^-U- •-•-l-'^^V^^^^ f a 185Y. REPORTS BT THE JURIES ON THE SUBJECTS IN THE THIRTY CLASSES INTO WHICH THE EXHIBITION WAS DIVIDED. MADRAS: ^IrmtEtJ for tfjc (Stncral Comnuttrr of tijc IHaliras (£if)ibitton, BT L. C. GRAVES, iT THE SCOTTISE PRESS, POPHAM'S BROADWAY. 185 8. -• ••« ••••• • • • "• • • • -•• • ••' -•• • • • • t.- •' ••• !•• • • .gM^ The Right Honorable the Governor of Madras in Council, in Extract Minute? of Consultation, dated 15th August 1855, appointed an Exhibition of the Raw Materials, ot the Machinery and Manufactures, and of the Sculptures, Models and the Plastic Art, of the Madras Presidency and the neighbouring States, to be held in the Banqueting Hall, Madras, 2nd February, 1857; and, in order to make generally known the wishes of Government regarding it, and to draw up a scheme of all the minor and subsidiary arrangements for carrying it out, nominated the following gentlemen to form a Committee. President. *^ The Right Honorable Lord Harris, Governor of Fort St. George. CO >. Members. BC CO "3- cr5 o W. A- MoBEHEAD, Esq., W- U. Abbuthnot, Esq. A. Hunter, Esq-, M.D. Edward Balfour, Esq., Setrelary. H. F. C. Cleghobn, Esq., M-D. H. A. MUBBAY, Esq. Captain J. W. Hat, Major J. Maitland, The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq. The Honorable Sir H. C. Montgomery, Bart . FiNDLAY Anderson, Esq. Lieut. Colonel Pears, C.B. Lieut. Colonel Bauoub, C.B. Lieut. Colonel P. C. Ccttos. BiNNY Key, Esq. AITD Captain W. S. Jacob. By order. ■ EDWARD BALFOUR, Secretary. tv^ ;^r>478ri GENERAL COMMITTEE. ^leettient. THE RIGHT HONORABLE LORD HARRIS. ifflcmbtta. W. A. MOREHEAD, Esq. W. U. ARBUTHNOT, Esq. A. HUNTER, Esq.. M.D. EDWARD BAI.FOUR, Esq., Secretary. H. E. C. CLEGHORN, Esq., M.D. H. A. MURRAY, Esq. CAPTAIN J. W. HAY. MAJOR J. MAITLAND. THE HONORABLE W. ELLIOT, Esq. THE HONORABLE SIR H. 0. MONTGOMERY, Ba*i. KINDLAY ANDERSON, Esq. LIEUT. COL. T. T. PEARS, C.B. LIEUT. COL. G. BALFOUR, C.B. LIEUT. COL. F. C. COTTON. BINNY KEY, Esq. CAPTAIN W. S. JACOB. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. CJairman. THE RIGHT HONORABLE LORD HARRIS. A. HUNTER, Esq , M.D., Direclor of Jrrangemenis. EDWARD BALFOUR, Esq., Secretary. U. A. MURRAY, Esq. CAPTAIN J. W. HAY, THE HONORABLE W. ELLIOT, Esq. THE HONORABLE SIR H. G. MONTGOMERY, BiRT. LIEUT. COL. G. BALFOUR, C.B. SUB-COMMITTEES. For Raw Products. THE HONORABLE WALTER ELLIOT, Esq., Chairman. W. A. MOREHEAD, Esq. H F. C. CLEGHORN, Esq., M.D., Secretary. LIEUT. COL. G. BALFOUR, C.B. BINNY KEY, Esq. LIEUT. COL. F. C. COTTON, For Machinery, Manufactures, Sculptures, Models and the Plastic Art. W. U. ARBUTHNOT, Esq., Cliairman. A. HUNTER, Esq., M.D., Secretary- FINDLAY ANDERSON, Esq. MAJOR J. MAITLAND, LIEUT COL. T. T. PEARS, CB. CAPTAIN W. S. JACOB. FINANCIAL SUB-COMMITTEE. LIEUT. COL. T. T. PEARS, C-B. LIEUT. COL. G. BALFOUR, C.B. RECEIVING OFFICER. MAJOR P. T. SNOW. EXTRACT FROM THE RULES. JURIES. Juries will he composed of those Members of tlic General Committee formiug the two Sub-Com- mittees witli such other Gentlemen as may hereafter be nominated. The examination of tiie Artieles exhibited and the dceision witli respect to the rewards to be given will be confided to the Juries. The Jurors for the first 11 Classes will be nominated by the Subcommittee (or Raw Materials, and for the last 19 Classes by the Sub-Committee for Arts and Manufactures. The General Committee will allot the Jurors amongst the various Classes, and will fix the General Rules which will servo as the basis for their operations. Rewards will not be granted until after they liave been revised by the Executive Committee. Each Jury will be at liberty to call to its assistance, any persons acquainted witii tlie .\rticles sub- mitted to it for examination. These" additional members or associates will only take part in tiu; labours of the Jury as regards the particular object for which their services are required, they will only be entitled to take ])art in the discussion and not to vote. The Juries will associate with themselves such residents of this place as may give them assistance as Sub-Reporters. Such E.xhibitors as have been appointed Jurors or Associates, will be held inelegil)le to receive a re- ward, for the particular class in which they have acted. With a view of facilitating the labours of the Jurors, there be added to cacli Jury list a statement of the prizes wliichmay be awarded by them in tlieir class and the Jurors can also recommend the award of Medals when they consider such expedient. Articles admitted after the commencement of the Juries labours, not allowed to compete for prizes. REWARDS. It is the intention of the General Committee that excellence should be rewarded in whatever form it is presented, and not to give inducements to the distinctions of a merely individual competition. An ample fund has been allotted for money Prizes. Two Classes of Medals will, also, be provided, to be awarded in such cases as may appear desirable- Tire money prizes will be awarded witir reference to the commercial character of the products and the Medals for excellence. The two classes of Medals arc intended to distiirguish the respective characters of subjects and not as first and second in degree for the same class of subjects. Articles from all countries wiU be admitted to the Madras Exhibition to be held in the beginning of 1S57, and be allowed to compete for prizes ; but, with a view to promote the good of this country, it is hereby notified that nrouey prizes, medals, &c. will oidy be given for iVi-tieles capable of being applied in the .\rts and Manufactures of India or calcidated to be of use to its people- Those manufactures consisting exclusively of luitive material, in all its stages, will receive the highest rewards. For those products manufactured from imported materials snraUer prizes will be given. In the department of Raw Materials and Produce, prizes will be allotted upon a consideration of the value and importance, in a commercial point of view, of the article, and the superior excellence of the parti- cular specimens exhibited : in the Mse of prepared materials coming under this head of the Exliibition, the Juries will take into account the novelty and importance of the prepared product and the superior skill and ingenuity manifested in the process of preparation- Iir the department of Machinerj-, the Prizes will have reference to novelty iir the invention, superio- rity in the execution, increased efficiency or increased economy, in the use of the Article exhibited. The importance in a social or other point of view, of the purposes to wliieh the .Irticle is to be applied, will also be taken into consideration, as will, also, the amount of the difficulties overcome in bringing the invention to perfection. Tlrose Articles of Manufacture will be rewarded which fulfil in the highest degree the following conditions, viz., increased usefulness, such as pcmianencv in dyes, inproved forms and arrangements in arti- eles of utility, &e., superior quality or superior skill in workmanship : new use of known materials, use of new materials, new combinations of materials as in Metals and Pottery : beauty of design in form or colour, or both, with reference to utility, cheapness relatively to excellcnce of production. In the Department of Sculpture, Models and the Plastic Art, the rewards will have reference to the beauty and originality of the specimens exhibited, to improvements in the processes of production, to the applications of Art to Manufactures ; and, in the ease of Models, to the interests attaching to the subject tney present. DEPARTMENT OF JURIES. LIST OF JURORS AND ASSOCIATE JURORS. CLASS I. Jlinmg, ftuarrying, Metallurgical Operations and Mi- neral Products. J. Hunter, Esq., M.D. A. J. Scott, Esq., M.D. J. G. Shaw, Esq., Major If. S. Jacob. \V. Burrcll, Esq., Reporter. CLASS n. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes and Pro- ducts generally. J. E. Mayer, Esq. A. J. Scott, Esq., M.D. A. Lorimer, Esq. . M.D. Major //'. S. Jacob. II. F. C. Cleqhorn, Esq., M.D. J. Tawse, Esq., J. G. Shaw, Esq., J. Urquhart, Es(i., M.D. Dr W. Flynn, G.il M.C. Reporter. Dr. Jcsudasen, G.M.M.C. J. L. Pad, Esq., M.D., Reporter. CLASS III. Substances used for Food. Lieutenant Colonel A. JlcCally. Colonel E. A. Keid, C.B. H. A. Murray, Esq. J. Biniiy Key, Esq. Lieutenant Colonftl G. Talbot. R. Buigass, Esq. Major H. J, Nicliolls. W. Evans, Esq., M.D. J. E. Mayer, Esq., Reporter. J. Goldingham, Esq. A. T. Jaffrey, Esq. Colonel W. H. Budd. Lieutenant Colonel A. McCally. Colonel P. llainond, Reporter. Major G Simpson. Captain W. C. Baker. Captain C. Biden. W. E. Coehrane, Esq. J. Biiiny AVy, Esq. W. Arliuthiiot, Esq. J. L. Lusliington, Esq. J. T. ^laclagan, Esq. A. T. Jaflicv, Esfi. Lieutenant Mitehcll, Reporter. T. Peacliey, Esq., Reporter. Dr. W. Elvnn, G.M.M.C. W. B. Wr'iglit, Esq. G. Williams, Esq. N. C. Mooroogason Moodcliar. C. V. Cunniah Cliettiar. C. llunganada Shastree. Sub-Conduetor Briggs, Reporter. W. B Liddell, Esq. Captain Ilawkes. Associates. R. 0. Campbell, Esq. J. D. Sim, Esq. W. B. LiddcU, Esq. W. Sim, Esq. P. Vcerapennall PUlay. A. Hunt«r, Esq. M.D. Lieut. H. P. Hawkes. Lieut. Beddome. CLASS IV. Vegetable and Animal Substances, chiefly used in Manufactures, as Implements or for Ornaments. ALSO CLASS XIV. Manufactures irom Flax and Hemp. ALSO CLASS XXVIII. Manufactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances not being woven or felted, or included in other Sections. The Uonorahle Sir TI. C. Montgomery, Bart. The Honorable W. Elliot, Esq. W. E. Underwood, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G, Balfour, C.B. H. F. C. Cleqkorn, Esq. M.D. Colonel F. A. Raid, C.B. A. Hunter, Esq., M.D, Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Peats, C.B. J. D. Sim, Esq. Colonel M. Sliirriff. Major J. Maittand. SECTIO.N I. Gums and Kesins. Sub-Jury. Lieutenant H. P. Hawkes, Reporter. Dr. W. Flynn, G.M.M.C. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq. M.D. SECTION n. Oils. Sab-Jury. Dr. G. W. Flynn, G.M.M.C. Reporter Lieutenant H. P. Hawkes. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq. M.D. SECTION III. Dyes and Colours. Sub-Jury. J. T. Maclagan, Esq. Reporter. The Honorable W. Elliot, Esq. Associates on Indigo. R. O. Campbell, Esq. J. D. Sim, Esq. W. B. LiddeU, Esq. W. Sim, Esq. P. Vcerapennall, Pillay. LIST OF JURORS AND ASSOCIATE JURORS. SECTION IV. Tanning Materials. Siib-Jtiiy. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq., Chairman. J. Rohde, Esq., Reporter. SKCTION V. Vegetable Substances, Fibres. Sub-Jury. Colonel Reiil, Reporiei. J. D. Sim, Esq. J. Breeks, Esq. Captain Hawkes. Associate. A. Hunter, Esq. M.D. SECTION VI. Timber and Ornamental Woods. Sub-Juri/. The Honorable W. Elliot, Esq., Chairman. Lieutenant Colonel Pears, C.B., Reporter. G. W. B. Wright, Esq. J. Williams, Esq. Major Maitland. Associates. Lieutenant H. P. Hawkes. Lieutenant Beddonie. SECTION VII. Animal Substances. Sub-Jury. The Honorable W. Elliot, Esq, Lieutenant Mitchell, Reporter. B.-MACHINERY. CLASS V. Machines for direct use, including Carriages and Railway and Naval Mechanism. Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Pears, C.B. Major J. Maitland. Major Jenkins. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. R. Kennedy, Esq. Major W. K- Worster. W. B. Wriijht, Esq , Reporter. Major W, S. Jacob. J. J. Franklin, Esq. Captain C. Biden. Colonel A. Cotton, Reporter. CLASS VI. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton, Major G. W. Simpson. Major J. Maitland. W. B. Wright. Esq. R. Kennedy, Esq. Colonel A. Cotton. Colonel F. Hamond. Captain W. C. Baker. General F. Bluudcll, C.B. Mr. Commissary W. Curran, Exporter. CLASS vn. Civil Engineering, Architectural and Building Con- trivances. Colonel C. E. Fabcr. Captain G. C. Collyer. Captain H. W. Riiwlins. Major A. C. Silver. Lieutenant P. P. O'Connell, Reporter. Major If. S- Jacob- 's. McMaster, Esq. Colonel A. Cotton. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. A. Beatie, Esq. CLASS VIIT. Naval, Architectural and Military Engineer- ing, Ordnance, Armour, and Accoutrements. His Excellencv General Sir P. Grant, K.C.B. Major General Craigie, C.B. Colonel P. Hamond, Reporter. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfour, C.B., Reporter. H- D. E. Dahyiuple, Esq Colonel F. A. Reid, C.B. Colonel F P. Haines. Captain W. C. Baker, Reporter. Lieutenant Colonel G. Talbot. Major G. Rowlandson. Major F. H. Scott. Captain C Biden. Colonel jE. Shirreff. W. Eaton, Esq. J. J. Franklin, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Denison. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Browne. CLASS IX. Agricultural and Horticultural Machines and Implements. Colonel F. A. Reid, C.B. G. S. Hooper, Esq. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq. M.D. A. J. Arbuthnot, Esq. Captain C. H. Drury, Reporter. R. Kennedy, Esq. F. Orme, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel H. Colbcck. CLASS X. Philosophical Instruments and Processes de- pending upon their use. Musical, Horolog'- caf and Surgical Instruments. Lieutenant Colonel A. MeCallv. Major W. K. Worster. Major W. S. Jacob, Reporter. A. Blacklock, Esq. W. J. vanSomeren, Esq., M.D., Reporter. Dr. W. Flvun, G.M.M.C. B. Cunliffc, Esq. Captain J. W. Hay. Lieutenant Colonel G. Talbot. P. Orr, Esq. H. W. Porteous, Esq. LIST OF JURORS AND ASSOCLVTE JURORS. C.-MA^UFACTURES. CLASS XI. TextUe Fabrics, and Cotton Manufactures. ^\. E. Uiulcrwood, Esq. //'. U. Arbuthnol, Esq. E. liccot, Esq. Major J. Macdougall, Reporter. \{. O. Campbell, Esq. II. Crake, Esq. \V. Bovtoii, Esq. R. W."Xorlor, Esq. T. L. Shaml, Esq. N. C. Mooroogascn Mondelly. Azeez Ool Moolk Bahadoor. H. Tali)\ii, Esq- J. Broomliali, Esq. CLASS XIL Woollen and Worsted. Lieutenant Colonel A. McCally. CapUiin J. II'. Hay. J. Kcllie, Esq. J.T. Maela-an, Esq. \V. R. Arbutlmnt, Esq. P. Veerapcniial Pillay. Sirdar Jung Baliadoor. TTajce Aga Maiiomed Bakir Shcrazee Ncmazec. Major Nicholls, Reporter. CLASS XI I L Silk and Velvet. The Honorable Sir C. Hawlinsou, Kt. //. A. Murrn;/, £s'/.- W. E. Cochrane, Esq. Colonel J. L. Steplicusou. Major A. C. Silver. 0. Lutciimcnarasoo Clicttiar- R. W. Norfor. Esq. J. Biuny Key, Esfj. Hajco Aga Mahomed Bakir Sherazcc Neinazce. J. Broomhall, Esq. J. Dcschamps, Esq. CL.\SS XTV. Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. T/ie Honorable Sir H. C. Motitfjoraery, Bart. The UnnoruUi' Waller Elliot, Esq. W. E. Underwood, Esq. Lifulenani Colonel G. Bulfoiir, C.B. //. F. r. Cleqhorn. Exq., M.D. • Colonel F. A. Rcid, C.B. A. IJnnler, Esq , M.D. Lieutenant Colonel T, T. Pears, C.l?. J. D. Sim, Esq. Colonel M Siurreff. Major J. MaitlnnJ. Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Budd Lieutenant Colonel A. McCally. Colonel P. llamond, Reporter' Major G. Simpson. Captain W.C Baker. Captain C. Biden. W. E. Coehrane, Esq. J. Biimy Key, Esq, W. .Vrbulhnot. Esq. J L- ].iUshington, Esq. J. T Maclagan, Esq. A T. .lallVey. Esq. E Beaumont, Esq. Lieutenant Miteliell, Reporter. T. Peaehev, Esq , Reporter. Dr. W. FIvnu, (;..M .M.C. AV. B A\right Esq. G. Willianis, Esq. N C, Mooroogiusen Moodeliar. C. V. Couniah Clicttiar. C. Rungauada Sliastrcc. Sub-Conductor Briggs, Reporter. W. B. J.iddell, Esq. Captain Hawkes. CLASS XV. Mixed Fabrics including Shawls, but exclusive of Worsted Goods. The Rir/lit Ifnnorahle l/Ord Harris. i\t Gallois Moutbrun. J. Kollie, Esq. S D.^ Birch, Esq. W. E. Uudcrwdnd, Esq. R. O. Campbell, Esq , Reporter. 3. Tawsp, Esq., Reporter. ifajor Stewart. P. Veersipermall Pillay. Siidar Jung Baha:1oor. ILijce Aga Mahomed Bakir Shcrazee Nemazee. CLASS XV[. Leather including Saddlery and Harness, Skins, Flu-, Feathers and Hail". His Excellency Lieutenant General Sir P. Gninf,K.C.U. Lieutenant Cohmel W. G. Woods. The Hitnorahic Sir H. C. Montgomery, Hart. Captain T. Thonqison. Captain R. W. l^iikcs. Lieut enuut Colonel J. Hill. S. D. Birch, Esq. Captain A H. Ho|)c. Colonel M. Shirrefl'. Major G. Briggs. Major G. Simpson, Reporter. Licutcn.-mt Colonel Budd, Reporter. Major JIcQucen. CLASS XVII. Paper and Stationery, Printing and Book binding. The Honorahle Sir Jl. C. Moutyomery, Bart. C. F. Chamier, Esq. W. Evans, Esq,, M.D. P. R. Hunt, Esq., W. R. Arbuthnof, Esq. Soobroyaloo Naidoo. Rev. P. Pcrcival, Repoiier. Rev, 'I'. Brotiierton. IT, Smith, Esq. H. Fortey, Esq., M.A- Javarama Clicttiar. LIST OF JURORS AND ASSOCIATE JURORS. CLASS XVIII. Woven, Spun, Felted and laid Fabrics when shewn as specimens of Printing or Dyeing. J. Binn;i Key, Esq. Major J. Jenkins. Vt. E. Cochrane, Esq. E Lecot, Esq. Captain W. K. Newlyn. N. C. Mooroogasen Moodcliar. Sirdar Jung Baliadoor. R. Barclay, Es(i. H Talput, Esq., Reporter. CLASS XIX. Tapestry including Carpets and Floor Cloths, Lac and Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Work. The Rif/ht Honorable Lord Harris. M. Gallois Montbrun. /y. A. Murray, Esg , Reporter. Fiiidlay Anderson, Esq. J. B. Norton, Esq. J. Kcllie, Esq. J. Rohde, Esq. Colonel M. Carihcw. P Vccrapermall Pillay. Salar Ool Moolk Bahadoor. W. E. Cochrane, Esq. ■Madar Ool Oomrah Bahadoor Hajec Aga Mohained Bakir Sherazee Nemazec. A. Cole, Esq, CLASS XX. Articles of Clothing for Immediate Personal or Domestic use. Colonel F. A. Reid, C.B. F. J, Lushington, Esq. Major H. J. NichoUs. T. G. Clarke, Esq. Major J. Macdougall, Seporter. Captain J. JF. Hay. Major J Jenkins. D.-METALLIC VITREOUS AND CERA- MIC MANUFACTURES. CLASS XXI. Cutlery and Edge Tools. Major J. Maitland. Major J. Macdougall. Captain J. W. Hay. Captain W. C. Biker. .\. Blacklock, Esq., M.D. R. Kennedy, Esq. J. Urquhart, Esq., M.D. W. B. Wright, Esq. J. Rohde, Esq., ^porter. Major G. TV. Simpson. Colonel P. Hamond. A. Lowe, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfour. C.B Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Pears, C.B. A. Hunter, Esq., M.D. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esg., M.D. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. General F. Blundell, C.B. Mr. Commissary AV. Corraa. Mr. J. C. Patefson. CLASS XXIT. Iron and General Hardware, Major J. Macdougall. Captain W. C. Baker. A. Blacklock, Esq. R. Kennedy, Esq. J. Urquhart, Esq., M.D. W. B Wright, Esq. John Rohde, Esq. Major G. W. Simpson. Colonel P. Hamond. A. Lowe, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfour, C.B., Reporter. lieutenant Colonel T. T. Pears, C.B., Reporter. A. Hunter, Esq., M.D. //. F- C Cleghorn, Esq., M.D. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. Mr. Commissary W. Curran. Mr. J. C. Patersou. CLASS XXIIL Working in precious Metals in their imitations. Jewelry and all Articles of Virtue and Luxury, not included in other Classes. The Right Honorable Lord Harris, Reporter. M. Gallois Montbrun. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq. Findlay Anderson, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. J. B. Norton, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel W. P. Macdonald. J. Arathoon, Esq. G. J. Shaw, Esq., M.D. Nana Thakoor. H. A. Murray, Esq. Hajee .i^a Mahomed Bakir Sherazee Nemazce. A. Cole, Esq. R. W. Norfor, Esq. CLASS XXIV Glass. Major J. Maitland. Lieutenant Colonel C, A. Dcnisou. Major W. K. Worster. Captain H. W. Rawlins. The Honorable A. E. Harris. CLASS XXV. Ceramic Manufactures, China, Porcelain, Earthen- ware, &c. ir. U. Arbuthnot, Esq. B. Cunliff«, Esq- Captain H. W. llawlins, Reporter- R. 0. Campbell, Esq. Captain G. C. Collyer. 3 LIST OF JURORS AND ASSOCIATE JURORS. E.-MISCELLANEOUS MANUFAC- TURES. CLASS XXVI. Decorative Furniture and Upholstery, including Pa- per Hangings, Papier Mache, and Japanned Goods. jr. U. Arbulhnot, Esq. J. B. Norton, Esq. J. Kellic, Esq. J. Binny Key, Eiq. Major J. Macdougall. The Honorable Waller Elliot, Esq. A. Cole, Esq. Lieutcuaut Colonel G. Talbot, Reporter. CLASS XXVII. Manufactures in Mineral Substances used for Build- ing or Decoration, as in Marble, Slate, Prophyries, Cement, Artifloial Stones, &c. Lieut. Colonel T. T. Peiirs, C.B. Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Atkinson. Captain H. W. Rawlins. Major A. C. Silver, Reporter. Captain P. O'Counell- Colonel C. E. Faber. Major W. S. Jacob. Colonel A. Cotton. A. Beatie, Esq. B. MacMasler. Esq. N. C. Mooroogasen Moodeliar. C. V. Coiuiiali Chettiar. C. Runganada Shastree. Sub-Condnctor Bricffs, Reporter. W. B. Liddell, Esq. Captain Hawkes. CLASS XXVIIT. Manufactures from Animal and Vegetable Sub- stances not being VToven or Pelted or included in other Sections. The Uoiwralle Sir II. C. Montgomery, Bart. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq, ' W. E. Underwood, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfour, C.B. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq. M.D. Colonel F, A. Rcid, C.B. A. IL'.nter, Esq., M.D. LienUnanl Colonel T. T. Pears, C.B. J. D. Sim, Esq. Colonel M. Shirreff. Major J. Maitland. Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Budd. Lieutenant Colonel A. McCally. Colonel P. Hamond, Reporter. Major G. Simpson. Captain W. C. Baker. Captain C. Biden. \V. E. Cochrane, Esq. ./. Binny Key, Esq. W. Arbuthnot, Esq. J. L. Lusbington, Esq. J. T. Maclagau, Esq, A T. Jaffrey, Esq. E. Beaumont, Esq. Lieutenant Mitchell, Reporter. T. Peacliev, Esq. Reporter. Dr AV Ffynn, G.M.M.C. "VV. B Wright, Esq. G W lljarns, Esq. CLASS XXIX. Miscellaneous Manufactures and Small Wares. Major General P. E. Craigie, C. B. //. A. Murray, Esq. R. W. Norfor, Escj. Reporter. E. Lecot, Esq. \V. H. Crake, Esq. Sirdar Jung Bahadoor. C. V. Cunniah Chettiar. B. Cardozo, Esq. Lieutenant Mitchell. G. B. Shaw, Esq. J. W. Mayer, Esq. Eiudlay Anderson, Esq. F.-FINE ARTS, INCLUDING ALSO COINS, BOOKS, ETC. CLASS XXX. The Right Honorable Lord Hams. M. Gallois Moutbrun. His Excellency General Sir P. Grant, K. C B. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq., Reporter. R. 0. Campbell, Esq. W. E. Underwood, Esq. G. Ellis, Esq., Reporter. Findai/ Anderson, Esq. S. D. Birch, Esq. Edward Balfour, Esn. H W. Porteous, Esq. Captain J. W. Hay. Colonel Haines. J. P. Nash, Esq. M. D. A. Cole, Esq., 'Reporter. J. W. Breeks, Esq. R H. Powys, Esq. J. G. Garrett, Esq Paintings, Drawings, Photographs and Engravings. Sub-Jury. Findlay Anderson, Esq. S. D. "Birch, Esq. J. W. Breeks, Esq. Captain J. W. Hay. A. Cole, Esq. Reporter. Bronzes, Marble, Alabaster, and Parian Statuettes, Plaster Casts, &e. SUB-JUKY. G. Ellis, Esq. Captain Hay. Associate and Reporter. A. Hunter, Esq., M.D. MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL COMMITTEES. Jrcoi, Nortliern Division. — C Whittingham, Esq., A. S. Mathison, Esq- Arcoi, Soitlhem Division. — S. N- Ward, Esq-, A. Hall, i Esq., JE- R. McDonell, Esq., J. Pugli, Esq., M. Runga- eharloo, Mootoosawniy Moodeliar, Veejaya Ragavoo- loo Chctty. Bellary.—C Pelly, Esq., P. Irvine, Esq., Superintending Surgeon Eyre", Garrison Surgeon Lovell, Captain Greenlaw, Captain Travers, Captain Fasken, Lieute- nant Fisher, Mr. F.Abraham. NirrainsawinyNaidoo. Canara.—^ Fisher, Esq., D. Mayiie Esq , J. D. Robin- son, Esq. E. D. Binny, Esq., J' R. Kindcrsley, Esq., J. Brett, Esq. M.D. ' Chingleput.— \N ■ DowdesweU, Esq-, C. J. Shnbrick, Esq., -Asst. Surgeon J- llattoii, ^Vrnioogum Moodely, Rajahgopal Iyengar, and Lieutenant Moberly, Engineers. Coc/««.— Shungra Warrier, Dewan, J. S. Vemede.Esq., and J. S. A. KohlhofF, Esq. Coimbatore.—'E. B. Thomas, Esq., T. B. Roupell, Esq., M. J. Walhouse, Esq , G. Mackay, Esq. M.D., and Dr. Aitken. Cuddcpah.—^ . Elliot, Esq., M. Murray, Esq , Major Cotton, A. Wederburn, Esq., W. Blair, Esq., Capt. Devereux, Captain Day, Lieut. Hemery, Lieut. Hawkes, J. Peterkin, Esq., M.D.,EeT. J. Clay, W. J. Saalfclt, Esq., and M. Palacoudeah. Ganjam. — W. Knox, Esq., E. B. Ford, Esq., R. David- son, Esq., C. Vally, Esq., F. J. V. Minchin, Esq., and F. J. Windus, Esq. Goa. — Jose Antonio D'Olivera, Major Cauded, Jose Moura's Gareer Batha, Captain Joaqeum, Manuel deMello Mendonea, the First Assistant Secretary to Government, Mr. Phelipe, Nere Xavier, and the Officer of the Secretary's office, Eugeino Justmiano and Percira Nunes. Gunloor.—K. Ncwill, Esq., E. Story, Esq., F. Fletcher, Esq., Moolavee Abool, lyash Goolam Mahomed, Yuha Naklee Saib, and B. Coopoorani Puntooloo. Hyderabad.— G. A. Bushbv, Esq., F. N. Maltbv, Esq., 'Captain A. Thomhill, G" Smith, Esq., M.D.," Secre- tary. Kurnool. — Capt. J. G. Russel, Capt. Nelson, Col. Dudgeon, Rev. Mr. Johnston, Dr. Rogers.Ressaldar Hyder Khan, Mondojee Goolam Mohee Deen Khan Br. Goolam Khader Khan Br., Shair iMlec Khan Br., Sholam Khan,and Lieut H.L- Grove, Secretary. Madras- — W. E. Underwood, Esq.. Chairman, \. J- Byard, Esq., B. Cardozo, Esq., R. 0. Campbell, Esq. B. Cunliffe, Esq., Dr. G. W. Flynn, Itimud ood Dawlah Br., E. Lecot, Esq., N. C. Mooroogasen Moodeliar, Mr. J. B. Pharoah, Captain X. C. Sil- ver, J. T. Maclagan Esq., Secretary, John Arathoon Esq., Hajec Aga Mahomed Bakir, A. Alwar Chet- tiar, C. V. CuWah Clicttiar. Nauali Taukcr, R. W. Norfor, Esq. and Hajee Patcha saib. Madura.— R. D. Parker, Esq., H. D. Phillips, Esq. G. Fischer, Esq. J. R. Cockerell, Esq., Marshall, Esq. Colcbrook, Esq. Mr. Fletcher, Head Seristadar, Naib Stristadar, Seristadar of Session Court. Madura District, Dindiyul. — B. Pauncefote, Esq., C. Scott, Esq., Assistant Civil Engineer, Seristadar Sub-Division. Rammd. —'hir. Langley, Mr. Boalth. Malabar.— 1. Clarke, Esq., H. D. Cook, Esq. Masnlipatam. — Brigadier T. M. Cameron, J. J. Cot^ ton, Esq., J. Eraser, Esq , W. Forrester, Esq., Cap- tain Gunthorpc, Major Arrow, Lieutenant R. A. Moore, Secretary. A. Sashiah Garoo, G. Ramiah Garoo, S. Nummiah Naidoo, P. Parthasarathee Nai- doo, Aga Ismacl Saib, Hajee Miuidee Saib, M. Ven- kataruthnum Pillay, C. Seetiah Naidoo, P. Kristna- mah Naidoo. Mysore. — Major Miller, Rev. J. Garrett, J. Western. Esq., Dr. Kirkpatrick, Lieut. H. P. Hawkes, Mr- Black, Kistnasawniy Iyengar. Nagpore.—R. S. EUis, Esq., W. W. Heude, Esq., M.D. Captain L. HoUand, Rev. S. Hislop. Nellore.—Y. B. Elton, Esq., F. H. Crozier, Esq, Lieut. Mullius, H. Young, Esq., V. Ramiali. Ootacamond. — Genl. Kennett, Lieut. Colonel G. P. Cameron, C.B., J. Ouchterlony. Esq., A. Lascel- les, Esq., W. G. Mclvor, Esq., Cockbum, Esq. Dr. J. Maitland, Dr. C. D. Currie, Major General L. W. Watson, D. Ross, Esq., Captain A. Camp- bell. Dr. Mackey. Palghaut.—G. L. Morris, Esq., Lieut. Col. W. Yarde, Captain J. Keating, Surgeon J. B. Stevens, D. Parker, Esq., J. J. Tomlinson, Esq. Pondicherr;j .—'Slon. M. Montbrun, C. DeNozeille, E. Lippman, De Querret Carriol, Lepine, L- Aroquea- sawmy Moodeliar, Soobroya Pillay, Gnanapragasa Naick. Rajahmandri/. — R. B. Cotton, Esq., A. Purvis, Esq., W. Robinson, Esq., Captain F. H. Rundall, J. L. Ranking, Esq., G. H. Faulkner, Esq., Pelly, Esq. andG.Wylie. Esq. Salem.— E.. A. Brett, Esq., C. W. Reade, Esq., Mr. Marrett, ilr . Gordon, Mr. Beattie, Mr. J. Fischer, Mr. Richardson, Mr. Morrison, lyloo Naidoo, Ama- chellum Achary, Ramasawmv. Tanjore.—J. W. "Cherry, Esq., "W. M. Cadell, Esq., G. L. Morris, Esq.,G. T. Beauchamn, Esq., L. C. Innes, Esq., J. M. Joseph, Esq., M.D. W. Kohlhoff, Esq., Hurry Row, Ready Row. Goondapah, Head Seris- tadar, Kistna Row. Deputy Serristadar, Lutchmen Row, Deputy. Seristadar, Davagce Row, Since Tevim, Appasawmy Vaudavum, Chokapah Moodely. Ti>tnecelli/.—G. J. Bird, Esq., C. H. Woodgate, Esq., Jugga Veera Rama Yettanali Naick Cottelinga Sa- thoo Rover, Coopchand, Tarachund, Meeranjee Meerah, Vasoodavoo, Balaram, Tratancore. — Lieut. C. R. N Faunce. Captain Druiy, Dr. J. E. Waring, T, A. Browne, Esq., T. Madava Row, P. Ramen Menoven, C Sawmy- nada Moodelly. Trichinopoly. — J. Bird, Esq., T. J. P. Harris, Esq., Colonel Wahab, Captain Russell, Captain Ford, Captain Cadell, Surgeon A. C. B. Neill, M.D. Vi:agapataii>, — His Highness the Rajah of Viziana- eram. J. Goldinghani, Esq., P. B. Smollett, Esq., i. J. Knox, Esq., J. H. BlackwcU, Esq., Major General A. Tulloch, C.B., Lieutenant Colonel C. M. Macleane, Mr. Marden, Rev- Mr. Griffiths, M.A., Superintending Surgeon F. Cooper. COMMITTEE AWARDS. SPECIAL MEDALS OF THE FIRST CLASS. FOR RANKS. His Excellency Governor-General of French Posessions in India. His Highness the Nabob of Bunaganapillav. His Highness the Nizam of Dekkan. Nabob Salar Jung Bahadoor. His Highness tiic Rajah of Cochin. His Highness the Maha Rajah of Travancorc. His Excellency Tondiman llajah Bahadoor. General M. Cubbou, Commissioner of Mysore. General W. Cullen, Commissioner of Travancorc and Cochin. The Zemindar of Vizianagram- Colonel Davidson, Resident of Hyderabad. FOR COLLECTIONS. Bellary Local Committc. M- Murray, Esq. Travancorc Local Comniittec. FOR SERVICES. R. Hurry Row. Major p. T. Snow. Hyderabad Local Committee. Dr. Brandis. Poudichcrry Local Committee. J. T. Maclagan, Esq. MEDALS OF THE SECOND CLASS. FOR REPORTS. A. Hunter Esq., M.D. J. E. Mayer, Esq. Lieut. H. P. Hawkes. Major G. W- Y. Simpson. R. Kennedy, Esq. W. G. Mclvor, Esq. Dr. J. Ratton. G. Smith, Esq., M.D. J. T. Maclagan, Esq. G. W. Maxwell, Esq., MD. M. G. Montbrun. Captain H. Drury. G. Chen^anah Sastry. S. B. Kistnasamy Iyengar. FOR COLLECTIONS. Nabob Salar Jung Bahadoor. Captain Meadows Taylor. Lieutenant H. P. Hawkes. Dr. Jesudascn, N. S. Dr. F. Appavoo, N. S. Mr. Bassano. Mr. Pedro Proboo. Kristna Chettiar. Annooga Ccmar. "FOR SERVICES. Nellore Local Committee. A. T. Jaftrcy, Esq. Lieutenant Beddome. Ca))tain Dance. B. Budriah. JURY AWARDS. CLASS I. Mining, Quarrying, Metallurgical Operations, and Mineral Products. 1st class medal. Progressive Number- Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. 8800 Edward Balfour, Esq 2sD CLASS ilEDALS. 816 to 891 H. H. The Rajah of Vizianagram, lOres of Manganese. G. Smith, Esq., M. D iSeries of Ores of L:on and Steel. CLASS III. Substances used &r Pood. HONORABLE MENTION. 9003 Major Maitland, For grain. CLASS IV. Vegetable and Animal Substances, chiefly used in Manufactures, as Implements or for Ornaments. SECTION 1. ^ Gums and Kesins. 2nd class medals. 5979 to 5989 2320 Madras Chamber of Commerce, M. Thwaites, Egq., of Ceylon,.. For a series of Resins, &c. Doona Dammer. HONORABLE MENTION. 8405 7427 2844 to 2850 160 5223 Claud H. Brown, Esq., . E. B.Thomas, Esq., Mr. Pedro Proboo, Mr. Bassano, |Pynee Varnish and botanical specimen. ' " Tr m, -p^^ Dikkamly. For a series of lac Resins. Vateria Resins. A series of white Dammer. Mr. Apothecary Huffton, Rev. Mr. Johnson, Armooga Moodely, Xanthoxylon triphyllum Resin. Cashew Guin. W* Au..jvu^.j, .• vyaoiii^** viuiii. aringEsq., For information given. JURY AWARDS. SFCTION II. Oils. 2nd class medals. Progressive Number. Names of ExHbitors. Object rewarded. 4550 to 4005 Hurry Row of Taiij ore Series of Oils. 5099 to 5110 W. D. Kohlhoff, Esq Do. HONORABLE MENTION. 2025-2053 •) 2055 5 2074 7012 & 7013 Bellary Commissariat ] G. Simth, Esq. M.D ( H. Young, Esq., NeUore Mr. Pedro Proboo For best samples of Cocoanut, Gingcli and Safflower seed oil. For good sample of Castor and seed and for Rousa oil. For excellent samples of several oils. For best sample of Piney Tallow uud Gamboge butter. SECTION III. Dyes and Colours. 2nd CLASS MEDALS. 8548 8405 4743 F. Appavoo Pillay, N. S. C. H.Brown, Esq | HONORABLE MENTION. 1 G. Fischer, Esq. of Salem, Collection of dyes. Specimens of lac, lac dye, Shell lac, and seed lac. Dyes. 4261 1734 6857 121 to 194 SECTIO.N V. Vegetable Substances, Fibre s. 2nd CLASS MEDALS. R- Hurry Row, E- Ahobul Row, Messrs. Fischer and Co Fibre of the Agave- Do. Janapan Nar. SECTION VI. Timber and Ornamental Woods. 1st class MEDAL. Monsieur H. de Querret, Sous Engineer Pondicherry... „ Collection of woods. JURY AWAEDS. 8nd class medals. Names of Exhibitors. Kristniah Cliettiar — Palgliat Kristniah, Maramut Saperintendent Coim batore HONORABLE JIENTION. W- Robinson, Esq., Acting Collector of Malabar R. D- Parker, Esq^., Collector of Madura Mr. Mclvor, Superintendent Botanical Gar- dens, Ootacamund. SECTION VII. Animal Substances. 2xD CLASS MEDAL. Mr. J. C. Fitzgerald of Chingleput Progressive Number. Object rewarded. 272 to 374 WOi to 3037 Collection of woods. Do. 2696 to 2756 1239 to 1270 6269 to 8296 Collection of woods. Do. Do. 813 Merino Wool. HONORABLE MENTION. Government Sheep Farm, Mysore. For Wools. CLASS V. Machines for direct use, including Carriages and Hailway and Naval Mechanism. 2nd class medals. S767 3804 & SSCS P. Orr, Esq., F. L. Moncrieff, Esq., . Self-Acting Punka. Crane and Crabs, &c. HONORABLE MENTION. 7388 5029 7929 W. B. Wright, Esq., R. Kennedy, Esq., . H. Smith, Esq., Self-Acting Punka. Do. do. American Printing Press. 9311 9074 & 75 CLASS VI. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. 1st CLASS MEDALS. Captain Campbell C.V.CunniahChettiar,. Campbell Hammer. For Machines. JURY AWARDS. 2nd class MED.\LS. Progressive Number. Names of Exhibitors- Object rewarded. W. B. Wnglit, Esq., . Sub-Conductor Gage, . For aid in working Machines. For xMilis. CLASS VII. Civil Engineering, Architectural and Building Contrivances. 2nd class medals. Colonel A. Cotton .. Mr. Overseer Lever. J. H. Dopping, Esq., C. Engr., ^Vooden Suspension Bridge. Pump for clearing foundation by low- lifts. Dopping's Shutter. HONOILVBLE MENTION. Captain Farewell. W. CadeU, Esq.... Model of Kistna Auicut. Model of South brancii of lower Colc- roon Anicut. CLASS VIII. Naval, Architectural and Military Engineering, Ordnance, Armour, and Accoutrements. 2d CLASS MEDALS. 8474 to S547 9967 5033 to 5015 9311 The Right Honorable Lord Harri.s, The Honorable W. Elliot Esq., R. BurgassEsq Capt. Campbell, For a valuable collection of arms of all descriptions consisting of wea- pons in quality superior to the des- cription eommonlv found out of the possession of public Institutions. For a collection of amis of great va- riety. For a collection of arms of various countries For his models of carriage and Tilting Hammer. HONORABLE MENTION. 56 to 72 From Kurnool, Collection of arras CLASS X. Philosophical Instruments and Processes depending upon their use. Musical, Horological and Surgical Instruments. 1st CLASS MEDAL. Major W. K. Worster. For the invention of a Micrometer. JTRY AWARDS. HONORABLE ^WEXTIOX. Progressive Number. Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. I eon Hyderabad Universal Sun-Dial. CLASS XI. Textile Fabries and Cotton Manufactures. 2sD CLASS ilED.iLS. 7871 Entered in the catalogue by mistake as Marool fibre. 8391 8400 W. E. Underwood, Esq Pitchica Ramalingura Chetty, ...,..., Do. do ,... HONORABLE MENTION. Gooroo Pariah, Pondicherry, Name unknown, Mr. P. Martin, German Mission Chingleput Jail, Table cloth. Cotton cloth, Rs. 86. Jean, Rs. lU. 2392 21S to 241 8009 9140 7145 8013 Punjum cloth, Rs. 100. Table cloth and Napkins, &c. Towels. Trowser cloth. Table cloth. Blue dyed Trowser cloth. CLASS xn. "Woollen and Worsted. 2nd CLASS MEDALS. Tahsildar of Koodlagee Talook, Manufacturer of the worsted embroidered shawl, Cumbly. Shawl. 6228 and 6469 5175 CLASS XIII. Silk and Velvet. 1st CLASS MEDALS. W. E. Underwood, Esq., Hyderabad, iTanjore Pina Silk. Silks. Dress piece. 2nd CLASS MEDAL. 608S and 6472 Hyderabad, Silks. JURY AWARDS. HOXOR^VBLE 5IENTI0N. Trogrcssivc Number. Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. 6078 IlTclerabad, Silks. 6081 Do Do. 6064: Do Do. 6401- Do- 4673 Taniore, Silk. 4677 Do Do. 5170 4234 4E36 Do Mysore, Do Do. Do. Do. 4751 Madura Paraugody Silk Haudkerchiefs. CLASS XIV. Manufactures from Flax and Hemp. 1st CLASS MEDALS. 6731 Captain Barrow Dr. lliddeU W- E. Underwood, Esq Secundrabad Fibres, &c. Do. Best tine fabrics. Rope. 2sD CLASS MEDjVLS. 4668 to 4696 2369—2370 R. Hurry Row, L. Faupiah Fine Fabrics. Very excellent g\innies. CLASS XV. Mixed Fabrics including Shawls, but exclusive of "Worsted Goods. 2.ND CLASS MEDALS. 4223 90S7 Naikjce Sookarara Miss Tat ham Moonascc Silk Shawl. Embroidered Silk Shawl. Woman's cloth, silk and gold. IIONORiVBLE MENTION. 3217 4216 4218 4222 4224 6338 COOl 60237 6103 j 2007 Koday Tooljee Do Doudala Esorsee Naikjee Sookaram Meckjee Mungapah Salar Jun^ Bahadoor Hyderabad Local Committee Hyderabad Local Committee G. Narrappah Silk shawl. Silk red quilt. do. do. do. Mens and woman's cloth, do. Saree or woman's cloth. do, with Lace border, JURY AWARDS. CLASS X\T Leather including Saddlery and Harness, Skins, Pur, Feathers, and Hair. 1st class medal. 8564 6732 Piogrcssive N limber. Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. Superintendent of Hoonsoor Pits, Tanned skins. 2.N-D CLASS MEDALS. 9287 8473 BombaiUer J. Coglau, T. Taylor, Esq., of the Body Gaurd Tanned Buffaloe and Bullock Hides. Military Saddle. nONOR.\BLE MENTION. Mr. Crowe, Dr. Francis Day,. Tanned Leather. &c. Describing several processes of Bird preser^•mg. CLASS XVII. Paper and Stationery, Printing and Book Binding. 1st class MEDAL. 8650to86S4 American Mission Press,. Specimens of Printing and Binding. CLASS XIX. Tapestry including Carpets and Floor Cloths, Lac and Embroidery, Fancy and Industrial Works. 1st CLASS MEDALS. 4205 4262 4195 9089 0690 1573 4114—4115 9043 4-262 7405 Kristniah, Mysore Dutchmen Row, do Thumiagee Row, do W. E. Underwood, Esq. Resident of Hyderabad. . Tanjore Local Committee. Elephant jhools. do. Shameanah. Piece of gold Embroidery. Work in Crimson and Gold, Carpets. &c. S. Nummiah Worsted Cai-pets. 2sD CLASS MEDALS. 4202 5173 Venkojee Row Tanjore Local Committee Palankeen cover. Carpets, &c. MONEY PRIZES. Military Female Orphan Asylum, 25 OiChild's jackonet &c. Mrs. Sewell's School at Bangalore, 20 OjCollar, &c. Native Female Central School Madras 15 Collar, Lace, &c. XI JURY AWARDS. HONORABLE MENTION. Progressive Number. Names of Exhibitors. 1 Objected rewarded. Jewesses of Cochiu Quilted Basinette cover. CLASS XXL Cutlery and £dge Tools. 2xD CLASS MEDALS. 7361 5238 & 5239 66 to 86 W. B. Wright, Esq Vcllore Arsenal for maker, Arnachellum Ausary , For Smiths Tools &e. For Vices. Knives &c. CLASS XXII. Iron and general Hardware. 2nd CLASS MEDALS. 4982 Overseer Lee of the Grand Arsenal, Fort St. George Serjeant Chalk, Gun Carriage Department, For locks. Do. HONORABLE MENTION. 5374 to 5577 7352 to 7387 Grand Arsenal of Fort St. George, Locomotive Department and Workshops of the Madras Railway, General excellence in variety of jutieles [exhibited. 477S S729 to 8755 Gun Carriage Manufactory, Dowlaishwarum Foundery and Workshops, Artillery Depot of Instruction, it 5194 Arsenal of Bangalore, Arsenal of Vellore, ;i 258 M. BuUiard of Pondicherry, Metallic cloth. 258 4966 4909 M. Godefroy do. Sub Coudr." Skinner, Serieant Haves For general superiority of wokmanship. CLASS XXIIT. Working in precious Metals, Jewelry, and Articles of Virtue and Luxury, not included in other Classes. 1st CLASS MEDAL. 8757 Messrs. Orr and Co., Silver Vase. JURY AWARDS, XXI 2nd class medals. Progressive Number- Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. 6827 Messrs. Lowe and Co J. Western, Esq, A centre piece for a table representing a fountain with large pieces of coral lying at its base. Native lamp in silver, &c. CLASS XXV. Ceramic ManufactTires, China, Porcelain, Earthen-ware, &c. 2nd class medals. 5005 5064 Serjeant M. Chesterfield,... Honorable W. Elliot, Esq., Mohomed Gouse Shereef, . , For considerable improvement in the Manufacture and Glazing of Pot- ( tery. Strongest and best glazed Native Pot- tery. Best Native manufacture in Madras Presidency. HONORABLE MENTION. Lieut. Puckle, Raichore, Armooga Woodyar, . Best collection of Raw Materials. General improvement in Pottery. Do. do. CLASS XXVI. Decorative Furniture and Upholstery, including Lacquered Goods. 2.ND CLASS MEDALS. 7792 to 7806 1 to3 Lady Rawliuson J. Deschamp, Esq, , Nabob of BanaganapUly. Carved Lotus flower stand. For the number and variety of articles. Lacquered Ware. CLASS XXVII. ManufactTires in Mineral Substances used for Building or Decoration, as in Marble, Slate, Porphsrries, Cement, Artificial Stones, &c. 1st CLASS MEDAL. 7414 to 7471 A. Hunter, Esq, M.D For improved Building Material. JURY AWARDS. 2sD CLASS MEDiiLS. Progressive Number. Names of Exhibitors Object rewarded. 2338 to 2343 2511— 2G39 261 to 263 H. Ncwill, Esq, Guntoor M. Murray, Esq., Cuddapah M. Carriol, Po'idicherry, Lieut. James Puckle, Executive Engineer Dept. P. W. Mysore For Marbles. Do. For Hydraulic Lime. For the discovery of good roofing slates and whet slates near Banga- lore and for the display of onianieu- tal Porphyries and granites from the vicinity of Seringapatani and Mysore by the same contributor. CLASS XXVIII. Maniifactures from Animal and Vegetable Substances not being woven or felted or includ- ed in other Sections. 2nd class medals. 8801? 5117 6845 3561 to 3564 Scdashoo of Vizagapatam. , Maker of.. Carver of.. Carver of.. Carver of., Folding backgammon board and other materials. Sandal wood box and paper weight. Pith figure of Riijah of Tanjore. Pith group of three native gentlemen Ivory Snake and four paper cutters. CLASS XXIX. MisceUaneoxis Maniifactures and Small Wares. 1st CLASS MEDAL. 8801 to 8839 Sedashia Ivory and Horn Ware. 2d CLASS MEDALS. 3682 to 3981 Veerasawmy Naiek Pith Work. T. Kistnah Row for the maker Do. CLASS XXX. Paintings, Drawings, Photographs and Engravings. 1st CLASS MEDALS. 9077 George Latham, Esq..... Captain Tripe, Captain Greenlaw, Dr. Scott Mrs. Col. J, R. Brown, , Dr. Murray Capt. Simpson, Dr. NeiU, J. Mitchell, Esq Major Mayne, Dr. Mantell, J. Rowe, Esq., Exceellent Architectural Drawings. Series of Callotjpes. do. do. Photographs. Series of drawings. Photographs. Series of Views. Photographs. Do. Do. Do. Do. JURY AWARDS. HONORABLE MENTION. Progressive Number. Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. Right Honorable Lord Harris, E.Mallby, Esq, Col. Denisoii, Delhi Pictures. Photographs. Portrait of a Lady. CLASS XXX. Bronzes, Marble, Alabaster and Parian Statuettes, Plaster Casts, &c. 2nd CLASS MEDAL. 7620 Messrs. Griffiths and Co Ornamental Flower Vases CLASS I. REPORT 0\ MINING, QUARRYING. METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS AND MINERAL PRODUCTS. Jury. W. BuRRELL, Esq., SuperMendinrj Sitrr/eon, Centre Division, Chairman, and Joint Reporter. G. J. Sh.iw, Esq., m. d., Auiitanl Assay Master, Madras Mint. A. J. Scott, Esq., m. d., As.ii-'tant Assay Master. Alex. Huntbu, Esq., m. d.. Director Madras School of Industrial Arts, Joint Reporter. A^HOciutes. Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq., Member of Council. B. CUNLIFFE, Esq., Collector of Land Customs. J. Mitchell, Esq., Lieut, and Adjut. \sl Native Vet. Battalion. The display of Mineral products is very large and contains many interesting and important collections of Kaw materials, some of which are likely to prove of economic value. The marked improvement in the collections from several districts is very sU'iking, and contrasts favorably with the contriliutions to the Exhibition of 1855. The care and attention bestow- ed upon the numbering and packing of the minerals from some districts, and the neat way in wliich others have been put up, are worthy of notice ; amongst the largest collections are those from Hyderabad, Cuddapah, Bellary and Guntoor. The Minerals from Travaiicore, Pondicherry and Vizianagnim have been carefully named and neatly fitted up in boxes. Lieut. Puckle and Mr. Addis also send good collections from Bangalore. An interesting series of the Miner- als collected on the first exploration of the Godavery under Lieut. Haig is contributetl by Dr. Jackson, and similar series of the minerals from the first fiO miles of KiiUway cuttings from Madras towards Araoor are contributed by JL. MacNair, Mr. Mac- inaster and Mr. Allan AVilson . These are of value as contributing exact local information regarding the mineral products of two recently explored tracts of country, and the Jury would point out the necessity for further careful investigations of this kind, wherever cuttings are made. It shoidd however always be borne in mind by contributors, that tliere are two distinct characters in which minerals must be viewed, their economic, and scientific characters ; for the for- mer, correct labelling, w'ith a statement as to quanti- ty and facility of working on the spot, or carriage to the locality required may be sufficient, for the latter, when intiuded as merely Geological specimens, the accompanying rocks should be given, the position with regard to strike and dip of the rock, if rais- ed from the horizontal, and the extent of the forma- tion. The most interesting collections in an econo- mic point of view are the Grinding, Polishing and Shaqjening materials exhibited by Surgeon E. G. Balfour, and the collections from Hyderabad and Kuraool, the latter of which, though not large, con- sists almost entirely of substances useful in Manu- f;\ctures. The most important Scientific collections are, the series of fossils of the green sand formations from Ootatoor by Afr. Kickets, a similar large col- lection of fossils "of the same formation from Seedra- pett, Vurdoor and Trivaearey by ilr. Arthur Hall, and the Gypsums, fossil woods, and limestone series from the Madras School of Arts. In order to facil- itate the labors of the Jury, it was proposed, that the collection of minerals, which is veiy large and in- teresting, should be considered under different heads, as Metals, Alkaline and Earthy Minerals, Gems, Min- erals useful in manufactures, Fossils. METALS. Gold. — Many districts in this Presidency are known to yield Gold, but not in such quantities as to prove remunerative, and only in small grains mixed with black sand, or in the dark red mud of nullahs. Two specimens are contributed by Lieut. Puckle from the vicinity of Bangalore, one in a matrix of dark blue quartz, and another in black sand, a sufficient quantity was procured to make a ring. A large, rough, coarse ruby, nearly two inches in lengtli, exhibited by Mr. Lecot, has also some gold embedded in its substance. The gem is a curious and rare one, but full of flaws. Silver. — A rich ore of silver or Argentiferous ORES OF LEAD, ANTIMONY, MANGANESE, PEROXIDE OF MANGANESE. [Class I. Galena is exhibited from JLirtaban by Dr. Brandis. It is a peculiar looking Galena, being granular, or in minute crjstals, with silver passing through it in thready veins. This ore has been carefully assay- ed by Dr. Scott : it contains about 80 per cent of silver lead. Tiie quantity of silver was found to varv in the portion examined from 70 to 300 ounces in the ton of ore. It is impossible therefore to say what its commercial value may be, unless an average sample were obtained, but if the ore exists in any quantity and of the same quality as that examined, it is a most valuable one, and would be well worth working by Paltenson's mode for separating the silver, as the process proves remunerative where only 7 ounces of silver can be obtained from a ton of metal. This is the ore that is probably referred to by the Rev. Francis Mason, a. m., in his publi- cation on the natural productions of Burmah. LEAD COKTAINING SILVER. The limestone of the Burmese Provinces probably contains large quantities of lead. In the valley of the Salwen, there is a rich vein of argentiferous galena, which is reported to appear on the surface. A specimen that Dr. iloiton sent to England for analysis, was said to be a very valuable Mineral, and destined to make a fortime for some one. Professor Mitchell in the certificate that he furnished Dr. Morton of the analysis, says : It contains Lead, Lime, Sulphur, Magnesia, Silver, Iron, Gold, (traces) Silica. It is a sulphuret of lead or galena. The quantity of lead and silver appears to be considerable, but there was not sufficient of ti\e mineral to estimate either." The ore is seen in the limestone precisely as galena is found in the limestone of the Mississipi, one of the richest kno«Ti deposits of lead in the world. Mr. O'Reiley states that the carbonate of lead exists near the head waters of tiie Hoimgdaran. The Galena of Jungiinraz pilly near Cuddapah, of which a fine specimen was shown at tlie Exhibition of 1855, has only been procured in small quantities through Capt. Hemery ; it has been examined by Dr. Scott. Copper. — The display of Copper ores is very in- ferior to the collection made for the Great Exhibition in London of 1851. The ore is exhibited however from some new localities, but not in any great quan- tity. The gi-een and liver colored oxides have been sent from Kuniool, Cuddapah and Nellore. The specimens sent from the Copper Mountain Bellary as rich liver colored Copper ore, have been carefully tested and do not contain a trace of Copper. They are rich Iron ores (llsematitic) ANTIMONY. Sulphuret of Antimony or Soorma of good quality is exhibited from Vizianagrum. The substances sent Carbonic Acid. as Soorma from Kurnool and Hyderbad are Galena or Sulphuret of Lead. Dr Scott intimates that he has frequently tested the Soormas of the Bazaar and found that they do not contain Antimony but that they usually consist of Iron ores or Galena. MANGANESE. This metal occurs very abundantly in the Madras Presidency. Some very large samples of the silicated sesquioxide are exhibited by His Highness the Riijah of Vizianagrum, who contributes two tons in blocks weighing from 2 cwt. to 3 cwt. each. The Metal was carefully examined by Dr. Scott, who re- ported upon the contributions sent to tiie Exhibi- tion of 1855 as containing from 53 to H per cent of metidlic manganese. The substance is well suit- ed for glazing Pottery, along with Galena, and Fel- spar. A great variety of pleasing colors can be imparted to the glaze l)y varying the proportions of the Manganese : thus, in small ([uantities it gives a yellow color, in large, brown, then a l)lood red, purple or black, as the proportion of Manganese is increased. It lias also the propeity of hardening the glaze, so as to resist vinegar and weak Acids : concentrated mineral Acids however will corrode it. Specimens of Pottery glazed with this suljstance anil of the colors above mentioned are exhibited in Class XXV. Experiments have also been tried with some of the ores of ^Manganese, which seem well suited for the manufacture of Chlorine and Cldoride of lime. Manganese is used in small quantities by the Natives in giving purple, brown, and black colors to glass for Bangles. The Jury would recommend a 2d Class Medal to His High- ness the Rajah of Vizianagrum for the fine samples of this ore exhibited, viz. Two Tons. Large samples have also been shipped to England for Report as to its applicability to manufacturing purposes. Some good samples of the same ore are forwarded fiom Kurnool, and Toomkoor in Mysore. PEKOXIDE OF MANGANESE. This substance which occurs in the form of a compact black stone, with a smutty brown or black pewder on the surface, is of more value than tlie pre- ceding, being largely employed in manufacturing purposes. Good but smaU samples have been for- warded by the Bellary Local Committee from Soon- door, and from Eoodrar in the Coilcoontlah Talook, Cuddapah : jUso from Bimlipatam. A specimen from the latter locality examined by Dr. Scott contains about 30 per cent of peroxide, which, although impure, would certainly be of some commercial value. Another specimen from Bellary was also found to contain a good deal of the Per- oxide. Brown wad and brown fibrous Manganese have been exhibited from the Red Hills, Bangalore and Cuddapah. It is to be regretted that the umber and other ores of Jlanganese which occur at the Class I.] ORES OF GALENA, CHROME. AND IRON. Neilgherries are not coutributed. ^Maiiy of the Iron ores and Iron sands exUibited, contain -Manganese, and the good quality of some of the Indian steel can be attributed to this admixture. GALENA OE SLLPHUKET OF LEAD. A ricli ore of this kind from JIartaban contain- ing silver has already been noticed. Another lo- cality from which (iaifn.i is exhibited is tiie Dhoue Talook Kurnool, from which Galena in very large blocks has been obtained ; one piece measured about 18 inches in diameter and weighed upwards of 3 Cwt. This ore was carefully tested by Dr. Scott some years ago, and was then found to contain from 53 to 70 per cent, of lead but no sdver ; some of the last consignments are found to be rich in sil- ver : see Appendix. It was also tried at the ilint and yields a large per cenlage of licad. It has been used for some years at the School of Aits for glazing Pottery, and answers nell for that purpose, though it is found to succeed better when reduced to the form of minium, and then ground with Felspar and an Alkali. The raw galena only answ'ers for the soft- est and commonest glazes, and the per centage of impurities mixed with this description, varies so considerably, that it has been found safer to reduce it from the st;ite of Sulphuret to that of an oxide be- fore applying it to the wares. Much of the Pottery from the School of iVrts has been glazed with this Galena in diiferent states. Galena is also known to occur at the NeUgherries and in two parts of the Cuddapah District. A good sample is exhibited amongst the Chemical substances, from Hyderabad, as Soorma ; but this appears to have been purchased in the Bazaar. CHROME ORE. Very good samples of the Chromate of Iron are exhibited from Salem, Vizianagrum and Bangalore ; but as yet nothing has been done to turn this mineral to useful account on a large scale in India, from the want of proper appliances. The great consumption of this substance in Em'ope is in the manufacture of Bichromate of Potass for dyes, the chromates of Lead for painting, and chromic acid for coloring Pottery, Porcelain and glass. The mineral was carefidly tested some years ago, and a few ounces of the Bichromate of Potass and the yel- low and orange Chromates of Lead were made in the School of Arts. The supply of Chrome Ore in Salem is said to be abuudaut, but the raw material will not pay the expense of freight, though the Chromates of Potass and Lead might be brought into use in dyeing and painting, if carefully manufactured in India. The Chrome ores used in England are ob- tained from the Shetland islands and Styria, where they are ;iljundant. The quantity requii'cd for manufactiu'ing purposes is not very large ; hence the raw ores of India could never be brought into the English market so as to prove remunerative. IRON ORES. One of the richest departments of the Exhibition is the ores of ii-on and steel. Almost everj' district in the Presidency contributes specimens, and the col- lections from some localities are veiy' extensive and varied ; those from Cuddapah, Hyderabad, Bellaiy aud Coimbatore are particularly deserving of notice. Large collections are also sent' by Capt. Puckle and Mr. Addis from Bangalore, but the quality of the ores is not rich at that station. The principal ores of the Cuddapah district are the red, brown, and puq)le Hfematites, which yield iron of excellent qua- lity and very malleable. Some of the magnetic iron ores of the same district are particularly rich in iron, and a few of them contain traces of manganese. We woiUd particularly notice amongst the Hsematites those from Cheraoorand Poolevendalah ; the latter is magnetic although earthy and dull red in the frac- ture and bright red in the streak. The steel grey and granular iron ores from Chitwail, Camalapoor, and Goorumcondah are all rich in the metal and more or less magnetic. The yellow ochre and nis- ty ores of the Muddenpully Talook are said to yield good malleable iron. The steel grey iron saiid of Comarole and Yendapully in the Doopaud Talook are highly magnetic and contain a little manganese. The micaceous iron ore and iron glance of the Doopaud Talook are also rich iu the metal. The most prevalent iron ores of the Hyderabad territories seem to be the rusty brown, red, and yel- low ochres ; the iron or steel sands with manganese, and the specular or glance Ores : none of the latter however are magnetic. The red hsematites marked Nos. 1 and 15 in the list are both rich in the metal. The rusty and yellow ores marked Xos. 2, 5, 9 and 13 are also of good quality. The steel grey ore No. 17-2 is of fine quality and the specular iron No. 4 is particularly rich in the metal, but not magnetic. The jaspery clay iron stone No. 6 is very like the clay iron stone exhibited amongst the coal measures from Burdwan and Scotland ; it also appears to be as- sociated with other minerals that accompany coal. The black,brown, aud red Cellular iron ores are abun- dant in this collection, and a great deal of attention appears to have been bestowed on the minerals of this District and on the iion ores in particular. The Jury would recommend a 2nd class medal to Dr. Smith for the series of ores of iron and steel which were very carefully put up and numbered. The Bellary District yieids a variety of Iron ores, some of which are very rich in the metal and several of them associated with manganese. The prevailing ores of iron of this District are the black and grey- Band Iron, alternating with sandstone ; liver color- ed Haematite (which has been repeatedly sent to Ma- dras as Copper Ore) and Bed Jaspery Clay Iron stones. Some of the samples of Band Iron in sand- stone are exceedingly like those thrown out of the Coal bags on the beach at Madras and vulgarly known in England as the pins and binders. They ORES OF IRON, AND MINERALS. [Class I. are also associated in the same district and in the vicinity of Kurnool and Gooty " itli Ma.^ncsian Lime- stone, Grits, conglomerates, Alumiuous shale. Fine Clay and Black Dolomite, minerals which usually accompany Coal ; but the Fossils which are the surest indications iiave still to be soujjht for. The jury are much pleased to find attention drawn to this point by Capt. (JoUyer of the Engineers, who has remarked the coincidence, and has sent samples of minerals from the Dhone Talook, Kurnool, and from the vicinity of Soondoor near Bcllary, with a request that the minerals may be submittted to Mr. AVall the (jovernmcnt Coal iind Mineral Viewer, who might be requested to visit the localities from whence tiie minerals have been procured. See Report upon the minerals from Kurnool and Soondoor, which were submitted to the Jury and tested. The Iron Ores sent by the Coimbatorc Local Committee are of very fine quality, being particularly rich in the metal and' the most highly magnetic in the Exhibition. A Sub-Committee of the Jury carefully examined all the ores of Iron with the blow pipe, as to their magnetic properties, and the following was the result of these examinations. Magnetic Iron Glance of fine quality occurs in Coirabatore, Salem, Cuddapah and Vellore. Magnetic Haematites in Cuddapah. Magnetic Iron sand also in Cuddapah ; none of the Iron sands of other districts magnetic. Magn. tic rusty Oeheiy Iron Ore at Palaveram and Hyderabad." None of the other Iron Ores of Hvderabad magnetic. No magnetic Iron Ores from Bellary, Masulipatam, Bangalore, Mysore, or other districts. Manganese detected in the Iron Ores of Hyderabati, Kurnool, Bellavy, the Bababooden Hills, Mysore and Vizianagerum. Meteoric Iron, or aerolites, are exhibited from Mysore and Pondicherry. Micaceous Iron Ores of good quality from Cud- ilapah and Vizianagerum. Brown hicmatite and lU-dillefrom the Red' Hills, Bcllary and Hyderabad. Conmion Iron Pyrites or Soovnamooky stone is ex. hibiled in Magncsian Limestone from Kurnool, Cud- dapah aiul Gooty Radiated Pyrites in large- pieces in black marble I'roni Nundial and near Cud- dapah. Tills is an important substance, and if pro- curable in large quantities, it might be used for the manufacture of sulplnir, sulphuric acid, yellow and lied Ochres or polishing powder Iron Pyrites is also exhibited in sraaU quantities in Aluminous shale from near Bangalore ; when it is found in large quantities in this ^Matrix, or if the .Mum slate be of a dark olive green with the sul- phurct of Iron ditlused through it, Alum may be prepared from it. For tlie process of preparing this substance, as followed in the Punjaub, see Re- port upon Alkaline and Earthy minerals. HEPORT UPON MINKaAI.S SKNT FIIO.M KUUNOOL, BY CAPT. COLLYKR. SUBMITTED TO JURY IN CLASS I. FOR EXAMINATION, No. 1. a. Compact grey Magnesian Limestone, effervesces feebly with acid, calcines to a whitish color and is hydraulic. No. 1. 4. Yellowish grey silicious Magnfsian Limestone, with Dendritic Manganese. Does not ett'ervesee with acid. This is a whetstone and a hy- draulic Lime. No. 1. c. Dolomite or Blackish Magnesian Lime- stone ; Hydraidic, burns to a white, showing that carbon is the coloring material. No. 1. d. Grey slate and dolomite. Fossils should be sought for in this stratum No. 2. a. Sandstones and Grits. The grey and black coloring matter is Plumbago or Carburet of Iron. No. 2. b. Dark gi-ey conglomerates with grains of Plumbago. It is not possible to determine the strata to which these belong without having fossils. The Plumbago remains unaltered by great heat. No. 3. Galena or sulphurct of Lead witli Fels- par and sulphate of Baryta. Some of this is very rich in Lead containing from 53 to 70 per cent of Lead. This is the ore already described under the head of galena it has been practically examined l)v Mr. Wall and used for some years at the School of Arts for glazing Pattery. It is a very rich ore of lead and the last consignments contain silver. No. 4. Clay slate tinged with Iron. This re- sembles Alum slate colored by Pyrites ; but on being tested, it is found not to contain sidphur. No. 5. a. Quartz Pebbles. b. Felspar Do. and c. Felspar with brown spar or siJphate of Baryta. d. Porphyry composed of all three. MINERALS FROM SOONDOOR, BELLARY, DISTRICT, SENT BY CAPT. COLLYEK. 1. a. Jaspery ('lay Iron stone. 1. b. Sandstone with Iron ore. This is rich in Iron and resembles the Band Iron ore of England. 2. Grey and brown staliietitic Manganese, chiefly ■lesqnio.cide. 3. Iron Ore, Manganese and quartz. 4. Botiyoidal sescpuoxide and Peroxide of Manganese. 5. Red and yellow Clay Ironstone. 6. .Taspeiy Clay Ironstone. This borders on Transition formations and is often aeeompanied by Fossils. 7. ('■ Wrought Iron. 7. b Yellowi-sh aluminous shale. 8. Red Ahiminous shale and Oehrey standstone. 9. Bastard Fire Clav and Band Iron. The for- Class I.] ORES : ALKALINE AND EARTHY MINERALS. raer resembles the Clunch of the Coal formations, the latter the Pim. 10. Polier slate or Tripoli. This is not true Tripoli : it lias been examined under the Microscope and does not contain any indications of Uiatoma- ceae. Another fragment from the same locality sent by the Bellary Local Committee had aU the appear- ance of containing vegetable matter in a Fossil state ; it was carefully examined under the iEcroscope by Mr. Mitchell and Mr. ^\ es-tern, but no organic struc- ture could be detected. The substance appears to be colored Koaliu, or Porcelain Earth, accidentally striated in curved veins resembling Fossil wood. 11. Grey Iron Ore with a little Manganese. 12. White and red Quartz pebbles. 13. Yellow and brown wad or ilanganese and iron, useful iu coloring pottery. \i. Transition sandstone. 15. Transition Slate. Fossils sometimes occur in the sandstones resting upon this slate. It is impossilile to determine the age of these for- mations without fossils. The accompanying illustrated circulars on the Fossils of the New Bed sandstone, Magnesian lime- stone, Carboniferous, Old Red sandstone and Silu- rian Strata may be of use in prosecuting fui'ther enquiries in the District. Set the end of the Report on Class I. ALKALINE AND EARTHY MINERALS. Southern India is particularly rich in this class of Mineral products, the origin of which seems to be the decaying granites of the country. The most common form of .\lkali, is the Dhobee's Earth, a wliitish grey, sandy efflorescence, which often covers miles of countrj' where decayed white granite forms the surface soO ; the earth contains from 13 to 25 per cent of Grade carbonate of soda and begins to accumulate iu the drj' weather immediately after the rains, it can be scraped off the surface to the depth of two or three inches, and by repeated boiling and the adilition of a little quick lime, the alkali is ob- tained of considerable strength. With a little care veiy clean Carbonate of Soda can be obtained, tit for the manufacture of Toilet soap, white glass, and glazes for pottery. The crade earth iu dilfereut states is exhib- ited from almost every district. The best samples of the prepared earth are exhibited by Bauloo !Moodelly, who has frequently furnished it in large quantities for manufacturing pm-poses. The Xellore, Cudda- ])ah, Masulipatam and Chingleput Districts yield tliis earth in great quantities, and repeated attempts have been made to prepare from it Barilla for ex- portation, and very fair specimens have been export- ed at different times, but the moderate price of the Carbonate of Soda of England prepared from Sea salt will always prevent this from being a remunerative article of export. The colored frits for Bangle glass, exhibited in another Class, have lately however become an article of export from this presidency. I Nitrate of 5o(/«.— Samples of this Salt are exhib- ! ited from Bellary and Hyderabad where, it seems I to form a natural efflorescence. Its chief use is as ; a substitute for saltpetre for the Manufacture of Ni- I trie and other acids and chemical substances. It is too deliquescent for making gunpowder, though it i answers well for some descriptions of fireworks. ! The samples exhibited are indifferent. I Muriate of Soda, mineral salt of very fair quality is exhibited from Bangalore, Bellary and Hyderabad,and is known to occur also iu the Guntoor andXellore Dis- tricts and to !)e almost invariably accompanied by some interesting minerals ; viz., G\-psimi, magnesian limestone, sandstone, sulphur, red and brown iron ores, and alum slate. .-\s most of these minerals have come in from the Districts that produce the mineral salt, it would be worth while to direct fur- ther search to be made in the vicinity for the sul- I phur and alum slate, both of which are valuable ■ products. Sidphur is exhibited from several Dis- I tricts associated with the above and other combina- tions. Alum slate is also exhibited from the Cud- dapah District, Yellore and the Neilgherries, but the accompanying minerals have not been forwarded. It is of great importance that the minerals associated with Rock Salt and Gypsum should always be re- corded or collected, as I'ossils of some kind or other almost invariably occur in the vicinity, and these are the best and safest guides for determining the relative ages of the accompaying strata. The follow- ing interesting description of the Salt Range in the Funjaub, by Dr. Jameson, will show the impor- tance of this class of formations. Salt Range, from the Eastern base of the Suliman ^Moimtains to the River Jhelum in the Puniaub. Lat 32° 30'— 33" 20'. The rocks in this part of the range are, (first) JIagnesian Limestone, 2, New Red Sandstone 3. Fossiliferous sandstone, 4, Red Clay and sandstone containing Coal and Mineral Sulphur, Rock Salt, Gypsum, brown and red Iron ore and Alum slate. The lower beds contain no organic remains but the upper abound in them. The Iron ore is a red or brown Haematite, so rich that iu many places the needle of the compass becomes quite useless even at a considerable distance from the rocks, owing to their being highly magnetic, from the quantity of iron which they contain. The sandstone abounds with the exuviae of enormous animals, either Sau- rians or Sauroid fishes. The HiUs at Kala Bagh contain great quantities of Aluminous slate, from which Alum is obtained at various manufactories in that town. The slate, well sprinkled with water, is laid iu alternate strata with wood, until the pile reaches a height of 25 to 30 feet ; it is then lighted and the combustion con- tinued for about twelve hours, in which time the color of the slate is converted from grejish black to dark red. This change of color indicating that the process has been carried to a sufficient extent, the mass is thrown into a tank holding as much water 6 ALKALINE AND EARTHY MINERALS. [Class !• as it is romputed the Alum is competent to satu- rate. After tliree days the water, which bceomes of a dark red color is drawn oil', mixed with a due pro- portion of potash and boiled down. The residuum on cooling becoming a solid mass of Alum. A very interesting series of salts, consisting chiefly of the Muriate and carbonate of soda from the Loonar Lake in the Hyderabad territories, is exhibited by Dr. George Smith, Residency Surgeon, Hyderabad. These have already been carefully examined i)y Pro- fessor Mayer and "reported upon at some length in Vol. 1, New series of the Madras Journal ol Litera- ture and Science. The following is a condensed epi- tome of the llcport and of the chemical composition of the salts. No. 1. Dulla. This is a Carbonate of Soda w ith a faint trace of Muriate of Soda and about 2 per cent of impurities. No. 2. Nimmuek DuUa. Is nearly pure Muriate of Soda. No. 3. Khuppul. Is carbonate of Soda, with water and about 2 per cent of impurities. No. 4. Puppree. Is nearly pure Carbonate of Soda. No. 5. Madkhai-. — This is an impure salt con- taining Carbonate ofSoda 27 Clay and sand, 30, water about 17. Common Salt 25 No. 6. Bhooskee. This is also a crude impure substance, containing Neutral Carb. of Soda. 2G Insoluble matter chiefly sand and Clay, 5 8 Water It Common Salt, 2 No. 7- Travertin. This contains Carb. of Lime, 78 Carbonate of Magnesia, 4 Insoluble matter with Oxide of Iron &c. 9 Chloride of Sodium 2 Water 3 The Natron lake of Loonar occurs in the Circar of Meinker Soubah of Berar, about 45 miles N. W. of Hingolie, in Lat 20 N. It is about 510 feet be- low the level of the surrounding ground, in a kind of Crater of 5 miles in circumference ; the lake being about 3 miles in circumference and surrounded by luxuriant vegetation ; springs of clear soft water oc- cur close to the lake, which has evidently been ex- tending its bounds lately, as numerous dead trees are standing within its margin, and a bowrie of sweet water, protected by a wall, is now complete- ly surrounded by the water of the lake. An intol- erable stench of sulphuretted hydrogen is emitted by the lake during the heat of the day, and its waters prove destructive to animal and vegetable life, though flocks of Duck and Teal dot the surface of its waters. There are two saline springs near the centre of the Lake, and about ^ a mile apart. These never become dry. It is supposed that the muriate of Soda from this source, coming in contact with the carbonate of Lime which abounds in the vicinity causes the deposition of the carbonate of Soda or >fatron Salt in a greater or less state of purity. The depth of the lake near the salt springs varies from (5 feet during the hot months to 12 or 14 feet dur- ing the rains. The salt is raised by divers, who bring it up in their hands. It is much prized and tiiuls a ready sale in both Berars, Nagpore, Can- deish, and Poonah, to which places it is carried in Bamboo baskets and retailed by dealers. The Lake has not been regularly worked since 183G, in wliich year 2,136 candies of the different salts were raised, valued at Bs. 00,081. In 1853 Major Johnston rsiscd 35 candies, valued at Bs. 1,401-4-0. Some suggestions have been proposed for increas- ing the productiveness and revenue of the lake. These are contrivances for preventing the flushing of the Lake with water, supplied by the main feeder, and l)y several streams from the surrounding water shed, such as bunds and channels. Cleans foi' raising the salt with facility, and in due quantity, such as dredging machines. Means for jirocuring the salts in greater purity, such as evaporating pans. Jleans for procuring and preserving the salt raised, such as sheds, store rooms S:c. with careful super- vision by trustworthy Government officials. The points to which the attention of the Exhibi- tion Committee is solicited are : — a. AYhat is the exact Chemical composition of the salts ? Tiiis has been satisfactorily answered by Dr. Mayer. I/. What is their commercial value as now sent ? The commercial value of salts for exportation de- pends upon their purity and clean or white appear- ance : those marked No. 1, 3 and 4 might all be used in the manufactures of soap, glass, and glazes for pot- tery. They coidd not be exported profitably, as the carbonate of soda can now be so economically pre- pared in England from Sea salt, Ijy Leblane's pro- cess. The probability is, that, if the Natron or Baril- la were more highly refined and crystallized, it might be used in India for the manufacture of plate glass, and for the better kinds of crown and window glass. Barilla sells for 8-6 to 9 shillings per cwt. fit for soap making, the qualities used for plate glass and for dyes are much more valuable. c. Are the suggestions alluded to as under con- sideration correct in their general principles ? The only questionable one appears to be the first, as it is doubtful whether it would be possible or de- sirable to prevent the flushing of the lake with fresh water. 2. The only eileclual means of raising the salt w'ith facility and in large quantity would be by a dredging machine,worked by a crank handle and coolie labor, or by a steam engine. The cost of a suitable steam engine would be £550 to £600 and of a dredg- ing machine to work in 8 to 12 feet of water £1,400 to £1,500. Class I.] ALKALINE AND EARTHY MINERALS. 3. The best means for procuring the salts in greater purity, would be to subject them to tn-o boil- iiicrs ; first with pure soft water in an oblong evaporating pan, 12 to 15 feet long, 6 feet broad, and 1 foot deep, built of hard fired brinks made from a tough clay ; Ecaporating pan. from this pan the concentrated solution should be run out through woollen bags filled with sand and charcoal, and all covered with a layer of straw, into wooden tubs or long wooden troughs to crystalize, taking care to leave the dregs in the pan. The second boiling should be conducted with distilled water, in the same way as the saltpetre is purified at the Gunpowder iliUs. A large copper still and condenser Copper Still and Condenser. would require to be erected, and a succession of boilers and crj'stallizing tubs, or, what would be better, a series of large stone ware evaporating pans arranged in long sheds, with a flue for heated air from the furnace of the copper still, passing under each pan, and terminating in a chimney. — Thus (See illustration.) Stone ware etaporaling pans. 8 EARTHY MINERALS AND GEMS. TClass 1. 'JHie common native rotfery of the country would not answer for eviiporatiug pans, as it is corroded by alkaline salts. 4. The best means for protecting and preserving the salt raised, would be in store rooms built of brick and elumam, with the floor raised a few feet above the ground and paved with dense well fired bricks. An earthen floor contaminates the salts, and there is much loss from this cause. The best way of separating the salts from each other is by repeated erystalizations, or in an evaporating pan of the following description, which allows impurities to fall and the more readily crystalizable salts to be drawn off. See illustration. Copper eeaporating pan for separating salts. EARTHY MINERALS. The most abundant of this class is the Limestones, ilarbles, Dolomites and Kunkurs, which will be no- ticed under the class of Building Materials. Sulphate of Lime or Gypsmn is contributed from a good many Districts. The best qualities are from Ootatoor near Trichinopoly, the Chiugleput District, Sadras, Eunore, the Red Hills, Nellore, JLisulipa- tara and Bangalore. The only new localities for this mineral are Sadras, the Red Hills, and Nellore. It is now known to occur very abundantly in this I'resideney in two forms, the fibrous and Oi-jstal- line Gypsums both free from Carbonate of Lime, and well suited for tiic Manufacture of Plaster of Paris, for moulds, busts, statues or ornaments. It occurs chietiy in the green sand or low^r cretaceous forma- tions, and is almost invariably accompanied by Fos- sils. ^The Fibrous Gypsum of ]5angalore, Tiagur and Nellore, are the thickest and best. It is not yet known in what strata these occur, as the accompany- ing Fossils have not yet been traced and the natives seem averse to show the localities for this mineral, in those districts though rewards of 20 Rupees have been offered for this information. Sulphate of Baryta or heavy Spar of very fine qua- lity is exhibited from several Districts; the best sam- ples are from Kurnool, Sidiiout, C'urabura, and Nel- lore. Yellowish qualities are exhibited from Oota- toor and Masulipatara ; the former amongst Gypsum formations and Fossils, the latter interspersed with Gypsum. The chief uses of this substance are for making Stoneware, Porcelain, and Chemical wares, and as a flux for smelting Iron Ores. Hitherto it does not appear to have been put to any use in India. Satin Spar, or filjrous Carbonate of Lime of very good quality is exhibited from the Hyderabad ter- ritories ; it was mistaken for Fibrous Gypsum, and on being tested was found to be associated with that substance and with a rarer mineral, Arragonitc, which contains the sulphate of strontian, much used in Europe for giving a red color to fire-works. The Satinspar is chiefly used for large ornamental beads and brooches. Cube spar or Crystalline Carbonate of Lime,of gootl quality, is exhibited from Nellore, Kurnool and Cud- dapah. It is used in thin plates for mounting Mi- croscopic objects and as a source of very pure Lime. Rhomb spar or Dolomite spar is also exhibited from Cuddapah. CE.MS. The display of Gems and precious stones is very meagre, and, as us>ud, the samples contributed are very small and worthless ; the valuable or large pieces having been all picked out. There is enough, how- ever, to prove that this Presidency, produces stones of this class, and that, if carefidly sought for, good specimens may be found. Diamond conglomerates, sandstones, and earths are contributed from Cudda- pah, Kurnool and Hyderabad ; and it is known that good diamonds arc found in these and other Districts, but none have been sent on this occasion. A model in Lead of a very large diamond is exhibited from Hyderabad, this measures 2i inches in length by If inches in breadth and Jths of an inch in thick- ness, in the rough state. 'J"he Gem was found in the mud wall of a native house and was purchased for His Highness the Nizam ; a small portion of the Gem had been broken oft' one end before it was offered for sale. A rough ruby of nearly two inches in length is exhibited by Mr. Leeot, amongst the precious stones. It contains some specks of Gold, but is of inferior quality and fuU of flaws. Some small fragments of Sapphire and of Spinel, the matrix in which it occui's, are exhiliited from Masulipatam. Several Emeralds and other precious stones, as Ruby, Sapphire, Diamond and Tm-quoise, are exhibit- ed in a evit state in another Class, ijut these appear to be imported stones. A number of imitation Gems made from English Crystal and Flint glassvariously colored are exhib- ited from Hyderabad- Class I.] MINERAL SUBSTANCES, SANDSTONES, CORUNDUM AND EMERY. Garnets, Carbuncles and Ruby Garnets of verj' good quality, are exhibited from Nellore, Masulipa- tam and Bazewarah ; h\it they are not nearly so large, as the (Garnets from IMysore and Cuddoor shown at the Exhibition of 1855. A good specimen of Aquamarine, or Beryl, is contributed by Lieut. Puekle from Mysore : other samples of long reed like crystals are forwarded by the Nellore Local Committee ; small pieces of Ame- thyst, Tourmaline, Kock crystal. Agate and Cornelian are exhibited from ilasulipatam. Schorl in large crystals is exhibited from Banga- lore, Nellore and Vizianagrum. MINER.VL SUBSTANCES USEFUL IN MANU- FACTURES. One of the most important contributions in Class L is the large and complete series of grinding, sharpening and polishing materials, exhibited by Surgeon E. G. Balfour, from the Museum. These were carefully examined by the Jury, along with a voluminous printed Eeport prepared for distribution amongst the Ordnance, Commissariat and Engineer Officers. The Jury are of opinion that very many of the substances are of excellent quality, that several of them might be judiciously introduced as substitutes for similar articles now procured from Europe, anch that Lulia is so well supplied with ^Minerals of this ( ;iass, that a large and remunerative trade in some of them might be carried on, if steps were taken to give publicity to the valuable mass of information collected, and means adopted for distributing and bringing to notice some of the articles for which liigh prices are given in Europe. The most striking features in this collection are the abundance of the materials, their general dif- fusion throughout the Presidency and the infinite varieties of their quality. It w ill be necessary to consider them for the sake of order and brevity under the heads of Santlstones, Hones, and Polishing substances. SANDSTONES. These occur of dift'erent qualities, from the coars- est soft grit, to the hardest Freestone, the most compact snakestone, and the toughest Chert. The sandstones appear to be the most universally dif- fused rocks in Southern India ; occurring in six- teen different Districts, and often in lieds or strata of enormous extent, as in the South Arcot, Nellore, Cuddapah, BeUary, Mysore and Nagpore Districts. The Native carpenters, blacksmiths and shoemakers have long been acquainted with the good qualities of the Grindstones of Southern India, and they are accustomed to give good prices for some of them. European workmen are also in the habit of using country stones for sharpening their tools. The l)est coarse Grindstones are those from Vcr- dachellum in South Arcot, Triputty, and Ootrama- loor in Chingleput, Kurse Mungalum near Vellore, Woontiraetta and Chellamacoor in the Cuddapah District, anti Podelay and ^Voodiaghen•y in Nellore. A soft sandstone suited for Filters occurs at Ra- jahnmudry, and hard gi'itty kinds, like the Bhurr- stone of France in the PeddaredapuUy Talook of Nellore and near G booty. Some of the sandstones of the Guntoor, Bellaiy, Madura and Mysore Dis- tricts are veiy similar to those used as Grindstones and FTour iliU-stones in England. The best dry Whetstones are those of Nuggur, JIatoor Hill in Guntoor, Triputty, Arnee and Needacherla in Bel- lary. Fine grained sandstones of a sharp cutting qua- lity occur at Gootcmokoda and Dyda in Guntoor, at Chellumacoor and Chettywarrecpnlly in Cud- dapah and in the Podelay Talook and Woodiagherry Hill in Nellore. A stone resembling the Ayrstone, or Snakestone, occurs at Koopookonda, S miles west of Vinacondah in Guntoor. Good substitutes for Turkey stone, occur at Cud- dapah, Woontimetta, Chellumacoor and Humpsagar ; and varieties of Green and Grey granular Felspar, at Seringapatam, Nellore, and on the banks of the Godavery. The latter are well suited for putting a fine edge on razors and gravers. Soft sandstones resembling Bathstone and Tri- poli abound near Nellore, Bellary, Cuddapah and Hurryhur. Very fine silicious and Magnesian Earths, such as Kottenstone, Alkaline Loam and Armenian Bole, occur near Soondoor, Bangalore and Cudda- pah. Hones, silicious and slaty Limestones of every quality, accompany the extensive Beds of Lithogra- phic Marble near Kurnool, Guntoor, Bellary, L)atcha- piUy and Gooty. Chert or Honistone suited for paving Flint and Porcelain Mills, occurs in large quantities at Baula- pilly near Arcot, Naggery and \\ oodiagherry Hill in Nellore. CORUNDUM AND EMEKV. These Jlinerals which are considered valuable on account of their hardness, which approaches that of the diamond, appear to be very abundant in the Madras Presidency. There are samples of Corun- dum in this collection from about 28 different local- ities. The best qualities are the moderate sized picked Crystals from Guntoor, Hyderabad, Coira- batore, Nuggur, and Salem. Some varieties, particu- larly the tabular shaped Crystals, appear to be much associated with Liuie and Fibrolite, and are fre- quently accompanied in those localities by more valuable Jlinerals, as the ruby, sapphire, spinel, beryl and garnet. Emei-y fre Formerly used by Horse-shoers. stoue J Fine grained nodule - of reddish Quartz- | ose . Mr. Law, Sculptor Mr. Ostheider, do, Mr. Cranstoti, Shoe maker,... Arsenal aud Medi cal Stores edi-1 metallic streaks. Sandstone tinned red, cutting marble. Brown fine grained do. used for culting marble. Purplish, hard, Silicious, do. used as a dry whetstone. Bluish grey ragstone containing lime, used dry by Chucklers and for sharpeuiug laboratory knives. Avrstone grit, snake grit. Stonecutters Eunore gnt, a nodular, bluish gritty limestone from the bed of the Pulicat Marine Lagoon. y^rjenal Black Turkey oilstones, contain- ing much lime, tine grained Do. from Tarputtry. Bai-ber's Stone, Black limestone used for sharpen- ing razors. Sharpening stones used hj native sadMers, shoemakers, llorse-shocrs, cutlers ^-c. Marble Polishers.. Basalt, . Basalt,. Hornblende Rock.. Green Quartzose sandstone Called Sanakul from Chelput, five days journey from Madras near TriuumulUiy, used by shoe- makers. From near Streepermatoor, used by saddlers for sharpening awls aud knives. (Greenstone) used by Horse- shoers as a whet for sharpeu- ing the large Hoof Cutter. ) From Vellore, used formerly by > Horse-shoers but now replaced I bv sills of Corundum aud Lac. Used by saddlers, who say thej do not know its origin. S'^^l Used by shoe-makers. Porphyritic granite .. Hones Purchased in the Bazaar, proba- bly from Neliore, Cuddapah or Guntoor. English Grit Fine grained, used by stoue Ma- sons. Rolled masses of) Sold in the Bazaars as Corundum Granites. and Emery. Irregularly crystal-"] Sent by the Commissary General lizcd granites... Red Quartzose itandsiuuc Do. Do. as Emery "- said to be procura- ble at Calastry, near INaggery, Naglapoorum and the sur- rounding Hills. Steel Filings Used by stone cutters for tlie first process of rubbing down. Pumice of Europe. Sand paper. Crocus, Country.... A red Carbonate of Iron. Washed Emery. Crocus. Putty Powder or Oiide of Tin. Rotten stone. Tripoli. Rouge or Red per-carbonate of Iron, imported for polishing Jewellery. Materials from the provinces of the Madras Presidency suited for grinding, polishing and sharpening. GKINDSTOIJES. North Arcot From Kurse Mungalum near Vel- lore, a stone called Muddy Sa- gapoo Culloo, Brown Steati- titic sandstone, from Baulapilly near Arcot, Grey Chert for paving Porcelain Mills. from Chumbaukuni-droog, Quartz- ose Itnck suited for paving Porcehiin Mills. Class I. CORUNDUM. 11 Norlli Aicot contd. South Arcot. Bellarj Cbiugleput. Sandstones Cuddapali Ganjam. Giiutoor. Hyderabad. Kurnool.. from Triclioor brownish sandstone, from MudJoor, Anice, Bluish grey sandstone suited for Griud- stones. from Triputty and Kurkumbady, Yellow red and purplish sand- stones. .. from Verdachellum and Sadras, sandstones of good quality. .. from Nedacherla, sharp grained and line grained sandstone. from river near Bellary, silicious sandstones. from ITospet Chetty-warrepully and Humpsagur, Hones of vari- ous qualities. .. Cootharam pallum near Conjeve- ram, Coarse Grit, from Ootramaloor, Ked Grit. suited for Grinding purposes. .. From Chellamacoor.Greyish brown schistose granular standstone. from near Cuddapah, Bluish grey compact Magnesian lime, suited for line sharpening stones, from Wooiitimitta fine grained schis- tose. Sandstone, suited for a Ragstone. .. from Chitterpoor and Nengaum, liver browu granular sand- stones. These are very sharp in the grain. from Ganjam, Reddish white granular sandstones. ,. from Palnaud, purple and lilac slaty sandstones tine in strain. Honestones, black limestones, lithographic marbles, from Gootemookoola and Dyda, Hones from Koopookoonda 8 miles west of Vinaccndah, be- low the sisnal pond. Rough sandstone glistening with Mica. from Matoor Hill, schistose rag- stone. .. from EUiclipoor and Kotah, sand stones with Fossils. Sandstones Hones and Litho- graphic marble, abundant, and of every quality and size. Madura ., from Vurdeputty and Passumal- lee. Granitic, coarse grained grindstones. Moulmeiu from Tan-goon-gee, Thum-litan- dan (Mountain), Gungo and Amherst Hills, yellowish sand- stones fit for Grindstones. .Mysore from Nuggur good Grindstones called Sanekull and finer Whet- stones. Nagpore from 10 miles west of Kamptee, soft standstones suited, for dry whetstones. from 6 miles east of Kamptee, finer grained varieties. Xellore., Rajahmundry. Singapore from the Podelay, Panoor and Pedda Redda-pully Talooks, red, yellow, purple, brown and grey sandstones. from Pullaybootoo, fine grained standstones. Soft sandstones suited for filters and Grindstones. from the mouth of the river, a good sandstone. COKUNDUM is found at Guntoor, Hyderabad, Salem, !Mysore, Gram (45 Jlilcs X. W. of Seringapatam) Xuggur, French Rocks, Burkunemilly and Yedkunkal, Kul- kaire in the Division of Churajapatam, Xorluk in X'arsipoor, Deysam, CarbunpuUy, Appianhully, Nul- laparily, JIundium iu Astragam, Cuddor ; iii Salem at Xamaid, Viralamoodoo, Cholasigammy, Carasej, Anpore, JNIallapollye, Gopaul Chetty pollium, Teel- anegerry, Coundapaddy and vrith Rubies at Salem. Naggery Hills, clove brown with iron Garnets and Cochineal red Garnets, Yala-negery and Coun- depaddy in Salem. It is also found at Travancore, of a green color, and accompanied by Aqua marine. Amongst the Minerals useful in ^lanufactures are Clays, Kaolins and Porcelain Materials which will be noticed in Class XXV, along ^vith the articles manufactured from them. ALEX. HUNTER, m. d. 12 MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. [Class I. HEWARD OF 50 RUPEES, FOE BLUE MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. ClRCULill No. 1. Mountain Limestone, containing black cail)onacoous matter, fossil sliills and corals lias been found in considerable quantity and in very large blocks in and about Madras ; the old grindstones at tlie Bakery are of one kind, the large niill stones formerly used in the St. Thome Tannery are of another, and several millstones at Ohintandrapett and Uoyapooram are of the same Limestone. The native stone cutters are acquainted with it, and say that it occurs at Trittenny, Muddoor, and Attipacherry near Nag- gery ; the tombstones at Sadras, 200 years old, are also said to be of the same stone. Steps have been taken to verify this statement. One variety is of a brownish grey color and contains numerous frag- ments of fossil coral. The other which is more abundant, is of a dark grey color with patches of black here and there, and numerous fossil shells, and pieces of coral throughout its substance ; when broken, the stone emits a strong unpleasant, sulpliureous smell. It is a cum|iact ratlier hard stone, that rings when struck with iron : the brokcui surface is uneven and has a shining grey appearance with whitish spots here and there ; when rubbed smooth with sand and water, these spots are found to be composed of fossil shells of which the most distinct are here represented. Leptaena. ► Spirifers. 4 ma Fragments of Coral • ' — apparently Enci- iiitcs. No. 7. No. 7 is a piece of the limestone rubbed smooth showing a Spirifer and portions of Encrinites. The limestone is of considerable interest as it usually accompanies beds of coal, dark colored saudstones and conglomerates lying upon it, while it rests upon granite. The strata at the borders of coal forma- tions usually have a slight inclination or dip, and the granite, mountain limestone and dark sandstone fre- quently crop out of the ground. Abo\e the coal, pale grey, yellow and pink sandstones occur, often Class I.] MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. 13 in beds of great thickness acoorapanied by wliilish elay, lime, ironstone in balls or scams and soft slaty shales of white or greenish colors. All these strata liave been found occurring toi^cther in the Chingle- put District. A stone resembling the old red sand- stone occurs at the Red Hills and extensive beds of pale colored sandstones in great abundance along the base of the Naggery Hills, towards Arnee in one direction and by Tripasore towards Curcumbad- (ly in another ; the same kinds of stone resem- bling the new red sandstone pass through the Chingleput District to the south, reappearing at several places between Ootramaloor and Verdachel- Inin wliere they acquire considerable thickness. Fossil trees, impressions of Zamias a variety of Tree fern and othor interesting organic remains have lately been found in the same tract of country. Pale coloured sandstones also appear in large and extensive beds in the Nellore District ; in some localities they are of a white color like the Freestone on the borders of the coal formations in England and Scotland. The mountain limestone probably occurs in the vicinity of some of these beds of sand- stone. A reward of 50 En pecs will be given to any one who will produce a bandy load of the stone in friigments and will show where it is rpiarried. Samples of the stone have been largely distributed through the Ciiingleput, Nellore, and South Aroot Districts and others may be iiad on application at the School of Arts. A. H. UEWAKD OF 50 RUPEES. FOR BLUE MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. CIRCULAR Nc. 3. In December last or about two months ago an illustrated Circular was issued offering a reward of 50 Ivupees to any person who could toll where the large grinds^tones (composed of Fossil Mountain Lime- stone), that had been in use at the old Bakery in Madias or the Tannery at St. Thome, had been quarri- ed ; the conditions being that a bandy load of the stone in fragments should be produced and the lo- cality shown. Pieces of the limestone were freely distributed with the Circular and we have to return our best thanks to 43 different persons who have kindly forwarded samples of stones in reply. The ob- ject of issuing these illustrated Circulars is to try to attract attintion to the Fossil remains of India witli the view of determining the relative ages of the strata producing them and to obtain if possible some in- dications of Coal. The Limestone in question is full of Fossils bordering upon, but below the Coal series — the accompanying illustrations represent a few of the best marked Fossils which have been engraved from the polished pieces of Limestone now arranged in the Madras E.^hibition along with the various stones received in reply to the Circular. The first 7 illustrations have already appeared. /^' "1 Leptaena. y Spirifers. Fragments of Coral — apparently Encri- nites. X ^jv^Sii^' ^lSl>^ " No. 7. — Piece of Limestone polished showing side view of a Spirier auU portions of Encrinites. 14 MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. [Class I. Within tlie last month one of the grindstones has been considerably worn down, and a few more Fos- ils have become apparent, the best marked of these are : — Ko. 8.— Cyathopliyllum Caespitosum, a Fossil coral of an extinct genus. Ko. 9.— Portions of a Cyattocrinites, or Hypanthocrinites. Class I.] MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. n No. 10. — A Fo3.«l bearing some resemblance to the Lituites Cornu Aiietishere fisturcd or to No. 11, Euomplialus pentangulatus. These species, which all belong to the Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone, have been detected on one of the Millstones which is of a brownisli yellow color and which has evidently been quarried at some other locality than the rest, as the stone is softer, of a different color, and does not emit a sulphureous smell like the others when rubbed. One of the largest grindstones, which is about G feet in diameter by 14 inches in thickness and composed of a harder blue mountain limestone with fewer and smaller fossils, has also been carefully polished and examined. It contains numerous fragments of the stems of Encri- nites with a few specimens of No. 13. Spiril'er glal)er, a bivalve shell now extinct, and No. 13 — Produc- tus or (Leptaena) also extinct and belonging to the Mountain Limestone series. Along with these are patches of black carbonaceous matter and brown sulphurtt of Iron. No. 12. No. 13. Spirifer Glaber. Productus or Leptaena. It will not be necessary to particularize all the specimens that have been received, as many of tbera are not limestone, though they bear a strong outward resemblance to the specimens distributed. Good limestones have been received from thirteen difi'erent localities ; of these the most promising are the following, which are arranged iu a tabular form, to show the accompanying indications, with remarks upon their relative importance. 16 MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. [Class I. Minerals foi- waidcd. District. Black Carbot naceous Lime-} Koiidoopalpaud stone conglomc near Goofy, rate. i Grey Magne- sian Limesloue. Gooty. Name of Coatri butor. Major Bisset. Major Bisset. Accompanying strata. Remarks. Sandstone conglomer- ates, Pitclistone, Black hand Ironstone and Bitu- The Limestone burns white. The f-'aiidstoue resembles Old Red Sandstone : the Bitumen is of good quality. Contains and is Sandstone. Iron Pyrites, Tliis Limestone often accom- ]s iron ryriies|pa„jpg „g^y jj^^ Sandstone and accompanied hy^^ ,j^.,, ;„ Sulnhurets of Iron, Cop- per and Lead. BiueMouutuiiil Limestone. Cuddapah. Capt. Hemcry. Sandstones and slptes. Black Moun- tain Limestone. Grey Slatyi Limestone. 1 Xundial, Cud-I r^v. E.Porter, dapah. Near CuddapalL^M. Murray, Esq. ^.Sandstones, slates and Sandstones and slates icli in Iron Pyrites. Without Fossil remains. This Limestone burns white. Fossil remains occur in thevicin- ity. This is procurable iu large ilabs at a elieap rate. Grey Chcrtyl Limestone. 1 Near Cuddapah. M. Murray, Esq. Sandstones, Clttrt and Jaspery honstoue with Conglomerates. Dark Grey Limestone. Grey Magnr- sian Limestone. 2 miles W. ot Vurdoor iu S.'Arthur Hall Esq. .\rcot. I Sandstones t^eedrapett, .South Arcot. Arthur Hall, Esq. Sandstone and gravel with numerous Fossils ofl This is a Hydraulic Limestone the Greensaiid fornuUion'which appears to extend over a resting on thick beds of considerable tract of country. Sandstone. Fossile woods and other orga- nic remains accompany this Lime- istoiie. „ , , J Fossil Baeculites and Gypsum Ft""!l°"""' "'"^iFossils apparently above new ^ """^ Red Sandstone. Yellow Magne Ootatoor, near E. T. RickettS; sian Limestone. Trichiuopcly. Esq. Remains of bones of Gigantic ■aurians oceiir iu this locality, and a slaty kind of coal was Grey Fossil Limestone. Sandstone Gypsum, Sulphate of Baryta, Jas- pery clay Ironstone with ;|.^^„j ;„ (i.e" District by the late I'ossils of the Oreeusaud.p i ""d: - Col. Green. i Accompanying strata. Strata not forwarded. Remabils. Ttiis resembles the limestone that occurs above Coal in Eng- lland. From Coal Dis-' ricts near Man Chester in Eng land. Maj, Maitland Strata not forwarded,' This Limestone is much used probably resembling thejin smelting Iron ores and for next series. ibuildin". Eifesiiire Scot-| | land and New | Rev. A.Camp-! Lime, Iron, sandstone, castle in Eng-ibell. and Coal. i land. ; i Very useful for reference. Near Dalkeitli md Ediuburirh. i Sandstone Conglomer Alex. Hunter, ate's, Iron, Lime and grey, slate. Do. do. In addition to the above, there have been numer- ous contributions chiefly of greenstone, potstone, granite atul chert, bearing a faint resemblance to the limestone in appearance, but on being tested with acid they did not effervesce. A few of them were forwarded by particular request iu order to verify some statements that had been made to Jlr. Ostheider by the native stone cutters, who asserted that the limestones were abundant at Muddoor, Tri- tenny, and Attipacberry. The stones which have been procured from tiiese localities all resemble the limftstone, but are hard silicious greenstone or a fine grained augite. A variety of potstone from Xag- ■ gery bears some resemblance to the stone. It was also asserted that the old carved Tombstones at Sadras and Pulicat were of this limestone and that they were probably all imported from Hollaud, but Mr. Wall has inspected the Tombstones in Sadras and they are of a hard silicious greenstone This lias been further corroborated by Mr. Shubiick, who has forwarded samples of the greenstone from the quarries at Warragadum and .\diakherry, where the Tombstones were cut. The Tombstones at Pulicat have also been examined by Lieutenant Sankey of the Engineers, who reports that they are of a bard silicious greenstone, like the ordinary tirestone of Madras, and that there has been a large manufacto- ry of Tombstones in the vicinity, where there are several unfinished stones bearing old dates intended for parties at Masulipatam and otiier localities. The most promising results from this enquiry are the grey limestone from the South .\rcot Dis- trict, about 8) miles from Madras. The limestone is hard, compact and full of fossils, but it belongs to a formation more recent than coal, while the mountain limestone distributed is of the carbonifer- ous period with Silurian fossils, and will probably be found resting on old red sandstone amongst de- caying granites. The Black Dolomitic Limestone Conglomerate, with sandstones and Bitumen from Gooty, are also interesting, and the black, grey, and blue limestone from other Districts are important, as furnishing Magiiesiau limestones rich in metallic sulphurets and possessed more or less of Hydraulic properties. The coal from the Nellore District appears to be a strav surface piece, or it may have been iiccideutally left there many years ago by some Europeans who worked some of the copper ores under Captain Oucliterlony. The pitchstoiie with conglomerates, sandstones and fossil-woods from the same locality would indicate that tlie coal may occur iu the vicini- ty. Several other substances strongly resemblino- coal have also been forwarded from Nellore, but they occur embedded in primitive formations where coal is not found. Instructions have been sent to Lieutenant Mullins and Mr. Powell to make further search amongst the sandstones, conglomerates and fossil woods and to other parties to look in the di- rection away from granites and crystalline primitive rncks, where coal does not occur. The reward of SO Ilupees still remains unclaimed and it is strange that no clue can be obtained to the locality where tiie stones used in the old Bakery at Madras, or the ok! Taimery at St. Thome, were quanied and from which the Fossils engraved in this Circular have been collected. Parties desirous of obtaining samples of the above limestone are requested to ap- ply at the Madias School of Industrial Arts. The specimens which have been received in reply to the previous Illustrated Circular may be seen amongst the minerals at the Exhibition. Illustrated instruc- tions are being prepared to guide parties in their search for coal and will be printed shortly. ALEX. HUNTER. Madras, 27//i Fcbrmry 1857. 18 FOSSILS. [Class I. Associates. Honorable \Valter Elliott, Esq. Brooke CunliU", Esq. Alex. Hunter, Esq. m. I)., Reporter. FOSSILS. .V ver.' large and varied collection of Fossils is contributed from several Districts. This is an in- , terestins and important fact, which proves that | Exhibitions may be made subservient to useful pur- \ poses, if properly conducted. j In the Exhil)ition of ISo-i there was only one Fossil, viz. an Ammonite enil)eded in Jaspery Clay Iron stone, from the Gypsum formations at Oota- toor. A few illustrated Circulars on the subject of Fossils were jirinted and widely distributed through the Presidency, calling attention to the subject of Fossil remains as the safest guides for determining the relative age of strata- The results of these enquiries have proved most encouraging, 2 Cart loads of Fossils having been received from Ootatoor, and about 3 Cart loads from other places. Steps have been taken to continue these enquiries in a svsteraatic and continuous form. The series of il- lustrated circulars in the Appendix of the Jury re- ports have been printed with the view of illustrat- ing some of the most interesting Fossils in the Ex- hibition, and communicating the information that is liest suited to g\udc enquirers in their search for Fossil remains. The largest series of Fossils in the Exhibition is contributed by F. Kicketts Esq., Exe- cutive Officer Dcpt. Public Works Ootatoor. This collection contains Gigantic .\mmnnites, Nautilites, Belemnites, Baeculites and several other chambered and bivalve shells from the Greensand or Mussel- chalk formations, one of the lowest of the C^retaceous group. The accompanying Strata being Fibrous Gypsum and Selenite, Fibrous Sulphate of Baryta, Yellow sandstone slightly Magnesian and Hydrau- lic, with Jaspery and Ochery Clay Iron stones. The bed of Gypsum was discovered 7 or 8 years ago by Major Lawfortl aud has been used in large quanti- ties in Madras for making Plaster of Paris moulds. The locality has been frequently visited lately by Mr. Kicketts and others, who report the great pro- fusion of Organic remains in the ncinity, jiarticidar- ly of rounded and oval balls of ditferent sizes from 8 or 10 inches in diameter down to one or two. On examination these prove to be eoprolities or Fossil dung of luige rejjtiles, and they are accompanied by bones of a large size. The locality was visited some months ago by Mr. .\dolphe Scldagintweit of the Government Magnetic Survey, who discovered a piece of the Femur, (a Condyle apparently,) of a huge saurian reptile, since then two large teeth have been met with at Ootatoor, bearing a strong resemblance to those of the Megalosaurus ligured in the XXIII Vol. of the Geological Society's transactions, and a portion of bone from the same locality appears to be the Angle of the left lower jaw of some large Sau- rian (some doubts are entertained about the teeth). See illustrations. Tiie most abundant of the Fossils seem to be Ammonites, Xautilites, Belemnites and a large spe- cies of Mytilns or Mussel. For further particulars see Catalogue Kaisonne of Class I, prepared by Lieutenant Hawkes. Another large series of Fos- sils of the same period of formation is contri- buted by Arthur Hall Esq. from Vurdoor, Seedra- pett aiul Trivacarcy, in the vicinity of Ctiddalorc. In this collection the Ammonites are plentiful, and a few Xautilites occur ; but the Beleinnites and !Mvtilus are absent, Bacculites are very abundant f>nd are found embedded on the surface of a com- pact blue Limestone ; a very large species of Area and a number of spiral and bivalve shells ; Echini and Xucleolites are also plentiful at Seedrapett. The aecomi)anying Minerals are soft yellow Sandstone, Bed Marl, and grey Limestone, with here and there crystals of Gypsum. Among the Fossils are Spa- tangus, a species of Crab and the Molar tooth of an Elephant, with large blocks of silicitted Fossil wood from Trivacarey. For further particulars, see list. An interesting enquiry was set on foot upwards of two years ago, with the view of ascertaining thc localities where two kinds of Mountain Limestone that seem to be plentiful in Madras were quarried. There are a number of grindstones in use in Mad- ras and its vicinity that vary in size from 2i to 5^ feet. On close examination tliey are found to be com- posed some of Blue and others of brownish grey Mountain Limestone, containing numerous Silurian Fossils. The following illustrated circulars were ])rinted and widely distributed offering a reward of Bs. 50 to any one who could tell the locality where they were quarried. Several interesting Limestones were received in reply, and ilinerals were forwarded by forty six ditferent parties, but as yet the locality of the particular Limestones required, has not been traced. The best Limestones are a grey Limestone from Vurdoor in the South Arcot District with Fossil Bacculites. A Crystalline grey Limestone from the Bed Hills with a portion of a large Ammo- nite and a Favosite and Bacculite found in the vici- nity and a gi'cy Limestone from Sircy without Fos- sils, contributed by Col. Green, several other (7 or 8 5 grey and black Limestones have been contribut- ed from different districts, the most interesting of these are dark, Magnesian Limestones, Dolomites, Dolomitic Conglomerates and black Marbles from fhiddapah, Kondoopalpaud near Gooty, Nuudial, Dhone near Kurnool and Goodepaud, Nerdicherla, Booragul, and Tarputree in the Bellary District. These appear to belong to the same large deposit of Magnesian Limestones that traverse the Ceded Dis- tricts, and the valley of the Kistna, from Kaladgee to the Guntoor and Masulipatam Districts. In Class I.] FOSSILS. AND G.YLEN'A FROM TFI£ MADRAS EXHIBITION. 19 some places they are reported to be accompanied by Fossils, and in almost all by Sandstones, shales and conglomerates. Fossilwoods, black chert, and fossiliferous looking nodules have been sent with l)lack and grey niagne- sian Limestones from the C'uddapah District, and siiells are reported to have been found with the Doloraitie conglomerates near Ghooty, but none have l)een sent to Madras. Some recent concretionary Limes encrusting leaves and roots were fuiwarded l)y Major Bissett from Kondoopalpaud, along with Stallactites, Stalagmites, and Bitumen. The black Marbles and dark Dolomites from the Ceded Dis- tricts were all tested and found to contain more or less Magnesia, and on being calcined, they all burn- ed to a pure white, except one from >i\nidial, con- taining much Iron Pyrites. This shows that the co- loring matter of the limestones is Carbonaceous. Some printed Circulars with illustrations of the Fos- sils of the Magnesian Limestones, new and old red Sandstones, and Carboniferous Strata are nearly ready for distribution iu the Districts from which the Dolomites and black conglomerates and Marliles have been received and it has been proposed that Mr. Wall should visit these districts with the view of searching for ('oal. (Mr. Wall has been ordered by Government to proceed to Kurnool to examine the Argentiferous lead ores of the District.) Some interest has been excited by the distribution of illus- trated circulars throughout the country and search is still being made for Mountain Limestone. Capt. Wilkieson of the Engineers reports tiiat a Tomb stone to the memory of Ilildebrand Gordon Oakes, Esq., of the Bombay Civil Service who died at Oo- tacamund in 1831 is carved in Mountain Lime- tone full of fossils exactly like those in the printed- Circular distributed, but whence it was obtained has not been ascertained. Lieut. J. R. Magrath, Artillery, contributes some interesting fossils from Prome. These belong to ter- tiary formations and are accompanied by the follow- ing strata ; coarse and fine yellow sandstones, fibrous Limestone, Magnesian clay and Jaspery Clay Iron- stone. The fossils consist of silicified wood, both en- dogenous and exogenous, a few small portions of bone and black bituminous wood, with the following shells embedded in a mixture of hardened Lime, Clay and Sand. Ostrea, Venus, Turritella, Cardi- um, Plcurotomaria, Murex, Vermetus, Turbinolia, Brissus, Pecten, (^oniis, Cardium, Area, Cardita and 'I'rochus nearly allied to some existing species. The Honorable Walter Elliot contributes a sample of compact grey limestone from the caves opposite Moulmein. A few shells can be detected in the Limestone a section of a Natica and of a bivalve are apparent. A number of Fossiliferous substances of recent origin are contributed from various quar- ters ; among these are the enamelled scales of some fish found on the parade ground at Trichinopoly by Capt. Russell. These vary in size from half an inch to an inch and a half, they are composed of two plates meeting at an angle like a V the outer sur- lace is covered with enamelled white tubercles. The inner surfaces are cancellated like bone. Doubtless these are the bony plates of silurides or cat fish, many species of which abound iu the Cauvery and all fresh waters of Southern India. ^Mrs. Crisp exhibits some petrified reed like grass collected by Sir Stamford IJaffles in Sumatra. The School of Arts exhibits some petrified hay, straw, and roots with Fossil Ostrea, Cardium, and other shells belongini^ to the recent Tertiary formations, contributed bv Jlr. Frere from Nuggur Parkur in Scinde. There are a number of septaria and balls of lime of different forms from various districts. Capt. Puckle ex- hibits three varieties from Bangalore, two resemblin" the Fossil dung of Animals and the third a hollow ball of dark blue Hydraulic Lime, along with these is also forwarded what appears to be half of the dorsal vertebra of some large animal. Further search is being made for more organic remains iu the neighbourhood of Bangalore. The Rcvd. A. Campbell exhibits a fine collection of fossils from the Coal Formations in Fife and a few from Burdie House near Edinbuigh. The School of Arts exhibits fossils from the Coal formations at Newcastle and near Dalkeith, with the accompanying strata, also the strata accompany- ing Coal from Burdwan, the bituminous wood and Gypsum F'ossils of Perambore and a lar^e series of Gypsum fossils of apparently recent origin found from Madras to Ennore. Mr. Lawford exhibits similar Gypsum fossils with bituminous wood and alluvial Pumice from Sadras. The Madras School of Arts exhibits a large series of Gypsum formations from 23 dilTerent localities ; also a few fossils with balls of Crystalline Gypsum^ dark red sandstones, and greyish Lime from the lied Hills : amongst these are a Baccidite and a Favosite in Jasperv Clay Ironstone. ' ALEX. HUNTER, m. d. Reporter. RESULTS OF THE EX.^MIN ATIO.V OF SPECIMENS OF e.M,EN.\ FROM THE M.VDRAS EXHIBITIOK. No. 1. Said to be from Martaban. This \vas a small hand specimen, and the amount of silver it contained was found to vary in different portions of it, the per centage of lead being about 75. In the first trial the silver was found to amount to about 70 ounces to the ton of ore ; but in the second to not less than 300 ounces in the ton, or a little less than 1 per cent. No. 2. Said to be from Kurnool. The examination of the first specimen of this ore proved it to contain upwards of 1 per cent of sUver, or 37-1 ounces in the ton, the quantity of lead and silver together being only 45 per ceiit which was occasioned by there being a considerable quan- tity of gangue disseminated through the portion examined. 20 GRANITES AND riUMlTIVE ROCKS. I'.v [Class I. Another specimen, which was given to me Colonel Cotton anil also said to be from Kurnool, .wa= found to contain 175 oz. 3 dwts. in the ton. Some years ago I examined a specimen of the Kurnool" tialena and found it to be free of silver ; and 1 have been consequently, until the present time, under tiie impression that it contained none.^ But the examination of the specimens in this year's Ex- hibition reveals the fact that at least some portions are very rich in the precious metal and this accords with the recent researches of Malagah and Durochet who have found that when Sulphide of Silver is associated witli the Sulphides of other metals, it is alivays unequally distributed. It «ould appear therefore from the above facts tliat it would be quite impossible to calculate, witli any approach to accu- racy, from the examination of any given specimen, what would be the average yield of silver in a silver ^^^^^ ^ ^ lead niine,until it is actuuUy worked for the sep.-iration ; ^^^^.^^^^^' of that metal, considering however that nearly one half of the silver now in circulation in (ireat Bri- tain is recovered from silver leatl ores similar to the above, and seeing that it is found to be advantageous to separate the precious metal where it exists to the extent of only ounces in the ton, it becomes evi- dent that these ores must be of great value, provided they can be found in sufficient quantity. l''rom recent information obtained from Kuniool it would appear that the Galena there occurs abundantly in all probability ; therefore it would prove to be highly remunerative to work this mine, both for tiie lead and silver contained in the ores. minerals and the various succession of strata as they occur in one region, will serve with very trifling alterations as a guide fur the study of (Jeology in any jiart of the world. A few trilling dilfercnces do occur amongst the minerals, as for instance one being replaced by another, but the characters of these will be found similar though the elements differ. In the succession of strata too, the order is the same, though there may be apparent ga])s or omissions, yet the consistent uniformity which is found pervading the works of creation is so beautiful and so apparent when closely investigated, that all can be proved to be order anil symmetry which appears to the casual observer to be con fusion and accident. ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS DISTRIBUTED. PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. No. I. GRANITES AND PKIMITIVE ROCKS. The oldest rocks on the surface of the globe are granites and the substances of which they are com- posed, viz., Eelspar, Quartz, Mica, and lloriibleiide. These are all classed as primitive or plutonian rocks, and they bear distinct evidence of having been form- ed in the interior of the earth from which they have been upheaved at different periods. Until 50 years ago it was considered that granites and primitive rocks were all about the same age and that they were invariably the oldest rocks to be met with, but fur- ther researches have proved that in the same range of hills granites of very different qualities and of two or three distinct periods can be detected bursting through each other. If we compare the earliest records we possess of the creation, viz., those so simply and sublimely detailed in the first chapter of our Bible, with the actual facts as they may be observed in alriiost any district of Southern India, we find a beautiful har- mony and consistency pervading the whole system of creation, and the elements of our globe are arranged according to such laws, that a description of the We cannot prove incontcstibly where, or amongst what formations, the earth had a beginning, but we can detect the relative ages at which mountain chains were upheaved, and when organic beings were first We can show the transmutations of the older large crystalline into the finer crystalline and then into the metamorphic or granular, sandy and slaty rocks ; with the numerous subsequent changes of which the ])roofs are more palpably apparent. It can easily be proved that the earth's surface has been remodelled again and again, that mountain chains have been raised or sunk, burst through and over- turned ill various ways, valleys llled up and then re- excavated ; that sea and land have encroached upon each other and frequently changed places, yet through all these revolutions, records are left of a creative Power that ordered and arranged the succession of strata in such a manner as to fit the earth and the seas for sustaining ])articular forms of animal and vegetable life, and proofs may be found in almost every region'of the globe that various successioiis of strata have occurred, each bearing an impression of the Creator's wisdom, either in the regular arrange- ment of the constituent elements, or in the vestiges of some animated existence which, though different from the forms now to be met with, bear sufficient resemblance in some characters, to admit of their being referred to their proper place in the scale of creation. In the first period of the earth's formation the surface of the ground seems to have been level or nearly so, and this can be better proved in India than in most other countries, for we liave immense tracts of bare uncultivated land, the component parts of which can be easily examined in water courses, nul- lahs, or in sinking wells. This level country differs verv materially in its characters according to its position ; thus, on extensive plains at a distance from hills it is sandy, earthy, or covered witli rich soil or loam, but none of these are the old or primitive for- mations. The first elements of the globe appear to have been Eelspar, Quartz, Mica and Hornblende (with small qudiitities of Lime and other substances). Tliese are the constituents of granite and of primi- tive rocks, but in many parts of the world we find them on the low or undulating country at or near the Class I.] GRANITES AND PillMlTlVE ROCKS. 21 base of Ki'-'iiit'' liiHs.* The same priiiiitivp or clcinen- rary rocks will be found ninning tlirongh tlie wliole gTunite range and through several sueceeding strata, but assuming diftVrent forms and usually becoming liner or smaller in grain till, on arriving at the sccou- daiy and teitiary formations, we find their particles so minute that they can only be detected by tlie aiiency of a magnifying glass, or so much altered in composition that the aid of Chemistry is requisite to determine the presence of the same chemical flements. In the first veise of the first chapter of fJenesis it is simply recorded, that " in the beginning God created the heaven and the earth," and in the second '• the earth was without form and void and darkness was upon the face of the deep." It is commonly supposed that the mountains are the oldest parts of our globe, but if we examine almost any range care- fully, we find the debris of older niountaius at their base, and these appear to have been formed on the grandest scale with thejr constituent parts in the fargest masses or cr\'stals, each succeeding upheaval being composed of similar or other rocks of a finer grain and usually in smaller crystals. Now if we examine the level or low undulating country near tlie foot of granite hills, we find the elementary I'ocks com- posing gi'anite, usually in huge masses, but more or less decayed and frequently co\ ered by a thin stratum of soil. The Felspar in beds of 8 to 10 feet in thick- ness, Quartz in similar masses either hard and clear j or in an opaque soft powder. Mica and Ilornblrnde in smaller proportions but decayed and crundily. This appears to be granite in its earliest form, though we cannot say whether it now occupies the position in which it was created or has been over-thrown from some previous mountain range. Bursting through this we find masses of granite in large or sjnall crystals and more or less decayed on the sur- face according to the proportions of Felspar or Mica contained in the rock. There is a l)eautiful provision of nature for causing the decay of granites so as to lead to the formation of soil, clay, loam and sand. The Felspar, which forms nearly two-thirds of gran- ite rocks, contains Potass, an Alkaline substance with a strong attraction for moisture or water. Af- ter a shower or a heavy night's dew, the moisture is taken uji by the ]''elspar and conveyed into the substance of the rock, a portion of the potass being dissolved out. After a time the remaining con-Ii- tuents of the Felspar, viz., the Silica and Alumina become crumbly and gra(Uially fall into ])owder, call- ed Kaolin or porcelain earth, or are washed into clay and soil. Quartz, which is the hardest jiart of granite, is also the least liable to change, it forms about one third of the whole constituents, and is the source from which much of the sand on the surface of the globe is derived. ]\Iiea the soft shining scaly part of granite is very liable to decay from con- stant damp ; it passes into a greasy or soapy earth or loam. As it may interest our readers to know the locali- ties where some of the facts here detailed can be observed, we may mention that the elements of gran- ite on a gigantic scale but in a state of decay occur on the banks of the Adyav river, near the Marma- long bridge, on the plains to the N. W. of I'ahive- ram, at the base of the hills near Arcot, in most of the nullahs about Bangalore, and at the base of the hills in the Chingleput and Salem Districts. Burst- ing through these old granites we find the hard, durable, and equally crystalline varieties which form most of tlie present mountain ranges in Southern India ; by reference to the accompanying table, the names, constituents and general characters of these granites will be seen at a glance. It is not possible to determine accurately their age, as the class of rocks we are now consiilcring do not contain any re- mains of organised substances, and they appear to have been upheaved previous to the creation of veg- etables or animals ; all we can say is that those gran- ites or rocks which have burst through others, are more recent than the rocks wdiich have been burst through. The last kinds of granite which appear to have been formed are veiy small and almost granu- lar in their composition, bordering upon the metamor- phie and transition rocks which will next be describ- ed. Attempts have been made to divide granites and plutoniau rocks into primitive, .secondary and tertiary, in the same way as succeeding strata, but we have not sufficiently precise data for this arrange- ment. * With '.he view of simplifjiug the stiuly of Gcolocry, we propose keeping the dcscriplions of the characters, chemical composition, geological position and general remarks upon rocks and miner,ils with their illu=tratiou3, separate aii J arranged ia a tabular form for the convenieace of reference. 22 FELSPAR, QUARTZ, MICA AND HORNBLENDE. [Class I. The mincrab which enter into tlie composition of granites are FELSPAR, QVAUTZ, MICA AND HOUNBLEXDE. Felspar presents the following characters, it is rarely found iu crystals, but usually in irregular masses that break into oblii|ue four-sidei' prisms, usually dull on the ends but with a glistening appearance on one or both opposite sides, the fractures are straight and parallel, one of them oblique, the surfaces glisten more on the Ijroad flat planes than on the sides. The form of the crystals is usually ob- li(lue,four-sidcd prisms,or rhombs bevelled at the extremities. It occurs of all colors, is softer than Constituent parts. Silica, C6 Aluniinn, J 7 Lime, I Totass, la Oxule of Iron, 1 ^Vater, 2 (|uartz, can be marked with steel, but scratches glass ; it is frangible, ra- ther heavy. Specific gravity 2.5C7. It melts into a semi-transparent enamel under a strong blast heat. This is the basis of porcelain and of fine glazes for table wares. Cri/sluh uf Felspar. Quartz occurs both massive and in ei-ystals of all sizes and of a great variety of colors. It breaks into tabular, cubical, ])yramidal, and conicjl masses ; usually shining or glistening-on the surface ; the fracture is conchoidal iu one direetiou, coarse and splintery in the others ; occasionally it has a parallel fibrous fi-aeture ; but the surfaces are most frequently triangular on one side. This and the conchoidal fracture with the shining or translucent ap- pearance, distin- guish it from fels- par. It crystallizes in hexagonal pyra- Quart:. Crysiah of Quarts. mids, is harder than felspar, cannot be scratched by steel, becomes opaque when heated but iloes not melt without addition. Specific gravity 2.650. It is nearly pure silica. Is much used in the lodies of Pottery and in making enamel and glass. Mica occurs usually iu thin tabular plates or scales, resembling glass ; it is rarely crystallized in four or six-sided short prisms or long six-sided pyramids. CD\ 3 Constituent parts. Silica, ^. 47.00 Alumina 32.00 Oxide of Iron, 15,50 Oxide of Manganese, 1.75 Potass, 13.50 Loss bv heating, 0.25 Mica. Crystals of Mica. It is easily split into thin laminae and melts before the blow-pipe into a greyish spongy glass ; it is Class I.] TABLE OF GRANITES. 23 soft, pliant and easily scratched, it splits easily in one direction ; its colors are wliitc, yellow, brown and l)lack. Specific gi-avily 2.654. Hornblende occurs most freciiicntly in small dark colored grains or crystals Constituent parts. Silica, 42.2-t Alumina, 13.62 Lime, 12,24 Magnesia, 13.74 Oxide of Lon, 14. SU Protoxide of Manganese,.. 0.33 Water and loss, 2.94 ^ ^ Hornblende. Crystals of Hornblende. embedded in other rocks, the form of the crystals is usually very oblique, foursided prisms often found in pairs, rarely it occurs in six-sided prisms It also forms large masses of a greenish black or dark-brown color, greenish grey in the streak ; it is semi-hard and breaks into long quadrangular pieces, the fracture is shining coarse and granular ; it is rather brittle and melts into a greyish black glass before the blowpipe. Specific gravity 3.202. TABLE OF GRANITES. Varieties. Constituents. Localities. Remakks. Common Granite. Felspar, Quartz, Mica, Hornblende. Bangalore, Vizianagrum, Kaggery. Elements. Silica, Alumina, Magnesia, Lime, Soda, Potass and Iron. Porphyritic Granite. Felspar in large Crystals Quartz and Mica oi Hornblende. Hyderab:\d, Bangalore, Seriugapatam This is an ornamental rock well suit- ed for pedestals and slabs. Gneiss or Stratified Gra- nite. Felspar, Quartz, Mica wjth specks of Horn blende.* IBaugalore, Bellary. Much used as a building stone and as posts for the Electric Telegraph. Graphic or Laminar Gra nite. Felspar and Quartz iii Laminae . Ouddapah, Ootacamund, A rare form of Granite. Syeuitic Granite. Quartz, Felspar am Hornblende. Bellary, Cuddapah, Cliingleput, Hydera- bad . Some varieties ornamental, a useful building rock. Talcose Granite, or Pro togine of the Frencii. Felspar, Quartz aut Tale. N'ellore, Salem. Too irregular in hardness to be of much use. Schorly Granite. Schorl, Felspar, Quart? and Mica. Vizianagrum, Mysore. Nellorn,. A brittle splintery Granite. Eurite or fme graiiulai Granite. Felspar, Quartz am Mica. Bangalore, Chingleput. A compact durable rock like sand- stone. Pegmatite or l!iuar\ Granite. Quartz and Felspar. Vrcot, Chingleput Bangalore. Much used in Pottery and iu Glazes. 2i SILURIAN SERIES OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS. [Class I. firanites are often found in a state of decay in the localities in which they have been first formed ; various causes lead to this chan<^e, thus Felspar is acted upon by moisture and by alternations of temper- ature ; Mica is acted upon by moisture ; Quartz by Lime in solution, the silicic acid of the Q\uirtz having a great tendency to combine with the Lime, (.'arbonic acid generated in the earth or taken down by rain assists materially in dissolving the Lime contained in the rels])ar, and other portions of crystalline lime that are frc(piently associated with granites. The frequent changes in the Electric con- dition of the atmosphere and of the earth act upon all tlie constituents of granite, but more particularly upon the Hornblende which contains the oxide of iron in considerable proportion : this and the Alu- mina of both the Felspar and Hornblende swell with moisture and contract on drying, but the most extraordinary change that occurs in old granites and which has not yet been accounted for, is Quartz passing into an opaque soft pulverulent mass. LycU and others attempt to explain it by the evolution of Carbonic acid gas from inuli'r ground, but it ap- pears to be more probably due to the Electricity of the earth. Felspar in decaying forms Kaolin or Porcelain earth. Quartz is little liable to decay, but occasionally passes into a substance resembling Tripoli, but a pure silicious powder without orga- nization. Mica decays into a yellow, brown, or green soapy earth, and Hornblende into a brownish powdery loam. These must not be confounded with the Scliists and Tiansitiou formations which will be noticed in Part 2. PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. r.\UT II. SILURIAN SERIES OF ROCKS AND FOSSILS. Resting upon the Crystalline Granites and Igneous or Volcanic rocks we find a series of strata formerly called Transition, but now called Silurian, and consisting chiefly of slates, sandstones and shales. This group is divided into the Lower Silurian consisting of dark red or purple calcareous flag stones, in which are found remains of small fishes of the shark tribe, several geuera of the remarkable group of Trilobites, as Fig. ] . Parodoxides spinulosus Fig. 2. Trinucleus pongcrardi, some worms as Fig. 3. Nereites cambriensis, some sea weeds, a numbcrof chambered shells resembling the Nautilns, as Fig. 4. Lituites cornuarietis, some univalve and bivalve shells, several Ecliinoderms (Star fishes kc.) and some of the two principal groups of Coral Animals as Fig. .5. — Ileuiicosmitcs pyriformis. Up to this period, the other kinds of fishes, and all quadrupeds and reptiles, and a large proportion of the best known and abundantly represented geneiic forms of the invertebratcd animals, have not been detected. Fig. 1. Paradoxides spinulosus. Fig. 2. Xrinuclcus pongerardi. Class I.] TUE UPPER SILURIAN SERlEf F ig. 3, Nereites Cambriensis. fig. 4, Lituites Comuarietis. Fig. 5, Hemicosinites Pyriformis. Fig. fi, Do. The Trilobites, Figs. 1 and 2, were singular cmstaeca living in the ancient seas in great numbers, and capable it would seem of either floating with their backs downwards from the surface of shallow water, or bur3iug themselves in mud at the bottom. Some of the Marine worms differ but slightlj' from those stiU found on sea shores. Jklany extensive tracts occupied with Lower Silurian rocks have hitherto yielded no fossils whatever : in other cases organic remains are rare, but there are many districts where they are abundant. The modifications and metamorphoses of the Lower Siliuian rocks are often very considerable, Clays haring been converted into Slates, Limestones into JIarble, and Sands into Quartz rock. In the crevices are numerous veins often fi^Ued with metals and not unfrecjuently metallic sulphurets, containing a marked proportion of gold. The slates, sandstones and shales of the Bellary, Cuddapah, Xundial and Mysore districts ought to be carefully searched for Fossils of the Lower silurian group. THE UPPER SILURIAN SERIES, This consists chiefly of Tilestones or finely laminated reddish and greenish sjindstoncs and shales, which usually rest upon micaceous Sandstone, argillaceous Lime, and Shale, to which the name of the Ludlow group is given in England. These rest upon concretionary or Mountain Limestone and argillaceous Shale called, the Wenlock group. The Limestones of the series are loaded with clayey matter and the shales are A'ery calcareous, so that the whole may be regarded as an impure mud deposit, which has since undergone change. The characteristic Fossils of the upper Silurian rocks are Trilobites of the ge- nus Calymeue, Fig. 7. Corals of a peculiar kind, Cyathophyllum Coespitosum, Fig 8, and some interest- ing radiated animals called Encriuites, of the genera llypanthocvinites and Uimerocrinites, Fig 9. besides univalve shells of tiie genera Leptaena, Fig 12, and I'entamerus Fig 13. The remains of fishes are rare in the Silurian rocks, but they have been foimd in some localities in considerable abundance. No bdications of reptiles have yet been met with in this group, and this agrees beautifidly with the Mosaic account of the creation detailed from the 20'" to the 23* verse of the first chapter of Genesis ; il is probable that the 20 .THE UPPER SILURIAN SERIES. [Class I. tifti, ncno.1, or (lav, corresponds with the creation of the Primitive formations as far as tlie end of the 1 1. w , _ . , ^^ 1^^^^ ^^^^ sandstone, in which no remanis of airbrcathnig animals have yet been Is bcinK occasion- next series tlu- Devonian or „ ^ ,, • , n i diu-overcd. Tlie Silurian strata attain in some phices to a great thickness, the upper he, alb- 8,000 to 9,000 feet, und the lower, with the associated Slates and Greenstones or Iraprocks. 15,000 feet. Fig. 7, Calymene. Fig. 8, Cyathophyllum Coespitosum. fig. 10. Lingula. Pig. 12, LeptiBna. fig. 9, Hypanthocrinites & Dimerocrinites. Fig. 11, Lingula. Fig. 13, Pentamerus-. Sc-alf of andy Scaler- J'^iic{>te/s ami -Rags of TTl^UusJL SttxiA^n o/" Niafunu . OUlRal Sand^toiif. PUru/Uhus Class I.] THE OLD RED SANDSTONE SERIES. 27 PRA.CTICAL GEOLOGY. PART III. THE OLD EED SANDSTONE SERIE'!. Immediatfly above tlie Silurian strata we find a series consisting chiefly of dark red or purple sand- stone, conglomerate, and shale with few fossils. The upper part of this formation, when it crops out of the ground, is frequently a coarse quartzose conglomerate, resting upon finer grained chocolate red and green sandstone and marl, under these are layers of red and green argiliacous spotted marls, with irregular courses of impure concretionary limestone, called sometimes cornstone. Fossils are extremely rare in the clays and standstones in which the red oxide of iron prevails, but the remains of fishes of the genera Ce- pluilaspis and Onchus have been fo\uid in the cornstone. The old red sandstone sometimes rests upon the granite rocks without the intervention of the Silurian strata, occasionally the two are blended so as to be distinguished with difficulty. The red and mottled marls occasionally contain the remains of gigantic fish of the genus Holoptycliius. The scales of this fish are occasionally from two to three inches in size. One of them is figured in the accompanying plate. Immediately under the conglomerates there are occa- sionally found remains of a curious kind of fish called the Bucklerhead or Ceplialaspis, and in the sand- stones or paving stones, which form the next strata, the remains of marine plants or fucoids abound ; these fucoids are occasionally interspersed witli the eggs of Gasteropodous MoUusks, bearing a great re- semblance to the spawn of living species of Natica, often seen deposited in recent layers of sand. Under the beds of dark red shale and sandstone are sometimes found slaty grey sandstones, containing the remains of ganoid fish of the genera Pterichlhys or winged fish, Coccosteus, Cheir acanthus, &c., characterised by having bony enamelled scales and wing like appendages. The name of Devonian is sometimes given to the old red sandstone formations, as they abound in Devonshire. There are considerable differences in this series of formations in different countries : thus they occasiou- rdly consist of sandy, muddy, and slaty beds, resting on Silurian strata, and containing corals, shells and trilobites. At other times of vast masses of rolled materials consisting of quartz, pebbles, gravel, and sandstone, resting upon granite and intersected by occasional bands containing the remains of fishes. The coarse sandy and gritty strata seldom contain fossil remains. Occasionally the strata consist of chlorite or roofing slates altynating with hard quartzose slates, sandstones and blue lime. The fish of this period seem all to have been odd and uncouth, with a bony outward framework. The accompanying, rig. 1, — Pterichthys Cornutus, shows the large size of these bony plates. The jaws were provided with sharp pointed teeth, the head inclosed in a cartilage- ous box coated with enamel, the scales on the body are so disproportionately large that they do not exceed six in number between the head and tail. These fishes probably swam rapidly and in- habited deep seas, but they vrere of small size and few genera of them have yet been detected ; similar tribes of Pterichthys Cormttus. larger size, and more powerful, appeared towards the close of this period. Among the corals we find the genera Favosites and Cyathophyllum on the one liand common to the Mountain limestone, and on the other to the Silurian ; Fig. 2. — Auropin-a serpens is also common. In regard to the shells, all the brachi- opodous genera as Terebratula, Ortiiis, Spirifer, Atrypa, and Productus, which, are found in the mountain limestone, occur together with those of the Silurian system, except Pentaraerus. — Leptaena lepis Fig. 3. is one of this class. Fig. 2, Auropora serpens. Fig, 3, Leptaena lepis. 28 MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE. [Class 1. •Vmon- the Cepluilopoda we find Fig. 4.-Clymenia, also Belerophon am Or hoceras as ni tl,e S,luan%nd ci,bo,uferous groups. Fig. 5.-Tarbo s,|bcostatus l ntscics J3. 7t^ T"^ ^-^ €>"" JS. t'oysHs nf llir. Pernncur or j\fa^fnMiti4t-ar6$ifi'. '7 Class I.] NEW RED SANDSTONE SERIES. 33 T-,". 1, Labuiulhodon. PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. PART VII. NEW RED SANDSTONE SERIES. Resting upon the Magnesian Limestone or Permian series, we find a succession of strata sometimes of great lliiclcness, and composed eliiefly of sandstones, grey shales and red or yellow loams- Tliis has also been called the Poikilitic or variegated strata, from their exhibiting spots and streaks of light blue, green and bull' color in a red base. In some countrits, as Germany and Southern India, these strata are much more developed than in others. They have been sidjdivided into three classes. 1. The saliferous or Keuper of the Germans, consisting of Gypsum, Land salt, shales, and sardstones. 2. The Muschelkalk, a limestone frequently containing Magnesia, and full of large and small fossil shells of the Mussel genus, from which it derives its name (this stratum is wholly wanting in England}. 3rd. Sandstone and quurlz conglomerate or Koestone, the Buntersandstein of the Germans. The name of Trias or triple group has been applied to the New lied sandstone of Germany, as it. there presents the above three well marked di visions. The saliferous or Keuper, consists chiefly of beds of sandstone with thin strata of Gypsum, Land or Rock salt, red marble, and grey slate clay. It contains the remains of reptiles as the Lahyrin- thodon Fig. 1. The remains of Turtles. The de- tached teeth of placoid tish and scales of the genera Sauricthys and Gyrolepis. The plants consist cf leiTio, Cycadeffi and Conitenc with a few Equiseta- ceae any Key, Esq. Litutcuant Colonel G. Talbot. K. BUBGASS, Esq. Mo.jor H. J. NicHOLLs. W. EvAss, Esq., ii. D. J. E. Mayek, Esq., Reporter, J. GoLDiSGUAii, Esq. A. T. Jaffrey, Esq. The execution of tlie duties confided to the Jury appointed for Class 111 \vas in the outset consider- <)i)ly retarded by the absence of any Catalogue, except that, drawn up for Districts, which it was found could afford but little assistance. Two Meetings were held, but from the cause named, to- gether with the (liificulty of finding the sample which were placed, some liere, and some there, the Jury were compelled to relinquish further attempts until a C!lass Catalogue could be procured, or until some order, that woidd permit of viewing all the samples of One kind together, coulii be determined on. After an interval of more than a month, seeing that it had been resolved to close the Exhibition, the President aiul the lleporter, who had at the last meeting of tills Jury, been requested to prepare a rough report, (ieterniined to do what was in their power. They met at the Hall and employed several days in arranging with their own hands and in counting, comparing, and valuing every sample of Grain in lilar, in Husk, and in the prepared state — the same labour was gone through with the I'lilses, the starches, the sugars, .Tagsries ami syrups, witli the Coil'ce, ^Ville3 fee. In forming their judgment, especially with respect to tlie liice and Paddy — the Sub Jury were assisted materially by two Native Grain Dealers, who attend- ed at the request of Colonel McCally, and by Na- tive Surgeon Appavoo, Assistant to the Professor of Hotany in the Madras Medical College. In deciding on the quality of llice, it was evi- dent that the Native Dealers attached a su- jierior quality and value lo the smaller and whiter varieties ; but whether fashion and Eastern ideas ol high caste and what is tit for high caste, may not have had more weight in these valuations, than any real superiority in these varieties of rice, remains to be decided. As a means of repairing animal tissue, the value of Eice, as well as of all other grains when considered as food will depend on the percentage amount of albuminous matter present : the question is therefore, whetlier the smaller vtirie- ties of rice contain a higher jierceiitage of albumin- ous matter than the larger kinds. That fashion or a peculiar ediieation of the palate gives a lictilious preference lo one kind of grain over another is clear from the well ascertained fact, that rice is esteemed in India and other parts of Asia more highly thtin Wheat, Cumboo, Cholum, Eagee, See yet as will be seen hereafter every one of these grains contains a larger percentage of strictly nutritious nuitter, i. e. matter capable of repairing the animal tissues. The Tabular form of exhibiting results being the most concise, as well as in many cases, where com- parison is required, the best, a series of Tables, has been drawn out. The first of these, shews merely, the names of the dillerent kinds of food afl'ordiiig sub- stances, with the number of samples under each name. The positive information conveyed by this table is therefore very limited. Not so however, the negative;. as it proves at a glance thai the innumer- able host of luiropean Fish meat and Eowl, whether potted, piekled, smoked, salted, dried, or preserved fresh, with all the soups and boullies, clieeses &c. are not included in the Indian or Himloo category of substances employed as Food : neither milk, butter nor eggs find place in this list. In a word there is nothing to be found belonging to the animal kingdom — all here is derived from the v.e- getable, or piimary, division of organized nature — so aptly designated by Lirbig, as the living work- shoji, ill which the food of auinuils is prepared, and in which unorganized mineral substances, are con- . verted into parts of living organisms. K 1 36—3 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. 1. [Cl.vss III. AuTrCLF.3. Grains, Stardies, ... Spici's, &c., Substances employed in forming Drinks, sucli / as Cotfec, Tea, Cocoa, ... ... ... 5 Intoxicating Druids, Do. Liquors, * Gran cc -f: > "" Paddy i^Oryza sativa,) 525 Cassia Bark ... 2 AVheat (Trilicum,)... 25 „ Buds 1 Barley. Hordeum vulgar. 1 Cloves 8 llaize, Zia-Mays, ... 28 Cardamoms 14 Great ililU-t or Cholum (Sorghum vulgare,) ... 50 Coriander 14 Andropogon or black Cliolum, 3 Chillies Tenay or Italian Millet P. Ilalicum, ... 21 Black Pepper 12 Sawniay (Paniuum miliare), 25 White I'epper ... 5 Caday-canny or Little Millet, S Betel leaf I Pil-arisee or Little Millet, 13 „ Nut 22 Varagoo or Little Millet (Prirailiaccum,) 30 Ginger... y Raggy Eleusive Corncana 28 T'urmeric 3 Cuniboo-Spiked (Millet P. Spicata,) 26 Fenugreek 12 Bamboorico (Bambusa), 3 Cumniin-seed 11) Grass-corn, ... 1 DhoU-Toovaray Cnjanus Indicus, ... 35 Ooluiidoo or Mnsli. (Phaseolus radiatus,) 16 793 Greeu gram or moong (Pliaseolus niungo,) ... 33 SUBiTAXCES USED TO MAKE DKINUS. Gram-Cookhi (Doliclms unillorus,) 24 Coffee, 31 Mussoor (Ervum lens,) 2 Tea, 1 Wild Gram 15 Cocoa, 1 Peas (Pisum Sativum,) 7 Bengal Gram (Cieer arictinum,)... ISulier (Lal)hib vulgaris,) So 33 20 Caramany(Lablab cultratum,) 29 Intoxicating Ijnigs S)-c. Beans, 7 Tobacco, 14 Raj-Jeera(Aniarantus,) 3 Ganjah. 2 Wine and Spirit, 6 221 Spirituous drinks ... 7 Vinegar 3 Slarclus. East Indian Arrowroots,... 'I'apioca, ... 3 32 1 West Indian Arrowroots, Other Samples, 3 Spicey Condiments §'c. 21 Nutmegs 10 Cinnamon 6 27 Class III.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. %.—(CoidinimL) 36—1 Cereals. .3 » PlLSES. k » CD S" the General Committee. T3 c to O 2 X rt fU > H O a O fP I— 1 Trichinopcly. 21 4 BnsT. Mangalore. ... 13 3 o ... 1 2 ... Little Millet best— Italiau Millet fine quality. Chingleput, 5 ... Specimens of fair quality. Guddapah, .. 1 4 ... 2 ... Little Millet best, Cumboo very fine. Poiidicherrv, •> Specimens of fair quality. Neilglicrries, ... ... i Barley from Neilglicrries. inferior to the European. Madras, ... - • ... ... 1 By Major MaitlauJ, very Cue, deserves Honorable men- tion. Nameless, ... 1 ... ... ... ... 36 5 SUBSTANCES USED TOR FOOD. [Class III. TABLE No. 4. Shelving the ntimler of Samples ofPiMy grown hi the different Districts named below. Where srown. No. of Samples. Names of Cuiitributors. Ilemarks by tlie Sub-Committee. Bellnrv, Cliiiigleput, Coiiiibatore, Hyderabad, I\l:iib-!\S, Tiiiiicvclly, Malabar. ... Do. Do. ... !Masulipatam,... I'uoilduucottali, Taiijore, .. Travancore, Paulgliaut,... Jlysore, Kmuool, ... t iiildapah, Pondielierrv, 51 & 31 Local Committee,.. Uuii^acharloo anil others ... 1 iKistiiiah 13 5 10 & 1 S 12 2 & 2 4 12 190 Captain Taylor, iiamasawmy Chetty, Vatudavoo &: others. Mr. 15 Do, Local Coinniit.tce, I'ondimaii liajali, llurrv How, 65 ic 22 Local Committee, 44 12 2 20 Ifi 525 Nellicherry Seevaram Kistnasawmy, M. Murray Esq. ... Stated to be 1st and 2ii(l sort. Thcl Local Comraittpe report that various sorts of Vaddy arc alinii- dantly cultivated in this District. (Some line and some interior spcci- ( mens. Manuary sumba l)est. ITlie specimen exhibited is Bamboo ( paddy. A.11 good — the best is red Paddy. The best is ktida Callhaim. t.\ll of good quality — the best Ann\ ( Comboo. / Inferior quality. — llajarauiiny, is C said to be the best. All ijood — the best is llagavoloo Paddy. All inferior. for all the samples, whicli arc gene- rally very good, that called veniliia sumba is regarded as the best : ■{ it is considered most agreeable I to the taste. As a whole, this col- (^ lection surpasses all the others. I Of all these, Seeraga sumlia is the ) best — it is said to be. of delicate 1 ilavor. This collection ranks ( second. f Eajahnum Paddy, said to lie very de- < licious in flavor, as a whole about ( equal to tlie quality of Travancore. All good — best Yalacki Paj. Ordinary quality. All good, best is Pashannni. Conibaoo Sund)a is the finest : all c.\- cellent specimens and aceompani- ed by a lucid Peport. Class III.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. 3G— G TABLE Xo. :>. Shoiving the ntt,mler of Specimens of Rice r/roirn In the different Districts, named below. Where ^rowii. Hyderabad, Coiiiibatore, Madras, Travaucore, Cuddapali, America, Taiijore, ilangalore, Bellary, Kuriiool, Salem, Vizianagruni, No. of Samples. 1 11 12 00 12 2 .5 1 1 Names of Contri- butors. Captain Taylor. ... Kistuiali. llaniasawiiiy Chetty. Local Coiauiiltee ... iVI. JIurray, Esq.... Madras C. of Com- merce. Hurry Row, Pedro Proboo. Eemarks by the Sub-Committee. 174. Ordinary Eice. bo. Ordinary cjualily. (5 ordinary, and one Tclakarh zooloo I ( best. \ (So damaged not ea^y to give a judg- \ mentr 19 Bottles and 71 Bags. In bottles Sceraga Sumba best. In Bags Saday Suudja best. As a whole very superior. Jeerah best. No. 1511 best (very line.) Ordinary Ricp. JSaid to he the finest in the collection \ as a single specimen. Superfine quality. TABLE Xo. G. Showing separately the mimher of samples of each varietji of grain or pulse received from the se- veral Districts ■named heUnc. This Talile differs from Nu. 1, inasmuch as that shows only the total number of every description of grains and pulses received from any locality — this shows, under one head, how many samples of that hind were received from each locality. Where srrown. Bellary, ... Coimbatorc, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Bengal, Masulipatam,... (auldapah,... Shevaroy Hills,... No. of Samples. 1 I & 10 2 1 O 1 Names of Contributors. Local Committee ... Kistniah ... Capt. Taylor Ramasawmy Chetty Local Committee .. M. Murray, Esq. ... IChinniah Moodely.. Remarks by the Sub Committee. One of these is of excellent quality the other inferior. Of good ([uality Of various qualities. Of apparently average quality. Of line quality. Of average quality. ■ 1)0. 3G— 7 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. [Class III. TABLE Xo. Q.— Continued. Wlicre grown. K-uniool,... ISaiigalore, ... Travancore,.. Ucllary ... Coimljatore... Jlydi'iabad... Madras... Masulipatnm... I'oodoocottali.. Tiiiiievelly... Tanjoie... I'cgu. ... Vizianagrum Cuddapnli.,. Hyderabad... Kuniool... I'oiidicherry... Cliiiigleput... Madias... Neilgherries Bellary, ... . Cliingleput, (loiinbatore, . Hyderabad,... Madras, ... Masulipalam, Vizianagrum,. Taiijore Madras, ... C'uddapah, ... Hyderabad, , KurnonI, ... Maiigalorc, Hyderabad,.., Poudicherry, . Bangalore, .. 1^ I ^ {O = ^^ E '^ >-^ ?= S 5 i -H No. of Samples. Name* of Coutribulors. Remarks by the Sub Committee. . r- -= C {U .ti foSiOS :j 2 Of fair quality. 1 ... Of average quality. 1 General Cullcn ... Local Committee ... Do. Of average quality ' 24 1 1 Kistiriali... Do. C Capt. Taylor Of various qualities 1 Ramasawmy Ciietty, Of ordinary quality 2 Local Committee ... Of fair quality 1 Of average quality 1 ... ... ... ... Of good quality 6 Hurry Eow Yellow, white, and black ; one American, very fine 1 Dr. Brandis A,verage quality Rajah of Vizanagrani Of fair quality 1 -.. ... ... •*• Do. 1 ... .*• ... ... Of ordinary quality I ,, Do 1 Local Committee ...'Of average quality 2 Runga ciiarloo Do. T Major Maitlaud ... Mr.MoIvor. The finest specimen in the collection A good specimen 29 1 1 3 Local Committee, .. Fair quality G Differentcontributors (5 of difl'erent qualitips, and one ( very fine specimen 1 Kistniab, Ordinary sample 18 Capt. T. Various qualities 1 Mr. Ilavdoii, jOne sample with spikelets spring- 1 iuir from one axis J ' " • " 3 Local Committee, ...:Good 1 Rajah of Vizaiiagrum Ordinary quality 2 Hurry Row, Good quality. 1 Ramasawmy Chetty, Ordinary quality. 2 M. Murray, Esq. ... Fine quality 3 Capt. T. Ordinary quality 2 Do. I 2 Pedro Proboo, Fair quality 4 Capt. T Various qualities 4 P. Appavoo Moodly, Do. 2 ... ... ... Ordinary quality Class HI.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. Q.— Continued. 36—8 Where grown. Travaiicore, PootloocottaL, Tinnevelly, Pondicherry, ]?ellary, Cliingleput, Coiinbatore, .. I'oodoocottali, Tanjore , Pondiclierry, Hyderabad, .. Cuddapab, ... Mangalore, , . Kuriiool, ... Piangalore, Madras, ... Iravaiicore, .. Cliingleput, ,, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, ., Tuievelly, ... Malabar, Tanjore, Yizianagrura, ,, Bangalore, ... Poodoocottali, Mangalore, ... Poiidicherry, .. Hyderabad,... Pondiclierry, . Tanjore, f'uddapali, Masulipatiim, Travaiicore, . llytlei'abad,... La No. of Samples. Names of Contributors. L- r >■ Lo- se 21 3 4 4 1 1 3 1 i 2 1 1 Local Committee, Remarks by the Sub Committee. Ordinary quality Rajah Tondiman, ...jFair quality Mera Soobooroyen, Do. M. Pereotet, ... Good quality Local Committee, Dlfferentcoutributors Kistniah, .. Rajah Tondiman, ., Hurry Eow, .Vppavoo Moodly,.. Capt. T. .. M. Murray Esq., .. iPedri) Praboo, 25 Ramasawmy Chetty, Local Committee, Differentcontributors Kislnaiah, Mera Sooboorayen, Mr. Bassan, Hurry Row, Kistasawmy, TondimaiiRajah, .. Pedro Proboo, Appavoo Moodly,.., Local Committee, , Hurry Row, M. Murray, Esq, , Local Committee, , Capt. Taylor, Ordinary quality Fair quality Ordinary quality Fair quality Good quality Inferior quality Various qualities Fair quality Fair quality Ordinary quality bo. Do. Fair quality Different qualities Fair quality Different quality Fair quality Do. Do. Ordinary quality bo. Do. Do. Average quality Inferior quality Fair specimen Good specimens Good specimens Ordinary specimen bo. Do. (J 30—9 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. 6. — Continued. [Class III. Where grown. No. of Samples. Names of Couiiibutors. llvderabad, ..."^ c laiijore, ... | .2 Vizianiigrum, ...-^ -^ Poodoocottah, j = CLingleput, ...J ^ Chiiigleput Do. Do. Do. Bellary, Coimbatorc, Do. llvderabad, Do. Do. Unknown, Madras, Tiiineveily, Poiidicherry, Do. Cuddapali, Do. Kurnool, Poodoocottab, Tanjore, Travancore. Bellary, Chingleput, Do. Do. Coimbatorc, Hyderabad, Do. Madras, Masulipatam, Tinnevelly, Pondicherry, Do. Do. Bangalore, Cuddapab, Do. Kurnool, Poodoocottab, 5 3 3 1 1 13 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 ] 1 ] 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hurry TJoh', Cooderay Valay, Moothen, llan^a Cliarloo Uamakistua Sooba Iyer Veerasawmy Local Committee Kistuiab Do. Captain Taylor .. Raiiiasawmy Chitty Suoboovaveu, Local Coniiiiittee, .. Do. Raraachundra, J Tondiman Baba-^ door, ..,) Hurry Row. Local Committee ., Local Committee . Runga Cbarloo Kistniab Raraasawmy Cbotty. Local Committee ... NuUaseven Local Committee ... Do. Do. Kistnasawray M. Murray Esq. ... Do. Do. Ramacbundra Remarks by the Sub Committee. - - g S»!^ Different qualities Fair quality Do. Good quality Do. Different qualitie.'j l''iiir quality Average quality Do. Do. Ordinary quality Do. Various (puUities Do. Fair quality liifVrior quality -Vverage quality Do. Good quality Do. Fair quality Do. Ordinary quality Do. Good quality Do. Fair quality Do. Average quality Do. Fair quality Different qualities .\.vcrage quality Ordinary quality bo. Ordinary quality Good ([uality Fair quality Do. Good quality Do. Do. Do. Fair quality 3 .2 o) — « s -^ 3 « = i. r a, o H m 5 c IS .s C « .^ i o ^O S Ci.ijs 11 I.J SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. 30—10 TABLE No. 0.— Continued. Names of Coiitiriiialioii or otherwise, with remarks by the General Com- mittee. AVhere grown • No. of Samples. Contributors. Remarks by the Sub-Committee. Tanjore, ( 1 Hurry Row ...Good quality. Vizianagnim, }'^' 1 Average quality. Maii^alorp, ]^ 1 Pedro Pioboo ...iPair quality. Travail CO re, ( 1 Local Committee .. Ordinary quality. Fair quality. 2S Bellary, 1 Chint;lenut, 1 Ooopoosawmy Good quality. Do. 1 Vurdacherry Average quality. Do. 1 Ruiiga cliarloo Do- Do, 1 Paupah Reddy Do. Coimbatore 1 Kistuiah Good quality. llydrabad 4 ••• ••* ... Different qualities. JNIailras C c 1 Cainasawniy Chatty Fair quality. Masulipatara 1 Local Committee ... Ordinanry quality. ♦ Do, 3 ^ 1 Do. ..jAverage quality. Tiimevelly 1 Meery Sooboorayen Fair quality. Ciiddapali OJ L Veiigal Reddy ... Do. Do. I'lioiloocottah s 1 1 Ordinary quality. Do. Xiuiiooi, .S 1 Do. Hyderabad, ^71 1 Captain Taylor Average qualitv. Yiziana;,'rum, 1 Do. Travaiicoro, 1 Local Committee ... Fair qriailty. Tanjore, 1 llurrv Row, Good quality. Do. 1 Do. Do." Do. 1 Do. Fair quality. Tondicherry, ... 1 -Appoo Moodelly, ... Good quality. Bangalore, - 1 Do. ■ 26 Hyderabad, .,. | ]\Iasulipatnin ... - Chiiigleput, ... 1 ' s . 1 Fair quality. 11 1 1 Seetia Naidon, lUinga Cliarloo, ...'. Average quality. Ordinary quality. Chiltoov, 1« o 1 1 Miss Percira Fair quality. Cliiiicrleput, ^ 1 Rungacharloo, Ordinary quality. Do. 1 C- 1 ... •*• ••• •.■ Average quality. ]?ellary, ■^ 1 Local Committee, ... Fair quality. Hyderabad, 5- C Different quality. Cuddnpali, c 1 iM. Murray, Esq. .. Fair quality. k3 an— II SUBSTANXES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. a.— Continued. [Class 111. AVherc grown. No. of Samples. Names of Coiitributois. Kemarks by the Sub-Comraitlec. Contiruiatiou or otliervise, ivitli remarks by the Gcucral Cora- niittee. 'i'ravaiicore, r Local Cuiimiitti-e,... Do. ■ 'riiihcveliv, S.iodahuiiootooPilly, .\vcrage quality. T!an;;alorc, ;x Do ])o. ... ^ Kiiriiool, •■5 N c Ordinary quality. JVjrii, =■ Dr. ]5iaiulis, Very good specimen. 'I'nnjorc, " Hurry Tion', (iood sjipcimcn. i\l,idras, ^ I!.-iiiiasa\viuy C'iicUy, Ordinary qiudltv. Coimliatore, L Kis-liiiaii, Do'. r 20 Local Cnmiiiittcp,... (iood. quality. I'ondic-lipirv, 1 J)o. t) Do. J)o. ' A'iziauagnuii, ... ,,, ... ,., Fair qualitv. Do. ... ... ... ... Do. Cliiiii;li'|)lit, I'lUiiica (;iiarloo, ... .Vvcraije quality. Do. Davaiuiin, Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Uiinna Cbarloo, ... Ordinary quality. Tanjore, Miiny ]lo\v. (iood (pialitv. Ciuklapali, t.". .M. ^t^ln■ay, Yai.\. ... Do. Do. , TiuiK-Vcllv, Do. Pair qualitv. BcUary, Jz Local C'ounuiUcc,.. Do. Kin-iiool, Do. !Maf uli|ialaiii,.... Local CommitU'c,... Average quality. llydcrabail, ... (Jrdiiiary quality. ]jannalorc, A vcra;;« (|ualily . IVfili. Dr. liraiidis, Fair qualitv. Madras, Uaiiia'*;nviiiy, Do. Coiiiibatore, Kibtiii.di, Oidinary quality. l^ellary, Local C'onimiltpp,... Avcr?nnp;alore. c 1 .\verage quality. Kiirnool, = ^ Do. <)hin;;lepid, ... ^ 1 ... ... ... Do. Ilych'rahad, .. ■ 8 ... ... ... Do. Masulipalani, ... 1 1 Local Committee.... Fair ((uality. '1 iiinevelly, ... U 1 Nullaseven, Averaice quality. Vi/,a;;apalam,... r 1 Local Committee,... Do. Good quality. 15 "Rellary, Chini;leput, ... Davanun, Average qualilv. Coiiidiatovc, ... Kistniah, Do. Hyderal)ad, ... ].-> ... ... Difl't rent qualities. Madras, c; Uamnsawmy Ciietty. Averaf;e quality. Masulipatam,... , Tinnevelly, ..." c5 Local Committee,... Fair quality. CI Meera Soobooroyen, Average quality. Tanjore, br Hurry Row. Good qualitv. Travancove, ... 1, Local Committee,... Do. _ Pondiciierry, ... Do. ])o. ]}angalore. 2 ... • • * Do. Pesn, ^ 1 Dr. Rrandis, Do. Class III.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE Xo. C.—Condiined. .30—14 Where grown. No. of Samples. A izianagriuii, Ciiddapali, ITvclvabail, TIydr.il)ad, Do. Ootacamunci, Kurnool, Ilydrabad, Mangalore, Cliinsleput, lIvdralKul, 'Do. Timievi llv, Do. ^Malabar, Travancore, Do. Do. Jlysore, Cuddap;ili, IMalabar, ^Madras, Do. Vi/.iaiiagruiir iJaleiD, Do. Maiigalorr, ^ladras, Pegu, Madras, .-! oi o + Names of Contributors. llemarksby the Sub Committee. 30 Captain Taylor, ;nr. Riddell, Average quality. Various qualities. 4 Mr. Mclvor, 1 ...(Average quality. ...'Fair quality. ...jVery good quality. ... .\verage qualify. 1, i Pedro Proboo, Mr. Brass, ... Ordinary specimen. |Dr. Kiddell, Fair Sample, $jT. VasoodavooPilla\|l5ags down below. Do. ..'.I 31 Mr. Bassano, General C'ullen, Do. Local Committee,. Mr. Cauuou, Ordinary. Fair samples. Pwo boxes. a Gary Bapoo, Cliam. of Commercel Messrs. Binnv & Co. Pea and large. II. ir. tlie llajah, .. 1 .Messrs. llichardson.il ,. „, ...,, „„„ .,,, and Co. .if ^" Sliavoroy Ildls 50G9 Alkban. Messrs. Fischer S: Co. Pea Berry, 1st qualitv. Pedro Proboo. Madame 'I'hane, Dr. Brandis, .Messrs. Binny S: Co. Pea Berry, 2nd quality. Not found. Very interesting specimen. K 4 ;3fi— 15 SUBSTANXES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE Xo. G.—Cfmtiinred. [Class III. AVlierp grown. I'oiiiliclievrv, Do, Ilvilrabad, Do. Do, Do. Rnjnhraniitln-, l'oii(liclieiTy, ^lanyralore. "\rvsorp, ILijalinmndry, ^langalore, ]\railras, 'I r.ivaiicorp, 'riiinevelly, ^Madura, Nellore, Malabar, (Icvlon, ]5otaiiinal CIiin>;leput, ... f Coiiiibniorc, j\Iasuli[)ataiii, I'efiu, Do. U:ijaliniundry, .\luulnii--iii, jMadiira, Tanjnre, Dn. IIy^.0 ^ 1- P OJ ^ 'O C Cr.Ass III.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. G.—Conilnned. .30—10 AYIiere frrown. ^Madras llyilerabatl, ... f Malabar, ... i ; North Malabar, J \ Travancoie, Madras, Maiigalore, Malabar, Travaucore, Malabar, 'o u I j\radras, Travanoore, Do. Do. rVvlnnBotaiiiral,-} | (iarclciiPardcuia, o Ni^llorr, Madura, Malabar, Coimbatoro, Madras, ^Malabar, Do. Travancorc, .,. Madras, Neliore, J!aiii;alore, Madura, Hyderabad, ... C'evlou lioyal jiolaiiioal (iar- deiis Paradeiiia, (_ r hJ No. of Samples, 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 Name of Contributors. Pieraarks by the Sub Committee. Ramasawmy Chctty. Captain Taylor, .., Cottyam Tahsildar, | Mr. ]lro\vii, ...I Local Committer, Messrs. Biiiiiy & Co. Very fine. Pedre Proboo, ...] Cottynm Tahsildar, Local Committee,.., Cottyam Tahsildar, Good quality. Do. Fair. Ramasawmy Chctty, Geid. Cullcri, ..JThe finest. Local Comiiiittep,.., Messrs. Binny &: Co. Mr. Thwaites, IL Young;, Esq. ... ICottvam Tahsildar,., Kistniah, ...:Common. Ramasawmy Chetty; Mr. Passano, Cottyam Tahsildar, Local Committee,... Chamb.of commerce IL Young, Esq. ... Mr. Thwaites, ...jPcculiaily rare spccimpii. 2 •^ >%o > ^ rr t. n cj -C *-• o o £:a 5 .'3fi— 17 SUBSTANCES KSEI) FOR FOni). TAl^LK Ao. r,—Co}i/!>aie>/. [Class IN. AViicre ffrown. No. of Samples. Ucllarv, r (Joimliatoip, ... llyilialjail, Uo. Jladia?, Jfasulipatani,... %1 Tnivaiicoi'e, ... Kiiriiool, ..,' Nellorc, i'oiuliclicrrv, ... O Madura, Ciiddapali, Tanjoif, Vi/.iaiiagnini,... r.ellaiy, ... Cliiui;U'piit, Coimbalore, Hydrabad, Pegu, ... 'riavaiirnre, Vi/,iaiiai;nun, ■1^ 15 Hydrabad, ... f Do. Malabar, Madras, Travaiieorp, . Do. Nellore roiidiclierry, . Vizianagarum,. Madura,... J?ait^alorr, Coiiubatoic, . .J . fa." Travancorc, ... ."ti Do. u- Baiigaloic Manualorp, Malabar, a; L— ' 13 Names of Contributois. Local Coiiiiiiiltee,.. iKistiiiali, II. Voiuiii-, Esq, Local Committee, Local Committee..,. Patchcappa, Kistiiiali, Captain Taylor, ... Dr. Brandis, Local Committee,.. Captain Taylor, ... Uamsawmy Clietty, Local Committee,... Do. Itemarks by the Sub Committee. Hurry Row, , Capt. Meadows, ... Cottyam Tahsildar.. Ramasan-my Chetty Local Committee.. Messrs. Cinny & Co. Local Committee fjoeal Committee,... Messrs. Binnv J>' Co Pedre Proboo... .. Cottvam Tahsildar. Average quality. Do- Do. . Do. Do. 2nd Best. Ordinal y qualilv. Do'. Do. Do. Do. Do. Best quality. Do. Best qualitv. Do. Ordinary qualilv. Do. ])o. Difi'erent qualities. Average qiialilv. Do. Host quality. Average quality. Good qualitv. Do. Average qnalitj'. Good (juality Average quality. Do. Do. Fair quality. Good qualitv. Do. Average (pialily. L'"air qualitv. Do. o ■5^. h 5 > " o i:-tf 2 o ■JS ^ E S 7^ o o EO f: ■~> Class III.] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABi;]'] jVo. C.—Conlinued. 30— IS Wlieve grown. Bangalore, Maiigalore, Malabar, liellarv, IJellary, Hvileiabad, Do. Pegu, Moulmein, Salem, Do. Do. Travaiicoi'e, Madras, Do. Bangalore, Do. I'anjore, Wangnloi'f, Pondicherrv, Jkllary, Hyderabad, Madras, llaiigoon, 'I'ravancorc, Vizianagram, I'oudiclierry, Madura, Nellore, Malabar Madras Do. Btllary, Coimbntore, ... m -li No. of Samples. ^» « Names of Contributors Ilemarks by the Sub Coinmittee. Pedre Proboo, 1 iCuttvam Talisildai-, Average quality. 'Fair qualitv. Do, fjopal Coniiniltec,.. Local Committee,... Dr. Bvandis, Tondroy Naick, .., Cliokalinga Moodly. Heeray (jowden, ... Local Committee,.,, Messrs. Binny & Co, Hurry Row, Pedre Proboo, Local Committee. Local Committee, Average quality. Do. Do. Fiue quality. Do. Do. Do. Do. Good quality. Do. Fair quality. Different qualities. Fair quality. Good quality. Best quality. Good quality. Average quality. Best quality. Ramasawmy Chetty, Dr. Brandis, ...|Vcry fine. Local Committee,. ..'Good quality. Average quality. Local Committee,. ..'Second best. .\verage quality. Do. Fair quality. Ramasawmy Ciiettv, '.Average qualify. Do. * Do. [jocal Committee,... Kistniali, Average quality. Do. i v> — — - E o o a li .'i 36—19 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. [Class III. TABLE No. 0. — Continued. Where grown. Hjderabad, Madras, Cuddapali, Kuruool, Taiijorc, Madura Pondiclicrry, Viziaiiagrum, Travaticove, .Pegu, Coinibalore, Bellary, Pondiclierry, Hyderabad, Cuddapali, Nellore, Kuniool, Bangalore, Madras, Pondiclierry, Hyderabad, Bellary, Kurnool, Nellore, Pegu, Madras, .. C-i No. of Samples. -^ LPS 13 ■{ B < H Poiidiclierrv, Nellori.-, Hyderabad, .. ^ i Bellary, ... (I Names of Conlributors. Capt. Taylor, Uaniasawmy Clietty. Hurry .Uo\v. Local Committee,.. Local Committee,.. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Dr. Brandis, Kistniali, Local Committee,. Do. Capt. Taylor H. Young, Esq, . Kislnasawmy, Ilamasawmy Chettv Local Committee,.. Capt. Taylor, Local Committee,.. H. Younj, Esq, .. Dr. Brandis, Rauiasawmy Clietty Hem ark 3 by the Sub- Committee. Average quality i)o. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. .. .\verage quality. ..| Do. Best quality, air quality. Ordinary quality. .Vveragc quality. Fair quality. Do. Ordinary quality. Do. Local Committee,. H. Young, Esq, . Capt. Taylor, Good quality. Best quality. .\yerage quality. Ordinary quality. Fair quality. Good quality. .\vcrage quality. Good quality. Fair quality. Do. ■ Ordinary quality. o -5 ^ h "^ o — 5-.0 c .a >: .^ p ^ ^ s a c3°-- = 3G— 21 SUBSTANCES USED I'OR FOOD. TAJJLE No. (\.—CunUnueJ. LClais III. Where grown. Poiulicbenv, ... Do. llHJahmundry,... i|t Do. ' '"" Hyd llussel nibiul, ... \<% iekondali... J[]JI Triivaiicorp, Vizianogruiii IMaM^iilore, 'Jraiiquebar, Hvdrabad, 'Do. Do. Do. Madura, Do. Tanjore, Do. Mysore, Guntoor, Tinnevelly, Malabar, No. of Samples. Nrinies of Contributors. Jletnarks by tlie Sub Committee. Mangalore, Travaucore, Poiidiclierrv, Do. Mangalore, Madras, ■1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 J II ■if Chingleput, ...1^ Mr. T. Filatrian, .. Mr. L. I'eitier, .. Mr.Charles llundaL Do. , {Capt. L. Jolinstoii. 1 2GtliKegt. N. I. Local Committee.. H. H. the liajah, I'edre Proboo, II. Nott, Esq., Civil Surgeon, ... Dr. Smith, ... Kunniah, Locai Committee,. Dr. Smith Frances Ashbury,. Rev. It. Sittle, Hurry Kow, ... . Mr.Kohlhoff, .... Major Coats,... Inferior. o *j -J^ c ^ ^ o > O C-^ .— VI c 4J o ^ C ^ (loopchund, Tellicherry ]3apoo. Barv f.F 1 =■3 H»- i"* 4 6 1 bl. a5 1 .1 1 Paraka Coroovclloo, Mrs. Fernaiide/., ,. I'edre Proboo, Local Committee, .Mr. J. C. Peltier, J. Filatrian, ... Pedre Proboo, Nazareth Koyappo Pillay, ... Moothen, Inferior, Ci.iislIL] SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE No. ^.—Continued. 36—22 AVlicre grown. U-5 /Sec Ifydvabail, Madura, ... Do. Taiijore, ... Cuimbatorf, Pondiclicrry, . Hydrabad. Hydrabad, Hydrabad, ... <|f No of Samples. 3^1 Hydrabad, Do. Trnvaucorc, Malabar, Travaucore, .. Names of Contributors. Cunniah Rev. C. A. Little Francis Aslibury Hurry Row ... . .Mr. i'crrolel , .\Ir. J. Murray l.\Ir. J. Munav 9 10 19 Capl. Dayies... Dr. Riddell ... Local Committee,. Local Committee,. Remarks by the Sub Committee. _ > _o 5 - — 'O s 6 36—23 SUBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TAULl-; No. C.— Conlinued. LClass III. Where grown. Bellary, Chingleput, Salem, Do. rondichcnv, llvdiabail, Do. Madras, dis- Palmannir trict Chittoor, .... Arcot, Aska Hnjalimuiulry, Do. Coimbatorc, .. Kurnool, Cuddapali, VizianagruiT),... T 0) Bellary, Madras Chingleput, ... f Poiuliclieriy, ... | Bellary, ... | Madras, ...■{ Kurnool, ... j "3 Bajahinundry, .. l^^ Pondicherry, Madras, Chingleput, No. of Samples. 3 1 1 1 1 9 1 1-1 Names of Contributors. 4S 10 Local Committee,... Local Committee,.. Dr. Smith Chamber of Conv merce, IL Talputt, Esq., ... Do. Do. Messrs. Binny &. Co. Narraiiisawmy, Messrs. Avbuthnot k. Co Local Committee,... Narainsawmv, Local Committee,.., Do. Narrainsawmy, Abkarry Suptt.... Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co. Local Committee,... Narrainsawmy, Abkarry Suptt.... Remarks by the Sub-Committee. Interesting Collection. Very good. Excellent of its kind. fFine bags of Sugar in crys., all cx- l ccllent, but in different degrees t of rcfincraent. Very common. Ordinary quality. Very common. Ordinary quality. s o .,r^'^ .2 '/I — - n I' 'x: ^ c o so s _> Class III] SUBSTANCES USED FOR POOD. 30— 2t TABT.E No. 7- S/iewinn the numher in gross of Dry grains and Puhcs groim in the different Bisl.ricts named helow ; under this heading Wheat, Maize, Barley, great Millet, Black Millet, Italian Millet, Sawr- way, Caday-canwy, Pilarisee, Varagoo, Raggy, Spiked Millet, Bamboo Rice, Grasscorn, Bullar Caramany, Dholl, Oolundoo or Mash, Green Gram, Mussoor, Peas, Country Gram, Wild Gram, Bengal Gram, Beans, Raj-jeera are included. , Where grown. No. of Samples. Taiijore, •< Cuddapnli, Coitnbatore, Fianjialore, Cliittoor, Vizianagruiii, Gotacamuud, Clievoioy Hills, Pondiclierrv, Madras, !Masulipatam, . Bellary Kurnool, ... Hyderabad,. Mangalore, 31. Bottles & 2 Ba-'s 45 IS 32 1 28 1 27 21 19 22 23 23 10 > Hurry Bow, Names of CoiitriLtutors. Hemarks bv tlie Sub-Committee. Local Committee,... Local Committee and otliers C o Miss Pereira, i H. H. tlie Bajah, Mr. Mclvor, ..., Cliinniali Mood. ... Local Coitiiriittec, Monsr. Perrottel and others, .Messrs. Walker and Co's Dubasli, . Local Committee and others, . Local Committee and others, . Local Committee and others, , Local Committee and others, , I'odre Proboo and others f Generally very good samples of the ! above mentioned grains and pulses, J including a tine specimen of I .'iiiiericun muize. Begardetl as a I whole, this collection is superior ^_ to all the rest. This collection is generally very good, the Cholum is superior to that received from any other District. ( 1 Bag and 1 7 Trays, generally in- \ ferior. N^ot calling for particular remark. With remarks on cultivation and use. These samples have become mucli damaged from not having been well put up, but appear to have been good, f French Beans from Mr. Mclvor. < with explanatory paper, excellent I (pialitVjVery well dried and )nil up. .^ large sample of wheat of tine quality Good samples of the ordinary grains, excepting the peas, which are very superior. j.VU ordinary samples. r Generally of fine quality, but nothing \ special to be remarked of any (_ single sample. fGeuerally of fine quality a grain } stated to be a kind of Lentil, is ( the only peculiarity (.Mussoor.) iGenerally of ordinary quality, nothing \ deserving of special notice. 'Generally of good quality, the wild sword bean seems to be the only thing deserving of special notice (Canavalia glailiator.) [AH of ordinary quality. 36—25 Where grown. Pegu. TinneTelly, Chingleput, ... Poodoocottali, Travancore, ... JIalabar and Cliin^leput, .«:UBSTANCES USED FOR FOOD. TABLE Xo. 7. — Continued. [CtAsi m Xo. of Samples. 6 11 20 6 Ifi 379 Nanu!3 of Coutributois. Dr. Braiulis,. Local Committee and others Local Committee and otiiera Kemarks by the Sub Committee. 2 c' ■5 a o t- ^ K a; a. CJ :o Of ordinary quality, except lablab vulgaris, wliicli is said to be valua- ble as a table vegetable. .JOf ordinary quality. f Generally of ordinary quality, except- < ing the Cliolum, which is very ( fine next to that of Cuddapah. Nothiii"; remarkable. (All of good quality, but nothing ol I special importance. [ ilave sent Cocoanuts, but neithei •j appear to have any peculiar ex I cfcUencc. TJIUEE yL.ALITlES ALL GOOD. lubiicco, Taiijore No. 1, and 1 boUle of sead. Do. Haiahmuiidrv, No. 3. All the others inferior. Mace, Messrs. Hiiiny and Co. very tine. Do. Augaracaudy inferior. Cassia, do fair. Ginnauion, Binny and Co. very tine. Cloves, (Id. second 'riMUivelly, and Nutmegs fimst, Col. Cnllen. CardamoniS, Cnimbatore common. Do. Ceylon peculiarly rare. I'epper black, and white best Malabar, Ttllicheiry. J)n/ Guiyer, bo!0 05 91.60 6731 0670 65-06 86-36 84 59 73-18 90.32 81-33 0-70 1-33 1-92 2-34 3-26 0-36 3-18 4-3? 2-00 301 5.77 6-43 401 702 For the sake of convenience, the three foregoing Tables have been thrown into one, thereby present- ing at a single view the whole results of Analysis, which not only offers the greatest facility for in- spection, but in conjunction with the succeeding Table gives the same results at once under two aspects. Residh of Analysis A. Arranged in percentages so as to shew the Com- ' position of the different substances existing in the Class III.] FOOD PRODUCING TLANTS. 3G— 34 Seeds &c. cx.araineJ, together wiili their seimr.ite iisKs, as iifc sustaining compouiuls. Nitroyuu- 1 ^un-nitru- Inorganic, Ingredients, Grains. ous. genous. Ingredients [ngredientR. KagffcCj ' isie XOio 103 Clii)ltim, 155:5 83.(i7 120 CiimliuUj 1:5 'Ji 8327 •73 Kire, U-08 8908 0*7 Wheat u« 8315 2 -t Ihf 10 7 87-00 2- 3 O'us, 1333 «07 i- I'otutoes, 9- 5 8C 5 4' lieet 10- 7 83- «■ 3 Turnips 10- 7 81- 7 7- leas 26.ot 711 3S 3- 1 Wheat •1915 79-77 0-70 Itye 11-93 85-65 1-33 InitiHii Corn, H.88 S*-53 192 llurileiini distiction, U-73 8-tsO 2-81. Avena sativa, 15-2t 80 05 i'2« Orvzu sativa 740 91 -CO 3fi t^isiun sativum, 2S02 fi7 31 3-lS I'hasculus vulgaris, •2H-6i 0(5 70 43S KrvuMi Lens, 30-4G 05 OG 2 00 Solanuin, tuljcrosum, ... 9 91", 8G-3U 3 CI Daucus carota, lOGU S»-59 5-77 Beta vulgaris, lo-.iO 73 IS C+3 IJrassiea Napa 9'2* 90-33 401 Brassica raiKi, 13-82 8133 7-02 Results of Anahjih B. Arranged in per centages so as to shew the ulti- mate coMipositiou of the seeds Sec. examiiie seed, have been obtained. Before entering into details relative to individual samples, it may not however be out of place, to give a Botaidcal dcscriplion of the order to which these samples belong. Class III. TOO]) rUODIClNCi I'l.ANTS. 3G— oO l")r. Balfour Iins llic f.iUow iii'^- in tlic last cililioii of liis Class I'look, scl- page 94-.J. Gramine.E, — tlie Grass onli^r. lleihaceoiis plants, witli roniul, \isMally liollow, jointed st«ins ; narrow, alternattt leaves, liaviii;; a split slieatii and ol't.i-n a ligiile at its summil ; liprniaplirodite or jMond-ci- oiis, or polygamous flowers, either solitary nr arranged in spiked or panicled locusloc. The ilowcrs are considered as composed of a series of bracts ; tiie onlcn', called ghiines, alternate, often unequal, usually 2, sonietinies 1. rarely 0; the next called pales or glumells (palere or gliiniellie), usually 2, alternate, the lower or outer one being simple, the noper or inner having 2 dorsal or lateral ribs, and supposed to be fonucil by 3 ))ales united ; soiucliines 1 Or both are iiwantitig. The glumes enclose either one llower as in Fox-tail u:rass, or more flowers, as in Wheat ; and aiiioiig the (lowers there are frecpientiy abortive florets. Staniens hypogynous, 1-fi, usually 3 ; anthers ver- satile. Ovary superior 1 -celled, with 3 (rarely 1 or 0) hypogynous scales, called lodiculcs ; ovule 1 ; styles 2 nr 3, rarely united ; stigmas ofteti fea- thery. Fruit a caryopsis, embryo letitieulai-, ex- tertial, lyinir on one side tit the btise of farinaceous .Tibuiiien. Germination endorliizal. Grasses are widely distributed, anil are found in all tpiarters of till! globe. Schouw conjectures that they consti- tute 1-22(1 of all known plants. They are \isn div social plants, f'ortuing herbage in tem|)erate regions, mill sonietinies becoming arborescent (50 or GO feet liii;h) in tropical countries. There jipjiear to be nearly 4-000 known irrasses. (Jry/.a, Zizania, Zea, Coix, Alnpeeuius, Phleuiii, ITolens, Milium, Pani- eiiin, Stipa, Agrostis, .'\rundo, Kchinaria, Cynodon, t'hioris, Spartina, llierochloe, .\nthoxanllium, Aira, Arrheuatherutn, Poa, Bri/.a, Uaelylis, ('yno- suriis. Festuea, I'ronuis, ]?aiTibnsa, lioliiiin Trili- cnm, Fdynius, llordeuiii, .-Egilops, Nardns, Leptu- rus. Saecliarum, Audropogou. This is perhaps the most important order in the Vegetable Kingilom, as supplying fond for man and aiiimtds. To it belong the cultivated grains. Wheat, Otits, Barley, Rye, Rice, Maize and iMillet Most of these have been so long under ennsfant cultivation that their native state is unknown. Some curious observations, however, have been lately made in regard to the native slate of Wheat. The properties of the order are nutritive in a marked degree. .Some vield fragrant oils, others produce ^ii'.i.-ir Tlic frai'iaut odour given out by ■Anihoxanl Inirn. and other grasses used for hay, has been attrilmlcd to benznic acid. Some as ISromim nilhiirliciiH and B. ')ynr. [Class 111. I'LATt; 1. OliVZ.V S^ATIVA, 1.. Kick, DllAN, J5KKYIM, Eiifj. Hind. Td. AltESKK, Turn. l'"ig. 1. llii'c |)l:iiit, sliowiiig the tiliroiis roots ; culms iiiiiii?vous, jointed, rouiul :ui(l siiiodiIi, Ion;; :iii(l slnidcr, Ijiickwardly I'aiiicle teiuiiiial, tliiii, bowiii"; IVoiii i to S 01' 10 feel jonj; ; leaves slieatliiii^'', sealjroiis, iiioiitli of tlie slieatli crowned witli liijida when tiie seed is weighty. Pig. 2. Flower. ,, 3. Stamens. „ 4. Sliiineii „ 5. Ovary with its two headed stigma. Figs. 3, 3, 4, 5 niagiiilied. PLATE IT. El.F.USINE C0K.\CAN.\, Oiti/il. liAliEE, Ell//. Natciianek, Hii/d. I'ONASSA OR SoUEE, Tel. Kayvauoo, Tum. l'"ig. 1. An erect culm supporting spikes (of 7i. Corcaiia) from 4 lo 0, digitate, iucurvate, fVoni 1 to 3 inches long, composed of 2 rows of sessile spikulels, each consisting of 3 tu Howers. ruichis with caryopsis, encompassed with glumes. GaKx formed of 2 (jluines. Seed covered with a lliin, pellucid, inenibranaceous aril. Seed denuded of the aril. „ 2. „ 3. ,. *■ ., 5. Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5 luagiiitied. PLATE in. Pi-m(ii,t,aiiia Spicaia, Sn-:. Spiked Millet, £«l'- -W'^^^^^ '■■■:•.■'' ^-^#^^j:^ K?^:* S s 1 ■ \ /^ d A ^, (.V ^1 ■fl n ■■'U \-.J ''s^i. £A { icli rircumst.mces to have attempt- 30—11 CULTURE IN INDIA OF FOOD PLANTS. [Class III. ..,,,,,,,,11,; i„ icfircnc! to aiiotlier order of plants 1 mobture, &c. Again he must ascertain of the would iiave iifcii iilterlv fulile. I however indulge the hope that on future ocrasioiis, the various naliiral orders to whieli artieies of Food in India IhIoii'^- will year by year, and froTn abler liands re- ceive Uial attention, "whieli llieir great and i;enerul utility demands. SECTION 111. CuUure ill India of the Ptaiih used as food. ■\Vitliout describitig separately the agrieultnral processes employed in this part of the world, it may truly be atiirmed that all are pinely empirical. The ciiltivalors do all that tliey do, merely because their forefathers did si> before them, they know absolute- Iv nothing- of the reasons why this or that process is b('neliciairor why the other shoidd be avoided, nor can this be wondered at, when we consider that witlumi a knowledge of Vegetable I'hysiohigy ami Chcnistry, it is not possible for any one to give a sound or ratiomd explanation of his reasniis for choosing one soil (or this plant, and another for that, i'hat the knowledge ncpiired to enable the nultivator to select eonectly embraces a somewhat extended circle, can readily be approved since he must uiulerstand something of the laws of pure I'hvsies, otherwise he will not be able to compre- hend the attraclior.s between surfaces and fluids, «nd fspccially that hn-m of this foice generally term- I ed capillary iittraelion, on which the circnlation of the sap in'|)lants so largely depends, nor will lie comprehend the penetrati(m of mendmines in one direction and not in another by this Ibiid and not bv that, Uldess he has made himself accpiaintcd with the Laws of Endosmosis and E.\osmosis, iior will lie understaiul by what agency the organisms of ditferciit plants, "according to the formation and na- ture stamped upon them in the beginning by Al- mighty Wisdom, have; power to appropriate this atom of a coniponnortions in which the constituents found in the soil are present, he must further ascertain how deep the soil may be before it merges into the subsoil, or that which has not been exposed to the influences of sun, licat and light, and to those of the air, true soil what portions are soluble in water, anil what are not soluble, in other words he mn>t inform himself of the proportion of the soil that is in a condition to be taken np by the spongioles of the roots of the plant. When this examination iias been completed, the cultivator must ascertain, whether the inorganic constituents of the ash of the plant he intends to cultivate on the soil ex- amined, are such as to i)rove that such plant can readily obtain from the soluble portion of the soil such inorganic eonstilnents as the )ilant re(|uires to form the feeble saline solutions of dilferenl chemi- cal characters, already spokrn of, and by the agen- cy of which, on opposite sides of membranes, tin; imperceptible (jalvanic actions by which one atom of (perhaps) O.xygeu is set free, while one atom per- haps of Carbon" or Hydrogen is approjiriated. The Sunhcat and light exalting all chemical alli- nities, act as powerful auxiliaries to the>e actions, on which depend not only the yearly circles of new wood in Kndogenous plants, but the formatioit of the numberless Aciils, Oils, Eats, Resiirs, Sugars, Giiins, Starches, neutral bodies, !s:c. Sjc. that are abundantly obtained from an endless diversity of plants. A few illiistralions of these actions will help to render this part of the subject more gene- rally intelligible. 'i'lie (le'position of Lignin or in other words, the conversion of a part of the atmosphere into solid wood is not the h-ast wuiulerful or interesting, yet throughout the whole globe, excepting the Erozcn regions and Sandy Deserts, in fact in every spot wiiere the apjiropriate inoiganic conslituents can be readily obtained by the plants referred to, this conversion is silently taking place, and if we think of till! numerous forests still standing, on the grand- est scale. Analysis has informed the Chen)ist that pure Lignin "(i. e. wood, without the saline constituents, sap or secretions,) consists of 3 elementary sub- stances linked together in the following propor- tions : Carbon 12 parts. Hydrogen 10 parts, Oxygen 10 parts. The Question naturally arises, Whence are these three bodies obtained ? Accurate observa- tion and experiment have answered this question, and proved that they arc derived from water and Carbonic acid, the' latter obtained in chief part from the air, the former both from the air and from the earth. The solid then from which our ships, the beams of our houses Sec. &:c. are made, is ob- tained from a Fluid and a Gas l)y the silent agen- cies of vegetable organisms. How this marvellous conversion may be effected will be seen from the following considerations. The atmosphere in all parts of the world contains Carbonic Acid Gas, and moisture or water, and the constitution of the Gas is accurately known, viz. one Atom or Equivalent of Carbon united with two atoms of Oxygen. The con- CtAbS III. ANALYSIS OF I'OOU GRAINS. 36—42 flitiiliou of waU-r is a1^o wirll known ; it is a coni- jxmiul of one Eijiiivaient. or Atom of lIv Ligniu to be J Do. 10 Water. 11 10 C13 Oxy. 34 taken in. II 10 C 12 Oxv. 10 Lignin. O.xy. 24 given off', which is in accordance with the action of the plant ; tiierefore we have no longer any difficulty in under- standing the actions by which Water and t'aibonic Acid can be, and are converled in the living Organ- isms of ])lants into solid wood ; here it may be asked what has all this to do with the enltnre of these wood forming plants ? the answer is precise ; these actions cannot take, place unless the wood- forming plants can find a free supply of those min- teral constituents in tho soil, which are required to brini; the circulating fluids of the plant into the condition fitted to set up tlie feeble continuous Gal- v;mic actions, to which allusion has already been made, and without which, snidieat, and light, no de- composition of the (>as, nor the fixation of its Car- bon, nor the cvolulion of its Oxygen can take place. I have been led by the current of the foregoing remarks to give as flie first illustration of the ac- tions referred to, the formation of Ligneous fibre or wood. 'I he simpler illustration would have been the Ibrraaliou of the Organic Aculs which take place, uiuler conditions precisely similar to ihose al- ready described, and to which should be added the presence of Albumfu in the cells, and a free supply of water, in which Carbonic Acid is dissolved ; the hrst is indispensable, since no cell can exist wilhout it, and it is likewise susceptible of certain decom- ])ositions under the united influence of temperature, and moisture, which give rise to many important transformations : w'ithout water, none of the miner- al constituents so important to the healthy actions of the plant can be taken up, or circulate cither by capillary action through tubes, or by cndosmoois through vegetable meuibranes by means of water. Alkalies, I'husphates, and a variety ol' inorganic irall s, as well as free Carbonic acid, are rendered soluble, wiiieh is of I lie greatest importance in facilitating Chemical action, as the opposite atoms are thereby allowed to come into contact, or so near as to be within the sphere of that form of insensible attrac- tion, kriown as Chemical attinity. These actions being set up in the peculiar cell apparatus of the plant, may be regarded as a feeble kind of (Jalvanic arrangement, which is constant during siMiiieat and light. ir. all Organic Acids, composed oiilv of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen are formed. Malic, Tartaric, and Citric will sufficiently prove this. 5 Eonivalents of Carbonic Acid = (;. „ O 6 Do. of Water = If O Total of Atoms cm))lovcd, or C. H., taken in bv tin uuii 0„ iken in by the plant, given out) , uder the influence of sun light... J ' Empirical Form : of iMalic .Vcid (J, JI^ 0,, Written to shew the water of Hydration the For- mula will be ('„ H, O, -}- 2 HO. S Equivalents of Carbonic Acid = Cg „ O^ I) Do. Water = H. 0, Total of Atoms employed... C, 11^ 0,, Atoms given out = 0,„ Emperical Formula of larfaric .\eid C„ II ^ t), . Wiitcn to shew water of Hydration C. II, 0.„ + i HO. Kll 30— 4:i ANALYSIS OK I'OOO (iK.MNS. f Class Hi. 12 Etiuivalpiits of (.'ailiouio Acid :^ C\ ,^ „ O^ 8 Do. AVatfi- ^ II, O. Total Atoms cinploycd C,.^ "s'^sz Atoms "i\cii out 0,„ ■Knippi-ieal Foniuila fof (Citric Aiiil (\ .^ U^, O, , Wi-ilti'u to slicw tlie wntor of Hvdra- tion. C:,., H, (J,, -r 3 110. Next in simplicity of formation is tlie ole action tliat takes place it i« "'.■11 known, not lo be so, it ij only inteuded by the rein.ii!;, Iluit llu- abstraction 'ur water ib the main ailion that takes place. Class IIT.] ANALYSIS OF KOOn fiRAINP. 3G— 41 Ki|uiv:ilciit for Oiape Siisar C'l o H , j O, , l>e(liift i l']c[uivali'iits of ) ,, , Ciirboiiic aciil fJas.... 3 '' * * 2Equivalents ofAlcohol leftC ■„ !I , ,0^=(2C Ji„0 J The formula for AIcoliol will therefore be C^ H„ O,, by simple Oxidalioii, 3 E(iiiivali-iits of Hydio- };i;ii are subtracted, wiiile 3 more are added to llie Oxv;;eii alrcadv present. thus. C^ li„ O, Wine Aluoliol. loses llj from any source rapable of afl'ord- iiig' it O2 = 2 IIU or 2 liqs of water by Oxidation. gains O.^ by further oxidation. and so... C^ II, O, Acetic Acid, is obtained. The result obtained by the several actions de- scribed is an atiticiai one, and tiiercfore dot-s not strictly apply to the present subject, but if this Acid was obtained by processes such as go on in plants, 4 Equivalents of Carbonic Acid anil 4 water would have been employed, while 8 of Oxyi;en would have been given out, just in the same way. ]'"orniic Acid is obtained artiticially from the Oxy- datiou of Wood Spirit thus. Cj H^ Oj Wood Spirit Loses II bv oxidation i.e. 2 of O.foini- ^ " ing 2 Eqs of 110 c, ". 0. Gains O. bv further oxidation. and so... C^ 11.^ O, Formic Acid is obtained. Practically, it is true, this Acid is obtained by using materials that will furnish Carbon and Hydrogen, and which mixed with substances capable of iin- jrarting (Jxygiii, are partly converted iiilo Formic Acid, thus starch will (urnisli materials for oxidation, ■ — the oxidi/ing materials are various, frequently binoxide of manganese and sulphuric.-\cid are cho«en. The actions are conducted in the presetice of water, atid with a certain increase of Temperature. If no jrroilncts, but the sulphate of manganese and Formic Acid were obtained, then, as every Equivalent of Uinoxide of manganese parts with one action of Oxygen, it wouKI be easy to represent the result, but as other actiotis take place, this cannot well be done. Formic Acid per se occurs only in the j animal kingdom, viz iti the lied Ant ; Butyric, ! Caproic, Caprvlic and Capvic Acids are also ob- : laiued per se only from the animal kingdom, viz. ' fiom Untter, but as salts of fEilier, all these Ac\ds, ; except Formic, occur in the Vegetable kingdotii, ami are the very sidisianees to which our most esteemed ! fruits owe their flavour. Together, these (Ethers 1 give flavour to the melon and the Pine Apple, i yirawberry, &e. 5cc. Pelarganiic (Ether flavours Whi-ikey, (l^nantliic fEther gives tlie bouquet lo wine, lintyric (Ether gives wiiat is called the Pine Ap|)le flavour lo Knm. Acetate of Amylic (Ether gives tiavour to the gargomdle pear, so that it is apparent, that fruit bi-armg plants niiniutaelnre the most exquisite Etlii-rs in llnir organisms, es- pecially wlnlc ntiiler sciiinilie culture, that is under the iuHuence ol all those conditions which it is not oidy the business of the llorticidtnrist and Agri- culturist lo nnderstaud, l)ut to cany out, — lor, he it remembered that if climate, inclmling temperature moisture, locality, and all mcehanical means are employeil, without atteudin^ to the inorganic con- stituents, wilhoiil being assured that tliey are of the kind rerpiinii by tlie tree or plant, and without seeing that there is a snflicieney of them in the ■snlni/e fonii present in the soil, all the other con- ditions will he vitiated. Tin; Tne may flourish, increase, ami put forth leaves in abnudanee, and even sometimes flowers, but there will be no finit, or at. best a diminished supply, so with the Cereals, the Wheat or barley, or II ice may grow and rise even higher than usual, but there is no fruit in the ear or but a small ainouiit ; on the other hand, when the appropriate iiinrganic constitnetits are in abundance, and ill the snhible form, then the actions in the Organisms of the Fruit Tree or Cereal are vigorous- ly carried on, and the result is, that the Fruit and the grain are produced abundaiitly. One example will provir this as wtU as aliniidred. Liebig added to a waste and barren soil the reipiisite amount of alkalies, |)hosphates, silica and sulphates (all mineral and inorganic compounds,) he obtained excellent periMiiiial crops, ami wood forming plants, but not cereals, alter ascertaining from tiie aslies of the cereals what was wanting (which was timnd to be phosphates,) he reflected how the deficiency eonld be remedied, he knew that a large supply of Carbonic Acid in solution would act on the alkalies and phosphates, so as to make them soluble, he therefore added to the land in question sawdust, which not oidy would absorb when moist Carbouic .^cid Gas, but would furnish a large additional supply, iiy its gradual decay ; thus he intended to bring the phos- phati s into solution, so that they might be availa- ble for the cereal crops ; nor was he deceived, the next crops were of the finest description, with a full ear. Throughout these experiments nothing in shape of what is called manure, was furnished to the bind, the inference is therefore unavoidable, viz. that the iiPcessary and healthy actions of plants, can only proceed so as to attain the utmost deve- lopement of product, when the land furnishes to the plant the appropriate mineral const it nents in a soluble condition, and in suflicient quantity. The general laws which have been applied to shew the formation of the Vegetable .\cid3 men- tioned, and toother classes of compounds composed of Carbon, llydrogeu and Oxygen, are equally applicable to the formation of that class of com- 30—45 ANALYSIS OF FOOD GRAIN'S. [Class III. pounds, termed tlie Fatty .\cids, these are all found in Oils and Fats, tliere are uo di)id)t many inter- mediate steps and stages in tlicir formal iuu not at present known ; witliont aitcmplinj; to traee tliese slashes, we know tlnit to form these coniponnds, a eerlain luiniber of Atoms of Carbonic Aeid and waier must have been taken in by llie plant, and a certain number of Moms of Oxv^^pu i!;iven out, and this is all that is sau<;ht to be shewn by the syiid)ols and e([nations jriven. The Formula of these bodies beini; ascertained by analysis, the factors that were employed liecome evident, as well as the process rarried out by the plant, which is always one of Deoxidatiou or Reduction, thus ;^ Margaric ... «= C,,. U,^. Stearic a = C,.. IL.. Palmitic .... a = C,,. II,,. O^ Cocenic a = C^^. Ilj„. O^ O, 3t Atoms of U^ Carbonic Aeid must therefore in the 2 first acids have been employed, and 34 .\toins of water, while 9S Atoms of Ox\gen have been given out. In Palmitic .Vcid 3?. atoms of Carbonic .\cid and 32 of water nnist have been employed, and 92 of O.xygen given out. lu the Cocinic Acid, Cj, O^.^ Carbonic .\eid + II,,, -f- Oj„ Water =-= C,^ t),„, tlierefore T-i of Oxygen have been given out. In this list it will be observed, that the Oxygi-n never exceeds 4- .\toms, whati-vcr may the nundier of the Atoms of Carbonic aeid and Hydrogen retained. In Camphors and Resins the amount of Oxygen left in combination, is still further reduced, in few eases exceeding one or two .\toms, tlie whole amount taken \ip being (with the exception of the one or two Atoms combined), got rid of. F'inally a group of substances known to chemists as Carliohydrogens, are niannfaetiired in the Organisms of plants. In this lemarkable Group, the ic/iu/c o( lUe Oxygen taken up, whether as Carbonic Aeid or water, is got rid of. Thus oil of Turpentine has the formula of C',^ II,, whicli indicates that 10 Atoms of Carbonic .\cid, and 8 .\loms of water, by giving out 28 of Oxygen, leave C,^ II,, or I atom of Turpentine oil, in the ))rodncing tree. The oils of Orange peel, Hergamot, I'epper, Cubeljs, Juniper, Capivi, Elemi, L. Lemons, Lidian fJrass and the Hop, are all Hydro-Carbons, i. e, tlie plants man\ifaetnring them, give out the whole of tlie Oxygen taken in, either as Carbonic Aeid or AVater, leaving only a Binary compound, though dilTering in each particular case. The various classes of compounds that arc formeil in plants from Carbonic Acid and Water, when all the necessary conditions for their health and vigour have been provided for, having been thus rudely sketched out, a short notice of the separate con- ditions to be known and attended to, when plants form nitrogenous compounds in their organisms, is necessary to complete the intended picture, lor this pm-pose it is obvious, that plants must take in Nitrogen in some shape. For many years, how this was etfeetcd was a disputed :t iiist;inc(- liiiilt up in tiie (M>'niisnis of /;/»///■» IVoiii iiitininiiic clfiiiriiln, .-n't; I'oniiil in :ill miiniiil Ixxlics. :iiinth which the agriculturist should be acrpiainted. I'irst he should know prcciselv exactly every constituent present in the seeds of the cereals or grasses he is about to cultivate ; now, thouLih indi- vhlnal menibers of the chiss may show diffi-reni )n-oporiions in the constituents |n-'esent, he will lind the following kinds of substances in all the seeds of the cereals. St.nreh or San^liiuiiie matters, Alliiiininous ijiallrrs, Iiior;;:ciiic nintlcis. Isl. The Starches S:c. are all composed of t'. II. O. these arc. in fact the mailers that support respiratiiiii ami animal heal. 2nd. Tin- allmniinons mailers com|ioscd of (lar, boil. Hydrogen, Niirou'en, Oxygen and Snlphnr- associaled with L'/wx/iIkiIi: tif Lime. old. The f^alts Jce. these include Water. Car- bonic Aciil, J'olash, ('Idoriilifs, Iron, Sulphuric .\citl, Silica, Lime and .Aminonia — Magnesia. The Agrienllurist must next investigate the soil on which these cereals are to be grown - he must see that .all the niimnal constilnenis ri'(piired are prc-ent not only in snllieieiit (|ii;iniily — but that they are in an available form — let ihe (pianlity of riiosphate of Lime be ever so great, this will not be available unless .\lkalies are also ])rescut, and (^ir- lioni(; .Acid in excess, these onidilions are reipiired to bring the earthy Phosphate into the soluble form — this being accninpllshed, the formation of the important compoinnl .Mbnmcu can ])roeced, provided that the other conditions retpiired are scrnpnlonsly fullilled. ]''irst there must be a full and free supply of water to allow of the con- slant mobility of the dill'erent and opposing Chemi- cal .Moms taken into the plant. Tlie circulation ot" the fluid taki'ii in must not be niiiin|iedcd by too low or high a temperature, the healthy mean which allowsa wide margin must be pri^scrved. The sun light must be allowed free excess, as well as the .Xir'wiihits various kinils of food — under these conditions free evaporation of moisture from the leaves takes place. Thus forming a coutinned ]iar- tial vacuum in the upper vascular and cellular por- tions yf the plant, ami aiding the Capillary attrac- tions between Surfaces and fluids and Kndosmotie penetrations through membiancs, while the op|)o- sile nature of the fluids on eitiicr side of mem- branes of the cells sets up the conlinnons lei lile galv.-iiiic agencies by wdiieli the woiideil'ul decom- posing powers of |ilanls are developed, and the lixa- lion of this atom, wiili the evolution crf that ac- complished. The vegetable .Apparatus being in perfect ordi'r, luid working well under all the comlilions speejiicd, it remains to notice as far as our present kunw- ledge will permit what takes place. The Forniida for .AUmiuen and Fibrin is the following. C., ,,. II.„,. N,, S, O,,,. .Ubnmen and Fibria. C.-iseiii. which dif-' s in I phi !^.-iseiii. which dif-'l fers in all hut the > Sulphur. 3 O i — iw \m 2SS 22S to ■j^ C 30 ; 2 00 ■1S2 ;iil Cuss III. AXALVilS OF FOOD CHAINS. ■40,— iS Xow llu! ileniciits iiliove fiiceifii'd existed ;is ();iili(iiiie .\ci(l, Wiilrr, Ainnidiiia ;iiiil :?iil|>luiiii; Acid, ill tlie liiiii- of briii'4- taken into tlie |il:iiit, tliirct'orf llic niiiiiliri- of Aioiiis SI) taken in inn^t lie as fol- lows — in (M'der tliat. tlicrc may be niairriali wIicit- willi to Ibrni llic coni|)onnil rci|uirL-d viz. .Mbuimii. 2ir, Eqis.' SSF.fils of 127 l'>|ls. of] 2 Eqis. of of CarliouioAVal.cr— II ., , Amnionia ==]Siilpli : Aoiil therefore, aiKlinu; all alnnis of tlie snme name to;;e- tlier, we lind thai as a total of uiati-rials employed, tliei-R ai-« of (Jarl.ou -21 C, 111 '".'J, N:2 7, S3, ami C).-)2(i. wliicli a^'ain added toaetlier, make np the snni of ill-') I'm- the diHerenl, atoms eni|iloyed. l?nt ihe Formida for Albnn.en shews only a loial of4S2 for ihe nundier of atoms fonnd in it by An.dysis. there- t'or<' we see that 940 — iS2^ l-.iS atoms of some kind expelled, and if we look at the nnniber of at(>msol'()xvu;fli, shewn in the fornnda for .Vlbnmen, we liml lis, a;;ain if we deduct li^ IVoni ihe total of Oxyijen taken we iiave 458 left, there- fore we see what kiiul of atoms have been ex- pelled from the plant, iiilu the plant viz. 5:2ii 4.58 and this is in striet aecurdance with the laws ]ireviously laid down, but it is sn|)po>ed that one of the essential steps towards the (in;d re- s>dt is the formation of jirape sn:;ar, and if this be sofand it is qnile within the limits of probability, as there wonld in this case be no violation of or de- jiartnre from the known and ascertained proeisses •roinu; on in |)lant^),a certain niunbev of I'lipiivalenls of water as well as ()xy;.;i'n wovdd require, to be >.;-ot rid of, as nniy readily be seen by the aid of the t'lillowinn l)ia'.;-ram; 21l'> l',(|iuvalrnts of (^arbon vetpure if jirodnced iVorn (i rape Sugar IS Fiqniva- lents, since the formula for (jrape Sua;ar ist^'j^, Uj,. O,^ and 13 x •** = 2l(!, it follows there- fore, that the forinnla for (irape Sni;ar multiplied l)y 1S = C!„,5 ILio ^J. in- wdiicli were taken into the plant in llie. sluqiu of Carbonic Aei .1 .'■? ;;- s .1 „ i\i; •' Ili'J '■ 1 ^ -^ ■• - C II o Total uf nialcrials cmiiloyci) 210 ilO 216 = 18 Ecjt). Grape Su^r. „ hi ., 27 = 27 E „ fi „ 2 --: 2 i:i|ts. of Stilpliuric lacitl. Snlilrirt I'ni'iiiiila fur .Vaiiiiiicu fIJt AlMins of ., ;l l-^ O lil „ „ • natcrJllipfOw ( •-''•" rvjKll.t jy pussihie for any (me who thinks not to see in ' Seclion, chielly in the veiy forms in which they j)arl the unsprakable beauty and all pervading liar- | were orii;inaliy found, withotit lots or diminution ; liiony of the arrangements that ?nl)serve to the ends I wiiile by the opposite though harinoiiious marking contemplated. Ihtre in the inorganic portion of the ■ of the actions of the 2nd ami Srd ^Sections of this eternal circle, are the Alkalies the soluble and in- , our circle (the woild), the healthy con.^titulion of soluble I'hu'sphates, the Iron, Aniiuonia, (chloride ! the atmosphere is jireservcd imnnitably, thn.^ ki'cp- of iSodiuni, Silica, Carboiuc Acid and W ater, ma- i ing it <'(pially capable of all'ording the moisture iinfacturcil by the secoml section of the circle (the ' and Oxygen required to nnnntain Aidnial l.il'e, anJ xciictable Kingdom), into products without end, serv- the CJaibonic Aenl, moisture and Ammoida leipiiicii iijg to the comfort, enjoyment and life of the third - for that of tiic vegetable. 'I'iie bearing of tlie foregoing vcnnu'ks will be snllicicntly obvious, if the meaning of Scieulitic Culture bo really understood in its true sense, which is nothing nnne than on the one hami to fulfil every neces- sary condition for the growih of the plant, and on the other to withdraw and take away every thing in tlu^ sha])e of inipcdi- nnid. 'IruR it is, that the cultivator, has not always at conninind some of the es- sential conditions, lor instance he cannot on the large scale alter his temperature, nor call he change the current o( nipping winds, frosts, blights Sic, but as far as possible his business is to see that all re- (piircd conditions are fiillilled, and he can- not do wilhinil knowing what the proces- ses are, that he wants to further, and in tlie event of failure to what this failure is owing, the kind of knowledge required to ascertain this has been already consider- ed, it therefore only remains, as I have no fear that the great importance of the subject will be acknowledged, to advert to the im- ))ossibility of imparting to the cultivator such knowledge, without establishing a sys- tem of instruction in imitation though at ;i humble distance of that now carricer. § They arc the same. II This supposes them to be the products of the AVestern coast and derived from his Cliloro.^ylon dupa- da — the white dammers of. th§northeru Circars, which will be considered hereafter, are derived Irom the Shureas Class IV.] GUMS AND RESINS. 3G— 52 more or less eloiigatptl, colored, deciduous bristle, ovarium 3 celii'd, with two pendulous ovules in each cell. Seed solitary, cutvlcduus stalked, not crutn])k'd, radicle superior, leaves coriaceous, oljlong, ol)tusc, often emarjrinate at the base, ])aMir-l(!S iiiinicrous from the axils of the fallen leaves, branches and pedicels glabrous. The S/iorea robmta, and indeed souie other species, yield abundance of the resin called dammer, tiic superior kinds of which are ef- ficient substitutes for the pine resin of the Eu- ropean Wiaruiacopccia'. From Capt Jenkins of Assam we have received specimens of this re- sin perfectly transparent and colorless ; in the bazars the color ranges from pale amber to dark bro-.vn. It is devoid of taste and smell. Sp. gr. 1,0'JT to l,l:i;3, easily fusible, partially soluble in alcohol {S3, 1 per lOOU) almost en- tirely in ether, perfectly in oil of turpentine and the lixed oils; sulphuric acid dissolves and gives it a red color. Two parts of colorless dammer and *^\ parts of oil of turpentine, make the best varnish for lithographic dra^v- coutaiiiing 3 ovules each, attached to the top of the axis, style longer than the stamens, stigma acute, pericarpium a coriaceous, tiesliy, oblong, obtuse, one-celled, three-valvcd capsule, general size about 2| inches long ami i\ in diameter, seed solitarv of same shape as the cap- sule. {Itoxb. VI. hid. p. (iOl). The substance called " East Indian copal" and sold in England as gum (uiiml exudes abundantly from this tree. It occurs of all shades of color between pale green and deep yellow, the iinest pieces are called *lcah'vlju, and sold as amber in the bazaars of Bengal ; the resin before it hardens is the Piney varnish of .Malabar. Be- sides the uses already alluded to, camlles are made of this resin in Malabar, which Dr. Wight informs us, ditVu.se in burning au agreeable fra- grance, give a fine clear light with little smoke and consume the wick without snuihng.f Canauium. Sj). — Canarium commune. [Roxb. Fl.hul. VoLm. p. l;iT). A native of tlic continent of India, the Archi- pelago and Isle of France, where it is called " liois de Colo])hane." It was brought from the Jloluccas to the Botanic garden, but in ]iox- burgh's time did not tlirive, owing to the cold- ness of the winter mouths. The bark yields au abundance of limpid oil with a pungent turpen- tine smell, congealing into a buttery camphora- ceons mass. Another species, the C. Beugalense, yields a large quantity of very pure clear amber co- lored resiu which soon becomes hard and brit- tle, aud is not uulike copal, yet the natives set little or no value upon it. In the Calcutta bazaar it sells at 2 to ;i Us. per maund of SO lbs. It is a native of Sylhet and the adjacent mountainous countries and flowers in j\lay and June. The dammer of the Northern Circars is chiefly produced by the varieties of the genus Shorea.J of whieli O'Shaughuessy gives the following descripti(ni. SiiOitKA. — Shorea robiida — Saul tree- This is a tree of great size, a native of Jto- ruug, the Paulghaut mountains &c. Sepals 5 afterwards changing intc) 5 long wings, petals 5, stamens \.'>, iilanieuts capillary below the anthers, anther cells short, obtuse, couuecti- vum liliform, produced beyond the cells into a * Tiie Hiiidoostaiil luiine for amber. t 'I'liese caudles were at one lime introduced into England, but a very high duty Laving been imposed tlie trade ceased. % Tlie S/ioreas arc also found growing to a limited extent on the Western coast, but do not appeal- to produce inuoli. if indeed any, uf t.lie resin coUecfed for sale. Lastly we proceed to extract Wight's grajjliic descriptions of the resiuiferous and baisamife- rous trees of ludia. Under the head Dijiterocarpem he observes — The trees of this order gmwing iu .Madras are all natives of the hilly tracts of the Bala- ghaut. In Silhet, Cliittagong and Pegu where they abound, they occupy the plains. In Java one species {Dipterucurpus liUoralis) is found on the sea shore. A ILupea and Vateria indica also approacii the coast in Malabar, but the latter or perhaps a distinct species is also plentifid in Mysore. Two or three species are found in Goorasur forming extensive forests, and affording to the inhabitants incense, dammer and wood oil. Judging from the imperfect specimens collected by Dr. Alaxwell and Capt. McPherson, one of tlieui belongs to lloxburgh's genus S/iorea, aj)- parently S. robiisla. Both these Gentlemen mention C/iloroTj/lon clupada as being one of them, but this I think must be a mistake, origi- nating in a statement of Dr. Ainslie that this is the botanical name given to the Indian dam- mer tree by Dr. Buchanan, but which was au 3f)— 53 GUMS AND RJSSIKS, [Cl-ASS IV. piror (if lii.«, arising from his not being aware lliat several trees produce dammer, and that liis C///orv.ri/fvn (hpadu was already described b_v Liiniicus under the generic name of Vateiia. 'I'he Slioreas (lloxb. ) or Vaticas (Linn) and Valerias yield the solid product e;dled dammer nnd I'inay, wliilst the produce of the Diptero- ear])s' retains its iluiditv and is the " wood oil" of the ba/.iiars. The C'aui])hor tree of Su- matra is a species of Vaiica [Chorea cawphori- feru- lioxb.) The Vateria Indica {Vhlornxylon dvpada of Buchanan and Ainslie, and the I'iney uiaium of the Hindoos) produces a resin re- sembling Copal, much liner than that procured from others species natives of India, the finer specimens of which arc as transparent as amber and nearly colorless. It is procured by the very simple process of cutting a notch in tlie tree sloping inwards and downwards. This is soon tilled with the juice, which in a short time hardens by exposure to the air. Under the head of " Canariutn," Wight ob- serves — The resinous juice of the Canariiim commune has properties similar to Copaiva, while the ker- nels of tlie seed on the other hand afford by expression, a bland edible oil. The Cuuarium stridum of Bnxburgh is known in Malabar un- der the name of the " black dammer tree" in con- tradistinction to the Vateria or " ivliite dammer tree." This tree is rather common id the Al- pine forests about Courtaluni in the Tiime- vclly district, and is there regularly rented for the sake of its dammer. The dammer is transparent and of a deep brownish yellow or amber color when held between the eye and the light, but wlien adhering to the tree has a bright shii\ing black appearance. The flowers of the species I have not seen, the fruit is a verv hard three celled oval nut, tapering at each cnA."—JnD/d III. Having thus given some comprehensive ex- tracts of all that has been written on the sub- ject, it becomes the task of the jury to identify the various products which have been transmit- ted to the Exhibition, and to arrange them under their several heads. To this end extracts from the answers which have been received from various gentlemen who have been addressed on the subject are here given, and will be followed by a general summary of the information gained. E. J. Waring. Esq., whose well known la- bours in this department of science, render his opinions worthy of the utmost conlidence, re- marks ; "The substances known as "black dammer" and " white dammer" are un- doubtedly the produce of diflerent trees. The Black dammer tree appears to be the Catia- rium strictum (Roxb. Fl. Ind. Vol. iii. p. 138.) It does not grow on the low lands of Travancore, being only found in the mountain- ous regions between Travancore and Tinnevelh. General Culleu who has paid much attention to this subject, informs mc that he has never heard of the true Saul tree {V. robmta) in our forest?, but the f'atica tumhuf/aia is common in Travan- core, it is called Tumbagum or " Cunibagum" and at Courtallum "Congo." The tc/iile dam- mer, or vullay coonghilium of Ainslie, is I think without doubt the produce of the Valeria indi- ea. I send you two specimens of the resin very different in apjiearauce, one dense with a vitreous fracture and of a pale green color, the other very porous or vesicular of a bright am- ber color. I am assured by those who have the best opportunities of knowing, that they are both obtained from the Pei/ni marram or Va- teria indica, the denser one being the natural exudation which has s])ontancously hardened on the tree, and its surface you will perceive bears witness to the fact, whilst the other has been obtained by incision and subsequent ex- posure to the sun or fire to hasten the harden- ing process. All kinds of vcllay coonghilium or white dammers that I have met with on the Western coast are referable to one of these specimens, the difference arising from the mode of collection, and perhaps slepending somewhat on the age of the tree. As far as I can learn there are no other trees in Travancore which yield dammers of any kind." In a subsequent letter the same gentleman observes "when last I wrote I spoke confident- ly of the white dammer being the exudation of the Vateria indica. Erom subsequent en- quiries this opinion must I think be slightly modiiied as I am assured by one of the largest collectors of this article to the north (near Co- chin) that much of the difference observed in different specimens arises from the kind of Pi- ney maram from which they are obtained. The one kind he describes as having longer, narrower and thinner leaves than the common Piney marim [Vateria indica \ I have never seen the tree myself but probably it is the Va- leria lanceolata. In speaking of the " white dammer tree" therefore it would be perhaps ad- visable to say " Vateria Indica and allied spe- cies." Cljlss IV.] GUMS AND RESINS. 36—54 On the ] 8th May, in advising the Committee of the transmission of specimens* of the white and black dammcr trees, Ur. ^Va^ing savs, " 1 regret that there are no Howers to tlie specimens of tlie black daininer tree, but the fruit and arrangement of the leaves at once jjrove that it is not a Dipterocarpus, and consequently not the J'afica tiimhugaia, whilst at the same time it appears to me clearly to be a Canarlum.f T send you Mr. Brown's interesting letter which accompanied the specimens. llegardiiig these Mr. Brown writes : — " It seemed to me that if there was still a doubt as to the " black dammer tree," it must have been due to want of authority in the spe- cimens produced, and tliiiiking that I could not help you well by such pro y as 1 could have obtained, and as I expected to be down here near the base of the Ghauts and in the re- ffion of Dammer trees within a fortniglit, I the more readily postponed the matter. The " black dammer tree" was in flower about the beginning of April as far as I could guess from the seed vessels, and the white dammer tree in the beginning of May. Both trees grow in the forcsis here about 1800 feet above the level of the sea, but the white dammer tree seems more common than the other, perhaps because the hill men getting more dammer from the latter destroy it more readily. Tlie best specimens of the 6lac/c dammer tree which I examined were about two yards in girth at the height of four feet above the spread of the roots. The trunk is round, straight and smooth, rising 20 to 30 feet before branching, the bai'k generally whitish dotted with small papilla", peels olf in long Hakes. The dammer that exudes from the cuts in the trunk seems to be a great favorite of several species of insects especially of one resembling a bee called by the Hill men " kulliada" [earth /lule) % "liieh live in pairs in holes in the ground. T send you specimens of the bark as well as of the black dammer taken by me from one of the trees. The Hill men to get the dammer, make a great number of vertical cuts into the bark, all round near the base of the trunk, they then set fire to the tree below the cuts, and having thus killed it, they leave it for two years before they collect the dammer, they say that after one year only the (juantity of dammer is mitc/i less than after two years. The tree is killed in the hot season and the dammer is collected in February or March. When on the ghats previously, as well as this year, we were struck on looking towards the forests on both the Eastern and Western slopes as high as 3000 feet above the level of the sea, by numbers of trees with bright red, often crimson foliage, contrasting strongly with the various greens around. These crimson trees, are black dannner trees ; the color due to the young leaves disappears. gradually in April. The leaves of the young plants, are more sharply serrated than those of the old trees, and they have tufts of hairs all around the edges, which are not visible in the leaves taken from the old trees. The wli'ile dammer tree has much the same tenue, trunk round and straight branching at 20 to 30 feet from the ground, its appearance is however sufficiently different. The trunk of the black dammer tree is smooth and whitish : that of the white dammer tree is (in all the spe- cimens 1 saw) beautifully variegated by various- ly colored lichens, red, white, green, and black, the latter generally prevailing. The trunk silso is dimpled all over by the scaling off of small patches of the bark. I am told that the young leaves are also reddish but not nearly so bright as those of the black dammer ■ tree. The white dammer is obtained in the same manner as the black dammer, but the quantity obtained from one tree is generally little more than one third of that from a black dammer * Collected personally by J. Brown, Esq., Astronomer in charge of the Trivandrum Observatory. f Tlie specimeu was identified as tlie Caiiarinm stricium, Ro.xb. X This curious circumstance will doubtless .account for tlie mode of formation of the resin called in Burmah " Poon-yel" and " Foey-ne-yet," specimens of which were exhibited at the Madras Exhibition and are said to be found in the ground, and were supposed to be produced by some hymennpteious insect ; it is also found in hollow trees. This substance, although composed chiefly of a yellow brittle resin mixed with more or less sand or earth, has an appearance precisely like that which would be looked for if used by an hymeuopterous in- sect in the construction of its cells (See classified Catalogue of the Madras Exhibiliou of lSo7. class iv.) The Madras Exhibition of ISao contained a substance from .Malacca called "Dammer Woote" which Lad been evidently formed in the same nmuuer, although the cells were larger and the resin blacker and harder than the I'oouyet. K U 36—55 GUMS AND RESINS. [Class IV. tree of the same size. The qunntity obtained from a black dammcr tree m;a Ijl- about 30 to '10 duiigallies."* Kistniah, Assistant supervisor of the Coim- batore district, writintr from Snttyrauiigalam, says, t " Both the wliitc and black damnicT trees grow in these forests, but the black are by far the most numerous, being in the proportion of ten to one white dammcr tree. Both trees have the same appearance, growing to the height of 10 or 12 yards of one uniform thickness, and then branching like a jack tree. The dammer is extracted from the black dam- mcr tree by piling firewood to the height of one yard around the base of the trunk and lighting it. The dammcr subsequently exudes from the trunk as high as the flames reached. The operation is conducted at any season of the year, and the dammer continues to How for leu years between the months of April and jVovember and is collected in. lanuary. The tree after having yielded dammer for 10 or 12 years decays. The white dammer tree is not acted on by iire but the resin exudes spontaneously, and is found at the foot of the trunk, it is not much sought after by merchants." ilr. Pedre Proboo ascribes the diilercnt ap- pearance of various specimens of this resin to the age of the tree. The most vesicular speci- mens he says are obtained from the young tree, the more compact ones from the mature plant whilst the darkest colored kinds are obtained from the heart of the tree when decayed and split with old age. To sum up in a few words : — The whole of the substances commonly call- ed " daramers" produced in the Madras presi- dency are obtained from trees of the genera Yateria, Canarium, and Shorea or Fatica. The two former, viz. Yateria and Canarium, yield by far the largest part (if not the whole) of the dammers produced on the Western coast of the Peninsula, whilst the Shoreas or Vaticas yield the greater part of that collected in the jiortheru and eastern districts. They may be briefly arranged as follows : — Dajimkes of the Western Coast. No. 1. Black Bammer. [Canarium stiic- tum), the carpoo coongh'dium of Ainslie, tlie Bammant nigra legilima of ilumphius, and the Canari of the Malays. * A dungally is a measure of about 2^ seers. f Botli the white and black dammer trees have been Canarium, although the black dammer sent from this to the Fatica tumbugaia by the exhibitor. Occiu"s in large stalactitic-shaped masses of a bright shining black color when viewed from a distance, but translucent and of a deep reddish brown when held in thin lainiiuc between the eye and the light. It is perfectly homo- geneous, and has a vitreous fracture. Its shape appears to be due to the fact of tlic balsam having exuded in a very fluid state anil trickled down the trunk of the tree, where it gradually hardened by exposure to the sun, the fresh resin continuing to How over that already hardened, gives rise to the stalac- titic appearance of the huge lumps of resin, the outside of which niueli resemble the gutter- ing of wax caused by ])lacing a lighted candle in a draught. It is insoluble in cold, but partially soluble in boiling alcohol on the ad- dition of camphor, when ])owdered it is readily soluble in oil of turpentine. Powdered and burnt on the fire it emits a more resinous smell ami burns with more smoke than white dammer. The size of the lumps of this resin, together with its col'T and the peculiarity of shape al- ready mentioned, suffice to distinguish it from other Indian resins. Xo. 2. IFhile Bammer or Pinci/ resii/. [Fateria indica and allied species) of Linnscus and AVight. C/ioloroxi/lint dupada of iiiichanan and Ainslie, the Boopuda resin of Jlysore, and the Paj/anee or Biiiei/ of the Malabars. Fariely 1 . Comjtact Piney resin, or Jirsl sort white dammer. Occurs in large lumps of all shapes ami va- rying in color on the outside from a bright orange to a dull yellow, bearing evident marks of having adhered to the bark of the tree. It has a shining vitreous fracture, is very hard and bears a great resemblance to amber. Its color (internally) is of all shades from a light green to a light yellow, the green tint pre- dominating in the generality of specimens. It is more soluble in alcohol than the black dam- mer, and burns with less smoke and a more agreeable odour. It is easily distinguishable from all other In- dian resins by its superior hardness, its color and amber-like appearance. Fariety 2. Cellular Pinetj resin, or second sort while dammer. Occurs either in small lumps or in large masses, generally of a shining appearance and balsamic smell. Has a very cellular structure, recosnised fby the specimens) as the Faleria and district to the Exhibition was erroneouslj attributed Class IV.] GUMS AND RESINS. 3G— 5G which is attributable partly to the mode of collection, and partly to the age of the tree. Notches being cut in the trunk of the tree sloping inwards and downwards, the resin col- lects in tiie cavity and is eitlier permitted to drv on the spot, or is collected and dried by the application of heat. It is of all shades from liglit green to light yellow or white and is usually translucent. Specimens are some- times seen in which, from the desiccation having been improperly conducted, the resin is more opaque, of a dull green color and full of air bubbles, presenting the ajipearance of having undergone a partial fermentation. This resin may be recognised by its cellular appearance and balsamic smell — this latter however Jwjiich is of course due to the volatile oil it contains) is gradually lost by long keep- ing or constant exposure to the air. On splitting open old and decayed trees, por- tions of a dark colored resin, having the solid consistence of the first variety, but tiie inferior quahty of tiie second, are often found. DAJIMERS OF THE NOTITHEEX AND KASTERN DISTRICTS. Xo. 3. Saul tree (Jammer. [Sliorea ro- Iv.sta ami other species).* Occurs in sticks much resembling in sliape the black dammer, but ditfeiing widely in color and consistency. In color it varies from a light vellow to a dark brown, the two colours being very frequently blended in the same lump and giving it the appearance of haying a regular " grain." It is friable and differs from the wiiitc dammer of the AVestern coast in its inferior hardness, its opacity and its peculiar form, and from the black dammer in its color.t The Jury now- proceed to remark upon the quality of the specimens exhibited. Lac. The chief value of stick lac consisting in the dye it ati'nrds, it will be found treated on at length under the head of " Dyes." As the resin is however used to a limited ex- tent in the manufacture of varnishes, bangles &c. a few specimens are here noticed. Good stick lacs are shown from ilalabar, Bellary, Mangalore and Pegu. Also an excel- lent series of slick, seed and sliell lac with the dye from Mirzapore, Kymoor and 1 lazaree baugii jungles from Claud. H. Brown, Esq. for winch honorable mention is awarded. The Madras Chamber of Commerce also show a very interesting series in illustration of these commercial products. Pinei/ resin or while Dammer {Valeria lu- dica). (3f the many specimens exhibited the best is that shown by E. 15. Thomas, Esq. of Coimba- tore. It has t!ie amber-like appearance of the best description of Valeria resin. Another speci- men closely approaching to this in qualitv is ex- hibited by Pedre Proboo of Mangalore. He also exhibits a series of specimens of this resin of va- rious qualities and a cake of the inspissated juice of the same tree, which is used for mixing with bees wax in making candles. Honorable men- tion is awarded to this series. Messrs. Binny and Co. exhibit a box of Piney resin of Xo. 2 variety. Mr. Bassano, Tahsildar of Wynaad, exhibits a bottle of the fresh resin, or as it is called Py- nie ■•■aniish. It is of a light grey colour, with a strong balsamic odour. This specimen is accompanied by a lew of the leaves and fruit preserved in a bottle of salt water, a precaution which cannot be too much com- mended as it enables the jury at once to set at rest any doubt wliicli may arise as to the actual tree which yields the product exhibited. The .Jury award honorable mention for this spe- cimen. The Tahsildar of AValloo-wanaud in Malabar forwards anotlier series varung in color from white to black, The Exhibitor observes that the resin which first exudes is called " Chenijiimm" (this is white) that which tlows subsequently is termed " Coo«/7//'/«m"( darker than the above) and when the tree has decayed it is called Dammer (black). He describes the three sorts as being the produce of the Paynee tree {Valeria.) Mr. Thwaites of the Government Botanical Gardens at Paradenia in Ceylon exhibits a fine specimen of Dooua dammer obtained from a Dipterocarpus tree discovered by the exhibitor * An intelligent native correspondent writing from Gopalpore savs : — " There are extensive tracts of Googulam (J'atira) jinigles in Goomsur and Cullack provinces. The Klioonds and Woodias living iu and near these jungles, wound trees in several places. The resin issues and is colieoted when sufficiently solid. The Dammer collected I'roni the decayed parts of the tree is of a dark color, the tree is called " Guggilam"' in Telugu and " tala gotso" in Urya. The Klioouds and Urvas make these leaves into the ])lates from which they cat iheirfood, and also roll up tobacco in them to smoke like a cheroot. In time of famine the above tribes live ou a soup made from the fruit of this tree." + The vatica tumbugaia grows also to a hmitcJ extent ou the Wist coast, but )ielJs little ifanj of Ibe dammer collectcil there. 36—57 GUMS AND KESINS. [Class IV. iiiul iiiiiiK'd by liim Donna Zeylanica. The Jury nwaril a 2A class ineilal for this lii_i;hly intcrost- ing jirofluct whicli in color and ajjpcarancc much resembles pine resin. Poon-ijet. Specimens of this curious sub- stance are exhibited by J)r. Clegliorn and the Honorable W. Elliot, Esq. They were brought from Ikirmah, and are said to be produced by a s|)ecies of hymennpterous insect in holes in the ground and hollow trees. Indeed the cellu- lar structure of the specimens much resembles tliat of a wasp's nest. A circumstance so un- usual rendered the Jury at first somewhat incredulous of the correctness of this statement, but in the course of the investigations into the origin of the dammers of the western coast, it was inciilentally mentioned that a species of bee appeared exceedingly fond of the liquid dam- mer of the Canarmm, this insect lives in holes in the ground, and it will probably be found on ins])ection that its cells arc composed of a similar substance to that now under con- sideration. Kliio (Pterocarpus marsupium). The several specimens of kino said to be the produce of the Pterocarpus marsupium agree in being but slightly astringent, of a vitreous fracture a7i(l very deep red color ap)iroaching to black. The finest specimen is that exhibited by Dr. Waring, run in a bamboo ; a fair sam- ple is contributed by Pedre Proboo. A specimen of kino (?) from Bangalore (run in reed) is prismatic and conchoidal in its fracture and excessively astringent, it is most probably a superior kind of Catechu. The ^ladras Chamber of Commerce show two specimens of dragon's blood, one in lump and one in reed, neither are astringent. Falus or Jjliak kino. [Buka fronilom.) Is shown by several exhibitors, the best is from Guntoor. h'lkkaiiialaij. {Gurdenla). Of the Gardenia resins the best specimen is that sho«n bv Apothecary Huffloii of Salem. Benjamin. The Madras Chandjcr of Commerce exhibit two excellent specimens of Benjamin, of which the Siam appears to be superior in fra- grance to the Sumatra product, although both possess a delightful aroma, they are of the amygdaloid kind, the latter being almost en- tirely composed of agglutinated white tears. Gimda faroza (Boswellia thimferd). Is largely used in some parts of India as an a])plication to indolent ulcers and wounds, and is supposed to form the chief ingredient of " Wroughton's ointment." It has the odour, taste and consistence of a balsam. Theelsee. {MelauorrJuPa v.vtala.) The celebrat- ed t/ieelxee dammar is exhibited by Dr. Bran- dis from Pegu and Capt. Benson' from lloul- mein. The latter exhibitor also forwards a half log of the tree which is probably the first ever impoited into Madras. Gamhoije. — Excepting the specimens exhibit- ed by the Cliambrr of Commerce, the samples of this drug do not call for special remark. XantlLOTylon triphj/lh(m. A verv small quantity of the resin obtained fr'inn this tree is exhibited by the Rev. Mr. Johnson of Cottyam. Judging from the specimen it appears to be produced in two small quantities to be useful in a commercial point of view, but the jury award honorable mention for the carefulness of the exhibitor in indentifv- ing the plant and supplying the correct botaiii- cal name of this new product. Googool. — Pour specimens of this gum resin, which is chiefly used as a medicine, are shown from Mangalorc, Madura, Bangalore. PauIghaUt and ElasUcs, This section contains no product which has not been exhibited and commented upon at the former exhibition. A detailed description of the Falee or Pauchauutee tree has been drawn u]) by the late Charles Drew-, Esq. and may be refer- red to in the Literary Society's Journal. The I\Ioringa gum much resembles traga- canth, although its partial elasticity has caused it to be classed amongst the elastics. No use is known for this abundant product. Gums properly so called. Acacia gum. — The best samples of this gum were those from Guntoor (V .Jugganaikooloo), from Madras (Venkataramiah Garoo) and IVoin llydrabad. jJigle marmelos. — A good specimen of the gum of this tree was exhibited by Dr. Kattoii of Chiiigleput. Cas/icw tree yum [Anacardhim occidcntale) — Armooga Moodelly of Chingleput forwards a very fine specimen. Azadirachta Indica. — Of the numerous speci- mens of margosa gum forwarded for exhibition, the only ones which require notice are those from the Pondicherry Local Committee and from il. D. Parker, Esq. of Madura. Class IV.] GUM RESINS,— OILS. 36— dS Kuteera. — The proiluce of the CocJclosperum gofi- tipium raucli resembles tragasanth, only two samples are shown. ffood apple gum. — [Ferorium eUpantum. This is one of the best gums included under the general name of gum arahic. Kvistniah of Coindjatore ex- hibits tlie best specimen. Ciood saniph^s are also sent from Bellary, C\iddapah and I'ondieherry. None of the other articles of this class call for special notice. The Jury wouhl recommend a se- cond class medal to the .\[adra3 Chamber of Com- merce for the valuable and interesting series furnisli- ed by them. >lr. Hunt of the American Mission Press also exhibits a specimen called "Gum Hog" — It is a product of S. America and resembles tragacanth. Armooga Mootlfilly. E. T. Waring, Esq. ('aahrw gum, i'or information ffiven II. r. IIawkkSj Lieut. Reporter. a seru's articles AWAUDS. Second Class Medal. Madras Chamber of Commerce, for Resins &c. in illustration of the besl commerce Mr. Thwaites Cevlon, Doona Jammer. IloftorahU Mfiitifm. Claud P. Brown, Esq. For a series of lae resins. K.B.Thomas, Esq. Valeria resni. Pedre Pmboo. Aspries of white dnmmer. Mr. iiassauo. Pynee varnish and botanical specimen. Apotherary Huffton. For Dikkamly llev Mr. Johnson, Xanthoxyion triphylum resin. Statement showing the qnaaUly of Oil and Oil Seeds, Reported from the Madras Territories from 1852-.5.3 to 1856-57. SECIIO.N II. OILS. ScbJury. Dr. G. W. Flinn. g. m. m. c. Reporter. Lieut. II. P. Hawkes. II. F. C. Clegiiokn, Esq, m. d. The extensive application of Oils in the Arts and manufactures liave given them a considerable com- mercial importance Some are also used as arti- cles of Food ; others for burning in Lamps ; but the greatest demand is, in the preparation of Wool ; for manufacturing Soaps ; Candles ; and Lubricat- ing compounds for maehiiiery. They are used largely also in nniking Printer's and Lithographic Inks, and in printing Piece Goods, &c. fee. From India a very large quantity of Oils and Oil Seeds is annually exported totireat Britain ami France ; and the demand seems to be increas- ing than olherwise. The ])iiiicipal Oils, and Oil Seeds exported are the Cocoaiiut, (jingellie. Ground Nut, Mustard, Castor and Linseed. Illapoo onlv in small (juantities. The folloiving Table shows the quantity annually exported for the last five years : — ht/ Sea Articles. fCastor, ICocoanut Gingellie, J5 J Ground Nut, . O 1 Illappoo, Linseed, ... I Mustard, l^Rape, f Cocoanut, Dry, I Castor , I Gingellie, Ground Nut, Illappoo, Jjiiiseed, ... Mustard, l^Rape 1852-1853. * Gallons. 8,059 14,57,741 72,607 57.207 1853-1854. Gallons. 7,818 17 97,430 1,19.180 83,SSi: Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. iCwt. .iCwt. 1 51,528|Gwt. 2 764 Cwt. 2,51,613|Cwt. ! LlQOJCwt. 16,075Cwt. 1 22 642 15,47 3,03,579 2,S9Si 1854 1855. 1855-1856. (jalloiia. 21,41,548 13,963 45,125 Gallons. 21,004 20,02,757 45,381 1 48,806 Cwt. 92,412 E Qrs.'" 37,481 E. Qrs. 72 E.Qrs.'" 293 E. Qrs. 894 Cwt. l,li!,SU5 E.Qrs. 3 401 E.Qrs. 100,767 E.Qrs." 310 E.Qrs. 4,182 185 J-1S57. Gallons. 33 397 22,60 749 72,431 63,398 1,037 2,827 Cwt. 1,10,8)4 E.Qrs. 1 862 E. Qrs. 1,14 381 E.Qrs. 800 E. Qrs. 1,15S E. Qrs. 2,100 The sources of Oik are very extensive, they are derived from the three Kingdoms of nature. The Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. The Animal Oils are Lard, Tallow, Cod, Skate, Shark, Sperm, Src. &c. Some of tliese are found in the c.idluhir tissue immediately beneath the skin and between the folds of the lining membrane of the abdomen, others in the Liver ; and in the Whale, ill a triangular cavity in the head. The Oil in all the above cases is contained in distinct cells ; and «ach cell has its Blood vessels. The Vegetable Oils arc obtained, from the Seeds as Castor, Croton, Gingellie, Ground Nut, Lin- seed, fee. Sec- ; from the Fruit, as the Olive ; from • 1 Ton. 210 the rind and leaves, as the Orange, Lemon &c. from the Flowers as the Neroli and Lavender ; and from the roots and wood as Sassafra.s, Sandal. &c. The proximate constituents of an Oil, arc .S/taric, Mnrgarir, and Oleic acids, in combination with Gli/ceriiia. h'roin Stearic acid is prepared the Steariiie used in candle making, it is the most solid consiituent of an Oil, and in proportion as this ingredient preponderates, so is the value of the Oil I'or eandlr making increased. The next in soli- dify is Marytiric Acid. And the fluid constituents are Okie .Icid and Glycerine. These latter ingredi- ents are of value to the soapboiler and for burning. The modes of extraction vary with different Ijuperiul Gallous. K 15 OILS. 3G— 59 circumstances, and it woiiUi lie too laborious to enter into Hie several processes lu drtail. Til the case of Laril, Tallow and otlier Animal fats, the general process is to Ix.il tlie Cellular tissue containing the Oil in water, tiie heat anil mois- ture rupture the cells, and the Oil escapes floating on the top li(|uefied by the heat, sometimes a little sulphuric acid is added to facilitate the destruction of the membrane forming tlie Od cells ; another process is to enclose the Cellular tissue in bags made of Horse hair or of some other strong mate- rial. These bags are warmed and subjected to power- ful pressure by machinery. The tat Ods contain- ed in the Liver are obtained by oiiltiii aud ot" commercial iulcrest. The Lemon j;russ oil from Travancorc and ilydrabad and the Ilowsa oil forwarded by Dr. Smith. Tiieae oils are u,-eil ;is embrocations in Rheumatic diseases, the lemon grass oil is exported in large quantities from ('eylon ti> Kn>flarid, where it is extensively used in perfumery as oil uf Verbena and oil of Geranium. Sub Class IV, Oleo bahams. — Oils having the qualities of a fixed oil and a liquid resin. Oils from the family of Dipterocarpus, known a.'i Wood oil. Teak oil, &c. CLASS. III. MiNKRAL OIL.S. Pctroleun from Ava, Earth Oil from Paulijhat, Mnnu Eimai from Travan- core, Mud Oil from Manga- lore, and Earth oil from Coiniba- tore. AWARDS SkcosI) Class Mkoals. T(i iturry Row of Tanjore and Air. Kolilboff for the greater num her ol good" Specimens of oils exliihited Uonorahle Mention. Bellary Cnmmisssriat fur best Samples of Coconnut, Gmj^iliie and SatUower seed, oils. Dr. Smith, for Rood sample of Castor oil and seed aud for ltow.s;t oil Hy- Youni^, Ksq Nellore for excellent sample of several ods. I'udrc Probo, for best sample of Finey Tellow and Gamboge Butler. SECTION III. DYES AND COLOURS. Sub-Jury. ,1. T. Maclaoan, Esq. Reporit^. The Hon'ble W. Elliot, Esq. ytswciates on Indigo. E. 0. Campbell, Esq. ,1. D. Sim, Esq. W. B. LiDDELL, Esq. W.SlM, Esq. P. Veerapermal Pillay. INDIGO. The most important of Indian dycstuffs, from the Class IV.] DYES AND COLOURS. 36—62 (|uantity now exported, and from the extreme dif- ficulty of deciding its value, is Indigo. It is ex- tracted from various species of Indiijofera, whicli are lar tie close i" 5761 Sq Tender paste violet 5763 Sq. Closish, reddish vi0lel,\ tender paste i 6767 Sq. Tender paste violet red) violet i 5775 Sq. Tender pastcstrong red > violet J Exhibitors. Remarks Binny & Co, Anpasawmv Pillay &C"o Binuv &Co. bo. [Finest. Decidedly Slightly infe. rior. 1 Appasawray FiUay &Co. Lecot "Hicks' I & Co. I J !• Equal. DRY LEAF. JAVA. 81 I 5947 I Sq. Tender paste, red violet j Chamb cr of Commerce I 577t I Broken, soft, tender paste, red violet. VELLOKE. Walker & Co. Nearly equal to No, 81. No. 80-5743 manufactured by IMr. Fischer of Salem was considered deserving of honorable men- tion. Of Pondichcny Dry leaf there was no first rate specimen, Nos. 18 e.vliibited by Soobroy Pillay and 17-9174 exhibited by Mootoosawmy were consider- ed creditable. It may be remarked that previous to the Jury commencing their labors, the Nos. and marks were obliterated from the different specimens, and a Jury No, affixed, coriTsponding with the Exhibition No. and known only to the Reporter, who took no part ill the exarnination of the specimens, but sim- ply recorded the opinions of the Associates. ASSOCIATES ON THE OTHER DYES. B. Chengelkoy Chetty, Bye Merchant. S. Chengelkoy Chettv, Byer. T. Mootoosawmy. Byer. CHAY ROOT, Sirii Ver. Tam. ©jpjGau/r. Chiri Vent, Tel, ^S"^*. This is the produce of a herbaceous plant be- longing to the natural order Rnbiacea, tlie Oldm- lundia umbellaia, common in sandy soils along the Coroinandel coast. The dye is obtained from the roots, wiiich are long, much divided, and slender. The plant is found both wild and cultivated. Specimens were exhibited from Nellore, Chingle- put, Tanjore, Madura and Malabar. The best samples were from Ohingleput and Tan- jore which were classed as follows, Ohingleput, best quality, fit for dyeing twist of a fine bright red colour exhibited by Yatiadis (a wild jungle race) of Striharicotah. Second Quality — Nos, lost, supposed to be of the same origin as the last, which it nearly equals but is somewhat inferior. Tanjore. good colour Eow. Inferior to the last but will yield a for twist. E.xhibited by K. Hurry Class VI.] DYES AND COLOURS. 36—64 Exhibition No. 4527 4522 4539 2694 5705 1151 Local Committee No 249 251 250 28 28 3 28 28 28 S 71 Tnnjore — like tlie last but inferior; same exhibitor. (Do. much iiiCeiior, not fit for twist ; will only serve to dye I cloths. Same exhibitor, fDo. Do. not so good as the last ; same exhibitor. The < above are all lar^e, full samples. Those that follow are ( iu small bundles and of still worse quality. Af I 1 r Pretty nearly alike, the first somewhat superior but all yieldiug a pale shade of red and only suitable for dyeing cloths, not fit for thread. About equal, inferior to the last. Madura. Do. Nellore from Inamanellore Talook. S \ ery mierior. 1430 71 Bellary. Inscribed Cherongia Sapida and exhibited by the Tahsildar of Anantapoor who lias named it erroneously perhaps from tlie resemblance of its Telugu name to the original (Buchanans) designation of the Bucltanania lalifolia. This specimen consists of a small bundle of tiiick woody roots which are of no value in the market. Although this specimen was recognized by the Dyers as being a true chay-root, the marked difference between its appearance and that of all the otiier specimens leads to the supposition that it may be derived from some other plant. The native dyers assigned the first place to those specimens which yield the deepest red and which are employed for dyeing thread before it is taken to the loom. This is woven into handkerchiefs which were formerly in great demand under the name of Pulicats. A considera- ble number are still exported to the Dutch market chiefly to Antwerp. Others, particularly those with patterns in which the chocolate tint is found, and known as Madras handkerchiefs go to the ^^ est Indies and the Southern states of America through the port of London. They are much prized by the Negroes. The Gorge of 20 pieces, each piece containing 20 handkerchiefs, which used to be bought for 175 Rupees, contract price, from the weavers, and was sold to English bouses for 200 to 220 Rupees, has now fallen to 120 Rupees contract price. The following particulars regarding the cultiva- In Madura the paler tint seems to be preferred according to the statement of the Madras Dyers, and the same inference may be drawn from the circumstance of such specimen, classed by them as the worst, being numbered — by the local Commit- tee. The cloths dyed at Madura, after they are woven, are exported in considerable numbers, for the consumption of Madras. The Chcnj root in this case is mixed with noona or Morinda bark. The other colours dyed with the chay are 1st Chocolate which is obtainetl by the subsequent ap- plication of the poppade, papU chcka or aurid palla (to be noticed next) to the red obtained from the chay. It is much prized in the bandana or Pulicat handkerchiefs exported to the West Indies. 2. By the addition of a salt of iron mixed with syrup, a fast black colour is obtained, but this is only fit for printing chintzes, and is never used for dying thread, which would be rotted by the process. 3. A very fine red is produced by adding saf- flower (A'wsamAa) with Lime juice, and soda, (Dhobis earth), but this is not a fast colour. The best mor- tlant, and that always used is alum. tion and produce of chay root, may not be uninter- esting. The Oldenlandia umbellata grows spontaneous- ly in sandy soils throughout the Carnatic, but more particularly along the Coromandel Coast. The root of that which grows wild is reckoned the best, but it is also cultivated to some extent. The districts in which it is most largely produced are Rajah- raundry, Masulipatam, and Guntoor. It is also ob- tained in Nellore, South Arcot, and Tanjore, but the information at present available, is only for the three first mentioned. For the cultivation of the plant the finest sandy soil is required, as being the most favorable to the free growth of the root, on the length of which the value of the article greatly depends. The cultivation commences in the end of May, or beginning of June, with the first falls of the S. W. Jlonsoou. During the space of three months I the sand is subjected to repeated ploughings, and is thoroughly cleaned from all weeds. Between each ploughing it is manured, and after the last ploughing it is levelled with a board, and formed in small beds of about 6 feet by 3. The seed which is extremely minute (so much so that it is impossible to gather it except by sweep- 36—65 DYES AND COLOURS. [Class IV. in" up the surface sand into whicli it has fallen at the end of the harvest) is tlieii sown, by spreading a thin layer of sand over the prepared beds. Tliey are t lien kept constantly moist and are watered trently with a sieve made of palmyra fibres, five or six times a day ; care being taken that the water is quite sweet and fresh, for which purpose it is obtained from wells uewly dug m the field. At the end of a fortnight the seeds under this treatment will have germinated freely, after which, the young plnnts are only watered once a day, in addition to which, liquid cowdung, greatly diluted with water, is daily sprinkled over them. At the end of two months the plants will have attained nearly their full height, but mixed with weeds of Molltigo cerviana, and Spergula, Trianiha- mum, various kinds of Cyperacea aiul other sand loving plants. These must be carefully removed, and the beds watered agaiu if required. In about four months more, or at the end of si.x months from the time of sowing, provided the sea- son has been good, and the falls of raiu regular, the plants will have reached maturity, and the roots be ready for digging. But no artificial irrigation w)ll compensate for a failure of the natural rain, and when this happens, the plants must be left for three or even four months longer, in which case the pro- duce will be deficient bath in quantity and quality. But in an ordinary season, the produce of a fodu or plot containing an acre and three-quarters will yield from 5 to 10, averaging about 8, Candies of 500 lbs. each. The plants are dug up with a light wooden spade tipped with iron, and are tied into bundles of a handful each, without cutting off the stalks. They are then left to dry, the leaves wither and fall oft', and the bundles are weighed and removed. Before the digging begins, the seeds, which have now ri- pened, are shed, and being exceedingly minute, be- come inextricably mixed with the sand, the surface of which is therefore carefully scraped up, and re- served for future sowings. The culture by means of artificial watering, is called drutadi podii, but there is another system called ivaka podii, in which when the rains are plentiful, hand watering is dispensed with, and ad- vantage being taken of a full (or IS inch) fall of rain at the time of sowing, the. ])lants are left to the chances of the season, care being only taken, to keep them free from weeds. The cost of cultivating a plot or podu is as fol- lows : Ks. A. P. Ploughing 5 Manuring 5 Clearing, smoothing, &c 2 Watering 6 (N. B. If the rains are season- able this is proportionably diminished) Weeding 6 Digging at so much the candy, generally about 3fi 60 Add the land tax at 14 Rupees the acre 25 Total. 85 Assuming the produce to be 8 Candies and the average price 10 Rupees per Candy 8 -i- 16 ^ 128 Rs. — 85 = 43 for the cultivator's profit, which cannot be considered large, compared with the con- stant care and attention, required to secure a good crop. It slioidd be added that the assessment on suck land as yields chay root, has been greatly reduced, and now does not exceed 2i to 3 Rupees. The average price has been taken at ] 6 Rupees, which was the market rate in 1 854/5 5 but when the demand is good it rises as high as 25 Eupecs. The following Statement shows the extent of land citUivated wilh chay plant, in the year 1855/56, in the Districts of Ilajahmundry, Masulipatani, and Guntoor, with quantity and price of the article produced. Land Produce in Acres. Candies. Rajahraundry. Masulipatam.. 1,600 175 Guntoor 678 3,600 630 1,525^ Price at the average of 1 6 Es. per Candy. 57,600 Rs. 10,080 24,408 2,453 5,755i 92,088 No returns are forthcoming, of the outturn from the spontaneous chay root. But as the right of collecting it is farmed out, and the sum bid for it in Masulipatam only amounted to Rs. 335, the quantity cauuot be large. But in Guntoor the rent sells for Rs. 7,450. The same land can only be worked every third year for spontaneous produce. Most part of the root is consumed on the spot. The only exports from Bunder occurred in 1854/5, and 1855/6 during which 84^ Candies were ship- ped to Madras, and 91^ to Ipurpalem ; it is also carried by land to Velapalem, both large weaving villages in Guntoor. On a previous occasion 22 Candies were exported to Traiiquebar, but the greatest part is used up in the town of Bunder, for printing chintz and dyeing cotton cloths, and most of the produce in Eajahmundry, comes to the same place. Of late years the demand has greatly fallen off, both from the decay of trade at Masulipatam, Class IV.] DYES AND COLOURS. 36—66 and from t]ie introduction during the last few years of a new dye. Tliis is known by tlie name of Cherinji and is the bark ofari>ot grown in the Dekhan. When used with a leaf called _/'a/7, also imported from the hill country of Ganjam, a colour is produced which is considered nearly equal to the chay, whilst the \ivo- cess is far simpler and much less expensive. On the other hand tlie color is neither so fast, so bright, nor so enduring. A drop of spirit allowed to fall on Ckerinji, dyed cloth, takes away the color at once, but has no effect on the chay dye. During the last five years these articles have nearly superseded the use of chaij, but, as no specimens have been sent to the E.ichibitiou, the Jury are unable to say what they are.* The Cheruiji usually sells for 20 Rs. the Candy, the_;'a;i leaf from .30 to 45 Es. and is all fit for use ; whereas the stalks and bark of the chay root, included in the weight at the time of sale, have to be rejected, thus reducing the quantity very consi- derable. Sometimes a little chay root is mixed with Cherbiji to improve the color. The increasing demand for Cherinji among the Native dyers, has caused a serious diminution in the produce of chay root during the last five or six years Thus in Masulipatam, the average produce, which had been 680 Candies for the five years from 18-t6/7 to 1850/1, fell to 425 for the next five years from 1S51/2 to 1855/6, and if the new dye continues to supersede it in the same proportion, it seems likely that the chay will be driven out of the market altogether. Not only are Cherinji and jnji much cheaper, but the simplicity of the method of dyeing with them, compared with the complicated and tedious method involved in the use of the chay root process, would alone tend to bring the latter into disuse. This is exemplified by the detailed description of the modus operandi, which was furnished to the Jui-y by their associate Veerapermal PiUay and which is added as an appendix to the ilcport. KUBIA MANJISTHA MANJIT. Does not appear to be a product of this Presi- dency. a' single specimen only, and that an indifferent one, of old dried root, is exhibited by Soobaroy Pillav from Pondieherry, of poor quality. Exhib. No. Yempalum. 1163 30 Madura remjPfliuw Ab(ft (branch.) 1163 29 „ Yenipahtm Pak'i{\m'ck.) The origin or use of this substauce is not known. The Dyers of this place do not recognize it as a dye. The Jury conjectured it might be obtained from Tephroiia tinctoria, the Telngu name of which is Y'empal Chettu. But the Tephroiia is a herbaceous plant which could not produce so lar^e a branch as No. 1163, nor is it probable that the article would be sent with a Telugu name from a southern District. Further references have beeu made to the Madura Local Committee for informa- tion on this point, without eliciting a reply. The Native dyers seemed to think the roots must belong to the papli cheka, or iural patia, which comes next under consideration. PAPLI CHAKKA. Lender the vaious names of 1 Pappili Chakka or Poppudi "Hi^ Oor^'i^SxJ5'^_ Madras, Bellary, Salem, Bangalore, Nellore. 2 Soorool pattee or sural patti 'p»S)«iS)'^ 3 Suroogoodoo, Chooroogoodoo, Surugudu-^'i^^ji^f^ Rajahmundry, Masulipatam. 4 Chembooram Semburavi Qfihy^ffirtiiUL.eaii— Chengleput, Bangalore. 5 Coola maram. Bangalore. were exhibited numerous specimens of the bark of a root of an unknown plant, much used as an ad- junct in dyeing with chay root. Papli has been assigned to a Khamnaceous plantf Veniilago Made- rusapatana, and from specimens of the leaf only which were obtained, it certainly bears a strong resemblance to that tree. But the name of the tree from which the Chembooran is said to be ob- tained (vide Dr. Kirkpatrick) viz. Swietenia febrifuga is an error, for both barks are undoubtedly the pro- duce of tlie same tree. The specimens were classed by the associates of the Jury as follows : Surugiidu chufca, Rnjahmundry.Gopal Achari Exhibitor ; Best. 8313 Surugudii „ Do. These specimens are equal to the best obtained by the Dyers of Madras, which come generally from C'alastri, Sesham pettab, Trincomalie, &c. 669 Soorool bark, Chingleput. 854 S PupU chiikay, Madras. 5700 Sooraty bark, Nellore. The Chingleput specimens were full large bun- dles, collected by the Yanadis, a rude tribe who live in the Jungles of the Nellore District, and sub- sist by collecting honey, wax, drugs, dyes, and other natural products. The two nest were proba- Sort.? M Thes by the Calastr Sort.( g, * This Cherixii may be the finer kinds of the Mori„da Bark which is cultivated largely in Beugal. and to which the \ative associates of the Jury applied that name. Jajixs, the name sometimes given by the Telugus. to Vat Jaimmum »ra«rfy?or«». but whether it is the leaf used in dyeing, the Jury cannot say. A good description of the mode of using [he ilonnda and its adjuncts in Upper India, will be found in the 4lh \ol. of the Asiatic Besearches. Can ,ajt be the same as the (/AoKri or Gnj/fa /owen'oja referred to there » , , . ^ ,-, „ j , t Since the above was written it hai been clearly ascertained that the plant . a reiUilajo iladtratapatana. K 17 36—67 DYES AND COLOURS. [Class IV. bly obtained by tlie Exhibitors (Appavoo Pillay and the Local Committee) from the fame source. Sort.) 66-t Chemboorun bark, Chinsjleput. III. J 5312 Do. Do. were also good and only slightly inferior to the former. They were exhibited by Ismail Klian and Armoogum Moodely. The remaining samples were all inferior. This bark is only employed as an adjunct in dyeing with chay-root, as already stated ; when mixed with chay, it gives a fine chocolate colour, and if galls be added, a fine full black. The next colouring substance in importance is the bark of the Morinda. MOKINDA BAKK. Macldi cliaka in Bellary, Salem, Bangalore, Kur- nool, Rajahmundry. Noonak in Chiugleput, Tanjore, Salem. Miinja uedei or noonaJi, Madura. Nela maddi, Kurnool, large woody specimens. Saya Sittoo. Pondiclierry. jic/ia, Commissariat Officers, Moidmein. The native Jurors applied tiie name seriiiji or cheringi to the small twigs or roots of this plant. Fair specimens were exhibited from several dis- tricts, the tree from which it is procured growing freely every where, and no particular care being required in gathering it. The best specimen was that exhibited by Mr. G. T. Beauchamp, fiom Combaconum, worth 52i Es. per candy. That from Kurnool would have been quite equal, but it was old and rotten. Those from Tanjore and Salem No. 5185, were equal, and worth 45 Ks. the candy. The Nila Maddi from Kurnool, and that sent by Hurry Eow from Tanjore, was the produce of large trees and of little value. Specimens of the root in powder from the Salem Local Committee, and from Snn- dara Moodely, were good, and were valued at 45 Rs. but it is never sold in that state. The Pegu specimens were large and inferior. Several speci- mens of chips from various places were also ex- hibited, but of no value. It is one of the com- monest red dyes, the colour is dull, though more lasting than some of the brighter tints obtained from other substances. The best dye is procured from the bark of the roots of trees, three years old. S.A.PPAN. Several specimens of Sappan wood were shewn under the names of Buchim, in India. Teinj-jet, Pegu. A large quantity of the species of Casalpinia yielding this dye is grown in Malabar, and its cultivation might be greatly extended. The ex- port of wood from Malabar in 185G-o7 was 16,962 Cwt. 2 Qrs. equal in value to Ks. 50,061. A custom prevails in Malabar, which though not connected with dyes may be mentioned. On the birth of a female child, the Moplaha are in the habit of planting from 40 to 50 seeds of sappan, and the trees, which reach maturity in 10 to 12 years, are her dowry when she is niairitd. This dye is much used in Pegu and according to Captain Benson sells freely for 12 Rs. the 100 Vis. Silks dyed with this wood [Teinj-jet] of a dark red co- lour, were transmitted by Dr. Braudis from Pegu. RED SAXDEKSWOOD. A single specimen of red Saiidersicood procured from Plerocarpus santalinus was exhibited by Ap- pavoo Pdlay. It is said to atl'ord a good red, with a mordant of Alum, but does not seem to be in much use. TURMERIC. The specimens were neither so numerous, nor so good, as those of the previous Kxhibition. Very little was contributed by the jS'orthern Circars, al- though it is exported largely from the hill Districts. Five specimens were exhibited by C^hendoo Nair from Malabar, and from Pegu by Dr. Brandis ; the best and finest sample was that contributed by the Raj:di of A'izianagruni, but the tubers were small and broken. It was valued at 50 Rs. the Candy, but had the roots been large, it wouki have fetched as much as 70 Rs. the Candy. The sample was labelled 7 pice the seer as the local |)rice, which would be 33 Rs. the Candy- A Pondicherry spe- cimen, though inferior in colour, was yet, from the large size of the roots, estimated at 60 Rs. the Candy. The rest were inferior and were classed in order of merit, as follows : Cochin. Malabar. Chingleput. Trichinopoly. Salem. Hyderabad (boiled.) These were the only specimens adapted for dyeing purposes. The rest were merely fit for eating. The two knids are distinguished by a fresh fracture or cut of the tuber. If it exhibits a rich unctuous lustre, it will yield a good colour, but if it has a dry look, it is useless for that object. xV curious sub- stance was exhibited by the Kurnool Local Com- mittee, under the name of Poovady consisting of Cakes of Turmeric powder obtained from Hydera- bad, the price of which was stated to be 6 Tolas the Rupee. CLiSS IV.] DYES AND COLOURS. 36—68 SAFFLOWER. The only examples of this dye that were shown mider the general name Kusamba were from Bellary, Coimbatore, Kiirnool, Bangalore, and Moulmein arid a few purchased specimens from Madras. All the samples were small. That from Bellary was estimat- ed to be worth 5 Ks. the maiind here ; local value 3 Rs. As already observed, it is used in conjunc- tion with chay root, for dyeing various shades of pink and red, which are bright and delicate, but will not last. The mordants employed are lime juice aud soda (Dhobie's earth). KOTTLERA TINCTORTA. Kapala, Salem, Kurnool, Mysore. Vusauta Qiinda, Northern Circars. The best specimen was that from Lingamparti in the Rajahmunilry District, which was worth 17 or 18 Es. the maund, of 25 Itjs. Good samples were sent by the Rajah of Vizianagrum ; (valued here at 12 Rs. but costing tiiere only 5 Rs.)i[r. Wright- man, Apothecary Mysore Commission; and the Sa- lem Local Committee. From the latter were also re- ceived specimens of silk treated with tlie dye, which produces a yellow colour. The best in the Madras market, conies from the Jivadi Hills between South Arcot and Salem. It is fixed by means of common Soda, and is very easy of application. It is not much used in Madras, but, as was observed in the Jury Report of 1S55, it seems eminently deserving of more attention than it has hitherto met with. BIITEA FRONDOSA. The red flowers of this tree exhibited from Nel- lore and Bellary, under the name of Palas (Nos. 1417,1418) were submitted in small quantity. With Alum they give a yellow dye, whicli the addition of a little Soda turns to orange. It does not appear to be extensively used, nor probably could the arti- cle meet an extensive demand. MEMCYLOX TINCTORItJM. The native names for the blue flowers of this tree, are AUi, Cassa, and Vassa Casa, the first being its Northern or Teloogoo, the two latter its Tamil desig- nations. It comes from Nellore, Tanjore, Salem, and Pondiclierry. The Salem is the best. The native dyers employ it as an adjunct to chay root, for bringing out the colour, in preference to Alum, which injures the thread. By itself it gives an evanescent yellow. It is very cheap, costing about one anna the marcal. LAC. The specimens were all scanty and generally poor. A box of well selected samples, received from Mr. Claud Hamilton Brown of Mirzapore, is deserving of commendation. Mr. Brown furnished also "the following lest for determining the quantity of the article. Take,... 4 grains Dye. 6 do. Cream of Tartar. 13 do. Troolkn cloth. 15 minims sol : of Tin. put in an evaporating pan, with water, and boil over a spirit Lamp, till all the colouring matter is absorb- ed from the water. This you will readily ascertain, by putting a drop on your shirt sleeve. The test while boiling, should be occasionally stirred with a glass rod. AHNOTTO. The seeds o( Bixa orellana are known by the In- dian terms Ja[f(irani (Tdongoo) and Vennei Virai (Tamil) of Pondicherry. Thee-diH-ii:e-{Vf!g\x). ^ Specimens were si-nt from Madura, Bangalore, Xellore, Tanjore, Ponilicherry, and Pegu; all except that from Hurry Row of Tanjore, was old and of inferior quality. It yields a colour of various shades of pale reel and orange, which however cannot be fixed. It is employed extensively by washerman in the Northern Circars, for giving the reddish tinge to the dholli or men's cloth, worn by all classes of the population. The orange coloured garments of Jangams, Fakirs, Byragis, and other religious men- dicants are dyed with this substance. CASSIA TOEA. The seeds under the names of Tantepv, and Ta- garapu, are exported from the Northern Circars for dyeing blue with Indigo. Samples were transmitted by the Rajah of Vizianagrum, and by the Bellary Local Committee. The associates of "the Jury could give no information of the process. The price was stated to be 4 annas the marcal. CASSIA AURICUL.VTA. The yellow flowers of this Plant were exhibited under the name of Mnral-pu, as a dye, but the Jury coulil not learn that it was ever used, althouu-h it daubtless would yield a colouring mutter. MYROBALANS. Various specimens of these seeds and galls the produce of various species of Terminalia were exlii- bited. They aje too well known to call for further notice. ACACIA KUGATA. A cake of a pale green, indigo-looking substance, was sent by Dr. Biandis with the Pegu consign- ment, under the name of Kecii-ioon llief, and said to be prepared from the leaves, of Jcacia nii/ata. Specimens of the fruit aud leaves, are stated in Dr. Brandis' catalogue to liave been also transmitted, but the Jury were unable to find them. No account; of the use of the dye was given by the exhibitor. COSCINIUM FENESTRATl'M. The root and dried leaves of this curious plant, were exhibited by Mr. Thwaites from CVj Ion uiultr 36—69 DYES AND COLOURS. [Class IV- the Singalese name of iceni-icelle or " TaUe Colombo root" ; by J)r. Cleghorn from tlie Western Coast as " Coscinium Jenedratmi" , and by the Cawaye TahsiUlar as Mara matijll, or "tree turmeric." The Jury had )io iiitbrmatioM of its dyeing properties, but as it contains a hirge projiortion of berberine, it couhl without doubt be usefully employed, for pro- ducing a yellow colo\ir, if procurable in sutticieTit quantity. But ou this point nothing is known to the Jury. pojiegeaNate flowers. Some pomegranate flowers were transmitted from Bellarv as a dye, but the Jury could not learn lliat the article had ever been used, for producing a colour. It is deserving of enquiry however, whether the very rich and beautiful tint of this flower, has ever been extracted in the form of a dye, by auy locallprocess. LICHEN. Specimens of Lichen under the name of RaUi-pn (" Stone flower") were received from the NeUore Local Committee. The Jury requested Dr. A. J. Scott to favor them with his opinion of tlieir value. He stated that it was diflicult to extract tlie colour- ing properties of Licliens save by a long and tedious prociss. Subst ([uently they received from him the following report. " The Licliens examined by me "do not appear to possess any very well marked " dyeing properties. By the mode of testing how- " ever, employed by Westring of Stockholm, a yel- " lowish fluid has been obtained througli tiie agency " of ammonia, and chloride of ammonium, which " imparts its colour to cloth immersed in it." COCHINEAL. Of this substance there was a single poor speci- men from Bangalore. The Catalogue stated that another had been sent by Dr. Eiddell from Bolarum, but it was not forthcoming. GRISLEA TOMENTOSA. The red flowers and the leaves of this plant, were exhibited from Rajahmundry, but nothing is known here of its colouring properties. In the Northern Circars, where it is known under tlie names of Godari, and Reyya manu, the leaves are employed in dyeing leather. Sheep skins, steeped in an infusion of the dried leaves, become a fine red, of which native slippers are made. The dried flowers are employed in Northern India, under the name of Dhauri in the process of dyeing with the Morinda bark, but not apparently so much for their colour- ing as for their astringent properties. (Asiatic Researches Vol. IV. page 38.) Dr. Gibson states that in Kandeish, the flowers form a considerable article of commerce inland, as a dye. (Graham's Catalogue.) It grows abundantly in the hilly Tracts of the Northern Circars. MALA POO. Small dried flowers under this name, were trans- mitted by the Salem Local Committee. They have been ascertained to be the flowers of the Cedrela ioona and are said to yield a yellow dye with alum, but the article is unknown here. It appears to be worthy of further attention. The Jury desire to record here, their appreciation of the excellent collection of dyes, exhibited by the Chamber of Commerce, with their prices attached, which proved of the greatest service, by afl'ording a standard of comparison for the similar products tliat came under their notice. The Jury also desire to bring to notice, an excellent and very neatly arranged as- sortment of dyes, exhibited by NativeSurgcon Francis Appavoo Pillay, with their Botanical, and Vernacu- lar names, and notes of their uses. This collection, the Jury consider to be deserving, of some mark of distinction. In conclusion they have to notice a sample of Gamboge submitted by Mr. G. Wright- man, Apothecary, Mysore Commission, wjio seems to have taken much pains in collecting and forwarding articles for exhibition. Gamboge, however, being more used as a pigment does not come directly under the Jury's cognisance. The same remark applies to the Prussian Blue exhibited by Rungasamy Moodely and Soobrayah Pillay of Pondicberry, a recently in- troduced manufacture, of which they engage to de- liver 25,000 lbs. per annum, of a quality superior to the sample, at the rate of 3 francs per lb. J. T. MACLAGAN. Reporter, SubJury. WALTER ELLIOT, Ohairman Class IV. 15//J March 1858. It is right to mention that the botanical, and vernacular nomenclature, as well as the general his- tory of these dyes, was furnished by the President of the Jury, the Honorable Mr. Elliot, who has bestowed much labor in carefully digesting the in- formation obtained from the native associates and others. J. T. M. APPENDIX. Red. — Native process for dyeing red with Chay Root, calculated for 1 Viss, (or 3 and -J- lbs.) of white Twist Take of sweet oil 6 Pollums. Ashes of the milk hedge 6 do. Sheep's dung 3 do. mi.^ and keep in an earthen vessel for the space of 4 or 5 years, the older it is the better. Then when about to commence the process of dyeing, to the above mixture add Fresh ashes of milk hedge ... 8 Measures. Spring water 4 do. mix and strain and add to the strained fluid, shake the whole well together and then add Sweet oil 15 Pollums. Sheep's dung 15 do. Spring water 1 Measure. mix the whole in a vessel. Then steep the twist in Class IV.] DYES AND COLOURS. 36—70 it for an hour, pressing and squeezing it well with the hands to cause it to absorb the fluid fully, alter which leave it to soak. On the following day re- move the twist and dry it in the sun. Then take in a vessel afresh Ashes of niUk hedge 6 Measures. Spring water 3 do. mi.\ and strain, and add to the strained fluid Sweetoil 15 Pollums. Shake the whole well together and steep the thread in it for an hour using the hands as before describ- ed, leave it to soak all night. Next morning take out the thread and dry it in the sun. In ths evening of the same day take in a vessel afresh Ashes of milk hedge 6 Measures Spring water 3 do. mix and strain, to which water add Sweetoil 71 Pollums steep the thread in the mixture using the hands as before and leave till next morning. Then remove and dry in the sun. Next take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweet oil 3a Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix and steep the thread using the hands as before and leave it soaking until next morning, when re- move and dry in the sun take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweetoil 3^ Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix and steep in as before until next morning, then take afresh Ashes of milk hedge li Measures Sweet oil... If Pollums Spring water 2i Measures mix and follow the process as before, and take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 1 Measure Sweetoil if Pollums Spring water 2 Measures mix and follow the process as before, then take afresh Ashes of milk hedge i Measure Sweetoil ••.... -^ Polhun Spring water 2 Measures mix and follow the process as before, dry the thread for 3 days in tlie sun, on the 4t/i day take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweetoil 2i Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix and follow the proceess as before, but dry the thread in the shade the same night. Then take afresh before noon next day Ashes of milk hedge 1^ Measures Sweet oil 1^ Pollums Spring water 2 Measures mix and strain, then steep the thread in tlic strained fluid a whole day and night, remove the thread next day, and expose it in the sun for 4 days. Then leave the thread untouched for a whole month and after the expiration of that period, expose it for a dny to the sun. On the day following wash the twist in pure spring or river water, and on the evening of the next day, take in a vessel afresh Spring water 10 MeasuresJ r mix and add Pounded Alii leaves. 4 do. Powder of Ghay root \\ do. mix the whole, steep the thread in the mixture using the hands as before, and leave to soak for the night. On the following morning, wash the thread in pure water and leave to dry. The above process to be repeated afresh for the seven following evenings, omitting the Alii leaves after the first 2 days. On the 8th day in the morn- ing allow the thread in the mixture to boil say from 4 to 8 p. M., then remove aud keep the thread in the vessel covered until next morning, when remove the thread and wash it in pure water, leav- ing to dry iu the shade for a whole day. Repeat the washing and drying for the 4 following days. On the fifth day take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Spring water 3 do Sheep's dung 3 Pollums Sweetoil 2i do mix, steep the thread, using the hands as before, and then take it out to dry. A similar course must be followed for the 3 succeeding days, then keep it quiet 1 day ; on the following day wash the thread in good water, and leave to dry all next day. Then take afresh Powder of Chay root 5 Pollums Spring water 10 Measures mix, steep the thread, observing the same process as before ; next morning remove the thread, and wash it in good water, and leave to dry following a similar course for 3 days ; then keep the thread quiet for 10 days, after which take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweetoil 2-1 Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix, steep the thread, obsening the same course as before and leaving it till next day, then dry it in the shade and follow the same process 3 days ; then leave it for 10 days, after which wash in good water and take afresh Powder of Chay root 5 Pollums Spring water 8 Measures mix. steep the thread in the mixture, using the hands as before, and dry in the sun next morning, repeat the same the 3 following days, then on the succeeding morning wash the thread well in good wa(er and when dry, it will have attained a beauti- ful fast red colour ready for weaving purposes. CHOCOLATE. Process for dyeing white mule twist of a choco- late colour, calculated for 1 Viss or 3 and i lbs. Take of sweet oil 6 Pollums Ashes of milk hedge 6 „ Sheep dung 3 „ mix and keep in an earthen vessel for the space of 4 or 5 years, and after that lapse of time to the above mixture add K IS 36—71 DYES AND COLOURS. [Caass IV. Ashes of milk hedge 8 Measures Spring water 4 „ mix and strain, and add to the strained fluid Sweet oil 15 PoUums, when well shaken, add Sheep dung 15 „ Spring water 1 Measure mix in a vessel and steep the twist in it for an hour, pressing and squeezing it with the hands to make it absorb the fluid fully. Leave it to soak. On the following day remove the twist and dry it in the sun. Then take in a vessel afresh Ashes of milk hedge 6 Measures Spring water... 3 „ mix and strain, then add to the strained fluid Sweet oil 15 Pollums when properly shaken, steep the thread in it for an hour using the hands as before described, and then leave it to soak ; remove it next morning and dry the thread ia the sun. The same evening put in a vessel afresh Ashes of milk hedge 6 Measures Spring water 3 „ mix and strain. Add to the water Sweet oil H Pollums steep the thread in the mixture using the hands as before, and leave it to soak, remove it next morning and dry it in the sun. Then take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweet oil S-J Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix and steep the thread using the hands as before, and leave it soaking until next morning, when re- move and dry in the sun. Take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 3 Measures Sweet oil 3f Pollums Spring water 3 Measures mix and steep as before until next morning, then take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 1^ Measures Sweet oil... If Pollums Spring water 2i Measures mix and fulUow the process as before, and take afresh Ashes of milk hedge 1 Measure Sweet oil. jl Pollums Spring water 2 Measures mix and follow the proceos as before, then take afresh Ashes of milk hedge ~ Measure Sweet oil 4 Pollums Spring water 2 Measures mix and follow tlw process as before, dry the thread 3 dai/a in the sun, on tiie 4 Measures mix, steep the thread in the mixture, using the hands as before described, and leave it to soak the whole night, take afresh Acid Congy water 1 Measure Spring water 5 Measures mix, and w;ish in it the thread, and dry in the shade, when it will be ready for using. YELLOW. Process for colouiiiig white calculated for 1 Viss or oAlbs. Wasli the thread tirst in good w Pine Saffron powder Spring water mix, steep the thread, using the scribed, and after soaking for 6 Acid Congy water Spring water mix, and wash the thread in it, the shade when it will be ready poses. Twist into yellow, ater, then take 1 Viss 8 Measures hands as before de- hours, take afresh i Measure 4 Measures remove and dry in for weaving pur- Class IV,] TANNING MATERIALS AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, FIBRES. 37 SECTION IV. REPORT ON T.VNNING MATERIALS. Sul-Jur]/. The Hou'ble "Walter Elliot, Esq. — Chairman. J. Rolide, Esq. — Reporter. In tanning substances the Committee did not ob- serve anvlliing particularly deserving attention, nor was tlie collection by any means a complete one, tlie properties of the pods of the Ctesalpinia coriaria {rlixi divi) and of the barks of the Cassia auriculata, Cassia fistula. Acacia arabica and others of the same family, are already well known and have been particularly dwell on in the Guntoor Local Com- mittee's Keport in transinitting articles for the Ex- hibition of 1S55. The bark of the Zizyphiis is not in use in the parts of the country with which the Committee are acquainted, but it is well known. Catechu is well known as a tanuing substance in England, and was tried by the Guntoor Committee already referred to, the country gall-nuts and the gall, {macMkny) mentioned and reported on by that Committee. The Pomegranate fruit, the bark of the stems and roots, are already well known and from the limited sniiply could never become of importance for tanning. The Tlieeka bark the Jury do not know it is imported, and the local designation only is given. Tlie Paiiictry fruit is not otherwise described uor are the Jury aware of its preculiar properties. SECTIO.N Y. VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, EIBRES. Siib-Jiirt/. Colonel Reid. — Reporter. J. D. Sim, Esq. J. Breeks, Esq. Captain Hawkes. .i4ssociate. Dr. Hunter. 1. Coir'Fibre, Cocos Nucifera. There were many samples exhibited. Of these No. 4,643 sent by Hurry Row, Tanjore, was unquestionably the best, possessing a cleanness and color, combined with strength, not to be met with amongst the others. The Committee however noticed with approba- tion two other samples, namely those of E. Ahobal Row No. l,7o7 and a sample from Rajahmundry No. From Chungleput also a creditable sample was exhibited No. 5,343. But on the whole the specimens of Coir, so long an article of general use ami commerce, did not by any menus come up to what might have been expected. A specimen of Cocoa Fibre from Coimbatore, apparently from the leaf. No. 2,969 was exhibited by E. B. Thomas, Esq. This was clean, carefully prepared and well suited for fine Basket work. 2. Date kof, P/ianh dacli/U/era. Of this, two specimens alone, need be mentioned, the best and cleanest. No. C13, and a carefully prepared specimen by E. Ahobala Row No. 1,741. The remaining samples were submitted in a very raw state, carrviug no pretension whatever to mer- it. 3. Palmyra leaf, Boransiis JlalelUformis. Here again but two specimens were deserving of notice. No. 4,081, a clean sample from J. J. Cotton, Esq., of Masulipa'am aiid No. 753, of great length but coarse, from Paupy- reddy of Chingleput. The Committee remark that in Fibre prepared from Trees of the Palm tribe, almost every merit will depend on the preparation of the article after gathering. It can hardly be expected that excel- lence can be obtained by any peculiar mode of cul- tivation. In the manipulation therefore, any de- gree of improvement must be looked for. 4. Aloe Fibre, Agave umericana. This Fibre is capable of being turned to great account and sev- eral very fair samples were exhibited. The cleanest and best prepared were those of Hurry Row, No. 4,G21, and No. 2,977, from J. B. Roupell, Esq , these were soft, pliant and of good strength. E. .\hobalarow exhibited a fair specimen. Kanagaroyen, Native Surgeon at Coimbatore, exhi- bited Aloe Fibres, dyed of good colors. These are interesting specimens, and tliongh not coming under this section of the Jury, the Committee could not but remark some very serviceable door-mats manu- factured in patterns fiom these colored fibres. Good clean Fibre of Aloe was exhibited by "W. Elliot, Esq. of Cuddapah. On the whole the Fibre of the Agave shewed well and both Hurry Row and Ahobala Row are entitled to prizes. 5. Marool or Munjee Nar, Sameviera lei/^'niim. Here also Hurry Row Exhibited the best specimen. No. 4,613. Those from Kurnool in larger quanti- ties were good samples and deserve notice. The Marool or Sanseviera is a plant that has not long attracted notice but is unquestionably deserving at- tention. In some parts of India very large quanti- ties are found, growing wild. On the Pulicat Hills it is to be met with in some abundance, and in the Kurnool District it is most plentiful. It is of the same natural order as the aloe (not agave) llemero- callidoe, and capable of cultivation. From its strength and the softness of its fibre, it might be brought more into use, and become a valuable product, possessing as it does the property of resisting the usual eftVcts of damp. C. Fourcroya giyatitea of the Aloe tribe. Tin's plant, although common iu some of the large sta- tions, is not met with elsewhere. It yields a very long and strong fibre and deserves more attention J r^54;;i;i 38 VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, FIBRES. [Class IV. than is given to it. The samples shewn were iu- difleient, and inferior to those exhibited in 1855. 7. ScreiD Pine — PaiiJ,iiim odoratissimus ; T/iait- lay Nar. There was one clean sample of this, No. 55, from Chingleput — Appow Moodely of Poiidi- clierry also exhibits Bundles of this Bark, No. 7159, carefully pnt up for exportation. There is Hot much strength in this Fibre, it could be used only for mat making or paper. S. Plantain Fibre, Musa paradisiaca. Hurry Row exhibited a clean silky looking bundle of this. No. 4607 : other samples fair. 9. Fercum, Calotropis giganfea. This Fibre is strong and soft, and capable of being turned to much account. The whole plant from which it is taken, is of value. Preparations of it enter largely into the Native Pharmacoprea. Good charcoal for Gunpowder is made from it and the seed vessel produces a silky kind of cotton exhibited also, and made into cloth. Kistnah Row of Tanjore exhibited a good sample of the Fibre. E. Ahobala Row had also a fair sam- ple No. 1,729. 10. Junapum, Crotalaria juncea. This is a most valuable Fibre and is indeed the hemp of In- dia, " Sunn." Most kinds of Cordage, as well as the sack cloth known as " Gunny," are manufactured from it. It is capable of improvement both in cul- tivation and preparation. Messrs. Fischer and Co. of Salem exhibited the best and largest sample, No. 6,857, entitling them to a reward. Good Bundles were shewn Rs. 3891, 2, 3, 4, by various exhibitors from Rajahmundry and a small clean sample of good quality by Mr. Silver of Tinnevelly. 11. Sendee, HiHscus esculenius. The best shewn was No. 3850 from Rajahmundry, long in sta- ple, soft and pliant. A sample. No, 5346, of the Hibiscus cannabinus from Cbingleput was fair. The former plant produces the common esculent of our tables, Bandykai. Both are oi the Malvaceous tribe, the bark of most of which abounds in flaxen fibres. 12. Flax, Linum usitatissimtim. This plant has been cultivated in the Northern parts of India, prin- cipally for the oil contained in the seeds. To the preparation of the Fibre much attention is paid in Europe. Mr. Underwood produced some fair samples of English flax, plain, carded and hack- led : they were dark in color like the tow of England. The best sample No. 1, though indifferently prepar- ed, was of good length and was from the Hyderabad Country. 13. Pine Apple, Ananassa saliva. The Fibre from the Pine Apple is woven into the finest fabrics, particularly in Manilla, No. 7,037, from Padre Pro- bhu ; from Mangalore was a very good specimen. 14. The Hill Nettle, llrtica pulcherrima. Nos. 2460 and 2462 were very fair samples of this fibre exhibited by the Salem Local Committee, The plant from which this fibre is taken is deserv- ing notice. It yields the latter long in staple and of considerable strength. On the Neilgherry Hills it is known and appreciated by both Todawers and Berghers. 15. Pariliitm macrophyllum. Captain Benson exhibited fibres of Paritium macrophyllum, Nos. 8720 and Urena lobata (both malvaceous plants) from Moulmein. These samples possess much merit and the former especially so, being long, soft, pliant and strong, color brown. 16. Arena lobata. 17. Vernonia anthelmintica. Amongst new fibres appears a sample of Vernonia anthelmintics No. 0,614 : it is rather hard ; but this may possibly be the result of bad cleaning. Barh of Trees. There was a large and varied collection of Barks, but in so unprepared and crude a state that their properties cannot be determined by their appearance. This is the more to be regret- ted, as doubtless many of these fibres might be im- proved and rendered soft and pliant by the usually adopted means whilst fresh. Several of them can be spun and woven into cloth. Among the most promising of these barks are those of varieties of Bauhinia, Ficus, Acacia, Azadarachta, Cordea and Butea. Good samples were exhibited of Bags from Wy- naud and ]\Iangalore formed from the Bark of Trees taken off bodily. The best of these are from Lipurandra saccidora, or Antiaris saccidora. These are curious specimens of how little Nature owes to .\rt, in producing one of the most useful articles of domestic economy. Mr. Jaffrey exhibited 45 small samples of fibres, from Plants in the Horticultural Garden, neatly ar- ranged, and most of them well prepared (without maceration) though not sufficiently cleaned to shew the qualities of each fibre. The commonly known fibres such as those of the malvaceous tribe, " Musa," "Agave," "Asclepias" are surpassed by others exhibited. The Fourcroya is the longest and best specimen (though small) ex- hibited of its kind. Amongst the samples are several basts well worthy of notice, both from variety, as well as length and strength of fibre. The best of these are from " Cordea obliqua," " Eleoden- dron anfractuosum," "Abutilon judaicium," " Ster- culea alata," " Adansonia digitata." This is an interesting collection but its value is much lessened by the samples being so small. The Honorable W. Elliot sent 2 Fruits of Luff'a aegyptiaca, grown in his garden, from seed brought by him from Egypt. This is one of the Curcurbi- tacefe. The Genus " Luffa" owes its name to the Arabic word for LufFa jEgyptiaca, viz. " louS'or" " Loof," it is a remarkable kind of Gourd. When quite ripe, within, it has no pulp, but is dry aud filled Class IV.] TIMBER AND OUNAMEXTAL WOODS. 39 with netted fibres, very much interwoven. It is used in Turkish baths as a scrubber. It is a use- ful product, and if cultivated would probably find ready sale. Mr. Elliot has kiudly offered to supply seeds to Native Gardeners, or others who will apply to him for them. It is of easy culture, trained ou a raised Mundwa, similar to the Snake Gourd &c. COTTONS. A very extensive and varied display of Cottons was exhibited. FOREIGN COTTONS. 1. Bourbon. The best sample of Bourbon Cot- ton is one, No. 5744, of the prize products froui the recent Tiunevelly Local Exhibition, of a very superi- or quality, soft, long in staple and strong. The sample is a small one. 2 and 3. Bourbon. Messrs. Eischer and Co. have two good samples of Bourbon Cotton, No. 6S17, and 6818. The latter a fine Bale, well cleaned, and soft, but rather short in the staple. 4. se\ the attcntiou given to this subject ill l.lie general and local Exhibitions of this pre- sidency. A list, prepared with much care by Lieut. Bcddome, exhibits several new kinds of wood found iu the Goda- very forest .iiid is appended to this Report, the jury being of opinion that its publication is calculated tu be extremely useful. The contributions iu this department deserving of special notice are those from Malabar, Pondiclierry, Madura, Palghaut, Coimbatore, and Ootacamund; and considering that in some of these cases the Collec- tion has lieen made by a Goverment Ollicer, whose Ofticial position rendered the task of collecting and arranging comparatively light, without in any degree detracting from the public spirit displayed by himself, the Jury have resolved on the following JURY AWARDS. 1st class medal. i-l i^Z u 5 a Name of Exhibitor. Object rewarded. Monsieur H. de. Querret Collection of Sous Ingineer cherry. Pondi- Woods. 2nd class medal. tr-H o' Names of Exhibitors. Object rewarded. Kristina Chettiar, Pal- Collection of ..ghaut. I Woods. Kistniali Maramut Super- , intendent, Coimbatore. honorable mention. CO a> to 3 £3 O' Names of Exhibitors. W. Robinson Esq., Acting Collection of Collector of Malabar, R. D. Parker Esq., CoUec- tor of Madura, Mr. Mclvor, Superinten- dent Botanical Gardens, Ootacamund. Object rewarded. Woods, do. do. T. T. PEARS, Reporter. 46 TELOOGOO CATALOGUE OF TREES. [Class IV. 03 (a O O O H? H o o o o o H ft? *5 i>0 1 = ^ 4» oj a .S "- .^ g .2 "S'sr. s •- s J^ •- ■- "2 '^ -z — 5, - = .,-3 J O CO ^ -> ec IB « a n ^ ^ ^ ■>; ^ « "-^ •, 2 >» _ ^ c a -^ = v: n fe s § — ' '^ T Mi — O CJ S&-S S ^^ fl - -^ o J *■; 'S'^^ tn 32 O ^""'^ (ft . £•> -:= t? ^ - '^ c ^ -^ tLpJi O ^ S § «. !^ ^ cj ^ ^=;g « jf « "^ 5 t. - - tf) 2 rt O § c III 1 c re O i? C3 !i .^ Sa 5 £ SI ts c= u ui .c II o '5 "§ ^ o s C S V, >» rS -d o != rt ^..<' ,o ■^1 s ?z: .= o « « a . S CI iC ^ -J en - S " S-;;: -o = I §:;, rt « O J -2 (u a "k ^ ru fT3 "^ -^3 -^ o o o o z: <» o o o o ■- -s ! cj ^ — .— fj u — o je : . ^ i -5 -^ a « J ' I '-S .1 1 J -^ 1 o -"a sj ^ - C3 - ^ r— — O ^ *" Tl rS TS '^ 5 o o o o aJ o o o o o > r-sis:: h o c ;-«•<-« o 3 p . p; .3 .= <" •- -S ■ : j= a .g ^ S.S- SP — «^- s. .** ■-: o^ -Z 2 n S .5 ^ T^ J : c .^ « — r V. 9 _!^ 3 — kS o &■. O E- ! s ■S 3 S J S .M b S 'S .2- ==£•■? ^ s -S e= n = c; "c'~ -= = = S c o ecQ = 11-' 3 IS j= Ic s a § Class IV.] TELOOGOO CATALOGUE OF TREES. 47 ^M ^ .« 2^ ^ J :£ -iS -^ *- 3 rS '- 3 « — *j = « i -.^ ro - ;-^ 2 = --5 -= -3 O I ' _ o — ^ ; .^ ^ ?' fo o .« ^ ^ ~ - 5 S = 3 ■— c« ■ . O ---=:?;. = - = -= o sv r= = □ ". m ^ ^-^^O-MOO- o 3 i = o aj b - -. 'n ^ '^ S = "'?'?'^ — p -3 o 2 S - - ' f« C (« n i) : _; £ — t: '^ I i s f i ■> 5 -S " ~ "^ .i 1 ^ ^ CO ^ ''•C-.. '/"-C^^^ =3 i; K u ^ o w ^ c— .— 2 .** rt •-5 a c i~ o « .§ (n* « 0-. J= ■^ rf "c A F- 2 o y - " -^3 ^ r ^ o :; s E 5 c ?3 "r! 5 p « 2 5( - 2J iJ -n — — =3 c e O n: =3 a? ° ; ^ ~ £2 =; a ^ ^ -^ § ^"^ ^ s ■ J- -£3 -■■-:; to o g — = r ^ 2 fc^ •< ;i -* '^^ cr a- — - .5 fa O JJ C£ CJJ O •— ' ^^ Jz t^ '^ ■' "" — " 4S TELOOGOO CATALOGUE OF TREES. [Glass IV. ^ 1 Tn — := • sJ2 * ^•5 i-l s «• w, p :: - S; := J: bo i o Uci 1 3:h _ 5 a 5 3 - s ^2^H i^ « * = o"^ i_ o ^ = y 5 ^ -3 t£ >. -.- zi >* s - - i* ^ i> - JX ^ •* © ^ ^ -*■ -2 .a _; ■.= 5 := ^ = 32 IW -J D o :i ^ -« o ?' y u S :3 3 B S 3 ^ *" .2 M 3 *t ^ o ti IP:: > V ^ >» -* on c* OT ■7; es ZJ ra -3 >. •- :3 t: — "T aJ 6iv c -r — -= .i; j^ 1 -73 ■3 4> "ic r3 -3 - « - ■^ _^ ^ ^ ra sj ,1- r= -:^ o "H -^ " p-H ._ - i = ^ - 5 = s^ I! ^ : — '' c "^ o " :^ l-=l- "0^ o- t to tt-^ « «; = IIP 1^- '.:: o =: cj ^ oj = CL.*^ S > c; > rt ' ■- -3 "^ , =,-=00 z:"! h "= '^ -? ;:; - n O K O w o 3 & & Sops 5^ 3 .- 5 S -X o = « IJ c o - D - « > n rt -3 S.J P -3 ■«!g g Or^ -<1 ■ 5.i' 3 « ^ p - ^ -Si 1^ .2 « s =. ■" C O t^ CU O « O O ii* S3 1- J= = « o o = 5 S.S t- a; F— » _c ** O .-. ■ ^ :" ~ = -2 2 -5 -2 .3 — o o ■- .2? £i -g. i' '• .S3" -i-g ai.|| I s i_ . — : z^ a a s 3 ea E? C3 IS O O iti M '.ii ua t^ ui M ^— >• £ -E i! s^' ■> .2 5 > cj warn ea £ o Ci, 5 5 'S 3 3 c «-:=%- _ '^ C5 £.S = "■If O) g ■-."' J3 as.s '-^ o « " 2 u- -- rt — ca -^ « "3 o «ii 1 o 2 ■:^ O' IS 1^ B like t of ntte avery t ^ * .S -"° f-> ^" •5 "o J=i V o i^ £ i=.S P ^ T-^ 5 -d 2-3 I* J"? tt> "^ ec > .2m ■> ±! S > "? 2.2 g := -| -s 5- > a ,.° " -2 O jg g > -! P^ C3 -° ," t; i: ^-^ "7* S £*- u 1 •s 3-2 2 CJ i-.^ rt , (3 3 -C ^t^" *=? -a- P 3 - q ■" Si * r3 "^ C* o r— ?^ o « O J? •*■ en «> « o t = ra t.' x; ^ ^-. -^ 3 > t- d S Td •" 0.- 3 a» o « "ti > ■ — a; o 5^__ „ = ^ to u_ .^■- = — 2 o > S -° "£ o o a to ed "~» 'E S « P ^ « ? J5 III- £-3 T3 '^ &&g:-s .^ ij O o ra > r.g- rt> o 1 w 13 SI (S s CO « "3 ,, ,k. c3 c 3 "! '«5 fc. * in 3 S o i^ r> O •« £ A ■% rH o ■^ 00 is c o 3 O 1 O O is "ti. -a o o 1 •-3 O ■^ n « •o o a ^i* o -< -? CJ '" ■ — CD ^ ; • £ 3 r -_ V o 1- a 2 « g S ea aas o _- o £ o .2 • i-5 S -S ^p H « rt ^ _~ ;:; r! !3 a 2 "::: se 5f' s b S =- - £ H .= t: = = 1-3^-52— S -J 5 :< s: '^ :^: *<^ ;« v, s^. t^ r:^ j5 "^ (3 r< .S 'w — -p -p R.-T3 a. d^ ■a o J 2 i: CI o 5 ea C ^ "rt u o ce «; CL, cu ex. &4 50 TELOOGOO CATALOGUE OF TREES. [Class IV. (0 3 a-S •". «0 ^s o o S a 3 5s ie « 3 $z .£3 2 a a "3 ^8 2 £:• 6 o 2 T s~ to 1 g.a rt „ a a 3^ i .T . 52 to crooked king cow a tottler S2. 'S > 3 If.i c3 =U ■=5 t. •2-S =S"S" p* "S " ? "S-S 3 ■3 § 1 1 -a ined wo ght, mu Telia po o na "a ° n g j3 5 is tea =3 ^■ag .SS-Ht *- 3 B o S ^ ?>.£ £ ^.S C3 r- t-" I- 'TJ "p rg Jn ^ T) PI 2 o o o n O ?;& 6=^5: ^ 05= ?: ^ H --- ^ e= 1 .1 a c 2= . ^ ° T I -^ § |!~s ** J- t- n o ** •i g i § lif o o ^»« *^ *i "a -^ •S 5, >. -T3 > ; "s:?^ .= i 3ia rli- £■ 1 i" =^s •i=i-^=! * = 2 i.i« §s*^ §.S= I go.= -„ a I S.2 i = |1 -S I S S-g § * 3-.i; =-g5g>i£= "^S 1-3 .2 '-a 'gx,, oooao oooo.2og 30oOooo>o ooooo.a2.S " . ■ . . ' . '.'■.■ .^ * : : t r t t «M o : : : : : ; : m) : : : : : •: : ^ .— S >• g.s; ; t 2 5 5 a >^ 03 rt 00 CJ 0>3' .^ ■ •-D >,^ n j-i ^ "S fcrj > ?S « j: . = S -^ .2 3 :- > O O iJ o o ti ra o o o u O .<§ s bo - oj M : = o .S3 5J P * i-i CO _^ ^-< c ii ?: S.2 I g-3 rt C o "g ^ "S 1 ^ o o o >1 K =3 > F-tt rt « s g o '5 3 c o rt i ?^ N CJ tc 3 a :x. •< M X t- O U)» a O TIMBER WOODS. [Class IV. TIMBER WOODS FilOM AMUE116T AND TAVOY PROVINCES, AND MERGUI AR- CHIPELAGO, RECOMMENDED FOR HELVES, 15Y CAPTAIN DANCE, DEPUTY COMMISSARY OP ORDNANCE TENASSERDI PROVINCES. 1. LAGERSTR.EMIA PYMMAIL Peema Nee. lied Peema. Maxiimiiii j;irtli fi cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Very abuuiiant ; found all over tlie Tenas- serim anil Muitabau Proviuces. When seasoned, floats ill water. Memarh. — A tough wood, very good for helves, ftlready used for such, and for other Ordnance pur- poses. The great fault of Peema is its liability to !-iirink and warp when exposed to the sun or to lieat. Peema however has not been fairly tried, if killed and left standing as Teak the tendency to warp might probablv disappear. 2. CALOPHYLLUM LONGIFOLIUM. Tue- EAPEE. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22'- feet. Abundant ; found in Mergui, Tavoy, and in lesser quantities near the Altaian River and its branches. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarh. — Used for masts and yards of Junks, excellent for helves but not procurable at Moulmein in sufficient abundance. Strongly recommended to make models. .3. TEE KA LOUNG ok TIIA or KADAT- GHEE. BuRM. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22i feet. Abundant ; found at Mergui and Tavoy. AVlieu seasoned, floats in water. Remarh. — Used for bedsteads, and for house building. Recommended as a durable, tough wood tor helves or for hammer handles. 4. SIBIA GLOMERATA. Tujvyt Pew Tha OR White Tuayat. Maximum girth .5 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Abundant ; found on the sea coast from Amherst to Tavoy, and Mergui. AVhen seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — The term, Thayat-pew, should be cancelled from the collection, Thayat Pew, meaning white wood, a name equally applicable to " Calo- ])liyllum longifolium," " Dillenia speciosa" and Dalbergia specie.^, and other woods, " ye-man-nee," is often called by tliis name. The name Pyew is however that of Mangrove in Mason's " Tenas- serim" and I cannot succeed in procuring the true Mangrove. 5. ARTOCARPUS ECHINATUS. Mountain Jack or Tong By-ne. Burm. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Not abundant though to be found here and there over a large expanse of country ; found all over the Tenasserim and Martaban Provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarh. — This wood found on seasoning too light and spongy for durability, should be classed as a useless wood. 6. XYLOCAKPUS GR.VNATUM, Penlay- PioUNG OR Peng LAY-OUN. The sea cocoanut. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 20 feet. Very abundant ; found all along the sea shore from Amherst to Mergui. Wheu seasoned, floats in water. RemarA-a. — Used by Burmese for all parts of houses, posts, flooring, walls Sec. A very good, fine grained strong wood, splits withdilHculty. Reconi- mended for handspikes, helves, spokes, and handles of tools, also for shot boxes and packing-cases. 7. HERITIERA LITORALIS, Konzozaloo OR Kanazoe, from the sea shore. Maximum girth 4 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Very abundant on the Islands ; found on Pannat Island and all the Mergui Archipelago, also all along the coast of Amherst proviuce. When seasoned, floats in water. Remaris. — Used for Boats, Boxes, planks of houses &c. a very light wood, scented, durable and tough. Recommended for fuzes beyond any other wood in the coWcciion : also for iielves, and for gun stocks. Strongly recommended for packing cases of all descriptions. 8. HERITIERA MINOR, Kanazoe, a Forest Fruit tree. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maxinmra length 15 feet. Very abundant, but straggling ; found in Mar- taban, and on both sides of Moulmein river, and all along the sea coast ; an unlimited supply ol this procurable. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Name of this sounded as the other Konnayzow but the wood difl'ercnt. Wheu seasoned, it is tough, light and durable. Used for bows also piles of bridges, boats, and many other purposes. Recommended for helves, but should be killed a twelve month before being cut down, or otherwise should be seasoned by keeping after it has been cut down. Both of these " Kanazoe" woods said by Dr. McClelland to resemble Soondree wood iu strength and durable qualities. 9. KANNAN THA ok CRAB TREE. Maximum girth, 4 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Abundant ; found on an Island called Pielo Class IV.] TIMBER WOODS. 53 Island near Mergiii, but scarcely procurable in Moulraein. Wlieii seasoned, the red vaiiety sitiks and the white floats. Remarks. — Used for houses, zyats &c. a very durable wood of handsome grain ; of this wood, there are two kinds, red and white. The latter lighter than the foiiuer, likely to answer for helves ; the former too heavy for that purpose. Both woods very good lor turning purposes. io. KA.YA N.VN in Tavoy, K.\iy.\h in Moul- mein. N. B. The wood called Kvanan in Mouliuein and by Mason, is Tavoy red wood, Syndesinus Tavoyana. Maxinnira girth 2^ cubits. Maxinium length 15 feet. Very abund;int ; found on the sea coast, from Amherst to Mergui : also on batiks of rivers in the Province of Martaban near the sea. AVhen seasoned, floats in water. liemaris. — One of the best woods in the country for helves ; tough, light, very durable, plentiful ; long in the fibre, neither liable to split nor to warp nor to break readily. Used by Burmese for planes, spears, boats, stocks of guns and all kinds of pur- poses. This wood is of a most beautiful color, a combination of Pink cream color and red, and bears a very high polish, llecoinmeuded for helves, handles of tools, handspikes and spokes of gun carriage, and tiinl)er wheels ; also for gun stocks and planes. 11. PARRAWAH. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Abundant ; found all over Tenasscriin and Martaban provinces. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remurks. — A durable smooth-grained tough wood ; used by Bunnans for slicks, helves for pick- axes, and hoes, handles of chisels and other tools &c. Recommended for helves and handles of tools generallv. 12. "THA bike or TIIA-B.AY-KYA, A kind of Oak. Maximum girth \\ cubits. Maximum lengtli 16 feet. Not abundant, but scatteretl ; foumi in all forests inland, all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — k sufficiently light, yet durable, straight grained, tough wood ; used by Burmese for posts, building purposes generally, and various other objects. This wood is recommended as likely to prove excellent for helves, and if it could be procured in sufficient cpiantities, would be unrivalled for shot boxes. 13. GONGOO OK G.\NG.VW. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 32 feet. Very abundant ; found near Mergui, also thence along coast as far as Amherst. When sea- soned, floats in water. Reimris. — Used for tables, chairs and miscel- laneous articles by the Burmese ; a good, hard, tough wood, durable, and recommended for helves also for haiulles of all kinds of tools. Vide Major Simpson's Report. U. ANCKSTROLOBUS CARNEA ; Tocn- GALAK in Martaban Provinces, Zeengalay in Tavoy. Maximum girth 3 cubits ^laximum length 30 feet. Not abumiant ; widely scattered. Found all over the Provinces in the forests, but in none abun- dant. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — This wood has a good long fibre, tenacity, durability and sutticient lightness, is very free fioin knots ; used by Burmese for building, for ploughs and lor utensils of all kinds. Recommend- ed for helves and for handles of chisels, hammers and tools generally — said by Dr. McClelland to be plentiful in Pegu and Tonghoo Forests, but rarely to exceed 3 feet in girth. 15. BON(i LONG THA. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Said to be abundant, but has not been easily obtained in Moulmein. Found all over the provin- ces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A durable yet light wood with a very straight grain ; used for every purpose by the Burmese, and much recommended for helves. 16. THAN.AT KHEE. Maximum girth 3^ cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Said to be abundant, but has not been easily obtained in Moulmein. Found all over the provin- ces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A durable yet light wood with a very straight grain ; used for every purpose by the Burmese, and much recommended for lielves. 17. TAY-THA. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 16 fi-et. Scarce in Amherst, but abundant towards Tavoy. Pound inland, also along sea coast all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Found subject to dry rot when sea- soned ; a useless wood not recommended. 18. MAI TAI YO. Maximum girth 2^ cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Abundant. F'ound all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Used for posts and many other pur- poses by the Burmese, a particularly good wood for helves, being durable, light, and tough. 19. KYA MOUK, a kind of Oak. Maximum girth 4 cubits. Maximum length 22j feet. Abun- dant but widely scattered. Found all over the pro- vinces inland. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — An excellent tough wood, durable and sufliciently light ; used for all purposes by the Burmese. Strongly recnmmeded for helves, hammer handles, handspikes, staves of casks, and many other purposes, but too widely scattered to be easily obtained uidess a large quantity l)e ordered which should repay a search in the forests : much used by Burmese as a pole for cavady baskets. 20. PAKA-THAN. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 12 H 54 TIMBER WOODS. feet Abundant, but widely scattered. Found all over these provinces inland. When seasoned, floats in water. 7fc;»arX-«.— Used by Burmese to make paddles, oars, &c., a tou'^h, durable, good wood, but too widely scattered to be easily obtained, uidess a lar^^e" quantity be ordered whioli would repay a search in the forests. 31 DILLENI.\SPECI0S.\.Thee-Bew-1ha. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 [Ct*S9 IV. When seasoned, floats in all over the Provinces, water. Remarks. —An uncommonly smooth grained, tough, close, yet not heavy wood. Durable and with but one fault, the smallness of ils girth, un- fitting it for gun carriages. Strongly recommend- ed for ludvfs and handles of tools of all sorts, if it can hen-after be procured at Moulmein ; also for handspikes and for spokes. This wood, on careful examination, appears to be identical with T'rinco- fect. Trees abundant, but widely scattered. Found ! mallee wood, tiioiigli this cannot be positively stated all over the provinces here and there inland. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A durable, tough, light, wood, seem- ing very good for helves. Used by Burmese for building houses and for sundry other purposes ; said by Dr. McClelland to afford large and good timber for building houses. 22. KYE-ZAI ; lAURUS, species. Maximum girtli 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Scarce, not obtainable at Mouhnein. Found along the coasts from Amherst to Mergui ; also on the banks of Tavoy river. When seasoned, floats iu water. Remarks.— K very tough wood, which has already been often used for helves with great success. Proved of extraordinary strength and tenacity in former experiments. Very durable and not too heavy for helves. Recommended for helves and handles of tools of all kiuds, if it could but be procured at Moulmein. 23. MYOUK SHO or MONKEY TREE, also called Moulmein Laucewood. DALBERGIA (Ma- son), so called because its pole is so straight, so slippery, and to so great a height free from branches that no monkey was ever seen to climb it. Maximum girth + cubits. Maximum length 40 feet. Very abundant. Found in Tavoy and Mer- gui : also somewhat abundant all over the provin- ces inland. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A wood much praised in Tavoy, as resembling Lancewood in properties but found to split when seasoned, perhaps good specimens have not been obtained. At any rate other woods of unquestionable value are abundant in Amherst. 24. CAREYA ABOREA. B.vN Bambooai. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces in- land. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — This timber is useful, durable and tough : used for posts of houses, and for country carts. Recommended for helves though better kinds for that purpose have already been specified. Rccoramended by Dr. McClelland with other woods as equal in strength in oak and of a promising kind for ship-buikling. 25. KYEYOTHOO. Maximum girth 2i cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Veiy abundant at Mergui, but not pro- curable at Moulmein. Found inland up the rivers till the flowers of the tree can be proc\ired. 2fi. SUW-YEW or Chisel handle tree, call- ed by the Karens Egg tree, stated by Mason to be of the genus Dalbergia, species unknown. Maxi- mum girth 2i cubits. Maximum length 10 feet. Not very abundant, but found scattered all over these forests inland ; always found in undulating ground only not near water. When seasoned floats in water. RemarJcs. — Used by Burmese in preference to any other for handles of chisels and tools, also for helves of axes, and hatchets. A very hard, fine grained, wood, which is strongly recommended for helves and handles of all kinds of tools. Unequalled for those tools, such as chisels, which are struck with a hammer or inallet. This wood is of a yellow- ish white in color with patches of black interspersed, looking as if Iron had in some manner been drawn from the soil, and incorporated in the wood. Though widely scattered, it is in such demand as alwavs to be procurable in the markets. 27. SHOREA ROBUSTA. Is-Jin or Ex- GHYEjt, called in India, Saul. Maximum girth, certaiidy 3, said to be 5 cubits. Maximum length certainly 20, said to be 80 feet. Abundant. Found inland in Amhrest and Tavoy provinces. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks — A thoroughly good and valuable wood. Que of the most durable in these forests ; tough, elastic, large, and extremely heavy. Used for bows and for all kinds of purposes, by the Burmese. Recommended for handles of hammers, chisels and other tools, also for sheave blocks, cogs, and machi- nery in which great strength is required : also for government buildings, wharves ke. especially for Railway sleepers, from its singular property of pe- trifying when long exposed to the action of water, as also from its abundance anil large girth. Too heavy for helves, said to strike fire with steel, after having been kept in water for a length of time. Major Phayre stated in a letter his having found several logs of this wood in a creek which is empty in the dry season, all of them petrified. This saul appears a closer grained, better, and probably a heavier wood than the saul of India ; it seems likely to answer admirably for helves, and for rammer heads, as well as for the other purposes already spe- cified in this report. 28. MELANORIHEAUSITATA. Theetsee. Maximum girth certainly 3, said to be 4 or 5 Class IV.] TIMBER WOODS. 00 cubits. ^laximum li>ii^tli ccrtninlv 20, said to be 30 fi-pt. Xny ab\uulaiit. FoumI in .\mlierst Province. Wlieii seasoned, lloats in water. Remar^i — .\ wood of particularly fine close grain, cxudint; a black ^uin which repels ants, and is used by the 15uniiese as a varnish. Very strong, durable, iiard and tounh, I'oiiud to answer well for cogs of machinery. (Vide -Vnillery Records with re- port of woods by Captains Simpson and Babiiigton, dated Moidinein 25th May 1842.) Recominendetl for haiiilles of tools, also for sheave blocks and for iiiacliinery generally and for Railway sleepers. Dr. JlcClellaud writes of this wood as follows: — " The Lignum vitre" of I'cgu. It is of a dark red color, of a close grain and dense structure. Its great hardness and weight prevents it being employed in house building. It woidd answer for sheave or block pulleys and other purposes connected with machinery, where great strength and density are re- quired. The anchors of Burmese boats are always of wood to which stones are lashed. The flakes being of Pyeng Khado: the stocks of Theetsee or of some other heavy wood. This wood is not brought to Moulmein so heavy as Dr. McClelland describes it. It is procurable at 7 cubits and on high or low ground. Recommended for gnu stocks, also for rammer lieads, and for helves, in xhort for all pur- poses as so strong yet not very heavv. 29. FR,VG.E.\. FR.'VGR\NS, Annax-Th.^ or Aniinn. Maximum girth 4 cubits. Maximum length 20- 25 feet. Very abundant. Found in the provinces of Amherst, Tavoy, and Mergui : also on islands of the Coast and iidatul, especially up the Attaran river. When seasoned, sinks in water. Reiaarks. — liuihiiug houses, Kyoungs, Zyats, &c. also for piles of bridges, wharves &c., but for the last by the English oidy, as Burmese think this wood too good for any but sacred purposes : hence .4nuan wood has been tnore preserved in these forests than any other valuable wood. It is imper- vious to the attacks ot ants, and of the teredo na- valis which will eat all other timber. .\t Tavoy the posts of a wharf which have for several years beeu partly iliy and partly wet, each ilay according to the state of the tide, are untouched by the worms, the Burmese have a proverb about the slow growth of this tree. Annan wood though almost imperish- able is not capable of bearing so heavy a strain as some of the other valiwbh; woods of the province. [Vide Artilien/ Recunh for 184-i, and experiments titereiti recorded, page 531 of " Selections.") Re- commended for Railway sleepers, as neither heat nor moisture will warp ■ fied. though better woods are already speci- 53. NEEN THA. Very abundant. Found along sea coast near Tavoy and Mergui. When seasoned siuks in water. Remarks. — Used for rafters of houses ; a very heavy wood, but liable to split, therefore not re- commended. 54. PEW BOCK. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 25 feet. Very abundant. Found along sea coast near Tavoy and Mergui. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks. — A strong, tough, durable wood ; re- commended for helves. 55. THEE-LA-B.\Y. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 20 feet. Not very abundant. Obtained from T.irov, Mergui and Yea. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A brittle, useless wood for Ordnance purposes, though employed by Burmese for house posts and to support the shafts of wells. o 58 TIMBER WOODS. [Class IV. 56. MONG-DAYAT NEE ob RED MONG DAYAT. Mnximura girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Not abundant. Found from sea shore Amherst to Mergui and on Callagouk Ishuul. 'When season- ed, floats in water. Remarh.—Vsei\ for crooks, and straight parts also of shiijs, and boats : a light tough wood with a good grain, but too liable to rot to be recom- uiended. 57. TO DOORYAN or FOREST DOORYAN. Maximum girth 3 Cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Scarce. Found from the sea coast of these pro- vinces and adjacent islands. When seasoned, floats in water. Hemarks. — A soft, light, useless timber, liable to rot readily. 58. BOOK THA. Maximum girth 1^ to 2 cubits. Maximum length 11 feet. Scarce. Found on the sea coast Amherst to Mergui. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Used by Burmese for helves, but rots quickly, and therefore not recommended. 59. TAY YO THA. Grewia. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Very abundant. Found on the sea coast and adjacent ishmds of these Provinces When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Used for oars and masts of boats. When this wood is cut, a very acrid caustic juice or sap flies from it which will destroy sight, if it touch the eye, or if it fall on the face, it raises blisters. A wood dangerous to work, and not durable ; not recommended. 60. TIL\Y TO THA. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 25 feet. Very abutidant. Found all over Tenasserim and Martaban Provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — X useless wood ; rots very quickly ; used for temporary buildings. 61. MANEEOGA, stated by Burmese to be much used for rice pounders. JIaximum girth -i cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Abundant. Found all over Tenasserim and Martaban provinces. Wlien seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Not a good wood, as, when stored, it soon dies and rots ; the roots are used for medicine ; the fruit is eaten by Burmese, and the wood is well spoken of, though favourable specimens have not been seen, by Captain Dance. 62. MAH YAH GAH. Maximiim girth 2i cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Abundant. Found all over Tenasserim and Martaban provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Used for elephant bells ; not a dura- ble wood, and therefore not recommended. 63. TIIAH BYAY NEE. Maximum girtli 3 cubits. Maximum length 23 feet. Very abundant. Found all over Tenasserim and Martaban provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — An inferior brittle wood, used by Burmese in sliort pieces for the props of houses ; not recommended. 6-1. THEE KHYA THA. Maximum giith, 1 cubit. Maximum length 12 feet. Very abundant. Found all over Tenasserim and Martaban provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A very crooked grained perishable wood ; not recommended. 65. DOW YAT. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Abundant. Found always inland all over the country. AVlien seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A soft bad wood ; useless except for elephant bells. 66. MAY-BYOUNG. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Not abundant. Found near the sea side, and near the mouths of rivers along the coast. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks. — Used for anchors of boats and for the sticks of oil mills ; an uncoiuujonly heavy and a durable wood, but not tough enough for ordnance purposes generally, though from its hardness, it makes good planes and turns well. 67. PEE MA PEW or WHITE PEEMA. Maximum girth 6 cubits. Maximum length 'M\ feet. Very abundant. Found all over the Tenasserim and Martaban provinces near the red Peema. Wheu seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A tough wood, lighter than Bed Peema ; does not last for so long a time as Red Peema, and rots in any position when shut up, as in tlie hulls of ships, in store Jcc. Not recommended. 68. NA PEW GEE or LET THOUK-GEE. Maximum girth ]i cubits. Maximum length 14 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A useful wood, of inferior grain, and not durable. 69. THA YINGEE. Maximum girth \ cubit. Maximum length 6 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Utterly useless except for firewood. 70. THA NAT THAYT PEW THA. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Very abundant. Class IV.l TIMBER WOODS. 59 71. KHA MOUNGTH.V. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Very abundant. 72. KA THEET THA. Maximum girth i cubits. Maximum length 22 feet ; not very abundant. 73. IN JIN PEWOO, Tr/iite hjin. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats iu water. Remarks. — The above last named four woods very light, perishable, and only fit for firewood- The bark of Ka tlieet tlia used by Karens as betel nut, could probably be useful in tanning. 74. THAHBYAYBEW. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 20 feet. Abundant. Found inland all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remwis. — Not a durable wood. 75. THAY KYA BA. Maximum girth 3 cubits. IMaximum length 24 feet. Very abundant but straggling. Found inland all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarh. — Used for house posts, but not a durable wood. 76. THAY THA. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Widely scattered. Found inland all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A tolerably good and tough wood, but liable to rot iu store, and therefore not recom- mended. 77. THAH BY.\.Y GNET GHEE (means with large leaves.) Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Widely scattered. Found iidand all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. RemurJcs. — k. tolerably good and tough wood, spoken of by Dr. McClelland as a strong and close grained timber. 7S. THAPYKETHA. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Very al)undant. Found along the banks of rivers, all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remaris. — A wood of no durability : not re- commended. 79. KYAI YEW. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Rather scarce Found all along the banks of rivers, all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Used by Burmese to make cliarcoal, also sometimes for posts of small huts : too brittle to be recommended. 80. TOUXG BYE NAY. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length, 30 feet. Scarce. Found along the banks of rivers. all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A brittle short grained wood. Not the mountain jack, though similar to it in name. 81. MAYSHOUNG. Maximum girth 2\ cubits. Maxinmm length 18 feet. Scarce. Found on sea coast, Amherst to Mergui, When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A short fibred, brittle, yet soft wood, not durable ; called, but erroneously, a kind of Annan by the Burmese. Not a durable wood, and besides too scarce for ordnance purposes. 82. THA B.ITE KEE. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 18 feet. Scarce. Found all over the Provinces near the sea and at the mouths of rivers. When sea- soned, floats in water. RemarJcs. — A short fibred, brittle, yet soft wood, not durable. 83. MONG-DAYAT PEW or WHITE MONG DAYAT. Maximum girth 2i cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Scarce. Found all over the provinces near the sea and in the mouths of the rivers. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Not a good wood, being very perisli- able. 84. KAB-BAN-THA. Maximum girth 6 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Scarce. Found inland in .Vmherst and Tavov Provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Makes beautiful fiuniture, and when long buried in ferruginous mud, turns of a very dari-Tcd. Found to make excellent planes ; used in Tavoy jail with great success, for all tool handles, and much recommended for such as do not receive direct percussion, as screw drivers, augers, ham- mers, handles ; in fact for all tools except chisel handles, which are to be struck with a hammer, for which the Chisel-handle tree, " Ualbergia," Species, is the best ; makes excellent planes ; stated by Dr. McClelland to be most plentiful in Tharawaddy dis- trict, and to be hard, of fine grain and used iii con- structing carts. The writer has seen a quantity of this lately sold (in August 1857) for export to Hol- land as a furniture wood. 85. KYEE TH.A. named by Mason as St/ndesmu.i Tavoyaua and also called Kyay Mishoung nam ed by Dr. McClelland as Barringtonia acutangula. 60 TIMBER WOODS. [Class IV. Maximum girth 2^ to perlinps 3 cubits. Maxi- mum lengtli 10 or 12 I'ect. Very scarce in Moul- iiieiii, but sufficiently abundant at Tavoy. Wlien seasoned, sinks in watir. Remarks. — Same as kab-ban-lha. 86. KHA BONG PEW. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. Found on tlie sea coast, Amherst to Mergui. When seasoned, floats in water. Remaris —Liable to attacks from worms, rots readily, a brittle inferior wood. 87. KOUNG MOO. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 30 feet. Scarce. Found near Moulmein, also near Tavoy and Mergui on tlie sea coast and on the bauks of rivers. When seasoned, floats in water. Bemarke. — Not a good wood, but perishable and liable to rot readily. 88. NA YOOAY. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Scarce. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remaris. — A durable tolerable good wood with a curled grain, used by Burmese for oars, much like English oak in appearance, but deficient in tenacity. Not recommended, being scarce, while equally good woods are abundant. 89. KHAI YAH. Ma.ximum girth 2i cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Scarce. Found all over the Provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Eemaris. — A tolerably good wood but not re- commended, because like the " Na-yoo-ay" it is too scarce. 90. DALBERGIA LATIFOLIA ; YENDAIK • BLACK WOOD. MMxiraum girth 2 cubits Maximum length 10 or 1 2 feet. Abundant in Tavoy and Mergui, else- where scarce. Found all over the provinces, but mostly in Tavoy and Mergui. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks. — This, unlike the Black wood of India, has a fetid smell like tiiat of new Corduroy and a white grain interspersed amongst the black and red. It is not so handsome a wood as Indian black wood, but is far tougher, is not brittle, excellent for spoke shaves, for handles of screw drivers, augers, gim- blets. Used by the Chinese carpenters for planes, and is excellent for that purpose though heavy ; but they use smaller planes than we do, Like others of the hardest woods of Burmah, it is so full of natural cracks, that two feet of timber are wasted for one foot made up after being sawn ; but when made up, this wood cracks no more and resists sun or rain admirably. The " Tai" is not Yendaik but Ebony, aud is brittle and devoid of smell. 91. PlIYOO. Maximum girth 1 J cubits. Maximum length 17 feet. ,\i)unilaut. Found in Tavoy and Mergui, also in less abundaiice in Amherst Province. When seasoned, flouts in water. RMMirfcs. — A tolerably good strong wood, but not with much tenacity of fibre. 92. TYF YOO THA or LAM THAH. Maxinuim girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Scarce. Found in Tavoy and Mergui, also in less abundance in Amherst province. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A bad brittle wood ; readily splits and warps. 93. PHET HONWAY. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Scarce. Found at Tavoy and Mergui. AVhen seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A short grained, brittle wood, splits and rots readily. 94. OUK QUAY. Maximum girth L.J cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Scarce. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — -The root of this tree is used as a me- dicine by Burmese, the wood perishable, and grain short. 95. NGY-SOUNG THA. Maximum girth 'i^ cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Abundant. Found all over the .provinces. Wlicn seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A wood of no durability or strength ; splits readily, with a short grain. Only fit for fire- wood. 95J. NA GHEE. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces. When seasoned floats in water. Remarks. — .\ tolerably good wood, used for mal- kts, but not durable enough to be recommended. 95|. TAYET KHYEE. Ma.ximura girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. T'ound all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — A pretty wood in grain, but one which rots when it dies : of no durability. 93f . MURRH NEEN. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 1 5 feet. Abundant. Found all over the provinces on low grounds. When seasoned floats in water. Remarks. — A petty wood, looks exactly like deal, but stated to have no durability. Class IV.] TIMBER WOODS. 61 Additional List of Woods, by Capt. Dance, Dep. Commissary of Ordnance, T. P. 28Tn July 1856. 96. YEMMANEE. Tree not known but Karens say it bears a yellow flower and small plum wliicli is the favorite fruit of the barking deer. Vide Ma- son's Tenasserim, page 213. Maximum girth 4 cubits. Maximum length 20 to 30 feet. Very abundant. Found inland near the banks of the Gyne and Attaran rivers and at the back of the mountains near Moulraeiu. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Very durable ; used by the king of Ava for his carved furniture, also by Burmese for boats ; a slightly scented wood, the lightest in the collection ; free from cracks. Excellent for fuzes and appears quite free from acid or from tendency to rot. 97. SO WAY DO. Maximum girth 1^ cubits. Maximum length 10 or 12 feet. Very abundant. Pound on sea coast and on the banks of rivers in these provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Eemari-s. — A wood much recommended for gun stocks with but one fault ; that it is crooked and therefore not more than ten or twelve feet can be procured between the bends. This wood is com- monly sold to Burmese for half a rupee a piece, large enough to make one gun stock. 98. THAYET KYA. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 20 feet. Not very abundant, but occasionally procur- able Found inland near the back of hills near Moulmein, and here and there all over the provinces. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarlcs. — Durable and light, a good wood for helves if indented for with other woods for the same purposes. 99. CHIN ZOOAY. Meaning Elephants-teeth. Maximum girth 1^- to 2 cubits. Maximum length 10 feet. Abundant in the hills. Found inland, al- ways on rocky barren hard ground in mountainous or hill districts all over tlie provinces. When sea- soned, sinks in water. Remarks. — This wood is believed by the writer to be the hardest and strongest known in these lati- tudes, perhaps any where in the world. It is how- ever only procurable in such rocky spots as no other tree will grow in, so must be sent for ou purpose. It cuts up as does yendaik and other hard woods do with huge cracks through it ; in fact this is the most wasteful of all known valuable timber in this respect and the original scantling is but small, so that it is not recommended for general purposes, but it is invaluable for the edges of Phillester Planes for spoke shaves and for such purposes in which much scantling is not required. 100. THAN THAT. Maximum girth 2 to 3 cubits. Maximum length 12 feet. Very difllicult to procure. Found inland up the Gyne and Attaran Rivers. When seasoned, floats in water. Remarks. — Very durable ; used by Karens for bows, for shoulder yokes, spear handles and mauy other purposes. Excellent for hammer handles from its tough fibre. 101. YEENGA. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Not very abundant. Found in Moulmein itself and scattered over the provinces. When seasoned sinks in water. Remarks. — Stated to be good for helves not so strong as Chisel handle tree but possessing its properties in an inferior degree ; and good for helves. Rupees 45 per 50 feet by 1 foot square. Used by Burmese for helves, for mamotties, and is a very pretty white wood for furniture. 102. MOKETAMMATHA. Meaning Martaban wood. Maximum girth 1 oubit. Maximum length 8 feet. Very abundant. Found in Martaban and its adjacent jungles, also all over the provinces es- pecially on the banks of rivers. When seasoned.siuks in water : uncommonly heavy. Remarks. — Stated to be used for the same pur- poses as Chisel handle tree, but still strono-er. 103. GYEW. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. Found in the jungle round°Moul- meinand all over the provinces. When seasoned floats in water. ' Remarks. — Stated by Burmese to be equal to chisel handle tree, Dalbergia, species, but if so the writer has not yet seen a favourable specimen. 104. PINLAY JALLAT. Maximum girth 2| to 3 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Tolerably plentiful. Found by the sea side and very near to water's edge, in these provin- ces. When seasoned, floats in wpter. Remarks. — A wood strongly recommended for fuzes, free from oil, and acid, "light, yet stron" ; it is much used for rockets of enormous dimensions and for wooden guns, used for the burning of the dead Phoongees and on other occasions. 103. BEE-EW. Not identical with TheeBew Tha. Maximum girth 3 cubits. Maximum length 22 feet. Trees very abundant. Found near the sea or the rivers edge, all over the provinces. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks. — A very hard, strong wood ; used in rice mills where great strength and wearing well are indispensably requisite : recommended for han- dles of tools. 62 ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. [Class IV. 106. KUSSOO, not identical with Kye-zai. Maximum girth 2 cubits. Maximum length 15 feet. Abundant. Found near the sen or the rivers edge, all over the province. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remaris. — A very tough wood, durable, and as good as Kyezai, for helves. The Kyezai is a wood of the colour of oak witli a yellowish tinge. The Kussoo is nearly white. This is not tbe soon- dree wood, of which latter the Burmese name is nearly the same, and the soondree wood Captain Dance failed to procure hitherto. 107. KYAI THA. Maximum girth H to 2 cubits. Maximum length 7 feet. Scarce. Found on low marshy grounds in these provinces, but widely scattered. When sea- soned, sinks in water. Remarks — Excellent for planes, or for any other purpose, for which a straight grain, great tough- ness and strength are required. 108. PHANGAH. Maximum girth 4 cubits. Maximum length 20 feet. Very abundant. Found in jungles near Moul- raein and all over the provinces. When seasoned, sinks in water. Remarks- — Used by Burmese for poles of carts and by the poorer class for houses ; vei7 strong and likely to make good planes, handles, or helves. 109. TUNYEEN or TUNYEEN DHA. Maximum girth 5 cubits. Maximum length 30 or 40 feet. To be procured in moderate quantities. Found scarce near Moulmein and Sittaiig rivers, more abundant near Tavoy and Mergui. When seasoned, floats in water. Remaris. — Used for construction of those very large boats which go from Moulmein to Tonghoo ; hence in such demand here, but not so much so on the sea coast. A wood which when cut, has a peculiar and fragrant smell, is tough and oily and likely to make excellent planes, handles &c. &c. 110. EBONY. DIOSPYROS, TAI. Maximum girth i to 1 cubit. Maximum length 8 feet Very scarce. Found from the forests in the direction of Shuay Gheen. Wheu seasoned, sinks in water. Remark/. — This wood, much sought for by Cap- tain Dance could not be procured in Moulmein in sufficient abundance for it to be suitable for any ordnance purpose. Ooncluding Remarks, dated Moulmein 30th Sep- tember 1857. From all euquiries, it appears that the prices of all the useful woods specified in the above List are about the same, viz : Eupees 45 per ton. This List is in substitution of that before for- warded with letter No 305 dated 1st May 1856 from Captain Dance to the Military Board ; which latter was requested to be cancelled. The three lieadings of woods for helves, woods too heavy bat useful for other purposes, and useless woods, liave been retained as first classed, tliough some of the first class have been found useless, some of the second good for helves, and some of the third (as yendaik) valuable ; but fresh numbering would cause confusion, and opposite to each wood is specified, whether it be useful, and if so for what purpose. SECTION VII. ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. SCB JCRV. The Hon'ble W. Elliot, Esq. Lieut. Mitchell, Reporter. This although not an extensive subdivision con- tains some articles of considerable importance both to the home manufactures and to the exporter. BEESWAX. Samples of this useful product have been received from several localities. Some do not appear to have been subjected to any cleansing process, others are very impure. A few specimens liave been verv carefully prepared; of these the Jury would particu- larize a sample from the Madras Local Committee, and another from Guntoor. Arraoor has exhibited a cake of black wax. BLISTERING BEETLES. Specimens of that useful substitute forCantharides, the Mylabris, have been exhibited by Apotiiecarv Huffton of Salem, and by M. A. Collas, Marine Sur- geon of Pondicherry, wlio has sent two species, vii, M. pustulata and M. punctulata. This Beetle abounds in the neighbourhood of Bangalore and may be obtained in large quantities at the end of the year. At Madras also we have found two well defined species and several varieties besides those exhibited. It is therefore probably to be found in most parts of Southern India- GLUE. Only two samples have been exhibited, neither of which is good. No. 477 from Paulghaut is the best, its fractured edge is clear and vitreous, but it is soft and dark coloured. The other is black and opaque. HONEY. Of honey several samples are exhibited, none however have been put up with the care necessary to procure a good market. High prices are paid for imported Honey simply because the large produce of the country is not gathered with sufficient care. The .Jury is not acquainted with the means adopted to prevent the fermentation of Honey. Most of the samples exhibited have undergone the fermen- tative process, and information of the precautions Class IV.] ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 63 taken in Europe to prevent this would be very ac- ceptable. It would also be desirable on future occasions that the name of the species of Bee and the plants on which it feeds should accompany the Honey. But if this cannot be done, specimens of the Bees and of the plants may be forwarded instead. The Honey ex- liibited dilfers much in colour and odour and al- though this may be in some measure dependent up- on the age of the Bee, it is much more so upon the nature of their food. HOG S BRISTLES. Kurnool and Wynaud have exhibited small quanti- ties of Hog's bristles very well suited for making Brushes. This article would find a ready sale in the European market. The Hog being considered an impure auimal by most of the Natives of India there is but very little consumption of Bristles in the country. The quantity used in Great Britain is so large that in 18il, 1,735,503 lb. were imported, and the imports have probably much increased since then. Horns, Nails, Tusks &c. Under this head are ex- hibited some Deer and Bison's horns, a few Boar's tusks and some Tiger's claws ; also a few of the (so caUed) shells of the Land Tortoise, but there is nothing calling for particular remark. WOOL. The most valuable article in this Section is un- doubtedly AYool, but the specimens of Native Wool are but few and generally of an inferior quality. The JIadras Chamber of Commerce exiiibited samples of wool from all quarters of the globe with the London market prices affixed. These form a usefid and instructive series and have greatly assist- ed tlie Jury in deciding upon the merits of country grown wool. The Government sheep farm in Mysore exhibit- ed 7 Samples consisting of the wool of the pure imported, and of the Farm-bred Merino crossed with the country sheep and one specimen from the common sheep of the Province. The last named appears to be the kind used for making the Mysore white curably and is of a coarse description. The i bred Merino has produced a finer fleece than the 1 bred, which is an anomaly. The wools of the |th and fths bred are good, the last being the finest and most uniform in size. The Farm bred and imported Merino have about the same diameter of fibre, but the latter is only about half the length of the former. The Jury would have recommended a 2nd Class Medal for the samples had they belonged to a private exhibitor, but as they do not conceive it to be the object of the exhibition to reward a public establishment, specially devoted to improving the breed of sheep they award the " Honourable men- tion" which it undoubtedly merits. The Farm wools excepted, the Jury considers the best specimen of country grown wool from the Merino, is No. 814, exhibited by Mr. Fitzgerild of Chingleput, and recommend a second class Medal for this sample. It is not stated whetiicr this wool was taken from a pure Merino or a cross, but it is soft and elastic, and has the true Merino curl. Armoogum Moodelliar of Chingleput has exhi- bited two specimens of Merino. No. 5309 is moderately fine and soft but is deficient of the wavy curl so characteristic of the true Merino wool. No. 1949 from Bellary is perhaps a fair speci- men of country-wool ; it is not so fine as No. 4092 and G852 exhibited by Messrs Fischer and Co. of Salem, but the fibre is more uniform iu size. In conclusion the Jury would add that all the wools exhibited which are the growth of the Native sheep are deficient in fineness and curl. They are either altogether straight or at the best have a scarcely imperceptible waviness. Great care how- ever appears to have been taken in cleansing them, a matter of importance both to grower and expor- ter, for a well washed wool realises about double the price of unwashed. Moreover it should be re- membered that when wools are intended for export, the dirt nearly doubles the cost of carriage and freight. SILK. Among the Miscellaneous Animal products may be noticed the Silk worm cocoons from Pondi- cherry although more properly belonging to Class XIII in which their economical value and uses have probably received full consideration ; but they were also brought under the notice of this Sub Jury as Kaw products in the classified catalogue furnished to them by Lieutenant Hawkes. Of these the Jury were particularly struck with the beauty of the Pondicherry Cocoons, and more especially with those of the deep yellow Jlilanese and the white and yellow Trivoltine kinds. All the Pondicherry Cocoons presented the peculiarity of being constricted in the middle while those from other places were of the ordinary oval form, as for instance those from Salem, also of good though iu- ferior quality. M. Pffl-ottet had raised as many as ten successive generations, from the same stock, in his manufac- tory, during the year, but the process of breeding seems to require much care and management. It has occurred to the Jury that the observations made by M. Dumas ou the mulberry plantations of France in the early part of the present year might be studied with advantage in India. That Gentleman having been deputed by the French Government to enquire into the cause of the mortality among the silk-worms during the pre- 64 ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. [Class IV. ceding season, has nscertained, ttiat mountainous i recions are the places best adopted for breeding tlie 1 sifk-worm and that those only which are produced on elevated localities had succeeded during the pre- valence of the Epizoic, whilst those bred in low pounds had as generally failed. These facts indicate the propriety of trying to breed the worm on some of the many ranges of Hills in Southern India, as the Shirvaray, Santamangalam, Yelagherry, Nallamalla, Jiwadi, and other groups. It is true that some of these are unhealthy, but persons engaged in superintending the breeding pro- cess might avoid the danger of fever by sleeping at the foot of the Hills and by availing themselves of the services of the Hill people. We know already that the culture of silk has long been prosecuted in Mysore, but even there it may be worth while to examine whether any difference is found between the results obtained at different de- grees of elevation on the plateau of the Table-laud. Several specimens of Cocoons, the produce of Saturnia Paphia which yields the Tusseh silk of Southern India, were exhibited from Pondicherry and elsewhere but in small quantities only. From Pondicherry also came the Cocoons of ActiaH selene the larva of which feeds on the Odina AVodier. M. Perottet has the credit of having first turned the silk of this species to useful account, having exhibited a pair of gloves manufactured from it. Capt. Benson of the Commissariat exhibited Co- coons of the l.irge Burmese Saiurnia, believed to be S. Atlas, from which the tusseh of China is pro- cured. The collections of peltry were considerable, but included nothing rare or new or otherwise interest- ing. That transmitted by the Eajah of Vizianagaram comprehended skins of most of the ordinary Indian Wild Animals. Of stuffed Animals, good specimens were exhibit- ed of the comparatively rare Felis Bennettii and Viverra Zibetha from Travancore. A large and well prepared series of bird skins was exhibited by Dr. Day from Hyderabad, comprising most of the ordinary species but none of marked rarity. A good set of bird skins was also sent from the Malabar Coast. Mr. Walter Elliot sent a large and varied series of Crania including all the best known and many of the rarer species of Indian, with several of Afri- can and Malayan Mammalia. A full list being given in the Catalogue raisonni it is unnecessary to refer to them further. A few remarkable animal products were observed among the drugs in Class II. In Dr. Smith's collection from Hyderabad was a white granular concrete substance under the name of Shakar ul Ashar or Sugar of Ashar,* which on closer examination proved to be the covering of the pupa state of a species of beetle belonging to th(- group of CiircuUonida, the larva of which had evi- dently punctured the bark of the plant on which it occurs to obtain a co\'ering. Dr. Jesudesan exhibits a Lizard said to come from Arabia under the name of Rar/umai or Ruioo- mmj, portions of which were also found in the Kurnool collection labelled Reg Kami and said to possess tonic and aphrodisiac qualities. It belongs to the Sciiicoid group, but seems to differ from the &'cincus ojjicinttlis and from the Eiiprepes p/iysicct both of which are used medicinally in Western Africa, and the former of which had once a Eu- ropean reputation. A few other articles are only noticed as illustra- tions of the empirical nature of native medical science such are : Hare droppings, MvnalpulukM. Breast bone of a capon — no name. Shell of the water tortoise {Emya) amai ddu. Tiger's fat. Peacock's fat. The stomach of the porcupine. Mulu Jiandi maic. J. MITCHELL, Reporter. WALTER ELLIOT, Chairman Class IV. .*. - * In Meninski is ejplained to be " a species of spinous gum-bearing tree, tlie fruit of which is an inflafed tubercle, also beating the same name, which is white and sweet like sugar, whence -ijtil JLi which some will have to be red sugar and which like dew is wont to fall upon this tree." Men. Thcs. Voce. vT- Class IV.] ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. 65 •- o o ^ SJi a E ts o 3 to |o p o !< I-" " " In lo |!< In te ^t HU5 H^« ^l" Wa .-iN .-n ^NHit-r-ln Jn r^s:- |n \H g o S o '3 '0 0,5 ^ E g fa E^ CS -^ <: 3 <*j .£1 -jaq -ranfjuoinqiqxa; «3 pq O S to .. J la a C5 O CC -^ ■^ m I — ^ ^^ O C^ QO CO 8 ;^ s 3 to t!8 a HH cog Z « .6^ o CO a c o CO o o o CO CO 1.0 us o> ri o ^H ^H C3 oo o o o O O :C O to OG [Cuss V. CLASS Y. REFORT or TUE JURl ON MiCUINES FOR DERECT USE, INCLUDING CARRIAGES IN RAILWAY AND NAVAL MECHANISM. Jury. Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Peahs. C. B., Chairman. Miijor Maitland. Majer Jknkins. Lieutenant Colonel F. C. Cotton. R. Kennedv, Esq, W. B. Wright, Esq. Major Jacob. J. J. Franklin, Esq. Captain ISidkn. Major WoKSTEK, Reporter. The most interesting feature in tins group, is the application of Water power as a motor of I'unkahs. It lias long been a speculative question to find a substitute for manual labor wbicli should be both economical and etiicient in its action, but almost every scheme has proved abortive, either from neglect of first principles of mechanics, or of their right application. In tlic designs now e.\hibited, of connecting a I'unkali with an over shot water wheel, the ques- tion is at once simply and elTectivcly resolved, and wlievevcr the requisite supply of water can be raised witliin a moderate time, and at small cost, the plan recommends itself to general attention. No. 1. A self acting Fuiikah by K. Kenned}', Motion is given to this Punkah by the alternate discharge of water from a reservoir into (two) curved arms attached to a compound Pendulu^n, the speed of which can be regulated within certain limits, by altering tiie position of a weight below. The discharge is near the centre, and it will readily be understood that by permitting the flow of water into one arm, a proponderance will be given to tluit arm ; and if at the limit of oscillation, the water is allowed to escape, the return of the Pendulum will bring the opposite arm under the influence of the discharge pipe, and thus motion will be kept up, to give a reciprocating movement to the Punkah at- tached to it. The principle is analogous to Perrault's pump or " Hydraulic Pendulum." No. IL The same by continuous motion by W. B. Wright, Esq. The prime mover in this design is an overshot water wheel ; increased velocity being given to the Punkah by the intervention of band wheels. To the smaller of these wheels is attached a slot- ted arm, and a connecting rod with an adjustable pin clamped in the slot, acts on a bent or rocking lever, the longer arm of which, gives motion to the Punkali through an interposed flat spring bar fasten- ed a little above the points of suspension, to prevent any sudden jerk or strain on the machinery. The velocity of the Punkah compared to that of the wheel is in the ratio of 5 to 1 ? The Inventor states that about 8 gallons of water are sufficient to keep the wheel in action for 8 hours. Li a second design, Mr. Wright has much sim- plified the movement, by attaching a lever jointed be- low, to the fiauie of the water wheel. The central part of the lever being slotted, to receive a crank pin, the crank forming part of the axle of the wheel. Ill its revolution therefore, a reciprocating motion is given to the lever, and consequently to the Punkah, which is connected with it, by a rod at the upper extremity ; there is thus a double oscillation for every revolution of the water wheel. No. III. A self acting Punkah by Mr. Orr. In principle this is similar to the preceding, but it is but just to state that although priority of application is due to Mr. Wright, Mr. Orr must be considered in the light of an independent inventor so to speak of this mode of applying power through the agency of a water wheel. In communicating motion to the Punkah, Mr. Orr has no intermediate gear beyond a simple crank, connected by a rod to an arm attached to a long " rocking shaft" to which the Punkah is rigidly fixed by wooden bars. Class V.] MACHINES FOR DIRECT USE. 67 The leiigtli of the swins is proportionate to tlie ' Mills are used, the following mode of obtaining ae- angular movement of the lever, and its attached j curacy in the weight of the coins, has been resorted shaft, and a double oscillation is obtained by every ! to with great success. revolution of the wheel. One hundred gallons of' After the straps of silver have passed through water a;e required to drive the wheel for 3 hours. ' the second Mill, the disks arc punched from them, Mr. Orr lias praciically carried out this plan in i rather larger than are re(|uircd for coinage. These his own premises with every success; where a ' disks, are then assorted by the self adjustingMachiue, wheel of 12 feet diameler gives motion to 5 Punkahs [ and each is placed under a second circular°punch or each of U square feet area, at an expenditure of ," cutter," of such a siir as will remove a ring of 2G+0 gallons of waler per working day of 8 hours. [ metal from the circumference, and render i° as With a good pump one man could easily raise this , nearly as possible, the true weight. By this process, the adjustment of the coin, by filing, is entirely avoided ; and the blanks, or pieces prepared for quantity of water in less than two hours. No. IV. Machines from the foundry at Do« I lish- waium. The contributions from the Dowlaishwarura works are sound and creditable specimens of work- manship, and consist of a crane, a single and double crab ; the eastings being left nearly in the state as they came from the hands of the Founder. No. V. Weighing Maeliine by J. J. Cotton Esq. This Machine is similar to the ordiiuiry weighing ])latloruis, but constructed uf wood instead of iron. A full desciiption is inserted in the body of the general catalogue. No. VI. The Railway Locomotive Department at Madras, under thesuferintendenc; of Mr. Wiight, contributes a fire Engine, the model of a Railway Carriage, and Mechanism gem rally of Locomotive Engines. In construction and finish, the fire Engine must be considered equal, if not su))erior, to similar pro- ductions ot English mauutacture. The model of a Railway Carriage ou a scale of 2 Inches to the foot, is beautilully exiculed by Natives under the supervision of Mr. Leggct. The R;iilway Mechan- ism is principally of English manufacture, but the specimens liom the Superintendent's work shop will bear uuist favourable comparison with all, or any portion ol it. The traversing and lifting, as well as the simple lifting jack, are ingenious adaptations of well known means of giving power and adjustment, in raising carriages aud heavy weights Jcc. Mr. \\. G. Maddox, CJupeiintemleiit of Machinery at the Mint, cxiiibits an assorting i\Iacliinc, invented by Colonel Smith of the Madras Engineers. A descriptive paper by the Exiiibitor, accompanies this highly inleresting machine, which gives the following account of the apparatus, its purpose, and mode of working. MADRAS MINT. ASSORTING MACHINE. FOK Double Anna Pieces. INVENTED BY COLONEL SMITH OF THE MADRAS ENGINKEliS. In the Madras Mint, where only two Eatnin.it ini stamping, are more economically obtained, than they are in other Mints, by a m .re lengthened process of lamination, and correction with the file. The beams of the assorting machine, are made of close grained Fir; the lightest procurable. Tho arms are four times as long on one side of liie ful- crum, as they are on the other. The points of sus- pension, are what, are termed "knife edi'es," aud they are fixed in the centre of gravity, in oider that the beam may be freely suspended. A rod of fine silver, with a " retarding plate," of the same metal at the lower end of it, is suspended from the short arm of the beam, and immersed in distilled water, to check the vibration of the beam, and bring it to a state of rest ; while the rod, which is a counter- poise to the disk, being more or less immersed, ac- eonling to the weight of the piece, acts as the Hydrometer, aud by its height out of water, at once determines the exact weight of the disk, and gives it a positinn according to that weight. Near the loaded end of the beams are twelve openings, which conimunicate with twelve divisions in a drawer below, so that all the disks of equal weight, remain suspended when the beams come to rest, opposite to one entrance. The spaces between each of tnese openings, are one inch broad, and the loaded arms of the beams, are four times the length of the other arras ; a movement of the rod \ of an inch repre- sents a change of weight of a of a grain, and to that miuute quantity tiie disks are assorted. To bring the machine into use, a normal disk is found by means of the simple Lever-balance. This piece is placed upon one of the beams, and the water level in the cujis, in which the rods and plates are suspended, is so adjusted, that the disk takes its position oppo.-ite to the centre opening. When this is tiie case, the whole of the arms ar. in the same adjustment. The Hoppers are then filled with disks, and by the motion of a one hand lever, a disk is thrust from each Hopper to the beam opposite to it ; another movement leaves the beams free, and they take up their positions according to the weights of the disks, each in front of some one of the twelve openiu'.'*. lii less than 20 seconds all are at rest, » hen by a rapid movement of one of the hand levers ihc whole of the disks arc thrown into their respee- 68 MACHINES FOR DIRECT USE. [Class Y. live openings and the beams rise to the level of the Hoppers lo receive a fresh load. By tliis beautiful apparatus, one mnn, with a boy to till tlic Hoppers, is able to assoit to the great minuteness of i of a grain, no less than 60,000 disks in the day. (Signed) W. G. Maddox. This machine was exhibited in London at the great Exliibition of 1851 where its delicacy of ad- justment, and practical efficiency, were fully appre- ciated, and earned for its inventor a class medal. Had this reward not been already received, the Jury would have considered it tlieir duty to recommend that a medal should now be awarded, as they consi- der that the machine stands unrivalled amongst the mechanical inventions of this Presidency. Mr. Smith the Superintendent of the Government Printing Establishment, exhibits two American Presses imported and brought into use by him. One of these Presses is a most complicated but beautifully arranged piece of mechanism, occupying a space of only 8 square feet, worked by one boy, and capable of throwing off 22,000 copies in a working day of 7 hours. The other Press is in character the reverse of this, being remarkable for its extreme simplicity. The whole macliine consists of a heavy iron cylin- der with flanges, rolling upon rails just so high that the Galley containing the type can receive the weight of the cylinder as it rolls over it. In Print- ing the paper 'is laid on the type, and the roller is passed along the rails ; the sheet is then removed, the type inked, another sheet placed, and as the roller is returned, a second copy is obtained. This description of Press is called from the use to which it was originally applied " a Proof Press," as it was oidy employed as an aid to the larger Presses for printing proof sheets. Its use however has already greatly extended, and in this country it will probably do more for printing than the most perfect machines, since it will be readily made where the arts are in a rude state, and no part of India need be without its Press. It is not necessary that the cylinder should be of Iron which is difficult to cast and turn ; brass or even wood loaded with lead would answer every purpose, and Presses of one or the other of these materials could be made any where. Mr. Smith has rendered the country a most im- portant service by the importation of these Presses, and it must be admitted, that by his intro- duction of machinery and the admirable orga- nization of the establishment under his ciiarge, he has made a most important advance in the progress of printing in Madras. The jury consider that although there is no original invention exhibited by Mr. Smith that his name deserves to be honorably mentioned. JURY AWARDS. 2d Class Medal. £ E 3 Name, Object rewarded. M. Orr. F. L. Moncrieff, Esq. Self acting punkah. Crane and Crabs &c. HONORABLE MENTION. Name. Object rewarded. W. B. Wright, Esq. R. Kennedy, Esq. Mr. Smith. Self acting punkah. Do. do. 1 American printing Press. Madras, June 5, 1857. T. T. PEARS, Chairman. C(,AJ» VI.] 69 CLASS Vl. iliM tA(Mri!I.N(; MA( lIlM.i aMj TOOLS. I,lcut. Col. F. C. Cnm.x. Aliijor G. Y. SiMi'.snx. Major .1. Maiti.axi). AV. h. WttlGiiT. i;^q. H. KENXtDV. Ksq. Colonel A. ('oTTo.v. (Colonel P. Hamom). Captain W. C. lUkKR. Ct-ntral 1'. Hi.i-,m)ki,l. C. R. Mr. Comnii.ssary J. Ci'HUiN, Reporter. The pvpseiit display of maimfactiivins Machines and Tools in comparison with those exhibited in 1855 we^ib a greatly improved aspect; being; of a far snperior, and compiehenslve description, and more varied and perfect in kind. Native prejudice at least in Madras and in the neighbourhood of other localities of European operation and enterprise appears giving way to the superior appliances and contrivance of European skill and science. This is cxempliKed in many of the articles sent to the ex- hibition by native exhibitors, in which partial I v suc- cessful attempts have been made to copy the Euro- pean style of work, although the means employed and method of application to effect the same result, appear and are defective in many respects. There can be no doubt that in the course of a few years hence, great advance will be made by the natives of the country towards substantial improvements in this most important branch of mechanical Art, if encouragement be held out, and European nuichi- nery more generally introduced. At present the sources of information on this sidiject are confined to the Kaihvay Department; the Government works at Dowtaishrtarum, and the individual efforts of the Civil Engineers in their employ. It is surprising and to be regretted that nothiTigin this Class (VI) is ex- hibited by the East Indian Iron and Steel Company from their AVorksat Beypore, which should be made one of the greatest agencies of improvement in this Presidency. Tlie Jury arrange the machinery represented by this class under three heads. I. Machines imported from Europe. II. Machines made in the country by Europcarrs or under their agency. III. Machiaes made in the country entirely by na- tives. I. Machines imported from Europe are the fol- lowing, viz. 733.). Grooving or Kebaling machirre for timber, makers Br-own Marshall and Co. Birmingham. 783fi. Saw Bench by the same makers. 7 S3 7. Planing machine for iron 3 feet stroke. By Smith Peacock and Tarrnett Leeds. 7338. SlottingMachinc for iron by the same makers. These nraclrines were sent out from England for the Madras Railway Company, Loeoiuotive De- partment, and are exhibited by AV. B. Wright, Esq. the Snpeiintendeut ; they are machines in general use in En^iland, and arc essentially necessary and well adapted lor the works of the Kaihvay Depart- went. The Grooving or Rebating Machine is a very valuable, one, as it not oidy performs these two operations ; but is also adapted lor cutting all sorts of moulding by arrangcrrrent of different kiirds of cutting tools, as well as sanirrg Timber of small scantling. The Saw Bench performs the work of cutting curves of various radii, which it does with facility, aeertracy and neatness hitherto unequalled in the ' country. The Slotting Machine is adapted for cutting slots in Ir-on for keys, cotters S:c. as well as paring the .'ides of metal works either straight or cun'ili- Ineal ; the works executed by this Machine far sur- ' pass airy thing that can be effected by manual labor, either for neatness, accuracy or despatch. ' These Machines are the first of their kind that ; have beeir brought into operalioii in Madras. ' The Plairirrg Machine is useful for planirrg metal ■ surfaces, which is doire better and cheaper than by j hand labor. 1 The Jury consider that the best thanks of the j Committee arc due to Mr. Wright for the very skil- I ful arrarrgeirrent of the whole series, and for bring- irrg them into pr'actical oper-ation by means ofSteaiu Power driven bv a Portable High Pressure Engine of 6 II. P. The working of the whole of this Machinery ap- pears to afford the highest gratification to the visi- tor's of the Exhibition, and especially to the na- tives ; as every Machine in operation attracts crowds of spectators, some of whom are lost in 70 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class Vf. wonder, wliile lliere is no ilonbt that others arc de- riviiij iiistiuction and dnral)lpint'onTiation. Tlic Jury nward a 2nd Chiss mechd to W. 15. Wright, Es(|nire, 5-ir,3. Cotton Oin (Kns;lish) exhibited by the Arsenal of Fort. Saint George. These iriiis were manufactured in Enphind, but of American pattern, and sent out to this country with the intention to introduce them generally and to supersede the present rude and primitive Maeliine called " ehurka" used by tlie natives for cleaniiii; cotton, tlie gins were made to be worked bv liand by a single person. " The .lurv are unable for want of information on the subject to stale whether the attempt had suc- ceeded or not. There is however an impression that the sliarp saw teeth injure the Cotton ; and tiie Jury believe they are not popular. Tiie best cotton cleaning machine the Jury consider to be that of the Chinese const rnci ion, introduced some years ago by Colonel lialfour C. 1?. In the absence of all reports the Jury are unable to enter more fully on tliis very important consideration. 9075. Circular Saw (Model) exhibited by C. V. Conniali Chettiar. Machines of tins description perform the opera- tion of sawing timber by circular motion instead of vertical : there is nothing new in its construction. II. ^Machines made in the country by Europeans, or \uuler their Agency. 9311. "The Campbell Hammer" exhibited by Captain Thomas llay Campbell, Com- missary of Ordnance, Bangalore Arsenal. The Hammer of wliich this is the model appears to have been worked in the Arsenal at Bangalore for some months with satisfactory results. The me- chanical arrangement, by which a continued cir- cular motion is made to give a free rectilinear movement to the Hammer is very creditable to Captain Campbell. The Hammer is so arranged as to give two dif- ferent lengths of stroke, and any other length may be given by increasing the size of the drum ; or the number of cog wheels on the intermediate .■spindle, and making a greater nanil)er of blanks on the circumference of them, corresponding to the um Cmlilapiili 13 do. in Cons, 18l!i April 1850 1". ■: 1 . Eev. Board Office, 1 Fort St. George, > 29^A April, 1850. J Si:crdarij. No. 20. From C. Pelly, Esq. Acting Collector of Bellary To W. H. Bayley, Esq., Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Fort St. George. Sir, — I have the honor in obedience to the orders of the Board of Revenue received in your letter of the 2Stli February 1850, to submit the special Re- port of cultivation S:c. of cotton in this District for Fusly 1258. The following is an abstract of cotton cultivation during the said year. Description op TiA\n CiRCAR Land. En am Land. Total. Acres. Assess- ment. Demand. Acres. Assess- ment. Acres. Assess- ment. Rs, 3,37,665 22,881 10,803 Black Land. Mixed Land Red Land. 1,25,142 16,138 23,617 Rs. 1,91,374 12,912 8,114 Rs. 88,870 10,632 5,579 1,05,081 Rs. 1,46,291 9,969 2,689 2,14,012 26,770 29,169 1,64,897 2,12,400 1,58,949 2,69,978 3,71,349 (3 .5,1-d Garden Land, 197 601 82 379 279 980 1,65,094 2.13,001 1.61,843 1,05,163 1,59,328 2,711,257 3,72,329 I Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 73 There were it will be seen upwards o( 2,70,000 acres sown with Cotton. 2. Tliough this Statement w;cs inndverlently omitted to be entered in the Jamtuabundy Report, the snl>ject has not been lost sif^lit of by ine. Since I took chari^e of the District, I have been engaged in endeavours to ini|)rove this great staple of the Bellary District. The Ryots liave been advised to pay more attention to the picking and cleaning the Cotton and experiments to improve the staple by again introducing the foreign seed have been made and are still in progress. 3. In a letter dated 31st May 18i9. to Dr. Wight, (copy of which I have the honor to enclose) I made a full report of some experiments made with the Mexican seed in Pnsly 1258. Tliese experiments I thought very unsatisfactory, but Dr. Wiglit attribut- ed the failure to the blight and gave me much en- couragement to prosecute them again. I have done this, and the result will be detailed in my next re- port forFusly 1259. Dr. Wight forwardid a bandy load of seed from Coimbatore wlii(;li has been distri- buted over the District and the produce of which is now gathering in. 4. Dr. Wight also promised to smd me two saw Gins for cleaning the country Cotton. But these I have never received. It is very desirable that these Machines should be introduced into Bel- lary with as little delay as possible and I find I can procure them at Dharvvar at a cost of 40 Rupees each and if the Board will allow me to order a few I shall exert myself to give them a full trial. 5. The manner in which I became aware that such Gins were procurable, was as follows. In the printed Book of Cotton experiments in the Soutlnrn Maralta Country lately sent lo me from the Board of Revenue. I observed that tlie new Orleans crop of 1848 in the Dharwar District was almost an entire failure, and there the report ended. Desirous to know the result of the following year and the prospects of the present season I wrote a note to Mr. Bell the Collector enquiriiig about the crops. In a private communication with which I have been very kindly favoured by that gentleman he inform- ed me that the new Orleans Plant had met with a very great check in the year 1848-49, but in the present year 1849-50 it was again recovering and at the same time he informed me respecting the saw gin and though oidy a private communication that Gentleman will not, 1 am sure, object to my quoting his own words. " We are making up in " the factory a very excellent description of saw " Gin, which can be worked all day by 2 men alter- " nately and cleanse about 1^- Maunds (28 lbs. 1 " clean Cotton in Bellary you should introduce it " The Department here will supply any number " you require before the n^xt season. This instru- " nicnt does nearly three times the work which the " Manchester Cottage Gin, of which you have read, " is capable of performing." 6. I am not at all sanguine of general success in the Mexican Plant (the result of the present year will determine my measures for the future), but 1 entertain great hopes that the introiluction of the saw Gin will be attended with as good results as at Dharwar or elsewhere, and I ciinnot do better, in concluding this report, than to request that the sanction of Government may be obtained for pro- curing, as soon as they can be got ready, 25 Gins from Dharwar. Ik'llary District, Collector's^ (Sd.) C. PELLY, Office on Circuit, Raman-> Acting Collector. droog, 6th April 1850. ) No. 379. From C. Pelly, Esq., Acting Collector of Bellary. lo Dr. Wight, Superintendent of Cotton Farms Coimbatore. Sir — 1. In accordance with your request I have the honor to report the result of the experiment made with the Mexican Cotton seed in the respective Talooks of this District where it has been sown, I beg to direct your attention to the enclosed statement. 2 It has been sown in both Regud,* Masub,f and Laul,J soils, and in oue case only has irrigation been resorted to. ' 3, In the Hurponhully Talook experiment were made in Masubland only, almost all the plants were destroyed by blight and the Crop obtained from the few surviving ones was almost nominal. The seed in this ease was not sown until September. 4. In KoodlegheeTalook experiments were made in both Black and Masub soils, in the former the plants at first presented a very healthy appearance but before arriving at maturity were attacked by blights which injured the leaves .\kulo jgi to a con- siderable extent but subsequently disappeared. This however no doubt prevented the produce being as extensive as it would otherwise have been. It gave an outturn of G' seers of uncleaned Cotton per each seer of seed sown. In the Masub it was a total failure, very few plants, ever appeared above ground, those which did were irrigated, but without success ; in this case alone has irrigation been resorted to, the plants did not at any stage present a healthy appearance nor was there any produce. lloomuhadaaaly the seed 5. In lloomuhadagaly tlie seed was sown m Maund) of seed cotton the hour and costs only | fine Masub soil in two villages ; in the month of July Rupees 40. If you have nothing of the kind to it was free from blight, most productive, averaging • The Regud is the Black Loam or the common Cotton soil of EellarVi Dharwar, &c. t Masub is as the term denotes a mi.'iture ol Bed and Black : it is fiue laud, and in the Western TalooVt as rich ai £lack soils. % Laul is the lied and generally the least productive soil unless irrigated. tb« 74 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [CLAsa VI. 27 seers of cotton for each seer of seed and the cotton of a superior description. The seed obtain- ed from the cotton has been carefully preserved and will be sown again at tiie same time this year together with some fresh seed. The gathering took place from November to March and the result has been most satisfactory ; but it must be borne in mind that the rains were very seasonable and the land selected for the experiment some of the best to be found for the purpose and that there was no blight. It is also to be noted that rains fall to the "Westward under the Western Monsoon much more regular and earlier than in the other divisions of this District. July is the regular sowing season there, not so in the other Talooks noticed in the statement. Iloomuhadagaly is the most Western Talook. Hurponhully is equally faToured in this respect, but the crop there was lost by blight whether from being sown too late or not I cannot say 6. Adoni. Experiments were made in this Talook in the Black land only, and were almost a total failure, the plants were much injured by blight called Jegee Rogum, and the produce very small averaging only 2^ seer of cotton to a seer of seed : the seed was not however sown until October, the usual time of sowing in this Northern Talook. 7. GooUem. In this case also the seed was sown in Black land by special order as soon as I receired it from you ; the plants were fine and pro- mising until they attained the height of about two feet when at least half of them were destroyed by blight but of a nature different from that alluded to, in the case of Adoni called Masee Rogura. In this case tlie plants became cjuite black crumbling in the hand like charcoal ; whereas in the Adoni Talook the leaves alone were affected, and if rolled in the hand were found to be covered with a glu- tinous substance. The produce was only 5 seers of cotton per seer of seed. 8. PiinchapoUem. Experiments were made in the Black laud some of the plants perished from blight. The produce notwithstanding would have been satisfactory had it. not been for an unusual quantity of rain which fell in this \'illage and much injured the growing plant. The return was 8 seers of Cotton per each seer of seed. 9. Gooty. The seed in this case also was sown in the Black land in October, and though the grow- ing plants suffered partially from blight the result was very satisfactory though by no means as much so as in the case of Hooniuliadagaly Talook. It yielded on an average 1 3 seers of Cotton per each seer of seed. The Amildar has applied for a further supply of 10 Maunds of seed, but the Ryots do not seem much disposed to repeat the experiment. 10. Tadputry. The experiments were made in two Villages belonging to this Talook, which is the most Eastern on the Cuddapah frontier ; and con- tains fine Cotton soil and the finest race of culti- vators, lu the first village, Tadputry, from the time the plants were about a foot high they were more or less affected with a blight called here Wodapa Rogum which though at first it only affected the leaves, eventually destroyed both the flowers and growing pods ; there was not therefore any produce. In the second village, Pootloor, the same blight prevailed though not to the same extent and eventually partially left them, the produce was however but small averaging 4^ seers of cotton for each of seed. From the above it will appear that the experiments have been attended with success in three villages only, in Hoomuhadagaly.Soghee in Hoomuhadagaly Talook and in Conacondlah in the Gooty Talook ; in the for- mer Talook the seed was sown early in July, thereby obtaining an advantage from the Western rains which were remarkably fine in the WesternTalooks this year. j 11. From the unsatisfactory outturn in the ! other Talooks where the seed was sown in the usual seasons, and in the best selected spots I am afraid the experiment will if repeated not succeed. I propose therefore more particularly to try it again in Hoomuhadagaly and orders to this effect have been given, but should you supply me with any large quantity of seed I shall again try the experiment in the great Cotton Talooks. It is proper to mention that the cotton crop generally this year was bad. 12. Some seed was sent to the Sub-Division which is principally red soil, and I beg to enclose copy of a R-port Irom Mr. Mayne who, you will see, speaks highly of the success of the experiment tried in the Anuiitapoor Talook ; but I entirely concur in his observation in the last para of his letter that it is desirable to have artificial irrigation to ensure the complete success of the giowth of cotton in the red soils of those Talooks. 13. 1 shall be happy to receive any suggestions you may be pleased to favour me with fur future experiments, but I am not sanguine that the ex- periments will prove successful in this District gene- rally which perhaps is the driest District in the whole of India, and 1 fear that from that cause, unless irrigated it would be vain to try the sowing in April and May as suggested in your letter of 3(ith September. But with the present facts now before you, intimate acquaintance with all the de- tails of cotton may enable you to suggest what would be the best mode to proceed in future. 14. But I am desirous that we should not con- fine our attention to the rearing of new and foreign seed but improve the cotton indigenous to the Districts by a better mode of cleaning and prepar- ing it for the market. I should be obliged if you have any improved Gins, and are authoriied, as I believe you are, to furnish them, by your sending me one or two for trial and favour me with such further advice as you think may be conducive to the great object of Government, viz : the production of an article of a quality suitable to the English market. (Signed) C. PELLY, Acting Collector. Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 75 g '103 n.HOB p^Oe JO J338 11 au3 01 9T 100 in sonpojd JO MiiJSAV q3B3 [0 aonpojJ 3oi!J3AV •uu}4oa pjUBdjo ■nn (0 aanpo.i^ FIO.L ■sSuij;)i||kS jo jaqiuujyj to ■3]VQ s3 I §1 II H Oi CM •qjiiopi •31"a •qiuoH ■50a O JO 3Si:3 = p.i)|jBnv •pa5(3B1}B ?OI,I •pasBSsify pC4 O Q 00 CO ..^ 00 rH >> b •• <»--i ;3r <— I I 04 -^ '^ — 3 I" I 3 I- £.353 Mi _E 010 o o CO CO ion JO PoieSijj] ■paiBSijjj qojj; I" I •pa4B3!.ia[ I ^ I : I M HMOS pass JO ^lIlUBIlf) •si|iuoK •aivQ u 85 . •supoBBj '3 JO ^naiussjssy OT CO rH ■a] ■■ I ■* -^ I QO US CO |CC , ■S3J0V \ ^ O ' ■pH!i .iqi JO sjaquinsj •[los JO noiidiJosaQ •soSbi|!j\^ 3i|1 josauiBi^ •s:[00iBj, sq? JO sauip^ -" ; I 12 >^ _ ta o rt=s "I U3 O CO •■— I I ■ ■ iO 1 00 CO 04 I . I M-- l!M? T3T3 3 3 2ip5 ■« 2 Collector of From, D- Mayne, Bellnry. To C. Pelly, Esq. Ag. Collector of Bellary. Sir, — III reference to the printnl circular dated 6lh March 18+8 from " Rolit. AMylit Siirgeon, Su- periiiteiuieiit Cotton Farms," I have the honor to state that on assuming this office in June 1848 the ground was in so parched a condition that plough- ing was impracticable and seed if sown would, without irrigation, in all probability have been destroyed : and an opportunity was not available until late in August when the amount of seed at haTid was put in the ground and germing gave very different results. 2. That sown in red soil produced very fine plants and an abundant crop to the extent of a half more than is attainable from the native country plant, afforded entire satisfaction and drew forth the unbounded applause of the rayet in whose land it had been raised as well as others who witnessed it. 3. The remaining seed was, contrary to positive orders, sown in black soil, germed tediously and produced weakly plants with deficient flowers and inferior pods that became a prey to an insect of the weevil species that bores through the outside cover and destroys the embryo Cotton in the pod. 4. This insect was also, but in a less degree, very destructive to the first nieiilioned produce, in the same way as it prevails through the common Country Cotton crops, but probably will not be present in case of the seed being sown after the early rains of May. 5. It is evident that if conducted agreeably to the directions contained in the said circular the Mexican cotton would be found a very remunera- tive crop throughout the red soil lands of tliis District and highly satisfactory to the rvots who declared themselves astonished at the produce and most desirous of propagating the new plant. 6. Strict directions were given for preservation of all the seed that was produced for sowing imme- diately after the early rains shall have rendered the ground arable and I would suggest the propriety of procuring a large supply of seed from Coimba- tore and encouraging the more general cultivation of the plant by particular orders to the heads of Villages strictly enforcing the necessity of attention to the description of soil and season of the year adopted, by which only can complete success and coufidence of the ryots in the novel practice be ensured. 7. The nature of the climate is so arid that it certainly would be desirable always to have artificial irrigation by wells available, that in case of pro- tracted drought obtaining as was the case in the ■past year, water might occasionally be applied and thereby render the crop rer;ain instead of a hazar- dous speculation as it otherwise woiUd too often be found impelling the people to their time-rever- ed practice of waiting for later rains. (Signed) D. MAYNE, Acting Sub Colhcior. Bellary District Sub Collec- tor's Office, on Circui Murrymakoolapully, 26th i February 184^9. ec- j nit, I 5th r No. 21. From J. H. Cochrane, Esq., Collector of Cuddapah. To W. H. Bayley, Esq., Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Fort St. George. Sir, — 1. I have the honor to submit my special Report on the capabiliiies of this District as regards the cultivation of New Orleans Cotton. 2. The New Orleans or Mexican seed has been for the last two years experimentally sown in patches, in the rich black soils of the Cotton pro- ducing Talooks, after the setting in of both the S. W. and N. E. IMonsoons in ordi-r to a fair trial being obtaiired in reference to the general peculiarities of climates and seasons. The same seed has also been sown in the lighter descriptions of garden soils which are moderately assessed and in lauds under new wells bearing a dry assessment. 3. Samples of the produce have been sent by the Tahsildars for inspection, and they have been required to report from time to lime on the state of the growing crops, and on the harvest result of the same and I have availed myself of the opportunity I have had of personally inspecting the plants iu various localities. 4. The result of the experiments shews, that the plants sown in the early Monsoon in June and July have thriven the best, as regards such as are en- tirely dependant on the season and periodical rains for means of moisture, crops sown at this season are gathered in September and October, and though deprived of the bright sunny weather experienced in March and April when crops sown on the latter or N. E. Monsoon come to maturity, still the disad- vantage appears to be counteracted by the benefit derived from additional moisture obtained during the former season, following the setting in of the S.W. Monsoon. 5. In respect to crops so raised on dry land I fear the experiments do not give promise of a satis- factory result, as I at one time anticipated, and it was not until I visited the Cotton producing Talooks on Jamabnndy for the current Fusly that my opi- nion has undergone this change. The plants sown iu the preceding Fusly having on the whole thriven tolerably well, led to a hopeful conclusion, but the want of sufficient moisture which has impeded the growth of the plants for the current Fusly, has clearly demonstrated that the uncertainly attendant on a shower of rain being experienced wheu re- Class VI.] MANUFACTLRIXG MACJIIXES AM) TOOLS. 77 quired, itiust nt nil times render the result of llie harvest of lliese crops |)ree;uioiis. 6. It iiKiy safely be stated that high temperature is not injurious to tlie plant which lias iiroducerd nbiindaiilly duriiu^ the hottest weather wlien cul- tivated under inigaiiou. It however requires more moisture than the seasons generally prevaleiit in this District can had us to expect will he experienced. Jt has hern iiolieed (in respect to dry cultivation') that in snch favoured localities whercagood shower of rain ha< fallen at the time, needed, satisfactory results liave ensued, the plants having been enabled to strike their roots deep into tlie soil, which from its clay nature retains moisture for some lime sufiioieut to render the plant indepeiulent of further rain, while otiicr plants sown at the s^mc time and in soil equally rich, but which did not derive the same benefit of a fall of rairi yielded in- ditferently and partially failed. In this District periodical rains do not follow the setting in of cither Monsoons to the extent required to ensure success in the culture of the American plant, partial showers may be leceived in the mouths of July, August during the one season, and in Novemb.r and December during the other, and such would perhaps c-ccure an average crops, but this is a contin- gency regarding which the cultivators would not like to run any risk, though in respect to the in- digenous Cotton, they are indifferent on this score as these crops are not generally sown tuiless the fall of rain during the X. E. Monsoon has been sufficient, and, once sown, they afford a tolerable yield should no rain even have fallen up to the period they arrive at maturity, a circumstance which must be accounted for by the plant being )uore hardy, and from its striking its root more quickly into the soil. 7. The want of moisture periodically appears therefore to be the sole drawback to tlie successful produciion of Mexican Cotton on dry lands depen- dant entirely on the seasons, a disadvantage how'- ever iu this District which, the experiments that liave been made shews can be overcome, by means of irrigation. There can be no question that this description of Cotton may be produced to any ex- tent under irrigation and in comparatively very in- ferior soils. Tlie Plants that liave b<;en experi- inentally sown in lightly assessed Garden lands, and in new well lands, (on the latter of which the dry assessment is only leviable), have in all instan- ces yielded abiiudantiy. They were sown during the month of July, and received only 7 or 8 water- ings at ditrereut intervals. 8. As the consumption of water sufTicient to ensure a satisfactory crop is thus conipartively moderate, and as consequently there is little labour and trouble attendant on raising these crops com- pared with other descriptions of produce under irri- gation, the most sanguine hojies may be entertained iu respect to the culture of American Cotton in the descriptions of land above mentioned, provided there was a ready demand lor exportation a demand which as regards this superior quality of Cotton has not been locally experienced iu the principal markets lor all kinds of agricultural Produce. The addi- tional cost of raising the produce in reference to labinir and expence and lo the rent leviable on the laud, is fully compensated by the increased produce that is raised. 9. It is to be oliserved that the American Cotton is not so well suited to the wants of native manufactures as the indigenous kind while one of the objections (under the uncertainty of renume- rativc prices being occasioned by the demand) which the enliivators seem to iiave to the culture of the Mexican plant is that the seed does not possess the same oily substance and consequent nourishing pro- perty as an article of food for cattle, a matter, it must be admitted of some consideration. 1 0. Prejudices to be overcome, apathy or un- willingness to engage in agricultural pursuits out of the usual routine, cannot I think be justly imput- ed to the Uyots of this District. They seem willing emugh to apply themselves to the production of an article of agriculture from which they are led to suppose snch valuable results conducive to their interest will be obtained, but it is very necessary that they should be ])ractically convinced that such will be the case, and this must be effected by the de- mand inducing parties lo make advances and to agree with them for the produce at remunerative prices, for otherwise it can hardly be reasonable to suppose that they would be particularly anxious to apply their hinds to the cultivation of an article re- quired by the English Manufacturers, when they might turn the labour and industry to better ac- count. 11. The advances that might be so made to the cultivators, and the purchases so efleeted by them at prices regulated by the demand in the open market, would greatly tend to effect a saving in the cost of production eonseqncnt on the non-employ- ment of middle men, while it would place Ryots who may be in want of funds for the means of carrying on, or extending their cultivation, above the necessiiy of borrowing, and of giving security for such loans on the growing crops, which at maturity they would most probably be obliged to dispose of below the market price. 12. Premising that any quantity of Mexican Cotton might be produced, if Englisii Capitalists eniploved their agents to make purchases at prices remunerative to the producers, the question is whether such prices would be prolitjible to the consumers whether in fact the article could be sold in competition with the produce of America. 13. The accompanying detailed statement has been prepared on the best informatiou I have been able lo collect from every enquiry made, from the T 78 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. perusal of which some opinion may be deduced on so importaiit a point. H. The result as to the profit derivable by the cultivator is satisfactorily obtained by comparing the constituent elements in the way of Costs, that would make np the sum total of a candy or lb. 5U0 of iiuiigenons seeded Cotton, grown entirely on lands dependent ou the seasons, and of a candy of American seeded Cotton raised under irrig.nliou with the prices of the two descriptions of produce. It is calculated that it requires 8 acres of dry land to produce 4 candies or 2000 lbs of seed Cotton of the indigenous kind, from wOiicli one caiuly of seeded Cotton wool is obtained, the cost of produc- tion including average assessment on this (juantity of land (computed at 3 Rs. per acre) being it will be perceived 36-9-4. The price of 4 candies of this seed Cotton is estimated at 5S-4-0 leaving a net profit to the cultivator of Es. 21-10-8 for eveiy 8 acres of land cultivated. It will be observed that the price per candy of seeded wool is entered at 47, Es. 11-40 being allowed as the sum procurable for the seed. 15. The net profit derivable in raising the same quantity or a candy of American seeded cotton under irrigation is estimated at lis. 26-12-6, the produce per acre being not oidy considerably larger hut the proportion of wool to seed also greater being in the proportion of about 33 per cent while it is about 2.5 per cent as regards indigenous Cotton. The price of the seeded Mexican Cotton moreover is higher, being calculated at 63 Es. per candy or about 34 per cent or | in the lb over (hat accruino- from the sale of the native cotton, though I believe the price in the British market in favor of Jlexican Cotton has been as high as Id and id the lb ac- cording to which the profit derivable would be pro- portionately greater. 16. It requires 3 acres of land (of the description specified) under irrigation to produce this (pumtity of seeded American Cotton, the average assessment on which being Jfs. 18 (or G lis. per acre) is very little higher than the assessment on the 8 acres of dry land on which this quantity of tlie indigenous kind can be raised, which triliiiig excess combined with the increase in the charges ineiirrible, is more than eountcrbalanced by the price the superior article commands at the lowest calculation. 17. It will bo observed that on the same com- putation the profits derivable in raising this quanti- ty of seeded American Cotton on lands umler new wells is considerably greater owing to the light assessment on the dry lauds, but tliis profit of lis. 41-30 is reduced to Rs. 32 ou allowing the Hyot 12 per cent per annum on the cost and outlay ex- pended in the constructioir of the new well estimat- ed on the average at Rs. 100 0-0. 18. The assessment taken on the average above Cost of rroductio,,. spt^cified of Es. 2 per acre as Indigenous. iPricc ol 3li 9 jlProiluoi- Anieric.in I 58 4 ■W a (i 70 8 S7 6 y 70 8 Cent- m (M regard dry laiuls and at the rate of Es. C per acre for lands under irrigation can- not be considered high com- pared with the price of the article, when it is coir- sidcred that the cost of production including such rent is equal to 62 and 53 per cent respectively of the value of the produce i-aised on garden and new well lands. The yield of both descriptions of land under irrigation recokoned on a par, accoi-ding to which as comput- ed the cultivator derives 38 and 47 per cent of the produce of his gardeir and new well lands to reimburse his expences. rrofit Price of Ccnt- I'roiluce age. 21 llj 858 4 37 2r> 13 G70 8 3S 33 3 670 S 47 Particulars of price at the place of cultiva- tion as well as cost of transit, freight &c, for exportation. Qj o fn ego 63 re ui 78 I £ 7 Ic '>! "3 o t; o - ty S ojq to -^ in X ri 110 9: 1 Comparison between Cols. 4, & 5. O a Cj O to 6 •7^ •a Increase or net profit at llome. to "3 o a .a a S u 6 7 8 9 41 9 1 60 66 Mexican kind and the average of Freight £ 3 per Ton of 20 cwt or lbs. 2240, the residt, as marginal- ly noted wouhl exhibit a profit of Eupees 41-9'-l or ii3-19-8 derivable on the sale per candy of .'iOO lbs. in the English market the pr-ice at which this I sit to the Port of shipment and '^ for Freight is Ru- (juautity cair be suld lor bctng calculated at llupces | pecs 78 or £7 9s. Cd. 19. Ou refer- ence to the corn- niercial quotations of the nroney market in Eirgland it would appear that the rrew Or- leans or Mexican Cotton has been selling as high as 6^ the lb. and Ma- dras indigenous at 4 and45 assuming 5^ to be the aver-- age as i-cgards the 119 or jB 11-9-2, while the comparative low price at which the same quantity can be brought to the English market, allowing a remunerative profit to the producer and including charges for cost of Tran- CLAes VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 79 20. The above on the wliole apppars to me sa- tisfactory and I am iherefoic induced to think that so far as tliis District is concerned, the obstacles which are supposed to have ntarded the cultivation of this staple of superior quality may be overcome, provided tlic difficulty under which the progress to improvement at present labours owing to the want of a ready demand in the District, was removed. 21. In respect to the improvement of the quali- ty so much needed of the indegenous Cotton I fear the deficiencies in clearins; and ^atherin;,' will not be remedied unless the agents of capitalists place them- selves also in direct communication with the culti- vators of tiie soil make a- r-< ,_i CO • ■* «C\ S3 ■ 1 •sscaaotii 2 ; ; i 1 ■: : II c* ; o» 1 2 H 1 .• a i ; i : : : 1 c* (N f *' •-» » . c» 10 , ci lO ; • : \ 1 ; ; M i 1 i •fe. •32c;ua3 2 :* ; : : M ■: ■: W \ 1 1 -f* \r ■* r] irs ^ -< CO Cl CT 00 CO c» Tit ci cs « = ; • ; : M : ■ a \ ■ 1 • • "2 . ; 1 c? c: 1 ?1 ?; •jseajosQ — ^ «2 CO a 5 ^" 'a ■ . *;* 1 2 « •asuajDnf = Cl 1 '- 1 : S CI H i-H G< ■*A 8 til a c « 'e : : f^-^ ^ #*A^ f-^-^^-^ i: s^ ^ *"■ 5 ^ : s a s= « '^ U < s"? S -T3 ci p. CO f y. 6 C ci -1 CI 5 — >> 'o CO E ° 1 > . ^ c 3 to 1 t 1 ft; (« : J 1 •3 ^ T 11 S c J^ Ci < >■ -«! Z <; =3 r-< CO -^ CO c» 1 "^ I M on| *a N' uoi 0.-) -a 7^ S9^ Bqi. •I90JJ i •a. 5c» 1 -ojd . ini i^n^ jc onjr A ii OTIRAI M"P -II an Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 81 No G3. From tlie Jlilitary Bonnl. To Mnjor General Tlie Kiijlil Ifonornljlc Sir Henry PoTiiNGER, Bakt. g. c. b. Ciovernor in Coun- cil, itc. &c. Sec. Kiglit Honorable Sir, Airrealdy to the requisition contained in resolu- tion of Government No M^ dated the '23rd In- stant passed on a letter from the Collector of Tan- jnre to the address of the Secretary lleveuue Board, on tli(' subject of a further supply of Cotton saw Gins, we have the honor to report for the informa- tion of your Excellency in Council that of the 42 saw Gins, 18 per " La" Belle" and 2-t per " Ferries," transferred to the Jlilitary Board in Extracts from Minutes of consultalion daled 2iid and 0th Novem- ber Nos. 035 and 1057 respectively, there aie 20 now remainir.o; in store, the others liave been dis- tributed as follows : 4 to the Collector of Coinibatore. 4 „ „ of Tinnevelly. 2 „ ., of Tanjore. 12 to Dr. Wii^ht. 2. The 12 Saw Gins sent to Pr. Wight were not repaired in the Arsenal as that officer preferred having the requisite repairs to them executed under his own supervision the cost of repairing the others has amounted in the aggregate Jtupccs (82-12-5) I^ighty two, Annas twelve and Pice five, viz. 70- 1 1-9 Seventy, Annas eleven, and Pice nine, for those brought out by tlie La Belle, and Itnpres 12-0-8 Twelve and Pice eight, for those received per Ferries, as per detailed statements submitted to us by the Principal Commissary of Ordnance. 3. Ill additiim to the 20 saw Gins above ad- verted to as remaining in store duly repaired, there are 24 now received in Jamiary last per Llewelyn, but these we believe have not as yet been repaired, no report to that elTect having been made to our Board. (Signed) V. JIontgomerv, Brigadier. t'umniaminid of Artillery. (Signed) T. T. Pears, Major. (Signed) G. Balfour, Mcjor. Military Board Office,") Fort St. George, 30th April 1850. No. 554. Extract, from the Minutes of Consultalion, under date the 5th .Tune 1850. Read the following letters. From the Secretary to the Board of Ilevenne. (HeiefHfer 29//< Jprit. 1850, Ao. 103.) From the Militarv Board, Tth March 18W No. 2 lllli [)o. Do. 3 30lli May Dn. 5 Slat November l)o. 15 i to tlie CoUi-ctor of C'oimljatdre. i to do. Tinneveilj. SI to do. Tuiijore 12 to Dr. Wight. {Here enter SOt/i Jpril 1850, Xo. C3.) 1. In their Dispatches of tlie dates noted in the margin the Honorable Court of Directors adiised this (io- vei-nment of llie shipment for the use of this Presidency of 1 2 cases each containing iwo " Cottage Saw Gins" in each of (he Vessels " La Belle," the " Ferries" and the " Llwellvn," being in all 72 Gins ; of the number received by the '• La Belle" 4 were sent to Tinnevelly and 2 to the Cham- ber of Commerce, the remaining 18 Gins of this Consignnicnl as well as those received by the " Fer- ries" and " jjlewellyn" in all fifi were transferred by the Marine to the Military Board. 2. F'rom the report above furnished by the Mi- litary Board, it appears that 22 Gins have been distributed and that 44 remain in store, of which 24, or those brought out by the Llewellyn, Lave not yet been repaired. 3. Dr. Wight in his letter to the Marine Board X. ,.. . .. ,,^ dated 20th March 1S50 wrote Dy. letu Apnl IbjO e i i i- »i i • c No 24-25- lavorably ol the workuig of these Gins and requested that all those remaining ii\ iladras should be sent up to Coinibatore, a requisition which does not appear to have been complied with. 4. At a subsequent date* Dr. Wight having -,,-,.■ , ,t..« • leccived applications for the • 2.vth -M.arch 1850 in , ' ,• . , , ■ D). 23d April No. 27--'8 purchase ol these machines desired to be informed of the price to be put upon them and in Extract Minutes of Consultation 22nd April 1850 it was intimated to him that 25 liupees for each Cotton Gin was a price suited to the Market, that there would be u> objection to his selling even at a lower rate if necessary to encourage purchasers, but that to Eu- ropean applicants Kupecs 30 should be charged. 5. In tlieir letter now before (rovernment the Board of Ilevenue solicit sanclion for the purchase of 50 Cotton (jins from Dharwar for expeiiiuental use ill the Ceded Districts. The Collector of Bel- lary introducing the siilvject stales that Dr. Wight promised him 2 saw Gins for ckaiiiiig the Country Cotton which he has not received, observing that it is desirable these machines shouhl be introduced into Belhiiy with as little delay as possible and that he can procure tliein from Dharwar The description given of the Dharwar Gin states tiint it " can be worked" all day '" by 2 men alternately ami " cleanse about lAMaunds (28 lb 1 Maund) ol seed " Cotton the hour, and costs only 40 Rupees." The total cost of the 5U Gins indented for by the Board will at this rate be Rupees 2000. 6. It does not appear to the Right Honorable the Governor in Council that so many as 25 Gins can be required, merely for experimental purposes, in each of the l>istricts of Biliary and Cuddapah an d t 83 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. lie is not prepared to sanction so larp;c an outlay as that proposed i)y the Board of Kevenue. He direcis that the (Jolieciors be desired to coniiinuiicaie with ihe .Supcrinlendeiit of (^otton Farms, who will f'nr- iii-.h tiiein with as many of the saw (iins now nnder ehar!,'e of the IMIIilary Board, as may seem to him to l)e re([uisite and ean eoiiveriieiitiy be spared, and lie authorizes eaeh Collector to ]iiiichase for trial in his District five of the Dliarwar Gins, the expense of the whole ten at 40 Kiipees a piece being Kupees 400. 7. The Military l.oard will at once communicate with Dr. Wi^^ht and obtain his instructions in re- snect to the repair of those saw Gins which have not vet been repaired. (Signed) T. FYCROFT, Secretary to Qovernmeiit. CoiMB.VTORE, i\st September 1850. From Surgeon K. Wight, Superintendent Cotton Farms, Coimbatore. To T. Fycroft, Esq., Secretary to Government, Fort St. George. 1. sii-^ — I have the honor to transmit copies of two letters received from the Acting Collector of Tinnevelly conveying the inliinntion that neither the cotton dealers nor Ryots of Sevacassy seein dis- posed to avail thsinselves of the indulgence accorded to them by the orders of Government, of having their cotton cleaned at the Government Gin house free of charge. 3. Of this disinclination I have long been aware, both here and in Tinnevelly, which I believe originates simply in an apprehension of the Gin supplanting the Cliurka and thereby throwing their families out of an employment adapted to their liabits, and on which all the females and boys under 14 ean find almost constant occupation. Under the iniluence of such apprehensions their aversion is not to be wondered at, nor can it be blamed. I can even recollect the time when riotous assem- blages of the rural population of England destroyed Thrashing Machines on the supposition that they would deprive them of their usual winter occupa- tion. Time has shewn that they were mistaken and I believe the same will be the effect of the ex- tendi-d use of the Gin in place of the chnrka, but t he ch.inge if ever brought about must result from Flnropeau enterprize the natives will not of them- selves adopt the Gin. 3. U|) to the present time European nierchaiits appear not to have interested themselves in the iin- ])rovement of the cotton trade to the extent that thev luiglit and I think ought to have done ; now however a change is in progress some are becoming aware that Gin cleaned cotton currently realizes from f to -Jci per pound more in the Liverpool market than chnrka cleaned not merely as looking better because it contains less refuse and is consc(|uently intrinsi- cally more valuable. The difference of ontturu of weight between the Gill and churka is nearly 3 per cent more from the latter, all of which consisting of sand &c., and becomes in the hands of the spinner mere waste aiidi-efnse. At this rate 07 lbs. of Gin cleaned cotton is at the lowest estimate worth 100 of eharkaed, in addition to wliieh there is a quantity of short nap attached to the seed which the churka removes and mixes with the proper staple but which the Gin leaves, that too is removed as waste by the spinner. Hence the higher prices obtained for Gin cleaned Cotton and if duly attended to by the local Merchant should I think iiidnco him to give the preference to the Gin, the more so as lie wduhl thereby be saved the cost, freight and charges of 'i 15ales of waste or " trash" as I believe it is called in America, in every 100 exported. These facts furnish the best reply that can be given to the preposterous outcry of the Gin cutting the staple, the value of which may be estimated by the fact that a sample of eluuka cleaned cotton I sent home was said to be cut in Ginning. 4. A further argument in favor of the fiiii, which should weigh with the European mercliMiit is its superioritv over the chnrka in enabling him, by its speedy working to take advantage of favora- ble states of the market and its greater eheainiess as shown by the table of comparative charges fur- nished in my letter of the 6tli Instant and repro- duced in the margin. 5. The inhabitants or rather Cotton dealers of Sevacassy have shown a Hand Giabvcontractrd 14 ^^^''^^ e<|iial .li.liko to CaMle macliiiiery, 4 12 the introduction ol the Cliurka, 5 3 4 American Cotton into that neighbourhood, the cause of which [ cannot so satisfactorily account for but suspect that it originates in an aversion to have Europeans located among lliem, lest their superior knowledge, honesty, and perhaps command of money sliould enable them, to some extent to injure their trade by breaking down the monopoly they have so long enjoyed. But whether or not this is the cause, it is certain that they have not yet ceased to throw all the obstructions in their power in the wav of Mr. Cnxtou's success by preventing liini getting lajul on which to cultivate American Cotton or Native Cotton to purchase. They have been so far successful that he has as yet only been able to purchase to a very small extent and to get some small patches of land, but these he has already sown and the crop so far appenrs most thriving. Judging from a very small Held he had under rrop in January last, I feel disposed to anticipate very favorable results from the trial in progress. 6. His predecessor Mr. Finiiie took different views with regard to both growing and cleaning Cotton, but as his opportunities of trying either, while at Sevacassy were not extensive, his opi- nions can carry but little weight. I can only account for his preferring the cliarka to the Gin, on the supposition of its novelty to him, and his find- Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 83 ini; it a more eflicicnt raacliiiie tli:iii In; lind previ- ously supposed, added to his iuipeilccl knowledj^e ol' tlie e()in[)arativu \v01ki11j5 properlies ol" the two maeliiiuis. These combiue Mli S,-i>tr„il,er 1S50. f To C..J. liiKD, Es(i. Acting Collector of Tinnevelly. Sill, In reply to Memo, of date 37lh August! beg to say that the Government Gins have not up to this time been called into use by either dealers or cultivators about here. I took every opportunity some time hack of in- forming both cultivators ami dealers in Cotton that the (iovcrnment Cotton Gins were at their service if they chose to have their cotton cleaned by theni and moreover that this would be done for tiiem free of charge for the use of the Slaehines. This information I observed at the time did not at all take with them and one of the chief reasons for its being so was, as they said, " that thrv eoidd not tind a market for (finm-d cotton." "" Thcv could not tell whether they could sell such cotloii to the Merchants at Tutacorin with whom thcv chiefly deal." 1 advised them to make enijuirv 011 the subject but they seem not. to have troubled themselves any further with the matter. The Gins at |)resent employed in cleaning cotton on account of Government arc the simdl Gins (2 of 2.5 saws eaeli and one of 20 saws) which are worked by Coolies at the rate of 8 men to a (iin. (Signed) Iv. M. Cu.xton. In chanie of Uu: Oiii House Secacassi. ( I'lue (Jopv.) (Signed) C. J. Riki», Aclinij Colleclur. (True Copy.) (Signed) Houf.ut Wkjht, Surgeon, ^n/ieriiileiuJeul Cotlo/i Farms. (ini llon-c Sevacasse.J 'Mlh Auijml 1830. J . No. 972. Extract from the Minutes of Consultation, under dale 18th October 1830, Kcail the following letter from Surgeon R. AViglit, Superintendent Cotton Farms Coimbatore. {Here enter 2]st Septemlier, ISoO.) 1 The Uight Honorable the Governor in Coun- cil regrets to learn from Dr. Wight's comnr;unica- tion that the people of the Tinncvellv District have shewn a reluctance to avail themselves of the advan- tage ottered by Government of having their Cotton cleaned at the Gin House free of charge. From the circumstances reprcstnted, it does not seem likely that the disinclination of the people will be soon or easily overcome ami it is therefore desirable that Dr. Wight should report whether there "•'! '" 84 i.iAxrr,vf;Ti;iiiNCi maciunks and tools. [Class VI. ;iny utility in longer kpcpiiip; up the Gin establish- ' fonviird copy of that oovrespoiulenop, which is most iiiiMil i n the Tiimcvcllv District on its prt'scnt srale iiMcl vvhi'lhcr the Gins niiiy not be more proKtably cm ployed clsewlierc. ii. The Government would wish to be furnished nt the proper time with a general report on ti)e Cotton experiments in the Tinnevelly District, tlie extent and results of Mr. Cuxton's operations there, and a connected view of the whole fanning establishment in all its branches, with any sugges- tions that may occur to Dr. Wight for its extension or improvements. 3. The Government resolve to take an tarlv opportunity of bringing Dr. Wight's communication to the notice of the Honorable Court of Directors. (Signed) T. Pycroft, Secrelaiy to Gooeninwut. Fort St. Geokge frnm 1 he Cuiis No Dill June T. Geokge, ) In Con 1850. 2Stli Kov. From satisfactory, as establishing, I trust, the value of this new machine, four more of whicli have been since received at Belhiry. (Signed) 0, Pklly, Cullector. Bell.ahy CoLi.KCToii's Office, ) ith Novemiei; 1S50. J No. 2fi6 of 1850. To the Collector of I'elhiry. Sill,— In reference to the coinmunicatinii qneted in the margin in wliidi I am directed to forward yon five cotton Gins of 7 saws each, I beg to enquire if five gins in addition to those 1 scut you some time since are required. 1 have the honor to inform yon tliat we have made some alterations and improvements on the small Gin which vender them more portable and con- venient and by wliicli a large amount of cotton is cleaned per diem, one of thein is now at work at the ViUaire of Ilooblec in this district, the owner of it has written to me that it cleans, per diem 20 maunds of (2C1I).) New Orleans and 28 do. of Native cotton. 2. The cost of the machines is Unpees 50 each. Should you wish to liave some of them 1 shall have mueli pleasure in supplying you. (Signed) J. M. Blount, Superint. of Cotton Expt. A true copy (Signed) C. Pelly, CoUt'cior. DlIAHWAR, J 26/h Aiigiid 1850.) No. 611. From C. Pelly, Esq. Collector of Bellary. ■'^''^ the information of Government \ To J. M. Blount, Esq. Snpevirdendent of Cotton Pe- 1 8/// Ocl, No. 503. Extract from tlie Proceedings of the Board of venue, dated 28tli November J 850. Kead letter from the Collector of Bellary dated the 4th November 1850, forward- ing, in consequence of the un- favorable report made by the Chamber of Commerce on the specimen of Native Cotton cleaned with theDharwar Handsaw Gins and of the doubts expressed by Dr. Wight on their capabilities, copies of correspondence with the Col- lector and Superintendent of Experimental Cotton farms at Dharwar which in his o|iinion most satis- factory establishes the value of these machines, lour of which have since been received at Bellary. {Here eiikr No. 66.) ■Resolved that the letter above recorded together „_ , with its enclosures and the l)p|tary 2 , 1 li . , , , Con.^: .iih previous correspondence noted in the margin be submitted for E\trnot Minnies ot" sril. diik-d ]S5n. Li4tcr No. 206 of 1S5U from tlieC(jlliTtnr orCudclupiili lo IhcCol- lec-tur ot IMiiirwar. Endorspincnt No. 1220 of lUbO from tlic Col- lector of Dhiirwar totlic Snpt. of cotton Ksperit. l)llur\v;ir llisliict. Jnly July 1850. I'ro : to Colt CusUiras : 4lli u,uy .,, ,. . „ ,. ISTM. ^vitli rclerence to para. 6 oi I'Vom do. 27tli July, Extract, Minutes of Consulta 3850 "'" '^"' ^^"^ tion 5tli June 1850. (A true Extract) (Signed) W. 11. Baylf.y, Sc'cre/aiy. No. 00. From C. Pelly, Esq. Collector of Bellary. To W. H. Bayley, Esq. Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Fort Saint George. Sir, — In consequence of somewhat unfavorable report made by the Clianiber of Commerce on the specimen of native cotton cleaned by the Dliarwar Hand saw Giu as reported in the papers which -tcconipanied the Board Proceedings under date the I5tli August 1850, and in consequence of the donbts intcrtained bv Dr. Wigiit respecting the capaiiili- Experimeut, Dharwar. Sir, — 1 have the honor to acknowledge the re- ceipt of your letter of the 26tli Ultimo offering to sup|)ly me with the improved (jius each conlaining 7 saws, and to recpiest you will be pleased to for- ward at your earliest convenienee 4 of these gins to Bellary. I request you will be jiarticular in send- ing Gins adapted to the Nativi- cotton, because I learn from Madras that the Native cotton cleaned by the gins last sent by you was so torn ni the staple that tlie Cliamber of Commerce could not value it and considered it as fit only for Wadding. This is a very serious evil and one to whicli 1 must draw your particular attention in order that a remedy may be adopted. Much saving especially in carriage would be effected if the rough frame work of the machines were omitted, the same could be made at Bellarv. ties of these machines, I wrote to the authorities at I If you see no objection to this J .'honid be obliged Dharuiir on the subject, and now have the honor to by your sending 1 machine completed ami 3 with Class VI.] MANUFACTTRING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 8t out llic IVami: work and all lui^Jit Llicii Ijc packed S lioiirs per tlioni would be 400 lbs. of CoKon «itli on cue cart. (Signed) U. Pkllv, OuUedor. No. 01-1-. From C. I'elly, Escj. CuUeclor of Bdlar\j. To W. W. Bei,l, Esq. Cijlhctur of Dharwar. Sir, — Two parcels of Native Cotton, tlu-. one liein^j; cleaned with tlie saw <,Mii supplied to irie by Mr. ISlount Superintendent of Cotton Experiments in your District and llie otiier worked witli the coTuinon clmrka in use in the eoiiutry were forward- ed by UKi to the Hoard of Keveuue, and scut bv tliem to the Coinuiiltee of the Clianibcr of Coiu"- iiuiice at Miulras for the purpose of asccr- tainiii;; the respective value of the two speci- ineiis. The Coininittee of the Chauiber of Coninicrce do not think that the cotton cleani:d with the ])harwar hand Gia superior to that cleaned with the Native Churka. They also state tl.at it is so much torn in tlie staple as to be in their ojjinion tit oidy for Wadding and that it would be necessary to subnut it to the niaiiufacturcrs in Eni^land to ascer- tain its value. Under these circuinstauees, I have tlie honor to request you will be pleased to let me know whether in Dharwar there is or not anv dif- feience made as respect quality aiul value between the Native Cotton cleaned by the (Jin and that cleaned by the Churka : you will also oblige nie at the same time by favouiing me with the s|)i-einien of your District Cotton sinularly cleaned with the two machines, and their respective value in the market. 'J'he evil alluded to in the cleaning by (he Dharwar fJin has not I presume been experienced by vou or noticed at ISombay but perhaps you can inform iiic whether it may be attributed to any defect in the Saw (iin, or to any mismanagement in the us- ing the machine or to the Gin not being adopted to the Cotton in question. 1 beg to send a small parcel of the liellary Native Cotton for in.speclion as also some of the same kind cleaned with the Dharwar (iin; as I have written to Mr. Blount (or 4 more Gins, I trust every care will be taken to prevent any defect that may prove ruinous to the experiment. 1 have on this occasion the honor also to enclose copy of a letter from Dr. Wight Supcriideutlent of Cotton Iwarni at C'oimbalore to the Secretary to the ]!oai(l of lleveuue Madras, dated 4lli .Inly re- specting the working of the i)harwar Cotton (iin, you will observe that he is sceptical as res[)eets the quantity they are supposed to dean daily. 1 would recjuest your |)articular attention to this point and beg you will favour me with your view of the matter. The trial made at Jkllary with the Dharwar saw ^^iu resulted in cleaning 50 lbs. per hour and at the seed Kuppas or J'ultee. (Signed) C. Peli.v, Collector. No. ICOl of ISoO. To C. I'i;i,i,v, Esq., Collector of Ucllarij, Silt. — I had the honor to receive your letter, No. 014, dated 7tli instant in due course", but the speci- mens of Cotton reached me oidy this morning. 2nd. 1 can perceive no dilierence between the seed (Jotton and that which has been saw ginned. The libre of the latter is not in the least broken, as you will perceive if you will coitq)are the two snudl specimens which I enclose. They have been simply repeatedly pulled between the frngtMs to straighten the fibre, one was pulled from the seed by the fingers and the other is the saw ginned Cotloii which you sent me. 1 have sent the parcels to Mr. Jilouut and will forward his opinion of the sjieci- mens to you. 3rd. The belief that the ]''ii>re of Cotton is torn in the saw gin is a curious fidlaey long since ex- ploded in .America and always considered absurd. I believe, by the manulaeturers in England. In fact it is a moral impossibility that the fibre can be torn by the gin unless the saws have become dis|)laeed and touch the gratis. To a person unacquainted with the subject saw giiuied Cotton will always ap- pear on being pulled between the fingers to be irregidar. This is caused by the J5rush of ihe saw gin which as you are aware removes the Cotton from the saws and propels it from the machine, l)v which operation the fibres are laid crosswise, so tiiat when pulled between the fingers a suudl portion only is stretched to its full length. 4th. There is no ditl'ercnce here, in Ihe value of Cotton cleaned by the foot roller (the ehurka is not used) and that winch is saw ginned. In (piantiiv the latter is cousidei'ed by those ^\ ho have riealiugs with iiondjay to be superior, for the dirt is removed by saw ginning and the leaf only left, whereas the foot roller does not separate the dirt. 5tli. The opinion of the Chambers of Commerce should not be perndtted to condcum any result of an experiment in cotton, for it is beyond dispute that the value placed by merchants in this country upon cotton is very incorrect. Some years ago u ([uantity of New Orleans cotton grown in J)liarwar was bought in ]!oud)ay for 115 Kupecs per candy and a rpiautity of indigenous C;amli^h cotton for ['6i lis. per candv. In Englaiul tiie former was sold for 7 '^W the latter for 3.} %> Ih. Olh. I have sent you a i)arcel of native cotton cleaned here by the foot roller, and one cleaned by the saw gni as you reiptest. 7th. Mr. Blount will send you in a day or two four saw gins iiuide in the factory of our Experi- ment on an improved principle. Dr. Wiglii may be sccplieul ol the capability of these little machines V 8G MANUFACTUltlXG MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. I ciiii only assure liim, that I saw tlie first of tlie kiiiil now lic'in^' inaile lor vou tried, ami it olKaiiecl wiili two 1111-11 al the wlierl, and one fceilini; 5G lbs. of seed cotton ill 45 niinntes. A mcrcliant at lloo- l)lfe wlio boiiiilit some of t!ie same descri|)ti()Ti of fiins, lias written to uie, that he can clean 28 inannds of country seed cotton and 20, of New Orleans, with cue of liiein in a day, tlie niannd being 2S lb. 8th. The inipiovement efleett-d in these jiins i.';, that the Drivini; wheel is proportionalely far less jieavy than that required for the lar^o f!;iiis, and the brush being proprlled by a friction roller, revolves more easily and far more rapidly than when it is turned by a baud. Tliere is no question of the superioiity of the small sevi-u saw gins in everv respect : they are cheaper, they perlorm more work in proportion, they are more easiiy repaired, and do not involve the same loss by ctssation of work for repair which large gins do (for in tlieir case seven saws are stopped, in the other the whole number ))erhaps sixty, beeoiae inoperative) and lastly they c;in be used in any corner of a native's house, or in the open air. (Signed) \V. W. Bi:i.i„ CoUedor. (.\ true Copv.) ColIeclor'sGHice.Dliar-^ (Sigiied) C. Peli.y, war, 2-lth SepteinberV CoHi-rtor. 1S50. S No. 175 of 1850. To W. AV. P.r.i.L, Esq. Collector, Dharwirr. Ill acknowledging the coinmuniration noted in the margin under cover of your letter No. I(i05 of 1850, I have the honor to state in reply to tin; letter from the Collector of Bellary, that the action of the cotton gin in eleau- Farras ;it Cniinlj itore ii.o; u]) laid or sliorl staple Cit- to till; Sec'rt!t:ir\ tu Gn- ^ ' , ... l\ i-: ton does not injure the tibre more tlian other description of maciiiues used fu- si-parating Sin, Letter No 61!. of l-'ijil trc.in the C'i:lleeti.r lit ll.lhiy tu tlie Col- lector ol' Uliiirwur iliiipil 7tli Sept. IS.jO. Leiter from Dr. \Vi;;lit Super- iiiteadeiit of Cotton voriiirieut l'\irt St. (ienrcre^ (lilted 4'lli July 1850. Letter from Dr. ^ ,. , .. ,, , Wight 5..perin;endent 'j'^ Cotton wool tiom the seed, of Cotton Farms at Tlie superiority of the gill over CoimliiitorstoihoCo]. t|„. c|ii||.b.v consists in its mak- leelnr ot ISellHrv diitej • , ' i. ti ^ • /• 5tli July 18.j()" '"- " cleaner cotton that is tree of leaf din and seeds and per- form a given quantity of work at a luiieli less cost than any other process known. 2iid. In this District 1 have heard of no sales of saw ginned Native cotton, but in Homhay it is considered worth from 5 to 10 liupees the candy more than the foot rolled cotton. 1 have often ex- ainiiieil the saw ginned Cotton and comparetl it ^vith fibre )nilled of the seed by hand and the ilif- fereiice in leiigih is nor. pereeptable, and if the cot- ton is so badly cut as reported by the chamber of eomineice, it must be owinsr to inismaiiagenicnt of }he gin not to any fault in its coiistriiclion. 3. I have as requested firwanled two samples of Native cotlon, one cleaned by the gin, tlie other by the foot roller : they were procured from a dealer at llooblee and are fair samples. f. In answer to the doubts expressed in tlie let- ter from Dr. AViglit regarding the ipiantity of cotton cleaned on by the gin in this District, 1 have the honor to state that there is between 70 or 80 Gins at work in this District belonging to private parties. I cannot state the qu.intily cleaned on each ina- chine, hut tliose containing 14 to '.'O saws dean from 700 to yi'iO lbs. of cuiipas per diem according to the numlicr of hours worked, the small gins of 7 saws (8 inches diameter) will clean from 350 to 400 lbs. and the improved gin of 7 saws 10 inches diameter 520 lbs, easily in S to 'J hours: the fore- going rates arc all for native cotton, none of the gins will clean the same weight of American cotton in a day's work, as a native. 5. 1 have a few gins at work on Oovernineiit ac- count and they clean per diem as follows : 18 saws 8 men at 2 As. each native 35 uiaunds of 28 lbs ySO. 18 do. 3 do. 2 ,, do. Aineriean 30 do. lbs 23 81-0. (.Signed) .T i\f. P)l,ouNT, Siijif. of \ ollun Expt. (.V true Copv. ) (Sigi'ied) C. Pi.;lly, DiiARiVAu, ) Culk'chi: \'Mh Sr/,t. 1850f Extract from a letter from the Siipeiinteudent of Cotton Ex|ieiiiiieiit to the Collector of Jiellary dated ITtli September 1850. 4. I will dispatch you the four small Gins in a few days, I think you had best have them complete as a man unacquainted with their mechanism will not be able to make up the frames correctly ; we have made such im|n'ovemciit and nioiliticalion on them lately as make them more portable and I think 1 shall be able to get the whole on one cart. The price of the Gins is ten Rupees each above those I first sent \ou — which is more than compen- sated for in the workmanship and larger amount of work it can perforin, lit a day's work, say 8 or 9 hours, each (iin will clean 520 lbs. of Native Cappas with three men. As much as 728 and .520 lb<. of Native and .American respectively has been cleaneil on one in 9 hours. (Signed) .7. TM. Bi.oi'.sr, Snperbd. of Cotton Krpt. (A true Extract.) (Signed) C. Pellv, Collector. No. 1203. Ordered that the correspondence received with the above Extract be eoiiimnnicated to Dr. ^Viglit. (Signed) 'J'. PvcKorT, Secretari/ to Goceriiment. FoitT St. George, 7 7tli Deeeiiiber iS50. ) Cr.Ass VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 87 CoiMBATORE, 9th/u«?mr// 1851. From Sui;rpoii R. Wionr, SiiperiniciKlcnt Cotton Knniis, C'oiiiibiUore. To T. I'ycKOFi' Esq., Seca-tiiry to (joverninent, Foit .St. George. Sir, — [ liiivir tlie lionnr to ackiiowleclfje the re- ceipt of . Minutes oC Cniisultatiun -No. 1 203 under (liite 17l,li Deeeiiiher 1850, (ransiiiilliii;; copies of eorresiioiulence regarding- I lie e.ipaljiliiies of tlie ]J)iarwar Cotton (iin. Siiiee their receipt I have received one of the Gins and have siihjeelcd it to a moderate tri;il. It was worked two days 8 hours each ilay, the result, I regret to add, has conlirined liie doidils expressed in my letter of tiie 4th July 1850. So unsatisfac- tory indeed lias this been, that I ahnust liesitate l)lacing it. on record, after liie high encomiums bestowed on tliese machines by tiie Dliarwar autliorities, feariii>< that they may repudiate my statements as being the onesided testimony of a prejiulieed witness resolved to find fault. If how- ever sucli a thought crosses their minds I can most tiidy and conscientiously assure tlicjii they are in error. The (iin arrived on the 31st December and on the Snd .January it was brought into use. On that day the outturn of S hours veiy constant work was 200 His of Kuppas cleaned. On the 3rd, only the same ((Uanlity was cleaned. On the first day 1 paid somewhat less attention to the trial, as three well known and most steady men Inni been selected to make it, men wlio had for many months back been employed in working our gins and therefore well trained to that kind of woik. On the second day I was most assiduous in my attendance, being present with them the greater jiart of the day, aiul can sjieak cunlidentially of their unremitting assiduity which was further sliiiin- lated by the knowledge that they were to be paid by eontract for the W(irk done not by daily hire. Under ordinary cireunistances I should perhaps liave deemed it sufiicienl to report the circumstances to Mr. IVlly for the icd'urmation of Messrs. lull and lilonni, but as their correspondenee has been forwarded through Goveinment I feel eon- strai;ied, however unwillingly to trouble liie Kight Honorable the Governor in Council with my re- | marks, the subject moreover is an important one. In my letter of the 4th Jidy 1850 I ventured to express a doubt of the corrcctncfs of the report of the capabilities of the Dharwar Gin but still thought it must lie very superior to ours atid therelbre solicited ])eririissi(iu to get one to seive as a mudel l)y which to improve ours, rermission being grant- ed one was apiilied fyran. the brnsh-pnlley. C. L is a Crank- Lever, one eml of which is loaded lo make the other act on the end of the brush shaft behiml the jndley as indicated by the dotted lines. The object of this arrangement is to keep the friction Hollers in steady contact and by allowing some piny to the brush shaft compensate for any slight inequalities of the surface of the friction Hollers. As in our gin, the brush revolves about four times for each revolution of the Cylinder : but the diameter of the Cylinder pulley being much less than ours (in the proportion of 6 to 10) it revolves about Gy times for each revo- lution of the driving wheel giving a speed of about 280 revolutions of the saw per minute. llcgarding the ))rinciple of conveying motion lo the brush by means of friction Hollers I am not mechanic enough to venture an opinion, but as re- gards the material of which they are composed, and the mode of constructing them, at least in the one sent iiere, I can have no hesitation in pointedly eondeMnnng botli. The large friction roller 18 inches in diameter is made of a simple piece of plank and that in ours of apparently, unseasoned wood without the precaution of making it of two layers with the grain crossing to obviate literal shrinking. The consequence is, that within a week from its , first exposure to the dry atmosphere of ('oim- I batore it had shrunk so much that the friction rollers only touched at the ends of a few of the I fibres of the wood, while literally they did not approach within -f^^ of an inch of each other, and ' at this time the transverse diameter, that is across the grain of the wood, is less by fully -J of an inch than the longitudinal. It is tlicrefore no longer ii circle. I The principle as worked out in this gin is open to another grave objection. During the two days work the Crank-lever though often oiled was worn to the depth of '\ of an inch and the brush shaft to the depth of ^'^ all roiiml, at which rate three more such days would have cut through the Crank which is ^ of an inch broad and half divided the shaft on which it acted. Full sized sketches of both are given in the Diagram. Very careful oiling might to some extent have obviated so much wear but conhl not materially prevent it, the friction being so very great. Such being the defects of the mechanism employ- ed to carry out this new application of the priiR'i- ple, its total failure can scarcely excite surprize. When thus disabled I removed the whole and sub- stituted in the place of the friction rollers a driving machinery removed from one of our gins and then jU'oceeded to test its capabilities as compared with the new Coimbatore model. But before doing so I may advert to the fact that Mr. Bell distinctly states that he " saw one of these 7 Saw Gins clean 56 lbs of seed Cotton in 45 mimites." I cannot venture even to hint a (piestion as to the perfect correctness of a statement so circumstantially made, but, assum- ing it to be literally correct, I trust I may be permitted to observe that I think it says little to the credit of Mr. H. Trost the maker to seiul out from his factory machines bear- ing so high a character untried and so very de- fective as I have found the one sent here. I have just stated that I removed the friction rollers ami adapted to the Dharwar Gin the raeehan- is.m of one of ours thus so far placing it exactly on a par with our Gins. Then proceeded to try its ca|)abilities as compared with a live saw gin built about 3 vears ago for location on a distant farm. That gill as originally construetcd on the American Civss VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 8y moilel generally cleaned about 25 lbs in the hour now it is capable of cleaiiiiiL; ;i(J lbs in 4-5 minutes when the diiving coolies are fresh and work steadi- ly. The Dliarwar gin working side by side and most steadily driven r<(|\iired .52 minutes to clean the same quantity. That trial not being consider- ed conclusive owing to some irregularities at tirst starting froiu the bands slipping, they were allow- ed to go on working between two and three hours until tiiey had become perfectly steady when each was furnished with 100 lbs of Native Cotton and a fresh start given, the only difference being that the Coolies were changed to make sure that the slower performance of the morning did not ori- ginate with any inferiority of the drivers. The 5 saws cleaned their 100 lbs in 16S mi- nutes. The 7 Saws required 1S9 to complete theirs be- ing a difference if I have not miscalculated Saw for Saw of about 55 percent. This I trust will be held conclusive as to the superior merits of the Coimbatore Ciin as a working machine. One other point remains to be very briefly noticed, it relates to the way they respectively finish their work. While the experiment was going on, it was noticed that the Coimbatore Gin cleaned the seed better than the other. After it was over the two parcels of seed were weighed against each other, and the difference in favor of ours found to amount to 5 per cent, that is, the seed of 100 lbs of Kup- pas, cleaned by the Coimbatore Gin, was 5 lbs light- er than that from the Dhanvar Gin, owing to the latter having 5 lbs more Cotton attached to them. It (hence appears that, could the giu sent here be viewed as an average one, ours is in every way su- perior. It works 50 per cent faster, and does its work better. One question in regard to gins still remains In be solved it respects the speed at which they should be driven but this is an enquiry of great delicacy and many careful experiments will be required for its solution. It must therefore stand over for the pi-esent. Apologising for the length of this letter and trust- ing that my remarks, which are not written in a controversial spirit and simply record facts may have the effect of leading to further improvements of the cotton Gin. (Signed) R. AVight, Surgeon, Sripl. Cotton Farms. C0IMB.\T0RE, 9th Jamiar TORE, ) ■y 1851. f No. 1. Inner circle depth of jrroove worn iu 2 days' working. W 90 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. No. 144. E.xtract from the Minutes of Consultation, under date tiie 11th February 1S51. Head the following letter from the Superintendent of Cotton Farms Coinihatore. {Here enter ^l/i January 1851.) Ordered that the foregoing letter froui the Superin- teudent of Cottou Farms be communicated to the Board of Itevenue in reference to the correspond- ence submitted with the Extract from their Proceed- ings of 28th November 1850 and that they be in- structed to furnish copies of Dr. Wight's letter to the Collectors of Bellary and Cuddapah and to call upon tliem for a report upon the use which they have made of the Dliarwar Cotton Gins which they were authorized to procure by Extract Minutes of Consultation of 5th January 1850 and upon the results of the working of these Gins in their Districts. (Signed) T. Pycroft, Secy, lo Govt. From Surgeon R. Wight, Superintendent Cotton Farms, Coimbatore. To T. PvcRorT, Esq. Secretary to Government, Fort St. George. Sir, — Subjoined I have the honor to transmit Me- morandum of the disposal of the Cottage Cotton Gins which have come to this Establishment which, I trust, will be found satisfactory. J also append Copies of Correspondence with the Collector of Tinnevelly which led to the transfer of si.'c to that District. The natives of this district I am happy to find have been watching with attention and interest the working of these little niachints and a dealer lias applied to me to let him have the use of some of them to gin a few Candies of Cotton thereby to learn by actual comparison in what respect they are superior to the Churka. To this request, as being the first decided step taken by a Native to go out of the beaten track, I at once agreed on condition that the trial should be made on our premises. This condition being accepted a shed was fitted up for their reception in which 10 are now at work. According to our experiment one gin steadily worked by two women can easily clean 100 lbs. of seed Cotton per day. At the average rate of work- ing about 8 Churkas will be required to do the same amount of work in the same time. These 10 Gins and 20 drivers, therefore, are equal to about 80 Churkas wiih the further advantage that they take up but little more room in a Cottage than a Churka. Should this trial prove satisfactory lo the mer- chant, it is my belief the Cottage gin will soon be extensively used in this district, time being an item of so great importance in Commercial transactions. One obstacle however remains to be got over. I allude to the impression among merchants in India that the gin cuts the fibre of tlie Cotton. There can scarcely be a doubt of its being founded on error, and keeps its gro\ind simply because they do not know how to examine ginned Cotton. The most convincing proof that 1 can adduce in opposi- tion is the fact, that ginned Cotton of similar quali- ty uniformly realizes from Jd to J-d per pound higher prices, than when Churked, in the English market. (Signed) Robert Wioht, Surgeon, Siipt. Ootlou Farms. CoiMBATORK, 12th February. Memorandom of the disposal of Cottage Cotton Gins. Received,... ... 40 Sent to the Chamber of CJommerce, ... 1 Sent to E. B. Thomas, Esq. Act. Prinl. Col- lector of Coimbatore, ... ... ... 2 Sold to Funre de Faud Clair, Esq. of Dindi- gul, ... 2 Sold to Lieut. Chauncey, ... ... ... 1 Sold to Captain Onslow, Mysore Govern- ment, ... ... ... ... ... 2 Sent to the Collector of Cuddapali, ... 6 Sent to the Collector of Bellnry, .. ... 6 Transferred to C. J. Bird, Esq. Acting Col- lector of Tinnevelly, ... ... ... 6 —26 Remaining,.. 14 (Signed) Robert Wight, Surgeon, Biipt. Cotton Farm). No. 118. From C. J. Bum, Esq. Acting Collector. To Surgeon R. Weight, Superintendent Cotton Farms, Coimbatore. Sir, — I have the honor to inform you that I have disposed of the three iron and one wooden Cottage saw Gins whicli were received from Government in April last. 'Rvo of the iron Gins were taken by Mr J. McTaggart of Tutacoriu for 30 Rupees each. The Srd iron Gin was sold to Mr. Brown of Tutacorin for 30 Rupees. Tiie wooden Gin was disposed of also to Mr. Brown, but as I do not know the price fixed for the wooden Gin, I request you will be good enough to instruct me how much I ouglit to take for it. I beg Brushes.".'.:.".".'.'.'.','.'' 10 also to know in what way anil hands cotton and at what prices the extra brushes wrenclies 2 &c._ funiished with the Gins ^"■"^ ^ should be distributed to the purchasers. 1 liave had applications from Mr. McTaggart for one or two more of these Gins and Mr. David Lees who is growing American Cotton largely in this district requests me to procure for him five of the iron Cottage saw Gins I beg therefore to suggest that the three iron and one wooden cottage Gins now at Sevacassy may be Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS- 91 offered for sale, but as one or two of tiiem arrived in a damaged state an aljatcmeiit should be made in the price, also that a further supply of at least 2 sets each consisting of 3 iron and 1 wooden Cottage Saw Gins n.ay be sent to me for distribution. (Signed) C. J Bird, Acting Collector. Tianevelly Trioliendoor, ) 25tii January 1851. j From Surgeon K. Wight, Superintendent Cotton Farms, Coirnbatore. To C. J. Bird, Esq. Acting Collector Tiunevelly. Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the re- ceipt of your letter of the 25th ultimo and in reply enclose Copies of Correspon- dence regarding tlie price of the Cottage Gins from which you will perceive no latitude is allowed to me. With respect to tiiose at Sevacassy there seems no absolute objection why tliey should not be transferred to you, but as they may require to be replaced and as I am enabled to supply you with Gins from this Establi>iiment in every respect perfect and whose qualities, as it occurs to me, that the more advisable course will be to transfer six or eigtit of them (one Bandy load) to your district to be disposed of as opportunities offer. W^ith regard to the spare articles, I find from a N". Memo in my Office that only From Surgeon R Wight to the Secretary to Government Fort St, tieorge dated 2oth March 1850. Extract Minutes of Consultation dated 22ud April 1850. Spare Saws Brushes. ... Cotton bands Wrenciies. . '" jy those enumerated in the mar- 2 gin accompanied each set of 4 2 Gins which as regards wren- ches is clearly insufficcnt, for unless they were ordered to lie ^old iu seis, one ought to accom- pany each Gin. I shall therefore get some made and attach one to each of those I am abotit to send, I shall also get some more spare bands prepared as there is a person here who makes ihem very well, and without splice. Spare brusiies I cannot supply for want of In'istles which 1 can rarely procure when procural>le, there are persons here who can make tiiem up. A cart conveying six iron and perhaps, one wooden gin will be dispatched about the middle of next week. (Signed) II. Weight, Surgeon, CoiMRATOKE, > Supl. Cuttou Farms. \st Febniari/ IS.'il.f Ordered that the foregoing letter be recorded. Revenue Board Office, Fort SI. Georr/c, il//i. Aov. ISal. No, 512, From W. II, Bayley, Esq,, Secretary to the Board of Kevenue, To Sir H. C. Montgomery, Bart. Chief Secretary to Government. Sir, — I am directed by the Board of Revenue to acknowledge the receipt of Extract Minutes of Con- sultation 11th February IS51, enclosing copy of a communication from Dr. Wight, the Su|)erinteiident of (Jotton Farms, contrasting the working of tiie Dharwar Cotton Saw Gins with tlie more favourable operation of those of Coirnbatore, and directing the Board to furnish copies of that report to the Collec- tors of Cuddapah and Bellary,and to call upon them to state the use made of the Dharwar Cotton Gins which they had been previously authoii/.ed to pro- cure, and the results of their working iu their re- spective Districts. From Cuddapah 23rd 2. In reply I am directed ["aV'^BXmhOc;; to submit the replies of those in Cons. 27th Nov. ofiicers to the reference made ISol, to them upon the subject. 3. In Cudpapah, six Iron Cotton Gins were procured from Coimbatore and Five Wooden ones from Dharwar, two of each were sent to the Talooks of Jummulmudoogoo and Koilgoontia, and the re- mainder retained in the Colb-etor's Cutcheiry. The Acting Collector, during the late Settlement, took measures publicly to show the working of tliose in tlie two Talooks mentioned, and ottered to comply with any requisitions for them ; and Mr. Forbes lias liiinseU'also exhibited the working of the Gins in his Cutcherry, to Cotton Merchants, Ilyots and others, and explained to them that the higher price they would obtain for better cleaned Cotton would coun- terbalance any outlay in the purchase of the Gins. 4. The inhabitants are however stated to be averse to the introduction of the Gins. Ist, On ac- count of the extra expence they would be i)ut to. 2dly, Because the Gins tear the fitre and rendi-r it useless for weaving, wliich is imt so inucli tlie case with the use of the Chnrka ; and 3dlv, Be- cause the Gins do not clean the Cotton wool off the seeds so perfectly as the Chnrka, but leave it adher- ing to the seed which their cattle will not, in that case, eat. 5. Mr. Forbes is of opinion that until some Capitalist settles on the spot to give the Hyots a practical proof that well cleaned Cotton will bring a higher price than the ilirtier sort, and so induce them to feel that their interests are at stake, there is no prospect of substiluting the Gin for the Churka generally throughnut the Distiiet. 6. The Collector of Bellaiy attributes the fai- lure of the experiment in his District partly to the want of co-operation on the part of the Ryots, but chiefly to their iscnornnce in using the Gin or in repairing it. I'revi'Mis to the sanction of (Jovernn.ent for the Five Dharwar Gins, which lie has received but reserved for trial next year for one or two intelligent Ryuts, the Collector would appear to have procured some Dharwar Gins for the weal- thier Ryots, who paid for them, but who from their want of skill in using them have since lieen dis- heartened. Meantime that Officer requests early sane- 92 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. FClass VI. t ion for pniploviiif; two Ciiipeiiters for six montlis. cacli at 175 Hiipei-s per mensem, to superintend I he working of tin; Gins in the ensuing year, and to repair them when out of order ; being quite satisfied lh:it tlie experiment will l)e attended with successful residts if ilie Uins are placed in proper liands, and that tliey will yield a net saving of 25 or 30 per cent. Mr. Telly encloses copies of letters from the Collector of Dharwar and the Superintendent of the Gin Tactiiry there, on the suliject of these Gins, ill which it is buggested that lie should apply for an .■\pprentice from tin; Factory to train up persons to I rejiair the Gins when out of order ; on this point Mr. I'ellv promises to address the Board if necessary. 7". The Board regret to notice tlie unfavourable results which have hitherto attended the operation of Ihe Dharwar Gins in both the Districts of Cuddapah and Bellary, but are unwilling to abandon the ex- periment without giving it every reasonable trial. I'hey therefore support Mr. Felly's application for a further trial for one year, and for his employing the two carpenters for six months at a cost not exteed- uvx Fs. 310-1)-(1, and would suggest that tlie Gins in Cuddapah b(^ retained, pending the issue of the further trial in Bellai'y. (Signed) W. 11. Bayley, Secretary. Revenue Board Ottice,^ Fort St. George, > %11U November 1851 ) From Cuddapah Collector's Office. ■2ZrdJi(/i/ IS51. No. 73. From H. Forbes, Esq., Collector of Cuddapah. To W. H. Bayley, Esq , Secretary to the Board of llevenue. Fort St. George. Sir, — 1. 1 have the honor to reply to the Extract from the Proceedings of the Board of Revenue, dated the 27th February 1S51. 2. Six iron cottage saw gins have been received in this district from Coindiatore, and five wooden gins from Dharwar, — two of each kind have been sent to each of the two Talooks of Jummulmudoo- goo, and Koilgoontla, and the rest are in the Cud- dapah Cutcherry. 3. During the late settlement in each of the two Tolooks above mentioned, the Acting Collector took the opportunity of all the Ryots being collected, to show them the working of the gins, and offered to obtain any number of either sort for their use, if they expressed their willingness to have them, and to pay for them they were also subsequently shown to all the people at the Talook Cutcherry. 4. I cannot learn that any disposition was shown by the Ryots to avail themselves of this offer, and on the contrary, they appear to have been averse to the introduction of the new machines, objecting to the heavy extra expence they would be put to in working them. 5. Since I have been at Cuddapah I have personally shown the gins now in the Cutcherry to cotton merchants, to ryots, and to others, and endeavoured to explain to them that allhongh the extra labour of working a saw gin may be some drawback to iis use, the higher price tliey would ohiaiii lor better cleaned Cotton, would more than connterbalnnce the loss. Of this however thev do not seem to be convinced, and i failed entirely in my endeavour to induce them to give the question a trial. 0. The |ico|)lc I'lii'tlicr object to the gins that they tear the thread, and render it useless for the weaver, and on comparing the outturn of the saw Gin ami the Churka, ihere appeared some ground for their objeclions, they also complained that the Gin did not clean the (.'otton off the seed nearly so perfectly as the common Churka, from which ihey said that they lost about one sixth in quantity, and that owing to the mass of Cotton left adhering to the seed, their cattle would not eat it, and that this was therefore an additional source of loss. 7. At present 1 do not see any prospect of the introduction of the Gin by the mere force of argu- ment, tiie people are strongly attached to their own ways, and to olil customs, and li,-ive in the present case some olvjections to urge, which are practical, and if they stood alone would be sufficient their iii- sutticiency would be shown if any capitalist were on the spot to give the Ryots a practical proof that well cleaned Cotton would bring a higher price than that which was dirty, and until they are thus led to feel that their interests are at stake, although any efforts shall not be relaxed, I am not sanguine of prevailing over prejudice by argument alone. (Signed) H. Foubes, Collector. Cuddapah, "i Collector's Office, V 2ZrclJuhj isn. 3 Bellary Collector's Office. 18a October 1851. No. 77. From C Pelly, Esq , Collector of Bellary. To AV. H. Bayley, Ksq., Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Fort St. George. Sir, — In reply to your letter of 9th Instant re- questing me to report on the result of the working of the Dharwar Cotton Gins in this District I re- gret to be obliged to state that the experiment made this year with them has not been successful. But I attribute the want of success partly to the great difficulty always experienced in obtaining the cordial co-operatiou of the Ryot in any new ex- periment and partly and chiefly to their not under- standing properly how to use the Alachine, and to correct any tiling when going wrong. I have been in communication with the Collector of Dharwar on the subject, and at his suggestion I have determined to give the Gins another trial during the Cotton season early in next year. And to confine tlie Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 93 e-xperiment to one or two intelli^'cnt liyots and I wisli eilher to pi'ocure carpenters IVom Dliarwar to snperintcnd the working ot tlie Gins ami to be on tiie spot to correct any part of the machinery that may get out of order or to employ men hereafter being instructed at Dharwar and I liopc the Board for tliis pur])ose will be so good as to obtain sanction for the eTnployment of two (,'arpenters for si.ic months on a salary of 3.5 Kupees per month for the two, 5 Pagodas each. 1 am cjuilc satisfied that the Gins will succeed in pro|)er hands as I know that a not saving of from 25 to 30 per cent, may be effected in using these Gins. But they must be introduced very gradually ; and the success in the liands of one or two Ityots only must be fully established before attempting to distribute them more generally as done last year and by now adopt- ing this method I hope to be able to send a more favourable report of tliera next year. Trusting the very favourable and not exaggerated report of the Dharwar Cotton Gins I had procured several for the more wealthy llyots who paid for them, but they have from want of skill in using them been disheartened. I have still the 5 sanctioned by Government on hand which I propose next year to give a fair trial to. I beg to send copy of a letter on the subject of these Gins from the Collector of Dharwar ivith its enclosure from Mr. Frost the Superintendent of the work at Dharwar. I shall perhaps at a future time take into consideration the propriety of recommend- ing to the Board the employment of one or more of the apprentices mentioned in that correspondence at present the employment of a couple of instruct- ed carpenters to visit all the Gins distributed this year and which failed for want of this assistance is all that is needed for which I request early sanction. (Signed) C. Telly, Collector. Dharwar Collector's Office, \Zlh Noxemkr, 1851. No. 1551 of 1851. From J. S. L.^w, Esq., Collector of Dharwar. To C. Felly, Esq., Collector of Bellary. Sir, — In reply to your communication dated the 28th Ultimo, I have the honor to forward for your consideration the accompanying copy of a letter from the Superintendent of Cotton experiments dated the Sth instant. No. 151. 2. As some of the Districts of your CoUectorate appear to be peculiarly well adapted for the culti- vation of New Orleans Cotton which cannot be freed from the seed without Saw Gins I think it would be very much to be regretted if the experi- ments there were discontinued and I trust there- fore that you may be disposed to adopt Mr. Blount's suggestion. 3. The Government of Bombay has recently sanctioned the appointment of four apprentices at Es. 50 per mensem to be placed under Mr. Frost the Mechanic of the Gin Factory here who as soon as they are sufficiently acquainted with the work are to be employed in other Collectorates. Perhaps on your representation the Government of Madras might be induced to sanction the appointment of |>t least one such apprentice who after bcin" duly instructed here might be stationed in you'r f;ol"- lectorate and might be expected in time to train up a body of native workmen capable of making all needful repairs to the Saw Gins. (Signed) J. S. Law, Collector. No. 151 of 1851. To J. S. Law, Esq., Collector of Dharwar. Sir,— With reference to the letter of the Collector of Bellary dated 28th August 1851 received under cover of your endorsements No. U95 dated Sth September 1851, I regret to learn that the Gins have not been successfully worked and that Mr. Pelly despairs of the successful introduction of these Machines amongst the Kyots in his District. 2. The only difficulty in the way of their intro- duction appears to be the inability of the Eyots to alter or correct the Machine when going wrong. This difficulty might have been expected with a people so unacquainted with machinery as the Kyots and has often happens in this District but as the people are getting more used to the management of the Gin is not of so frequent occurrences as formerly. I suppose there is some prejudice also existing to the use of the Gin as was the case here, but by a perseverance in the use of the Gin I have no doubt both objections will be overcome. 3. I would therefore propose that Mr. Pelly be requested to give the Gins a further trial as 1 am confident the Grins will be approved of when seen properly at work. 4. As the Gins are out of order or need repairs I will as soon as the monsoon is over if requested send a workman from this establishment to do whatever is needful and put them to work and to remain there for a month or longer and during that time if a clever workman is put with him he will instruct him how to put up, repair, and work a Gin. 5. I am very anxious that the Gins should have a further trial as I am certain they will be found to answer as well as in this District where there are now owned and worked successfully by the Natives 70 of these small Gins. (Signed) J. M. Blount, Supt. of Cotton Exptt. (True Copy), (Signed) J. S. Law, Collector. (True Copies), (Signed) C. Pelly, ColUclor. Duarwak, 8//t September 1851. No. 14. Extract from the Minutes of date the 6th January 1852. Consultation under 94 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. Head the following letter from the Secretary to the Board of Revenue. (Here enter ilih Novemier 1851, No. 5\2.J The Right Honorable the Governor in Council is unwilling to abandon the expi-riment with the Dharwar Cotton Gins until a further trial shall have been made of them and he is therefore pleased in compliance with the recommendation of the Board of Revenue to sanction Mr. Felly's proposal for one year, on the positive understanding that the employ- ment shall cease within that time if not resanctioaed on fresh reports. Tiie Governor in Council grants authority for the employment by the Collector of Bellary for the pur- poses of the above experiment, of two carpenters for six months, at a cost not exceeding Rs. (210) two hundred and ten. (Signed) T. Pycroft, Secrelari/ to Government. Having lately received from China a full sized Cotton Gin, I beg to offer it for the inspection and disposal of tlie Sight Honorable the Governor in Council believing from personal observation that it is well adapted for cleaning Cotton in this country and being on the same principle as the Indian Churka, only modified and improved it would not meet with opposition from the preju- dices of the natives. This machine is so cheap, the price at Shanghai being only \\ Rupees, that every Eyot with the smallest holding might have one in his possession. It is so simple as to be easily constructed or repaired by a common village Carpenter, it is easily worked capable of cleaning 100 lbs. of seed Cotton daily and can be worked inside the house, thus giving employment to the women and children of the Ryot's family and admitting of the cotton being, according to the Chinese practice, cleaned the same morning on which gathered, before the fibres have dried and adhered to the seed, whereby the more easy separation of the seed from the cotton, fibre is ensured and if cleaned by the family of the ryot then on account of the additional trouble in cleaning the cotton, the ryot would proiiably be more careful when gathering the cotton to prevent the admixture of leaves, earth, sticks, &c. and other foreign substances to the great depreciation of our cotton, the value of the article would thus be enhanced to the ryot as the first buyer might then give a higher rate for the article as he would be able to distinguish the cotton which had been well cleaned, and the ryots finding it to their interest to bring perfectly cleaned cotton to market, might probably be induced to cultivate a superior de- scription of cotton, always the Indian Cotton to be really of an inferior kind. So perfect is the system in China of cleaning Cot- ton by this simple machine, that in all the hamlets round about Shanghai, in the neighbourhood of which the fine Cotton named Nankin Cotton is ex- tensively grown, and during the Cotton producing season the poorest Chinaman will be seen carrying his Cottun gathered from his own fields cleaned liy his own family to the receiving House, opened for the season by the Merchant; there it is at once weighed without the bag containing the cotton be- ing even opened, and the owner then and there paid by a Cheque on a Banker, without any doubt being entertained of the Cotton not being clean. Limited as our trials have been at Madras, yet as several parties have turned the machine, there is no doubt that very little teaching and constant practice will soon render the young girls or boys of a family quite perfect in the use of this machine, and I hope it may supply a great want in our cotton districts, and aid our ryots in improving one of our most im- portant articles of commerce. (Signed) G. Balfouk, Major. Description and Instructions for the use of the Chinese Cotton Gin. The Gin consists of two rollers, one of Iron and one of hard wood such as, Acho Ebony, Satin, both about 9 or 10 inches in length, the former one inch in diameter ; and the latter about three quarters of an inch. The ends of the rollers rest on a wooden stand and they are placed horizontallv one above the other, the iron one uppermost, with only suffi- cient space between to admit of the Cotton fibres passing, and preventing the passage of the seed. The wooden stand supporting the rollers, is of sufficient height to admit of the machine being easily worked, as is done in China, by a boy or girl sitting on a three legged stool, and is on a suf- ficiently wide base, and of sufficient weight, to keep it steady when the rollers are in motion. Attached to one end of the wooden roller i< a small crank handle by which the rollers are turned the handle part about three inches, and the Crank six inches long. — At the opposite end of the rollers is a fly bar and the axis on which it turns is a pro- jection about six inches from the iron roller, and at the end of this axis and outside the fly bar is placed small iron ring, to which is attached a string, com- municating with a treddle fixed on a moveable joint at the base of the stand, and within four or five inches of the ground. At each side of the rollers and in the stand there are two small reservoirs, one for receiving the cot- ton with the seed, before being cleaned, and the other for receiving the cotton when cleaned, and after passing between the rollers ; the seed then falling back into the first reservoir and the cotton without the seed into the opposite reservoir. When the cleaned cotton reservoir becomes full, the cotton is transferred to a bag the mouth of which is always kept closed to prevent the entrance of dust, but tiie seed reservoir seldom requires emp- j tying during the day's work. ' The worker of the machine being seated at the side with his face to the fly bar turns the crank Class VI. J MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 95 liaiidle witli liis right baud, fi'oin riglit to left ; wliiUt with the left he feeds the machine with cotton, and with his left foot on tiie treddle keeps ill motion the Hy bar, which revolves in the con- trary direction to the handle. The main use of the treddle is to ensure the fly bar revolving in case it shonld be checked by the rollers being jammed u[) with cotton, but the foot should be applied to the treddle, as seldom as possible and this is a criterion of the raaehiue being in an efficient working state. Considerable power over the machine is acquired by standing- up to work it ; and it admits of frequent changes of hands by shifting from one side of the machine to the other. In order to keep the iron clean nothing more is required than to rub it with Cotton after it has been used, so as to make the iron perfectly luight, but care must be taken to keep it entirely irec from rust ; otherwise the rust will be liable to entangle the fibre round the rollers. The chief points to be attended to in the use of the machine arc cleaidiness in the iron roller and the immediate cleaning of the cotton when gathered. Some instruction should be given to the ryot before using the machine and one man well taught before distributing the Cotton Gins, otherwise diffi- culties may be experienced .which are not found to exist in China where the machine is in common use in every cottage. CJonsidering that the value of the Cotton sent from India to China is about 250 Lakhs and that an increase to the Madras Trade might be effected if we could supply a better cleaned article for commerce, I hope every endea- vour will be used to introduce this simple, cheap and efficient Cotton Gin amongst the ryots of this country, and to give it a fair trial in its present state, either condemning or trying to improve upon it. (Signed) G. Balfour, Major. No. 481. Extract from the Minutes of Consultation under date the 27th May, 1852. Bead the following Memo, from Major G. Balfour. [Here enter May, 1852.) No. 2. Ordered that ten sets of the China Cotton cleaning machine presented Madura. at the Arsenal and forwarded Tinnevelly. to the Collectors of the Dis- Cuimbature. ,^j^(g ^^^^^^^ j„ ^1,^ j^.^^giu with a request that they will exhibit them to the natives of their District or if necessary have others made for distribution in the principal cotton vil lages and that a trial be made of the efficiency of the machine and the results reported to Govern- ment at the end of a year. Ordered that one Gin be forwarded to Dr. Wight. Ordered also that copies of Miijor Balfour's Memo, be printed and circulated to the Collectors to whom the Gins, to be made in the Arsenal, are sent, and that a Memo, explaining the way of work- ing the machine be prepared in the Arsenal also to be printed and circulated with the Gin. Ordered that the following letter be addressed To Major G. B.\lfoub. {Here enter — Jl/ay, 1852.) (Signed) II. C. M. No. 482. To Major G. Balfoue. Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of a China Cotton Gin presented by you to Govern- ment together with a Memo, explanatory of its use and efficiency and in forwarding to you Extract Mi- nutes of Consultation of this day's date to convey to you the acknowledgements of the Eight Honor- able the Governor in Council. Fort St. George,) (Signed) H. C. M. 21111 May, 1852 f ME>fORANDU.M. Major Balfour begs to recommend to the Chief Secretary to Government to authorize two cotton clearing Gins of the Pattern in use in China to be seut to Messrs Longshaw and Co. who are a Firm from Manchester located in Tinnevelly to obtain sup- plies of cotton for the Home market. With the permission of the Chief Secretary Major B. will place with the Kecords of the Cotton Reports on the experiments, the application forward- ed by ^Messrs Longshaw and Co. and also with it the reply which Major Balfour will make to the Firm and in which Major B. will offer some sug- gestions about the cotton. As an improvement to the Cotton Gin Major B. suggests applying two small Cog Wheels which appear to improve its working and one of the Gins sent to Messrs. Longshaw and Co. might be suppli- ed with these Wheels. Major Pears, c. b. having applied for a cotton Gin, Major Balfour begs to recommend that two be sent to him, one with, and one without the Cog ^Vheels. Probably it might be advisable to address Messrs. Longshaw and Co- and Major Pears, c. b request- ing that the results of the experiments with the Gins may be reported for the information of Go- vernment, the former communicating through the Collector of Tinnevelly, and the latter direct to the Chief Secretary. Major Balfour hopes the Government will allow the Arsenal to make up and supply to the Museum two of the Gins, one with and one without the Cog wheels. Major Balfour recommends the republication of the Memorandum with an addition to it describing the improved Gin. (Signed) G. Balfour, Major. \Sl/i September 1852. 69 MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. [Class VI. No. 975. Extract from the ]\Iinutes of Consultation under date the 2nd October IS52. Read the following Memo, from j\rajor Balfour. Here enter \%lh Seplmler 1852. As suggested by Major Balfour in the above Memo ; the Right Honorable the Governor in Coun- cil resolves to direct tliat 6 sets of the China Cotton cleaning machine be made up at the Arsenal and distributed as follows : 3 Sets for Messrs. Longshaw and Co. at Tinne- velly to be sent through the Collector of the Dis- trict, one of which sets will be supplied with Cog wheels. 2 Sets, viz., one with and the other without Cog wheels for IMajor Tears, c. b. 2 Sets (as above) for the Museum. 2. The Government see no objection to Major Balfour placing with the records of the Reports on Cotton Experiments, Messrs. Longshaw's application and his reply. 3. The Government consider it very desirable to liave reports on the results of the Experiments with these Gins and will apply for them to Major Tears, and through the Collector of Tinnevelly to Messrs. Longshaw and Co. 4. Major Balfour will be pleased to furnish a copy of the Memorandum referred to in the last para when orders will be issued for its being printed. (Signed) H. C. Montgomeky. No. 482. From B. Ccnliffe, Esq., Acting Secretary to the Board of Revenue. To Sir II. C. Montgomery, Bart. Chief Secretary to Government. Sill, — With reference to Ex- Rev. Dept. tract Minutes of Consultation ¥. BeUarj- 30th Sepr. in dated 27tli May 1852, 1 am di- cons loth OctT 1S53. .g jgj \^ ii,g j}oa,.j q,' Revenue F. Cuddapah 30tli July . ,'•.,.,, • ,. m cons. 11th Augt. to sub.Tiit tor the inlormation 1853. ' ' of the Right Honorable the F. Madura 25th An^.jn Governor ir. Council the papers cons. 1st Sept. 18o3. . ^ '. F. TinneveUy 9th Augt, noted 111 the margin, being in cons. 15th Augt- the reports of the several Col- V ^^r3',^K,(An„ i=f :„ lectors to whom Major Bal- i. Coirabatore Jst in ' cons. 8th Augt. 1853. four s China Cotton cleaning machines were forwarded for trial. 2. The Collector of Cuddapah represents that he is unable, at present, to furnish his report on the Cotton cleaning machines, as he has not yet been able to see their working, owing, it would appear, to there being no one in the district who can put them in order. Mr. Murray has written to Major Balfour for directions, but has not yet received a reply. The Board have also addressed Major Bal- four on the subject. 3. The Collectors ofthe remaining four Districts report unfavorably of the machines, as the natives prefer the common country Churka, which is more simple in structure, less expensive, more effective in working, and cleans a larger quantity of Cotton than the China machines. 4. The Collector of i'innevelly has furnished two very full reports from ^Ir. Cnxton, late in charge of the Gin House at Sevacassy in which the failure of the machines is attributed to the iron roller continually ceasing to revolve. 5. The Collector of Coiinbalore states that he believes Dr. AVight also tried the machine, and was unsuccessful in introducing it. Revenue Board Oltice, ") ,-,• ^^ t> /-> Fort St. George, (^'="^'^) B. Cunliffe, Uth October ISSS. ) ^3- Secretary. No. 58. From C. Pelly, Esquire, Collector of Bellary. To B. CuNLlFFE, Esquire, Acting Secretary to the Board of Revenue, Fort Saint George. Sir, — With reference to the Extract trom the Mi- nutes of Consultation under date the 27th May 1853 communicated in the Extract from the Proceedings of the Board of Revenue dated 14th June 1852 directing two sets of the China Cotton cleaning machines prepared by Major Balfour to be forward- ed to me, and requesting that a trial be made in this District of the efllciency of the same and the result reported to Government at the end of a year and the letter of the Secretary to the Board dated 25th July 1853, calling for the above information, I have tiie honor to state that immediately on receipt at the end of last year of the machines together with a printed copy of Major Balfour's Memo : and a Memo ; explaining the way of working the machine, I at the time of Jumraabundy settlement for Fusly 1262 caused the machine to be shown to the ryots and others and the manner of working it explained to them and sent orders to the Talooks regarding the same. I caused four cotton gins such as the two sent here to be made up at the rate of 4 Rupees each and made them over to some people of the principal cotton villages. But the machine does not seem yet to take, for ryots of other villages have not made up any of the Ma- chines themselves in consequence partly of its being difficult to make them up in the villages, nor made application for them owing probably to their being too expensive and the advantage of them over their own not sufficiently established. The cotton clean- ing machines that are commonly used in this Dis- trict are procurable at four annas each and are work- ed with ease by both men and women. The China Gin is new to them and it must be left to time to see whether the people will approve of them. En- couragement will still be given to the people to give them a fair trial. Bellary Collector's Office,^ (Signed) C. Pelly, on Circuit at Anantapoor, > Collector. 30tt !?epir. 1853. ) ClASS VI. MANUFACrURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 97 No CC. From M. .AlLiitu.4.Y, Estj, Acting Collector of C'ucldapali. To W. 11. B.VYLEY, Esq. Secretary to tlie Boaid of Eeveiiue, Voit Saint (Jeorf^c. Sir, — 1. With reference to your letter of the 2.5tli Instant, I have the honor to inform you that I regret exceedingly that it is at present out of my power to furnish you with the report called for in Minutes of Gonsu'ltation dated the 27th May 1852, as I have not !)een able to see the working of Major Balfour's cleaning Cotton Machines. 2. Ou the receipt of those IMacliines, an at- tempt was made to put them in order, which no one has yet been able to do. A letter was iu consequence forwarded to Major Balfour on the 11th September 1S32, explaining the dilliculty in making the roller revolve by means of the fly bar, and requesting that he would forward a drawing of the machine iu work, with any further directions for working the flybar and treddle that he might be able to furnish ; to tiiis request no answer lias yet been received, although daily expected. I there- fore request you will, under the sanction of the Board of llevenue, apply to Major Balfour for the necessary information, together with the drawing, and furnish it to me at your earliest converiience. On receipt of which, a report will be forwarded without delav. Cuddapah District CoUr.) (Signed) M.^Murray, 53.f Cutcherry,30th July 1853. Acting Collector. No. 1705. Extract from the Proceedinss of the Board of lievenne under date the 1 1th September 1853. The Board resolve to forward a copy of the above letter to Major ]5alfo\u', with an intimation that they will be liappy to be the medium of any communication which lie may be desirous of making to the Acting Collector of Cuddapah, respecting his Cotton cleaning machine. (Signed) W. II. B.vyley, Secretary. No. 88. Prom T. Cl.arke, Esq., Ag. CoUr. of Madura. To W. H. B.vYLEY, Esq., Secretary to tiie Board of Reveimo, Fort Saint George. 1. Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 25th Ultimo I have the honor to report that the China Cotton Gins received with Extract from the Proceedings of the Board of JJevenue dated l-tth June 1852 have not been approved by the Natives of this District who prefer the native cleaning ma- chine alrea(jy in use among them as more simple in structure, more cffe(ttive in working and cheaper than the China one. 2. The machine as soon as received was ex- liibited to many Natives in Madura and circulated in the Cotton growing Villages of this part of l!:,; District iu the Sub Division. I mvseU' exhibited and explained to the people its stivicturc and way of working it, and was always told that if the ex- pense of making and the impossibility of repairing it had not proved effectual bars to its general in- troduction, tlie dilliculty in woiking it and tho smaU quantity of cotton denned by it as compared with the common country Gin rendered them averse to adapt it. 3. Mr. Fischer theMoottadar of Salem also ex- amined the JIachine and made some alteration in it to adopt it to the use of the natives of this part of the country. He has kindly favored uie with a report of the success attending his effort to intro- duce it among the cotton growers employed by him with his own opinion on the machine itself. I do myself the honor of forwarding a copy of liis com- munication for the information of Government. Madura, > (Signed) T. Clarke, i'oth August 1853. J Acting Collector. From G. F. Fischer, Esq. Salem. To 1\ Clarke, Esq. Acting Collector of Madura. Sir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the re- ceipt yesterday of your letter of the 0th Instant. 1 had a " China cotton (Jin" very correctly made, after the muster of tlic one sent to the Madura Cutcherry, and afterwards improved it by enabling the party working it to sit down and have given it a very fair trial but it is so expensive,* costing 8 or 10 times as much as the counnoii * This Gin cost mc Rs. 4.8 made in my own store, wliercas a good country Gin, requiring 3 peo- (iin can be bouglit pje to work it and not doing lor liali a Kupee. / , . , . '^ by any means twice the quantity of work, and that it is not so easily repaired or adjusted as the country Gin when it gets out of order ; and for these reasons it has been condemn- ed and given up. (Signed) G. F. Fischer, (True Copy) (Signed) T. Clarke, Acting Collector. Salem, 15 W August, 1853. No. 1G7. From C. J. Bird, Esq., Collector. To \X. 11. Bayley, Esq., Secretary to the BoanI of llevenue, Fort St. George. Sir, — With reference to Extract from Minutes of Consultation dated the 27tli May circulated with the Board's Proceedings of 14th June last, I have the honor to forward for the information of Govern- ment copies of 2 letters* from Mr. Cuxton, late in charge of the Gin House, at Sevacassey, explaining the re- sult of the trial made of the efficiency of Major Balfour's Cotto-i cleaning .Machine therein mentioned, and to infoDii you that of the 2 sets sent to this District, the one tried by Mr. Cuxton is nnw at Sevacassey, the other was retained at my Iluzzoor Cutcherry at Tinnevelly Y * Dated 1st Marcli and 30th July lSi3. 93 MANUi'ACTUKIiVG MACHINES AND TOOLS, after [Class VT. and attempts "crc "latle two or three times its arrival to put it on operation but witliout suc- cess. Tlie failure was similar to what Mr. Cuxtou de- scribes, the iron roller continually ceased to revolve. (Si-ued) C. J. Bird, TiXNEVELLY, Sevac.^ssey,) Collector. 9/A August 1853. f To C. J. Bird Esq., Collector of Tinncvelly. Sir. — 1 resiret to be oblip;ed to inform you that my Ciiiiiese Chiirka, notwithstanding it worked to- lerably well fur a time Las now lost its working qua- lities. It was iu working order when you were here a short while ago, and for some days after I had it at work in the Gin House by my ilaistry and also took it ii;to the Tillage to the Churkaing godowns whereas it was then working well, it attracted the attention of the people. But its working propen- sities do not seem to be of a lasting nature, and it gradually began to work slower and slower until at last it has come to the old story of the iron roller stopping. As the machine now stands there is no perceptible cause or obstruction on account of wliioh the iron roller should stop as it does, and as no coaxins nor management of mine has succeeded, in getliui; it into working order, I have given np the machine in thorough disgust and dispair. A clever blacksmith from Madura whom I have lately been employing here heard a few days ago of a Churka .si- milar to mine being at work at Vinloopiitty and asked permission to go across and see it. I w-is but too glad of the circumstance and tohl him to go over and carefully examine the niacliine. The ai> counts he broiiglil back were as follows. It would appear that Mr. I'arkcr at ^iodura being in posses- sion of one of the Churkas similar to mine gave it over to some Shanar people at Madura to make trial of it. 1 am informed that they tried and very soon gave it up in disgust from the same fault of the iron roller not working. They afterwards built a machine of the same sort, loic^ and by means of iron nuts attached to each roller, on which (within the compass of an inch) they fded out the endless screw heads such as I hey have on the com- mon churka, I am informed the machine works well and both rollers keep on revolving regularly. T'hey have also beside the fly bar to attach to the iron roller, but when the Smith saw it at work, they were working it without tiie fly bar on. It strikes me that without some such little assistance as a small extent of the endless screw head on each rol- ler the machine as it is at present will not, or at least, does not seem to answer. I have mvself spared no pains or attention to the machine as I have been much interested with it and was hoping that it noidd answer the purpose it was sent for, and supercede the common imperfect and slow working native churka. If vou should think fa to sanction my experimenting with the screw attached 10 each roller, I shall be glad to have it done as carefully and as economically as I can. The churka of the Shanar man was I believe built at Madura, and as he has friends and agents in business at Yir- dooputty and Arapoocotta he sent it down to them to try it in their churkaing godowns, and I believe it is eventually to go on to Arapoocotta. I should have made this communication to you earlier, had it not been that I have been laid up with an attack of bilious fever for the last I J days, but now by the grace of a kind Providence, and the help of a few inedienies I happened to have on hand, I have come roimd again reduced and still weak. (Signed) E. 51. CcxTOX. (True Copy.) (Signed) C. J. Bird. Sev.\causey, ) Collector. •iUl March 1853. J To C. J. Bird, Esquire, Cnllectov of Tinnevelly. Sir, — I herewith beg to forward my report about the China Cotton cleaning ilachine. As the re- sult of a great deal of attention and trouble taken on my part with the machine in question. I am disposed to say that all the goodness and capabilities for work Sec. of the machine lies no where more strongly displayed or developed tlian in the paper of instrnctions which accompaides it, as the machine itself I have found to be the most teazing and tantalizing one imaginable, inasmuch as it would work well for a while and then break off again, by the iron roller not continuing to revolve freely, as at times. I have, however, had the good luck to have it working properly at times during which period I have shewn it to the cotlon cleaners of this place, and allowed them to handle and work the machine in ray presence in their cotton cleaning houses. During even its best times however it could not compete with the common Churka for qnickness or nicety of work, although it worked much easier than the common Churka, This has been tried by the two machines working side by side, on an equal quantity of cotton weighed out to each. On the cotton cleaners suggesting that an iron roller more proportionate to the wood one (than the small one originally sent) might be tried. I got one made up at my own cost. This like- wise worked well and easily for a while until at last it also took to stopping every now and again, and this not from getting jammed by cotton, or any other perceptible cause, I was com- pelled at last from being unable to counteract this stopping of the iron roller to give up working at the machine. I have foimd that durijig the time it worked well, the use of treddle could be totally dis- pensed with. I also beg to point out what seems to mc some Class \1.j MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS, 9U discrepancies between the instructions ami the capa- bilities of the ninchine. The paper of iustrnctions makes the iron larger than the wooil roller whicli is 1 fancy a mistake, neither were they as 1 incii diameter (which should be the wood) to -J inch dia- meter the iron, for as sent, the iron roller seemed very dispropottioiiate to the wood one, and by re- ferring to the accompanying slip of paper it will be seen than 1, and } inches (diani) are by no means disproportionate dimensions for 2 rollers. Another discrepancy is the statement that from the machine " being on a sufficiently wide base, and of a suffici- ent weight" this was enough to keep it steady when the rollers are in motion which I beg to state I have not found to be the case on the whole the paper of instructions is very plausibly drawn out, but my best exertions have not succeeded in deve- loping its many good qualities. The experiment on the rollers with the screw as sanctioned by you has been completed and I liave had the machine at work at times as I could spare the services of my Maistry for the purpose. The result is that the two rollers revolve freely together now, and I would suggest that it should be handed over to any one of the cotton cleaners of Sevacansey for continual wse in order to improve and bring it into good working order. (Signed) R. M. Cuxton, (T'rue Copy) (Signed) C. J. i3iRD, Collector. Sevacavsey, oOtJi Jidij 1833. No. S8. Prom E. B. Thomas, Esq., Collector of Coirabatore. To W. H. Baylev, Esq., Secretary to the Board of I'evenue, Fort St. George. Sir, — In reply to your letter of the 25th Ultimo, I beg to inform you tliat the Cotton cleaning machine forwarded by JIajor Balfour has not suc- ceeded as I had hoped it might. The common Native Churka, (of which it seems only a slight modifications in principle, though differing in shape) admits of bemg worked sitting on the ground, while Major Balfour's requires sitting on a stool, and the use of the foot also to which the Indian women, who alone clean cotton, are not inclined or accustomed at present. Dr. Wight also tried it, and I believe was unsuccessful in introducing it. (Signed) E. B. Thomas, CoiMBATORE, ) Collector. 1j< August 1S53. f Ordered that the foregoing letter be recorded. No. 109. Extract from the Proceedings of the Board of Reve- nue, dated 13th March 1S54. Read letter dated 26th December 1853 from the , „ Collector of Bellnrv, reporting In Cons. 13th March .-, , ■ " r ,i t-vi \y^^ upon the worknig of the Dhar- war Cotton Gins {Here enter No. 87.) Resolved that the letter above recorded be sub- mitted for the information and orders of the Right Iloiiorable the Governor in Council, with reference to Extract Minutes of Consultation dated l8th Oc- tober 1S53. 2. In the order of Government just quoted, the Collector of Bellary was required to explain his omission in not forwarding a report upon the work- ing of the Gins at the close of the year for which they were sanctioned, and to state what use is now bemg made of them whether the services of a Car- penter from Dharwar are required and if so, for what period. The Government also wished to know if any of the machines are being worked in the Cud- dapali District and with what results. 3. In regard to the delay commented on, Mr. Pelly explains that the experiments wiili the Gins were tried only for G months in 1S52, instead of a full year as authorized by Government ; and that 6th Janu.in- 1853 Hierefore be defered making a report till a further trial had been made ; and that the delay has entailed no ex- pense to the state. 4. The reports that 4 Gins were procnred in all from Dharwar from the time the experimetit com- menced, and the two of these having been taken bv the Commissioner of Kuruool and the Cotton Su- perintendent of Coirabatore, the remaining twelve were sold to native Merchants in the District without charge to Government, six of the machines beino- ta- ken by Bussavangowd and Xarrain Reddy, two weal- thy residents in the Gooliem Talook. The Gins were used for a short time, but as they got out of order and no one was at hand to put them in repair, they were gradually disused, with the exception of those in the possession of the Gooliem Reddies, who em- ployed a Dharwar carpenter at their own expense to keep the machines in repair, and worked them with considerable profit. The quantity of Cotton cleaned by these machines in 1853 and 1853 amounted to 2,016 maunds. 5. But the heavy outlay required for the purchase of the Saw Gins and the necessity of keeping them in working order (for which the " necessary skill is not always available in the District) have hitherto retarded the general employment of these machines by the Ryots. The Collector however observes that as their use becomes l)etter known, they will be more sought after, provided measures are adopted for instructing the local carpenters in the method of repairing them when put out of order. 6. For the furtherance of this object, the Servi- ces of one man from Dharwar Enclosure in from as proposed by thn Bombay Oovemraent 18th Octo- r. » " 1 1 i i n" ber 1853. Government would be hardly effectual Mr. Telly therefore re- commends an expenditure of 1260 Rupees to be laid out as follows. 100 MAMUl'ACTURING MAClllNKS AM) TOOLS. [Class VI. Es. Pay of 6 Apprentices to be sent to Dliarwar to be instructed in tlie use and repair of the Gins at 10 Kupees cacii per mensem for o inontlis. ... - - ISO Pay of 12 qualified carpenters to be employed after the return of tiie former to the Dis- trict for 6 monliis at 15 Jlnpees each, - 1,080 Total Rupees... 1,260 7. As the expenditnre sanctioned in Extract Minutes of Consultation dated 6ih January 1S52 has not been availed of, and is on too limited a scale to effect much good, the Board of llevenue beg to recommend that the Collector may be authorized to incur the above expense of 1260 Rupees in the mode proposed, should lie be able to find men will- ing to proceed to Dharwav for instruction. It will be observed that tiie superiority of the Saw Gin over the common churka of the country for the purpose of cleaning cotton is considered to be es- tablished, and that it only requires the capital to purchase and the skill and means of keeping it in repair to bring it into general use by the people. 8. The Board have not received a report from the Collector of Cuddapali to iq^art'Tli^"''" "H'-'ble them to reply to the last clause of the order of Go- Ternment, but that officer has promised to supply the information called for at an early period. (A trne Extract.) (Signed.) W. H. Bayi.ey, Secretary. No. 87. Prom C. Pelly, Esq., Collector of Bellary. To W. II. B.VTLEY, Esq., Secretary to the Board of RcTcnue, Fort St. George. Sir, — With reference to the Extract from th^ Proceedings of the Board of Revenue dated 2iid November 1853 forwarding copy of Extract from the Minutes of Consultation under date the 18th October 1853 in which it is observed that autliority was given for the employment of two Carpenters for six monllis in this District for the purpose of the Experiment with the Dharwar Cotton Gins for another year as sanctioned by Government in their Extract Minutes of Consultation of tlie Gth January 1852 and that no report, as directed, was made after the expiration of the year of the result of the experiment and I am directed to be called upon to account for the omission and to explain what use is now being made of these Cotton Gins here whetlier the services of a Carpenter from Dharwar are required, and if so, for what period. 2. In reply, I have the honor to state that my not having submitted a report, as directed, is not from inattention to the order. But I deferred doing «i) to allow of a sufficient time for testing the ex- periment, it having been tried for six months only in last year during the Cotton cleaning Season in the hope of being better able to make a satisfactory report as the Government had allowed a full year's Ex|>erimonf, and as no expense has been incurred by (government, I trust I shall bo pardoned for having deferred scndin;; a Report on the subject. 3. From the time the Experiment of the Dhar- war Gins commenced 11 Cotton Gins have been procured from Dharwar with the view to extending their use in the District ; one of them was taken by the Commissioner of Kurnool and another by the Cotton Superintendent of Coimbatore the re- maining 12 were taken by some of the more weal- thy Cotton cultivato.-o of the District without charge to Government. 1 — By Mohodeen, a shop keeper at Bellary. l--Goodadha Veerapah of Hirrayhadagalee in the Hoouenahadagally Talook. 2 — One by Toombalabeedoo Kyroopalapa and the other by Madganoor Jurabanah in the Adonic Talook. 6 — Two small and one large (cost at 200 Rs.) by Holalagoondy Bussavanagoud and the other three as above by Joharapoor Narrain- reddy of the Goolluui 'I'alook. 1 — By Konakondia lyanagoud of the Gooty Ta- look. 1 — By Mullareddy garee Samereddy and 7 others — of Kasanoor in tlie Tandcpatry Talook. 12 Total. The price of the smaller Gins consisting of 6 saws each was 50 Rupees, and of the two larger Gins which contain 18 saws, each 200 Rupees, the amount has been all paid to the Collector of Dharwar. 4. The Gins were used for a short time but through ignorance and inability to put them into working trim when out of order the use of the Gins ceased, and the people were discouraged. To over- come the difficulty I represented the matter and obtained the sanction of Government to dis- burse 210 Rs. for the employment of 2 carpenters for 6 months. But in the mean time two wealthy Reddies of the Goollem Talook who were very de- sirous to try the experiment with the Dharwar Gins requested rae to procure them an experienced carpenter offering to pay him themselves and I ac- cordingly got one for thera from Dharwar in Fus-. lies 1261, and 1262. The Reddies employed this carpenter for the time tliey required his services on a monthly sal- ary of 15 Rupees, and Batta at the rate of 3 annas per diem, and carried on the business with him for two seasons they suc- ceeded in cleaning 716 Maunds with the 4 smaller Gius in the first year and 1300 Mavinds with the 2 large Gins in the 2nd year. These two Reddies are willing to employ the Carpenter in future. Fusly, 1261 1202 Year, 1352 1853 Maunds. \ 216 600 \ 500 700 716 1,300 Nnrrain KedJy, Basava nagound. Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 101 5. The Cotton thus cleaned Ijy tlieDarwar Gins was sold at Bangalore and Madras and realized a better price tiiaii cotton cleaned by the common churka, but not more (as stated by these Keddies) than about 3 to 4 per cent. The cost of cleaning by the Dharwar Gin is however much less but the expensive hire of the Carpenter swallows up much of the profit. 6- And the profit that remains with the attend- ant risks and heavy outlay for first cost of Gins is not sufficient to induce the ryots generally to adopt these Gins : seeing this I refrained from taking fur- ther measures to endeavour to promote the more general use of these Gins immediately, preferring to let the advantages develop themselves gradually. It must be left to time. The two Eeddies have found them to answer to a certain extent, and they are willing to continue to use thera if m the end they find them to be really profitable others will follow their example, and as they were in a position to pay the Carpenter themselves I refrained from making use of the sura sanctioned by Government. But it is obvious that the success of the Gins is dependent as any other machine more or less complicated must be upon the means at hand to keep them in a pro- per working state, in short the working of the Gins must depend upon the Carpenter, if he is not to be had, the work is at stand. 7. To remedy this evil and to enable a few of the more wealthy ryots only to use the ma- chines, a certainty of being able at all times to command the services of experienced carpenters appears to me an essential point to be first gained. To depend upon the uncertainty of obtaining one or two carpenters from Dharwar on high salary at the time required is not sufficient. We must endeavour to train some dozen or more of the carpenters of the District to the business, and I would now recom- mend that Government, if they are disposed to give their further aid in prnmoting the use of these undoubtedly valuable machines in this District, should give tliat aid in expending a sum of money in training Bellary carpenters to the work at the work-shops in Dharwar after being properly trained there they would return to the district and be always available to render their services to any ryot who should require them at a more moderate cost, and they would train their sons and others also to the work. I may find difficulty in procuring proper carpenter for the purpose willing to undergo an apprenticeship at Dharwar. But I hope to be able to procure 6 men, the cost for training them would be about 180 Rupees, and they could train 13 more at a cost of 1080 Rupees for the sum amounting to 1260 Rupees the sanction of Government is neces- sary as follows : 180 Pay of G men for the purpose of procur- ing to Dharwar to be there trained at 10 Rupees each per month for the period of 3 months. 1080 I'ay of 12 men trained hereby the above ])arties after their return at 15 Rupees each per month for the period of 6 — — — month?. 1260 One thousand two hundred and sixty. 8. It is certain that the Gins when properly handled are remunerative the two Reddies above referred to prove this by the fact of their request- ing me this year to procure fur them the two large sized Gins of 18 saws, each of which cost 200 Rupees at Dharwar, and which had never been before introduced into Bellaiy when they already had 4 of the smaller Gins and by the fact, that they are quite satisfied to go on with the operation this year. Their example will probably in due course stimulate others. But others will not be able to undertake the work unless they can easily procure carpenters, and therefore I think the most desirable mode in which the assistance of Government can be given is by training men of Bellary in the manufacture, repair and use of the Gins and for this reason I would beg to recommend that sanction be granted for the disbursement of 1260 Rupees in the man- ner proposed should I be able to avail myself of it. I am of opinion that these machines may be intro- duced to a greater extent with advantage But at the same time I do not think they will be generally used by the ryots but their use will be confined to the wealthier class of ryots only. (Signed) C. Felly, Collector. Bellaky, Collector's Of-) fice : 26i!/t Dec. 1853. ) No. 450. Extract from the Minutes of Consultation under date the 20th April 1854. Read the following Extract from the Proceedings of the Board of Revenue. {Here enter \Wi March 1854, No. 109.) Under the circumstances represented by the Col- lector of Bellary in his Report tilr be VeK Of tt>« 15th December last up- Dlianvar to be in- on the working of the Darwar structed in the use saw Gins in his District and gL afw Ut at the recommendation of the each per raenaem Board of Revenue, the Right for 3 months. . 180 Honorable the Governor in ed ciplnterfto be" Council sanctions the employ- employed after the ment of a temporary Establish- return of the former j^ent as per Margin for the e^mSnth^^'lVll £: P'^POSe of instructing the peo- each lOSO pie in the use and repair of , „ TTT! these Machines and at a total Total Bs... 1260 , , t. /i .ir-ns T^ cost of Rupees (1200) one thousand two hundred and sixty which will be in lieu of that authorized in Extract Minutes of Con- sultation 0th January 1852. (Signed) T. Pycroft. Secy, lo Govt. z 10; MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOULS. [Class Vf. From Govt, id Oct 1852 To du.lStU April 13J3 To do. 30th Aug „ Ffom do.COIh Sept.,, • 7lh Julv Ifil. No. 207. From C. J.BiiiD, F.sq., Collector. To Sir H. C. MoNTooMERY, Bart. Chief Secretary to Governinent, Fort St. (Jeor^e. Sir, — 1. AViili reference to the correspondence noted in the margin, I have the honor to submit copy of a report* received from Mr. Lees at Trichundoor on the results of his experiments with the two Cotton Gins made over to him agreeably to the instructions of Government. 2. From this report as well as those of Mr. Cu.tton, copies of which were submitted to the Board of Revenue on the 'Jth August 1853 for transmission to Government, it will be seen tiiat the instruments in question is not found to answer in this Province. 3. As Mr. Lees has relinquished his attempt to grow New Orleans Cotton, and is about to return to England the Gins will be kept under my charge until any use may be found for them. I have the honor to be, kc, (Signed) C. J. Bird. Collector. TiNNEVELLY, TenCASEY, 1 ll//t Jit/y, 1854. j I shall have much pleasure in handing over to you or to any one you numi:, the lico machines which I have for further c.vperiments or use. Believe me to remain Your obedient servant, (Signed) W. .Vkthur Lebs. Trichkndoor,) 1th July 1854. J (True Copy) (Signed) C. J. Biiiu. Collector. Ordered tliat the foregoing letter be recorded. (True Copies) M. Norman. Di'puly Secretary to Qovirninenl . To C. J. Bird Esq. Collector of Tinnevelly. Sir, — I promised a few days ago to give you the results of my trial of the Chinese Cotton Churka. It was with great difficulty 1 succeeded in getting the women to work it, for any length of time. They complain that they could not get it to steep the seed clean. The only fair experiment I gave it was upon some Native Cotton. One Woman turned out IJ lb of clean Cotton, working six hours for which she received 1 1 pice (Eleven). This was her best days work. The upper roller whicli is of steel appears too smooth, it would certainly be an improvement to have that roller very finely" fluted. One great drawback to the machine in its present form, ever becoming much used in this District, is that a woman cannot sit to her work, as she usually does to the country Churka. I have lately been ginning Sea Islands and Egyp- lion Cotton and have tried both through this ma- chine, with very poor results. The women work much better with the country Churka and get through a greater quantity per day with less fatigue whilst they are turning out 2 ft with the Chinese machine they turn out 5 ft with their own country Churka. The machine in its pre- sent construction is verv much more difficult to work than the country Churka. But it might be made very much lighter. APPENDIX B. No 505. To the Inspector General of Ordnance and Ma- gazines, Fort Saint George. Sir, With reference to your Resolution No. 862 of 4th instant, I have the honor to submit the follow- ing remarks. Previous to the year 1855, no Hammers appear to have been used in the Bangalore Arsenal for welding or workins: iron ; but those of the ordinary description weighing from twelve to fourteen pounds, 2nd. In consequence of the failure of several 4 inch square iron axles, belonging to 8 inch iron Howit- zer wrought Iron Carriages, during the year 1855, I applied to and obtained permission from the Military Board to make an axle on a principle differ- ing from that before followed ray plan was to weld together, layers 'of flat iron 4x1 inch, of the full length required by which means, I hoped to ensure solidity throughout the entire axle including the shoulders. The result of ray experiment was, as you are aware, in the highest degree satisfactory, all attempts to break the axle during its severe proof having failed. Regarding the hammers used in its construction, I quote as follows from my letter No. 519 of 2l3t June 1855 addressed to the Secretary Military Board. " In working the iron with the ordi- nary Sledge Hammers of from twelve to fourteen poiuids, I found little or no impression made except- ing on the surface and it appeared hopeless to attempt drawing out the metal by such means, I therefore erected a temporary Hammer for the purpose which I found to answer well, considering the difficulty under which it was worked : the Hammer was made from an old Foreign 1 3 inch Shell which was filled with melted lead, and a rod of T.i inch round Iron fixed in tlie mass ; this was then attached to the apparatus for bouehing Guns, and worked by means of two Bamboo Levers ; the shell when filled with lead weighed about 350fts and it could be worked by four or six Lascars," Class VI.] MANUFACTURING MACHINES AND TOOLS. 103 'Jul. Being encouraged by the Military Board to persevere in my e.vperiments in working Iron, I eonstrncted and put in use a Hammer of my own invention, a model of whieli I e.\iljited at the Madras E.^chibition of 185? sinee its lirst eonstrue- tion (early in 185()) this Hammer has been constant- ly used for all heavy Iron work executed in this Arsenal, including the breaking up and rewelding wrought Iron Shot, and the reworking country iron purchased in its half wrought state, also, on this subject, I quote as follows from my letter no 756 of 17th November 1856 to the Secretary Military Board. "With reference to Extract from the Proceedings of tiie Military Board No. iilM of 11th August 1856, I have the honor to report that in accordance with the Board's desire the broken clieek of the 8 inch Iron Howitzer wrought iron Carriage has been repaired, annexed is a copy of its proof which is highly satisfactory." * » » * " The welding of the broken clieek of the 8 inch iron Carriage proved a very difficult operation. The original fracture was situated about a foot and a half above the turn of the trail, after welding to- gether on the same principle as in the formaiiun of the axletrec, a sufficient mass of iron to form a new Trail, that is, the Trail end of cheek. I caused the broken end of the upper part of the cheek to be jumped up so as to obtain a sufficient body of metal to join the two pieces together, without losing thickness ; but in this process, the old part of the cheek gave way about a foot and a half below the lower connecting bolt or Transom, and I was obliged to cut off about a foot of the old cheek, and add on to the new mass in proportion, and forced again to jump up the upper portion of the cheek, I may here remark, the great difficulty rests in jumping up the broken ends when performing a job of this kind, in the first attempt this was done by blows of the Sledge Hummer ; but in the second, I caused a triangle of a 10 cwt. scale to be placed close to the forge, and with a rope passing over a pulley fixed to the top of the triangle, I caused the old half of the broken cheek (weighing about 300 lb ) to be raised about 2 feet arul dropped heated end down upon ;!u auvil sunk into the ground, when a sufficient thickness was obtained at the end, 1 caus- ed the iron to be reheated, and then cooling about an inch of the extreme end in water 1 continued the drop hammering nil thickuess was obtained higher up and so on till a thick and solid mass of iron was obtained." " In the foregoing operation, the Hammer* »A„„^i f I.-. ■""'•■'i'»c lately constructed here, A model of which i ■ i i -n was sent to the .Madras """-''' "'"''^S "'^'l P'eat caSC Exhibition of 16 J7. by means of cog and flywheels (was used with much effect). The Hammer had a fall of about two feet and weighed full 500 lbs. giving on an average about 40 blows in a minute" * « * » 4.th. In the present year under authority from the Military Board, I built a carriage for an 8 inch Iron Howitzer, according to my own plan, it is furnished with one of my welded iron axles 4 incli square with shoulders constructed from bars of one inch thick iron, '.as already described, this axle and * The Campbell Ham- "" *''' ^'"^'y ^'°" ^'^f "^ '\'^ mcr. carnagewere welded aud work- ed under my Hammer* The cwt. qr. lb. Body weight 12 2 23, , . ,, ,, Carriage weights Wheel „ 8 3 2/ ''""S 1= "=■ Total...Cl ] 25 lighter than the wrought iron carriages now in cwt.qr. lb. Body weight 13 15 I use for the same piece Wheels „ 8 3 0* Total., .21 2 15 and 7 cwt. 1 qr. 3 lb. lighter than those of wood the annexed copy of Proof Report puts the excel- lence of its ir9n work beyond doubt, and I have no hesitation in asserting that this result could not have been obtained had the ordinary Sledge Ham- mers alone been used. I have, &c. (Signed) T. H.\y C.\mpb£ll, Captain, Cummisiary of Ordnance. Arsenal B.\ng.vloke, "J Vdtk June 1857. 3 (True copy.) G. BAi.rorR, Lieut. Colonel Inspector Gunl. of Ord. .y Maffuctna. 104 MANUrACTL'UlXCi .MACHINES AND TOOLS, (Class VI. Report of a proof of the uiidermeutioned 8 inrh iron Howitzer carriaije, hj onhr of Major Frederick Bitrgotjne, Commanding the Artillery in Mysore. 1 1 ^ 1 o U Weight o? Cj V m a to « ;-• V DzacKip- u - o -T3 B ■ > . 2 « TIOK. o ^ 1 a 1 - Kec firing Remarks. C3 1 1 = 2 1 o CO o 1 S :3 rr 05 -5 ^ « « N 2 « 2 S z : 5 :S <% S oc ya. -^ Qf\ £ ab 3 Q 3 £ — H |8 lach Iron li ] Service A TIIC. 22 „ 13 21 V 20 4|„ 16 " PB. „ 3! ..h ■J Thelirst i RouiiJs were fired ^ on soft sandy ground Trail plated IIo-l ( 1 do. ISjI 1SJ7 1 2 ) witzpr car- ( ringo. J do. 1 do. No.]. I ... 1 2 ) ... C sunk in contcr]ueuce several ) inches. At fourth round the right cap- 1 do. square cracked, and inner 1 do. ^ I 6 Handspike loop hroke, a 1 do. i t 6 slight fracture in the wood 1 do. 1 do. ^ ) 2 work of hoth side beams I ... took place al^o and both side beams sunk about a 1 do. i 1 tenth of an inch. 1 do. / no From oth round to the 30th 1 do. ' ^ s inclusive the tiring took 1 do. ^ t . place on hard ground. 1 do. 1 8 £ 1 do. 4 l!^I 1 do. 4 1 do. i t- « 1 do. i t 3 « 1 1 do. ' 6 1 do. } 1 do. 1 3 1 do. i "e 1 do. i 6 1 do. . 4 1 do. 5 ... 1 do. 4 4 1 do. 4 10 1 1 do. 5 8 \ \ 1 do. 6 i 1 do. 5 "e J 5 4 1 do. 1 do. 1 do. 1 Ave "g 2 1 7 .f- G 30 li frail Mocked with pegs, which however gave way at this Round and the licit two 1 do. J 1 "2 ~1 Uouuds are tired ou hard 1. do. 1 3" G ground. 1 do. 1 do. .At this Bound the trail was suuk about a foot into the 1 7 CO 1 do. 7 ■5 ground during the next ten 1 do. 9 C .§! Kounds the firing was on > hard ground. 1 do. 1 3 1 s 1 do. 2 3 S '^During these thrceRounds the 1 do. 2 j wheels were blocked with .^ stones. 1 do. 9 ■4 ii 1 do. 1 do. 1 do. 9 10 10 re ■ 3 -=3 1 S-These four Rounds were on j hard ground. J 1 do. f-6 jSO... "6 1' ■ 1 do. 3 }-0 1 do. 2 1 do. "i 3 1 do. 4 1 do. 3 1 do. 4 1 - 1 do. i 1 " i ! ClASS VI.] MANUFACTURING MAOUIKES AND TOOLS. 105 Ui'ljort of a proof of the uiidemeiUionid 8 inch iron HowUier Carriage, by order of Major Frederick Burgoyne, Oommandiiig the Artillery in Mysore. pESCHir- TION. O S Inch iron witzer car ri;igf. WEIGnT. o Scrviccj A do. IIS51 do. I do. I do. i do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. THC. 1857 No.l 22! 13 o 21 o 46 J 12 13 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 PB 45 Remarks. Tliese lourteeu rounds were fixed with the trail sunk about n foot in the ground, as in- deed it was until the conclu- sion of the proof during the last 20 Hounds the wheels were also sunk. rhe carriage was also taken at a trot over stony and rough ground, and luas altogether had as good a test as it is pos- sible almost for one to have with the exception of the tri fling cracks in the side beams and the sinking of tlic side beams alluded to at the com mencemcut of the proof no damage has been sustained by the carriage. The iron work with the exception of the cap square and Uandspike Loop, also alluded to at commence- ment, lias stood the test un- commonly well. No other injury whatever being percep- tible to it. The proof was conducted as nearly as circumstances would allow in conformity with the instructions laid down for an extraordinary proof, and the results may, it is considered, be deemed highly satisfactory Bakomoiik, 1 (Signed) F. Burgoynk, M^or \Wi hine 1857. J Comg Arty. Mysore, (SigHed) E. CoccHMAN, Bt. Capt. Superintending the Proof. (True copy ) (Signed) T. Hay Campbell, Capt, N. H. liy the Ctinimissary (if Ordnance ' ' ' Commissary of Ordnance. 1 111! side beams nienttoiicd as sHghtly fiactured are merely used (True copy^ !■> 111! up a space between the' chocks and the trail and liuve G. Balfoue, Lt. Colonel, uutbing to do with the strength of the Carriage. Inspector Oenl. of Ordnance and Megasinet. A 1 106 [Class Vlf. CLASS VII. KEHORT UPON ARTICLES EXHIBITED AT THE MADRAS EXHIBITION. Civil Ekgiseering, Akciiitectural and Building CoNTnivANCES. Jury. Colonel C. E. Faber, Captain G. C. Collyek, Captain H. W. Eawlins, Major A. C. Silvek, Lieut. P. P. L. O'CoNNELL, Reporter. Major W. S. Jacob, B. McMasteh, Esq., Colonel A. T. Cotton, Lieutenant-Colonel F. C. Cotton, Chairman. A. Beattie, Esq. Under Class VII arc exhibited Models of works of irrigation, and navigation, of Bridges, Canal- boats, Wind-mills, several simple Hydraulic and Hydrostatic machines, and a coffer dam. Model of the Kistnah Anicitt exhibited hy Cajit. Farewell, Executive Engineer. This is a neatly executed Model of the most important irrigation work, of which tliis Class contains a model ; it is on a scale of about an inch to 40 feet; it exhibits the Annicut itself, the head sluices and locks on either side, and shews tlic under sluices one at each extremity of the work together with the stone groins constructed, some, to lead a large body of water past each head sluice and through the adjacent under sluice, and thus cause a scour and remove deposit from tlie vi- cinity of the head sluice to the rear of the Annicut, and others to protect the face of the Annicut from the influence of the cross currents wliicli works of this kind generally cause. On the Bezoarah side on the left bank of the river may be seen a representation of the Hill, which has furnished stone for the work ; at tiie foot of tills Hill and a little to the eastward of it are the Work-shops and the houses of the Officers, and the sheds of the people who have been enn-a"- eJ in the execution of this great work. On the southern bank is the model of the Sec- tanugaram Hill. Tlie site of this work is where the northern coast road from Madras to Calcutta crosses the river, which is here narrowed, by the projection into its bed of the Sectanagrum and Bczoarali Hills, from 2,000 yards to 1,350. The length of the Annicut is 1,150 yards, its breadth, including the rear Apron of loose stone, appears to be about 200 feet ; the under sluices al- ready described as shewn in the model, one at either extremity of the main work, are each 132 feet between the abutments : the head sluices, one to each of the two main channels which are led off from the river, are also each 1 3 2 feet between their abutments. The locks, of which there is one attached lo each head sluice, arc 150 feet between their gate,--, i. e. the chamber of each lock is 150 feet in length The river Kistnah is very low in March, April and May, but for eight or nine months there i< always a sufficient quantity of water to supply tin- two channels, which have been taken oil', and to irrigate the lands which will be brought under their influence as soon as the necessary branclifs arc executed. The following Table shews the average quan- tity of water which passed down the river in thi: Months mentioned, as calculated in 1856 by Capl Orr, the Civil Engineer of the Kistnah Division. Class VII.] CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. 107 Moiitlis. -a ? JC H 1 -i . - a fc. ^ o o „ lUy 1852 June July .\ufi:iist September. ... October November December January. ..1853 February Marcb Aiiril,... 10.3 12.11 2-2.i •22.11 19.9 11.3 10.11 7 5.3 C.8 14,00ti,000 ^ t.ooo.ooo .■).J,0(JO,OUO 90,(100,000 58,000,000 15,000.000 111 .000,000 15,000,000 8,000,000 Remarks. Tile quantity reijuired dur- iir^ tlicse montlis wlieu tlie wliolc is brouglit nndcr irriga- tion will lie 1,200,000 cubic yards per hour. f No correct estimate can be made of the quantity of I water in tlie.se months, but •{ it is supposed to vary from I 5,00,000 to loO.OOO cub. yds I except ia exception ably dry (^weather. The amount of additional Government Revenue obtainable in consequence of the construction of liiis work has been variously estimated at between 40 and 45 Lacs of Rupees — its influence will be i'elt through considerable portions of the two Dis- tricts of Guntoor and Masulipatara ; the total area whicli may be iriii^'ated by it was estimated at the time the work was first proposed at 1,100,000 acres or about 1,700 square miles. One of the most valuable works in the country, and the second in importance among those of which this class contains a model, is the southern branch of the lower of the two great Annicuts across the CoUeroon river with the bridge attached ; the total length of the model measured from one wing wall of the Annicutto the other is lO'-lO-i" and its ex- treme height measured from the level of the apron of the Annicut to the top of the parapet of the bridge is 3 inches. The Annicut itself measures 1233 feet between its wing walls, its design is exceedingly simple, a wall 8 feet in width and 8 in height, resting on wells sunk in the sandy bed of the river runs from the South bank to an Island in the centre of the river ; the ends of this wall are protected by two others called wing walls : the bed of the river im- mediately below the main wall or dair. is protected by an apron attached to and forming part of the dam itself. The bridge runs close along the Annicut on its up stream side, its piers run into and arc connected with the dam so that the water commi.nccs to flow over the dam the moment it leaves the bridge. It has 30 arches diviihul into five sets of 6 arches each by four smaller arches connected with four sluices in the annicut ; the main arches of the bridge are segmental, span 33 feet 4 inches, rise C feet ; the arches over the sluices each span 17 feet. The jury would call attention to this model ex- hibiting as it does with great aoctiracy the details of one of the most important irrigation works in Southern India ; it cannot of course lay claim to ori- ginality as it is a simple copy of an existiiig work, but in the present state of knowledge of such works possessed by the general public, it may fulfil the office of drawing attention to the simplicity of the means already employed in producing great results, and iu this way prove of even more immediate use than models explanatory of perfectly new but un- tried designs. The northern branch of this Annicut will, after certain alterations now progressing have been com- pleted, be similar to tlie Southern one : — Some idea of the utility and importance of thi^ work may be formed when it is stated that the arc^ watered by the channels connected with it is about 60,0U0 acres; that the population fed on the produce of the lands tims irrigated cannot be less than 100,000, and that the Government revenue is about 3^ Lacs of Rupees or £35,000 a year, and the gross income of the cultivators aboilt 7 Lacs of Rupees or £70,000 a year, the number of cul- tivators including labourers is probably not above 35,000 or 40,000. Of contrivances for facilitating the raising and dis- tribution of water for irrigation purposes this class contains several examples, two of these are models of the wlieel used in South Malabar and Cochin. This simple machine appears from its neatness of construction to have been introduced by the Dutch. It consists of ;i jiaddlc wheel one half of the low- er portion of which turns in a curved trough, so placed that the water raised in it cannot fall again to the level Irom which it was raised. The \vheel revolving lifts the water in the trough, and as the sides are higher than the back board a constant stream is discharged over the latter; such wheels are adapted to lifts of from one to three or even four feet The power applied to this wheel when profitably employed is the weight of one or more men walkini; upon the edge of tlie lloat boards, and is well repre- sented in one of the models, the men employed us- ing their feet as in the tread mill, while tliey ba- lance themselves by ihe help of bamboo scaffoldin'' raised on either side of the machine. AVhen worked in this manner the wheel is nio.'t etfective and ex- ceedingly economical in its results, but as the labour is very great and skill reiiuired very considerable it would never probably have been introduced if the cultivators had not had at that time the com- mand of slave labour. By means of these wheels a great portion of the bed of a large lake is cultivated in the vicinity of Trichoor in the Cochin territory, for which purpose a dam consisting of stakes with cocoanut leaves or reeds twined in them supporting a narrow bank of mud is thrown rouiul a field of many acres from two to two and a half feet deep in water. Two or more wheels are then fixed in the bank and the work being kept up night and day the space i soon cleared for cultivation. 108 CniL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING CONTRIVANCES. [Class VII. As tliTC is pomc liaka;;c lluough lli« slight cm- ; bankiiRiit lln: wlu-t-U remain in position, in order i that tlie ed of the river " by turning on their bases as hiiiges,the frames are " let into a groove sunk in the Hoorof the dam, in " such a manner that the frames, when laid Hat. " do not project above the bed of the stream. " The frames are maintained in their vertical " position by a movable bar which fits down upon " them and serves to keep the blades closing the " waterway in their positions at the top ; at the " bottom the blades fit into a groove made in the " floor of the i)assage. 'J'hey are of wood from " 4 to 5 inches wide and are pressed against tlu " top bar by the weight of the water, the height " of llic frames may vary from 4 to 10 feet ; their " distance apart is made equal to their height with •' a small allowance for play. M. Poiree estimat- " ed the expense of such dams at about 40 £ per " yard run." This is a valuable model exhibiting an important improvement in the construction of moveable dams , and it is on this account well deserving of com- mendation. Among the models of tlie works of navigation are — X lock and dara across theMunneyaur in Taiijori useful as exhibiting what has been done, but it has no features of novelty. I The Shediaueoopum Lock : this is a substantial work ; the only circumstance worthy of particular notice is that tliere are two sluice shutters in each gate raised by means of piniotis working in upright I bars toothed at their upper extremities and attacli- ' cd below to the shutters ; by means of these ' simple sluices the Chamber can be filled and ' emptied in a comparatively short time, a very im- ' portant advantage in Locks in Canals along which tliere is much traffic ; there is however nothing novel in this arrangement. I There are two models of Canal boats from the ! Delta of the Godavery. I 1st. An Officer's paddle boat. I Lengtii of Model 4' — 4' I ]5readth of 15eam 1 — 1 ', It has two Cabins the first one provided with seats and cushions and capable of lieing easily con- verted into a convenient sleeping appartment ; the I second Cabin is in the stern ; the men who work the Class VIIJ CIVIL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING CONTRrV^iVNCES. 109 paddles stand iti the space between tlie two Cabins ; the diameter of the paddle wheel is 11 inciies ; there are ten paddles to a wheel, each paddle consists of two boards each 3 inches by | of an inch. There is no scale given with this model. 2nd. Model of the Dowlaishwerani and Cocanada Transit Boat. Length of Model g' — 0" Breadth of beam 1— OJ Depth 0— 6J Height of Cabin above side of boat 0— 6^ The great advantage of this description of boat is that it can be used either in Canals or in the broad water of the rivers and can be worked wheie- ever the most ordinary coolies can be |)rocured. They are in great use by the Engineer Officers of tlie Godavery Division who live in tliera when moving about their districts. They do not attain a speed of above 3i or 4 miles an hour but as fresh coolies tan be had in every village they can be worked day and night and will complete in four and twenty hours a voyage of 60 or 70 miles. The model is nearly flat bottomed, it has a sail 20 inches in height by 42 inches in breadth and a mast rising 2S5 inches above the Cabin; it has 5 Cabins. In the boat of which this is a model on a scale of Ij inches to a foot the dimensions of the first Cab- in must be about 7 feet by 5 feet ; the second must be 7 feet by 7 feet ; these two appear to be private Cabins they are fitted up with seats and Cushions, and have Venetian windows and doors. The third Cabin must be about 12 feet in length 9 feet in width and 6 feet in height, it is not so comfortably fitted up as the first ; it has seats along the sides of the boat, and instead of Venetians it has only canvass blinds. The fourth Cabin must be about 24 feet in length 7i feet in width and 6 feet in height ; it has Venetian windows, seats and cushions. The fifth must be about 7 feet in length 7 feet in width and 6 feet in height. There is a gangway about li feet in breadth going along each side of the boat by means of which all the Cabins can be communicated with. The voyage from Cocanada to Dowlaishweram, a distance of 36 miles, is made in 10 hours and the boat charges are as shewn below. By night in 10 hours, distance 36 mUes. The first Cabin with two beds &c. &c. &e. 200 lbs. of baggage and one servant. 2 Second Cabin with two beds 200 lbs. of baggage and one servant ISO Tiiird Cabin with two beds 200 lbs. of bag- gage and one servant 10 Single Cabin passenger with 2001 half the above lbs. of baggasce. r rate. General Cabin passenger with 50 lbs. of baggage each 3 Annas for 36 miles, or 12 miles for one Anna or one Pie per mile. The comfort, and economy of these boats are alike striking ; two passengers in the best Cabin with a quantity of light baggage make the voyage dur- ing the night with none of the usual annoyances of a Palankeen journey, at a charge of 2 Rupees each, while their servants are carried at l-12thofan Anna a mile or 3 Annas for the whole voyage and within call at any moment. The boats are used by all classes, but the greater profits are made by the clieapest passengers and so cheaply are the vessels worked that while passengers are carried 12 miles for an Anna, the Company owning the boat have divided 30 per cent, per An- num. There are two models of wind-mills. The first is exhibited by Captain McNeil, B. A., Civil Engineer, it is applied to the purpose of rais- ing water by means of an endless chain and Buck- ets ; the diameter of the Circle within which the sails revolve is 29 inches ; there are 8 triangular sails each of which has a base of 10 inches and an altitude of 1 2^ inches. The motion of the main shaft is first transmitted by a pinion moving in a vertical plane to a large toothed wheel moving in a horizontal plane and then by means of another pinion which is attached to the axis of the wheel just mentioned and which moves with that wheel in a horizontal plane, to two large wheels or drums over which two endless chains traverse. The second is a simpler mill having only four sails the motion of the main shaft is communicated by a large wheel moving in a vertical plane to a pinion moving in a horizontal one, the axis of this pinion is common to itself and to the mill-stone, so that the two necessarily revolve together. DOPPING'S SHUTTER. Tliis is a model on a scale of two inches to the foot ; the shutter closes a vent between two piers, the vent in the model is 10 inches by 10 inches ; the shutter revolves on a vertical axis, which divides it into two equal parts the water pressing ujion which has no tendency to cause motion in cither direction as the pressure on one half of the shutter exactly bal- ances that upon the other ; when it is necessary to open the shutter a sluice provided for the purpose in one half of the shutter is opened, this operation diminishes the surface exposed to pressure on one side of the axis causing the other half of the shut- ter to yield to the pressure of Ihe water and open the sluice. This shutter has been tried in the head sluice to one of the Channels from the Panlaur Annicut, it was found to answer very well when the supply of water was moderate ; it has not however been tried during freshes ; it is a simple and ingenious contrivance and, it found to answer in all states of the river, may be generally adopted with advantage. " The Jury consider this model deserving of " honorable mention." There is another shutter but, in the absence of a description, its mode of action is not apparent. Model of a Truss Bridge on the American prin- ciple. This is a model of a Bridge designed on the principle adopted by the Engineer of the Utica and A 3 110 <^'^IL ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURAL AND BUILDING CONTRIVACNES. [Class VII Svracuse Ilailvvav in the United Slates, it is on a scale of an incli to a foot : the roadway is sup- ported on three trusses dividing it into two parts, each \-l inches in width, the span of each truss is 93 inches and its height 10^ inches. This model was exhil)itcd by Mr. D. Parker, Civil Engineer, in the employ of the Madras Itail- way Company. There is a model of a Trnss Bridge by Mr. R. Ivennedy, Civil Engineer ; it has two trusses, each consisting of upper and lower string pieces con- nected by vertical ties and fiirllicr slitfened by in- clined struts ; a curved rib is attached to each truss. The roadway is carried along the top of the trusses ; the bridge of which tliis is a model has a single span of 60 feet, the depth of its truss is 6 feet and the breadth of its roadway 7v feet ; it crosses the Eastern Coast Canal about two miles South of the .\dyaur ; the scale of this model is an inch to a foot. There is a second model by '^[r. Kennedy of a somewhat similar bridge it differs from that de- scribed above in having fewer vertical ties, and in having its roadway resting immediately on the lower string pieces instead of on the upper ones : it spans 60 feet, has trusses each 6 feet in depth, and a roadway 63 feel in width. There is a third model also by Mr. Kennedy, it is of the brick bridge which carried the Guindy and .\dyanr road over the Sadras branch of the Eastern Coast Canal. Monsieur Louis Guerre, Chief Engineer to the French Government at I'ondichcrry, has exhibited a model of a Head Sluice, it consists of a bridge of tive arches, each of which is fitted with a timber framing and shutters by means of which the whole of its waterway may be closed. No scale is attached 10 the model ; each arch spans 05 inches, each shutter Irame is 3| inches by IJ inches, the breadth of the roadway is U-J inches. A wooden suspension bridge is exhibited by Colonel A. Cotton, it was made up at the Mint it spans 30 feet and has a verse sine or dip in the centre of 4 2' or -(\- of the span: it consists of 7 chains formed of slips of teak, connected by pegs : the links of each chain are alternately of single and double slips, a link made of a single .slip is thus connected at each end with a link made of two slips : in order to give the bridge uniformity and to distribute the strength equally, the chains are so made that when placed side by side in the bridge the double slip link in each chain lies be- tween two single slip links one on each side of it : the chains being thus arranged the roadway may either be placed directly on them or suspended, as may be required ; in the model a rough roadway of bamboos was placed immediately on the suspen- sion chains. The Section of each of the slips of which the suspension chains are made is 2 inches by 2 ins. the pegs by which these are connected are each | an inch in diameter. \n experiment was made to test the strength of one suspension chain, the pegs first used were of teak, and then of bamboo, but in both cases they gave way with a weight of about i 2001bs. placed on one chain which is equal to ' 1,-tOO lbs. for the whole bridge: Iron pins were then put in and -.J- a ton was put on one chain, this I weight brought the posts to which the chain was I attached at each end over very gradually but did not cause any injury either to the pins or the slips : this weight of half a ton for one chain is equiva- lent to 3i tons for the whole bridge— this experi- ment proves that two or three bandies might pass over such a biidge with safety : it was however incomplete as it did not fully test the strength either of the pins or of the slips as the posts gave way before sufiicient strain couhl be brought upon these. As to the sufficiency of the slips there can be no question as their aggregated Section amount- ed 10 X 2" X 2'=-iO square inches which ' would safely bear a direct ttnsiou of 20 tons; and it would require more than 10 tons placed on the : bridge to produce this tension on the slips : the strain on a bridge spanning .50 feet and having a roadway 10 feet in width is generally taken at about 50,000 lbs. or about 23 tons, if it be situat- ed in a Town ; but a bridge ot the kind here de- scribed is only supposed to be used through : Jungles where timber is plentifid and traffic scarce : 1 or it might be used some times by troops on a j line of march. A bridge of this description would answer admirably for the passage of rapid nullahs I which intercept communications while flooded and j stop the traffic. A chaiu made with ))ins of some wood well suited to the pnrpose would answer well for a tappal bridge, but in most cases it would be better to use iron pins, for which the common bolt iron J inch in diameter woidd be suitable. The model of a Coffer Dam appears to be the same as that exhibited at the last exhibition, and ] described in the Jury report on that occasion. List of articles for which 2>id Class medals are awarded. Catalogue Number Name of Article; Woo.lf-n Suspeosiou Briilg:e. Pump for clearing foundations by low lifts. Dopping's shutter. Name of Exhibitors. Colonel A. Cotton. Mr. Orerseer Lever. J. H. Dopping, Ksq. Civil Eneinper. LiH of models deserving of Honorable mention. Model of the Kist- nah Annicut. Model of the South branch of the lower Colleroon .\bnicut. Captain larewell, Executive Engi- neer. W. Cadell Esq. Sub Colleclor, Taujore. These are the principal ones : but it may be said that all the models are deserving of Honorable mention. F. C. Cotton, Chairman and Jury. Class VII. Report by Lieut. O'Connell, Engineers. Class VIIL] J 10— 2 CLASS. VIII. NAVAL, iECHITECTURAL AND MILITARY E.NGINEERIXG, ORDNANCE, ARMOUR, AND ACCOUTREMENTS. His Exeelleiiey General Sir P. Grant, k.c.b. Major General Cratgie, c. b. Colonel P. Hamond, Reporter. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfock, C.b. Reporter. H. D. E. Dalrymple, Esq. Colonel F. A. Reid, c.b. Colonel F. P. Haines. Captain W. C. Baker, "Reporter. Lieutenant Colonel G. Talbot. Major G. Rowlandson. Major F. H. Scott. Captain C. Biden. Colonel -E Shirreff. \V. Eaton, Esq. J. J. Franklin, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Denison. Lieutenant Colonel C. A. Browne. Military equipments having Ijeen fully reported on with reference to the Exhibition of 1855, it is unnecessary to enter into further details connected with Artillery carriages, which in that year as well as in 1857 were the principal articles of Military equipment in the Exhibition. The arms however form a marked feature of interest ; and as there are many interested in the arms of this country, it seems advisable to give a detailed description of each article, and it is only by minute description that they can be properly illustrated. With the object therefore of doing justice alike to the con- tributors and the contributions, each article of importance receives a separate notice, and al- though this form of reporting will make the re- port of Class VIII assume somewhat the appear- ance of a catalogue raisonnee, it is believed that this form is best adapted to the articles to be des- cribed. 5565 Auger's Fuze brace with bit made at tlie Grand Arsenal; workmanship good, fully equal to th^ English made article, but likely to be superseded by an improved and more handy escelleut littl® frame Auger proposed by Captain Bower. 4937"! Guages of 6 sizes, 2 in a set, for ascertaining the fitness of projectiles with reference to high and I low windage, for 24 p. to 68 pr ; of a good model, all well turned out, and if correct as r" to guage, very creditable to the workshops of the Gun Carriage Manufactory, Grand Arsenal j and Vellore, where they were made. A machine for testing their sphericity and accuracy should be provided ; rates of cost at which made, very moderate. There are several very valuable collections of arms, deserving notice ; and we would recommend the award of 2d Class Medals, and certificate of honorable mention, to the Exhibitors as ibllows : To the Right Hon'ble Lord Harris for a valuable collection of arms of all descriptions, consisting of weapons superior in quality to those commonly found in private collections. To the Hon'ble W. Elliot, for a collection of arms of great variety. To R. Burgass, Esq. for a collection of arms of various countries. To Captain Campbell, for his models of car- riage and Tilting Hammer. The collection of arms from Kurnool also de- serves honorable mention. 4940 5567 5568 5569 j to I 5574 J n 1 10—3 NAVAX, ARCHITECTURAL AND MILITARY ENGINEERING, &c. [Class VIII. 193 Screw Jack Double Traversin:; from Pondiclierry. — A very stronn and powerful raachine for lifting lieavy carriages or oilier heavy articles, sucli as larsre stones, heavy logs of timber; deserv- ing special notice, the workmanship good and substantial. 9311 The Campbell Hammer. — .V very ingenious invention intended for forging very large axles and drawing large pieces of iron for cheeks of Iron finii Carriages ; also well suited for driving piles made up by Captain Campbell, Commissary of Ordnance at Bangalore. 3091 Carriage iron for 10 inch iron howitzer made at the Gun-Carriage Manufactory, exhibits the great diminution of surface to the enemy's fire by the use of iron as compared with wood. Well adapted for the field. .5468 Shot round iron 32 pr. cast at the Indian Iron Company's works at Porto Novo: sphericity good, casting clean, and very fair as to weight and guage ; these are well reported upon in the Grand Arsenal. 5t66 M'isket Rifle, Percussion, bore, 577 of 1853, with Bayonet. This arm is considerably lighter than the old Brown Bess, and the barrel rifled, having 3 shallow groves, has an immense range bi>ing sighted up to 900 yards; it is secured to the stock by means of 3 iron bands, the nose one serving to hold the steel rod securely in the groove ; these bands passing over the stock and barrel are kept in their places with springs. The look is of the swivel pattern, the actions free. The bayonet, a most deadly weapon, differs from that formerly in use, the blade being longer, and having three grooves ; the way in which the bayonet is secured to the barrel is also differ- ent, by means of a ring of iron round the socket, which on being moved from right to left passes under the nose sight making a fixture for the bayonet. 4975 Pistol Revolver. — .Vn imitation of Colonel Colt's well known weapon ; barrel not rifled, action far from perfect. The maker by increased care could without doubt in gnaging the various parts, turn out an efficient and superior weapon. Exhibited by Serjeant I laves, Gun Carriage Manufactory. 5558 1 Tier Sheet or Coffin's Grape. — Plates cast at the iron works of the Indian Iron Com- to > pany, Porto Novo, for IS, 33, and 56 Fdrs. The Plates are well cast, and well secured B560 J by the iron spindle, and sheet securely fastened. 5467 Shot heating Machine.— Made up in India from an English Pattern ; parts cast at Porto Novo, Indian Iron Company's Work. Portable and well adapted for the Pield. ARMS FROM KURNOOL. 56 Sword called abbassee, tiger faced handle, gold gilt, enameled, having a fine Damascus curved blade, in red velvet scabbard with rich mounting. 57 Sword called Kliandah ; the handle gold gilt richly chased, the blade of watered Damascus steel, in blue velvet scabbard, handsomely mounted. 58 Sword, with handle beautifully wrought in the shape of an elephant's head, the trunk forming the guard, inlaid with stones ; the blade curved, of fine Damascus steel, in blue velvet scab- bard richly mounted. 59 Sword called abree abassee, has a fine Damascus blade square back f of its length, ending with a double edge, the handle of steel finely iidaid with gold, and red velvet scabbard. 60 Sword, called Sorabee, having a richly worked handle in gold gilt, with beautiful lace worked straps and emerald tassels ; the blade is fluted and inlaid, and the scabbard of red velvet has gold gilt mountings. 61 Sword abassee, Damascus blade greatly curved, has a richly worked handle, gold gilt, and red velvet scabbard. 62 Sword aseel ; the blade, of well tempered Damascus steel, is set in a gold gilt handle ; scabbard red velvet with gilt mountings. 03 Poignard Bunk or Beechwa ; the blade of fine steel, well wrought, has a handle of red ivory richly mounted in gold gilt, and purple velvet scabbard beautifully mounted. 64 Knife Karobee, Damascus blade in gold gilt handle, and green velvet sheath richly mounted. 65 Steel cap ; good and substantial workmanship. 06) Steel cap and Steel breast) Helmet of steel, has an ornament in form of an arrow on the top ; a 67) called eharnia. \ curtain of steel rings is attached to protect the neck. 68 Pair of Armlets, or Gauntlets, made of fine steel inlaid with gold, and lined with red velvet. 2465 Fowling Piece from Salem, exhibited by Mr. Causaker ; barrel of the ordinary quality of a low priced English piece; a plain sound gun, stock of a good looking h;ud wood. 24 66 Walking Stick gun from Salem exhibited by Mr. Causaker. Class VIII] KANAL. ARCHITECTURAX AND MILITARY ENGINEERING. &c. 1 10—4 1364^ Gun Locks from Salem, Bellary, and Gun Carriage Manufactory, are fair plain pieces, of 2467^ work, evidently made from English patterns. The springs are single, not nearly so 4970) good as the double springs. ARMS PROM HYDERABAD. 615J Poisnard, Damascus blade, having two deep grooves running up the centre, giving it a light appearance ; white ivory handle, and leather scabbard. EXHIBITED BY THE HONORABLE W. ELLIOT, ESQ. An interesting group of ancient weapons among which are several beautifully mounted Poig- nard Knives, Ssvords, &c. 24 Poiijnard, having a crystal handle, the blade Damascus steel, and a sheath with richly chased silver mountings. 2 Sword, the handle, of good workmanship, is iulaid with gold ; and the blade, a very fine oue, is greatly curved. 8 Sword, the' handle of steel large and silver plated ; tlie blade a long fluted one, is well tempered. 25 Coorg knife ; the knife having an agate kindle, blade of fine steel, has a strong back inlaid with gold. 28 Dagger ; the handle richly chased, forms a case in which are deposited a set of drawing instru- ments : it has a yellow velvet scabbard. S6 Poignard ; the blade is of Damascus steel finely wrought, fluted, and splendidly inlaid ; the handle, of ivory, is set wiih stones, and the scabbard (of red velvet) is mounted with gold gilt open work. 46 A curious dagger ; the blade being of watered steel; in wooden sheath. There are among this lot several swords, the blades of which are fluted, and one elaborately chased representing animals. ' Two Knives having finely carvt-d ivory handle, are well worthy of notice. There are 3 Flint lock Pistols having the barrels inlaid with gold, and the stock with Ivory. Two curious swords with long hamlles, intended to be used by both hands. A three bladed dagger ; the handle curiously formed of deer horn. Three Booraerrangs made of hard wood. There is one curious old sword, the blade of which is long and straight, set in a long steel handle serving as an armlet ; a Vdst amount of labour must have been spent upon this, as it is almost one mass of inlaying, the metal used ijcing silver. This sword appears to i)e adapted for thrusting only, as the arm used in striking a blow would most likely be injured. There are two swords the blades of which gradually widen to the point like a harlequin's wand. One of them has a false back rivetted on ; they are old specimens, but have been costly, both having the handles inlaid. Rifle match lock, contiibuted by Major Simpson ; curiously carved, and has a beautifully figured Damascus twist barrel, which is secured to the stock by brass bands and having a steel ramrod. The following Articles were arranged as a trophy ; comprising a leather shield of good work- manship, inlaid ; having two plates forming a breastplate. A broad sword, the handle inlaid with gold, the scabbard blue velvet. Two swords, the blade of one broad ; handle inlaid with gold, the scabbard of blue velvet ; the other sword in leather scabbard has an ivory handle. EXHIBITED BY R. BURGASS, ESQ, A lot of swords, 30 in number, some of Indian manufacture, but chiefly English of the last century ; many have finely tempered blades, steel basket hilts, and most of them are in a state of good preservation. Among this lot is an Indian short sword, the blade beautifully inlaid, and the handle elaborately chased Also 4 dress swords, 2 having the handles inlaid ; the blades of fine steel, very light, and fluted the whole length. One blade of fine Damascus steel, has a broad back standing out considerably from the level of the blade, which is short. There an: .5 other blades without handles ; several of very excellent Damascus steel, are greatly curved and long: one sword, the blade of which is light and curved, is of fine Pamascus steel ; and the handle (of silver) is beautifully chased, as are also the mountings of the scabbard, which is covered with leather. 2IQ - XAV^VL, ARCHITECTURAL AND MILITARY ENGINEERraC, &c. [Class VIll. There are 2 double liaiuled swords, onu with the liandle chased with brass, and tiie otlier with a liandle of wood covered with pvivple velvet ; the mountings are of silver chased, and the scabbard is also covered 'with velvet of the same colour similarly mounted. One Sword has an ivory handle inlaid with silver ; the blade, of fine Damascus steel, is inlaid with gold, and the scabbard of jHirple velvet is silver mounted. A short Sworil with jilain steel blade broad back, has a groove up the centre ; the handle is buck-liorn, silver mounted, and tlie scabbard (of leather) is also silver mounted. A Knife with the handle silver enamelled, has a blade of the best kind of Damascus steel havin" a furrow on either side about one third of its breadth from the edge, but re- versed on each side so as to equalise its strength ; the sheath of figured velvet. A curious native Bayonet, with a short broad blade engraved. .\ Helmet of steel, finely inlaid with gold, having an arrow of steel on the top for ornament. It has a curtain, made of steel rings running round to protect the neck. EXHIBITED BY THE RIGHT HONORABLE LORD HARRIS. S474 Sword blade of Konasummunder of fine Damascus steel. 8475 Do. do. do. 8476 Carnatic matchlock gun, the barrel neatly inlaid with gold, and tlie butt with ivory. 8477 Carnatic matchlock gun, the barrel long, with bill nose, and steel ramrod. 847S Do. do. do. 8479 Strrtit sword with Goopthee handle, silver gilt ; in red velvet scabbard, having a well tempered blade : the handle curiously wrought. 8480 Broad sword with Gooptlite handle, and inlaid ; Damascus blade. 8481 Do. do. do. 8482 Native bayonet with short blade, having a ring to the socket, as now used in the Enfield llifle of the pattern of 1853. 8483 Straight sword ; Damascus blade, the handle iidaid, and red velvet scabbard. 8484 Straight sword, handle inlaid, with yellow velvet scabbard. 8485 Spear, the handle finely inlaid with silver ; blade 3 square, long, and also inlaid ; having a red velvet scabbard, and handsome tassels. 8486 Saw sword, handle gold, with gilt leather scabbard ; the blade double pointed. 8487 Broad sword tapering, witli gohl gilt handle, the blade having a broad back and bevillcd edge. 8488 Sword with handle beautifully inlaid with gold ; having a curved Damascus blade in green velvet scabbard. 8489 Do. do. do. do. 8490 Sword with handle inlaid with gold ; having an excellent blade much curved. 8491 Sword w'ith gilt handle, and long grooved lempered blade, in red velvet scabbard. 8492 Sword with gold gilt handle, finely wrought in the shape of an elephant head ; having a curved Damascus blade in blue velvet scabbard. 8493 Battle axe with gold gilt handle ; the head finely inlaid- 8494 Do. do, wooden handle silver mounted, the head beautifully inlaid with silver. 8495 Leather shield with lace work strap. 8496 Dagger, with handle gold gilt ; in yellow sheath, 8497 Do. do. inlaid with gold, the blade having a curious device worked in relief. 8498 Dagger, silver gilt, in red velvet sheath. 8499 Do. with 2 blades, in red velvet sheath. 8500 Peishcubz or waist dagger, with green ivory handle, blade inlaid and purple velvet sheath. 8501 Peishcubz finely worked, with gold gilt handle, and green velvet sheath neatly mounted. 8502 Poignard or Beechraa with ivory handle, fine well finished Damascus blade, and red velvet sheath 8503 Do. do. do. good blade inlaid with silver, in red velvet sheath. 8504 Do. do. do. with Damascus blade, and silver gilt sheath. 8505 Knife, with ivory handle, the blade of fine Damascus steel, in silver sheath finely chased. 8506 Sword with handle inlaid with gold ; Damascus blade and leather scabbard, with steel mountings. 8 507 Sword with thf blade long, and greatly curved ; in ivory handle. 8 508 Small sword with emerald handle; the blade finely inlaid with gold, in yellow velvet sheath. 8509 Goopthee sota, a curved kind of dagger. 8510 Steel sota, with iron tube handle containing a chain to which a pronged head is attached. 8511 Tubber with highly finished gold and silver gilt handles, into which a kuife screws, with axe head spear, and soug finely inlaid. CL4SS Vm.] NAVAL, ARCHITECTURAL AND MILITARY ENGINEERmG, &c. 1 1 Q — 6 8512 Tubber similar to the last, in red velvet sheath. 8 513 Soug or spear head with steel handle. 8614 Steel sota, the head composed of 8 blades. 8515 Tubber knife with steel head beautifully inlaid with gold, the handle silver gilt; into which a dagger screws; and yellow velvet sheath richly mounted. 8 516 Tubber with silver gilt handle similar to the last. 8517 Dagger with curious inlaid handle, and Damascus blade in red velvet scabbard. 8518 Poignard or Beecbma, tlie handle finely inlaid with gold, and good Damascus blade with red velvet sheath. 8519 Curiously wrought taper blade, wth broad steel handle and red velvet scabbard. 8520 Peishcubz with red ivory handle, and highly finished blade, in yellow velvet sheath with richly worked mountings 8521 Dagger in broad steel with open worked handle, in leather sheath. 8522 Dagger with fluted blade, in red velvet sheath. 8523 Dagger, with curious broad silver gilt handle, and finely wrought Damascus blade, in yellow velvet sheath. 852+ (Joorg knife in red velvet sheath. 8525 ('hand Soorooj, sun and moon. 8526 Slimitha dagger or nut cracker, also forming a dagger when the handle is reversed. Pair of .\rmlets. 8527 Pair of shoulder flaps, lace worked, with steel shields in centre. 8528 Helmet with feathers. 8529 Covering for the chest or breastplate. 8530 Covering for the back, or black plate. 8531 Waist belt lace work. 8532 Pair of aprons. 8533 do do. 8534 Shield with lace work strap. 8535 Broad sword, in yellow velvet scabbard. 8536 Large Peishcubz, handle worked in gold, and purple velvet scabbard. The last 1 lots form a very interesting group, the shoulder flaps, waist belt, and aprons being of velvet, worked with lace and spangles ; the helmet, armlets, breastplate and back plate, of well wrought steel inlaid with gold in a superior style, and lined with green velvet worked with lace and spangles in a beautiful manner, the whole workmanship of this group is highly meritorious. Class IX.] Ill CLASS IX. REl'OaT ON AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL MACHINES AND IMPLEMENTS. Jury. Colonel F. A. Reid, c. b. G. S. HooPEU, Esq. Chairman. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq. m. d. A. J. Arbuthnot, Esq. Captain C. H. Drury, Reporter. R. Kennedy, Esq. The first item of this class is represented by a few models from Hyderabad, of the primitive kind of implement in general use in all the cultivated districts of the Presidency, consisting of ploughs, drills, and elod-crnshers or harrows. No advancement appears to have been made in this Department since the Exhibition of 1855. The little interest displayed by the Natives of India in instituting or promoting improvements in the present system of cultivation, although doubt- less partly to be ascribed to their general dislike to innovation of any kind, may more fairly be con- sidered generally attributable to the want of the necessary means on the part of individuals to avail themselves of a better style of implement. Those now in use are adapted to the powers of tlie draught cattle, few and wanting in strength, kept by cultivators for agricultural purposes. The plough is therefore made as light as is consistent with any useful purpose, a single bar of iron or steel serving for share and coulter ; the fnrrow made by it being so shallow as to tax but little the strength or endurance of the oxen. Any impi'ove- ment therefore in the shape or make of the plough would, while adding to its efficiency, increase its weight, and while enabling it to turn a deeper furrow, would, to meet the increased resistance, necessitate the employment of a better breed of cattle or a larger team, both beyond the means of the poorer and more numerous class of ryots, sup- posing them able and willing to pay for an im- proved and more expensive implement. It is moreover believed that deep ploughing has not been found to answer in India. The Horticultural tools, with the exception of a few rough specimens used by the poorer class of native gardeners, though not numerous, afford good samples of such as are in every day use for garden- ing purposes. Those from the Fort St. George Arsenal, comprising mattocks or mahmoties, hoes, rakes, forks, hedge clippers &c., are well made and serviceable tools. The Vcllore Arsenal furnishes a strong well wrought spade, and Mr. Causaker of Salem con- tributes an ingenious implement which might be made serviceable in light gardening work, combin- ing the uses of the pick a.xe, mattock and spade. It is to be regretted that the skill of local arti- sans should not be represented in a class of imple- ments so likely to prove highly remunerative to the makers in the larger towns and stations of the Presidency. C. H. Dkcry, Reporter, Madras, ") iithMay 1857. J 112 fClASS X CLASS X. REPORT ON PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS AND PROCESSES DEPENDING UPON THEIR USE, MUSICAL, UOROLOGICAL AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. JUKY. Lieutenant Colonel A. McCally. Chairman. Major W. K. Woksteh. Major W. S. Jacob, Reporter. A. Blacklock, Esq. W. J. vanSomeren, Esq., m. d., Reporter. Dr. W. Flvnn, g. jj. m. c. B. CUNLIFFE. Esq. Captain J, W. Uay. Lieutenant Colonel G. Talbot. P. Orr, Esq. H. W. PoRTEOUs, Esq. The Jury in introducing their report regret that they can only repeat the sentiments of the Jury on this class in the Exhibition of 1855. The very small present demand for Philosophical, Surgical, Musical, and Horological Instruments in this coun- try, accounts both for the limited extent and inferi- ority of their local manufacture, and the class is conse(iuentiy very poorly represented iu the Exhi- bition, so far as Indian-made articles are concerned. Several English-made Instruments are exhibited, but these, being enumerated in the catalogues, need not be severally particularised here — none of them presented any novelty or special excellence. I. ¥ive Dials on one block were exhibited by Snb-Conductor Skinner. Only one of these is a correct indicator of Time — in the other four the gnomons are misplaced. II. An universal Sun-dial from Hyderabad — is plated and well executed, but presents nothing new iu principle. It merits honorable mention. III. A small dial from Hyderabad — is con- structed for the latitude of that city, but has nothing particular to recommend it. IV. A Meridian dial is old in principle and rudely constructed. V. A dial by Messrs. Jenkins is exhibited. VI. A Spheromeler by Liebhaber. This is an ingenious instrument but imperfectly executed— the centre-screw works loosely in its nnt — the microme- ter head and scale are not numbered — and the steel rim being liable to rust, must furnish another source of inaccuracy and award a Jst Class Medal. VII. A Balance by Sub-Conductor Skinner, is defective in the suspension of its pans, and scarcely turns with a quarter of a grain. VIII. A Chemical Balance by Liebhaber, exhi- bited by Major Simpson, appears well constructed It is said to indicate to three-thousandths of a grain, but in the absence of both key and weights the Jury were precluded from testing its accuracy. IX. Two Compasses — one in a silver case and one in brass — are rather rudely executed and priceii sufficiently high. X. A pocket case of Surgical Instruments — is very inferior. XI. Several fracture-splints and a Salter's Frac- ture Cradle made in the Gun-Carriage Manufactory are well turned-out. XII. A common Bugle by Swamy of Madras. XIII. A common Bugle by Swamy of Vellore. XIV. A Light Infanirg Bugle by Savigrey. XV. A Cavalry Trumpet by Swamy. W. S. JACOB, W. J. VANSOMEREN, Beporten Class XL I 113 CLASS XI. TEXTILE FABRICS AND COTTON .MANUl'MCTUItES, JUIIY. W. E. Underwood, Esq., Chairman. AV. U. AiiiiUTii.Noi, Esq. E. Lecot, Esq. Major J. JIacdouc.\ll, ]l. 0. CAMrilELL, Esq. H. Ckake, Esq. W. BOYTO.N, EbC]. ]\. W. NoiuoK, Esq. T. L. K. SiUND, Esq., Reporter. The Cotton manufactures submitted at the pre- sent Exhibition, vary but. little from those shewn in 18.55 : they are far less numerous, and inferior in qiuility and dye. The textile fabrics of the Madras Presidency are considered by the Jury to be very imperfectly re|jreseiited. The Jury fail to pcrecive any luarked improvement in any branch of the va- rious manufactures whicli they liave inspected. The suggestion made in the last report that " no prizes or meilals" be granted, except for some new manu- facture or very superior sample of ordinaiy " lua- ludactnres" should be adhered to, on the present occasion, with the hope that some marked novelty ill the style, and getting up of some of the staple productions of the Presidency, be induced. Two pieces of fine Punjura Cloth, forwarded by Oooroo Pariah of Rajahmundry arc very wonderful specimens of Native skill, and of the extraordiiiiuy degree of fineness and evenness of weaving attained by the uativc hand looms. They are made Irom thread spun by the hand. The Jury desire to re- cord their admiration of the above specimens which are priced at Pupees 100, one at 180. Similar spe- cimens were exhibited at the last Exhibition. A piece of Kajabader Cloth sent from Nellore by Pitcheca Kamalinga Chetty priced lis. LMJ is con- sidered by the Jury as entitled to favorable notice. Pondicherry has again taken an advanced position amongst the various contributions. The Napkins and Table Cloths are deserving of praise, but the Jury cannot perceive any superiority over those spe- cimens formerly exhibited. The Towels numbered 7189 are however worthy of es])ecial notice, being of a most useful description and of excellent style and maiuifacture. Those numbered 800'.) without name, are also deserving of commendation though inferior to the Pondicherry specimens. The contribtitiouB of dyed gooiis are few in num- ber, and inferior in quality, and the Jury are unable to specify any jiarticular article as deserving of special notice except those undermentioned. A piece of Trowser check cloth from Jlr. P. Martin, Cuddalore, is deserving of approbation, the pattern being of a particularly neat design, and tasteful] choscu for an article of wearing apparel. The cloth is strongly and eveuly woven, and the Jury consider this contribution to be entitled to honorable mention. Serani, from Chingleput, cloth numbered 8015 is, on the whole, a favorable specimen of dyeing. A gold embroidered Palempore from .Masulipa- tam is worthy of notice as a fair specimen of gold embroidery but much inferior to the specimens ex- hibited in 1855. A Damask table cloth contributed by the German Jlission at Mangalore is entitled to favorable notice, but the damasking is rather of a confused character which however may improve under use. South Arcot. — The damask Table cloth from Kagavelloo Chetty 9148 is considered by the Jury as worthy of favorable notice though the specimen nuniliered 7871 manufactured at Madras is by far the liest article of manufacture that has been sub- mitted to the notice of the Jury, and they would iccommend the Exhibitor of this specimen to receive a second class medal. Nellore. — A piece of Jean sent by Pitcheca Rama- linga of Nellore priced lis. 10 is a usefid descrip- tion of goods and deserves approbation. T. L. 11. Shand, Ri'lJorler. JuKY Awards. Cd Class Medal. Cal:ilosuc No. 7S71 Entered in the C.i- tiiiugue by mis. tiike us Marool fibre 8391 SK)n Kunics tjf E.\hibitors. Objects rewarded. W. E. Underwood, Esq. Table Cloth. [Chetty. \U. L'itchec.i Runialiu^uiu Cotton Cloth 26 Do. do. Jean 10 Uonokable Mention. Catalogue Ko Names of Exhibitors. Objects rew.uded. funjum CloUi Its. 100. I'able Cloth and KapkinsStc Towels. Trowser Cloth. Table Cloth. BluedycdTron.scr Cloth 2391! 8009 HI 10 714r, 8015 Gooroo Parinh. Pondicherry. N'anic unknown. Mr. I*. Marlion. tjeniiun Missin. Chiniilcput Jail A 3 114 [I'-H!.: xu. CLASS Xll. WOOl-LKX ANU WOKSTKD. Jury. Lieut. Col. A. M'Cam.y, Chninmn. Captain J. W. lUv. J. Kki.lie, Esq. J. T. MACI.AfiAX, ES(]. W. K. Akbutunot. Ksq. r. Vekuapermali, Pillay. SiRiiAR Jung Bauadoor- HaJKE A(!A MmIOMKD UaKITI SllERAZEF. NeMAZER. IVlajor NicnOLLS, Reporter. To Colonel A. M'Cally, President of Jury on Class XII. Madras Exhibition of 1857. Sir, — I do my.self tlie honor to submit Erport of the Jurors on Class XII (Woollen and worsted) of which you are President. Cumblies. — Amidst the variety exliilutcd the palm must be awarded to the Tahsildar of Kood- Icgee Talook, Bellary. The Cumbly sent by him meas353 [nferior. 635']- Crimson and Black Stripe — fair texture want- ing color. 6355 Inferior. 6357 Ordinarv. 6358 do. 6359 Crimson SlripR— fair, ratber coarse. 0360 Inferior. 6361 do. 6384 Crimson Stripe — Inferior. 63'J-l Green do. 6359 Inferior. 6396 Ordinarv. 6396 rink and Black Stripe, middling. 6397 Green— l>ad. 6393 Inferior. 6399 do. 6399 Ked Stripe. Color good- 6399 Red, do. 6400 Ordinarv. 6401 Yellow Stripe, middling. 6402 Fxcd and white do. 6403 (Jreeii, fair. 6404 Crimson Color, good, texture creditable, in- jured in dressing. 6405 Yellow, fair. 6407 Scarlet, bad. C410 W hite flowered, a fair attempt at style, tex- ture coarse. 6009 Crimson flowered. Color bad, coarse. T.WJORK. These silks in this section particularly deserv- ing notice are Nos. 2673, 4677 4679 5175. The attention of Tanjore manufactures is called to the remarks of the Jury, and every hope is entertained of a great advance in the production of these Silks. 4673 Green and Crimson, shot, recommended to be be made in good colors without border. Hurry How. 4077 White'Silk, Hurry Row : this silk shows that the white silks recommended to be made can be well made in Tanjore. 4679 Red and white squares, very good silk, re- quires only change of pattern and its man- ufacture in modern colors to make it very saleable. 5175 A flounced Dress Piece, the only thing of the kind in the Exhibition, deserves the highest praise ; the style is plain, but it is evident that this first step, if well followed up will lead to rapid improvement. If made in other colors would be very saleable. 4668 Red and Yellow, recommended to be made in good colors without border. 4669 Green and Yellow stripe — good texture. 4671 4672 4680 4681 4633 4684 6160 5174 Red and white squares, very good silk, re- quiring only change in pattern. Recommended to be made in good colors without borders. Handkerchiefs very creditable. Good native cloth, mixed, do. „ do. „ Bull twilled — this in suitable colors would be a most useful silk, G. Soobroy Chetty : this man could make white silk for export. Sashes. As imitations creditable but require much improvement. MYSORE. The Jury in their general remarks have noticed the promising nature of the Mysore section, one great point, that of cheapness coud)ined with quali- ty has been attended to, and if persevered in, must be followed by remunerative results. The patterns here require modernizing and some change in tex- ture is also necessary, whilst at the same time the present should be continued. Great attention to the important art of dyeing is necessary, the silks also are too naiTow . ^lysore exhibits no AVhite Silks, but looking to the qualities and prices of its colored fabrics it could certainly take a leading place in a general trade in these. 4234 Black and Crimson, good and cheap, recom- mended to be made in colors suited for European wear. 4235 Three pieces in Colors — bad taste. 4236 Five pieces Check — deserving notice from their peculiarity above others and their cheapness, but recommended to be made of more durable substance. 4237 Two pieces, require improvement in quality and color. 4238 Check, requires greater taste in pattern, qua- lity good. 4239 Four pieces Shot, and others, quality middling. 4240 Inferior but cheap, mixed. 4208 Check requires better taste. 4270 do. 4271 do. 4272 do. 4275 Black very bad color, mixed. 6812 Woman's cloth, good and cheap. 6830 do. 4670 Good native cloth. SA.LEM. 2400 Man's cloth, material and texture veiy good, price moderate. 2392 Woman's cloth, good and cheap. 2393 Handkerchiefs — quality inferior, color bad. 2500 Cloth of middling qualitv. 2501 do. 2502 do. .\ 4 118 SILK AND VELVET. [Ctiss XII J. 19^0 1912 1915 1916 1»17 1918 1919 2008 2010 2011 3013 2016 2021 2023 1024 2027 776 9304 1321 ADONI. AVnntins in qunlity. Good substniice, thread bnilly spun, uneven, price inoderale. Wanting in quality. Cloth BELLAKY. Xatire clotli, coarse and dear. do. do. ^Yhite, very uneven. Sillc cholay, well made, good colon. „ middling. Mixed Silk and cotton, middling. CIIINGLEPUT. Native Cloth, nothing to recommend it- VATAPOLLIUM GUNTOOR. Seems to have been in the last Exhibition and to have received a Medal. Very inferior to Silks now Exhibited. MADURA. Gold and Silk Handkerchief — light texture, prettily made. I PARAMACOUlf XIAULllA. 4751 Mr. Boalth, Jloonsitf of ihis place, exhibits three pieces of Silk Handkerchiefs the pro- duce of this Village, they are very good and moderate in price, Mr. Boaltii says that the weavers arc too poor to work otherwise than with advances, which is much to be regretted, as the specimens show that with means to do so an article could be produced that would stand well in the market. W. K. NoKKOR, Ri'jjurUr. Madrah, 29lh April 1857. JURY AWARDS. MADRAS. No. Mr. Underwood, Piiia Silk, 1st Class Medal. IIYDSABAD. No5. 6228 & 64fi9 Silks One First Class Medal. 6088 & 6172 ditto One Second ditto. No. 6078 ditto Honorable mention. 6081 ditto ditto. 6464 ditto ditto. 6404 Satin ditto. KLRSOOI,. 79 Orange and Red Square Cloth, indifferent. TANJORE. No. 5175 l)ress piece. 1st Class Medal. 4673 Silk Honorable mention 4677 ditto ditto. 5170 ditto MYSORi:. ditto. No. 4234 Silk Honorable mention 4236 ditto ditto. 4108 4108 4108 MASUHPATAM. Two handkerchiefs — texture very creditable, cheap. Two Black — not so good. Two Blue — light texture, bad color, dear. One Ions ditto. PARANGODY, MADIRA. No. 4751 Silk Handkerchiefs, Honorable mention. E. AV. NOKFOK, Heporter. Mauras, 29th April 1857. Class. XIV. ll'J CLASS XIV. MANCFACTDRES FROM FLAX AND HBMP. Jury. Tlie Honorable Sir. H. C. Montgombet, Rist. Chairman. The Honorable Waltee Elliot, Esq. W. E- Underwood, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Balfour, c. b. H. F. C. Clkghorn, Esq. m. d. Colonel F. A. Reid, c. b. A Hunter, Esq., u. d. Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Peabs, c. b. J. D. Sim, Esq. Colonel iE. Shirkepf. Major J. Maitland. Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Budu, Lieutenant Colonel A. .M'Calli. Colonel P. Hamond, Reporter. Major G. Simvso.v, Captain W. C. Bakeb. Captain C. Biden. W. E. Cochrane, Esq. J. BiNNr Key, Esq. W. Abbuihnot, Esq. J. L. LUSHINGTON, Esq. J. T. Maclagan, Esq. A. T. Jaefrey, Esq, E. Beaumont, Esq. Lieutenant Mitchell, Reporter. T. Peachey, Esq., Reporter. Dr. W. Flynn, g. m. m. c. W. B. Wright, Esq. G. Williams, Esq. N. C. MooRooGASEN MoodelltaT. C. V. CoNNiAH Chettjar. C. Rusganada. Shastree. f^ub Conductor Bbiggs, Reporter. W. B. LiDDELL, Esq. Captaia Hawkes. The manufactures from Flax and Hemp and their immediate substitutes, although not extensive, are most of them excellent specimens, and exemplify in an interesting manner, some of the many uses to which Indian fibres may be applied. The Jury whilt; regretting, that the scanty means and imperfect mechanical appliances of India, must inevitably retard the development of her resources, and to a great extent operate agaiust the reception of her manufactures, whenever cheapness of produc- tion and extreme strength and perfect workmanship are indispensable ; yet, view the proofs displayed of the inherent value of Indian material as extremely valuable ; and they are convinced that in fibre manu- facture, nothing but the instruction of the people in the Englisli methods, and the judicious introduction of the requisite machinery arc required, to enable the production of Cordage of a quality equal to, and at a cost far below the English supplies. The production of fibre, its preparation and after manufacture, has, until lately, been very inconsider- ably and unskilfully conducted, and the marked improvement now displayed in the raw material and manufactured cordage, establishes the value to be derived from periodical expositions of art and indus- ti-y, and of the willingness of the native operatives to adopt European methods, when their value and usefulness are practically exemplified. It is now almost universally admitted, that few countries can surpass India in the variety and excellence of its fibrous productions. That these have not sooner or more willingly met with acceptance by the European manufacturers is attributable, /r«< to the difficulties which always T20 MANUFACTURES FROM FLAX AND HEMP [Class XIV. exist to tlip iutroiiuclion of new and imtricd ina- tpiial, lo the absence of information on tlie part of the inannfacturers, as to the variety, quantity, qua- lity, value and means of afVordinp; abundant supply of Indian Fibre, and secondly, to the imperfection (from unskilful treatment) of the sam])les and con- aignraenls forwarded to England. The attention of many competent judges in In- dia has Innp; been turned lo this nnaeeouiUable neglect, of what might be India's chief staple of production and export. The present compared with the preceding exhibition shews how much good has followed the endeavour to ])lace the produc- tion and preparation of Fibrous substances on a j jjroper footing. j The requirements of a large and populous country j like India, must necessitate the use of cordage ; varying from extreme cheapness and simplicity of | manufacture, to the expensive and trustworlhy de- scriptions at present only procurable in Europe. That the higher requirements of the public ser- vice cannot be satisfactorily supplied from local resources is easily accounted for, and is not at all surprising when the total want of capital and ma- chinery and the little skill of the native manufac- turers are considered. ^^ heuever danger to life or property might follow the employment of inferi- or cordage, the use of the Europe manufacture is imperative ; and this, less from the inferiority of the material employed in this country, than from its imperfect manufacture occasioning uncer- tain quality ami irregular strength. There is however ample evidence to justify tlie expectation, that when skilled labour and fit- ting raaehin«ry are employed, the working up of Indian Fibre into cordage equal to the English, is not only possible, but also, that the English will be surpassed in durability and strength, from the superior fitness of the Indian fibres to resist the eft'ects of a tropical climate. In the specimens of cordage and twine examined •Coir. Cocosmicifera. bv the jury, they observed that Aloe. Agnvc species chief care had been bestowed Uarool. Sansiviera zey- ,,„_,, ik„..„ i,'i » i • i Innica upon those libres*, which ex- Terkum. Calotropis gig- permient have proved the best »"'«^ „... material for cordage. The more Ambaree. Hibiscus can- „ •, , , , nabinus common, avadable and cheap- Jute, corchorus er materialsf are represented in t Wild date. Plmniit a less ambitious form. The uactvlifcra , ., , , . PalDiyfa. Borassus fla- ''"^*er manufactures are luter- Wliformns esting as shewing how cheaply Seemay eattalay. Four- and easily the agl-icultural re- Screw pine, pandauns luirements ot the country can odoratissimus be supplied. In the higher samples of native manufacture, the jury remark how evidently the production of su- perior samples has been the work of time and la- bour to the enliancement of the cost ; and yet how unfitted they are to compete with the machine pro- duced fabrics of Europe- With but few exceptions, the fault so common in nalive rope when manu- (actured in imitation of the English, viz, too great a twist, hardness and consequent weakness, is ob- servable ; and the niievenness of the strands in many of the specimens, shew how insullicient the native methods of manufacture arc, to ensure equal strength, or to bring out the full value of the material employ- ed. It is a question worthy of consideration, whether encouragement atlorded to the production of superior native niannfacturcs is likely to prove advantage- ous, while the sole means of production is by hand labour. The coniniou requirements of the native population have been satisfactorily supplied by the rough and cheap manufactures of the country ; nrul although improvement is commendable, it is very doubtful whether the greater cost occasioned by such improvement, would be appreciated, or prove remnucrativc. No solely native nuinufacture carri- ed cm in the present unscientific and desullory manner, would be acceptable in the higher require- ments of the public service, — the mechanical means of England can alone ensure abundance of supply, equality and cheapness ; in the existing social condi- tion of India, no vents exist for the costly pro- ductions of hand labour. AVhile viewing, therefore, the samples of cord- age manufacture, as evidence of the fitness of the Indian material for such employment, the Jury cannot award to the manufactured specimens the credit of representing a true and legitimate branch of India's industry. Excellence of workmanship is apparent in many, but no proof exists that exten- sive demands could be met, or that equality with the samples would be certain. Great credit is due to all who have interest- ed themselves in the exemplification of this branch of manufacture, and though it is to be regretted that the obstacles to a cheap and abundant supply of many very valuable among the samples are too "-reat at present to render them of commercial importance, yet the proofs shewn of the excellence of the mate- rial employed, and its titness for manufacture under more favorable circumstances, will be of great value and eventually fulfil the purpose for which their ex- hibition was intended. Of all the fibrous productions of India, the Coir {Cocos nucifera) holds in native estimation the highest place : whether employed in the form of rough twine for trying on the roofing of huts, to fasten the rude equipments of the native plough and cart, or to withstand the hurricane as a cable it is found equally useful. Its exten- sive employment for secondary purposes in the Public Service and Marine is well known. The best Coir is procurable from the Laccadive Islands ; but being chiefly imported to, and worked up on ! western coast, the principal supply for Southern India ! is derived from the indigenous plant. The specimens ' of Coir Cordage arc vcrv good, and though none i;i..\ss xj V. j MANUFACTURES FROM FLAX AND HEMP. 121 are of large size, tlie samples from Taiijore alone, are sullicieiit to shew its applicability for everv pur- pose to wliicli Cordage is applied, and its value as a cheap and useful manufacture, if the aid of raachi- nery were brou^'ht to bear. Coir, from specimens shewn in the form of rugs and carpets, dyes freely, and this property suggests t!je applicability of the material for many of the requirements of social life. From the light colour of most of the Indian Fibres, they are well adapted for dyeing, and many which, from the shortness of the staple are useless for Cordage, ivould prove valuable material in the manu- facture of Carpets, Mats, Eugs Sec, and particular- ly for the flooring of Railroad Carriages. An immense amount of flatting is rerpiired by public Institutions in Europe, and for Railway Stations, Waiting Eooms, Offices kc. and which are at present mostly covered with a superior but very expensive descrip- tion of Cocoauut matting, some of which is worked up with hemp. iMany of the far cheaper Indian Fibres might prove equally useful, and the Jury are anxious that experiments may be instituted to dis- cover the best material for these puri)oses. The "Efface species" is represented by contri- butions from most of the Districts, anil appears also a favorite material with the Native manufactu- rers ; its applicability for the finer kinds of twine is well known. The fineness and length of the fibre Irom the young leaves, enables the production of a superior description of Cordage, but its tendcnry to rot, when exposed to moisture lias proved a serious drawback to general use. Science and experiment may yet discover an antidote for this failing, and should such be the case few fibrous substances offer greater advantages for general manufacture. The .-/. Americana, aj)pears best suited for Cordage and the y^. Vivip'iri for woven fabrics. !Many of the samples forwarded have been dyed of various colours, and appear well adapted for Punkahs, lamps and other internal uses iu houses. Marool " Sansiviera Zeylunica" is but. lightly re- presented in a manufactured form ; the chief exhi- bitor being Hurry Row of Tanjore. Good Cordage Irom Cuddapah aud Guntoor is shown and a service- able looking line from Masulipatam. Dr. Kirkpatrick forwards from Bangalore some excellent twine. The dyed Ropes from Tanjore are very good. Palmyra. " BorassusJlaheUifoniits" though use- ful as a material for common Cordage does not ap- pear to promise much if employed for the superior descriptions. A few of the samples of Rope for- warded have been carefully got up. JFild date, "Phoenix dactylifera," is useful for agricultural purposes; but two samples of rope have been forwarded. Hurry Row forwards from Tanjore a specimen of Cordage from the Plantain Pibre : this beautiful material is liowirver too costly for Cordage but ad- mirably adapted for weaving. Yercum," Culotropiigiganlea." Good specimens of Cordage are exhibited by the Local Committee Ma- sulipatam, Messrs Fischer and Co. of Salem and Dr Kirkpatrick ; the value of this fibre, if machine treated, is well known. Sunn or Janapa, " Crotolaria Juncea." This is one of the most useful of the Indian hemps and is largely exported to England. Some good Cordage is exhibited by the Masulipatam Local Committee. Ambaree, " Hibiscus Oannabinus," is represented iu a manufactured form, by the Local Committee Masulipatam, Messrs Fischer and Co. of Salem and by L. Paupiah iu Gunnies ; the latter manufacture is the finest specimen in the Exhibition. Gunnies would make excellent corn sacks, and would afford them at a much lower price than is now paid at Home. Some specimens of Rope manufactured in the .■\r- senal at Secunderabad from " Ambaree " and other of the Deccan Fibres deserve especial notice as strikingly exercplifyiug the value of scientific treat- ment in the manufacture of Cordage. In the early part of 1S56, Captain Harrow and Dr. Eiddell insli- tuted a series of experiments at Secunderabad with the Deccan Fibres, and carried on the manufacture with native Rope makers. The Rope thus manu- factured and tested at the Grand .Arsenal, Madras, gave the following results : Hin'oolee Snnn, Fibre 4-i inch Hrukfwilh 3372 lbs. Ellichapore Burro, do 4| do do 3933 lbs. Do Ambaree, do 4 do do 2637 lbs. HinsooleeSunn, do 3^ do tanned do 125G lbs. Do do do 3i do not tanned do 3441 lbs. Do Ambaree, do 3^ do do 3fi09 lbs. EUich.apore .\nibaree do 3i do do 2701 lb». Uingoulee Sunn, do 3 do do 21G5 lbs. Do do do 2J do do 2713 lbs. Do Ambaree, do 2} do do 2209 lbs. Ellichapore do do 2J do do 8097 lbs. Do Proharee, do 2i do do 5153 lbs. A second experiment carried on with the assistance of a European Rope-maker aud with machinery im- proved under his directions as far as the resources of the Arsenal would admit, gave still more favorable results. Ambaree 5 inch Broke with 9167 lbs. Do. 3A „ „ 5117 „ Do. 3 „ „ 4407 „ Do. 3 „ „ 1720 „ The Jury while considering the saniplcs of Rope from Secunderabad as the most perfect ma- nufacture in this class, still view the purpose for which the Exhibition was established as intended to encourage and display the native industry of the country ; and the above samples having been pro- duced by European agency and with every assis- tance the resources of an extensive Arsenal could afford, cannot be placed in competition with the unaided efforts of native industry. Great credit is due to all concerned in the manufacture of this Rope, and the experiment is truly valuable as proving the great worth of Indian Fibre when pro- perly treated. Considering, however the care and A 5 1-22 MANUFACTURES FROM FLAX AND HEMP. [Class XIV nltentioii bcsloued, nml llic I'act tliat it represents tlic only l«'i,'itiiiiiile iiuiiiufacUiie in tliis Class, tliat any amount of supply can lie oljtaiiied, and that liie purpose of the nianulaclure is to remove tlic prejudice existing against tlie raw material, and to siiew tiiu capahililies of the Country for carrying on maiuifaoturcs if the recpiisite nu'chanical agency and trained skill be introduced; the Jury vceom- ineiul that a first class medal l)e bestowed on Cap- tain Jjarrow and Dr. Ritldell and this high award being sui)plenuntal to the re wards the Jury pro- ])Ose for the sujierior nianufactures in this Class, no injustice will be done to the other competitors. A very superu)r description of Cordage, manu- factured in the Arsenal at Jiaiigalore is also sliewn, but not eijual to that from Secunderabail ; the mauufaeturc is very good, but the nuiterial employed does not appear e(pud in strength or well cleaned. Allusion has been made to the large requirements of the Railways in Europe. There is one manufac- ture extensively required by them, viz. Canvas for making Tarpaulins wherewith to cover loaded Wagons. If any of the coarser kinds of Indian Fi- bres could be made np, of great breadth, of a tex- ture that would resist the wet, retain the paint, bear fokling up and knocking about, and the alternations of heat and cold, wet and dry, at a inodeiate price any quantity might be taken ; the average cost of a Wagon Tarpaulin is in England 21 Rupees. Of the liner Fabrics there are but 13 specimens contributed by two Exhibitors, viz. W . E. Underwood, Esq. Hurry Row, Tunjorc. W. Unilcrwood Esq. lias shewn the best manufac- ture and finest article jiroduced, from two Fibres, viz. * Marool. Saitseviera Zci/lunira and one said to be, f I'inc Apple. Aiianana Hdliva — as the prices are not affixed, it is impossible to de- cide on the merits of these fabrics as Articles of Commerce. The Fine Apple cloth is particularly beautiful, and would, if it could be produced at a reasonable rate, command a ready sale. The 5Ia- rool cloth too, if it dyes well, might be very exten- sively used. Hurry Row exhibits. JIarool at Us. 5 70 per yard No. 4608 Pincapiilc at Ea. 7 '.(• per yard No. 4704 4705 Do, at Ks. 3.2.6 per handker- chief No. 4707 Plantain at Us. 1.10,0 per do. No. 47(1!) Asiave Americana at Ks. 4.0 7. per yard No. 4701 Verciini at Us. 'J. 12.0. per yard No. 4708 All these prices are loo high, and can oidy tend to preclude the possibility of the manufactures ob- * Nos. 7W1.0073. t Nos. 7S70. taining a market in Europe, where c([uallv good and iulinitely cheaper fabrics are produced, although the first cost of the material and the labour iu preparing it for manufacture, must occasion large outlay. It is much to be regretted that the specimens in this class and of this description of fabric, are so few, as without doidjt the flax s|)inners of Ireland, Scotland, Belgium, Holland and (jirnnniy must ere very long seek for Fibre elsewhere. Flax is the most exhausting crop that grows, on which account landholders, especially in the north of Ireland are prohibiting the cultivation of it, and in England the growth of ilax has been prohibited for years and is made in most cases penal, involving the for- feiture oftlie Leases of the paities raising it. In India it might be produced in abundance, and there does not appear to be any valid or snttieient reason, why, with land so nnieh eheaper, and the cost of labour so trifiing, the Fibres of Iiulia,&ome of which equal, if they do not surpass, the best of Europe, should not with a liltleencouragcmcnt care and per- severance become a large and constantly increasing item of export from this country. The Jury would be glad to see more strenuous eft'orts made to improve the Canvas manufactures of the country ; and would point out to all interested in the mauufaeturc of cordage, the necessity of em- ploying none but good and well cleaned fibre They must rcmembir that it is easy by hanil labour to make good looking rope, but that such, if of unequal strength, or not of the strength nuule the standard in Ivirope, is useless for the higher requirements of the country. Attention should also be turnetl to the many valuable and cheap preservatives procurable iu the comitry. Tarring Cordage in this climate is highly detrimental, and any fermenting preparations inadmissable. The use of some of the metallic salts would prevent rot, resist insects &c,. and some oftlie oils might prove of great benefit as preservatives. The Jury recommend the following jirizes be awarded. To W. E. Underwood Esq., for the best fine fabrics, a 1st Class Medal. To Hurry Row of Tanjore, for his fine fabrics, and very extensive contribution in this Class, a 1st Class Medal. To S. Faupiah, for his very excellciit Gunnies, a 2nd Class Medal. and supplcmcnlary, and for especial approval, to the Secuiulerabad Rope a 1st Class medal, and the Jury suggest that the General Committee should take means to ascertain that the reward iu this instance is given to the true [iroduccr. Cl.\ss XV. 123 CLASS XV. IJErOlir ON MI.\t;D IAUIUCS including SU.WVLS ULT KXCLU31VU OF WOBSTtD GOODS. Jlry. Tlie Xiglit Hon'ble Lord IlAaius. M. Gallois MosTiJias. J. Kellie Esq. S. D. Biiicil, Esq. \V. E. Uni'Erwood, Esq. K. O. Cami'Hell. Esq., lleporler. 3. T.wsE, Esq., Reporttir. JIajor Stewaut. V. V'SERAyEMIALL Pillaj. Sirdar Juxg Bakadook. Uajie Aga Mahomed Bakik, Shekazee, Nemazee. Ill the JIadras Exiuljilion oflS.io there was a fair disphiy of Cashmere shawls which added much to tlie attractiveness of this class of Articles. On tiiis occasion, however, the ol>ject beinj; in a p;reat degree restricted to tiie exhibition of the products and manufactures of this Presidency, and less en- couragement having been given to the display of the costly manufactures of other parts of India none of the shawls of Cashmere or indeed of that description of manufactures arc represented, and, as many of tiie most gorgeous and expensive of the mi.xed fa- brics of this Presidency, consisting of Silk and gold floor cloths, table covers and saddle cloths and trap- pings, come under the designation of Tapestry and Embroidery and are dealt with in another class, the articles exhil)ited in this class consist principally of the beautiful fcilk shawls and bed quilts of My- sore ; of men's and women's cloths of cotton and ; silk, and cotton with gold end)roidery from dif- ferent parts of the country. i Silk Shnwh of Bangalore. — Of these there was a very good display, showing considerable variety | of pattern, the brilliancy of color, wciglit of material i and softness of texture excited admiration. The I range of prices was from Ks. 80 to Ks. 125. ' The handsomest shawl was exhibited by Xaikjie \ Sookaram Xo. 4,223 priced at lis. 115. As is ge- nerally the case in these shawls tlie border was sewed on so as to exhibit the right side at both cornets I when folded for wear. The Jury considered this shawl entitled to pre-eminence, on account of the no- velty of the pattern (a rare rccommiiulalioii in na- tive manufactures) and the beauty and h;unioiiy of tlic colors, and awarded for it a Second Olam medal. Another shawl exhibited by Koday Tooljee No. 4217, priced Ks. 125, similar in size to the above but of a more ordinary pattern and on which the colors were not so well harmonized attracted the notice of the Jury and they considered it worthy of honorable mention. Silk Bed quills. — These were also of Bangalore manufacture very similar in texture and style to the shawls and, like them, not in one piece but con- sisting of difl'Lrent pieces sewed together. The Jury did not consider any of these so remarkable as to deserve the distinction of a meda,l but they deem- ed the following entitled to honorable mention. .\o, 4-,21G priced ils. 75 KxhibitcJ by Cod.iv Tooljah. 4,21S „ „ 100 „ Dand;"ilni Ksorsee. 4,222 „ „ 80 „ Naikrjec Sookaram. 4,22 !■ „ „ 100 _ „ JIaikjce Munyapah. A black Silk embroidered shawl of Chinese raa- nulaeture exhibited by il/m TaWara attracted great admiration, the embroidery in red silk being of the most perfect workmanship, alike on both sides, and covering the whole shawl. The Jury awarded a me- dal (second class) to the Exhibitor. Mens and Jl 'omen's Cloths.— 01 these there was a very large and liandsome dis])lay principally from Hyderabad, but also from the Mysore country, from Rellary, Chingleput, JIadura, &c.. In this descrip- tion of garment, however excellent the manufacture there is little variety of color or style to attract the eye or call for special remark ; accordingly there was only one which the Jury considered entitled to a second class medal. This was a red women's cloth from C'oiijciveram No, 773 exhibited by Moonased manufactured of silk and gold. The weight and value of material and the elegance of design excited admiration. 124 KEPORT ON ^[TXEn FABRICS. [Class XV. Tlie clollis of .•ollon and silk fiansiintted by llie llydeiabail Kxliibitioii Coinniittee from Salar Jung liiiliadooi- and also by tlie Hyderabad Local Com- iiiiltep were niimcroiis and Rood, and the assortment was considered entitled to honorable mention. There were also two cloths which attracted the notice of the Jury for their simplicity and elegance, viz. No. 6,023 a Sadu of cotton with gold border and C,103 a do. of silk and cotton both exhi- bited by the Hyderabad Local Committee. These were also awarded honorable mention. Jjikewise a woman's cloth from Bellary No. 2,007 exhibited by 0. Narrappa, ornamented with a rich border of silk and, lace was considered worthy of honorable men- tion. The Jury hope by awarding their commendation principally to improvements in pattern and style and to judicious departures from the stereotyped fashion in these universally used articles of native apparel into the manufactures to give their atten- tion more to such improvements. JURY AWARDS. 4-.2:3 'J,U87 778 3,217 4-,216 4,-:is 4,222 4,22+ fi,023 ■ 0,103 2,007 Objects Rkwap.dkd. Silk Sliawl. limbroiilcred Silk Sluwl. Womau'sClotliSilk and gold Silk Rhawl. Silk Red quilt. do. do. do. Men*s and Women's cloth. do. Naikjpe Sookaram, .Miss Tatham Moonasec, Honorable Meitiio". Kodiy Tooljee, do do Dondalia E.sarsce, Naikjee Sookaram Meikjee Miingap.ilt Salar Jun^ Bahadoor, .- Hvdi abad Local Committee I llydrabadLocalConimittccSadce or Woman's cloth. |G. Karrappah ^^^^J ^o. with la ce border. R. 0. Campbeli,, Reporter. J. Tawse, Reporter. Class XVI.] 125 CLASS XVI. LEATHER, INCLUDING SADDLERY AND lURNESS, SKINS, FUR, FEATHERS AND HAIR. Jury. His Excellency Lieutenant General Sir P. Grakt, k. r. Lieutenant Colonel W. G. \^'ooDs. The Honorable Sir H. C. Mostgomert, Bart. Captain T. TitoMP.sox. Captain R. Vi'. Haikes. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hili,. S. D. BiRcn, Esq. Captain H. A. Horr.. Colonel jE. Shirreki'. Major G. \V. Y. Simpson, Reporter. At a moment wiien tiie manufactures of this Presidency are in n transition state, passing from the old unaided manual labour system to all the great advantages conferred by the introduction of Steam Machinery, it seems imperative that one of the most important should not be overlooked. The manufacture of Leather in this Presidency, whether regarded with reference to the requirements of the Public Service, or in a commercial point of view, is scarcely second to any other manufacture either in extent or importance ; but, before entering on the i question of Tanning it may not be uninteresting, or uninstructive, to sub]nil a Ijrief sketch of the Ex- ports of Hides and Tannin substances, shipped at Madras for the last 85 years. Commencing with the years 1853-.5-1. the number of untanned Hides exported, cliicfly to England, Holland, and France, was 2, .36,870, "with a money value of 1,33,295; Rupees. In the years 1 S54-56, there were shipments ! of 24,95,403 Hides with a value of G,42,035Rupees; \ and in 1855-50 the exports were 13,38,079 Hides valued at 3,71,736 Rupees, exiiibiting a total number of Hides exported during the last Z\ years ! of no fewer than 00,03,080, of the estimated value 1 of Rupees 24,71,379 ; it has before been observed that the largest exports have been made to England, Holland, and France, and to these may be added Arabia, Persian Gulf, the Indian French Ports, Scinde, and, strange as it must appear, to Bengal for re-shipment to North America ; looking to these facts it is unquestionable that this Presidency pos- sesses within itself the most ample means for meet- ing all its requirements so far as the supply of Raw Hides is involved ; and, in concluding these remarks. The annexed Extrncl from the Leather Trade Report at New York dated January last coro- borates the impression that the consumption of Hides is exceed- ing the supply both in the Home and American Markets. The Leathf.r Trade in America. — Hides and leather have lately gone up to a higher figure than at any previous time within the memory of our oldest boot-wearers. Buenos .\yres hides, the best quality in market, now sell for 34^ cents per lb., while last .June the price was 23 cents. This is a rise of folly fiO per cent, in eight months, though the present supply is not less than usual at this season of the year There has been a gradual advance in the price of hides since 18i9, when the best quality could be bought for eight to nine cents. HOMx LEATnr.RTRABE —Since our last report both leather and hides have become more scarce, and a further advance in price has been realized. The opinion which has been frequently ex- pressed — viz., that the consump- tion of leather is now greater than the production, is fully con- firmed by the actual decrease in stock, and the anxiety of buyers to replace sales. The accounts by the last Brazilian mail report a greatly diminished supply of hides to this country, which cir- cumstance has caused a consi- derable advance in all descrip- tions of sole leather. The Brazils — Hides much inquired after, and sto-ks on hand insignificant ; sales have been effected at 400 reis per lb. A 6 one very striking fact may lie added, that the declared value of the Hides exported from M a d r a s, during the month of February last, reached the very large amount of Rs 2,04,990; and in March last, Ru- pees J, 03, 754; and the marginal quotation from the "Times" of the 9th March, gives reason to expect that still larger exports may be looked for. Turning now to the means for converting Hides into Leather, we find within the Presi- dency rich and abundant Tannin substances at our command, and to show how fully the value of these substances is appreciated elsewhere, it is necessary once more to refer to the export trade of this Port. First taking the Tan- nin substances, catechu, cutch, terra japoninca, and terra, all terms, in general use with Tanners to designate one and the same substance, but not accurately so.for catechu. 126 LEATHER, INCLUDING SADDLERY AND HARNESS. [Class XVI. for dry and 3(>0 nis per Hi. fur is Hie inspissated iujuu- ,lr,- bultea which. ;a il»: cv „„s extract prepared, not cliaiiL'e of :;>(!, 13 (•. for tliL- former, only Ironi the Jiiirkaiid :iuil il-7:iJ. pt-rlb. forthulatu-r, wood of the " Acacia ca- iroc o.> board, without frnsht. ^^^^^^^„ .,,,j ..niiuiosa ca- tcchu"but also from "Uncaiia Gainbir." Tlie Bombny Catcclin being obtaiiieil from tlie fornici, and the Bengal Catechu, I'roni the latter. The Bombay pro- duce is of a dark brown- ish red colour, and is Ucogal Bombay Cittechu. Catecliue. !)7.... .. 109 Tannin. ( Extractive 73.... .. 08^ Catcchuic (, Acid ]0.... .._ 13 Mucillage. H.. 484 Cwt. at 1992 lis. 136i 698-t „ 2908 22971 „ 658 27C4 „ cwt. of Catechu valued at jg iLiiiic & Alu- stated to be the richer of ' '"'""• the two in Tannin. Tiie 200 -00 Bombay variety is com- ■ monly called " Cutch," while the Bengal produce of a lighter brown colour, is termed " Terra." Catchu is also obtained in large quantities from IVgue, it is packed in large masses, and is noted for its excellent quality. The Catechu exported from Madras to England, IJombay, France, and Ceylon, was in the years be- fore referred to, that is, in 1853-54... 1854-.55... 1855-56... the years. f'°"* 0/ ... or in 3^ years 5,419 cwt Rupees 34;657. Tlie next Tannin substance we find as an export is the " Gail nut." In the year 1853-54 the ex- ))orts were 613 cwt. valued at 6,430 Rs. In 1854-55 ... 5,839 cwt at 7,0)8 „ In 1855-56 ... 6,806 „ estimated at 6,891 „ shewing a total quantity in 3 years of 13,318 cwt. of tiie value 15,339 Rs. Large shipments of Gall nuts have been made to Calcutta and Bombay. T'lie Gall nut does not rank very high in the Home market for Tanning purposes, consequent on the presence of Gallic acid in the nuts, which although soluble in water is useless in the tanning process, being incapable of combining with Gelatine, and Gelatinous tissue like Tannin. The next substance found in our List of Exports, " Myrobalans," is perhaps one of the best Tannins procured in this Presidency, and possesses proper- lies equal to any Tannin substance with which we are acquainted. Again referring to the same periods — The Export of Myrobalans 1853-54 amoimted to 4,144 cwt. at the estimated value of Ks. 8,477. In 1854-55—5,217 cwt. at Rs. 7,891 Tartof 1855-56— 9U7 „ „ 3,232 or in 3 years 10,629 cwt. of the value of Rs. 18,000. The chief shipments of liiis large quantify were made to England and France. \ The " Myrobalans" contain a very large propor- tion of astringent matter, but Tanners in u.sing Myrobalans must guard against all circumstances which favour the conversion of Tannin into (jallic acid, which hitter, as before observed, is inoperative in Tanning. Divi Divi altho' procurable also in the I'lesidency, and a well known Tannin in the Home Market, is not found among our exports, and it is dillicult to deterniine to wliat extent it is used in local Manufacture. The whole of the T'annin matter in Divi Divi is Ibund in the rind of the Rod, or beneath the epi- dermis of the Pod. The Divi Tannin is stated to resemble that of the (iail luit, and soon enters into a state of fermentation when mixed with water. The Leather T'anned by Avcr.i-e quantities of I'crCt. means of Divi ; is gene- 1 annul lu Catecliul5oinbay oj*0 ,, ° , Bengul. HO '"".V very porous, and Kino Tanin and extractive 75 exhibits a deep browil- Nutt Galls... GUI) i^h nd mlow ; if how- lerra or Oambir 40 n m • -r-,- • ever the iannins, Divi, Tannin Substances obtained in atld Myrobalans, be llyderabad Territory. \\%cA In closed Pits, iXxi- Cassia Auriculata ... U urnngiil , . r i t .1 Acacia Arabica Wuruni;iil Coloration of thcl.cather and Ncermul. is avoided. Of the pe- Cassi... Fistula Arnioor. ^^^Y^^^. ,,u.,li,ies of the liotia rrondosa Aruioor. ,,, . 1,, .( r,.| Thcspcsia I'opuluca.. Armoor. Xaniun trom Ihail- gliedee" Bark very lit- tle is known, and indeed with regard to all the Tannin substances found in the Presidency it is most needful that some systematically conducted series of experiments should be entered on, under chemical supervision, to determine their relative merits. Sumach, the Rhus Glabrum, or Coriari, an ex- cellent Tannin, seems confined to Mysore, where it is an Exotic, the Plant however thrives well and needs little care, the leaves and bark contain the Tannin. It is used in England for tanning the lighter and finer kinds of leather, and realises a good price in tlic English Market. A peculiarity of Snmach is that it dues nut impart any color to the Leather in Tanning. Having thus briefly re- ferred to the Hides and Tanning substances found in the JIadras Presidency, it may not be out of place to notice some of the stages of the process of Tanning, which appear least nnderstood in local Manufacture. First to the lAming process. I'he action of the Lime is continued for too long a time, and in too sudden and in too strong solutions To obtain a good leather this process needs the most careful supervision, it sliould be commenced by im- mersing the Hides in weak solutions, and passing them on to stronger, watcliicg the indication of the completion of the process, that is the yielding of the Hair and Epidermis to the touch. The duration of the liming being dependant on the state of the atmosphere, and the texture of the Hides. It is most important that Hides should Class XVI.] LEATHER, INCLUDING SADDLERY AND HARNESS. 127 be thoroiKjlihj cleanned from Lime before immci'- siou ill tlie 'I'aiiiiiii solution. 'riie Limiiifj; process is full of peril to tlie Hides ill iinskillt'iil iiaiids, as in over liming- a portion of tlie Gelntinous tissue of the Hide is disintegrated, and removed in tlii' form of Gelatin, or else so al- tered ill structure as to become incapable of com- bining- willi tlie Tannin ; tlie Leather produced (if over limed) is liglit, loose, and perishable. Looking to the absence of skilled labour in this rontilry it is very desirable that some other method than the (bngerous one of liming siionld be follow- ed. The same results may be obtained by means of acids in dilute solutions, sour milk may be effective, fermented Rice water, and some other Ve- getable acidulous matters. The greater portion of the Leather Tanned in this I'residency exhibits all the ill features of occr Lim- iiir/.i, and Leather too rapidly made. In order that the animal fibre may thoroughly com- bine with the Tannin time is the one essential to produce a good leather ; the I'anning process must be gradually and skdfully conducted in all its stages. It forms however no part of the Juries duty to en- ter more fully on the system of Tanning. Their re- jiiarks being confined to general points only, but they must observe that s. good practical Hand Pook OH Tanning ap])licable to this country, would be of .great value, and constitute the best means of lead- ing Native Tanners to an intelligent knowledge of the work they carry on. The Jury now proreed to notice the Tanned Hides and skins included in this Exhibition, and, although several of the speci- mens are of a very satisfactory (juality, it is un- <|iiPstionable that tlie manufacture of Leather in the Presidency is still capable of great improvement and development. lUilfaloo, liullock, and Cow Hides, have been con- tributed from the Hoonsoor Government 'J'annery, and from the Tannery under Mr. Coghlan, at Ban- galore : from both Tanneries Call", Goat, and Sheep skins have also been exhibited, and one Pig skin from ilr. Coghlan. The leathers of all descriptions taking the lead in this exhibition are those from the Hoonsoor Pits, some of the Buffaloo and Bul- lock Hides would bear comparison with the out turn of English Pits, the Goat and Sheep skins are Tl.es. IHJes^-ororlnselyrolled "'^O a.V got np, rirnl l^ept ill a ,hrt part of tlie and are the only leatlieis riiimi. They were never c.^pos- exhibited which have eil (o the aetiou of either Brilli- „„. „l,«.,.„ „ * ,1„ ., ant li^'htor air. or perhap., the "°'' f'"="" => tendency tcndeney to change iniKht have tO that fawn red disCO- Ijecii observed, as in oihci speci- lonration on exposure to mens less fortunately placed. *i „ ; i ■ i • r -' ' the air, which is one ot the distinguishing ill features of Country I'anned leathers, the Jury feel gratified in awarding a 1st Class Medal to the Superintendent of the Hoonsoor J'its. The leiithers next in merit to the Hoonsoor col- lection arc those exhibited by Mr. Coghlan from the I'angalore Pits. The liuffaloB and Bullock Hides arc very well tanned, but have not preserved their colour in places exposed to the air, the Jury consider Mr. Coghlan entitled to a 2d Class Medal. The Military saddle exhibited from the Body Guard Pits is extremely TOs saddle has been .ulijcctcd „,^.|i ,t together, and tea lar more severe trial than t i i r- any other article of Leather ex- the Jjeatlier, when hrst hiijited, having been for the last placed in the Exhibi- 2 months placed exactly in front ,;„_ „._„ ./ oi./.oiu,.t ofa Window-bvwhiel. it«.as "°"> "^^ "^ excellent exposed to the full rays of the eolor and appearance. Sun, whereas all otlier leather but, since it has Stood was more or less, TOfflfaftwcMer, „„ ■I<%.1,;l,;,,-„„ »!,» sheltered. ^ ' on Exhibition, the It is the opinion of the Tan- leather, has assumed ner that no leather prepared in the fawn red colour ill India could have stood such a ,„„ ,„-,i n ,. tjj, common with all the tanned leathers exhibit- ed, with the exception of those from Hotmsoor ; the leathers used are of good substance, but the discolouration prevents this saddle from taking the place it would otherwise have assumed. The Jury award a 2d Class medal. The leathers exhibited by Mr Crow are general- ly well tanned, some of the coloured skins exhibit- ed by Mr. Crow are of a superior description to the ordinary productions of the local market. The two Harnesses exhibited do not appear to be supe- rior to the usual deseripiions of Harness at all times to lie obtained at Madras. Some kid skin^ are of a fair quality, but do not admit of compari- son with the kid skins of Europe, the same remark applies to the specimens of wash leather. The Jury award Honorable mention. Noorasingadoo, at Ellore, has furnished a good variety of tanned leathers, several of fair appearance, but the time given to the Tanning process has been too brief to produce a good leather ; over liming and too little time in the Tan Pits, can produce only an unsatisfactory result. Collapa, at Bellaiy, has also exhibited a Buff Hide, and a fair variety of tanned skins, luit the same icmaiks apply as above, large quantities of lime and 41 days only in the Tan Pits, can never produce a serviceable leather. Rungiah Charloo, Sydapet, Chingleput, and Palavaram. Here again we find traces of over liming and rapid tanning, which are the character- istics of all the Native tanned leather exhiliited. A good Hand Book on Tanning in Tamil is greativ needed. There are several specimens of Sheep, Goat, and Deer skins, with some coloured sheep skins, exhi- bited by Veerasawmy Moodelly, at Palghaut, but the Jury cannot report favourably of them. Some coloured Sheep skins from Hyderabad, ex- hibit good results with regard to the colouring; matter used, but the tanning is not above the usu- al native standard. 128 LEATHER, INCLUDING SADDLERY AND HARNESS. (Class XVI. Some Skin? f.iiily onougli Tanned liavc l)een px- liibited by Meerapilla Lubi)ay,Gliengleput, and some fair specimens l)y Cossey Rowl, Salem. The Local Connnittccat (iuntoor have exhibited specimens of Goat, Sheep, spotted Deer, and Aiite- i(ipe skins, and allhonsih thecb'fects in Tanning be- fore allnded to are found in those specimens, they are perhaps, snperior to the p;cneral average of the Native Tanneries. The Jury ol)serve some j;ood specimens of Hear skins exhibited by J. Cotton Esq., Masulipatam. To The Secret ar>i Madras Exhibition 1S57. Sir, — I have ihe honor to ropvesent on the part of .lury Class XVI, that to enable tlieni to make their Ileport on leather of any practical value, it is necessary that information on the several points I'.ereunder mentioned, be obtained from the Ex- iiiliitors, and to beg that tlic Exiiibition Committee, will be pleased to adopt steps to obtain the same. 1st. The method adopted for removing the hair ? if by liming, describe the process ? the quantity of lime used, and the time the Hide is exposed to its action 't also the method followed in removing the nieli from the Hide, prior to its iuinicrsion in the Tannin solution. 2ndly. The names and distinctive characters of the several Tannin substances used ? to what ex- tent, and where procurable ? the jiriees ? Srdly. The system of Tanning ? whether the Hides are immersed in one strong solution of Tannin, or to successive solutions of increasing strength ? ; the time allowed for the absorption of the Tannin ? 4thly. The method of dressing the Hides ? Sthly. The full time allowed for tanning? that isfromtlie eommenecment of the liming, to the tinal removal of the Hide from the Pits. 1 have Jcc, (Signed) G.^V. Y. Simpson, Major. Reporter Class XVI. llh March 1857. (True Copv,) G. W'. Y. S. Major. 8 'fe. PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHER. 129 - w — - ■ -4- w O "^ .— ■,—, ---- - — . .— — *" ? ^ s ^^ ^ -5 ~ _ 't"= .2 ? 5 _ ,._ -zS ^ r~ c .■- -z — "-jT,? ,-a-3-T:.2 — •- = 5 -= — ct Jj -^ O 1 _ .j: - p ^ . - 3 O gl J- 5. a _r: .^ o i ^ ^ r^ a,:i "o ^^-^ ^ .^ O ■"* CO is n *■ ^ procc 0(1 s 10 t ?ss . u o « - 5 b 2.^ "^ ~ ,^ ^ £ 2.2- ^^ 2 X-' 3 - ~ i: tc.'i S ^ ' j^ "? -T: o .= ^ ^ '^ 1 1 1 ^ s .^ ^ w CO ^ ,2 5 ■ "5 ? 3 M 5 -:; S r. « 5; o«==^^ CO 3j a 3 S — iT. H S 03 C3 M .2 3 Cj -lii -3 S H -^ O — S-2 • v^ > .a ■i £ m °-2 o U3 a) tp g § CO J3 '^ S^.^ •■= a — '^- o :S o CO ■ „ 2 ■" ? 3 ^ rt >^a o 5.0 o •— oc'^rP— -co _Si-3—: '—• n c^— <^3-=:o.S ■=^ ~. ~ r-l ii O = -^ ZS •- S 2 c ;5 1, "S ^ '"3 ■— ~ m!-- f^ j= 3-a:s o o. 2-ra.2.£s— — S n-s.g-s 4 o O 6D • O . , _o S IP A 7 130 PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHER. [Class [iia ^ Jt: — V ■: — - 5^ ifj § S .§* 1^ tin ^ j-^H o-^.s-;;' CO t^o t C "3 O o _= .2 >-4-= "S .2 "3 bO _ o - — « « w — o "" " :3 cc ^ S: d ts o oaaao (t; O C •,'33 « o ■ ^ (fi ' en ::: ~ ■ c ■-? -2 ■ ^ -3 o — _ 1Z S 1 re 5 5 - •S.2 ^ -a £ t; a re s rt !ii " >. re re O OJ p. o o re 'yj o :3^ „ i-i 3 OJ re a re o in OJ fcO g C3 CL. C -3 ~-5 *j c^ o H-l :: P^^ ^ o R ^ ^ H t^. >, o ^ ^ .= .sS re O J Oi m re '^ ^ o a •^* rf — r- re CO j= ~ o "o i5 J- .0 1 - .20 __ .. is « a> 1) 30 ^^ OJ o fe ?.■ pp , be 3 ■^ -B ■" .^.2 fc"-S %"^ 'i5 z3 O pJ3 . — ■ — "§ bc o .=: >? " — to re ^ '-*l« J- t» oj dj (« 5:2 e 3 "ti Class XVL] PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHER. 131 O £ C ^ .^ -S '2 e : — a .:: ■:;n ■ o H c S » i ■^ •= :3 , '^ "-^"^ O I. c Ji c Sj (O "J — ~ S " O) re T "o O K fcD <-- , CS »1 - ! — ~ -r -p '^ i; ;. ^ :2 .2 i & "? S. «) S S. g •? .5 -5 ^•'^ c: a a> « " G <" J5 _- . -S _ "' c ^ I" ^ = ■ -— - £'- S.'o S - (?} oj ■g .-^ a2 g -5 .= ~ -J § " S^ " o a)c — '^''C^paj O " oj ^ 7\ ^ ,2 t» " -a " .£ .2 O - -- c K -3 I — I 0^ , ■5 SiJ2 :; 5 ep ',< tJ 182 PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHER. [Class XVI. a a 1^ E? 'S. \> — . "^ a S <3 ti) .5 r _3 •1) 5 CQ O 'in i- 3J o 3 u (^ o o c o O 3 5 X c O o bp 1 o O (O ■J) 2 CO CO u bJD •S 'S s= a ca (" CO ■*^ S"2-2 := Ul = _ = S .;■" *" c ^ .« ^ — o a^ o _c a> g Ie.S,^^ =:.!_= °£. ■^^■■" i-, — 3 .^ CO . ^ - ol -'■ o -J .M - ■| &-^ 2-S^ "- i^ £ =^ o'i — > c PS cr> o c C3 To to 9 1 ~ 1 J3:^ '«'"^S i-«iO'^iJ':J to a bo _c *> o s .- .- * L, \ i.-- c-= - r^lS — -a "= « ic.i; j^- -^ - - .2-3 « = S .2 _ o S > -^ ■= - > ti) 3 3 a; iliii " "" 5 e O ^ M r— a: j^ o « o C o o 5 .2 Js 09 O V-_ ; '■ — r « eg "a O Class XVI.] PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHER. 133 _ OT a »** ■>— ' "_, _i — * """■ '-^ "t^ "2 : -2 > .2 = g 5 ' Jz -^'^ - '~ CS s:.i"3C) H '^ fit ^ " ^ -S 3, r'" £ = £ §J ., s g =^ == S-^::^5ij:: a p — i-3 -S io s o _~ " S •— ~ . « t2 — ^ to _n ;ff r-4 Cl^ ;j CTwJ -.^ g g r: -^ :^ a.^ ^ ot <■* r; cs "^ ,^ — « __ > K — o ._ i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ o i - .= ^.H A 8 134 PROCESS OF TANNING AND DRESSING LEATHKR [Class XVI. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII BODY GUARD PITS. The Hides an steeped in lime Pit tor ten diiyi and The Hair is lemoved. Left to soak one day in clear water. Scrape the inside of the skin. Leave it three days iu clear water. Put it in Bark Pit one day. Transfer to another Pit with Bark Bran, keep it there for five days. VIII. Take it out of the Pit and put it in the (hade to let the water run ofT. IX. Put it into another Pit with Bark and Bran for thirty days. I use Bran because it helps to clean the leather. I use about one measure of lime to each hide. I have tried a little gallnut on the leather of this saddle as an experiment to keep a good colour. The Barks 1 use are " avarum" and " Vellum." The flowers and Berries of the Divey Tree are better still, when procurable. The kinds of Leather used in making up onr Saddlery are as follows ; — Pilch and Pannels, Plaps. Sheep leathers and wolf. Wallets. Baggage Bags Bridles. Cruppers. Breastplates. Surcingles. I Carbine sockets | and all straps. J Tree. — Trincoraallee Wood. Girthins — Cotton. Sheep Skin. BufFaloe Hide Bullock Hide. CAPT. E. AV. RAIKE3. 25th February, 1857. HOONSOOB TANNERY. Tanning. 1st. To prepare Hides for tanning, the first opera- tion, if they are dry, is to immer.se them in water, a running stream if possible, till they are quite supple, and in order to cleanse them from all impurities removable by water, at intervals during the washing the Hides ought to be well broken over a wooden Tanner's Beam with a half round fleshing knife 2nd. Neilgherry Buffalo Hides take from 3 to 3 days in washing. Cochin Hides the same time, or a little less. Country Bufi'alo, and all Bullock Hides from one to two : all Hides must be quite saturated and perfectly supple before they arc re- moved from the water. 3rd. If the Hides are raw, that is fresh and sup- ple from the carcase, it is necessary to wash them well in water, a running stream if possible, then to have a layer of 2^ lbs. of slaked Chunam laid in the flesh aide of each Hide, which is then to be folded up with tlift flesh side innermost, and allowed to re- main in that slate for about 8 hours, when it is to be opened and put into the lime pits. 4th. The second operation is to immerse the Hides in lime pits, in which they remain for from 10 to 15 days during which they must be handled daily. The lime pits arc prepared by mixing with water 20 baskets of lime for 100 Cochin Buffalo Hides, 15 baskets of lime for 100 Bullock Hides, and 30 basktts of lime for 100 Neilghevry Buffalo Hide-!, each basket containing 2t lbs. 5th After the Butfalo and Bullock Hides have been in these pits for about 8 days, they are fleshed and cleaned with a currier's knife, in 4 ,days more the hair begins to come ofl", the removal of which and of any flesh that may remain occupies about 3 days more. 6th. The Hides are then taken from the lime pits and well washed in water, and then immersed in a solution of Bran for 24 hours. 7th. '1 he third 0))eration is to put the Hides in to Tan pits tilled with water, the Hides are to be put in one by one in regular layers one over the other, and as smoothly as may be practicable ; as the Hides are put into the tan pits small quantities of pounded bark arc thrown in thinly over each layer of Hides, viz. For Pits holding 30 Bullock Hides 1st day 6 BaskeUorlOSIhs. , 45th day 6 BaskeU or 108 lt». 5th do 6 do orl081b». I 7bth do. « do. or 108 lbs 20th do 8 do or \08 lbs. j 90lh do. (i do. or 108 lbs. Making in all 36 baskets of bark to be thrown in on 6 different occasions lor Bullock Hides, which will be tanned in from 13 to 16 weeks. For Pits holding 3U Cochin and Country Buffalo Hides. 1st dav 8 Baskets or 14-1 lbs of Barl;. 6th do 8. do. or 114 lbs. do. 15th do 8. do. or LW Iba do, ;.'&th do 'i. do. or 144 lbs. do ■45th do H. do. or 14-1 lbs. do. Making in all 72 baskets of bark to be thrown in ou 9 different occasions ; these Hidea will be tanned in about 4^ months. Sth. For pits liulding 25 Neilgherry Buffalo Hides, 16 baskets of more bark is thrown in on the 140 and 160 days, making in all 88 baskets oi bark to be thrown in on diti'eient occasions : these Hides will be tanned iu about 5j mouths. 9th. When the Hides are properly tanned they are to be taken out of the pits, anU liung up to dry in the shade, but before they are quite dry tliey ought to be slacked down on a smooth floor or board to take out all creases or bags : they should then be doubled up with the gram side turned in, and again liuug up iu the shade to dry thoroughly. luth. The tan pits should be made with sloping ledges on each side iu order to drain the Hides aiul bark which should be taken out of the pits once in two days, or once every day if practicable, and C3th day 8. Baskets or 144 Ibl. of Bark. 85lh day S do or 144 lbs do. lU3ih do 8 do or 144 lbs uu. \zmh do. 8 do or 14-4 loe uo. Class XVI. 1 PROCESS OK TANNING AND DRESSING LKATHER. 13; placed, the Hides on one side, the baik on tlie other, so that the water from both niny dram back into the pits ; the Hides, after they are sufficiently drained are again to be put into the pits, one at a time, and as each Hide is laid smoothly and sunk in the pit a double handfuU of the bark should be sprinkled over it, leaving say a basket full of tiie bark to be spiinkled on the top layer of the Hide. 1 A basket such as is herein alluded to will hold j about IS lbs. of liark in a dry state. The bark in use at Hoonsoor it that o!"the " Cassia Auricu'.ata," and is considered the best of those found in India for tanning Icallier, it is ground in a mill similar to a larsre Coffee mill previously to its being put into the pits. Dresiing. The hides are soaked in water until the water has penetrated to the centre of the Hide, they are tlien shaved on the flesh side with a cuirier'a knife to the required thickness. 2nd. The Hides are then put into a soak tub with clear water for an hour or two, they are then put through the process of scouring by first sleek- ing them hard on tiie flesh side with an Iron sleeker, and well bruslied two or tliree times with a good hard brush, then turn to the grain side and well stoned out with a smooth stone, and brushed over two or three times. 3rd. The Hides are then hung up till they are about half dry, after wliich one Hide, or half a hide, is laid upon a table and well stoned out on the grain side, theu firmly sleeked out for the purpose of making a smooth surface, tlien an application of Fish Oil is thinly laid on wiih a brush, the flesh side is then turned up and the hide again firmly set out with the sleeker when an application of dubbing (composed of Fish Oil and Tallow) is put on with a brush according to the strength of the Hide, the Hide is then hung up to dry. 4th. When the Hide is thoroughly dry it is taken down and the refuse of grease is sleeked off, it is then bhicked upon the grain or flesh side as it may be required wiih copperas or Iron Liquor, and im- mediately rubbed over with oil to prevent the Iron Liquor from burning the leather, or causing it to crack, they are then well stoned out with a smooth stone, well rubbed over with Tallow, on the blacked side, and then hung up to dry, when dry they are again rubbed over with a smooth round stone, then well brushed and the dressing is finished. For dyeing 20 Sheep Skins. The Sheep skins if dry should be immersed in water for 48 hours and then put in lime for the same time, they are afterwards put in clean water for 24 hours, after which they are put for 483 hours in laggey flour, boiled in water, 5 Seers of the former to 6 gallons of the latter. The dye is after this applied composed of Lack lbs. 9 Alum oz 2. " Alum lb«. 1 White wit oz. +. + Kgg doieni IJ, Arrowroot cm. 4. Saffron lbs. 3, Uilick leaves lbs. \. Soda oz. 4. These are all well pounded and boiUd for 10 boars in 2 gallons of water. When cool strain and rub into tiie skins with hand. To 6.1 the dye the skins are then put into an infusion of sumack and gallnut, 15 lbs. ol the former I to 30. lbs. of the latter, in this infusion they are kept for 48 hours, and snould be frequently handled during that time. Salt is afterwards rubbed into the flesh side, the tkin folded overand «orked with ih"* hand, after 2 or 3 hours the salt shotild be washed off in clean water. A polish is then given to the grain by rubbing U with a smooth stone and gingely oil. White Sueep Skins. After the hair has been removed in the usual way the skins are laid in bran for 8 days, after which they are well washed and put in alum,* in which they remain for 8 (lays, or until thoroughly tanned, when they are again well washed, and worked in & compositiont of eggs and arrowroot for about 84 hours. After another washing they are dried and staked, and then finished off with a hot iron. GuNTOOR District, Collector's Office, BauMta, 1th April 1857. From H. Newill, Esq., Acting Collector of Gun- toor. To ?2dwabd Balfour, Esq., Secretary to the Madras F^xhibition. Sir, — 1 have the honor to furnish you with the information called for in your communication of the 1 0th February last relative to the process of pre- paring leather. 2. The process oftanniug is given for 10 sheep hides, six seers of rice flour are boiled into a conjee, with which a seer and a half of salt is mixed, and in this solution the hides, after being cleaned in good water, are kept soaking for 5 days. This process is adopted in order to facilitate the separation of the hair Irom the skins, on the otii day the hair is scrap- ed off with a knife ; and after again being washed in clean water, they are exposed to the sun for about 5 or 6 days. They are again immersed in water and kept iii that state for 3 days. The hides are again soaked in the rice conjee without the ad- mixture of salt for 2 days, and arc then again wash- ed. Two seers of raw lac are pounded and the juce extracted therefrom. In this solution the ash of tnzza grain, tuiineric powder, and the powder of alliaku (a dye leaf) seven Toolas each, are mixed. This solution is boiled so that one half of the liquid may I 136 riiOCESS OF TANMNCi AND DRESSING LEATUER "0 off in cvaparatioii. This prcpaieil liquid is rub- bed on the skins to w\iich it gives a purple colour. On the same day thcv are soaked in water luixrd with a basket full of'well pounded Tungadno l>ink, and allowed to remain in it for 3 days. Tins pro- cess of soakinfc is repeated twice. Skins are prepared in this manner at Guntoor in large quantities according to the demand for them. I have the honor to be, &c. (Signed) H. Newill, Collector of Guntoor. (A True Copy.) E. BALFOUR, Secretary Madras Exhibition. To Major G. W. Y. SIMPSON, Beporter in Class XVI. No. 878. Chinoleput District, Collector s Gutchernj, Sydapet,lth Jpril 1857. To Surgeon E. Balfour, Secretary Madras Ex- hibition. Sir, — With reference to your letter of the 10th Ultinio with enclosure to Muniputtah, Lubbay, Chendcput, I have the honor to inform you that though every effort has been made to procure the attendance of that individual with a view to his giving the information required by the committee on Class XVI, they have all failed, from, it is be- lieved, an impression he seems to have that he is acquainted with a secret in the art of Tanning or dyeing leather, which he is not willing to divulge, as, frequently as be has been sent foi- he has promised fo attend, but has every time failed. In the absence of the inlormation sought to be obtained from him individually, 1 beg to enclose a Memorandum on the subject drawn up by C. Uunga Charloo, Tahsildar of Sydapet, which may prove interesting to the committee, and give them a full knowledge of the process of tanning as followed in this District, and the ap- proximate cost and profits. I have &c. Sic. (Signed) C. SHU BRICK, Collector. (A true copy.) E. BALFOUR, Secretary Madras Exhibition. To Major G. W. Y. SIMPSON, Reporter, Class XVI. [Class XVI- Q S'liiuj LD ^ n u /s IT. QuuvQuhitlL Q^aQiTiLQi—fi ^suifa a^rruLj t£inr'fftTuS (ip^eS uSssifth euessr cSy^L j)iaevtJc-@-^i^ lieiTQpih sir *oRiri^6)Lrji-j *oiRjr@pLbq-/7L*-LJio. QuniL® jif^n)(^.i ^(§^fs uis). ;36KrfflKiF/f o£)lL®« e-SQiT^^ (x^snmsnaiL®^ Q;S!Ti:\l .^SV&J^ OifihLDifi^(S;SiT'M-irr-Qsirssa® sSeQ'Sire&srQ ssafi s^easu^^ sfssarisieii)^/rLLt5i.iL9su ^siztscsPccdt ■SitulS ^^■60 QunQSijSjgi. ^uuuf.- iT-Q;SiT&;i(^ SsSu _^ !IuiSl-(i^-iD-(n'jd)-(o^inn)(T.suQufril® - a. -^of; I aa'j-Sr ssrr f^'i.1^ ssirah tLS^tciuisL (S^^Ssv sp^ u3jj,'L'io.-a--@i_ii ^6is:7«siPiT a9Ll'8-a_-^^sriO^/TL. 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LD^'jsn&r s®saiTiijfiQ^!rL.tf.ii3eSQ^sQfl) GfiiTcevQuj® i^ ^&iQsiiiTsir(vf^es (tp^sSu tSi^ A 9 138 I'ROCl'.SS ()!.•• T.VNMNi; AND DRKS81NG LK.VTHKH. Ci.vss .\V[. aDa/^s^sSsciSiTti) jv.'fc".**^".'-''"'*"-""^ ©"^ ".'^■' UU2. ,'Sou^-' eToKrOswriu 0« ifosn® a/ .jf .jS' (yi^iiff ^T!jsuiraj/r« a.Aj;r;j,5L9.i5Lj(r® si®*^ (ipifio..oi ,!DJ ffljfr'iiSOiiJoo/Jel/o ^f,iJ,si0-^^-> ^liflrau/r/aS.f* IJlO-k> Si'i oil IT LD- ffi. • QJ^. uQS',;i^& ffa/Snj^ *6iKr.@3)lXLJ «/rjriii aa^iL/^!.. @ - ai)^. a® A«(ru9ou sSQSpSi Qf!Tf!r,^i!Sst 1^ pmQsn (Si i'K. ST - si'^. *(5^tf ^'if «S,t)J3 (5;Sn-6u jSiisr® Qsn®ks. e05"(rguiBO Q;Snej €djsji^r)ih u'—®u QuireviT Sigs^ui^. ■cDl'SiJ' zfJli^ i-iio^ ^■sS, fe^a5jDr C^.posv* ^asB- (oBifff^ O,a,riluiiiii.'o0GLjn-:l® ci;w.''''>^^*'^'* '-''^'"J/* uSQowVff^S ;w;„cci ,,!Kif «r),r si,'ijiiUo"oai/i jj,<5 S,- jsib(ir^ii-s snl'^fl tSiorq ^:s,s,i> QfiiTaov sr®,i;^ iJuaQsv ;SSinrg5tf:i G*^,??^ a.- ^(r((S\n« G^/r3s>,' j«)a'#^;5f Q^in^o jsi^gfi i-S.") ij/r® ^/s.f^ QpiioSi:s aiieOAi iB^^^^iQairskr ® @(ip«®/5^. @;f^ "I- - (?^Cg>);ti g)(if,«^ ^^P'S^ l.iL-®L//^. ^M€>^. *6Wiru^tiquL5!. - - -©<^-@-S55 «,ytj3 s®isfTtL£;lQ, IT if^eiS^SS^ O.SSlf^^^ Offl'SKr eiiM(inuj Quiril® sf)®Sp^. jB&si(iriLk Au ii k pi^ fl\_,n® Q^fffOT® LDjcuui^ - iD -uio. ^iFilfKSuirLL® 9.lju/ ;^6S!(n7iu ^/SlsaiSl^ (ipssr«(y;aS soaj^^^^S,^',* Q'(i^fe);'!9^. ST iL® r, ,T .gfT ,T cST l3 .ir JV;F;** CrfffSsu Q^S!rasviOsn'eiS!sr®s>ij!;^ *o!ar!OT)LhL/4 O/s/tlI wjOJJFirerT QsueifiiSlQsv®^^ a5)#,T6U(ipBirsrr O^-^F/r L-ifLuSei) ^sajTGBBfero/r aSil® au/TrfiuGu/rLL® ^tressr ®i^iTLSsasL£l^^^s= #,TqLOir,#;S)5orG'i_/.flsu Gun' lL®# ■B'eilSl^L^rOLDITSf S^SlfSjVJ?. S sfi 6ST lS oil L-j Lf^^fiMsremi?:! aSi-l® lB^A^^j s\®ffgi f^s\} ^ifl Sl-iD uip. Qs!T6&ir®«i:igi u/rSasriiSou pcznouQun ©«/riiq jvir-«@ - cSeof - a-*). S!rS^!T @S8L' usuib - @. iL//r«-4«/riL;*.WffiO<«,Tssir® ■f!iiuikiQi^n®^^ei<(^Ca ifl.«0«((aBT® LOJB/UIB-U-Jli W-UU). ;S6H!rSlJ!lf .7 sSlL® pi :ffniu^ss>;s4= s^iTsSeviaeuf^^-iQanesa® (ip^i easi Qsj^s^m Qism^-riiin iju eDil.®k .^firiu ai-@i— lij ««s)r«sif rf fi£il:l® a-ii) -uul ^aST.b ulL 6roi_ QuaL.®€= ffiriULDia^.Vjig Q^itou (Lpflp^h utL(SS>L-QuirL-a).(i^ikf,v QfiiriLiB.iiSa'ij CJijl C?^/r srfl^js C3l^ Ojirtlio-uSsO asi/oana/sSTj^. uijjj wirefr ^;i;S'S Q^n iLi^uSsCi^iSp Qfiircsvs. ^« ;«;aKiri5Mf.floU SiLpsSu(oUirtl® g)ffdisjr® «/r eS^^jii «ii3j3/ Qsn S^^s siLio. a- - Jy!ri^esi9 Lj^L'i.-i ^ipLpsfiij •Silts. « - ^i;iryi')sine) #^ Guiaifiq_r)Lb ^T^uQiussirOasiTij fiisiiQfiajfii ^i •sCif.sHL.® fFtruS^jeoiruaso ^peStl® lSs^ fih uLbth in - Qan L^(tfiL.eB>L- nr - Qaireicr 140 PUOCiiSS Of TANNING AND UltESSINti [.KATflKK. [Class XVI. sOiu ^oBjfliS^ou js^^^^s Q^'L-m^p^j. ^/d tiSu.&^ v2«.fy$'('tpu-«!5i_ ^ihiSeS-Lfh ji)juui!f.Qiu *«Rir^'XLy U^L - - O *"-]§) ®-i!*i.- •S,o>U^ ulLsru. Ul^. - - - - S-@-§) 8-j^. ^u'd- ^s. ^i_sa^ - ----- s.-^ jiiiflSui^ a-tO-^ gk- a- jyj«(^cff«»^ ... a.6i)-g) fi-^. a^ajp; «i_tJ.«»uy/riiSS5i." .'^^ . au (LpdeTOL- ----- OT - g) Q-g^. .9 ,-56u(3oU6iSlTOoli!!r!U aS'olBcF «-^ ®-Silv * Qldjsuk^ ^ef}B(g - a.sT-^ ^/r6iVG'ai;Soi.'«(5 <9=th uiiTih - Tj^. aajj/^-a. §i)^ ifLiD-jBir&fiob Q ■3^ lu ^ (Lpi^s a so IT ih. 0e>l^:T(S^T(J^,^Sint^lUSliu JLC. Qiop'ScairL- SAiLJLjyf(o;«,Tsu ljl1(SI»l_'i5<>-j ear G^:r,^;«^ a.eOTi_frUiav-S(K ^JuiSljI-jpLD UL^i<3iJJLD QuijQQp S)jI SU J LD. i_/^(S5 ^a9 ti9^;!J_^i«(ipo£i) Q^aso - or - «@ ct - .!j'- jxis^^ G^/rSsu' iH.-;5/reiV ^.tsuGuj s/rnuGLo LSsir Q^.rZoVf »(^'l.isi. ^^S^^ *« Class Me- phant Jhools.,..) dal each. To No. 4195. A Shamianah, by) A first Class Thunnajee Row. J Medal. 1st Class Medal. To No. 9089. A piece of gold em-'k broidery exhibit- | ed by Mr. W. E. ' Underwood and ( manufactured by j Jetting Row. ..,J To No. 4202. An embroidered Pa-1 lankcen cover by> 2d Class do. Venkajee Row. j To No. 6691. A piece of embroi-"J dered work exhi- f , ^ ,-„ , bitedbytheResi-M^'Cl*'^'^°- dentofllydrabad. j TANJORE CAEPETS. To No. 1573 1st Class Medal. To No. 5173 2d do. ELLOEE WORSTED CARPETS. To Nos. 4114,4115. Exhibited by> Ist Class S. Nummiah, ...J Medal. EMBROIDERY. To No. 9048, A child's jaconet") muslin frock by I n i <■ ,, • , <• ,1 I Reward of the girls of the y o- tj Military Orphan | School, J To a quilted Basinette by the Jew-J Honorable esses of Cochin, J mention. CROCHET. To the collection from Mrs. Sewell's) Reward of School at Bangalore, J 20 Rs. KNITTING. To the specimens from the Native) j^ , . t. Female Central School Madras, $ 152 [Class XX. CLASS XX. ARTICLES OF CLOTHING FOR IMMEDIATE PERSONAL OB DOMESTIC USE. JURY. Colonel E. A. RiJiD, c. b., Chairman. F. J. LusniNGTON, Esq. Major H. J. Nicholls. T. G. Clabkx, Esq. Major J. Macdougall, Reporter. Captain J. W. Hay. Major J. Jenkins. Specimens of Burmese Hats made from the spathe of the large bamboo- Interesting. These are light and well adapted for tropical climates. A few hats and a bonnet sent by the Rajah of Vizianagrum as specimens of an approach to the straw bonnet manufacture of England. Much room for improvement. Some Anti-macassars, have been reported on by another Jury. The same remark applies to Bonnets &c. Mr. Crowe, Boot and Shoe-maker of Vepery, exhibited some very creditable specimens of his art ; as also, did Mr. Egan of Bangalore, and Narsengadoo and Polalados of Muslipatam. Soldiers' Boots sent by the Local Committee from BeUary, are most excellent of their kind, un- usually cheap. This consignment, is deserving of especial notice. F. A. REID, President. C1AB8 XXI.] 153 CLASS XX r. CUTLERY AND EDGE TOOSL. JURY. Major J. Maitlamd. Major J. Macdougali., Chairmait . Captain J. W. Hay. Captain W. C. Baker. A. Blacklock, Esq., M. D, R. Kennedy, Esq. J. TJrquhakt, Esq., M. D. W. B. Wright, Esq. J. RoHDE, Esq., Reporter. Major G. W. Simpson. Colonel P. Hamond. A. Lowe, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Bauour, c. «. Lieutenat Colonel T. T. Peabs, c. b. A. Hunter, Esq., m. d. H. F. C. Cleghorn, Esq., m. d. Lieut. Colonel F. C. Cotton. General F. Blundell, c. b. Mr. Commissary J. Curran. Mr. J. C. Pateeson. In this series were exhibited a large collection of tools chiefly from the Government workshops in tlie Gun Carriage Manufactory and Arsenals of Madras and Vellore ; a few articles from the Ma- sulipatam Arsenal were exhibited ; several excavat- ing tools as well as Carpenter's planes were exhi- bited by the Railway workshop at Paiilghautchery. It appeared to the Jury that in the manufac- ture of most of the artificer's tools more attention had been devoted to finish, than to more essential properties. In many the proper forms had been neglected ; several had been made up without due regard to strength where it was most required, while some which the jury tested gave way. It was evident to the members present that the tools had not generally been made up by persons who understood the working of them. From the prices having been omitted in many cases, they were not able to express any opinion in regard to the economy of such tools as seemed suitable. There were several planes made at the Arsenal and Gun- carriage Manufactory, and a large number exhibit- ed from the Railway workshop at Paulghaut, in most of these it was evident that a most important quality in a good plane that of retaining its form liad been lost sight of in the formation of the stock. In a well made plane, the medullary rays of the wood should be pcr))endicular in the centre of the plane, the annual rings being consequently as near- ly as possible in the direction of the sole, any twist would in this case be in one direction only, and the sole could with great facility be brought true. The Jury are aware that in planes made up in England by inferior makers, — by makers the Jury do not mean vendors or as they call themselves manufac- turers, who often iiave a stock of good and bad mixed, the former are selected by those who know any thing about a tool while the name is quite A 13 154 CUTLERY AND EDGE TOOLS. [Class XXL cnougli to induce olhevs to buy the rubbish — this precaution is often neglected, and that where wood has been exceedingly well seasoned, and tlie instru- ment is not liable to exposure a tool so constructed may answer its purpose ; but in articles evidently uuide up for exhibition tliey naturally expect that such precautions should be attended to. The Jury regret to observe, that there was no originality dis- played in this department ; there was not an in- stance of improvement on any of the ordinary native tools, which are often very efTective, and with a little alteration might be improved, almost all were copies, and these, form by no means good English patterns. To illustrate more particularly these remarks the Jury would refer to their notes on articles specially observed in the order in which they found them placed r j.9j.f 2 pairs of scales, these were 5434f not correctly adjusted, and attention to minor matters as the connection of the chains with the scales had not been attended to. 5230. A drill bow when very moderately bent flew to pieces, it seemed to have been formed of cast steel drawn down. A garden trowel. This seemed a very clumsy article, but might be useful in transplanting, 5497-98. 2 Pairs of garden sliding scissors. In these the construction of the jaws does not allow a branch to be received sufficiently low down for the tool to be effective ; in the same tool made and ex- hiljited by Major Maitland, No. 4977, tliis error is avoided and that article appears to be of a superior description. 3 Cold chisels were tested on a bar of Bey- poor iron, but the edge did not stand. 5.505, Callipers No. 3. In these the points were too square, consequently, when opened to aiiy extent, the heel instead of the point of the tool would come in contrast with the object to be gauged. Chisels, socket. These are as slight as firmer chisels while their great length would require tjieir being of greater substance than the Englisli socket chisel with which they were compared. The face of the chisel was not true. 5511. Tank digger's Mamooty (Col. Ottley's). This would be an excellent tool for certain jnirposes if more substance were given where the helve is fixed : as it is, it would rapidly destroy the wood while no leverage could be used. 5501. Pitch fork. This is not made on a proper pattern, and in use would be found inconvenient, 5385. 81. Axes. The blade being of the same subsiaiice throughout the lireadth would not an>wcr for rough work aiul would be found inconvenient : Axes for carpenters and general work should have greater substance in the middle. This is most im- portant in felling axes of which an excellent form No. 4778 to 4781 is exhibited by Major Maitland but with this serious defect. 5509. A Mamooty " English pattern." The neck of this should be swaged ; when forged square and bent, iron has a tendency to become hollow iii tlic middle and to crack in the outer angles ; by swaging the neck so that the thickness was greater ill tiie middle much greater strength would be obtained. 59C3. A country saw when bent remained in that position, it has evidently not been hammer hardened or planished as such saws usually are. 4861. A wrench. This is a cumbrous affair aiul not sufficiently strong or well proportioned. .c„„> Pliers. Gave way on being put to a test by 4S39J no means severe. 4977. A well made and to all appearance efTec- tive garden scissors or shears : very creditable. 4&fi4. A spade probably twice the weigiitofan English spade. 4798. Bill hook. In this the edge and blade generally was much too thick, A wrench made after a pattern represented in a Mechanic's Magazine some years ago, the olijeet of the several parts of this is evidently not appreciat- ed, the screw is much too far from the end of the jaws, which are too weak, while the screw which elevates the tail of the jaw and causes it to act as a lever is proportionately much too near the fulcrum. 4043. A Sapper's knife and bill-hook from Masulipatam were of good quality. The Eailway excavating tools were good speci- mens of iron work, but were highly finished and of course not such as would be issued for use. There were a large number of hammer heads chiefly from the Government workshops, the ap- pearance of which was good, the faces however were very unevenly tempered. 2 Centre bits exhibited by the Arsenal had tlie cutting point equi-distant from the centre with the outer edge of the opposite side, the ])oint too was not sufficiently long, nor was its outer edge parallel to the centre of the tool, consequent- ly the diameter of the hole would vary after each sharpening, and the point would soon have describ- ed a circle inside that described by the outer edge of the opposite side. A digging fork of iron made after a pattern of one of Parkes's Patent cast steel flexible forks was Very creditable iu point of worknumsliip, it was light and handy, but being bent by the hand re- mained in that position while the English steel fork flew back to its original form. It will form part of the e ornaments are elegant and natural when viewed m detiiil particularly the foliage at I the base. The figures of deer are well modelird I and display considerable truth and spirit. The whole was executed by Native artists. The workmanship is of the best description and is highly creditable to Mr. Orr's establishment. The Jury recommend a Medal of the first class fur ibis article. Mr. Scriven contributed a claret jug of silver and various other articles. Tlie form of ihe jug I was good but the workmanship was somewhat in- j ferior and wanting in finish. [ Sri Vencalesa (/hetty exhibited a number of arti- I cles of silver such as figures of animals, birds, figures holding lamps, more curious than beautilul. Among which a metallic mirror, No 5691, deserves remark as a specimen of tiie kind of mirror in universal use before the invention of glass. A simi- lar article was aUo contributed by T. Madava How, No. 3503 from Tiavancove, and Lt. Puckle from Bangalore exhibited a third. .^ gold jeddepiUi sent by Chokalingam Chett\, No. 9897, was a good ordinary specimen of the handsome ornament worn by Hindu women on the back of the head. The same ])erson also contri- buted four quaint looking silver spoouf with orna- meuted handles terminating in Hindu deities like old apo^tle spoons. A silver jug so constructed as to contain 3 differ- ent liquids at once and exhibited by Somasoondrum Chetty was noticed for its form and purely Hindu style of design and ornament A model in silver of the Madras Light House was exhibited by Captain Baker, and appeared to be a correct representation of that elegant structure. The principal exhibitors of Electrotype were Messrs. Lowe & Co., and Scriven & Co. Some dish covers of the formei were of very ^od A U loS J'TiEClOTS METALS, JEWELERY AXD AKTICLES OF VIRTUE, &c. [Class XXIIL wovkui.'insliip. bill llie fiiiooth siirf;ice of sudi arti- cles rciulcrs tjic pmcos of easier exoculiim tliaii wlieii applied to elaborately chased patterns as in the article next notic<'d. A centre piece for a table represcntin;; a fonntain wjtli inre Botticher discovered the composition of the manufacture, which had long been a mystery known only to the Chinese. The way in which the dis- covery was made curiously illustrates what impor- tant results often spring from the most trifling sources. De Botticher was of an enquiring dis- position and drew conclusions from the simplest (acts. One day noticing the unusual weight of his wig, he found that instead of being powdered with flour some white earthy mineral had been used. This he analyzed, and immediately discovered it was the veritable clay with which the whitest Por- celain could be made. Great Biitain, however, is indebted to Wedge- wood — the lame Potter Boy — for its pre-eminence in Porcelain. His talent and industry were noticed by Queen Chaiiottc, wlio so admired the articles hr made that she ordered them to be called " Queen's ware." From that time improvement rapidly followed ; and now foreigners declare, that the " excellent workmanship of English Porcelain, it? solidity, the advantage which it possesses of sustaining the action of fire, its fine glaze imperisii- able to acids, the beauty and convenience of its form, and the cheapness of its price ; have given rise to a commerce so active and universal ; that the traveller, from Paris to St. Pelershnrgh ; from Amsterdam to the farthest part of Sweden ; or from Dunkirk to the extremity of the south of Prance ; is served at every inn witli English ware. Spain, Portugal and Italy are supplied with it. Ship-loads are annually sent to both the East and West Indies, and to the Continent of America." There are about 1 90 manufactories of Pottery and Porcelain in Great Britain alone, giving constant employment to 80,000 persons, while the annual value of the articles produced exceeds 2-3 crores of rupees. It is ceitainly a reproach to the industrial cha- racter of India that the Ceramic art is so imperfect ; notwithstanding the advantage derived by the ex- ample of neighbouring countries, where the manu- facture has been so successful and renowned. For many centuries the Pottery of this country has been of the rudest description, and until very lately no improvement has taken place either in design or workmanship. The great mass of the ])eo|)le have been contented with the coarsest wares, while the cleanliness and comfort resulting from the generul use of finer descriptions have been lost sight of in apathy and ignorance. This is the more ex- traordinary, as it is well known, that the best raw materials for Pottery abound in India, wliilst tlie people themselves are quick in imitation and dex- terous in works requiring lightness of hand and delicacy of touch. The Government of this Presidency, seeing the importance of this branch of industry, and tiie ne- cessity for its improvement in connexion with the welfare and progress of the people, liave witiiin the last few years established a School of Instruction and Design at Madras ; where many young persons are taught the higher branches of the Potter's art ; and the value of scientific tuition, aided by the practical application of European machinery. Much good has undoubtedly resulted Iroui the School, but much still remains to be done, which must, emanate more directly from the people. The Go- vernment can oidy sow the seed. The nurture of the germ must depenil upon the energy and industry of the recipients. In all national advanceiuent the people must help themselves and rely upon their Cl^ss XXV.] CERAMIC MANUFACTURES. IGl own exertions. It is to be hoped tliat the native aristocracy of this great country, by a pliilantliropio and personal influence, will endeavour to develope the resources of tlieir districts in tbis useful brniicli of art and manufacture. In Glass XXV. there are upwards of 200 speci- mens exhibited of manufactures broufflit cliiclly from the territories of Burmah and Hyderabad ; and from the districts of Arcot, Cuddapah, Chin- gleput, Coimbatorn, Nellore and Madras. Tlicy embrace articles in Porcelain ; stone ware, glazed and unglazed ; while, brown, and other coloured eartlienware ; Terra Cottas for vases ; Flower Pots, Rallnstrades, Encaustic tiles, water pipes, and other miscellaneous articles of domestic aTid ornamental use. Tbere is also a large collection of the raw materials, the joint contribution of several parties. The Jury especially draw attention to a valuable series of Porcelain earths from Bangalore exhibited by Lieut. Puckle, ami they beg to recommend that Officer to " honorable mention." The principal ingredients for pottery are clay and flint, but their proper combination can oidy be deteriuined by practical experience,. The best clays are colourless and free from oxide of iron. They stick to the tongue and emit a peculiar smell when wet. Ry gentle burning they become lighter. l)ut heavier and harder when exposed to intense heat. Clay shrinks from Jj-th to ^th when dried and burnt. Both iu Europe and China the process of washing the clay is coiul acted with great care by merchants, whose business is to prepare the material for the potter's use. Too much attention camiot be bestowed on this part of the manufacture, and care- lessness in it is one of the principal causes of failure in Indian pottery. The Chinese were so convinced of the necessity of properly selecting and manipulat- ing tlieir clays, that they kept them for years in (lamp state before using ; and every head of a family considered it necessary to make a large collection of the pure material, to bequeath to his descendents and to perpetuate his name. The Kaolin, a decomposed granite or Felspar, bears the strongest heat, and is procurable at Arcot, Hyderabad, Trivatoor, Tripelty, Naggery, Bimlapa- tam, Cudilapah, Bangalore, Chittoor, Madura, Co- chin, and indeed almost any where in the vicinity of the primary t;ranite rocks. This substance, how- ever, is but little used by the natives, from their ignorance of the mode of giving it strength and from the intense heat it requires. Excellent clays abound in India, and the following are a few of the best localities. Tf/tite plastic chi/, similar to the Ball clay of England, is procurable at Cnnjeveram, Chingleput, Pelaveram, (Uittapaukum, Cuddalore, Coriuga, Cud- dapah, and the Neilgherries. Tough yellow pladic clay, at the Red Hills, Poonamallee, Chingleput, and Cochin. Grayish while, at Strcepermatow, TLlaverara, Bangaloic, and the Xeilgherries. Red clays, at Burmah, Bezoarali, and the Guntoor District. True fireclays, or white slaty shales at Streeper- matoor, Cuddapah, Tripasore, and Chingleput. Olitnch or Bastard Fire-clay, at Madras, Poona- mallee, St. Thomas's Mount, and Paupautangulum. Nothing can be more unsatisfactory than the sloveidy way in which the native potters select tlieir clays and prepare them for the wheel. They only use the toughest description of brown alluvial soil and are quite indifferent as to its composition. They seldom dig deep enough, and many of the best ball and pipe clays are neglected, from the want of knowledu'c of their working properties. Particular care shouhl be taken in tempering the clay before using it, and in seeing that it is thoroughly cleansed. In European potteries great care is bestowed on mixing the ingredients with the purest rain or river water. To free clay from gravel, lime, roots and impurities it should be blei:ded or blunged with a large quantity of water till it acquires a thick creamy consistency. It must then be run o(V or decanted through a sieve and exposed for a day or two oi\ a large paved surface called a sun-pan, till it begins to dry and crack, when it should be collected into a heap and subsequcnily tempered — common brown clays are sometimes run out to dry upon a level piece of ground sprinkled with sand. The best flint or silica is of a dark gray colour. This is not obtainable in India, but white quartz is a good substitute, and is procurable in all primitive formations. Quartz bears intense heat and must be burnt in a furnace till red hot, when it is plunged into cold water and becomes brittle. It should then be ground to an impalpable powder either with the common native hand-mill or by flint-mills worked by ooolie or steam power. The following kind of Kliai Mill has been in use in the Madras School of Arts for some years ann. 2nd cUifS medal. 2nd class medal. 2nd class incdal. " Honorable mention.' ■' Honorable mention.' " Honorable mention.' 168 [Class XXVI. CLASS XXVI. DECORATIVE fURNITURE AND UPUOLSTEKY INCLUDING LACQUEEED GOODS. JLKY. Mr. W. Elliot, Chairman. Mr. W. U. Abbuthnot. Mr. A. Cole. Lt. Col. Talbot, Reporte,-. The articles exliibited in this class were not re- markable for their number or variety. There were iio specimens of paper hangings oi' papier mache. The largest contributor was Mr. Deschamp, who sent a number of aiticles carved in ebony l)y na- tive artists and a few pieces of modern furnilure. The native carving was, for the most part, in that style fur which Madras has for some years been celebrated. Its general character is tliat of minute and crowded ornament, so elaborate as almost to preclude freedom of outline or lightness of design- The articles are generally heavy, even clumsy, in form. Tlie artist puts iorth his whole slrengtli in covering the surface of the wood with a delicate tracery of Howers, leaves, and fruits. But as all are cut in the same plane, there is a total absence of ttie freedom and luxuriance of natural foliage, and the effi-ct produced is lliat ofa clipped hi dge in the old-fasiiioned gardens of the last century. An attempt to get rid of tliis formality has been made witli some success in a " Lotus flower stanrl," exliibited by Lady Kawlinson ; but the haves wliirh more resemble those of an Arum are too fragile iind slender to endure the risks to which tlii'V must be expos;-(l by eveiy-day use. At the same time while strength has been sacrificed to secure de- gance in one portion, the three serpents entwining tlie stem in parallel gyrations, impart an air of slilf- )iess to the centre which contrasts unfavourally with the lightness of llie lower part of the design. The Mahogany Candelabra b) 15ainy ol I'aris in the collection of Mr. Peschamp, ixhiliiis a more just appreciation of the description of ornament coniliining durability wiili elegance, suitable to ornamental wood-woik. A Davenport in ivory, lined «itli sandal and sal in wood, prepared by Mr. Deschamp under I he in- strnctions of the Madras Commiitee, for the I'aris Exhibition, for whidi it was too late, is a work of more pretension than taste. The ivory was added liv the workmen ol Vizauapatam, and was covered vviili supeificial tracery of ihe jiatterns employid by ihem on work boxes, desks, &c., which iiowever suitable to articles of small size, has a poor and mean < flV cl when employed as the sole ornament ofa large sur- face in an article of such large dimensions. Sir Patrick fjrant exhibiied a punkah carved in Burmah. The Burmese are eelebiated for the rich designs in wood with widch their monasteiies and s^cliools are ornamented. The designs are generally arabesques and are defective in the trutii- fnluess and proportion of the figures introduced which are chii fly deserving of praise for tlie rich elaboi ate tracery of the pattern. A richly carveotus llowor stand. Mr. Descliamp for ti.e number and variety of articles exhibited by him, including a I'aiisian cande- labra by Baluv. f lie Newab of Bauganapilly for specimens of Indian laqneied ware. 'ihe following is a detailed list of all the articles submitted !o the inspec'ion of the Jury with special remarks appended to each. CiASS XXVI.] DECORATIVE FURNITURE AND UPHOLSTERY &c. U9 No. 7793 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7798 7799 Mk. J. Deschamps. Lady's book case, perforated pannels, inside with satin wood. — Good in workmanship. Pier Glass, with birds, reptiles, fruits, and flowers of India. — Beautifully carved, the proportion appears somewhat faulty. Flower stand, with fruits and flowers of India. — Carving good, but it would ap- pear that proportiou has been lost sight of. Do. large with do do. — Well executed but poor in design. Lady's Devonport, with do do. — Good in workmanship and in part also design. Do. in Ivory. — An elaborate specimen of Indian workmanship made for Paris ex- hibition. Style of ornament not suitable for the description of articles to which it is applied. Do. Armoire a glace combining a Lady's wardrobe and a cheval glass. Arm chair, with figures of children, eagle and flowers. 3 Corner Cabinets. — Pretty and of good workmanship. 7800 Sofa, with fancy rattan seat and back. — Very good and suitable for the Indian climate. 7801 2 Drawing-room Arm Chairs, with fancy rattan seat and back, do do 7802 2 Hall Chairs, rattan seats. 7803 Carved Bracket " Chimera." — Very good 7804 Do. Bracket " Rocaille."— Very good. 7805 Dressing Table, Pompadour style, elegant in design, finish, &c. 7806 6 Mountings for Photographs on French and English frames. 2 Pier Tables, with Marble tops, remarka- bly good in design, taste, and workman- ship. Flower stand, made by Balny (Paris) and exhibited by Deschamp. — Light and ele- gant in design and manufacture, good. Lady Bawlixson. Flower stand, in Rosewood, native manu- facture. — Good in workmanship, but the design more suitable for metal than for wood. Ornamental Punkah, of Burmese carving. A 17 170 [Class XXVII. CLASS XXVII. M4NUFACTU11ES IN MINERAL SUBSTANCES USED TOE BUILDING OR DECORATION, AS IN MAllBLE, SLATE, PORPHYRIES, CEMENT, ARTIFICIAL STONES; &c. Jury. Colonel Pabee, Chairman. Colonel Cotton. Lt. Colonel Pears, C. B. Major W. J. Jacob. Captain Eawlins. Captain P. O'Coxxell. A. Beattie, Esq. B. McMaster, Esq. Major Silver, Reporter. Lt. Colonel Atkinson, Joint Reporter. There is a considerable variety of good building stones contributed to the present Exhibition and the display contrasts very favorably with the con- tributions to the Exhibition of 1855 which were very meagre ; many of the Marbles Slates and Por- phyries called for by the Jury in their last Report have been forwarded to the present Exhibition, and on beino- examined they proved to be for the most part highly ornamental when polished. GRANITES. Some fine varieties of Syenite Gneiss and Por- phyritic granite are exhibited from Hyderabad, these have been slightly polished - annas per parah of 4,000 cubic inclus, wliicli Lieul. Cliambeis increases to 4 annas ; even tlint will be allowed to be a very small ligiire for such a valuable aiticle. The value of such a report consists in tlie preci- sion with which quantities of ingredients, method of manipulation, time of induration, and such like facts are given. Capt .\pplegath's data are not recorded, which is much to be regretted. There is as much ex- perience to be gained at times from failures as suc- cesses. They might at least prevent the same ground being needlessly retrodden, to the loss of both time and money. With Lieut. Morgan's system of raannfacture may be contrasted that of Capt. Man, Executive Engineer, Singapore, which is as follows : — " Mix 5 measures of slaked lime, with 2 of blue "lay fresh from the bed. These are thrown into an ordinary mortar trough : the clay should be cut up into small pieces by a mamoty, and roughly mixed with the liine, and the whole should then be punned till no trace of the lime can be observed. I alway? pass my composition tljrough a Pug-mill, as the incorporation is far more complete by this machine, which is very easily constructed. The mixture must then be divided into cubes or balls of about a J inches diameter, to prepare them for the kiln. General Sir C. Pasley allows the balls sufficient time to dry, so that they will not adhere to each other ; but I have always omitted this pre- caution, as exposure to the air weakens and even- tually ruins the raw cement, and every inconveni- ence is avoided by a little extra care in packing the kiln and using a gentle fire at the commence- menl till the whole of the moisture has been driven oft'. The colour of the smoke forms the best cri- terion for the regulation of the fire. About 8 or 9 hours' strong heat will be sufficient for the due cal- cination of tiie cement. Should it not be required for immediate use, it had better be retained in its then state, as there is this remarkable diff'erence between cement and quicklime, which latter rapidly absorbs moisture from the air and falls into a powder, while the foimer altogether resists the ac- tion of water. As soon however as it has been re- duced to powder, it becomes exceedingly suscepti- ble of atmospheric influence. I have found the common Chinese baker's mill and sifting apparatus exceedingly well adapted for the subsequent opera- tions, which consist merely in reducing the balls or cubes to powder, and sitting it to a perfectly im- palpable state. Care must be taken not to mix more at one time than is sufficient for the supply of the masons ; as if not at once applied, it speedily begins to set and then becomes unfit for use. For stuccoes 1 have always used sifted coarse i-iind 1 to 1, and this appears to answer better than either fine or mixed sand. I constructed a roof with this cement 4 years ago, which has stood perfectly, it was formed of 3 courses of tiles about 5 inches square, ^ inck thick, held together with pure cement. As the cement stucco would not have adhered to the ce- ment joints I interposed a stratum of mortar com- posed of 1 lime to 2 parts of brick dust, over this I put a coating of about i inch of 1 cement and 1 coarse sand. The roof had a low pitch, but might have been made much flatter had it suited the elevation of the building." Captain Man has to the above appended the fol- lowing useful rules : — 1st. The powder must be kept perfectly dry. 2d. It must also be in a perfectly impalpable state. 3d. In preparing it for use add no more water than is sufficient to bring it to the consistency of fresh putty. It must then be worked up into a thoroughly homogeneous mass. Until the workmen are expert in the manipula- tion of the compound, it had better be prepared in small quantities ; I would suggest a seer as afford- ing a suitable measure for the supply (in pointing) of 2 or even 3 masons. As soon as the cement has so far set as not to adhere to the agate, it should be carefully polished. I will now succinctly point out the inconveniences that may be expected to arise from a neglect of these injunctions. Should the cement be exposed to the air or damp, it will speedily become perfectly inert, and will require to be recalcined before it regains its energy. Tlie best cements will fail if not reduced to a perfectly impalpable powder. Cement powder on being converted into a hydrate must either be used immediately or thrown away as effete ; it will not bear remixing. Should the final polishing be neglected, the whole surface of the cement will, in a few days, be found covered with innumerable cracks, and though the cement may have set in the most perfect manner, and its adhesive qualities remain uninjured, its co^ hesive properties will be entirely destroyed. I will only add one further general remark, ad- mitting however of no exception, that all cements are weakened by the addition of sand ; it may how- ever be used when required as stucco, in tlie pro- portion of 1 to 1, and coarse sand gives a better result than fine " Considering that these definite and clear direc- tions were published before the trials and experi- ments of Capt. Applegath and Lieut. Morgan, it seems surprising that difficulty, much more that failure, should have occurred. These extracts may serve as a trustworthy basis on hydraulic cement manufacture, as facts which may be relied upon and as safe guides to success. On the 6th November, 1855, Captain Applegath closed his accounts, and gave over charge of the hydraulic works to Captain Hitchins, who subse- quently restricted himself to making cement from Class XXVH.] EXPERIMENTS TO OBTAIN HYDRAULIC CEMENT. 179 s liell lime and blue clay ; apparently following in the wake of Captain Man ami Lieut. Morgan, and wiih a like result. In reporting the result ol his operations in a memorandum dated March 4th, 1836, Captain Kitchins shows that a superior cement to that of Parker's could be produced at one sixth of the cost, the price of the latter being Rs. 2-15-1 per parah, whde that made by himself on the spot cost under 8 annas. Anil he earnestly urges the ad- vantage of constructing cement works, for the alter- ations and repairs of Fort St. George, in which he is warmly seconded by the Chief Engineer ; who points out that it would effect a saving of about 2} lacs of Rs. on this work alone. The element of carriage cost, as shown by Cap- tain Hitchins, renders it highly improbable that it will ever become advisable to create large crorks to manufacture and supply cement to any great dis- tance iuland, as, at the very moderate computation of one pie per parah per mile of cart hire, the prime cost would be more than doubled at a distance of 100 miles. From the attention which has been given to the subject, the preparation of hydraulic cemeuts has now been reduced to a matter of certainty both in quality and cost. R. KENNEDY, Office, Adyar, J oth May, 1858, J Executive Engineer. 180 [Cuiss xxvnr. CLASS XXVIII. minufactures from animal and vegetable substances not being woven ob felted or included in other sections. Jury. The Honorable Sir H. C. Montgomery, Bart. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq. W. E. Underwood, Esq. Lieutenant Colonel G. Bauouk, c-b. H. F. C. Cleghokn, Esq., m.d. Colonel F. A. Held, c.b. A. Hunter, Esq., m.d. Lieutenant Colonel T. T. Peabs, c.b. J. D. Sim, Esq. Colonel M. Shirrefp. Major J. MiiTLAND. Lieutenant Colonel W. H. Budd. Lieutenant Colonel A. McCallt. Colonel P. Hamond, Reporter. Major G. Simpson. Captain W. C. Baker. Captain C. Biden. W. E. Cochrane, Esq. J. BiNNY Key, Esq. W. Arbuthnot, Esq. J. L. LusHiNGTON, Esq. J. T. Maclagan, Esq. A. T. Jaffrey, Esq. E. Beaumont, Esq. Lieutenant Mitchell, Repoiier. T. Peachey, Esq , Reporter. Dr. W. Elynn, g m.m.c. AV. B Wright, Esq. G. Willlams, Esq. N- C Mooroogasen Moodeuar. C. V. CONNIAH ChETTIAR. C. Runganada Shastree. Sub-Conduetor Briggs, Reporter. W. B. Liddell, Esq. Captain Hawkes. ^ The articles in this class are necessarily of a very miscellaneous character. As however they are many of them peculiar to India, exhibiting not only the materials indigenous to the country, but also the skill and workmanship of the Natives, they come immediately within the purposes of the Ex- hibition. Many of them are of little intrinsic worth, but yet are valuable inasmuch as they shew the large amount of labour which the Natives are willing to bestow on them, and point at the vast benefit which might result were the same care and pa- tience directed to works of a more useful and more valuable description. There is a large show of statuettes, groups, and models in pith, which, considering the material, are on the whole very creditable. Some of the figures are particularly well executed in p;irts, but it is to be regretted that the same care was not bestowed throughout, the feet and hands being mostly very rudely cut, no doubt to some extent owing to the slightness of the material, which how- ever does not present an insurmountable difficulty, as is proved by the superior finish of the extre- mities of several of the figures. The models of Buildings, Pagodas, &c., are, generally speaking, not so creditable as the figures. The Jury commends highly — No. 5117. Afigureof theKajah of Tanjore in full dress, and No. 6845. A group of three Native gentlemen. The Jury also commends — No. 5129. A model of a Stale Palankeen, very well carved, and is of opinion that there can be no question as to the comparative merits of fignre-? and models, and the difficulty of representing, in such a material, animate and inanimate objects. There are a great many articles of ordinary and ornamental use, manufactured out of a variety of substances, viz., tortoisesliell, ivory, elk and buffalo horn, porcupine quill, grass, sandal, rose, palmyra, satin, and ebony woods ; in many of them several of the materials are combined, and some of them are inlaid, chased, and etched, with a very considerable amount of skill and taste. It is, how- ever, to be regretted that many of them are spoiled by being roughly and carelessly put together, the exquisite carving of some of the sandal wood boxes, exhibited by the Eight Honorable Lord Harris, is disfigured by the coarse brads and sprigs, most un- necessarily driven through the mouldings, and by the very bad mitreing. The four writing-desks, Nos. 8809, 8810, 8814, and 8815, are all mutilat- ed by the addition of a button catch, which from Class XXYIII.] MANUFACTURES FROM ANrM.y:> AND VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, &c. 181 the form of the article is quite unnecessary, and has I occasioned in the fixing the disfigurement of the moulding in the most prominent part. The locks and hinges are also, for the most part, of a very trumpery description. The articles comprise Writ- ing Desks, tea caddies, work, knitting, cotton, jewel, card, envelope, glove, and Empty Boxes, work, worsted, fancy, flower, and other baskets. Ink and Flower Stands, cribbageand backgammon boards. Letter Files, Paper Weights, Folders, Rulers, cigar Cases, &c., &c., &c. The Jury commends, highly — A large and a small sandal wood box, the small one especially for its very beautiful carving, and two card cases. The property of the Right Hono- rable Lord Harris. No. 8801. A folding backgammon board, enclosing three ivory boxes, containing chess and draughts- men and dice boxes. The squares of ivory and tortoiseshell ; the board and boxes, of ivory, buffalo horn, sandal and rosewood ; a very handsome, and remarkably well-finished article, made by Se- dashoo of Vizagapatam, the largest exhibitor of articles of this description, which are nearly all equally good. A small sandal wood box, and a paper weight, both carved out of the solid, exhibited by W. E. Underwood, Esq. The Jury also commends — A flower stand, made of elk horn particularly well put together. A very curious collection of carvings in ivory and horn, is exhibited by his Highness the Rajah of Travancore. The animals, birds, flowers, and insects are very creditable, although not equal to European work of the same description. The fruits and vegetal)les are very good, and a snake and four ivory paper folders are beautifully carved and would do credit to any artist ; Four groups of figures in this collection are also very good. The Jury commends, highly — 9560. A carved ivoiy snake. 3561-4. Four carved ivory paper folders. The Jury also commends : 3591. Ants and flies. Articles carved and turned are plentifully exhi- bited, there are toys, cups, goblets, perfume bottles, jumboos, goojahs, boxes, mlers, sticks, flutes, ban- gles, kc , in ivory, buff'alo liorn, tortoiseshell, and various woods, plain, colored, and lacquered, some of them very good imitations of tortoise- shell. The peculiarity appears to be, tliat they are mostly turned out of the solid, a very expensive method of working, as far as ivory is concerned, there can however be no doubt of its very great su- periority, over the European system, in point of strength : — one ivory bottle, rendered elastic by its excessive thinness, is cm ions. 2326 is a very beauti- fully carved cocoanutshell, these article* are from Ceylon ; 3487 is a well carved, silver-mounted, cocoanut-shell from Travancore. 5994, a set of lac- quered ornaments of Scinde manufacture, are very beautifully colored. 4968, a set 25 pieces of geome- trical solids for the use of schools ; these are priced " not less than 30 Rupees," which the Jury con- siders too dear to admit of their general intro- duction into schools. Some of the figures, particu- arly a double cone, are not true, and they might all be made on a much larger scale with advantage. 4177. Six specimens of ornamental tnrning are remarkably well executed. 9091 an ivory vase, is the best piece of turning in the Exhibition. 4987 a set of carved ivory chessmen, on concentrically turn- ed bases, are tolerably well executed, so far as the turning is concerned, and cheap at the price. There is also a statuette in ivory of Hercules, after a copy in Serpentine, this is very beautifully got up. The Jury commends, highly — 9091. Mr. Rohdes turned ivory vase. The Jury a' so commends : 4177. Mr. Cotton's specimens of ornamental turning, and 2326. A carved cocoanut shellfrom Ceylon. In Caoutchouc there is nothing, and in gutta-per- cha but few specimens. Nos. 7652 and 7341 are in- different articles of English manufacture.Nos. 7653-4 are a fire bucket and pitcher made at Singapore. There are boxes and baskets in bamboo, grass r.itlan, &c. of a variety of shapes, and sizes. 2814-5. Two covered baskets, are well made and cheap. Hats and bonnets are exhibited, of which the workmanship cannot compete successfully with the well known Manilla article. Among the miscellaneous articles there are, 6177 a curious pair of rosewood clogs, in which a flower is made to open and shut by a spring under the heel. 5130, a serpent of horsehair, 9249- 9251, platters made of cloves, as beads are strung in England, and 4710, goblet and platter of paddy made in the same manner. 1096, a vasaputum or reading stand, framed and hinged out of the so- lid, wiiich opens in the centre as trestles do ; a curious piece of carpentry. The Jury recommends that the following prize? be awarded : — 2Nn Class Medal. To Sedashoo of Yizagapatam, for 8801 a fold- ing backgammon board, and the other articles exhi- bited by him. To tiie maker of a small carved sandal wood box, and a paper weight, carved out of the solid, made in Madras, exhibited by W. E. Underwood. Esq. To the carver of No. 5117. A pith figure of the Rajah of Tanjore, and, if not the same person. To ttie carver of No. 6S45. A pith group of three native gentlemen. 2nd Class Medal. To the carver of Nos. 3560 @ 3564. A snake, and four paper cutters carved in ivory. The Jury has not deemed it \iecessan,-, advisable, or in consonance with the purposes for which the Exhibition was establislied. to award prizes to the exhibitors of the other articles specially noticed in the foregoing report, although there can be no doubt of their excellence. A 20 182 [Class XXIX. CLASS XXIX. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES AND SMALL WARES. Jury. Major General P. E. Craigie, c. b. A. H. Murray, Esq. K- W. NoRFOR, Esq., Reporter. E. Lecot, Esq. W. H. Crake, Esq. SiRD.4R Jung Bahadook. C. V. CUNNIAH ClIETTIAK. B. Cardozo, Esq. Lieutenant Mitchell, G. B. Shaw, Esq. Dr. J. W. Mayer, m. d. FiSDLAY Anderson, Esq. The collection of Vizagapatam ware, in ivory and elk lioru, shows an improvement so great in shape and finish of the several articles as to make it evident that European taste and judgment has come largely in aid of the workman's skill. The old and clumsy shapes, though previously much improved upon, seem to be fast giving way, and a taste has, beyond doubt, been introduced among the workmen, which will exclude effectually the old and faulty style. There are some articles of quill and horn work in the past style of Vizag., and only moderately good in their way. Ivory chessmen exhibited are not of sufficient merit to require particular notice. Travancore exhibits some ivory carvings of ani- mals which are curious and good. A snake is very good, and some flowers and insects in ivory and horn show much skill and deserve every praise. An ivory figure of Hercules, exhibited by Gene- ral Cullen m-ade by a native, is probably well co- pied, and exemplifies the capacity of the Travan- core workmen under good guidance ; the symmetry, however, of the model is questionable. Some carved sandal wood boxes, exhibited by Lord Harris, are very fine specimens both in pat- tern and execution. An elastic ivory bottle from Ceylon is very cu- rious, and a Ceylon sandal wood box is good. In ivory and wood turnings, an ivory cup, exe- cuted by Mr. J. Eohde, C. S., is the most perfect specimen of turning in the Exhibition. The pith figures and models brought forward are of the usual class, from Trichinopoly, but all are carefully and beautifully made. Tanjore has sent in one specimen which in deli- cacy of workmanship and general effect surpasses all others, and is entitled to great praise, viz. a marriage palankeen with all its ornaments of wreaths and carvings. The lacquered ware exhibited from Kurnool is very good ; much improvement might be effected in these productions, had the workmen, like those of Vizag , the advantage of European taste to aid them in their designs. The articles are very cheap, and the ware should come into great request for many articles of domestic use. The English lacquered ware exhibited is ordina- ry, and, if shown as specimens for imitation, or as marking the progress of the art, they by no means meet the object. A few small specimens of lacquer from Scinde are very good in quality. Some leather lacquered table mats from Cudda- pah are very good, but they require to be thickened and finished at the back to make them useful. Mysore, Masulipatara, and Hyderabad exhibit some good toys, but without novelty. Tinnevelly models of fruit and vegetables are very inferior. Bangalore also sends some poor imita- tions of fruit, but Poodoocottah sends some credi- table wax vegetables. Some fans are shown from various quarters, bu.t none of merit. Mats are shown from Vizagapatam and Tanjore, but a Kandiau mat, No. 2321, is by far the pret- tiest specimen exhibited. Some hats and a bonnet, with sundry baskets, are exhibited by the Eajah of Vizianagram. The baskets are good and sufficiently pretty, but the in- tention in exhibiting the bonnet is difficult to de- termine. Cuddapah, Guntoor, and Malabar exhibit speci- mens of sealing wax of the usual good quality pro- duced in these districts ; when wax is used for let- ters, these waxes can be recommended as harder and superior to the home made. South Berar exliibits a very inferior wax and some very bad wax candles. Malabar exhibits some good candles, but as they are not moulded they cannot compete with the highly-finished composition candles of English make, though but little care seems needed to reader I Class XXIX.] MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES AND SMALL WARES. 1S3 the Malabar candles very saleable articles, and give tliem something of their old standing in the Indian markets. Specimens of bead work are exhibited of Euro- pean and Native make of various degrees of merit. One teapoy cover in beads and crotchet by Miss Locher is the best of all and is very good. .\ set of geometrical solids, from the Gun Car- nage Manufactory, deserves notice. A large collection of papier mache, meats and fruit made by Mr. Kormareck. A Spaniel in worsted work, exhibited by Mrs. Kormareck, is very well worked. Some gutta percha articles from England are good. Some from Singapore are of useful kinds, but want shape and finish. It is to be regretted that attention is not given at Madras to this branch of manufacture. A collection of sticks, exhibited by E. Balfour, Esq., is very good ; the object is to show that for a small expenditure, a collection may be made, without trouble, of any or of all kinds, and this object is fully answered. Some sections of elephant's teeth, exhibited by Mr. Eohde, are remarkable for their size. An assortment of shoes and slippers from Messrs. Crowe, do great credit to their makers ; a variety of native slippers, from various quarters, have nothiug remarkable about them. An assortment of uttas from Aurungabad, can only be called middling ; another from Madras is very inferior. Some paddy and clove trays from Cuddapah and from Tanjore are very good. A leather desk from Condapillay promises much from that quarter in this description of goods. A complete set of figures from Trichiuopoly are good. A bouquet of paper flowers, most tastefully mounted, merits notice, exhibited by Mrs- NicholU. JURY AW.^RDS RECOMMENDED. 8801 to 8839 Sedashia, Vizagapatam ivory and horn ware, 1st Class Medal. 3682 to 3981 Pith work, Veerasawmy Naick, 2nd Class Medal, 5129 Ditto T. Kistnah Eow, Exhibitor, 2nd Class Medal, recommended for maker. E. W. NOfiFOK, Rejiorter. 184 [CtAM XXX. % CLASS XXX. fine arts, including also coins, books, etc. Jury. The Right Honorable Lord Hahris. M. Gallois Montbrun. His Excellency General Sir P. Grant, k. c. b. The Honorable Walter Elliot, Esq., Reporter. R. O. Campbell, Esq. W. E. Underwood, Esq. G. Ellis, Esq., Seporter. EiNDLAY Anderson, Esq. S. D. Birch, Esq. Edward Balfour, Esq. H. W. Porteous, Esq. Captain J. W. Hay. Colonel Haines. J. P. Nash, Esq., m. d. A. Cole, Esq., Reporter. 3. W. Breeks, Esq, R. H. Powys, Esq. J. G. Garrett, Esq. Sub-Jury, paintings, drawings, photographs and engravings. FiNDLAY Anderson, Esq. S. D. Birch, Esq. J. W. Breeks, Esq. Captain J. W. Hay. A. Cole, Esq., Reporter, The Collection of Pictures exhibited at the BanquetiDg Hall may be divided into two classes. Firstly. Those executed by the hand, viz. paintings in oil and water colours ; drawings, and engravings. Secondly. Those executed with the aid of the camera, namely, the various descriptions of photographs, and daguereotypes. This second class, containing contributions I'rom the three Presidencies, and from Europe, and embracing portraits, groups and animals from life, landscapes, buildings, architectural details, microscopic objects, and copies of en- gravings, is so superior to the first, both in number and merit, that it is entitled to the first consideration. Although having in a great measure the same objects, the arts of painting and photo- graphy are diametrically opposed to each other, the very qualifications necessary in a good photographer are widely dift'erent from those re- ((uired to constitute a good Artist ; whereas tlie former requires good taste and judgment, combined with skilful and careful manipulation, depending for success on the quality of his ap- paratus and materials ; the latter must possess talent, knowledge, and conception, combined with such skill in using, and power over the implements and materials he employs as can only be attained by long and laborious study and practice. The works executed by their means are en- tirely dissimilar, the very points which would constitute the chief merits in a picture might be blemishes or faults in a photograph. The aim and object of pictorial art must be to idealize, to paint nature not as she is seen at any particular time, but as she miff/d appear under such circumstances as would most conduce to the effect of, and aid in develop- ing the impressions intended to be conveyed by the picture. Hard lines and un])leasin£r forms must be softened, lights and shadows must be arranged and subdued, and the whole subject be so composed and treated as to produce a harmonious whole ; this being of far more importance than mere transcription of detail. In a good photograph, the reverse of this must necessarily be the case, its chief beau- ty and value will consist in the exactness, and distinctness, with vviiich the objects it may re- present, even to the finest details, may be ren- dered. Much of the beauty of a photograph as a picture must depend on its light and shade ; the greatest care should therefore be taken, and judgment exercised in selecting the objects and determining on the most advantageous position and aspect in which they can be taken. These remarks are borne out by tiie present Exhibition, particularly in the examples from life, consisting of portraits, groups, and ani- mals. The success of portraiture must depend on Class XXX.] PINE AUTS, INCLUDING ALSO COINS, BOOKS. &c. 185 the skill witli which the expressions and cha- racteristics of the sitter are expressed in the pic- ture, rather than on the mere copying of fea- ture, in these beauties must be brought out, and defects subdued. In a photographic portrait gooil expression is invariably wanting ; this is unvoid- able, the sitter must, for however short a time, assume a fixed attitude both in form and feature. The ])icture will tiierefore be only a portrait of one phase of expression,generally of a verysombre nature, or when a smile is called up for the oc- casion, resulting in a meaningless grin. Though photographic jiortraits must be likenesses they are invariably unpleasing. The collodian portraits exhibited are general- ly indiflerent specimens of the art, the most suc- cessful, however, are those executed bv Geo. La(li<-.m, Esq. The specimens contributed by J. Tawse, Esq. are much too sombre in tone. In the Portraits by W. E. Cochrane, Esq. the back grounds do not contrast sufficiently with the flesh tints, and consequently the pictures have a poor effect. The animals photographed by the same gentleman are remarkably good. Some very characteristic groups of Figures, well taken, are exhibited by Dr. Scott. The groups by A. Williamson, Esq. are good, especially " the Girl's School." J. Howe Esq. exhibits some Daguereotype Portraits, that are very successful, being unusually free from the metallic appearance observable in Pictures taken by this process. Passing from these to the examples of Land- scape Photography, it would appear that (owing to the difficulty of focusing any extensive view- so as to preserve the aericl perspective, and render the foreground, middle and extreme dis- tances with eft'ect, to the absence of colour, and to the heaviness of appearance invariably ob- servable in Photographs,) these subjects are not, if considered as Pictures alone, the most successful ; but as studies for casual effects, light and shade, Perspective, Eoliage and de- tails applicable to foregrounds they are invalu. able. If in the highest departments of Art Photography cannot compete with painting, its inferiority, in that respect is amply compensated for by its success in delineating such subjects as appertain to the more mechanical branches. No amount of graphic skill, or expenditure of time and patience could produce sucli marvel- lous delineations as are comprised in the examples executed from Architectural works, Microscopic and other objects. The greatest strength of Photography lies. and is likely to lie, in its perfect applicability to such subjects ; its value for scientific pur- poses in Architecture, Botauy, Minerologv, Ana- tomy, &c., is incalculable. The contributions by Capt. Tripe, Capt Green- law, J. Mitchell, Es(i. J)r. .Murray, Dr. Mantell and others, show the great imjjortance of Pho- tography in representing objects so well adopt- ed to the art as the subjects chosen by those exhibitors. The Architecture of India was until the pub- lication of Mr. Eergusson's work on the Tem- ples, and the Chapters devoted to the subject in iiis " Hand Book," almost unknown and un- studied, ami, although much has been accom- plished by him, in recording the History, group- ing the styles, and illustrating the superb Buildings existing in the country, there must still remain much to be studied, and much to be illustrated. 'J'he series of views by Capt. Tripe are remarkable not only as excellent pho- tograi)hs, but as examples of the liurmese style of Building and ornament. The elaborate wood carving pictured in some, bears a striking resemblance to the later Rennaisance styles the ornament on a Balcony No. 95 both in arrange- ment of lines and general treatment being al- most identical with them. The views by Capt. Greenlaw from the mag- nificient ruins at Humpy arc most valuable il- lustrations of Hindu Architecture with its mul- titudinous details. Many of them are also fine studies for light and shade, and persspectivt. It would be supposed from the nature of Photography that all pictures executed by its means must possess a similarity of style ; it is however a curious fact, that this is not the case, the works by one operator being perfectly dis- tinct in character from those by another, even when the same description of a])pnratus and the same process has been used ; this may be ob- served, w hen two pictures have been taken by different exhibitors from the same view — the best Indian Photographs in the Exhibition, those by Capt. Tripe and Capt. Greenlaw, ex- emplify this in a marked manner. The views by Capt. Tripe excel in finish and delicacy — those by Capt. Greenlaw in boldness, freedom and efi'ecf, the former are perha])s the best pho- tographs, but the latter arc the best pictures. The Calotypcs taken in Bunnah and exhibit- ed by Capt. Tripe are excellent ; remarkable for great distinctness and also for their unusual and beautiful tint. When all are so excellent it is difficult to particularize any as especially A 21 186 FINE ARTS, INCLUDING ALSO COINS, BOOKS, &c. [Class XXX. worthy of notice, at the same time Nos. C \ and 104 as specimens of the Landscapes and Nos. 43, 85, 92 and 95, as examples of the build- ings and details may be designated as very good. In No. 85 the perfection with which the ela- borate carvings on the Balcony and cornices are brought out, is perfectly marvellous. No. 92, part of the Balcony of Kyong No, is remarka- ble both as regards the beauty of its detail and the picturesqueness of its effect. The Balcony No. 95 is a very fine example of ornamental treatment ; and is photographed with the great- est delicacy. The Views by Capt. Greenlaw taken near Bel- lary and at Humpy exhibit great boldness of style, the subjects are well chosen and many of them are superb studies of light and shade. No. 9, a Tank and Garden, is remarkable for its beautiful atmospheric effect. " The Cocoanut Tope," No. 18, is very good : No. 23, the Tank and River near Kistnasawmy Pagoda, is also a beautiful example. No. 41, although a little indistinct in parts, is a very fine photograph, embracing a much larger field of view, than is generally attempt- ed. Nos. CO and 72 are good pictures, the dis- tance in No. 60 is remarkably clear. Nos. 16, 19, 58, and 70, showing portions of the ruins at Humpy, are well worthy of notice ; being well taken, having good pictorial effect, and af- fording fine examples of Hindu Architecture. Dr. Neill exhibits some well printed speci- mens, but their efi'ect is deteriorated by the dark reddish tint pervading them all, to a greater or less dej^ree. No. 50 as a Landscape. Nos. 46, 52, 57, 58, 59, and 61 from Architectural de- tails, are very good, especial Nos. 58 and 59. The Calotypes exhibited by J. Mitchell, Esq., are good. The view of the Shevagunga Hill containing numberless buildings and objects, all distinctly delineated is especially so. Three views of the Ulsore temple at Bangalore are very good. The view of the Triplicane pagoda though effective, is injured by the spotty ap- pearance observable in the water. Some smaller sized Photographs exhibited by W. H. Crake, Esq. are good ; hnt it is questionable whether the tinted sky introduced in one example is in good taste, or not. The views taken at Agra by Dr. Murray are of large size, many of them being fine specimens of Photography. Nos. 344 and 438 from the Nynee Tall, are good sub- jects, well rendered. No. 381, the Palace Fort, is a good picture of a very picturesque object. The picture " Dead Deer. Himalaya" is remarkable for fine effect. Dr. Mantell ex- hibits some smaller views that are good both as to the choice of subjects and execution. No. 103 is a beautiful little study. Nos- 160, 165, and 487, are also worthy of notice, being well photographed and printed. W. Glyn, Esq. exhibits some very good examples, taken from subjects selected with great taste. The views by Capt. Simpson are of small size and are principally remarkable for the taste and descrimination evinced in the choice of subjects, many of them being of a very homely character. Nos. 226, 232, 233, and 299, are most artistic studies. The Daguereotype Landscapes by J. Rowe, Esq. are also very good. The " panoramic views of Calcutta" and the views of the" River Hooghly with shipping" are very perfect. Dr. Scott has contributed a series of excellent co- pies from Engravings. The copies of Engrav- ings by J. Tawse, Esq. have the same defect as the Portraits exhibited by him. Some good copies of Engravings are exhibit- ed by C. Lazarus, Esq., and some successful Photographs from Microscopic objects by Dr. A. A.llantell. Of the system now prevailing of colouring Photographs, either with oil or water colour, there are one or two examples and these are inferior specimens, but it may be remarked that they, and all works of that kind are neither good as pictures or photographs, as pictures they want the very life of painting, drawing, and as Photographs, the beauty and exactness constituting their greatest charm is entirely lost in the colour with which it is overlaid. Amongst the Photographs executed in Eu- rope there are several good examples of Por- traiture, especially the " Portrait of a Lady," contributed by Col. Denison. This is by far the best Photographic Portrait exhibited, being re- markable for the artistic arrangement of the drapery, and for the beautiful manner in which the light and shade are distributed. The " Portait of a Gentleman" by Major Mayne is also very good. Two magnificent specimens are exhibited by E. Maltby, Esq., one being a study of sea and sky, the other a view of a portion of the Hotel Richelieu ; the former is perfectly wonderful as an example of Photographic art, particularly as from the nature of the subject it must have been taken instantaneously ; the latter is of great size, of good colour, and very distinctly taken, the Class XXX.] FINE ARTS, INCLUDING ALSO COINS. BOOKS, &c. 1S7 paper notwithstanding its dimensious appearing perfectly free frona flaws. Some views in Edinburgh by W. Walker, Esq., and also two by Tliunny of the same city, are worthy of notice ; a few good views in Ire- land are also exhibited, and a scries exhibited by Colonel Denison consisting of views in Venice. The Oil Paintings exhibited are few in num- ber and indifferent in execution ; Capt. Cazalet's two pictures representing views in Penang are carefully painted, but are ineffective and want- ing in breadth. Of the two pictures by ilr. G. W. Novice the still-life group (dead birds) is by far the best ; the group of flowers sent by him is poor, both in drawing and colouring. Two or three Portraits in oil colour are ex- liibitcd. The collection of water colour and other Drawings is more numerous. Sonic beautiful specimens of Delhi paintings are contributed by Lord Harris ; these are remarkable for their minuteness and for exquisite finish in drawing and colouring. Two drawings exhibited by Geo. Latham, Esq.. are excellent, combining good execution and finish as architectural drawings, with clever arrangement for pictorial efl'ect ; the figures introduced are well grouped and drawn with great spirit, the skies being also well painted. W. H. Porteous, Esq., exhibits two single portraits and two groups. These drawings, exe- cuted iu crayon and water colour by .M . Serr, of Berlin, are in part very good. The efl'ect of the groups, as pictures, is much injured by the siifl' manner iu which the figures are posed. The two drawings exhibited by Capt. llawlins, executed by Capt. Nicholls, representing the " Temple of the Sun" and the " Astec Tank," though well drawn, are too uniform in colour, and are very theatrical in treatment. A series of Drawings from Flowers by Mrs. Col. J. R. Brown are worthy of notice ; they are ex- cellent as botanical studies, very characterestic, aud true to nature, being also well drawn but requiring more finish in colouring, especially in the larger leaves. A set of Paintings on Talc, representing Native Figures, exhibited by G. Mooroogasen Moodeliar, are remarkable for careful execution and finish. Other Drawings are exhibited that do not call for any special notice. Some French Engravings are exhibited by Mr. Deschamp. The Government School of Arts contributes a number of Engravings and Lithographs, amongst them a series of Architectural details, compiising measurements of the Ancient Build- ings in Kome by G. Marsliall, Architect, engra- ved by Ant, Desgodetz. Awards recommended by the Sub-Committee in the Jury on Cla-'^s XXX, reporting on Pictures, Drawings, Photographs, and En- gravings. First-Class Med.vls, Madras. " George Latham, Esq.,for his excellent Archi- tectural drawings. " Capt. Tripe, for his series of Calotypes, illus- trating Burmese Architecture and Ornament. " Capt. Greenlaw, for his series of Calotypes, illustrating Hindu Architecture. " Dr. Scott, for his Photographs from groups of figures, and from engravings. " Mrs. Colonel J. R. Brown, for her series of Water-colour Drawings, from Indian Plants. Calcutta. " Dr. Murray, for his Photographic views taken at Agra. '' Capt. Simpson, for his series of views, and for the taste evinced in the choice of the sub- jects from which they they have been taken. " Dr. Neill, for his Photographs of Architec- tural subjects. " J. Mitchell, Esq., for his series of Photogra- phic views. " Major Mayue, for his Photographic Por- traits. " Dr. Mantell, for the Photographic views and the Photographs from ilicrosopic objects executed by him. " J. Rowe, Esq., for his Dagucreotype Land- scapes and Portraits. Honorable Mextiox. The Right Honorable Lord Harris for the beautiful specimens of Delhi paintings exhibit- ed by him. " E. ilaltby, Esci., for the two European Photographs exhibited by him. " Col. Denison, for the Portrait of a Lady and the Photographic views of Venice exhibit- ed by him. A. COLE, Heporier. 188 BRONZES, MARBLES, ALABASTER, &e. [Class XXX. Sub-Jury. bb0nze3, makble, alabaster, and parian statuettes, plaster casts, 8:c. G. Ellis, Esq. Captain Hay. Alex. Huntee, Esq., Associate and Reporter. There is a large collection of articles in this class, some deserving of notice from tlieir anti- quity, others from their quaintiiess of form, a lew from the excellency of their workmanship or from their being copies of celebrated works of Art from the best galleries of Europe. Bronzes. There is a fair display of Eronzes from France, Italy, Burmah, and China. The best collection is the joint contribution of the Honorable Walter Elliot and J. Vans Agnew, Esq. In this series are some very spirited and excellent samples of modelling, particularly two horses by J. Mene ; the animals by this artist are always remarkable for their careful anatomical modelling and spirited action : some of the best table ornaments of modern times are his groups of deer, horses, and dogs. An excellent and humorous bronze from the same collection is an old Mastiff and a Tortoise by A. Jackquemart. There is a great deal of character in the old dog, who seems to be in- tensely interested in the movements of the small tortoise, creeping under his old nose; the texture of the skin and the anatomy of the dog are admirably rendered. A copy of the Mercury by John of Bologna exhibits good modelling, and the color of the bronze is dark and rich. A Dancing Peasant or Eeaper is awkwardly posed and ungraceful in action. The bronze is also inferior in quality, being pale and brassy green in tint. A copy of an antique Yase with groups of Cupids is well execut- ed and tasteful in form. In the same collec- tion are some copies of Neapolitan Vases in bronze from the Borbonico Collection. These are mounted on plain marble stands and are remarkable for their simple elegance and purity of form. The Honorable "VTalter Elliot ex- hibits some interesting bronzes from Burmah, amongst which are a reliquary in the form of a Paha or Deghope, found at Tonglioo ; it con- tained some reliques in the cavity at the top which was made to open for the purpose of receiving them. A Burmese Gong, Mirror, Combs, and set of Scales and Weights were also interesting. Mr. Deschamps exhibits two bronze Statuettes by Pradier, ratlier insipid in sentiment and deficient in anatomical modelling. A Boar Vase, a Cup witii a child and dog, and an Egyp- tian Cup, are more appropriate in style. Two small bronze figures of Soldiers of the Grena- dier Guards are cleverly modelled and spirited in action. Mr. Burgass exhibits two bronze Japanese Candelabra of excellent metal, very plain in execution and simple in design. Messrs. Oakes and Co. ccmtribute two Chi- nese Bronze Vases on carved stands, both in bold perforated grotesque style, one ornamented with dragons and tlie other with the signs of the zodiac. These are of good bronze contain- ing mucii copper, and are interesting from the skill which they exhibit in modelling, casting, and chasing of intricate patterns. Samples of this kind show great progress in a difficult branch of metallurgic Art. It is much to be regretted that there are not any specimens of Indian Bronzes, as it is known that good figures and ornaments in bronze and copper are to be met with in this Presidency, thougii tlie Art is rapidly deteriorating in India from the want of encouragement. A few of the samples of bronze, copper, and brass forwarded to the Exhibition of 1855 proved that the Natives excell in the chasing and mechanical details of this and other branches of metallurgic Art, which might easily be improved in India. Marble and Alabaster Busts ; Statuettes, AND Table Ornaments. A pair of fine colossal Busts in marble of Bacchus and Ariadne are exhibited by Mr. Deschamps. These are copies from the antique in good Italian marble on colored marble pedestals. The style is broad, simple, and ef- fective without much detail. The vine leaves on the liead of Bacchus are rather large and heavy ; the Ariadne is the more pleasing bust of the two. Mr. Deschamps exhibits also a statuette in marble of a young Apollo, and a recumbent fe- male figure in grief, apparently intended for a monumental tablet. The drapery of the latter is in bad taste and the figure indifferently modell- ed. In the same collection are small alabaster statuettes of Narcissus, Diana at the Bath, Canova's Three Graces and a Tazza supported by three female figures ; the latter is in bad taste, the nude female figure being tamely and inap- propriately applied partly as a support but without any attempt at artistic adaptation of the figures, the backs of which are all shown in Class XXX.l BRONZES, MARBLES, ALABASTER, &c. 189 I'ue same attitude. A small copy in alabaster of i the Dancing Faun, froin the Vatican, the liead I ■Mid arms of which were restored by Micliael ' Aiiirelo, is one of tlie best statuettes exhibited ' by ilr. Deschamps. A reclining figure of Gordama, tiie Burmese BudJIia, is carved in a very translucent but hard marble ; there is little attempt at anatomi- cal modelling or accurate chiselling of details, and a total neglect of graceful forms either in the figure or iu the folds of the drapery, smooth- ness of surface and high polish being the chief points aimed at by the Jiurmese sculptors, who carve two or three of their deities invariably j in the same iittitudes. This marble is apparent- i ly well suited for stacuary purposes, and as the Burmese carve with great rapidity and freedom, it might be worth while trying if they could be induced to copy good ornaments or works of Art iu marble or alabaster, both of which are known to be abundant in Ava. Carvings ix Stone. Two of the best specimens exhibited in this class are large ornamental Flower Vases carved in M;ilt>'So white sand stone. These are re- markable for the accurate precijion iu the chiselling of the details, and the appropriate ap- plication of ornament ; the forms of the vases are elegant, but the details are a little crowded in some parts of the vases. The Jury recommend a Second Class Medal to Messrs. Griffiths and Co., the Exhibitors. Parian Statuettes. There are but two specimens of Parian, con- tributed by Messrs. Griffiths & Co., Cupids fighting for a heart and Pomona with the apple ; the former is a spirited piece of modelling, with good and appropriate action in the figures and careful finish of details. The latter is rather common-place in altitude, smooth and deficient in detail as if from a worn-out mould. An ele- gant alabaster vase is exhibited by Griffiths and Co. The Honorable Walter Elliot contributes four slabs of greyish marble, one carved with Hindoo figures in bold relief ; another with an equestrian figure and a seated female, well carved. The third is a rosette formed of the Lotus flowers, with the sacred feet in the centre. These three are from the ruins of Ainravattee iu Guntoor. The fourth is an ornament carved in low relief inclosing the signs of the zodiac. This stone is from Cashmere and bears the marks of great antiquity. The Guntoor local committee exhibit a large stone that formed the top of a Hindoo Satli, at Amrawatfee, and be- longing to the series of Elliot sculptures at the Museum. Attempts were made to proeure for the Exhibition some interesting slabs that form- ed the roof, or covering, for some of the old tombs or cromlechs filled with antique Pot- tery, discovered recently near Coimbatore by S. Eraser, Esq., Civil Engineer. These stones \tcT>- upwards of six feet in length and three in breadth, and carved on the under or inner surface with Hindoo figures. The stones, how- ever, could not be procured iu time for the Exhibition. The Honorable Walter Elliot also exhibits a horn of the African Rhinoceros (R. Cvums) lately carved in China. The pattern consists of aquatic plants and birds boldly and sharply undercut. Plaster of Paius Casts. There is a large contribution of Statues, Busts and Plaster Studies from the Madras School of Industrial Arts, consisting of casts from some of the best works of Art in the Galleries of Rome and the British Museum. Among these may be remarked the full length Statue of a combatant, usually called the Fighting Gladia- tor. This figure is full of energy and sudden muscular action, leaning forward as if in ihf act of delivering a blow, it is a tine example of anatomical modelling and of careful finish of details ; the character of the head is in good keeping with the rest of the figure. The original was found at Antium and is by Agasias, a Grecian sculptor. The Dying Gladiator, from the Capitol at Rome, is also a fine work of Art, expressive in attitude and truthful in character, but not so perfect as the previous figure, the left leg and one of the hands being inferior in execution, probably from being modern restorations ; it is not known by whom the original was executed. The Venus of Milo is a fine example of Gre- cian Art in its best period ; it combines ease and grace of attitude with bold, yet refined execution : the original is supposed to have been executed by Praxitiles. It is to be regretted that an accident befel one of the best statues sent to the Exhi- bition, viz., the Athlete with theStrygil, present- ed to the School of Arts by the Roman Govern- ment. The statue was broken after having been set up, and could not be repaired in time for the opening of the hall. The pedestal was a 22 190 BRONZES, MARR ill consequence occupied by a colossal liead 1 Phidias, from Monte Cavallo. This head li all the character, action, and expression of t liead of the Apollo Belvidere, but has bei much weather-worn and destroyed from e posure. The collection of Busts from Rome contains two of a colossal size of the Emperors Septimus Severus, and Lucius Verus, from the Borghese Collection, both in a fine style of Art, combin- ing boldness of chisselling with careful finish of details. A bust of Juno is in a broad, severe stvle, Busts of Cicero and the young Emperor Augustus are fine samples of careful modelling and expression. The collection of colossal and other hands and feet are well selected as studies for Schools. The Madras School of Arts also contributes ;i complete series of casts from the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum, constituting about two-thirds of the Panathenaic Erieze with which Pliidias embellished the outside of the Temple of the Parthenon at Athens. The subjects are the processions celebrated every fifth year in honor of Minerva ; they consist of difl'erent compartments containing draped male and female figures, some walking slowly in procession, others bearing offerings, and lead- ing animals to be slaughtered, a few sitting figures, two processions of charioteers in Bigas and two long equestrain processions ""■ There '.11 .Mi-iA.i- iKiU exttuii. iin , ,' ijs. vliicii auiouiii to >i-i, cover a space of 249 feet, and over this extent is a life, activity, and grace, with a variety of attitude, costume, and ani- mated action, which prove that the Grecian sculptors possessed a thorough kiiowledire of the liumaii form, and a just appreciation of those actions of the body, delicate as well as violent, which give expression and character. The draped female figures are remarkable for simplicity and elegance in attitude, willi graceful disposition of "the drapery. The male figures have a dignitv and ease of action seldom attained in statuary, and there is an animation, life, and motion in the equestrian procession which prove a thorough mastery of the arts of modelling and sculpture. These casts were select- ed as the best and purest samples of high art that could be procured for comjiarison with some of the sculptures of India, which, though often excellent in ornament and rich in mechanical details, are deficient in the modelling of the human figure, which in Hindoo Art is usnallv over strained in action, and stiff and uneas\ when in repose. ALEX. HUNTEB, M.U., Bepordr. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book is DUE on the last date stamped below DEC 2 8,. Form L-0 a0fn-l,'41(U22} O MTM B J' T t^ lAUmWOto 485 Madras* M28M2 adiibition of 1857 ' Reports. DEC S 19! f. c s £)££_^-i9§5ERDlu ♦DS 485 M28U2 3 1158 0093' UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY