 Phillip's Ores and Ore Deposits, p. 172. 
 
 2777. Northampton iron ore. 
 
 Used at Dowlais Jron Works, 1870. This is a vacuous ore, from 
 which all the calcareous particles have been dissolved, leaving minute 
 hollow spaces separated by the insoluble ferric oxide. 
 
 2778. Northampton iron ore showing the origin of the ferric 
 oxide by the weathering of the carbonate. 
 
 Both parts are of oolitic structure. The interior is bluish green, the 
 outside shows a concretionary deposit of ferric oxide. In Dr. Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron, ana Steel, p. 209, are given analyses by A. Dick of 
 the inner and outer portions of this or a similar specimen. They are 
 Outer part. Inner part. 
 
 Ferric oxide - - 38-04 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 10 .54 . 33-29 
 
 Manganese oxide - 0-69 1-11 
 
 Alumina - 12-35 4-62 
 
 Lime - - - trace 0-52 
 
 Magnesia - 4-13 7-96 
 
 Silica - 1-96 1-99 
 
 Carbonic acid - - 0-16 24-79 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0-26 0-22 
 
 Iron bisulphide - 0-13 0-13 
 
 Water (combined) - 6-92 0-54 
 
 Organic matter 0-19 0-08 
 
 Insoluble residue - 24-61 . 24 '07 
 
 99-98 99-32 
 
 2779. Series of specimens (5) of " iron ore " from Ban bury. 
 
 These belong to the Marlstoue of the Middle Lias. They cannot be 
 regarded as iron ore properly so called, as the sample analysed by A. 
 Dick (see Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 209) gave only 
 3-19 for ferric oxide and 12-34 of ferrous oxide. 
 
315 
 
 2780. Iron ore from a seven foot bed " at Thirsk, Yorkshire. 
 This is an oolitic carbonate mostly converted into hydrated sesqui- 
 
 oxide of iron. It belongs to the lower part of the Inferior Oolite. 
 
 2781. Vanadium compound obtained from Westbury iron ore. 
 
 It is a green amorphous powder. The Westbury iron ore is an oolitic 
 deposit belonging to the Upper Oolites. Communicated by E. Biley, 
 
 1881. 
 
 2782. Oolitic iron ore from the Tealby Series, Lincolnshire. 
 
 This belongs to the Middle Neocomian series. It is composed of black 
 grains of hydrated ferric oxide imbedded in an earthy matrix of similar 
 material. Analysed by W. J. Ward in 1873. Yields 27-83 per cent, 
 of metallic iron. f 
 
 2783. Iron ore from East Cliff, Hastings. 
 
 A nodular concretion from the Wealden clays, similar to those once 
 smelted in Kent and Sussex. 
 
 2784. Earthy brown haematites from Alston Moor. 
 
 Various superficial masses produced by weathering vein-stuffs, and 
 forrning a gossan. Analysed by Dr. Percy in 1848. 
 
 2785. Impregnation of wood (!) by hydrated ferric oxide, at 
 Alston Moor, with small crystals of baryta. 
 
 2786. Brown hsematite from Llantrissant, Glamorganshire. 
 
 From a remarkable deposit forming in the base of the Magnesian con- 
 glomerate and resting on the Carboniferous Limestone. Analysed by 
 E. Riley, gives 59 05 per cent, of ferric oxide, 34 40 per cent, of silica, 
 6 '14 of combined water and fractions of manganous oxide, lime, 
 magnesia, phosphoric acid, and pyrites, and yields 41-34 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. This specimen, however, contains a fair amount of calcite. 
 
 2787. Clay ironstone from the Wealden on the shore near 
 Hastings. 
 
 Red on the surface by weathering to ferric oxide, reddish-brown 
 within where unweathered, and with root-like markings coloured green 
 as by iron carbonate. 
 
 2788. Ironstone from the Upper Eocene clays of Christ- 
 church, Hants. ' 
 
 A fine-grained sandy mass. Smelted at Ebbw Vale Iron Works in 
 1865. 
 
 Spathic Iron Ores. 
 
 2789. Spathic iron ore from Cornwall. 
 
 A compact, finely crystalline mass. Communicated by Mr. Cony- 
 beare. 
 
316 
 
 2790. Spathic iron ore from the Brendon Hills, Somerset- 
 shire. 
 
 A coarsely crystalline mass of characteristic brownish tint. It occurs 
 as a vein in the Devonian series, and is, or has been, much worked by 
 the Ebbw Vale Iron Company. Dr. Percy (Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 210) gives an analysis of this ore showing 43-84 of ferrous 
 oxide, 12-64 of manganous oxide, 3-63 per cent, of magnesia, and 
 38-86 per cent, of carbonic acid. This corresponds to 34-67 per 
 cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2791. Spathic iron ores from the Brendon Hills, Somerset, 
 assayed from iron, showing variety of yield. 
 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1873. No. 1, taken from the ore as 
 delivered at the Ebbw Va.le Iron Works, yields 33-87 per cent, 
 of metallic iron. No. 2, from the same lode, two miles west of 
 Lockyard, yields 27 '32 per cent. No. 3, from the same lode, taken as 
 delivered at the Ebbw Vale Iron Works, yields 33-96 per cent. No. 4, 
 in a partially decomposed state by which the carbonate has partly 
 become oxide, yields 35 27 per cent. These ores are specially employed 
 for the manufacture of spiegeleisen. 
 
 2792. Spathic iron ore from the Brendon Hills, Somerset, 
 containing patches of copper pyrites. 
 
 2793. White spathic iron ore from Perran, Cornwall. 
 
 A compact, finely crystalline mass from a band in the Devonian 
 slates. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1870. 
 
 Ferrous oxide 
 
 Ferric oxide - 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Silica 
 
 Carbonic acid - 
 
 Water 
 
 99-40 
 This is equivalent to a yield of 35-67 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2794. Spathic iron ore from Devonshire. 
 
 A finely crystalline mass, containing 73-41 per cent, of ferrous 
 carbonate and 18 -22' per cent, of manganous carbonate, which is 
 equivalent to 35-44 per cent, of metallic iron and 11-25 per cent, 
 of manganous oxide. Communicated by Sir Lawrence Palk. 
 
 2795. Spathic iron ore from Co. Fermanagh, Ireland. 
 
 A breccia! ed mass, with a concretionary coating of hydrous ferric 
 oxide. The interior is mottled white and dark green. This inner 
 portion, assayed by R. Smith, gives 74-41 of ferrous carbonate, which 
 is equivalent to 35-92 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
317 
 
 2796. Spathic iron ore from Weardale, Durham. 
 
 A coarsely crystalline mass, forming a vein in the Carboniferous 
 Limestone. A specimen (? this one) from this lode, analysed by C. Tookey, 
 gave per cent. 49-77 of ferrous oxide, 37-20 of carbonic acid, 3-96 of 
 lime, and 2-83 of magnesia. This is equivalent to 38-95 per cent, 
 of metallic iron. 
 
 2797. Spathic iron ore from Great Ormes Head, North 
 Wales. 
 
 On the west side, near the level of the copper mine, from an old 
 dressing floor on the shore, probably forming the gangue of the copper 
 vein, as in No. 2792. 
 
 2798. Spathic iron ore from Llandudno. 
 
 It occurs in a vertical cleft or fissure, and is accompanied by soft 
 ochre-like stuff, derived from its decomposition into a brown haematite. 
 
 2799. Crystalline chalybite formed on the surface and 
 fissures of a septarium of red haematite. 
 
 From Wadebridge, Cornwall. Used at the Blaina Iron Works, 1889. 
 The crystals are well-formed rhombs. 
 
 2800. " Balls " iron ore. 
 
 Used at Russell Hall's furnaces, Dudley. It consists of the usual 
 argillaceous iron ore of the coal measures, coated over with sheets and 
 little tufted crystals of chalybite. In one specimen it is associated 
 with pyrites similarly disposed. 
 
 2801. Spathic ore on the surface of the fissure of a 
 septarium of Welsh clay-ironstone. 
 
 Used at Ebbw Vale Iron Works, 1865. 
 
 2802. Mass of quartz in the midst of spathic iron ore which 
 lias not been picked out as it ought to be from the material 
 to be smelted, showing the accidental source of some irregu- 
 larities in working the ore. 
 
 Argillaceous Ores. 
 
 2803. Cleveland iron ore. 
 
 This is from the main seam, belonging to the Middle Lias. It is 
 a bluish -green oolitic rock in which many of the original grains have 
 been converted into earthy carbonate of irou, which is much mixed with 
 impurities. As analysed by A. Dick it yields 39-92 per cent, of 
 ferrous oxide, 22-85 of carbonic acid, with considerable amounts of 
 alumina, lime, and silica, the total iron being 33-62 per cent. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 221. 
 
 2804. Earthy iron ore from Duston, Northamptonshire 
 
 This belongs to the lower part of the Inferior Oolite, and by 
 weathering produces the surface ores, Nos. 2776-8- It is an oolitic 
 rock, originally calcareous, and now for the most part converted into an 
 
318 
 
 impure carbonate of iron. Assayed by R. Smith, and yields 38-13 per 
 cent, of metallic iron and 1 -85 per cent, of phosphoric acid. 
 
 2805. Black-band ironstone from Llynvi Coal and Iron 
 Company. 
 
 This is a black argillaceous band in the South Wales Coal Measures. 
 It contains 34 per cent, of metallic iron, in the form of admixed 
 carbonate. 
 
 2806. Another sample of black-band ironstone from the 
 Llynvi Coal and Iron Company. 
 
 This contains 35-22 per cent, of metallic iron. Both analysed by 
 W. J. Ward, 1868. 
 
 2807. Bedded ironstone, called " Caus-y-glo," Ystalyfera. 
 
 This is one of the best quality. A sample which corresponds to this 
 in description analysed at the Woolwich Arsenal gave 33-45 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. It is from the Coal Measures of South Wales. 
 
 2808. Septarian ironstone, called " Coed folde," Ystalyfera. 
 
 From the South Wales Coal Measures. This is also called " white 
 mines " or " balls and pins," this specimen being from one of the balls. 
 The two united were analysed by A. Dick and found to contain 29 34 
 of ferrous oxide, 25-56 of carbonic acid, and 35-73 of insoluble residue, 
 or 23-22 per cent, of metallic iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 220 ; and Iron Ores, of Great Britain, Part III., p. 212. 
 
 2809. Pennystone ironstone, Ystalyfera, South Wales. 
 
 This is a small flat nodule of argillaceous ironstone, occurring 
 separately in the Coal Measure clays. 
 
 2810. Argillaceous ironstone from Bedworth, near Coventry, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 A reddish rock in the Coal Measures. Analysed in 1846 by Dr. 
 Percy. It yields 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Alumina .... 
 
 Lime - 
 
 Magnesia - - 
 
 Silica 
 
 Carbonic acid 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Water 
 
 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 217. 
 
 2811. Argillaceous ironstone, called Welsh Mine, Dowlais, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 There are numerous beds included under this head, some named the 
 Little Blue vein, others the Lumpy vein, of which analyses by 
 
319 
 
 E. Riley, at Dowlais, are given by Dr. Percy, Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 218. This appears to belong to the Lumpy vein, which 
 contains 34-72 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2812. " Welsh Mine " iron ore, calcined before smelting. 
 From the Dowlais Iron Works, 1 870. 
 
 2813. Clay ironstone from the Coal Measures, Moreton 
 Colliery, near Tenby. 
 
 It is part of a septarian nodule. 
 
 2814. Hatchettine from Merthyr Tydvil, Glamorganshire. 
 
 A soft, easily fusible mineral, allied to the paraffins, occurring in the 
 crevices of the clay ironstone in this, the original, locality. See 
 Conybeare, Ann. Phil. Vol. 1, p. 136, 1822. 
 
 2815. Llwynenion ironstone, British Iron Company's Works, 
 Ay re Fair, Ruabon, Denbighshire. 
 
 A fine-grained, reddish, argillaceous mass from a nodule. 
 
 2816. Ironstone of the " stone " coal, Ayre Fair, Ruabon, 
 Denbighshire. 
 
 This is black, and contains remains of Anthracosia. It is considered 
 the best in the district. Communicated by W. W. Smyth. 
 
 2817. Llwynenion ironstone, lower seams, Ayre Fair, 
 Ruabon, Denbighshire. 
 
 This is darker than the last. 
 
 2818. "Blue Flats" ironstone from Somerford Colliery, 
 South Staffordshire. 
 
 An ironstone of very limited geographical range, only between 
 Wolverhampton and Walsall. It consists of flat beds ; one of these 
 pieces shows the remains of Calamites, the other of Productus, being 
 part of a nodule weathering a purplish blue. This measure has been 
 analysed by C. Tookey, and yields ferrous oxide 42-34 per cent., 
 carbonic acid 30-91, and insoluble residue 15-50, being equivalent 
 to 34-41 per cent, of metallic iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 215. 
 
 2819. " Cranstone " ironstone, Madeley, Shropshire. 
 
 This is the lowest in the district, and occurs in the form of nodules. 
 A specimen of this ore has been analysed by J. Spiller, and gives 
 ferrous oxide 51-45, carbonic acid 33-31, and insoluble residue 9-60, 
 equivalent to 40 27 per cent, of metallic iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 218. 
 
 2820. Pennystone ironstone, Madeley, Shropshire. 
 
 A small concretion of reddish clay ironstone, with a septarian centre. 
 A specimen of this ore has been analysed by J. Spiller, and yields 
 ferrous oxide 44-19, carbonic acid 32-02, insoluble matter 13-50, 
 equivalent to 34-75 per cent, of metallic iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 218. 
 
320 
 
 2821. Nodular form of the Pennystone ironstone, Madeley, 
 Shropshire. 
 
 2822. Clay ironstone, employed at the Newland furnaces, 
 Ulverstone. Lancashire, for mixing with the haematite ores to 
 form a slag. 
 
 2823. Earthy iron ore from Co. Fermanagh, Ireland. 
 
 A rough solid mass. Analysed by R. Smith.. It contains 75-92 per 
 cent, of ferrous carbonate, equivalent to 36-65 per cent, of metallic iron, 
 and 11-40 per cent, of manganous carbonate, equivalent to 7-04 per 
 cent, of manganous oxide. 
 
 2824. Calcined iron ores from Co. Fermanagh, Ireland. 
 Analysed by R. Smith, contains 29-83 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2825. Brown iron ore from co. Fermanagh, Ireland. 
 
 An earthy nodule with dense coating. Analysed by R. Smith, con- 
 tains 38-97 per cent, of metallic iron. It loses 18-33 per cent, on 
 calcination. 
 
 2826. Clay iron ore from South Staffordshire, containing 
 blende and iron pyrites. 
 
 The blende is in considerable crystalline masses in the centre of the 
 ironstone nodule and is sprinkled with mamillse of iron pyrites. 
 
 2827. Nodule of clay ironstone, containing massive iron 
 pyrites in large crystals. 
 
 2828. Iron ore from Wales. 
 
 It is black, shaley, and. oolitic. Probably it is the pisolitic iron ore 
 characteristic of the lower part of the Silurian series. 
 
 2829. Massive oolitic iron ore from the Silurian series of 
 Carnarvonshire. 
 
 2830. Carbonaceous clay ironstone called "Duffryn Brass." 
 J)owlais, South Wales. 
 
 A brownish -grey stone called by this name, analysed by E. Riley, was 
 found to contain 58-48 per cent, of carbonate of iron and 8 -95 per cent, 
 of coal. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 203. This is 
 composed of minute fragments of coal set in a black earthy paste. 
 
 2831. Clay ironstone septarian nodule, coated along the 
 cracks with pearl spar in rhombs and sprinkled with copper 
 pyrites in double pyramids. 
 
 From Somerford Colliery, near Wolverhampton. 
 
 2832. Clay ironstone, containing galena in the form of a 
 slight incrustation. 
 
 From the "Wall and Bench" Coal, Ayre Fair Works, Ruabon, 
 Denbighshire. 
 
321 
 
 2833. Piece of weathered clay-ironstone, showing the con- 
 version of blue carbonate into the brown hsematite on the surface. 
 
 By a ruined blast furnace. Melincourt Fall, Resolven, near Neath. 
 
 2834. Iron ore from the upper part of the Lower Greensand, 
 near Bon church, Isle of Wight. 
 
 An earthy nodule, containing 38-15 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2835. Clay iron ore dredged up off the coast of the Isle of 
 Wight and sent to Cardiff where it was sold for 10s. a ton, and 
 used in considerable quantity at the Ebbw Yale Iron Works. 
 
 It is a nodule from the ironstone beds of the Lower Greensand series. 
 
 2836. A black oolitic iron ore from Ireland. 
 Examined by Dr. Percy for Mr. Blackwcll. Locality unknown. 
 
 2837. Carbonaceous ironstone called " Brass " from the 
 Park Pits, South Wales. 
 
 Contains 27-88 per cent, of metallic iron and is coarse grained and 
 black. 
 
 2838. ft Brass " iron ore, occurring in the coal at Blaenavon, 
 South Wales. 
 
 2839. " Coal Brass " iron ore from the Ocean Steam Com- 
 pany's Pits, Ystradd, Pont-y-pridd, South Wales. 
 
 Analysed by E. Smith. 
 
 Ferrous carbonate 
 
 Magnesium carbonate - 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 
 Manganous carbonate - 
 
 Coal - 
 
 Ferric oxide 
 
 Silica - - '--; 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Ferrous sulphide 
 
 Water - 
 
 99-36 
 
 Equivalent to 31-78 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2840. Gossan iron ore containing tin. 
 
 From Holme Chase, Ashburton, Devonshire. Communicated by 
 Geo. Malcolm. A brown irregular mass, accompanied, by a button of 
 tin which has been melted out of a portion of it. 
 
 FOREIGN IRON ORES. 
 Ores from France. 
 
 2841. Ironstone from Niedepas, Ariege, France. 
 
 An alternation of bands of siliceous and ferruginous matter which 
 have been squeezed together. Apparently not rich in iron. 
 U 61955. 
 
 1 
 
322 
 
 2842. Mammillated brown haematite from Ariege, France. 
 
 Massive within and with radiating nearly black crystals on the 
 surface. 
 
 2843. Brown haematite from Ariege, France. 
 
 , This shows radiate crystallisation in various parts of its mass, mixed 
 with earthy parts and is remarkably smooth on one surface. 
 
 2844. Iron ores from Cherbourg. 
 
 These are micaceous haematite of greater or less purity. There are 
 four samples, the most micaceous from 11 metres below the surface. 
 Second. 15 metres below the surface. Third, more massive from La 
 Roche Dion, and fourth, earthy looking and compact ' from La Roche 
 Dion. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1866. 
 
 Iron ores from Holland. 
 
 2845. Bog iron ore from old lake deposits in Holland. 
 
 A brown concretionary limoriite of quaternary age. Communicated by 
 J. E. de Fry, 
 
 2846. .Bog iron ore from Holland. 
 
 A more completely solidified mass of the same kind. Communicated 
 by Mr. Bleekrode. 
 
 Jron ores from Germany. 
 
 2847. Spathic iron ore from Siegen, Rhine Provinces. 
 
 A massive ferrous carbonate occurring in a vertical wedge-shaped 
 vein in the Coblentz slates of the Lower Devonian period. See Phillips' 
 Ores and Ore Deposits, p. 272. 
 
 2848. The same spathic iron ore from Siegen after 
 calcination. 
 
 2849. Variety of spathic iron ore from Siegen, containing 
 some copper pyrites. 
 
 See Phillips' loc. at p.-273. 
 
 2850. Iron ore from Westphalia. 
 
 It consists of a deposit of quartz sand, consolidated by ferric oxide 
 on the surface but lying loose in the interior. 
 
 2851. Iron ore from Westphalia. 
 
 A ferruginous grit. Communicated by Mr. Ormsby. 
 
 2852. Clay iron ore from Westphalia. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Ormsby. Appears to be part of a nodule. 
 
323 
 
 2853. Bog iron ore from Olfen, Westphalia, 
 
 Used largely in Prussia. A dark concretionary mass of dark brown 
 limonite in small globules, similar to that formed in the Old Lakes of 
 Holland. 
 
 2854. Red haematite from the North of Germany. 
 
 Possibly from Elburgerodein the Harz where red haematite is worked, 
 -contains 67*25 per cent, of metallic iron. Analysed by R. Smith. 
 
 2855. Spathic and brown iron ore from Germany. 
 
 Possibly from the Siegen district. Consists of a vein of fine ferrous 
 carbonate bounded by slate infiltrated by ferric oxide. 
 
 2856. Oolitic iron ore from 12 miles south of Hanover. 
 
 This is probably from the neighbourhood of Salsgitter, where such 
 oolitic iron ore, which is of the age of the Tealby iron ore, i.e. Neocomian, 
 which it much resembles, is worked. Communicated by Mr. Hedley. 
 
 2857. Another example of the same oolitic iron ore. 
 
 This is very much redder, especially in the matrix, which is not brown 
 but red. Communicated by Mr. Hedley. 
 
 Iron ores from Spain. 
 
 2858. Specular iron ore from Marbella, Spain. 
 
 A black foliated mass of micaceous iron ore with a reddish dust. 
 
 2859. Micaceous iron ore from Marbella, Spain. 
 
 A very line grained black foliated mass. Smelted at Dowlais Iron 
 Works, 1870. 
 
 2860. Iron ore from Carthagena, Spain. 
 
 A concentrically banded black concretionary mass, passing to a red 
 colour on the surface. Smelted at Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. 
 
 2861. Brown iron ore from Spain. 
 
 A black and brown concretionary mass of limonite, containing 53 33 
 per cent, of metallic iron, Communicated by J. Joule, 1873. 
 
 2862. Iron ore from Santander, north-west of Spain. 
 
 A red earthy haematite, partly changed to limonite and bound by 
 irregular bands of black oxide. Smelted at Dowlais, 1870. 
 
 2863. Altered spathic iron ore from Garucha, Spain. 
 
 A solid mass with hollow spaces lined with crystals. These have the 
 rhombohedral form of ferrous carbonate, but are mostly decomposed to 
 a brown oxide, i.e., they are pseudomorphs of limonite after chalybite. 
 
 2864. Spathic iron ore from Bilbao, Spain. 
 
 This is a crystalline mass, with faces arranged nearly parallel to those 
 of a rhornbohedron, but it is black externally and red dust internally, 
 
 X 2 
 
324 
 
 so that it is a decomposed chalybite, mostly now haematite. It contains 
 15-58 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2865. Micaceous hsematite from Bilbao, Spain. 
 
 Smelted at Dowlais. A solid mass composed of irregular haematite 
 crystals with red powder on the surface, 
 
 2866. Specimen illustrating the conversion of iron pyrites 
 into brown iron ore. 
 
 From Santander, Spain. Communicated by Mr. Bauerman, 1873. 
 
 No. 1 is a mass of pyrites, partially converted into brown haematite, 
 but still showing its original nature. No. 2 shows the cubical crystals 
 of pyrites in its drusy cavities, but they are entirely converted into brown 
 hgeinatite. No. 3 is a massive piece, with a few druses entirely altered 
 into haematite. No. 4 is a stalactitic vacuous mass obviously formed 
 by the evaporation of water containing a salt of iron solution. 
 
 2867. Limonite from Ribetto, San Pedro. 
 
 A brown, banded, earthy deposit, of obviously modern formation. 
 
 Iron ores from Portugal. 
 
 2868. Massive brown hsematite from Mongas, near Lisbon. 
 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1867. Communicated by Mr. Oakes. 
 
 Contains 82 '48 per cent, of ferric oxide. The remainder is 5 '91 
 clay and sand, 8*20 loss on calcination. There is a trace of phosphorus 
 and 0- lo per cent, of sulphur. This is equivalent to 57 '74 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. ' 
 
 2869. Second specimen of hsematite from Mongas, near 
 Lisbon. 
 
 The two were averaged by the above analysis. 
 
 2870. Iron ore from Portugal. 
 
 Smelted at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. A semi-micaceous, 
 partially vacuous mass of black colour, weathering brown. 
 
 Iron ores from Sweden and Norway. 
 
 2871. Micaceous iron ore from the Jarna Mines, Sweden. 
 A compact crystalline black mass of ferric oxide. 
 
 2872. Micaceous iron ore from the Torola Mines, Sweden. 
 A similar compact crystalline mass. 
 
 2873. Micaceous iron ore from Fetters Mine, Thorsaker, 
 Sweden. 
 
 A fine grained black crystalline rock with feeble signs of foliation. 
 
 2874. Micaceous iron ore from the Ys Mine, Thorsaker, 
 Sweden. 
 
 A very fine grained, somewhat foliated mass of black crystals. 
 
325 
 
 2875. Iron ore from the Stenebo Mines, Sweden. 
 
 An excessively fine grained, foliated and banded rock. This is the 
 only ore of the above five which cannot be smelted by the simple 
 addition of a suitable quantity of lime, but requires 50 per cent, of slag. 
 All of these were communicated by C. Eckinan in 1848. They occur 
 as portion of the crystalline schists of the Archasan epoch. 
 
 2876. Micaceous iron ore from Sweden, locality unknown. 
 
 It contains 60'37 per cent, of metallic iron, has an insoluble residue 
 of 14*07, and contains traces of phosphorus and sulphur. 
 
 2877. Coarse micaceous iron ore from Langban, Wermland, 
 Sweden. 
 
 2878. Fine micaceous iron ore from Langban, Wermland, 
 Sweden. 
 
 A very massive compact rock of black colour. 
 
 2879. Rock from the Petersberg Mines, Wermland, Sweden. 
 
 This is a basic crystalline rock, and does not resemble an ordinary 
 haematite or other iron ore. It is probably a piece of the "country 
 rock." 
 
 2880. Iron ore from the " Stor " Mine, Petersberg, Wermland, 
 Sweden. 
 
 This is a massive black ore with a drusy cavity, in which are 
 developed octahedral crystals of magnetite. 
 
 2881. Iron ore from Langban Mines, Wermland, Sweden. 
 A fine grained micaceous hematite, with some scattered crystals. 
 
 2882. Iron ore from the Stor Mine, Petersberg, Wermland, 
 Sweden. 
 
 A massive magnetite with portion of a drusy cavity, showing the 
 mineral in rhombic dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals. 
 
 2883. Iron ore from the Kran Mine, Petersberg, Wermland, 
 Sweden. 
 
 Very massive and minutely crystalline. 
 
 These ores of Wernland are all referred to the crystalline schists of 
 Archaean age. 
 
 2884. Iron ore from Taberg Smaland, Sweden, after 
 calcination. 
 
 From the Swedish Department, International Exhibiticn, 1862. 
 The samples have an exterior coating of red solid matter, and within are 
 composed of small black crystals in a dull white matrix. The rock of 
 Taberg is said to be a mixture of magnetite and olivine. See Phillips' 
 Ores and Ore Deposits, p. 395. 
 
326 
 
 2S85. A series of ores from the Mines of Garpenberg, 
 Wermland, Sweden. 
 
 Named after their localities. They are all fine micaceous ha3inatites y 
 and are arranged in the order of their coarseness, the most compact being 
 last, i, ICnutsboi Tolkerna; 2, Bispberg No. 2 ; 3, Orlirige i Nor- 
 bergsfaita; 4, Rynshytte Sjagrufora; 5, Bispberg No. 1; 6, Holm ,- 
 7, Kynshutte Compagne ; 8, Langviken. 
 
 2886. Bog iron ore from the moors at Axe wallsbod a., 
 Sweden. . 
 
 A hydrated peroxide of iron of recent formation. 
 
 2887. Lake ore from Lund Lake, Sweden. 
 
 A hydrated peroxide of iron formed in lakes of a less depth than 30 
 feet from ferruginous waters, derived from the decomposition of the 
 neighbouring mass of crystalline haematite. It is said to be due to the 
 agency of an infusorian. The ore when first collected is uniformly 
 slimy, but on drying it hardens to lumps of various sizes. The present 
 is called " Penny ore." 
 
 2888. Lake iron ore from Yxem Lake, Smaland, Sweden. 
 This is of smaller size when dried, and is called " Beau ore." 
 
 2889. Lake iron ore from Yxem Lake, Smaland, Sweden. 
 This hardens into the smallest sized lumps, and is consequently called 
 
 " Peas ore." 
 
 2890. Lake iron ore from Axewallsboda Lake, Astrogathi,. 
 Sweden. 
 
 This consists of coarse, dark, irregular lumps, found near where the 
 Bog iron ore, No. 2886, occurs. 
 
 2891. Iron ore from Gellivara Lulia, Lapponark, Sweden,, 
 lat. 67 20'. 
 
 A massive crystalline rock of coarse isodiametric crystals of mag- 
 netite and felspar ? the former far the most abundant. 
 
 2892. Iron ore from Gellivara, Lapland. 
 
 A schistose variety of the same ore as No. 2891, with very little 
 felspar. It is said to be titaniferous. These belong to the crystalline 
 schists, presumably of the Archa3an period. 
 
 2893. Piece of a quartz vein, from the Kron Mine, Peters- 
 berg, Wermland, Sweden. 
 
 Some of the quartz crystals are coloured black by the magnetite. 
 
 2894. Titaniferous iron ore from Egersund, Norway. 
 
 Smelted at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. A massive, coarsely 
 crystalline rock of bluish-grey colour, between bands of a green: 
 silicate. 
 
327 
 
 2895.. Lake iron ore from Norway. 
 
 Consists of rounded pear-like bodies of dark brown limonite, showing 
 a concentric structure within; contains 36-21 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 Communicated by R. Nesbitt, 1866. 
 
 Iron ores from other European countries. 
 
 2896. Micaceous iron ore from Elba. 
 
 Smelted at the Dowlais Iron Works, 1870. This ore occurs in veins 
 and beds. Of early geological date. 
 
 2897. Beach pebbles of haematite, collected on the shore afc 
 Marina di Rio, Elba. 
 
 2898. Iron ores from Russia, locality not stated. 
 
 They are brown earthy masses of concretionary limonite; (1) is 
 called Zingary's ore, (2) is Karakuba ore, (3) the same (spelt 
 Carracuba), (4) Dravidsky's brown ore. Communicated by the " New 
 Russia Company," 1873. 
 
 2899. Magnetic iron ore sand from Turkey, locality not 
 stated. 
 
 It has been assayed by melting 5,000 grains with lime, china clay, &e. 
 and 1,000 grains of anthracite, by which method it yielded a button 
 weighing 3,470 grains. This is equivalent to a per-centage of 69 '4 of 
 metal. Some of the grains have an Octahedral shape, and all are strongly 
 attracted by the magnet. 
 
 Iron ores from Africa. 
 
 2900. Natural lodestone frt>m the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Massive fragments of magnetite of great magnetic strength. 
 
 2901. Iron ores from Algeria. 
 
 Two are pieces of hematite, one is a concretionary limonite, the others 
 are red and dark purple clays. See Phillips' Ores and Ore Deposits, 
 p. 515. 
 
 Iron ores from the East Indies. . 
 
 2902. Nodule of earthy brown limonite from Singapore. 
 Communicated by Dr. Lockhart. Contains 46-64 per cent, of 
 
 metallic iron. 
 
 2903. Iron ore sand from Bandai Salangore, Straits Settle- 
 ments. 
 
 Crystals and fragments of haematite, which are not attracted by the 
 magnet, with sand grains intermixed. 
 
 2904. Massive black haematite in a nodule from near Sairi, 
 the Punjaub, India. 
 
328 
 
 Iron ores from China and Japan. 
 
 2905. Earthy brown concretionary massive haematite from 
 Rung Chung, China. 
 
 Communicated by J. Henderson. Analysed by R. Smith, 1875. 
 
 2906. Iron ore from Kai-Ping, China. 
 
 A dark haematite schist. Communicated by W. Lawford. Analysed 
 by W. J. Ward, 1879. 
 
 2907. Three small samples of iron ores from China, locality 
 not stated. 
 
 One is a brown concretionary ron ore containing 58 -4i per cent, of 
 metallic iron ; the second is a magnetite containing 70-25 per cent, of 
 metallic iron ; and the third is an earthy ochre, yielding a scarlet 
 powder on calcination, and containing 43-20 per cent, of iron. Analysed 
 by R. Smith, 1874. 
 
 2908. Mass of crystalline iron tf ore " from the neighbour- 
 hood of Yeddo, Japan. 
 
 This is in small crystals run together, and it cuts like a metal. It is 
 said to be forged direct by the Japanese. Communicated by R. C. May, 
 1868. 
 
 Iron ores from Australasia. 
 
 2909. Series of specimens illustrating the purifying of 
 superficial iron ore by the Port Philip Company, New South 
 Wales, Australia. 
 
 The material is called " blanket sand." No. 1 is the quartz grains 
 separated by levigation after grinding. No. 2 is the concentrated sand 
 after extraction of the quartz. No. 3 is the same in fine powder, con- 
 sisting of a mixture of grains of magnetite and of pyrites. No. 4 is the 
 amount of magnetic iron ore attracted by the magnet and thus separated 
 from the rest. No. 5 is the residue of pyrites which is left untouched 
 by the magnet. Communicated by the Port Philip Company, 1862. 
 
 2910. Australian iron ore, locality not stated. 
 
 A reddish grit, largely composed of crystals of magnetite. Communi- 
 cated by Fowler & Co., 1874. 
 
 2911. Titaniferous iron ore from New Zealand. 
 
 It has been fused with charcoal alone in a Cornish crucible. The 
 surface of the melted mass is coated with long acicular crystals which 
 often make their appearance when such ores are assayed in the dry 
 way. 
 
 Iron ores from Canada. 
 
 2912. Titaniferous iron ore from the Laurentian Rocks of 
 Canada. 
 
 It is a black schistose rock. Communicated by Mr. Bullen, 1874. 
 
329 
 
 2913. Another example of titaniferous iron ore, not so 
 crystalline as the last. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Bullen, 1874. 
 
 2914. Micaceous iron ore from Nova Scotia. 
 
 The hematite is in very large lamellar crystals, standing across a vein 
 in a red earthy rock. 
 
 2915. Slate used as iron ore from Nictaux, Anapolis Valley 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 These are ordinary masses of Cambrian or Silurian fossiliferous slate, 
 strongly impregnated with ferric oxide. 
 
 2916. Bedded haematite, McLennan's Mountain, Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 A schistose rock, consisting almost entirely of haematite. Commu- 
 nicated by Gr. M. Dawson, 1873, with the four following specimens. 
 
 2917. Limonite from East River, Pictou County, Nova Scotia 
 A large fibrous mass in several layers of perpendicular crystals. 
 
 2918. Specular iron ore from East River, Pictou County, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Irregular massive crystalline haematite. 
 
 t 
 
 2919. Spathic iron ore from Sutherland River, Pictou 
 County, Nova Scotia. 
 
 An aggregation of small rhombohedral crystals. 
 
 2920. Bedded haematite, " Blanchard's," Pictou County, 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 A compact foliated rock. 
 
 2921. Bog iron ore from St. Etienne, St. Maurice County 
 Canada. 
 
 Small irregular pieces of earthy limonite. 
 
 2922. Bog iron ore from St. Marguerite, St. Maurice County 
 Canada. 
 
 Irregular concretionary masses of dark and light brown limonite. 
 
 , .Iron ores from America. 
 
 2923. Iron ore from the Suckasunny Mine, New Jersey 
 
 .TJ.S.A. 
 
 This is composed of a mass of fair sized black haematite crystals 
 arranged uniformly. It is considered to be the best of the New Jersey 
 ores. 
 
330 
 
 2924. Iron ore from the Suckasunny Mine, New Jersey, 
 U.S.A., containing phosphate of lime. 
 
 The crystals in this are smaller, and they are interspersed with green- 
 crystals of apatite. These ores form a part of the Archasan schists. 
 
 2925. Iron ore from Andover, New Jersey,. U.S. A. 
 
 These are massive red bsematite, partly fibrous and partly in large 
 crystals. 
 
 2926. Iron ore from Andover, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
 
 This is a portion of a banded vein having quartz in the centre and 
 surrounded by fibrous radiating haematite. 
 
 2927. Haematite from Marquette, Michigan, U.S.A. 
 
 A black compressed foliated rock. The Marquette deposits have 
 been separated from the Huronian as a distinct group. Communicated 
 by the Jackson Iron Company. 
 
 2928. Clay iron ore from Virginia, U.S.A. 
 
 A brown banded carbonaceous deposit, containing 32*8 per cent, of 
 metallic iron. Analysed by W. J. Ward, 1875. 
 
 2929. Iron ore from Western Virginia, U.S.A. 
 
 A tufaceous brown limonite, containing 48 '69 per cent, of metallic 
 iron. Communicated by R. J. Carpenter. Analysed by R. Smith, 
 1873. 
 
 2930. Residue from the extraction of zinc from Frank- 
 linite (T), smelted for iron at the New Jerse}^ Mining Company's 
 Works, Newark. 
 
 A scoriaceous black mass. Communicated by J. Bauerman, 1878. 
 
 2931. Franklinite roasted, from the Stirling Works, New 
 Jersey, U.S.A. 
 
 The residue, after the zinc has been extracted, used as an iron ore. 
 
 2932. Iron chloride from the Little Sliver Mine, Leadville, 
 Colorado. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass accompanying silver ores. 
 
 
 2933. Magnetic iron ore with iron pyrites: 
 
 The Cornwall ore, Cornwall, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Shows 
 that even an ore which contains so much pyrites may, after roasting, be 
 smelted with advantage. Communicated by H. Louis. 
 
 2934. Laminated form of Gothite, called Lepidokrokite, 
 from a bed of the brown iron ore used at the Glyndon Furnaces, 
 Eastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is a hydrous oxide of iron, the layers of which are concretionary 
 and have a mammillated and fibrous structure. See Dana's System of 
 Mineralogy, p. 170. 
 
331 
 
 2935. Native honeycomb iron ore, smelted at the Dunbar 
 Iron Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A complete analysis of this, which is an argillaceous ore, gives the 
 following : 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 45*634 
 
 Ferric oxide - - 2'057 
 
 Alumina - 3 '740 
 
 Lime- - - - - 0*014 
 
 Magnesia - - - 1*678 
 
 Silica - - 0*424 
 
 Carbonic acid - 29*745 
 
 Phosphoric acid - - 0*068 
 
 Iron bisulphide - 0*754 
 
 Combined water - - 0*042 
 
 Hygroscopic water at 100 C. 0*074 
 
 Organic matter - 1 * 324 
 
 Ignited insoluble residue - 15*568 
 
 101*122 
 
 The insoluble residue contains silica 10*844, alumina 4*240, 
 lime '034, magnesia *439, and traces of ferric oxide. This is equivalent 
 to 35*823 per cent, of metallic iron. Other analysis of the same ore for 
 iron only have shown from 28 to 42 per cent. 
 
 2936. Native honeycomb iron ore calcined, smelted at the 
 Dunbar Iron Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 This is now a red earthy mass, resembling haematite. 
 
 2937. Native Big Bottom iron ore, smelted at the Dunbar 
 Iron Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is a homogeneous massive dark earthy rock, whose analysis 
 shows : 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 45*274 
 
 Feme oxide - - traces. 
 
 Alumina - 3 445 
 
 Lime - - 1*456 
 
 Magnesia - - 1*464 
 
 Silica - - 0*195 
 
 Carbonic acid - - 30*322 
 
 Phosphoric acid - 0*170 
 
 Iron bisulphide - - traces. 
 
 Combined water - - 0*029 
 
 Hygroscopic water at 100 C. - 0*003 
 
 Organic matter - * 947 
 
 Ignited insoluble residue - 16*700 
 
 100*005 
 
 The insoluble residue contains silica 1 1 * 046, alumina 4 697, 
 ferric oxide 0'643, lime 0*264, magnesia 0*047. 
 
332 
 
 2938. Native Big Bottom iron ore calcined, used at the 
 Dunbar Iron Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is only externally changed to a red colour. 
 
 2939. Jackson iron ore from Lake Superior, smelted for 
 Bessemer iron, at the Dunbar Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A massive schistose silky red specular ore. 
 
 2940. Republic iron ore from Lake Superior, smelted for 
 Bessemer iron at the Dunbar Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A brilliant black micaceous ore. It contains 69 '88 per cent, of ferric 
 oxide and O'Ol per cent, of phosphorus. 
 
 2941. Champion iron ore from Lake Superior, smelted for 
 Bessemer iron at the Dunbar Furnance, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A brilliant black micaceous ore of fine grain. Analysed by Britfcon 
 gives : 
 
 Metallic iron - 
 Oxygen with iron 
 Sulphur 
 Phosphorus 
 Lime - 
 
 Moisture 
 Insoluble matter 
 
 99-83 
 
 Of the 69 '92 per cent, of iron 22 '97 is combined in the ferrous, 
 46 '95 in the ferric state. 
 
 2942. Washington iron ore from Lake Superior, smelted 
 for Bessemer iron at the Dunbar Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 A. very fine micaceous ore, said to be magnetic. Analysed by Britten 
 gives : 
 
 Metallic iron - - 68 46 
 
 Oxygen with iron - - 27 '22 
 
 Phosphorus - O'Ol 
 
 Lime - 0'14 
 
 Moisture - 1 1 9 
 
 Insoluble matter - - 2 60 
 
 99-62 
 
 Of the 68*46 per cent, of iron 19 '30 is combined in the ferrous, 
 49 -16, in the ferric state. 
 
 2943. Iron Mountain magnetic iron ore, smelted at the 
 Dunbar Furnace, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coarse irregularly crystallised and black, containing on the average 
 60 '68 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
333 
 
 2944. Chaffey iron ore, smelted at the Dunbar.Iron Furnace, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Coarse, black and crystalline, having the following composition : 
 
 Magnetic oxide - - - 60-57 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - 10-03 
 
 Alumina - 3-69 
 
 Lime ----- 0-61 
 
 Magnesia - - - 4-96 
 
 Silica - - 7-08 
 
 Phosphoric acid - - - trace 
 
 Sulphur - 0-82 
 
 Titanic acid - - - 11-43 
 
 99-19 
 
 This is equivalent to 52 36 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2945. "Mill cinder" used as an ore for smelting at the 
 Dunbar Iron Furnaces, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is a black scoriaceous refinery slag, from the mills. 
 
 2946. Lodestone or magnetic iron ore from Brazil. 
 
 2947. Micaceous iron ore from Itabira, Minas Geraes, Brazil. 
 A schistose rock almost entirely composed of haamatite spangles. 
 
 2948. Concretionary iron ore from Para, Brazil. 
 A sandstone infiltrated with hydrated ferric oxide. 
 
 IRON ORES FROM UNKNOWN LOCALITIES. 
 
 2949. Crystalline magnetic iron ore. 
 
 Analysed by C. Tookey. Contains 38 per cent of metallic iron, and 
 1-31 per cent, of sulphur. Communicated by Mr. Appleton. 
 
 2950. Massive earthy brown haematite. 
 Communicated by Mr. Taylor. 
 
 2951. Oolitic iron ore. 
 
 A brown haematite, containing 28-02 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 Communicated by the Earl of Ilchester. It looks like the Westburj 
 ore. 
 
 2952. Fibrous black haematite, developed on a massive piece 
 and showing a stalactitic development of haematite on the 
 smooth surface. 
 
 2953. Black oolitic iron ore. 
 
 Analysed by Dr. Percy for Mr. Blackwell. Is it Welsh pisolite ? 
 
334 
 
 2954. Compact Ilmenite. 
 
 Titaniferous iron ore. Communicated by Mr. Burchell, with two 
 tubes of materials derived 'from it. 
 
 2955. Magnetic iron ore. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Arundel, 1870. Analysed by C. Tookey. 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 
 Ferric oxide 
 Manganous oxide 
 Alumina 
 Lime - 
 Magnesia 
 Phosphoric ncid 
 Sulphur 
 Water - 
 Organic matter 
 Insoluble residue 
 
 99-75 
 Equivalent to 42 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2956. Spathose iron ore with a border of pyrites. 
 
 2957. Specimen resembling spathic iron ore, but containing 
 only 6 ' 1 1 per cent, of metallic iron. Analysed by R. Smith. 
 
 FALSE IRON OSES. 
 
 2958. Oxide of iron conglomerate. 
 
 From Toddington Manor, D unstable, Kent. It forms a thin bed 
 about three feet from the surface and consists of siliceous pebbles im- 
 bedded in a matrix of limonite. As analysed by R. Smith, it contains 
 20-42 per cent, of metallic iron. Communicated by Major C. Cooper. 
 
 2959. Supposed iron ore from the New Forest, Hampshire. 
 
 Two specimens derived from the Upper Eocene series. One is a compact 
 sandstone impregnated with brown haematite. The other is a slaggy 
 mass containing abundant fragments of charcoal, probably an attempt 
 at smelting. The metallic iron obtainable from the sandstone amounts 
 to 16-24 per cent. 
 
 2960. " Iron ore " from Providence, Ashton Court, Bristol. 
 
 An analysis of this has been given as silica 22-25, oxygen 23-20, and 
 iron 54 55, but this has been found by J. Spiller to be erroneous. 
 
 2961. Mass of red clay, locality unknown, sent as a sample 
 of iron ore. 
 
 On examination it is found to contain only 3J per cent, of metallic 
 iron. 
 
 2962. Specimen sent as spathic iron ore from East Tarbert, 
 Lochfyne, Argyleshire. 
 
 It consists essentially of carbonate of lime and contains only 1J per 
 cent, of metallic iron. 
 
335 
 
 2963. Limestone sent as spathic iron ore from Bonnsville 
 Court, Saundersfoot, Pembrokeshire. 
 
 It contains only 1 52 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 2964. So called " argillaceous iron ore " from the Lias. 
 
 From near Middlesborough. It consists of a bed of clay showing 
 one in cone structure with a certain small amount of iron. 
 
 2965. Cement-stone nodule containing iron and mistaken 
 for an ironstone. 
 
 It is used for making Roman cement of the best quality and is 
 called the screw or bastard stone, near Darlaston. Communicated by 
 Mr. Clift. 
 
 2966. Material from Tioga, New York, said to have 
 wonderful powers in the manufacture of steel, &c. 
 
 It is nothing but some red micaceous shale of no value whatever. 
 
 THE PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON. 
 MATERIALS USED AS FLUXES. 
 
 2967. Limestone used in the blast furnace at Finspong, 
 Ostgothland, Sweden, with the Swedish iron ores. 
 
 A white crystalline limestone. Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 553. 
 
 2968. Limestone used as a flux in the Allentoun Furnace, 
 on the Lehigh Kiver, Eastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 A black compact marble. 
 
 2969. Limestone used at Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 Grey compact Carboniferous Limestone of Lancashire. 
 
 2970. Limestone used at Ystalyfera, South Wales. 
 The dark grey Carboniferous Limestone of South Wales. 
 
 2971. " Coal limestone " used as a flux in smelting iron at 
 the Dunbar Iron Furnaces, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Analysed by -Habershaw. Gives 
 
 Calcium carbonate - 86-58 
 
 Magnesium carbonate - - 3-71 
 
 Ferric oxide and alumina - 6-25 
 
 Silica - - 0-76 
 
 Organic matter - 0-21 
 
 Insoluble- - 2-83 
 
 100-34 
 
336 
 
 2972. "Mountain limestone" used as a flux in smelting 
 iron at the Dunbar Iron Furnaces, Pennsylvania. 
 Analysed by Maynard and Van Rensselaer. Gives 
 
 Calcium carbonate 
 Magnesium carbonate - 
 Ferric oxide and alumina 
 Insoluble 
 
 99-04 
 
 r SLAGS PRODUCED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON. 
 Non-crystalline slags. 
 
 2973. Slag from Gartsherrie blast furnaces. 
 
 It is produced in a hot-blast furnace, manufacturing the best quality 
 (No. 1) of pig iron. It is compact internally, and has a coat of grey 
 glass. 
 
 2974. Blast furnace slag; from a hot-blast furnace, making 
 good rail iron at the Cyfartha Works, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by D. Wilson, 1871. A black glass, with narrow 
 bands of white, which are bent round into a fold, and drawn out by the 
 motion of the molten mass, after the manner of a lava current. 
 
 2975. Blast furnace slag from Bromford Iron Works. 
 
 An olive green, glassy mass, but with bands and scattered individuals 
 of lighter tinted tetragonal prisms. 
 
 2976. Blast furnace slag from the Ystalyfera Iron Works, 
 South Wales. 
 
 Produced with anthracite as fuel ; a brown earthy-looking mass, 
 which becomes a black glass at the surface, where it contains isolated 
 light coloured tetragonal prisms. 
 
 2977. Blast furnace s-lag, produced from spathic ores at the 
 Ebbw Vale Iron Works, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by GL Parry, 1859. Green glassy masses of two 
 distinct tints, light and dark, sharply marked off from each other, and 
 both with abundant contorted now lines. 
 
 2978. Black slag, produced when a furnace (locality un- 
 known) was deranged. 
 
 The derangement was due to some interruption in the descent of the 
 material in the blast furnace, as observed at the top, and its subsequent 
 dropping suddenly on the twyers, as seen by the sudden fall of the 
 surface. It is a black compact mass, with a brilliant black glassy 
 surface. The iron made was white iron. 
 
 2979. Slag from a London iron foundry. 
 
 Communicated by J. C. Crosson, 1876. A scoriaceous mass with 
 smooth undulating glassy surfaces. 
 
337 
 
 2980. Scoriaceous, semi-crystalline, dark-grey slag, produced 
 from one-third Eston, and two-thirds Weardale, iron ore. 
 
 7| cwt. of Weardale and Eston ores were smelted with 4 cwt. of 
 coke, and 2 J cwt. of limestone. 
 
 2981. Iron slag, containing titanic acid. No. 1. 
 
 A black, semi-crystalline, scoriaceous mass; locality not stated. 
 Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 507. 
 
 2982. Iron slag with titanic acid. No. 2. 
 
 A thin sheet, slightly scoriaceous in the centre, but becoming com- 
 pact and grey, and at the edges more glassy and blue. Compare 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, 1875, p. 56. 
 
 2983. Iron slag with titanic acid. No. 3. 
 Dark and semi- vitreous. 
 
 2984. Lavender-coloured blast-furnace slag, from Russell 
 Hall's furnaces, near Dudley. 
 
 The slag is compact, and the lavender colour is interspersed with 
 green, and is spotted over with minute black specks or hollows. 
 
 2985. Pink-coloured blast-furnace slag from Ebbw Yale 
 Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Parry, 1859. It is uniformly coloured, and 
 very finely scoriaceous, and light like a pumice. Said to be produced 
 when the charge has contained much spathic ore. See Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 506. 
 
 2986. Pink-coloured iron slags found on the road near 
 Pontypool Iron Furnaces, South Wales. (Three specimens.) 
 
 Two of these are scoriaceous, with large vesicles, and on breaking 
 them across to obtain a fresh surface, it is seen that the pink colour is 
 merely superficial, and that the slag is green within. The second 
 specimen shows a green compact interior and a coating of pink ; the 
 third is more glassy, and is bluish in the interior. It appears, there- 
 fore, that the pink colour is the result of superficial alteration or 
 weathering. 
 
 2987. Pink-coloured slag from the Dowlais Iron Works, 
 South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by E. Biley. These are fragments of glassy slags 
 which once were blue, but now shade through green to pink on the 
 surface. ' The colour may depend on the presence of manganese in the 
 
 2988. Pink-coloured blast-furnace slag from the Glengarnock 
 Iron Works, 1885. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass, probably weathered to the centre. 
 
 U 61955. v 
 
338 
 
 2989. Blast-furnace slag produced when making No. 1 iron, 
 (No. 3179 of this catalogue), at the Newland Furnaces, Ulvers- 
 tooe, 1856. 
 
 A dark purplish translucent glass with feeble signs of the flow of the 
 molten material. This and the five following were communicated by 
 Mr. Roper. 
 
 2990. Blast-furnace slag produced when making No. 3 iron 
 at the Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 
 A bluish, translucent, solid glass with a slight tinge of green on the 
 surface. 
 
 2991. Blast-furnace slag produced when making No. 2 iron at 
 the Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 
 Two specimens, one is a compact bright blue non-translucent mass, 
 with fine pin holes, and a darker blue more glassy margin. The other is 
 a cindery mass from the surface, with some unaltered scales of hematite 
 imbedded. It is a transparent glass with floating blue particles of 
 brilliant tint. Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, 1875, on the blue 
 colour of slags. 
 
 2992. Blast-furnace slag produced when making No. 5 iron_ 
 at the Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 
 A black vitreous froth, with large and small cavities, excessively 
 light. 
 
 2993. Blast-furnace slag produced when making No. 6 iron 
 at the Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 
 A light scoriaceous black mass, most glassy and with the largest 
 cavities on the outside portions, one of which contain bits of charcoal, &c. 
 Produced in the refinery ? 
 
 2994. Blast-furnace slag produced in making No. 6 iron at 
 the Newland Furnaces, Ulverstone. 
 
 A greenish black opaque glass with a scoriaceous surface. 
 
 2995. Slag from No. 6 iron at the Newland Furnaces, 
 Ulverstone. 
 
 A solid heavy regulus-like mass with a glassy surface with imbedded 
 gravel, The iron made was unsaleable. See No. 3183. 
 
 2996. Black glassy slag in small irregular fragments. 
 Communicated by Mr. Dalton. 
 
 2997. Blast-furnace slag from the Cyfartha Iron Works, 
 South Wales. 
 
 A very uniform clear brown glass. 
 
 2998. Blast-furnace slag from the Cyfartha Iron Works, 1889.. 
 An opaque grey stone changing towards the surface, through a blue 
 
 tint to a dark glassy banded layer. 
 
339 
 
 2999. Blast-furnace slag from the furnace casting in 1851, at 
 a time that three qualities of iron were obtained. 
 
 Scoriaceous below, green, compact in the centre, dark green and glassy 
 on the top. 
 
 3000. Blast-furnace slag showing an iridescent surface. 
 
 A thin greenish opaque glass with a broad smooth surface, locality 
 unknown, two specimens. 
 
 3001. Blast-furnace slag with iridescent particles on its 
 surface. 
 
 A piece cf green opaque slag probably from the same furnaces as the 
 last, partly glassy and partly crystalline. The iridescence is confined to 
 the glassy portion and dies away as it passes with the crystalline. 
 
 3002. Uniform black glassy blast-furnace slag, produced in 
 smelting Ashton iron ore at Dowlais, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by E. Riley. 
 
 3003. Vesicular slag from the blast-furnaces at Russell Hall's 
 Iron Works, Dudley, 1861. 
 
 A honeycombed brown-coloured mass, presumed to be formed by the 
 occlusion of air by the molten slag which separates but cannot escape 
 on the solidification. See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuels, 1875, p. 55. 
 
 3004. Vesicular green slag from the blast-furnaces at the 
 Newlaud Iron Works, Ulverstone. 
 
 The cavities are almost always separated by some thickness of the 
 green semi-vitreous slag. The green colour is said to be due to the 
 presence of manganous oxide. Communicated by E. Riley. 
 
 3005. Pumice-like blast-furnace slag from the Blaina Iron 
 Works, South Wales. 
 
 It is perfectly white and contains larger and smaller holes. It is 
 called " Furnace pumice " and is produced by the slag coming in contact 
 with water while in a molten state by which means steam is generated 
 in its midst. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 516. 
 
 3006. Blast-furnace slag showing a columnar structure. 
 
 Communicated by J. Blair, 1886. This was produced many years 
 ago at the Wingerworth Iron Works, Chesterfield, in smelting oolitic 
 ores, but the details of the circumstances are not on record except that 
 the furnace was " gobbed " at the time. The analysis gives 
 
 Silica - - 29-70 
 
 Alumina - - 22-00 
 
 Lime - - 46-53 
 
 Manganous oxide - trace 
 
 Magnesia - 1-50 
 
 99-73 
 
 Y 2 
 
340 
 
 The column is pentagonal, with concave sides, and the whole has a 
 semi- vesicular lava-like texture. 
 
 3007. Blast-furnace slags from smelting manganese ores to 
 make spiegeleisen. From the furnaces of Sir J. Brown & Co., 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Some of these are of an olive green opaque glass, one is coated with a 
 layer of dark brown transparent glass, one is more or less compactly 
 crystalline, and one has drusy cavities in which are long prismatic 
 needles resembling ferro-manganese. 
 
 3008. Slag from off the surface of the molten iron in smelting 
 Ashton iron ore. 
 
 This ore contains barytes. It was smelted at Dowlais Iron Works, 
 and this material ran out on the top of the pig and must have lain 
 between the ordinary cinder and the molten pig. It contains sulphides. 
 Communicated by E. Biley. It has been analysed by R. Smith and 
 found to contain 69*10 of sulphide of iron, 20-28 of barium sulphide, 
 and small quantities of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and 
 manganese, and 08 of copper. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 895. 
 
 3009. Blast-furnace slag from the ironworks of Seend, 
 Wiltshire. 
 
 They smelt oolitic ore here. It is a bluish green opaque glass with 
 scattered black spots of semi-crystalline slag. Communicated by H. 
 Bauerman, 1875. 
 
 3010. Slag which collects in the Cowper hot-blast stoves, 
 when the furnaces are making spiegeleisen. At Sir J. Brown 
 & Co.'s Iron Works, Sheffield. 
 
 Communicated by J- Blair. The ore used was Spanish. It is an 
 opaque brown glass and has been analysed by W. Galbraith and shown 
 to contain 
 
 Zinc oxide - 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Potash 
 
 Soda - - - - 
 
 Silica - 
 
 99-93 
 
 Associated with it was some zinc dust containing 2-23 per cent, of 
 potash and 1-20 per cent, of soda. 
 
 3011. Slag from No. 3 blast furnace at Ebbw Yale when 
 making spiegeleisen. 
 
 The spiegeleisen produced contained about 16 per cent, of manganese. 
 This slag is green, semi-crystalline, and compact. It contains a number 
 of crystals in the form of tetragonal prisms. They are lighter in 
 
341 
 
 tint and have cracks along the diagonals, with a hollow in the centre, 
 like the crystals of chiastolite. Communicated by Gr. Fitz-Brown. 
 
 Foreign Slags. 
 
 3012. Blast-furnace slag produced in making Bessemer pig 
 iron at the Royal "Marienhiitte" Iron Works, Germany. 
 
 Communicated by Gr. F. Becker. These are produced when the 
 furnace is working well and smelting a mixture composed of 65 per 
 cent, of spathic iron ore, 25 per cent, of manganiferous heematite, and 
 10 per cent, of siliceous haematite. The slag is allowed to cool slowly 
 in large iron boxes, in which cavities are formed lined with a pink, 
 often crystalline coating, the main mass having a green tinge. 
 
 3013. Foundry-furnace-slag produced at the Royal 
 " Marienhiitte " Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by Gr. F. Becker. This is a product of smelting 25 
 per cent, of minette (i.e., Luxemburg oolitic ore), 25 per cent, of bog iron 
 ore, 30 per cent, of calcareous haematite, and 20 per cent, of sphaero- 
 siderite. These are of the same colours as the Bessemer slag, but more 
 compact and less crystalline. 
 
 3014. Highly porous grey slag from the iron furnaces of 
 Holland. 
 
 Definite locality not given. It is almost like pumice, with a glassy 
 surface, and is produced in the smelting of the ore No. 2845. Com- 
 municated by J. E. de Fry. 
 
 3015. Blast-furnace slag from the iron furnaces called 
 " Herzog-auguste Hutte," Dilienburg, Nassau. 
 
 A glassy mass, with a stony under surface, with pieces of charcoal 
 showing the nature of the fuel employed. The surface is marked by the 
 flow of the semi-liquid mass. 
 
 3016. Blast-furnace slag from the " Herzog-auguste Hutte " 
 furnaces, Dilienburg. 
 
 It is a banded black glass, with scattered rectangular prisms of 
 a grey colour. 
 
 3017. Another basic slag similar to the last, but without 
 label. 
 
 3018. Blast-furnace iron-slag from the United States 
 
 Black on one side, where it is scoriaceous ; yellowish grey on the 
 other, where it is confusedly crystalline. 
 
 3019. Blast-furnace slag from Allentoun furnace. 
 
 A solid, grey, stony mass, with rectangular prisms in parts of the 
 surfaces ; lustre of the faces dull. 
 
342 
 
 3020. Blast-fnrnace slag, locality uncertain. 
 
 It consists oP a brilliant black glass, in which are embedded isolated 
 grey spherulites with radiate crystallisation so coarse that sections look 
 like corals. 
 
 3021. Bkst-furnace slag from smelting ores containing 
 titanium at Espedal, Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. A porous, semi-crystalline, stony mass, 
 of brownish tint ; rapidly becomes quite compact, but has a black 
 glass on the surface. 
 
 3022. Slag from a blast-furnace using charcoal as fuel, 
 in Poland. 
 
 A completely vitreous, coarsely vesicular, black mass. Analysed by 
 W. J. Ward. It contains 7 *56 per cent, of ferrous oxide, 29-58 per 
 cent, of aluminia, 52-67 per cent, of silica, 4-52 per cent, of lime, and 
 1 *27 per cent, of manganous oxide. This is equivalent to a loss of 5 88 
 per cent, of metallic iron. 
 
 3023. Slag from tbe blast-furnaces of the Northern Iron 
 Company, Marquette, Michigan, U.S.A. 
 
 A homogenous, black, slightly translucent glass. 
 
 3024. Banded slag from the blast furnaces of the Northern 
 Iron Company, Marquette, Michigan. 
 
 Black below and white above, with flow lines of the latter colour 
 dying out in the former, the whole glassy. 
 
 3025. Pumiceous slags from the blast-furnace of tbe 
 Northern Iron Company, Marquette, Michigan. 
 
 One side is perfectly glassy and black, but it rapidly changes into 
 a white pumiceous mass, where it has been brought into contact with 
 water. 
 
 3026. Blast-furnace slag from the Wyandotte furnaces, 
 Detroit. 
 
 A black, slightly mottled, homogeneous glass, quite translucent. 
 
 3027. Blast-furnace cinder from Sweden. 
 
 A light greenish opaque glass, with aggregations of black semi- 
 crystalline slag. 
 
 3028. Slag from a Swedish iron blast-furnace. From the 
 International Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 It is greenish grey, compact, and spherulitically crystallice within, 
 and suddenly changes with an irregular boundary to a translucent green 
 glass on the surface. It has flowed over cinders. 
 
 3029. Blast-furnace slag from the ironworks of Finspong, 
 Sweden. 
 
 Communicated by C. Eckman. A leak-green, opaque, vitreous mass, 
 spotted with black, and darker green on the surface. The charge which 
 
343 
 
 is used in these furnaces, which are employed in the manufacture of 
 iron for cannon, is given in Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 553, 
 by which it appears that the ores used are very manganiferous, hence 
 the green colour. 
 
 3030. Iron-slag from the Province of Borgarfjordr. in Ice- 
 land. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Hjaltelin, of Reykjavik. Found near the 
 Surturbrands beds, which are of Miocene age. It is made from a very 
 ferruginous basalt, which till recently has been worked in Germany for 
 iron. It is a black mass of superimposed flows of molten matter, with 
 large cavities, and of compact substance. 
 
 3031. Slag from a furnace making spiegeleisen at Mulheim, 
 on the Rhine. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman. The slag is made with 50 per cent. 
 of limestone in the charge, and has disintegrated spontaneously on 
 cooling. 
 
 3032. Slag from working No. 2 iron at the New Jersey 
 Zinc Works.. Newark, U.S.A. 
 
 As this has the colour of spiegeleisen slag, and as spiegeleisen is 
 produced at these works, this appears to be the slag of the same. It is 
 a dark brown glass, touched with green. 
 
 3033. Slag from the spiegeleisen-furnace of the New Jersey 
 Mining Company, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
 
 Communicated by J. Bauerman, 1871. An opaque, green glass, 
 becoming crystalline in parts. 
 
 Crystalline Slags. 
 
 3034. Basic slag from a hot-blast-furnace working with coke, 
 near Dudley, South Staffordshire. 
 
 This is the No. 1 of the Report on Crystalline Slags presented by 
 Dr. Percy to the British Association in 1846, and the No, 2 of the 
 "Slags of the Formula R 2 3 SiO 3 -f 2 (3 RO SiO 3 ) " of his 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 497. It consists of transparent, square, 
 tabular crystals, which have the following composition. Analysis by 
 Dr. Percy. 
 
 Silica .... 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime - 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Ferrous oxide 
 
 Potash 
 
 Calcium sulphide 
 
 99-81 
 
344 
 3035. Basic slag from a hot -blast-furnace working with 
 
 coke, near Dudley, South Staffordshire. 
 
 This is No. 2 of the Report, and No. 3 of Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 497. It consists of similar transparent tabular prisms, and 
 has the following composition. Analysis by Dr. Percy. 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina - 
 
 Lime - - - - 
 
 Magnesia - 
 
 Manganous oxide - 
 
 Ferrous oxide 
 
 Potash 
 
 Calcium sulphide 
 
 99-26 
 
 3036. Basic slag from a hot-blast-furnace, Russell Hall. 
 
 This is No. 3 of the Report above referred to, and No. 4 of Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 497. The specimens show highly crystalline, 
 black, square tables in drusy cavities, some of which have the angles 
 truncated as described. These slags are said to have the following 
 composition. Analysis by Dr. Percy. 
 
 Silica - - - 37-63 
 
 Alumina - 12-78 
 
 Lime - - 33-46 
 
 Magnesia - 6-64 
 
 Manganous oxide - 2 64 
 
 Ferrous oxide 3-91 
 
 Potash - - 1-92 
 
 Calcium sulphide - 0-68 
 
 99-66 
 
 3037. Basic slag from Messrs. Blackwell's-hot-blast furnaces, 
 working with coke. Russell Hall's Iron Works, Dudley, South 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 This is No. 4 of the Report above referred to, and No. 5 of Dr. 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 497. It consists of a compact 
 crystalline mass, snowing opaque, greenish prismatic crystals on the 
 surface. These are not transparent, but show clear signs of being 
 complex growths. It is possible that this (though labelled with a 
 figure) may be wrongly identified. The analysis given, made by D. 
 Forbes, is 
 
 Silica - - 37-91 
 
 Alumina - - - 13-01 
 
 Lime - - - 31-43 
 
 Magnesia - - 7-24 
 
 Manganous oxide - - 2-79 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - 0-93 
 
345 
 
 Potash - 2-60 
 
 Calcium sulphide - - 3-65 
 
 99-56 
 
 3038. Basic crystalline slag, very similar to the last. 
 
 This is unlabelled. It is more crystalline, the centres of the 
 crystals being often transparent. With this exception the whole is well 
 shown to be composed of complex crystals, some of which show with 
 perfect clearness the black cross characteristic of chiastolite. 
 
 3039. Cold-blast-furnace slag from Phillip Williams' Iron 
 Works, Wednesbury Oak, Tip ton, Staffordshire. 
 
 This is No. 5 of Dr. Percy's British Association Report, and No. 1 
 of his Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 497. This is very crystalline on 
 the surface, the crystals being prismatic plates, overlapping and united. 
 The analysis by D. Forbes gives 
 
 Silica - - 39-52 
 
 Alumina - - - J5-11 
 
 Lime ----- 32-52 
 
 Magnesia - - 3-49 
 
 Manganous oxide - 2-89 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - -2-02 
 
 Potash - - - 1-06 
 
 Calcium sulphide - - - 2-15 
 
 98-76 
 
 3040. Glassy variety of the same slag as the last, showing 
 the isolation of the crystals in the glass. 
 
 3041. Blast-furnace slag from a hot-blast-furnace working 
 with coke, from La Providence Iron Works, Marchienne 
 Charleroi, Belgium. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. This is No. 6, both in the 
 Eeport above referred to and in Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 
 p. 497. It is dark brown, vacuous, half glassy, half crystalline j the 
 crystals are indeterminable. The analysis by Dr. Percy gives 
 
 Silica - - - - 42-06 
 
 Alumina - 13-05 
 
 Lime - - - 32-53 
 
 Magnesia - 1-06 
 
 Manganous oxide - 2-26 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - 4-94 
 
 Potash - - 2-69 
 
 Calcium sulphide - 1-03 
 
 Phosphoric acid - 0-19 
 
 99-81 
 
346 
 
 3042. Intermediate blast-furnace slag from the Russell 
 Hall's Furnaces, near Dudley, South Staffordshire. 
 
 It is very tough, and consists of an agglomeration of small radiating 
 crystalline masses, of a light yellowish brown colour. Analysed by A. 
 Dick, giving 
 
 Silica - - - - 47-08 
 
 Alumina - 12-91 
 
 Lime - - - 29-92 
 
 Magnesia - 4-79 
 
 ferrous oxide - - 1-00 
 
 Manganous oxide - 2-20 
 
 Potash 87 
 
 Calcium sulphide - 1-78 
 
 Phosphoric acid - 0-05 
 
 100-60 
 
 From this it is deduced that the formula of the crystals is " R 2 O 3 , 
 Si O 3 + 3 (CaO SiO 3 )." 
 
 3043. Intermediate slag from the hot-blast-furnaees of 
 L'Espe'rance, Seraing, Belgium. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. This is No. 11 in Dr. Percy's 
 Report to the British Association, 184(S, on Crystalline Slags. It is a 
 brown vacuous mass, with confused interlacing crystals. Analysed by 
 D. Forbes, and gives 
 
 Silica - - - 55-77 
 
 Alumina - 13-90 
 
 Lime - - 22-22 
 
 Magnesia - - - -2-10 
 
 Manganous oxide * 2-52 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 2-12 
 
 Potash - - - 1-78 
 
 100-41 
 
 This approximates it to the formula, A1 2 O 3 Si O 2 -f 4 Ca O 3 Si 2 . 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 501. 
 
 3044. Blast-furnace slag, approximating to Gehlenite in 
 composition, from the hot blast furnace of Oldbury, near Bir- 
 mingham. 
 
 It is mixed with pieces of coke and iron, and consists of three square 
 crystalline tables of a white and transparent colour, with particles of 
 sulphur here and there on their surface. This is No. 7 of the Report 
 above referred to. Analysed by Dr. Percy it gave 
 
 Silica - - 28-32 
 
 Alumina - - - 24-24 
 
 Lime - - 40-12 
 
 Magnesia - 2-79 
 
 Manganous oxide - 0-07 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - 0-27 
 
347 
 
 Potash - 0-64 
 
 Calcium sulphate - 0-26 
 
 Calcium sulphide - 3-38 
 
 100-09 
 
 This approximates it to the formula "3 Al 2 O 3 Si O 3 + 3(3 CaO, 
 SiO 3 )." (t is the original specimen of artificial Gehlenite referred to in 
 Dana's System of Mineralogy. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 
 p. 502. 
 
 3045. Crystalline slag, locality unknown. 
 
 A blue glassy mass below, with greenish-grey, semi-opaque crystals, 
 like those of No. 3037, forming a surface layer. They are square prisms, 
 with pyramidal ends, standing perpendicularly to the surface of the 
 slag, 
 
 3046. Coarsely crystalline surface of a slag, locality 
 unknown. 
 
 Below, this is composed of similar crystals to those of the last, but 
 here the surface is covered with a dark coating, and shows crystals f in. 
 in diameter of opaque greenish substance within, and of an octagonal 
 prismatic shape with convex sides and complex in growth. 
 
 3047. Crystalline surface of a slag, showing an ingrowth of 
 greenish opaque material from the four sides of a tetragonal 
 prism having a dark centre as in chiastolite. 
 
 3048. Dark grey glassy slag, with scattered crystals of 
 opaque yellowish-green material, apparently in rhombic 
 prisms. 
 
 (Labelled SA, but not corresponding in description to No. 8, of Dr. 
 Percy's Eeport.) 
 
 3049. Mass of greenish grey slag, no locality. 
 
 This shows a surface with the ends of light coloured tetragonal prisms 
 imbedded in a darker substance, and with a hollow in the centre of each. 
 On the other side the crystals interlace confusedly. 
 
 3050. Similar mass of slag, with the intervening matrix in 
 places of a deep purple blue. 
 
 3051. Piece of tlie deep purple-blue matrix alone, showing 
 a few of the lighter greenish crystals in the centre. 
 
 3052. Piece of blast furnace slag, showing layers of different 
 characters, no locality. 
 
 At the base it is deep blue and compact, then it changes to yellowish 
 :green, then to brownish green, becoming more crystalline and darker 
 in tint from the inside to the outside. The crystals show complex 
 structure and are rhombic or tetragonal and semi-transparent. 
 
348 
 
 3053. Blast-furnace slag, crystallised in the form of augite, 
 locality unknown. 
 
 The crystals are black and interlace, leaving interspaces. They are 
 complex prisms, having the form of augite (Miller). Communicated 
 by Mr. Holmes. 
 
 3054. Blast-furnace slag, showing radiating crystallisation, 
 from Dowlais Iron Works. 
 
 This is a black heavy mass, porous on one side with drusy cavities, 
 with fibrous crystals aggregated in sheaths. It has been analysed by 
 GL J. Snelus, and has the formula R 2 O 3 . SiO 2 + 2 (3RO, Si 2 ). 
 
 3055. Crystalline slag, showing radiating structure, locality 
 unknown. 
 
 The crystals are black, and radiate from various points, like 
 spheroids. 
 
 3056. Group of crystalline slags from the blast-furnaces of 
 the Aberdare Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by David Price. One of these contains drusy cavities, 
 in which are abundant black radiating crystals, pyramidal at the end, 
 and with aborescent side-branches at angles of about 60. Another 
 has the crystals more compact and forming on the outside convex 
 hexagons like those of calcite and in one place a perfect hexagonal 
 prism. The others are intermediate and show a very grey colour on 
 the fresh surface. 
 
 3057. Series of Gehlenite slags from iron works at Falkirk, 
 N.B. 
 
 Communicated by H. Aitken, 1885. These were produced in making 
 some large blocks of slag, from 12 to 15 tons, and are very unusual. 
 See No. 3044. There are five pieces from different parts of the mass. 
 That from near the centre is greyish green, and compactly crystalline, 
 closely resembling a sanidine trachyte. This has been examined by 
 A. Dick. That towards the centre from the bottom has large crystals, 
 consisting of flat tables with outgrowths. The portion near the top is 
 a complete network of such tables, having many intervening spaces. 
 They are of greyer tint than the central mass. The other pieces near 
 the " scurf" are similar in character but more compact. This 
 portion has been analysed by E. Jackson. See Bauerman, Proc. Iron 
 and Steel Institute, 1886. 
 
 3058. Blast-furnace slag resembling Gehlenite. 
 
 Part of this consists of short prismatic crystals with intervals between 
 and part of closely set interlacing lamellae. Analysed by E. Jackson. 
 This specimen shows the junction of the two varieties. 
 
 3059. Blast-furnace slag from the Olsberger furnaces on 
 the Rhine. 
 
 Obtained from M. Krantz. It shows some oblique prisms in the 
 drusy cavity on one side, one of which appears twinned from having 
 adjacent faces equal in parts, though elsewhere it is scoriaceous. It is 
 the No. 9 of Dr. Percy's Report on Crystalline Slags to the British 
 
349 
 
 Association in 1846, p. 362. The mean analysis there given, made by 
 
 Dr. Percy, is 
 
 Silica - - - - 53-37 
 
 Alumina - - 5' 12 
 
 Lime - - - - 30' 71 
 
 Magnesia - - - 9 '50 
 
 Manganous oxide - - - 1*41 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - - - 0*95 
 
 101-06 
 
 See also Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 501, where the slag is 
 said to approximate to aluminiferous augite in composition. 
 
 3060. Blast furnace slag from : the Olsberger furnaces on 
 the Rhine. 
 
 Obtained from M. Krantz. It shows short pyramidal oblique crystals 
 confusedly intergrown. It is No. 10 of Dr. Percy's British Association 
 Report on Crystalline Slags, p. 363. The analysis by D. Forbes 
 shows 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime - - - - 
 
 Magnesia - 
 
 Manganous oxide 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - 
 
 100-60 
 
 There is a little graphite on one side. 
 
 3061. Spiegeleisen-slag showing crystals. From J. Brown 
 
 & Co.'s Furnaces, Atlas Works, Sheffield. 
 
 Communicated by T. Blair, 1876. The slag was made while working 
 a siliceous ore with a deficiency of limestone in the charge. The crystals 
 are greenish and hopper shaped, they form tetragonal prisms with their 
 corners truncated at 45. In one specimen they are tabular and brown. 
 They occupy drusy cavities in a compact crystalline green mass, contain- 
 ing perforated crystals as in No. 3011. Accompanying this is a brown 
 transparent glass with a green coating. The crystals have been partially 
 analysed by T. Blair, and contain silica 33*45 per cent., alumina 15 "70, 
 lime 20*97, manganese oxide 21-12, magnesia 2*67, and sulphur 2*37 
 per cent. 
 
 3062. Blast-furnace slag showing in the cavities small 
 brown mica-like plates, locality unknown. 
 
 3063. Crystallised blast-furnace slag from Elswick Iron 
 Works, 1868. 
 
 This is a compact rock -like mass of greenish-grey colour, composed 
 of closely fitting, irregularly placed tetragonal prisms with dark centres. 
 
 3064. Compact and crystalline slags from the neighbour- 
 hood of Charleroi, Belgium. 
 
 One from Marchienne is massive with glassy selvages, another is 
 black, feebly porous, and from Cuillet, with radiating crystals in hollow 
 
350 
 
 spp.ces within, another from the same spot is still more crystalline, 
 approaching No. 3055, and one has a black glass selvage and an 
 equally crystalline mass within one inch of it. 
 
 3065. A series of crystalline slags from the blast-furnaces of 
 the South Easton Iron Works, Easton, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Communicated by Edward Swift, 1853. They are produced in a 
 large stuck 12 ft. in diain. by 35 ft. high, working with anthracite and 
 smelting the brown hematite of the neighbourhood mixed with the 
 magnetic ore of Morris County, New Jersey. The slag was cast into 
 pools about 4 ft. wide and 12 to 15 in. deep. The crystals were 
 developed in most of those masses which were allowed to cool undis- 
 turbed. Their formation ceased when the slag was run into one or one 
 and a half ton blocks. These sings are greenish-grey in colour, com- 
 pact and rock-like within, and the crystals are developed on the surface 
 of drusy cavities, some of these cavities have each more than a foot in 
 diameter at the works. The crystalline portion is accompanied by some 
 purple blue, semi-vitreous material, like Nos. 3049, 3050, which may 
 very probably come from this locality. The crystals have been mostly 
 examined by Prof. W. H. Miller. The specimen labelled A. is half 
 brown, half blue, " it exhibits the forms 111 h h k of the rhombohedral 
 ** system, the faces are covered with a coating that renders the measure- 
 " ment of the angles impossible." They show truncated and also 
 double hexagonal pyramids or scalenohedra. B. The crystals are " not 
 " capabje of measurement, being covered with a fused coating, the 
 " greater part consists of crystals of the prismatic system. Exhibiting 
 *' the faces 001, 1JO. There are also a very few crystals probably of 
 " the oblique system of lighter colour than the former. Possibly these 
 " crystals may belong to the prismatic system." The former of these 
 consist of parallelepipeds, actually with oblique angles, and with highly 
 curved faces, the latter are double, actually oblique, rhomboidal pyramids. 
 C. Shows " rhombohedral crystals, they exhibited the faces 111 ard 
 " either Oil or 211." These are the same truncated or double 
 hexagonal pyramids, or scalenohedra as in A. D. " Shows crystals of 
 " the pyramidal system, exhibiting the faces of the forms 001 100, 
 " the faces are not bright enough to afford a measurement." This is a 
 more stony mass with no glass observable, and of a dull grey (neither 
 the green nor blue) colour. The crystals are rectangular prisms of 
 complex origin. Of the smaller crystals, E. " is not measurable . . . 
 " probably pyramidal," it consists of the interlacing flat tabulre like 
 those of No. 3057, the main mass of the stone is a greyish-blue 
 and is all crystalline : F. consists of radiating crystals starring from, 
 various points as in .TSo. 3055, some individuals are seen to be very 
 flat double rectangular (?) pyramids as in B. of a light grey colour : 
 G. of similar radiating structure, the crystals are either " prismatic 
 or pyramidal" (Miller). They consist of the same tabulre, actually 
 rectangular but not square, some with flat surfaces truncating the 
 pyramids : H. another example of the same character ; Prof. Miller 
 " thinks it is prismatic " : I. a specimen of the same kind showing 
 more perfect crystals of the " prismatic system." Some of these are 
 perfect rhombs, others consist of a combination of a dome and an 
 octahedron forming hexagonal outlines, others again have the apex 
 truncated by a basal plane, forming rather thin plates : J. the same 
 kind of crystal radiating from the same surface to which a coating has 
 been formed : K. small crystals of the same group as A. and C., i e. 
 of " the rhombohedral system but the angles cannot be measured " 
 (Miller). They are double hexagonal prisms, some of which are trim- 
 
351 
 
 cated by basal planes, others by hexagonal prisms. These stand out on 
 one side of a mass of which the other side is highly scoriaceous : L. black 
 crystals, actually rectangular parallelepipeds, with curved faces, some of 
 which look flatly pyramidal, " they may be figures of the cubic system, 
 " of the form (h k 0) " ; these are like B. : M. grey square tabulas, which 
 are rough, like pseudomorphs, hence they belong to the "pyramidal system 
 " but are not measurable" (Miller). It does not appear that all these 
 varieties came from the same mass, but there is no indication from which 
 each came. 
 
 3066. Crystalline blast-furnace slag from Rubeland, Harz ? 
 
 Bright grey-brown interlocking plates with intervals bet ween. Pieces 
 of charcoal are imbedded on the other side. 
 
 3067. Grey crystalline slag. No locality. 
 
 They are labelled A., C., D.. F v and appear to belong to the same 
 group as No. 3065. 
 
 3068. Grey blast-furnace slag with a banded glassy border. 
 
 This border surrounds a hollow cavity, and shows a blue sheen when 
 seen in certain lights. 
 
 3069. Crystalline blast-furnace slag, locality unknown. 
 
 This has a free irregular surface and has crystallised in an open space, 
 the crystals are double pyramids of the oblique system with dull brown 
 faces. 
 
 3070. Blast-furnace slag from Espeda,], Norway. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. A heavy dark mass in a sheet J-in. 
 thick, showing on one side a number of flat metallic looking crystalline 
 flakes. 
 
 3071. Iron-slag from the Manganja Hills, Africa. 
 
 Communicated by Sir John Kirk, 1862. They are small pieces of 
 heavy black scoriaceous slag. They are produced in the process of 
 extracting iron directly from the ore as described in Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 275. 
 
 ANCIENT SLAGS. 
 
 3072. Old slag from a blast-furnace at Julsrudalen, Norway. 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. Probably between 150 and 200 years 
 
 old. It is a grey within, and of a completely crystalline character, the 
 individuals not being separable. 
 
 3073. Slag from old Norwegian bloomeries. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. Probably over 200 years old. It is 
 produced in the smelting of bog iron ore in pits by means of charcoal 
 lor the extraction of iron by the direct method, which was formerly 
 alone in vogue, the furnaces being called bloomeries. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 320. This is a black compact heavy 
 mass like a basalt, which must still contain a large per-centage of iron. 
 
352 
 
 3074. Old Roman slag from Uckfield, Sussex. 
 
 Communicated by A. Nesbit. These slags were found in great 
 abundance in a certain spot near Uckfield where iron was formerly made. 
 They were mostly removed for roadstone. Associated with these were 
 found coins of Vespasian and others, pieces of Samian ware, and frag- 
 ments of bronze fibulce. Some of the pieces contained fragments of 
 charcoal. These are black heavy crystalline slags resembling basalt, 
 still retaining much iron. They are made from the nodules of clay 
 ironstone which occur abundantly in the Weald clay. 
 
 3075. Piece of ancient blast-furnace slag from Ashdown 
 Forest, Sussex. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman from Mr. Larking's Collection. A 
 green opaque glass, for the most part weathered dull. 
 
 3076. Mediaeval blast-furnace slags from near Uckfield, 
 Sussex. 
 
 These are formed on the same spot as No. 3074, and have been 
 obtained from the same source, but they differ essentially in character, 
 being made of dark glass, with lighter lines of flow, and indicating a 
 much more complete abstraction of the iron. Communicated by 
 A. Nesbit. 
 
 3077. Doubtful slags from Mount Sinai. 
 
 Communicated by Francis Galton. They are derived from extremely 
 ancient Sinaitic mines, which, if these are truly slags, were worked 
 for iron. The small fragments are black, compact, and weathered on the 
 surface, with earthy-looking brownish patches here and there. Dr. Percy 
 calls them "black slag, not unlike iron slag." See his Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 874. 
 
 3078. Old furnace slag, locality unknown, containing frag- 
 ments of charcoal, with rounded pieces of unmelted micaceous 
 iron ore, the bulk being a light scoriaceous glass. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS IN THE SMELTING OF IRON ORE IN 
 BLAST-FURNACES. 
 
 3079. Black blast-furnace cinder drawn out into threads at 
 the Dowiais Iron Works, South Wales. 
 
 The black glass is blown out by the blast, which rapidly cools it. 
 
 3080. Furnace-glass and wool produced at Cwm Cefn Blast- 
 furnace. 
 
 Communicated by J. James. 1855. The glass is in fine sheets, and 
 the " wool " in fine hair-like threads of the same greenish colour. It is 
 a result of the slag coming in contact with the blast of the furnace. 
 
 3081. "Furnace-wool" produced when an iron smelting 
 furnace was working badly, no \vater being present in the 
 twyers. 
 
 Communicated by Mr, Roper. It has with it numerous round blebs 
 of black glass. 
 
353 
 
 3082. Hair-like slag, or " furnace- wool," produced at Dowlais 
 Iron Works. 
 
 It was blown out, through the stopping, which was defective, round 
 the back twyer of a blast furnace. Collected by Dr. Percy, 1870. It is 
 interspersed with round dark blebs of glass. 
 
 3083. Slag-wool from the^cupola at the London and North- 
 western Company's Works at Crewe. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Webb, 1881. 
 
 3084. "Furnace-wool," or "silicate cotton," from a blast- 
 . furnace at Elswick, Newcastle -on-Tyne. 
 
 Produced by the regurgitation of the blast. It is of a pure white 
 colour, and has very few light transparent blebs. 
 
 3085. Hair-like form of slag from iron furnace at Kb'nigs- 
 hiitte, Upper Silesia. 
 
 Bought of A. Krantz. 
 
 3086. Three manufactured specimens of furnace-wool, which 
 is now put to economic uses. 
 
 The most inferior is like those above, with an irregular fibre and 
 numerous glassy blebs. The second is in asbestos-like shreds, con- 
 sisting of bundles of fibres, and is tinned with brown. The third has 
 the fibres long, uniform, and clear white, like the finest curled silk. 
 
 3087. Slag in small round pellets blown out of a small hole 
 in the twyer side of one of the blast-furnaces at the Ormesby 
 Iron Works, Middlesborough-on-Tees. 
 
 Communicated by F. H. Marshall, J877- Each pellet is hollow, and 
 the^material of which the case is made is finely porous. Some are dark, 
 but most are nearly while. 
 
 3088. Comminuted blast furnace slag, produced artificially 
 to serve as a manure, at the Ebbw Vale Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by Gr. Parry, 1863, who has, patented the process,.. 
 No. 476 of 1864. In the specification he states that it is produced by 
 applying below the gutter along which the slag runs from the furnace 
 jets of steam, obtained from the blast engine boilers, with a pressure ot' 
 I71bs. to the square inch. The jets are made to resemble the bat's. 
 wing burners for gas, so as to take the form of a thin sheet^ striking on 
 the descending stream of fluid slag; by this means it is drawn out into- 
 coarse wool, the absence of blebs being secured by an adjustment of the 
 jet. It is afterwards powdered for use. The powdered slag is recom- 
 mended for use in the manufacture of bricks, artificial stone or cement, 
 and also as a mineral manure, on account of the soluble alkaline 
 silicates it contains. 
 
 3089. Crystalline graphite from a blast-furnace at Elswick. 
 
 Communicated by A. Noble, 1868. It consists of brilliant micaceous 
 plates of large size, which have formed on the surface of a loose mas& 
 of sand, probably the casting sand into which the pig iron runs. 
 
 IJ 61955. 
 
 V />, 
 
354 
 
 3090. Artificial graphite from iron furnaces, locality [un- 
 known. 
 
 These pieces contain fragments of slag, and are mixed with metallic 
 iron. 
 
 3091. Graphite from the iron works of Sir William Arm- 
 strong. 
 
 A solid compact mass of irregularly arranged micaceous graphite, 
 which surrounds numerous isolated pieces of metallic iron interspersed 
 throughout the mass. 
 
 3092. Artificial graphite from Mr. Blackwell's Iron Works, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blackwell, 1845. The mass of this is a grey 
 grit (perhaps the " bear"), coated with large micaceous flakes. 
 
 3093. A mass of solid porous slag, with a growth of large 
 graphitic crystals on one side, locality unknown. 
 
 3094. Graphite from the iron furnaces of Dowlais, South 
 Wales. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Child, 1862. 
 
 3095. Graphite from the iron furnaces of Dowlais, treated 
 for the elimination of silicon. 
 
 It has been digested in hydrochloric acid, and heated in molten 
 potash, and treated with hydrofluoric acid. It appeared to contain 
 silicon, because when thus heated in molten potash it gave cff an 
 inflammable gas. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 511. 
 
 3096. Graphite from a South Staffordshire iron furnace. 
 
 Communicated by T. Dawes, Bromford. Associated with loosely 
 aggregated sand. 
 
 3097. Largely crystallised graphite from a blast-furnace at 
 Barrow-in-Furness. 
 
 Communicated by J. T. Smith. The crystalline form may be clearly 
 seen on these, some presenting the faces of scalenohedra, or pyramids, 
 others show a low rhombohedron. 
 
 3098. Largely crystalline graphite from the Elswick 
 Furnaces, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Communicated by E. S- Noble, 1867. Shows no measurable 
 surfaces. 
 
 3099. Crystalline graphite occurring as a vein in a piece of 
 pig iron. 
 
 The large plates are transverse to the walls of the vein. From 
 Chapell Hall's Furnace, South Staffordshire. The furnace was making 
 No. 1, or hot iron, from blackband ironstone. The molten metal ran over 
 the dam along with the cinder, so that it had two or three inches of 
 
355 
 
 cinder over it and one or two inches under it, and it lay undisturbed for 
 about five or six hours. 
 
 3100. Graphite in large soft aggregated flakes, from a fur- 
 nace at Arnaville, Val d'Aosta. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bauerman, 187 L The ore smelted was mag- 
 netite, and the fuel was charcoal. 
 
 3101. Loose graphite flakes or " kish," from the Clarence 
 Iron Works, near Middlesborough-on-Tees. 
 
 3102. Samples of kish in its winnowed and in its crude state. 
 
 The latter contains foreign fragments which get mixed up with it, but 
 which may be separated by winnowing. 
 
 3103. Brown material accompanying kish in the cavities of 
 pig-iron. 
 
 On running out the pigs of a Middlesborough iron furnace in Sep- 
 tember 1863, the moulds were not filled up, but the iron formed 
 cavities at the top and sides which were found filled with kish and this 
 material. On analysis it yields : 
 
 Carbon - - - - 23-6 
 
 Silica - - - - - 49-0 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - 16-2 
 
 Manganous oxide - - - 11-7 
 
 100-5 
 
 It is thus a mixture of graphite with a ferro-magnesian silicate. 
 Communicated by J. Lowthiau Bell. 
 
 3104. Coating of oxide of iron from hot-blast pipes. 
 
 Obtained at the Russell Hall's Furnace, Dudley, 1851. The pieces 
 are about five-sixteenths of an inch thick, and contain several concentric 
 layers which are grey within, but red along the surface of junction. 
 
 3105. Slag which " has spontaneously disintegrated. From 
 the blast furnaces of Workington, Cumberland. 
 
 The slag, previous to its spontaneous disintegration, was grey and 
 cellular. The powder when breathed upon gives an odour of sulphur- 
 etted hydrogen. It occurred in a furnace in which a mixture of " hard " 
 and " soft " red haematite was smelted with the production of grey iron 
 (No. 3195). It is thought to be due to an excess of lime in the 
 flux. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 506. Communicated 
 by W. W. Smyth. 
 
 3106. Silicate of lime in powder, produced in a blast 
 furnace. 
 
 3107. Fume from the Stanhope Iron Furnace. 
 A rough brown powdet, 
 
 Z 2 
 
356 
 
 3108. Sal ammoniac obtained from the gases of a blast- 
 furnace at Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Communicated by G. Parry, 1859. The consumption of raw coal 
 instead of coke in smelting involves the elimination of the ammoniacal 
 
 fases which are produced in the heating of coal. This gas has been 
 issolved in water and the solution evaporated. See Percy's Metallurgy^ 
 Iron and Steel, p. 475. 
 
 3109. Specimens of old <l bears" or pieces of the floor of old 
 blast furnaces, on whicb the molten iron has for a long time 
 rested. 
 
 3110. Bear from old blast furnace, being an incrustation on 
 the surface of a wrought-iron bar, gradually formed during the 
 use of the furnace. 
 
 3111. Powdery deposit formed on the water-tymp in the 
 blast-furnace of the Blaina Iron Works, South Wales. 
 
 3112. " Old horse " or part of the bottom of an iron blast 
 furnace at Beaufort Iron Works, which was blown out in 
 1862. 
 
 It consists in the centre of a broad layer of white iron, which shows 
 a rough columnar structure, the two "Sets of columns meeting in a middle 
 line. This band is bounded by mixed material with cyano-riitride of 
 titanium, and metallic particles and patches. 
 
 3113. Portion of a bear much impregnated with cyano-nitride 
 of titanium, and" having also metallic portions with a golden- 
 yellow coat. 
 
 Locality unknown, but perhaps the Beaufort Iron Works. 
 
 3114. Graphitic products from the " dead horse " of a blown- 
 out iron furnace in Yorkshire. 
 
 Communicated by T. E. Thorpe. The " dead horse " is the mass of 
 metal* &c. which collects at the base of the furnace, and which has to 
 be blasted out when the furnace is blown out for repairs. This sub- 
 stance has been kept continuously for 10 years at a temperature very 
 near the melting point of cast iron. These products were obtained 
 from a part of the horse just below the hearth of the furnace. Analysed 
 by G. Johnstone. The specimen A. has large crystalline surfaces, 
 forming part of a rhombohedron. It is hard and with a graphite-like 
 lustre, and has a specific gravity of 5-485. It is composed of 
 
 Iron - - - 87-00 
 
 Silicon - 1-14 
 
 Carbon (combined) - 2-24 
 
 Graphite - 8-30 
 
 Phosphorus - - 0-24 
 
 Sulphur - 0-19 
 
 Manganese - 0-96 
 
 100-07 
 
357 
 
 . 
 
 It is therefore a complex substance and may ba separated by pounding 
 in a stael mortar, one portion of which bacomes readily a fine powder, 
 and another assumes the form of malleable scales, the former being 
 dark in colour and the latter light and more lustrous. The two parts 
 have the following composition : 
 
 Scaly portion. Powdery portion. 
 
 Iron - - 95-60 82-66 
 
 Silicon - - 1-56 0-93 
 
 Carbon (combined) - 0-94 2-89 
 
 Graphite - - 1-62 11-64 
 
 Phosphorus - 0-18 0-27 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-21 0-18 
 
 Manganese - - trace 1 44 
 
 100-11 100-01 
 
 The second sample has much smaller crystalline faces, but is also in 
 a-hombohedra, or scales. Its specific gravity is 4 892, and it is equally 
 hard. It is composed of 
 
 Iron 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Carbon (combined) 
 
 Silicon 
 
 Phosphorus 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Manganese 
 
 It is likewise separable into a powdery and scaly portion, which havo 
 the following composition : 
 
 Scaly portion. Powdery portion. 
 
 Iron - 94-48 65-59 
 
 Graphite - - 3-52 29-58 
 
 Carbon (combined) -0-10 1-43 
 
 Sulphur . - 0-10 0-39 
 
 Silicon - 1-54 2-27 
 
 Phosphorus 0-36 0-64 
 
 Manganese - 0-24 
 
 100-10 100-14 
 
 3115. White fibrous silica deposited on the surface of the 
 bear of a blast-furnace. From a Scotch blast-furnace before 
 1873. 
 
 Analysed by J . Butterfield, and fuund to contain 
 
 Silica - - 97-50 
 
 Manganous oxide - -1-08 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - -1-74 
 
 100 32 
 
358 
 
 ^ 
 
 The smaller specimen shows, at the same time, the copper coloured 
 crystals of cyano-nitride of titanium. It is supposed to be the product 
 of the oxidation of the silicon, which is separated with the iron at an 
 earlier stage. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 508. 
 
 3116. Fibrous silica from the hearth of Wingerworth Blast 
 Furnace, near Chesterfield. 
 
 Communicated by T. Blair. Composed of superimposed globular 
 masses, of nearly one inch in diameter, of a white colour and silky 
 lustre. With this is a specimen of the sandstone used for the hearth 
 on which the fibrous silica was formed. 
 
 3117. Fibrous silica from the hearth of the Wingerworth 
 Blast Furnace, near Chesterfield. 
 
 Communicated by J. Blair. This shows the globular fibrous silica 
 adhering to the solid bear which has been consolidated. It has been 
 analysed and yields 99* 10 per cent, of silica, 0-80 per cent, of alumina 
 and mere traces of iron and lime. It occurred as a layer between the 
 bed and the iron. The bed was composed of red Mansfield sand, which 
 is altered throughout into a white quartzite, the iron only contained 2 00 
 per cent, of silicon. It is noticed in the Transactions of Iron and Steel 
 Institute, Vol. II., 1884, p. 575. 
 
 3118. A white substance which peals off the surface of iron 
 castings. 
 
 Communicated by E. Riley. It occurs when the castings are bad in 
 quality, it is loosely attached and can easily be separated. It probably 
 consists chiefly of silica. 
 
 3119. Spherical coat of radiately fibrous silica separated 
 from off the surface of a globule of cast iron. 
 
 Communicated by J. Turner, 1886. It was produced as follows : 
 Goran silicon pig with 10 per cent, of silicon was mixed with South 
 Staffordshire white cinder pig to produce a soft casting. Melting was 
 performed in a Stourbridge clay crucible, and after pouring the pot was 
 replaced in the fire and the whole allowed to cool. These globules of 
 iron were afterwards found within, some with the siliceous coat and some 
 without : the coating is quite soft. Its formation is believed to be due 
 to the presence of sulphur and silicon together in molten iron in an 
 oxidising atmosphere. 
 
 3120. Reduced nodule of clay ironstone from the breast of 
 an iron furnace. 
 
 Communicated by J. Turner. Blaina Iron Works. The nodule had 
 been fixed about 10 feet above the ground and was obtained when the 
 furnace was being repaired. It is now entirely metallic, but hollow in 
 the centre and porous. 
 
 3121. Old bear from the Russell Hall's Blast Furnaces, 
 Dudley, containing crystals of cyano-nitride of titanium. 
 
 In the smallest of these there is also some white crystalline material. 
 
359 
 
 3122. Cyano-nitride of titanium, contained in old bear, and 
 in pieces of cast iron associated. From Cwm-avon, Taibach. 
 
 3123. Cyano-nitride of titanium from a blast furnace at 
 Pontypool, South Wales. 
 
 The copper coloured mineral is here distributed in veins. The 
 furnace had been in blast for 2\ years. 
 
 3124. Cyano-nitride of titanium from the blast furnaces of 
 Bromford, near Birmingham. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Dawes. This is a very porous slag forming 
 part of the bear, in the crevices of which the copper coloured crystals 
 are formed. It was only observed in this furnace when Cumberland 
 haematite ores had been smelted. 
 
 3125. Bear of iron furnace at Bromford, containing 
 titanium. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Dawes. The crystals are here so finely 
 disseminated, that the substance can only be recognised by the colour. 
 
 3126. Bear, containing titanium, from the Russell Hall's 
 blast-furnace. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. A porous crystalline slag, with 
 an occasional tinge of brown, but the visible crystals are very minute. 
 
 3127. Cyano-nitride of titanium, from Herbert's Park Iron 
 Works. 
 
 Some of these show perfectly the crystallisation in cubes. For the 
 character of these crystals and their composition, see Percy's Metal- 
 lurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 510. 
 
 3128. Cyano-nitride of titanium, from the ironworks at 
 Fourchambault, Nievre. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Rees. 
 
 3129. Powdered and Isevigated titaniferous bear, in which 
 the crystals of cyano-nitride are separate and loose. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Noad. 
 
 3130. Piece of a " bear " from an iron furnace in Scotland. 
 
 It contains in addition to the small cubes of cyano-nitride of titanium 
 some green slag in cavities, and also some white, hollow, rhombo- 
 hedral (?) crystals. 
 
 3131. Scoriaceous " bear," locality unknown. 
 
 This contains abundant cubes of cyano-nitride of titanium, which are 
 slightly hopper shaped, also some brilliant black octahedral (?) crystals 
 and some greenish yellow opaque glass. 
 
 3132. Scoriaceous bear with iridescent crystals of cyano- 
 nitride of titanium. 
 
 This is very similar to the last, and is probably from the same 
 locality. 
 
360 
 
 3133. Cyano-nitride of titanium in the " bear " of the 
 Russell Hall's Furnaces, Dudley: 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. It is in large cubical crystals. 
 
 3134. Piece of " bear " consisting mostly of pig-iron, coated* 
 with some cyano-nitride of titanium, and showing here and 
 there some isolated white prismatic crystals of small size. 
 Locality unknown. 
 
 3135. Mixture of iron and charcoal from an old bear, 
 containing bands of crystalline cyano-nitride of titanium. 
 
 This shows the production of this compound under different circum- 
 stances to the others, viz., with the use of charcoal. 
 
 3136. Large mass of te bear," mostly composed of pig-iron, 
 much impregnated with cyano-nitride of titanium. 
 
 The cubical crystals are here imperfect, and the developed portions 
 are built up into various forms, among them some perfect octahedra, 
 as mentioned by Dr. Percy in his Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 511, 
 as occurring in a South Wales specimen, which may be this one. 
 
 3137. Mass of cyano-nitride of titanium imbedded in pig- 
 iron. 
 
 Very few isolated cubes are here seen, but the mass is built of octa- 
 hedra, strongly striated parallel to the base. In bulk it much resembles 
 copper, but is immediately distinguished by its greater hardness. 
 
 3138. Mass of pig-iron with cyano-nitride crystals on the 
 surface. 
 
 In this the octahedra are isolated, and no larger than the ordinary 
 cubic crystals. They are deeply striated, or even stepped parallel to 
 the base. 
 
 3139. Pig-iron mixed with unconsumed coal and infiltrated 
 with narrow veins of cyano-nitride of titanium, without any 
 clear signs of crystallisation.. 
 
 3140. Bear, with cyano-nitride of titanium, of a lighter tint 
 than usual. 
 
 3141. Scoriaceous bear, consisting of pig-iron, covered by 
 dark crystals. 
 
 These crystals resemble in every respect the cubes of cyano-nitride of 
 titanium, but they are black instead of red. Some even show the cop- 
 pery tint. They are doubtless only altered superficially. 
 
 3142. Scoriaceous bear, with abundance of small dull 
 crystals. 
 
 These are black in colour and mostly octahedral. They appear to 
 have a hopper-like growth, and they are associated with coppered 
 coloured crystals. 
 
361 
 
 3143. Bear, with two distinct sets of crystals. 
 
 The most abundant are octahedral. They are often coated over on ' 
 the surface so as to be dull, but within they are brilliant black. The 
 cubes of the c pan o- nitride of titanium are quite distinct. Compare Nos. 
 3131 and 3142. The specimens above, without localities assigned, 
 were obtained, either from the Russell Hall's Furnaces, Dudley ; the 
 Hematite Iron Furnaces, Workington, Cumberland, communicated by 
 C. Litt ; or from Catamarca, communicated by L. Quevedo ; but the " 
 specimens are mixed. 
 
 3144. Metallic zinc in the crevices of a blast furnace. 
 
 This escaped from the crevices in brickwork just over the twyer of a 
 blast-furnace at the Ebbw Vale Iron Works. The ore being smelted 
 was spathic carbonate from Perranlode, near Perranzabuloe, Cornwall, 
 and the ore as traced in depth soon changes to blende. This specimen 
 illustrates the possibility of zinc vapour being accidentally condensed 
 without any special arrangements for the purpose, as may have been the 
 case in the discovery of brass. See Percy's Metallurgy, 1861, p. 519. 
 Communicated by G. Parry. 
 
 3145. Blast-furnace calamine, or cadmia. From the Wear 
 Furnace, Washington, Durham. 
 
 A deposit of zinc oxide which forms round the throat of the furnace 
 when zinciferous iron ores are smelted. It consists of innumerable con- 
 centric layers of dark grey zinc oxide, with a green surface coating. 
 Communicated by W. Meredith. 
 
 3146. Masses of furnace calamine removed from a few feet 
 below the filling plates at the Russell Hall's Iron Furnace, 
 Dudley. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. The pieces are compact, some 
 black and some green, but are immediately recognised by their fine 
 lamination. 
 
 3147. Stalactitic form of zinc oxide, from the neck of a gas 
 culvert at the top of a furnace making spiegeleisen. 
 
 Either from Brown & Co.'s Works, Sheffield, or from Ebbw Vale. 
 Dirty yellow green in colour on the surface, but darker within. 
 
 3148. Crystallised oxide of zinc from a " scaffold " in one 
 of the Landore iron-smelting blast-furnaces. 
 
 Communicated by A. Willis, 1875. The crystals of zinc oxide are in 
 the form of incrustations on pieces of cinder. They are a yellowish- 
 green, and some grey or brown. Some of the incrustation is globular, 
 apparently coating the larger crystals, which are small stout hexa- 
 gonal prisms, modified by a pyramid and basal plane. 
 
 3149. Crystalline incrustation of oxide of zinc in the cavi- 
 ties of brickwork in No. 1 Furnace, Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Communicated by Gr. Parry. The crystals are very minute, and are 
 arranged in botryoidal clusters. They are narrow hexagonal prisms, 
 dark green, or discoloured so as to be dark grey. 
 
362 
 
 3150. Yellow crystals accompanying the oxide of zinc in 
 the above named cavities at Ebbw Vale. 
 
 These are perfect sulphur-yellow transparent octahedra. As some of 
 them are perfectly colourless, the yellow colour of the others must be 
 due to staining, and they are probably sal-ammoniac. They smell 
 strongly of sulphur when -heated, to the presence of which the colour is 
 doubtless due. 
 
 3151. Crystallised oxide of zinc from a " scaffold " in a 
 furnace in which Porman ores were being smelted. 
 
 Communicated by H. E. Hackney. The crystals are on the surface of 
 an incrustation, and are green and needle-like, consisting of hexagonal 
 prisms truncated by a basal plane. 
 
 3152. Incrustations of crystals of zinc oxide on the lining 
 bricks of the hearth in one of the blast-furnaces of the Tredegar 
 Iron Works, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by B. Cowper. The crystals have been analysed, and 
 yielded 100 1 3 per cent, of zinc oxide. Four distinct forms of crystals 
 have been recognised. The form is an hexagonal prism, terminated 
 by a basal plane, by a pyramid of the same order, or by both, and the 
 last combined with a second hexagonal prism. 
 
 3153. Incrustation of zinc oxide from the Halsbrucke Furnace, 
 Germany. 
 
 . On a burnt white brick. Some of the crystals are hexagonal prisms, 
 of a greenish-yellow colour. 
 
 3154. Zinc oxide from the iron furnaces of the Absacher 
 Works, at Kirn on the Rhine. 
 
 Communicated by Plattner, of Freiberg. On pieces of unsmelted clay 
 ironstone. In botryoidal clusters of small crystals, like No. 3149. 
 
 3155. Furnace product in the form of Diopside, from 
 Coopers Furnace. Philipsburg, New Jersey. 
 
 Communicated by G. J. Brush. They are white, transparent, inter- 
 lacing, prismatic crystals, found in the solid mass resting on the hearth 
 when the furnace was cooled, just above the twyers or 3 J ft, from 
 the bottom. They occurred nowhere else. The prisms have been 
 determined to be rhombic, whose acute angle is about 37, and are 
 truncated by a second prism. An analysis by Peter Collier gives 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime - - 
 
 Magnesia - 
 
 Ferrous oxide 
 
 Potash 
 
 Soda - 
 
 Calcium -. j 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 99-92 
 
363 
 
 From whence it is concluded that the mineral is a Diopside. See 
 Paper by G. J. Brush, Am. Journ. of Science, March 1865. 
 
 3156. Garnet produced in the base of an iron furnace at 
 Monkland, Scotland. 
 
 Examined by Professor W. H. Miller, who has published a description 
 of it in the Phil. Mag. 1858. There are several dark red, garnet-like 
 crystals in a drusy cavity on the surface of a stony bear. One of them 
 is a combination of a trapezohedron with a rhombic dodecahedron ; a 
 form very characteristic of natural garnets. This, in 1871, was the only 
 instance of a garnet occurring as a furnace product in this country. See 
 Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 509. 
 
 3157. Argentiferous lead from a blast-furnace in which 
 Porman ore was smelted. 
 
 Communicated by H. E. Hackney. It has run down in little irregu- 
 lar drops. 
 
 3158. Deposit of oxide of lead from the gutters of the iron 
 furnaces of the Absacher Works, at Kirn on the Rhine. 
 
 Communicated by Plattner. Fragments of a bright red amorphous 
 mass. 
 
 3159. Deposit of chloride of ammonium, obtained from 
 crevices in the brickwork of a blast-furnace at Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Communicated by W. Adams. This consists of deeply coloured 
 transparent octohedra. Compare Nos. 3150 and 3108. 
 
 3160. Brown and black minute crystals from a cavity in 
 the brickwork of No. 1 Furnace at the Ebbw Vale Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by Gk Parry. Too minute to determine. 
 i 
 
 3161. Blebs of lead oozing out from the surface of the bricks 
 in No. 1 Furnace at Ebbw Vale Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by G. Parry. 
 
 3162. Brass-yellow metallic-looking film from the surface 
 of a " horse " in a furnace at the Landore Iron Works, South 
 Wales. 
 
 Communicated by H. E. Head, 1881. The furnace was, working with 
 Bilbao and other Spanish ores, with a little from Llantrissaint, and had 
 been in blast about a year and a half. 
 
 3163. Mass that was originally clay, and which lay imme- 
 diately below the " bear " of an iron furnace at the Port Clarence 
 Works, Middlesborough. 
 
 It is now an indurated shale, with a tendency to split into flakes, but 
 is not in the least crystalline. 
 
 3164. Mass of sandstone which has been used in a hearth of 
 a blast-furnace at Russell Hall's Iron Works, South Staffordshire. 
 
364 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Black well. One specimen is in its original 
 state, the other has been for some years exposed to continuous heat. It 
 has thereby been changed into a quartzite, with disseminated particles 
 of iron. Although the sandstone is a tolerably coarse grained one, the 
 metamorphosed rock is very compact and not visibly crystalline. 
 
 3165. Portions of the hearth of a blast-furnace at the 
 Moukland Iron Works, Calder Bank, Glasgow. 
 
 These were from 18 in. to 3 ft. below the mouth of the twycrs. 
 The furnace had been in blast for 10 years, and was all built of brick. 
 Some portions of these may be garnetiferous. 
 
 3166. Miscellaneous pieces of " bear " of locality unknown, 
 probably from South Wales. 
 
 They may contain a variety of products. The specimen marked 1611 
 contains crystals which appear to be octahedra like those of magnetite. 
 In several are to be seen dark rounded masees, the colour of which is 
 like that of fused silicon, some enclosing crystals of cyuno-nitride of 
 titanium. 
 
 3167. Bear from the Russell Hall's Iron Furnace, South 
 Staffordshire, showing a white incrustation. 
 
 Some of the minute crystals are tinged with yellow. They are too 
 small to make out, but they resemble the zinc oxide. 
 
 3168. Portion of a et scaffold " in No. 8 Furnace at the Monk- 
 land Iron Works, Calder Bank, Glasgow. 
 
 Showing the state of the " scaffold ''' resting on the boshes thrown out 
 in an explosion which threw out about 200 tons at the tymp. It 
 is scoriaceous, and largely metallic. 
 
 3169. Conglomeration of coal dusj and cinder taken out of 
 the Kilgetty blast-Furnace, Saundersfoot, South Wales. 
 
 A compact coke-like mass, with numerous particles of green slag. 
 
 3170. Crystals deposited on a hard surface in an ironworks 
 in South Staffordshire, 1868. 
 
 Communicated by W. Farnworth. They are skeleton octahedra like 
 magnetite. Sometimes complete, often the edge is shorter on one side 
 than on the other, so that the boundary is open. 
 
 VARIETIES OF PIG-IRON OBTAINED BY SMELTING BRITISH ORES. 
 
 3171. Pig-iron obtained by smelting the Cumberland haema- 
 tite by the West Cumberland Heemitite Co. No. 1. 
 
 Uniformly blue-grey with a rather coarse crystalline fracture. On 
 analysis it yields 
 
 Graphite - 3-142 
 
 Silicon - - 2-900 
 
 Sulphur - 0-023 
 
365 
 
 Phosphorus - - 0-023 
 
 Manganese - - 0-075 
 
 Iron - - - 93-837 
 
 100-000 
 
 3172. Pig-iron obtained by smelting another ma-:s of ore 
 at the same furnaces. No. 2. 
 
 Also uniformly blue-grey, with a finer grained fracture. On analysis, 
 it yields 
 
 Graphite - - 2-993 
 
 Silicon - - 3-080 
 
 Sulphur 0-021 
 
 Phosphorus - - 0-021 
 
 Manganese - - - 0-079 
 
 Iron - .> 93-806 
 
 100-000 
 
 3173. Grey pig-iron, No. 1. Produced at the 'Ystalyfera. 
 Iron Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 Finer grained at the bottom than at the top. 
 
 3174. Grey pig-iron, No. 2. Produced at the Ystalyfera 
 Iron Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 .The grain is coarsest inside. 
 
 3175. Grey pig-iron. No. 3. Produced at the Ystalyfera 
 Iron Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 The grain is very like that of No. 2. The ores used at these furnaces 
 were the argillaceous ironstones of the South Wales Coal Measures 
 with a proportion of haematite from Ulverstone. 
 
 3176. Bright iron. Produced at the Ystalyfera Iron Fur- 
 naces, South Wales. 
 
 This is closer grained than the others. 
 
 3177. Mottled iron. Produced at the Ystalyfera Iron 
 Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 A cross fragment of a pig finely spotted grey and white, and with a 
 very fine grain. 
 
 3178. White iron. Produced at the Ystalyfera Iron Fur- 
 naces, South Wales, 
 
 Fine grained and compact, with crystals feebly shown, radiating from 
 the surface to meet in the centre. 
 
 3179. Grey pig-iron. Produced at the Newland Furnaces, 
 Ulverstone, Lancashire, 1856. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper. A small pig of varying grain, said to- 
 be kishy. The slag from this- -smelting is No. 2989. 
 
366 
 
 3180. Close grey pig-iron. Produced at the Newland 
 Furnace, Ulverstone, 1856. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper. Irregular in the grain. The slag 
 from this smelting is No. 2991. 
 
 3181. "Mottley" pig-iron. Produced at the Newland 
 Furnace, Ulverstone. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper, 1856. A coarse pig, with casting 
 material imbedded, mostly composed of white iron with a radiate 
 crystallisation from the surface, the materials in the centre being spotted 
 with grey iron. 
 
 3182. White iron. Produced at the Newland Furnace, 
 "Ulverstone. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper, 1856. A small pig entirely crystalline, 
 the crystals radiating inwards from the surface. 
 
 3183. White pig-iron. Produced at the Newland Furnace, 
 Ulverstone. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Roper. This is white iron crystallising from 
 the surface, with hollow air-blown cavities. This iron is unsaleable and 
 is the result of a long continuance of bad working, so that the ore comes 
 down to the twyers in a raw and unaltered state. The slag produced 
 in this smelting is No. 2995. 
 
 3184. Grey pig-iron. Produced at the Gartsherrie Furnaces. 
 Communicated by Mr. Davis. A very fine grained iron. 
 
 3185. " Langloan " pig-iron. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Davis. A rather coarse grained crystalline 
 iron. 
 
 3186. Pig of cast iron, showing white iron round the edges 
 and grey iron in the centre. Locality unknown. 
 
 3187. Grey pig-iron from Dallmillington. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Davis. It is a shallow pig, and has an ex- 
 cessively fine grain, slightly mottled with white iron. 
 
 3188. Mottled pig-iron, almost entirely white with only a 
 few spots of grey iron near the centra Locality unknown. 
 
 3189. White iron showing radiating structure. 
 
 The surface is nearly an accurate circle whose centre is at the spot 
 whence the crystalline fibres diverge with the greatest regularity. 
 
 3190. Vesicular pig-iron. Produced at Russell Hall's Fur- 
 naces, Dudley. 
 
 The iron is uniformly interspersed with hollow round vesicles, 
 occupying about half the bulk of the pig. 
 
367 
 
 3191. Pig-iron produced at the Summit Foundry, West 
 Bromwich. 
 
 Communicated by R. Farley, 1881. This class of pig is used for 
 casting chilled rolls for rolling sheets of iron. 
 
 3192. Mixture of iron. Produced at the Summit Foundry, 
 West Bromwich. 
 
 Communicated by E. Farley. A special mixture used for rolls that 
 are required for rolling steel plates. It is of great tensile strength, and 
 will stand expansion and contraction. 
 
 3193. Iron called " Hange Pig." 
 Two samples. Moderately fine grained. 
 
 3194. Mottled iron. Produced at Ystalyfera Iron Furnaces, 
 North Wales. 
 
 A shallow pig the border of which is radiately crsytallised white iron, 
 the interior for more than half the bulk is granular grey iron. 
 
 3195. Pig-iron in two varieties. Produced in the furnaces 
 of the West Cumberland Haematite Co. 
 
 The iirst variety is of a lighter colour than the second. They are 
 made from a mixture of the hard and soft haematite with Marlyhill coke, 
 using the hot blast. 
 
 3196. Common white forge pig-iron. From the Dowlais 
 Furnaces, South Wales, 1871. 
 
 A broad shallow pig, of a light tint, but showing no crystallisation, 
 and perfectly and finely granular. 
 
 3197. Small piece of white pig-iron. From the Cyfartha 
 Iron Works, South Wales, 1859. 
 
 One side shows a pitted surface, with round depressions, like the 
 prints of rain drops, on the other are some minute conical protuberances 
 like icicles. 
 
 3198. Ballast pig-iron from Portsmouth Dockyard. 
 
 A broad mass of mottled cast iron with a coarser mottling on one side 
 than on the other. 
 
 3199. Two samples of pig-iron made at Whitehaven Furnaces, 
 from the Cumberland haematite, one by the aid of fluxes and 
 the other without. 
 
 Communicated by W. Randleson, 1851. Sample No. 1 has been 
 smelted without the fluxes. It is found to be irregular in structure, 
 very compact externally, and fibrous and loose internally with a red tinge 
 probably due to unreduced ore. It is also found to be weaker. Sample 
 "No. 2 is from the same ore treated with usual limestone flux and is more 
 regular in the grain. 
 
368 
 
 3200. Pig-iron said to be rich in silicon. 
 
 Used in producing gun-steel by the open hearth process at the 
 Arsenal, Woolwich. Procured in 1884. Exteriorly it is a white iron, 
 within there are drusy cavities "lined with brilliant black crystals, of 
 undetermined nature. 
 
 3201. Pig-iron from the Whitehaven Haematite Iron Com- 
 pany, Cleator Moor. 
 
 Analysed by C. Tookey, gives-- 
 
 Carbon - 2-99 
 
 Silicon - 2-60 
 
 Phosphorus - 0*05 
 
 Sulphur - 0-16 
 
 Manganese , 0-56 
 
 Iron - - - US - 93-64 
 
 100-00 
 
 3202. Pig-iron, No. 1. Analysed for Messrs. Cammel, 1874. 
 
 It contains 5-71 per cent of silicon, 3 '46 per cent, of carbon (com- 
 bined or uncombined), and 0-43 per cent, of titanium. 
 
 3203. Pig-iron, No. 2. Analysed for Messrs. Caramel, 1874. 
 It contains 5-81 per cent, of silicon, and 3-46 per cent, of carbon. 
 
 3204. Pig-iron, No. 3. Analysed for Messrs. Cammel, 1874. 
 
 It contains 5 '375 per cent, of silicon, 36-44 per cent, of carbon, and 
 0-22 per cent, of titanium. 
 
 3205. Pig-iron, No. 4. Analysed for Messrs. Cammel, 1874. 
 
 It contains 5-35 per cent, of silicon and -3-57 per cent, of carbon. 
 All these four pigs are of grey iron with a uniform rather fine grain. 
 
 3206. Pig-iron made from hard haematite ores and containing 
 2'2 per cent, of silicon. From the Whitehaven Haematite Com- 
 pany's Furnaces. 
 
 3207. Pig-iron made from soft haematite .ores, and containing 
 1'87 per cent, of silicon. From the Whitehaven Haematite 
 Company's Furnaces. 
 
 3208. Pig-iron made from a mixture of hard and soft haema- 
 tite ores and containing 2 64 per cent, of silicon. From the- 
 Whitehaven Haematite Company's Furnaces. 
 
 Of these irons all are grey, the first two are fine grained, the last is 
 coarser. 
 
 3209. Pig-iron containing 7-5 per cent, of silicon. Front 
 Dowlais Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by E. Riley, 1859. It was made many years pre- 
 viously from a very weak black band of the Coal Measures. It is very 
 
369 
 
 white in tint and said to be very fluid when melted. The amount of 
 silicon confirmed by W. Weston. 
 
 3210. Pig-iron rich in phosphorus. 
 
 Communicated by F. Abel, 1859. The portion which remained 
 longest melted, and consequently which was the last to solidify, contained 
 the most phosphorus. The larger piece shows an external coating of 
 white iron and the inner part is grey. The small piece belongs entirely 
 to the outer coat of white iron. 
 
 3211. Filings of pig-iron. Analysed by W. Weston. Locality 
 not stated. 
 
 It contains 
 
 Iron - - - 
 
 Graphite 
 
 Silicon - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Phosphorus - 
 
 Manganese 
 
 99-86 
 
 3212. Iron said to contain 19 per cent, of silicop. 
 
 It is acted on with great difficulty by hydrochloric acid. Communi- 
 cated by W. Flight, received from Lawrence Smith, United States, 
 1880. 
 
 3213. Illustration of the working of ilmenite as an ore. 
 
 Consisting of a mass of ilmenite, a fragment of a cast iron bar pro- 
 duced from it, which is fine in the grain and mottled in colour, and the 
 slag which accompanies it, which is opaque, glassy, and tinted with blue.. 
 Communicated by E. Riley. 
 
 3214. Pig-iron remelted, said to contain phosphorus. 
 
 Two samples communicated by J. P. Marrian, Birmingham. Both 
 show a copper-coloured tarnish, one is "scoriaceous and has arborescent 
 crystallisation, the other is still more copper-tinted. 
 
 3215. Sample of chilling iron, cast at the London Road Iron 
 Foundry, Edinburgh. 
 
 Communicated by H. Louis, 1880. It is a mixture of several different 
 kinds of pig-iron, and shows a remarkable change from grey to white 
 iron, passing from one side of the ingot to the other. The white fibrous 
 crystallisation dies out amidst the dark grey particles. The white iron 
 is more compact on the exterior surface than the grey. On analysis, 
 before chilling the mixture yields 
 
 Graphite - 3-0 
 
 Carbon combined - 0-5 
 
 Silicon - 1-0 
 
 Phosphorus - 0-3 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-1 
 
 U C1955. AA 
 
370 
 
 Manganese 
 Iron - 
 
 100-00 
 
 3216. " Llynvi " iron, recast from the pig. From ironworks 
 near Bridgend, Glamorganshire. 
 
 The iron is chiefly smelted from the black band ironstone of the 
 Coal Measures. It is very red short. Communicated by Mr. Crawshay. 
 
 3217. Specimens illustrating experiments on chill-casting of 
 iron in Portsmouth Dockyard. 
 
 Communicated by W. Weston, 1868. The castings are from the 
 mottled ballast iron, No. 3198. Two of them were cast in sand, the one 
 from the most mottled iron still showing some mottling in the centre ; and 
 two are cast in metal, in which the iron has a crystalline fracture radiat- 
 ing from the surface. 
 
 FOREIGN PIG-!BONS. 
 
 3218. Light fluid iron, made from bog-iron ore. 
 
 It is cast in a small ingot, and is said to be very brittle and only to 
 be used when mixed with grey iron. Obtained from A. Krantz. 
 
 3219. Crystalline white iron, smelted from Elba ore, by means 
 of charcoal. 
 
 Communicated by Messrs. Hunt of the Brades, 184ft. 
 
 3220. White rough iron. From the Grosteiner ore, smelted 
 at Malapane, Upper Silesia. 
 
 A piece of a small ingot. Obtained from A. Krantz. 
 
 3221. Iron made from chrome iron ore in Upper Silesia. 
 
 A small porous fragment of a pouring. Obtained from A. Krantz. 
 Examined by A. Dick, and found to contain no chromium. 
 
 3222. Iron from the Gleiwitz Furnace, Upper Silesia. 
 
 Obtained from A. Krantz. It has been for a whole year in a fluid 
 condition. It is now coarsely crystalline. 
 
 3223. Pig-iron from Finspong, Ostgothland, Sweden. 
 
 Communicated by C. Eckman. Gothenburg, 1848. It is a turning 
 out of a cylindrical mass, broken across to show the fracture. This is 
 mottled white and grey ; the white iron forming a network seen on the 
 cut surface. 
 
 3224. A second example of pig-iron from Finspong. 
 In this there is more grey than white iron. 
 
371 
 
 3225. A third example of mottled pig-iron from Finspong. 
 
 This shows extremely well the mottled appearance produced by the 
 white iron forming a network in which the grey iron is enclosed. 
 This iron is only used for ordnance purposes. It contains a notable 
 proportion of sulphur ; in fact, some ore containing pyrites is in- 
 tentionally added to the charge in order to supply the iron with sulphur, 
 which adds to its strength. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and bteel, 
 p. 554. A similar structure has been intentionally produced by adding 
 sulphide of iron to grey pig-iron. See Percy's loc. cit., p. 133. 
 
 3226. White iron from a Swedish furnace, showing a very 
 coarse crystalline fracture. 
 
 3227. Swedish charcoal pig-iron from Bjorneborg. 
 
 Communicated by C. Sandberg. It is made from the Persberg ore, 
 and has been cast into a flat iron dish. The portion which has cooled 
 in contact with the bottom and side has produced white iron, which is in 
 large crystals, separated by a sharp line from the granular grey iron of 
 the upper surface. 
 
 3228. Swedish pig-iron, cast in an iron mould, and showing 
 distinct separation of the grey and white iron. 
 
 Pos3ibly from the same casting as the last. 
 
 3229. Pig-iron from the Finspong Iron Works, Norkoping, 
 Sweden. 
 
 Examined by W. J. Ward, and found to contain copper, 1 365 per 
 cent. 
 
 3230. Pig-iron cast in chill, at the Finspong Iron Works, 
 Norkoping. 
 
 Analysis by Andreas Gull. It contains 
 
 Iron - 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime - - 
 
 Magnesia - 
 
 Silica - - .;-'. 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Phosphorus - 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 100-83 
 
 This, therefore, notably differs from the previous on-^s in the almost 
 total absence of sulphur. It has been re-cast ; the sides and base are 
 white, the centre is minutely mottled ; but all is of very fine grain. 
 
 3231. Fragment of grey pig-iron brought from India, and 
 said to be of very good quality. 
 
 It is 'dark and very finely granular. 
 
 A A 2 
 
372 
 
 3232. Pig-iron from Madras, called "grey." 
 
 It is part of an ingot, almost entirely composed of white iron, with a 
 long crystalline fracture. 
 
 3233. Foundry pig-iron, No. 1. Produced at the Dunbar 
 Iron Works, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is smelted from J Lake Superior ores, and " Native " ores, and 
 cast in a large pig, with coarse fracture. 
 
 3234. Foundry pig-iron, No. 1. Produced at the Dunbar 
 Iron Works, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is smelted from i Lake Superior ores, f " Native " ores, and 
 -J mill cinder. 
 
 3235. Foundry pig-iron, No. 2. Produced at the Dunbar 
 Iron Works, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is smelted from i Canadian ore, 4 mill cinder, and the rest of 
 "Native "ore. 
 
 3236. Standard forge pig-iron. Produced at the Dunbar 
 Iron Works, Pennsylvania. 
 
 It is smelted from i Lake Superior ores, f Canadian .ore, and 
 f "Native" ore. It is of finer grain than the foundry pig irons. 
 
 3237. No. 2 iron from the Iron Works of Newark, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 A very finely crystalline white iron ; the fibrous crystallisation not 
 been visible in a fracture transverse to the length. This is originally 
 derived from franklinite, an ore of zinc (see No. 1255), which after 
 extraction of the zinc (see No. 2930) is treated for iron. 
 
 ANCIENT PIG-!RONS. 
 
 3238. Ancient pig-iron from the Forest of Dean. 
 
 This is the grey iron which was made in the Forest of Dean in the 
 16th century, probably very soon after the discovery of pig-iron had 
 been made. Communicated by D. Mushet from Col. Yorke's collection. 
 The next is the accompanying slag. 
 
 3239. Blast furnace slag from ancient iron smelting works 
 of the 16th century in the Forest of Dean, 
 
 Associated with the pig-iron above. It is partly groenish-grey> 
 and compact, and partly a purplish glass. From Col. Yorke's 
 collection. 
 
 3240. Chips of cast iron belonging to the 14th or 15th 
 century. 
 
 These small pieces were chipped from the interior of a bombard of the 
 14th or 15th century; found in the ditch of Bodiham Castle, and 
 afterwards exhibited at Battle Abbey. Its bore was 15 inches, and it 
 
373 
 
 was strengthened externally by wrought-iron hoops. These pieces of 
 cast iron prove the discovery of that material as distinguished from 
 wrought iron, prior to the date named. Communicated by J. H. Lefroy. 
 
 SPIEGELEISEN. 
 
 3241. Spiegeleisen from Messrs. Bird & Co. 
 
 Very white and well crystallised with a dark tarnish. Analysed by 
 W. J. Ward. It contains : 
 
 Carbon - - - - 5-0.5 
 
 Silica - - - - 0-23 
 
 Phosphorus - - 0-04 
 
 Sulphur - - 0-01 
 
 Manganese - - - 2-96 
 
 Iron by difference - 91*71 
 
 100-00 
 
 3242. Spiegeleisen from Rudolf, Wolff & Co. 
 
 With a very bro\vn tarnish. It contains 7-25 per cent, of man- 
 ganese. 
 
 3243. Spiegeleisen from Mr. Attwood. From Tow Law 
 Works, Durham. 
 
 Examined by W. J. Ward. It contains 2-16 per cent, of manganese. 
 Compare the analysis of a similar specimen by W. J. Ward in Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 534. 
 
 3244. Spiegeleisen from Dowlais Iron Works, South 
 Wales. 
 
 Analysed by W. J. Ward. 
 
 3245. Spiegeleisen, containing 12 '7 per cent, of man- 
 ganese. 
 
 Communicated by E. W. Harvey. 
 
 3246. Spiegeleisen manufactured frum the residue of 
 Franklinite at Shirley Works, New Jersey, U.S.A. 
 
 Communicated by J. Bauerman, 1866. See an analysis of a similar 
 specimen in Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 534. 
 
 3247. Spiegeleisen showing well marked crystalline forms. 
 
 Communicated by John Brown & Co., Atlas Iron Works, Sheffield. 
 Some of the forms closely approach oblique rhombs. 
 
 3248. Spiegeleisen from an unknown locality. 
 
 3249. Mass of cast iron resembling Spiegeleisen uninten- 
 tionally produced at the Longton End Iron Works, Longton, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 The furnace was charged with one third of Froghall Hydrate ore, 
 about one third of " Bassy and Red " Mines, and one third the lean 
 
374 
 
 ores of the neighbourhood, the fuel was the " ash " of the neighbour- 
 hood, with a small proportion of Durham coal. Communicated by J. 
 Goddard and Sons.- 
 
 3250. Another specimen of the same accidental spiegeleisen, 
 showing flat thin crystalline plates. 
 
 3251. Spiegeleisen with a crystalline surface of thin 
 iridescent laminae which cross each other. 
 
 Communicated by the Bowling Iron Co., Bradford, Yorkshire. From 
 a German brand of spiegeleisen " au." On analysis the bulk was 
 found to contain 0*32 per cent, of silicon, 0-023 per cent, of sulphur* 
 0-096 per cent, of phosphorus, and 10-71 to 10-78 per cent, of 
 manganese. 
 
 3252. Spiegeleisen with large surface crystals of thin 
 tabular form, which are coated over with some crystals of 
 graphite which have separated out on cooling. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. L. Beck, Darmstadt. 
 
 3253. Spiegeleisen with very well defined cleavage surfaces. 
 Locality unknown. 
 
 3254. Spiegeleisen made at Landore from Carthagena 
 ores. 
 
 It contains about 10 or 12 per cent, of manganese, and 3 or 4 per 
 cent, of silicon. Communicated by H. E. Hackney. 
 
 3255. Specimens of spiegeleisen in the form of large 
 separate plate-like crystals. 
 
 3256. Oils obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on 
 spiegeleisen. 
 
 The deep coloured oil is the crude oil, the rest have been separated 
 by distillation, and came off respectively at the temperatures 200-210 
 F., 210-230, 230-250, 250-270, and above 270 F. Experiments 
 by C. Tookey. 
 
 SPECIAL CRYSTALLISATIONS OF IRON. 
 
 3257. Cast iron crystallised as an octahedron. 
 
 Communicated by G-. Matthey, 1871. It has a rough surface, and is 
 of complex origin. 
 
 3258. Cast iron artificially crystallised in octahedra. 
 
 From the DemidofF Iron Works, Siberia, 1880. The octahedra 
 occur in a drusy cavity, and are mostly striped parallel to the sides by a 
 succession of growths. 
 
 3259. Section of coke-pig, produced by hot blast at the 
 Londonderry Furnaces, Nova Scotia, showing here and there, 
 some octahedral crystals. 
 
 Communicated by H. Louis. 
 
375 
 
 3260. Crystallised pig-iron, produced at the Russell Hall's 
 Furnaces, Dudley. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell before 1851. It is a surface 
 formation of rectangular crystals occasionally arranged in an arborescent 
 form. 
 
 3261. Arborescent crystals of cast iron, from the centre of 
 a block cast for the fortifications of Todleben, 1880. 
 
 3262. Arborescent crystals of cast iron, from Staffordshire. 
 
 3263. Arborescent crystallisation in cast iron from the 
 Clyde Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by D. Mushet from Col. Yorke's collection, 1875. 
 These crystals are so arranged as to form in many cases skeleton 
 octahedra. 
 
 3264. Crystallised pig-iron, locality unknown. 
 
 This is not arborescent, but consists of numerous skeleton octahedra 
 placed one on top of the other so as to form a tetragonal pyramid, which 
 is terminated by the final octahedron. 
 
 3265. " Kishy " pig-iron with large crystals. 
 
 From the Newland Iron Furnaces, Ulverstone, Lancashire. Com- 
 municated by E. Roper. This is obviously not from a regular pig, but 
 a portion of the iron which did not go into the moulds ; it contains a 
 piece of imbedded stone. 
 
 3266. Very largely crystalline cast iron. From the Elswick 
 Works, 1868 ? 
 
 The surfaces are brilliant ; they meet at acute angles, and have their 
 faces obliquely striated, and there is nothing to show them to be 
 isometric. The fragment is not from a pig, but from a flat cake, and it 
 contains several pieces of imbedded stone. 
 
 3267. Very largely crystalline cast iron. From the Elswick 
 Works, Newcastle -on-Tyne, 1867. 
 
 Communicated by E. S. Noble. This is also from a flat mass, the 
 crystals on one side are immense. Their faces are striated by two sets 
 of lines, making angles of 60 as though the system was hexagonal. 
 The other side has the ordinary fine crystals of grey iron. 
 
 3268. Kishy iron produced at the Blaina Iron Works, 
 Newport, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Communicated by J. F. Davis. The metal shows coarsely crystalline 
 plates, or a graphitic appearance, and crossed by lines making angles of 
 60 with each other. It occurred when the burden was very light ; and 
 composed of Redmine calcined ironstone, a small portion of burnt 
 cinders and very strong coal and coke, the furnace working with hot 
 blast. The iron adheres firmly to a coating of slag. 
 
 3269. Pig of cast iron, showing a layer of larger crystals at 
 some depth from the surface. Locality unknown. 
 
376 
 
 3270. Crystalline iron from No. 1 Furnace, Chapel Hall, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 PIG-IRON PRODUCED UNDER SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES. 
 
 3271. Columnar iron forming part of the " bear " or " horse " 
 of a blast furnace at Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Communicated by G . Parry, Junr. The iron is crystalline, as seen at 
 the ends of the long narrow columns, which are 5 or 6 sided. 
 
 3272. Iron accumulating on the bottom of a blast furnace 
 and forming the " bear " or " horse." 
 
 It shows a well-marked columnar structure. From the Ebbw Vale 
 Iron Works. 
 
 3273. Iron from the furnace bottom at one of the furnaces 
 at Els wick, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Communicated by E. S. Noble, 1873. It has very large cleavage 
 surfaces, which are cracked rectangularly and parallel to, or making 
 equal angles with rectangular strise. There are some large toles which 
 have a golden tinge. Compare No. 3122. 
 
 3274. Iron from furnace bottom at one of the furnaces at 
 Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Communicated by E. S. Noble, 1873. This, though from the same 
 works, is not brilliant like the last, but has a kishy appearance. The 
 cleavage planes meet obliquely and the striae make angles of 60 
 with each other. The under surface is covered with graphite. Com- 
 pare Nos. 3266, 3267. 
 
 3275. Crystallised iron from the " bear " of a blast 
 furnace. 
 
 It is very white, and shows columns ranged parallel to the top and 
 bottom surfaces. 
 
 3276. Very columnar iron from the " bear" of a blast 
 furnace. 
 
 The long narrow columns are parallel to the upper and lower surfaces. 
 The iron is very white in colour. Some wrought iron made from this 
 accompanies it. 
 
 3277. Piece of the old "horse" from Gwyther Forge, 
 Abercarn. 
 
 It is a finely granular white iron. Produced by charcoal. 
 
 3278. Piece of an old "bear" from Bilston Furnaces, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 It shows a curved columnar structure, more or less perpendicular to 
 the surface of the bear. It is produced by long continued heat. 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell, 1856. 
 
377 
 
 3279. Portion of a remelted "horse" from the bottom of a 
 blast furnace at Wolsingham, near Darlington, containing an 
 extraordinary proportion of silicon. 
 
 Communicated by Chas. Atwood, 1867. It has a peculiar grey lustre, 
 aud is frothy and porous. It has been described by Dr. Percy in the* 
 Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute. The furnace had been 
 long in blast, and this was the last portion that melted on increasing 
 the blast and adding coke and lime in order to clear out the bottom of 
 the furnace. There was about 1 ton of this material. Sandstone, with 
 iron diffused occurs in the furnace which might be reduced to silicon, 
 It has been analysed by W. J. Ward and contains; 
 
 Silicon - - - 15-378 
 
 Carbon - 0'787 
 
 Phosphorus - O'lia 
 
 Sulphur - 0-088 
 
 Manganese - - 3 '425 
 
 Copper - 0-083 
 
 Nickel and cobalt - traces 
 
 Lime- - - 0-424 
 
 Magnesia, alumina, &c. - traces 
 
 Iron (by difference) - - 79 '702 
 
 100-000 
 
 3280. Portion of a bear 1 in a furnace of the Wigan Coal 
 and Iron Co., Lancashire. 
 
 It consists of numerous small round blebs of metal, now coloured 
 bro'j n, imbedded in a matrix of blue earthy looking material, and is 
 certainly not pure iron. On analysis it yielded 
 
 Silica (including Silicon) 
 Total carbon - 
 Manganous oxide 
 Lime - 
 Magnesia 
 Phosphorus - 
 Sulphur 
 Iron 
 
 100-81 
 
 It has been re-fused under plate glass and the metallic portion has 
 sunk to the bottom, and a brown glassy slag has formed at the top. 
 The metal is of mottled iron, and consists of nodular fibrous crystals 
 intercrossing at right angles. 
 
 SLAGS PRODUCED IN THE FINING OP PIG-IRON TO OBTAIN 
 WROUGHT IRON. 
 
 3281. Slag from the fineries at the Bloomfield Iron Works, 
 Dudley. 
 
 This is composed of a number of interlocking large flat plates, whose 
 surfaces are covered with numerous dull coloured rectangular pyramids 
 which grow one over the other. 
 
378 
 
 3282. Slag or tap cinder. From the finery at Bloomfield 
 Works, Dudley. 
 
 This is covered with strong crests, composed of the angles of a 
 number of overlapping pyramids, whose other edges stand out from 
 the side. 
 
 3283. Large mass of slag or tap cinder from an iron 
 finery. Locality unknown. 
 
 The surface of this slag is covered by numerous crests in the form of 
 oblique rhombs, which are made up of a number of pyramids ranged in 
 lines and overlapping, which gives them a grooved appearance, and each 
 of these minor crests is itself made up of smaller pyramids. The body 
 of the slag is compact, but crystalline in parts. It is divided into 
 several partial layers by bands of gas holes, which are lined with a 
 silvery coat, which also covers the crystals here formed. The under 
 side, is covered with excessively low oblong pyramids, the remoter 
 parts of which are covered with the ,ame silvery covering. 
 
 3284. Iron finery slag from an unknown locality. 
 
 The surface consists of large narrow crests, which are built up of 
 similar plate-like crystals lying close together, the centre one extending 
 furthest, Each plate is also complex and has the form of a very low 
 pyramid. A section of the under side of this specimen has been taken 
 for microscopical examination. 
 
 3285. Another specimen from the same mass. 
 
 This shows the same crest-covered surface, but the crests are com- 
 posed of numerous pyramids, whose solid angles jag their edges as in 
 No. 3282. 
 
 3286. Another specimen from the same furnaces. 
 
 The surface is not here in crests, but in peaks, by the superposition 
 of the pyramids round a vertical line. 
 
 3287. Another specimen from the same furnaces. 
 
 The broad surface of the thin plates or low pyramids seen in No. 3284 
 is here along the top of the slag, which is covered with these scale-like 
 crystals. 
 
 3288. Another specimen from the same furnaces. 
 
 In this, which is a thinner mass, the low plate-like pyramids are 
 arranged nearly parallel to the surface, which they merely ridge in 
 different directions. 
 
 3289. Another specimen from the same furnaces, 
 
 The surface is covered by very narrow brilliant crests, standing 
 vertically. They are the separate low pyramids, not combined into large 
 ones as in No. 3284. 
 
 3290. Finery slag from another furnace. Locality unknown. 
 It has several spiny outgrowths consisting of superimposed octrahedra. 
 
379 
 
 3291. Finery slag. Locality unknown. 
 
 Its surface is covered with medium sized crests, which stand vertically. 
 They are each composed of a complexity of linear crystals arranged 
 obliquely. 
 
 3292. Calcined cinder from the mill. Locality unknown. 
 
 These are covered with numerous perfect pyramids belonging to the 
 oblique system. They are coated with a brown deposit which renders 
 the faces dull. 
 
 3293. Scoriaceous cinder. Locality unknown. 
 
 This is full of holes on the under side, but on the surface are 
 numerous dull crystals of forms belonging to the rhombic system, mostly 
 rectangular pyramids, but sometimes a combination of several forms. 
 
 3294. Calcined tap cinder. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass of inferior quality, containing 77-81 per cent, of 
 ferric oxide and no ferrous oxide. 
 
 3295. Calcined tap cinder. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass of superior quality. It contains 86 48 per cent, 
 of ferric oxide and a scarcely appreciable quantity of ferrous oxide. 
 These two have been determined by R. Smith. 
 
 3296. Tap cinder. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Kitson. Semi-scoriaceous-below, but in the 
 open cavities covered with brilliant black orthorhombic pyramids of 
 small size. 
 
 3297. Tap cinder calcined. From the Brader Works, Old- 
 bury, 1861. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass, all the cavities are lined with minute, but brilliant 
 black crystals, in the form of orthorhombic pyramids. These are said to 
 be of " iron olivine." 
 
 3298. Iridescent tap cinder from the Blaina Iron Works. 
 
 This appears to be partly composed of the sand of the hearth, on 
 which was condensed here and there some blue material (salt of 
 copper ?) passing at its edges to purple. 
 
 3299. Calcined tap cinder called " bull dog " when used for 
 the bottom of a puddling furnace. 
 
 Burnt in a kiln at Ebbw Vale, 1865, according to Barrows and Halls 
 patent. A scoriaceous mass with blue coated cavities. 
 
 3300. Calcined tap cinder or bull dog, broken up by crush- 
 ing between rolls. 
 
 It is used in this state for fettling the puddling furnace. 
 
 3301. Crystallised slag in layers. Locality unknown. 
 
 In the centre the layers separate and crystals are formed, they appear 
 to be octahedral, but are too ill-formed for determination, the whole 
 has a bluish tinge. 
 
380 
 
 3302. Mill furnace slag showing iron olivine crystals. 
 From the Warrington Wire Company's Iron Works, 1871. 
 
 Contains minute iridescent crystals apparently of the rhombic system 
 coating a shallow depression. 
 
 3303. Crystallised tap cinder. 
 
 Showing coarse vertical crests, each of which is serrated by the 
 parallel edges of a number of overlapping skeleton pyramids (labelled 
 12a, stated to have been analysed by Dr. Percy, but it does not corre- 
 spond to the No. 12 of his Report on Crystalline Slags). 
 
 3304. Crystalline tap cinder. Locality unknown. 
 
 The surface is composed of dark dull oblique pyramids like those 
 of No. 3292. 
 
 3305. Crystals on the surface of a tap cinder. 
 
 The bulk is slightly scoriaceous, on the surface are some isolated dull 
 crystals showing very perfectly the double-ended oblique pyramids. 
 
 3306. Crystalline tap cinder. 
 
 Apparently calcined, being very scoriaceous, the small crystals coating 
 the upper parts and the cavities. They consist for the most part of 
 orthorhombic pyramids, truncated by basal planes. The figure is given 
 in Dr. Percy's Report on Crystalline Slags (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1846, 
 p. 366), and is best seen in this specimen. 
 
 3307. Crystals of silicate of iron of the formula 2 FeO, 
 SiO 2 , on the surface of a finery slag. 
 
 From the collection of Col. Yorke. The slag is very thin and the 
 surface is coated with projecting black crystals of the form of thin 
 rhomboid plates. 
 
 3308. Crystalline tap cinder. 
 
 Showing tabular crystals of t( iron olivine " bevelled by the faces of 
 a pyramid. 
 
 3309. Magnetite crystals on the surface of a calcined heap 
 of refinery forge and mill cinder from Blaina Iron Works, South 
 Wales. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Hoffman, 1858. They are in the form of 
 rhombic dodecahedra, with brilliant faces. 
 
 3310. Stony mass in the form of a finery slag from Blaina 
 Iron Works. 
 
 Communicated by C. Hoffman. It is dark and cavernous, the surface 
 is covered with brown pseudomorphous oblique pyramids, many of 
 which are skeletons, but they are not at all metallic when broken. With 
 this is a large crystal, equally pseudomorphous, consisting of a double 
 pyramid on an oblong base with an oblique axis. 
 
 3311. Spherical hollow globules of magnetic oxide of iron. 
 
 These are produced in large quantities in the fining of iron when 
 jets of atmospheric air are made to impinge at a steep angle upon 
 
381 
 
 molten cast iron. They are strongly attracted by the magnet. Analysed 
 by R. Smith. 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 28-91 
 
 Ferric oxide - 37*44 
 
 Silica - 24-10 
 Alumina, with smajl quantities of lime 
 
 and magnesia, &c. - 9-55 
 
 100-00 
 
 From the Blaiua Iron Works, Cyfartha, South Wales. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, pp. 21 and 624. 
 
 3312. Shot-like slag projected from the finery furnace at 
 the Bowling Iron Works, Yorkshire. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Gilchrist, 1871. They are all of them. hollow 
 and black. 
 
 3313. Compact finery-slag, with a surface of small rhombic 
 crystals referred to " iron olivine." 
 
 Very brilliant and iridescent ; either plate-like or domed. 
 
 3314. Minutely crystalline piece of finery-slag. 
 
 Examined by Professor Miller, who reports the crystals to consist of 
 octahedra of magnetite, with small needles, which are an aggregation of 
 transparent crystals of the form of olivine, but they attract the magnet. 
 Some of the magnetite crystals are a combination of the octahedron and 
 rhombic dodecahedron. 
 
 3315. Group of crystals from a finery-slag. 
 
 These are the transparent plates of a brown colour, which cross each 
 other. Examined by Professor Miller, who reports that they have the 
 form of olivine, with a very distinct cleavage parallel to one face, but 
 the angles differ slightly from those of ordinary olivine. 
 
 3316. Crystalline slag from the Urals. 
 
 A scoriaceous mass, with a few dark crystals like those of olivine. 
 
 3317. Crystalline slag from the Urals. 
 
 A very open mass of loosely aggregated crystals. They are black 
 and brilliant, with the form of an oblique pyramid. 
 
 3318. Crystallised tap cinder from the iron works of the 
 Steel Company of Canada, Londonderry, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Communicated by H. Louis. It is formed in the interior of some 
 containing case, from which the compact portion crystallises radiately ; 
 the surface has numerous ill-defined brilliant crystals in a combination 
 of the pyramid and basal plane, like those of oliviue. 
 
 3319. Another example from the same sxmrce, more per- 
 fectly crystallised. 
 
382 
 
 3320. Another example from the same source. 
 
 Some of the pyramids are truncated, some are modified into domes. 
 The crystals are produced by allowing the tap cinder to cool slowly. 
 They have been analysed by H. Louis, and are found to contain 54-34 
 per cent, of metallic iron and to consist of 
 
 Silica 
 Alumina 
 Ferric oxide - 
 Ferrous oxide 
 Manganous oxide 
 Lime- 
 Magnesia 
 Phosphoric acid 
 Sulphur 
 
 100-30 
 
 3321. Iron finery slag from Cujo, showing a crystalline 
 surface. 
 
 Communicated by D. Forbes. This appears to be the mass whence 
 No. 3314 was taken. It is compact below, and has a crystalline 
 surface of minute aggregated octahedra of magnetite. 
 
 3322. Another specimen from the same source. 
 
 This consists of a compact mass below, with about 1 inch loosely 
 crystalline, in serial portions of narrow plates and octahedra which cling 
 to them, the plates crossing irregularly. 
 
 3323. Another specimen from the same source. 
 
 This is from the end of a flow. The plate or needle-like crystals are 
 confined to the under surface and the compact portion, and the octa 
 hedra alone cover the upper surface, where they are very minute. The 
 olivine seems to form where there is least access of oxygen, the magne- 
 tite where there is most. 
 
 3324. Finery slag from Blaina Iron Works, Newport, Mon- 
 mouthshire. 
 
 Communicated by C. Hoffman. It consists of brilliant black crystals 
 of orthorhombic pyramids, which are in some cases slightly oblique. 
 
 3325. Another example from the same source. 
 
 This is the mass from which the portion examined by Professor 
 Miller was taken, No. 3315. It consists of intercrossing plates. 
 
 3326. Crystalline finery slag ? Locality unknown. 
 
 Consists of fibrous radiating crystals of a brilliant black colour, with 
 a very irregular surface. 
 
 3327. Finery slag showing crystals of magnetite from a 
 foreign locality. 
 
 In well developed, dull octahedra. 
 
383 
 
 SLAGS PRODUCED IN THE PUDDLING FURNACE. 
 
 3328. Refinery cinder produced in puddling cast iron to 
 form steel at the Ebbw Yale Iron Works, 1865. 
 
 The slag is thm, and has an upper surface composed of very thin 
 vertical plates, scarcely crystalline in shape; imbedded amongst them 
 are some several spherical shots of iron. 
 
 3329. Bottom of a puddling furnace, at the Low Moor Iron 
 Works, Yorkshire, 1868. 
 
 This shows the total thickness of the bottom. It is porous in the 
 interior. 
 
 3330. Refinery slag from the Bromford Iron Works, near 
 Oldbury, 1845. 
 
 One piece is a solid mass with a crystalline coating in one place ; 
 the crystals not very brilliant combinations of rhombic dodeeahedra 
 with the octahedron, or of the cubic system, with possibly some 
 rhombic crystals. The other pieces are covered with very minute 
 brilliant crystals, some being prisms, others octahedra. 
 
 3331. Refinery slag from an unknown locality. 
 
 These show very large crystals more than half an inch in length, 
 consisting of a rectangular pyramid, modified by a basal plane, as in the 
 crystals of iron olivine, seen in No. 3320. 
 
 3332. Slag from an unknown locality. 
 
 A thin compact mass, with crystals standing vertically to its surface, 
 which are flat rectangular plates, with the edges bevelled by the sides of 
 a pyramid. 
 
 3333. Refinery cinder from the Bromford Iron Works, near 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Communicated by J. Dawes, 1845. This appears to be No. 13 of 
 Dr. Percy's Report on crystalline slags to the British Association, 1846. 
 It is there stated to be from the flue of a puddling furnace, where it had 
 been exposed to a high temperature for a considerable time. The 
 surface is covered with brilliant iridescent black crystals, having the 
 form of thick plates, with the edges bevelled by the sides of a pyramid, 
 or ocasionally of a prism. They belong to the rhombic system. An 
 analysis of this slag by Dr. Percy gave 
 
 Silica - 29-60 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 48-43 
 
 Ferric oxide - 17-11 
 
 Mauganous oxide - 1-13 
 
 Alumina - > - 1-28 
 
 Lime- ^ mri '-- '47 
 
 Magnesia - - 0-35 
 
 Phosphoric acid - 1-34 
 
 Sulphide of iron 1-61 
 
 101-32 
 See also Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 668. 
 
384 
 
 3334. Refinery slag from the Bromford Iron Works, Old- 
 bury, 1845. 
 
 Communicated by J. Dawes. An outgrowth of brilliant iridescent 
 black crystals, each having the form of a skeleton rectangular pyramid, 
 and so overlapping and combined as to form other complex pyramids. 
 The crystals are essentially of the same character as in the last. 
 
 3335. Refinery slag from the Bromford Iron Works, Old- 
 bury, Birmingham, 1845. 
 
 Communicated by ,T. Dawes. This is a very thin cake, with bits of 
 stone and sand imbedded on one side ; on the other it is clothed with 
 brilliant black ( crystals in the form of more or less skeleton octahedra, 
 i^e., belonging to the cubic system. 
 
 3336. Refinery cinder from the puddling furnaces of the 
 Ebbw Vale Iron Company. 
 
 A scoriaceous piece of the bed, with the bubbles on one side pulled 
 out into long tubes perpendicular to the smooth surface. 
 
 3337. Crystallised cinder from the Bottom of the puddling 
 furnaces at Dowlais, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by E. Riley, 1856. It consists of a number of thin 
 mica-like brown plates standing vertically to the surface. The faces 
 are striated with lines which form a hexagonal ; apparently belonging to 
 the rhombic system. 
 
 3338. Miscellaneous refinery slags from the Bromford Iron 
 Works, Oldbury. 
 
 Communicated by J. Dawes. Several show very well the dull double 
 rectangular pyramids which are here isolated. The more transparent 
 ones'" show a deep brown colour. 
 
 3339. Refinery slag from Messrs. Solly's Works, Tividale. 
 Obtained at the Dudley Museum. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Twamley. Of the four pieces, three have 
 a number of crystalline outgrowths produced by the overlapping of 
 skeleton octahedra. The fourth, which has a thicker and more 
 irregular basis is composed of the rectangular pyramids. The two 
 systems of crystallisation are both represented here. A specimen is 
 referred to by Dr. Per'cy in his report on Crystalline Slags, 1846, and 
 in his Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 669, as communicated by Mr. 
 Twamley, for the Bloomfield Iron Works, Tipton. The fourth of these 
 specimens may be the one there referred to. 
 
 3340. Crystalline slag from a puddling furnace at New 
 Bradford, Massachussets. 
 
 Communicated by Josiah Cooke. This has large crystalline plates 
 standing vertically from the surface. They are composed of very thin 
 plates, aggregated into groups or formed to build up a very low rec- 
 tangular pyramid. They are also dotted all over with little hexagonal 
 plates of equal hardness with the rest. 
 
385 
 
 3341. Another specimen from the same locality. 
 
 This shows the plates aggregated in parallel lines which combine to 
 form larger plates with the edges truncated by rectangular pyramids of 
 a higher angle. The little scales are arranged in the intervals. The 
 lower pyramids are seen on the other side. 
 
 3342. Refinery slag from the Bromford Iron Works, Old- 
 bury. 
 
 Communicated by J. Dawes. A very compact slag with an even 
 surface sparkling with small crystals which have the octahedral form of 
 magnetite. 
 
 3343. Slag from a Siemens' steel-melting furnace. From 
 the Dowlais Furnace, 1871. 
 
 This furna.ce was allowed to cool down with the charge in it. Com- 
 municated by D. Watson. These are nearly transparent thin mica-like 
 plates of a siliceous slag, obtained in smelting the steel direct from 
 the ore. 
 
 3344. Refinery slag from an unknown locality. 
 
 This has an arborescent growth composed of innumerable small 
 well developed octahedra. Associated with these are some long 
 prismatic crystals of small size. 
 
 3345. Slag from the melting pots of steel when manganese 
 was used. 
 
 Communicated by E. F. Sanderson, Sheffield, 1857. It is a semi- 
 translucent green glass with cavities. 
 
 3346. Crystalline slag from a steel furnace from Cheddle. 
 
 Communicated by W. W. Smyth. The crystals are large and have 
 the form of a rather low rectangular pyramid, but they have their edges 
 rounded and possess a peculiar silky lustre, owing to the striation of 
 their surfaces, though they are brilliant within. Another specimen 
 shows thin and brilliant plates. On analysis they have yielded 
 
 Silica - 
 
 Alumina - 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - - - 
 
 Manganous oxide - 
 
 Lime ----- 
 
 102-76 
 
 3347. A crystallised mass of iron silicate produced from the 
 smelting of forge cinder and coal to make " bull dog." 
 
 A very large heap of forge and other cinder was mixed in alternate 
 layers with pieces of coal, and the whole was ignited. It failed to pro- 
 duce a suitable " bull dog," and the heap became an agglomerated and 
 worthless mass, which could only be broken up by blasting. At the 
 Blaina Iron Works, 1859. The drusy cavities of the mass are covered 
 with brilliant black crystals having the form of oblique pyramids on a 
 rectangular base. 
 
 U 61955. B B 
 
386 
 
 3348. Iron slag from an unknown locality. 
 
 From some refining process. It is u black heavy mass with one side 
 coated with dull crystals having the form of a rectangular pyramid of 
 the rhombic system. 
 
 3349. Iron slag, locality and process unknown. 
 
 It is a dark compact mass, with innumerable crystal needles crossing- 
 in every direction. Its surface shows similarly intercrossing crystalline- 
 plates with no well-defined outline. 
 
 ' 3350. Fused oxide of iron taken from the regenerator of 
 one of the furnaces at the Landore Siemens' Steel Company's 
 Works, near Swansea. 
 
 Communicated by A. Willis, 1872. A thin mass of slag-like material 
 with an irregular surface coated with a bloom of excessively minute 
 crystals. 
 
 3351. Mass of iron slag melted and poured into a cardboard 
 box. 
 
 It shows a crystalline surface in the centre, composed of very finely 
 arborescent minute octahedra. Locality unknown. 
 
 SLAGS FROM THE REHEATING FUENACE. 
 
 3352. Flue cinder from the Low Moor Iron Works, 1876. 
 
 A moderately thin mass, quite compact, with crystallisation crossing- 
 in lines from top to bottom. It has a bluish tinge of colour. The 
 flue cinder is the material that flows out from the reheating furnace 
 into the flue from whence it escapes. 
 
 3353. Flue cinder from the Low Moor Iron Works, York- 
 shire, 1868. 
 
 This has a narrow band of scoriaceous matter on cne side ; the rest ia- 
 composed of radiating crystals, which aggregate on the drusy surface in 
 sheaves of the form of bevelled plates, leaving each with a skeleton 
 structure. 
 
 3354. Slag from the reheating or so-called balling furnace 
 at the Melton Iron Works, near Wentworth, Yorkshire. 
 
 Communicated by W. W. Smyth. It contains small rhombic crystals 
 in the cavities. 
 
 3355. Flue cinder from Mr. Beasley's Furnaces, Smethwick, 
 near Birmingham, 1851. 
 
 A metallic-looking mass with large cavities, the interior of which is 
 lined with crystals. These are the plate-like rhombic crystals with the 
 edges bevelled by a rectangular pyramid, as in No. 3340. 
 
 3356. Iridescent flue cinder from Barrows and Hall's Fur- 
 naces, Tipton, Staffordshire, 1846. 
 
 A compact mass, with the under side containing numerous imbedded 
 stones and rubbish, the upper side smooth and shining from the surfaces 
 
387 
 
 of numerous small crystals, when seen by reflected light at a certain 
 angle. The larger of these crystals have the form of an excessively 
 low rectangular prism, whose vertical height, in fact, is approximately 
 zero, and only marked out by its division into four triangles, the 
 alternate pairs of which have a distinct colour, either blue or pink ; 
 the smaller crystals are hexagonal on the outside, flat, and of a golden 
 iridescence. 
 
 3357. Another piece of flue cinder similar to the last. 
 Probably from the same source. The crystals on the surface are 
 
 larger and less iridescent. They are all striated parallel to the base of 
 the pyramid. 
 
 3358. Iridescent flue cinder. Locality unknown. 
 
 The iridescence in this case is from bluish to yellowish -green. It is 
 confined to crystals showing the ' pyramidal faces. Those which show 
 the edges are greyish-brown. 
 
 3359. Piece of flue cinder from an unknown locality. 
 
 Like the next, but smaller. The angles of the smaller piece have 
 been measured by Mr. Brooke. The angle between the faces which are 
 parallel to the longer diameter (i.e., that have an obtuse angle at their 
 apex), is 168 ; that between the other faces is 173 72'. 
 
 3360. Piece of flue cinder showing a crystalline surface. 
 Locality unknown. 
 
 This has a single large crystal for a surface of more than a square 
 inch. It is the exceedingly low rectangular pyramid seen in No. 3356. 
 Each face is built up with partial lines running parallel to the slanting 
 sides. 
 
 3361. Flue cinder from the reheating furnaces of Messrs. 
 Bramah, Barrows, and Hall, 1846. 
 
 A thin rather brassy looking compact mass, lined transversely, but 
 showing no obvious crystals. One side is puckered like the surface of a 
 flow, the other has a carpet as of very minute interwoven needles, whiclr 
 are in reality the cross section of their micaceous plates, standing verti- 
 cally to the surface and producing the transverse lines on the sides. 
 
 3362. Masses of scrap iron found on the floor of the rever- 
 beratory reheating furnace at the Highfield Works, Bilston. 
 1881. 
 
 These pieces were all found imbedded in the cinder of the charging 
 health at about its centre, and immediately opposite the charging door. 
 The bright parts of the iron were under the blow holes or craters in trie- 
 cinder, but on the uppermost sides of the specimens, as found in the 
 hearth. Communicated by J. R. Wheeldon. No. 1 was the first speci- 
 men found on 20th of June 1881. It has been lacquered io prevent its 
 being tarnished. The white spaces show no crystalline surface, and two 
 or three of them are divided into parts, as a soap bubble is divided by 
 liquid partitions, so that they appear like flattened gas cavities in a 
 liquid. The scrap is perforated at two points, and on the back is black 
 and nodular. No. 2 has one very large patch which is very flat. It is 
 6overed by the finest arborescent crystallisation. On the other side the 
 
388 
 
 surface is covered with little pustule-like elevations, with slag in the 
 depressions. No. 3, found four days later, shows the same arborescent 
 crystallisations, both in the bright and dull parts, of wTiich the former 
 have tarnished pink. It is still adhering to the cinder which is scarcely 
 melted at an inch distant, then it becomes greenish and compact, but 
 spongy, only at one place changing to a glass, where it passes to the 
 other side on which lies a mass of glass occupying the dull areas, the 
 bright ones being the continuation of the walls of gas cavities in the 
 glass. No. 4 has in like manner some black glass fitting to the dull 
 portions, while the bright ones correspond to its cavities. The other 
 side has only pustules and slag. No. 5 closely resembles No. 2. It 
 would thus appear that the heat had melted the slag above the piece of 
 scrap into glass and produced large bubbles of gas, which being pre* 
 vented from escaping have had an effect upon the iron. Compare No. 
 3283. 
 
 SPECIAL PROCESSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON. 
 
 3363. Specimens illustrative of Blair's process for refining 
 pig-iron by aeration, by causing it to drop down a series of 
 inclined steps as it flows from the blast furnace. 
 
 Communicated by S. Blair, 1866. No. 1 is a sample of the pig-iron 
 used. It is smelted with coke from Lake Superior specular ore, and 
 fluxed with a limestone not previously used for blast furnaces. It is so 
 strong in body and so difficult to puddle that only two heats could be 
 made without stopping work to restore the fixing and bottom. It is ex- 
 cessively fine in the grain. No. 2 is the same pig-iron as No. 1, but after 
 it has been remelted in a cupola and poured down the inclined steps. This 
 is found to work freely and more easily than ordinary coke pig-iron. It 
 has a coarser structure. No. 3 are small tears of pig-iron poured gently 
 into water. This was the ordinary metal used at the foundry. It 
 requires, of course, remelting. No. 4 has also been poured into water, 
 but has been dropped from a distance of 18 feet through the air before 
 reaching it. The metal is all torn into agglutinated shreds. 
 
 3364. Specimens illustrating Taylor's process of stamping 
 and assorting puddled balls. 
 
 This process was patented in 1859, and carried out by Mr. Davis at 
 the Low Furness Iron and Steel Works, Ulverstone, but has since been 
 abandoned. No. 1 are two large lumps of puddled ball of a very open 
 character. In this method these balls, instead of being shingled and 
 rolled at once, are allowed to cool, then broken up under steam 
 stamps, and then passed under rollers over a riddle, to separate the 
 larger pieces from the smaller. These larger pieces, No. 2, are those 
 which have been imperfectly puddled, and are called unwrought pig. 
 They are returned to the puddling furnace, and are metallic in appear- 
 ance, and of the size of marbles. The smaller pieces, No. 3, which 
 pass the riddles, are more cinder-like in appearance. They are balled 
 up and hammered, as with ordinary iron. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 688. 
 
 3365. Illustrations of the process of smelting iron in the 
 north of Spain. 
 
 The ore used is the Camponel ore, a red haematite (1). This is 
 mixed with a grey compact limestone found in the neighbourhood, (2), 
 
389 
 
 and some black refining cinder (3) and Durham Coke. This compound 
 is smelted in a hot blast furnace, the hot blast having a temperature of 
 350 C. only. From this is produced the piece of pig-iron (4), with a 
 coarsely crystalline fracture, and the pieces of greenish-grey compact 
 slag (5). This pig is afterwards refined into bars (6), about 1J in. 
 square, which, on bending and cutting, shows a fine fibrous fracture. 
 Manufactured at Messrs. Ebarrows Iron Works, at S. Nicholas 
 on the River Mervion, near Bilbao. Communicated by W. E. Bell, 
 1872. 
 
 3366. Illustrations of Chenot's process, for the direct 
 extraction of iron from its ores. From Ebarrows Works, S. 
 Nicholas, near Bilbao. 
 
 Communicated by W. E. Bell. The ore used is a brown oxide from 
 Somerostro, near Bilbao, known as Galeria ore, from its being Avorked 
 underground, in galleries (1). This is mixed in the process with 
 charcoal dust in excess, and the whole heated to a comparatively mode- 
 rate temperature, so as to reduce the iron oxide. It is then extracted 
 from the base of the furnace in lumps (2), which are of a spongy 
 character. This is used for the purpose of making steel, for which it 
 has to be carbonised and compressed ; a resulting bar is seen in (3). 
 For an analysis of the ore used, and a description of the processes cf 
 reduction and carburisation, see Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 
 pp. 335 and 776. 
 
 3367. Iron ore reduced by Chenot's process, by Chenot 
 himself. 
 
 Procured at the Paris Exhibition in 1855 by W. W. Smyth, who was 
 on the jury of the Metallurgical Department. It has been hammered 
 out on one side into a projecting nail to show that it is malleable metal. 
 
 SAMPLES OF WROUGHT IRON. 
 
 3368. Partially puddled ball of iron from the Bromford 
 Iron Works. 
 
 A scoriaceous looking mass. 
 
 3369. Specimen of <e puddled bar " from the Bromford Iron 
 Works, Oldbury. 
 
 Communicated by J. Dawes. 
 
 3370. Series of specimens of various qualities of wrought 
 iron. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Davies. The piece marked with A is called 
 " plating " iron, that marked with R on one side andD in a circle on the 
 other is " red short," that marked " GR " is good rivet iron, that marked 
 with C and which is cracked is " cold short," that with M is " melting " 
 iron. 
 
 3371. Sample of Marshall's Iron used for gun barrels. 
 Manufactured at Wednesbury, 1855. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Blackwell. This iron is used with great 
 success for the coils of the Armstrong guns at the Arsenal at Woolwich. 
 
390 
 
 Much sounder welds have been obtained with it than with Taylor's 
 (of Leeds) iron previously used at the Arsenal. The fracture is said to 
 be remarkably clear and uniform. It is marked with the name " John 
 Marshall." 
 
 3372. Portion of a bar of best iron " from the Cyfartha 
 Works, South Wales. 
 
 Made in 1859, and punched with a square punch while hot. 
 
 3373. Sample of best rivet iron. 
 
 Melted in a steel melting pot, and cast into an ordinary ingot mould, 
 and then tilt-hammered and polished on one side. 
 
 3374. Bar of anthracite iron. Manufactured at the Ystaly- 
 fera Furnaces, South Wales. 
 
 It has about 1 square in. section and was tested in a bar of 4 ft. 
 length. The breaking strain was 651 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 3375. Bar of iron made from Shropshire and Welsh iron 
 ores, with the cold blast. 
 
 It is forged, and has a breaking strength of 1,310 Ibs. per square inch. 
 
 3376. Iron made at Coalbrook Vales, South Wales, from ore 
 containing capillary pyrites or sulphide of nickel. 
 
 Communicated by S. H. Brack well. The nickel is not recognizable 
 in the iron. 
 
 3377. Pieces of cold short iron, broken by bending. 
 
 3378. Two pieces of rivet iron, one bent and broken, the 
 other cut and showing fibrous. 
 
 3379. Series of samples of bar iron, marked with various 
 marks. 
 
 1 is marked with 3 G's in circular stamps ; 2, has an oval with 
 KG? ; 3, has a monogram ; 4, has an S enclosed in two circles ; 5, has 
 a G and Sykes ; 6, has monograms of HK in two beaded circles ; 7, has 
 
 an illegible monogram; 8, has D- n; 9, has L and Sykes; 10, 
 
 has an arrow and small circle in one circle and P. D. in another; 11, 
 has O.O. ; 12, has 1845, BGS, CCND in two square depressions ; 13, 
 has a monogram composed of F. H. L. & D ; 14, has a monogram com- 
 posed of V. K. H ; 15, has K, with an arrow capped with small circle, 
 and the word Lancashire ; 16, has a crown, CB and a monogram com- 
 posed of A and M ; 17, is a little blistered, but has the same marks as No. 
 9 ; 18, has I. C. P ;- 19, has B in a circle ; 20, has E with the word 
 " best " on it in smaller letters and also a crown ; 21, is marked with 
 a, crown and G below it ; 22, has the letter G ; 23, has S, in two 
 concentric circles with dots between ; 24, has two plain circles ; 25, 
 is marked with LW ; 26, has 1845, HMS CCND in square depres- 
 sions ; 27, has GBW; 28, has GK ; 29, has a crown with C below; 
 
391 
 
 30, has two crossing arrows with N on one side and B on the other; 31, 
 has three crossing hammers ; 32, has SH in one circle and L 6 (?) in 
 another. 
 
 3380. Square wedge of wrought iron bent upon itself with- 
 out breaking. 
 
 3381. Piece of Low Moor iron marked II., and broken from 
 the finished bar. 
 
 Communicated by H. B. Woodcock. 
 
 3382. Small pieces of iron used in the " Welch Furnace." 
 
 3383. Piece of bar iron from the furnaces of Okeby, near 
 Dannemora, Sweden. 
 
 3384. Befined iron from the Bromford Iron Works, 1856. 
 
 There were two twyers working on each side. The mass is very 
 compact and finely crystalline like white iron and has a layer of silicate 
 of iron scoria with rhombic crystals on the surface. 
 
 3385. Piece of metal from the common iron refinery, from 
 Cyfartha, South Wales, 1859. 
 
 It is mammillated all over and porous, showing the escape of air from 
 all parts of its surface. 
 
 3386. Fused wrought iron made directly from calcined 
 Welsh ore. 
 
 It is very white and bright and largely crystalline, and is accompanied 
 by some green transparent glass as slag. 
 
 3387. Sample piece of rail iron. 
 
 3388. Sample piece of binding iron, marked with a dog 
 and the word Mill wall. 
 
 3389. Sample of forged iron for etching. From Walker's 
 Works, Leeds. 
 
 Two rods have been made to overlap, and the overlapping portion 
 where double has been hammered down to the single thickness or less. 
 
 3390. Three samples of iron analysed for the Special Com- 
 mittee on Iron, 1873. 
 
 See the En port of this Committee, p. 46. The sample marked A. was 
 
 unannealed; the sample B. was the same annealed, and the third is 
 No. 2 French Iron. The analysis by C. Tookey of the three shows 
 
 A. B. 2. 
 
 Carbon - - 0-19 0-21 0-29 
 
 Sulphur- - 0-02 0-03 0-02 
 
 Phosphorus - 0-25 0-24 0-03 
 
 Silicon - - - 0-17 0-16 0-09 
 
392 
 
 Manganese and cobalt ~ 0-09 0-07 0-06 
 
 Iron - 99-28 99-29 99-51 
 
 100-00 100-00 100-00 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 741. 
 
 3391. Bar of iron made from common Scotch iron with 
 common scrap iron and old steel wire rope. 
 
 Communicated by W. C. Cambridge. It has a small fibrous fracture, 
 
 3392. Sample of cable bolt iron, half a pound of which has 
 been fused under cinder, with pieces of quarter inch bar made 
 from it by welding and hammering. 
 
 3393. Piece of iron from Sheffield. Analysed by F. A. 
 Abel. 
 
 The components other than metallic iron are 2-63 per cent, of carbon, 
 8-20 of silicon, 0-70 of phosphorus, 0-10 of manganese, 0-02 of 
 sulphur. 
 
 3394. Surface of mass of refined iron. Made at the re- 
 fineries at Cyfartha, South Wales, 1859. 
 
 The specimen is very scoriaceous, the holes being smaller and more 
 numerous at the surface. Many show the variously coloured tarnishings 
 which are characteristic of the different tempers of steel. 
 
 3395. Small bar of best iron, broken cold. 
 
 Made at the Cyfartha Iron Works, South Wales, 1859. It has a very 
 finely fibrous structure. 
 
 3396. Piece of a puddled ball, heated by the waste gases of 
 the blast furnace. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lewick, 1860. It shows a minutely mam- 
 millated irregular surface. 
 
 3397. Three bars of iron, one polished, another worked up 
 at one end, the other showing parallel bundles of fibre, and the 
 third rusted and showing a stratification in cross section, by the 
 greater or less erosion of the laminae. 
 
 3398. Bar of wrought iron from the Garjenberg Iron Works, 
 Sweden. 
 
 Marked with L.G.I. 
 
 3399. Bar of wrought iron from Horsdall (?) Iron Works. 
 Marked with a device like a tree in a circle of small knobs. 
 
 3400. Piece of wrought iron in the form of an irregular 
 bar, from Creshevo, Bosnia. 
 
 Communicated by Vice-Consul J. Z. Mostar. 
 
393 
 
 3401. Bar of wrought iron worked at Dunbar Forges, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bent, cut, and broken, but so as to show the fibrous fracture. 
 
 3402. Wrought iron bar worked at the Dunbar Forges, 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bent cold, and the ends brought into contact. 
 
 SPECIAL FORMS OF IRON. 
 
 3403. Specimens of sheet iron from the Cwm Avon Iron 
 Works. 
 
 Sent to the International Exhibition in 1862 by W. P. Struve. 
 About 80 of these sheets go in the thickness of an eighth of an inch. 
 
 3404. Larger specimen of the same thin rolled iron. 
 Communicated by W. P. Struve. 
 
 3405. Thin sheet iron. 
 
 Communicated by J. D. Clare, 1876. Tested by W. J. Ward ; its 
 thickness is -0015 to -00175 of an inch, 
 
 3406. Thin sheet iron manufactured in Russia. 
 
 Communicated by R. Damon. It was produced at Nijri Taguii in 
 1878, at the works of P. P. Demidoff Prince San-Donato. It is a 
 specimen piece bearing this inscription. 
 
 3407. Russian sheet iron. 
 
 Described by Dr. Percy in the Transactions of the Iron and Steel 
 Institute. 
 
 3408. Three coiJs of iron wire, one of which having a rec- 
 tangular section has been tested for tensile strength. 
 
 From J. Longridge, 1886. These have been received from Germany. 
 The rectangular one broke only under a strain equal to 140 tons per 
 square inch, and it has been found to have a modulus of elasticity = 
 13,500 tons, so that the elastic limit is very nearly the same as the 
 breaking strain. 
 
 3409. Specimens of bright wires which have been subjected 
 to trials for breaking strain. 
 
 3410. Specimens of wire, one of which has been drawn 
 only, the other has in the lower part been twisted and shows 
 the spiral running of the fibres on the surface. 
 
 3411. " Malleable cast iron." 
 
 Produced by heating cast iron in contact with its oxide. Communi- 
 cated by Mr. Cowper, 1865. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, 
 p. 805. ' 
 
394 
 
 IRON SUBJECTED TO SPECIAL TREATMENT. 
 
 3412. Piece of Swedish iron which has been subjected to 
 exceedingly rapid and intense hammering, whereby it has 
 acquired the texture of steel. 
 
 It is marked with an S with a bar across it, in a circle of dots. 
 Communicated by Mr. Keiller from his iron works, near Gothenburg, 
 Sweden, 1848. 
 
 3413. Pieces of iron cut out of an ingot of best Swedish 
 iron melted in a crucible in a furnace heated by Crampton's 
 coal-dust process. 
 
 64 Ibs. were melted in one pot. Communicated by Mr. Crampton, 
 1871. 
 
 3414. Piece of a T 5 ^ inch square bar of iron melted in 20 
 minutes, reckoning from the time of the commencement of red 
 heat. 
 
 The crucible was completely filled and the cover luted. 
 
 3415. Pieces of -f^ inch square bar of iron, partially melted 
 in 11 minutes from the time at which red heat commenced. 
 
 3416. Wrought iron which has been melted under plate 
 glass, and then etched with acid to show its crystalline 
 structure. 
 
 This structure is excessively minute, but appears to consist of 
 innumerable microscopic octahedra. 
 
 3417. Piece of nearly round rolled bar-iron which has been 
 exposed for a considerable time in a pot of melted glass. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Faraday, 1849. The whole surface, as well 
 as the interior where not covered by black scale, is seen to be composed 
 of loosely arranged arborescent crystals, built up of overlapping 
 octahedra. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 3. 
 
 3418. Piece of flat bar-iron which has remained for a long 
 time in a glass pot. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Sopwith, who obtained it from Jos. Sewell. 
 It is presumed that the specific gravity has increased. This is not 
 properly crystalline, but is divided into numerous columns by jointing. 
 Where the surface is not covered by black scale it is marked with an 
 hexagonal irregular network joining the boundaries of the columns, which 
 in transverse section are seen to stand perpendicularly to the surface, 
 and meet in a nearly median zigzag line. The joint surfaces are very 
 bright and silver-like. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 3. 
 
 3419. Test piece of iron as used at the Royal Arsenal, 
 Woolwich, in 1878, for ascertaining the tensile strength of the 
 metal. 
 
 The piece is turned to a smaller diameter in the centre than at the 
 ends, and then the two ends are pulled in opposite directions. These 
 
395 
 two pieces have been torn asunder, after stretching, and fit when put 
 
 TT 
 
 together. Each is marked " B ~ 4 A. 150 8 3 15/10/68." 
 
 3420. Specimens cut from a 4| inch square bar of " Bessemer 
 Swedish Iron " and tested for strength. 
 
 The diameter of the tested portion in the centre of each is *754 inch, 
 and the length of the same 2 inches. The proportion of carbon in these 
 samples is 0- 15 per cent. One is marked 1. M. S. R. No. 7068 
 L. This is soft iron ; it began to yield at a tension of 12-4 tons; it 
 lengthened *78 in., and broke under tension of 23-8 tons. The one 
 marked 2 M. O. E. No. 7069 L. was tempered in oil ; it began 
 to yield with 19-8 tons tension, it lengthened 0-702 inch, and broke 
 under a tension of 30 tons. The one marked 3 M. W. R. No. 7070 
 L. was tempered in water; it began to yield with 19 '8 tons tension, 
 it lengthened 0-77 inch, and broke under 30-5 tons tension. Com- 
 municated by Mr. Frazer. A sample of the unworked iron accompanies 
 these. 
 
 3421. Square bar of iron which has been etched by dilute 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 This brings out the fibres on all sides, showing they are separated by 
 more easily soluble metal. 
 
 3422. Malleable iron which has been melted in a crucible 
 and then etched with acid. 
 
 It shows only irregular crevices. 
 
 3423. Piece of a wrought iron crowbar, indented and 
 broken by a steel Nordenfelt bullet at the Royal Arsenal, 
 Woolwich. 
 
 It shows the fibrous structure of the iron and the crystalline fracture 
 produced by sudden breakage. Communicated by F. L. Nathan. 
 
 SPECIAL PROCESSES OF STEEL PRODUCTION. 
 Ressemer Process. 
 
 3424. Pig of Bessemer iron, used for the manufacture of 
 steel, produced at the West Cumberland Haematite Company's 
 Iron Works, 1869. 
 
 3425. Crystals formed in the centre of a pig of Bessemer 
 iron. 
 
 Communicated by C. Tookey. They are fine mica-like metallic 
 plates of a yellowish white tinge. 
 
 3426. Piece of an ingot of iron tapped off from an experi- 
 mental working of Bessemer's process at Baxter House, 
 St. Pancras Road, August 1856. 
 
 This was the date of Bessemer's paper on his process to the British 
 Association. The metal is silvery white and crystalline in fracture, 
 
396 
 
 the crystals belonging to the cubic system, and sometimes shoeing a 
 combination of the cube and octahedron. It has been shown to contain 
 over 1 per cent, of phosphorus. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 815. 
 
 3427. Piece of Bessemer iron produced experimentally in 
 1856. 
 
 Communicated by Captain Margessen. It is white and crystalline, 
 and contains many gas cavities variously tarnished. It is said to have 
 been analysed in Dr. Percy's laboratory by A. Dick. In his volume on 
 Iron and Steel two analyses of Bessemer iron by C. Tookey are given, 
 p. 819, but there is no indication whether this specimen is either of 
 those analysed. 
 
 3428. Piece of the same iron as the last which has been 
 compressed to show how it can be worked up. 
 
 3429. Piece of Swedish iron melted, hammered, and rolled 
 to compare the fracture with that of a similar piece of Bessemer 
 metal. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Bessemer, 1856. Its fracture is granular and 
 fibrous as contrasted with the crystalline fracture of No. 3428. 
 
 3430. Iron made at Carlsdahl Iron Works, Nericia, Sweden, 
 by Bessemer's process without spiegeleisen. 
 
 The pig-iron used is made from Vibel ore which contains 5 38 per 
 cent, of manganous oxide. It is a small bar with Carlsdahl impressed 
 on it. Communicated by C. Sandberg. 
 
 3431. Round ball of slag of low specific gravity obtained 
 from a Bessemer converter. 
 
 From the International Exhibition of 1862. It is a porous mass 
 covered with small crater-like holes. 
 
 3432. Piece of crystalline slag from the Bessemer steel works 
 of Fagusta, Sweden. 
 
 The form of the crystals in a drusy cavity is that of thin plates of a 
 rich brown colour. The mass has a radiating structure perpendicular 
 to a glassy saalband. Communicated by the Boiler Commission. 
 
 3433. Slag thrown out of the furnace during the time of 
 the "boiling" in the Bessemer process, 1856. 
 
 It consists of separate small light pieces of black scoria. 
 
 3434. Slag ejected from a Bessemer converter. 
 
 Obtained in 1876 at Caramel & Co.'s. Works, Sheffield. It is a light 
 cindery black mass with large internal cavities, and with small inter- 
 spersed globules of metal. 
 
 3435. Iron which accidentally escaped from the furnace 
 during the experimental operation in 1856 of Bessemer's process 
 before the blowing through of the air was complete. 
 
 It is in the condition of white iron. 
 
397 
 
 3436. Asbestos-like slag found in the chimney of the 
 Bessemer furnace at Sundvikin, Sweden. 
 
 It is there called " Bessemersull " and is probably the ordinary slag 
 blown into filaments by the blast, like furnace wool. It is black and in 
 very fine and short pieces. Communicated by Dr. Stapff, 1864. 
 
 3437. Iron tapped off after the process of blowing air 
 through it is complete;!. 
 
 Obtained in the experimental operation of Bessemer' s process in 1856. 
 It is bright, highly crystalline, and with numerous cavities of different 
 iridescent hues. See No. 3394. 
 
 3438. Steel experimentally produced by Bessemer's process 
 in December 3856. 
 
 The iron operated on at Dowlais furnaces was good common white 
 pig made from two parts of Dowlais Welsh mine, one part of red ore 
 and one part of cinder. The Bessemer process was carried out in a 
 furnace exactly similar to that used by Bessemer himself at Baxter 
 House. It was run from the furnace into a sand mould, cooled, re-heated 
 rather below the usual temperature for rolling rails, rolled and broken 
 in pieces. One of the pieces was squeezed under the squeezer, which 
 required a" certain amount of humouring and then rolled through puddled 
 rolls into a bar about 8 ft. long. It is highly crystalline and very brittle. 
 Communicated by E. Riley. 
 
 3439. Steel experimentally produced by Bessemer's process 
 in June 1857. 
 
 The pig-iron operated on was produced from a charge of half Blaenaw 
 and half Cleator Moor hematite. It may by hammering carefully be 
 drawn out very thin, but in its present state it breaks easily across and 
 has a coarse scaly crystalline fracture. Communicated by J. H. Henry, 
 analyst to Bessemer. 
 
 Thomas- Gilchrist Process. 
 
 3440. Basic brick used for lining Bessemer converters in 
 this process. 
 
 In small fragments. It is made into a lining of the converter, and 
 after the decarburization by Bessemer's blast is finished, dephosphori- 
 zation of the pig-iron takes place during the " after-blow." 
 
 3441. Cake of blown metal and cinder from the Blaenavon 
 Works, South Wales. 
 
 Produced in the Thomas-Gilchrist process of making the No. 3 steel 
 bar (3444). 
 
 3442. Pig-iron used to make No. 3 steel at Blaenavon Iron 
 Works, by the Thomas-Gilchrist process. 
 
 3443. Bar of steel made by Thomas-Gilchrist process at 
 Blaenavon Ironworks, and bent cold. 
 
 Made in a 3 cwt. converter, lined with rammed limestone and 
 silicate of soda, from pig-iron containing 1 4 per cent, of phosphorus. 
 
398 
 
 It is rather coarse in the grain, but is completely bent upon itself 
 without breaking. 
 
 3444. Square bar of No. 3 steel, made at Blaenavon Iron 
 Works, bent cold. 
 
 Made from pig-iron containing 1-4 per cent, of phosphorus, in a 
 3 cwt. converter, lined with basic bricks (No. 3440)? set in a cement 
 of magnesian limestone and silicate of soda, and 20 per cent, of basic 
 mixture ; two of lime to one of " Blue Billy " was added cold. 
 
 3445. Piece of phosphorized wrought iron found in the 
 slag from a basic converter, at the Staffordshire Steel and Ingot 
 Iron Company, Bilston. 
 
 It was poured off during the " after blow," when for some spe2ial 
 reason the converter had to be turned down and the slag poured. On 
 analysis this shows 1-05 per cent, of phosphorus, 30 per cent, of manga- 
 nese, -03 of silicon, and '07 of carbon. It has a very brilliant, flaky, 
 fracture. Communicated by F. W. Habord. 
 
 3446. Piece of the above phosphorized wrought iron worked 
 up into a double flange at one end and into a point at the other, 
 to show how well it works when hot. 
 
 3447. Phosphide of iron thrown out of a basic converter 
 in the Thornas-Gilchrist process of steel making, 1885. 
 
 It is very crystalline, and has two well marked cleavages oblique to 
 each other. It contains 1-05 per cent, of phosphorus, -03 per cent of 
 silicon, and -07 per cent, of carbon, and -30 per cent, of manganese, 
 the rest being iron. It has been 
 strength of 5 tons per square inch. 
 
 found after forging, to have a tensile 
 
 3448. Cinder produced in making No. 3 steel, by Thorn as- 
 Gilchrist basic process. 
 
 It is a greenish-black scoriaceous glass. 
 
 3449. Basic cinder produced in the Thomas-Gilchrist process 
 at the North-eastern Steel Works. 
 
 Communicated by E. Riley, 1885. A light thin mass with gas 
 cavities, and a tendency to a columnar jointing. Analysed by E. Riley ; 
 yields 
 
 Silica - - 6-15 
 
 Ferrous oxide - 14-19 
 
 Ferric oxide - 4-75 
 
 Manganous oxide - - 4-65 
 
 Alumina - - 1-19 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 = 14-37 iron. 
 
 Calcium 
 Vanadium oxide 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 41-37 
 
 9-50 
 18- 15= 7- 92 phosphorus. 
 
 0-16 
 
 0-20 
 
 0-66 
 
 100-97 
 
399 
 
 3450. Crystals produced in the kilns when burning the 
 basic bricks used to line the Bessemer converters in the Thomas- 
 Gilchrist process, at Blaenavon Iron Works, South Wales, 1878. 
 
 These have been examined by Professor Maskelyne, and pronounced 
 to be Diopside. They are in long, grey, narrow crystals, radiating 
 irregularly, and forming the whole substance as in actinolite. In one 
 specimen they form the substance of a stalactite. 
 
 All these specimens (except Nos. 3445, 3446), illustrating the 
 Thomas- Gilchrist process were communicated by Percy C. Gilchrist in 
 1878. 
 
 Siemens' Process. 
 
 3451. Dinas brick, which has been used in the interior of 
 a Siemens' regenerator. 
 
 It has, to a large extent, melted and flowed down in a long stalactitic 
 drop. 
 
 3452. Balls of slag produced in a steel-melting open hearth 
 furnace, at the Fallside Steel Works of the Steel Company of 
 Scotland, Glasgow. 
 
 They are almost perfectly round, about 1 inch in diameter. They 
 form in almost every pour of slag. There is a more or less feebly 
 marked radial, platy crystallisation, bat they are not properly spherulitic. 
 One sample shows them in process of formation. Communicated by 
 F. W- Paul, 1887. 
 
 3453. A piece of the ordinary slag which accompanies the 
 last specimens, and in the midst of which they are formed. 
 
 It has a peculiar radiating cleavage, as though it were itself part of a 
 large ball. On analysis the blag yields 
 
 Silica - - 56-10 
 
 Ferrous oxide - - 23-61 
 
 Alumina - - 3-86 
 
 Manganous oxide - - 9-84 
 
 Lime- - - - 6-10 
 
 Magnesia - 0-76 
 
 100-27 
 
 3454. Stalactite hanging down from the roof of a Siemens'" 
 steel- melting furnace, at Landore, 1870 
 
 It is derived from the same Dinas bricks as No. 3451. 
 
 3455. Slag produced in a Siemens' fcteel-melting furnace, at 
 Dowlais, South Wales, when the furnace was working cold. 
 
 It is a green glassy cinder, full of holes. 
 
 3456. Series of samples of metal in. the process of its con- 
 version from pig-iron into steel by Siemens' process, through 
 the addition of scrap iron and manganese. 
 
400 
 
 No. 1 is the melted Askham and Barrowskulls' pig-iron. No. 2 to 
 No. 9 are samples after each successive addition of 6 cwt. of scrap iron 
 to the charge. This scrap is tin-plate scrap. No. 10 is produced after 
 the addition to each cwt. in the charge of 8 Ibs. of spiegeleisen, containing 
 10 per cent, of manganese. No. 11 is the final product, or hammered 
 ingot of steel. Communicated by A. Willis, of the Landore Siemens' 
 Steel Works, near Swansea, 1869. 
 
 3457. Bar of steel, produced direct from the ore by C. W. 
 Siemens, 1866. 
 
 This bar has been tested by Kirkcaldy, and found to have a tensile 
 strength of 57 tons per square inch, and to elongate before breaking 
 by 2 1 per cent. Communicated by C. W. Siemens. 
 
 Heatorfs Process. 
 
 3458. Bars of wrought iron prepared by Heaton's process, 
 one being twisted twice. Made at Langley Mill Iron Works, 
 Nottingham. 
 
 This process consists in the addition of a charge of nitrate of soda 
 in the bottom of a converter, separated by a cast-iron plate from the 
 molten iron above. The plate melts, and reaction takes place, and the 
 carbon in the cast iron is oxidised and removed. Steel or wrought iron 
 result, according to the proportions used. See Bauerman, Metallurgy 
 of Iron, p. 297. This bar has been tested by Brown & Co., and found 
 to have a tensile strength of 44 tons to the square inch. 
 
 3459. Bar of steel made by Heaton's process at the Glendon 
 Iron Works. 
 
 It is made from iron smelted from Northamptonshire ore, one-half 
 Glendon and one-half Workington. It is fine grained and even. 
 
 Price and Nicholson's Process. 
 
 3460. Ingot of No. 2 steel from Swedish iron. 
 
 A moderately fine-grained square ingot, with numerous internal 
 cavities. The process, which was patented in 1855, consists in melting 
 refined pig-iron with suitable proportions of any kind of malleable or 
 wrought iron so as to produce steel, the quality of which depends on 
 the refining of the pig or " metal." The following proportions are 
 given by Mr. Price. If equal quantities of a " metal" containing 
 carbon 2-20, silicon -20, sulphur -03, and phosphorus -30, and of bar 
 iron containing no carbon, silicon -15, sulphur -007, and phosphorus 
 0- 18 are taken, the resulting steel will contain carbon 1 1, silicon 0-17, 
 sulphur 0-018, phosphorus 0-24. 
 
 3461. Square bar of steel tilted from ingot No. 2 above. 
 
 3462. Square bar of steel titled from ingot No. 2 at weld- 
 ing heat. 
 
 It is not very fine in the gruin. 
 
401 
 
 3463. Ingot of No. 3 steel from English iron and English 
 bar-iron. 
 
 3464. Square bar of steel tilted from ingot No. 3 above. 
 
 3465. Chisel made of Price and Nicholson's steel. 
 
 This chisel has been tested on cast iron, out of which it has cut 
 a cubic inch. The chisel has not been touched since, and its edge is 
 seen to be scarcely affected at all. All these specimens illustrating 
 Price and Nicholson's process have been communicated by Mr. Price in 
 
 1858. 
 
 Parry 's Process. 
 
 3466. Carburised iron as it flows from the cupola. Made 
 at Ebbw Vale Iron Works, 1865. 
 
 Parry's process was patented in 1861, and consists of melting scraps 
 of wrought iron, which have been purified from phosphorus and sulphur 
 by a previous puddling, and adding to them when melted sufficient coke 
 or suitable pig-iron for the introduction of the required amount of 
 carbon to produce either hard or soft steel. This specimen had 7 cwt. of 
 pig-iron added, with a suitable amount of lime, to the ton of scrap iron. 
 
 3467. Irregular mass of Parry's steel flowing out of the 
 cupola, 1865. 
 
 3468. Square cast bar of Parry's steel. Made at Ebbw 
 Vale. 
 
 Communicated by Greorge Parry, 1865. It is rather coarsely crystal- 
 line in fracture. 
 
 3469. Piece of rolled cast steel produced by Parry's 
 process. 
 
 Made by carburising wrought-iron scraps in a melting cupola having 
 twyers inclined downwards at an angle of about 30. It has an exceed- 
 ingly fine grain. 
 
 3470. Square bar of steel produced by Parry's process. 
 
 Wrought-iron rail ends have been fused in a cupola with coke by 
 inclined twyers. The carbon in this sample is about the same as in 
 " High Blown " refined metal. The puddled bar when chopped up and 
 mixed with one-third its weight of this cast metal makes good cast 
 steel. This has a fine grain. 
 
 Process for the refining of Iron for Tin Plates. 
 
 3471. Cinder first run off, from the charcoal finery at Pont- 
 y-Mister Tin Plate Works, 1859. 
 
 A porous sub-metallic mass. 
 
 3472. Cinder last run off from the charcoal finery at Pont- 
 y-Mister. 
 
 This is heavier and more compact. Both are of a dark blue black 
 colour. 
 
 U 61955. C C 
 
402 
 
 3473. Cinder obtained by hammering the ball or lump of 
 iron. Obtained from the charcoal finery at Pont-y -Mister. 
 
 This is compact and black like the last. It has been melted. 
 
 3474. Refined metal taken out of the charcoal finery at 
 Pont-y-Mister. 
 
 It has been hammered slightly with a hand hammer to show its 
 malleability, but it is in a loosely aggregated state. 
 
 3475. Piece of stamp or ingot of iron obtained by hammer- 
 ing the refined iron from the charcoal finery at Pont-y-Mister. 
 
 3476. A mass of slag running out from the charcoal finery 
 at Pont-y-Mister, and called " Fox tail." 
 
 It consists of twp hollow cones with thick and irregular walls, fixed 
 side by side. 
 
 3477. Pig of recast refined iron produced at the Pont-y- 
 Mister Tin Plate Works. 
 
 It has the appearance of white }ron, with a slightly scoriaceous surface 
 and crystallisation radiating from the centre of the upper surface to the 
 sides of the mould. 
 
 3478. st Black Plates " produced from the refined iron at 
 Pont-y-Mister Tin Plate Works. 
 
 They have been annealed, as is seen by their tarnishes, and are now 
 ready for the operation of tinning. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 726. 
 
 Polish Methods of Iron and Steel making. 
 
 3479. Ore from which the steel is made. 
 
 It is an argillaceous ore impregnated with haematite. 
 
 3480. Piece of iron from which Polish steel was made at 
 Lubartow in 1850. 
 
 Communicated by Douglas Evans. 
 
 3481. Bar of single shear steel made from the above iron. 
 
 3482. Bar of cast steel made from the above iron. 
 
 3483. Piece of tilted steel drawn from one of the above 
 .converted bars. 
 
 These are moderately fine in the grain. 
 
 They are all from Lubartow, Warsaw, and were communicated by 
 Douglas Evans, 1851. 
 
 Indian Methods of Iron and Steel making. 
 
 3484. " Sal " charcoal as used in the manufacture of iron 
 in Bit-bum, Babupoor. 
 
403 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blanfortl. It is small stick charcoal male 
 from a cane called " Shorea robusta " or Sal. See Percy's Metallurgy, 
 Iron and Steel, p. 257. 
 
 3485. The iron ore from which the following samples of 
 iron are obtained at Nagore, Birbum, Bengal. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blanford. It is an earthy limonite in small 
 pieces. 
 
 3486. Lump of iron produced in the Khasia hills, India. 
 
 It is produced from haematite, by an open forge, with double action 
 bellows worked with the feet, as described by Sir J. D. Hooker. This 
 lump has been nearly cut in two, and corresponds to the lumps figured 
 by Sir J. D. Hooker. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 264. 
 Communicated by Sir J. D. Hooker. 
 
 3487. A similar lump of iron which has been partially 
 hammered out into a flat blade. 
 
 From the same locality. Communicated by Sir J. D. Hooker. 
 
 3488. Ilehammered iron as sold in the Bazaars of Nagore, 
 Birbum, Bengal. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blanford. 
 
 3489. Mass of slag from an iron furnace at work in the 
 jungle near Babupoor, Kandit, Kireyen, Birbum. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Blanford. A thin black solid mass, with large 
 cavities in the centre. 
 
 3490. Pieces of iron hammered out and one polished on one 
 side. 
 
 . These have no label, but appear to belong to the accompanying series 
 and to be of Indian origin. 
 
 3491. Two pieces of iron melted in a crucible, possibly 
 from the above. 
 
 Each shows radiating lines from the centre of the surface and a hol- 
 low in th,e centre. They have been covered when molten. 
 
 3492. Iron shot from native blast furnace. Slag used by 
 native Shikarries from Birbum. 
 
 Communicated by W. T, Blanford. They are rusty on the surface, 
 and are from the size of peas downwards. 
 
 3493. Piece of country made steel from Loomkoor in the 
 Province of Madras. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Hunter. It is a square bar of a very fine 
 grained steel. 
 
 C C 2 
 
404 
 
 VARIOUS FORMS OF STEEL. 
 
 3494. Series of specimens of steel manufactured by Messrs. 
 Frith and Sons at Sheffield in 1868. 
 
 The following are the samples : Two fragments of rough ingots, stamped 
 " Thos. Frith & Sons" from the steel made by them for the inner 
 tube of the Armstrong gun. A hollow bored gun barrel tube, originally 
 solid, now bored by machinery, together with the spiral boring that 
 came out of the hole. Square bar of shear steel ; two bars of extra axe 
 steely best rounded edge bar for chisels ; round bar of oast steel for 
 tools ; best octagonal bar for chisels; and three square bars of diamond 
 cast steel. 
 
 3495. Bar of " Vicker's Special " steel. 
 
 Communicated by D. Watson, 1869, when the process of manufacture 
 was a secret, the production of steel by Vicker's patent of 1839 being an 
 earlier stage. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 776. 
 
 3496. Bar of steel, marked D.P., worked up into a metal- 
 turning tool. 
 
 3497. Bar of steel manufactured by Whitworth & Co., 
 marked W.Y. 4, similarly worked up into a turning tool. 
 
 These two tools have been tested in comparison with each other, with 
 an advantage to the latter of the two. 
 
 3498. Piece of a plate of Manby's spring steel, 1871. 
 Coarse in the grain and with a cavity in the centre. 
 
 3499. Part of an ingot of puddled steel made at the Ebbw 
 Vale Iron Works, 1859. 
 
 Rather coarse in the grain and rough in fracture. 
 
 3500. Series of steel bar samples, communicated by Mr. 
 Davis. 
 
 One marked "C" is HHH. steel. It is excessively fine in the 
 fracture. One marked " D " is " watercracked steel " of only moderately 
 fine fracture. A third is marked " MM." A fourth is " red short blister 
 steel," which is cracked in the centre. 
 
 3501. Sample of red short steel marked " R," and of mild 
 steel marked "A." 
 
 3502. Three bars of steel manufactured by the Titanic Steel 
 and Iron Company, at the Forest Steel Works, Coleford, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 They are excessively fine and conch oidal in the fracture. 
 
 3503. "Red metal steel" manufactured in 1876 by Whit- 
 worth & Co., and made up into a form suitable for testing the 
 tensile strength by hydraulic pressure. 
 
405 
 
 The first alteration in the test piece was observable under a tension 
 of 25-87 tons. It elongated 29-93 per cent., and finally broke under a 
 tension of 40-8 tons. The form of the fracture is very uniformly 
 conical on the outside, though irregular in the centre. 
 
 3504. Specimens of steel bar supposed to contain titanium. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. May. All of them have a black tarnish on 
 their fractured surfaces and an irregular hackly fracture. One marked 
 "B" is spotted with minute specks. One marked "0" is a little 
 coarser in the grain. The two others marked " K " and " S " are 
 much finer grained. 
 
 3505. Steel chisel containing 1 J per cent, of silicon. Made 
 at Sheffield. 
 
 Communicated by J. Parry. It works and tempers well and behaves 
 like ordinary cast steel. 
 
 3506. Series of specimens of steel from the Dannemora 
 Steel Works, Sheffield, 1879. 
 
 Communicated by Messrs. Seebohm and Dieckstahl. They are as 
 follows : 
 
 A square bar labelled 0, of special Dannemora cast steel For turning 
 and planing tools on hard material. It has a very fine silky conchoidal 
 fracture. 
 
 A square bar labelled 1, of best warranted cast steel. Saw-file temper 
 containing 1| per cent, of carbon. Suitable for turning and planing 
 tools, drills, &c. Requires great care in heating as it is very easily 
 burnt. Has a silky fracture. 
 
 A round bar labelled 2, of best warranted cast steel. Turning tool 
 temper containing l per cent, of carbon. The most useful temper for 
 turning, planing, and slotting tools, drills, small cutters, and taps. Is 
 not weldable. Has a granular fracture. 
 
 A square bar having the same label as the last. More silky in the 
 lustre. 
 
 A round bar labelled 3. Best warranted cast steel. Punch temper 
 containing 1 J per cent, of carbon. Suitable for mill picks, circular cut- 
 ters, taps, rimers, small shear blades, large turning tools, and drills, 
 punches and screwing dies. May be welded with great care. It has a 
 moderately fine granular hackly fracture. 
 
 A hexagonal bar having the same label as the last. More silky in 
 the fracture. 
 
 A flat bar with rounded sides labelled 4. Best warranted cast steel. 
 Chisel temper containing 1 per cent, of carbon. Suitable for cold 
 chisels, hot setts, large punches, large screwing dies, large taps, and 
 miners' drills for granite. Will weld with care. Fine grained with 
 hackly fracture. 
 
 A large square bar with bevelled edges labelled 5. Best warranted 
 cast steel. Sett temper containing -J per cent, of carbon. Suitable for 
 cold setts, large hot setts, &c, Will weld without difficulty. Rather 
 coarse grained with hackly fracture. 
 
 A large octagonal bar labelled 6. Best warranted cast steel. Die 
 temper containing | percent, of carbon. Suitable for boiler cups and 
 snaps, hammers, stamping and pressing dies. Welding steel for plane 
 irons, miners' drills, &c. A moderately coarse granular fracture. 
 
406 
 
 A round bar labelled 7. Best warranted cast steel. Specially manu- 
 factured with hard outside and mild centre for taps, rimers, &c. To be 
 hardened at a low heat. Moderately coarse granular fracture in the 
 centre. 
 
 3507. Square bar of cast steel, bent cold. 
 
 4P 
 
 3508. A bent flat bar of " semi-steel " manufactured from 
 grey coke pig-iron, at the Victoria Works, South Wales. 
 
 Communicated by C. May, 1858. Manufactured by the Bessemer 
 and Mushet processes direct from the pig-iron. 
 
 3509. Samples of steel, manufactured by R. Mushet, 1866. 
 
 There are five pieces stamped 1, which are welding cast steel for 
 edge tools ; four pieces stamped 2, which are hard cast steel for turning 
 tools or razors ; five pieces stamped 3, which are cast steel for turning 
 tools or taps, they are made of J common Swedish iron and f Cumber- 
 land hematite pig-iron. The larger piece marked 4, is chisel steel for 
 fitters' chisels, that marked 5 is hard cast steel for turning tools or 
 razors ; that marked 6 is hard cast steel for turning tools or taps, and 
 that marked 7 is best file steel for saw files and other superior kinds. 
 It is from common Bessemer scrap titanised. All these samples are 
 made " under the influence of titanium." They are all granular in 
 fracture. 
 
 3510. Round bar of R. Mushet's gun-metal steel. 
 It has a granular hackly fracture. 
 
 3511. Two samples of R. Mushet's special steel for lathe and 
 planing tools. 
 
 Manufactured in 1872 by the Titanic Steel and Iron Company, 
 Forest Steel Works, Coleford, Gloucestershire. Communicated by E,. 
 Mushet. The fracture is microscopically fine, is conchoidal and has a 
 silky lustre. This steel requires only to be cold hammered and not 
 tempered in the ordinary way. 
 
 3512. Small round bar of R. Mushet's special tool-steel. 
 The sample is as used without hardening, 1873. 
 
 3513. Melted mass of carburetted cast iron. Made by Mushet 
 the elder. 
 
 It is from the same iron ore from which the wootz steel is made and 
 which yields 72 per cent, of this iron. Communicated by J. W. Lowry. 
 
 3514. Arsenical steel. Made and tested by F. W. Harbord 
 and A. E. Tucker. 
 
 See their paper in the Proceedings of the Iron and Steel Institute for 
 1888. Twelve samples were prepared in all, of which this is No. 12 as 
 containing the most arsenic. An alloy containing 15 percent, of arsenic 
 was prepared and melted in a large clay pot into which mild steel from 
 a Bessemer converter was poured and mixed. The analysis of this 
 sample gives, phosphorus 069 per cent. ; manganese, 288 ; sulphur, 
 0-0348; carbon, 0-096; .arsenic, 1-184: with this amount of arsenic 
 the steel has rolled fairly well, but broke off short the first blow, both 
 
407 
 
 cold and hot. Tried with a machine, uuquenched, it bore a stress of 
 24-9 tons to the square inch, it lengthened 1 in. hi 8 in. and broke off 
 short. Communicated by F. W. Harbord. 
 
 3515. Two samples of steel from the Lowmoor Iron Works. 
 Of large size and having a rough coarse fracture f 
 
 3516. " Homogeneous metal " made by Whitworth & Co. 
 
 Communicated by Sir J. Whitworth. It has been tested by gun- 
 powder, but appears to have been in no way affected. 
 
 3517. Piece of " homogeneous metal." 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Whitworth. .It is in the form of a section of a 
 pipe which has been twisted into various shapes without showing any 
 signs of breaking, so that it closely resembles indiarubber. See Percy's 
 Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 777. 
 
 FOREIGN MADE STEELS. 
 
 3518. Shaped and polished piece of Krupp's steel. From the 
 Exhibition of 1862. 
 
 It is broken across to show the fracture which is finely granular and 
 hackly. Manufactured and fused at Essen. 
 
 3519. Small bar of steel of very silky fracture. 
 Stamped Z.B.F. . 
 
 3520. Bar of Krupp's steel. 
 
 The outside of this bar has a silky fracture, in the inside it is coarser 
 and granular. 
 
 3521. A fragment of Krupp's steel which had been part of the 
 shaft of a marine axle. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Lloyd, chief engineer of the Navy, 1862. This 
 is very much more largely crystalline than was the surface of the shaft. 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 837. 
 
 3522. Square bar of Brescian steel. From the International 
 Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 Communicated by the Italian Department. It has a finely granular 
 fracture and has been forged at one end. 
 
 3523. Oblong bar of Breseian steel from the International 
 Exhibition, 1862. 
 
 Similar to the last. 
 
 3524. Rough cast steel alloyed with tin. 
 
 From A. Krantz, of Berlin. It is made from a mixture of 7 Ibs. of 
 rough Dannemora cement steel and 7^ ounces of fine English tin. It is 
 very fine in the grain. 
 
408 
 
 3525. Two bars of steel, one square and one oblong, made 
 from Dannemora iron. 
 
 From A. Krantz, of Berlin. 
 
 3526. Steel plate said to contain silver. 
 
 From A. Krantz, of Berlin. It is very finely granular, but on analysis 
 by A. Dick, it is found to contain no silver. 
 
 COMPOSITE BARS, &c. OF SEPARATE LAYERS OF IRON AND STEEL. 
 
 3527. Triple plate of iron and steel of American manufacture 
 used for plough-shares. ] 886. 
 
 Communicated by D. Greig, of Fowler & Co.'s Steam Plough Works, 
 Leeds. It consists of three layers of metal. The fracture of the outer 
 ones .is somewhat uneven, fine grained, and light grey ; these are steel, 
 and the fracture of the middle layer, which is thinner, is fibro-crystalline, 
 and resembles malleable iron in appearance, and it is also laminated on 
 the upper and lower surfaces, and very distinct from the outer layers. 
 It is used for the shares of ploughs. See Percy's Address to the Iron 
 and Steel Institute, 1886, p. 5. 
 
 3528. Composite plate of iron and steel in the rough state, 
 as manufactured by "Woodhouse and Rixson, Chantry Steel 
 Works, Sheffield, 1887. 
 
 The two outer layers of steel are seen to have a finer grain than the 
 inner one of iron ; they are all about the same thickness. Communi- 
 cated by F. Rixson. 
 
 3529. A composite plate of iron and steel polished, made at 
 Sheffield for ploughs. 
 
 Communicated by F. Rixson. This is a curved plate, pointed at one 
 end. In the fracture the coarseness of the grain of the iron and steel is 
 well distinguished ; the steel takes a higher polish, which is required 
 for stiff soils to prevent the clods adhering to the plough-shares. 
 
 3530. Composite plates of iron and steel for plough mould 
 boards, manufactured by Spear and Jackson, Etna Works, 
 Sheffield, in 1884 
 
 This consists of three layers of the same thickness, of which the 
 wrought-iron layer is in the centre ; it is stamped " Iron centre." The 
 hard outside admits of a polish, the soft interior prevents the breaking. 
 See Percy's Address to the Iron and Steel Institute, 1886, p. 22. 
 Communicated by Spear and Jackson. 
 
 3531. Double plate, half iron, half steel, manufactured by 
 Spear and Jackson, Etna Works, Sheffield. 
 
 The two metals are of equal thickness, and differ in their grain. It 
 is stamped " Safe steel.'* Communicated by Spear and Jackson. 
 
 3532. Composite plate of iron and steel, manufactured by 
 J. Braicishaw and Sons, Baltic Steel Works, Sheffield, 1886. 
 
409 
 
 These are called soft-centred cast steel plough plates, specially 
 manufactured for the Canadian market. They have been manufactured 
 here since 1877. The plate is stamped "Conqueror." It has the 
 centre iron layer thinner than either of the two steel layers, and it is 
 also laminated as in the American sample, No. 3527. Communicated 
 by J. Braidshaw. 
 
 3533. Fragment cut from an armour plate made of iron 
 and steel at the works of Sir J. Brown & Co., Sheffield, 1882. 
 
 Manufactured according to Ellis' patent. The outer two-fifths of steel 
 has a rather coarse crystalline fracture, the inner three-fifths of iron is 
 darker and strongly laminated parallel to the junction, which is marked 
 by a band of coarser and brighter crystals. The total thickness of the 
 plate is about 6J inches. Communicated by J. D. Ellis. 
 
 3534. Corngreaves' patent safe compo-rivets, undrillable. 
 Made at the Comgreaves Iron Works, near Birmingham, 1887. 
 
 Communicated by Gr. Allen. They consist of a number of small 
 steel bars arranged regularly in the midst of iron, with which they are 
 all welded together, forming a patchwork pattern when etched, but 
 which is unobservable when they are polished. There are also three 
 small samples composed of smaller bars. 
 
 3535. Bar of Corngreaves' patent coinpo-metal, bent and 
 fractured. 
 
 This is specially made for the manufacture of chains. It is 
 
 262 
 marked -- , and has been heated to a bright cherry red and then , 
 
 plunged in cold water, so as to break it and show the highly fibrous 
 fracture. This would stand a strain of about 30 tons per square inch, 
 with 50 per cent, reduction of area and 23 per cent, elongation in 
 8 inches. 
 
 3536. Three links of a chain made of Corngreaves' patent 
 compo, and hammered flat when cold. 
 
 803 
 These are stamped -^ > an d contain *13 per cent, of carbon. Their 
 
 composite nature is not seen on the surface. 
 
 3537. Two burglar-proof safe plates of Corngreaves' patent 
 compo. 
 
 One labelled -^ is in its soft condition, and is easily drillable. It is 
 
 not composed of square bars as the other specimens, but consists of an 
 alternation of numerous plates of iron and steel, visible on the sides. 
 
 Q*7K 
 
 The other, labelled Q, is the same after hardening, in which con- 
 oo 
 
 dition it is undrillable. Seven plates are seen in this on the sides, 
 which are seen also to be laminated on the fractured end. 
 
 3538. A burglar-proof rivet, of Corngreaves' patent compo. 
 It is bent and broken to show its structure, which consists of five 
 
 square bars of steel, welded together in a matrix of iron. All these 
 
410 
 
 specimens were communicated by Gr. Allen, of the New British Iron 
 Company, Corngreaves' Iron Works, near Birmingham. 
 
 3539. Bars of iron and steel, piled and dra\vn out by 
 rolling. 
 
 The end has been otched with acid, so as to show the steel by the 
 blackness thereby induced. Communicated by K. Blackwell many 
 years previous to 1880. The different rods are arranged in section like 
 the squares on a chess board. 
 
 IRREGULARITIES IN STEEL. 
 
 3540. Piece of steel plate on which a large blister rose after 
 it came through the rolls, at the Locomotive Works, Crewe. 
 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb. The cavity has not been opened, 
 and whatever gas may cause it may still be enclosed within the steel. 
 
 3541. Piece of blister-steel with two large hollow blisters. 
 
 Produced in the ordinary process of the conversion of bar iron into 
 steel. The fracture is coarsely crystalline, and shows a certain amount 
 of lamination. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 772. 
 
 3542. Piece of blister-steel with one large hollow blister 
 extending on both sides. 
 
 From Messrs. Hunt's Works, the Brades, Birmingham, 1846. The 
 bar has a coarse crystalline fracture, and is markedly laminated at the 
 end. The blister rises over a surface of about 2 inches by 1 inch. See 
 Percy Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 1877, No. 2. 
 
 3543. The interior of a blister broken open. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Ibbetson, Sheffield, 1878. The fracture is 
 very white, but the inside of the blister, which is thrown into folds, is 
 lined with a blue-black coating resembling iron sulphide. 
 
 3544. Blister-steel which has been over-fired in the con- 
 verting furnace. 
 
 Portions of the bars of blister-steel are converted into grey cast iron, 
 and these melt out from the under side and drop down on to the bars 
 below. The amount of carbon in the melted and unmelted portions 
 respectively have been ascertained lo be 2 '263 and 1'318 per cent. 
 The specimens are eroded into hollows from this cause. Communicated 
 by W. Baker, Sheffield, 1 872. 
 
 3545. Steel showing irregularities in its hardness. 
 
 The specimens are cut out of discs turned off the end of a block 
 about 13 inches diameter and 10 feet long, made of steel cast out of 
 small pots into an iron mould and drawn out under the steam hammer. 
 The hard spots have turned the tool in the slotting, but they are aggre- 
 gated small spots, seen by filing. Communicated by G. W. KendeJ, 
 Elswick Works, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1872. 
 
411 
 
 3546. Experimental piece of steel, treated for the purpose 
 of testing the cause of blisters. 
 
 The theory of Dr. Percy is that they are caused by the accidental, 
 though unavoidable, presence of portions of slag in the mass which has 
 been puddled but never thoroughly melted (see Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 772). If this were sOj then a thoroughly melted bar of 
 malleable iron which was converted by the process of cementation 
 should show no blisters. Swedish bar iron has been melted by Mr. 
 Frith, of Norfolk Works, Sheffield, and cast into a flat ingot. This 
 has been converted, and the fracture of the specimen (about 6 inches 
 long by 3 inches broad and T 7 ^ inches thick) is quite characteristic of 
 steel, but there is no sign of a blister. See Percy, *' On the causes of 
 Blisters in Blister- steel " in the Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, 
 1877, No. 2. 
 
 3547. Piece of highly carburised steel. From Messrs* 
 Frith's Iron Works, Sheffield, 1876. 
 
 It is very coarsely crystalline in fracture, yellowish in tint, and show- 
 numerous small blister cavities within nnd without. 
 
 IRON AND STEEL SPECIALLY TREATED. 
 
 3548. Specimen of steel which has been bent and shows 
 lamination. 
 
 Obtained at the works of Messrs. Cammell & Co., Sheffield, 1882. 
 It is part of an ingot which has been hammered and rolled cold, such as 
 are used for making ship plates. This has been bent completely 
 double, and then separated again. Its fracture and one side show well- 
 marked lamination. 
 
 3549. Series of specimens of steel melted with and without 
 manganese in order to ascertain the result of the addition, 
 1864. 
 
 There are first two fragments of the original bar steel, labelled B. 
 and E. V., with blisters, which have been used in the melting, a 
 fragment of a square ingot, with bevelled edges, which has been melted 
 without manganese, and a fragment of a similar ingot of the same size 
 melted with manganese as usually at that time practised in Sheffield. 
 Two larger sized tilted bars, broken to show the fracture, one from the 
 ingot with manganese and the other from the ingot without. Two 
 smaller bars from the respective ingots, and some small fragments of 
 these variously treated, i.e., one has been heated, softened by heating, 
 another has been heated and left to cool, and a third heated and 
 quenched in water. The two kinds have been analysed by A. Dick and 
 give- 
 Without With 
 manganese manganese 
 added. added. 
 
 Iron - 99-05 99-09 
 
 Manganese 0-03 0-10 
 
 Silicon 0-24 0-24 
 
 Sulphur -,0-05 0-07 
 
412 
 
 Phosphorus - 0-02 0-02 
 
 Aluminium - 0-12 0-01 
 
 99-51 99.53 
 
 The carbon has not been estimated. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 846. 
 
 3550. A series of specimens treated so as to show the 
 effects on the fracture of steel of various ways of heating and 
 cooling. 
 
 These experiments were carried out by Col. H. Dyer, R.A., and 
 the results communicated by him. No. 1 are samples of the forgings 
 of steel which were used in the other experiments ; the fracture is 
 finely granular. No. 2 have been heated in a cast-iron pan with sand 
 to below the melting point of brass, which was secured by placing a pan 
 with a piece of brass in the furnace along with the steel, and left to cool 
 in the furnace all night, then covered in charcoal and swarf and left till 
 cold ; the fracture is granular in the centre, but coarser round the 
 circumference. No. 3 have been heated in smithy scale to a bright 
 red heat, and left to cool in the furnace all night ; the fracture is much 
 coarser. No. 4 have been heated in haematite ore to the melting point 
 of copper. This is ascertained by placing a piece of copper on the 
 hearth beside the steel, and when the copper melts the heat of the 
 furnace is checked and made to cool as slowly as possible ; the steel 
 casting being left in it. The fracture is moderately coarse. No. 5 
 have been heated in equal parts of haematite ore and sand to the melting 
 point of copper, and left in the furnace all night to cool. Fracture 
 moderately coarse, with a finer grained patch in the centre. No. 6 have 
 been heated in iron swarf and charcoal to the melting point of brass, 
 left to cool all night in the furnace, reheated to cherry red, cooled in 
 water, and reheated to the melting point of brass (ascertained as in the 
 case of copper), and left again in the furnace all night to cool. Fracture 
 rather fine grained. No. 7 have been heated under the same conditions 
 as No. 6, but have not been hardened. The fracture is coarser round 
 the circumference and finer in the centre. No. 8 have been heated in 
 lime to bright redness for 40 minutes in the furnace. The fracture is 
 finely granular throughout. No. 9 have been heated in steel swarf and 
 charcoal to bright redness 40 minutes in the furnace. The fracture is 
 very fine grained. No. 10 have been heated in charcoal to the melting 
 point of copper, and left in the furnace all night to cool. The fracture 
 has a coarse ring round the circumference. No. 11 have been heated in 
 iron swarf and charcoal to the melting point of copper, and left in the 
 furnace all night to cool. The fracture is moderately granular. No. 
 12 have been heated in charcoal and steel swarf to the melting point of 
 brass, and left in the furnace all night to cool. The fracture is pretty 
 coarse. The points of all the specimens have been hardened in water. 
 
 3551. Steel coated with magnetic oxide of iron. 
 
 By Bowers and BarfiV process, which consists of submitting the 
 articles to be coated to super-heated steam, or to carbonic acid, or to 
 petroleum vapour in a cast or wrought-iron chamber heated externally. 
 By this means the surface is oxidized to a limited amount, producing a 
 protective coat of magnetic oxide. See the various Patents, No. 862 of 
 
413 
 
 1876, No. 2051 of 1877, No. 1280 of 1878, No. 3811 of 1880, and 
 No. 3304 of 1881. Communicated by Mr. George Bower. 
 
 3552. Wrought-iron plate coated with magnetic oxide of 
 iron by Bowers and Barffs' process, 1881. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Geo. Bower. See No. 3551. 
 
 3553. Wrought-iron pipe coated with oxide of iron by 
 Bowers and Barffs' process, 1881. 
 
 In this case the oxide is said to be the ferric and not the magnetic 
 oxide. It has . a reddish tinge. . Communicated by Mr. Geo. Bower. 
 See No. 3551. 
 
 3554. Large wrought-iron tube coated with magnetic oxide 
 of iron by combination of Bower and Barffs' processes. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Geo. Bower. See No. 3551. 
 
 SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS OF IRON AND STEEL TO VARIOUS USES. 
 
 3555. Three forms of manufacture of gun barrel. 
 
 The first is a simple hollow tube. In the second a single bar is bent 
 into a spiral, and the several adjacent coils are welded together into a 
 single tube forming the barrel. In the third, three smaller bars are 
 twisted into screws, and all welded together into a single flat bar, which 
 is then itself twisted into a spiral to ibrm the gun barrel as before. 
 
 3556. Hollow hemisphere of mild steel. Manufactured at 
 the Landore Siemens' Steel Company, at Landore, South Wales, 
 and subjected to the dish-test cold, 1886. 
 
 It consists of a piece of | boiler plate, dished cold. The tensile 
 strain of this metal is 26-5 tons per square inch, and the elongation in 
 8 inches 28-5 per cent. 
 
 3557. Three bars of mild steel, tied cold, at the Steel 
 Company of Scotland's Works, Glasgow. Manufactured by 
 Siemens' process, 1885. 
 
 The largest is about 1 inch in diameter ; the others are about inch 
 and . They are tied into various knots and varnished. The follow- 
 ing data have been determined in regard to the charge from which 
 the material was taken. It contained : carbon, -17 per cent.; sul- 
 phur, -05; phosphorus, -05; manganese, *47; and silicon, a trace. 
 The steel has a tensile strength of 28-7 tons per square inch, an 
 elongation of 30 per cent, in 8 inches, and an elastic limit of 14 '7 tons 
 per square inch. Communicated by J. liiley. 
 
 3558. Plate of mild steel bent three times on itself, at 
 the Steel Company of Scotland's Works, Glasgow, 1885. By 
 Siemens' process. 
 
 The steel of which this is made contains, carbon, 18 per cent. ; 
 sulphur, -03; phosphorus, -04; manganese, -5; and silicon, a trace. 
 Its tensile strength is 29 tons per square inch, the elongation was 24 per 
 
414 
 
 cent, in 8 inches, and the elastic limit is 15 tons per square inch. 
 Communicated by J. Riley. 
 
 3559. Bessemer mild steel boiler-plate, bent cold, and 
 drilled cold from a f in. punched hole. Manufactured at the 
 Locomotive Department, Crewe Works, 1877. 
 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb. It is one of over 20,000 then made, 
 proving how very uniform the material is. 
 
 3560. Three Bessemer mild steel plates, made for boiler 
 and other purposes, two of which have been tested to their 
 breaking point, at the Crewe Works. 
 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb. This steel has a tensile strength of 
 between 28 to 30 tons per square inch, and the elongation before 
 fracture is shown by these specimens. The whole bars have elongated 
 by comparison with the untested example about 1 inch. The breadth 
 of the narrower part before testing is 2 inches. After separation is 
 reduced by about 20 per cent. 
 
 3561. Four Bessemer mild steel angle irons, bent and 
 folded cold, in various ways, at the Crewe Works.. 
 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb. They are portions of: a steamer 
 built for the London and Xorth-western Railway Company by Messrs. 
 Lai i-d, of Glasgow, the material being made at Crewe. Not one of 
 them shows the slightest sign of breaking. 
 
 3562. Bessemer mild steel rivet bars, bent cold at the 
 Crewe Works. 
 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb, 1877. 
 
 3563." Rough turning from Bessemer steel crank axles, for 
 locomotives. 
 
 From the Crewe Works, showing the homogeneity of the material. 
 Communicated by F. W. Webb. 
 
 3564. Finished turnings from Bessemer steel crank axles. 
 At the Crewe works. Communicated by F. W. Webb. 
 
 3565. Broad smooth steel turning, from the Woolwich 
 Arsenal. 
 
 Not tarnished by the moist air. 
 
 3566. Scale from rolling steel rail at Dowlais, South Wales. 
 
 A thin sheet of dark sub-crystalline compound with cracked pyramidal 
 elevations on the convex side. 
 
 3567. Seven specimens of iron for armour plates. Analysed 
 for the Special Committee on Iron in 1863. 
 
 They are stamped B 1, B 2, B 3, B 4, B 9, B 31, and P. 
 
415 
 
 3568. Samples of armour plates which have been broken 
 by shots. 
 
 They are labelled W. and P. and show on the fracture a coarse 
 crystalline structure with marked signs of lamination, brought about 
 by the presence of mere or less slag, which has not been eliminated. 
 
 3569. A thick iron armour plate, which has been tested to 
 the breaking point by Cammell & Co. of Sheffield. 
 
 It shows a strongly marked fibrous structure parallel to the surface 
 of the plate, with here and there brilliant patches, like the cleavage of 
 surfaces of iron phosphide. 
 
 3570. Portion of Rodman's shot, fired at Shoeburyness. 
 
 Rodman was the American who cast the, 70-ton gun in the Civil war 
 in the United States. This has been analysed by W. J. Ward in 1868, 
 and is found to contain graphite 2-83, combined carbon 0-34, silicon 
 0-82, sulphur 0-04, phosphorus 0-25, manganese 0-45 per cent, with 
 a trace of copper. 
 
 3571." Portion of the Rodman shot, fired at Shoeburyness. 
 Of granular grey cast iron, similar to that analysed. 
 
 3572. Piece of Dr. David Price's 15-inch shot, fired the 
 31st of March 1869. 
 
 Communicated by Dr. Price. It is mottled cast iron, of not much 
 purity. 
 
 3573. Piece of iron armour plate, smashed by a shot at 
 Shoeburyness. 
 
 It shows a highly laminated structure. 
 
 3574. Grey cast iron shot, broken up by firing against an 
 iron target at Shoe~buryness. 
 
 There are no signs of lamination in the fracture, which is finely 
 crystalline granular to the surface. 
 
 3575. Piece of armour plate made at Portsmouth Dockyard 
 and found to be bad. 
 
 Communicated by Captain Drummond. It is very laminated and 
 coarse, though thin, and shows much impurity. 
 
 3576. Specimen of iron broken by a shot at Shoeburyness, 
 1.866. 
 
 Seen on one side the specimen has a beautifully silky fibrous frac- 
 ture ; on the other side it is somewhat laminated, but highly 
 crystalline ; at the cross section at the end the fibrous part breaks otf in 
 black patches, and the rest shows a crystalline fracture. It thus 
 appears that in the same iron it is different material, that has a fibrous 
 or crystalline fracture. 
 
416 
 
 3577. Two rivets destroyed by shot at Shoeburyness. 
 
 One of these is broken across and shows its crystalline fracture, the 
 other, originally identical in character, is sheared, and the surface of 
 separation smoothed by some particles of iron being drawn along over 
 others. 
 
 3578. Pointed end of an Armstrong shot which struck 
 point blank an iron target at Shoeburyness in 1863. 
 
 The shot was of grey pig-iron. This portion of it now consists of 
 two conical masses, the smaller on one side, with the other one fitting 
 over it, but turned out at the edges, like a piece of butter. Both one 
 and the other are slickensided from the summit. This specimen 
 demonstrates that under suitable circumstances solid pig-iron may be 
 made to flow. This, however, is not generally the result. Much heat 
 is usually developed by the impact, and a large quantity of the iron 
 may be reduced to powder. The appearance of flame at the point of 
 contact may be due to the fuming up of the highly heated iron dust 
 thus produced. 
 
 3579. Piece of French screw torn out by a shot at Pole's 
 Target, Shoeburyness, 1864. 
 
 It shows for the most part a fibrous fracture. 
 
 3580. Piece of Armstrong gun breech - piece broken 
 across. 
 
 This shows a laminated crystalline fracture with bands of earthy 
 matter running across it. Communicated by General Lefroy, of the 
 Arsenal, Woolwich. A larger piece of the same breech is in the Royal 
 Artillery Institution, Woolwich. 
 
 3581. Wrought-iron armour plate broken by a cannon ball 
 at Shoeburyness. 
 
 It shows a highly crystalline fracture, the length of the crystals being 
 parallel to the surface, and they are mixed with much slag which is 
 retained in welding one plate to another, in the usual process of manu 
 facture. 
 
 3582. Iron from a piece of plate knocked out by a shot in 
 Prussia in 1861. 
 
 They are fragments showing a fibrous structure, perpendicular to the 
 surfaces of the plate. 
 
 3583. Chilled cast-iron shot fired against an iron target at 
 Shoeburyness and broken. 
 
 It shows a radiating crystallisation passing to the surface as in white 
 iron, but its colour is rather mottled. 
 
 3584. Fragment of armour plate tested at Shoeburyness in 
 1868, and which completely failed. 
 
 It was made from an Armstrong coil, and split open by cutting, and 
 then flatted out at a strong heat. The fracture is highly crystalline and 
 
417 
 
 the plate is found to consist of oblique bands. Some of these are 
 marked by a transverse fibration, and some by large plate-like crystals. 
 It practically consists of a number of parallel bars welded together, and 
 by re-heating the texture of the iron would become more largely 
 crystalline. The thickness of the plate was 8 inches. Communicated 
 by Gen. Lefroy. 
 
 3585. Part of a fly-wheel of an engine. From Dallam Iron 
 Works, Warrington. 
 
 Communicated by W. Flight. It shows a cavity into which octa- 
 hedral crystals, single and combined, of iron project. 
 
 3586. Specimens of -f^ in. bolt iron, before and after re 
 melting, to she w the effect on the fracture. 
 
 The original bolt shows a finely fibrous fracture. A portion of the 
 same has been melted, and the button when broken shows a very coarse 
 crystalline and flaky fracture. Communicated by E. Riley. 
 
 3587. Section of a rail of Bessemer steel tested for the 
 Great Northern Railway Company by Messrs. Cammell, at the 
 Cyclops Steel and Iron Works, Sheffield, 
 
 The weight of the rail is 80 Ibs. per yard, and it was tested by a 
 weight of 1 ton falling on it from different heights, the distance of the 
 points of support being 3 ft. When dropped from the height of 
 15 ft. the ton weight caused a deflection of If 'in. Ar the second blow, 
 with a fall of 20 ft., the rail was deflected 2| in. At the third, with a fall 
 of 25 ft., 4J- in. The bar was then reversed so that the deflected point 
 was upwards. At the first blow of the ton falling from 15 ft. it deflected 
 3J in. At the second, with a fall of 25 ft., it broke. 
 
 3588. Collection of samples of rails made for the Great 
 Kail way Company of Russia at the works of Terre Noire, Lyons, 
 1875. 
 
 Communicated by the Terre Noire Iron Company. One is labelled 
 as " Martin," another as " Bessemer," a third is laminated on the sur- 
 face, and the other two are broken. Compare Percy's Metallurgy, Iron 
 and Steel, p. 724. 
 
 3589. A section of one of these steel rails which have been 
 tested by Chas. Cammell & Co., Sheffield, 1876. 
 
 The chemical analysis shows the rail to have a large excess of phos- 
 phorus. There is 0-15 per cent, combined carbon, 0-06 per cent, 
 sulphur, 0-26 per cent, phosphorus, and 0-77 percent, manganese, with 
 a trace of silicon. The rail sent to be tested was cut into three portions, 
 each 4 ft. 6 in. long. These were rested on two supports with circular 
 ends of 3 in. radius, the distance between the points of contact being 
 in each case 3 ft. 8 in. Three trials were made rill the portions broke. 
 A weight (of similar form to the support) of 2,240 Ibs. falling from a 
 height of 15 ft. 4 in. broke it immediately. A weight of 1,232 Ibs. 
 falling from 6 ft. deflected it ~ in., and falling from 8 ft. broke it. A 
 weight of (505 Ibs. falling from 3 ft. bent the third piece T ? (r in., and 
 U 61955. D D 
 
418 
 
 falling from 4 ft. 6 in. bent it -/^ in., and from 6 ft. broke it. These 
 results for a rail weighing 66| Ibs. per yard are not considered satis- 
 factory. The fracture is remarkable as showing here and there brilliant 
 white spots. 
 
 3590. Steel worked into the form of a tyre in section. 
 Produced at the Lowmoor Iron Works, 1868. 
 
 It has a moderately coarse crystalline fracture. 
 
 3591. Polished model section of a rail as used on the Bel- 
 gian State Railways, 1887. 
 
 Produced by the " Societe Cockerell," at Seraing, Belgium. Com- 
 municated by C. P. Sandberg. 
 
 3592. Section of spoke of a cast steel wheel. Made at 
 Monk Bridge, Leeds. 
 
 Tested in 1885. It has a coarse crystalline fracture. 
 
 3593. Plate of iron which has been cast and which has 
 round holes in it, punched cold, by the Carron Company, Fal- 
 kirk, N.B. 
 
 The plate contains an ornament in the centre consisting of a basket 
 of flowers, and a frame which has been cast, but yet it has stood punch- 
 ing cold without breaking. Communicated by Mr.-H. Blain, 1886. 
 
 3594. Tin plate made from No. 3 steel, equal to charcoal 
 plate. 
 
 The No. 3 steel was made at Blaenavon in a 3-cwt. Bessemer converter 
 from pig-iron, containing 1 -4 per cent, of phosphorus. See the Thomas- 
 Gilchrist process, Nos. 3440 et seq. 
 
 3595. Piece of sheet steel after cutting out the blanks for 
 steel pen making. 
 
 From W. Jessops & Co.'s Works, Brightside, Sheffield, 1885. It is 
 returned from Birmingham to be remelted. 
 
 3596. Steel pens tipped with brass. Made at Birmingham, 
 1854. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Pershouse. 
 
 3597. Steel pens made from steel which has been smelted 
 direct from the ore. 
 
 They are stamped " King of Denmark." 
 
 3598. Cast iron used for plough-shares. From Fowler & 
 Co.'s Steam Plough Works, Leeds, 1885. 
 
 It is rast in chill from Weardale pig. The fracture is very finely 
 granular, and shows grey iron in all but a narrow rim of white iron 
 crystallising perpendicularly to the surface. 
 
419 
 
 3599. Cast-iron screws annealed in coke dust. 
 
 Made of Blaenavon iron at Mr. Walker's Works, Wolverhampton. 
 
 3600. Cast-iron screws made from Lorn iron, Ulverstone. 
 They have been annealed for 48 hours in haematite, and have thereby 
 
 lost weight. The iron will not mix with Blaenavon iron. Communicated 
 by Mr. Walker. 
 
 3601. Iron nails in the shape of ornamental brass nails, 
 ready to be electro-plated. 
 
 Communicated by Mr. Fearn, electro-plater, Birmingham. 
 
 3602. Electrotype iron, produced in the process of 
 s< AcieVage " at Messrs. Rollason's Works, Sheffield. 
 
 Communicated by H. Bradbury. This is the deposit of 48 hours, and 
 shows the pattern of a nature printed fern-frond. 
 
 3603. Piece of the iron column at Delhi. 
 
 This column is between 40 ft. and 50 ft. in total length, and 26 ft. 
 from the ground to the top, and 5 ft. in circumference. It is made of 
 wrought iron, as shown by the small accompanying bar forged out of a 
 piece. It does not sensibly harden by melting and cooling rapidly. 
 Communicated by Lieutenant Cole. 
 
 3604. Iron coin issued by the Chinese Emperor in 1857. 
 From the mint of Tuh Chow Foo, capital of the Province of Fuh 
 Kien. 
 
 It is a round coin with a square hole in the centre. It is black on 
 the surface and badly cast. It was ill received by the people, and 
 created great disturbance. Communicated by S. Birch, 1858. 
 
 3605. Iron tray coated with tortoise-shell lacquer. Made 
 at Taganrog in Russia in 1865. 
 
 Communicated by John Hughes, manager of the works. 
 
 3606. Seven samples of iron and steel wire which have been 
 subjected to tests for tenacity by O. Schafer, 1886. 
 
 No. 1 is a steel wire, with a breaking strain of about 120 tons per 
 square inch. No. 2 is steel, whose breaking strain is 70 tons. No. 3 is 
 steel, with a breaking strain of 120 tons. This is much thicker than 
 No. 1, and as wires of the same quality have a less than proportionate 
 breaking strain, as their diameter is greater, this must be of a different 
 quality. No. 4 is of homogeneous metal, or soft iron, with a breaking 
 strain of 30 tons per square inch. Nos. 5, 6, and 7 are iron wires of 
 less tenacity. 
 
 3607. Collection of short lengths of fine steel wires which 
 have been tested for tenacity, which is very high. 
 
 They are tinned on the surface, and have been made the subject of 
 elaborate experiments. A, B, C, D, and E, are all from the same rope. 
 
 D D 2 
 
420 
 
 Pieces from outside end of Coil. Pieces from inside end of Coil. 
 
 Length tested 10 inches. 
 
 Diam. in 
 Inches. 
 
 Per-cent- 
 ageof 
 Elonga- 
 tion before 
 Breaking. 
 
 Breaking Strain. 
 
 Diam. in 
 Inches. 
 
 Pcv-cent- 
 ageof 
 Elonga- 
 tion before 
 Breaking. 
 
 Breaking Strain. 
 
 Actual in 
 Lbs. 
 
 Calculated 
 per Square 
 Inch in Tons. 
 
 Actual in 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Calculated 
 per Square 
 Inch in Tons. 
 
 0195 
 
 1-4 
 
 113 
 
 168-9 
 
 0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 114 
 
 179'5 
 
 0195 
 
 1-0 
 
 101 
 
 151-0 
 
 0195 
 
 1-0 
 
 102 
 
 152-5 
 
 0195 
 
 1-0 
 
 101 
 
 151-0 
 
 01S5 
 
 1-2 
 
 97 
 
 161-1 
 
 0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 103 
 
 162-2 
 
 0200 
 
 1-2 
 
 113 
 
 160-6 
 
 0200 
 
 1-0 
 
 103 
 
 146-4 
 
 0195 
 
 1-0 
 
 97 
 
 145-0 
 
 0200 
 
 1-2 
 
 104 
 
 147-8 
 
 0195 
 
 1-2 
 
 102 
 
 152-5 
 
 B. 
 
 C. 
 
 0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 103 
 
 162-2 
 
 0191 1-3 
 
 111 
 
 173-0 
 
 0190 
 
 0-8 
 
 95 
 
 149-6 
 
 0190 1-0 
 
 90 
 
 I4T7 
 
 0180 
 
 1-2 
 
 110 
 
 193-0 
 
 0188 
 
 1-0 
 
 93 
 
 149-6 
 
 -0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 90 
 
 141-7 
 
 0191 
 
 1-2 
 
 87 
 
 135-6 
 
 0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 103 
 
 162-2 
 
 0190 
 
 1-4 
 
 105 
 
 165-3 
 
 -0185 
 
 1-0 
 
 100 
 
 166-1 
 
 0186 
 
 1-3 
 
 104 
 
 170-9 
 
 D. 
 
 E. 
 
 0181 
 
 1-2 
 
 100 
 
 155-8 
 
 0191 
 
 1-1 
 
 94 
 
 146-5 
 
 0192 
 
 1-3 
 
 110 
 
 169-6 
 
 0189 
 
 1-3 
 
 101 
 
 160-7 
 
 0192 
 
 1-4 
 
 110 
 
 169-6 
 
 0190 
 
 ro 
 
 95 
 
 149-6 
 
 0192 
 
 1-1 
 
 95 
 
 146-5 
 
 0188 
 
 1-4 
 
 111 
 
 178-5 
 
 0190 
 
 1-0 
 
 107 
 
 168-5 
 
 0189 
 
 1-3 
 
 104 
 
 165-5 
 
 0193 
 
 1-0 
 
 93 
 
 141-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3608. Coil of thicker steel wire, tested for tensile strength 
 which is very high. 
 
421 
 
 This has also been tinned over, and has yielded the following 
 
 results : 
 
 Tests of bright Steel Wire. Length tested =10 inches. 
 
 
 Diam. in 
 Inches. 
 
 Per-centage 
 of Elonga- 
 tion before 
 Breaking. 
 
 Breaking Strain. 
 
 
 Actual in 
 Lbs. 
 
 Calculated 
 in Tons per 
 
 Square Inch. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 030 
 
 2-5 
 
 269 
 
 169-9 
 
 
 
 030 
 
 2-6 
 
 269 
 
 169-9 
 
 
 
 030 
 
 2-8 
 
 264 
 
 166-7 
 
 
 
 030 
 
 2-5 
 
 261 
 
 164-8 
 
 
 3609. Series of pianoforte steel wires, made according to 
 Horsfall's patent. 
 
 This paterxt was granted in 1854, and its essence consists in finally 
 drawing the wire tempered at about dark blue, which is the melting 
 point of lead, into which the steel wire is immersed. They are labelled 
 Horsfall and Webster, Birmingham. Improved Vienna, No. 20, 103 
 grains; No. 14, 60 grains. One of these wires having a specific gravity 
 of 7 '85 is said to have a tensile strength of 100-120 tons per square 
 inch. Communicated by Dr. Pole. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 854. 
 
 3610. " Fowler's Special " steel wire. 
 
 Made by Rollason and Slater, Birmingham. Communicated by J. 
 Fowler. In comparison with other wires this has the greatest breaking 
 strain. Thus the crucible steel wire breaks with 40-60 tons per square 
 inch. Patent steel wire with 80-90 tons. Plough quality ditto with 
 100-110 tons. Improved plough quality with 110-120 tons. This. 
 requires 150 tons per square inch to break it. 
 
 3611. Wittenstrom's " Mitis " castings. 
 
 Communicated by C. Wittenstrom of Stockholm, 1886. They 
 consist of a double casting of a kind of bracket in the rough with 
 adherent sand and some fragments to show its uniform and unblistered 
 fracture. One of them is bent without breaking. 
 
 3612. Nordenfelt " Mitis " wrought-iron castings. Manu- 
 factured in Sweden. 
 
 Communicated by E. A. Cowper. There is a treble casting of a screw 
 key, one of which is bent into a curve without breaking ; a screw key 
 bent double three times, and another with one side polished ; and a shaped 
 casting, one side of which is bent without breaking. These are from 
 the same works as the last, Wittenstrom being the inventor. The 
 process is the subject of a patent No. 8269, 1885. The principal 
 feature is the addition of a small proportion of aluminium, which 
 enables the gases to escape, and produces a uniform casting. See Percy's 
 Presidential address to the Iron and Steel Institute, 1886. 
 
422 
 
 3613. A hair-brush made of malleable cast iron, by Witten- 
 strom's method of " Mitis " castings. 
 
 The iron when treated in this way, i.e., by the addition of aluminium, 
 is made to flow like milk, and runs down even with the small cavities 
 represented by the wires. Communicated by J. Orum, 1887. One 
 of the cones is bent in two, to show its flexibility. 
 
 Watchmakers' Steel. 
 
 3614. Flat-spring wire for ordinary English watch. 
 
 3615. Two samples of hair-spring wire for marine chro- 
 nometers. 
 
 Both are white, polished, and flat, but one is broader than the other. 
 
 3616. Marine chronometer spring. 
 
 This is the broader wire worked into a cylindrical spiral and tempered 
 to a brilliant blue. 
 
 3617. Hair-spring for a small watch. 
 
 An extremely small flat wire, wound into a flat spiral to which the 
 flatness of the wire is perpendicular, and tempered to a brilliant blue. 
 
 3618. Main-spring of a watch of best construction. 
 
 A broad band, wound into a flat spiral, and tempered to a purplish 
 blue. 
 
 3619. Main-spring of an American keyless watch which broke 
 suddenly. 
 
 It is tempered brown and is broken about 1 inch from the centre. 
 
 3620. Spring of a lever watch made at Clerkenwell similar 
 to those made for the Arctic Expedition, and which broke 
 suddenly. 
 
 It is tempered purplish brown and broke about 3J inches from the 
 centre. 
 
 3621. Main-spring of a watch smaller than a threepenny 
 piece. 
 
 The exterior diameter of the compressed spring is about J inch, and the 
 interior J inch, in the intervening ^ inch on each side are 8 coils. They 
 are tempered a slightly purplish blue, except the inner one which 
 gradually changes to white. 
 
 3622. Broken main-spring from a very large time-piece. 
 
 A band J inch broad and tempered blue and purple, broken in several 
 places. 
 
 3623. Minute steel parts of a watch. 
 
 A horizontal escape wheel and cylinder and three small jewel setting 
 springs and a screw. 
 
423 
 
 3624. Chainwork for an English' watch. 
 
 Made by women at Christchurch, Hants. These chains are composed 
 of flat links, swollen transversely at each end, alternate links coming in 
 contact and each rotating on a pivot passing through an internal link 
 at the points where there are swellings of the external link. 
 
 3625. Series of watchmakers' small tools. 
 
 They consist of one oblong file, double cut on the flat side and single 
 cut on one narrow side, one square and one round double cut rat-tailed 
 file, one minute single cut flat file, four half round files double-cut on 
 the flat side only, and one flat bevelled file single cut on all the bevelled 
 edges. They are all of foreign manufacture bearing the name of 
 Proutat, Brizard, and Baumer, 
 
 3626. Watch pivot broach, or rimer. 
 
 The smallest English one made. All the above specimens of steel 
 used in the manufacture of watches (except No. 3619), were obtained 
 from Mr. Brock of George Street, Dorset Square. 
 
 3627. Penknife with blades made of Wootz steel. 
 
 The blades are stamped with the name " John Sellers and Son, 
 Improved." Wootz is the name of Indian steel made by carburising 
 compact iron. Its analysis is given in Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and 
 Steel, p. 775. 
 
 3628. Penknife with blades made of Mushet's titanium steel. 
 It is said also to contain tungsten. See No. 3511. 
 
 3629. Stirling's patent bell-metal alloy, cast into a bell. 
 
 This is iron alloyed with a small proportion of tin. From the 
 Exhibition of 1851. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 162. 
 
 3630. Bell made of an alloy composed of 95 parts of white 
 cast iron with 5 parts of antimony. 
 
 The bell has two irregular holes on the top, bat the tone is good. 
 
 3631. Bell made of an alloy composed of 95 parts of white 
 cast iron with 5 parts of tin. 
 
 This has several irregular holes on the sides, and the tone is not very 
 good. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 162. 
 
 3632. Guard of Japanese sword hilt, made of iron overlaid 
 with a pattern in gold. 
 
 This has the appearance of being inlaid with gold, but it is not inlaid 
 in the ordinary sense. The surface of the iron where the gold pattern 
 is fixed is very finely cross hatched. Some form of stencil plate is 
 apparently then used, which limits the gold to the pattern. Where 
 it comes in contact with the iron it is pressed into the cross hatchings 
 by which it is held in firm adherence. The pattern represents some 
 imaginary bird in a bower. 
 
424 
 
 DEFECTS IN IKON AND STEEL. 
 
 3633. Gun coil from Woolwich Arsenal showing the effects 
 of the iron being " red short." 
 
 The coarse fibres of the iron run parallel to the circumference of the 
 coil, and on the outside they have parted in several places, making the 
 sides jagged with chasms. 
 
 3834. Blistered boiler plate from the ventilation depart* 
 ment, Houses of Parliament. 1881. 
 
 The inner part has a great cavity, and is separated along the base of 
 it from the outer part of the plate. It was found that the tube in this 
 boiler had been made at another works, and not at Low moor as according 
 to specification. 
 
 3635. Piece of a boiler plate which gave way along an arc 
 of fracture 12 inches long. 
 
 The rusty side of the specimen is the boundary of the crack. The 
 fracture on the other side is silky-crystalline, and shows no signs of 
 lamination. 
 
 3636. Part of a spoke of a cast-iron spoked car- wheel, which 
 shows a hollow cavity in its interior. 
 
 Made at the London Road Foundry, Edinburgh, 1881. Communi- 
 cated by H. Louis. This is not a blow-bole or other ordinary defect, 
 but depends on the metal, contraction occuring during solidification and 
 thus causing the hollow. Often the interior of the cavity shows a more 
 or less distinct crystallisation, and this seems to assist in the formation 
 of cavities. The approximate composition of the iron is combined 
 carbon 0-6, graphite 2-3 to 2-6, silicon 0-6 to 0-7, phosphorus 0-36, 
 sulphur 0-08, manganese 0-4. 
 
 3637. Piece of the cast iron beam which broke at the 
 Hartley Colliery accident, January 1862. 
 
 The tensile strength was determined to be 473 Ibs. per square inch. 
 The iron contains 2-68 per cent, of silicon, 1-11 per cent, of phos- 
 phorus, and 0- 16 per cent, of sulphur. Communicated by Mr. Dunn. 
 
 3638. Piece of Bessemer steel, formed into an angle bar from 
 the lower edge of the keel of the ship " Magdala," 1868, which 
 broke on falling to the ground from the height of a few feet. 
 
 Communicated by Sir Spencer Robinson. It has been analysed by 
 W. J. Ward. 
 
 Silicon - - 0-212 
 
 Manganese - ' - 0-382 
 
 Phosphorus - - . 0-067 
 
 Sulphur - 0-067 
 
 Iron - - 99-112 
 
 Carbon (by difference - 0-160 
 
 100-000 
 
425 
 
 3639. {( Black plates " in the tinned plate process, which 
 separate into two and rise into blisters. 
 
 From the Cumbrian Iron Works, Newport, Mon. Communicated by 
 11. S. Roper, 1866. About 2^ cwt. of scrap taken from the blacksmith's 
 shop was used up in the charcoal refiner's fire, and thus converted 
 into stamp iron, mixed with the other iron, and made into several bars, 
 and finally rolled into black plates with these blisters. 
 
 3640. Tin plates in which the tin leaves the surface of the 
 iron and breaks up with a jagged edge. 
 
 Due probably to the deposit on the surface of the plate of some slag 
 which has not been sufficiently eliminated from the iron before tinning. 
 Communicated by J. Williams. Pentyrch Forge, Cardiff, 1868. 
 
 WEARING AND DECAY OF IRON. 
 
 3641. Tie rod of wrought iron taken from a cistern in 
 Somerset House after 16 years use. 
 
 The original diameter was J inch, and the service of water was inter- 
 mittent. The tie rod is irregularly worn away, and shows longitudinal 
 lines and knots like a stem of a tree, and in one part is reduced to about 
 ^ inch in diameter. 
 
 3642. Pipe coated over with a crust of ferric oxide. 
 
 No information accompanies this pipe. It is about 18 in. long and 
 l inch diameter. Internally it is quite smooth and apparently unworn, 
 but externally it is thickened up to 1 J inch diameter by a coat of ferric 
 oxide (?), which is laminated and also split into longitudinal bands. 
 
 3643. Pipe for condensed steam from a battery at the 
 Houses of Parliament, 1865. 
 
 It is choked up to nearly the centre by a series of concentric deposits- 
 of rust, which are additions to its substance and not derived from it, the 
 pipe itself being almost entirely unacted on. 
 
 3644. Two halves of an iron steam pipe taken from the 
 West Front smoke shaft in the Houses of Parliament after 3J 
 years' use in 1865. 
 
 This is the return pipe for the condensed water. It is about 1 inch 
 in diameter. One half is very little altered, having only a deposit of 
 rust ; the other half is deeply corroded and perforated in three separate 
 spots, and thickened with rust elsewhere. These spots lie along the 
 line where the tube has been joined, the joint having been cemented by 
 a second metal (solder?). 
 
 3645. Scale from the interior of an iron vessel. . 
 
 The thickness of plate which has decayed, according to the per- 
 centage (63-53) of iron in the scale is 0-079 inch. The scale contains- 
 ferric oxide 84 '24, ferrous oxide 5-87, water 7-80, and the outer 
 surface contained oxide of lead in sensible quantities, and traces of 
 chlorine and sulphuric acid. 
 
426 
 
 3646. Broken boiler plates and bolts. No history. 
 
 The plate has broken into laminae and also torn where the bolts were 
 inserted. 
 
 3647. Stud belonging to a pump bucket, from Orange Street 
 Waterworks, after three years' use. 
 
 It was coated with Dr. Angus Smith's preparation before use, and 
 has been continuously immersed in water during its three years' use. 
 It is not very deeply corroded, but sufficiently so to bring out its laminated 
 structure. 
 
 3648. Old and new back nut in the Range Boiler, Sealer's 
 Room, West Front, Houses of Parliament. 
 
 The old one had been in use about 12 months. The outside has 
 rusted away to about one-half its original thickness. 
 
 3649. Round wrought-iron bar which had been for eight 
 or nine years at the top of the front of a kitchen range. 
 
 Communicated by J. H. Marshall, Edgbaston, 1875. This bar 
 has never been redhot throughout, the side remote from the fire being 
 always dark and it has been subjected to less heat than the lower bars but 
 to a stronger draft. The bar was fixed in its place by a wrought-iron 
 round pin let in at each end, one of which still remains. This would 
 allow access of air to the interior. In any case the ends have oxidised 
 along the fibres more than the centre has, which has caused expansion 
 and thus produced the separation and bulging at the ends. 
 
 3650. Altered steel bar from a furnace bottom. 
 
 Communicated by R. Pearce, of the Black Hawk Silver and Gold 
 Smelting Works, Colorado, 1878. Part of the bar is imbedded in con- 
 solidated cinder, the consolidation being due to the iron derived from 
 the bar. The bar itself, both in the imbedded portion and the other, 
 shows a concentric structure, a hollow centre and sheaths of scoriaceous 
 matter which are only partly metallic, so that the whole bar is chemically 
 altered and has become of smaller specific gravity. Its diameter is 
 about l inches. 
 
 3651. Decayed half-inch cast-iron plate forming part of the 
 interior tubbing of the upcast shaft of Monkwearmouth Colliery, 
 Sunderland. 
 
 It was placed in position at a depth of 180 fathoms from the surface 
 iu 1863 and taken up in 1871. It is now entirely turned to rust which 
 is so lightly aggregated that it is like a sponge with a very low specific 
 gravity. Communicated by Lieut. Cundall, R.A. 
 
 3652. Scale scraped off the surface of a " Con way tube." 
 
 From an area of 2 ft. 4 ins. by 1 ft. 9 ins. Communicated by the 
 London and North-western Railway Company. Analysed by R. Smith, 
 1869. 
 
 3653. Scale rubbed off the surface of a " Conway tube." 
 
 From an area of 24 ft. 4 ins. by 1 ft. 9 ins. Communicated by the 
 London and North-western Railway Company. Analysed by R. Smith, 
 1869. 
 
427 
 
 3654. Altered cast-iron case of the condenser of H.M.S. 
 " Spartan." 
 
 From the dockyard at Sheerness. The condenser tubes were of 
 copper and the case within which they were contained was of cast iron. 
 The copper tubes carried steain within and between them and the case 
 sea water circulated. The fragments of the case are nearly or entirely 
 converted with a porous ferric oxide of light specific gravity in the 
 bulk. 
 
 3655. Part of an old cast-iron water pipe which had been 
 in use for about 8 or 10 years, at Llanelly, 1863. 
 
 It is of unequal thicknesses on the two sides, but has not been 
 sensibly corroded in this part, but shows the spots to which concretions 
 have been attached. 
 
 3656. Concretions of hydrous ferric oxide which have 
 formed inside the above pipe to the extent of choking it up. 
 
 They are irregular soft brown lumps, showing concentric structure, 
 and on heating them to 110-120 C. they lose 5-90 per cent, of weight. 
 There is no evidence that they were derived from manufactured iron. 
 
 3657. Mass which is supposed to have been an iron rod 
 embedded in scoria from a charcoal furnace of a steel works at 
 the Brades. 
 
 It is now a light porous grey material containing glittering particles 
 and unlike either graphite or any compound of iron. 
 
 3658. Two rivets from a boiler which exploded at Messrs. 
 Hickman's Works, Staffordshire, in 1856. 
 
 On one of these is seen anhydrous, and on the other hydrous ferric 
 oxide, the former from above and the latter from below the water line, 
 indicating that above the water line the boiler had been red hot. 
 
 3659. Old cannon ball which has fallen amongst shells and 
 gravel below the sea level. 
 
 The cannon ball, about 3 inches in diameter, is partly converted into 
 hydrous ferric oxide, the surface being swollen in parts and divided by 
 irregular cracks, it is surrounded by a dense coat of the same, and beyond 
 this is formed a conglomerate of shells and stones agglutinated by the 
 same hydrous ferric oxide derived by solution from the ball. 
 
 3660. Cannon ball exposed for a long period to the action of 
 water by which it has been oxidised and lost its shape, being 
 corroded on one side. 
 
 3661. Hook and shackle of coal pit tub left in water for 25 
 years. 
 
 At one of the pits of the Staveley Coal and Iron Company, near 
 Chesterfield, a fire occurred about 1857, and water from the canal was 
 turned in to put it out. The old workings in some parts of this pit have 
 been filled with water for upwards of 25 years. On reopening these 
 levels two trains of pit tubs were found in them ; the woodwork was 
 
428 
 
 perfectly sound, but the iron was converted into oxide ns seen. The 
 Jinks are now all cemented into a mass, which consists entirely of 
 hydrous ferric oxide, which is porous, arranged in concentric bands 
 within, and raised into irregular knots oa the surface. Communicated 
 by Mr. Markham 1887. 
 
 3662. A key which has lain for some time in the bed of 
 the Thames. 
 
 It is coated over with a conglomerate of stones and shells, which are 
 fixed by the impregnated ferric oxide derived from the decay of the key. 
 Communicated by W. Cutter. 
 
 3663. Smith's hammer which has been for a long time 
 buried in swampy ground. 
 
 Found in making an extension of the Metropolitan Railway Carriage 
 and Waggon Works at Saltley, Birmingham, in 1876. The wood of the 
 handle is unaltered, but the iron head shows the running of the fibres of 
 the iron, both in the body and round the head ; they are brought out 
 by weathering. Communicated by F. W. Marshall. 
 
 3664. Piece of an old cannon ball taken out of Falmouth 
 Harbour. 
 
 It is now loose, porous, crumbling dust of hydrous ferric oxide, with 
 some bright metallic particles scattered irregularly through it. 
 
 3665. Rust scaled from the horizontal part of house 
 railings in Lincoln's Inn Fields. 
 
 It shows a thickness of at least half an inch, and is highly laminated 
 either after the structure of the original part, or by intermittent 
 formation. 
 
 3666. Piece of an old iron gun raised from beneath the sea 
 at Tenby in 1856. 
 
 This is changed into a compact black oxide, not at all soft, but brittle 
 under a blow ; it shows no concentric or parallel structure. 
 
 3667. An old cast-iron shot from a ship at Chatham Dock- 
 yard. 
 
 The external surface has become oxidised, and a thickness of about 
 J inch has mostly pealed off, leaving an irregular core with depressions 
 all over it. Communicated by Col. Pasley. 
 
 3668. Old wrought -iron bars out of a dismantled ship, 
 Chatham Dockyard. 
 
 One end has in both cases split open, and decayed in laminae, and one 
 has a conglomerate of gravel formed on it. There was a large quantity 
 of broken scale detached. Communicated by Col. Pasley. 
 
 3669. Part of the breach of a cannon showing the touch- 
 hole and tube after firing 530 rounds. 
 
 281 rounds have been fired with a 12 IDS. charge, and 249 rounds 
 with an 11 Ibs. charge. The tube is eroded in a very irregular way. 
 
429 
 
 3670. Section of old rail after use for 29 years on the 
 Church Fenton and Harrogate line of the North-eastern 
 Railway. 
 
 When laid down in 1847 it weighed 65 Ibs. per yard, and when taken 
 up again in 1876 it weighed 61 Ibs. per yard, but its section shows not 
 the slightest truce of developed lamination. Communicated by T. 
 Harrison. 
 
 3671. Section of old single head rail used by the North- 
 eastern Railway Company. 
 
 It is a Welsh rail with Crown stamped on it ; it originally weighed 
 65 Ibs. to the yard. These rails were laid on the Newcastle and 
 Berwick section on the down main line between Scremerston and 
 Tweedmouth in 1846, and were in use there till 1863. They were then 
 taken out and laid in a siding at Scremerston Lime Works, till they 
 were finally taken out in 1873. They have worn well. Communicated 
 by T. Harrison. 
 
 3672. Section of old double head rail used by the North- 
 eastern Railway Company. 
 
 It is a Snowdon and Hopkins' rail, weighing 66 Ibs. to the yard. 
 The rails were laid on the Kelso branch up line between Velvet Hall 
 and Norham in 1S57, and were in use up to 1876, all having been 
 turned but none replaced. They show vertical divisions by intermixed 
 impurities. Communicated by T. Harrison. 
 
 3673. Section of old single head rail used by the North- 
 eastern Railway Company. 
 
 It is a Hudson rail, weighing S3 Ibs. to the yard. These rails were 
 laid on the Berwick Bridge in 1849, and were taken up in 1867 and 
 laid on the Kelso branch down line between Kelso and Spronston, and 
 were still in use in 1876. 
 < 
 
 3674. Section of old double head case-hardened rail used 
 by the North-eastern Railway Company. 
 
 Il is a Derwent and Consett Iron Company's rail, weighing 82 Ibs. to 
 the yard. These rails were laid on the Newcastle and Berwick section 
 near Chevington station on the up line in 1860, and were still in use in 
 1876. The rails were case-hardened by the North-eastern Railway 
 Company. The rail has now been reduced to 79-J Ibs. per yard, or a 
 loss of 2 Ibs. in 14^ years. 
 
 3675. Specimens illustrating the unintentional welding 
 together of two steel surfaces. 
 
 The part with the thicker stem was originally separate from the 
 other, the two being placed together along the surface indicated bv the 
 line beyond the collar. They have become welded into one piece so 
 firmly that it has been easier to break the substance of the steel itself 
 than to part them. In a large lathe for turning a special class of work 
 rotation is given to the work by means of a cross shaft. The end of 
 this cross shaft is provided with a flat-ended steel plug (one of the 
 pieces here welded together), which bears into a similar plug (the other 
 
430 
 
 piece), rigidly fixed to the frame of the lathe but capable of adjustment. 
 The two steel surfaces are kept in contact, and are made as hard as 
 possible, and are specially provided with an arrangement to keep up the 
 supply of oil. Nevertheless, three or four times during 15 years they 
 have welded together by the hent of friction produced by the rotation. 
 Communicated by J. Taylor, 1880. 
 
 3676. Piece of a cast-iron tomb plate erected in Wadhurst 
 churchyard, Sussex, 1613. 
 
 It has a superficial coat only of oxide, within it is still solid white 
 iron, proba,bly of Sussex origin. 
 
 3677. Piece of an old iron slab from a grave in Em-wash 
 churchyard, dating from the 14th century. 
 
 This is a portion of the slab mentioned by M. A. Lower in his paper 
 on the Iron Works of the South (Contributions to Literature, p. 97), 
 and figured in Boutell's Christian Monuments. It is certainly cast 
 iron, and, according to antiquarians, there is little doubt of its being 
 14th century. Communicated by A. Nesbitt. 
 
 3678. Ilusted iron from an ancient cemetery at Hallstadt, 
 in Austria. 
 
 It is rusted to the centre, so that its original nature cannot be 
 ascertained. Communicated by J. Evans. 
 
 3679. Portion of one of the iron clamps from the Parthenon 
 at Athens. 
 
 This shows a clean blue-white granular crystalline fracture as of 
 wrought iron. Communicated by J. Evans. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 3680. Timber from an old tree, found 36 feef below coping 
 level of New Basins, or 30 feet below Trinity high-water mark. 
 
 From the Admiralty Works, Chatham. It is perfectly sound. For 
 comparison with iron decayed under similar circumstances. 
 
 3681. Wood from a bed of peat at Barking in the sewage 
 tunnel to the Maplin sands. Some 20 or 30 trees seen in situ, 
 in 1866. 
 
 3682. Two examples of Irish bog oak in its less altered 
 condition. 
 
 Communicated by J. Hawkshaw. 
 
 3683. Charcoal which has been heated to a high tempera- 
 ture for several hours. 
 
 3684. Charcoal from sugar which has been heated to a high 
 temperature. 
 
431 
 
 3685. Finely divided graphite prepared by Sir Benjamin 
 Brodie's process. 
 
 Communicated by Sir B. Brodie. 
 
 3686. Anthracite particles collected round the top of a blast 
 furnace at Ystalyfera, near Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 The furnace was let down and the blast kept on. In this way the 
 coal is carbonised but has no ore to reduce. 
 
 3687. Coke formed where gas leaked from a gas retort, 
 Stafford Gas \Vorks. (1847.) 
 
 The same mammillated forms in one specimen and some coarse hair- 
 like processes in the other are shown, and are referred to the decompo- 
 sition of gas by the heat. Communicated by Mr. Clift. 
 
 3688. Coke-like mass from a gas retort, showing mam- 
 millated surfaces. 
 
 3689. Specimens illustrating the effect of carbon in fusion. 
 
 Two pieces of platinum foil have been exposed to a high temperature 
 in small Stourbridge clay pots. One of them was imbedded in fine 
 white sand, and in this case the platinum was untouched by the heat. 
 The other was mixed with carbon, and globules of silicide of platinum 
 have been formed by the extraction of the oxygen of the sand by 
 the reducing action of the carbon. 
 
 3690. Specimens of devitrification of glass, illustrating the 
 formation and colouration of slags. 
 
 See Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, &c., p. 33. 
 These consist of 
 
 A. Three specimens produced during the rapid cooling of sheet 
 glass. These show mere specks scattered throughout the glass. They 
 were produced in the pot of a gas furnace that was cooled as rapidly as 
 possible. 
 
 B. Two specimens produced during the slow cooling of sheet glass. 
 These show large nodules 5 or 6 inches in diameter, impinging on each 
 other. They were formed in a furnace that was kept about the melting 
 point of the glass for 10 days and then allowed to die out. The crystal- 
 lisation has spread from the surface and sides along the bottom of the 
 pot, the central portions of the glass being the last to crystallise. 
 
 C. A darker glass with nodules about ^ inch diameter from the 
 " pockets " of a gas furnace. 
 
 D. " Ambitty " glass. Obtained from the furnace before the pots are 
 quite worked out. All the above are full green in tint. 
 
 E. A specimen consisting of glass of two colours separated by a band 
 of devitrified glass ; the one is full green, and contains numerous devitri- 
 fication centres ; the other is blue-green, and contains none. The com- 
 position of this sheet glass is, approximately, silica 73 per cent., soda 13 
 per cent., lime 13 per cent., and alumina and ferric oxide 1 per cent. 
 The specific gravity of the devitrified portion is 2 5823, or a little less 
 than that of the glass, which is 2-5919. 
 
432 
 
 F. Results of experiments on the devitrified glass. The material 
 A N 69 was placed in fragments in a crucible in a large Siemens' 
 furnace. At the end of 12 minutes (in which time fragments of the 
 glassy portion treated similarly had completely melted) it was in a pasty 
 state, giving a fibrous silky appearance on proof B N 69. In 88 minutes 
 more it was entirely converted into the vitreous form, but was full of 
 bubbles. C N 69. (Compare the statement on page 33 of Percy's 
 Metallurgy. Fuel, &c.) 
 
 G. The specimen marked A N 61 is formed from vitreous glass of 
 specific gravity 2-5398, by keeping it for 144 hours at a bright red heat 
 and surrounded by sand. It has a specific gravity of 2-4955. 
 
 H. Photograph of an hexagonal crystalline plate forming in glass 
 during the process of devitrification, magnified 63 diameters. All com- 
 municated by W. D. Herman, St. Anns Glass Works, St. Helens, 
 Lancashire, 1872-3. 
 
 3691. Box containing some results of Sir James Hall's ex- 
 periments on the effects of heat and compression. 
 
 These specimens belonged to Faraday, and are labelled by him. 
 Communicated by his widow. They comprise 
 
 A. A specimen of Rowley Rag, accompanied by another specimen of 
 the same which has been melted and then allowed to slowly cool, bj'' 
 which means it has returned again to a crystalline form. The specimen 
 is partly composed of the pot in which it Las been fused. 
 
 B. A glass tube with the following label " Two specimens in one 
 " experiment of the effects of H[eat] and Compression], The uuder- 
 " most (next the wooden cup) was a piece of common chalk. The other 
 " (if I am not much mistaken) purified by Mr. Hatchett. They were 
 " both in tubes of platinum, which metal was fused by the intrusion of 
 " the fusible metal. The upper specimen, where it has been by that 
 " means brought into contact with the porcelain, has run much." 
 
 C. " Some results of carbonate of lime exposed to H[eat] and 
 " Compression]." 
 
 D. "Compound of silex with carbonate of lime obtained by H[eat] 
 " and Compression]." 
 
 E. " Chalk turned into a substance like marble by H[eat] and 
 " Compression]." 
 
 F. " Pounded limestone formed into stone by H[eat] and 
 " Compression]. An old. experiment made in 1799." 
 
 G. " Common coal melted under compression retaining its power of 
 " giving flame." 
 
 H. "Piece of wood fused under H[eat] and C[ompression], and re- 
 " taining its power of giving flame." 
 
 3692. Samples of Wedgwood's pyrometer. 
 
 Made by the original inventor, Josiah Wedgwood. Each is stamped 
 with the figure 2. 
 
 3693. Specimens illustrating the power of Welch's small 
 Wast furnace. 
 
 A mass of malleable iron melted in a small Stourbridge clay crucible. 
 The iron shows a very remarkable smooth concave fracture. Commu- 
 nicated by Mr. Welch. 
 
433 
 
 3694. Box containing samples of malleable iron which have 
 been melted in Welch's small blast furnace. 
 
 In this furnace four ounces of iron are melted in 18 to 20 minutes. 
 The surface of these specimens has been polished with tin oxide, but 
 are otherwise untouched and as they left the crucible. They were ob- 
 tained by melting iron filings with pure ferric oxide, covered with 
 pounded glass. Communicated by Mr. Welch. 
 
 3695. Round balls of ferruginous concretions produced 
 from the water in the lead tanks of the Wortley Silkstone 
 Colliery. 
 
 Described by Thomas Andrews to the British Association, 1879, and 
 communicated by him. The water which produces these percolates 
 through the coal strata for 35 yards into a bed of silkstone coal, whence it is 
 pumped up. It always has an acid reaction. It deposits 2-45 grains 
 per gallon on boiling, and it contains in the same quantity 18-16 grains 
 of calcium sulphate, 19-52 grains magnesium sulphate, 1-03 grains 
 potassium chloride, 7 '34 grains sodium chloride, and 8-27 grains sodium 
 sulphate. When this water is not previously precipitated but passed 
 direct into the lead tank, at the end of two or three weeks these balls are 
 found, the ironwork of the colliery engine or boilers being at the same 
 time corroded both by the water and the steam generated from it. The 
 water is kept at a temperature varying from 140 F. to 188 F. by 
 steam playing on its surface. The balls have a concentric structure, 
 and the general aspect of hydrous ferric oxide. The analysis gives 
 
 Moisture - 2-30 
 
 Loss on ignition - -24-40 
 
 Silica - 1-80 
 
 Ferric oxide - - - 62-86 
 
 Alumina - 5-43 
 
 Phosphoric acid - 2-81 
 
 Lime - 0-40 
 
 100-00 
 
 3696. Boiler incrustation of gypsum. 
 
 Characteristic crystals formed in the boiler of the Chyandour Works, 
 North Crofty, Camborne. Communicated by A. K. Barnett. 
 
 3697. Specimen illustrating the formation of iron pyrites 
 by solution. 
 
 A fragment from a log of wood belonging to the yacht " Osborne " 
 in 1872, in which crystals of iron pyrites may be seen along a flaw. 
 This log had lain for a considerable time in a timber pond at Ports- 
 mouth, into which two drains discharged. Communicated by W. 
 Weston. 
 
 3698. Crystalline mass of green vitriol. 
 
 From the 40 fathom level, Duchy Pern, Newly East, Cornwall. 
 Communicated by Mr. Peto. Produced by the atmospheric decompo- 
 sition of pyrites, and covered with small excrescences of fibrous crystals 
 of an allied species. 
 
 U 61955. E E 
 
434 
 
 3699. Mass of sulphide of iron which ran down in the form 
 of a stalactite outside a bisulphide of carbon retort. 
 
 Communicated by W. Ratcliffe. The colour of the sulphide indicates 
 the presence of some ferric oxide, which is not usual in the ordinary 
 commercial product. 
 
 3700. Stalactitic mass of oxide of iron ; locality unknown. 
 It is broken across, and each drop shows radiate crystallisation. 
 
 3701. Crystalline slag produced in carrying out " Hollo- 
 way's process." 
 
 It is a silicate of iron, made by blowing protosulphide in a gannister- 
 lined converter, and when all had been oxidised, teeming into a ladle, 
 and allowing it to set. It is a black mass, with thin brilliant rectangular 
 plates standing up in the hollows. 
 
 3702. Another block of the same character and origin, 
 showing the irregular shape of the cavities. 
 
 3703. A similar specimen, with many of the crystals seen 
 on the flat side. 
 
 3704. Slag obtained in the carrying out of the " Holloway 
 process." 
 
 This is obtained by exposing tap-cinder to a high temperature with 
 lime, and then pouring it out. It is a failure in the process. It is a 
 minutely scoriaceous mass in which large plate-like black crystals are 
 abundantly formed ; the plates being composed of innumerable smaller 
 ones, which are placed edge to edge. 
 
 3705. Spence's patent metal formed into a casting. 
 
 This material was introduced in 1880. It is made by fusing together 
 a mixture of finely pulverized metallic sulphides, with varying pro- 
 portions of sulphur. It expands on cooling, thus being specially suit- 
 able for casting. It melts at about 320 Fahr. It is very little attacked 
 by acids, and is unaltered in the atmosphere. It is thus adapted for 
 various kinds of fastening. 
 
 3706. Compounds of an unspecified alloy with various 
 metals. 
 
 A. contains 90 parts of the alloy to 10 parts of gold, the total weight 
 being 98 grains. B. contains 90 parts of the alloy to 10 parts of silver. 
 C. contains 50 grains of alloy to 50 grains of silver, the total weighing 
 99J grains. D. contains 50 grains of the alloy to 50 grains of allumi- 
 nium. E. contains 90 parts of the alloy to 10 of tin. 
 
 3707. Bellows for a continuous blast as used in Orissa, 
 Lower Bengal. 
 
 It consists of two hemispheres of hard wood side by side, rudely 
 hollowed and each connected with a projecting hollow tube, the tubes on 
 the two sides being carried parallel to each as far as the end of the 
 bellows ; the whole is cut out of a single piece of wood. The hollow 
 of the hemispheres is covered with a piece of buffalo hide, with a small 
 
435 
 
 piece of string tying it to the end of a bent bamboo fixed into the ground 
 close by. The method of action is as follows : the bamboo acts as a 
 spring, drawing up the string, and with it the leather cover of the 
 bellows to its utmost stretch, while air enters through the central hole. 
 When the hemisphere is thus filled a man places his foot on the hide, 
 closing the central hole with his heel, and throwing the whole weight 
 of his body on to that foot, he depresses the hide, and drives the air out 
 through the tube, while he depresses the bamboo with his hand. This 
 operation being done alternately on the two sides produces a continuous 
 blast. See Percy's Metallurgy, Iron and Steel, p. 261, the description 
 being written by Mr. H. F. Blandford. 
 
 3708. Pair of circular bellows used in native smelting. 
 
 These consist each of a circular block of wood, enlarging towards the 
 top. The upper side is hollowed out for about J the depth, and the 
 solid block below is perforated obliquely. The hollow at the top is 
 covered with strong buffalo hide, with a hole in the centre, and tied 
 over a rim at the circumference. These, with a tube fixed into the 
 holes at the bottom and used together, would act in the same way as the 
 last. Locality unknown. 
 
 3709. Large conical leather bellows used in native smelting. 
 
 At the small end it is fixed to a large but short copper tube of 
 conical shape, at the large end the two sides are sewn tightly to two rods 
 of split bamboo, which at one end are tied together loosely enough to 
 serve as a hinge, and at the other are produced beyond the bellows to 
 serve as a handle, but they can only be separated to about 15, and the 
 whole bellows then open at the base. It is not obvious how they act. 
 Locality unknown. 
 
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