" A A A x- - A A ' v & ' &': A ' 3&'& ^ ^ 1L v -JiL' > A A & ^ 5^ ^* Jl 5^ 'JL' : '2t* ' -iaSt' -ijS* 1 v '3L/ ' Tv^ *' v^-'fc ^*^ -r*.'-^T^ ^ T"^ - v^ -' ^^ A'' A ^A^A^A" 3fe---3! ^$r x .A, ' A r^ V ' ' A- A * i Ornamental Gardening FOR AMERICANS. A TREATISE ON BEAUTIFYING HOMES, EUKAL DISTEICTS, TOWNS, AND OEMETEEIES, BY ELIAS A. LONG, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT ; AUTHOR OF " THE HOME FLORIST. ILLUSTRATED. NEW YORK: ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 62 & 54 LAFAYETTE PLACE. 1893. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by the ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. xs PREFACE This book was written with a view of furnishing a low- priced, comprehensive American work on Landscape, or more properly, Ornamental Gardening. A great degree of conciseness was aimed at, with the desire to bring a large amount of information on all departments of the subject into a small compass. And now the completed work goes forth in the hope that it will more fully meet the want for information of this kind than any work ever issued in this country, at even several times its price. I acknowledge with great pleasure the help found especially in preparing the lists and descriptions of trees, shrubs and plants, in the works of J. C. Loudon, W. Robinson, Josiah Hoopes, Frank J. Scott, and a few others, whose names appear in their proper places in the body of the book. Mention must also be made of the kindness of Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, - N". Y., in at all times throwing open, their nursery and specimen grounds, to my inspection, as an aid in pre- paring the descriptions in this department. To Dr. George Thurber, editor of the American Agri- culturist, I am specially indebted for valuable aid and (m) IV PREFACE. suggestions received, and for his interest in the work from the first. I am also indebted to the kindness of the Publishers of the last named periodical for the use of engravings, that appear in the descriptions of trees and plants. If my book shall be of service in increasing a love for Ornamental Gardening and kindred delights throughout America ; leading those who consult its pages in the way of genuine pleasure, healthfulness, and profit in these, my highest ambition shall have been satisfied. ELIAS A. LONG. BUFFALO, N. Y., November, 1884. CONTENTS. PART I. INTRODUCTORY. CHAPTER I. INTBODUCTION. 9 Glances at the Past, Present, and Future. The Require- ments of American Ornamental Gardening. Ornamental Gardening Literature. American Progress in Special Branches. American Architecture and Gardening. Orna- mental Gardening for Americans. CHAPTER II. Profits of Ornamental Gardening 16 CHAPTER III. Time required to produce Good Effects 20 PART II. MATERIALS OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER IV. The Ground and the Grass 28 CHAPTER V. Woody growths 25 CHAPTER VI. Deciduous Trees and Shrubs Z7 CHAPTER VII. Evergreen Trees and Shrubs 99 CHAPTER VIII. Climbers and Trailers 118 CHAPTER IX. Hardy Herbaceous Plants 124 CHAPTER X. Annual Plants 156 (V) VI CONTENTS. CHAPTER XI. Tender Plants CHAPTER XIL Miscellaneous Natural Materials PART III. ARRANGEMENT OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENS. CHAPTER Xm. Principles and Aims 161 Nature as a Teacber. Major and Minor Features of Embel- lishment. Variety. Order and Simplicity. Unity and Harmony. Character. Expression. Convenience. Breadth and Extent. Richness and Finish. CHAPTER XIV. The Home Buildings 166 CHAPTER XV. The Surface of the Garden 167 CHAPTER XVI. Walks and Drives 177 CHAPTER XVII. Use and Combination of Grass, Trees, Shrubs, etc 183 CHAPTER XVIII. Climbers and their uses 199 CHAPTER XIX. Flowering and Ornamental Plants 206 CHAPTER XX. Rockwork 221 CHAPTER XXI Water Features in the Garden 227 CHAPTER XXH. Hedges and Clipped Trees 231 CHAPTER XXHL Garden Structures 236 CHAPTER XXIV. Plans of Private Residence Grounds . . 247 CONTENTS. VII CHAPTER XXV. Portico, Window and Roof Gardening 265 CHAPTER XXVI. School, Church, Asylum, Hotel, and Railroad Gardening 273 CHAPTER XXVII. Public Parks and Pleasure Grounds 279 Future and Present Wants to be Considered. An Ideal Sys- tem of Public Lawn Gardening. " Beautiful Paris" as a Model. Paris, Past, Present, and Future. The Lesson for American Enterprise. The Large Park System. Garden Boulevards. A glance at Central Park, N. Y. Small Town Parks. Town Squares. Planting Public Highways. Rural Improvement Associations. CHAPTER XXVIII. Garden Cemeteries 301 PAET IV. CONSTRUCTING GARDENS. CHAPTER XXIX. Planning Garden Improvements 308 CHAPTER XXX. Laying out the Grounds 310 CHAPTER XXXI. The Work on the Grounds 312 CHAPTER XXXII. Planting 320 CHAPTER XXXIII. Lawn Making 324 CHAPTER XXXIV. Walks and Drives 327 CHAPTER XXXV. Preparation for Special Purposes 331 CHAPTER XXXVI. Garden Architecture ... 386 VIII CONTENTS. PART V. MAINTAINING GARDENS. CHAPTER XXXV1L January 337 CHAPTER XXXVHI. February 339 CHAPTER XXXIX. March 346 CHAPTER XL. April 349 CHAPTER XLI. May 353 CHAPTER XL1I. June 357 CHAPTER XLIII. July, August. 361 CHAPTER XLIV. September 364 CHAPTER XLV. October 365 CHAPTER XLVI. November, December 368 Ornamental Gardening for Americans, PART I. INTRODUCTORY. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. GLANCES AT THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. The art of Ornamental Gardening is, undoubtedly, backward in America at the present time. Progress is more apparent in some other arts ; for example, those of architecture and interior decoration. There is nothing strange in this, however; our nation is comparatively young, and whatever is closely related to the useful arts, has had opportunities to develop, which ornamental gardening, painting, and other arts have not enjoyed. House building has received great attention from the first, and it is natural that, as prosperity increases, a love for the beautiful should manifest itself in this sooner than in the more independent fine arts. Neither is it strange that gardening, and other arts of this class, in America should contrast unfavorably with the same in some European countries, for long before the birth of our nation these arts have had abroad a comparatively ^ree field in which to advance. (9) 10 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. If our backwardness in the fine arts is thus accounted for, the grounds upon which to base predictions of future progress, are no less clearly defined ; while in the pioneer century there was naturally a lack of means, to-day, wealth, rapidly developing taste, and in fact, everything needed for fostering the fine arts, abound with us. Noth- ing shows our real progress more strikingly than our decennial census returns. Ninety years ago there were less than four millions of people in the entire United States. Sixty years ago there were not yet ten millions ; at thirty years ago we had reached nearly twenty-three, and 1880 showed a population of about fifty millions. Wonderful as are these figures, our general prosperity has more than kept pace with them. To-day the large percentage of people owning homes ; the thousands of savings banks to care for the surplus money of the masses ; the multitude of possessors of moderate and of great wealth, all tell of a degree of prosperity unparalleled in any other country. This state of things is destined to have a marked effect upon the future of the fine arts in America. Great Britain, France, and other European nations, may surpass us in conservatories, gardens and parks to- day, but the time will come when we must excel in all of these, as we do in most of the useful arts and inventions. THE REQUIREMENTS OF AMERICAN ORNAMENTAL GAR- DENING. What is needed more than all else, is popular education with respect to the beauty, adaptability, and arrange- ments of the subjects of the vegetable kingdom for creating delightful garden and providing fine landscape effects. This is a matter in which the average American is far behind the Englishman, or the people of some other European countries. We are far from being a nation of garden lovers, or of people who take great INTRODUCTION. 11 delight in beautiful, well arranged, home-gardens, and in caring for them. It should be better known, that there are fully one thousand different species and varieties of ornamental trees and shrubs, besides great numbers of hardy flower- ing plants, all possessing distinct features of beauty, that will thrive in the greater part of the United States. One who walks among our home gardens and grounds, and sees the same plants in each, might suppose that only a few scores of these were known. The same kinds, such as have always been planted, are repeated everywhere. The same fault is also conspicuous in many cemeteries and public parks. It is not too much to say that a degree of poverty generally prevails in our ornamentation of home grounds, that would not be tolerated in the interior fur- nishings, or in the appearance of the house itself. There are as good reasons for adhering to the fashions in houses of fifty years ago as to the selection and arrangement of trees that prevailed at that time. The reason why a knowl- edge of materials, their kinds, arrangement and needed care are essential to success in ornamental gardening, is be- cause fine results depend largely upon continued attention to keeping up the garden. When the architect has planned and finished the house, the interest in architecture, so far as that house is concerned, is at an end. But when a garden is planned and planted it remains a perpetual charge. If it is slighted or neglected, the original work of construction is well nigh lost. It is an intimate ac- quaintance with trees and plants, first in doing or in di- recting garden work, and later the watching their growth and development, that give to the occupation its great- est charm. THE LITERATURE OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. A comparison of our garden literature with that of England, for example, indicates a general lack of interest 12 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. in the subject. We support but one periodical a monthly, devoted to general ornamental and useful gar- dening. In London alone, there are published no less than five periodicals devoted to the subject, and these are weeklies, of large size. I make no mention of agricul- tural and other papers with good gardening departments, nor of the monthlies and "guides" that are issued by seedsmen and florists, for advertising purposes, as these are found on both sides of -the Atlantic. The interest in the subject in England is also indicated by the numerous books treating on gardening. Such facts show that the English possess a much greater love for, and knowledge of, everything pertaining to gardening than do Americans. They also explain why many of our own native trees, shrubs, and flowers are better known and appreciated abroad than at home. These native trees, etc., are often introduced into cultiva- tion abroad and are sometimes brought back into our own gardens through the enterprise of foreign nursery- men and gardeners. AMERICAN PROGRESS IN SPECIAL BRANCHES. To conclude that Americans are unable to appreciate beauty in the products of the gardener's art, would be a mistake. If we suffer by comparison with Europe, as re- gards general ornamental gardening, we may turn to the progress we have made in some special branches of the art, and from this take hope for the future. In the produc- tion and consumption of cut flowers, we see something like American spirit and enterprise. Millions of dollars are invested in the growing of flowers and plants, to meet a popular taste that hardly seemed to exist some fifteen years ago. From a small beginning this trade has developed year by year, until now we actually have reached a standing as producers and consumers of flowers, that is looked upon as another "American Wonder." INTRODUCTION. 13 And why not, for there is nothing in all Europe to equal the American cut-flower trade. In London, for exam- ple, this trade is but a fraction, as compared with that of New York, though it has a population nearly three times as great. This state of affairs, though it may show developement in only a single direction, should be regarded with satisfaction, as its tendency must be to create a taste for general gardening. Certainly those who purchase flowers for the love of them are the better prepared to appreciate choice trees and shrubs and fine garden effects. The improved large cemeteries of America, show on the part of our people an appreciation of the finer results of the gardening art. Years ago Boston, Philadelphia, and some other cities, conceived the idea of roomy garden or park-like cemeteries, and large areas were laid out as ornamental gardens of sepulture near these cities. Now nearly every large city has an improved cemetery, and altogether there are in America a number of such burial places that are the most beautiful the world affords. There can be no doubt as to the value of these in culti- vating a love for general ornamental gardening. Good progress has been made in America of late years, in the matter of public parks and gardens. These afford the room for planting fine collections of trees, shrubs, etc., and some now contain extensive plantations of these, affording opportunities to the people for be- coming acquainted with kinds, and effective arrange- ments. In the Buffalo Parks and Boulevards, more than forty thousand trees, shrubs and vines, in over four hundred varieties, were planted within the past ten years, and are rapidly developing their beauty. It is noticeable that as this rather extensive arboretum develops, the appreciation of arboreal beauty increases among the people, inciting new interest in adorning homes with trees and shrubs. For several years associations for the 14 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. improvement of towns and villages have been in success- ful operation. These, by planting trees and promoting a love for gardening, have already produced excellent results. Such societies are full of promise, and their existence shows a proper public spirit. It is gratifying to note that instances in which persons of means provide free pleasure gardens for the people are becoming more numerous. The work of rural improve- ment in the State of Connecticut is receiving inestimable aid, from men like Mr. Henry C. Bowen who at his own expense, has laid out a public park of sixty acres and given it to the people of Woodstock, and the Field Brothers who have shown similar liberality at Haddam, Conn., and some others have followed their examples. In the West, Shaw of St. Louis, Wade of Cleveland, and others, have by their noble liberality made entire com- munities happier, healthier, and better, and the works stand as monuments more enduring than stone, keeping fresh for all time the memory of the worthy donors. Scarcely second in any sense to such benefactors, are those who throw open their magnificent private gardens to the public, to be freely enjoyed under reasonable restrictions. In time let us hope to see many followers of these worthy examples among the thousands who are favored with great wealth. AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AND GARDENING. A taste for the beautiful developed in one field of art, is also a help to others. Land owners now-a-days, as they look from the modern artistically designed house to the garden, are with growing frequency, asking the questions, "is not the garden as susceptible of improvement as the house ? Cannot as great changes for the better be worked here, over the styles of a generation ago, as are being effected in our architecture ? " Extended observa- tion shows that thousands of property owners throughout INTRODUCTION". 15 our land are putting such questions. While it is often true that no direct means may be at hand for suggest- ing and carrying out fitting improvements, still the mere fact that conditions exist which suggest the ques- tions, is sure to hasten the day when gardens, and gar- den adornments, in keeping with our improved architec- ture, will prevail throughout the country. That various influences are at work in awakening the American public to its needs and opportunities in the line of improved ornamental grounds, there is little doubt. But there is great room for progress ; the field is a wide one. The best efforts of all who take an interest in this subject, amateurs and professional gar- deners ; florists and nurserymen ; editors and writers ; are needed for developing correct taste and methods, so that, as the demand for improved pleasure grounds in- creases, there may be at command the best possible sys- tem of these for our climate, and for the tastes and means of our people one that shall be essentially American. " ORNAMENTAL GARDENING FOR AMERICANS." In order to contribute a share towards meeting the public want in this line, the present work has been pre- pared. With excellent opportunities for knowing the needs of the people, the author aims to present, in sim- ple style, plain instructions as to the materials, arrange- ment, construction, and keeping of private and public gardens. To make a book which should be suitable as a constant garden companion, convenient, reliable, com- prehensive, and practical, has been a constant aim. It is believed that the subjects are presented in so clear a manner that any intelligent person can, by its help, not only successfully undertake the oversight of an ordinary garden, whether doing the work with his or her own hands or directing others, but may, by study, become so familiar with this subject in all its departments, as to be 16 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. proof against impositions by the ignorant who pretend to be gardeners, and also the representations of dishonest tree agents. Throughout the book the common names of plants are adhered too as much as possible, for the reason that" the botanical names often prove a barrier to an acquaintance with them, while common ones invite it. But as the real need of botanical names is recognized which being in the Latin language are the same in all nations, and serve to guard against the confusion that without them would be inevitable, they are given in parenthesis. In case no common name is in use, then the botanical name often is printed as though it was the common one. The same subject is often touched upon in different parts of the book, thus, the materials of a Rockery are referred to in the Second Part, the arrangement of the Rockery in Part Three, Construction in Part Four, with Notes on Management in Part Five. A copious index at the end will always lead to the desired topic. CHAPTER II. PROFITS OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. " I wouldn't cut down that tree for a hundred dollars," is an expression one may often hear from property owners, as they point to some favorite. The valuation of the tree is often placed two, three, or five times as high. "What did such a tree cost ? Perhaps one or two dollars fifteen years or so ago for the tree, preparing the soil and planting, and next to nothing in the years since. From the time the roots took hold of the soil, and a beautiful show of foliage and branches appeared, increasing year by year in size, soon giving a pleasant shade and perhaps PKOFITS OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 17 flowers, it has been a constant source of delight. Was the setting of that tree profitable, considering the value at which it is now appraised, and the pleasure it has af- forded ? Profits like these are in the common order of things in intelligent planting. In my experience, I have assisted in so improving a place of two acres in extent, by varying the grade, filling in marshy parts, arranging walks, drives, trees, and shrubs, that for an outlay of less than six hundred dol- lars, the improvement before the first season was past was so marked, as to increase the owner's asking price by twenty-five hundred dollars. Instances could be multiplied to show that, for from two to five per cent of the value of a place, spent on garden improvements, returns of from ten to sixty per cent in increased value have been realized in a short time. Trees, shrubs, climbers, and plants in choice kinds, well arranged, develop rapidly and greatly increase the valuation of a place, through augmenting the beauty of the architecture and the general effect. The presence of these always makes a less expensive house look finer than a costlier one, which presents nothing in the heat of summer, or in the storms of winter, for the eye to rest upon,, but bare walls and harsh outlines, unbroken by any trees or other vegetation. Many a man with the means and disposition will pay several thousand dollars to architect, builder, and fur- nisher, for a house, with the view that the beauty and comfort purchased will yield satisfaction proportionate to the cost. To such a person it may be said, that one thou- sand dollars prudently invested in arranging and plant- ing the home grounds, may be made to pay a much larger percentage of pure pleasure and interest, than the same amount put into the building. If one who is about in- vesting five thousand dollars, or a smaller or larger amount, in improving a home, should keep back five per 18 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. cent of the sum and invest it in improving the surround- ings, it may be made to yield far better returns in the years to come, than if nearly all had been spent on the house, and a mere pittance allowed for the grounds. Will it pay to plant trees on the average farm? A view, such as may be sometimes had, of two farms, of the samo size and general situation, but presenting strong con- trasts in the presence and absence of trees and shrubs respectively, may throw light on the question. One of the farms may have half a dozen large shade trees about the yard, some climbers over the piazzas and buildings ; dense clumps of evergreens, both for beauty and to serve as wind-breaks. It may also have a number of broad shade trees in the barn-yard, along the lanes, the boun- daries, creeks, and in other places where nothing else can be profitably grown, yielding grateful shade and shelter. The other has not a sign of sylvan beauty, with every part without shelter by trees from the summer's sun or the winter's gales. The trees on the first farm may have cost one hundred dollars for stock, setting, etc., while any disinterested person would estimate the value they add to the place, at ten-fold greater than their cost. No better method can be devised for rendering farming a pleasant occupation to the young, than the judicious use of trees and garden beauty about the grounds. Our attachments to trees becomes almost as strong as to per- sons, and if there are fine ones growing about the home, and with them some good shrubs, climbers, flowers, etc., they will add new strength to the chain which binds the heart of youth to the hearthstone, and to the rural pursuits among which they have been reared. The view of this subject, which relates to gains far above those that can be computed in dollars, is an im- portant one. It has been said that " the hope of America is the homes of America," whatever adorns one's home be that in the town or country and ennobles his domes- PROFITS OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 19 tic life, strengthens his love for country, and nurtures the better elements of the nature, in those who aro thrown in contact with such improvements. To pro- mote a love for trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers, by cul- tivating and studying them, develops in children a love for the beautiful in nature, in art, and still more in char- acter. Nothing is truer than that the love of nature sharpens the senses, and quickens all the intellectual faculties. Were parents to provide to the fullest practi- cable degree, the simple means for encouraging the love of ornamental gardening, and of the study of Botany, and other closely allied sciences at home, they early secure for the young a source of high enjoyment, that is un- known elsewhere, one which elevates the mind and fills it with noble aspirations. Besides these things, the mere spending of time on the part of all, and especially of children and women, in the exercise and enjoyment that comes from associating with, and caring for plants, is highly conducive to health. It is largely because of their rambles and exercise in the open air by the women of England, that they generally present the bloom and vig- or of youth until far advanced in life. It would be both easy and inexpensive to provide the majority of American homes with these opportunities for health-giving exercise. It pays to do well whatever is done in ornamental and landscape gardening. In starting such work, it is too often undertaken without anything like a definite plan. It would be quite as reasonable to work without a well-considered plan in building our houses, yet we find that large sums of money in the aggregate are paid to architects for house-plans and superintendence of work, while for the surroundings, little thought is given to call- ing in the services of the trained gardener. When the day comes that the landscape gardener will be consulted along with the house architect, in matters of home im- provement, then a less sum of money will go farther to- 20 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. wards purchasing real beauty, pleasure, and comfort, than when the latter alone is employed. A large part of the work of the landscape architect now consists in planning for the remodelling of places laid out years ago in bad taste and ignorance. In every instance of this kind, there is in some degree entailed the three- fold expense of first doing the work, then undoing it, and lastly doing it over again; had it been well conceived and executed at the first, the work would have answered for many years. In speaking of the profitable advantages of planting shade trees in cities, Mr. Thomas Meehan lately wrote as follows: "Passing through a street in Philadelphia, on which blocks of first-class houses had been erected on both sides, but evidently by two different owners, there ap- peared to be a wonderful difference in success by street trees alone. There was a pretty row of Carolina poplars on one side; on the other side no trees at all. This side had innumerable notices of houses 'to rent,' but on the tree-shaded side every house was occupied. Both blocks appeared to be houses of about equal age and value, and there was no apparent difference between the two. There seemed every reason to believe that the presence of trees alone had given the one side the great advantage." CHAPTER III. TIME REQUIRED FOR PRODUCING GOOD EFFECTS. There are many who love trees and shrubs, but are kept from planting them by false notions respecting the time it will take to secure a good effect and shade. It is possible to so treat trees, that in ten years they will not grow the same number of inches ; but on the other hand TIME REQUIRED FOB PRODUCING GOOD EFFECTS. 21 they may, by fair management, reach a hight of from twice to three times as many feet in ten years from planting. The difference lies in matters that ordinarily are in a large degree within our control. When trees remain almost at a standstill for a long time, it indicates either that they were of poor quality when planted ; or, in rare cases, that the soil cannot be fitted to meet their wants, but very commonly that they are deprived of the food and moisture they would appropriate if they had a chance. Trees and plants are much like animals in this; that they may either be starved to death, or they may be liberally supplied with food and have proper care, to pro- duce the most satisfactory results as to development and beauty. As a general thing, deep trenching or subsoil- ing, with liberal manuring, and then thorough culture if the trees and shrubs are growing in borders, or free watering if standing in the sod in seasons of drouth, are the things needful for producing the best returns. Be- cause these points are not better heeded, three-fourths of all the trees and shrubs in private grounds are set out poorly, grow slowly, and hardly make a decent showing in a life-time. To show what growth may be expected in trees and shrubs under fair treatment, I give some measurements made in Buffalo Park of trees and shrubs, which were planted seven and eight years before : American Elm, 19 ft. high, Silver Maple, 23 Norway Maple, 17 Sugar Maple, 16 White Poplar, 30 Balsam Poplar, 35 Lornbardy Poplar, 40 Norway Spruce, 16 Black and White Pines, 12 to 15 Strong-growing Shrubs, 5 " 12 Dwarf-growing Snrubs, 2 " 4 Let it be borne in mind, that these dimensions are for growths under what may be considered as ordinarily fair 15 ft. broad. 14 14 10 25 15 8 ft. broad. 10 to 12 5 " 10 22 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. treatment, as regards manuring, culture, and the impor- tant point of summer watering. In small collections, instead of those containing many thousands, as in the case here referred to, better results might be expected. As an illustration, I also give measurements made on the banks of a lake, where the roots could take up an abund- ance of moisture, and where the soil naturally abounded in vegetable matter. It should be noticed, however, that the measurements which follow, mostly apply to a class of smaller growing trees than those named in the list above: European Alder, 30 ft. high, 20 ft. broad. Willow, 30 to 35" " 25 to 30 Cut-Leaved Birch, 28 " " 15 Bird Cherry, 23 " " 20 Strong-growing Shrubs, 8 to 15 " " 8 to 12 Dwarf -growing Shrubs, 3 " 6 " " 5 " 10 Downing tells.of a Silver maple, twelve years planted, that had a trunk one foot in diameter, and which made shoots six feet long in one season. Hoopes describes a Burr oak, twelve years from the acorn, that was seventeen feet high. We may occasionally meet trees and shrubs growing wild, that have made growths equal to any in- dicated by the figures here given. It is well to know that, as a rule, shrubby growths de- velop signs of mature beauty sooner than do trees. Planted in good soil, these take hold quickly, and in a few years show beauty in habit, foliage, and flowers, that is scarcely excelled in after years, though they may in- crease in size. On this and other accounts I usually rec- ommend a free use of the flowering and other shrubs in planting both large and small places. Planting is often delayed from year to year, until suffi- cient time has passed to have allowed the trees to make large growths, had they been set when first the idea was entertained. Almost any shrub or tree, with good treat- ment, may be counted on to reach a very pleasing size in from two to six years from planting. How soon such * period slips away ! PART II. MATERIALS OF ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. There are now estimated to be in the vegetable kingdom about one hundred and twenty thousand different species of plants. Out of this vast number the arboriculturist and florist have selected a great many, which are classed as ornamental. In the following pages such description is given of the natural materials which may enter into the work of ornamental gardening, as may serve to convey an idea of their uses. CHAPTER IV. THE GROUND AND THE GRASS. The soil of the earth's surface has this paramount im- portance, that it is the home of the roots of all ordinary forms of vegetation. While there are many kinds of soil, such as sandy, clayey, loamy, and peaty, varying much in character, yet such is the adaptability of plants to soils, and so susceptible are these to improvement by the arts of culture, that some kinds of plants can always be found that will thrive readily in any properly improved soils. On the preparation of soils, see Part IV. Almost as common as the ground itself, are the grasses which clothe it, and which constitute a distinct and extensive botanical order. That they are very important in ornamental gardening, every one knows ; we could imagine nothing more desolate in appearance than the (23) 24 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. barren aspect of our earth, were the carpet of the grasses lacking. The list of kinds used in lawn-making is not very large, these named below being the kinds found most desirable for this purpose, in our climate. Rhode Island Bent Grass (Agrostis vulgaris, var.), a grass of fine quality in some sections, when sown by itself. Creeping Bent Grass (Agrostis alba, var. stolonifera], thrives in partially shaded places ; excellent for small yards. Red Top Grass (Agrostis vulgaris}, a valuable kind, doing well as a lawn grass in almost all soils. Green, or June Grass ( Poapratensis], also widely known as "Kentucky Blue Grass," is one of the best species, thriving well in dry, and also in somewhat shaded places. Perennial Rye-Grass ( Lolium perenne), one of the best grasses south of Philadelphia, starting early in the spring, and of a good color. Yellow Oat Grass (Avenaflavescens) stands drouth well, but should be mixed with other kinds. Dog Tail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus), suited to dry hard soils and hills. Red Fescue Grass (Festuca ovina, var. rubrd), adapted for gravelly banks ; coarse. Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), a coarse grass, suitable for marshy and wet places. Tall Fescue Grass (Festuca elatior), suitable for moist, strong clay soils; in shady places and along the sea coast; coarse. Sweet Vernal Grass (Antlioxanthum odoratum). The newly mown grass of this species emits a pleasing fragrance, on which account it is considered desirable to add a small quantity of its seed to other kinds. White Clover (Trifolium repens) is sometimes mixed with the grasses, but is not recommended for rich soils or for lawns that are kept watered. WOODY GROWTHS TREES AND SHRUBS. CHAPTER V. WOODY GROWTHS. TREES AND SHRUBS. In trees and shrubs we have some of the finest forms of natural beauty. These present a great variety of orna- mental qualities, in habit, foliage, and flowers, and possess wide adaptability for beautifying purposes. In nature, A, 60 feet and upwards; B, 30 to 60 feet; C, 15 to 30 feet ; D, tree 9 to 15 feet ; E. shrubs 9 to 15 feet ; F, tree 5 to 9 feet ; G, shrub 5 to 9 feet ; H, 1 to 5 leet. Fig. 1. THE COMPARATIVE SIZES OF TREES AND SHEUES. mountains, plains and valleys all support kinds peculiar to these localities and that are perfectly at home in them. Planters who know only the comparatively few kinds of trees and shrubs that are commonly seen in American yards and pleasure grounds, can hardly be aware what they miss, in not employing larger assortments of trees. 2 26 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The lack which generally prevails in this respect is inex- cusable in the face of Nature's liberality in providing. Those who are interested in the study of trees and shrubs, with a view to making up lists for planting, find that the size to which these attain at maturity, is an im- portant consideration. Hence in the enumeration of the trees in these pages, care is taken to give the sizes to which the kinds attain. A classification as to size is introduced, the different and relative sizes being repre- sented by letters, as shown by figure 1, and the appended explanation. In the descriptions throughout the work, the letters given answer as keys which, by the help of the engraving, lead to a correct idea of individual and rela- tive sizes. ,Let it be understood that in all cases the sizes indi- cated are only approximately correct, as difference of soil and other circumstances have much to do in causing de- viations in the hight of the same species. The general plan of arrangement in the following chapter is, to begin with descriptions of large-growing kinds, and end with the smaller species. No alphabeti- cal classification is here attempted, but for convenience the different kinds are thus arranged in the index. To save repetitions of botanical terms (which are usually in parenthesis), the generic name which appears in the head line, is represented by its initials through- out the descriptions of the species of each genus. When there is more than one variety of any species, the abbre- viation var. (thus, var. regalis), precedes the variety name of all that follow the one first given. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 27 CHAPTER VI. DECIDUOUS TKEES AND SHRUBS. The term deciduous is applied to those trees and shrubs, the leaves of which fall in autumn, and is used in contra- distinction to evergreen, or persistent. THE ELM. Ulmus. A. G. The Elms in their different species afford much diver- sity, and as they grow readily in almost any soil and situa- tion, they almost without exception give great satisfac- tion to planters. THE AMERICAN WHITE OR WEEPING ELM (Ulmus Americana). A well-known tree with spreading, curv- ing, pendant branches, and of stately, picturesque appear- ance. Where space admits, it is one of the best street trees, because of its inclination to form a long trunk, A. The ENGLISH ELM ( U. campestris), with its numerous varieties, forms a valuable section. The normal form is tall and irregular in shape, its branches leaving the trunk almost horizontally. Leaves smaller and more regularly cut than those of the American, A. Berard's English Elm (var. Berardi) is a miniature tree, slender and pyra- midal in habit, with distinctly cut leaves, B. Clem- mer's English Elm (var. Clemmeri) differs but little from the type ; of rapid growth, A. Webb's Curled-leaved English Elm (var. crispa) is dwarfish, with curled leaves; distinct, B. Some of the varieties of the English Elm incline to a pendulous habit, such as the Weeping Small-leaved Eng- lish Elm (var. microphylla pendula), a charming tree for small lawns, if grafted at six or eight feet high, 0. The common Cork-barked English Elm (var. suberosa) is a desirable tree. Weeping Cork-barked English Elm 28 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. (var. sulerosa pendula), a picturesque grower, B. The Twiggy English Elm (var. viminalis), with small leaves and slender branches, is distinct and beautiful, 0. Some of this section have characteristic foliage, which renders them valuable, such as the Variegated-leaved English Elm (var. variegata argentea], with the leaves dis- tinctly mottled with silvery white, B. Golden-leaved English Elm (var. aurea) has its leaves blotched with yel- low. Purple-leaved English Elm (var. purpured), a hand- some tree, with the leaves purple-tinged early in the sea- son ; compact and upright in habit, A. Nettle-leaved English Elm (var. utricafoUa) has large serrated leaves, of peculiar appearance ; fine habit, A. Curled-leaved English Elm (var. cucullata), with curled, hood-like leaves, sharply notched, B. Plume-like English Elm (var. plumosa), another curled-leaved variety, the branches and foliage of which have a plume-like appearance. There are also belonging to the English Elms, a beauti- ful compact-growing variety, with dark foliage, called the Serrate-leaved English Elm (var. serratifolia], B ; the Belgian Elm (var. Belgica), of rapid, spreading growth, much planted in European streets, A; Cornish Elm (var. Cornubiensis), of vigorous upright growth, A ; and the Monumental Elm (var. monum entails), of distinct colum- nar form, dense and slow-growing, C, besides some others that are less distinct. The SCOTCH, or WTCH ELM ( U. montana), and varieties possess great value for ornamental planting, usually hav- ing large leaves, broad forms and heavy verdure, and some are pendant in habit. The type is a fine spreading grower, B. The Weeping Camperdown Elm (var. Camper- downi) is of unsurpassed excellence, and when grafted eight feet high, forms, with its long, dark-green leaves and masses of luxuriant, hanging branches, a striking and picturesque object ; with slight training the tree forms almost a perfect arbor, C. Of others, the common Weep- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 29 ing Scotch Elm (var. pendula) resembles the Camper- down, but is rather Jess valuable; it has peculiar freaks of growth, the branches sometimes leaving the tree obliquely, then again in a horizontal or perpendicular direction, B. The Rough-leaved Weeping Scotch Elm (var. pendula rugosa) is a valuable tree, with large, rough leaves, B. The Crisp-leaved Weeping Scotch Elm (var. crispa), has crisped leaves. Huntingdon's Elm (var. Huntingdoni), and Blandford's, or Superb Elm (var. superbd) are Scotch Elms of value, the former very erect, A; the latter, a majestic tree, with smooth, grayish bark, the foliage attractive in color, and forming a fine specimen soon after planting, A. The Broad-leaved Elm (var. lati- /olia), a handsome grower, B, and Dampier's Pyramidal Elm (var. pyramidalis Dampieri), an elegant pyramidal grower, B, are desirable varieties. The White-margined Scotch Elm (var. alba marginata) is a delicate-growing variety, said to be superb if grown in partial shade. The Ash-colored Elm ( U. montana, var. cinerea), with fine, rich-looking foliage, A, and Dove's Elm ( U. Dovcei), of pyramidal shape, and vigorous, being valuable for street- planting, are worthy of mention as ornamental species. The native RED, or SLIPPERY ELM ( U. fulva) is a fine tree for large lawns or street planting, but the growth is somewhat straggling, B, There is also a weeping form of the last named (var. pendula}, which is well spoken of. THE OAK. Quercus. A. G. An Oak that has had ample time and space for develop- ment, is almost the perfect type of all that is grand and expressive in a tree. The species are very numerous, vary- ing much in habit, size, and general appearance, and de- serve more attention in ornamental planting than they have yet received. While some grow slowly, others are scarcely excelled in their freedom of growth. The first ten described below are natives of the United States. 30 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. SCARLET OAK (Q. coccinea), a rapid grower of pyramidal form, with beautiful, light-green, deeply-cut leaves, which turn to an intense scarlet in autumn, A. WHITE OAK (Q. alba). This typical oak is large, broad, and majestic; leaves with rounded lobes, pale-green above and glaucous beneath, A. SWAMP WHITE OAK (Q. bicolor); handsome and tall; its large, sinuate-toothed leaves turning scarlet in au- tumn, A. BURR or MOSSY CUP OAK (Q. macrocarpa), of spreading growth, with very large, deeply-lobed leaves, which show some variation in size and form; acorns large, cup mossed. SOUTHERN OVER-CUP OAK (Q. lyratd), a Southern tree, hardy in the North; with large, obovate-oblong leaves, crowded together. SHINGLE OAK (Q. imbricaria). Laurel-like, lanceolate- oblong leaves, turning to rich carmine in the autumn, B. BED OAK (Q. rubra), a handsome, rapid-growing tree, fine as a single specimen; leaves large, sinuately-cut, assuming a deep red in the fall, A. PIN OAK (Q. palustris), a rapid-growing, pyramidal tree, valuable for streets; branches slightly drooping, with bright, glossy foliage that is very ornamental. CHESTNUT OAK (Q. Prinus). Leaves serrated, resem- bling those of the chestnut, a most beautiful species; will grow in very poor soil, A. Cut-leaved Chestnut Oak (var. lacinata) is a variety of the preceding, with cut leaves. WILLOW OAK (Q. Phellos), remarkable for its narrow, willow-like leaves and slender shoots; distinct, B. ENGLISH OAKS. These are distinct, and embrace some very valuable sorts. The common English Royal Oak (Q. Robur) is a grandly beautiful tree of rather slow growth, leaves of an uniform color on both sides, A. The fol- lowing are some of its leading varieties: Louett's Oak DECIDUOUS TKEES AND SHRUBS. 31 (var. Louetti), differing from the type in having larger leaves rather more lanceolate in form, A ; Purple-leaved Oak (var. atropurpurea), a beautiful tree but a slow grower, with dark purple leaves that hold color all sum- mer, very effective, B; Dark -leaved Oak (var. nigricans), said to be darker than the purple-leaved variety, B; Golden-leaved Oak (var. concordia), a most effective variety, the leaves with a rich, yellow tinge, and pre- senting a peculiar waxy appearance, C ; Silver-leaved Oak (var. argentea variegata), leaves somewhat mottled with white at their edges, B. There are some sorts that have striking leaf-forms, namely: Contorted-leaved Oak (var. contortd), with peculiar twisted leaves, B; Curled Pyramidal Oak (var. cucuttata), the leaves of which are curled on their edges; Cut-leaved Oak (var. laciniata), one of the best cut-leaved trees known, leaves nearly di- vided to the mid-rib, tree of elegant habit, B ; Large- leaved Oak (var. macrophylla); var. latifolia cucullata, singular looking, with broad leaves slightly turned down at the edges. The Weeping Oak (var. pendula), with long, slender, willow-like branches, and the Pyramidal Oak (var. fastigiata), a remarkable tree, growing some- what like the Upright Poplars, but more slender, B, all belong to the English or Koyal Oak, and are desirable in ornamental planting. Of other foreign kinds the Turkey Oak (Q. Cerris) is very desirable; of rapid growth, with tall symmetrical head; finely lobed, bright, shining leaves, which, after turning brown in the autumn, remain far into the winter on the tree, A. Mongolian Oak (Q. Mongolica), a rare tree with long, deeply notched, green-glaucous leaves. There are several desirable Japanese species, among them : Q. Daimio, with broad, glossy, dark-green leaves, of leathery texture, covered with brownish down ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. when young; Q. dentata, with deeply-toothed leaves that give the tree a pleasing appearance. THE HORSE-CHESTNUT AND BUCKEYE, (JEsCUlus). A-E. The Horse-Chestnut, including the American Buck- eyes, are much esteemed as ornamental trees the world over, for their regular forms, heavy, deep-green foliage and their flowers, which latter give the tree a magnificent appearance for weeks in the spring. The COMMON or EUROPEAN HORSE-CHESTNUT (2E. Hippocastanum) is hardly excelled as a lawn or street tree; in time losing largely the sameness of form, which is conspicuous, and. to some objectionable in the young trees, and taking on sufficient irregularity to produce a charming effect of light and shade. In old trees, some branches will almost droop to the ground. A slight ob- jection to the tree is the litter it produces by dropping its buds and nuts in the fall, A. There are several fine varieties, namely: the Double White (var. flore pleno); the Double Bed (var. rubra flore pleno), which possess the advantage of not producing fruit, hence litter on this account is avoided. The flowers of these are very attractive, and the form of growth may easily be kept shrub-like, B. Memminger's Horse- Chestnut (var. Mem- mingeri) is a variety, the leaves of which are sometimes slightly sprinkled with white, making the tree interest- ing, A. The Cut-leaved Horse-Chestnut (var. laciniata), has handsome leaves deeply and delicately cut, B. Van Houtte's Dwarf Horse- Chestnut (var. nana Van Houttei] is dwarfish, and very desirable for small places. The BED-FLOWERING HORSE-CHESTNUT (^ffi. rubi- cunda) is now regarded as a distinct species; it is of slow growth, with dark-green leaves, and producing bril- liant red flowers in showy racemes, B. There is a Golden variegated variety (var. foliis aureis), and a Dwarf. Bed- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 33 flowering variety (var. nana), both of which are desir- able, G. The CHINESE HORSE-CHESTNUT (^E. Chinensis), of comparatively recent introduction, is a rapid grower with large leaves. The BUCKEYES, sometimes called the Smooth-fruited Horse-Chestnuts, were formerly placed in a separate gO- ;:. 2. DWARF HORSE-CHESTNUT. nus, Pavia. Botanists now group them as a section (Pavia), of ^sculus. The OHIO BUCKEYE (J. glalra) has large, smooth leaves, and panicles of small, pale yellow flowers in early spring, B. The YELLOW BUCKEYE (^E.flava) is a beautiful low tree or shrub, with pale green, downy leaves and bright yellow flowers, C. The RED BUCKEYE (JE. Pavia) is a native of Vir- ginia and southward, forming a small-sized tree, with brownish red flowers, G. From this has sprung a num- ber of small Buckeyes, such as the Dark Red Buckeye (var. atrosanguinea), with dark flowers and smooth leaves; the Flesh-colored Buckeye (var. carneapubescens), 34 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. the Purple Buckeye (var. purpurea), with flowers of the colors indicated by the names: Whitley's Buckeye (var. Whitleyi), a fine variety, with brilliant flowers and hand- some foliage. Among other Buckeyes, there is one known as uffi. carnea superba, which is very distinct, with showy dark crimson flowers; and two very dwarf kinds, namely the Long Kacemed or Small Buckeye (^E. parviftora), figure 2, a valuable species of low spreading habit and at- tractive white flowers. The Dwarf-pendulous Buckeye (j$$. pumila pendula) has drooping branches. These dwarf Buckeyes (C-D), are well adapted to small grounds. THE CHESTNUT. Castanea, A-C. The AMERICAN CHESTNUT (C. vesca, var. Americana) is a beautiful, neat tree, with long-pointed leaves, that have scalloped edges; produces sweet fruit, A. The SWEET or SPANISH CHESTNUT (C. vesca) is a fine lawn tree, yielding a superior quality of fruit; a little tender north of Washington, B. There is a variety with slightly white margined leaves, known as var. argentea variegata, but the growth is not very satisfactory, C. The DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN ( C. pumila) t a native of Ohio and southward; is a neat grower, form- ing a globular head, with lance-oblong leaves, which are whitish underneath, C. A recent introduction is the JAPAN CHESTNUT (C. Japonica), which promises well for hardiness, beauty, and fruit-bearing qualities. While preferring light soils, the Chestnuts also do well in clayey loams. THE POPLAR. Populus. A-B. No other trees will, as a rule, attain to effective pro- portions sooner than the Poplars, and on this account they possess special value in ornamental gardening for DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 35 creating effects quickly. Most of them are valuable as single specimens on the lawn. They are objected to by some, because sprouts come up from the roots. These are not difficult to keep down. The Poplars are desir- able for back-grounds, shade for stock-yards, and to plant in out-of-the-way places. The WHITE or SILVER POPLAR or ABELE (P. alba) is a fine tree with heart-shaped, dark-green, smooth leaves, silvery white beneath, A. The Gray Poplar resembles the preceding somewhat, but is more upright, and with leaves not so green above, or so white beneath. ALBA NIVEA is a variety with larger leaves than the type, but resembling it in other respects. All of these, while valuable trees for ornament, are disposed to sprout from the root. The LOMBARDT POPLAR (P. dilatata) is the well-known erect, spire-like species, growing rapidly, and possessing peculiar value on account of its manner of growth, A. The NECKLACE POPLAR, or Cotton-wood (P. monilife- ra), is a vigorous tree, with the young branches angled; it has large leaves, and its catkins resemble a string of beads. The CAROLINA POPLAR is'a vigorous ornamental shade tree, A. A variety of this, named " Eugenie," is of pyramidal habit and rapid growth, with handsome, yel- lowish-green foliage. The BALSAM POPLAR (P. lalsamifera) is a coarse, rank grower of erect habit, with large, shiny leaves; it sprouts, B. There are several handsome Weeping Poplars : namely, the Weeping, Large American Aspen (P. grandi- dentata penduld), a beautiful and very rapid grower, with slender branches that droop gracefully to the ground; valuable, B. Athenian Weeping Poplar (P. Grcsca pen- duld), a fine, weeping tree, with dark-colored catkins ; and the Parasol de St. Julien, a new drooping variety from France. The American Aspen (P. tremuloides) is a spe- 36 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. oies with long, slender leaf-stalks, which cause the leaves to quiver in the slightest breeze. THE TULIP TREE. Liriodendron. A. The TULIP TREE (L. Tulipiferd) is a beautiful tree wherever it grows and flowers well. The trunk is straight, covered with grayish-brown bark ; leaves round- ish, ovate, with two lobes near the base, and two at the apex, which appears as if cut off, of a charming light-green tint, and smooth. The flowers resemble single tulips. It requires a deep, loamy soil, and must be transplanted while young. The Gold-margined-leaved Tulip Tree is a recent introduction, with most beautifully margined leaves. May prove tender in the North. THE HICKORIES AND OTHER NUT-BEARING TREES. A. B. The COMMON HICKORY, or SHELL BARK (Carya alia), is an ornamental tree of noble dimensions and a spread- ing habit, with the branches starting low down; excellent where the space admits. Handsome compound leaves of a rich, glossy green darker than those of most other trees and frequently measure twelve to fifteen inches long on vigorous specimens. The BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra) is one of the grandest and most massive of trees, and well suited for embellishing large grounds. The bark is very dark in color, and deeply furrowed ; leaves compound, with thir- teen to seventeen leaflets, and exceedingly handsome, A. The BUTTERNUT (J. cinerea) is another fine ornament- al tree, somewhat resembling the last, but rarely as hand- some, B. The EUROPEAN WALNUT, or MADEIRA NUT (J. regia), forms a fine, well-balanced tree, thickly clad with warm, russet-lined foliage, A. There is also a Cut-leaved variety (var. lacinatd) and a Dwarf variety (var. praeparturicns) of this. DECIDUOUS TUBES AND SHRUBS. 37 THE PLANE, OR BUTTONWOOD. PltttanUS. A. In Paris and other large European cities, our native AMERICAN PLANE, or BUTTONWOOD (P. occidentalis), is esteemed above all other trees for street planting, but, strange as it may seem, in this, its native country, it suffers badly in most places from a fungus which destroys the young growth. The ORIENTAL PLANE (P. orientalis) is less liable .to the same trouble, though not free from it. As they are of great value, they are nevertheless worthy of trial by planters. THE MAPLE. Acer and Negundo. A-F. The Maples, in their many species and varieties, possess a value as ornamental trees of the very highest order. The trees are of free, in some kinds of rapid growth, and healthy ; they are adapted to all soils, and are seldom troubled by insects. Their foliage is handsome, appears early, and goes out in the fall, in various gorgeous tints. Some maples have richly-colored leaves all through the season, and the leaves of others are of singular shape, while a few bear attractive blossoms. The SUGAR MAPLE (A. saccharinum) is a well-known native species, admirable in form, foliage, and habit. It is one of the best for street and lawn-planting, A. The Black Sugar Maple (var. nigrutri), a variety of the last, has darker leaves, with their lobes more rounded, A. The RED, or SWAMP MAPLE (A. rubrum), also a native, is noted in early spring for its showy, red blossoms, and in autumn for the extreme brilliancy of its foliage, B. There is a fine dwarf form of this, called the Dwarf Scarlet Maple (var. fulgens of some, and var. tomentosum of other authors. ) The NORWAY MAPLE ( A. platanoides) is a tree of spread- ing, rounded form, broad, shining leaves, producing dense 38 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. shade, and of free growth ; is worthy a place in every roomy garden,^. The Curled-leaf Maple (var.ctictillatiim) is a variety of the Norway, with leaves more or less curled, giving the tree a curious appearance. There are, at least, three cut-leaved varieties of this species, all valuable; the Cut-leaved Norway Maple (var. dissectum), has its leaves so deeply cut as to almost divide them into three parts; the Eagle-claw Maple (var. laciniatum), with leaves deeply cut, pointed and curled ; and the Lorberg's, Norway Maple (var. Lorbergii), which has very deeply cut leaves, of a bright, reddish hue when young ; Schwerdler's Norway Maple (var. Schicerdlerii) is a promising new vari- ety, with leaves that are richly variegated in the spring with purple and crimson. The SILVER-LEAVED MAPLE (A. dasycarpum), gives a number of valuable varieties, mostly of open, slender growth. The tree is a rapid grower, the foliage bright- green above and silvery white beneath. New Cut-leaved Silver Maple (var. heterophyllum laciniatum), very distinct and fine; somewhat inclined to "sport," C. Wagner's Cut- leaved Silver Maple (var. Wagneri), of great value ; droop- ing gracefully, and with deeply dissected leaves. The Crisp-leaved Silver Maple (var. crispum novum), with leaves that are deeply-cut as well as curled, rendering the tree singularly attractive. The EUROPEAN SYCAMORE MAPLE (A. Pseudo-Plata- nus) is a handsome, strong-growing tree, with large leaves, which have long, reddish leaf stalks. Valuable for the sea-shore and exposed places, as it will grow erect where the winds would cause other trees to lean, A. r Douglas's Sycamore Maple (var. Douglasi) has smaller and more pointed leaves than the type. There are two beautiful varieties, with peculiar leaf coloration, that render them valuable for creating contrasts of foliage in plantations. The Golden-leaved Sycamore Maple (var. aureo-variegata), a handsome ornamental tree, with the leaves distinctly DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 39 and permanently marked with yellow, B, and the Purple- leaved Sycamore Maple (var. purpurea), with greenish- purple foliage, the under side of which is singularly hand- some. The Velvety Maple (var. velutinum) is a rapid- growing form, with large, dark-green, five-lobed leaves. In recent years the Maples, with richly-colored leaves introduced from Japan, have attracted much attention. At first the indications seemed to be against their hardi- ness, but as the trees attain more age, and as the stock is propagated in this country, they appear to be more hardy, and they will undoubtedly prove valuable under careful culture. Thus far, the wonderfully rich colors of the leaves have faded in summer, but even this defect prom- ises to be remedied as the trees grow older. The species itself, Acer poly morphum, is very showy and of compara- tively free growth; it is the parent of many varieties, of which the following five are perhaps the best of the many Japanese Maples thus far introduced : The Blood-red- leaved Japanese Maple (var. sanguimum), with purple or rich red leaves ; the Dark Purple-leaved Japanese Maple (var. atropurpureum), of deep-claret tint ; leaves very deeply cut ; Various-colored Japanese Maple (var. versicolor), of free growth, as compared with others, and picturesquely spotted with white, pink, and green ; Cut- leaved Purple Japanese Maple (var. dissectum), beauti- ful rose-colored leaves and branches in the new growth, changing to deep purple later; leaves delicately-cut, giv- ing them a fern-like appearance ; of dwarf, weeping and graceful form ; Netted-leaved Japanese Maple (var. reti- culatum), dceply-lobed, greenish-whitish leaves, traversed by a network of light, yellowish veins. There is also a variety with whitish leaves. There are two other distinct Japanese Maples worthy of mention : The RED COLCHICUM MAPLE (A. Colchicum rubrum), of bright, crimson color in the young leaves and wood; rather tender; and the 40 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. PALMATE-LEAVED MAPLE (A. palmatum), with small leaves, having reddish leaf-stalks and veins, the tree in time assuming a weeping form. The ENGLISH, or CORK-BARKED MAPLE (A. campestre), is a remarkably handsome, slow-growing tree of com- pact habit, with very dark -green leaves; sometimes grown in a shrub-like form. The LARGE-LEAVED MAPLE (A. macrophyUum) is a stately tree with immense leaves, but rather tender in the North while young. STRIPED MAPLE (A. Pennsylvanicum) is an elegant tree with light-green foliage and distinctly striped bark. TARTARIAN MAPLE (A. Tartaricum) is of irregular habit, but making a handsome tree, with small, light- green leaves and light-colored, smooth bark. The Ash-leaved Maple belongs in a distinct genus (Negundo), but closely related to the common Maple. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, or BOX-ELDER (Negundo aceroides), is of rapid growth, with small, light-green foliage, resem- bling that of the Ash, and Maple-like fruit. The bark on the young wood is greenish-yellow, C. Curled Ash- leaved Maple (var. crispum), has the foliage curled and somewhat cut. Variegated Ash-leaved Maple (var.foliis argenteis variegalis), a variety distinctly marked with white, more so, perhaps, than any other white-leaved tree in cultivation. Extensively used in French gardens, but liable to be sun-burned here, F. THE BEECH. Fagus. A. C. The Beeches are highly esteemed, picturesque trees, with rich, glossy leaves and smooth bark which, in some, is of a very light color. The light and shade of the ver- dure is usually disposed horizontally, giving to the trees a distinct appearance. They prefer light, loamy soils; the roots keep near the surface, on which account grass DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 41 does not thrive well under them, unless it is kept well watered. All the Beeches can be kept closely pruned, to adapt them to small grounds, or for use as hedges. The AMERICAN BEECH (F. ferruginea) is an elegant tree of fine form, with rich leaves, and smooth, light- colored bark, B. The EUROPEAN BEECH (F. sylvatica) is very ornament- al, with spreading branches, which in time often droop gracefully almost to the ground; leaves thin, ovate, and obscurely toothed, A. Among the fine varieties that have sprung from the European Beech, those with purple leaves stand very high, as being the most attractive trees with purple foliaga in cultivation. The COMMON PURPLE-LEAVED BEECH (var. purpurea) has dark, reddish-purple foliage in the spring, changing to crimson and then to purplish-green during the season, B. Rivers' Purple-leaved Beech (var. purpurea Riversii) is darker and more effective than the common purple-leaved variety, B. Large-leaved Purple Beech (var. purpurea major) is a variety with large, shining, dark-purple leaves, which are exceedingly rich and effective, C. The Copper- colored Beech (var. cuprea) resembles the Common Purple Beech somewhat, but has lighter-colored leaves, with darker-colored young shoots. Another variegated Beech, widely different in the color of its leaves from these de- scribed, and one that contrasts markedly with them, is the Golden Variegated Beech (var. aurea variegata), with leaves deeply margined with yellow, rendering the tree very distinct and handsome. Among other valuable sorts belonging to the European, are the Weeping Beech (var. pendula), a most picturesque tree, with long, tortuous branches, upon which the foliage is apparently piled in masses; the tree often seems to be deformed when young, but in time becomes very ornamental, B; the Broad- leaved Beecli (var. macrophytta), of vigorous habit, with 42 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. large, handsome foliage, C; the Cut-leaved Beech (var. lacinata), of medium size, compact, pyramidal form, and possessing great elegance, B; the Fern-leaved Beech (var. aspleniifolia), somewhat resembling the last, but more rounded in form, and with fern-like leaves, delicately cut, Fig. 3. CATATJPA BIGNONIOIDES. B ; the Crested-leaved Beech (var. cristata), a curious variety, with small, curled leaves, not remarkable for beauty. THE CATALPA. Ccitalpa. A-E. Trees at maturity of different sizes, conspicuous on account of their large leaves of a soft hue, with showy DECIDUOUS TKEES AND SHRUBS. 43 flowers, which are followed by long seed pods which often hang until spring ; noted for the rapid growth of the large native kinds. The COMMON CATALPA, or INDIAN BEAN (C. Ugnoni- oides, sometimes called C. sy ring af olio), is a native of the Southern States, but does well in some parts of the North if protected when young; leaves large, showy, heart-shaped, presenting a peculiar, tropical appearance; flowers white, tinged with purple and yellow, A. The Golden Catalpa (var. aurea) somewhat resembles the common species, but with the young leaves tinged with gold for a time. There is a Dwarf American Catalpa (var. nana), resembling most of the others, but of a bushy growth, and attractive, E. The HARDY CATALPA (G. spedosa), while less remark- able in appearance than the common, is hardier, and flowers earlier, A, Other dwarf kinds have been introduced from Asia, which are valuable. One of these is C. Ecempferi, and another C. Bungei, but confusion prevails at present as to their identity. THE LARCH. Larix. A. The Larches are cone-bearing trees, without being "evergreens," like the Spruces, Pines, and most other conifers. They mainly have a peculiar grace and beauty, with delicate, soft foliage, that contrasts well with that of most other trees and shrubs. They are valuable for adding to the effect and variety of grounds, and are adapted to all soils, but should be planted very early in the spring, or in the fall. The EUROPEAN LARCH (L. Eyropasa) is of erect form, tapering very delicately ; is the kind most commonly planted, A. There are several desirable variations : the Glaucous European Larch (var. glauca), of fine appear- ance ; and the Weeping European Larch (var. pcndula), 44 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. the branches of which assume most grotesque forms, and being clothed with fine glaucous foliage, the tree has a very picturesque appearance. The AMERICAN LARCH, TAMARACK and HACKMATACK (L. Americana), is a tall, pyramidal tree, with a very slender trunk ; less desirable than the European species. The JAPAN LARCH (L. leptolepis) is a slender-grow- ing kind, with reddish-brown shoots, and leaves that turn to a rich yellow in the autumn. THE ASH. Fraxinus. A-D. While some of the Ashes do not rank high as orna- mental trees, there are a number of most excellent species and varieties which are entitled to be classed among the finest trees in cultivation. The AMERICAN WHITE ASH (F. Americana) is a fair shade tree, thriving in almost any location, with broad, round head, straight, clean trunk and compound pinnate leaves, A. Bosc's Ash (var. Boscii) is a fine and dis- tinct American variety with dark, glossy foliage, B. There are some valuable variegated sorts, among which are the Gold Spotted-leaved Ash (var. punctata), the leaves of which are strongly marked, and blotched with golden yellsw, giving the tree a very effective appearance in this respect exceeding all other trees with golden- hued foliage. The Aucuba-leaved Ash (var. aucubcefolia), with distinct splashes and spots of yellow on the leaves, remaining through the season, C. The Walnut-leaved Ash (var. juglandifolia) strongly resembles the walnut in the form of leaves ; valuable only in large collections, B. The Cloth-like-leaved Ash (var. pannosa), a native of the Carolinas, has beautiful foliage, somewhat re- sembling that of Bosc's Ash but larger, B. Rufous- haired Ash (var. rufa) is a distinct and ornamental variety, of upright habit and dark green leaves, B. The DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 45 Showy Ash (var. spectabilis) has large, glossy, leathery leaves, of dark green color. The EUROPEAN ASH (F. excelsior) is a spreading tree, with a handsome head, a short thick trunk and beautiful pinnate leaves, B. There are two pendulous varieties, the Weeping European Ash (var. pendula), a valuable, rapid grower, that may serve as an arbor on the lawn, C r ; and the Golden-barked Weeping Ash (var. aureapendula), an elegant -but quite tender tree, with bark as yellow as gold, (7. The common Golden-barked Ash (var. aurea) is also a conspicuous trae on account of its yellow bark, twisted branches and fine foliage, and it is hardier than the last named, O. The varieties with peculiar leaf forms are interesting : Dwarf Crisp-leaved Ash (var. atrovirens), with dark green, curled foliage, arranged closely along the stem, I). Hooded-leaved Ash (var. cucullata), with singularly curled and twisted leaves, of pyramidal growth, C. Dwarf Globe-headed Ash (var. globosa), a pretty round-headed tree when worked six or eight feet high, with small myrtle-like leaves, D. Willow-like-leaved Ash (var. saHcifolia), with narrow willow-like leaflets of pleasing habit, D. Another variety called scolopendrifolia has leaflets as narrow as grass blades, and which droop curiously, D. The Single- leaved Ash (var. monopTiylla) is a fine tree, with broad leaves, B. There is a beautiful variety of the Single- leaved (var. monopJiylla laciniata) in which the margins of the leaves are finely cut. The Variegated-leaved Ash (var. concavcefolia variegata) is said to be striking on account of its silvery white young leaves, tinged with pink, chang- ing later to light green. The FLOWERING ASH (F. Ornus) is a small tree which produces a profusion of pale or greenish- white flowers in clusters on the terminal branches in spring, on which account it is valuable for ornament, C. There are sev- 46 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. eral Japanese Ashes offered, but which it is feared are too tender to become generally useful. THE LINDEN, BASSWOOD, OR LIME. TillO. A-B. Generally graceful, handsome trees of good size, with heart-shaped, serrate leaves, and producing heavy shade. The flowers, which are inconspicuous, are in some species much sought by the honey bee. The AMERICAN LINDEN OR BASSWOOD (T. Americana) is a native of rapid growth, with very large leaves and fragrant flowers, A. The Broad-leaved Basswood (var. macrophylla) is less common, and has yet larger leaves than the last. Both are desirable in large grounds. The European Linden and its varieties are quite distinct in appearance. The common EUROPEAN LINDEN (T. Europed) is well shaped, inclined to be pyramidal in form, thriving in almost any soil, and well adapted for lawns and avenues ; leaves are smaller and darker than those of the American Linden, A. European White-leaved Linden (var. alba) is a handsome, dense-growing variety, the leaves of which are downy beneath and smooth above, giving the tree a striking appearance, and constrasting strongly with other kinds. There is also the White- leaved Weeping Linden (var. alba-pendula), a valuable tree with large leaves and slender branches that incline to droop, B. The Cut or Fern- leaved Linden (var. laciniata) is a tree of good habit with rather small leaves that are deeply cut and twisted, B. Another cut-leaved variety is the Eed Cut-leaved Linden (var. laciniata rubra), the young shoots of which are of a bright rose color. The Broad-leaved Linden (var. platyphylla), with mas- sive leaves ; the Small-leaved Linden (var. microphylla) with leaves quite the reverse of the last as to size ; and the Grape-leaved Linden (var. vitifolia), with deeply- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 47 lobed leaves, are all valuable. Among the European Lindens are some with attractive bark as follows : Pyramidal Linden (var. pyramidalis), and Red-twigged Linden (var. rubra), with young branches of reddish color ; and the Yellow-twigged Linden (var. sulphured), the Golden Broad-leaved Linden (v&t. platyphylla aurea), and the Hairy-styled Linden (var. dasystyla), with golden-hued bark, showy in winter. The JAPAN LINDEN (T. cordata) is yet rare, it is of medium size, and has heart-shaped leaves. THE WILLOW. Salix. A. D. The Willow is a very large genus, having among its species many fine ornamental trees. Most of them are easily transplanted, thrive in any soil, and are of rapid growth. The BABYLONIAN OR WEEPING WILLOW (8. Baby- lonica) is a very common species, a graceful tree of large size, its fresh, bright green, wavy foliage making it at- tractive, particularly in conjunction with water scenery, A. A variety of this from France (var. Salamonii) is more upright in habit, while retaining the weeping style of growth. The GOLDEN WILLOW (8. alba var. vitellind) is a dis- tinct variety of the White Willow, with yellow bark, very attractive both in summer and winter, B. The GOAT WILLOW (S. Caprea), and some of its varie- ties are valuable ; the common kind being a medium- sized tree of spreading form with broad leaves, C. The excellent, and well-known Kilmarnock Weeping Willow is a variety of the last (var. pendula), when grafted low this forms a fountain-like tree of great beauty, with the branches reaching to the ground ; when grafted six or eight feet high, it forms an exceedingly graceful tree of umbrella shape ; its foliage is glossy ; habit vigorous, 48 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. thriving in any soil ; excellent for small grounds, D. Three-Colored Goat Willow (var. tricolor), has blotched foliage of three distinct colors, it is usually grafted from five to seven feet high, when it forms a handsome, small, round-headed tree, D. The AMERICAN WEEPING OR FOUNTAIN WILLOW (S. purpurea-pendula), a variety of an European species, is a small, slender-growing willow of European origin, which forms a remarkably handsome weeping tree when grafted on a large stem, D. The ROSEMARY-LEAVED WILLOW (S. rosmarimfolia), with small, silvery leaves so arranged on the branches as to give them a feathery appearance, D, The ROYAL WILLOW (S. regalis), is an elegant tree with silvery leaves, which are larger than those of the last named, both are of great value for contrasting with other trees, on account of their whitish appearance and handsome growth, D. The LAUREL-LEAVED WILLOW (S. laurifolia), and the Shiny-leaved Willow (S. lucida), are both rapid growing trees, usually kept in a bush form, both have dark, glossy leaves ; those of the former species being the largest, C. Other Willows worthy of note, are the Silky Weeping Willow (S. sericea pendula), with small leaves and long, slender branches ; Wolsey's Weeping Willow (S. Wolsey- anapendula), a small leaved, dwarf species ; Wisconsin Weeping Willow, highly recommended in the West ; Ja- pan Weeping Willow (S. Japonica penduld), Palm-leaved Willow (S. palmcefolia) , a distinct-red stemmed tree with large leaves, and the Ring-leaved Willow (S. Baby- lonica, var. annularis), a useful variety of the Weeping Willow, the leaves of which are curiously curled. THE MAIDEN-HAIR OR GINKGO. Ginkgo. A. The common species ( G. adiantifolia), an introduction from Japan, is a remarkable and elegant tree ; the leaves DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 49 resemble in shape the fronds of the Maiden-hair ferns (Adiantum), but are about three inches broad. The growth is naturally rapid and upright, but it can be trained against a house or over a trellis like a climber, and in this way presents a most singular appearance. It is hardy as far north as Buffalo, in partially sheltered situations. There is a Broad-leaved Ginkgo (var. mac- rophylla), with leaves somewhat broader than those of the species, and a Varigated-leaved Ginkgo (var. variega- ta), a kind that sometimes only shows variegation in the leaves. The genus has been called (Salisburia), a name which must give way to the older Ginkgo. THE MAGNOLIA. Magnolia. A.-E. Wherever the Magnolias are known they are highly prized as ornamental trees. The large-leaved, native species are grand in their foliage and produce showy flowers ; while the Asiatic and hybrid sorts are magnifi- cent when in flower. They may be planted either as single specimens or in open groups on the lawn with good effect, and they contrast well with evergreens. One drawback to their popularity is the difficulty of transplanting them. On this point the well-known nurserymen, Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., say: "To insure success in the transplanting they should be moved in the spring, never in the fall, and the Chinese varieties at that period when they are coming into bloom, and consequently before the leaves have made their appearance. Great care should be exercised in their removal, the fibrous roots being preserved as nearly as possible, and carefully guarded from any exposure to wind or sun. While almost any good soil is sufficient to insure their growth, they succeed best in a soil which is warm, rich, and dry." Among the native species which may be named as valuable are the CUCUMBER TREE (M. acuminata), a rapid, upright grower, reaching size A, with oblong-pointed leaves, often 3 50 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. nine or ten inches long ; bell-shaped, greenish yellow flowers; the fruit, when green, resembling a cucumber. The HEART-SHAPED MAGNOLIA (M. cordata) blooms usually in May and August, producing tulip-shaped yel- low flowers ; the oval, slightly cordate leaves are downy beneath, E. UMBRELLA MAGNOLIA (M. Umbrella), a rapid-growing tree, with immense, long, light-green leaves; creamy- white flowers, which are often a foot across, D. GREAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA (M. macropliylla), has enor- mous leaves, two to three feet long; white, bell-shaped flowers, nine or ten inches across ; requires protection in the North, (7. EAR-LEAVED MAGNOLIA (M. Fraseri), leaves eight to twelve inches long, with ear-like lobes at the base; the white flowers are six inches across, B. The SWEET BAT ( M, glaucd), with glossy leaves, whitish beneath ; flowers pure white, very fragrant ; if carefully trained forms a beautiful small tree, E. D. Long-leaved Sweet Bay (var. longifolid), is a variety of the preceding, with larger leaves, and of stronger growth. GREAT LAUREL MAGNOLIA (M. grandiflora) is the Magnolia of the Southern States, not hardy north of Washington; remarkable for its large, fragrant flowers and evergreen leaves. The Chinese and Japanese Magnolias, with their varie- ties and hybrids, are the kinds noted chiefly for their attractive flowering qualities. The YULAN, or CHINESE WHITE MAGNOLIA (M. con- spicua), has bright, obovate leaves, pure white, fragrant, medium-sized flowers, which appear before the leaves, E. PURPLE MAGNOLIA (M. purpurea) resembles the last- named, but the flowers are dark-purple on the outside, and white within, E. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 51 SLENDER-GROWING MAGNOLIA (var. gracilis), a grace- ful and finer formed variety of the above, with a more slender, fastigiate growth, E. VERY DARK-PURPLE JAPAN MAGNOLIA (M. atropur- purea), has the darkest flowers of all the Magnolias; later in bloom than the Chinese, E. HALL'S JAPAN MAGNOLIA (M. stellata), a very early- Fig. 4. MAGNOLIA STELLATA. flowering sort, with pure white flowers, the petals arranged in double rows. M. hypoleuca and M. parviflora, are com- paratively recent introductions of promise. The hybrids produced between the species possess high 02 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. merits. One of the finest and hardiest of all in this sec- tion of Asiatic Magnolias is SOULANGE'S MAGNOLIA (M. Soulangeand), which closely resembles the White Chinese; flowers cup-shaped, white and purple ; foliage large and massive, C. The Showy-flowering Magnolia (M. speciosa), differs from the last-named in having smaller and Eomo- what paler flowers, but producing them in great profusion, and they remain longer on the tree than those of any other variety; forms a conspicuous specimen tree, C. Norbert's Magnolia (M. Norbertiana), resembles Soulange's, but is lighter colored. Lenne's Red-flowering Magnolia (M. Lennei), very large, deep-reddish-purple flowers, and good-sized showy leaves, 0. Thompson's Magnolia (var. Thompsoniana) , is a hybrid between the American Um- brella Magnolia and the Sweet Bay, partaking mostly of the character of the latter ; it has large leaves ; large, fragrant, creamy-white flowers, but it is tender in the North. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. Taxodium. A-0. The several trees that go by this name, are conifers, that shed their leaves every autumn like the Larches. They somewhat resemble the Larches in form of growth and the small size of their leaves ; but are less hardy, and thriving only in protected localities in the North. The DECIDUOUS SWAMP C YPRESS-( Taxodium distichum) is a stately tree of the Southern States, but succeeds in the North in protected places, A. There is a variety, known as the "Weeping Deciduous Cypress (var. pendulum] , which is a fine tree. The CHINESE WEEPING DECIDUOUS CYPRESS (T. Si- nense pendulum and Glyptostrobus pendulus of the cata- logues), is now, by the best authorities, regarded as a va- riety of the above. It is a beautiful, perfectly straight tree, with slightly drooping, horizontal branches and twisted foliage in tufts; sheds its lower branches with age. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 53 THE KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. Gymnocladus Cana- densis. B. A rapid-growing native tree, with charming, feathery foliage, of twice-pinnate leaves, and bark that is singu- larly rough, even in small trees. THE AILANTHUS. Ailanthus glandulosus. B. A rapid-growing tree, with elegant, long, feathery foli- age, exempt from all diseases and from nearly all insects. This tree may be employed to great advantage in "sub- tropical gardening," by cutting it down to the ground an- nually. Each spring a vigorous shoot will appear, fur- nished with most luxuriant leaves of a tropical aspect. The sole objection to the tree is its unpleasant odor at flowering time. This may be avoided by propagating (by means of root-cuttings) from those trees that have pistil- late, or female, flowers only. THE LTQUIDAMBAR, OR SWEET GUM, OR BILSTED. Liquidanibar. B. A genus of but two species, one growing in tropical Asia, and the other in our own country. L. Styraciflua is a desirable tree, somewhat resembling the Maples in the shape of its leaves, and the Walnuts in the rough- ness of its bark. The foliage, when bruised, gives off a fragrant odor. In autumn the tree assumes a most brilliant appearance, the leaves turning red and yellow. THE YELLOW-WOOD. Clddrastis tinctoria. B. This is generally conceded to be the finest, hardy-flow- ering tree known. In June its white, pea-like, fragrant flowers appear in long, hanging clusters that almost cover the tree, giving to it an exceedingly handsome appearance. The tree is of medium size, with a peculiar graceful sweep to the branches. Leaves compound, of a delightful green, changing to yellow in the autumn. A slow grower for several years after planting. The tree is sometimes 54 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. called Virgilia, a name that by priority belongs to an African tree. THE PEPPERIDGE, OR SOUR GUM. NySSd. B. This is a picturesque tree, with fine, glossy foliage, arranged in distinct, horizontal lines of light and shade, something like the American Beech, and turning to deep crimson in the autumn. The northern species is N. multiftora. THE SOPHORA. Sophora, B-D. There are two Sophoras grown for ornament, namely, the common JAPAN SOPHORA (8. Japonica), and the WEEPING SOPHORA (var. pendula), both of which bear a resemblance in delicacy of leaf and flowers to the Eobinias, or Locusts. The former is a round-headed, upright grower of much beauty, producing in summer small, cream-colored flowers in racemes, B. The latter is naturally a strong-growing, trailing shrub, but if grafted on the common kind at seven or twelve feet high, forms a small weeping tree of picturesque appearance. The young branches of both are green, and singularly contorted. They should be planted on well drained soil, and only in sheltered places throughout the North. THE ALDER. AlnUS. B. A genus of rapid growing trees, especially valuable for planting in moist places, although all do well on dry land. While some possess but little beauty, others are hardly excelled in attractiveness for lawn decoration. Among valuable of the Alders are : The EUROPEAN ALDER (A. glutinosa), with showy, roundish foliage, B. Of this there are three cut-leaved varieties known respectively as the Imperial Cut-leaved Alder (var. laciniata imperialis), a stately tree of vigor- ous and graceful growth, and large deeply-cut leaves, DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 55 very elegant for the lawn, B. The Common Cut-leaved Alder (var. laciniatd), less attractive than the last ; and the Hawthorn-leaved Alder. There are also the Oak- leaved Alder (var. querdfolia), and the Eed-leaved Alder (var. rubronervis), the latter having large leaves on strik- ing red leaf-stalks. The HOARY OR SPECKLED ALDER (A. incana) is a dis- tinct native species of vigorous growth. Its leaves are broad, somewhat toothed, and whitish underneath. A cut-leaved variety of this (var. laciniata) makes a hand- some tree, with its broad, deeply-cut leaves. The LINDEN-LEAVED ALDER (A. tiliacea) is a fine kind, with large, deep-green, hearted-shaped, glossy leaves. There are also several Japanese species in culti- vation. THE MULBERRY. MorUS. B, C. Trees mostly with large, shining leaves, that have a singularly fresh and luxuriant appearance, even in the dryest of seasons, on which account they are favorites wherever they do well. Unfortunately the trees are apt to take on a bad, open style of growth some years after planting, which greatly mars their beauty. Some pro- duce edible fruit. The RED MULBERRY (Morus rubra) is an American species with large, luxuriant, heart-shaped, rarely-lobed leaves. The WHITE MULBERRY (M. alba) is more slender, and has smaller leaves than the Red ; it is grown as food for silk worms. Fruit pinkish-white, C. There is a variety of the last with larger leaves, sweeter and darker fruit, and of a compact, pyramidal habit, called var. fastigiata. Downing's Ever-bearing Mulberry is a fine variety, yielding delicious fruit, B. Several Asiatic species are also grown, such as the Black Mulberry (Morus nigra), of moderate growth. 56 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Japan Mulberry (M. ToTcwa), a stronger grower than the last, with large, shining leaves, often curled and crimped when developed. PAPER MULBERRY. Broussonctia. The PAPER MULBERRY (B. papyriferd) is so called be- cause the Japanese and other orientals make a substitute for paper from its inner bark. The species and its varieties are handsome, small-sized trees, of rapid growth, with smaller leaves than those of the common Mulberries. A little tender north of Pennsylvania, C. THE PAULOWNTA. Paulownio, imperiolis. B. This, also known as the Empress Tree, presents a most striking appearance under favorable circumstances. It has immense leaves, a foot or more across, and beauti- ful, gloxinia-like flowers, in upright panicles in May. Being somewhat tender in the North when young, and the wood becoming brittle and easily broken by winds when old, the tree should be planted in a partially sheltered place, and if the soil is poor, the growth will be the finer for it. Suitable for the sub-tropical garden, with annual cutting down. THE BIRCH. Bctula. B. C. The Birches possess a grace and elegance in their light, airy foliage, and slender, clean, often white, branches, that is without equal among trees. Most of them are specially valuable in small places where large shade trees are objectionable, but where some tree verdure is needed to break the lines of buildings or give balance to a place, as well as for shade. They thrive in any soil, even the poorest. The EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH (B. alba) and its varie- ties are especially valuable. The typical form is an ele- gant tree of pyramidal outline, and the small branches DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 57 are pendant. These latter, of a reddish color, contrast finely against the whiteness of the trunk and main branches, B. The Cut-leaved Weeping Birch (var. pendula laciniatd), this popular and charming tree re- sembles the species in many respects, but has delicately- cut foliage, and a most graceful appearance, which makes it a tree of the very first importance in ornamental plant- ing, B. Two other varieties : Young's Weeping Birch (var. pendula Youngii), considered by some the finest of all the Birches, being of rounded, picturesque form, with graceful, thread-like shoots, several feet long. The Elegant Weeping Birch (var. pendula elegans) has the branches pendant towards the ground, and directly par- allel with the trunk, both have the white bark of the species, and are remarkable for their elegance, D. The graceful Weeping Birch (var. tristis) is a variety of pic- turesque habit with light branches, arranged in clumps, and reaching almost to the ground. The Purple-leaved Birch (var. foliis purpureis), an effective kind with foli- age that is tinged with purple, C. The Nettle-leaved Birch (var. urticifolia} with leaves of dark-green, slight- ly cut, and presenting a distinct appearance, D. The Downy-leaved Birch (var. pubescens), with roundish leaves, and slightly drooping habit ; and the Pyramidal Birch (var. fastigiata) of very erect columnar form. All the foregoing are varieties of the European White Birch, and possess marked value. Among American Birches the following are desirable for ornamental planting : SWEET OR CHERRY BIRCH (B. lento), of rapid growth, with large leaves that come out early, and dark-brown bark, B. PAPER OR CANOE BIRCH (B. papyracea], very distinct, with brilliant white bark, which may be easily separated into thin layers. POPLAR-LEAVED OR AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH (B. alba 58 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. var. populifolia), a rapid grower, with glossy, triangular leaves, B. YELLOW BIRCH (B. luted), with golden-yellow bark, B. The Low Birch (B. pumild), a shruby form, has numer- ous, round, sharply-crenated leaves. The newly introduced species (B. costata), is a fine tree of erect habit, with the branches somewhat droop- ing, and with dark, heart-shaped leaves. The INDIAN PAPER BIRCH (B. Bhojpaltra) is distinct, of upright habit and with large, heart-shaped leaves. B. LOCUST. (Often called Acacia.) Robinia. B.-D. The BLACK OR YELLOW LOCUST (R. Pseudacacia) is a well-known native tree, with soft, graceful foliage, of refreshing tint and yellowish-white, fragrant flowers ; of only common value, B. There are a number of excellent varieties of this, such as the Golden Locust (var. aurea), a fine tree with golden-tinted foliage. Bessou's Locust (var. Bessoniana) is considered the best of the Locusts, of upright growth, with luxuriant, dark-green foliage, and is thornless, B. A variety called bullata is more compact in growth, B. Bella-rosea is a thornless variety of vigorous habit, with delicate, flesh- colored flowers, tinged with yellow, B. There are several varieties which have a characteristically erect habit, among these are the Pyramidal Locust (var pyramidalis), with dark foliage, and one called fastigiata, resembling the Lombardy Poplar in form of growth. The variety spectabilis is a sort with straight, vigorous shoots and large leaves. There arc some varieties of a gobular form of growth, which are quite distinct in appearance, namely : Globe or Par- asol Locust (var. inermis) is a remarkably handsome, thornless tree, that may by clipping be kept as round as a ball, D. ; var. inermis rubra monstrosa, a tree of DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHEUBS. 59 dwarf growth with blush flowers ; var. inermis rubra, globe-headed, with white flowers tinged with pink. The ROSE OR Moss LOCUST (R. Uispida) is a native species of low irregular habit, but producing elegant racemes of rose-colored flowers in June and later, C. The variety grandiflora is extremely attractive when in bloom, the flowers, as well as the foliage, being much larger than those of the species. The Clammy Locust (R. viscosa), a native, is a beau- tiful, compact grower, with fine foliage, and pale-pink, odorless flowers ; slightly tender in the far North, D. A kind offered in some catalogues as the JAPANESE ACACIA (Acacia Nemu) is said to be entirely distinct, and described as having handsome rose-colored flowers and delicate foliage. THE HONEY LOCUST. GUditschia. B. The COMMON HONEY LOCUST (G. triacanthos) is a tree with elegant foliage, and which, with proper shearing, is one of our best hardy hedge plants, B. There are several Asiatic species, embracing the Caspian Honey Locust (G. Caspica), of strong growth and irreg- ular habit, with large foliage and white flowers, B ; and the Chinese Honey Locust (G. Sinensis). The THORNLESS HONEY LOCUST (G. triacanthos, var. inermis) is a small, globe-headed tree, with elegant foli- age, D. The WEEPING HONEY LOCUST (var. Bujotii) is a va- riety of the common three-thorned species, of graceful, slightly pendulous habit ; liable to winter-kill in the North, unless growing where well protected. THE PERSIMMON. Diospyros. The AMERICAN PERSIMMON (D. Virginiana) is the hardiest of the Persimmons, and this needs protection when young, in the North. Large, smooth, thickish 60 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. leaves, and crab-apple-like fruit, that is edible after being severely frosted. The JAPAN PERSIMMON (D. Kaki), and the European Persimmon (D. Lotus), both possess fine ornamental qualities, but are not to be considered as hardy north of Richmond. The former has a reputation for affording good edible fruit. THE NETTLE TREE. CeltlS. B. The AMERICAN NETTLE TREE OR HACKBERRY (G. occidentaUs) is a desirable tree for ornament, with leaves resembling, in part, both the Elm and Apple, B. There are also several varieties of this. The EUROPEAN NETTLE TREE (C. australis) is an in- teresting tree of vigorous habit, with long, slender branches and dark-green leaves. THE CERCIDIPHTLLUM. Cercidiphyllum. B. C. JAPONICUM, the only species in cultivation, is a re- cent introduction from Northern Japan, and related to the Magnolias. Prof. Sargent says that it is perfectly hardy about Boston, and of great promise. Foliage small, compact, and graceful. Flowers small and incon- spicuous. THE FLOWERING APPLE AND MOUNTAIN ASH. Pyms. B.-C. The Flowering Apple and the Mountain Ash, both be- longing to the same genus, are herewith placed under one head. Of the former, The CHINESE DOUBLE ROSE-FLOWERING CRAB (P. spcctdbilis) is a handsome growing tree, with attractive, fragrant flowers in May, C. There is a variety of this with pale, semi-double flowers. The GARLAND FLOWERING CRAB (P. coronaria) is one of our most delightful, small, native trees. Covered DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 61 in the spring with blush-colored flowers, which load the air with delicious fragrance for a long distance. Other ornamental forms are Rivers' Semi-double Crab, the Aucuba-leaved, and the Double-flowering Apple. The Mountain Ash section of the genus affords a num- ber of fine ornamental trees. The EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN ASH (P. aucuparid) is an excellent, handsome tree, of compact form, showing an abundance of. scarlet berries from July until winter, C. There are several varieties of this, including the Weep- ing Mountain Ash (var. penduld), a valuable sort on ac- count of its curious habit of growth, D. } and two dwarfs that are handsome. The AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH (P. A mericana) resem- bles the European in many respects, but is less desirable on the whole, B. The Elder-leaved Mountain Ash (P. sambucifolid) is another native, with pleasing foliage, B. The Hybrid Mountain Ash (P. liybrida) is a choice tree, with fine, large, grayish leaves, which produce a hand- some effect. The OAK-LEAVED MOUNTAIN ASH (P. quercifolid) is a handsome sort of vigorous habit, and with beautiful lobed leaves of bright green, B. The Golden-striped and the Golden Hybrid Mountain Ash, and some other varie- ties not included here, are valuable only in large col- lections. THE OSAGE ORANGE. Madura aumntiaca. B. A native tree of spreading, picturesque habit, and handsome, orange-like foliage, which gives to it a pleas- ing appearance. "Well suited for making hedges in any but the northernmost parts of the country. THE SASSAFRAS. Sassafras officinale. B. This tree, well known for its spicy bark, is very hand- some for small pleasure grounds, if grown in a warm, 62 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. rich soil. The foliage, which is small and usually two and three-lobed, is of a soft texture and has a warm green color. There is a peculiar beauty in the soft outlines, and lights and shades of this tree, that renders it quite distinct in appearance. AMELANCHIER. Mespilus, Medlar. B.-F. To simplify matters, I bring together here the orna- mental species of the kinds above named in the head. They are all closely related to, and somewhat resemble, the apple and thorns in leaf and forms of growth. SERVICE-BERRY, SNOWY MESPILUS, SHAD-FLOWER AND JUNE-BERRY, are names used in different localities for Amelanchier Canadensis. A small native tree, which is especially variable in size, character of its leaves, and abundance of its flowers; the var. Botryapium is one of the most pleasing, and in spring is covered with a pro- fusion of snow-white flowers. The Common European species (A. vulgaris) is sometimes cultivated. It has smooth leaves and small, white flowers. The MEDLAR (Mespilus Germanica) is a small tree with curious tortuous branches, and large, white flowers. It is sometimes grown in hedges in Europe, and produces a fruit of little value, C. ORNAMENTAL CHERRIES, PLUMS, ALMONDS, AND PEACHES. Prunus. B.-F. Formerly the Cherry, Plum, Almond, and Peach were placed in different genera. Sometime ago, botanists united the Cherry (Cerasus) with the Plum under Prunus, and the more modern authors have placed the Almond (Amygdalus), the Peach (Persica), and Apri- cot (Armeniaca) all under Prunus. All of these have double-flowered varieties, which are highly ornamental and deserve more attention from planters than they have yet received. DECIDUOUS TBEES AND SHRUBS. 63 The DOUBLE FLOWERING CHERRY (P. avium,fl. pi.), is extremely handsome when in bloom, being so densely covered with large, pure white, double flowers as to hide the branches. The WEEPING CHERRIES. The Common Weeping Cherry belongs to the preceding species, and is a pleas- ing variety with drooping branches. The Weeping Bigarreau Cherry is a good sized, handsome tree, with graceful, pendant branches. The D warf Weeping Cherry is a very small, beautiful tree, suited to small plots. The Weeping Sour Cherry is a fine drooping variety, and a new double Cherry from Japan with rose-colored flowers, is regarded as a promising ornamental tree. The EUROPEAN BIRD CHERRY (P. Padus), belonging to the same section of the genus as our Wild Cherries, is an admirable lawn tree. It has a handsome form, good foliage, and a profusion of white flowers in long racemes in May, C. . There are two fine forms with variegated leaves: The AUCUBA-LEAVED CHERRY with deep-green leaves, speckled and splashed with yellowish-white, C.; and the Variegated Bird Cherry, with leaves dotted and blotched with yellow ; both have a slender drooping habit, C. Of the FLOWERING PLUMS, those bearing the most re- semblance to the common Plum are : the Double Flow- ering Sloe (P. spinosa, flore pleno), from Japan, with daisy-like, white flowers in spring, followed by purple fruit, E.; and the Common Double Flowering Plum (P. domestica, fl. pi.), K Some dAvarf Plums are among our best ornamental shrubs. The Double Flowering Plum (P. trilobd] is a very fine, hardy shrub, Avith beautiful, delicate-pink, semi-double flowers, arranged closely along the branches, and forming compact spikes. P. tomentosa, from Japan, is a fine shrub, with plaited leaves, but inconspicuous 64 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. flowers, G. P. Sinensis, of some, is a distinct species, with small flowers early in the spring, followed by necta- rine-like fruit. The FLOWERING ALMONDS belong here. Some of the so-called Flowering Almonds are properly plums or cher- ries. One of the best known is the DOUBLE WHITE FLOWERING ALMOND, a small tree with a great profusion of double white flowers in early spring. It has very rich foliage. The Bose-flow- ered Almond resembles the preceding, except in the color of its flowers. The DWARF FLOWERING ALMONDS (Prunus \amygda- lus] nana) are very old garden favorites, their double flowers are rose -colored or white, and produced in great profusion. The FLOWERING PEACHES, when properly pruned, are very handsome, but if left to grow at will, form unsightly broad heads. There is a double white and a double rose- colored variety, and one in which the flowers are curious- ly variegated, being white and rose-colored upon the same tree. The Blood-leaved Peach has its foliage in spring and early summer of a bright, crimsom color, but later it turns to a dull green. THE LABURNUM OR GOLDEN CHAIN. Laburnum. C. Ornamental, profuse-flowering, small trees and shrubs, which succeed in almost any soil, but at the North are apt to be injured in winter. The COMMON LABURNUM OR GOLDEN CHAIN (Labur- num vulgare) has glossy, trifoliate leaves and drooping racemes of yellow flowers, which give the tree a very rich appearance. ALSCHINGER'S LABURNUM (L. AlscUngeri), . and PARK'S LABURNUM (L. vulgare, var. Parkii), are dis- tinct forms, and produce similar racemes of yellow flow- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 65 era. The Oak-leaved Laburnum (var. quercifolia), and the Large-leaved (var. macrophylla), are other varieties of merit. The PURPLE-FLOWERED LABURNUM, so called, belongs to the closely related genus Cytisus (C. purpureus). It produces racemes of golden flowers. The Alpine, or Scotch Laburnum (L. alpinum), is regarded as the hardiest of the genus ; of dense, irregular, spreading form, reaching size B in good soil. Foliage large, smooth, and dark. Flowers golden-yellow, in long racemes. THE HORNBEAM. CarpitlUS. C. The AMERICAN HORNBEAM (C. Americana) is a small, neat-looking tree, with wiry branches and leaves that resemble those of the Beech. Handsome whether planted singly or in groups. It is also a good hedge plant. The ENGLISH HORNBEAM (C. Betulus) resembles the above, but is of stronger growth, C. There is a dwarf variety of this (var. pendula), which, when grafted standard high, makes a beautiful, round-headed tree. The HOP-HORNBEAM OR IRON-WOOD, belongs to a closely related genus ( Ostrya Virginica). It has a re- semblance to the foregoing, but is more upright and slender, with smaller leaves. It is valuable as an orna- mental tree on account of its light, graceful spray. THE KCELREUTERIA. Kcelreuteria paniculata. A low-growing tree, with fine, brilliant-green, pinnate foliage, which turns to a rich yellow in the autumn. Flowers golden-yellow, produced in spreading clusters in mid-summer, and with showy, inflated seed-pods in autumn. A native of China. THE JUDAS-TREE OR RED-BUD. Cerds. C.-E. The AMERICAN JUDAS-TREE (C. Canadensis) is a small tree, with large, glossy, heart-shaped leaves, and 66 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. in spring, before the foliage comes, is covered all along the branches with delicate pink flowers in great profu- sion, C. The ORIENTAL JUDAS-TREE (C. Chinensis ; C. Japon- ica in some catalogues), is another valuable kind, more dwarf and compact than the American, with thick, roundish leaves, of a dark-green color, and has larger and brighter flowers, E. THE VIRGINIAN OR WHITE FRINGE. Chionanthus Virginica. C. This is a handsome small tree or bush, with large, glossy, acutely-elliptical leaves, and drooping racemes of fringe-like, white flowers in the spring ; a great favorite generally. THE DOGWOOD. Cornus. C.-G. The FLOWERING DOGWOOD (C. floridd) is a fine, small tree, with glossy, grayish-green foliage, that turns to a most attractive red in autumn. Its chief charm is its large, pure- white flowers, produced in spring before the leaves appear. The showy portion of the flowers is really the bracts or appendages surrounding the clusters, the real flowers being small and inconspicuous. Delights in a well-drained, rich soil, C. The WEEPING DOGWOOD, said to be a variety of C. florida, is described as being hacdsome, of upright growth, and pendulous branches, with flowers and foliage resembling the parent. The ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD (C. circinatd) has roundish leaves, downy beneath ; young shoots green, blotched with purple ; small, white flowers in flat cymes, G. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD (C. alternifolia), a beautiful shrub, but it may be trained in a tree form ; DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 67 it has yellowish-white flowers, in May and June, and blue-black fruit in autumn, E. The KED-BRANCHED OR OSIER DOGWOOD (C. san- guined), a species from Europe. It is a large, spreading bush, with blood-red bark that is conspicuous in winter, and especially so in early spring. White flowers, 6r. The RED SIBERIAN DOGWOOD, (C. Sibirioa, var. var- iegata), is a remarkable new shrub, with richer colored bark than the last named, and with leaves slightly mar- gined with a silvery color ; undoubtedly a great acquisi- tion. The CORNELIAN CHERRY (C. Mas.), an European species, somewhat resembling the Flowering Dogwood, and bearing yellowish flowers early in the spring, with edible fruit later. The Variegated Cornelian Cherry (var. variegata) has richly variegated leaves, more than one half of their surface being of a clear silvery-white, giving the shrub an exceedingly handsome and distinct appearance, which renders it unequalled as a silvery- hued shrub, F. THE THORN. CratcBgus. C. H. There are many species of thorns in cultivation, not one of which is undesirable where room is abundant. All are well adapted for growing in lawns of small area. Some of the best are the double-flowering varieties, with red, pink, and white flowers. The COMMON HAWTHORN (C. Oxyacantlia] is the cel- brated English hedge plant. The Arbutus- leaved, Apple- leaved, Pear-leaved, Glossy-leaved, Parsley-leaved, and many others are varieties of this species. Nearly all are of compact growth, and will grow in any soil and situation, producing their very attractive flowers most freely. They readily bear pruning, and are well adapted for hedges. The EVERGREEN THORN (C. Pyracantha) is a hand- 68 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. some, small species, that retains its dark-green foliage through the winter, it has purplish and white flowers, and red fruit ; there is a variety with white fruit. THE BUCKTHORN. Rliamnus catliarticus. Is a fine shrub for hedges. It has small, dark leaves, and inconspicuous greenish- white flowers. There is a variety of Buckthorn (var. latifolius) with larger leaves. THE WITCH HAZEL. Hamamelis Virginica. A native, tall shrub, with somewhat downy leaves, in appearance resembling those of the Hazel. It is notable for producing its curious yellow flowers late in autumn, just as the leaves are falling, at the same time the cap- sules from the flowers of the previous year open and eject their seeds. Some recent introductions from Japan belonging to this genus are little known as yet. THE SUMACH. RJlUS. K The PURPLE FRINGE (R. Cotinus), known also as the Venetian Sumach, Smoke-Tree, Mist- Tree, Wig-Tree, etc., is an old favorite, which is prized for its handsome appearance at mid-summer and later, when it is covered with its large, cloud-like, masses of "fringe." These are really the enlarged branching and very hairy flower- stalks of abortive flowers. They are often tinged with red, and are very ornamental. The foliage has a fresh appearance and in autumn takes on rich colors. It should be grown in the form of a shrub, E. OSBECK'S CHINESE SUMACH (R. Osbeckii) is a new species with handsome foliage, that turns to attractive colors in autumn. The FRAGRANT SUMACH (R. aromatica) is a showy, early-flowering shrub, the flowers of which are succeeded by showy berries. Several other native Sumachs are de- sirable for ornamental planting. Of these the DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. C9 STAGHORN SUMACH (R. typJiina) is especially note- worthy on account of its elegant, compound leaves, which assume colors of great brilliancy in autumn, at which time it bears its bunches of crimson berries, G. The CUT-LEAVED SUMACH (R. glabra, var. laciniatd) is a variety of our most common native species, with re- markably handsome, fern-like leaves, which are dark- green above, and glaucous below. THE LILAC. Syringa. E. The Lilac, represented by a large number of species, and innumerable varieties, is one of our most valuable ornamental shrubs. Of the easiest culture in any or- dinarily good soil, with attractive foliage and very fragrant flowers, it is rarely the case in adorning grounds, what- ever may be their size, that some of the Lilacs cannot be used to good advantage. Some are disposed to send up sprouts from the roots, but these may be easily kept down. They can be grown to a tree form with careful pruning, but should generally be trained with a low head. The well-known COMMON LILAC (8. vulgaris), with purple and white flowers, still ranks high in value. From this have sprung many varieties, some of which are improvements on the species. Some of these have larger flowers than the parent, or differently colored ; others vary in their habit of growth, there being both dwarf and stronger growing sorts, and there is one variety called Golden- leaved Lilac (var. variegatd), with large, yellowish-green foliage, which is valuable for creating contrasts of color. The Asiatic species possess great value, being, as a rule, more graceful and delicate in form, and with smaller leaves than those of the Common Lilac. The PERSIAN LILAC (S. Persica) has large panicles of somewhat loosely arranged, dark lilac flowers. This 70 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. forms a bush of great beauty when grown where it has a chance to develop. The Persian White Lilac (var. alba) is like the preceding, except in the color of the flowers. There is also a Cut-leaved variety. The CHINESE LILAC (8. dulia, also S. Chinensis of some), is a species resembling the Persian, but with longer leaves, and of which there are several varieties, including reddish, purple, and white. EMOD'S LILAC (S. Emodi] is a distinct and choice Chinese species, which assumes a tree-like form, and has white flowers, D. The EOUEN OR FRENCH BED LILA.C (S. duUa, var. RotJiomagensis), is said to be a hybrid between the Com- mon Lilac and the Persian, and embodies perhaps more good qualities than any other Lilac. The flowers are reddish, in numerous, large panicles, C. JOSIKA'S OR CHIONANTHUS-LEAVED LILAC (S. Josi- TCCBO) is a distinct and remarkably handsome variety, of strong, upright growth, and with long, rich, shining leaves. Flowers purple, appearing after other kinds have flowered. VERSCHAFFELT'S LILAC (S. Verschaffelti] is another distinct variety, with flowers in large compact panicles, dark-red in the bud, changing to lilac as they open. THE CARAGANA OR PEA-TREE. Caragana. E. Low growing trees or shrubs from Asia, with peculiar acacia-like, light-green leaves, with a golden hue, and which contrast in a marked manner with most other shrubs. Flowers yellowish. The SIBERIAN PEA-TREE (G. Altagand) is of pleasing habit and quite hardy. The CHINESE PEA-TREE (C. Chamlagu) throws up erect branches at first, but later they droop. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 71 The ARBORESCENT PEA-TREE (C. arborescens) is up- right in habit, but always remains small. There are still other kinds named in some lists. THE ELDER. SttmbuCUS. E.-G. Large shrubs, with ornamental foliage, flowers and fruit, that entitle them to a place in large collections of shrubs. With the exception of the Cut-leaved they are rather coarse for small lawns. EUROPEAN ELDER (S. nigra), of large, irregular, picturesque growth, with broad cymes of white flowers in mid-summer. Very popular in European parks, E. Golden-leaved Elder (var. aurea), a handsome, but rather coarse shrub, with bright, golden-splashed foliage, and sweet, white flowers in July. Variegated-leaved Elder (var. variegata), leaves edged and mottled with yellowish- white. Improved by severe pruning occasion- ally, as the variegation on the young growth is the most attractive, G. Cut-leaved Elder (var. laciniata), a valu- able cut-leaved shrub, with elegantly divided leaves, G. The COMMON AMERICAN ELDER (8. Canadensis] is useful for ornament in large grounds, and can usually be procured without cost. SNOWDROP OR SILVER-BELL TREE. Holesid. E. The FOUR-WINGED SNOWDROP OR SILVER-BELL (H. tetrapterd) is a graceful shrub, bearing a profusion of pretty, white, bell-shaped flowers, resembling somewhat those of the little snowdrop, in May, and are followed by curious four-winged fruit. Thrives in poor soil and does not object to moist places. The Two- WINGED SNOWDROP (H. dipterd) has larger leaves than the last named, and is less common. 72 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE HOP-TREE OR SHRUBBY TREFOIL. Ptelea trifoliatci. E. A large shrub or small tree of rapid growth, with handsome, smooth, trifoliate leaves in June, clustered whitish flowers followed by seed-pods, which in taste and odor resemble hops. Makes a handsome low tree, if trained with a single stem. THE TAMARISK. Tamarix. E. Shrubs of strong, irregular growth, with delicate, feathery foliage, somewhat resembling the Juniper, and with the branches covered with fine, pink flowers in June. The general growth is coarse. There are several species which do not differ much in appearance. The most generally cultivated is T. Gallica. THE SPICEBUSH. Lindera Benzoin. E. A large and rather pleasing native shrub, with light- green foliage, and small clusters of yellowish flowers, ap- pearing in early spring before the leaves. THE ARALIA. AraUa. A genus comprising small, singular-looking trees, with large, showy, and much divided leaves. Useful for creating u tropical" effects in gardens. Of free growth, but needing a little protection in exposed places. The ORIENTAL ARALIA (A. CMnensis, also called A. Japonica), is of dwarf, spreading form, with prickly stems and shoots, large feathery leaves, and white flowers. The MANDSCHURIAN ARALIA is a variety of the fore- going (A. Cliinensis, var. elata, which has been palled Dimorphanthus MandsJturicus), is a Chinese species, with hairy and prickly bipinnate leaves. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 73 ANGELICA TREE or HERCULES' CLUB (A. spinosa), a native kind, with stout stems, and very large leaves ; throws up suckers from the roots. SPINDLE-TREE OR BURNING-BUSH. EuonyiHUS. E.-G. A genus with mostly pleasing foliage of a fresh green color, showing to fine advantage among other shrubs. They nearly all bear a profusion of crimson and scarlet or ornamental fruit, which renders the trees very attrac- tive in the autumn, and it is to this that most of them owe their common names. The STRAWBERRY BUSH (E. Americanus), a small bush, rarely over five feet high, with rich, shining leaves, and medium-sized scarlet berries, E. The BURNING-BUSH or SPINDLE-TREE (E. atropur- pureus), a handsome native species, of erect habit and fresh, green foliage, with bright crimson, or purplish fruit. The BROAD-LEAVED EUONYMUS (E. latifolius) is an exceedingly fine European species, with broad, glossy leaves, and large, deep-red fruit. The WINGED EUONYMUS (E. alatus) from Japan is interesting on account of the wings, that extend down the stems. The EUROPEAN BURNING-BUSH (E. Europceus) is a a large species, with handsome foliage and fruit. Of this one there are several varieties that are quite orna- mental, such as the Purple-leaved Euonymus (var. atro- purpureus), with purple leaves in autumn ; the White- fruited Euonymus ; the Linear-leaved Euonymus, with narrow, dark-colored foliage, and of small size ; the Dwarf Euonymus, of dwarfish form, with dark-green leaves, G. The handsome, evergreen, Japanese kinds are very desirable where they will stand the winters uninjured. 4 74 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE EOSE OF SHARON OR SHRUBBY ALTHAEA. HlMsCUS. E.-G. Mostly free-growing shrubs of upright forms, produc- ing showy flowers resembling hollyhocks, in the late summer season, and at a time when few hardy trees and Fig. 5. BOSE OF SHARON, VARIEGATED (Hibiscus Syriacus, TOT.) Bhrubs are in bloom. To keep them in good shape, they should be closely headed-in annually. The first two winters after planting there should be a liberal coat of coarse litter applied over the roots in the North, to protect them from cold, and after that they will prove very hardy. All of the many varieties that are now offered in DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHETJBS. 75 nurseries, are descendents of H. Syriacus, a free flower- ing, but rather coarse grower. There are single and double flowering varieties of white, red, purple, pink, rose, violet, and other colors, and some are beautifully striped or blotched. The double flowering sorts are generally the handsomest shrubs. One of the most val- uable of the double flowering kinds is the Variegated- leaved Hibiscus (fig. 5), with leaves which are conspicu- ously marked with light-yellow, on a green ground, and one of the very best variegated-leaved shrubs; flowers purple, but not showy, F. THE MOCK ORANGE OR SYRINGA. PMlttdelpJlUS. E.-H. How the name Syringa ever came to stand so improp- erly, yet generally for this genus, it is hard to tell, and its use both for these shrubs, and for the Lilac, where it rightly belongs, tends to confusion in names. However, it may be said that no collection of shrubs can be con- sidered complete without the presence of the Mock Oranges. They are noted for their sweet and showy, white, or nearly white, flowers, single and double, their handsome and free growth, and their remarkable adapta- bility to any place and soil. The G'OMMON or GARLAND MOCK ORANGE (P. coro- narius], also called Garland Syringa, is a rapid-growing, slightly coarse shrub, well known for its showy and fra- grant, white flowers, E. Double -flowering Mock Orange is an attractive semi-double-flowering form of the above. The Dwarf Mock Orange (var. nana) is a handsome, and very dwarf-growing variety, more valued for its generally fine and cleanly appearance, than for its flowers, which are shyly produced, H. The Golden-leaved Mock Orange is a very pretty dwarf variety, with yellow-tinged foliage ; valuable for single specimens, clumps, or for contrasts of foliage, H. The Dwarf Double-flowering 76 ORNAMENTA-L GARDENING. Mock Orange (P. dianthijlora) is another low-growing variety of great beauty, with fine, double, creamy-white, fragrant flowers. There are several other species and varieties not vary- ing greatly in general respects from the sorts above de- scribed. The Large-flowering Mock Orange (P. yrandi- florus). Gordon's Late-flowering Mock Orange (P. Gordonianus). Eed-twigged Mock Orange (P. sanguin- eus), among older sorts, and P. laxus with very large flowers ; P. nivalis, with snowy-white flowers, among recent introductions, are perhaps entitled to special mention on account of their merits. THE VIBURNUM. Viburnum. E.-G. This genus gives us a number of our most valuable and interesting ornamental shrubs. They are perfectly hardy, of easy growth in most any soil, and produce both handsome foliage and flowers. For the .sake of variety some may readily be grown to a tree form. The COMMON SNOWBALL or GUELDER KOSE ( V. Opulus sterilis) is a well known variety, with large, globular cymes of pure-white, sterile flowers, of a very showy character, K The High or Bush Cranberry ( V. Opulus) is the original form of the Snowball, with coarser foliage and habit of growth, and less showy flowers, the clusters of which have only sterile flowers around the margin ; those in the interior of the cyme are not showy, but are followed by scarlet, acid fruit, sometimes used as a sub- stitute for cranberries, E. A dwarf variety (var. nana) forms a much smaller bush, H. The JAPAN or DWARF SNOWBALL ( V. plicatum) is a shrub of great merit, and is much finer than the common Snowball, with whiter flowers of the same form, a dwarf habit of growth and much handsomer foliage. The leaves are firm, plaited, of a rich green, and contrast DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 77 finely with the handsome, pure-white flowers, 0. Sever- al other introductions from Japan are announced, which are well spoken of. The NEPAL VIBURNUM ( F. Nepalense) is a robust- growing species, with white flowers appearing later than most others. EOUGH-LEAVED VIBURNUM ( F. ruffosum) has large, dark-green, rough leaves, and white flowers in cymes, G. The LAN TANA-LEAVED VIBURNUM or HOBBLE BUSH ( F. lantanoides), also called the Way-faring Tree ; the Plum-leaved Viburnum ( F. prunifolium), the Withe- Rod ( F. nudum), and several other native species are also suitable for ornamental planting. THE BUSH HONEYSUCKLE. Lonicera. E.-H. The Bush Honeysuckles are mostly strong-growing shrubs, of good habit, producing a profusion of fragrant flowers, which are generally followed by ornamental fruit. They thrive in any soil and situation. The TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE (L. Tartarica) is a well-known shrub with pink, and there is a variety with almost white, flowers, E. Varieties of the Tartarian, known as the Large-flowering Honeysuckles, both pink and white, resemble the common, but are more robust in habit and have larger flowers. There is also one with variegated foliage (fig. 6), E. The FRAGRANT BUSH HONEYSUCKLE (L. fragrantis- sima) is of low spreading growth, with branches thickly studded, before the leaves appear, with clusters of whitish flowers, having a delicious fragrance, G. LEDEBOUR'S HONEYSUCKLE (L. Ledebourii) is a dis- tinct and very fine species. The flowers, which are yel- low, appear in June, and are followed by showy red bracts, which bear the appearance of flowers ; foliage a 78 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. rich deep green ; a shapely grower, E. Standish's Honeysuckle (L, Standishii) has large leaves with April flowers, that are reddish outside and white within, E. The English Fly Honeysuckle (L. Jfylosteum) has very Fig. 6. TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, VARIEGATED (Lmacera Tartarica var.) sweet, pinkish flowers before the leaves come. A dwarf, native species with oval, downy leaves and blue berries, is called the Mountain Honeysuckle (L. ccerulea), H. THE STUARTIA. (Stuartia). E-G. 8. pentayyna is a charming low tree or shrub, resem- bling the Dogwood somewhat in its foliage, and produc- DECIDUOUS TKEES AND SHKUBS. 79 ing creamy-white, saucer-shaped flowers in summer. A native of the southern mountains, it should be planted only in sheltered places in the Northern States, E. The VIKGINIAN STUARTIA (S. Virginica) is another fine species, more dwarf than the preceding kind, but Fig. 7. STCARTIA. (Stuartia pentagyna). resembling it in form, foliage, and time of flowering. Not hardy north of Virginia, G. Several recent intro- ductions from Japan have been reported, which have not been well tested as yet. 80 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE WEIGELA. Diervilla. E-H. A much esteemed genus of flowering shrubs which, while represented by a few natives of little value for any ornament, owes its fame to the handsome introductions from China and Japan, and varieties of these. The Weigelas are good growers, profuse bloomers, and in their foliage always present a rich glow of vigor, that is most pleasing. Mostly erect-growing when young, but chang- ing later to a drooping form. The well-known and handsome EOSE-COLORED WEIGELA (D. rosco), which bears love- ly, rose-colored flowers in the greatest profusion in June, is the species from which have sprung either directly or by hybridization with others, most of the excellent sorts now cultivated. Its habit is all that could be desired, G. Of the varieties and hybrids there are many, which range in colors from the lightest pink almost white through rose and red down to dark reddish-purple and brownish- black, and all are of excellent habit, producing their beautiful flowers with great freedom, and would be sure to prove satisfactoiy to planters. The VARIEGATED-LEAVED DWARF WEIGELA is a variety quite similar to the parent in the shape of the leaves and flowers, but of dwarfish habit, and with the foliage variegated with a golden tint, which gives to it a distinct and handsome appearance. Among other valuable and distinct kinds are several white-flowered sorts, embracing the old White-flowered Weigela (D. hortensis nivea), which produces fine blos- soms, but is a rather unsatisfactory grower; and the charming New White-flowered Weigela (D. Candida), which, with its freely produced, pure white flowers and vigorous habit, is destined to rank as one of the best of the Weigelas. The D. arborea-grandiftora is a late blooming sort, producing long, tubular, pale-yellow DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 81 flowers, which change to rose-color, of strong growth with large leaves. THE BLADDER-NUT. Staphyleo. E. The AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT (S. trifolid) is a native upright shrub, with greenish- striped branches, pinnate leaves, of three to five leaflets each, and small, white flowers in drooping racemes. ASIATIC BLADDER-NUT (S. Colchica) is a handsome spring-flowering shrub, with clusters of fragrant white flowers. The European Bladder-nut (S. pinnatd) is a native of the south of Europe, resembles our native spe- cies in a general way, but rather more vigorous. THE BLADDER SENNA. Colutea. K The COMMON BLADDER SENNA (C. arborescens) is a quick-growing shrub, with fine, light-green, compound leaves, and bright, yellowish, pea-shaped flowers in June and July, followed by bladder-like pods, E. The Orien- tal Bladder Senna (C. cruenta) is a smaller species than the last, with reddish-colored flowers. Aleppo Bladder Senna ( C. Halepica) bears a general resemblance to the first-named; flowers orange-colored. To keep the Coluteas furnished with branches and foliage at the bottom, they should be freely cut back at times. C. arborescens may, however, be readily trained into a very pretty tree. THE PRIVET. Ligustrum. E. The Privets are handsome shrubs, with rich, dark- green leaves of waxy texture, and which come early and hang until the winter; they also produce attractive flowers in early summer. They are well adapted for hedges, and possess the valuable quality of growing and 82 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. flowering well in partial shade and even under trees. A good, strong soil is preferred by them. The COMMON PRIVET (L. vulgare) has small, shining, dark-green leaves and white flowers in terminal panicles, which are succeeded by small, black berries. Among the varieties of the Common Privet with smallish leaves, are the Box-leaved Privet (var. buxifolia), with short, thick leaves. White-berried Privet (var. leucocarpa), with white fruit, and the Weeping Privet (var. pendula], of weeping habit and quite ornamental, when grafted on other stocks. There are several varieties with much larger leaves than the common, such as the Oval-leaved Privet (L. ovalifolium), and the Laurel-leaved Privet (L. laurifo- lium), all of which are very attractive with rich, waxy- looking foliage, and are pleasing either when grown singly, in groups, or in hedges. THE OLEASTEE, OR WILD OLIVE. ElmgnUS. E. The SILVER-LEAVED OLEASTER (E. argentea) is a strong-growing, spreading shrub, with delicate, narrow, silvery leaves, that give it a peculiar appearance, and make it very desirable for contrasting with other trees and shrubs. Small yellow flowers in summer. GARDEN or EUROPEAN OLEASTER (E. hortensis) is an elegant species of stronger growth than the former one, and with wider leaves, of a striking silvery color. It is covered in June with small yellow flowers, having bright, silvered calyxes, which give to the shrub increas- ed whiteness at this season. The sweetness of the flowers, which is very pleasant and marked, is wafted for some distance on the air. Very desirable for contrasts; does well on the sea-shore. The Small-flowered Oleaster (var. nivea) is a variety of the last, forming a fine com- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHEUBS. 83 pact busk with silvery leaves, and bearing showy fruit. Sometimes used for hedges. There are several Japanese species, among them E. lonyipes, and other desirable sorts, possessing the general characteristics of the genus. THE FALSE INDIGO. AmOTphd. G-H. Large shrubs of open-growing, almost ungainly habit, which are susceptible, however, of improvement in this respect by pruning, and with pleasing, pinnate foliage, that contrasts well with that of most other shrubs. The Common False Indigo (A. fruticosd) is a native of the Southern and Western States, but hardy at the North, producing spikes of dark-purple flowers in June, G. Fragrant Amorpha (var. angustifolia), a hairy shrub, bearing dark-colored flowers in the summer, G. The Lead-plant (A. canescens), of low growth, has dark- blue flowers in July and August, H. THE WINTEEBEKRY. IUx, PrinOS. E-G. The COMMON WINTEEBEEEY, or BLACK ALDEE (7. verticillata) , is a fine native shrub, related to the Holly, with glossy-red berries in autumn and early winter; should be planted in peaty soil, E. Another species, the Smooth -leaved Winterberry (/. Icevigata), has berries similar to the preceding, but larger and earlier, E. There is also a dwarf evergreen species, known as the Inkberry (7. glabra), the fruit of which is black; leaves small and lance-shaped, G. THE BUTTON-BUSH. CepJialautJius Occident alls. G. A native shrub, growing in moist places, of rounded form, with thick, glossy leaves, and globular clusters of yellowish-white flowers in July and August. Desirable for planting at the water's edge. 84 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE CALYCANTHUS. Calycantlms. G. Shrubs of good habit, with handsome, rich foliage ; fragrant wood and flowers, that are prized for their pecu- liar sweetness, color, and form. The COMMON CALYCANTHUS (C. jloridus), also called Carolina Allspice and Sweet-scented Shrub, has soft leaves, downy beneath; double chocolate-colored flowers in June, which possess a rich, strawberry-like fragrance, G. Of other species, the following are grown for orna- ment : Glaucous-leaved Calycanthus (C. glaucus), with larger and handsomer leaves than the last. Smooth- leaved Calycanthus (C. favigatus) ; Long-leaved Caly- canthus (C. elongatus); Large-fruited Calycanthus (G. macrocarpus), a Californian species, tender while young. THE FORSYTHIA OR GOLDEN BELL. ForsytlllCl. G. FORTUNE'S FORSYTHIA (F. Fortunei) is one of our best hardy shrubs, of strong-growing habit, handsome foliage, which hangs until late in the autumn, and delightful, yellow, drooping flowers very early in the spring, G. The Weeping Forsy thia ( F. suspensa) is of slender, strag- gling growth, the branches curving to the ground, or they may be trained like a climber. F. viridissima re- sembles Fortune's in its flowers, but blooms a little earlier, and is of a neat habit, with rich-looking, dark-green foli- age, G. THE HAZEL-NUT OR FILBERT. CoryluS. G. The PURPLE-LEAVED HAZEL (C. Avellana, var. pur- purea), is a vigorous shrub, with large purple leaves, which give it a fine appearance, making it valuable for contrasts, G. The American Hazel (C. Americana) is an ornamental shrub, producing delicious nuts, and suitable for any large collection of shrubs. Tho Cut-leaved DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 85 Hazel (C. Avellana laciniata) has deeply cut foliage, that renders the shrub very ornamental. The Constantinople Hazel (C. Colurna) is a strong grower, withjarge leaves. THE WHITE ALDER OR CLETHRA. Clethra. G.-H. The ALDER-LEAVED CLETHRA (C. ainifolia), also called the Sweet Pepper-bush, is a dense-growing, native shrub, with light-green foliage, resembling the Alder, and spikes of sweet, white flowers in mid-summer, of which the honey-bee is fond, H. Acuminate-leaved Clethra (C. acuminata) is of stronger growth and has larger leaves than the last, G. THE CEANOTHUS. CeauotTius. G.-H. Shrubs of rather small value, except for the sake of variety. The New Jersey Tea or American Ceanothus (C. Americanus) has small racemes of white flowers from June to August, H. C. thyrsiflorus and C. velutinus are natives of California and Oregon, of sub-evergreen character, G. THE CALLICARPA. Callicarpa. G. A genus of low-growing shrubs, mostly tender ever- greens. C. Americana, also called the " French MuL- berry," is a handsome, somewhat coarse, deciduous shrub, with inconspicuous flowers, followed by violet- colored berries. The Purple Callicarpa (C. purpurea) is a species from China and Japan, with rather brilliant, but small, purple flowers in summer. There are others from Asia which must be classed among plants too tender for general planting. THR BARBERRY. Berberis. G.-H. The Barberries are a useful class of shrubs, attractive in their style of growth, their foliage and their fruit. Sometimes they are used in ornamental hedges. 86 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The AMERICAN BARBERRY (B. Canadensis) is of erect habit when young, but in time the branches droop. Yel- low flowers in spring, followed by showy red berries. The COMMON EUROPEAN BARBERRY (B. vulyaris) is a handsome shrub, the branches of which curve out- wards and downwards with exquisite grace. Small, rounded leaves ; yellow flowers in the spring, followed by clusters of brilliant fruit, G. The Purple-leaved Bar- berry (var. purpurea) resembles the last named kind, but in addition the foliage is of a reddish-violet color throughout the season, serving to make this the most valuable, purple-leaved shrub in cultivation, H. There is also a Violet-fruited Barberry (var. fructu violacea). The Evergreen Barberries will be found under Mahonia. THE HYDRANGEA. Hydrangea. G. A genus embracing some of the most attractive, large- flowering shrubs in cultivation. The Japanese species are the most valuable for flowers. Of these the follow- ing is placed first on the list, because hardy throughout the United States. The PANICLED HYDRANGEA (H. paniculata) is a vig- orous-growing species, with upright panicles of white flowers, standing well above the foliage in July. The Large-flowered variety of this, H. paniculata grandiflora, is of vigorous, spreading form, with immense pyramidal panicles, a foot or more long, of white flowers that change to pink. The plant delights in rich soil, and when well provided for in this respect, a large bush will sometimes bear from one to two hundred of these large panicles many bending gracefully downwards. The other Japanese species, of which the Common or Changeable Hydrangea (H. Hortensia) is a type, are not hardy in the North, but are easily grown in boxes, while further South they thrive without protection. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHEUBS. 87 The native Hydrangeas are vigorous, somewhat coarse growers and hardy, with large leaves and showy heads of flowers. They delight in deep soil and moisture. Of these the Oak-leaved Hydrangea (H. quercifolia) is a vigorous, shapely grower, with large leaves, downy beneath, and richly tinted in the autumn ; white flowers in spikes. H. arborescens has ovate, rarely heart-shaped leaves, and white flowers in flattened heads. H. radiata, formerly H. nivea, is a vigorous grower, with the leaves very white underneath. THE FLOWERING CURRANT. Rifos. G. Hardy, vigorous, profusely-flowering shrubs, very at- tractive early in the spring when in bloom, and again in autumn, from the brilliant colors which the foliage assumes. The YELLOW-FLOWERING or MISSOURI CURRANT (R. aureum) is a well known species, with gay and sweet- scented flowers early in the spring and shining leaves. The CRIMSON-FLOWERING CURRANT (R. sanguineum) is a species producing many deep-red flowers in early spring. Of this kind there are several varieties, namely: var. albidum with slightly pinkish-white flowers ; var. carnea with flesh-colored flowers ; Double Crimson-flow- ering Currant (flore pleno) with double crimson flowers. GORDON'S CURRANT (R. Gordonianum) a hybrid be- tween the yellow and the crimson sorts, has flowers that combine both yellow and crimson colors, and produced in hanging bunches in May. THE JAPAN QUINCE. PyTUS. G. The Japan Quinces possess a number of qualities, than which nothing more desirable could be wished for in ornar mental shrubs. They are handsome growers and assume 88 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. fine forms, with rich glossy foliage and flowers, that in point of brilliancy, are unequalled. Whether the shrubs are grown as single specimens, in masses, or mingled with other shrubs, the effect is certain to be fine. They are perfectly adapted for making hedges. The flowers come very early in the spring, covering the entire plant, while the foliage retains its beauty until late in the fall. THE SCARLET JAPAN QUINCE (P. Japonicd) is the species, and produces bright scarlet-crimson flowers, with great freedom. Of this there are numerous varie- ties, which are equally valuable with and closely resem- ble the parent, except in variation of the colors of the flowers, which range from light-blush to the most brilliant orange-scarlet. A Variegated-leaved sort is mentioned, which I have not seen. THE COTONEASTER. Cotoneaster. G.-ff. Attractive shrubs when well grown, but they must be introduced with caution in the Northern States, as most of them would be liable to suffer in winter, unless greatly favored in regard to shelter. The DOWNY or NEPAUL COTONEASTER (C. affinis) is one of the hardiest, with smooth, soft leaves, somewhat resembling those of the pear-tree, and producing white flowers in May. The FRIGID COTONEASTER (C. frigida) is only half hardy ; smooth, pointed leaves, and panicles of small, white flowers. The Moneywort-leaved Cotoneaster (C. nummularia) is quite hardy as well as handsome. Some nurseries furnish it grafted on Mountain Ash, in which form it makes a beautiful, small, lawn tree. The Bound- leaved Cotoneaster (C. rotundifolia) is of fine, spreading habit, white flowers, H. The Loose-flowering Cotoneas- ter (C. laxiflora) is also a dwarf sort, and has pinkish flowers. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHBUBS. 89 Some of the species are evergreen and of prostrate growth, very suitable for edgings and rock-work, but rather tender. Of these the Box-leaved Cotoneaster (C. luxifolia) is very dwarf, producing white flowers ; and the Small-leaved Cotoneaster (C. microphylla) with at- tractive dark-green leaves. ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum. G. Pretty, low shrubs, flowering in July and later, and have the merit of succeeding well in the shade and under the drip of trees. KALM'S HYPERICUM (H. Kalmianum) is a fine, low shrub, with small, oblanceolate leaves, and bright yellow flowers. Shrubby Hypericum (H. prolificum), varying but slightly from the above, having clusters of larger flowers. H. calycinum is of trailing habit, with yellow flowers. H. patulum is a Japanese species, said to be at- tractive. THE STTRAX. Styrax. G. The JAPAN STYRAX (S. Japonica) is a low-growing shrub of picturesque sppearance, with small, Dogwood- like leaves, and white, bell-shaped flowers. Hardy as far north as New York City. THE EXOCHORDA. Exochordo, grandiflora. G. This is a beautiful, hardy shrub from China, closely related to the Spiraeas, but distinct from them in habit and appearance. The leaves are a tender-green in color, and the flowers pure white, opening in May. SPIR^A. Spiraea. E.-H. A genus containing many species, among which, and their varieties, are a number of fine, ornamental shrubs. Only the most valuable kinds are here noticed. 90 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. REEVES' SPIRJEA (S. Reevesiana, S. lanceolata of some), is one of the best flowering shrubs in cultivation. It has a graceful, slightly drooping habit, and narrow, pointed leaves of good color. The plant in June is covered with clusters of pure-white flowers, making it highly attrac- tive, H. FORTUNE'S SPIR.EA (S. callcsd). It was at one time supposed that this, 8. callosa, and S. Fortune* were the same, but they are now regarded as distinct. Fortune's name has become in the catalogues well fixed to this plant, though it really belongs to 8. Fortunei. All con- fusion may be avoided by the use of the scientific name, 8. callosa. It is a fine species, bearing large corymbs of rose-colored flowers for a long time. There is a white- flowered variety which is more dwarf, and flowers at in- tervals all through the season, H. DOUGLAS'S SPIRAEA (S. Douglasii. S. Menziesii, and S. Eximia of the catalogues, are at most varieties of this). A fine species of upright habit, with long panicles of rose-colored flowers in June, G. PLUM-LEAVED SPIR^IA, DOUBLE, (S. prunifolia, fl.pl), a highly esteemed shrub from Japan, densely covered in spring with double-white, daisy-like flowers.. Its fine, glossy leaves assume brilliant tints in autumn, G. THUNBERG'S SPIRAEA (8. Thuiibergii), a distinct and remarkably fine species of picturesque habit. The delicate, very narrow leaves, are of a tender green color, which in autumn change to reddish shades. Produces an abundance of white flowers in May, H. GOLDEN-LEAVED SPIRAEA (a variety of S. opuUfolia, as it was formerly called, but the species is now placed in the genus Neillid). A robust variety of the well- known Nine-bark ; the-foliage has a yellow tinge espec- ially early in the season, E. BILLARD'S SPIR^A (S. salicifolia, var. Billardi), a DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 91 golden variety of our well-known Meadow-sweet, with very showy, pink flowers all summer, F. MOUNTAIN ASH-LEAVED SPIR^A (8. sorbifolia) a vigorous species, with large, light-green, pinnate leaves, and immense, plume-like panicles of white flowers, very ornamental in the bud. Early summer, E. Other species of Spiraea are given under Herbaceous Plants. THE ROSE. Rosa. G-H. It is impossible within the limits of the present work, to touch very fully on the Hose, for it is a subject that might well occupy an entire book. As there are a number of excellent works devoted exclusively to Kose culture, the necessary information respecting kinds and culture is easily found. Still I present some notes on the various classes of Roses in cultivation, and also throughout the book give such brief hints on culture and other points, as may be useful to amateurs. It may be remarked, that provided the soil is sufficient- ly well drained to be free from standing water, almost any garden soil, with good preparation, (see Part IV), will answer for Eoses. All budded roses should, in plant- ing, be set so deep that the junction of the stock and the rose will be two or three inches below the sur- face of the soil, so that the root may give the least amount of trouble from sprouting. The Tree Roses, which are so popular in Europe, are comparatively worthless in America, owing to the bad effects of our hot summers on the long stem. As to insects, " these are the bugbears," as Mr. H. B. Ellwanger, a leading American authority on the Rose, says, " which prevent many from cultivating the Queen of Flowers, but they offer little discouragement to loyal subjects, for generally it is only the careless and indolent who suffer from these pests." In Part V of this book directions are given for destroying insects on Roses. 92 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The HYBRID PERPETUAL, or HYBRID REMONTANT ROSES (R. Damascena). These are, all things consider- ed, the most desirable class of hardy Roses for garden culture. The plants are, as a rule, when fairly treated, vigorous in habit, and producing flowers, that for perfect form, fragrance, handsome and brilliant colors are un- equalled. Although the name would indicate that they are perpetual bloomers, this is not strictly the case. All bloom profusely in June, and some of the more prolific ones yield a scattering crop of flowers later in the season, with an increase in the autumn. Although quite hardy, it is best to protect with sfcraw in the winter. They should be planted in a rich soil. Of this class, there are more than one thousand named varieties now in ex- istence. The Moss ROSES (R. centifolia muscosa), a well-known and much esteemed class, which receive their name from the delicate, mossy growth, that appears on the calyx or flower-cup. The flowers are most prized when in the bud state, but some of the kinds are very attractive when open. The so-called Perpetual Moss Roses, are as a class inferior, with the perpetual quality lacking. All delight in liberal culture. The YELLOW, or AUSTRIAN ROSES (R. lutea), are a dis- tinct and attractive class, numbering but few varieties. These are usually budded on the stock of some strong growing kinds. The COMMON JUNE, or SUMMER ROSES, a class of hardy Roses, which yield an abundant crop of flowers in many colors in June. Some of the best White Roses come under this head. As a rule, these produce flowers under circumstances that would be unfavorable to other kinds; still they will repay good treatment in the matter of soil and cultivation. The CLIMBING ROSES. There are a number of differ- DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 93 ent species of these, which possess a well-known value for covering walls, trellises, etc. The Prairie Roses (R. rubifolia), are the most valuable class of climbers, and, unlike most others, are perfectly hardy -in the Northern States. The BOURBON ROSES (R. Bourboniana) belong to the half-hardy division of the so-called Monthly Roses ; being the hardiest class of these, and usually living through the winter with slight protection, in all but the more northern parts of the country, if growing on dry soil. Of vigorous growth, rich, luxuriant foliage, and large, well-shaped, fragrant flowers of good colors, and produced in clusters nearly all summer. The HYBRID TEA ROSES (R. Indica odorata Jiybrida). These are hybrids between the tender Tea Roses and the Hybrid Perpetuals, which have only lately been brought out. Originating from such sources, much is to be ex- pected from them, and so far the flowers have certainly proved very fine, while in hardiness it is believed they may equal the Bourbons, or perhaps the more tender Hy- brid Perpetuals. The HYBRID NOISETTE ROSES (R. Noisettiana Jiy- brida), mostly crosses between Remontant, Bourbon, and Noisette Roses, and of the same general hardiness as the Bourbons. The flowers are mostly white, or tinted, of small size but good form, and very freely produced in quickly succeeding crops throughout the growing season. The BENGAL, or CHINA ROSES (R. Indica), a class of free Summer-flowering or Monthly Roses, with small, bright-colored flowers and buds, which show up brilliant- ly as seen from a distance, as well as near by. The flowers are usually semi-double to double. Require pro- tection in the North. The TEA ROSES (R. Indica odorata). These are more tender than any of the previously named classes, and can- 94 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. not be depended upon for keeping over winter in the Northern States, DO matter how well protected. But the plants, maybe potted and housed in the green-house, or a cold pit at the approach of winter, and then be set out again in the next spring with good results. The Teas are in many respects the most delightful of all Roses, and it is well worth while to be at some trouble in thus keeping them over. They are almost perpetually in bloom when in a growing condition. THE BRAMBLE. Ru1)US. H. Clumps of Bramble-bushes, while they might seem out of place in small grounds where everything intro- duced should be of the choicest kind, still they look very well in the Wild Garden, with their free wild habits and really attractive flowers. The PURPLE BRAMBLE (R. odoratus), also called Flowering Raspberry, forms a clump of vigorous canes, which produce showy, fragrant flowers of a rich purple color for a long time in summer, H. The WHITE BRAMBLE (R. NutTcanus} has coarse, toothed leaves, and fewer flowers than the above ; the petals are narrow and white, H. The DOUBLE BLACKBERRY (R. fruticosus) has curi- ous, fine, double flowers, or masses of narrow petals. The Cut, or Parsley-leaved Bramble (var. laciniatus), is of low trailing habit, and produces palatable fruit. R. cratcegifolius is of robust erect habit, with large leaves of a deep-green color, turning to a dark-red in autumn. THE AZALEA. Azalea. G-H. The Native Azaleas are attractive shrubs, producing umbelled clusters of showy flowers ; they are most effec- tive in the garden when planted in clumps. These plants DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 95 are much prized abroad, being especially very common in English and Dutch gardens. They require a soil con- taining a good share of leaf mould or muck, and do not object to partial shade. Some of the foreign varieties are only half-hardy. Of natives, all of which flower early in the season, the SMOOTH AZALEA (A. arborea) has thickish leaves, and sweet, white and rose-colored flowers, H. G. The CLAMMY or SWAMP AZALEA (A. viscosa), also called White Swamp Honeysuckle, has rich, green foliage, and rose-tinted flowers. There is a variation of the common type with paler, often whitish green leaves, and a dwarfish growth, H. The PURPLE AZALEA, or PINXTER FLOWER (A. nudi- flora), is of dwarf habit, with showy flowers, varying from flesh -color to pink and purple, H. The FLAME-COLORED AZALEA (A. cdlendulacea) has large, changeable, orange-colored blossoms, H. A. mollis, and A. Pontica, are Asiatic species, the for- mer with numerous varieties, and yielding large, showy flowers, and the latter with yellow flowers. These need thorough protection in the North in winter. The Bel- gian or Ghent Azaleas are a beautiful class of hybrids, between A. Pontica and the American species. There are a multitude of handsome varieties, mostly in the line of yellow, orange, scarlet, crimson, rose, pink, and white colors, and some are fragrant. This class are near- ly hardy in the North. THE DEUTZIA. Deutzia. O-H. The Deutzias are valuable low shrubs from Japan, that are universally esteemed for their hardiness, good forms, and free-flowering habits, producing a great profusion of delicately- formed, white, or tinted flowers in June. The GRACEFUL, or SLENDER DEUTZIA (D. gracilis], 96 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. is of low, compact growth, with pure white flowers; may be sheared to a perfect globe, H. There is a variegated form of this that possesses but little value. The CRENATE-LEAVED DEUTZIA (D. crenata) is of stronger growth than the last named species, with white flowers tinged with pink, H. The Double-flowering Deutzia (var. flore plena), a variety of the last, with handsome double-white flowers tinged with pink, in ra- cemes four or five inches long, and coming in bloom somewhat late, H. There are several other varieties of this valuable species, var. flore albo plena, with pure white, double flowers; var. purpureo pleno, with double, purple-tinged flowers ; the variety, Pride of Rochester, has larger and more double white flowers than the com- mon double. The ROUGH-LEAVED DEUTZIA (D. scdbra) is the strongest grower of the genus, with pure white flowers freely produced. It is much less common than D. cre- nata, which is often sent out for it, G. There are some others, but they vary little from those described. THE SNOWBERRY, OR WAXBERRY. Symphoricarpus. G-H. The Snowberry, or the White-fruited Waxberry (8. racemosus), is a well-known shrub of good quality, but valued chiefly for the snow-white waxy berries it bears in the latter part of the season. The RED-FRUITED WAXBERRY, or INDIAN CURRANT (S. vulgaris), is a handsomer shrub than the last, with gracefully curving branches, small, round leaves, but with inconspicuous reddish fruit. There is a pleasing Variegated-leaved Waxberry, a form of the last, with golden mottled foliage, rendering the plant very effective for contrasting with other shrubs, H. DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS. 97 THE JAPAN GLOBE-FLOWER, OR CORCHORUS. Kerria. H. Very desirable small shrubs of compact growth, if oc- casionally pruned. The Japan Corchorus (K. Japonica) is a slender green-branched shrub, with pointed leaves and globular, double, yellow flowers. The Silver-leaved Corchorus (var. foliis variegatis) is a handsome, low, variegated-leaved shrub, of excellent quality, and pro- ducing a fine effect when planted to contrast with other shrubs. THE ANDROMEDA. Andromeda. H. A genus of deciduous and evergreen native shrubs, seldom seen in our gardens, but highly esteemed in Euro- pean collections of "American Plants." By using some muck in the soil aiming to imitate the soils of their natural habitats they may be made to thrive very suc- cessfully almost anywhere. A. Mariana, known as the Stagger-Bush, has glossy oval leaves, and nodding clusters of white flowers; grows wild in sandy, low places. The FREE-BLOOMING ANDROMEDA (A. floribunda), and the Marsh Andromeda (A. poli folia) are evergreen species, but differing greatly. The former is a very leafy and charming evergreen shrub, bearing an abundance of white flowers, G-H\ the latter a very small bush, rarely exceeding a foot and a half in hight, with thick linear leaves, white beneath. Both are hardy. CATESBY'S ANDROMEDA, botanically separated from Andromeda, and now Leucothoe Catesbcei, is also ever- green, with long, recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate leaves and white flowers. The LEATHER-LEAF (Cassandra calyculata} is closely related to the Andromedas, and still classed with them by some. * It is a small branching shrub, with dusty- 5 98 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. looking, oblong leaves, and pretty, white flowers in a one-sided cluster, H. THE DAPHNE. Daphne. H. The MEZEEON (Daphne Mezerum) is the earliest flow- ering of all our shrubs ; of pleasing growth ; with many small, fragrant, pinkish flowers. There is a White- flowering, and also a Purple-leaved variety of this, the latter with showy foliage. The GARLAND FLOWER (Daphne Cneorum) is an ever- green species, a native of the mountains of Switzerland, of dwarf trailing habit, adapted to use on rock-work ; light crimson flowers early in the spring ; requires pro- tection in winter at the North in severe localities. THE SHRUBBY ciNQUEFOTL. Potentilla fruticosa. H. A much branching, low shrub, with small, pinnate leaves, the leaflets closely crowded, which give the plant a singular appearance. Flowers bright-yellow, produced freely in summer. THE BATBERRY OR WAX MYRTLE. Myrica cerifera. H. A native shrub, of low, irregular growth, and dark, shining green, slightly notched, very fragrant leaves, which are almost evergreen. Grows best in moist places. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 99 CHAPTEE VII. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. Under this head are embraced the conifers or cone- bearing, and other trees and shrubs that hold the leaves over winter. The conifers, as a rule, will thrive in any well-drained, loamy soil, that is moderately rich, but they mostly prefer a light one that is porous and open. If the more delicate and half-hardy species cannot be given such soil, it is scarcely worth while to plant them, for in any other, the growth will not be completed early enough in the season to ensure the proper ripening of the wood to enable them to endure the winter. A few evergreen shrubs have been described under Thorn, Cotoneaster, Daphne, Andromeda, and Winterberry, with the deciduous species of the same genera. THE PINE. Pinus. A.-E. Many of the Pines, in their numerous species and varieties, are unsurpassed in beauty for ornamental planting, being especially effective in masses, while most of them are hardy. Being somewhat difficult to trans- plant, a preference should always be given, if possible, to trees that have been root-pruned in the nurseries where they were grown. Of those Pines that have two leaves in a sheath, the following, among large growers, are considered the best : The AUSTRIAN or BLACK PINE (P. Austriaca), of robust, spreading habit and luxuriant growth, with long, dark-green, leaves, A. The CORSICAN PINE (P. Laricio), a distinct, hand- some grower, with long, dark-green, twisted leaves ; gen* erally hardy, A. 100 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. TATJBIAN PINE (P. Pallasiana), of roundish, compact form, with bluish-green leaves ; generally hardy, A. CLUSTER PINE (P. Pinaster), a beautiful specie^, with the leaves in dense whorls ; not reliable in the Northern States, succeeds well near the sea, A. PYRENEAN PINE (P. Pyrenaica), a beautiful, hardy species, with long, soft leaves ; of picturesque spreading growth, A. SCOTCH PINE (P. sylvestris), very hardy, of rapid growth in any soil, making it valuable for screens ; short, rigid, light-green leaves, A. HIGHLAND PINE (var. horizontalis), a variety of the Scotch Pine, with the branches more horizontal, and with broader leaves, covered with bloom. SHORT-LEAVED YELLOW PINE (P. mitis), a handsome native, forming a fine specimen tree, with slender leaves often of a bright, bluish-green color. Of dwarf sorts, with two leaves in a sheath, may be named the MUGHO PINE (P. Muglio), a superior species for small grounds, with handsome, short, stiff, dark-green foliage, E.; var. compacta is a very symmetrical compact variety of this ; var. rotunda is another variety of more rounded habit than the parent. DWARF or MOUNTAIN PINE (P. pumilio), of small, often bushy, or creeping habit, with silvery-green foli- age, G. TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE (P. pungens), a handsome, hardy species, with rigid, stout, pale-green leaves, and producing many cones in masses. The species of Pine with three leaves in a sheath usually become large trees in time. BENTHAM'S PINE (P. Benthamiana), a handsome, rapid grower, with long, dark-green, slender, drooping leaves, A. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 101 The HEAVY-WOODED PINE (P. ponder osa), with leaves almost as long as the last, but more erect and of a sil- very-green color ; an attractive and imposing tree, A. The JEFFREY'S PINE (P. Jeffreyii) is a vigorous, tall species, with long, deep, bluish-green leaves, A. SABINE'S PINE (P. Sabiniana} is a majestic tree, valuable as a single specimen, with long, twisted, droop- ing leaves of a silvery-gray color, A. The PITCH PINE (P. riyida) is a tall tree, with rigid, dark -green foliage and dark bark, B. Of Pines with five leaves in a sheath, those immediate- ly following are tall, and the others dwarfish. The WHITE or WEYMOUTH PINE (P. Strobus), the most ornamental of all our native Pines, and especially valuable on account of bearing the shears well ; of quiet grandeur, with light, glistening, silvery-green foliage, flourishes in any soil, A. D. The Compact White Pine (P. Strobus compactd), a valuable dwarf, forming a rounded head of light-green foliage, excellent for mass- ing, G. Silver-white Pine (var. alba, syn. nivea), a handsome dwarf variety of the White Pine, with shorter leaves, silvery-white \vhen young, changing to dark- green. CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN PINE (P. monticola) resem- bles the last somewhat, but the leaves are slightly shorter and obtuse, of a glaucous green. LAMBERT'S PINE (P. Lambertiana), a large tree, with stiff, yellowish-green leaves four to six inches long. LOFTY BHOTAN PINE (P. excelsa), a hardy, vigorous species from India, resembling the White Pine, but with larger and more pendulous foliage ; sometimes affected by our hot suns, A. There are several desirable varieties given in the nur- sery catalogues. 102 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The SWISS-STONE PINE (P. Cembra) is a handsome, slow-growing, cone-shaped tree, with dense and remark- bly dark-green foliage, G. Var. pygmcea is a desirable little dwarf, with very short leaves, H. There are many other Pines, including some from Japan, but the above lists, it is believed, embrace about all that are desirable for general culture. THE SPRUCE, HEMLOCK, AND FIR. AUeS. A. H. The trees known by these names are all now classed under the one genus, Abies. All things considered, they are together the most valuable genus of ornamental ever- greens for the American climate. Mostly of rapid growth, handsome forms, and excellent colors, they thrive in almost any place and soil, and are well adapted for growing either as single specimens, in masses, or in hedges. Of the Spruce section the NORWAY SPRUCE (A. excelsa) is the best known species, being an elegant tree of great hardiness, and free growth ; at fifteen or twenty feet in hight the branches droop gracefully, but the tree assumes a somewhat coarse appearance at such an age, which, while appearing to good effect in large areas, is not so pleasing in small grounds, and this may be prevented by controlling the growth to a much smaller hight by clipping ; it is one of the best hedge plants known, A. Of this species there are many valuable varieties, embracing, among others, the following : Barry's Spruce (var.ltorryu), ele- gant, and smaller growing than the parent form. Fine- don Hall Spruce (var. Mnedonensis), compact, with yellow-tinged leaves on the upper sides of the shoots. Inverted-branched Spruce (var. inverta), very desirable, with large, bright foliage and weeping branches. Pyra- midal Spruce (var. pyramidalis), of a symmetrical pyra- midal form, without pruning. Clanbrasil's Dwarf Spruce EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 103 (var. Clanbrasiliana), very dwarf and symmetrical, with small foliage, one of the most valuable of the very small Spruces. Ellwangers Dwarf Spruce (var. Ellwangeriana), a distinct and valuable variety ; the leaves project in a bristle-like manner. Gregory's Dwarf Spruce (var. Greg- oriana), hemispherical, very dense, an excellent small dwarf. Maxwell's Dwarf Spruce (var. Maxwelliana), dwarf, compact and regular, forms a dense, hemispheri- cal mass. Small-formed Spruce (var. parviformis), small and distinct. Conical Spruce (var. conica), dense, conical-form ; valuable. Pigmy Dwarf Spruce (var. pygmcea), the dwarfest form of the Spruces. The var. tortuosa compacta is of dwarf, spreading habit, with the young branches curiously twisted. The WHITE SPRUCE (A. alba) is another species of compact growth, with light-colored bark, and foliage of a light glaucous green, B. There arc several varie- ties embracing the Glaucous Spruce (var. ccerulea), a small and beautiful tree, with bluish-green foliage, and spreading habit. Dwarf White Spruce (var. nana), of small, compact form, but resembling the species in other respects. The BLACK SPRUCE (A. nigra) is a native species, of no high merit for ornament. The Dwarf Black Spruce (var. pumila) is a fine dwarf variety, forming a cushion or ball of small, dark-green foliage, H. Doumet's Spruce (Donmeti) is another handsome dwarf variety, of com- pact growth and bluish leaves. ALCOCK'S SPRUCE (A. Alcoquiana} is a distinct species from Japan, not thoroughly tested yet, but promising well ; deep-green, glaucous leaves. MENZIES' SPRUCE or COLORADO BLUE SPRUCE (A. Menziesii), one of the hardiest and most beautiful species, nntil it attains to about thirty feet in hight ; compact, with broad, sharply-pointed, bright, bluish-gray leaves,^!. 104 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. DOUGLAS' SPRUCE (A. Douglasii), of pyramidal habit, and in foliage resembling the Hemlock ; said to improve with age for generations, A. HIMALAYAN or SMITH'S SPRUCE (A. Smithiana), var- iable as to hardiness in the Northern States, habit sin- gularly graceful, and with light-green, glaucous foliage. Obovate-coned Spruce (A. obovata), resembles the Norway Spruce, but slower growing and more slender. Oriental or Eastern Spruce (A. orietitalis) somewhat resembling the last, and remarkable for its graceful habit ; needs protection in northern localities while young. Abies polita, from Japan, is a very handsome tree of erect habit, with sharply-pointed, bright-green leaves. In the Hemlock section of this genus are a number of valuable ornamental sorts. The HEMLOCK SPRUCE (A. Canadensis) is a well- known native species, of excellent quality for the lawn, and as a hedge plant. The drooping branches give the tree a graceful appearance. Foliage delicate and dark, like that of the Yew ; delights in deep, moist loam, and does not object to some shade, B. Of varieties of the above there are the Dwarf Hemlock Spruce (var. nana), forming a compact, conical bush ; the Dense Hemlock Spruce (var. densa), of handsome, dwarf, dense form; Sargent's Weeping Hemlock (var. Sargentii), a dense, irregularly, weeping form, with graceful, spray- like branches, like an evergreen fountain ; remarkably handsome and hardy ; the Small-leaved Hemlock Spruce (var. micropliylla), a slow grower, compact, picturesque, and full of deep shadows ; heavy, dark -green leaves. There are several other varieties of no marked merit. Among the Firs are many fine ornamental trees. The BALSAM FIR (A. balsamea) is a well-known species of most handsome appearance while young, with dark-green foliage. EVEEGEEEN TEEES AND SHEUBS. 105 NOEDMANN'S SILVEE FIE (A. Nordmanniana), an ex- ceedingly handsome and stately tree, with massive, shiny, dark-green verdure, the under sides of the leaves slight- ly glaucous. Hardy in Buffalo, A. NOBLE FIE (A. noMlis), a noble tree of symmetrical growth, and regular, spreading branches ; foliage of a rich, glaucous green on both sides. Hardy at Philadel- phia, A. The GEEAT SILVEE FIE (A. grandis), of lofty pyra- midal form, and dark-green leaves, A. CEPHALONIAN SILVEE FIE (A. Cephalonica), a beauti- ful, vigorous species, broad for its hight, when young; leaves silvery and dagger-shaped ; of doubtful hardiness in the Northern States. SIBEEIAN SJLVEE FIE (A. Pichta) is a handsome, hardy, medium-sized tree of conical growth, and dense, dark-green foliage, B. CILICIAN SILVEE FIE ( A. Gilicicd), of compact growth, and dark foliage. HUDSON'S BAY DWAEF FIE (A. Fraseri, var. Hndso- nica), a very dwarf and hardy species, with the leaves of a charming dark-green, and glaucous underneath, valuable for rock-work, H. The following named Firs are also desirable for orna- ment. Lovely Silver Fir (A. amabilis), with bushy branches and dark-green leaves, silvery beneath, A; Pin- sapo Fir (A. Pinsapo), of handsome, compact growth, with deep, shining green, very pointed leaves; not hardy in the North. The European Silver Fir (A. pectinata) is a fine species, with spreading, horizontal branches, and broad silvery foliage, somewhat tender in the North. The Dwarf Silver Fir (var. compacta), and the Weeping Silver Fir (var. penduld), both varieties of the European, are handsome trees, but rather tender in the North. 106 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE CYPRESS. Cupressus. A. A genus not generally hardy north of Philadelphia, but of great value wherever they stand the winters. They may be tried, however, throughout the North on high, dry spots, with some hopes of success with them. LAWSON'S CYPRESS (C. Lawsoniana) is of rapid growth and delicate beauty, with drooping branches and slender branchlets, that look like glaucous-green plumes, A. Pyramidal Lawson's Cypress (var. pyramidalis), a variety more heavily furnished with foliage, and more erect than the above, A. Upright Lawson's Cypress (var. erecta), of very erect, dense habit of growth. Weeping Lawson's Cypress (var. pendula), of graceful, drooping habit, and shining, silvery foliage. Silver Lawson's Cypress (var. argentea), a handsome, compact grower, with glaucous leaves, slightly drooping. Vari- egated-leaved Lawson's Cypress (var. variegata), foliage dotted and blotched with golden yellow; should have partial shade. The NOOTKA SOUND CYPRESS (C. Nutkaensis) ; by some classed as Thujopsis borealis, is the hardiest of the genus; a free pyramidal grower, with light, glossy foliage. The WHITE CEDAR (C. thyoides) is a hardy native species, forming a fair lawn tree, and useful for hedges; has fine, glaucous-green foliage. There are several varieties of this ; the Dwarf White Cedar (var. nana) is of dimin- utive form, and the Variegated White Cedar (var. vari- egata) has branches of a green and golden color. THE CEDAR. Cedrus. A. The true Cedars, of which the Cedar of Lebanon, mentioned in Sacred History, is a representative, are all too tender to be thoroughly reliable in the Northern States, but form noble trees south of Philadelphia. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 107 Sometimes, however, they succeed in favorable situations north of this. What are known commonly as the Red Cedar and White Cedar do not belong to the genus Cedrus. The CEDAR OF LEBANON (C. Libani) is a grand, spreading tree, with massive, dark-green foliage. Al- though tender when young, its hardiness increases with age, A. MOUNT ATLAS CEDAR (C. Atlantica) is of pyramidal form, with light, silvery foliage, and is quite hardy. DEODAR or INDIAN CEDAR (C. Deodara) is a charm- ing evergreen of pyramidal form, but with graceful drooping branches, and glaucous green foliage. A fine tree for the Southern States. The JAPAN CEDAR (Cryptomeria Japonica), belong- ing to another genus, is a beautiful conifer, only suitable for culture at Baltimore and southward, B. The CALIFORNIA WHITE CEDAR (Libocedrus decur- rens) is also of a distinct genus. It is from California, and too tender for general culture in the North, but one of the finest evergreens for the South, B. THE ARBOR VIT^S and RETINISPORAS. Thuja and Biota. A-C. The members of the two genera, Thuja and Biota, are both popularly known by the name of Arbor Vitse. The Retinisporas, formerly classed as a distinct genus, have been added to Thuja, as they are not botanically distinct. As they were introduced as Retinisporas, and are under that name in all the catalogues, it is convenient to retain it as a garden name. AMERICAN ARBOR Vnm (Thuja occidentalis), also called in some localities White Cedar, is a perfectly hardy tree, of rapid growth under favorable conditions, assum- ing a conical form, but possessing less beauty than some of its varieties, owing to the tame color of its foliage; 108 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. valuable for screens and hedges. Among its varieties, the Siberian Arbor Vitae (var. Sibirica, syn. Warreana), is one of the best, and scarcely excelled as a fine ever- green; very hardy, of conical growth, with dark-green foliage, 0; Nee's Plicate Arbor Vitae (var. plicata) re- sembles the last, but the branches are so disposed in pairs, as to give the spray a massive plaited and twisted look; hardy and excellent, C; Upright Arbor Vitae (var. pyramidalis), remarkably erect and compact, dark-green, and almost as conspicuous as an Irish Yew, C; Weeping Arb'or Vitae (var. pendula), of handsome, rapid growth, the branches drooping gracefully. Buist's Arbor. Vitae (var. cristata) resembles the last somewhat; with dense, short, twisted foliag3, of a very dark-green color. There are many varieties of the American Arbor Vitoe, with golden and silvery-hued foliage, making them de- sirable for creating contrasts with trees of other colors, and also numerous sorts of distinctly dwarf habit, highly esteemed for massing and lines in small gardens, some of which are also of the golden-leaved type. Among these, the following may be named as representa- tive varieties and some of the best. Geo. Peabody's Arbor Vitae (var. aurea), of small size, with the foliage of a bright golden color, which is retained throughout the summer; H ; Burrow's Arbor Vitae (var. Burrowii), of very fine habit with golden-yellow foliage; Parsons' Arbor Vitas (var. compacta), of globular form, yellowish- green foliage, H; Hovey's Arbor Vitae (var. Hoveyi), compact and globular, with bright, yellowish-green foli- age; one of the best, H. Vervaene's Arbor Vitae (var. Vervceneana), a distinct and handsome yellow-marked variety. Queen Victoria's Arbor Vitae (var. alba), with silver-tipped foliage. Dwarf Dense Arbor Vitae (var. conica densa), dark-green, compact, and handsome in outline. Heath-leaved Arbor Vitae (var. ericoides), linear, sharp-pointed leaves ; very dense, H. Globe-headed EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 109 Arbor Vitae (var. globosa), dense, and globular, H. Hack- er's Arbor Vitae (var. Hackerii], of dwarf habit, with very dark foliage, H. Hoopes' Dwarf Arbor Vitae (var. nana), of conical form, and very compact in its growth, H. Dwarf Kotmd-headed Arbor Vitae (var. rotundata), very dwarf ; deep green, with a crested appearance, H. The variety Tom Thumb is a miniature variety, of slow growth, with sbarp-pointed, dark-green leaves, valuable for bold edgings or low hedge, H. The RETINISPORAS, or JAPANESE ARBOR VIT^;, also known as the Japan Cypress, are among the handsomest and most easily grown evergreens in cultivation. Some of them are rather tender, but the hardier ones will thrive over nearly the entire country, and possess such positive excellence, as to be worthy of frequent use. The PLUME-LIKE RETINISPORA (T. Plumosa) is one of the hardiest species; a rapid grower, with pretty, small, bright-green leaves, and short, slender branches, G. There are several varieties of this. The Silver-spot- ted Retinispora (var. argentea) has the young shoots sprinkled with silvery white. The Golden-tipped Retin- ispora (var. aured) has a bright golden hue at the ends of the branches; one of the hardiest, H. The OBTUSE-LEAVED RETINISPORA (T. obtusa) is of remarkable beauty, and one of the hardiest ; leaves glossy-green above and silvery- white beneath, A. The PEA-FRUITED RETINISPORA (T. pisifera) is of small size and slender habit, with sharp-pointed, green leaves. There are several dwarf varieties of this last named species. The THREAD-BRANCHED RETINISPORA (var. filifera), of elegant pyramidal form, with the ends of the shoots drooping gracefully; bright-green foliage. The Golden Thread-branched Retinispora (var. aurea), with the branches of a beautiful golden color. The Heath-like 110 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Ketinispora (var. ericoides) is a compact, cone-shaped bush, the leaves of which turn to a violet-red in winter. The Squarrose Retinispora (R. squarrosa) is round- headed and bushy in its style of growth, with light, bluish-green foliage. R. leptoclada is of a bright, glau- cous-green color ; hardy in England, but perhaps not reliable in this country. The CHINESE or EASTERN ARBOR VIT^E (Biota) are, as a class, too tender for the northern parts of our country, unless, as sometimes happens, they may find a place that is well sheltered, or otherwise favorable* to them. The species (B. orientalis) is of erect growth, with flat, light-green foliage. Of its varieties, the Golden Chinese Arbor Vitae (var. aurea) is an excellent sort, of globular form and bright, golden-tinged foliage. Rollinson's Golden Chinese Arbor Vitae (var. elegantis- sima), of pyramidal form, and golden-hued foliage. Golden Arbor Vitae (var. semper aurea), a dwarf variety, of fine growth, with the golden tint remaining constant throughout the year. There is also a weeping variety (var. filiformis pendula}, and some others. THE JUNIPERS. Juniperus. B to trailing. The Junipers are a beautiful and reliable class of hardy evergreens, and of such a range of adaptability, as in- fluenced by size and habit in the different species and varieties, that nearly every garden can employ some of them to great advantage. Among the smaller-growing species may be named : The COMMON JUNIPER (J. communis), with its varieties. The common one is a well-known native of America, Europe, and Asia, assuming a variety of forms, but generally pyramidal, and with some attention to shearing, makes a handsome specimen, E. The Canadian Trailing Juniper (var. alpina, syn. J. Canadensis) is of dense, spreading habit, with silvery- hued foliage; fine EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 111 for rockwork. The Dwarf Juniper (var. alpina nana) is a sort that does not grow over a foot high, and spread- ing. The American Pyramidal Juniper (var. alpina pyra- midalis) is a distinct form of the common species of up- right habit. Polish Juniper (var. Cracovicd), a robust, erect grower, with yellowish-green foliage. The Irish Juniper (var. Hibernica), a compact, free-growing variety of great popularity; the growth is upright and formal, producing a fine columnar effect, E. Robust Irish Juniper (var. Hibernica robusta) is more vigorous, but less dense than the Irish. Swedish Juniper (var. Succica), of pyra- midial form with yellowish-green foliage. The SAVIN JUNIPER (/. Sabina] is another well-known low-growing species, with wide-spreading, sombre, thick- ly clothed branches; thrives in the poorest soil; admirable for hillsides and rockwork, and also bears the shears well, H. The Tamarisk-leaved Savin (var. tamariscifolia) is a distinct and handsome variety of the last, H. The Cypress-leaved Savin (var. cupressifoUa) is another va- riety with light-green, and sometimes silvery -glaucous leaves. The Variegated-leaved Savin (v&r.variegata) shows some distinct white and pale-yellow markings on the leaves ; less vigorous than the species. Var. alpina is a low trailer in habit and quite distinct. The BED CEDAR (J, Virginiand), with its varieties, are Junipers of great hardiness and indispensable in all good collections of considerable extent; the parent form is a well-known native, with bright-green, compact foli- age, C-D. SILVERY, or GRAY-LEAVED RED CEDAR (var. glauca), is a handsome, free-growing variety, with silvery foliage, that contrasts well with other evergreens, E. Weeping Red Cedar (var. pendula) is a variety with a weeping tendency; the young shoots being long and slender, and reaching to the ground. There are two Variegated Red 112 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Cedars, the one with white spots and stripes on the foli- age (var. variegata alba); the other one with golden marblings (var. variegata aurca), both of fair merit, if not especially valuable. The Light-green Red Cedar (var. Schottii), and also Bedford's Red Cedar (var. Bed- fordiana, syn. Barbadensis), are varieties with lighter colored foliage than the species. One of the finest Junipers is the Chinese (/. Chinensis), belonging to the Cypress-like section. The foliage is of a handsome dark-green, presenting a peculiar, lively ap- pearance, and the tree has an erect habit. The sexes are in separate trees, there being a sterile and a fertile form, this last has a lighter foliage, and is somewhat pendant, C. Reeves' Chinese Juniper (var. Reevesiana) is of re- markable hardiness, and has a fine habit, with somewhat drooping and spreading branches. Lee's Chinese Juniper (var. Leeana) is a variety with long, bright-green leaves, and vigorous and dense habit. The JAPANESE JUNIPER (/. Chinensis, var. Japonica, J. Japonica of some authors), is a pleasing shrub of very small size, and suitable for rockwork ; it has bright, lively-green foliage; it is not perfectly hardy at the North, H. There are also several variegated-leaved varieties of this. There are still several other desirable Junipers which might be named here, such as the Prostrate Juniper (J. prostrata), of trailing habit, with shining, dark-green foliage; hardy, and well adapted for rockwork and edg- ings. The Scaled Juniper (J. syuamata), also of low- spreading habit, with foliage of a delicate, glaucous hue. Globular Juniper (/. hemisphcerica), very dwarf and dense, with whitish foliage. Lovely Juniper (J. occi- dentalis, var. venusta), a handsome, hardy variety of erect-waving, torch-like form, and fine glaucous, bluish foliage. Daurian Juniper (/. Daurica), a low tree, with the leaves whitish on their upper surface. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 113 THE TORREYA. Torreya. C. A genus of evergreens, near relatives of the Yew, and natives of our Southern States, California, and Asia. They are not considered hardy generally in the North, but are desirable for garden planting throughout the South. Among the species are the California Nutmeg Tree (T. Calif arnica), with long, pale-green leaves. Nut- bearing Torreya (T. nucifera) from Japan. Yew-leaved Torreya (T. taxifolia), a Florida species, with shiny green leaves, which give off a disagreeable odor if bruised. This is hardy in New York City. THE HOLLY. Ilex. C. The AMERICAN HOLLY (7. opaca) is the only true Holly that is reliable in the United States. It has large, tough, smooth leaves, with scattered spiny teeth along the wavy margin, and ornamental red berries in winter. Should be severely pruned when transplanted. THE UMBRELLA PINE. 8. verticillata, the only species, is a remarkable tree from Japan, with curious, shining, dark-green foliage, arranged in whorls of umbrella-like tufts. It is hardy in New England. THE LAUREL. Kdlmia. E. H. Beautiful native shrubs, with shining foliage and large clusters of flowers. Will thrive in a moist, light soil, that is well supplied with vegetable matter, like leaf- mould, or muck, and in partial shade. The MOUNTAIN, or BROAD-LEAVED LAUREL (K. lati- folia), has medium-sized, shining green leaves, and white and rose-colored flowers, E. G. The NARROW-LEAVED, or SHEEP LAUREL (K. angus- tifulici), of much smaller size than the last named, has small, light-green leaves and crimson flowers, 'H. 114 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. THE YEW. TttXUS. C. H. A genus of evergreens, with handsome, generally dark- green foliage, that are very popular in England, but are not so reliable in our climate, owing to the injury the foliage is apt to receive from the sun in winter. Partic- ularly fine for cemetery planting. The ENGLISH YEW (T. baccata) is a handsome bush, densely branched and can be trimmed to any shape, C. The American Yew or Ground Hemlock (var. Canadensis] is brought under the foregoing species by Prof. Gray; per- fectly hardy, of dwarf, spreading habit, and growing readily in the shade. There is also a variegated-leaved form of this, with the young shoots marked with yellow. Of other fine varieties may be named Dovaston's or Weeping Yew (var. Dovastoni), with pendulous, strag- gling branches, and long dark leaves ; one of the hard- iest. Beautiful Yew (var. elegantissima), of erect, rapid growth, and foliage marked with yellow. Erect Yew (var. erecta), one of the hardiest and finest, with slender branches and small, shining, dark leaves. Fox's Dwarf Yew (var. nana), a diminutive form, with handsome, very dark leaves, H. The Golden Yew (var. aurea), with gold-colored foliage ; the Irish Yew (var. fastigi- atd), an upright grower, with very dark foliage, and of which there are also several sub-varieties. The JAPANESE YEW ( T. adpressa) is one of the hard- iest, most beautiful, and least liable to receive injury from the sun in winter of the entire genus ; of low, spreading form, with short dark-green leaves, H. Upright Japan Yew (var. strictd) is a variety of the above, of erect habit, but less hardy. The Abrupt-pointed Yew (T. cuspidata) is a distinct and handsome species from Japan, with large, glossy, dark-green leaves, and com- pact habit, one of the hardiest. The JAP!N YEW or PODOCARPUS (Podocarpus Japon- EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 115 ica) is of a distinct genus, but somewhat resembles the Irish Yew. Tender in the North, C. THE THUIOPSIS. Thuiopsis. Evergreens from Japan, sometimes called Japanese Arbor Vitae, too tender to be considered reliable with us, excepting in central and southern portions of our coun- try, and here they should have the benefit of some shade. Of different kinds there is the Hatchet-leaved Thuiop- sis (T, drtabrata), of conical form, with slightly pendu- lous branches, and flat leaves. Standish's Thuiopsis (7". Standishii) is somewhat like the last, but said to be hard- ier ; and a Variegated-leaved Thuiopsis (T. dolabrata variegatd), has bright-green foliage, silvery beneath. THE CEPHALOTAXUS. Cepholotaxus. C. The PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALOTAXUS (var. C. drupacea) is a compact growing, rather tender, ornamental ever- green, with short leaves. Fortune's Cephalotaxus (C. Fortunei) is a species of which there are two forms, male and female trees ; the former with long leaves, and of a spreading habit of growth ; the latter with smallish, dark-green leaves, and slender drooping branches. THE RHODODENDRON. Rhododendron. E. H. Wherever they will do well, it is hard to find any other shrubby plants that will give equal satisfaction with the Khododeudrons, especially the improved hybrid sort?. They are of a handsome form, with glossy, evergreen leaves, and are covered in June with immense clusters of the most attractively colored and handsomely formed flowers. The plants will not thrive in heavy clay, and a limey soil seems to be about as bad for them, while any light loam that is well supplied with decayed leaf-mould or other similar vegetable matter, will suit them well. They like coolness and moisture at the roots in summer, 116 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. which may be secured by mulching them before hot weather comes on. A temperature fifteen degrees below zero, if not too long continued, or too frequent, does not hurt them, provided they have shelter from wind and sun, and they may be planted near buildings or trees to receive this. For some further directions in preparation of the soil and their management, see Divisions IV and V. The AMERICAN RHODODENDRON (R. maximum), also called the Great Laurel, is a native species, and found growing wild from Maine to Ohio, and southward, as a straggling bush, with thick, smooth leaves, and small, green-spotted, rose-colored or white flowers. PONTIC RHODODENDRON (R. Ponticum) is an Europe- an species, almost valueless in America, from the liabil- ity of the flower buds to be winter killed. The CATAWBA RHODODENDRON (R. CatawUensis), the Rose Bay of the Southern States, is found growing on the mountains of Virginia and southward. From this species have sprung nearly all the fine hardy hybrids of the gardens. There are many named varieties of these, the colors of which are exceedingly handsome, and vary- ing through pure-white, light-pink, cherry-red, rose, lilac, purple, and brilliant-scarlet, and crimson. There are some other distinct species also, which are of little con- sequence, hence I omit them. THE BOX. Buxus. E. H. A genus of beautiful evergreens, suitable for lawn dec- oration, and the dwarf varieties for edgings to walks, etc. The trees may be grown to any desirable shape by shearing. Although hardy, they sometimes suffer from sun-scald in winter, and from harsh sweeping winds, but as they do not object to partial shade, by planting them where they will receive this, the first named difficulty is avoided, and shelter from winds is the remedy for the other. EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 117 The COMMON TREE Box (B. sempervirens) is the well known European species, with beautiful glossy foliage, E. "The following are some of the varieties of this : Dwarf Box (var. suffruticosa), is the sort usually em- ployed for edgings ; forms a pretty bush when planted alone. Handsworth's Box (var. Handsworthii] is a vigor- ous, upright grower of great hardiness. Jackson's Weep- ing Box (var. Jaclcsonii} has pendulous branches, which habit gives the tree a fine appearance. The Broad- leaved Box (var. latifolia), and the Myrtle-leaved Box (var. myrtifolid), are both fine sorts. There are a num- ber of varieties, the leaves of which are marked and splashed with gold and silver colors, such as the Gold- striped Box, Silver-striped Box, Elegantly-variegated Box, and others. THE MAHONIAS. Berberis. H. The evergreen species of Barberry were formerly placed in the genus Mahonia, but they are now arranged as a section of Berberis. It is convenient to retain Ma- honia as a popular or garden name. The HOLLY-LEAVED MAHONIA (B. Aquifolium) is one of the hardiest and finest low-growing evergreens we have. It is liable to receive spots from the sun in winter, on which account it should be protected somewhat, a thing easily done with evergreen boughs or otherwise, as the plant is of low growth ; or it may be planted in the shade. It has handsome, thick, glossy leaves, with prickly and scalloped edges, which somewhat resemble those of the Holly ; clusters of yellow flowers in the spring. There are several other rather unimportant species. 118 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER VIII. CLIMBERS AND TRAILERS. As found growing wild, the hard-wooded climbers and trailers afford some of the most delightful bits of natural scenery to be met with. Many of these serve valuable purposes for embellishments in ornamental gardening, as shown in Part III. Some kinds, and conspicuously the Clematis, have been improved much by cultivation since first brought into the gardens. THE VIRGINIA CEEEPEE. AmpelopSlS. A genus of climbers of the first rank for general cul- ture. The VIRGINIA CREEPER (A. quinquefolia), also called " American Ivy," and incorrectly, "Woodbine," is the common native species. It is a rapid grower, pro- ducing dense masses of splendid, digitate foliage, and at- taching itself firmly to wood, stone, or the trunks of trees. There is, however, a form not possessing this last named quality, which should be avoided. The foliage of this species turns to a beautiful crimson in autumn. VEITCH'S AMPELOPSIS (A. tricuspidata, syn. A. Veitchii), from Japan, possesses great merit as a hardy climber, and particularly for covering brick and stone walls. The leaves are smaller than the common kind, lobed instead of divided, and of a clear green, changing to crimson-scarlet in the fall. They possess the pleasing peculiarity of regularly overlapping one another, liter- ally forming an even sheet of green, if growing on any smooth surface like a building. Perfectly hardy if pro- tected for one or two winters until well established. Among other ornamental species may be named the Pepper Vine (A. Upinnata), of vigorous, picturesque growth, with compound, pinnate leaves. Royle's Ampe- lopsis (A. Roylii), of rapid growth, with large foliage, CLIMBERS AND TEAILEBS. 119 that colors up richly in the autumn. A. indivisa has leaves less deeply cut than the others. THE WISTARIA. Wistaria. Usually, for several years after planting, the Wistarias make but little growth, but after being once well estab- lished, they grow rapidly and to a great length. Besides their free growing qualities, they are prized for their picturesque appearance in general, and the profusion of showy flowers they bear. The CHINESE WISTARIA ( W. Sinensis) is one of the best known and most vigorous species, attaining to an immense size with age; long pendulous clusters of pale lilac flowers in the spring, and sometimes again in the fall. There are several varieties of this species, namely the Chinese White Wistaria (var. alba), with charming white flowers. Double Purple Wistaria (var. flore pleno), said to produce long racemes of double flowers, but it is very slow to come into bloom. There are a number of Japanese species and varieties (W. brachybotrys), with fragrant, light, rosy-purple flowers; var. rnbra, a variety of the last named, with darker red flowers. W. Japonica alba nan a, of dwarfish growth with white flowers; W. mullijuga and multi- juga alba}, are of another species, with very large racemes of flowers, in the first named of purple color, in the last white. The AMERICAN, or SHRUBBY WISTARIA (W. fru- tescens), is a native, less attractive and strong growing than the Chinese; pale-blue flowers in short clusters. The White American Wistaria (var. alba) is a white-flowered variety of the species. Var. magnifica is said to have the flowers in dense drooping racemes. THE HONEYSUCKLE OR WOODBINE. LoniCera. A rather extensive genus, the more ornamental species and varieties of which are much valued for their fine 120 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. flowers. Their nature is to twine about any support, hence they are more useful for adorning pillars, veran- da posts, etc., than for covering walls. Excellent about rockwork. By stopping the leading shoots at four to six feet, most of the kinds form handsome standards if sup- ported by a stake. Among native species and their varieties are the fol- lowing : SCARLET TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE (L. sempervirens), a strong grower, with handsome, scarlet flowers, about two inches long, produced all summer ; dark-green leaves. Brown's Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle (var. Brownii), a variety of the last with large dark-scarlet flowers. Small Bed Honeysuckle (var. minus), a variety with small flowers, slightly darker than in the species. YELLOW TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE (L. Jlava), very fragrant, bright-yellow and orange flowers. What is known in the nurseries as the Canadian Honeysuckle (var. Canadensis), probably a variety of this, is a dis- tinct and striking form, of robust growth, with large, bluish-green leaves, united in pairs at the base around the stem ; yellow flowers in June ; readily grown as a standard. The Asiatic species are a class of great value, Hall's Japan Honeysuckle (L. Halleana), a species with fine, nearly evergreen leaves, and very sweet flowers, at first pure white, and then changing to yellow, and produced, all summer, a superb sort. Japan-Evergreen Honeysuckle (L. brachypoda), of remarkably vigorous growth, with white and yellow fragrant flowers. Golden-Veined Honeysuckle (var. reticulata), a variety of the last, the small, rounded leaves of which are elegantly netted and veined with yellow. Among other meritorious kinds may be named The COMMON WOODBINE (L. Periclymcmtm), a rapid CLIMBERS AND TRAILERS. 121 grower, with showy flowers, red outside, white within. Monthly Dutch Honeysuckle (var. Belgica), a superior variety, blooming throughout the season, with red and yellow, fragrant flowers. MANGEVILLE'S HONEYSUCKLE (L. CaprifoUum, var. pattida), an evergreen species, with yellowish-white, fragrant flowers. Standish's Honeysuckle (L. Stan- dishii), light pink and yellow flowers. THE CLEMATIS. Clematis. The species of Clematis are most attractive and valuable climbers, being easily grown, of graceful habits, and possessing magnificent flowering qualities. They will thrive in any good soil which is well enriched, and by protecting the roots by a slight covering over them each fall, they stand the severest winters safely. Besides their great value for decorating verandas and arbors, they are admirably suited for growing in pots or tubs, training the vines on a trellis, or balloon frame, for adorn- ing verandas, roof gardens, conservatories, etc. The species are divisible into two classes, namely : those that flower on the last year's growth in the early part of the season, and those flowering on the present season's growth in summer and autumn, either con- tinuously or in successive crops. There are many vari- eties of both these classes described in the catalogues, ranging in color from white through lavender, reddish- purple, violet, mauve, etc., to the most intense violet- blue, and blackish mulberry. JACKMAN'S CLEMATIS (C. Jackmanii) is one of the best sorts, and well known, being of free growth, and a most abundant bloomer, the flowers being of a rich, violet-blue color. The SCARLET CLEMATIS (C. coccinea) is a quite dis- tinct species, with scarlet flowers, having yellow centers. The COMMON WILD CLEMATIS (C. Virginiana) is a 122 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. species of free growth, with smooth leaves and white llowers in profusion. TRUMPET FLOWERS. TeCOma. AMERICAN TRUMPET VINE (T. radicans) is a vigorous, hardy climber, with large, trumpet-shaped, scarlet flow- ers in August, excellent to cover stumps and stones, or to train as a standard. Dark-red or Purple Trumpet Flower (var. astrosanguinea), a variety with purplish- crimson flowers, and more shrub-like in habit than the last. GREAT TRUMPET FLOWER (T. grandiflora) has large, showy, pale-orange flowers. OTHER ORNAMENTAL CLIMBERS. The DUTCHMAN'S PIPE (AristolocMa Sipho), a valuable native climber of rapid growth, with immense leaves ten to twelve inches across, and pipe-shaped, yellowish-brown flowers. There are several other species, but not equal to the one named. The CLIMBING BITTER-SWEET or STAFF-TREE ( Celastrus scandens), a native, and one of the most elegant climbers or twiners, and worthy of being generally used ; exceed- ingly fine for verandas ; rich, glossy leaves, and beauti- ful, pendant branches, with clusters of orange capsules. The Bitter-Sweet may be grown in the form of a shrub, by cutting back to three or four feet. There are also sev- eral Japanese species. The Akebia quinata, a neat and most attractive climb- er from Japan, with small leaves and fragrant purple flowers in early summer, followed by ornamental fruit. The Actinidia polygama, another climber from Japan, is of vigorous and elegant habit, and has white and purple flowers. A VINE with variegated leaves ( Vitis JieteropTiylla, Cissus variegata of some catalogues), is a very pleasing CLIMBERS JLKD TRAILERS. 123 plant. Of rapid, slender growth, with small leaves, re- aembling those of the grape vine, but beautifully mar- bled, and variegated with white, pink and green. The CAROLINA COCCULUS (C. Carolinus), a native vine, with small, heart-shaped leaves, greenish flowers in summer, and small, red fruit, the size of a pea. . The CANADIAN MOONSEED (Menispermum Canadense), a pretty, slender-branched, twining plant, with small, yellow flowers and black fruit, resembling small frost grapes. The GRAPE ( Vitis). There are situations, and especially about the Wild Garden, where the native species of grapes are most attractive climbers. They are neat, free grow- ers, with foliage well adapted to making shade for arbors, for overhanging ledges, bridges, etc. ; some have fragrant flowers. Among the best for ornament, may be named the Summer Grape ( F. cestivalis) ; the Frost Grape ( F. cordifolid), with very sweet flowers, and the species F. indivisa, and F. vulpina for the more southern sections of our country. The WHITE JESSAMINE (Jasminum officinale) is an elegant climber, that has long been in cultivation, but is too tender for the North, unless well protected in winter. There are several other species and varieties belonging to the genus. The GRECIAN SILK VINE (Periploca Grceca), a rapid growing climber of no high order of beauty, with pointed leaves, and purplish-brown flowers. The EUROPEAN IVY (Hedera) . Owing to our bright sun- shiny winters, in which it suffers if the sun comes to it, the Ivy can never become popular in this country to the extent it has in Europe. The hardiest kinds, however, do well, when planted against the north side of buildings or walls. They may also be thickly planted in beds to produce a mass of foliage over th% bed, or be used as 124 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. edgings, as when grown thus they can be easily protected. The Irish Ivy (H. Helix, var. Hibernica), is about the best for general planting. There are a number of inter- esting varieties with variegated and striking forms of foliage, all more or less useful. CHAPTER IX. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. Let me introduce the plants that come under this head as the Hardy Wild Plants of the temperate regions of the earth, and then it may be known at once what they are. The lists embrace such as are perennial, having roots that live from year to year, producing new growths above ground annually, but which die down as often, either soon after flowering, or in the fall. Many of the kinds have been much improved in the gardens, afford- ing numerous varieties that greatly exceed the parents in value. It is a pleasure to note the increasing attention this class of plants is now attracting in ornamental garden- ing in this country and Europe. As a rule they are easily grown, very ornamental and inexpensive, for, un- like most other kinds of flowers, when once they are planted, they remain. Pains have been taken in this chapter, to classify these plants somewhat, according to their adaptability and value. To save space, I have generally, in the descrip- tions, merely separated the distinguishing qualities of the plants by the semicolon, giving color of flowers first, sea- son of flowering next, with the hight in inches or feet last. The word " protect," indicates that the sort which it follows, must be protected in the Northern States in winter. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 125 CLASS I. HARDY PLANTS, MOSTLY IMPROVED SORTS, OF THE HIGHEST ATTRACTIVENESS. Adonis, Spring (Adonis vernalis). Yellow ; spring ; 8 to 12 inches. Anemone or Wind-Flower (Anemone). Japan Ane- mone (A Japonica). Bluish-rose ; autumn ; 2 1 /., feet. White Japan Anemone (var. alba). White, golden center ; autumn ; 2'/ a feet. Apennine Anemone (A. apennina). Bright blue ; early spring ; 6 inches. Double White Wind-Flower (A. nemorosafl. pi.). Early spring ; 6 inches. Anthericum (Anthericum). Branching Anthericum (A. ramosum). White ; spring ; 18 inches. St. Bruno's Lily (A. liliastrum). White June ; 18 inches. Columbine (Aquilegia). Rocky Mountain Columbine (A. ccerulea). White and caerulean blue ; spring ; 2 to 3 feet. Golden-spurred Columbine (A. chrysantha). Yel- low ; summer ; 2 to 3 feet. Siberian Columbine (A. glandulosa). Blue and white ; summer ; 2 feet. Skinner's Columbine (A. Skinneri). Distinct, red and yellow. Striped Columbine (A. caryophylloides). Striped. Common Columbine (A. vulgar is). There are many varieties. Woodruff (Asperula odorata). Pure white ; spring ; 6 inches. Astilbe, Japan (Astilbe Japonica). White ; cut- leaves ; May ; 2 feet. Often called Spircea Japonica. Daisy (Bellis perennis). White, pink, etc.; spring ; 3 inches ; protect. 126 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Bell-Flo wer, Harebell (Campanula). The following are the names of a few species among many : Peach-leaved Campanula (0. persiccefolia). Blue; June ; 2 to 3 feet. There is a variety with white flowers. Var. coronata, has double flowers, both white and blue. Nettle-leaved Campanula (C. Trachelium}. Blue; with a white variety ; 3 feet. Betony-leaved Campanula (G. sarmatica). Pale blue ; July ; 2 feet. The catalogues give other species and varieties of Campanula. The normal color is blue, but nearly all have varieties with white flowers. Large Bell-flower (Platycodon grandiflorum. Syn. Campanula grandiflora, Wahlenbergia grandiflora}. Very large blue flowers ; summer ; 1 to 2 feet. There is a white semi-double variety. Meadow Saffron (Colchicum). 0. autumnale. Light- purplish, mottled ; autumn ; 4 inches. There are varie- ties with white and with rose-colored flowers. C. varie- gatum, with rose and purplish-violet flowers, is probably a variety also. Autumn ; 4 inches. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis). White ; fragrant ; May ; 8 inches. Hollyhock (Althcea rosea). Many colors, single and double ; summer ; 4 to 6 feet. Crocus (Crocus). Many colors; early spring; 4 inches. Larkspur (Delphinium). The following are excellent kinds : D. formosum. Rich, dark blue, tinged purple ; summer ; 2 to 3 feet. D. ccelestinum. Light blue, double; June, Sept.; 3 to 4 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 127 D. pyramidalis. Blue ; fine grower ; June ; 4 to 5 feet. D. azureum. Light blue ; single ; July ; 2 to 3 feet. D. grandiflorum. Of different colors. Pink (Dianthus}. Garden Pink (D. plumarius). Pink, with a white variety ; 12 to 15 inches. Maiden Pink (D. deltoides). Rose and Avhite ; 6 to 9 inches. Amoor Pink (D. dentosus). Lilac ; dwarf inhabit. Sweet William (D. barbatus). Many colors and forms. D. Querterii. Deep crimson ; clove fragrance ; spring ; 1 foot. Bleeding Heart (Dicentra spectabilis). Rosy crimson; spring ; 2 to 4 feet. Plumy Bleeding Heart (D. eximia). Rose ; sum- mer ; 9 to 18 inches. Fraxinella (Dictamnus Fraxinella). Both pink and white ; June ; 18 inches. Foxglove (Digitalis}. White, purple, etc.; summer; 2 to 3 feet. Adder's Tongue, Dog's Tooth Violet (Erythroniuni). Yellow Adder's Tongue (E. Americanum). Yellow; May ; G to 9 inches. White Dog's Tooth Violet (E. albidum).B\msh- white ; May. European Dog's Tooth Violet (E. Dens-canis). Crown Imperial (Fritillaria imperialis). Different colors ; spring ; 3 feet. Plantain Lily (Funkia) : As the species of Funkia and of Hemerocallis are both known as Day Lilies, and much confusion results, it has been proposed in England, to call the Funkias Plan tain -lilies, an appropriate name, having reference to their plantain-like leaves. 128 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. White Plantain Lily (F. alba). White ; summer ; 15 inches. Blue Plantain Lily (F. cceruka). Light blue; June and July ; 1 foot. Japan Plantain Lily (F. Japonica). Lavender; narrow leaves ; 2 feet. Siebold's Plantain Lily (F. Sieboldii).P&le pink ; 12 to 18 inches. Day Lily (Hemerocallis) : Yellow 'Day Lily (H. flava). June ; 2 to 4 feet. Copper-colored Day Lily (H. fulva). Yellowish copper-color; July. Double Day Lily, of several species. Snowdrop (Galanthus). Common Snowdrop (G. nivalis). White ; early spring ; 4 inches ; also a double variety. Canada Tick-Trefoil (Desmodium C'anadense). Blu- ish-purple ; all summer ; 1 to 2 feet. Kocket Flower (Hesperis}. Dame's Violet (H. ma- tronalis). Purple ; June ; 1 to 2 feet ; also white and double white varieties. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus). Common Hyacinth (H. ori- entalis). Single and double in many colors ; May. Grape Hyacinth (Muscari). Common Grape Hya- cinth (M. botryoides). Deep sky-blue ; spring ; 9 inches ; also a pure white variety. Feathery Hyacinth (M. comosum). Blue ; feathery; 12 to 18 inches. Musk Hyacinth (M. moschatum}. Purplish green. Candy-tuft, Perennial (Iberis) : Evergreen Candy-tuft (/. sempervirens). White ; May. Coris-leaved Candy-tuft (/. corrafolia). White ; dwarf ; early summer ; 6 to 9 inches. Gibraltar Candy-tuft (/. Gibraltarica). White and purplish ; June ; 1 foot. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 129 Iris, Fleur de Lis, Flag (Iris). Of the numerous species and hybrids, the following are among the best : Florentine Iris (/. Florentina}. White, blue and yellow ; early summer ; 18 inches. German Iris (/. Germanica). The old " Blue Flag," of which there are many fine named varieties. Japan or Clematis-flowered Iris (/. Icevigata, Syn. /. Kcempferi}. Flowers distinct in form, and pre- senting a wonderful variety of colors and shades in the named sorts ; 3 to 4 feet. Dwarf Iris (/. pumila). Deep, violet, yellow, etc.; spring ; 3 to 6 inches. Iberian Iris (/. Ibirica). Purple and black ; spring. Peacock Iris (/. Pavonia). Pure white and deep blue. Netted Iris (7. reticulata). Blue, netted yellow ; spring ; 6 inches. English Iris (/. xiphioides). White, blue, etc.; summer. Spanish Iris (/. Xiphium). Resembles the last ; many colors. Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla). Double and single ; yellow ; spring. Pea, Perennial (Lathyrus latifolius). Rose and white sorts ; summer ; 4 to 8 feet. Everblooming Pea (L. grandiflorus). Purple ; sum- mer ; 3 to 4 feet. Blazing-Star (Liatris). Spiked Blazing-Star (L. spi- cafa). Purple ; summer ; 2 to 4 feet. Elegant Blazing-Star (L. elegans). Bluish purple ; summer ; 1 foot. Dwarf Blazing-Star (L. pumila). Handsome pur- ple ; July ; 1 foot. Loose-strife (Ly thrum). Spiked Loose-strife (L. Sali- caria). Rosy-scarlet; summer; 3 feet ; there is also a variety with rosy-purple flowers. 130 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Snowflake (Leucojum). Spring Snowflake (L. ver- num). White ; very early spring ; 9 inches. Summer Snowflake (L. cestivum). White ; June ; I'/, feet. Autumn Snowflake (L. autumnalis). White or pale rose ; 6 inches. Lilies (Lilium). The following are a few of the best from among many species : Golden-Banded Lily (L. auratum). White, maroon and yellow ; 2 to 5 feet. White Lily (L. candidurri). Pure white ; summer; 3 to 4 feet. Buff Lily (L. excelsum). Nankeen, shaded red ; 4 to 6 feet. Long - flowered Lily (L. longiflorum). White ; 12 to 20 inches ; protect. Turban Lily (L. Pomponium). Red, dotted black ; summer ; 1 to 2 feet ; and a variety with yellow flowers, dotted black. Eose-colored Japan Lily (L. speciosum roseum). Rose ; spotted ; summer ; 1 to 2 feet. Slender-leaved Lily (L. tenuifolium). Small ; scar- let ; June ; about 1 foot ; protect. Turk's Cap Lily (L. superbum). Bright orange ; summer ; 4 to 7 feet. Umbelled Lily (L. umbellatum). Bright red; July; I 1 /, to 87, feet. Splendid Tiger Lily (L. tigrinum splendens}. Orange-scarlet ; spotted. Thunberg's Lily (L. Thunbergianum). Blood red ; 1 to 2 feet. Kramer's Lily (L. Krameri). Suffused delicate pink ; 2 feet. Wild Yellow Lily (L. Canadense). Yellow; sum- mer ; 2 to 5 feet. Southern Red Lily (L. Catesbm}. Scarlet ; 1 to 2 feet ; protect. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 131 Lychnis (Lychnis). Scarlet Lychnis (L. Chalcedonica). Double and single ; various colors ; summer ; 2 to 3 feet. Double German Catchfly (L. Viscaria, fl. pi.). Bright red ; 12 to 18 inches. Flower of Jove (L. Fos-Jovis). Large, deep red. Ragged Robin (L. Fos-cuculi). Fine, deep pink ; summer ; 1 foot ; also a white variety. Haage's Lychnis (L. Haageana). Red, of various shades ; large. Forget-me-not (Myosotis dissitiflora). Sky-blue ; May ; 6 to 12 inches. Daffodil (Narcissus). This well known genus of hardy bulbs now embraces many fine sorts. One establishment at Passaic, N. J., alone offering in their catalogue almost two hundred distinct species and varie- ties ; mostly yellow, orange, scarlet, and white colors ; double and single ; spring. Star of Bethlehem (Ornitliogalum umbellaturri). Satiny-white ; spring ; 6 to 9 inches. Pyramidal Star of Bethlehem (0. pyramidale). White; summer ; 1 to 2 feet. Bitter Vetch, Spring (Orobus vernus). Dark purple ; spring ; 1 foot. Paeony (Pceonia). Of this grand genus there are a number of species, and a great many improved named varieties. Tree Paeony (P. Moutan). Superb flowers in many varieties ; 5 to 8 feet. Chinese Double Blush Troe Paeony. Rose and pur- ple. Common Garden Paeony (P. officinaUs). Many va- rieties ; mostly large and double ; June ; 2 to 4 feet. 132 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Fennel-leaved Pseony (P. tenuifolia). Double and single ; dark crimson ; May ; I 1 /, to 2 feet. Poppy, Perennial (Papaver). Golden Poppy (P. cro- ceum). Orange yellow ; early ; 8 to 15 inches. Oriental Poppy (P. orientate) . Bright scarlet ; June ; 18 inches. Pentstemon (Pentstemon). There are a number of spe- cies and varieties, with scarlet, purple, white, and other colored flowers. Phlox, Perennial (Phlox). Hybrid Garden Phlox. These have mostly originated from P. paniculata and P. maculata, and are represented by a long list of excellent named sorts ; summer ; 2 to 4 feet. Spreading Phlox (P. divaricata). Lilac-blue ; 9 to 18 inches. Creeping Phlox (P. reptans). Kosy-purple ; May and June ; 4 to 8 inches. Moss Pink (P. subulata). Rose, white, and purple varieties ; spring ; 4 inches. Greek Valerian (Polemonium cceruleum). Pale blue ; 18 inches ; and a form with variegated leaves. Jacob's Ladder (P. reptans). Bright blue ; spreading; 10 to 12 inches. Primrose (Primula). Common Primrose (P. vulga- ris). Many colors ; protect. Polyanthus Primrose. Yellow, sulphur brown, etc. ; spring ; 4 to 6 inches. Lungwort (Pulmonaria). Narrow-leaved. (P. an- gustifolia). Bright blue; April; 1 foot. Spotted-leaved Lungwort (P. maculata). Showy foliage; blue; spring; 1 foot. Feverfew, Hardy (Pyretlirum). Scarlet, crimson, rose, and other colored varieties ; spring ; 15 inches. Sage, Southern (Salvia azurea). Deep blue ; 2 to 3 feet ; protect ; some other species are desirable. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 133 Wood-Hyacinth, Squill (Scilla). A charming genus of plants, embracing numerous species and varieties, showing many shades of blue flowers, some flowering early, and others late. Sedum or Stone-crop. See Rock Plants. Catchfly (Silene): Sea Catchfly (S. maritima). White; June; 2 to 4 inches. Pennsylvania Catchfly (8. Pennsylvania}. Showy, pink; June; 4 to 6 inches. Autumn Catchfly (S. Schafta). Purplish-rose; June; 6 inches. Oriental Catchfly (S. orientalis). Deep rose ; showy: 1 to 2 feet. Pink Root (Spigelia Marilandica). Scarlet; June; 6 to 18 inches; protect. Meadow-Sweet (Spiraea): Goat's Beard (S. Aruncus). White; 4 feet. Dropwort (S. filipendula). White; fern-like foliage; June; 1 to 2 feet. Purity (S. Ulmaria, fl. pi.). White; handsome; June; 2 feet ; there is also a variety of this with golden variegated foliage. Queen of the Prairie (8. venusta). Soft rose; sum- mer; 2 to 4 feet. Stokesia, Blue (StoTcesia cyanea). Blue ; August and later; 2 feet. Spiderwort (Tradescantia). Blue Spiderwort (T. Vir- ginica). Fine blue ; of this species there are a number of varieties, including white; May; 1 to 2 feet. Flame- flower, or Red-hot Poker Plant (Tritoma Uvaria). There are a number of varieties, scarlet, yel- low, etc. ; September; 2 to 4 feet. Tulips (Tulipd). The varieties are very numerous, of many colors and shades, single and double; April and May. 134 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Speedwell (Veronica): V. amethystina. Amethyst blue; summer; 12 to 18 inches. Gentian-leaved Speedwell ( F. gentianoides). Pale blue; 12 to 18 inches. Japanese Speedwell (F. longifolia). Blue; sum- mer; 1 to 2 feet. Periwinkle (Vincd). Lesser Periwinkle ( F. minor). Blue and white varieties, also one with variegated leaves; summer; trailing; 1 to 2 feet. Greater Periwinkle ( F. major}. Blue ; summer ; 1 to 2 feet. Violet ( Viola) : Sweet Violet ( F. odorata}. Violet; early spring; 6 inches. White Violet ( V. Uanda). Whitish. Birdfoot Violet (F. pedata). Bluish-lilac; sandy soils. Horned Violet (F. cornuta). Blue; summer; 3 to 6 inches. Heart' s-ease or Pansy ( Viola tricolor). Many beautiful colors. CLASS II. HARDY PLANTS, POSSESSING SHOWY FOLIAGE AND FORMS, WHICH RENDER THEM PICTURESQUE IN APPEARANCE, AND WELL SUITED FOR GROUPS ON THE LAWN, OR FOR SUB-TROPICAL EFFECTS. Acanthus (Acanthus). Broad-leaved Acanthus (A. latifolius). White ; thick leaves ; 2 to 4 feet ; protect. Soft Acanthus (A. mollis). Rose; showy leaves; 3 feet; protect. Monkshood, Autumn (Aconitum autumnale). Pale blue; 6 feet. Acorus gramineus, var. 2 to 6 inches. Grass, Ribbon (Phalaris arundinacea, var.). 3 to 5 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 135 Grass, Fescue (Festuca glauca). Blue-leaved ; low; for edgings. Dactylis Orchard Grass (D. glomerata). A varie- gated form with striped foliage, of good habit. Grass, Pampas (Gynerium argenteum}. Grand in rich soil; 6 to 9 feet ; protect. Grass, Panic (Panicum virgatum). Stately ; 4 to 6 feet. Bugle, Red-leaved (Ajuga reptans). Purple leaves; 6 inches. Alfredia, Nodding (Alfredia cernua). Yellow; cut leaves; 6 feet. Wormwood (Artemisia). A. Stelleriana, silvery foli- age; 9 to 18 inches. A. vulgar is, delicately cut leaves; 3 feet. Eeed (Arundo Donax). A handsome gigantic grass, forming clumps; 8 to 12 feet. t The Variegated Eeed is a variety of the above, with foliage striped with white. Bocconia (B. cordata). Whitish leaves; flowers in August; 6 to 8 feet. Bupthalmum (B. speciosum). Large leaves ; yellow flowers; summer; 2 feet. Thistle, Globe (Echinops Ritro). Blue; showy leaves; summer; 2 to 3 feet. x Lyme Grass (Elymus arenaria). Very narrow, gray grass; 2 feet. Erianthus Ravenna. Valuable showy grass; 6 to 12 feet. Eringo (Eringium). Amethystine Eringo (K ame- tJiystinum). Blue; showy cut foliage; summer; 2 feet. Yucca-leaved Eringo (E. yucccBfolium). White ; yucca- like leaves. Eulalia, Variegated (Eulalia Japonica variegata).^ Striped grass; 4 to 6 feet; protect. Zebra Eulalia (var. Zebrina). Leaves striped crosswise; protect. 136 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Plantain Lily, Variegated (Funkia undulata medio- picta). Yellow-striped; 6 to 12 inches. Sunflower, Graceful (Heliantlms orgyalis}. Yellow ; handsome leaves; 8 to 10 feet. Day Lily, Variegated (Hemerocallis Kwanso var.). White striped foliage. Fig. 8. YTJCCJL Mint, Variegated (Mentlia rotundifolia var.). Foliage blotched with yellow. Whorl Flower (Morina longifolia). Kose; large leaves; 2 to 3 feet; protect. , 4 Ehubarb, Indian (Rheum Emodi). Large, showy leaves ; 2 to 3 feet. Palm-leaved Khubarb (R. palma- Deeply lobed, showy leaves; 6 to 8 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 137 Clary, Silver (Salvia argented). Large, white, woolly leaves; 2 to 3 feet. Sage, Variegated (Salvia officinalis tricolor). Leaves blotched, white; 1 foot. Lavender Cotton (Santolina ChamcBcyparissus). Silvery leaves; 1 foot. Sedum. There are several species with showy foliage, such as 8. spectabile; 8. cruciatum; the Live-for-ever, etc. See Eock Plants. Compass Plant (Silphium Zaa'm'a^ww). Large pinnate leaves. Cup Plant (S. perfoliatum). Yellow, of strong growth; 4 to 6 feet. Comfrey, Variegated (Symphytum officinale var.). Gold variegated; 1 to 2 feet. Thyme, Lemon, Variegated-leaved (Thymus citriodo- rus). Golden Variegated. Common Variegated-leaved Thyme (T. Serpyllum). White variegated. Yucca, or Adam's Needle (Yucca filamentosa). White; 3 to 4 feet. Narrow-leaved Yucca (Y. angustifolia). White; 2 to 4 feet. Date Yucca (Y. baccata). Large throughout ; 2 to 10 feet; protect. CLASS III. HARDY PLANTS, MOSTLY AS FOUND IN THEIR WILD STATE, AND COMPARATIVELY LACKING SOMEWHAT IN ATTRACTIVENESS. The plants of this list, while not averaging as fine in general quality as those of preceding classes, would still, in most instances, be prized if given a place in the border, while all are desirable for naturalization in the Wild-garden. With many the flowers are handsome, but the foliage or the habit of the plants may be compara- tively coarse, while sometimes just the reverse is the 138 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. case. Then again a single plant of this class makes no show, but a mass of them is very attractive. Yarrow or Milfoil (Achillea). Kose-flowered Yarrow (A. millefolium roseum). Rose; summer; 18 inches ; there is also a deep-red variety of this, Double-flowering Sneeze wort (A. Ptarmica, fl. pi.). White; 15 inches. Hoary-leaved Yarrow (A. filipendula). Yellow; summer; 2 feet. May Apple, Oregon (Achlys triphylla). White; fra- grant; 15 inches. Monkshood, or Wolfsbane (Aconitum). These have poisonous roots. Japan Monkshood (A. Japonicum). Deep blue ; August; 18 inches. Common Monkshood (A. Napellus). Blue ; sum- mer; 2 feet. Baneberry (Actcea), White Baneberry (A. alba). Summer; 2 to 3 feet. Cut-leaved Baneberry (A. spicata). Neat and grace- ful; 18 inches. Red Baneberry, a variety of the above, with red berries; 2 feet. Bugle, Blue-flowered (Ajuga pyramidalis). Blue ; spring; 3 inches. Star Grass, Yellow (Aletris aurea). Yellow ; July ; 2 to 3 feet. Colic Root Star Grass (A farinosa). White; July; 2 to 3 feet. Allium, Golden (Allium Moly). Golden; summer; 1 foot. There are various other species of Allium of dif- ferent colors, such as white, rose, lilac, etc. Alstrsemeria (A. aurantiaca). Orange, lily-like flow- ers; summer and autumn; 2 to 4 feet. Amianthium (A. musccetoxicum). White ; broad leaves ; summer. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 139 Amsonia, Hairy (Amsonia angustifolia). Pale blue ; protect. Willow-leaved Amsonia (A. Taberncemontana}. Pale blue; May; 2 feet. Anemone, or Windflower, Yellow (Anemone ranun- culoides}. Spring; 6 inches. Snowdrop Anemone (A. sylvestris). Pure white; spring ; 1 foot. Long-fruited Anemone (A. cylindrica). Greenish- white; spring. Pennsylvania Anemone (A. Pennsylvania). White and pink; 12 inches. American Pasque Flower (A. patens, var. Nuttali- ana). White or purplish ; spring. Mountain Everlasting (Antennaria dioica). White; summer; trails. Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuber osa). Orange ; July ; 2 feet. Milkweed (A. verticillata). Greenish- white ; 1 to 2 feet. Asphodel (Asphodelus). There are a number of spe- cies, mostly with yellow and white flowers; May to July; 2 to 4 feet. Aster (Aster). Of many species, the following are noteworthy here : New England Aster (A. Novce-Anglice). Violet purple; 4 feet. New Belgian Aster (A. Novi-Belgii). Dark crim- son. Oblong-leaved Aster (A. oblongifolius). Purple and yellow; 2 to 3 feet. Long-leaved Aster (A. longifolius). Handsome form and foliage; 2 feet. False Indigo (Baptisia) : Blue False Indigo (B. aus- tralis.Blne ; June ; 2 to 5 feet. White False Indigo (B. alba). Purplish tinged; 2 to 3 feet. 140 . ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Berlandiera (B. tomenlosa). Yellow ; downy leaves ; 1 to 3 feet. Betonica (B. officinalis). Purple; July; 2 feet. Boltonia (B. glastifolia}. White; 3 to 5 feet. Brodi8ea,Allium-like (Brodicea congestd). Lilac; sum- mer ; 18 inches. Large-flowered Brodiaea (B. grandi- flora). Bluish-purple; 1 foot. Brunella, Large-flowered (Brunella grandiflora). Purplish-blue; summer; 9 inches. Callirrhoe, Crimson (Callirrhoe involucratd). Crim- son; summer; 1 foot. Callirrhoe, Large-rooted (C. alcceoides). White; summer ; 2 feet ; protect. Callirrhoe, Triangular (C. triangulata). Purple; 2 feet. Butterfly Tulip (Colochortus Gunnisoni). White; 6 to 8 inches. Senna, American (Cassia Marilandica}. Yellow; summer; 3 to 4 feet. Cupidone, Blue (Catananche ccerulea). Sky-blue; summer; 2 to 3 feet. Centaurea, Mountain (Centaurea montana). Blue ; showy; June and July; 3 feet. Centaurea, Giant-headed (C. macrocephala). Bright yellow; June and July; 2 feet. Valerian, Eed (Centranthus ruler). Red; June; 2 feet; also a white variety. Chelone, Snake's-Head ( Chelone gldbra). White and rose; 1 to 2 feet. Clematis, Erect (Clematis erecta). Whitish; small; June; 3 to 4 feet. Clematis, Entire-leaved (C. integri- folia). Blue and white; June; 2 feet. Clintonia, Northern (Clintonia boreatis). Yellowish ; 6 inches. Coreopsis (Coreopsis). There are several species ; yel- low; June; 1 to 3 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 141 Coronilla (Coronilla varia). Deep rose to white; June; 2 feet. Golden Aster (Chrysopsis Mariana). Golden yellow ; late summer; G to 12 inches. Crosswort, Long-styled (Crucianella stylosa). Pink; summer; 12 to 18 inches. Fig. 9. KUDBECKIA MAXIMA. Leopard's Bane (Doronicum Caucasicum). Yellow; spring; 1 foot. Cone Flower, Purple (Echinacea purpurea). Maroon and purple; 4 feet. Cone Flower, Great (Rudbeckia maxima). Large; yellow; 6 feet; protect. 142 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Gone Flower, Shining (R. nitida). Large golden rays; showy. Fleabane Rose (Erigeron macranthum). Purple; July; 2 feet. Stork's Bill, Showy (Erodium Manescavi). Purplish- red; summer; early spring; 15 inches. Aconite, Winter (Eranthis hy emails). Pale yellow ; early spring; 3 to 6 inches. Eupatorium, White Snake-root (Eupatorium ager- atoides). Late summer; 3 feet. There are a number of other desirable species. Spurge, Flowering. (Euphorbia corollata). White ; July to October; 2 to 3 feet. Spurge, Glaucous (E. Myrsinites). Yellow; prostrate; July. Gaura, Narrow-leaved (Gaura angustifolid). From the Southern States; white; summer; 3 feet. Gentian, Closed (Gentiana Andrewsii). Azure blue; 12 to 18 inches. Gentian, Cross wort (G. cruciata). Brilliant blue; 6 inches. Geranium, or Cranesbill, Blood- red ( Geranium sangui- neum). Purplish-red ; summer ; 6 inches. Geranium, Broad-petaled (G. platypetalum}. Violet and red; 18 inches. Avens, Scarlet (Geum coccineum). Bright scarlet; summer; 1 to 2 feet; also a double variety. Bowman's Root (Gillenia trifoliata). Rosy-white; July; 1 to 2 feet. Gypsophila, Acute-leaved (Gypsophila aciitifolia), White; summer; 12 to 20 inches. Gypsophila, Panicled (G. paniculata). White; summer; 2 to 4 feet. Sunflower, Narrow-leaved (Helianthus angustifolius). Yellow ; autumn ; 3 feet. Sunflower, Soft-leaved (H. mollis). Autumn; 2 to 4 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 143 Rose Mallow, Swamp (Hibiscus Moscheutos). Pale rose; late summer; 2 to 4 feet. Rose Mallow, Large-flowered (H. grandiflorus). Both white and red; 4 to 5 feet. Rose Mallow, Californian (H. Calif ornicus). White, with purple centre; 3 to 5 feet. Hawkweed, Orange-colored (Hieracium aurantiacum). Bright orange; June; 1 foot. Hyssop (Hyssopus officindlis). Blue and white sorts; summer; 2 feet. Hyssop, Giant (Lophanthus anisatus). Lavender ; fragrant leaves; 2 feet. Flax, Perennial (Linum perenne). Fine blue ; sum- mer; 12 to 18 inches. There are also varieties of white, rose, and lilac colors. Lobelia, Great Blue (Lobelia syphilitica). Purplish- blue; 1 to 2 feet. Cardinal Flower (L. cardinalis). Fine scarlet; late summer; 2 to 4 feet. Trefoil, Bird's-foot (Lotus corniculatus). Yellow; summer; trailing. Also a double variety. Lupine, Many-leaved (Lupinus polyphyllus). Blue ; summer; 1 to 4 feet; protect. Loosestrife, Yellow (Lysimachia vulgaris). Yellow; June, July; 2 feet. Loosestrife, Clethra-like (L. clethroides). White; autumn; I 1 /, to 2 feet. Moneywort (L. nummularia). Yellow ; late sum- mer; prostrate. Mallow, Moren's (Malva Morenii). Reddish; late summer; 2 to 3 feet. Lungwort, Panicled (Mertensia paniculata). Blue; July; 1 to 2 feet. Virginia Cowslip, or Lungwort (M. Virginica). Fine blue; spring; 1 to 3 feet. 144 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Monkey Flower, Cardinal (Mimulus cardinalis). Scarlet; 1 to 2 feet; protect. Bee-Balm, or Horsemint (Monarda didyma). Bright red ; summer; 2 to 3 feet; protect. Catnip, Mussin's (Nepeta Mussini). Azure blue ; downy; fragrant leaves; June; 1 foot. White Cup (Nierembergia rivularis). Creamy white; June; 3 inches. Evening Primrose, Missouri ( (Enothera Missouriensis). Yellow; prostrate. Evening Primrose, Tall "White (CE. speciosa). White and purple; 6 inches to 2 feet. Mountain Spurge (Pachysandra procumbens). Purple and white; prostrate. St. Bernard's Lily (Anthericum Liliago). White in spikes; summer; 1 foot. Dragon Head (Physostegia Virginiana). Purplish red; 4 feet. Knotweed, Giant (Polygonum cuspidatum). White ; summer ; 3 1 /,, to 8 feet. Knotweed, Ked (P. vaccini- folium). Rose; autumn; 6 to 10 inches. Pentstemon, Scarlet (P. barbatus). Scarlet; summer; 3 feet. Cinquefoil, Pyrenian (Potentillapyrenaica). Yellow; May; dwarf. Turfing Daisy (Pyrethrum Tchihatcliewii}. For cover- ing poor soils; 3 inches. Buttercup, or Crowfoot, Double (Ranunculus tulbo- sus). Yellow; spring; 18 inches. Buttercup, Rhomboid (R. rhomboideus). Deep yel- low; spring; 3 to 6 inches. Crowfoot, Early (R. fascicularis), Bright yellow ; 5 to 9 inches. Skullcap (Scutellaria). Numerous species; purplish; summer. Groundsel (Senecio). A few of the Groundsels are HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 145 quite ornamental. Golden Ragweed (S. aureus). Yel- low; cut leaves; 1 to 2 feet. Satin Flower (Sisyrinchium grandifloruni). Purple , spring; 6 to 10 inches. Golden Rod (Solidago). A number of species; yellow; autumn; 3 to 8 feet. Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum vulgare). "White ; 2 to 3 feet. Solomon's Seal, Japan (var. macranthuni). White; May; 2 to 4 feet. Hedge-Nettle, Woolly (Stachys lanata). Purple; July; 1 foot. Hedge-Nettle, Scarlet (coccinea). Scarlet; July ; 3 to 4 feet. Sea Pink, or Thrift (Armeria vulgaris). Rosy-lilac ; summer; 6 inches. Costmary (Tanacetum Balsamita). Pale yellow; autumn. Meadow Rue, Showy ( Thalictrum speciosum). Showy ; yellow; 3 to 4 feet. Meadow Rue, Columbine (T. aqui- legifoUum. Purplish; 2 to 3 feet. Star Flower, Spring (Triteleia uniflora). Whitish; spring; 4 to 6 inches; protect. Bellwort (Uvularia). A number of sorts; yellowish; 6 inches to 2 feet. Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis). Blush white; June ; 3 feet. Verbena, Hardy ( Verbena bipinnatifida, .also called V. montana). Rosy-lilac; summer; 9 inches. CLASS IV. ALPINES AND ROCK PLANTS. The plants under this head are mostly natives of high elevations, and lovers of dry, sandy, or stony soil, hence perfectly at home on rockwork. Nearly all do well in the border, but being of small stature, they should be planted at the front. 7 146 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Thrift, Prickly (Acantholimon glumaceum). Rose; summer; 6 inches. Thrift, Common (Armeria vulgaris). Pink; summer; 6 inches. Thrift, Plantain-like (A. plantaginea). Purplish- red. Milfoil, Woolly (Achillea tomentosa). Yellow; sum- mer; 8 inches. Golden Tuft (Alyssum saxatile). Yellow; grayish leaves; spring; 1 foot. Golden Tuft, Dense (var. compactum). More com- pact than the parent. Kidney Vetch, Mountain (Anthyllis montana). Pink; summer; 6 inches. Columbine, Wild (Aquilegia Canadensis). Scarlet and yellow; May; 1 foot to 18 inches. Eock Cress (Arabis). Several species; white; spring; dwarf. Sandwort (Arenaria). Several species; white; early summer; low. Meadow Saffron, Spring (Bulbocodium vernum). Violet; early spring; 6 inches. Aubriecia (Aubrietid). Several species; white and purple; spring and summer; 3 inches. Quamash (Camassia). Several species; blue; purple, etc. ; 12 to 15 inches. Harebell, Common (Campanula rotundifolia). Deep blue; 6 to 12 inches. Harebell, Ligurian (C. isophylla}. Blue; 4 inches. Harebell, Carpathian (C. Carpatica). Large, showy; blue; 9 inches. Mouse-ear Chickweed, Woolly (Cerastium tomen- tosum). White; summer; 2 to 6 inches. Mouse-ear Chickweed, Boissier's (C. Boissieri). HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 147 Wallflower, Alpine (CJieiranthus alpinus). Yellow; spring; 9 inches. Spring Beauty (Claytonia Virginica). Rose ; early spring; 6 inches. Clematis, Herbaceous (Clematis). Several orna- mental species; purplish; 6 to 12 inches. Barrenwort, Alpine (Epimedium alpinum). Purplish; May; 6 to 9 inches. Barrenwort, Large yellow (E. pinnatum). Erinus, Alpine (Erinus alpinus). Purplish and white ; 3 to 6 inches. Gentian, Stemless (Gentiana acaulis). Velvet blue ; May; 1 to 3 inches. Geum, Mountain (Geum montanum). Bright yellow; 9 to 18 inches. Ground Ivy (Nepeta Glechoma). Robust, dense creeper. Bluets, Common (Houstonia cwrulea). Shade of blue; early spring; 3 to 6 inches. Bluets, Thyme-leaved (H. serpyllifolia). Toadflax, Alpine (Linaria alpina*). Violet and yel- low; 3 to 6 inches. Lychnis, Rock (Lychnis Lagascce). Bright rose; sum- mer; 3 to 6 inches. Catchfly, German (L. Viscaria, var. splendens). Bright red; 12 to 18 inches. Prickly Pear (Opuntia Rafinesquii). Hardy Cactus; yellow; 6 to 10 inches. Wood Sorrel, Violet (Oxalis violacea). Violet; spring; 5 to 9 inches. Partridge, or Squaw Berry (Mitchella repens). White; scarlet fruit; trailing. Pentstemon, Acute-leaved (Pentstemon acuminatus). Lilac; 6 to 20 inches; protect. Phlox, Douglas's (Phlox Douglasii Whitish purple ; 6 to 12 inches. 148 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Phlox, Lovely (P. amasna). Pinkish ; G to 12 inches. Pine-barren Beauty (Pyxidanthera barbulata). Pink- ish white; spring; prostrate. Soapwort, Rock (Soponaria ocymoides). Rosy-pink ; summer; 6 to 12 inches. Fig. 10. THICK-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE (Soxifraga crassifolid). Saxifrage, Early (Saxifraga Virginiensis). White; 6 inches. Saxifrage, Heart-leaved (8. cordifolia). Blush- red; April and May; 6 to 9 inches. Saxifrage, Thick-leaved (S. crassifolid). Resembles the last. Saxifrage, Strap-leaved (8. ligulata). Red ; dark- red foliage; spring; 6 to 9 inches. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 119 Stonecrop or Scdum (Sedurri), There are many spe- cies and varieties, of which but a few are named here ; all do equally well in the border. Love Entangle (8. acre). Several forms; yellow; 3 inches. Stonecrop, Orange-flowering (S. Kamtschaticuni). Yellow; fine; July; 6 inches. Sedum, Beautiful (S. pulchellum). Pink; July; 6 inches. Sedum, Poplar-leaved (S. populifolium). Creamy- white; August; 6 inches. Sedum, Siebold's (8. Sieboldii). Eosy-purple ; autumn; also a variegated form. Sedum, Showy (S. spectaUle). Kosy purple ; autumn. Live-for-ever (S. Telephmm). Purple ; summer; 2 feet. Live-for-ever, Dark-red (var. liybridum). Very showy foliage and flowers. Houseleek (Sempervivum). Numerous species; showy in flowers and leaves. Catch fly, Alpine (Silene alpestris). White ; 3 to 6 inches. Tunica, Kock (Tunica Saxifraga). Whitish; summer; 3 to 4 inches. Speedwell, Alpine ( Veronica alpina). Bluish ; 2 to 12 inches. Strawberry, Barren ( Waldsteinia fragarioides). Yel- low; summer; 2 to G inches. CLASS V. FERNS AND SHADE-LOVING PLANTS. This list embraces such plants, as are usually met in partly open woods, exiting our admiration by their simple beauty, and often by the sweetness of their flowers. Directions are given in Part IV for preparing a soil that 150 OBNAMENTAL GARDENING. will suit them. While all love moisture, they will not do well where it is exceedingly wet. Some prefer the elevation that rockwork in the shade affords. In these cases the fact is stated along with the descriptions. Anemone, Wood (Anemone nemorosa). White; early spring; 6 inches. Double Wood Anemone. Double; white ; 6 inches. Double Bracted Anemone (var. brac- teata). Double ; white ; green bracts. Double Rose- colored Anemone. Double ; red. Apennine Anemone (A. Apennind). Bright blue ; early spring; 6 inches. Adam and Eve (Aplectrum hyemale). A hardy native orchid. Jack in the Pulpit (Arisama triphyllum). Purple and white; 18 inches. Snakeroot, Virginian (AristolocUa Serpentaria). Purple; summer; 18 inches. Snakeroot, Canadian (Asarum Canadense). Brown- ish-purple; spring. Snakeroot, Heart-leaved (A. Virginicum). Purple and green; April; low. Tailed Snakeroot (A. caudatuni). Brownish-purple. Cornus, Dwarf, or Bunch Berry (Cornus Canadensis). White; June; 5 to 7 inches. Lady's Slipper, Stemless (Cypripedium acaule). Rosy-purple; May; 10 inches. Lady's Slipper, European ( C. Calceolus). Dark- brown; 2 feet. Cowslip, American or Shooting Star (Dodecatheon Meadia. Rose; spring; 8 to 12 inches. Cowslip, American, Jaffray's (var. lancifolium). A larger variety. Trailing Arbutus, or Mayflower (Epigcea repens). White and pink; prostrate. Ferns and Brakes. The following are some of the most useful hardy species : HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 151 Maide.n-hair Fern, Hardy (Adiantum pedatum). 9 to 15 inches. Fragrant Wood Fern (Aspidium fragrans). 4 to 12 inches. Shield Fern (A. acrosticliiodes). 1 to 2 feet. Chamisso's Shield Fern (A. munitum). 1 to 5 feet. Spleen wort (Asplenium ebeneum). 8 inches and up- ward. Moonwort (Botrychium). There are several species. Walking Fern (Camptosorus rhizophyllus). Pros- trate. Lip Fern, Hairy (Cheilanthes vestitd).-6 to 15 inches. Fig. 11. DOWNY LIP FEHN ( UfoflantTies tomentosa). Lip Fern, Downy (C. tomentosa). Eather stout; 12 to 20 inches; protect. Deer Fern (Lomaria Spicant). Evergreen; 6 to 30 inches. Flowering Fern (Osmunda). Several species ; 2 to 5 feet. 152 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Polypod Fern (Polypodium vulgare). Evergreen; 4 to 10 inches. Chain Fern ( Woodsia Ilvejisis). 2 to 6 inches. Cliff Brake (Pellcea atropurpurea). 2 to 6 inches. Common Brake (Pteris aquilina). 2 feet. Fritillaria, Lance- leaved (Fritillaria lanceolata). Purple ; summer; 6 inches. Fritillaria, Purple (F. atropurpurea). Purplish ; 4 to 20 inches. Rattlesnake Plantain (Goodyerd). Several species with fine leaves; shaded rocky. Christmas Rose, Common (Helleborus niger). Green- ish-white; early spring; 1 foot. Christmas Rose, Dark Purple (H. atrorubens). Pur- plish-red; 1 foot. Helonias, Spiked (Helonias bullata). Showy purple; May; 1 to 2 feet. Hepatica, or Liverleaf (Hepatica). Shades of blue ; early spring. There are various colors, and single and double varieties. Orchis, Showy (Orchis spectaMlis). Pink, purple, white lip ; 4 to 8 inches. Polygala, Fringed (Polygala paucifolia). Purple; 3 to 4 inches. Rosette Mullein (Ramondia Pyrenaica). Purple and orange; 2 to 6 inches. Meadow Beauty (Rhexia Virginica). Reddish-purple; neat; 8 to 12 inches. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis). Purple; white; early spring; 3 to 8 inches. Club Moss (Selaginella). Several useful native species. False Solomon's Seal (Smilacina stellata). White ; summer; 1 to 2 feet. Wake Robin, Nodding (Trillium cernuum). White; nodding; spring; 12 to 18 inches. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 153 Wake Eobin, Painted (T. erythrocarpum). "White and purple; spring; 8 to 12 inches. Wake Robin, Snowy (T. nivale). Small; white; early spring; 2 to 4 inches. Wood Lily (T. grandiflorum). Large; white, chang- ing to rose. Violet, Canada ( Viola Canadensis). Whitish ; sum- mer; 1 foot. Violet, Yellow (V. pubescens). Yellow; spring; 6 to 12 inches. Violet, Arrow-leaved (F. sagittata). Purplish blue; spring. May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum). White ; May ; 1 foot. CLASS VI. AQUATIC AND BOQ PLANTS. An interesting class of plants, and quite easy to grow, where attention to their simple requirements is paid; re- specting these, some information is given in Part IV as to place and soil. Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus). Greenish ; sword-like leaves; 2 to 3 feet. Green Dragon (Arisama Dracontium). Greenish ; divided leaves. Water Shield (Brasenia peltata). Dark purple; July. Calopogon (C. pulchellus). An orchid; purple; 1 foot. Marsh Marigold (Caltlia palustris). Yellow ; spring; 1 foot. Marsh Marigold, Double. A variety of the above. Calypso, Northern (Calypso borealis). An orchid ; pink and yellow. Lady's Slipper, Showy (Cypripedium spectdbile). White, crimson ; July; 1 to 2 feet. Lady's Slipper, Small White (C. candidum). Greenish- white; 1 foot. 154 OBNAMENTAL GAEDENING. Lady's Slipper, Small Yellow (0. parviflorum). Yellow; spring; 1 to 2 feet. Lady's Slipper, Ram's Head (C. arietinum). Red and white; June; 6 to 10 inches. Pitcher Plant, California (Darlingtonia California). Purplish; 1 to 3 feet; protect. Marsh Calla (Calla palustris). White; summer; 6 to 9 inches. Sundew, Thread-leaved (Drosera filiformis). Rose ; summer; 6 to 12 inches. Sundew, Round-leaved (D. rotundifolia). White ; summer; 6 inches. Fringed Orchis, Yellow (Habenaria ciliaris). Yellow; summer; 1 to 2 feet. Fringed Orchis, White (H. Wephariglottis). White; 12 to 15 inches. Fringed Orchis, Purple (H. fimbriata). Lilac, purple; 1 to 2 feet. Fringed Orchis, Small Purple (H. psy codes). Purple; fragrant; 12 to 18 inches. Cardinal Flower (Lobelia cardinalis). Intense scarlet; 1 to 3 feet. Water Lily, White (NympJicea odorata). White, changing to rose. Water Lily, Yellow (Nupliar advena). Yellow ; summer. Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum). Elliptic leaves ; fine for ponds. Grass of Parnassus (Parnassia asarifolia). White ; summer; 3 to 6 inches. Pogonia (Pogonia). A hardy orchid ; a number of species. Centaury, American (Sabbatia chloroides). Rose ; summer; 12 to 18 inches. Centaury, Lance-leaved (8. lanceolata). White ; 1 to 3 feet. HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 155 Arrow Head (Sagittaria variabilis). Aquatic, with pretty leaves. Pitcher-Plant, Side-Saddle Flower (Sarracenia pur- pured). Purple ; 1 foot. There are several other in- teresting species of Sarracenia. Fig. 12. ARROW HEAD (Sagittario. varidbttis). Globe Flower, American (Trollius laxus). Greenish- yellow; May; 1 foot. Cat-tail, or Reed Mace (TypJia latifolia). Brown; summer; 3 to 5 feet. Cat-tail, Narrow-leaved (T. angustifolia). More slender and smaller. Pickerel Weed (Pontederia caudata). Blue ; July ; a fine water-plant. 156 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTEE X. ANNUAL PLANTS. What are known as Annuals, are those plants which owe their perpetuation, especially in the North, to seeds, or to bulbs which are taken up in the fall and started new- ly with every year. The plants grow up, flower, produce a new crop of seed or bulbs, and then die, all in one season. Although the lists of annual flowers in the catalogues are usually very extensive some German catalogues containing lists of no less than three thousand different sorts it is found that the number of those which really possess a high order of attractiveness is not very large. As the catalogues of dealers usually treat elaborately on the matter of varieties, merits, and adaptability, in the present book, I only take space to give some select lists to guide planters, referring the reader to the catalogues for additional matter. Some kinds embraced in the lists below, are perennials or biennials, but as they flower the first season from the seed, they are brought into this selection. In the lists, h stands for hardy annual, or sorts tha,t may be treated as such ; h, h, stands for half hardy annuals ; t, for tender annuals. Directions for sowing are given in Part V. A SELECTION OF THE CHOICER KINDS OF BEDDING AN- NUALS. Aster, h, h. Petunia, h, h. Balsam, h, h. Phlox Drummondi, h. Candytuft, h, Portulaca, t. Cockscomb, t. Snap Dragon, h. Larkspur, h. Stocks, h, h. Marigold, h. Sweet Alyssum, h. Mignonette, h. . Verbena, h, h. Dwarf Nasturtium, h, h. Zinnia, h. Pansy, h. Sweet Pea, h. ANNUAL PLANTS. 157 A SELECTION OF BEDDING ANNUALS OF SECONDAEY MEEIT. Abronia, h. Calliopsis, h. Callirrhoe, h. Campanula, h. Batchelor's Button, h. Collinsia, h. Dwarf Morning Glory, h. Oentranthus, h. Clarkia, 7i. Ageratum, Ji. Eschscholtzia, h. Erysimum, h. Godetia, h. Swan River Sunflower, Ji. Lychnis, Ji, li. Lupine, h. Flora's Paint Brush, Gaillardia, h. Browallia, h, h. Four O'Clocks, t. Nigella, h. Salpiglossis, h, h. Salvia, t. Mourning Bride, Ji. Sensitive Plant, t. Sweet Rocket, h. Daisy, h, h. A SELECTION OF ANNUALS OF CLIMBING AND RUNNING HABIT. Morning Glory, h. Cobaea scandens, t. Hyacinth Bean, t. Gourds, t. Cypress Vine, t. Maurandia, t. Nasturtium, h, h. Canary Bird Flower, h, h. Thunbergia, t. Scarlet Runner, t. A SELECTION OF ANNUALS WITH SHOWY FOLIAGE SUIT- ABLE FOB TKOPICAL EFFECTS. Amaranthus, t. Canna, Ti, h. Chamaepeuce, /*, Ti. Centaurea, h, h. Glaucium, h, h. ' Perilla, h, Ji. Castor Oil Bean, t. Golden Feather, h. Tobacco, t. Striped Maize, t. 158 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. A SELECTION OF ANNUALS SUITABLE FOR NATURALI- ZATION IN THE WILD GARDEN. Clarkia. Leptosiphon. Collomia. Portulaca. Erisymum. Gilia, Eucharidium. Poppy. Candytuft. Platystemon. Gypsophila, Silene. Godetia. Saponaria. A SELECTION OF ANNUAL BULBS, TUBERS, AND ROOTS. Caladium. Madeira Vine. Canna. Oxalis. Dahlia. Tuberose. Erythrina. Tigridia. Gladiolus. Eichardia. CHAPTER XI. TENDER PERENNIAL PLANTS. By the help of artificial heat in green-houses, the list of natural materials for ornamental gardening is much enlarged. "We go towards the equator and collect at- tractive species, and by preserving them from the cold in winter, can turn them out in summer, and thus are able to enjoy something of tropical vegetation in the North. Lack of space forbids giving much attention to this subject here, but several lists are introduced, in which are named the leading kinds of plants used for adorning pleasure grounds, and where further informa- tion is wanted, the reader is referred to books on flori- culture, and to the catalogues of florists. TENDER PERENNIAL PLANTS. 159 A SELECTION OF TENDER BEDDING PLANTS. Alyssum, Variegated. Alyssum, Double flowering. Abutilon. Century Plant. Ageratum. Alternanthera. Carnation. Cigar Plant (Cuphea). Coleus. Dusty Miller (Centayrea). Echeveria. Geranium, single, double, and variegated-leaved. Dew Plant (Mesembryan- themum}. Gnaphalium lanatum. Heliotrope. Hibiscus. Lantana. Lobelia. Leucophyton. Othonna sedifolia. Salvia splendens. Verbena. Achyranthes. Sedums. Variegated Thyme. Variegated Stevia. Cannae. Caladiums. A SELECTION OP PLANTS WITH SHOWY FOLIAGE SUIT- ABLE FOR EFFECTS IN SUB-TROPICAL GARDENS. Acacia lopbantha. Agaves in variety. Alsophila australis. Aralia macrophylla. Aralia papyrifera. Araucaria excelsa. Caladium. Canna. Chamsepeuce diacantha. Dracenas in variety. Echeveria Metallica. Erythina Crista-galli. Ferdinanda eminens. Ficus elastica. Dicksonia antarctica. Melianthus major. Musa Ensete. Papyrus antiquorum. Phormium tenax. Polymnia grandis. Solanum Warscewiczii. Wigandia macrophylla. Ricinus in variety. PALMS. Corypha australis. Carludovica palmata. Caryota in variety. Cfeamaerops in variety. Cycas revolnta. Latania Borbonica. Phoenix in variety. Seaforthia elegans. 160 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER XII. MISCELLANEOUS NATURAL MATERIAL Rocks and stones are not, like soil, absolutely neces- sary to garden making, yet the frequency with which these are met in attractive natural scenery, and their power in contributing to picturesqueness, entitle them, at the least, to be named among available garden materials. In other parts of this book, considerable attention is paid to their use in ornamental gardening. What is true of the ornamental value of rocks, is main- ly and in an enlarged degree true of water in garden and landscape scenery. Remove the sparkling river, lake, and spring, the gurgling rill, swift rapids and water- falls, out of nature, and she would be devoid of some of her most attractive charms. It is well, there- fore, to consider the ornamental value of water, when gardens are large enough to admit of it in some form. Some kinds of beasts, birds, and fishes add much to the charms of natural scenery. Cattle, sheep, and deer, grazing or else reclining in the shade, contribute an effect to scenes that without them would be tame. The sweet-voiced birds in the trees, the graceful water-fowl in the lake, or the schools of tame fishes within its bosom, are all of great value for adding to the interest of pleasure grounds. While in the majority of places it may not be practicable to do much in the way of intro- ducing these, yet their value should not be lost sight of where circumstances will allow of them. In addition to the natural garden making mate- rials which have now been named in this book, there are many other things, from the gravel of walks to the slate on the roof, that might be enumerated. But as these are used mostly as mere constructive material, there is little need of so doing. PART III. ARRANGEMENT. CHAPTER XIII. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. NATUBE AS A TEACHER. As nature supplies the materials for making gardens, so also we may take lessons from her in arranging them. Still the primitive, natural style of arrangement can sel- dom be closely followed in the majority of places that are to be improved. The horticulturist takes the wild plants from fields and woods, and in improving them always finds in nature herself a co-worker, and succeeds in rearing some plants that are more beautiful than the wild. So natural arrangement may be studied, and in planning our comparatively restricted garden plats, the lessons thus gained may be modified to meet the wants of every case. Indeed, just so far as our improved plants and flowers are more ornamental than the parental wild forms, so do we possess more and richer material for creating garden effects, than is seen in nature. We may aim in ornamental gardening to exhibit nature idealized, rather than nature real. The fundamental difference between natural land- scapes, and made gardens, is, that in the former only natural materials exist, while in the latter much that is artificial, houses, walks, streets, etc., enters in, as a rule, exerting a strong influence on effects. Such being the case we are often led to a different course of action in gardening, than if we dealt solely with natural effects. (161) 162 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. MAJOR AND MINOR FEATURES OF EMBELLISHMENT. It is important to observe that the nearer the mate- rials used for making ornamental gardens are to their natural condition, the more freely may they be used, if generally appropriate without offending good taste and vice versa. A town lot, for example, might be un- adorned, except with grass and not look distasteful, but if we plant every foot solid with the brightest art-im- proved flowers, the effect would then be shocking. Use a large proportion of grass because it is a material near the natural condition, and a few improved flowers be- cause they are more or less distantly removed from their primitive forms by culture, and both are better for these proportions. In the same class with grass are trees, shrubs, wild flowers, rocks, and water, and these, when not in a general way inappropriate, and are ar- ranged naturally, may be used almost without limit as major features of adornment in landscape gardening. But arrange trees and shrubs formally, or clip them into unnatural shapes, or make "geometrical" beds of im- proved flowers, or artifical terraces, walks and drives, or bring statuary, fountains, and the like into gardens, and it must, as a rule, be on a moderate scale or bad effects result. Such productions in gardening, like jewels in dress, must be used with discretion, having an appropri- ate setting, or their power to gratify is weakened. The famous gardens of Versailles, France, are only great in the respect that millions of francs have been spent in the stupid attempt to enlarge what should serve as minor embellishments into leading features, crowding the place with semi-natural and artificially clipped trees, formal beds, fountains, water-works, avenues, terraces, etc., until nothing is left to embellish. But a garden may be so essentially artificial, owing to smallness or the proximity of large buildings, etc., that GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 163 an artificial style of embellishment may fitly prevail to a considerable degree, on the principle that the introduced garden features are yet decidedly subordinate in degree, to the general features in this case strongly artificial. Thus urns and boxes filled with the brightest flowers may be used in roof, portico, or window gardening, to a degree that would be utterly out of place in the same proportions in general gardening. So too, conspicuous terraces and slopes are in better taste in close conjunction with buildings especially large ones, than in the midst of a garden not naturally very undulating. VAEIETY. In natural landscapes, it is the variety afforded by woodland, meadow, mountain and water, the light and shade in trees and plants, the sunshine and shadow, the cheerfulness in forms, foliage and flowers, the spark- ling of water, the sound of rills, and other of nature's attractions that charm us. And then in such a distribu- tion of these, as to render no two scenes alike, we find great delight for our love of variety. This should lead us to aim in gardening at introducing first, the peculiar natural and other beautj each garden can best support in good variety. Secondly, to act on nature's sugges- tion, and vary the effects of different gardens as they may allow. As no two natural landscapes are exactly alike, so no two gardens ever need be. CHARACTER AND EXPRESSION. Individual character and positive qualities are as desir- able in gardens as in architecture, or as they are in per- sons. In the garden, these chiefly depend on the shape of surface, the natural lay of the land, outlines, size and character of the buildings, size and arrangement of trees, walks, drives, etc. Some grounds are like some men, 164 ORNAMENTAL GABDENING. hard and abrupt in character, naturally, and will bear cultivation and a toning down of some of the projections. Others are found that possess grace of outlines, and an air of polish that will need little improving. Some lands are tame, flat, and spiritless, requiring all the gardener's arts to render them pleasing. Outside influences, such as the sea, trees, buildings, etc., in sight, also affect the character and appearance of the place. These in a sense are subject to our control, as respects giving them a set- ting, so to speak, by opening vistas towards them be- tween plantations as viewed from the interior, or shut- ting them out of view entirely. This is a matter requir- ing much attention when arranging a garden. One piece of ground may resemble another in general character, and yet be greatly varied in expression and tone. With the use of different styles and colors of trees, shrubs, and plants in both foliage and flowers, we may control and vary expression in gardening to a marked degree, and change the appearance of different gardens otherwise essentially alike. "We have power to clothe these, as we do our bodies with materials, styles, and colors to suit every taste. ORDEB AND SIMPLICITY. These are chief elements of all true beauty. It is not uncommon to see gardens of pretence, that are complete muddles of grass, trees, walks, drives, arbors, etc. In nothing will order and simplicity count for more than when using garden-making materials with a view to creating beautiful effects about our homes and grounds. Through a desire for display, one is liable to overdo, by bringing too many objects into the garden and scattering them unduly. Simplicity implies neither poverty in materials or in design. A garden, or the parts of a garden, may be essentially simple in design, and elaborate in detail. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 165 UNITY AND HARMONY. A unity of the objects of a garden for contributing to a complete whole, a harmonizing of these, one with an- other, and a balance of the different features and sections, are important things to secure in planning an ornamental garden. Where marked features and bold contrasts are sought, there should also be agreeable, easy transition from one to another, without abrupt breaks to interfere with the harmony. In all large works abounding in de- tails, we crave for some such comprehensive plan, where- by the total may be retained while surveying the part. BREADTH AND EXTENT. Nothing is more desirable to secure in a garden than an air of breadth and repose, such as nature so often re- veals in her attractive landscapes. This can be done by keeping some conspicuous areas clear in their center, ex- cepting grass, and skirting them about with masses of woody and other growths. Natural landscapes usually suggest the idea of unlimited extent beyond what the eye sees at any point. The same thing is quite possible to secure in our gardens, by managing them to show ample breadth in parts, and some extended vistas be- tween the farthest limits, and then breaking the views along the outlines, by so planting that there may seem to be large areas unseen beyond projecting groups. There is such a thing as so managing an acre, that it shall seem as large as two or more acres. Where outside scenery, like mountains, water, neigh- boring landscapes, etc., can be "appropriated" to con- tribute to one's own garden, by so arranging the interior as to allow such scenery to show at its best from the gar- den, or even seem to be a part of it. This can often easily be accomplished, and by all means let it be done. 166 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. RICHNESS AND FINISH. A certain air of richness and finish in the arrangement and keeping of the pleasure grounds, goes far towards raising them up to the highest ideal of such a place. Gracefulness of lines, elegance of ornaments, and a gen- eral appearance of finish in the composition and the effect of groups, are among the features that delight us. A place in even a partial state of disorder and neglect, shocks our sense of beauty. Due regard to the lit- tle matters of mown lawns, clean walks, carefully at- tended edges, absence of weeds and litter, cultivated borders, clean and well-painted architectural features, have such a marked effect on the pleasure a place may afford that they can not be lightly disregarded. CONVENIENCE. Let it be remembered that gardens are for use as well as ornament, hence they should be accessible and con- venient, and this should always be kept in mind in lo- cating different objects, walks, and drives. There is no more conflict between utility and beauty in the garden than elsewhere, and we may always aim to have it very convenient, and at the same time very handsome. CHAPTER XIV. THE HOME BUILDINGS. The house, because of its crowning importance, and for sanitary reasons also, should stand somewhat elevated above the common surface. The same is true in a some- what less degree of other buildings also. If grounds are level, or if the most suitable place for the building is not as high as would be desirable, the foundation walls may THE SURFACE. 167 be carried to a proper elevation, then by using the soil excavated for cellars and foundations, and more if needed, for filling in, the surface may be brought as high as de- sirable, allowing properly for settling. As finished, the surface should slope away from every building, so that water from heavy rains and snows will be led from, in- stead of towards the walls, to cause dampness. The windows and verandas should be so situated as to command good views of the garden, and especially from the living rooms. We want the benefit of garden beauty in the home, when the state of the weather forbids walk- ing out, and at all other times. There is no more de- lightful time for enjoying the garden than during, or just after a rain, or in twilight, when approaching nightfall softens the outlines and casts a mellowness and quietness over the scene. The house and garden should both be planned with reference to the enjoyment of the view at such times as these. When buildings are too low, as seen from the street, or from the garden it- self, they have a depressing influence on the surround- ings, robbing the scene of much of the fine effect which belongs to every well designed structure, and not allow- ing the purely ornamental features of it to show for all they are worth. CHAPTER XV. THE SURFACE. That which may be called character, in an ornamental garden, is largely owing to the contour of its surface. It is realized at once that a flattish garden, which hap- pens to be lower through its center, has a tame look, while a similar piece, but slightly crowning along the middle, seems to possess character. Sometimes, however, 168 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. a plot perfectly straight in its surface line is pleasing, and seems to fit a place better than any other could, but, as a rule, some variation from the straight line is prefer- able. In nature we find more delight in the bold hills and valleys than in level stretches of plain. This is because we love variety, and in undulations of the surface, we find a form of this, independent of the variety afforded by that which grows upon it. This fact suggests the de- sirability of introducing undulations, wherever the size of grounds and other circumstances will allow. For small grounds of a third of an acre and less, aside from buildings, the even or slightly crowning center is, as regards shape, the best. But even in these, in many Fig. 13. AN UNDULATING BOBDBB. cases a decided departure may be made which, without destroying the identity of the style, will afford scope for bringing in not only considerable variety of surface in places, but also the means for greatly increasing the beauty in other ways. I refer to the making of a series of undulations which are to be treated as cultivated borders, for some years at least, to be planted with small trees, flowering and evergreen shrubs and plants. These borders should come mostly along the boun- daries, and may vary in width according to the size of the place. Figure 13 illustrates the outlines of one of these. The merits of such borders in creating interest and variety in a place, however small, are several. Firstly, by making them of varying widths throughout their length, the ground in them may be made more crown- THE SURFACE. 169 ing in the wide parts than where they are narrower, thus causing a marked variation of the surface in the center lengthwise. Then the wavy outlines give variety in the shape of the border on the grounds, where it meets the grass. Further still, with affording room for planting numerous trees, shrubs and plants, of different forms, habits and seasons of attractiveness, a great addition to the interest and beauty of a place is possible. Besides these, if selections of trees, shrubs, etc., for plant- ing, the size they attain at maturity is kept in view, by placing tall- growing subjects in the highest parts, and dwarf kinds in the lower and narrower places, a still further means of creating variety is gained. Something similar to the boundary borders may also be made next to the house, at junctions of walks and other places, for the sake of having more of this feature, and to preserve a proper balance throughout the grounds. Fig. 14. A RAISED BOEDER AGAINST THE HOUSE. Fig. 15. UNDULATED BORDER PLANTED WITH SHRUBBERY AND FLOWERS. Those next to the house may come along the foundation in front of the piazza, around bay windows, or in cor- ners made by angles in the shape of the house, somewhat S 170 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. as indicated in figure 14, while the same method of ar- ranging the plants indicated for the marginal borders, may be employed here. Figure 15 shows the appearance of these planted un- dulations, with the effect of the variations in the size of growths alluded to. It will be seen that with all the advantages of this style for creating interest, there may still be maintained, even in small places, the open area of lawn, essential for imparting an air of breadth and repose. Another gain by such borders is, that with good ar- rangement, they hide the natural limits of a place, thus giving an idea of increased largeness of the garden area. Instead of the conspicuous sharp line caused by the fence meeting the ground, we may have an ac- tually longer, because wavy line, at the front for the eye Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. ADJUSTING GROUNDS TO THE LEVEL OF THE 8TKEET. to rest upon, by this means ridding the place of an air of narrowness and angularity, and having instead, graceful lines of increased length, decidedly conducive to pleas- ing effect. No two places should receive the same treatment, as regards shape and planting of undulating borders. The plans figure 30 to 35 will give some idea regarding differ- ent ways of arrangement. It is surprising what an effect small rises and depressions, of even a few inches, will have in removing dullness, and imparting an air of grace and freedom to such borders or to mounds. In some places along the boundary there should be breaks extending to the fence. In selecting shrubs, pains should be taken to employ those of strikingly different appearance THE SUKFACE. 171 in leaf, flowers, and forms, for the sake of contrast, and to place those with beautiful foliage and habits, near the house, and other conspicuous places. Sometimes undulated borders may be employed to ad- vantage in another way. A case of a two-acre garden on a corner, where there was a continuous fall in the streets in a south and eastern direction, amounting to about fifteen feet, may be used to illustrate. It was considered desirable, owing to the natural lay of the land, to keep ' Y the surface of the gar- den nearly level, not- withstanding the fall in the street. Figures 16, 17, 18, representing cross sections of the boundary undulations at these points, namely, where the street was a little higher than the general garden level, (figure lu). Where it was uniform with it (figure 17), and where considerably lower (fig- ure 18), will explain how the case was satis- factorily managed; the 8- 1 PLAN OB Motnsro FOR TREES. dotted lines in the engraving representing the garden surface. From the interior of the garden, hardly any idea of the descent outside, or of the streets themselves, can be gathered, which in this case was desirable, owing to the heavy traffic going on through one of them. Another effective style of surface variation sometimes introduced, consists of one or more mounds somewhat centrally located, and away from house and boundaries 172 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. to be planted with trees and shrubs. The object may be the mere formation of a new style of garden variety, to hide a near approach or some unsightly object. Figure 19 illustrates the idea, A representing the highest point, in this instance crowned with an arbor, and the other letters below, show lower levels downward. Such mounds introduced into grounds where the prevailing character of the surface is even, are more difficult to manage than the boundary mounds, or these against buildings, on account of their standing out in bold relief. The emer- gence of the elevation into the general level should be soft and gradual, a point respecting which too great cure cannot be taken. Indeed it requires a great degree of good taste to manage these so they may appear natural. In gardens the surfaces of which are generally even, there is not that absolute necessity to have the grade strictly even over the whole lawn, that many seem to think. Certain gentle variations here and there, and es- pecially if trees and shrubs are set on the higher points, are in place in almost any grounds. But attention to smooth- ness and finish in minor respects is as much in order in such cases, as if the whole were made uniformly and precisely straight. In larged sized grounds, from an acre upwards, with rare exceptions, a departure from a surface of a gener- ally level character is to be preferred. Of three differ- ent kinds of surface usually to bo met, namely : the level, the abruptly hilly, and a mean between these two, the latter is considered the best for making a large area interesting, and abounding in pleasing garden effects. The objection to the plane as a style of surface for a large garden is, that it yields no variety to the eye, in- dependent of what is brought upon it. If strong, bold effects, either in the planting or in undulating the sur- face are desired here, they arc from the nature of things very expensive to make. As regards the other extreme, THE SURFACE. 173 a Park may be so entirely composed of large hills, that the very sight of the place, and the thought of following the up and down courses of the paths is enough to tire any but a strong person. With a mean between these two, we have the advantage of variety as afforded by the hills and vales without much inconvenience of ascent and descent. Where grounds of this preferred character are to be improved, it is often easy to increase their effectiveness by drawing out some existing features more strongly. A prominence may be added to, at the expense of the val- ley bottom at the side, or one mound removed to increase the strength of another, or a lake be excavated to the advantage of the surroundings. Naturally such im- provements suggest heavy expenses at the outset. But let it be considered that every load of material moved in such operations counts for two, because a depression of one foot here, added to an elevation elsewhere, effects an actual change in both of two feet at the expense of moving one foot of earth. In every fair sized garden, prominent elevations to support shady arbors, and from which to get a bird's eye view of the scenery, and to catch cool breezes in hot weather are worth aiming to secure. For guidance in every kind of mound construction the brief suggestions accompanying figure 19 are in a general way applicable. In earlier times, as many European gardens yet bear evidence, it was thought that pleasure grounds to be beautiful, must present a very artificial appearance. Surfaces that were naturally quite level were so managed as to present a series of terraces and slopes. Trees were not only all of them planted in formal lines, but they were by hundreds distorted into outrageous patterns by clipping. The world moves, and landscape gardeners to- day, although not disposed to set aside the old formal style in every case, as a rule insist that the nearer they J74 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. can keep to nature's ways of using nature's materials, the more pleasing will be the result. What is admired most in nature is the very freedom and informality, which in by-gone times was avoided. In severely formal gar- dens the picture may strike us with delight at first sight, but being unchangeable, we tire of it in time, unless there are counter-balancing features to offset the formality. Where a garden is on a hillside, and the natural con- tour is too abrupt for beauty or convenience, the ter- race and slope arrangement, with stairways in the walks, sometimes come in use to advantage. W r e recall an admi- rable illustration of the use of this style in the terraces and slopes in the Queen's Park at Glasgow. Partly for con- venience, and partly for effect in relieving the sameness that would exist in a not very large park, by the pres- ence of too many natural hills, there was contructed a series of these on a large scale, which for their general fitness, simplicity and beauty, are most charming. There is a well-known and most delightful Italian garden at Wellesley, the estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq., near Boston, Mass., constructed at the head of a lake on a steep bluff, which very strikingly shows that in some places a contribution of formal terraces, slopes, clipped trees, balustrades, stairways, and vases may be introduced as a minor feature of an extensive private park, with very pleasing effect. Small plats in towns, or even small public squares, hemmed in with buildings, may, with fountains or other artificial objects, walks, etc., be so essentially artificial in appearance, and strongly in- fluenced by architectural lines, as to very properly ad- mit of considerable formality in the arrangement. The guiding principle in every instance where the making of terraces and slopes is invited, should be to in- troduce them only as objects of embellishment, and where the surroundings show some other features of great bold- ness and strength. They should seem to be secondary THE SURFACE. 175 in importance and effect to something else, be that some- thing buildings, towers, monuments, prominent hills, or large adjacent areas devoted to a natural style of effects. Terrace and slope combinations should, Avith rare ex- ceptions, be characterized by a great degree of simplicity in their arrangement. The complicated pretty produc- tions in this line, sometimes met with in old school gar- dens in Europe, are intolerable to every one of correct Fig. 20. TEKRACE WOKK ADORNED WITH TREES, SHRUBS, AND FLOWERS. taste. The use of trees and shrubs in different places for balancing the parts and relieving the geometrical lines, is very desirable, provided they are dispersed with taste. Figure 20 shows a simple terrace slope, embel- lished with roses or other shrubs with good effect. There is also shown a row of trees and a line of gerani- ums, or other showy plants, on the level above in front of the balustrade. Such a method of embellishment goes far towards ridding these constructions, of what is 176 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. to many persons one of the greatest objections, namely, the prevailing blankness of the slopes as frequently seen. What is called a Sunken Garden consists of depressed terraces of one or more levels square, round or other shape constructed lower than the general surface, and meeting with it by some well-formed, easy slopes. On these lower levels flowers, shrubs, vases, fountains and so forth are displayed, all designed to be viewed from above. Sometimes there are walks and stairs leading down to the lower levels. The making of such gardens is recommended only with caution, as rarely can they be made to serve as good a purpose, even for the sake of in- creased variety, as the same area and conditions treated more naturally. I have sometimes employed a style of small terraces retained by a stone coping with good effect, as shown in figure 21. Where some bold object in a town or other garden seems essential, to counteract the influence of large buildings, this terrace placed in the center of a walk or elsewhere serves a Fig. 21. CIRCULAR TERRACE IN A WALK RETAINED BY A STONE good purpose. The center may support a vase, or piece of statuary placed on a base or a fountain. Properly the ground should be rounded up a little towards the object in the center. A bed of brilliant flowers extending around the terrace next to the coping, save a narrow strip of grass between, produces a fine effect. The remainder of the surface should be in grass. There are ways of treating boundary lines and fences often met with in Europe, which might at times be adopt- ed in improving our own grounds. I refer to the plan of contriving to keep the boundary and other fences out of sight, as shown in figures 22 and 23. By such means, WALKS AND DRIVES. 177 large outside areas may often be appropriated in effect, and a garden of a few acres seems to embrace large out- side areas because the boundaries are not visible. Carry- ing with them as they do the idea of being works of art, terraces, and slopes of all kinds should be made with ex- actness in their levels, and with as straight lines and Fig 23. BOUNDARY WALL SET OUT Fig. 23. A SUNKEN CBOSS- OF SIGHT FROM THE GARDEN. FENCE. as true curves as possible, and for the same reason it is necessary to bestow a greater degree of care upon their keeping than is required by most other styles of garden Avork. Scarcely anything in the way of a garden is more intolerable than the pretentious, formal work, in a state of slovenly neglect. CHAPTER XVI. WALKS AND DRIVES. When well located, walks and drives convey the idea of habitableness, imparting an air of welcome and freedom to a home and grounds, and in no slight degree seem to promote the beauty of a place. The most important walks and drives are those at the entrance. If these can be laid out, to approach the home or buildings from such a direction, that more than one side of the building will strike the eye at once, it should always be done. Architects ask that a house be 178 OKNAMENTAL GARDENING. thus seen to show it at its best. We should aim to make the first view of a residence and grounds as favorable as possible. In places of the smallest size, where the door is near the street, a straight walk is about the only one that can be devised, and so of a drive to the stable. When the door of the house is twenty or more feet from the entrance gate, curves may usually be introduced by having the gate not directly in front of the door, but a little to one side. Such an arrangement tends to keep . 24. Fig. 25. SHOWING ADVANTAGE OF CURVED WALKS AND DRIVES OVER STRAIGHT. the area in front of the house larger, when the walk is set to one side ; as a result, the house shows to better advantage, than if the main front plat were kept smaller by a straight walk encroaching upon it. The house in figure 24, it is at once seen to have a finer setting with a curved approach, than if the part in front of it were to be narrowed by a straight walk, as shown by the dotted lines. This principle is also illustrated in figure 25, both in walks and carriage-drives. Although here, by making curved walks, there is one more leading to the house than if they were straight ; still with the foreground thus arranged, the buildings are seen to much better advan- tage over the stretch of lawn, embellished with trees, shrubs, and flowers (omitted in the engraving), than if the scene were cut up by the hard lines of a straight walk. WALKS AND DRIVES. 179 And the general improvement in the appearance of the grounds is also much better, for instead of increasing the angular outlines strong enough already in the build- ings and boundaries by making the waits straight, we curve them gracefully, and thus induce variety in the lines. The curves are brought in such a way, that we secure that most desirable of all garden qualities, breadtli just where it is most needed, namely: in the foreground of the main building. This simple point is one that ac- counts for much of that indescribable difference in places, which makes some appear much finer than others, with the use of about the same advantages and materials in both. But if on the one hand there may be a liability to not employ curves often enough for good effect, on the other Fig. 26. Fig. 27. POORLY ARRANGED CURVED WALKS, SKETCHED FROM ACTUAL EXAMPLES. there is danger, Avhen curves are used, of making them ungraceful or indirect, in a way to serve neither beauty or convenience. Figures 26 and 27 illustrate two ex- amples of this kind. Tortuous walks like these prove worse than useless in one sense, for there will be a con- stant inclination, if not very frequent practice, to cut across the lot, as indicated by the dotted lines, instead of using the walks. People when they are in hurry, and especially children, have little respect for long, winding, inconvenient curves, introduced for beauty, but in such cases sadly lacking it, because they lack utility. 180 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. One of the best possible remedies for the common trouble of having grass verges walked upon in private and public grounds, is to place the walks just where they are needed, and whether curved or otherwise, let them run as directly from point to point as possible, and then to make them of a material comfortable to the foot. It may be stated, however, that should this bad practice be persisted in, a protector made like a croquet arch, only much heavier and larger, and set either lengthwise, or at short distances apart crosswise, along the edge, will effect- ually break it up. In figures 24 and 25 it may be observed that the curves are so direct, graceful, and easy, that there would be no inducement to leave them, for gaining a more direct route from point to point. The drive in figure 25 is curved considerably towards the house it is true, but it is used chiefly for carriages, and under the circumstances this is allowable. A walk or drive of serpentine form, like the one on the right-hand side of figure 27, is very faulty. Any series of bends closely together like these, showing two bays or projections of about the same size, from any one point are poor in effect. Every curve should be continuous, and easy to be kept by pedestrian or horse. If the bends are too short, the projections of drives are sure to be shaved by wheels, while weeds will spring up in their inner portions. While, as a rule, walks should never be put down ex- cept where there is a real or apparent need of them, still it is sometimes the case that they may be made to serve largely for adornment. Figure 28 shows a case of this kind of a small garden of square outlines, lying adjacent to a large public building. The plat is skirted in its border by a belt of trees and shrubs, and a conspicuous circular bed of evergreens occupies a central position. This simple arrangement of neat, well-kept walks, cut AVALKS AND DRIVES. 181 into the level sward, harmonizes with the strong angular features that exist in the surroundings which are, it may be said, too strong 1 to be overcome in effect, by ordi- nary natural arrangements. In this way is found a pleasing kind of ornamentation for the place, which ifc would be hard to equal by any other means. It should be observed in this case, that the walks are not so prom- inent or so close together, but that they convey the idea of subordination to buildings, trees, grass, and Fig. 28. WALKS USED FOR EMBELLISHMENT. streets, hence their fitness is easily accounted for. Were the square plats between walks filled with flowers or numerous vases, etc., instead of, as at present, mostly plain grass, the present fine effect would be largely lacking. Where the lawn throughout the grounds is kept closely mowed, so that walking is always comfortable, except in wet weather or during a heavy dew, there is little call for walks besides those leading to and between chief points of interest. Shady grass walks kept well mown, with masses of shrubs and flowers at the sides, are really as pleasurable parts of a garden as can well be provided. Sometimes one or more straight walks, or avenues, are in place in gardens or parks, as for instance along the 182 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. top of an extended, formal slope. There are places where such a walk or drive, if following a nice grade and showing its entire length from the end, presents a mag- nificent appearance, especially if there is enough grass at the sides to give it an ample setting ; and trees and flowers are used in abundance some distance back from the edge, to be seen over the intervening grass. Walks or avenues of this character can hardly be considered complete, without some striking objective point near or distant, either real or apparent at each end, such as a building, monument, fountain, or it may be only a piece of statuary, or a large vase. Small objects, like the last Fig. 29. OBJECTIVE POINTS IN WALKS. named, may be given a suitable setting near the ends of such walks, or at junctions with cross-walks, as shown in figure 29, by placing the object on a low, circular terrace of green sward, retained either by a stone coping, or by turf sloping sharply down to the common level. For smaller and short, straight walks, a tree of striking foli- age or form, or an evergreen clipped into pleasing shape, a flower-bed, arbor, vase, or seat, may serve as a terminal object. Such objects may also, if the walk or avenue be long, be brought in at points, not too close together, along the sides, to break monotony. USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 183 As regards width, long, straight walks or drives should be wider than curved ones, because their beauty depends in a measure upon boldness, and this is secured by breadth. Ordinary walks are made anywhere from three feet wide (and sometimes as narrow as two feet), up- wards, according to their place and the size of the garden. Eear private walks may be the narrowest. General garden walks, if curved, may be four to six feet wide, and straight approach walks, four to eight feet, while terrace or prin- cipal walks in large pleasure grounds and parks, may be eight to fifteen feet or more in width. Five feet is con- sidered a good width for ordinary purposes. Drives may range all the way from eight to fifty feet or more in width, according to purpose and size of grounds. Ten to fourteen feet for ordinary drives in private grounds, with branches or back drives at eight to ten feet is about right. In large grounds, cemeteries, and parks, twenty to thirty-five feet, are the usual widths of drives. CHAPTER XVII. THE USE AND COMBINATIONS OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. In natural landscapes the common grasses serve the important purpose of supporting or affording a setting for other growths. They thus fill a place for which no other plants could serve so well. It would be better for the soil to be clothed with a carpet of green sward and treeless, than to be covered with trees and plants, to the exclusion of grass. Still, the custom that prevails in some places, of having only grass to ornament the grounds, is by no means to be commended, because of the better effect and greater interest attainable, through using some of the endless array of beautiful natural materials 184 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. at our service, together with the grasses. Grass to the ground, is as carpets or tiles to a floor, indispensable in themselves, yet no one considers a room furnished with- out the addition of furniture and decorated walls. Neither should we be content with simply a carpet on our grounds, when handsome leafy furniture is so easily procured. The lawn, to be most satisfactory, should present a green, velvety appearance throughout the season, and this is gained through a suitable condition of the soil, properly stocking it with grass, and attention to mowing, watering, etc. Instructions respecting these matters are given in other parts of this book. A common error in garden arrangement is found, where trees are planted close and never thinned, causing in time by their shade death to the grass underneath. The only remedy in such a case is the removal of a sufficient number of trees, to admit enough air to supply the wants of the grass. Good lawns will bear considerable shade, and enough trees can remain to afford ample shelter for comfort, and have fine For ornamental purposes in roof, and all kinds of archi- tectural gardening, the lawn grasses are undervalued. A good illustration of their utility for such purposes, is seen in a public roof-garden over the market in Edin- burgh, Scotland, where a large bed of grass, or in other words a patch of lawn, is employed, along with elaborate flower-beds, all surrounded by low stone copings. While the flowers are more showy, the presence of some cleanly mown grass in such a place tends to form a more perfect whole, than would otherwise be possible. It is upon trees, shrubs, and flowering plants, that we depend for the chief attractions of our pleasure grounds. No garden can be considered properly furnished without some of these. Imagine our earth robbed of her arboreal beauty, and its appearance would be little better than that of a desert. USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 185 Starting out to use trees, shrubs, and flowering plants to embellish our grounds, it is a matter of first impor- tance to gain an adequate idea of the kinds and nature of the materials. No one can enter upon a full exami- nation of this subject, without being impressed with the large number of, and the great variety in natural and improved growths, suitable for such purposes. In Part II may be found lists and descriptions of most kinds of these that are adapted to the American climate. To compose fine garden effects, we must take into ac- count the prevailing and strongly marked characteristics possessed by the different materials at hand. I refer more especially to the differences found in the colors, sizes, and forms of foliage and flowers, and the great variety in the habit of growth of different trees and shrubs. As alluded to in Chapter XIII, we have advantages in making beautiful garden scenes, iinpossessed by nature, . in her most charming compositions, owing to the greatly increased number and beauty of kinds obtained through culture. We find nothing similar to and as strikingly attractive in nature as an improved Purple-leaved Beech, a Cut-leaved Oak, a Variegated Cornelian Cherry, or any of hundreds of other improved trees and shrubs. Jfot only is nature's own ample storehouse at our com- mand, but there are besides a multitude of variations from the best she possesses, that have been obtained through culture. As between the two forms of woody growth, trees and shrubs, too little regard is yet paid by planters to the great value of the latter class. This is especially the case as regards their eminent fitness for embellishing small grounds. In beauty and diversity of form and foli- age, they equal the larger trees. Most of them, in addition to other merits, produce an abundance of flowers of great beauty and sweetness, and in the different species, yield 186 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. a succession throughout the whole season, while the ever- green kinds are attractive both summer and winter. As a rule, all the shrubs grow easily, and after transplanting develop a full measure of beauty in half the time re- quired by trees. With all these qualities, their adapt- ability by nature to the limited areas of the majority of American home gardens, may be added as a leading rec- ommendation of this class. In employing trees and shrubs for ornament, such a selection and arrangement should be aimed at, as will, for the number used, ensure the greatest possible degree of beauty and interest attainable. As we come to the matter of arranging these, we may receive useful lessons from nature. In a study of natural landscapes, it may be observed that trees, shrubs, and plants bear relation to each other here, about as follows : First, in the form of groups and thickets; second, in open or somewhat scattered arrangements ; third, as single, isolated specimens ; and then fourth, as being wholly absent in places. If these points are kept in mind when arranging our pleasure grounds, we need not diverge far from a right course in the main features of the work. Indeed, it is the attempt, either unconscious or otherwise, to make a garden by limitation to some one or other uses or non-uses of material as specified, that causes so much unsatisfactory work in this line. Let it be noted at the outset, that the partly open fea- ture of a landscape is most essential, .if we would have beautiful gardens. Without this, there can never be anything but a confused effect, and without it the beauty and dignity of the rich woody and other plants used is also largely lost. The open area affords a field for view- ing the garden-beauty, a space for admitting cool breezes and sunshine; a play-ground for shadows, and then, most important of all, that degree of general repose and breadth, without which no garden can be satisfactory. USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 187 Next to the open area in gardens, the group easily holds a first place, as an effective means of employing embellishing plant material, and has been called the key- note of modern natural gardening. Whether as found in nature, or as it may be formed, the chief merits of the group consists in its boldness; the power gained for aug- menting individual beauty of kinds, by clustering to- Fiff. 30. NATURAL GROUPING OF DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. gether of numbers of subjects alike or nearly so, and the picturesqueness which may be created by contrasting groups of one class, with similar groups or marked in- dividuals of other classes, in what may be called com- pound groups. To analyze the beauty of natural masses, it may be seen that this comes largely from the peculiar way in which different kinds are combined. It may be observed that in such groups individual kinds generally gravitate towards one or more centers, with usually a 188 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. scattering and intermingling of these between such group-centers, something as is shown in figure 30, which illustrates a natural arrangement. From this largely results the impressive beauty so commonly found in nature, arising from strong individual effects and marked contrasts, as different kinds blend with each other. This principle of minor groups within large groups, should often be adopted in garden arrangements. Under most circumstances a dozen or a hundred trees, shrubs, or plants, if arranged on some such basis, will be pro- ductive of immeasurably better effects than the same scattered about or else mixed promiscuously. The right idea in the garden is, to bring together such kinds as possess contrasting qualities, arranging these group against group, with a scattering of individuals here and there, but all done for making the distinguish- ing and often strongly marked characteristic of one kind, relieve and offset those of others. As shown in the natural group of figure 30, dark Evergreens may offset the Beeches of lighter foliage, while the colored bark has its effect of contrast, or projecting masses of the former stand against the Maples with finely contrasting shrubs to the front. Purple Beeches might be brought in conjunction with the light-colored Silver Maples, with dark-green English Elms near by for heavy effect. Some Weeping Willows along the margin of water, may be backed by a few spiry Lombardy Poplars ; pyramidal Spruces, clustered with trees having low, round heads, and so on. In shrubs, the small-leaved Privet, or cut-leaved Elder, could go against the large-leaved Viburnums or Weigelas, or we might use the light-green Thunberg's Spiraea, next to the dark-leaved Japan Quince, with the Virginia Fringe, with its large foliage at the back. The pure white flowers of Thunberg's Spiraea also contrast well USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 189 with the brilliant scarlet of the quince flowers, both coming in together. Beautiful effects spring from com- bining differently tinted species and varieties of the same genus, for instance: the light and dark Spruces, Pines, and others, may be contrasted with one another, and so on with other different kinds indefinitely. In the matter of general style and location of groups, it is obvious, as we consider the importance of retaining certain open stretches of lawn, that as a rule the masses must, in all small places, be set along the margins of the grass plat, keeping the center open. . But such arrangements correspond in principle with nature's most effective groupings. The most delightful 31. ARRANGEMENT OF TREES, SHRUBS, AND FLOWERS, THE LETTERS INDICATING THE KINDS. natural landscapes show open vistas, skirted by margins of woody growth, either near or distant, which limit and support the former. On the laying out of marginal borders, some attention has been given in Chapter XV, as illustrated by figures 13 to 18. Figure 31, illustrating a section of such a border, shows the method of arranging the different materials, In this figure it may be noticed that the outside line of woody growths is less regular than that of the border 190 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. margins, and the spaces between are filled with hardy flowering plants. While the grouping of trees and shrubs, and herba- ceous plants in marginal borders finds a wide adaptability, it is of special value in embellishing small gardens, even the very smallest. There are numerous shrubs, both deciduous and ever- green, that are highly ornamental, bub which seldom grow more than a few feet high (see figure 1 and explana- tions), that are ordinarily adapted for creating bold and pleasing effects in the smallest grounds by properly grouping them. With the use of these, striking effects may be secured in the planting, to give a fine setting to the architecture of the place, whatever the style of this may be. They should be massed somewhat closely, al- ways taking future size into account in marginal borders, and also next to the house as before alluded to. Then if there is room, one or two shade trees of moderate size may also be set in some part of the open area. By such means it is possible to secure, even in small gardens, about every feature that enters into the most extensive natural landscape, and with proportionally as good an effect. In pleasure grounds of larger size, there is increased scope for introducing variety both as to the style of the groups and their materials. Here we may have a larger selection of kinds, for the increased space also allows the use of larger growers. In grounds of the largest size, trees and shrubs of every kind and size may be admitted, and here the most varied effects, from very delicate to bold, are possible. In all fair-sized places, the boundary masses may jut inwards to a considerable distance here and there, and some isolated clumps be introduced for creating minor vistas. Views opening to the longest possible distance in some directions, and then broken by projections and masses in others, hiding some parts of the grounds, pro- . USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 191 duce some of the most desirable effects that can be at- tained in landscape gardening. It is a special merit of the grouping system, that it tends to give an enlarged idea of the size of the place. Grounds with the boun- dary shut off by masses, and these arranged with irregular outlines, will look larger than they would if the boun- dary line were plainly in sight. Figure 32 illustrates an irregular group upon the lawn. This form and arrangement is adapted to trees Fig. 32. GROUPING OP LARGE AND SMALL GROWTHS. or shrubs of any size, but especially to the formation of a thicket with small shrubs. It is usually the case that, no matter how few trees, shrubs, or plants may be employed in any place, they will be more effective if brought together in groups. Three, four, or six, for instance, will serve a better pur- pose thus treated, than if set in a row or scattered as far apart as possible. Figure 33 shows some different ways of arranging a small number of shrubs in groups, and these will readily suggest the making of groups of a larger or smaller number. It may be said that Roses, Rhododendrons, Paeonies, and many other things, should hardly ever be used in any other way than in masses. In all work of grouping, a leading aim should be to 192 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. invest the compositions with an air of grace and freedom. This is a point which the inexperienced would do well to heed, for it is easy to fail right here. In nature, bushes and trees, herbs and shrubs, blend together in the freest manner, while the edges of the group commonly round off with exquisite finish; a good example which we should strive to imitate. Where a beautiful garden fronts on a public highway, it is as commendable in the owner to allow passers on the street to get glimpses of the interior, as it is to have Fig. 33. DIFFERENT WATS OF ARBANGING A SMALL NUMBER OF PLANTS. thought of the effect of a fine house upon a neighbor- hood. But then a garden is designed chiefly for the pleasure of the owner's family and friends, and he likes to enjoy it in seclusion. It is a luxury to sit at ease, or swing in a hammock on a summer's day, and drink in the sights, sounds, and perfumes peculiar to a garden, without fear of interruption, and this seclusion should be provided for. Figure 34 shows how masses may be set so as to give the public some benefit of a garden, and yet render portions of it secluded. By grouping, complete effects may be produced more quickly than in any other manner of planting. Whether dealing with trees or shrubs, we may plant very thickly at the start, by using at first twice or three times as USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHKUBS, ETC. 193 many shrubs of each kind as will finally be needed, or else by locating the choicer and long-enduring kinds at distances that will accommodate their increase for many years, and then fill out more or less between these with some of the cheap kinds of rapid growth, which are at the same time very handsome. The extra shrubs in both cases to be removed as the others demand the space. In this way masses will bo made to look solid and complete immediately after setting. The planting of trees and shrubs in groups affords the means of promoting rapid development and beauty. The ground under them may, in fact, ought to be, for some Fig. 34. PLANTING FOR BOTH OPENNESS AND SECLUSION. years at least, kept cultivated, and if this is well done and an application of manure be made occasionally, they will reach a large size in half the time they would if stand- ing in the grass. Then, too, we may feel safe against summer drouths, if conveniences for watering are not at hand, for in such cultivated borders trees suffer little from dryness in the severest seasons of drouth. Clumps are desirable for breaking the transitions from terrace banks to natural slopes, and in other ways to rec- oncile discrepancies in the surface. They may also well be introduced for breaking the outlines of garden or foundation walls, or for hiding unsightly objects. 9 194 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. The gain that comes from massing evergreens and other trees in a way to shelter the grounds and buildings, is worth considering. It is really surprising to see what effect Spruces, Pines, Hemlocks, etc., planted freely in the direction of prevailing winds ha?, both on the com- fort of the home in winter, and on the ability of many choice kinds of trees and shrubs to withstand the severity of the cold ; these, if exposed, would die outright. By thus giving shelter, the number of kinds of trees that will thrive in the North is greatly increased. Many of our beautiful native trees and shrubs, that in their wild state thrive in the shelter of forests, are erroneously called tender in the North, simply because they will not succeed in the absence of the shelter of trees. From the close grouping it is but a short step to the open or scattered arrangement in planting. A type of this style is to be found in an open, light, and breezy grove, where there is almost as much of sunshine as of shade. This style may often be brought in as the termination of one or more points of closer groups, and in gardening the two may often be closely associated. While irregularity and rugged picturesqueness easily become characteristics of the close group, a different form of beauty, embracing greater gentleness, marks the scattering system, for in this, each tree or plant is allowed to more fully develop its individual beauty and form. Most of the instruc- tion and ideas advanced, and illustrations given, respect- ing ordinary groupings are, however, applicable to the open groups, by merely making allowance for the peculiarities of each member as regards compactness and openness. The scattered cluster is not so well adapted to small gardens as is the closer group, because its characteristic beauty depends largely upon ample space, yet by confin- ing the selections to the smaller growing kinds, very complete effects are attainable by this pleasing system, even in a limited space. Figure 35 shows some of the USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 195 smaller growing Pines, Yucca filamentosa, and Deutzia gracilis, the latter kept clipped to a rounded form, ar- ranged in this style on a lawn. Where there are mounds, a scattering of either ever- greens or deciduous shrubs in open clumps over conspicu- ous slopes is proper. It is the free scattering of Juni- pers and Firs over the mountain sides skirting the Hudson River, in some places, that lends to the scenery it great charm. A rise in the garden may support half a dozen Fig. 35. SCATTERINGS OF DWARF PINES, YUCCAS, AND DEUTZIA GRACELIS IN CITY LAWNS. or more Savins or other evergreens, or some plants of striking foliage like the Wild Olive or Weigela, planted near the crown, and in this Avay produce a good effect. At the edge of an abrupt bluff may be placed two or three Camperdown Elms or other bold weeping trees. Such kinds as love moisture, like the Willows and Alders may be effectively disposed by planting in similar clumps along the water's edge or in low places. Where it is desirable to planb trees along the sides of long garden walks and avenues, for shade, scattering them along irregularly, allowing some complete breaks here 196 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. and there, will produce a better effect than to make formal lines with the trees at uniform distances apart. There is a striking illustration of this in the strong con- trast afforded between the irregularly wooded north drives in Hyde Park, London, where along the sides for miles the trees are arranged in scattered groups, and similar avenues in other parks with formal lines of trees at their sides. The same idea is true generally of trees to be planted along the boundaries of large grounds. They will create a much better effect if grouped openly, as in figure 36, than if set, as is often done, in a straight Fig. 36. PLANTING ON BOUNDARIES AND MOUNDS. line. It is seldom indeed the case, anywhere outside of narrow stieets, that formal lines might not well give way to informal scattering clusters. Throughout the grounds, open groups of large trees may jut out from heavy marginal plantations, or occupy places by themselves surrounded by the open lawn, or they may be in some parts brought in to form groves. Near the junctions of walks and drives, or in bends of these, are also suitable places for trees thus disposed. But the open grouping system of planting should never be confounded with the faulty " dot-a-tree-cvery where " system sometimes met with, and in which such essential garden features as open areas and vistas seem to never have been even thought of by the planters. The planting of trees, shrubs, etc., as isolated speci- mens, either singly or two or three near each other, is often desirable. It may be observed that in nature isolated specimens generally are, in effect, subordinate to masses USE OF GRASS, TREES, SHRUBS, ETC. 197 either near, as if broken away from them, or farther off. Usually they occupy a place somewhat central, with masses skirting the horizon around, and it will be safe to have regard to this point in similarly bringing trees and shrubs into our gardens. In selecting single specimens we should be governed by the size of the grounds to be planted. An Oak makes a grand tree for a large garden, but a Kilmarnock or Rosemary-leaved Willow would be more suitable for a small town lot, while the effect of one of the latter would be almost lost in the larger area. A few Austrian or White Pines make a splendid show in Fig. 37. ILLUSTRATING THE ERROR OF NOT TAKING FUTURE GROWTH INTO CONSIDERATION. a roomy cemetery, or any place of broad area, but the small Junipers, Spruces, or Mahonias are greatly prefer- able for small grounds. Some of the most common mis- takes in choosing trees is in such unsuitable selections. We often see young trees, and evergreens particularly, of strong growing kinds, planted so near to walks or build- ings that after some years they encroach upon them, and for the sake of room have to be mutilated by severe cut- ting, impairing their beauty forever. An illustration of this mistake is shown in figure 37, where the size of the 198 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. trees, as they appeared at planting and their size fifteen years later is outlined. Such a condition of things is de- plorable, because wholly without adequate remedy, and of course owes its origin to the fact, that the planter only considered the beauty and the size of the tree at planting, and not its appearance in later years. The classification of trees according to the size they reach at maturity, as explained in connection with figure I, and the letters throughout the description in Part II, will help one to a right idea of the size of trees and shrubs. As a rule, no tree properly belongs in grounds that are too small to admit of its full development or which will intrude too much upon space when full grown. In some places where planting is done for shade, an error is sesn in the setting of not only larger growers than were needed for the place, but so many of them as to defeat the very idea of comfortable shade, by shutting out the access of cool breezes and retaining the heat of the sun's rays that may penetrate here and there. What is wanted in our hot climate, is not so much excessive shade, as open shade that allows the air to circulate freely through and under the trees. The character of trees has something to do with their forming a comforta- ble shade. For example, the shade of open-headed Silver Maples, Willows, Walnut, etc., is cooler than that of dense, close-headed kinds, for the simple reason that the heads of the former cause but a slight barrier to the entrance of cool breezes underneath. As distinct means for increasing variety, the forming of Shrubbery-walks, Rosaries, Pinetums, etc., may be mentioned. These, as their names would imply, consist of a collection of members of the same family, or style of growth, so arranged as to facilitate the study of them and to develop the beauty that springs from bringing to- gether in numbers the different species of the same family. CLIMBEKS AND THEIll USES. 109 In everything pertaining to the arrangment of trees, shrubs and plants, there is room for the exercise of a great deal of knowledge, taste and skill. As canvas, brushes and paints do not in themselves make the paint- er, so it cannot be expected that inexperience and lack of close acquaintance with kinds, will accomplish as good results in garden arrangment as arise from the labors of the trained arboriculturist and landscape gardener. Still, where the number to be planted is limited, and close attention is given to selections, being guided by descrip- tions, and then with proper forethought as to the arrange- ment, there need be little fear of really bad results. CHAPTER XVIII. CLIMBERS AND THEIR USES. The value of the climbing and twining plants is en- titled to higher appreciation than it now receives from Americans. In Europe they are used more freely than with us. The adaptability of the hardy Ivy to the Eu- ropean climate, and its common use for ages, for mant- ling the walls of castles and kirks, may have had much to do with cultivating in Europeans a love for climbers. The Ivy, however, is by no means used exclusively abroad. As a climber of free habits, our own Virginia Creeper seems to find preference over it for most ordi- nary purposes, and in many respects it is greatly its superior. The adaptability of climbers is perhaps without equal among plants. Rarely can a building be found, even in the heart of a city, and where there is no room for shrubs or grass, that may not be gracefully adorned with 200 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. the verdure and flowers of one or another of these. They are inexpensive as regards first cost, of easy and rapid growth, adapted to a great variety of soils, and as appro- \ Fig. 38. FENCE AND GATE POSTS COVERED BY CLIMBERS. priate for decorating a laborer's cottage as the mansion of the millionaire. Figure 38 represents a fence and gate posts covered with climbers. For such a purpose, the Virginian Creep- Fig. 39. SMALL CITY COTTAGE FBONT COVERED WITH CBEEPEB3. er is as well adapted in America as any, and with atten- tion to pinching and training, may be made to serve most admirably. CLIMBERS AND THEIR USES. 201 Figure 39 shows a small cottage, one of a row with a free growing climber running over its front. The beau- tiful manner in which the Virginia Creeper, if thus used, may be made to partially curtain the windows is de- lightful; no better illustration of the value of plant life in making a town or any other home attractive can be found, than in such a use of climbers. By means of one or two plants, a blank house front is converted into a scene of interest and beauty that at once attracts the eye of every passer. How readily beauty of this kind is at- Fig. 40. SETTING OF GREEN FOK FijJ. 41. BASE OF BAY WINDOW AND BAY WINDOW. PROJECTION COVERED WITH LONICEKA. tainable, and what a wonderful influence for good would be exerted by its general prevalence throughout our cities, especially in portions where the poorer classes reside. Figures 40 and 41 show two bay windows decorated with climbers, each different as regards shape of windows, kind of plant and form of training. Figure 42 shows the end wall of a house with bay window, where climb- 202 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. ers, shrubs and flowers are used to make a pretty garden picture, whether as seen from without or within. For this purpose the climbers may be Wistaria, Celastrus, Virginia Creeper, or other free growers with Weigela, Japan Quince, Reeves's Spiraea, or other shrubs of shapely growth and good foliage ; and Geraniums, Coleus, and similar bright plants between the shrubs. The climbers may be used to good advantage in con- nection with trees in several ways. Sometimes very picturesque combinations are met in nature, which are worthy of imitation in the garden. Trees fifteen to Fi. 42. SHTUTBS, FLOWERS, AND CLIMBERS ABOUT A BAT WINDOW. Fig. 43. VERANDA COVERED WITH CELASTRUS. twenty feet high may be so covered and weighed down with Virginia Creeper or the Wild Grape, as to form per- fect arbors of green, the branches falling in garlands to the ground. Nothing can be more delightful than such natural arbors. If a tree is of considerable size when such a climber is planted at the root, little harm to it can arise from the combination. A strong plant of the Dutchman's Pipe, or the Virginia Creeper running up one tree trunk about ten feet high, and then carried in a festoon across to another tree, veranda, or some other object near by, makes a novel and CLIMBERS AND THEIR USES. 203 pleasing object in a garden. A wire must be stretched across from tree to tree to support the vine at first. The value of climbers for covering arbors, verandas, and the like is generally known. Figure 43 represents a veranda wreathed with Celastrus for which particular purpose there can be no better plant. The effect is best in such places if the branches are trained along in one line near the edge of the roof. For adorning all kinds of arbors and similar structures, the climbers are well fitted. If a simple, light, frame-work trellis of any de- Fig. 44. PLAN FOK AKBOK OVER A GARDEN SEAT. sired form is made, somewhat after the plan shown in figure 44, and climbers be planted to run over it, the affair will be so completely covered in time, that nothing but the green will show, and an exceedingly pretty, cheap, and complete shelter from the sun will be the result. It is often desirable to have a screen of climbers over some portions of the side of a veranda for protection from the sun. A neat and cheap trellis to support the vine, may be made of No. 12 or 14 wire, by putting a row of common screw eyes, such as can be bought at hardware stores, at six or eight inches apart along the 204 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. upper and lower lines of the space to be covered, and then running wire between them, top and bottom ob- liquely to form diamond shaped interstices. Where they strike the posts, eyes must be put in to fasten the wires, they may then be bound together at points of crossing, strengthening the whole. A rather better contrivance with the wires crimped to prevent them slipping Avhere crossed and the ends attached to a frame work of iron rod, shaped to fit the space, may with some increased ex- pense be purchased of wire workers. Screens to serve as fences may be made in a similar way, by running the wires from top to bottom rails sup- ported by posts. These made to take the place of fences or hedges, around divisions of the garden, prove very at- tractive when covered with vines. Figure 45 shows a screen of this character with an archway carried over the walk, and all covered with one or two climbers. For such pur- poses nothing can be superior to that valuable and common climber, the Virginia Creeper. Fig. 45,-scREEN OF VINES. For the sake of variety, how- WITH ABCHWAT. cver) the Flowering Honey- suckles, Clematis, Wistaria, or others may also be used. A use to which climbers may be put in many gardens is represented by figure 46. Light posts of any hight, from eighteen inches upwards, may be set in line and connected by a wire running from one to another through the posts near the top. By keeping up a nar- row border on the line of the posts, and planting a climb- er at each, the whole structure will become beautifully covered in time. A line of this kind at the edge of a terrace in place of a balustrade, proves pleasing and in- expensive. A dead tree trunk, an oak post ten or twelve feet high, CLIMBERS AND THEIR USES. 205 or a large boulder covered over with free growing climbers are handsome objects in gardens. Honeysuckles or other climbers may be made to form handsome altars of green and flowers in the lawn, if five or six stakes are put about the plants, say four feet high, surrounding them with about three hoops at equal distances and allowing the vine to cover them. If the Gold-Netted Honeysuckle be used it will give a splendid golden effect. Other fonns of trellis may also be used similarly for adorning lawns. Mantles and festoons of greenery over walls, railings, bridges, arbors, and the buildings generally, are so pleas- Fig. 46. POSTS WITH GARLANDS BETWEEN. ing to the eye that the use of climbers should be very common. Plants of trailing habit, such as Periwinkle, Ivy and prostrate Jumpers, are useful as edgings to plats of grass or shrubbery groups, or the former for covering terrace banks, shady places against buildings, or under trees where nothing else will grow. Single lines of Periwinkle or Ivy, a foot or more wide between walks and the lawn, are effective, as there is a pleasing contrast between the dark-green foliage of the former, and the lighter green of the grass. With a little attention to trimming, either of these plants may be made to form a shapely rounded line. The Gold-netted Honeysuckle may also be thus used, and in that caso the color is much lighter than that of the grass. 206 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTEK XIX. FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. The effectiveness of hardy perennial or annual flower- ing plants in the garden depends, as with woody plants, much upon their position and arrangement. In the nat- ural style of garden making, the front parts of tree and shrubbery borders, as well as in the midst of these, in the bare spaces, are suitable places for these or flowers of every kind. Some lines of bright annuals, or low, hardy, variegated grass, or any other low growing plants that are suitable for edging, may be placed next to the grass, while in the bays of the shrubbery line, and also further back, showy, hardy plants, bulbs, bright, seed-grown things, as well as tender, perpetual blooming flowers may be set. There are many little hardy flowers that thrive directly under the shade of shrubs, and some of these may be introduced to become naturalized in such places. All kinds may be grouped promiscuously, or for the sake of variety in somo places, be arranged in lines lengthwise or in any other direction. Combinations of different classes of ornamental plants may easily be so managed in borders, as to render them very attractive in flowers and foliage from early spring until freezing weather in the fall. Different borders and beds on the same ground may be planned to differ in arrangement and style of expression. Even if the free-flowering, tender plants that must be newly bedded each year, were omitted from these collections, a selection of hardy plants alone could be employed, that would, together with flowering shrubs, never allow the beds to be without flowers or attractive- ness during the growing season. In the use of seed-grown plants in such places, or in any place, if the massing plan were more generally ob- FLOWERING AND OBNAMENTAL PLANTS. 207 served in setting them, these flowers would have a better reputation in fine gardens. Candytuft, Clarkia, Erysi- mum, and all kinds, in fact, if sown in round, triangu- lar, or other shaped drills, the ends of which meet, and about eighteen inches or upwards across, so as to form a clump of foliage and flowers when grown, prove, as a rule, much finer than the same plants scattered in drib- lets too small to make an impression. The more common use of the many attractive hardy flowers, is recommended in every kind of ornamental gardening. Admitting that there is something of a lack in the constancy of bloom afforded, as compared with the tender bedders, it should be remembered that they are inexpensive to get at the start, and once planted are al- most as permanent as Oak trees, growing and increasing indefinitely. They come up each spring with little care, many of them are unequalled for beauty, and selections can be made that will, by succession, afford in different kinds a constant sho\v of flowers during the summer season. Some of this class are very fine if arranged in clumps, either alone, or several kinds together on the la\vn. Lily of the Valley, Plantain Lilies, Crocus, Col- chicums, Yuccas, Pampas, and other grasses, Peonies and some others possessing attractive flowers and foliage are effective when so planted. The more formal style of arranging flowers and plants -sometimes called carpet bedding in which mostly tender kinds, such as are planted anew every spring, and produce richly colored flowers or foliage, are used, is a very effective as well as popular means of embellish- ing pleasure grounds. Bright flowers and showy foliage, if brought together in tasteful designs, with regard for harmony and contrasts, are susceptible of producing most attractive results. Some excellent and elaborate work in this line is now to be seen everywhere in gardens both private and public, 208 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. as well as in cemeteries. The managers of Lincoln Park, Chicago, and in Battersea Park, London, England, easily take the lead in this style of adornment, and the display now annually made in each of these, as well as in some other parks that could be named, would be difficult -to excel. That these embellishments are in the main well conceived and find appreciation from the public is easily seen in the fact, that in these parks, which abound in a variety of interesting garden and other features the former both in the natural and other styles the parts devoted to these showy arrangements of flowers are those among all competing ones in interest, that are the most constantly thronged by admirers. I am well aware that some advocates of a strictly nat- ural style of garden making, pronounce against the bedding or massing system as being wrong both in prin- ciple and taste. But it will be difficult to ever educate the people to have none of it, for that it has a legitimate place in the ornamentation of grounds is obvious to most gardeners and other persons. When the mass of the people may be brought to see that there is more real beauty in the coarse primitive Zinnia, Balsam, or Iris, than in the splendid improvements on these that have been accomplished by art, then they may also learn to despise art in the arrangement of flowers. And as to the use of geometrical lines and outlines, delicate tints and rich colors combined in contrasts, where can be found more suggestive examples, in such arrangements, than in nature's own work-shop, in the mutiplicity of such forms and combinations as are everywhere in the flowers, fruits and foliage of the vegetable kingdom. That disagreeable effects often do arise in this, as in other uses of flowers, is very true, but a chief cause for this, it should be understood, comes from disregard- ing the true relation of flowers and plants in such ar- rangments to garden scenery generally. It should be re- FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 209 membcred that the sphere of such a style of ornamenta- tion is in the line of what has elsewhere been termed minor embellishments, hence it follows, that the use of striking and fanciful compositions like these must be limited accordingly. If nature shows many fanciful forms, and varied colors in her attractive flowers, she also teaches by example, that those in order to be most beautiful need an appropriate setting, hence we find every flower usually borne above or brought in close conjunction with masses of foliage, which give it needed relief. So too, diamonds and rich ribbons in dress, are only used with their full power for conveying pleasure to the eye, when they find an appropriate setting in con- nection with something that possesses less capacity for ornamentation. Mr. DeVry's great success in using flowers and plants in the Chicago Park, lies largely in the fact, that al- though a multitude of beds are filled, they are so seated on ample areas of lawn, and these skirted by trees, that notwithstanding their abundance, they seem only to richly embellish the parts where they are introduced. In marked contrast with his success, is a conspicuous flower garden annually made in the West End Park of Glasgow, Scotland. Here is a garden of flowers instead of a gar- den (or a part of it) embellished with flowers. The ar- rangement consists of a circular plat, one hundred and thirty feet across, bounded by a gravel walk, and divided by others into about fifty different sized flower beds, which are closely planted, and there is little or noth- ing else besides. The entire absence of grass and other features that deserve to be termed major features of adornment, the numerous walks and the sameness that exists in the form of the beds, all serve to produce a very weak effect, with a great abundance of very excellent plant material. In a public garden near New York, I met recently a 210 OKNAMENTAL GARDENING. marked example of the misuse of flowers in embellishing grounds as shown in figure 47. The beauty of a conspic- uous but not large plat was almost destroyed, and at large cost, by immense, long, glaring masses of a single color WAIK. Fig. 47. TOO MANY FLOWERS FOB GOOD EFFECT. of geranium, with only the relief of a few lines of other plants at the edge. Figure 48 shows the improvement of which the same spot was susceptible, if less than one-fourth as many plants had been used, but on the principle of employing them as minor features in the adornment, with a corres- Fig. 48. THE SAME PLAT WITH FEWER FLOWERS. ponding increase of grass, and the former arranged by introducing a little pleasing variety into the designs. Let bright flowers and plants be used in planting the garden, being guided by the same principle upon which growing flowers or plants are set to be surrounded and supported by a profusion of foliage, or that which gov- FLOWEBTBTQ A.ND OKNAMENTAL PLANTS. ems the tasteful use of ornaments in dress, never using them in excess. Thus employed, whether the ground to be embellished is a square rod or many acres, there will be little room for complaint of the formal style of Fig. 50. Fig. 5L SMALL BEDS CUT IN A LAWN. Fig. 53. arrangement, provided the designs after which the flow- ers are planted be in themselves good and tasteful. The character of the designs which are followed in setting out plants in formal or geometric bedding has Fig. 53. Fig. 54. Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Fig. 57. LABGE CIKCULAB BEDS IN A LAWN. Fig. 58. much to do with their beauty. In the accompanying engraving are shown numerous tasteful plans, which may serve as a guide in this kind of work. Figures 49 212 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. to 52 show four beds of irregular outline, suitable for planting with different kinds or colors as indicated by dotted lines, or the same shaped beds may be planted with a single kind. If such beds of any desired size, say from four to eight feet across, are cut into the lawn, and planted with Coleus, Geraniums, Cannas, Alternan- theras, or other showy plants, they will be very pleasing. For larger beds of circular outline, from ten to twenty feet across, the designs from figures 53 to 58 are any "of them handsome for garden lawns, if well planted with a good selection of kinds. The central figures alone of several of these might be laid out in the lawn, depending on the grass for ground work with capital effect. Two beds of oval shape are shown in figures 59 and t>0. In some places such a form is required in preference to Fig. 59. Fig. 60. ELABORATE BEDS OF OVAL FORM. the round. The various designs here given may be the means of suggesting others to the inventive mind. I have not taken space to illustrate plain circles, stars, crescents, squares, triangles, and other simple designs, all of which look attractive in the lawn, and are easily made by any one. In all cases, whatever designs are used, let them be quite simple. While it is easy to draught an elaborate plan that will be satisfactory in pen or pencil marks upon paper, the same might be very difficult to work out in plants. FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 213 PLANTS FOR CARPET BEDS. In choosing these, those of contrasting colors should be brought together. The parts appearing dark and lighter in the engravings, just given, will readily suggest how colors may be used in different parts. No precise rule, however, can be laid down for this, and variations without end are allowable if made with good taste. "Where a bight of nine inches and upwards of a solid mass of color is desired, the Coleus, Achyranthes, Ge- ranium, Centaurea, Variegated Stevia, Gnaphalium, Abutilon Thompsoni, and so forth, are among the best that can be used. When plants of a lower growth are desired, say from four to eight inches, the following are suitable : Alternantheras, Golden-Feather Pyrethrums, Variegated Thyme of several kinds, Alyssum in several varieties, Lobelia, Dwarf Ageratum, Cigar plant (Cuphea) and Golden and Silver-edged Geraniums. For forming a low carpet, Othonna sedifolia (crassi- folia of some), Dew Plant (Mesembryanthemum) in two varieties, Echeveria (Cotyledon] secunda glauca, Pilea sorpyllifolia, Moneywort, Leucophyton, the prostrate Sedums, all of low-trailing habit, rarely growing more than two inches high, are the most valuable. For low edgings the Alternantheras, Thymes, Alys- sums, Golden Feather, Leucophyton, Echeverias and others are suitable. Sometimes these kinds are used in beds like those of figures 58 and 59, and also others for making single lines or to mark divisions through plants of low growth. For the center of beds, or to place at points in the de- sign, the Agaves, Echeverias, Yuccas, Dracenas, Palms, etc., may be used, while something taller yet to occupy a space in the middle of beds is found in Caladiums, Cannas, Ricinus, Striped Maize, and others. 214 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. RAISED GEOMETRIC BEDS. The modern style of raised geometric beds, one of which is represented by figure 61, are ornamental in the highest degree when well designed and planted and prop- erly cared for. The one shown in the engraving, sketched in Mt. Auburn Cemetery, near Boston, was about two and a half feet high at the foot of the plant vase, and all parts of it thickly planted with Eclieverias, Othonna, Dracenas, Sedurns and a few other low plants. Fig. 61. AN ELABO1UTE, ELEVATED BED. The graceful outlines and excellent proportions, the slopes and surfaces of various forms and angles, and the contrast between delicate colors, shown in the com- positions, together contributed to an effect at once quietly pleasing, rich and beautiful. There is no limit to the variety and pleasing effects that may be secured in this style, in designs marked either by simplicity or by elaboration. A very simple, yet effective form, consists of a series of circular terraces placed stair-like, one above another, each a foot high with the bottom one eight, the next six and a half, then five feet, three and a half and two feet across re- spectively, with a large Dracena or Agave at the top, crowning all. The level parts planted with Alternan- theras, and the almost perpendicular slopes with Eche- verias, produce a very fine result. FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 215 In a still more simple style, the bed is raised six inches or more above the common surface, with an abruptly sloping edge. The surface of the bed is occupied as any ordinary bed, while the slope may be planted with Eche- verias or other plants that lie close to the ground. If the Fig. 62. DESIGNS FOB CORNERS. Fig. 63. SECTION OF RIBBON BORDER. slope is covered with grass kept nicely clipped, instead of Echeverias, etc., the effect is also good. The outline of such beds may be of any other form than circular, such as a star, crescent, oval, etc. DESIGNS FOR CORNERS AND BORDERS. Figure 63 represents two designs of flower beds for the corners formed by the intersections of walks or drives at right angles; where two corners directly opposite are to be thus occupied, the same design ought to be used in both. Figure C3 shows a section of border in the ribbon style. Commencing with line a, low plants are used, and with this the hight is increased with each letter, and the d may contain the highest plants, from this they decrease in size, and those in g and a being alike Fig.64. PORTION OF SCROLL BORDER. in hight. The effect of a long border of this kind is very striking. .A. scroll pattern for a border ic shown in figure 64. 216 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. A beautiful narrow border in an arabesque arrangement, all the plants of which should be fine, low-growing kinds, is shown in figure 65. In carrying out any of the de- signs given, it is hardly possible in transferring the pat- tern to the ground to take too great pains with all lines, to have them of proper shape and in graceful curves. Beds are often seen which were intended to be copies of Fig. 65. ARABESQUE PATTERN IN PART FOR BORDER. excellent patterns, but the work of laying out and plant- ing was done in such an inferior manner as to deprive it wholly of its due effect. LOCATION OF FLOWER BEDS. The placing of flower beds should al- ways be decided upon with care. It is as necessary to have regard to the general effect of a bed on the garden as to having it show well on its own account. The centre of a principal grass plat to many first suggests itself as being the most suitable place of all for beds, when in fact it is the very place not to be cut into, if we would preserve that most essential of all features in a garden, un- impaired breadth and openness of lawn. Place them rather towards the end or sides. Indentures in shrubbery borders as shown in figure 66, afford good posi- tions for them. Fig. 66. It is well, when grading the grounds, to have some FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 217 such points as these made slightly elevated, or mound- like, expressly for accommodating showy flower-beds. In this way a desirable degree of boldness may be secured, while the means by which it was acquired would ordinarily escape detection. But be careful not to make such ele- vations too high, else they may appear unnatural. The Parisians have a pleasing mode of using flowers in decorating their lawns worth noticing. It consists of running a narrow border several feet in from the edge of grass plats, on four sides, with some openings to the centre, as shown in figure G7. These borders are usually from three to six feet wide, with the plants arranged ^-^ji&gS'Ml J. 67. FRENCH METHOD OF ADORNING LAWSS. in the mixed irregular style and quite uncrowded, with usually an edging of some bright low plants. It is a charming style, and the effect is largely due to preserving an ample central plat of grass. A pleasing feature is the introduction of some handsome shrubs, along the centre of the borders at equal distances apart. Altogether the arrangement is satisfactory to the eye, and worthy of adoption in our gardens when of sufficient area. 10 218 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. SUB-TROPICAL GARDEN'S. Sub-tropical gardens are those in which tropical and sub-tropical plants of showy foliage, like the Palms, (Jycas, Dracenas, Agaves, and many others, or else kinds of a different nature that bear some resemblance to these, or both, are used with a view to introducing some of the picturesqueness of tropical vegetation into the gardens of the North. Under the head of Hardy Plants in Part II are named some of that class, which possess qualities that suit them to this style of gardening. These pos- sess a special value for the purpose, because while very effective along with others, unlike the Palms and other ten- der tropicals, they can be had in any garden, without re- quiring a conservatory in which to winter them. To such also may be added some hardy trees and shrubs that have a picturesque appearance, like the Ailanthus, Cut-leaved Sumach, Aralias, Magnolias, Honey Locusts, and others. The first two named, when used for this purpose, should be subjected to the peculiar treatment of cutting them down to near the ground every year, and then depending upon the new growth for effect. Some plants grown from seed and tubers, such as Eicinus, Japanese Maize, Sun- flower, Caladiums, Cannas, etc., are also very suitable here. If with a good collection of such kinds, only a few real tropicals can be used, a decidedly good effect may be created. These latter kinds will be growing in pots, which should be sunk in the soil of the bed. Even if the true tropicals are entirely lacking, the effect may still be very satisfactory. The sub-tropical garden should be in a place somewhat protected from sweeping winds, for these play havoc with the foliage of some kinds. HARDY FERNS AND THE WILD GARDEN. The hardy Ferns are a class of plants of peculiar beau- ty, and an out-door fernery is very desirable. Delight- FLOWERING AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 219 ing in shade, as most of them do, there are many town lots so hedged in by high buildings as to forbid the growth of other plants, but which are well adapted to growing ferns. Beds for these may be treated as low rockeries. In Part IV directions are given for preparing soil for them. The Wild Garden is a place where interesting wild and cultivated plants are brought together in the most nat- ural manner, and allowed to live and struggle, much as they do when wild. In small grounds a place in the midst of groups of trees and shrubs, or in large grounds a number of acres partly wood and partly open, treated thus for revealing the wildness peculiar to woods and clearings, may be rendered a most enjoyable place. Where space will admit, hardy flowers, grasses, ferns, and creep- ers should be scattered about, and thickets be formed of shrubs, including brambles. Some clumps of the more graceful wild-looking plants of the garden should be placed here, together with those gathered from woods and clearings. Here is a place where the Fennel-leaved Paeony will be enjoyed more than would an improved variety with large gobular flowers ; the single Briar Rose more than the best improved Hybrid Perpetual. Some annuals may be scattered over the soil in spots, to come along as they can, and some of these will live for years by self-seeding. Rocks, stumps, and mounds, clothed with Mosses, Lichens, Winter-green, Partridge-berry, and many other little wild things are well in such a place, and could there be a small brook with aquatic plants, trees, and rocky cliffs festooned with climbers, little would be lack- ing to render the spot constantly attractive. The loveli- ness and ceaselessly varying charms of such scenes are indeed difficult to describe, and something of the kind would prove to be one of the most gratifying spots in any place, no matter what other features of adornment 220 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. might be introduced. Then such a wild garden has the great merit of permanence and inexpensiveness, for if arranged with some judgment at first, the colony may almost be left to take care of itself. If the owner were to go away for ten years, time would so add to its attrac- tions, that he might on his return find it more beautiful than ever. CHAPTER XX. ROCKWORK. That there is a general love for the rough picturesque- ness of rocks and crags, is shown by the frequency with which the former, in either good taste or bad, are used Fig. 68. SIMPLE FORM OF ROCKWORK. for adorning home grounds. "With rocks we may trans- fer material for garden embellishment from nature, that remains wholly unchanged with the removal. The effectiveness of rockwork depends largely upon the manner in which it is formed. Figure 68 represents one of the simplest ways of using rocks and stones for garden adornment. Stones of most any size that can be handled are set a part of their length in the soil of a bed, somewhat mound-like in shape, and at such distances apart as to allow some plants to grow between them. They are better for being elongated, mostly setting them then with their longest way at right angles with the sur- face of the soil. ROCKWORK. 221 Chips of building stone from the cutter's yard are excel- lent. If their diameters are nearly alike, they may vary considerably in length without deteriment. If kinds of two or more different colors and shades can be selected for the same, or different beds, a pleasing kind of variety is thus secured. Such a rockery is well suited to ferns or any plants that in order to flourish need moisture at the roots. The stones aid the retention of moisture in the soil, and it may be remarked that the nearer flat the bed is kept the Mg. 69. A BOCK-BOBDER WITH BOOK-PLANTS, CLJMBEBS, EVEB- GREENS, ETC. less trouble there will be from drying out. A rockery is well adapted to situations which are difficult to embellish otherwise, such as narrow spaces between the walks and fence or house, or in angles formed by buildings and walls, or at junctions of walks, and sometimes they may be even used effectually in simple circular mounds. Figure 69 shows a rock-border suitable to be placed next to the boundary of lots, against buildings, or to be used as a low screen. The engraving will give sugges- tions for arranging such mound rockeries. It is seen that there is first an edging of stones mostly set on their 222 OBNAMENTAL GARDENING. ends, retaining the soil of the mounds. Then there are. more or less stones, large and small, partly imbedded in the soil all over the surface. The mound should, for the sake of variety, vary somewhat in its hight in different parts. As shown here, the front line is supposed to vary from one to three feet in hight. The ground outline may be waved or straight, as may be preferred, or space will allow. In some places pockets are arranged among the stones in laying them up, for holding soil and plants, Fig. 70. IDEA FOB WALKS IN A KOCK-GARDEN. and in these trailers, like Moneywort, Vinca or Peri- winkle, etc., may be set. This engraving represents a rockery which is fully ex- posed to the sun. Such, if made fifteen to twenty feet wide, will accommodate a large variety of hardy and tender plants, dwarf, deciduous, and evergreen shrubs, etc. It is an excellent place for some of the slightly tender ever- greens, for the soil being elevated, is never wet, and al- lows the annual growth to ripen so thoroughly that they can endure severe cold with impunity. In grounds of large extent, and especially on places ROCKWORK. 223 where large stones abound, rock-gardens can be formed with many variations. An idea for walks in such a gar- den is given in figure 70, the rock-faced line of the mound as shown in figure 69, forming the edge of the walk all around. The outer edge of the outside mounds, and also beyond, may be planted with shrubs and trees, but these, especially the trees, should not be so dense all around as to shut out the cool breezes in summer. If such a rock-garden is formed where one or several large shade trees stand, and the walks are carried near or under these, and seats provided in the shade, and then if a small stream of water can be had to pass through it, about every requirement for a very complete rock-garden would be met, and one suited to plants that like shade, moisture, and dry places. Sometimes instead of sowing a slope in the pleasure garden with grass, its surface may be converted into a rockery. There is a chance in large rock-gardens for in- troducing an almost endless variety in the shape of grottos, steps, archways, springs, pools, cascades, bridges, ledges, shelves, etc. , and it is not a difficult mat- ter to render these remarkably interesting and attractive. In planting, the principles governing the arrangement of groups of trees and shrubs, touched upon in previous chapters, may be observed here. One part of the con- struction may have trailers predominating, another ever- greens, from the spiry dwarf Spruces and Junipers to the Creeping Junipers and Ivies, still others may be de- voted to alpine plants, upland and shade-loving ferns, wild flowers, and even showy tender tropicals and green- house plants may be introduced. In moist, shady places, the grotesque Rex Begonias, Marautas, Dracenas, Tradescantias, etc., would be effective. Cobaea scandens is a climber of special value for such places. By using good taste in the arrangement of the surface, rocks, plants, and trees, and avoiding every thing like stiffness 224 OKNAMENTAL GARDENING. and formality in the work, there is no reason why such rockeries should not prove very pleasing in any garden that can accommodate them. An arch constructed of rough stones, and covered with climbers, is represented by figure 71. This makes an ap- propriate entrance to a rock-garden, or it may be intro- duced independently as an entrance to other divisions of the grounds. Even small lots will allow such an object to be brought in very fitly. This may be, because there are but few steps of transition between rocks, as they come 71. AN ABCHWAT OF BOCKWOBK. from nature, and as they are used in buildings. At any rate, I have observed that we may have, even in a small and highly finished garden, a bit of some such pictur- esque roughness, where other kinds of natural material used to a marked extent would seem out of place. Kock Grottos often prove interesting features in gar- dens. They need not necessarily be dark, damp, or un- healthy, and may, from the very nature of the material, and the manner of their construction, be made comforta- ble places in the heat of summer. Figures 72 to 74 give a ground outline, a cross section and a stairway of a sim- ple form of Grotto. There are in this two places of en- trance and exit on the level of the floor, and stairs leading from the interior to the summit, thus providing for free KOCKWOBK. 225 circulation of air. In the one figured there is a bubbling spring of water, giving rise to a lively rill which crosses Fig. 72.- GROUHD OUTLINE OF ARTIFICIAL GROTTO P, P, REPRESENT BOCK PILLARS. the floor, and an ample stone seat. There is a large field for variety and for displaying taste and knowledge of building in the construction of rock work of this kind. Fig. 73. OBOSS-SECTION OF ARTIFICIAL GBOTTO ABOVE, AT CROSS LINE A. Fi. 74. STAIRWAY TO AKTI- FICIAL GROTTO. In the Paris public gardens one may see that the con- struction of Grottos may amount to quite an art. Great 226 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. skill is brought to bear in imitating natural grottos, even to the introduction of imposing artificial stalactites and stalagmites, also in introducing cascades and other forms of water in connection with them. The imitation of castles or their ruins, and draping them with climbers, is sometimes engaged in with favor- able results. But caution should be observed as regards the materials, designs, and location of such work, else it may prove a blemish rather than an ornament in the grounds. It is elsewhere suggested that a large boulder may be converted into an ornamental feature by draping it with Fig. 75. BRIDGE OF BOCKS. the Virginia Creeper or other climber. There is propriety in introducing some of these sparingly, with or without the drapery of foliage, into gardens, especially such as are laid out in the natural style. Placed in groups in a corner of a plat, or at the side of knolls, or singly at junctions, or along the sideS of walks and drives, the effect of these is generally good. Sometimes shapely stones, uniform in size, may be used as edgings to walks or flower beds throughout a place. Such should be large enough to admit of sinking them part way into the ground, so that they will not easily become displaced, yet they should not be so large as to be very conspicuous. Figure 75 represents a bridge of rocks for private or WATER IN ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 2S7 public grounds, either crossing over water, or another walk on a lower level as through a gnlly. With the right materials at hand, such a bridge is easily laid up and quite sure to look well. Very fair substitutes for natural rocks in rockwork are the odd shaped clinkers that come from furnaces, and the distorted burned bricks from kilns, which are often cemented together in masses. Some of these can be selected which, at a little distance, can not be distin- guished from rocks. In introducing rockwork into the garden, let every- thing like overdoing be guarded against. Where one meets with success beyond expectations in work of this kind, enthusiasm is usually aroused, and enthusiasm here, if it should blind the eye of correct taste and dis- cretion is liable to lead to very objectionable excesses. CHAPTER XXI. WATER IN ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. In many of the most attractive natural landscapes water holds a place of high importance, and this suggests its value in ornamental gardening. As a rule, unless it is supplied naturally, water effects produced in gardens prove somewhat costly, hence it will be only now and then employed, except perhaps in the shape of a foun- tain, tiny rill or lakelet. But where a natural rill, creek, or lake exists, it should be prized and so treated as to make the most of it. A large stream or body of water may not be manage- able in itself as a garden feature, but trees and shrubs can usually be introduced between the frequented parts of a garden bordering on the water, in such a manner as 228 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. to afford most delightful glirapes of it. No large expanse of water is as pleasing if viewed all at once, as when seen by parts through openings between woody clumps. Where they can be used, tastefully built boat houses, landings, and bridges are pleasing features. Small, natural lakes may sometimes be varied in out- line to advantage. Figure 76 shows how a lakelet, rep- resented by the dotted lines, which could be viewed at a glance in every part, was so varied by grading and planting as to be more ornamental, and to appear larger, because so arranged that all parts are never seen from any one point, thus conveying the idea of indefinite extent. In such work, regard should be paid to having the general outline simple rather than otherwise. Theprin- Fig.76.-LAKELET IMPROVED. dple of ^^ concealment is an important one in managing all small bodies of water if we would make the most of them. Islands add a pleasing variety to water scenery if happily placed. Usually they are better for being not far from the shore, to maintain an appearance of some connection with the main-land. They should be abun- dantly clothed with trees and shrubs. For every pur- pose of this kind, the Laurel-leaved and other free-grow- ing Willows possess great value. Planted at the water's edge, their shrubby forms soon enlarge, and hanging in the water on one side, resting on the land on the other, they break the regular outline of the water delightfully. Where a good living rill is found in gardens, or can be introduced, there need be little lack of the attractiveness water is susceptible of imparting. A lake may be formed by excavation or by damming, or a series of these may be made, or the course of the stream maybe intercepted with rocks and earth, to produce small musical cascades or WATER IN ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 229 rapids, as shown in figure 77, provided there is a very slight fall in the land; or tiie water may be divided to meet again further on to form islets. Usually with a certain quantity of water at command, there is no more advantageous use to which it can bo put for or- nament than this of rills. Those European gardens, ^in which vast sums of money have been expended in con- structing complicated fountains and water works, are poor examples to be followed in the use of water in gar- . 77. A NATURAL RILL IMPROVED. dens; for usually, if, instead, one-fourth of the water and one-tenth of the money had been employed in these in making rills, lakelets, wateifalls, etc., of natural appear- ance, the effects would have been far better. One thing to be guarded against in the production of effects with artificial water, or, indeed, in artificial ar- rangements of rocks, trees, etc., is the investing of the work with an air of stiffness and a studied appearance so opposite to nature in her most pleasing moods. This defect is not unfrequently apparent in such compositions, and sometimes so bad that the general appearance of the grounds would have been better with no attempt what- ever at ornamentation of the kind. A safe guide in this 230 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. kind of work is to be found in fine natural scenes, and then, of course, experience, coupled with good taste on the part of the designer. Unless adjacent grounds are elevated and hilly, the banks of lakes and streams should not generally be steep and regular. Usually in nature, the land meets the water gradually, unless in the case of streams, the sides of which are cut down by the wearing of the water, or where they run through gulleys or along hill sides. If walks are to be carriod along the banks, they should not, as a rule, run close to the edge for long distances, but a strip of grass, however narrow in places, and then at some points clumps of trees and plants should be between them. Occasionally the walks may run down to the water and be widened into a beach for some distance and return again. Along winding rills, through gulleys, where the walks are carried along steep slopes, railings are sometimes needed and perhaps bridges now and then for crossing the stream. Large rocks set in the water to project boldly above the surface are appropriate in water scenery. Trees and shrubs in clumps, extending quite down to the water's edge in places, help greatly to pro- duce an appearance of natural grace and freedom. While no class of trees are more appropriate for en- hancing water effects than Weeping and other Willows, still it is frequently demonstrated in the best landscape gardening, that no trees are more useful for planting with the Willows than the Poplars and other tapering kinds trees the least likely to be thought of by many planters for such situations. In marked contrast, as such erect trees are with the weepers, they give strength to them, and create an improved effect throughout. Water is often used in ornamental gardens in fountains and basins. By means of these, the refreshing beauty and music of moving water may be secured with quanti- ties so limited, that the use of the element in any other HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. 231 manner would be impracticable. The beauty of a foun- tain depends largely upon having a sufficient water sup- ply to make the streams strong and animated, and also upon its style and setting. The best fountain designs and figures can never make up for inadequate water sup- ply. On the other hand, a fountain with no figure, and consisting only of one or more strong streams from noz- zles placed at the surface of the water is usually very satisfactory. Both stone and iron basins are used for fountains, but so far as appearances go, the former consisting of a cut stone coping, with a well constructed cement bottom, is to be perferred. Where the water of a garden is suitable for fish and water fowl, it is desirable to introduce some of these for ornament. Water fowls soil a garden to some extent, on which account, if for no other, they must not be in- troduced too freely. Small garden ponds converted into washing pools for poultry are an abomination, and yet they may sometimes be met with looking quite as bad as this. The subject of Aquatic and Bog Plants is somewhat discussed in Parts II and IV. CHAPTER XXII. HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. That peculiarity of some trees which allows of their being closely clipped with shears, and by this means kept compact and dense, when they would naturally reach a large size, is turned to account in the garden, particularly in making hedges. About all those known as hedge plants are of this nature. Hedges, whether introduced for marking divisions, or 233 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. merely for ornament, are, when in good condition, and it is easy to have them so, very useful for increasing garden variety and effectiveness. Their forms may be varied considerably, and in this way alone there is a chance for a good deal of pleasing variety. Figure 78 shows a number of forms of both plain and ornamental hedges, including two passage ways through them. The Norway Spruce and Hemlock, two of our Fig. 78. VARIOUS FORMS OF HEDGES. most reliable and tractable hedge plants, and the Beech, Hornbeam, and Holly, are suitable for the forms A , D, H, I. Arbor Vitge, Tree Box, Privets, Osage Orange, Honey Locust, Japan Quince, and other shrubs may be trimmed into forms B, C, and E. Entrances like F and G can be worked out of any of the taller growing hedge plants. Edgings to walks, borders, and clumps of plants and shrubs may be made of the Dwarf Box, Tom Thumb Arbor Titae, and Dwarf Spruce with good effect. The distance apart for setting hedge plants, varies ac- cording to the size intended to be reached. For exam- HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. 233 pie, if a fine, low Norway Spruce hedge is designed to be kept at three or four feet in hight, with perhaps five feet in view ultimately, the plants may be put eighteen or twenty inches apart, but if a screen, twelve or fifteen feet high is desired, they should not be closer than four feet, and six feet would be better. In cases like this they may be planted twice or three times as close at the start, to make a full row, and then remove those between as the others require the space. It is safe to say that from twelve to fourteen inches apart is a suitable distance for the majority of kinds where the hedge is to be low, with an increase to twice this distance for high hedges or screens. The objection to hedges, that they cannot be crossed even when it is desirable to do so, at other places than Fig. 79. STILE FOB HEDGES. gates, may be overcome by the use of a sdle, as shown in figure 79. Kegarding clipped forms of trees, we hold in as great abhorrence as any one, the ludicrous extent to which these have been used in old-time gardening, espec- ially in Europe, and which even to-day prevails in some places abroad. Still, in the same way as the formal ter- race and slope, geometrical flower-beds, etc., may some- times fit in the garden, as minor features of embellish- ment, so some clipped trees may properly be admitted. A number of acres closely covered with every conceiva- 234 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. ble pattern of these, such as can be seen in some old European places, may well fill us with disgust, but it does not follow that a few perfect globes, pyramids, urns, or trees in other shapes, well relieved by grass, in some parts of our gardens, would not afford genuine pleasure, or even that a larger number may not sometimes be em- ployed with tasteful effect. The charming garden of Mr. Hunnewell, Wellesley, Mass., owes its fame to no one thing, more than to an elaborate Italian garden at the head of a lake, which in excellent taste is made to support numerous trees clipped into pleasing forms. But here, let it be observed, that while the Italian garden is quite extensive itself, the grounds, as a whole, are so large and so generally con- spicious is the natural style of gardening over extensive areas, that after all this fanciful feature is but a minor attraction of the place, and as such, certainly tends to add greatly to the charms of this private park. In figure 80 a number of forms of clipped trees are given. The globular form A, is adapted to a number of shrubs such as Deutzia, Japan Quince, Dwarf Mock Orange, and othei deciduous kinds, and Box, Dwarf Pines, Spruces, and Arbor Vitae, in evergreens. Forms B, D, H, J, may be applied to the common Hemlock, American or Siberian Arbor Vitae. E, D, H, or any other forms the beauty of which is nothing, unless attention is given to nicely shaping them, may be produced most perfectly from the Tree Box. The White Pine and Nor- way Spruce are well adapted to the styles shown in F and /, and the last named for C, G, K, and either this, Hem- lock or Arbor Vitae for the arbor 7/. In producing forms like the arbor L, and archway J, after the tracs have become well established in their places, a stay rod of iron or wood is required at a suitable hight against which to tie the bended tops and branches, as necessary daring the first stages of the work. HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. 235 The most suitable place for some clipped trees in gardens is in the vicinity of any portion devoted to the formal styles of planting. A pair of these on the sides of the walk near the entrance gate, or at the crossing of walks at right angles, or one placed as a Fig. 80. FORMS IN WHICH TREES MAY BB OUPPKB. central or terminal object of a walk or drive, or a few along the sides of these, and on terraces, may be very ornamental, provided always they are well sustained by grass or by other prominent features. Yet it is proper to recommend great caution against introducing them too freely, for unquestionably it is easy to overdo the matter. 236 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER XXIII. GARDEN STRUCTURES. Whatever the size or nature of a garden, there is al- most always need of some kind of architectural struc- tures besides the main buildings, for adding to its comfort, security, and interest. Among these are fences, walls, railings, copings, seats, arbors, shelters, conserva- tories, lodges, tool houses, bird and animal houses, vases, trellises, fountains, statuary, terrace walls, sun dials, swings, bridges, boat houses, and sometimes aqueducts, viaducts, and in public parks, offices, museums, refecto- ries, amusement halls, etc. The guiding principles to the introduction of these should be, first their apparent need ; second their adap- tiveness to the purpose and place in view ; third, appear- ance of stability and tasteful design, and lastly, due re- gard to a right balance of the features of the garden, and especially between made and natural ones, to see that the former, which may be introduced chiefly for ornament, are in a sense subordinate to the latter. As to fences, walls, etc., it is apparent that gardens, and especially cemeteries, are more beautiful for exclud- ing these from the scene. Usually the less we can have of them the better for pure garden effect, to say nothing of expense saved in their construction. Still Ave cannot get along entirely without them. Where a guard is needed along streets and boundaries, the light ornamental iron fences now manufactured arc excellent and interrupt the view but little. For many places hedges are very suitable instead of ordinary fences along the street, but if there would be an objection to a hedge in front of the house on account of its density, then just here an iron or other fence might take its place. GABDEN STRUCTURES. 237 When wooden picket fences are used, as they common- ly are, the lighter and more simple they are in design, the better their appearance. It is in poor taste to spend money on excessive ornamentation of these or any other kind of common fences of wood or iron i$i the manner often seen. There might be much to recommend on the score of fine garden effect, in the custom common in some cities, of having no front fences even on large grounds. But their absence never allows the owner who thinks much of his garden surroundings, containing perhaps rare and prized specimens, to feel secure against intrusions from quadrupeds, children, etc. I observe that while a few years ago this custom seemed destined to prevail generally, now nearly all the best places of large size have some kind of fence or guard put up along the street. Hurdle fences, made of light wrought iron posts and bars, as often seen in the gardens of the British Isles, can at Fig. 81. COPING AND ENTRANCE NEXT TO SIDEWALK. times be advantageously used in parks and large grounds. Instead of mowing all parts, large plats some distance from the house or prominent drives, may be surrounded with these and cattle and sheep be allowed to pasture within. By this course, direct use may be had of some parts of the grounds without the expense of mowing, and yet, being closely cropped by the animals, these areas may have the same appearance as the mowed parts. The in- troduction of live stock in this way, engaged in feeding or resting, adds much to the interest and effect in large 238 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. grounds. The hurdles may be so lightly constructed and yet strong, as to escape notice a short distance away. Where there- are groups of trees or shruhs within the pastured plats, a line of hurdles may be used to en- close them, for protection from the animals. Wire fences can also be used for such purposes. A simple stone coping, as shown in figure 81, is perhaps the best substitute for a street fence where the latter is not desired. Such a coping scarcely interferes with the garden effect, serves to mark the boundary and also to turn off intruders, be they brutes or persons. A very Fig. 82. WALL OF STONE, AND BED ATSD YELLOW BRICK. neat street guard may be made by running a low open iron fence along the top of a coping, like that illustrated in figure 81, or on a low brick wall one to two feet high. In grounds it is sometimes desirable to separate the kitchen-yard or garden, or the cow-yard from other parts, by a close wall or fence ; or sometimes these are needed for shutting out unpleasant views on rear streets. Where a hedge for any reason is inappropriate, walls of brick or stone, or of both, may be built, or if something cheaper is preferred, a fence can be erected of boards, either rough or planed. Figure 82 shows a wall of brick in two colors, and stone, and figure 83 a tight board fence, made of boards GARDEN STRUCTURES. 239 four to eight inches wide, lapped on each other as shown in the engraving. By planting Virginia Creepers, Wistarias or other climbers, or training fruit vines and Fig. 83. TIGHT BOAKD FENCE, TOP VIEW. trees against such walls, the blankness which would otherwise prevail is delightfully obviated. Balustrades and railings may be introduced at the head of a terrace slope, in situations where such archi- tectural decorations are warranted by proximity to the house, or by the general plan of the place. SEATS, ARBORS, AND SHELTERS. Seats, arbors, and shelters in pleasure grounds, are for both comfort and beauty, and to serve these ends should Fig. 84. OABDEN SEAT SHADED BY CLIMBERS. be the first consideration in selecting them. Figure 84 shows a garden seat which is shaded by an arch covered with climbers. For a neat, cheap, and strong garden seat, what is called the " Central Park Settee," or some 240 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. variation of it, made of two end frames of iron with ash slats for bottom and back, will answer well for almost any place. Eustic chairs and settees are very suitable for the garden. In selecting these, regard should be had to their being comfortable as seats and well made, for frequently they are not so; one of the great objec- tions to every kind of rustic furniture, is the lack of dura- bility, especially when it is carelessly put together. Although expensive, perhaps the most beautiful, cer- tainly the most durable material for garden seats, is stone, for one of which figure 85 gives a good design. They may be made curving or straight, and of a length to suit the place to be occupied. A wooden seat, if well proportioned, neatly made, and kept thoroughly painted or oiled, answers very well for Fis IjJ! // stems, are indicated by \^ f'f v % ; ; '// cross lines. The first of these, figure 136, is badly Fig. 136. Fig. 137. cut as a timid pruner BADLY PRUNED. PROPE ELY PRUNED, might do the work. The second shows the right principle of cutting, where a fine bushy growth is desired. By cutting away only at the top, an ill-shaped, top-heavy new growth, as indicated by the dotted lines of figure 136 results, be- cause upper branches have a tendency to grow strongest. But if we make the cut away down, vigorous branches, and fewer start out, and near the base, causing a low and vigorous growth as figure 137 shows. This principle applies to the pruning of about every ordinary kind of vegetable growth, and amateurs should heed it as they are about handling the knife and shears. But at the outset, in pruning shrubs, a certain differ- ence of habit in the various kinds as to the manner of flowering should be observed, if we would gain the best results. One class of shrubs produce their flowers from buds that were formed in the previous season. Another class flower from buds that appear on the new wood of the current season. Of the first class, those of which FEBRUARY. 343 the flower-buds are prepared beforehand, some of the principal are : Lilacs. Dwarf Almond. Weigelas. Snowy Mespilus. Mock Oranges. Leatherwood. Calycantlms. Privets. Cornelian Cherry. Viburnums. Golden Bell. Rhododendrons. Honeysuckles. Kalmias. Flowering Currant. Andromedas. Flowering Peach. Azaleas. Deutzias. Daphnes. Dogwoods. Dwarf Horse-chestnut. Japan Quince. Flowering Crab. If these shrubs are pruned at this season, the flowers will all be cut away. If the last year's growth of wood was strong, some pruning of the branches by shortening- in may be done, and yet enough buds remain for a fair show of flowers. But the best way to prune these, is to give them, once in every three or four years, such a severe heading-in, in whole or part, as may be needful to establish a good general form, and then regulate the growth year by year, with summer pruning. (See notes for June). Of shrubs that flower upon the current season's growth, the following are leading kinds : Rose of Sharon, or Althasas. Coronillas. Burning Bush. Amorpha. Hypericums. Bladder Senna. Fall-flowering Spiraeas. Genistas. Hydrangeas. Roses. Flowering Locusts. The pruning of theso may be as close as you choose at this season, without detriment to the flower crop. In- deed, most of the kinds will flower all the more freely 344 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. during the coming season, if closely cut back. Some, like the Altheas and the Punicled Hydrangea, need this every year to prevent them from growing unshapely. By discriminating between these two classes of shrubs, and adapting the pruning to the peculiar habits of each, then heeding the instructions on Summer Pruning given in June, no one ought to find any difficulty in pruning his shrubs satisfactorily. Climbers on buildings, arbors, etc., need but little, and in fact as a rule no regular pruning. If they get thin and straggling, then the free use of the knife will work good results in the way of closer growth. Those on trellises and other places of limited extent, can be controlled to any desired degree by the use of the knife. Deciduous Hedges may be trimmed at this time. The notes under April on trimming evergreen hedges are ap- pliable in a large measure to these also. Honey Locust and Osage Orange hedges may be formed of a good size soonest by allowing the plants to grow untrimmed, until they are an inch through at the ground, and then cut- ting them down almost to the ground, somewhat as is shown in figure 137. Such treatment causes a vigorous new growth to start up, which will develop into a well formed hedge very quickly. Such hedges in after years must be trimmed annually the same as any other kinds of hedges. MANURE. Whether gardening for pleasure or profit, the ground must not be cropped year after year, not even of grass on the lawn, without returning some equivalent in the shape of manure. Hauling in a year's supply of manure may be done at any time during the winter. Every garden, unless a very small one, should have its manure-heap in some out-of-the-way, yet convenient, place. As to kinds, well decomposed stable manure, if it can be procured, FEBRUARY. 345 even at a good deal of trouble, should be preferred to all others. Guano and superphosphates in moderate quan- tity are well enough, but if used alone especially in heavy land they do not provide that openness of the soil that tends to the retention of moisture, and the ad- mission of air, so essential to perfect vegetation. Cow droppings, a year or upwards old, that have been turned occasionally to aid in decay, form the best of all ma- nures. In time it will become as fine as the soil, and provision should be made to have a supply of this on hand for top-dressing the lawn, mixing with potting soils and other uses. Of the artificial manures, those composed largely of bone and other animal matter should be preferred. True and so-called Guanos of different kinds are in the markets, and these are mostly very good. Sometimes good street scrapings or similar matters are easy to procure; these, if allowed to lay a while, with an occasional working over, prove valuable for mixing with the soil or sub-soil. Kefuse hops from breweries, after laying awhile and being forked over a number of times, become as fine and useful a manure as can well be found; it possesses high fertilizing properties. The same is true of decayed leaves from the woods, excepting that it takes a much longer time for these to become reduced to a fine friable mould. RUSTIC WOBK, TRELLISES, ETC. Repairing and improving of these should be done before the press of other spring work comes on. Root rustic work, having shaved surfaces, ought to receive a coat or two of linseed oil yearly. Vases, trellises, or other painted garden work may now be put in order, by cleaning and painting. Prepare new trellises in good season. Plant- boxes, stakes, labels, and such things as will be needed during spring and summer, should now be made ready. 346 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER XXXIX. MARCH. THE LAWN. As soon as the snow and frost leave the ground, and a few dry days have taken off the excess of moisture, all grass plats should be cleaned of any remaining fall-ap- plied manure or other litter, by the use of the rake, and rolled to remove the roughness they usually present after winter. In many places fall manuring of the lawn is very reasonably objected too on account of the presence of the unsightly coat for so many months. Where this is the case, manure may be applied as soon as the snow leaves in the spring, and by leaving it on through the spring rains the benefits derived will nearly equal those of fall manuring, and the lawn be disfigured for a few weeks only. GRAVEL WALKS. Go over with a heavy roller, after the frost is gone, to settle them. Once in every three to five years the sur- face of the gravel ought to be turned over and rolled down again to give it new shape. SHRUBS AND TREES. There need be no hurry to uncover tender or newly planted shrubs and trees that have been protected. The alternate freezing and thawing they are subjected to in severe, late springs, is very injurious. When uncovered, they should at once receive any pruning they may need. If the general pruning of the hardy shrubs and trees has not yet been done, it should receive early attention. MARCH. 347 After hard freezing weather is over, roses should be pruned. In the South this may be done earlier than March, in the North April may not be too late. When the winter covering is removed, pruning should follow; this should be governed by the kinds and the objects in view. Most of the monthly roses, such as the China, Bengal, and Noisettes, that may have wintered safely, should be cut back to mere stumps, leaving one to three eyes on each stem. The strength of the plant will then go into these, making strong shoots, loaded with an abundance of flowers. With the Bourbons and Hybrid Chinas, the shoots should be left with six or eight eyes, and by bend- ing down the lower shoots they will form fine heads. The Hybrid Perpetual and Jane Roses should have all decayed and weak wood cut out. Any crowded branches that will prevent the light and air from freely penetrat- ing to the center, should be cut out. The remaining shoots, which are to produce flowers, should then be cut back to about six eyes from the base, or if the shoots are very strong, a few more may be allowed to remain. The pegging down system of managing these and the Bourbon Roses is usually very satisfactory. All shoots older than those of last year, should be cut away, and these that re- main should be bent down, with the ends pegged to the ground or tied to stakes. By this treatment no other cutting back is needed, except to trim away weak and unshapely shoots. Moss 'Roses will bear about the same treatment as the last named class, whether grown as bushes or pegged down, and they may be yet closer pruned. But this will not apply to the Princess Adelaide variety, which must not be severely pruned. The Yellow Roses scarcely require any pruning, fur- ther than to remove dead and weak shoots. If the plants 348 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. assume an unshapely form, they should be so pruned as to make a better head, even if it be at the expense of some flowers for the following season. The Climbing Roses need only to have the poor wood cut away, and the strongest shoots shortened in. Nail and re-nail as needed, before the young growth starts. BORDERS. Early in the spring, any covering that was put on these in the fall, should be removed. Do not dig the soil until it is dry enough to work up loosely. Each spring, at the first working of the soil, a little rich ma- nure the older and finer the better, should be dug in. IMPROVEMENTS. Any contemplated garden improvements should be completed as soon as the ground will work well. Avoid working the soil when it is wet, as bad effects will be manifest for the entire season. Sodding may be done very early in the spring. ANNUALS AND BULBS. As soon in the spring as the soil will work up finely, whether now or later, bulbs of the Gladiolus for an early crop of flowers, may be planted, and seeds of most of the hardy annuals be sown in the open border. For this purpose drills from one to two inches deep should be opened, in which the seeds should be scattered along quite thickly, afterwards covering them with earth. If the soil where the drills are made is inclined to be lumpy, cover the seeds with some light mould that has been run through a fine sieve, and to which some sand has been added. After covering, press the soil quite firmly with the back of a hoe, or by patting it with the garden APRIL. ' 349 trowel. If the soil in which the seeds are sown is quite damp, watering it afterwards is not necessary, but other- wise this should be done, afterwards scattering a slight covering of clean straw, hay, or moss, over the watered parts, to retain moisture and prevent baking by the sun. But this covering must be taken off as soon as the young plants appear. Sometimes I have watered the bottom of the drill before dropping the seeds ; after covering with fine soil no further watering is necessary ; this method has always resulted well. INSECTS, ETC. Canker worms begin to ascend the trees as soon as the ground thaws.- Any protector that is so contrived that they cannot get over it, placed around the tree, is the only sure preventive against their ravages. Mosses and Lichens on the bark of trees may be washed off with ley or soap suds. CHAPTER XL. APRIL. PLANTING. Early April, whenever the season is open, is the best time for planting trees, shrubs, and hardy plants, and the work should go on as soon as the soil is in good con- dition and the stock is at hand. If trees, etc., are set now, while the vegetation is yet inactive, there is achance for the roots to become established in a more natural way, than if the setting is deferred considerably later, and the chances against loss are greatly lessened. Ever- greens may be set several weeks later than deciduous trees, but the sooner even these are planted the better. For directions on planting see Part IV. 350 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. LAWNS. New lawns may be started by seeding or sodding. Old lawns should be well rolled and thoroughly raked to re- move the dead grass or manure, and to liven up the sur- face. The grass will start rapidly with warm weather, and the mower should be put in action as soon as needed. PRUNING EVERGREENS. Now is a good time for this work. If Spruces, Hem- locks, Firs, Arbor Vitaes, Junipers, and Japan Cypress, are in places too contracted to allow of their full develop- ment, they may be clipped every year and kept at almost any desired size. By thus cutting them they grow dense and handsome, which is very desirable, especially with that general favorite, the Norway Spruce, for this tree, without pruning, in time assumes an open style of growth not pleasing for small grounds. In gardens and cemeteries it is best to treat this tree by heading it back, at about twelve feet in high t, to form dense rounded specimens. The Pines are rarely better for pruning, although some kinds, like the White Pine, are very tractable under the shears. Whatever kinds are being pruned, their natural form of growth should usually indicate the shape, such as trim- ming the conical growers to a cone, and so on. As a rule, no cutting should be done further back than the last year's growth, although no harm is likely to come from so doing, if for any reason it seems best. Always cut a branch back to some strong bud, so that the new growth may start apparently from the end of the re- maining part. If the growth ought to be stopped in any direction, with a view to securing symmetry or to have the tree thicken, this may be effected without the blemish of a cut, by simply removing the center bud. If any kind of evergreen is becoming bare at the base, APKIL. 351 it may be improved by severely cutting the leader and side branches. The beauty of an evergreen depends much upon being furnished with branches to the ground, and it is a very ungardener-like practice, intolerable to every correct notion of evergreen beauty, to prune away the lower branches and expose a naked trunk. Sometimes Pines are inclined to turn up a side shoot as a new leader. Such should be cut away, and in time the leader will come in the right place. If a leader in any conifer is lost by accident, another one may be had in its place, by tying a side shoot in an erect position. The American Arbor Vitae, some of the Firs, as well as others, are inclined to form several leaders, and if allowed to do this they will assume a bad shape. By trimming all the branches, excepting the main one, that will be strengthened and better able to retain its position as leader. EVERGREEN" HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. The most perfect form of a hedge for pyramidal grow- ing kinds, is one that slopes more or less on the sides, as in figure 78, A, p. 232, thus admitting sun and light to the bottom, as well as the top. This should generally be the form for long hedges. The same engraving gives several forms suitable for shorter hedges of various kinds. In trimming, shears should be used, and the operation may be guided by the help of a stretched line, where precision is desirable, pains being taken to give it an even, unhag- gled appearance. To allow a hedge to go un trimmed for a number of years, is certain to soon injure it beyond all remedy. Most hedge plants naturally grow to forty or more feet in hight, and to allow a row of these standing close in the hedge, to shoot up without check, is to bring disaster to the row in time. The trimming of trees that are kept to definite forms, is not materially different in principle from that of hedges. 352 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. It should be done with care with a view to good form and evenness, going over the work several times if need be. Box Edging may be reset in April or earlier. The ground where the line is to come should be rendered firm by treading or beating. Then a narrow trench is cut with great precision, the unbroken part on the line of the desired edging. The box plants pulled apart may have the ends of roots and tops clipped off a little, and then should be set along in the trench close together, and projecting an inch above the surface of the soil. Loose soil is then filled in by layers, and firmly trodden against the plants, until the trench is full. The edging should have the gravel of the walk brought up against it, so that no soil will show on the walk side of the line. If box edging is kept small by clipping say to four or six inches in night, it may last ten years without resetting. The edgings should be clipped annually at this season. HARDY PLANTS. These are benefited by being lifted, and divided if large, and set in new positions every three years for strong growers, and every five years for others. Clumps of such kinds as make many fibrous roots and numerous buds, may be divided with a sharp spade, leaving half a dozen or more eyes on each piece. Those that have large or coarser roots need more care. A knife should be used on these, taking care that each piece of root to be reset has at least one eye. FLOWER BEDS. Those to be planted with tender bedding plants may be worked over and made friable as a preparation towards receiving the plants later. By doing this now, the ground will be in a fine condition at planting time, be- sides the beds will look better if thus treated. See An- nuals under March. MAY. 353 WEEDS. The fight against weeds should commence with their first appearance. Some kinds, like the Chickweed, and Shepherd's Purse, start up early, and soon develop flowers and seeds, to make trouble afterwards if not kept down by cultivation. See Weeds under May. EOCKWOEK. If the rocks have become disturbed by the action of the frost during winter, they should at once be put in order. HAEDY AQUARIUMS. The ground in these should be kept covered with water in increasing quantity as the plants start into growth. CHAPTER XLI. MAY. THE LAWK. The care of the lawn will be about the same for every month, from now until the end of the season, and will consist chiefly in keeping it properly mown, watered, and free from weeds. When the grass grows rapidly it will be necessary to mow about every week. It is always bother and more economical of labor, to cut the grass when only two inches high, than to wait until it is four or six. The present hand lawn mowers are greatly pref- erable to the scythe for mowing even quite small places. On large grounds the horse mowers may be used with economy. Still, in mowing some parts, as about thickets and trees, the scythe and sickle are indispensable helps. 354: ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. In running a lawn mower, the operator should be par- ticular to always set both sides at the same hight, so that the surface of the grass may be even when the work is done. That no lines of uncut grass should be left, ought to occur to every mower, yet lawns may sometimes be seen that show defects of this kind. WEEDS. A large share of the annoyance in gardening comes from weeds. It is really surprising how soon slight neg- lect will show multitudes of weeds in lawn, walks, and elsewhere. A little labor judiciously applied, will easily keep a place clear of these. A great secret is to attack weeds when they are small, so small that they will not require removal when cut off. If this is done at the right time, it will be less work to keep a garden thoroughly clean than to keep it half clean. Now weeds arc gross feeders, and rob the garden plants of food and moisture. The best way to remove spreading weeds, like plantain, dandelion, docks, etc., from the lawn, is to cut them off just below the crown, disturbing the soil as little as pos- sible. Any holes that appear should be filled with earth, and the grass will soon spread over these spots. By cut- ting out every two weeks all that appear, every noxious weed may soon be exterminated, for no plant can live if its leafy or above ground portion is persistently destroyed every time it appears. Coarse grasses, unfit for lawns, sometimes start up from seeds carried in. by the wind, and these must be treated as any other weeds. Allowing any kinds of weeds to go to seed in the ornamental gar- den is the hight of mismanagement. For ridding walks of weeds, salting is the best plan, except near the edges, where salt will kill the roots of grass or plants that come near, hero they must be hand- picked. MAY. 355 PLANTING OUT. Every year there are those who, in their haste to see the tender flowers in bloom, subject them to the exposure of chilly, windy days or frosts, only to enfeeble them and injure their future usefulness. As a rule, in the North, few tender green-house plants or half-hardy annu- als should be set earlier than May 25th, while long experi- ence shows that nine times out of ten, all tender things, like Coleus, planted as late as the first of June, will go ahead and excel in size and beauty, those that were set two weeks earlier. Verbenas, Hoses, Carnations, Pinks, Stocks, and other plants that are not affected by a slight frost, may be planted out several weeks earlier. Gladi- olus, Tigridias, and Dahlias, may be planted any time in the month. Tuberoses should not go out before the 20th of the month. SUB-TKOPICAL GARDENS AND ROCKERIES. The former may be arranged for the season, and the latter brightened with tender flowering kinds, and those with showy foliage, as soon as warm weather is established. SEED SOWING. Seeds of all the hardy and half-hardy annuals may be sown any time during the month, and those of tender annuals after the 10th of the month, and earlier in the South. ROSES, INSECTS, ETC. To \vards the end of May, and later, insects will begin to trouble rose bushes. The Rose Saw-fly, especially in its caterpillar state, known as the Eose Slug, is one of the most annoying pests, but with attention to keeping them down, the plants maybe saved from serious depredations. In the fly state they are of a shiny black color, about one- fifth of an inch in length, and found mostly on the un- 356 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. der side of the leaves, or flying from bush to bush. The first young slugs hatch out usually about June 1st, and increase in number during the month. These are of a pale green color, almost transparent, and feed upon the leaves, which soon look as if they had been burned. Dry slaked lime scattered over the leaves while wet with dew is a most convenient remedy that often proves effectual ; but a more sure one may be had in frequently syringing the plant with whale oil soap dissolved in water in the proportion of one pound to eight gallons of water ; many of the flies can also be destroyed with this solution if applied when they first appear. The Kose Chafer, or Rose-bug, is a troublesome insect, a small beetle, with a slender body, tapering before and behind, measuring near three-eighths of an inch in length, and covered with ashen-yellow down. They usually appear towards the middle of June, and remain from four to six weeks. About the only way of destroying these is to pass over the plants daily, shake or brush them into tin vessels containing water upon which a little kerosene is floating, or they may be gathered on sheets and burned. Mildew is a fungoid growth which shows itself upon the leaves and small twigs. It has a gray mould-like ap- pearance, and seems to be invited by anything that causes the growth of the plant to be suddenly checked. The ordinary agent for destroying mildew is flowers of sulphur dusted upon the leaves after wetting them, every few days, until no more is seen. Eust frequently troubles Roses in the garden, appearing on the leaves. Cut off and burn the infected branches. SUMMER MULCHING. Borders containing Rhododendrons, Lilies, and other plants that love coolness and moisture at the roots, should early in the season receive a heavy mulch of leaves, cut straw, bog-hay, or tanbark. JUNE. 357 CHAPTER XLII. JUNE. PLANTING OUT. Early June should see all the beds planted, as now everything may be trusted outside. Those who wait until the present month for setting out their tender plants, have the satisfaction of seeing them start off with a vigorous growth from the first. This is the great Eose month. After the Remontanta or Hybrid Perpetuals have bloomed, by shortening in the branches somewhat, the plants will be inclined to flower better in the autumn. Monthly Roses flower more freely as a rule, for having the branches pegged to the ground. Observe last month's notes on insects. SPROUTS, SUCKERS, AND "SPORTS." All through the growing season a look-out should be kept for sprouts that may start up from the roots of shrubs like Lilacs, Oleasters, etc., or from strong-grow- ing kinds of stocks, such as are used for grafting or bud- ding. The stocks of Kilmarnock and other Willows, Weeping Poplar, Roses, and many others, often throw up such shoots. These should be removed as they appear, for if allowed to get a start they draw vitality from the tree, at the expense of the budded or grafted part. Many persons are deceived by such shoots, and permit them to grow, which of course in the end can only result in dam- age or outright death to the improved and always some- what feebler part. We may sometimes meet a coarse, wild Willow or Rose in pleasure grounds, that made its 358 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. start in this way, the improved part of which died long ago. Some handsome shrubs like the Waxberry, bend down the tips of the branches, which take root ; the plants thus formed should be treated as weeds, unless it is desired to multiply them, when they should be removed and cultivated elsewhere for later planting. . . Most of the shrubs, trees, and plants, with variegated, cut, or curled leaves, are what are called "sports" that is, they are departures from the ordinary forms of the plants, and which have been propagated for these pe- culiarities which are more or less distinctly fixed. There is sometimes an inclination in such growths to revert to the normal form, and this should be prevented by cut- ting out any parts that fail to show the peculiarity. The beautiful variegated-leaved Kerria and Waxberry, need rather close watching on this account. CONTROLLING THE HABITS OF TREES AND SHRUBS. The Junipers of erect habit are striking garden orna- ments if of good forms. But sometimes they are disposed to spread out and receive damage by the lodging of snow in the centers. A few wires placed closely around them will obviate this trouble, and lead to good forms. Weep- ing trees, like the American Willow, Poplar, Ash, etc., may be improved in symmetry by extending a large hoop around the tree, to which the branches are brought and secured. When a tree is crooked or is disposed to lean from the perpendicular, it should be straightened while young, by tying it to a stake driven in at its side, or if it merely leans over, by the less conspicuous means of set- ting a short stake a little ways off, drawing the tree towards it by means of a wire, one end of which is attached to the tree by means of a leather strap, and the other end wound around the stake. It may be noted that crooks in young tree trunks naturally decrease as JUNE. 359 the tree grows. Honeysuckles and other climbers, grown as standards, by stopping the leading shoots at five or six feet, should be furnished with stakes or supports as needed. SUMMER PRUNING. Those shrubs which flower on last season's growth (seo Pruning under February), and which if pruned severely in winter, are robbed of flower buds, may have their growth controlled by summer pruning. This is best . done by shortening back the old wood just after flowering, cutting out entirely any branches that seem to be useless and in the way. By these means a free growth of young wood for flowering the next year will be promoted. Then later, throughout the growing season, any shoots that grow too rank may be pinched back to control the form of the shrub. The tendency of Fir trees to run up tall and lose their lower branches, may be overcome by cutting back the leading shoots occasionally. Early summer pruning of the Norway Spruce, cutting away one half of the young growth now, will lead to the starting of many side buds on each, causing the tree to become very compact. HEDGES AND CLIPPED TREES. Any treatment that tends to check the growth of these, without impairing healthfulness, is desirable. Shearing either evergreens or deciduous kinds, just as the present season's growth begins to harden, has some such an effect. THE LAWN. Pains should be taken to have it well and evenly mowed. Keep all verges properly clipped along the walks, borders, and buildings. To leave this undone, is to give a place a slovenly appearance. See under May and July. 360 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. WALKS AND DRIVES. Keep them clear of weeds and litter. Roll those of gravel occasionally, and keep the edges tidy. Sprinkling the walks tends to agreeable coolness. BORDERS AND FLOWER BEDS. Tender bedding plants of every description should now be out. Hyacinths and Tulips produce better flowers if the bulbs are lifted after the foliage begins to wither, keeping them in a dry, cool place during summer, and resetting them again in October. Annuals that were sown in the border, should be thinned where they are crowded. Work the soil frequently to keep down weeds, and promote the growth of the plants. Small borders kept open around trees, need careful attention as regards this. See Flower Beds under July. MISCELLANEOUS. Save seeds from Pansies and other plants, and for fall flowers of Pansies, sow towards the end of the month. In the Wild Garden remove, or keep in check, coarse weeds. Keep Hardy Plant Aquariums supplied with water. Peg down Verbenas and Monthly Eoses. Any young trees of a delicate nature are benefited by having their trunks protected from the hot sun for a few years, by matting bound around them, and a mulch over the roots. Pro- vide Sweet . Peas with trellises, and all other climbers with the needed support. INSECTS. Sometimes the white grub works much damage to the roots of plants. If plants in the beds or border that were healthy, are seen to turn yellowish and cease growing, JULY AND AUGUST. 361 suspect the presence of the white grub and dig down, find, and kill it. Angle, and other worms, sometimes trouble lawns, and may be killed by slaking a half peck of lime in a barrel of water, and after it is well settled applying the clear liquid freely with a watering can. This lime water will also destroy the aphides that attack the roots of trees or plants, and in fact all soft bodied worms and insects, and do the most delicate plants no harm. If Plant Lice or Wooly Aphides appear on the stems and leaves, bend these down into a pail of tobacco or quassia water ; if on the trunks and branches, use a brush, and vigorously apply the liquid. Ants are often troublesome, and may be destroyed by putting some fresh bones or a sponge saturated with sugar water in places where they resort, and after they collect upon and cover these, which they soon will do, drop them into boiling water or burn them. This should be repeated until all the ants are gone. CHAPTER XLIII. JULY AND AUGUST. SUMMER WATERING. Nothing can go farther towards making our gardens pleasant in summer, than to have the grass, plants, and trees in green, vigorous condition during the hot, dry spells, so common at this season. Where water is plenty this is easily accomplished. In watering lawns, means must be provided to conduct the water to all points where it is needed, and a contrivance must be provided for dis- tributing it properly. Stands and distributing nozzles for this purpose are for sale by dealers. Late in the day is the best time to have the sprinkler in operation. Ter- 16 362 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. race slopes require some extra care, to have them properly watered at this season. Trees and shrubs if thoroughly watered at times during dry weather, will repay the trouble, in greatly increased growth and beauty. Thorough watering is the means of getting large trees in a few years. The best time to water trees is during or immediately after a rain, because the atmosphere being then charged with moisture, water at the root does more good. Water thoroughly by giving each tree a half dozen or more bucketfuls. If there is no depression around the tree to hold water, puncture the soil with the tines of a spading fork, for a space as far across on the ground as the top of the tree is wide. In cultivated borders, the soil can be drawn back from each plant or tree to be watered, forming a basin about it, and filling it again and again with water, until there is enough. The next day the basin may be covered, and the surface of the soil mellowed with a rake. In watering Flower Beds, where plants stand close to- gether, the digging fork may be used for puncturing the soil to admit the water. Rockwork and the out-door fernery will require occasional waterings during dry weather. Supply hanging baskets, plant boxes, and vases with plenty of water at all times. Enough water should be used on these to thoroughly moisten every por- tion of the soil each time it is applied. Do not be satis- fied when the surface looks wet, but be sure the earth is soaked to the very center. Where there are no public water- works and connections for summer watering, every garden should have a handy water- barrow. For large grounds, the best form to choose is one with a removable tub, so that while one tub is being emptied another may be filling. The pumping of water by wind or other power into tanks sufficiently elevated to give a head for forcing the water through pipes and hose, all around a place, is easily arranged, JULY AND AUGUST. 3G3 affording a complete, economical, and independent water- works in every garden. FLOWER BEDS. These ought now be nearly or quite at their best, and the keeping of them in presentable shape will be one of the chief cares at this time. Carpet beds should be gone over every week, and the plants carefully clipped with a view to keeping them low and solid, and maintaining clearly denned lines between the different kinds in the design. This is work upon which a great deal of skill may be expended. Common shears, or sheep shears, having a spring to open them, are used. All clip- pings should be removed, as well as any weeds that may start up. To reach all parts of beds that are closely covered, a bridge consisting of a large plank supported at the ends must be used. Cut away the fading flowers of all plants ; if allowed to ripen seed, the flowering will be impaired besides, faded flowers mar the beauty of collections. Double Balsams are more attractive if they have some pruning. Leave one, three, or five branches, as best suits the fancy, and cut away the others. If the first spikes of strong Gladiolus are cut when fairly in flower, they will usually throw up a number of new spikes. SEED SOWING AND PLANTING. There are a number Oi hardy plants that ripen their seeds by mid-summer, and if it is desired to propagate these, the seeds should be sown soon after they are ripe, or any time before the middle of September. Then the seedling plants will be strong enough to winter over in safety and flower the next season. Sow in a seed-bed of fine soil; keep watered and shaded until the plants are up. The Common or White Lily (Lilium candidum), 364 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. should be transplanted now, as this is its natural season of rest. MISCELLANEOUS. Read instructions en care of lawn, walks, weeds, etc., of previous months. Dahlias, Gladiolus, Hollyhocks, and all tall-growing plants, should be provided with stakes as needed. Let them be simple, neat, and painted of some inconspicuous color. Remove .the seed-pods of Rho- dodendrons early after flowering. Borers in Acacia and fruit trees should be dug out, whenever there are signs of their presence near the root. Aquariums must be kept filled with water to make up for evaporation. On Summer Pruning read the notes under June. CHAPTER XLIV. SEPTEMBER. EAELY FROSTS. In this month, in many parts of the country, we may look for the first touches of frost. As there is usually a good deal of fine, warm weather after the first frosts, flower-beds, plants, vases, etc., should be covered on nights when frost is threatened, with a view to keeping up the beauty for such later delightful spells of weather. PLANTING DUTCH BULBS. Planting at the approach of the fall and winter season seems so contrary to the general order of things to many, that this, the only course for securing fine collections of Tulips, Hyacinths, etc., is often neglected. The plant- ing of such bulbs may be done at any time during the OCTOBER. 365 months of September, October, and November, or even later, provided the ground remains unfrozen. It is best, however, to not defer the work much after the first of October. Set Tulips five or six inches apart, and about five inches deep. Hyacinths may be planted six or eight inches, and Crown Imperials at a foot or more apart, and at the same depth as for Tulips. Crocuses and Snow- drops need not be more than two or three inches apart, and about the same depth. Planting these in clumps is the most effective way to arrange them. Crocuses and other low-growing kinds may be planted about the lawn in the grass, and will thus produce a pleasing effect early in the season. HARDY PLANTS. Such kinds as have finished flowering and are past active growth, may be taken up, divided, and reset dur- ing this month and the next. See notes on these under April. By doing this early, the replanted portions have a chance to become established before winter, and flower better the next year than if divided in spring. This is particularly true of Paeonies, which should be divided in October. CHAPTER XLV. OCTOBER. THE LAWN. Grass usually grows with vigor during this month, and the mowing must be kept up as needed. Because the end of the season is near, do not allow weeds to start up and disfigure the grass plat ; keep late weeds from the walks, drives, and borders. 366 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING- BORDERS AND FLOWER BEDS. Read the directions on Bulb Planting and Hardy Plants for last month. Take up Tuberoses, Dahlias, Gladiolus, Cannas, Caladiums, Tigridias, Madeira Vines, Erythriuas, a few days after the frosts have blackened the plants. All of these, excepting Erythrinas, should be dried off in the shade, and when perfectly dry, stored until spring. The best place for them is one that is cool and dry, and there is nothing better to pack them in than dry sand. Gladiolus and Tigridias may go into paper bags. As soon as the flower-beds become disfigured by frosts, clear them, coat the surface with manure, and dig them over for the winter, leaving the clods of earth from the spade or digging fork unbroken during this operation, so that the air and frost may have full effect on the soil during winter. The freezing of the water, held by the earth in this shape, causes its small particles to be rent asunder, just as the freezing of sap In plants lacer- ates the vessels, and makes the texture of the soil more friable the next year. In borders, where shrubs and hardy plants are growing, the digging should not be done near to them so deeply as to injure the roots. AUTUMN SEED SOWING. Early in October, seeds of Sweet Alyssum, Callirrhoe, Candytuft, Centaurea, Clarkia, Larkspur, Lupines, Mig- nonette, Nemophila, Portulaca, and lawn grasses, may be sown wherever the soil is well drained and not heavy. Then they will start up early in the spring, and in the case of the annuals, will flower freely, much earlier than will spring sown ones. In the South and on the Pacific Coast, all hardy and half-hardy annuals may be sown in the Tall, and Gladiolus be planted. OCTOBER. 367 SEEDLINGS. Pansies and other plants from seeds sown in the sum- mer, will be showing up well by this time. Early in the month they may be pricked out into beds of fine soil, at a "distance of several inches apart each way, to allow them to develop into strong plants by winter. These, in the spring, may be set where wanted for flowering. Pricking out or dibbling small plants is frequently done in the garden. The dibble may be merely a smooth-pointed stick for small plants, as large as a finger. In using the dibble a hole is made, and in this the seedling is held, while the dibble is thrust into the soil a second time, in a way to crowd the earth firmly against the roots, after- wards pricking a little soil into hole number two, to even the ground. If a tip of a leaf will break when pulled, without bringing up the plant, it is considered firmly enough planted. After being thus set, the plants should be well watered. IMPROVEMENTS. Usually, now is the season of the yearr to make improve- ments and alterations, in the line of grading, draining, trenching, etc. The soil is often dry at this time, and the air cool and bracing, a state of things under which men and teams will do almost double the work they would if land is loaded with water, and the weather dis- agreeable. Trees, shrubs, and hardy plants may be planted in October, where everything is ready for it. The earlier it is done after the tenth, the better, in order that they may gather up strength before winter. If the leaves re- main at planting time, they should be stripped off before taking up the trees, etc. Evergreens seldom do well planted in the fall. 368 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. CHAPTER XLVT. NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER. FALL MANURING. Every other year, or every three years, the lawn should receive a top-dressing of manure, and provided the right article of this is at hand, the fall months is the best time to apply it. The best top-dressing is an inch deep of thoroughly decayed manure, and if so old and fine that there will be nothing left to rake off in the spring, all the better. Objections to fresh manure are its offen- siveness, and that it is liable to contain weed seeds, which will make trouble. If such manure is at hand, the apply- ing of it may be deferred until February or March, for the sake of not having it on so long, while some prefer that time for applying any kinds of fertilizers. Bone manures are excellent for the lawn and free from weeds. Manure should also be applied occasionally as a surface dressing under plantations of all evergreen and decidu- ous trees and shrubs. Put on several inches here, and it will tell in increased vigor very perceptibly. Where it is desirable to do an extra job on specimen trees, the sod may have four or more cuts made into it in diverging lines from the tree, as far out as the limbs extend, and' then each section of sod between the cuts be lifted and rolled up outwards all around, so as to expose the soil below. Then remove three or four inches of the soil, throw in some fine old manure at the bottom of the opening, and afterwards fill in the earth again and roll the sods in their place, to firm them down. FALL PROTECTION. The best time to apply any fall protection is in the last days before winter sets in, which is usually about the latter part of November. There are many trees, shrubs, NOVEMBER AND DECEMBEB. 369 and plants, that are hardy after they become well estab- lished, and the roots have had a chance to push below the frost line, that should be protected for a few years. Partial protection, by covering the surface over the roots with a mulch of straw, hay, or leaves, will be all that is needed by many kinds. Such a covering, four inches thick, is enough, and more might cause mildew. Shrubs that are tender, should also be protected with straw or matting above the ground. Bring the branches together, lash a cord around them, and place the straw about them for their entire length, completing by winding strong twine around the whole with the turns at short distances apart. If a tree with branches too large to be brought together into one bundle, is to be protected, then a num- ber of different bundles nrny be made, afterwards drawing these together somewhat and binding them. Eoses and other plants that can be bent to the ground, by taking away a spadeful of earth at the root on one side, may be protected by completely covering them with six inches of soil. Many evergreen trees cannot well be brought together to bind with straw ; these may have boughs of any kind of evergreens placed over and against them to keep off sun and wind, which more than anything else injure evergreens in winter. A hood, made of seven-eighth inch matched stuff, as shown in figure 138, may also be used for such purposes. The lower growing evergreens may be covered by strewing straw over them. Globe-headed ever- greens, like the dwarf Arbor Vitaes, and some others, are at times liable to suffer from snow lodging in the tops, causing the branches to spread out of shape. This may be prevented by nailing two boards of a suit- able length into the form of a letter V, and then invert- ing this over them, lashing a cord around both, to bring 370 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. in the side branches somewhat. In protecting with ever- green boughs, thrust the ends into the earth, so that they will freeze fast and keep their positions. Hardy Plants in the borders are benefited by a slight covering over the roots during the winter. In nature they are usually protected by leaves. Cover the surface with a light coat of straw, coarse manure, or leaves, and the plants will flower all the stronger for it. Fall-planted bulbs, like Hyacinths, should receive special attention in this respect. Such rather tender plants as Pampas Grass, the tender kinds of Liatris, Erythrina, Tritomas, etc., may be lifted and stored for the winter in dryish earth in the cellar, or any cool place where it does not freeze hard. Artificial plant aquariums and fountains, that are in danger of being damaged by the water in them freezing, should have it emptied, and a shed of boards placed over the basins to keep out wet and snow. Before putting on this cover, fill up beneath with some straw or leaves, to keep the frost from injuring the masonry. Heavy snows may injure shrubs and trees, if allowed to remain on them. Shake out accumulations of it, that are liable to freeze fast or turn into ice. If sleet gathers on the trees and there is danger of injury to them, prop up the branches in good time to obviate this. Young trees in places subject to sweeping winds, should be se- cured to stakes in the winter, to prevent injury by their being whipped and wrenched about. INDEX. GENERAL INDEX. Alpine Plants .332 .348 156 Ferns, Hardy 218 Ferns, Soil for 332 Fertilizers 345 April, Operations in Aquatic Plants .34! .as4 . 14 .161 300 .361 .281 .214 Float for Leveling 320 Flower Beds 331-3U3 and Borders. 366 Arrangement Associations, Rural Improvement August. Operations in " Beautiful Paris," a model Beds. Raised Geometric Desi"iis for 211 Location of 216 Flowers, Misuse of. .. 209 Flowering and Ornamental Plants. 206 Fountains 230 Beetle, Sod 324 .243 .244 .216 215 215 Front Lots, Adorning Small 249 Frosts Early . 364 Boat Houses Garden Architecture ; 335 Gardening, Ornamental, American Progress in ... 12 Ribbon Scroll Borders .331 360 283 Materials of 23 Past, Present, and Future 9 Profltsof. 16 Requirements of American 10 Time Required for Effects 21 Gardens, Constructing 308 Hospital and Asylum 275 Boulevards, Garden Boundaries, Planting of .196 Boundary Wall, Hidden Box Ed"in<* 177 352 .226 .242 .207 213 Bridge of Rocks Hotel 277 Bridges Carpet Beddiii" Public Town 280 Railroad Station 278 School 273 Carpet Beds. Plants for Cemeteries, Garden. .301 .275 . 20 205 Grass, Creeping Bent 24 Do"'s Tail 24 Church Yards Cities, Shade Trees in GruenorJnne 24 Kentucky Blue 24 Perennial Rye 24 as Screens and Arches on Arbors on Fences and Gate-posts. . . . on Houses on Verandas . .204 .803 200 .201 .203 .344 169 Red Fescue 24 Red Top ... 24 Rhode Island Bent 24 Sweet. Vernal 24 Tall Fescue 24 Pruning of Uses of Clipped Trees 2 Clover, White Conservatories Conservatory, Detached, Gothic.. Conservatory over B:iy Window. . Coping, Stone 1-351 24 .245 .245 .271 .238 .215 .311 .311 368 Yellow Oat 24 Affroslif alba. var. stolonifera . . . 24 Agrostis vulyaru 24 Antfmxranthum odoratum -4 Avenaficivesceng 24 Cyruxmrus crtitatm 24 feftuca elatim .. .24 Curve Rod Curves, to Lay Out December, Operation)' in Fextuca ovina, var rubra 24 Loliwn perenne 24 Pkalaris arundinacea 24 Poa praiensix 24 Draining .313 .327 .364 .350 . 18 ..339 239 .236 .237 .177 Drives Dutch Bulbs. Planting of Gravel Walks. Can; of. 346 Green-house. Lean-to 24(5 Grotto Artificial . .224 Farms. Tree Planting on February, Operations in Fence, Tight Board Fences Hurdle .. . Sunken . Ground, The, and the Grass 23 Grounds. A Corner Lot 253 A Deep Front Lot 251 and Street Level.. . 170 (371) 372 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Fiiuil Shaping.... ... .316 Farm made Park-like 203 Five and one-half Acre Garden. 355 Four Acres on Hillside 255 Garden Front to Row of Hoases.259 Laving Out .310 Three-fourths of an Acre 254 Three long Lots form a Joint Garden 200 work,' 'Making. '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' ....220 333 227 Roof Gardens .... 209 Roses 347 Insects on 355 Rural Improvement Association 300 Rustic-work. 330-345 Seat, Folding 240 Garden Shaded 2: J ,n Work on 312 Hanging Bat-kelp 268 Hardy Plants . . 351-3(15 Stone or Marble Seedlings Seed Sowing Autumn. September, Operations in . . Shrubs, Comparative size of. Deciduous Rate of Growth of Scatterings of Use in Small Places. . Utility of. Slopes, Gauge for Snows, Danger from Soil, Preparing The 210 307 303 306 304 . ... 25 . . .27 21-22 1!)5 252 185 319 370 ...315-331 3o7 233 336 218 357 241 167 159 Hodges '-'31 Pruning 344 Stiles for 233 Highways, Planting 298 Home Buildings 106 Hood for Protecting Plants. 309 Improvements, Planning 308 Insects 301 Canker Worms 349 January, Operations in 337 July, Operations in 301 Lakelet, Improved 228 Lawn, Care of 346-353 Stiles Siructnres, Foundations for. Subtropical Gardens Seedinc 326 Lawns, French Method with 217 Major and Minor Embellishments. .162 Manure 344 Manuring, Fall 368 March, Operations in 346 Snmmerhouse, Rustic Surface. The Tender Perennials Terraces, Shaping Town Squares, Small Towns, Park System for Trees and Shrubs, ControLii its of 319 297 287 g Hab- 358 223 25 27 197 186 3'Jl 20 18 . .. 21-22 Group- 189 May, Operations in 353 Miscellaneous Natural Materials... 160 Mature as a Teacher 161 November, Operations in... ..308 October, Operations in 365 Trees, Clipped Comparative Size of.... Deciduous Future Size of Grouping of Ileeling-in Planting in Cities Piantinsr on Farms Rate of Growth of Trees, Shrubs, and Flowers. Ovals, to Form 311 Park Central 292 Parks Small Town 294 Pests 339 Plant Houses 245 Planting, Manner of. 322 Planting, Time for 320 Plants, Aquatic and Bog &34 Plants. Plantingont Tender 355 Paris, Past, Present, and Future.. 2S3 Parks, Pnblic 279 Trellises Trenching Turf, Cutting, and Laying. .. Undulating Borders Walks and Drives as Embellishment. .' Curved and Straight.... Objective points in WallofBrick 345 315 ... . 3->4 168 3^7 177 181 178 182 Protection, Fall 368 Pruning Deciduous Shrubs 341 Deciduous Trees 339 Summer 359 Rabbi ts and Mice 339 Rhododendrons 332 Rill. Improved 229 Road-making 329 Me Adam 330 Stone in Sand 330 Tel ford 3:0 Water Fowl Water in Gardening 231 227 230 Watering in Summer Weeds 361 354 2'8 297 255 .... Xft Rock Archway 224 Border ...221 Ri-id"e 220 Garden.... 221 Wild Garden Window Boxes for Plants. . Window' Gardens Woodwork, Care of.... INDEX. 373 INDEX OF TEEES AND SHRUBS. Ailanthus Alder, Black Common Cut-leaved European Ha w i horn-leaved Hoary Imperial Cut-leaved Linden-leaved Oak-leaved. 53 83 55 54 55 55 54 55 55 55 Large American Weeping Azalea, Clammy .... 85 95 95 Hybrids Oriental Purple.. ... 95 .... 72 95 Smooth . ... 95 Balsam Fir Barberry, American . . ....104 . 86 86 Speckled Almond, Double White. . . . 55 64 64 Evergreen ....117 .... 86 86 Purple-leaved Violet-fruited Flowering Andromeda, Catesby's . Free Blooming Marsh Angelica Tree 64 97 97 97 73 60 Basswood Bayberry Beech .... 46 . . 98 40 American Broad-leaved .... 41 .... 41 41 Aralia, Mandschurian Arbor Vitue, American Bulst's 72 107 108 Crested-leaved Cut-leaved ... 42 .... 42 41 Burrow's Chinese. . Golden . .. .108 110 110 110 110 108 108 108 109 Fern-leaved Golden Variegated .... 42 .... 41 41 Rollinsons Weeping Chinese Dwarf Dense Geo. Peabody Globe-headed Purple-leaved 41 Purple. Rivers' Weeping . .... 41 41 Bilstecl .... 53 57 Cherry ... 57 Heath-leaved Hoopes' Dwarf Hovey's Nee's Plicate . ..108 ....109 108 108 Cut-leaved Weeping Downy-leaved Elegant Weepin" .... .... 57 .... 57 57 56 Oriental Parsons'.. 110 108 108 Graceful Weeping Indian Paper ... .... 57 58 Nettle-leaved 57 Round headed Siberian 109 108 109 Paper 57 Purple-leaved .... 57 57 Upright Vervoene s Weeping 108 108 108 Sweet 57 Yellow .... 58 57 You ii"' s Weepiii" Ash, American White Aucuba-leaved. Bosc's. 44 44 44 Black Alder .. ... Bhickberry, Cut-leaved Double .... 83 . .. 94 91 Cloth-like leaved European Dwarf Crisp-leaved 44 45 45 Bladder-nut, American Asiatic .. 81 .... 81 .. . 81 ..'.Si .... 81 117 Dwarf Globe-headed.. Golden-harked Hooded-leaved 45 45 45 Bladder Senna, Aleppo Common Oriental . . . . Single-leaved Variegated-leaved Weeping Willow-leaved 45 .. . . 45 45 45 Box Box Elder ... 40 Bramble, Purple White ... .... 94 94 Flowering Gold-spotted-leaved 45 44 44 Buckthorn .... 68 Burning-bush Broad-leaved .... 73 .... 73 73 Showy 45 Walnut-leaved.. . ... 4-1 Purple-leaved . . 73 374 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Button-bush 83 Dentzin, Graceful .... 95 96 Buckeye.. . 32 Dogwood, Alternate-leaved European . . 66 .... 67 .... 6H ... 67 .... 67 .... 67 66 (it! Dark Red 34 Flowering Osier 33 Long-racemed Ohio... Purple 84 33 34 Red-branched RodSiberiiin Round-leaved Weepiii"- Small 34 Whitley's Yellow 84 33 Elder, American . ... 71 .... 71 71 Cut-leaved 85 Calycanthus 84 Golden-leaved .'.'..' 71 .. . 27 70 Variegated-leaved Elm Carolina Allspice S4 Common Dwarf, American Golden 45 42 43 43 American, White Ash-coiored Belgian 27 ...29 ... 28 29 Hardy 43 43 29 Kaempferi Cedar, California White... Deodar ... 28 107 107 D.-nnpier's Pyramidal ... 29 29 Indian 107 107 En"lish 27 27 Mount Atlas 107 27 107 Cork-barked Curled-leaved ... 27 ... 28 28 Whi'te . 106 Dwarf 106 Variegated Cercidiphyllum 106 50 63 Nettle-leaved Plume-like .... 28 28 Double-flowering European Bird Weeping; Cinquefoil, Shrubby Cloth ra Acuminate-leaved. . . Cletlira, Alder-leaved 63 63 63 98 .'.'."..'" 85 85 Serrate-leaved .... 28 Twiggy Variegated-leaved ... 28 Webb's Curled-leaved.... Weeping Cork-barked Weeping, Small-leaved... Monumental Red ...27 . . 27 .. 27 .... 28 ... 29 29 Corchorus 97 67 Variegated 67 Scotch Crisp-leaved Weeping. . . . Huntingdon's. . . .... .... Rough-leaved Weeping.. White Margined ... 28 ... 29 ... 29 .. 29 . . 29 29 Cotoneaster, Box-leaved.. 88 . 88 Frigid LJose-flowered Money-wort-leaved Round-leaved 88 . 88 88 weefe::::: ::.:::: ::: Weepin<* ... 29 27 Crab, Chinese Double, Ros ^-flower- 60 Weeping Camperdown Wych ... 28 . .. 28 89 Garland, Flowering... Riven?' Semi-double.. Currant, Crimson-flowered Gordon's 60 61 87 87 Fir, Hudson's Bay Dwarf Pinsapo Flowering Apple Forsythia, Fortune's. ...105 ....105 ... 60 ... 84 84 Missouri Yellow-flowered Cypress, Lawson's Pyramidal Silver-leaved 87 87 106 106 .106 Weepin" . 84 .... 85 66 French Mulberry Upright 106 106 Garland Flower 98 Weepimr..'.'. Nootka 'Sound 106 106 52 Golden Bell Golden Chain . . . ... 84 ... 64 ...48 .. 49 Chinese Weeping 52 B'road-ieaved Weeping Variegated-leaved Hackberry.. ... 49 . . 60 Deutzia, Crenate-leavcd. . . 96 INDEX. 375 Hazelnut, American Constantinople Cut-leaved.. ... 84 ...85 ... 84 Reeves' Robust Irish S:ivill Cvpro s-leaved Tamarisk-leaved Vnrtayaied-leaved Scaled Swedish Kentucky Coflee Tree ....112 .111 ...111 ...111 ...111 .. Ill ...112 ..111 ... 53 65 Purple- leaved Hemlock Spruce Dwarf Dense Sargent's Weeping Small-leaved Hercules' Club Hickories Hickory. Common Shell Bark High Bush Cranberry Hobble Bush Holly, American Honey Locust Ciispian Chinese ... 84 . .104 ...104 ...104 ...104 . .104 73 ... 36 ... 36 . . 36 .. 76 . 77 ...113 ... 59 ... 59 . 59 .. 59 .. 59 ... 77 ...78 Laburnum. Alpine Alschinger's Common ... 65 ... 64 ... 64 .. 65 ... 65 ...64 . . 65 .. 65 ...44 Large-leared Oak-leaved Park's Purple-flowered Scotch Larch, American Thornless Weeping Honeysuckles, Bush English Fly European .. 43 43 Weeping ... 43 Japan Laurel, Broad-leaved Narrow-leaved Lead plant Leather-leaf Lilac, Chinese Common Emod's French Red Golden-leaved Josika's. ... 44 ..114 ...114 ... 83 ... 97 ... 70 ...69 ...70 70 ... 69 70 Fragrant . . 77 77 Mountain Standish's Tartarian Hop-Hornbeam Hop-Tree Hornbeam, American English. . . . ... 78 . . 78 ...77 ... 65 ... 72 ... 65 .. 65 Hop Horse-chestnut Chinese ... 65 ... 32 ... 33 ... 32 ...32 .. 32 ... 32 32 Persian Rouen. Verschaffelt's .. 69 ...70 .. 70 . 46 46 Cut-leaved European Double Red Double White Van Hontte's Dwarf.. Lime Linden, American.... Broad-leaved 46 .. 46 ... 46 .. 48 ...47 ...46 ... 47 ...47 ... 46 ...47 ... 46 ... 4rt ... 46 ...47 . . 47 ... 53 ... 58 ... 58 59 Memminger's Red-flowering Golden Dwarf .. 32 .. 32 .. 32 ...32 Broad-leaved. . Fernleaved Golden Broad leaved Grape-leaved Hairy styleJ Pyramidal R-d Cut leaved Rerl-i wigged.. . Small-leaved Whiic leaved . White-leaved Weeping... . Yellow-twigged Japan Liquidambar Locn-t, Besson's Black Hydrangea. Changeable . 86 ... 86 ... 86 ...43 ... 96 83 Large-flowered Panicled Indian Bean Indian Currant Inkberry Ironwood. Japan Globe Flower . .. 83 ... 65 ... 97 . 65 ... 66 . . 62 ...111 .. 110 ...112 ...110 ..112 ..112 . Ill Oriental June-berry Juniper, American Pyramidal. . . Canadian Trailing Chinese Globe ... 5S 58 Golden 59 Daurian , Moss .. .. 59 ... 58 58 Globular Parasol Pyramidal- Irish ..112 ...112 ...112 ... 59 ... 68 36 Lee's Yellow Madeira Nut Polish... ...111 Magnolia.... ... 49 37G ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Magnolin, Chinese White Cucumber Ear-leaved Great Laurel 50 49 50 50 Mountain Ash, Hybrid Oak-leaved Weeping Mulberry. Black . .... 01 . til ... (il 5-> Great-leaved Hall's Japan Heart-shaped 50 51 50 Downing' s Ever-bearing... Japan .... 55 .... 56 56 Lenne's 52 Red .. 55 Norbert's Purple Showy-flowering Slender-growing Soulange'8 51 50 52 .... 51 52 50 White Nettle Tree, American European Nut-bearing Trees Oak. Burr. . .. 55 60 .... 50 .... 36 30 30 Long-leaved Thompson's Umbrella 50 52 50 Cut-leaved.... English Royal .... 30 ... 30 31 Very Dark Purple .. .. 51 Curled Pyramidal 31 Mahonia. .. . . .. 117 Cut leaved 31 Maiden Hair Tree 45 Dark leaved 31 Maple Ash-leaved Curled Variegated Black Sugar Cork-barked Curled-loaf .... 37 40 40 .. .. 40 37 .. .. 40 . ... 38 Golden-leaved Large-leaved Louett's Purple-leaved. .. Pyramidal Silver-leaved Weeping ... 31 .... 31 .... 30 .... 31 .... 31 . .. 31 31 38 31 37 31 Eagles Claw English '.'.'.'.'. 40 Mossy cup Pin Red .... 30 ... 30 30 Golden-leaved 38 Scarlet. .... 30 Japanese. 39 . . 40 Shingle .... 30 30 Lorberg's. Norway Cut-leaved.. 38 .... 37 88 Swamp, White Turkey White .... 30 .... 31 30 40 Willow. 30 Red Red Colchicnm Schwerdler's Silver-leaved 37 39 '.'.. 38 Oleaster, European Garden Silver-leaved Osage Onmife '."! 82 ... 82 61 Crisp-leaved New Cut -leaved 38 .. 38 Paper Mulberry Panlownia .. .... 5f> . 56 Warner's Cut-leaved 33 Peach Bloorl-leavml 64 Striped Sugar 40 37 37 Flowering Pea-tree, Arborescent .... 64 .... 71 . 80 39 Siberian 70 Tartarian.. . Velvety 40 39 Pepperidge .... 54 !>9 Medlar . ..62 European . . 60 Mespilus Mezereum 62 98 Japan Pine. Antrim fit) .... 99 Mist-Tree 68 100 Mock Orange 75 Black 99 Dwarf 75 75 California Mountain Cluster ....101 .. 100 75 ii'.i Golden-leaved Gordon's Late Large-flowering .... 75 76 76 76 Dwarf, or Mountain Heavy-wooded Highland Jeffrey's .. .100 :::: ....101 Mountain Ash American. Eldfr-leaved 60 ... . 61 61 Lofty Bhot...n Mugho ....101 ....100 110 EuroDcan .... ... 61 Pitch.... ....101 INDEX. 377 SabineV 101 Yellow or Austrian .. 92 Scotch 100 <>r Sharon 74 Short-leaved, Yellow S.viss Stone ..100 ..102 St. Johns-wort Kalm's 89 89 Table Mountain 100 Shrubby 89 Tauriun Weyinouth White ..100 ..101 101 Sassafras Service-berry Shad-flower 61 62 62 Compact White . 101 Shrubby Althaea 74 Silver-while ..101 37 Shrubby Trefoil. Silver-bell Tree 72 71 Oriental . 37 63 Silver Fir Ccphulonian Cilician 105 105 63 Great 105 34 105 Abe'le .'.' ' Athenian Weeping . 35 . 35 Noble Nordiuimn's 105 105 Balsam . 35 Siberian 105 35 Smoke-tree 68 " Eugenie" 35 Snowball . 76 Cotton wood .. 35 Japan 76 Gray 35 96 35 62 Necklace Parasol do St Jiilieu . 35 35 Sophora, Japan 54 54 Silver Weepiii" . 35 . 35 Sour Gum Spice Bush 54 72 White 35 Spindle Tree 73 Spireea 89 82 Billard's 90 82 Douglas's ... 90 go 90 Oval-leaved Weepiii" . 82 82 Golden-leaved 90 91 White-berried . 82 Plum-leaved .0 Purple Fringe 68 90 87 90 Red-bud... . 65 Spruce, Black 103 Red Cedar 111 Colorado Blue . . 103 Bedford's 112 . 104 Light Green .112 Doumets' 103 Silvery-leaved Variegated alba .111 112 Dwarf White 103 . .103 112 Hemlock 104 111 104 Reti nisponC obtuse-leaved .109 109 Menzies' 103 102 Golden .109 Barry's 102 Heath-like 109 103 Thready-branched Plume-like .109 .109 Conical Ellwan<*er'8 Dwarf 103 103 Silver-tipped Gold-tipped .108 109 Finedon Hall 102 . 103 109 103 Rhododendron, American Hybrids .116 116 Maxwell's Piorov Dwarf 103 103 Pontic 116 Pyramidal 102 93 103 i)3 ....104 China 93 .104 Climbin"- . 92 Smith's 104 Hybrid Noisette 93 White ....I 108 92 . 97 Tea 93 73 9-2 Stnartia ::::::. Moss.. . .. 92 Styrax, Japan 89 Prairie , 93 Sumach, Cut-leaved ... 69 378 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Sumach, Fragrant Osbeck's Chinese 68 ... 68 69 68 53 85 84 47 Wild Olive Willow, American Weeping.. Babylonian Fountain Goat 82 48 47 48 47 48 Venetian Sweet Gum Sweet Pepper Bush Sweet-scented Shrub Syrina Weeping Golden ... Japan Weeping Kilmarnock Weeping.... 47 47 48 .. ..47 44 Tamarisk 72 67 . ... 67 113 ...113 Thorn, Common Hawthorn. Evergreen Torreya. California!! Florida Laurel-leaved Palm-leaved Ring-leaved 48 48 . ... 48 48 48 47 48 48 48 Rosemary-leaved Royal Salmon's Weeping Shiny-leaved Silky Weeping 113 Umbrella Pine Viburnum, Lantana-leaved. . Nepal 113 77 77 77 Rough-leaved Virgilia . Walnut, Black 77 54 36 36 Wolsey's Weeping ....... Winterberry, Common Smooth leaved Witch Hazel 84 83 83 68 . ... 77 63 Cut-leaved 36 36 Withe-rod Yellow-wood Wax-berry WaxMyrtle Way-faring Tree 96 98 77 80 Yew, American Beautiful 114 114 114 English 114 ....114 114 Variegated-leaved White-flowered 80 80 85 106 107 68 GoTden Irish White Alder White Cedar "White Cedar" Wig-Tree 144 Weeping . ...110 15 fiilaii ERBACEOUS PLANTS. Blecdin nr Heart 127 INDEX OF H. Acanthus iRDY H 134 138 ....135 140 142 Acorns Adam's Needle 134 137 127 Boltonia Bowman's Root Brodseia Brunella .... 140 140 135 Aletris Alfredia Nodding Allium, Golden Alstrsemeria Amiant liium 138 125 138 138 138 139 Bugle, Blue-flowered Red-leaved . 138 135 Bupthalmum Buttercup Butterfly Tulip Weed Callirrhoe 135 144 140 139 .... 140 126 Anemone .125, 139 Anthericnm .125 135 Campanula Canada Tick-Trefoi 1 Candytuft. Perennial Cardinal Flower Catch -fly . . ...128 .. 128 143 131, 133 144 135 Asphodel Aster 139 139 125 Catnip Mussin's Avon*. Scarlet 142 Centaurea 140 140 144 Biineberry Baptisia Bee-Balm Bell-Flower 138 139 144 126 Chelone.. Clary, Silver , Clematis, Erect ... .137 140 Bell wort Berlandiera 145 140 Clintonia Colchicum ... .140 12. var. rubro-nervis 55 incana 55 var. laciniata 55 tiliacea 55 Amelancliicr Canadensis 62 var. Botryapium 62 vul-'ari-" 62 var. ttore ploiio var. rubra fl. pi var. laciniata var. nana Van Houttei. . Memmingeri ... 32 .... 32 .... 3i . . 32 ... 3-> 34 Amorpha ( anescens 83 I'rut icosa 83 var. angusti'olia 83 Andromeda floribunda 97 Mariana 97 poli folia ')7 Pavia 33 var. atrosanguiuea var. carnea pubescens.. . 33 ... 33 34 var.elata 72 spinosa 73 var. Whitleyi ... .... 34 calendulacea 95 (382) INDEX. 383 Azalea mollis . . 95 Colutea arborescens . 95 | cruenta ... . 95 ' Halepica ..117 Cornus alternifulla t-6 circinata ... 81 ...81 ...81 ... t!6 66 viscosa Berberis Aquif olium vuigai-is var. purpureti var. fructu violacea Bctulaalba .. 86 1 florida .. 86 j Mas . . 56 i . var. varlegata ... btt .. 67 ...67 67 var. foliis purpureis vii r. pondula tlegans .. 57 .. 57 57 Sibirica var. variegate Corylus Americana Avellana, var. purpurea var. laciniata Colurna Cotoneaster affluis buxifolia Msfida laxiflora .. 7 . 84 .. 84 .. 84 .. 85 .. 88 .. 88 .. 88 88 var. pendula Youngii var. popuhfolia var. pubescens var. trisiis .. 57 . 57 . 57 .. 57 var. urtici/olia Bhojpaltra .. 57 .. 58 .. 58 .. 58 57 costiita lutea.. . lentil microphylla nummnlaria ... 88 88 .. 57 .. 58 ..107 .. 56 ...67 ..67 106 pumila Biota Pyiacantha Brou^sonetia papyrifera var. argf ntea .. 106 ...106 106 Buxus BI mpervirens C'eplialanthus occidentals Callicarpa Americana purpurca Calycanthus elougatus . 117 .. 83 .. 85 .. 85 . 84 84 var. erecta var. pyramidalis var. variegata thyoide;< ..10(i .. 106 .. 100 var. nana ...106 100 glaucus .*. . . Eevigatus macrocarpus Cafagana Altagana ::3 .. 84 .. 84 .. 70 71 Cryptomeria Japonica Cytisus purpureus Dapbne Cneorum ...107 ... 64 ... 98 ... 98 ... 96 Chamlagu . 70 . 65 .. 65 Deutzia crenata *Betulus var. fl. nib. pi var purp.pl ... 96 ... !Mi 06 var. pendula . . Oarya al ba .. 65 .. 36 Cassandra calyculata Castanea vesca var. Americana Jnponica pumila .. 97 .. 34 . 34 .. 34 .. 34 . 43 .. 43 .. 43 . 43 .. 43 .. 43 . 43 85 vrnhrii Dicrvilla arborea-grandiflora. . . . candidn. ... 96 ...80 80 hortensis nivca Dimorphantnus Mandshiiricns. . Diogpyros Kakl Lotus Virginiana Elcugnus argentea liurtcnsis Eaonymns alatus Americanus ntroparpnreus Europscus var. at ri ipurpnruus latifolius Exochorda graudiflora Fagus fori-uginca sylvaiica var. aurea variegata var. cristata var. cuprea var. laciniata var. macrophylla var. pendnla .. 80 ... 80 ...72 ... 60 ...60 . . . 59 ... 82 ...82 ... 73 ...73 .. 73 .. 73 ... 73 ... 73 ... 89 ...41 ...41 ...41 ... 4,2 ...41 ...42 ... 41 ...41 speciosa var. aurea Cephalotaxus drnpracea Cedrns Allan tica Doodara Libani Celtis nustralis . 115 ..107 ..107 . 107 .. 60 .. 00 .. 60 .. 65 . 66 . 66 .. 66 .. 53 .. 85 .. 85 occidentalis Ccrcidiphylliira Japonicum Cercis Canadcnsis Japonica Chiuensis Chionanthus Virginica C'ladrastis tinctona Clethra acumlnata aluifolia.... var. aspleniifolia... . . 49 384 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Fainis sylvatica var. parpurea var. purpnrea major var. purpurea Rivers:! .. 41 .. 41 .. 41 .. 41 . 84 84 Juniperns8abina var. alpina var. ciipruHsil'ulia. .., vars. tamariscifolia var. variegata 11* ....111 Ill Ill .. ..Ill viridissima .. &4 \Tirgiiiiana var. Bedfordiana var. glauca var. pendula var. Schoitii var. variegata alba var. variegata aurea Jnglans cinerea Ill ....ill .. .111 112 .... 112 ...112 .... 112 36 36 .... 36 36 36 118 113 97 Ii5 64 64 64 Fraxinus Americana .. 44 .. 44 .. 44 . . 44 .. 44 .. 44 var. Boscii var. JagiandllbliB var. nairaon var. rulii .. 44 45 . . 45 .. 45 .. 45 .. 45 regia var. laciniata var. praeparturieiiB Kalmia angiiBtilblia latifolia var. atrovirens var. aurea var. aurea-pendula var. ciiciillata var. globo^a var. pemlula var. ealicilolia var. concavsefolia variegaia. .. 45 .. 45 .. 45 .. 45 .. 45 45 Keel re n ten a paniciilata Laburnum alpionm Alscliingeri.... var. scolopendrifolia Ginkgo udianiifolia Glyptostrobns pendulum GyinnocladiiB Canadensis GlediiecliiaCaspica Sinensis .. 45 . 45 . 58 . 52 . 53 59 var. niacrophylla var. Parkii var. quercifolia Larix Americana 64 64 ... 64 44 48 43 43 .... 44 .. .. 97 107 82 82 triacantlios var Bujotii .. 59 .. 59 .. 59 .. 79 .. 71 .. 68 74 var. pendula Icptnlepis...; Leiicotlio* Categbaei Libocedrns decurrens Ligustrnm laiirifolinm var. inermis tetraptera lljiinain?e K 82 . ... 82 ... 82 '.". 72 53 36 .. ..78 ... . 77 77 HTdriM.'a arborescens Horiensia luutlculata grandiflora qnercifolia mdiata .. 87 .. 86 .. 86 .. 87 .. 87 .. 89 . 89 83 var. buxifolia var. leucocarpa var. pendnla Lindcra Benzoin Liquidainbar styracifliia Liriodendron Tulipifera Lonicera caerulea Hypericnin Kalmianum proliflciun ,~ ^. '.'ll3 .. 83 ..112 .110 110 ..110 ..110 ..111 . Ill ..111 ..111 .110 ..111 ..112 ..112 112 Ledebourii opaca vrrticillala JunipeniB Barbadensis CanadenBis ConiimiiiiB var. alpina var. alpina pyramidalie var. Uracovica var. Hibernica var. Hibernica robnsta vnr. nana var. Suecica Siandisaii Tartar! ca ... 78 77 78 Macluini anrantiaca Magnolia acnminata 61 49 50 cordiita ::-:s ... . 50 .... 50 .... 50 5-i 51 .. .. 52 50 51 Fraseri glanca var. longifolia . grandiflora liypoleiica Leniu-i macrophylla Norboriiana var. Japonica var. Lccana Danrica liemisphaerica Occidental!*, var. venusta. . . pr-istrala Sabiiia.... ...112 . 112 ..112 ..113 ..112 purpuiva Sonlangeana vnr. gracilis ppiTiosa stellata 50 . 52 51 '.'.'. 51 INDEX. 385 Magnolia Thompgoniann Umbrella .... 52 ... 50 02 Ouercns alba . -JO . :;o 30 Moms alba var. fastigiata ni<'ra .. 55 ... 55 55 Cerris coccinea... Daimio. . 31 . 30 31 55 31 Tokwa Myrica ct'rifura Nijgundoaceroides var. crisptnn var. foliis argetituis .... 56 ...98 . . 40 ...40 .. 40 54 imbriearia lyrata inacrocarpa M ','"S ( '! ica palustris Pliellos 80 . :;o 80 81 . 30 30 Osirya Vir-rinica I'aiilownia imperial!*... Finns Auatriaca ... 65 ... 56 ...100 Prinus var. laciniata Kobur . 80 80 80 Buiithamiana Cembra ....100 ...102 102 var. argentca vuricgata var. atropnrpurea 31 31 ;u 101 31 Jeffrey! ...101 100 var. cncullaia : 31 31 Laricio mitis Mu-'ho ...100 ...100 101 var. laciniaia var. latifolia cucullata 81 81 31 Pallasiann PiiiiiBter ... ponderosa. pumilio imngens ...100 ...100 ...101 ... 100 ...100 . 100 vnr. macrophylla var. nigricaii!-- var. pendiila rubra Rosa Bonrboniana 31 31 31 80 <>:! '(^ sylvestris var. horiznntalig Podocarpus Japonic:! Potent illaiYiiticosa Pyrns Japonica . .. Phtladerphos oofouarlna var. nana (lianthiflora Gordo'.iianus grandiflorus nivalis Bangui nuns .. 100 .. .100 ...114 ... 98 .'.'.' 75 . . 75 ... 7<; ... 7(5 ... 7(5 ...76 ... 7(5 35 Damascffiiia Indica Iiulica udorain Indica odorala hybrida lutea. Noisetliana hybrida Riibus fruticoRiis var. lac,iiiiatii!> Niitkanus odoratiiB Retinispora. (Sec Thuja.; Rbamuua catlmrticus.., n ea 98 n M ea in in M !M (IS (iS var ni vert ... 35 Cotinus. liS baliWinifera dilat-ita Gra-ca pendiila. ...35 ... 35 . . . 35 .. 35 glabra, var. laciniata Osbeckii typhina. . . , 60 88 09 S7 monililera 35 Gordonianuin NT tremuloides ,... . ...35 87 Primus avinin, fl. pi doinMtica, fl. pi .. 63 . . (53 64 Robinia hispidu var. <:randiflora BO n 58 Padus Sinrnsis ... 63 . (53 var. aurea n E8 spinosu, fl. pi.... tomentosu '. . ..."!.. trllobn .. 63 ... 63 63 vnr. Bella-rosea var. fastigiata 58 58 5S Ptclea trilbliata Pynis Amcricann. nncnparia ... 72 ... 61 ... 61 01 var. inermis rnbra monstrosa. var. pyramidalis var. spcctabilis 58 58 B8 50 coronana hybrida ...60 ... 61 61 Salisburia Salix. alba var. vitellina ni 47 47 Kimbuc.i folia suoclabilis . 61 ... (50 var. Salmonii var. annularis. . 47 4S 386 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. var. tricolor .... 48 var.fllifera obtusa Bquarrosa occidentals var. alba 109 109 110 107 108 108 108 Japonica pendula laurifolia lucida ... 48 .... 48 ... 48 .... 48 palmicfolia purpurea pendula regalis rosmarinifolia sericea pendnla Wolseyana pendula Sambucus Canadensis .... 48 .... 48 .... 48 .... 48 .... 48 71 71 var. aurea var. Burrowil var. conica densa var. compacta var. crisiata... 108 108 108 var. ericoides var. <:lobosa var. Hackerii 108 107 109 var. aurea 71 var. laciniata Sassafras offlcinalis Sciadopitys verticillata Sophora Japonica var. pendula Spirsca callosa .... 71 .... 61 ....113 .... 54 .... 54 .... 90 var. Iloveyi 108 var. nana 109 var. pendula var. plicata var. pyramidalis var. rotundaia var. Sibirica 108 108 108 109 108 108 Douglasii Fortunei 90 .... 90 90 var. Warreana Tilia Americana 108 . 46 prunifolia Reevesiana salicifolia var fl pi .... 90 .. 90 90 46 cordata Buropoea var. alba 47 46 46 Billardi sorbifolia Thunbergii ... 90 .... 91 90 var. alba-pen du!a var. dasystyla 46 47 46 Staphylwa Colcbica .... 81 81 trifolia .... 81 ... 78 .... 79 .... 89 .... 70 70 var. laciniata rubra var. microphyllu var. platyphlla var. platyphylla aurea. . . var. pyramidalis 46 46 46 47 47 47 Stuartia pentagyna Vlrginica :.., Styrax Japonica Syriiifra Chiuensis dubia Emodi .... 70 ... 70 .'.'.'. 70 .... 70 70 var. sulpburea var. vitifolia Torreya California* 47 46 113 Persica var. alba Rothomagensis Verschaffeltii nucil'era taxifolia 113 113 Ulmus campestris 28 28 28 vulgaris var. variegata Tamarix Galiica .... 69 .... 69 72 var. aurea var. Bel<*ica var. Cornubiensis var. cticullata var. monnmentalis 28 28 28 28 Tnuiopsis dolabrata Standishii ....115 ....115 .... 52 .. .52 .... 52 114 distichu tii pendulum Sinense pendulum var. purpurea var. serratifolia var. subcrosa pendnla. . . var. nrticaefolia ... var. Yftriegftta argcntca. var. viminalis fulva ... .28 28 28 ..... 28 28 28 29 29 . 29 baccata .. .114 var. aurea var. Canadensis ....114 ....114 114 var. fastigiata Thuja (Biota) orientalis ....114 ....107 ....110 var. pendula DoviPi. nioiuaiia 28 var. eleeantissima var. flliformis pendula var. semper aun-a ....110 ....110 . ..110 var. Camperdowni 28 27 var. crispa .. 29 (Retinispora), plnmosa plumosa var. argeutea var. aurra. . . . ...109 ...109 ....109 ...109 var. Huntingdon! var. latifolhi vrr. pendula var. uendiihi ni"osa. . ... .29 .. .. 29 29 ... 29 INDEX. 387 var. pyramidalis Uampieri.... 29 var. superba 29 Viburnum Opnlus 76 plicatum 76 77 rngrosum 73 var. sterilis 76 77 BOTANICAL CEOUS I 134 Virgilia 54 NAMES OF HAEDT LA NTS. HEKBA- 139 INDEX OF THE Acanthu latifolins mollis Achillca filipendula.... millelblium rosemii Ptannica fl. pi... . Achlys triphylla \?A 138 138 133 138 134 australis. ... 139 125 Burlaiidiera tonientosa.... Bctoiiica offlcinalitf Bocconia cordata 140 .140 135 Boltoniaglastilblia Brodiaea congcgta 140 140 140 Japonicum Napellus 138 138 134 Brunella t^randi flora Biipthalinum speciostim .. Callirrhoealcaeoides involncrata triangnlata Calochortus Guiiiiisoni. .. Campanula persicasfolia. . . 140 135 140 140 140 140 . 126 Actsea alba 13S 138 .138 Atlonis vernalis Ajuga pyramiclalis reptans 125 138 155 Aletris aurea 138 farinosa 188 AlCrudia cernua 105 AlliumMoly 138 Alstrsemeria aurantiaca 138 Amianthiuni luuecftetoxlcniu 13 i Amsonia angUi-tifolia 139 Tabernseniontana 139 Tracheliiim 126 126 126 140 Cassia Marilandica C'atanaiicho cserulca Ccntaurea macroct-phala. . inontana Ci'iitrantlius rnber 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 126 126 147 126 141 135 cylindrica Japonica var. alba patens, var. Niutal ucnioro?a, fl. pi Pounvylvanlc* ranunculoitles eylvestris Antennaria dioica Autliericuin Lilia"o... 139 123 125 iana 139 125 139 139 13! 139 1^4 Chrysopsis Mariana .Clt-matia erecta integrifolia Cliiitonia borealis Colcbicum aiitiiinnalc Couvallaria majalis Coronilla vnrla Crocus veruus Crucianella ftylosa Daciylis gloinrnna. . . 1 ili as trim i 125 US Delphiniiun aziin-uiii cielstinmn 12 Aqnilcgia cserulea chrysantha . l-i5 125 125 125 funnosuni graiidiflornin 120 127 127 Skiimeri 128 caryophylloides. . . . vulgarls Armeria villains.. Artemusia Sielk-riana. 125 lio 1-15 135 135 Diantbus barbatus . . dcltoidi-s dentosii!' 127 127 127 ])liiraariiis (iiierterii 127 127 135 127 Asclepias tubcrosa. . . verticillata 139 139 125 spectabilis 127 DiclamnnsFraxiuella. . .. 127 127 Aster lonjnlblius Novae Anfrliffi Novi Bcl-rii oblonjrlfolltif 139 139 1:59 13> Doroiucnin Caucasicuia. . 141 141 Ecliinops Ritro 135 136 Astilbc Japonica 125 Erantliis hyenmlis 142 388 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Erianthus Ravenna? Krigeron macranthitm ....135 ....142 142 Lilium Catesbooi .... 130 130 Krameri longiflorum Pomponium 130 130 130 130 liryiigium amethystinum ....135 . ..135 127 Ainuricauuin Dens-canis Kulalia Japonica, varieguta 127 127 ....135 . . . . 135 superbum tenuifolium 130 130 130 130 Enpatorium ageratoides Euphorbia corollata Myrsinites.... 142 ....142 ....142 ....135 Liniira perenne Lobelia cardinalis 143 143 143 Lopanthus anisatus Lotus corniculatus Lupinus polyphyllus 143 . ..143 143 131 . .. 131 m 131 131 143 143 Fritillaria imperialis Finikiaalba ....127 ....128 12S Japonica Sieboldii 123 ....128 .. ..136 ....128 ....142 ....142 112 .142 Flos-cuctili.... FloB-Jovis Haagcana Viscaria, fll. pi Lysimachia clethroidcs undulata medio-picla Galaiithus nivalis Gaur:i anguMi folia. . Gentiana Andrewsii cruciata Geranium ptety petal Dm vulgaris Ly thrum Salicaria .... 143 129 143 Geuin coccinemn Gillenia trifoliata Gyneritim argenteam Gypsopliila acutifolia .... 142 142 ....IS! ....142 ..142 ....142 142 ....136 ....128 ....128 Montlia rotundifolia, var Mcrtensia pauiculaia Virginica Mimulus cardinali.- Monarda didyma Muscari botryoides. . . ... . comosum 13li 143 ... 143 144 ....144 128 128 Hulianthns angustifoliiw mollis orgyalis HenH-rocallis flava moscliatum Myosotis dissitiflora Narcissus Joiiquilla 128 131 1-29 Kwanso, var Hesperis matronalis Hibiscus Califoniicus grandiflorus Moscheutos Hieracium anraiitiacuni Hyacintlius oriental's IlvSfnpllS officillllli* ....136 ....128 . ..143 143 ... 143 ....143 ....128 ....143 128 Nepeta Masseni Nierembergia rivularis (Enothera Missouricnsis speciosa Omithogaluin pyramidalo. . .. umbellatum Orobus vernus Pavonia Moutan offlcinalis . ...144 .144 144 .....144 ...131 131 .. ..131 ....131 .. ..131 132 144 . . 135 .... 141 . ..134 132 132 132 144 . .. 126 ... .132 132 ..145 145 . ..144 .. ..144 141 132 . ..132 .. ..132 144 144 Gibfaltarica ....128 tennifolia Pachysandia procumbcn- Panicum vireatnm Pentstemon barbatus . ... Phalaris arundinac^vi. var. . . Phlox divaricata reptans subulaia Pbysost'^'ia Virginiana Platycodon grand i flora ra. . Polcmoninm c.cruleuiii reptans Polygonatum vnlgarc var. macranthum Polygonum cnspidutuin vaccinifolium Potentilla pyroniaca Primula vulgaris Pulmonari.-i angu-tifolia maculata Pyretlirum Tchihatchcwii sempervirens .. . Iris Florentina ....128 . 129 ....129 Ibirica Ka'mpfcri .. .129 ....129 . ..129 . 129 ....129 . ..129 . . 129 ....129 .... 129 ...129 ...130 ....130 .... 130 ....129 . . 129 ....129 li-vigata Pavonia pnmila reticulata xiphioides Xiphiura Lathyrus granditlorus Inlirolius Lencnjum icstivum autumnalis vernum Liatris clegans pumila spicata Lilium aiiratum ... Canadense candidnm ....130 ....130 ... 130 fascicularis. . . . ... 1 14 INDEX. 389 Rheum Einodi ...106 136 Symphytum offlcinale, var Tauacetum Balsamiia. Thalictrum aquilegifolium spetiostim Thymus citriodorus . . . . Serpyllum, var Tradescantia Virginica Triteleia uniflora Tritoma Uvaria ..137 ..145 ..145 ..145 ..137 137 .133 . 145 ..133 ..145 .145 ..145 ..134 . 134 134 Rudbeckia maxima nitida Salvia argentea azurea officinal! s tricolor Santolina Cbamiecyparissue .... Sedum cruciatum . . . 141 .. 142 ...137 ..137 ...137 ...137 ..137 spectabilis Senecio aureus Sileue maritima orientalis Pennsylvania Schafta Silphium laciniatum pi-rfoliatum Sisyrinchium grandiflorum Spigelia Manlandica Spinea ArtmcQS ..137 ...145 ...133 ...133 . . . m ...133 ...137 ...137 ...145 ...133 ...133 133 Valeriana offlcinalis Verbena bipumatiflda montana, Veronica amethystina gentianoides Vinca major minor Viola blanda ..134 ..134 134 ..134 ..134 134 pedata Japonica venusta Stachys coccinea lanata INDEX OF THE EOT ...125 ...133 . . . 145 ...145 ANIC. ...122 ...122 ...122 118 Wahlenbergia grandiflora Yucca angustif olia ..126 ..137 137 fllamentosa iL NAMES OF CLIMBEKS. Lonicera Periclymenum sempervirens ..137 ..120 ..120 120 Akebia quinata Aristolochia Sipho var, minus Standiehii ..120 ..121 indivisa quinquefolia Roylii . .118 ...118 118 Mentepermnm Canadense ..122 123 tricuspidata Veitchii Celagtrus scandens Clematis coccinea Jackmanii Virginiana Cocculus Carolina? Hi'dera Helix var Hibernica ...118 ...118 ...122 ...121 ...121 ...121 . .123 .124 Tecoma radicans ..122 ..122 ..123 grandiflora Vitis wstivalis cordifolia ..123 122 indivisa . 123 vnlpina Wistaria bracbybotrys ..123 .119 .119 ..119 ..119 ..119 ...119 ..119 ..119 '..119 ..119 D ..146 146 Jasniinum offlcinale ...123 frutescens Lonicera brachypoda var, reticulata Caprifolium, var. pjillida.. .. flava var. Canadensis ...120 ...120 ...120 ...120 ...120 100 var. alba var. masrnifica Japonica alba Sinensis var. alba ....120 ...121 NICA OCK I ...146 146 var. Belgica INDEX OF THE BOTA R Acantholtraon glumacenm ..... var. alba L NAMES OF ALPINE AN 'LANTS. Bulbocodinm vemnra Alyssum saxatile var. compactum ....146 ...146 146 tomentosum ..146 ..146 ..146 ...146 Camassia. sp Campanula Carpatica isophylla Aqnilegia Canadensis Arabis, cp Arenarin. sp Anneria plantaginea vulL'aris Aubrietia, ep ...146 ...146 ...146 ...146 .. .146 ...146 rotundifolia ..146 ...147 ..147 147 Cheiranthns alpinus Epimcdium alpiuum ..147 390 ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. Epimedinm pinnatum 147 Saxifraga cordifolia 148 148 Gentiana acaulis 147 ligulata 148 Virginiensis 148 149 serpyllifolia 147 Kara tscbati cum populifolium puicbellum Sieboldii spectabile 149 149 149 149 . .149 Linaria alpina 147 Visearia, var. splendens 147 Mitchella repens 147 Nepeta Gleclioma 147 Telunhium 149 Oxalis violaceii 147 Puntsteinon acuminatus. 147 Phlox amcena 148 Sempervivtun, sp Silent; alpestris Tunica Saxifraga Veronica alpina... 149 l-i< 149 149 149 AND 152 152 Douglasii 147 Pyxklanthera barbiilata 148 Sapouaria ocymoides 148 INDEX OF THE BOTANICAL BOG PI Adiantum pedatum 151 Anemone Apeuuina 150 nemorosa 150 var. bracteata... . 150 Aplectrum hyemale . ... 150 Waldetenia fragarioides. NAMES OF AQUATIC jANTS. Goodyera, sp Helleborus atrorubens 152 Helonias bullata Hepatica, sp 158 152 151 AristolochiaSerpentaria 150 Asanim Canadense 150 caiulatuni 150 Virginicum 150 Aspidium frap-rans 151 acrostichoidea 151 Orcbis spuctabilis Pellsea atropurpurea Pterisaquilitia Podopliyllum peltatmn 152 152 152 153 Polygala pauci fol ia Polypodium vnlgare RamondiaPyrenalca 152 152 152 Asplenium ebeneum 151 Camptosorus rhizopliyllus 151 Cheilanthcs tomentosa 151 Rbexia Virginica Sanguinaria anadense Selaginella ep Smihicina stellata Trillium cernuum erythrocarpnm grancliflorum nivale Viola Canadensis 152 152 152 152 152 153 153 153 153 153 Cypripedium acaule 150 Calceolus 150 Dodecatheon Meadia 150 var. lancifolium 150 Epigsea repens 150 Fritillaria atropurpurea 152 153 152 AND 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 155 154 154 Woodsia Ilvensis ^.L NAMES OF FERNS NG PLANTS. Habenaria flmbriata psycodes INDEX OF THE BOTANIC^ SHADE-LOVl Acorns Calamus . . 153 Arissema Dracontium ....153 Brasenia peltata 153 Callapalustris 154 Calopogon pnlchellus 153 Caltba palnstris 153 Calypso borealis 153 Cypripedium arietinutn 154 Lobelia cardinalis Nympbaea odoruta Nupbar advena Orontium aquaticum Parnassia asarifolia. ...... Pontederia cordata Pogonia, sp Sabbatia chloroicles parviflorum 154 spectabile - .-153 DarlinKtonia Californica 154 Drosera filiformis 154 rotnndi folia.... 154 Ilabenaria blepharMottis 154 Sagittaria variabilis. Sarracenia purpurea 154 155 155 155 Typha angustifolia latifolia 155 155 ciliariB.... ,...154 SENT FREE ON APPLICATION. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE : OF : RURAL BOOKS, Containing 116 8vo pages, profusely illustrated, and giving full descriptions of nearly 600 works on the following subjects: FARM AND GARDEN, FRUITS, FLOWERS, ETC., CATTLE, SHEEP, AND SWINE, DOGS, ETC., HORSES, RIDING, ETC., POULTRY, PIGEONS, AND BEES, ANGLING AND FISHING, BOATING, CANOEING, AND SAILING, FIELD SPORTS AND NATURAL HISTORY, HUNTING, SHOOTING, ETC., ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING, LANDSCAPE GARDENING, HOUSEHOLD AND MISCELLANEOUS, PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS. ORANGE JUDD COMPANY, 52 & 54 Lafayette Place, New York. 2 STANDARD BOOKS. Mushrooms. How to Grow Them. For home use fresh Mushrooms are a delicious, highly nutritious and wholesome delicacy; and for market they are less bulky than eggs, and, when properly handled, no crop is more remunerative. Anyone who has an ordinary house cellar, woodshed, or barn can grow Mush- rooms. This is the most practical work on the subject ever written, and the only book on growing Mushrooms ever published in America. The whole subject is treated in detail, minutely and plainly, as only a practical man, actively engaged in Mushroom growing, can handle it. The author describes how he himself grows Mushrooms, and how they are grown for profit by the leading market gardeners, and for home use by the most successful private growers. The book is amply and pointedly illustrated, with engravings drawn from nature expressly for this work. By Win. Falconer. Is nicely printed and bound in cloth. Price, post-paid 1.50 Allen's New American Farm Book. The very best work on the subject ; comprising all that can be con- densed into an available volume. Originally by Richard L. Allen. Revised and greatly enlarged by Lewis F. Allen. Cloth, 12mo. . . 2.50 Henderson's Gardening for Front. By Peter Henderson. New edition. Entirely rewritten and greatly enlarged. The standard work on Market and Family Gardening. The successful experience of the author for more than thirty years, and his willingness to tell, as he does in this work, the secret of his success for the benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable information. The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth, 12mo.-- 2.00 Fuller's Fractical Forestry. A Treatise on the Propagation, Planting, and Cultivation, with a de- scription and the botanical and proper names of all the indigenous trees of the United States, both Evergreen and Deciduous, with Notes on a large number of the most valuable Exotic Species. By Andrew S. Fuller, author of "Grape Culturist," "Small Fruit Culturist," etc. 1.50 The Dairyman's Manual By Henry Stewart, author of "The Shepherd's Manual," "Irriga- tion," etc. A useful and practical work by a writer who is well known as thoroughly familiar with the subject of which he writes. Cloth, 12mo . 2.00 Truck Farming at the South. A work giving the experience of a successful grower of vegetables or " grain trucK*' for Northern markets. Essential to any one who con- templates entering this promising field of Agriculture. By A. Oemler, of Georgia, Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Harris on the Fig. New edition. Revised and enlarged by the author. The points of the various English and American breeds are thoroughly discussed, and the great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer who keeps but few pigs, and to the breeder on an extensive scale. By Joseph Harris. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo ._.* 1.50 Jones's Peanut Flant Its Cultivation and TJses. A practical Book, instructing the beginner how to raise good crops of Peanuts. By B. W, Jones, Surry Co., Va. Paper Cover, 50 STANDARD BOOKS. . 3 Barry's Fruit Garden. By P. Barry. A standard work on fruit and fruit-trees ; the author having had over thirty years' practical experience at the head of one of the largest nurseries in this country. New edition, revised up to date. Invaluable to all fruit-growers. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 2.CO The Propagation of Plants. By Andrew S. Fuller. Illustrated with numerous engravings. An eminently practical and useful work. Describing the process of hy- bridizing and crossing species and varieties, and also the many differ- ent modes by which cultivated plants may be propagated and multi- plied. Cloth, 12mo :...... 1.50 Stewart's Shepherd's Manual. A Valuable Practical Treatise on tho Sheep, 'or American fanners and sheep growers. It is so plain that a farmer, or a farmer's son, who has never kept a sheep, may learn from its pages how to manage a flock successfully, and yet F.O complete that even the experienced shepherd may gather many suggestions from it. The results of per- sonal experience of some years with the characters of the various mod- ern breeds of sheep, and the sheep-raising capabilities of many portions of our extensive territory and that of Canada and the careful study of the diseases to which our sheep are chiefly subject, with those by which they may eventually be afflicted through unforeseen accidents as well as the methods of management called for under our circumstances, are here gathered. By Henry Stewart. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Allen's American Cattle. Their History, Breeding, and Management. By Lewis F. Allen. This Book will be considered indispensable by every breeder of live stock. The large experience of the author in improving the character of American herds adds to the weight of his observations, and has enabled him to produce a work which will at once make good his claims as a standard authority on the subject. New and revised edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 250 Fuller's Grape Culturist. By. A. S. 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A Complete Manual for Horsemen, embracing: How to Breed a Horse ; How to Buy a Horse ; How to Break a Horse ; How to Use a Horse ; How to Feed a Horse ; How to Physic a Horse (Allo- pathy or HomcBpathy) ; How to Groom a Horse ; How to Drive a Horse ; How to Ride a Horse, etc. By the late Henry William Her- bert (Frank Forester), Beautifully Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo... 1.75 4 STANDARD BOOKS. Henderson's Practical Floriculture. By Peter Henderson. A guide to the successful propagation and cultivation of florists' plants. The work is not one for llorists and gardeners only, but the amateur's wants are constantly kept in mind, and we have a very complete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under glass, or in the open air, suited to those who grow flowers for pleasure as well as those who make them a matter of trade. The work is characterized by the same radical common sense that marked the author's "Gardening for Profit," and it holds a high place in the estimation of lovers of agriculture. Beautifully illustrated. New and enlarged edition. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Harris's Talks on Manures. By Joseph Harris, M. S., author of " Walks and Talks on the Farm," "Harris on the Pig." etc. Revised and enlarged by the author. A series of familiar and practical talks between the author and the dea- con, the doctor, and other neighbors, on the whole subject of manures and fertilizers ; including a chapter specially written for it by Sir John Bennet Lawes, of Rothamsted, England. Cloth, 12mo 1 1.75 Waring' s Draining for Profit and Draining for Health. This book is a very complete and practical treatise, the directions in which are plain, and easily followed. The subject of thorough farm drainage is discussed in all its bearings, and also that more extensive land drainage by which the sanitary condition of any district may be greatly improved, even to the banishment of fever and ague, typhoid and malarious fever. By Geo. E. Waring, Jr Illustrated, Cloth 12mo. 1.50 The Practical Babbit-Keeper. By Cuniculus. Illustrated. A comprehensive work on keeping and raising Rabbits for pleasure as well as for profit. The book is abun dantly illustrated with all the various Courts, Warrens, Hutches, Fencing, etc., and also with excellent portraits of the most important Bpecies of rabbits throughout the world. 12m.o 1-50 ftuinby's New Bee-Keeping. The Mysteries of Bee-keeping Explained. Combining the results of Fifty Years' Experience, with the latest discoveries and inventions, and presenting the most approved methods, forming a complete work. Cloth, 12mo -- - 1.50 Profits in Poultry. Useful and Ornamental Breeds and their Profitable Management. 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A treatise on the propagation, culture, and history of the rose. New and revised edition. In his work upon the rose, Mr. Parsons has gathered up the curious legends concerning the flower, and gives us an idea of the esteem in which it was held in former times. A simple garden classiiication has been adopted, and the leading varieties under each class enumerated and briefly described. The chapters on multiplication, cultivation, and training are very full, and the work is altogether one of the mcst complete before the public. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 1.00 Heinrich's Window Flower Garden. The author is a practical florist, and this enterprising volume em- bodies his personal experiences in Window Gardening during a long period. New and enlarged edition. By Julius J. Heinrich. Fully Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 75 Liautard's Chart of the Age of the Domestic Animals. Adopted by the United States Army. Enables one to accurately de- termine the age of horses, cattle, sheep, doge, and pigs 50 Pedder's Land Measurer for Farmers. A convenient Pocket Companion, showing at once the contents of any piece of land, whe:i its length and width are known, up to 1,500 feet either way, with various other useful farm tables. Cloth, 18mo; .60 How to Plant and What to Do with the Crops. With other valuable hints for the Farm, Garden and Orchard. By Mark W. Johnson. Illustrated. CONTENTS : Times for Sowing Seeds : Covering Seeds; Field Crops; Garden or Vegetable Seeds, Sweet Herbs, etc.; Tree Seeds ; Flower Seeds ; Fruit Trees; Distances Apart for Fruit Trees and Shrubs ; Profitable Farming ; Green or Manuring Crops ; Root Crops ; Forage Plants ; What to do with the Crops ; The Eotation of Crops; Varieties ; Paper Covers, post-paid 50 Your Plants. Plain and Practical Directions for the Treatment of Tender and Hardy Plants in the House and in the Garden. By James Sheehan. The above title well describes the character of the work " Plain and Prac- tical." The author, a commercial florist and gardener, has endeavored, in this work, to answer the many questions asked by his customers, as to the proper treatment of plants. The book shows all through that Its author is a practical man, and he writes as one with a large store of experience. The work better meets the wants of the amateur who grows a few plants in the window, or has a small flower Garden, than a larger treatise intended for those who cultivate plants upon a moro extended -scale. Price, post-paid, paper covers 40 Husmann's American Grape-Growing and Wine-Making. By George Husmann of Talcoa vineyards, Napa, California. New and enlarged edition. With contributions from well-known grape-growers, giving a wide range of experience. The author of this book is a recognized uthority on the subject. Cloth, 12mo... 1.50 The Scientific Angler. A general and instructive work on Artistic Angling, by the late David Foster. Complied by his Sons. With an Introductory Chapter and Copious Foot Notes,"by William C. Harris, Editor of the " American Angler." Cloth, 12mo 1.50 STANDARD BOOKS. Keeping One Cow. A collection of Prize Essays, and selections from a number of other Essays, with editorial notes, suggestions, etc. This book gives the latest information, and in a clear and condensed form, upon the man- agement of a single Milch Cow. Illustrated with full-page engrav- ings of the most famous dairy cows. .Recently published. Cloth, 12mo 1.00 law's Veterinary Adviser A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic Animals. This is one of the best works on this subject, and is especi- ally designed to supply the need of the busy American Farmer, who jean rarely avail himself of the advice of a Scientific Veterinarian. It is brought up to date and treats of the Prevention of Disease, as well as of the Remedies. By Prof. Jas. Law. Cloth, Crown 8vo 3.00 Guenon's Treatise on Milch Cows. A Treatise on the Bovine Species in General. An entirely new trans- lation of the last edition of this popular and instructive book. By Thos. J. Hand, Secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club. With over 100 Illustrations, especially engraved for this work. Cloth, 12mo. The Cider Maker's Handbook. A complete guide for making and keeping pure cider. By J. M. Trow- bridge. Fully Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 1.00 Long's Ornamental Gardening for Americans. A treatise on Beautifying Homes, Rural Districts, and Cemeteries. A plain and practical work at a moderate price, with numerous illus- trations, and instructions so plain that they may be readily followed. By Elias A. Long. Landscape Architect. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 2.00 The Dogs of Great Britain, America and Other Countries. New, enlarged and revised edition. Their breeding, training and management, in health and disease ; comprising all the essential parts of the two standard works on the dog, by " Stonehenge, " thereby fur- nishing for $2 what once cost $11.25. Contains Lists of all Premiums given at the last Dog Shows. It Describes the Best Game and Hunt- ing Grounds in America. Contains over One Hundred Beautiful En- gravings, embracing most noted Dogs in both Continents, making to- gether, with Chapters by American Writers, the most Complete Dog Book ever published. Cloth, 12mo 2.00 Stewart's Feeding Animals. By Elliot W. Stewart. A new and valuable practical work upon the laws of animal growth, specially applied to the rearing and feeding horses, cattle, diary cows, sheep and swine. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. How to Co-operate. A Manual for Co-operators. By Herbert Myrick. This book describes the how rather than the wherefore of co-operation. In other words it tells how to manage a co-operative store, farm or factory, and co-op- erative dairying, banking and fire insurance, and co-operative farmers' and women's exchanges for both buying and selling. The directions given are based on the actual experience of successful co-operative en- terprises in all parts of the United States. The character and useful- ness of the book commend it to the attention of all men and women who desire to better their condition, 12mo. Cloth.,,,, 1-50 STANDARD BOOKS. 7 Batty's Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration. By Joseph H. Batty, taxidermist for the government surveys and many colleges and museums in the United States. An entirely new and complete as well as authentic work on taxidermy giving in detail full directions for collecting and mounting animals, birds, rep- tiles, fish, insects, and general objects of natural history. 125 illus- trations. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Stewart's Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and Orchard. New and Enlarged Edition. This work is offered to those American Farmers, and other cultivators cf the soil, who from painful expe- rience can readily appreciate the losses whicli result frovnthe scarcity of water at critical periods. By Henry Stewart. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Johnson's How Crops Grow. New Edition, entirely rewritten. A Treatise on the Chemical Compo- sition, Structure, and Life of the Plant. Revised Edition. This book is a guide to the knowledge of agricultural plants, their composition, their structure, and modes of development and growth ; of the com- -plex organization cf plants, and the use of the parts ; the germination of seeds, and the food of plants obtained both from the air and the soil. The book is an invaluable one to all real students of agricul- ture. With numerous illustrations and tables of analysis. By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson, of Yale College. Cloth, 12mo 2.00 Johnson's How Crops Feed. A treatise on the Atmosphere and the Soil, as related in the Nutrition of Agricultural Plants. The volume the companion and complement to "Bow Crops Grow," has been welcomed by those who appreciate scientific aspects of agriculture. Illustrated. By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson. Cloth, 12mo - 2.00 Warington's Chemistry of the Farm. Treating with the utmost clearness and conciseness, and in the most popular manner possible, of the relations of Chemistry to Agriculture, and providing a welcome manual for those, who, while not haying time to systematically study Chemistry, will gladly have such an idea as this gives them of its relation to operations on the farm. By R. Warington, F. C. S. Cloth, 12mo - 1.00 French's Farm Drainage. The Principles, Process, and Effects of Draining Land, with Stones, Wood, Ditch-plows, Open Ditches, and especially with Ties ; includ- ing Tables of Rainfall, Evaporation, Filteration, Excavation, Capacity of Pipes, cost and number to the acre. By Judge French, of New Hampshire. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Hunter and Trapper. The best modes of Hunting and Trapping arc fully explained, and Foxes, Deer, Bears, etc., fall into his traps readily by following his directions. By Halsey Thrasher, an old and experienced sportsman. Cloth, 12mo -- 75 The American Merino. For Wool or for Mutton. A practical and most valuable work on the selection, care, breeding and diseases of the Merino sheep, in all sections of the the United States. It is a full and exhaustive treatise upon this one breed of sheep. By Stephen Powers. Cloth. 12mo 1.50 8 STANDARD BOOKS. Armatage's Every Man His Own Horse Doctor. By Prof. George Armatage, M. R. C. V. S. A valuable and compre- hensive guide for both the professional and general reader with the fullest and latest information regarding all diseases, local injuries, lameness, operations, poisons, the dispensatory, etc , etc., with practi- ^ cal anatomical and surgical Illustrations. New Edition. Together 'with Elaine's "Veterinary Art," and numerous recipes. One large 8vo. volume, 830 pages, half morocco. 7.50 Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor. Containing Practical Observations on the Causes, Nature, and Treat- ment of Diseases and Lameness of Horses embracing recent and im- proved Methods, according to an enlightened system of Veterinary Practice, for Preservation and Restoration of Health. Illustrated. By Geo. H. Dadd, M. D. V. 8., Cloth, 12mo 1.50 The Family Horse. Its Stabling, Care, and Feeding. By Geo. A. Martin. A Practical Manual, full of the most useful information. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo - 1.00 Sander's Horse Breeding. Being the general principles of Heredity applied to the Business of Breeding Horses and the Management of Stallions, Brood Mares and Foals. The book embraces all that the breeder should know in regard to the selection of stock, management of the stallion, broodmare, and foal, and treatment of diseases peculiar to breeding animals. By J. H.Sanders. 12mo, cloth 2.00 Coburn's Swine Husbandry. New, revised and enlarged edition. The Breeding, Rearing and Management of Swine, and the Prevention and Treatment of their Diseases. It is the fullest and freshest compendium relating to Swine Breeding yet offered. By F. D. Coburn. Cloth, 12mo 1.75 Dadd's American Cattle Doctor. By George H. Dadd, M. D., Veterinary Practitioner. To help every man to be his own cattle-doctor ; giving the necessary information for preserving the health and curing the diseases of oxen, cows, sheep, and swine, with a great variety of original recipes, and valuable infor- mation on farm and dairy management. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Silos, Ensilage, and Silage. A practical treatise on the Ensilage of Fodder Corn. Containing the most recent and authentic information on this important subject, by Manly Miles, M.D., F.R.M.S. Illustrated. Cloth 12mo 50 Broom Corn and Brooms. A Treatise on Raising Broom-Corn and Making Brooms on a small or Large Scale. Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth cover .50 American Bird Fancier. Or how to breed, rear, and care for Song and Domestic Birds. This valuable and important little work for all who are interested in the keeping of Song Birds, has been revised and enlaiged, and is now a complete manual upon the subject. All who own valuable birds, or wish to do so, will find the new Fancier indispensable. New, revised and enlarged edition. By D. J. Browne, and Dr. Fuller Walker. Illus- trated, paper cover 50 STANDARD BOOKS. 9 Armatage's Every Man His Own Cattle Doctor. The Veterinary Cyclopedia Embracing all the practical information of value heretofore published on the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine, together with the latest and best information regarding all known diseases up to the present time. Compiled and edited by that eminent authority, Prof. George Armatage, M. R. C. V. S. One large octavo volume, 894 pages, with upwards of 350 practical illus- trations, showing forms of disease and treatment. Half morocco. 7.50 Onions Kow to Raise them Profitably. Being the Practical Details, from Selection of Seed and Preparation of Ground to Harvesting and Marketing the Crop, given very plainly by Seventeen Practical Onion Growers of lonj: experience residing in different parts of the country. No more valuable work of its size was ever issued. Paper cover, 8vo 26 Tobacco Culture Full Practical Details. This useful and valuable work contains full details of every process from the Selection and Preparation of the Seed and Soil to the Harvest- ing, Curing and Marketing the Crop, with illustrative engravings of the operations. The work was prepared by Fourteen Experienced Tobacco Growers, residing in different parts of the country. It also contains notes on the Tobacco Worm, with illustrations, 8vo,.. .25 Hop Culture. Plain directions given by ten experienced cultivators. Revised, en- larged and edited by A. S. Fuller. Forty engravings 30 Flax Culture. A very valuable work, containing full directions, from selection of ground and seed to preparation 'and marketing of a number of experienced growers, 8vo Potato Pests. No Farmer can afford to be without this little book. It gives the most complete account of the Colorado Beetle anywhere to be found, and includes all the latest discoveries as to the habits of the insect and the various means for its destruction. It is well illustrated, and exhibits in a map the spread of the insect since it left its native home. By Prof. C. V. Riley. Paper cover. 50 Home Fishing and Home "Waters. By Seth Green. The Utilization of Farm Streams ; Management of Fish in the Artificial Pond ; Transportation of Eggs and Fry, etc. Cloth,12mo 50 Reed's Housa Plans for Everybody. By S. B. Reed. This useful volume meets the wants of persons of moderate means, and gives a wide range of design, from a dwelling costing $250 up to $8,000, and adapted to farm, village and town resi- dences. Nearly all of these plans have been tested by practical work- ings. One feature of the work imparts a vulue over any similar pub- lication of the kind that we have seen. It gives an estimate of the quantity of every article used in the construction, and the cost of each article at the time the building was erected or the design made. Even if prices vary from time to time, one can, from these data, ascertain within a few dollars the probable cost -of constructing any one of the buildings here presented. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, black and gold, I2mo 1.60 10 STANDARD BOOKS. Gregory on Cabbages How to Grow Them. A Practical Treatise on Cabbage Culture, giving full details on every point, inclnding Keeping and Marketing the Crop. By James J. H. Gregory. Paper cover, 12mo 30 Gregory on Carrots, Mangold- Wurtzels, etc. How to raise them, how to keep them, and how to feed them. By J. J. H. Gregory. Paper Cover, ISuio .iiO Gregory on Onion Raising. What kinds to raise, and the way to raise them. By J. J. II. Gregory. Paper cover, 12mo .30 Gregory on Squashes. This Treatise, -which no Farmer or Gardener ought to be without, tells all about selecting the soil for squashes ; how much Manure is necessary ; how to prepare and Plant ; about Hoeing and Cultivating ; Setting of the Fruit ; Ripening, Gathering, Storing, Care during Win- ter, etc. By J. J. H. Gregory. Paper cover, 12mo 30 Hog-Raising and Fork-Making. By Rufus Bacon Martin. The hog is reared for the money that is in him, and he represents either a profit or loss to his owner according to the treatment he receives. This pamphlet gives the personal research and experience of the author, contains many valuable suggestions, and answers many of the questions that arise in the business of hog- raising. Paper, 12mo_- . .40 Fulton's Peach Culture. This is the only practical guide to Peac'u Culture on the Delaware Peninsula, and is the best work upon the subject of peach growing for those who vould be successful in that culture in any part of the country. It has been thoroughly revised and a large portion of it re- written, by'Hon. J. Alexander Fulton, the author, bringing it down to date. Cloth, 12mo 1.50 Silk Culture. A Handbook for Silk-Growers. By Mrs. C. E. Bamford. CON- TENTS. Chapter I. The Mulberry. II. Gathering the Leaves. III. The Cocoonery. IV. Eggs of the Silk Worm Moth. V. Feed- ing tho Silk Worms. VI. Moulting. VII. Spinning. VIII. The Cocoons. IX. The Moths of the Silk Worm. X. Varieties of Silk Worms. XI. Diseases of the Silk Worm. XII. Reeling. XIII. Chemistry of Silk. XIV. Miscellaneous. Paper, 12mo. Price, post- paid .30 Treats' Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. By Mrs. Mary Treat. An original investigator who has added much to our knowledge of both Plants and insects, and those who are familiar with Darwin's works are aware that he gives her credit for important observation and dis- coveries. New and Enlarged Edition. With an Illustrated Chapter on Beneficial Insects. Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo ..2.00 Fuller's Small Fruit Culturist. By Andrew S. Fuller. Rewritten, enlarged, and brought fully up to the present time. The book covers the whole ground of propagating small fruits, their culture, varieties, packing for market, etc. It is very finely and thoroughly illustrated, and rmikes an admirable com- panion to " The Grape Culturist," by the same well known author. 1.50 THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. m. ' ^ , tf r# it .. . : ^ ,A V- , ^ m m. , s u,