..MMAiSx/ I EARTH UBRARY I SCIENCE^ LIBRARY iCiiireirp af EARTH. • SCIENCE* I — I £ / v' c o I — I <1 O -a g^ / y .\^' //J- '*»^ mtP'7^1^KS &=, ?> uHJ O J ILL. No. 2. AUTOPRINT (SKLF-PRINT) OF Kl'NZITK CRYSTAL. Made by exposing crystal to the Roentgen ray for live minutes, and then laying it upon the photographic pla Bulletin No. 37. 5an Francisco, June, 1905. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental 5tones of California ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Issued by the California 5tate Mining Bureau Ferry Building, San Francisco. Lewis L. Aubury, 5tate Mineralogist. . W. Shannon Sacramento : 1905. Superintendent State Printing V or EARTH SCIENCES I.'BRARY -ri •gr LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To Hon. George C. Pardee, Governor of California, and the Honorable the Board of Trustees of the State Mining Bureau: Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit Bulletin Xo. 37, "Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California," which has been compiled by George F. Kunz, A.M., Ph.D. The industry of which this Bulletin treats is comparatively a new one in this State, but it is of growing importance, as the increasing annual value of the output of the subjects enumerated will testify to. Much care has been exercised in the field investigations, and a very complete examination has been made of all of the various deposits which have been found. The greatest courtesy has been shoAvn to Field Assistants by the owners of the deposits, and much needed assistance has been extended in many ways. I shall not mention specifically the parties to whom the thanks of this department are owing, but due recognition is given by Dr. Kunz at the conclusion of the introductory chapter, under the heading " Recognition. " To all who have aided in the preparation of this report, and who have loaned and donated specimens to our Museum from their mines, I again wish to extend the thanks of this department. To Dr. George Kunz, the Bureau is highly indebted for the great care he has exercised in the preparation of the work, and without his assist- ance, and the use of the valuable data he has collected concerning the Gem Industry in California, this publication would be far from complete, and in extending our thanks to him, I do so with a full knowledge of the valuable assistance he has rendered. Very respectfully, LEWIS E. AUBURY, State Mineralogist. San Francisco, June 30, 1905. CONTENTS. Page. INTKODUCTION -------------- 9 DI-\MOND --------------- 36 CORUNDUM --------------- 45 TOPAZ ---------------- 46 SPINEL ---------------- 47 BERYL ---------------- 48 OARNET ---------------- 50 TOURMALINE -------------- 54 in^ARTZ ---------------- 64 CHALCEDONY ---,----------- 71 CHRYS0PRA8E -------------- 74 OPAL ---------------- 75 ALBITE ---------------- 78 ORTHOCLASE --------------- 79 GRAPHIC GRANITE ------------- 79 LABRADORITE- -------------- 80 DIOPSIDE --------------- 80 ENSTATITE --------------- 80 SPODUMENE (KUNZITE) ------------ 81 VESUVIANITE (CALIFORNITE) - ---------- 93 PECTOLITE --------------- 95 AXINITE ---------------- 96 JADE ---------------- 96 DATOLITE ---------------- 97 APOPHYLLITE -------------- 97 LAPIS LAZULI ------- - . - 98 ANDALUSITE -------------- 98 EPIDOTE -------- 99 AGALMATOLITE -------------- 100 LEPIDOLITE --------------- 100 CHRYSOCOLLA -------------- 101 APATITE ---------------- 102 FLUORITE --------------- 102 CONTENTS. Page. ANHYDRITK 102 GYPSUM los COAL - 104 HEMATITK ---....... 1(,4 GOTHITE 105 CASSITERITK 105 imOOKITE .--..---.. 106 AZURITE AND ^FALACHITE ........... UMi TURQUOISE - 107 AMBER 110 CARBONATE OF LIME .-.---....... no ORBICULAR DIORITE ............ 112 CAT'S-EYE ................ 114 OBSIDIAN -...-.-..-...-. 114 PEARL .--.-...-..-.... 115 ABALONE 111^ GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA .......... 121 APPENDIX-CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU 159> LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. No. 1. Relief map of California Folder 2. Autoprint (self-print) of Kunzite Crystal. Made by exposing crystal to the Roentgen ray for five minutes, and then laying it upon the photo- graphic plate Frontispiece 3. Weathered mass of " Line-Rock, " showing garnet interlineations in the compact f eldspa r - - - 15 4. Orbicular Diorite, Dehesa, San Diego County. Weathered surface, showing the structure 15 5. Pala Mountain. View looking west. Pegmatite ledges as white lines 16 6. Bridal Chamber, Lepidolite Mine, showing tourmaline crystals embedded in the rock 22 7. Diamond, natural crystal, found at Volcano, Amador County 41 8. Rough diamond, found in " Spring Valley Hj^draulic Mine," Cherokee Flat, Butte County . 41 9. Topaz crystal (natural size). Ramona, San Diego County 46 10. Topaz crystals (natural size) on crystallized Albite, Ramona, San Diego County 47 11. Town of Pala, San Diego County, view looking east, showing Indian houses 56 12. Belfry of "Old Spanish Church" at Pala 57 13. Pala Mountain. View of the Lithia Mine, showing workings and dump. Lepidolite with Rubellite 58 14. Red Tourmaline crystals on Quartz crystals, Mesa Grande 60 15. Pala Chief Mine, Pala. Southwestern end of workings, looking east 61 16. Pala Mountain, San Diego County, Lepidolite Mine — near view of the dump 6.3 17. Quartz crystals from Placerville, El Dorado County 65 18. Outcrop of Rose Quartz. Free Zone, near the Mexican line, San Diego County 67 19. Pebbles from Pescadero Beach, San Mateo County 72 20. Pebble Beach, Redondo, Los Angeles County 73 21. Moonstone Beach, Catalina Island, Los Angeles County 78 22. Kunzite crystal, Sickler Mines, Pala 85 23. Autoprint from crystal of Kunzite exposed to the X ray for ten minutes, and exposed to the plate for five minutes . 89 24. Entrance to Lepidolite Mine at Pala 101 25. Orbicular Diorite Mine, Dehesa, San Diego County— near view of outcrop.. 113 26. Pebble Beach at Pescadero, San Mateo County 113 27. Coahuila Mountain (general view), Riverside County: Beryl, Kunzite, and Gem Tourmaline 122 28. Fano (Simmons) Mine, Riverside Countv. View of ridge, looking north.. 123 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. No. 12!). SifWidi Lilliia Miiic(\v('wt end of tuiiiii'l ), I'ala .Mdiiiitaiii, San DiegoCounty 125 80. Pala Cliicf .Mine, Pala, San Diego County 126 HI. Pala Chief ^[ine. Pocket line at tlie point where the largest pocket of Kunzite crystals occnrred 127 S2. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, Heriart Mountain, San DiegoCounty, view look- ing southwest 180 33. Naylor-Vandcrl)urg Mine, showing workings : 131 34. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, "Naylor rock, " showing pegmatite above, zone of pockets and banded "line-rock " below 131 .3.5. Mount Heriart (taken from south, one mile) 132 36. Himalaya Tourmaline Mine, Mesa Grande, San Diego County 134 37. Esmeralda Mine, Mesa Grande. Tunnel, looking east 1.36 38. Mack Beryl Mine, Rincon, San Diego County. View from the south 138 31). Mack Dcryl Mine, portion of the ledge about eight feet thick 139 40. Eamona District, San Diego County, general view of ledges, looking north 140 41. A B C Mine, Pvamona, San DiegoCounty 141 42. Little Three Mine, Ramona. Sorting Topaz, Beryl, and Essonite Garnet. 143 43. Little Three Mine, lower workings at east end -- 143 44. Little Three Mine, wall rock, showing lines of small black Tourmaline 14,5 45. Hercules Mine, Ramona. Essonite Garnet and Beryl 148 46. Prospect Mine, Ramona, general view. Essonite Garnet 151 47. Prospect Mine, Ramona, showing ledge and opening 151 48. Office of State Alining Bureau, Ferry Building, San Francisco..- 158 49. Mineral Museum, State Mining Bureau . 161 50. Library and Reading-Room, State Mining Bureau 163 51. Laboratory, State Mining Bureau 165 G[MS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, AND ORNAMENTAL STONES OE CALIEORNIA. By GEORGE F. KUNZ, A.M., Ph.D. INTRODUCTION. In preparing this report upon the gem-minerals of California, a few general considerations may be noted at the outset. Prior to the Mexi- can war, California was a land but little known — a romantic, dreamy region of far-away southern life, where the Catholic fathers had founded their missions, and brought the language and the architecture of Spain to the shores of the Pacific. With the transfer of the territory to the United States, and the discovery of gold in 1848, a swift and mighty change set in, and a wonderful era of progress began, which has con- tinued to the present time. In this great development of California, there may easily be recog- nized three distinct steps or stages, the later ones coming in not to replace the earlier, but as successive additions to the productive power of the State. For a number of years California Avas chiefly known and sought as the land of gold, the El Dorado. Later came the develop- ment of the soil for agriculture — the rich harvests of the great valley, and the luxuriant horticulture of the southern section, where the fruits of southern Europe are now gathered on so vast a scale. Lastly, within a few years, has come into view the wonderful richness of the State in gems and precious stones, as a third aspect of productiveness. With this, the present report has to deal. Many notices of separate observations and discoveries of this kind have from time to time appeared, and lists of minerals found in the State have been published at various periods in different reports of the earlier surveys and by the State Mining Bureau. These will be enumer- ated further on.* But thus far there has been no general record of the *The titles of many of these reports will be given in the footnotes. See also Bibli- ography relating to Geology. Palseontology and Mineral Resources of California, including maps, by Capt. A. \V. Vogdes, published by the State Mining Bureau. San Francisco, 19Q4. 10 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNL\. distril»utioii of Califoniia gcin-iuincrals as such; and the facts have, moreover, been aecunmlating so rapidly within a very short time past, that they have assumed an importance much greater than before. In 1890 and 1892 the full list of the discoveries known was collected and published with other gem material.* The discoveries made within the past ten years have been reported almost entirely by the writer, in his capacity as Special Agent of the U.S. Geological Survey for this particular branch, in the annual reports on the Production of Precious Stones in the United States, published in the Division of Mineral Resources, in the annual reports of the Survey. All that has appeared in those volumes, together with a large amount of additional material, earlier and more recent, and much of it from personal communications and other unpublished sources, has been brought together, and corrected up to the date of going to press, so as to present to the people of California a general conception of the wealth of their State in gems and precious stones. It is hoped that this work may give an impetus to further discovery and advance. The develop- ments in this line during the last four years, especially in southern Cali- fornia, are phenomenal, and have not been paralleled by those of any other State or country. They seem, however, only to have commenced, and it is quite possible that in a few years many new and important discoveries will be made in this region, and California be known as one of the greatest gem-producing countries of the world. Hence, while this report is designed to comprise all gem-minerals found in the State, it will deal especially wath the newest region of discovery. It is time, and it is fit, that this body of information should be given to the people of the State; as many of her mineral products are better known and better represented abroad than they are at home. Altogether, probably more than a billion dollars' worth of gold, gems, and minerals of California have been diffused to the ends of the Avorld — the first aid- ing in commerce and strengthening the banker, the others forming the ornaments and the pride of important museums and other great collec- tions. The tourmaline, spodumene, rock-crystal, and other gems — as familiar now to experts and collectors as the gold itself — have been better known to the residents of Russia, Spain, or Germany, than to the inhabitants of the Golden State whence they came. It is a singular fact that these gems are better represented in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the United States National Museum at Washington, the British Museum in London, the Musee d 'Histoire Naturelle of Paris, and other great institutions in the East and abroad, than they are in the State Mining Bureau of California or the State University at Berkeley — both of which have collections that rank well *Gems and Precious Stones of North America, New York, 1890-92, by George F. Kunz, pp. 3L GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 11 for the authenticity and the richness of their specimens, and for their magnificent examples of foreign minerals. If this report shall tend ta increase the interest and awaken the pride of the people of the State in their remarkable mineral treasures, it will have served a purpose of permanent utility. GEM-MINERALS IN CALIFORNIA. The distribution of gem-minerals in California may be very broadly outlined somewhat as follows: I. There is, first, the gold region of the central and northern coun- ties along the western base of the Sierra Nevada; in this are found the- gold-quartz used so much for jewelry and ornamental work, and the few but. interesting diamonds. These latter occur loose in the gold- bearing gravels, sometimes of the surface placers, but generally of the old river-beds now covered and compacted by lava-flows. In these last also is found much of the agatized and opalized wood, which is some- times capable of use as an ornamental stone. In the same gravel fill- ing of an ancient stream bed, in Calaveras County, has also been found the wonderful deposit of transparent quartz crystals (rock-crystal) of great size, which have yielded some of the finest material for art work ever known anywhere. These occurrences, it is true, are adventitious,, and not in the nature of mines that can yield any permanent supply. But they have been found, and may be found again at any time. The gold-quartz is different in this respect, and a fairly steady production of it in certain of the quartz mines may be relied upon hereafter, a& before. The diamonds found in the gravels are neither numerous nor large^ but some of them are beautiful and all of them possess much interest. Their occurrence will be described further on in some detail. All have been found incidentally, and no search for them has ever been made. One or two suggestions, however, may be offered here: (1) As the U. S. Geological Survey is projecting a special study of the occurrence of platinum in California and the Pacific States, it would seem not unlikely that if some attention were paid to the occur- rence of the diamond, it also might be found in this exploration; a& the diamond is one of the heavier minerals and is almost invariably met with in the riffles with the gold and platinum. (2) The new grease-board separator used in the South African dia- mond mines, recently devised through the keen observation of one of its employes — Mr. Kersten of Kimberley — might prove a valuable adjunct to some of the present gold-stamps, or in the sluices, to detect the occurrence of diamonds in California. It is a remarkable fact that while almost all other minerals pass over a board coated with 12 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CATJPORNLV. luutton tallow, when such a board is vil)rate(l or " jigged," all diamonds present remain adhering to tlie tallow, and can thus be separated. With a contrivance of this kind, diamonds down to the size of a pin- point are at present saved in the South African diamond washings, while otherwise they would surely be lost. II. There is next the region of Tulare County, centering around Visalia, where the recently developed chrysoprase mines occur at several points. This rare and beautiful stone exists here apparently in some abundance; and associated with it are a number of other forms and varieties of quartz minerals capable of use in the arts for orna- mental purposes, such as rose-quartz, chrysopal, etc., besides several species of garnet, some of which have yielded material for gems. Another interesting and rather peculiar stone found in this section, on the borders of Tulare and Fresno counties, is that named by the writer cnlifornite — a compact green variety of vesuvianite, that perfectly resembles the celebrated ornamental stone known as jade, so much prized in the Orient for elegant art-work. This is also found in Siski- you County, at the northern extremity of the State. III. The desert region of the southwest, bordering on Nevada and Arizona. Here, in a country arid, barren, and desolate, consisting largely of volcanic rocks, are found some interesting localities of opal and of turquoise, the latter giving evidence, as in Arizona, of long and extended working by prehistoric tribes, who have left their stone tools and their rock inscriptions around their old places of labor. These turquoise mines occupy a considerable area in the northwestern angle of San Bernardino Covinty, and are operated by the Himalaya and Toltec mining companies. The latter company has three groups of mines, all of them patented, situated on the great desert, about 100 miles northwest from Needles station and about 50 miles north of Manvel, which is on a branch of the Santa Fe railroad. The three mining centers are some 6 miles apart, in the old Solo Mining District, and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Camp, the latter being Avithin 20 miles of Death Valley. The altitude is betw^een 5000 and 6000 feet, and as there is no water at either camp, it is necessary to draw it over mountains from 1 to 5 miles. The same company also operates turquoise mines in Nevada, some 60 miles due east of the others. The other company, the Himalaya, has a group of five mines in the same district (the Solo), but some distance from the former, being about 60 miles west of Manvel, reached only by team. These claims are all on one ledge, which is described as a "bird's-eye porphyry" with some granite, striking north and south, with a dip of 75 degrees west. Tur- quoise is the only gem found, and occurs in pockets surrounded by a white GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 13 friable substance, said to be a lime silicate. Two shafts have been sunk to a depth of 80 feet, but no turquoise was found below half that depth; and from there up most of the material has been stoped to the surface. All the work was done by hand, with giant powder, and was laborious and costly, and has been suspended since February, 1903. During the last year of working, the amount shipped was 431 pounds of matrix and ordinary turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material. IV. The most remarkable gem-region of the State, however, is that developed within a few years past in San Diego and Riverside counties, at several localities where lithia minerals occur, among which the gem- tourmalines and gem-spodumenes are especially prominent. Besides these, other gem-minerals have lately been found in adjacent or asso- ciated workings, especially topaz, transparent epidote and axinite, pink, green and blue beryl, and essonite garnet — the whole forming an assem- blage of such minerals that is scarcely, if at all, equaled anywhere in the world. ^lany of these mines are as yet only prospects, or trial openings; but the indications are that the region is full of possibilities. Lack of water and fuel are the chief obstacles thus far to a much more extended development. In general, it may be said that throughout the granitic region of San Diego and Riverside counties there is a widespread prevalence of an igneous rock of gray color which is generally called a diorite, with a little disseminated quartz and mica (biotite); some samples, however, Prof. T. C. Hopkins, whose account is quoted further on, determined to be gabbro rather than diorite. This rock, and the granite, appear in a series of ridges, or mountains, with a prevailing north and south course^ and are traversed by dikes, or perhaps, as Professor Hopkins thinks, veins, of pegmatite— very coarsely crystallized granite. These have a general direction of northwest and southeast, and dip southward or southwestward at varying angles at different points. It is in these peg- matite veins or dikes, which vary more or less in their structure, but possess great general similarity, that the gem-minerals are found. In the notes given further on as to the several mines, these special features will be stated in detail. There are in this region several centers of occurrence, as thus far recognized, of two somewhat distinct types — those yielding lithia min- erals, with gem-tourmaline and sometimes gem-spodumene, and those yielding principally garnet, beryl, and topaz. Of the former, three are especially to be noted, in San Diego County — (1) the Mesa Grande mines, which yield crystallized gem-tourmalines of splendid quality, almost exclusively; (2) the Pala district, in which there are three parallel ridges — Pala Mountain on the west, with the great lithia mines and some colored tourmaline; Pala Chief Mountain, in which are found 14 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. very fine tourmaline and the new and remarkable gem-spodumene {kimzite); and Heriart Mountain on the east, with a number of open- ings yielding both tourmaline and kunzite; then, northeast of these, in Riverside County, there is (3) the region near Coahuila, in the San Jacinto Mountains; here was the first discovery of gem-tourmaline in California, so far as known to the whites, and kunzite and other lithia minerals have recently been found in association with the tourmaline. There are also other localities between this latter and Mesa Grande, and probably many others may yet be found. About half-way between Mesa Grande and Pala is a fine beryl mine, near Rincon. The other class of mineral localities appears to lie along a line some- what southwest of those just noted, extending from near the Mexican boundary, at Jacumba, northwest to Ramona and perhaps beyond, following the general strike of the pegmatite veins, and almost exactly parallel to the line from Mesa Grande to Pala. At Ramona are found abundant fine garnet (essonite), with topaz and beryl, notably the rose variety, but not much tourmaline, no kvmzite, and in general little of the lithia minerals. Around Jacumba are found beryl "and essonite garnet (often called hyacinth) ; the latter is abundant, and at one or two points has been worked for several years to some extent. Jacumba, or Jacumba Hot Springs, is close to the Mexican line, some 20 miles east of Campo, and almost on the western edge of the Colorado Desert. With regard to the character of the rocks, and the relation of the minerals thereto, the following statement from Prof. T, C. Hopkins, of Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., is very instructive. Of particular interest is his distinction between the gem-minerals of the pegmatite veins in the gabbro (diorite) and in the granite. In many of the notes on special features of the several mines, given further on, will be seen phases of the vein-structure that Professor Hopkins here mentions, especially the differences between the upper and lower sides of the vein, Avhich are constantly alluded to. The pockets in which the gem-crystals occur are usually in a somewhat central zone; above is the more typical pegmatite, and some of the describers use that name only for this por- tion; below lies a finer-grained feldspathic division, which is commonly called the "line-rock," from its being so often lined or banded with minute garnets, as Professor Hopkins describes, or in some cases with minute black or blue tourmalines. The question between gabbro and diorite, for the rock traversed by the pegmatite veins, or dikes, may well be one of locality, as Professor Hopkins concedes in part. The rock may vary in constitution at different points, as it does in physical structure. At one or two places, especially near Dehesa, it takes on the peculiar concretionary character known as orbicular diorite, and this mav be valuable as an ornamental stone. ILL. No. 3. WEATHERED MASS OF "LINE-ROCK," SHOWING GARNET INTERLINEA- TIONS IN THE COMPACT FELDSPAR. NAYLOR-VANDERBURG MINE, HERIART MOUNTAIN, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. .LL. No. 4. ORBICUL.Ui lHoKlTE. DKHESA. SAX DIhXio COUNT V ~\V ICAl'liJaiED SURFACE SHOWING THE STRUCTURE. IG GEMS, JEWELERS .MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIEORNLV. ^ fa the first rock. The rich tourmaline and The Gem Regions of San Diego Cotinty, California^ by Prof. T. C. Hopkins.— "The gems occur in the midst of pegmatite veins which are formed in the granite and gabhro rocks. These rocks form a range of hills and mountains running through the west and west central portions of San Diego County. Both the rocks occur in great quantities over large areas and meet along very ir- regular lines of contact, sometimes a long tongue of the granite extending into the gabbro and some- times the reverse. The gabbro varies considerably in both color and texture. In places it is finely crystal- line, grading into basalt with its characteristic col- umnar structure, and else- where it is quite coarse- grained and massive. The granite likewise varies from a coarse-grained texture to a fine-grained felsite and porphyry. In places also it has a gneissoid structure and grades into mica schist. It is a dark gray biotite granite, containing in places dark blotches due to imperfect crystalliza- tion of the magma. The pegmatites occur in both the gabbros and the gran- ites, but nearly all of the rich gem-bearing veins are in kunzite veins at Pala and Mesa Grande are all in the gabbro. The topaz, garnet, and beryl veins • JO ^ "X GEMS, JEWELERS IMATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. "■"" 17 at Ramona are in the granite. The veins are locally very numerous; in some places in the vicinity of Ramona they form nearly half of the rock mass. The gems invariably occur in pockets in the midst of the pegmatite — not always the exact middle of the vein. Generally the vein on one side of the pocket is more coarsely crystalline than on the other side, and in many instances the finer-grained portion is finely banded with small brown garnets. The gems commonly occur embedded in loose clay, but occasionally they are attached to the walls of the pocket and may even be embedded in quartz or orthoclase feldspar. They are almost invariably accompanied by crystals of albite, lepidolite, and quartz. The latter are sometimes quite large, single crystals weigh- ing from 100 to 150 pounds. The country rock has been called a diorite, but a microscopic section from one locality proves it clearly a gabbro, although it may be diorite at other points. The evidence appeared to me pretty conclusive that the pegmatites are veins and not dikes." * In the summer of 1903, Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller, of the department of geology of the University of California, now of the U. S. Geological Survey, visited the tourmaline and kunzite mine recently opened on Pala Chief Mountain, and reported upon the occurrence in detail. His account of it will be cited further on; at present it is merely men- tioned as an authoritative description of this locality, giving the same general facts as indicated over a wider area by Professor Hopkins. f The general geology of the granitic region of southwestern California, in which these remarkable developments of minerals have recently been made, has been repeatedly described, but never very fully or exactly determined. At the time of the second geological survey, under Prof. J. D. Whitney, 1860 to 1865, the whole region was little known or set- tled, save at a few points on the coast. Professor Whitney gives certain broad outlines, but not based upon any detailed examination of that part of the State as a whole. He points out the disappearance of the Great Valley, with its clear definition of the two mountain systems on either side, the Sierra and the Coast Ranges, and the apparent inter- mingling of the two, as the Sierra bends toward the southwest, cutting off the central valley. This southwestAvard extension of the Sierra passes across what is now Kern County, and, with the Tehachapi Mountains, divides it into two well-marked portions. Professor Whitney observes that it is only by the age and position of the sedimentary rocks, and not by any topographical features, that the mountains below this line can be judged as to their relations. As the two systems approach and intermingle, the lines of disturbance are so closely related, and so influ- * Letter from Prof. T. C, Hopkins, dated January 11, nm. t W. T. Schaller, Spodiimene from San Diego County, Cal.; Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275. 2 — MB 18 GEMS, JKWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. enocd by secondary ones, that the topogra])hy gives no clew to the actual facts of structure.* His determination was that the Coast Range ends at about 8aii Luis Rey, and is not traceable farther south; and that the principal moun- tains of what are no-\v San Diego and Riverside counties belong geolog- ically and orographically to the Sierra Nevada, which stretches on southward to form the long peninsula of Lower California. This close relation of the region under consideration to the system of the Sierra was recognized and confirmed ten years later by Prof. W. A. Goodyear, who made a reconnaissance of the country in 1872. His notes were published many years afterward, in the eighth report of the State Mining Bureau, 1888. They are clear and vivid in their topographic portrayal. He describesf the geological and geographical features of San Diego County (including also what is now Riverside County) substantially as follows: The broad mountain range wdiich, stretching south from the San Bernardino Valley, occupies all the western part of San Diego County, from the Pacific east to the Colorado Desert, and south to the Mexican line, is essentially a region of granite, nine tenths of it being composed of this rock. Along the coast it is flanked by Tertiary sediments; and much of it, especially in the eastern part, is traversed by belts of highly metamorphic schists, micaceous and hornblendic, with a prevail- ing northwesterly course. The detailed topography is exceedingly complex, the ridges trending in different directions and inclosing valleys at various altitudes. Along the shore extends the Tertiary mesa, which rises gently east- ward, and sometimes reaches far inland among the mountains, to heights varying from 500 to 800 feet. The mountains gradually increase in elevation, until at some 50 miles from the coast they form a crest line of some 6000 or 7000 feet, from which they fall off steeply and rapidly on the eastern side some 5000 feet to the western edge of the Colorado desert; thus resembling, says Professor Goodyear, on a smaller scale, the form and contour of the true Sierra Nevada, f Such is the general character until the northern part of San Diego (now Riverside) is reached, when a more east and west trend appears, culminating in the grand peak of San Jacinto, near the San Bernardino line, whose height is given by Lieutenant Wheeler as about 11,000 feet. Professor Goodyear then describes in some detail his examination of the rocks and the structure in ascending the cafion of the San Diego and traversing the ridges and valleys to Ramona, Ballena, Santa Ysabel, Julian, and Banner, some ol which are in the region of the recent discoveries. Everywhere the predominant rock is granite, of *GeoL Survey of CaL, VoL I, 1865, pp. 167, 168. t California State Mining Bureau, Kept. VIII, 1888, pp. 516-522. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF C.VLIFORXIA. 19 varied type, sometimes becoming a S3^enite, "consisting of feldspar and hornblende, with but little quartz and almost no mica, which might almost be called a diorite." This latter rock is now recognized as a distinct formation from the granite, as elsewhere described herein. He notes the occurrence of the orbicular diorite at several places, saying that the granite " often contains dark-colored hornblendic nodules, * * * whose texture is still granitoid." The pegmatite dikes, now found to be so rich in gem-minerals, are well described, as follows: " The granite country here {i. e., near Julian) is frequently traversed by veins of very coarse granite, which sometimes furnish plates of mica one to two inches in diameter, with correspondingly large blocks of feldspar"; he also noted the black tourmaline crystals in the same veins, but did not encounter the colored ones. The ascent of Cuyamaca Mountain is then described; and the general features of the whole region, as seen from that fine point of observation, are so clearly presented that it is well to quote them in detail. The view is extensive and grand — northward to the San .Jacinto and San Bernardino mountains, westward along the coast and out to sea, and southward far into Mexico; northeast lies the Colorado Desert and the Coahuila Valley, and a long stretch of the San Bernardino Mountains running toward the Colorado River along the northeast side of the desert. "From this standpoint," Professor Goodyear says, "the whole country from just back of San Diego * * * to the western edge of the desert is like an angry ocean of knobby peaks, more or less isolated, with short ridges running in every possible direction, and inclosing between and among them numerous small and irregular valleys. As a general rule, the higher peaks and ridges rise from 1000 to 2500 feet above the little valleys and canons around their immediate bases. But in going eastward from the coast, each successive little valley is higher than the one * * * preceding, and the dominant peaks and ridges also rise higher and higher * * * until we reach the irregular line of the main summit crest, or water-divide, * * * when the mountains break suddenly off and fall within a very few miles from 4000 to 5000 feet or more, with an abrupt and precipitous front to the east, to the western edge of the desert. It thus follows that this chain of mountains, as already stated, though made up of a confused mass of minor ridges and peaks of granite, having in their detailed topography but little connection with or relation to each other, nevertheless has a general orographic form very closely allied to that of the Sierra Xevada in the more central portions of the State." In the volume published by the Miners' Association, in 1899, for the California meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the following similar, though much more recent, account is given as to this 20 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. region. Referring to tlie mineral wealth of soutliern California, that term is defined as that portion of the State south of the Tehachapi Mountains — " Avhich unite the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, inclos- ing the upper (i. c., southern) end of the central valley, and topograph- ically dividing the State into two regions of distinct characters." The belt on the west is fertile, salnbrious, rich, and prosperous, the mineral resources are chiefly oil and asphalt; otherwise, the mineral wealth of southern California lies eastward, in a very different area, comprising most of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles coun- ties. The chief mining region is the desert country east of the Coast Ranges, " a region of rugged mountains, bare and forbidding hills, and sandy plains, divided by a series of mountain elevations into the Mojave and Colorado deserts." Gold and other mines exist all through this arid country, in which the rocks present great diversity, of all ages and types, the igneous ones being very numerous and marked. This report was chiefly concerned with gold mining; but the general presentation given is very good, and may well be taken here as descriptive of the recently developed gem-regions of southern California. The tw^o contrasted areas above noted have their separate types of gem production — those already mentioned as III and IV — in the extreme southern part of the State. The fertile region on the west is the Tertiary plateau or coast mesa; then comes the broad zone of granitic hills and ridges, so vividly pictured by Professor Goodyear, and identified by Professor Whitney, as in reality the southwestern extension of the Sierra, although in its geographical relations it occupies the place of the Coast Range. Through this hilly zone run the pegmatite veins, so rich in lithia minerals — tourmaline, kunzite, lepidolite, etc. — and in garnet, beryl, and topaz, at many points from the Mexican border to the heights of the San Jacinto Mountains. Then comes, on the east, the steep falling-off of the mountain area, as described by Professor Goodyear, to the arid stretch of the Colorado Desert, bounded on the northeast by the San Bernardino range, beyond which, to the north, lies the Mojave Desert, with its borax mines. In the Colorado Desert, among the volcanic rocks, are the opal and turquoise localities mentioned under III — some of the latter far up on the San Bernardino heights, and others aAvay to the eastward in Nevada and Arizona. It is with the western division — that of the granitic hill country — that the present report has principally to deal, although the other gem- producing areas are also described. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 21 HISTORICAL OUTLINE. The first discovery of colored gem-tourmaline in the State goes back as far as 1872, when Mr. Henry Hamilton, in June of that year, obtained and recognized this mineral in Riverside County, on the southeast slope of Thomas Mountain. These colored tourmalines, now found at a number of points, were not encountered by Professor Goodyear, who particularly noted the black tourmalines in the pegmatite veins, in his geological tour through San Diego County, in the same year, referred to above; l)ut his reconnaissance was a little south of the gem-tourmaline belt. Some mining was done at this point, and fine gems were obtained. In the course of years, three localities were opened and more or less worked in this vicinity,; so that in the author's report on American gem-production for 1893, the following statement appeared:* "Tourmalines are mined at the California gem mine, the San Jacinto gem mine, and the Columbian gem mine, near Riverside, California. These three mining claims cover the ground on which the tourmaline is found, and are situated in the San Jacinto range of mountains in River- side County, California, at an altitude of 6500 feet, overlooking Hemet Valley and the Coahuila Valley, and 27 miles from the railroad. The formation in which the crystals are found is a vein from 40 to 50 feet wide running almost north and south through the old crystalline rocks which make up the mountain range. The vein in some places consists of pure feldspar, or else feldspar with quartz, in others all mica, and in others rose-quartz and smoky quartz. The tourmalines vary in size from almost micrograins to crystals 4 inches in diameter. They are most plentiful in the feldspar, but are found in other portions of the vein, sometimes in pockets and sometimes isolated. The larger crystals generally have a green exterior and are red or pink in the center. Some of the crystals contain green, red, pink, black, and intermediate colors; others again are all of uniform tint — red, pink, colorless, or blue. Associated with the tourmalines are rose-quartz, smoky quartz, asteriated quartz, and fluorite, and some of the quartz was penetrated with fine, hair-like crystals of tourmaline, strikingly like a similar occurrence of r utile." It may seem remarkable that this locality of gem-tourmalines should have been unrecorded in the earlier lists of California minerals given by such authorities as Professor Blake and Mr. Hanks in the reports of the State Mining Bureau for 1882 and 1884. But the parties who knew of the occurrence did not make it public for some years, and the earlier specimens were taken out quietly and their locality not divulged.. The writer had positive knowledge as to the facts, however, and possesses a fine specimen obtained prior to 1873. *George F. Kunz: Min. Res. U. S., Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1893. p. 18 (reprint). 22 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. The second important discovery in tliis region was made, or at least announced, twenty years later, in 1892, by Mr. C. R. Orentt — the great locality of lithia minerals at Pala. Some allusions to red tourmaline from uncertain sources in this part of the State had appeared before; but nothing very specific. In the list of California minerals prepared by Prof. William P. Blake in 1880-82,* and also quoted in that of ILL. No. (•>. 'BRIDAL CHAMBER," LEPIDOLITE MINE, PALA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— SHOWING TOURMALINE CRYSTALS EMBEDDED IN THE ROCK. Mr. Henry G. Hanks, published in 1884, f references are made to the recent discovery of rubellite, for the first time in the State, associated with lepidolite, "in the San Bernardino range, southern California." The general description is precisely that of the Pala specimens, but the location is very indefinite. Mr. Hanks refers to the same associa- tion under lepidolite, and mentions a specimen in the State Mining * State Mineralogist, 2d Rept + Ibid., 4th Rept., 1884, p. 389 1880-82, p. 207, Appendix. GEMS, JEWT:LERS' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. 23 Bureau, from San Diego Countvj and remarks that "this may at some future time be found profitable to extract lithium from it " * — a pre- diction abundantly verified now. Mr. Orcutt, however, was the first to make the locality known. It was noted by the author in his report for 1893, where the following account was given: t "Mr. Charles Russell Orcutt has announced a new and remarkable occurrence of pink tourmaline in lepidolite, similar to that of Rumford, Maine, 12 miles south of Temecula, near San Luis Rev River, in San Diego County, the southern county of California, and it has already become celebrated from the abundance and beauty of the specimens yielded, as much as twenty tons having been sent East for sale. Through San Diego County runs the Peninsula range, rising several thousand feet between the coast and the Colorado Desert. In these granite mountains are diorite intrusions and some metamorphic schists, etc. West of the summit lies a parallel belt of granitic rock character- ized by dikes of pegmatite, in one of the largest of which occurs this great deposit of lepidolite with tourmaline. In Pala, a little west of Smith's Mountain, in the Peninsula range, * * * a ledge of lepidolite containing rubellite has been traced for over half a mile. It consists of a coarse granite, penetrating a norite rock, and including masses of pegmatite. Small garnets occur in the granite, and black tourmaline, with a little green tourmaline. The lepidolite appears in the southern portion, finally forming a definite vein which at one point is twenty yards wide. The rubellite is chiefly in clusters and radiations, several inches in diameter, also occasionally as single crystals, and the speci- mens of deep pink tourmaline in the pale lilac mica are remarkably elegant. About eighteen tons were mined during 1892." The next important discovery was made six years later, in 1898; this Avas the wonderful Mesa Grande locality, some 20 miles southeast of Pala. There are various stories about the Indians having known it for many years, and the most familiar account is that given further on under Tourmaline. But the fact that some of the highly colored crys- tals are found in Indian graves in the vicinity, suggests that they may have been known and valued perhaps for a very long time. The ledge in which they occur is exposed by erosion on the side of the mountain; and the natives had certain^ learned where to find crystals, and had them in their possession for some years before the whites knew any- thing about them. It is even said that they had learned how to do a little rude blasting, and thus to reach the cavities in which the minerals occur. It was not until 1898, however, that this now famous locality was made known to the world. * State Mineralogist, 4th Kept., 18&4, p. 254. + Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1893, Min. Res. U. S., pp. 17, 18 (reprint). 24 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of californlv. The discovery was announced in the author's report for 1900, on the production of precious stones in the United States, as follows:* "In 1898, while prospecting in Mesa Grande Mountain, San Diego County, California, for lepidolite, a large ledge was observed that appeared to be a mass of this mineral. This locality is at an altitude of 5000 feet on the Mesa Grande Mountain, a region in Avhich no geological work had up to that time been done. The first few Ijlasts showed that lepidolite was present in quantity, and also in larger and more brilliant scales than in the well-known locality at Pala, Cal. Both in the lepidolite and in the associated quartz there are magnifi- cent crystals of tourmaline, and, as at Pala, the rubellite variety pre- dominates. The new locality differs, however, in having the tourmaline in distinct, isolated crystals. Many of these are translucent, or even transparent, and occur as large, separate crystals, with perfect prisms and terminations. They differ in both these respects from the Pala crystals, which are nearl}^ opaque and grouped in radiations almost blending into the matrix, which latter is lepidolite, with rarely ever any quartzite. The rubellite seems the predominating variety at Mesa Grande Mountain; but there is also a large proportion of parti-colored crystals — i. e., those made up of three, four, or five distinct sections, as at Haddam Neck, Conn., and Paris, Me.; others present the Brazilian type, in which several different colored tourmalines appear, as though included one within the other. In the Brazilian crystals, however, the interior is generally red, inclosed in white, and the exterior green. This concentric arrangement is reversed in the crystals from Mesa Grande Mountain, which are generally green in the interior, or yellow- green, inclosed in white, with the exterior red. The habit of the crystals is also very interesting, in that many of them, when doubly terminated, end in a flat, basal form of pyramid, and are not hemi- morphic, as tourmalines generally are." For several years, these above noted were the only gem mines of this region, and their product was highly esteemed. But in 1902 began a succession of new discoveries that have attracted great attention. On Pala Chief Mountain and on Heriart Mountain began to be found not only fine-colored tourmalines, but the novel and remarkable gem- spodumene, designated as kunzite. This last-named mineral was found by Mr. Frederick M. Sickler, at what is now known as the White Queen mine, on Heriart Mountain, east of Pala, early in 1902; it is claimed, indeed, that he had obtained one or two pieces some time before, l)ut it was not identified. In July, 1902, Mr. Sickler visited San Diego and Los Angeles, and showed specimens to local jewelers and collectors, none of whom recognized it. The first determination was made by the writer, from specimens sent by Mr. Sickler early in 1903. *Min. Res. U. S., Kept. U. S. GeoL Survey, 1900, p. 33 (reprint). , during the preparation of his thesis on spodumene, which was ])uhhshed hy the University of California. He also visited the State in June and July of 1904, in behalf of the Department of Mining Statistics of the U. S. Geological Survey, to study the deposits of lithia minerals for a bulletin to be issued l)y the Survey. Tlie results of this investigation will be published later. The writer himself went to California in 1890, in the interest of the Eleventh United States Census, and while there visited a number of t he localities and local collections. He also published all the information that could be obtained upon the subject of California precious stones in his volume on "Gems and Precious Stones of North America," issued in New York in 1889, and the two appendices to it in 1890 and 1892; and also annually in the reports of the Department of Mining Statistics of the U. S. Geological Survey, which have appeared from 1882 up to the current year (1905). With special reference to this report on California gems herewith presented to the State Mineralogist, Mr. Aubury, Mr. W. H. Trenchard, of San Diego, has lately visited nearly all the localities of precious stones in the southern portion of the State, making measurements, obtaining facts, collecting specimens, and securing photographs, many of which are printed herein. To Mr. Samuel G. Ingle, of San Diego, the author feels under great obligation for information, specimens and photographs, which he has sent from time to time, and which have assisted in presenting many of the facts contained herein; also to Mr. H. C. Gordon, who, as a very care- ful and observant correspondent, has furnished numerous data, together with many specimens of the gem-minerals and their associations, as well as photographs of localities, several of which are reproduced in the following pages. Thanks are due to the Hon. L. E. Aubury, at whose suggestion this precious-stone report was njade, and under whose direction the list of minerals in the State Mining Bureau was prepared, for his continued courtesy in furnishing information, photographs, and assistance through- out the entire preparation of this work. In regard to the future of precious-stone mining in southern Califor- nia, although the great diamond output of to-day is not adequate for the world's demand, it will require possibly a change of fashion or new adaptability of materials to consume all the semi-precious stones that are likely to develop if mining is continued in this line with much more energy. California as a tourist's- resort has the advantage over many other places in being an attractive country, drawing many thou- sands of strangers, who are generally more or less affluent; and if the precious stones themselves are handsomely or quaintly cut, and are in GEMS, jewelers' MATERLU.S, ETC., OF CALIFORXIA. 33 all instances what they are represented to be. there is likely to be a large demand created in this way. Unfortunately, at other places in the United States, foreign or artificial minerals have been sub- stituted for native material. If the smoky quartz, lepidolite, and like minerals were worked up into desk weights, seals, charms, etc., a great quantity could also be sold not only in California, but elsewhere. It Avas the development of an industry like this in the Ural Mountains of Russia, brought about by Catherine II. sending two lapidaries to that region, that led to the employment of fully one thousand people in the Ural district. As the chrysoprase, the turquoise, and the tourmaline of California, when not of fine gem quality, have been cut into crude beads of East Indian type, into small forms of mosaic work, and the like, a large quantity of this material has found a definite market in Europe as well as in the United States, that otherwise would have been a loss in mining. The development of proper lapidary interests of this kind will surely do much to sustain the mining of gems in California and add appreciably to the wealth of the gem regions. THE PROPERTIES OF GEMS. It is difficult to define to-day what is meant by ''.a precious stone," for the mineralogist would give one definition, the jeweler another, the archaeologist still a different one, while the scientific collector and the gatherer of curios and souvenirs would not agree with any of the others. A gem-mineral or a "precious stone" may be defined as a mineral of any sort, distinguished for its beauty, durability, or rarity, especially when cut and polished. There are only a few really precious stones: the diamond, the ruby and sapphire (identical in composition), the emerald, and occasionally the pearl (which is of animal origin) is included; formerly also the opal. Some twenty years ago jewelers sold only a few varieties of stones: to-day they keep in stock anything known to the mineralogist and demanded by the public. The consumption of gems is larger than most people realize. Take one trade alone, for example. The watches manufactured annually in the United States use from seven to twenty- one jewels for each watch. The consumption annually amounts to over five million ruby and sapphire watch-jewels, and over seven million garnet jewels; while over 15,000 carats of bort diamonds are consumed in cutting these jewels. In looking for gems, the prospector should be pro^-ided with a few specimens representing the scale of hardness, and have the means in camp to determine the specific gravity. In this wa}- he can separate the positively worthless from the possibly valuable, even though he can not fully identify the minerals. 3— MB 34 GEMS, JE\VELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. A large nunil)er of the many varieties of i)recious and senii-i)recious stones and rare minerals are found in California, and systematic search will increase the production until California takes high rank as a gem State. In 1901, California produced quartz crystal to the value of $17,500; tourmaline to the value of $20,000; and turquoise, over $20,000; the lepidolite amounted to $27,500; gold quartz, etc., over $50,000; mother-of-pearl and pearls, over $15,000; and souvenir material, proba- ably over $20,000. The grand total amounted to nearly $175,000. Tn 1903 kunzite was produced to a value of $20,000; tourmaline, $20,000; chrysoprase, $15,000; turquoise, $40,000. Color. — The color of many gems is variable; the sapphire blue, the ruby red — both varieties of the one species of corundum. The garnet is popularly supposed to be a blood-red or purplish-red stone, but it varies through red of several shades to brown, black, green, yellow and nearly white; the tourmaline, green, red, pink, yellow, white; the topaz, yellow, white, and blue. Diaphaneity. — The ability to transmit light affects materially both the l)eauty and the value. A stone is transparent when the outline of an object is clearly seen through it; subtransparent, when the object may be seen, but the outline is indistinct; translucent, when light is transmitted, but objects are not seen; subtranslucent, when merely the edges are translucent; opaque, when no light is transmitted. Luster.— Luster is the manner of reflecting light. It is described as metallic luster, or the brilliant appearance of polished metal; adaman- tine, the luster of the diamond; vitreous, the luster of glass; resinous, like the surface of pine resin; waxy, like beeswax; greasy, like a freshly oiled surface; pearly, like mother-of-pearl; silky, having the sheen of silk. Refraction. — The apparent breaking of a spoon when immersed'in a tumbler of water is a familiar illustration of the bending back or refrac- tion of light. A line seen through Iceland spar appears double ; diamond, garnet, and all minerals crystallizing in the isometric system are single refracting: All minerals belonging to other systems of crystallization, like the ruby and topaz, are double refracting. Dispersion.— When a ray of light passes through a prism of flint glass, it gives the spectrum or rainbow band. Refracted rays of white light may be decomposed into several rays differently colored. This is called dispersion, and gives "fire" to gems, notably in diamonds and zircons. Pleochroism. — Double refracting minerals show a variation in color by transmitted light, when viewed in different directions, due to the differential absorption of the white light. Tourmaline, andalusite, iolite, chrysoberyl, and epidote are good examples. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 35 ^Fluorescence and Phosphorescence. — Some gems, when exposed to a powerful light, or when heated, will emit light. If this emission of light lasts only as long as the exciting agent is applied, it is called fluorescence; whereas, if the emission persists after the removal of the cause, it is called phosphorescence. , Hardness. — The degree of resistance to abrasion. This property is most essential to gems, if they are to receive and retain a high degree of polish and stand long use. Hardness is not the same as toughness. The diamond is very hard, but not tough — in fact, it is very brittle, easily broken by a blow. Scale of Hardness, 1. Talc (lowe^it). (3. Orthoclase. 2. Gypsum. 7. Quartz. 3. Calcite. 8. Topaz. 4. Fluorite. 9. Corundum. 5. Apatite. 10. Diamond (highest). Should the gem scratch {note: quartz will scratch feldspar) and be scratched by any unit of the scale, the hardness of the two is the same; should the gem scratch the one below, and be scratched by the one above, its hardness lies between that of the two test units. Specific Gravity. — This is the density of the gem, compared with that of its own volume of distilled water at a temperature of 39° F. Weigh in the air, then in water; divide the weight in the air by the loss of weight in water, and the quotient is the specific gravity. For exam- ple, a gem weighs 4 grams in air, and only 3 when immersed in water; then the loss of weight is 1, and 4 divided by 1 gives the specific gravity of 4. The specific gravity test is one of the most definite means of identifying a gem. Electricity. — Some gems become electrified by friction, and as a result attract or repel certain substances. This is especially noticeable in topaz, tourmaline, and amber. Fusion. — Some gems wall melt easily before the blowpipe, as some varieties of garnet, kunzite, etc.; while others are infusil)le, like quartz, topaz, etc. Cleavag'e. — The tendency to break in a direction parallel to certain planes in the crystal, the resulting cleavage faces being smooth and often very brilliant. Fracture. — When the mineral is broken in any other direction than that of the cleavage. The fracture may be conchoidal, uneven, or irregular, resembling a shell, even when the surface, though not a plane, approximates to one; or hackly, when the elevations are jagged. 36 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA, Form. — Tlie external form of gein-nnnevals may be: 1. Crystallized^ in solids bound l)y plane surfaces, according to the following systems: Isometric — cube, octahedron, dodecahedron; Tetragonal — sc^uare prism, square octahedron; Hexagonal — hexagonal prisms and pyramids, rhombohedrons; Orthorhombic — right prism with rhombic base, rhombic octahedron; Monoclinic — ol)lique prism with a rectangular base, and oblicpic octa- hedron ; Triclinic — douldy oblique prism, and dou])ly oblique o(;tahedron or pyramid. 2. Crystalline, when the mass appears to be made up of closely com- pacted minute crystals, which may be arranged as columnar, lamellar, granular, globular, botryoidal, reniform, dendritic, etc., in varieties too numerous to be mentioned here. 3. Amorphous, showing neither external nor internal signs of crystal- lization and possessing no absolutely plane surfaces. DIAMOND. H.^IO. G.= 3.52. The hardest of all gems; the only combustible one; the most highly refractive, surpassing all others in its "fire"; crystallizing usually in octahedrons, or combinations of octahedron, cube, dodecahedron, and tetrahedron, the faces being commonly curved. Colors embrace nearly all of the prismatic hues; white, yellow, and brown are the most numerous, blue, green, pink, and red stones are rare. The perfectly white stones without a flaw, or those of decided tints of red, rose, green, or blue, are most highly prized. Fine cinnamon, salmon, brown, black, or yellow are much esteemed. They are sold by the carat; the international carat weighs 205 milligrams, or 3.168 + grains troy. This stone is the purest, hardest, and most brilliant of all gems. The occasional discovery of diamonds within the limits of the United States, although at widely separated j)oints, and rarely of valuable quality or size, is yet a matter of very considerable interest. The various points at which- diamonds have been found may be grouped into four areas or regions, as follows: 1. The Pacific coast— a number of localities in California, chiefly along the western base of the Sierra Nevada; with these may perhaps be included provisionally, a few occurrences in Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. 2. The region of the great lakes — along an irregular line extending from western Wisconsin, across Michigan and Indiana to the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio — this line being essentially that of the terminal moraine of the later ice-sheet of Quaternary geological time. GEMS^ jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 37 3. A few localities in central Kentucky and eastern Tennessee, the rela^ons of which are not entirely clear as to their geological connection. 4. The Atlantic coast — a number of points in North Carolina, and a few in Virginia, Georgia, and Alabama, lying in a general way along the eastern base of the Appalachian Mountains, some quite among them and others farther removed toward the east. The occurrence of diamonds in California, both in the recent placer deposits and in the auriferous gravels of the ancient stream-beds now covered by lava, has been known for many years, and a number of localities are on record. No large diamonds have been found, at any time; and now that almost all the gold mining is carried on by means of stamp-mills, any that do occur are crushed into minute fragments, which are not infrecjuently found in the sluices and batteries, and furnish the evidence, and often all the evidence, of their continued occurrence. Many notices have from time to time appeared, both in local news- papers and in scientific journals, of the finding of diamonds in Cali- fornia. After making due allowance for errors and unfounded rumors, their actual occurrence in certain localities is well established; but their number and size have not been such as to render the search for them profitable. The fact of their presence is highly interesting, and some of the specimens possess both elegance and value; but as a rule they are small and rare. In almost all cases they occur embedded in the auriferous gravels, and are thence washed out in the search for gold. These gold-bearing gravels of California present two types: first, as loose material in the valleys and bars of the modern streams; and, second, as great accumulations of gravel occupying the valleys of much larger ancient streams, and now covered with masses of lava or compact volcanic tufa. The sides of the Sierra Nevada are trenched with cross valleys running down into the great trough-like valley of cen- tral California, between the Sierra on the east and the Coast Range on the west. Along this great depression, the drainage from the moun- tains on both sides finds its way to the sea through the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, flowing respectively from the north and from the south into the Bay of San Francisco, where a break in the Coast Range, at the Golden Gate, allows a passage to the ocean. In the northern part of the State, where the streams from the Sierra run down to the Sacramento, this remarkable system of "buried river gravels'' is found. In and before the Tertiary period of geology, these streams had worn val- leys on the slopes of the Sierra, and made extensive deposits of gravel, by the erosion of the mountain-sides. Then came a period, or a succes- sion, of volcanic disturbances and outflows, which made the great *• lava beds " of northern California and Oregon. In many cases the lava flowed down and filled up the river-beds from side to side, covering 38 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. the gravel deposits deeply, and often liardcning and compacting them. "When it had cooled sufficiently for normal conditions to be at all resumed, the drainage of the Sierra had to make its way by new lines. These were usually along the edges of the old valleys, on the top of the lava filling, at its junction with the sides of the former valleys. In the time that has since elapsed, these new valleys have been cut down deeper than the previous ones, at the expense of the intervening old divides; and the present condition is that the eastern affluents of the Sacramento are separated frequently by spurs running out from the Sierra, which consist at their top of the old gravels, more or less compacted, with a heavy protecting cap of lava or tufa. These old "sub-lava" gravels are those worked by the hydraulic process, or when consolidated into the so-called "cement" beds, by stamp-mills — all of them being gold-bearing and in some cases diamond-bearing. The surface, gravels of the earlier prospecting and panning days are of course the work of the modern streams; they carry the placer gold, and occasionally a few diamonds. There are some points in these occurrences that recall, at first sight, the diamond mines of Brazil and South Africa. In Brazil the matrix is also a gravel, and is frequently cemented into a conglomerate ("cascalho") by oxide of iron. In Africa the diamond gravels contain associated minerals similar to those found in some of the California placers, notably in. those of Butte County, where zircons, garnets, and rutile are met with. But these are not important rela- tions, and afford no ground for assuming either a similar richness of yield or an identity of geological origin. The earliest notice of a California diamond appeared very soon after the discovery of gold. It was published in the American Journal of Science, September, 1849 (II, vol. 8, p. 294), and relates how a clergy- man from New England, the Rev. Mr. Lyman, had been shown an unmistakable diamond-crystal, of pale straw color, with convex faces, about the size of a small pea. He only saw it briefly, and the circum- stances of its discovery, the exact locality, and what became of it are not known. In 1853 the first diamond was obtained from the Cherokee district, in Butte County, which has since been one of the principal localities. In 1854, Mr. Melville Attwood published an article in a newspaper, pointing out certain resemblances between the California deposits and the diamond gravels of Brazil, where he had long resided, and advising that search be made and care exercised, in view of the possible or probable occurrence of diamonds in the California gold- washings. From that time on, diamonds have been found at many points; though a far larger number of them have been lost or de- stroyed — either swept away by the violent current of the hydraulic mining, and buried in masses of debris, or crushed into fragments by GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNL\. 39 stamp-mills. In 1867, Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., exhibited several diamonds before the California Academy of Sciences, including one from the Cherokee district above noted, one from Fiddletown, near Volcano, in Amador County, another from El Dorado County, and still another from French Corral, Nevada County — most of them from the hard "cement" beds underlying the lava-flows. At the same meeting. Prof. J. D. Whitney enumerated some fifteen or twenty localities in the State that had yielded diamonds, adding that the largest stone he had seen was 7i carats; most of them being quite small. The total number of California diamonds must now be quite con- siderable. Mr. H. W. Turner, of Washington, D. C, has recently sunmied up the facts in an article on "The Occurrence and Origin of Diamonds in California," published in the American Geologist, Vol. XXIII, March, 1899, pp. 182-191. He quotes from Prof. J. D. Whitney, and more recently from Mr. Henry G. Hanks, formerly State Geolo- gist, who paid much attention to this subject, and gives a list of localities compiled from these two authorities. This list includes six counties, to which have since been added two others, Plumas and Tulare. These counties are (in geographical order) as follows: Del Norte, Trinity, Plumas, Butte, Nevada, El Dorado, Amador, and Tulare; making eight in all. Of these, Del Norte and Trinity stand apart, in the northwestern portion of the State, with streams flowing from the Coast Range into the Pacific; they have yielded only minute diamonds, in the sands of Smith River and Trinity River respectively. Tulare County, belonging in the San Joaquin section of the great California valley, is represented so far only by a single diamond, from Alpine Creek. The other five are all in the region drained by the Sacramento, as above described. El Dorado, Butte, and Amador have yielded the greatest number, and Nevada the largest stone — that of 7^ carats, referred to by Professor Whitney — but only one or two others. Plumas County has two localities. Gopher Hill and Upper Spanish Creek, where a few small diamonds have been found in sands rich in heavy minerals, as in Trinity and Del Norte. The other three counties above named have furnished most of the diamonds of California. Amador contains the Volcano district, whence a number have come, among them one of the largest, a pale straw-colored crystal, weighing 2o5 milligrams (Ij carats). Butte County includes the famous Cherokee district, where sixty or more have been found; also Yankee Hill and Oroville, each of which has yielded several. El Dorado County has five or six localities near Placerville. Mr. Turner quotes Mr. George W. Kimble, of that place, as saying that most of the El Dorado specimens have come from " a point a little south of Smith's Flat and White Rock Canon," in Neocene river-gravels; Webber Hill, in the same neighborhood, has also yielded several. From their geographical position, it would seem that I 40 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. similar diamond occurrences might bo naturally expected in the comities of Yuba, Sierra, and Placer. Comparing the South African occurrence of diamonds, in a serpen- tinous rock apparently derived from the alteration of a peridotite, Mr. Turner notes the fact that on the maps of the gold-belt, prepared by the U. S. (leological Survey, serpentine masses are indicated in the vicinity of all the above-named localities; he also cites Mr. Kimble, of Placer- ville, as stating that serpentine pebbles are frequent in the diamond- bearing gravels near that place, the rock itself outcropping four or five miles to the east. Mr. Turner suggests the examination of the gulches lying in these serpentine outcrops, as of interest and possible impor- tance, with reference to the source Avhence the diamonds have actually come. This is as yet unknown; and though the African rock resembles a peridotite, or its decomposed and serpentinized product, yet this is by no means the only rock in which diamonds may occur. Those of Brazil, according to Prof. 0. A. Derby's recent studies, are-from rocks that are apparently metamorphic in origin, rather than igneous; and the whole problem awaits the results of further study. Taking up the actual discoveries somewhat more in detail, and dating from the meeting of the California Academy of Sciences in 1867, before referred to, when Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and Prof. J. D. Whitney presented the subject fully, the principal facts are as follows, arranged (1) by counties, and in these (2) in order of time. Amador County. — Of the several diamonds exhibited by Professor Silliman on the occasion mentioned,* one specimen, a little over 1 carat in weight (3.6 grains), was from Indian Gulch, near Ficldletown; and four others from the same region were at that time known. These stones occurred in a compact volcanic ash or tufa, forming a gray "cement-gravel." At Volcano the rock is similar, and some sixty or seventy diamonds have been reported thus far. This is one of the places where the cement-rock is worked by stamping, and the tailings show pulverized diamonds. The crushed gravel pays well in gold; and it has not l.)een thought desirable to change the present method and break up the rock in other wa3''s more costly and troublesome, in order to save the diamonds that it may contain. In August, 1887, Mr. Hanks exhibited before the San Francisco Microscopical Society a beautiful stone of 1.57 carat weight (4.97 grains), found at Volcano in 1882, l)elonging to J. Z. Davis, a member of the society, and now in the museum of the State Mining Bureau. It is a modified octahedron, about ^^0 ii^ch in diameter, transparent and nearly colorless, though slightly flawed. The curvature of the faces gives the crystal a sub- spherical form, but the edges of the pyramids are channels instead of planes. Closer examination shows that the channeled edges, the convex *Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 354. GEMS. JEWELERS MATERIALS. ETC., OF C.VLIFORXLV. 41 faces, and the solid angles are caused by an apparently secondary building up of the faces of a perfect octahedron; and for the same reason the girdle is not a perfect square, but has a somewhat circular form. These observations were well shown by enlarged drawings. The faces seem to be composed of thin plates overlying each other, each slightly smaller than the last. These plates are triangular, but the lines forming the triangles are curved, and the edges of the plates are beveled. Mr. Hanks remarked that under the microscope and by drawings exhibited it could be seen that each triangular plate was composed of three smaller triangles and that all the lines were slightly curved. The building up of plate upon plate caused the channeled edges and the somewhat globular form of this exquisite crystal. A close examination revealed tetrahedral impressions, as if the corners of minute cubes had been imprinted on the surface of the crystal while in ILL. Xo. 7. Diamond, natural crystal, found at Volcano, Amador County. ILL. No. S. Rough diamond, found in Spring Valley Hydraulic Mine. Cherokee Flat. Butte County. a plastic state. These are the result of the law of crystallization, as was shown by the faint lines forming a lace-work of tiny triangles on the faces when the stone was placed in a proper light. Mr. Hanks concluded with the remark that it would be an act of vandalism to cut this beautiful crystal, which is doubly a gem, and he protested against its being destroyed by contact with the lapidary's wheel. Four small octahedral crystals taken from stamps at the Volcano locality were shown in the Tiffany collection of American precious stones at the Paris Exposition of 1889. and are now in the Tiffany-Morgan collection, at the American Museum of Natural History. New York City. Butte County. — The Cherokee district, in this county, has been, from as early a date as 185.3, one of the most prolific diamond local- ities in the State. Cherokee is near the North Fork of Feather River, and the geological relations of the diamonds and gold are essentially the same as those in Amador Countv. a hundred miles to the south- 42 (iKMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC.. OP CALIFORNL\. oast, botli districts lyinii- aiiioii,^ the western foothills of the Sierra, as previously (lescril)e(l. Mr. Hanks called attention to iiichnU'd leaf impressions in the volcanic beds, as proving them to he tufas and not lavas. In nunilx'i-, the Cherokee diamonds obtained are about e(|ual to those from N'oleano. One was shown by Professor Silliman, on the occasion already mentioned, in 1867; and others were then known from that locality. William Brandreth obtained a crystal in the same year, which he afterwards had cut into a fine white stone of ly\ carats. In 1873 several were obtained from the ground of the h^pring Valley and Cherokee Mining Company, in cleaning u^) the sluices. One of these was described as large and straw-colored, while others were smaller, but very pure. Various stones, white, yellow, and pink, have from time to time been reported, and some have been cut and set. A fine crystal was presented to the State Museum by Mr. Williams, superintendent of the Spring Valley Mining Company. Two others, found at the same place in the summer of 1881, by Lucinda Voight, were shown by the present writer before the New York Academy of Sciences, January 12, 1886. Mr. H. S. Burden, of the California State Mining Bureau, reports that two small diamonds were obtained at Cherokee in 1892 and 1893, one of them weighing two carats. Professor Silliman made the concentrations from the sluices of these Cherokee mines the subject of minute investigation, the results of which were published in two papers.* In the first he described his treatment of the material, both chemical and mechanical; and in the second he gives additional particulars, with results. He found here the following association of interesting minerals: — light-colored' zircons, crystals of topaz, fragments of quartz, rutile, epidote, pyrite, and limonite, with some platinum, iridium, iridosmine, and gold, and a large quantity of black grains, which are proved by the magnet to consist about equally of chromite and titanite. At first he could find but little of the platinum and iridosmine, l)ut this was due, as above stated, to the force of the hydraulic streams, which sweep away all small particles that do not amalgamate. Mr. Hanks adds that platinum minerals have been found rather abundantly in Butte County. At St. Clair Flat, near Pentz, they were found in quantity in the early days of placer-mining. They are found also at the Corbier mine, near Magalia (Dogtown). As far back as 1861 a diamond was found one and a half miles northwest of Yankee Hill, in cleaning up a placer mine. It was taken from the sluice with the gold, and sold to N. H. Wells, to whom I am indebted for this infor- mation. He presented the gem to John Bidwell of Chico, who had it cut in Boston. It made a stone of 1^ carats (4.75 grains). Mr. Bidwell *See mineralogical notes on LTtah, California, and Nevada, in the Eng. & Min. Jour., VoL XVII, p. 148, March 11, 1873; and Am. J. Sci. (3), Vol. VI, p. 127, August, 1873. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 45 gave it to liis^ wife, who for years wore it in a rino-. This was the only diamond found at this locality. In 1895 Mr. Dwight Whiting reported the finding of five small diamonds near Oroville, on Feather River, and as many more about four miles from the head of the creek, suggesting a peridotite origin. Kl Dorado County. — Here a number of diamonds have been found at certain points. In 1867 Professor Silliman, at the meeting O'f the California Academy of Sciences, before mentioned, showed a crystal of 1^ carats (4.75 grains), of good color, though a little defective, from Forest Hill. It was found at great depth, in a tunnel run into the auriferous gravel. W. P. Carpenter, of Placerville, gave the following account of the locality in a letter to ]\Ir. Hanks, in 1882: "In 1871, W. A. Goodyear, Assistant State Oeologist, while examining the deposits of auriferous gravels in the ancient river-bed, about three miles east of Placerville, found several specimens of itacolumite, and expressed the opinion that diamonds should be found in the gravels. I assisted him in searching for them, and we found several in the hands of the miners. Mr. Goodyear bought one of them as a geological specimen. None of the parties who had them knew what they were, but kept them as curi- osities. The gravel in the channel is capped with lava from 50 to 450 feet in depth. Of late years the gravel is worked by stamp gravel mills, and I know of instances where fragments of broken diamonds have been found in panning out the batteries." He goes on to give the particulars of about fifteen diamonds obtained at different times in the neighborhood, some yellow and some white. One of these was a nearly spherical crystal, over one fourth of an inch in diameter, that was sold in San Francisco for $300, and another was sent to England to be cut. Subsequently in 1894, Mr. Carpenter announced that he had lately obtained two crystals, one weighing over 7 grains troy and the other 6, of rounded form and rough surface, each nearly one fourth of an inch in diameter and faintly tinted, the larger with a greenish shade and the smaller with pale yellowish. As many as forty or fifty small diamonds have been taken from the gravel at this place from time to time in the past, but since stamp-mills have been employed little is found but the crushed fragments encountered in "panning up" the amalgam taken from the batteries. Mr. Carpenter proposed to work his section of the channel by other means, to avoid the possible loss of diamonds of more value than the gold. The occur- rence here is described as similar to that of most California diamonds — in the hard compacted gold-bearing gravel occupying ancient river channels now filled and overlain by igneous rocks.* In the recently published article of Mr. H. W. Turner, f elsewhere * Sixteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey (1894), Part IV, p. 596. tThe Occurrence and Origin of Diamonds in California; bv H. W. Turner. Amer. Geologist, Vol. XXIII, March, 1899, pp. 183, 184. 4-i GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIPORNLV. referred to, ii letter from George W. Kiml)le, of Placerville, is quoted in regard to the diamonds of that vicinity. He states that two more had been found on the property of Thomas Ward & Co., on the south side of White Rock Canon, where the stream cuts through beds of Neocene Tertiary, and nine others in the immediate vicinity, chiefly from the Unity mine, adjacent to that of the Ward Company; but no particulars nre given as to their size or quality. Besides these, Mr. Kimble reports a great many fragments of crushed diamonds in the concentrates from the gravel mills. Later, 1898, he mentions having examined a diamond found within the limits of the town of Placerville, in Cedar Ravine, a tributary of Hangtown Creek. The name of Diamond has been given to a small railroad station a few miles south of Placerville. Nevada County. — Professor Silliman also showed to the California Academy of Sciences a very clear and symmetrical crystal from French Corral, Nevada County. It was thrown out of the cement-rock of deep gold washings, as usual, and weighed If carats (5.11 grains). The Tl::HX ENL' UF \VmEKINi.,S. LOOKING EAST. KUNZITE AND GEM TOURMALINE. two Basque French prospectors, Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch- It presents the usual type of the mines of this region — a large vein or dike of pegmatite, between upper and lower walls of gray, somewhat decomposed, diorite (or gabbro). The vein has the characteristic divi- sion, elsewhere described, into an upper portion, more or less coarsely crystallized, consisting largely of the tAvq feldspars, albite and orthoclase, with some quartz, and a lower portion of fine compact feldspathic granite, without mica, and lined or banded in layers with small essonite garnets^-the so-called "line-rock." Between these is a zone of pockets, with much lepidolite, and the pockets filled with a talcose or clay-like I G2 GEMS, JEWET.ERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. material, of white and reddish tints, in which are found the tonrmaline and kunzite crystals. These have been already described. On another ridge eastward of this one, but separated only l)y a narrow valley, the two Basque Frenchmen above named, in conjunction with Mr. Fred M. Sickler and his father, M. M. Sickler, have discovered and located several claims showing kunzite and more or less of gem-tour- maline. The name of Heriart Mountain has been given to this ridge, which is apparently a foothill or spur of Agua Tibia Mountain. Several tourmaline mines have also been located north and east of Coahuila, Riverside County, by Mr. Bert Simmons, of Oak Grove, from which some large gems have been obtained. Mr. Simmons has also developed several mines southwest of Oak Grove, on Aguanga Moun- tain, which have produced a number of gem-tourmalines. From one of the mines here, owned by Mr. K. C. Naylor of San Diego, several fine yellow stones have been taken. These mines have also shown a number of other minerals, such as spodumene (kunzite), columbite- tantalite, pink beryl, etc. The first announcement of this region was made by the Avriter.* This entire lithia region, the geological character of the deposits as well as the descriptive mineralogical part, is now being monographed by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller, of the U. S. Geological Survey, f to be published in 1905. Another discovery of a locality for colored tourmalines and kunzite is recently reported from a new district in San Diego County, about 10 miles south and somewhat west from Pala, in Section 26, T. 10 S., R. 3 E. The locality is in Moosa Canon, near Moosa Falls, and the discoverers are Messrs. Thomas Freeman and Joe Meyers, of Oceanside. The surface indications, and specimens brought in, suggest that the discovery may prove as rich as the other and older mines. Quartz crystals of large size are also found there, and smoky topaz is said to be abundant; but this is more probably smoky quartz, as the topaz has not been found associated heretofore with kunzite or highly colored tourmaline. . These g-em-tourmalines all contain some lithia, and are found in asso- ciation with other lithia minerals, such as lepidolite (lithia mica), amblygonite (lithia phosphate), and the alumina-lithia silicate, spOd' uniene (kunzite). The particular associations, however, vary at different localities. Thus, in the Pala district there are three adjacent ridges; the western one, known as Pala Mountain, contains the great lepidolite and amblygonite mine, now worked for some years, which has furnished the radiating groups of pink rubellite above *Report Dept. Min. Statistics, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1901, p. 31 (reprint). Science, January 28, 1904 (Vol. XIX). tScience, February 12, 1904, p. 266 (Vol. XIX). GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 63 described, elegant as specimens, but not transparent; on the same ridge is the Stewart mine, which yields larger crystals of rubellite and some of other colors. On the middle ridge, Pala. Chief Mountain, is the recently opened mine of that name, already mentioned, where the very large colored tourmalines occur, with kunzite, but little or no amblyg- onite. Other openings on this ridge are the Tourmaline Queen and Tourmaline King, of which the former especially shows crystals of rich and varied coloring. On the eastern ridge, Heriart Mountain, are several openings at which kunzite is found, and frequent association of '*t: ■4., ^ "^ ^ _ •"•S^^S^-^ i^^r2 ii fc- ^•^•»''- VV, -^ ^to: ■Mfe^ - k/. '> " ■ ' r^^ -^^^^^M ^ '9 ,:-,-. 7^ wp' '■ 1 iiiiiiB I^H^^IKm^!^ ^^E^C"^-'-- , _j— i^jji^^^ * i tSSrM 1^^ P^P *! M ILL. Xo. 16. PALA MOUXTAIX, SAX DIK'tO COUXTY, LEPIDOLITE MIXE. XEAR VIEW OF THE DUMP. gem-tourmaline and lepidolite. The Mesa Grande locality has already been described; the great mine is the Himalaya, but the Esmeralda and one or two others have rich and beautiful gem-tourmalines, but none have kunzite. The Ramona district, that yields garnet and topaz, has less tourmaline, and hardly any of gem quality. The Riverside County localities, in the San Jacinto Mountains, include the Fano (originally the Simmons) mine, a rich producer of colored j;ourmaline, and the Columbia (also called the April Fool) mine, which was the first one discovered in the State, and has yielded many beautiful gems, but has not been much worked of late. 64 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA, QUARTZ, Quartz is one of the commonest of all minerals, occurring in rock- masses nearly pure, and forming a large proportion of most of the granitic rocks. Its hardness, and the fact that it is unaffected by most chemicals, render it very stable and persistent, and it hence forms the largest part of most sands and sandstones. Its varieties are almost innumerable in color and aspect, and many of them are beautiful as ornamental and semi-precious stones. The crystals of quartz are easily recognized by their peculiar form, that of a six-sided prism, long ami slender or short and stout, terminated by a sharp six-sided pyramid at one or both extremities. Some of its varieties are the following: Crystalline. Rock-crystal (colorless). Non-Crystalline. Chalcedony (white and various pale tints). Carnelian (pink to red). Sard (dark red or brown-red). Chrysoprase (green). Agate (banded, of various colors). Rainbow agate. Royal agate. Onyx (black and white, banded). Moss-agate, Mocha-stone. Hydrolite (inclosing water). Jasper, an impure quartz (usually red, green or brown). Bloodstone (heliotrope). Jasper agate (banded with different colors). Lydian stone, Basanite, Touchstone (black jasper). Novaculite, Whetstone. Agatized wood. Jasperized wood. Amethyst (purple). Citrine (yellow).. Rose-quartz (pink). Smoky quartz (smoky). Cairngorm stone (smoky). Spanish topaz (deep yellow or brown). Morion (black). Plasma, prase (green). Asteriated quartz. Aventurine (spangled). Quartz cat's-eye. Gold-qiiartz. Dumortierite quartz. Tourmalinated quartz. Hornblende in quartz. Gothite in quartz (Onegite). Rutilated quartz (Sagenite or Filches d' amour). Thetis hairstone. Many of these varieties exist in California. Rock-crystal. — Transparent colorless quartz, or rock-crystal, though not rare as a mineral, is seldom found in masses of large size. When it is, however, it is valuable for use in the ornamental arts. One or two localities tn the Alps, which have been known and worked from Roman times, though very difficult and perilous of access, have furnished mate- rial for the elegant carved objects to be seen in European palaces and museums. In Japan also, large crystals were formerly obtained, from which were made the polished balls so much prized by the natives, and after- wards by foreigners, who have now almost drained the country of them by purchase. Japan has not yielded much new material for some years, and the main supply of it has been derived from Madagascar and Brazil. Within the last decade, however, very fine rock-crystal masses have been obtained in the United States, especially in California. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 65 In -1891-92 an important development of crystallized quartz was made at Placerville, El Dorado County, by Mr. James Blakiston, in a quartz ledge running north and south, and dipping eastward about 45 to 50 degrees.* The rock of the ledge is partly decomposed and partly compact, and is traversed perhaps a hundred feet by a vein of crys- tallized quartz varying from 6 to 14 inches in width. This vein is also decomposed, and is filled in with a reddish earth or sand, and can be dug into with a stick or board. It is full of quartz crystals, of all sizes, from that of a man's finger up to remarkable dimensions, some of them weighing as much as 80 or 90 pounds. Several of these, over 50 pounds in weight, were pellucid and free from flaws; while others have peculiar interest from remarkable inclusions of chlorite, 3 to 5 millimeters in thickness, at several depths in the crystal — thus marking successive stages of crystal growth, and making very striking "phan- toms," generally of green chlorite on white quartz layers. Of still greater interest, however, are other quartz crystals, 2 to 4 inches in length and half that in transverse diameter, con- taining at and near their centers in- clusions resembling groups or clusters of dolomite or siderite crystals, cream- white to brown in color, and consist- ing of many rhombohedra from 2 to 4 millimeters in diameter. On break- ing the specimens, however, the curious fact appears that these groups are hollow cavities in the quartz, the spaces being lined with a layer of chalcedony, or when brown, occupied only by a brown silicious mate- rial. This would indicate that the original mineral must have been siderite or ankerite, afterwards covered by successive growths of the quartz, and in some manner decomposed during that process. The most remarkable California quartz discovery, however, was made in 1897, by John E, Burton, of Milwaukee, Wis., in Calaveras County, at the old Green Mountain mine, in Chile Gulch, a mile and a half south of Mokelumne Hill. Here, in one of the ancient river channels, about 350 feet wide, filled with auriferous gravel and covered by an overflow of lava — which are characteristic of this portion of Cahfornia — were found a quantity of enormous quartz crystals, embedded in the old *Am. J. Sci. (3), 1892, Vol. XLIII, p. 329. Gems and Precious Stones of North America, Kunz, p. 351 (Appendix), 1892. 5 — MB ILL. No. 17. Quar^i Crystal from Placerville, El Dorado County. Weight 346 lbs. In Morgan collec- tion, American Museum Natural History, New York City. 66 GEMS, .lEWELKRS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. gravel. It is claimed that twelve tons were taken out in the years 1897 and 1898; one giant crystal, surrounded by an attached cluster of forty- seven smaller ones, weighed over a ton. A number of the finest were sent to New' York, and splendid balls were cut from them by machinery constructed for the purpose. One of the largest crystals measured in the rough 19 by 15 by 14 inches, and another 14 by 14 by 9 inches. A perfect sphere cut from one of these crystals has a diameter of 5^ inches, and is absolutely without a flaw. It is worth $3000. Even larger spheres have been cut from these California crystals — two ranging up to 7^ inches in diameter, but they are not entirely flawless. The first mentioned sphere, and one of 7\ inches, cut by Tiffany & Co., are the largest ever produced in this country, and are justly held among the most valued treasures of the Morgan-Tiffany collection; and one 7 j-inch ball is in the collection of the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris. A large, perfect hexagonal crystal in the American Museum of Natural History weighs 346 pounds. There were in all some twelve tons of crystals found, but few yielded cutting material. Some of the crystals here found are apparently the largest ever obtained anywhere. The exteriors were frequently roughened or dis- colored, in other cases quite bright; but within, the quartz was clear and colorless. The great crystal in the one-ton group just mentioned showed a portion in its interior that was beautifully clear for a space of 14 by 16 by 24 inches, and might yield a flawless ball of over a foot in diameter. It w^as with great difficulty that this splendid mass could be taken out of the tunnel without injuring it. As the crystals show little wear, they have evidently not been transported far from their source, and must have come from some vein or fissure cut through by the ancient streams a little way above. If this could be discovered, it might be a most remarkable crystal mine. So far as the gravel deposit here was explored by drifts, the crystals appeared to be strewn through it, and it would seem that there must be a large amount of valuable material there; but no further actual work has been done for several years. Other €alifornia localities for crystals of several pounds in weight a-re Drum Valley, Three Rivers, and Yokohl, in the neighborhood of Visalia, in Tulare County. Many fine crystals are also obtained in some of the mines in San Diego and Riverside counties, where they occur in the pegmatite veins that are worked for tourmaline and beryl. The Fano mine, in River- side County, near Coahuila, has sold some 200 pounds of choice quartz crystals; they are also frequent at the Himalaya mine, at Mesa Grande, both colorless and smoky, at the Mack mine on Mount Palomar, and in most of the mines throughout that region of the State. Some of these may yield good material for use in the arts. GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 67 The Indians used quartz of all kinds for arrow- and spear-points. Those made of colorless transparent rock-crystal are rare and beautiful; some specimens of these, only an inch long, from Calaveras County, were presented to the State Mining Bureau, some years ago, by Mr. J. Z. Davis. Amethyst, the purple variety of quartz, has not been found to any ^ ^XKjMIBL^^*' '-^t- «Ki •^11^ '%{ ^^^^H ^^^H yi ■ ILL. No. 18. OUTCROP OF ROSE QUARTZ— FREE ZONE, NEAR THE MEXICAN LINE, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. great extent in California; though it occurs somewhat in Mono County, at the Noonday mine, Bodie- district. Smoky Quartz is somewhat abundant, but has been already men- tioned at the principal points, under Rock-crystal. Rose-Quartz is a semi-crystalline translucent variety, of pale pink color, sometimes slightly opalescent. It is capable of use for many ornamental purposes being cut into balls, pendants, small vases, etc. 68 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. Rose-quartz is a substance much ai)])reciated by the Orientals, and it has been successfully imitated by them by dipping white quartz rock, after heating, into an aniline solution; this process opens cracks in the quartz, which upon cooling absorbs the rose color, and retains it per- manently. Rose-quartz of choice pink color exists in some quantity at several points in Tulare County. Specimens from Yokohl and Three Rivers have been sold at remunerative prices; and according to Prof. W. H. Smith, of Visalia, it is found, of good quality, at several other places in that vicinity. Rose-quartz is frequent also in the pegmatite veins of the gem mines in San Diego and Riverside counties (described under beryl, tourmaline, and kunzite). It is also reported as a large out- cropping ledge, rising above the surface of the ground for a distance of 240 feet, with a width of 40 feet, at a point near the Mexican boundary; the location is given by Mr. N. G. Douglas, who describes it as 45 miles from San Diego and 29 miles from Tia Juana, on the public road from the last-named place to Ensenada, in the so-called "Free Zone.'' It is claimed that the material can be quarried out here in blocks of any desired size. Another occurrence of rose-quartz, somewhat opalescent, is announced by Mr. Edward N. Walsh, at Escondido, San Diego County. Gold-Quartz. — One of the most characteristic ornamental stones of California is the gold-quartz, which has been used to a large extent for jewelry and art objects. The gold of the placers and gravel-beds is derived from auriferous quartz veins in the metamorphic slates of the Sierra Nevada, having been worn out and washed down in the slow decay of those rocks. But the most important mining operations are now conducted upon the veins themselves, where the quartz is taken out and crushed. In most cases the gold, even in a rich vein, is scarcely visible; but sometimes it is so abundant and so conspicuous that it makes a strikingly ornamental stone — a matrix of white quartz, either opaque or translucent, through which gold is distributed freely in little patches or stringers. Jewelers pay from $20 to $30 for each ounce of gold contained in such material — the gold itself being worth about $16.50. The price of specimens varies from $3 to $40 an ounce, according to their beauty and to the proportion of gold included. This latter is determined by specific gravity. Some crystals of limpid quartz, containing particles of native gold, have been found in California. One of these was said to have been an inch long, inclosing in the center a scale of gold about the size of the lunule of a finger nail. In Nevada County, in the Grass Valley mines, quartz is occasionally found supporting gold between the crystals. Most of the white gold-quartz comes from the counties of Butte, Cala- veras, El Dorado, Mariposa, Nevada, Placer, Sierra, Tuolumne, and GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 69 Yul)a. A l)lack gold-quartz is found at the Sheep Ranch mine, in Cahi- veras County, and at Sutter Creek, in Amador. Occasionally bowlders of gold-quartz are met with. A smoothly rolled mass of this character was taken out of the bank of the Nevada Hydraulic Company, at Gib- sonville. It weighed 160 pounds, and was judged to contain $2500 worth of gold; but its value for lapidary purposes was greater. An artificial imitation of this stone has been made, by throwing grains of gold from crushed quartz into a fused milky glass, and allow- ing it to solidify in molds of various shapes. Another process was to produce a so-called rose gold-quartz, by backing a translucent gold- quartz with carmine paste. This was quite effective, especially when used in connection with the black or the opaque variety. The same thing might be done with backings of other colors, and a striking variety of effects produced. There occurs in Hungary an amethystine gold- quartz of great beauty, which could be readily imitated in this way. Gold-quartz is made into a great variety of articles of jewelry and ornament, such as cane-heads, paper-weights, fan-sticks, bracelets, etc.; it is also employed for inlaying in certain kinds of elegant furniture, where it contrasts finely with dark wood or with other minerals of pronounced color, such as jasper, malachite, smoky quartz, etc. The jewelry made from this material is mostly sold to tourists from the East and from foreign countries, though a good deal is also used in California. Eleven hundred dollars' worth was purchased some years ago, by an embassy from Asia; and almost all visitors buy specimens as souvenirs. The largest and most ambitious piece of work in gold-quartz is a model of the cathedral of Xotre Dame in Paris; it is about a foot high, and is valued at $20,000. The amount of this material used in jewelry has varied greatly; it has at times been estimated as high as $40,000 a year, but has not approached such figures of late. One lapi- dary in Oakland, where most of the cutting is done, bought nearly $10,000 worth in one year, and a large San Francisco firm of jewelers bought nearly $15,000 worth. In 1902 the production amounted to only about $3000.' In the selection of the quartz for art Avork great care is necessary. The stones used must be large enough to bear the rough treatment of the diamond-saw and the lap-wheel of the polisher. All the rock quartz is friable, and some of it crumbles to pieces while undergoing these processes. The saw, catching in the gold in the slitting, prevents the cutting of large pieces, as the wafer-like slabs are apt to be broken by this resistance while being detached from the mass. For this reason, all the pieces set in cabinet work are small. Pieces 4 by 2 inches are quite rare; although fine pieces 4 inches square are at times seen. Rarely more than half of the rough material purchased finds its way into the market, owing to breakage while being trimmed into shape. <() GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC.. OF CALIFORNL\. Quartz Inclusions. — Quartz is frequently penetrated by other minerals, and these combinations are often very beautiful and are valued as ornamental stones. Instances of this kind, mentioned in some of the writer's reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States, are the following: At the tourmaline locality near Coahuila, in Riverside County, the quartz is sometimes penetrated with fine hair- like crystals of tourmaline, so as much to resemble the beautiful ruti- lated quartz, or sagenite. One of the finest of these specimens is now in the collection of Harvard University, at Cambridge, Mass., and another in the American Museum of Natural History at New York.* A recent announcement has been made of the finding of smoky quartz penetrated by black and greenish-black tourmaline, near Fallbrook, 8 miles west of Pala, in San Diego County. Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports quartz inclu- sions of tourmaline, hornblende, and other minerals, as frequent throughout southern California, especially at the mines where the gem- tourmalines occur. In Tulare County, on Deer Creek, Mr. L. B. Hawkins obtained speci- mens of a similar penetration of quartz by hornblende crystals, f This combination has also been noted by the State Mining Bureau, at Tyler's Ranch, near Oleta, Amador County, and at Fairplay, El Dorado County. ^; A notable occurrence of this character is that already described (p. 65) in El Dorado County, near Placerville, where a decomposed quartz vein is full of crystals ranging from the size of a man's finger up to 80 or 90 pounds. Several pieces of the quartz, over 50 pounds in weight, were pellucid and free from flaws, w^hile others contained remarkable inclu- sions of green chlorite, 3 to 5 millimeters in thickness. Some of the crystals also contain inclusions of chalcedony, cream-white to brown in color. Other interesting quartz inclusions are reported by Mr. H. F. Wheaton, of Riverside County, from the San Bernardino range, in the county of the same- name, in the desert. These are the kind known by the name of sagenite, in which transparent quartz crystals are penetrated with long slender crystals of brilliant red or brown rutile, the oxide of titanium'. This variety is well known and much admired, as both curi- ous and elegant, and has received the name abroad of ''flechesd'amour," or "love's arrows." When pieces of any considerable size are obtained, it is a beautiful material for carving into objects of art. There were also noted colorless quartz crystals with chloritic "phantoms" including " minute grouped masses of a green color," thought to be chrysocolla or epidote. There are many other kinds of inclusions; and in some cases the included mineral so completely penetrates and fills the quartz as to *Mineral Resources of tlie United States, 1893, p. 18. tibid., 1897, p. 14. Ubid., 1894, p. (501. GEMS, JEW'EUIRS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. change its aspect entirely, and render it almost opaque and highly col- ored. Such is the Mariposa County instance, referred to on page 97, under jade, where a quartz filled with a green micaceous mineral (mari- posite) in minute scales forms a green stone so resembling jade that it is exported to China, where jade is greatly prized. Dumortierite Quartz. — A very marked example of this character exists in Riverside County, on the Colorado Desert, about 50 miles north of Yuma and 11 miles west of the Colorado River. Here quartz is found that is so filled with a rare dark blue mineral, known as Dumortierite, that it closely resembles the celebrated stone long familiar in jewelry and the arts as lapis lazuli. Mr. John Stewart, of Los Angeles, who described the locality, states that the material is abundant and can be taken out in blocks of several hundred pounds, varying from light to dark blue and mingled blue and white. This should be a very fine ornamental stone, as it polishes beautifully. The locality, however, is remote and can only be worked in the winter or the rainy season, as water has to be hauled from the Colorado River, and the climate is too hot for either horses or white men from June to December. Near Dehesa,* San Diego County, is a large body of lavender-colored dumortierite in quartz, which, if cut and polished, would make hand- some specimens. This is evidently the mineral that was mistaken by the early collectors for erythrite, which it slightly resembles in struc- ture and color. Ervthrite has a metallic lustre, the dumortierite has CHALCEDONY, t >n some of the California beaches are found many interesting pebbles of chalcedony that frequently have the appearance of a partial polish. Among the most notable of these beaches are Crescent City, Pescadero, and Redondo. The first named is in Del Norte County, at the extreme northern end of the State. Pescadero is nearly central, lying some 25 miles directly west of San Jose, and may be reached by a beautiful mountain ride of 25 miles from San Mateo. The pebbles are found in great profusion, of different varieties of chalcedony and agate, many of them beautifully marked; others are apparently of jasper, and occasion- ally of fossil coral. Some of them are hollow geodes of chalcedony, inclosing a liquid with a moving bubble, like the "hydrolites" from Uruguay, South America, or from Tampa, Florida, and near Astoria, Oregon. These little sealed flasks, as they might be called, vary from the size of a pea, or less, up to rarely an inch in length, and are much sought after. Redondo is a favorite beach resort, about 15 miles south of Los Angeles. Here also are found many beautiful pebbles. It is ♦Report of Dept. Min. Statistics, U. S. Geol. Survey. tZ GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. quite the custom after e.icli tide for \\\v guests at the hotel to visit the beach to look for these treasures, which are especially abundant north of the pier. They are believed to come from a bed of sand and gravel in the vicinity. Several of these pebbles were found in 1901 in an Indian grave near Redondo. At both these beach resorts, large quantities of the pebbles are gath- ered and sold to tourists, often in bottles of water, to bring out their "-•in ^Sk. • J i ^^ 1 -J ^5 J - ^ ftoj"^ % § ^9 ILL. No. 1".). PEBBLES FROM PESCADERO BEACH, SAN MATEO COUNTY. varied colors. Long chains and other ornaments are also made by drilling the stones and stringing them on a flexible wire. Another important pebble locality is that known as Moonstone Beach, on Santa Catalina island. The pebbles are not moonstones, but nodules of quartz weathered out of a rhyolite rock — composed of sanidine feld- spar and quartz — while those of Eedoijdo and Pescadero are agate and chalcedony, and come from amygdaloidal rocks. Similar pebbles of varied coloring occur on Upper Spanish Creek, above Green Flat, in Meadow Valley, Plumas County, according to Mr. J. A. Edman.* Another locality is on the shores of Lake Tahoe, where * U. S. GeoL Survey, Dept. Min. Statistics, ), p. 40 (reprint). GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 73 they are veiy abundant at points; and still another is Canon Springs, in the southern part of the State, as announced by Mr. C. R. Orcutt, who found hydrolites and many beautiful agates in the drift of the desert and strewn over the mesas.* Xumerous handsome varieties of chalcedony are known to occur in California. Among these is a light blue variety, sometimes called saphirine chalcedon}-. This is a stone that was highly valued in very ancient times, and was a favorite material for the carved Babylonian seals, 3000 to 4000 B. C. That used for this purpose came from Persia; it occurs also in the Urals, and at Treszytan in Hungary. Saphirine chalcedonj'^ of equal beauty is found at Kane Springs, in Kern County, in masses of a deep sky-blue color, with the "botr3'oidal" or grape- ILL. Xu. 20. PEBBLE BEACH, REDOXDO, LOS ANGELES COUXTY. cluster surface characteristic of much chalcedony. It does not seem to have been developed, however, nor is the amount of it to be had yet known. Prof. William P. Blake mentions the occurrence of large masses of white chalcedony, delicately veined and in mammillary sheets, near the Panoche, in Fresno County, and also in Monterey County, and of pink chalcedony in nodules in the eruptive rocks in Los Angeles County, between Johnson's River and Williamson's Fork. There are doubtless many other localities in- the State where handsome varieties of chalce- dony occur, that may be developed and used. Some of the silicified wood, elsewhere noted as frequent in the old "sub-lava" gold gravels, is altered to white chalcedony and various types of agate. * Report on :Minerals of the Colorado Desert (10th Ann. Kept. State Mineralogist), 1890. 74 GE.MS, jewelers' materials, etc., of californlv. CHRYSOPRASE, Chrvso})i-;ise is a chalcedony that is colored a beautiful light green l)y tlie oxide of nickel. It has Ijeen a favorite stone in jewelry and ornamental work from very ancient times, but is found at only a few places in the world. Within some years past several localities of chrysoprase have been opened in California, in the region about Visalia, in Tulare County. The first discovery was made as far back as 1878, by INIr. George W. Smith, a surveyor, who collected specimens of the mineral and submitted them to experts. Mr. Max Braverman, of Visalia, was the lirst who positively identified it as chrysoprase, from its content of nickel oxide. Specimens were thenceforth gathered and sent to various collections and museums. Later, its possible value for jewelry began to attract attention, and renewed search was instituted, resulting in the discovery of two more occurrences of it in the same county — one on Stokes Mountain and the other on Tule River. The original locality is at Venice Hill, about 12 miles northeast of Visalia. Here the chrysoprase forms small veins, 2 or 3 inches thick, in a jas- pery rock. Much of it is flawed, but a good deal of choice material has been taken out and cut, and the color is good. The principal vein was located by Mr. C. P. Wilcomb, formerly of the Golden Gate Park Museum, San Francisco, while Mr. Braverman has been very active in searching and exploring. He and Mr. L. B. Hawkins located a fourth occurrence in 1897, in the same county, at Deer Creek, some 30 miles southeast of Visalia; and in the succeeding year a fifth locality was opened at Lind- say, half way between those two places. Here again the material is apt to be flawed, and much of it is pale in color; but a good deal has been taken out, and one remarkably fine specimen has been presented by Mr. Braverman to the State Mining Bureau. The stone here is mingled with a beautiful semi-opal of the same green colors, for which Mr. Braverman proposed the name chrysoprase opal or chrysopal. There was considerable activity at these several mines for the first few yearSj-but no large or steady production. Twelve hundred pounds were shipped from the Deer Creek locality, five hundred from that at Lindsay, and three hundred from Venice Hill; but the proportion of real gem-material was small. More recently, however, a New York company has taken up chrysoprase mining with more system and more success. Large amounts of fine material have been taken out, varying from deep to ligh-t green, and a great deal has been cut, in some cases into stones weighing several ounces each. Most of it, however, had been cut into squares, rhombs, ovals, etc., for studs, links, rings, and inlaying or mosaic work. The great increase in production is strikingly shown by the fact that the value of the annual output, which GEMS, JE\NTELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. i ■) for several year.>^ before had been only about $100. leaped to .$loOO in 1901. and to $15,000 in 1902.* MOSS-AGATE (MOSS JASPER), Chalcedony with dendritic markings, in masses from 15 to 18 inches across, and jaspery agate, with moss-like markings of a dark brown color, are among the minerals collected by Mr. H. F. Johnson in the San Bernardino Mountains, in the county of that name, in the desert region of California, and reported by Mr. Wheaton, of Palm Springs, in the adjacent county of Riverside, f JASPER, Jasper is also found at many points. It occurs of fine quality at Murphys, in Calaveras County, of various shades of red, brown, and yellow. Mr. J. A. Edman has described it in Plumas County, west of Meadow Valley, gray, green, red, and banded red and white; and some of these richly mingled varieties he thinks would be well adapted for use in the arts. Red and green jaspers are abundant near San Fran- cisco, where an impure variety has been used for buildings and side- walks. Around.the shores of Lake Tahoe are scattered myriads of agate and jasper pebbles, which of course indicate the presence of these min- erals in the rocks of the vicinity. A very peculiar variety occurs near San Francisco, as inclusions in basalt. The rock is made up of red spherulites consisting of quartz stained by iron, usually very small, but occasionally reaching a diameter of more than an inch. When cut and polished, this rock makes very handsome specimens. OPAL, H.= 6. G.= 2.0-2.2. Opal is essentially silica, though differing from quartz in containing small amounts of water. It has numerous varieties, such as Noble or precious opal. Opaline, Fire opal, Hyalite, Milky opal, Hydrophane, Opal agate, Wood opal. Moss opal, Opalized wood. Opal of different kinds has been observed at a number of points in California, but the precious or gem variety has not yet been obtained mineral Resources of the United States, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, p. 81 ;— table of pro- duction of precious stones. + Ibid., ISOO, p. 37 (reprint). 76 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of calipornlv. of a pize and ([iialitv to warrant mining operations. In 1897, fire opals, small but good, with larger pieces of inferior quality, were identi- fied by the State Mining Bureau, from Dunsmuir, in Siskiyou County. Very recently a locality of precious opal that may prove impor- tant has been reported at the opposite end of the State, in the region of the Mojave Desert. Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, describes the opal as occurring in large quantities in a porphyritic rock. Most of that which he had seen is chalcedonic, but some true precious opal has been found, and good stones have been cut from it. The locality is in San Bernardino County, some 25 miles northwest of Barstow. Here, opal of various colors, some almost amber-yellow, and some — though not very much — of the precious and fire opal, occurs in seams, veins, and pockets, in what is called an indurated clay, by a more recent describer, but is doubtless a decomposed igneous rock. The deposit is about half a mile wide and two miles long, dipping rather steeply, with an overlying tufa, and probably resting upon granite beneath. The locality is sit- uated in a branch of Black's Cation to the east of the main canon. On the surface are found large deposits of what is called "semi-opal," a stone which resembles the genuine opal, but has not its beauty. The real opals are found at a little distance from the surface and resemble very much the Australian opals. J. C. Reed and associates, of San Bernardino, are the owners. This locality may prove valuable when more fully developed. A beautiful yellow opal, without fire, and more resembling amber, was noted in 1895, by Mr. M. Braverman, at the chrysoprase locality at Yokohl, near Visalia, in Tulare County. This might make an attract- ive semi-precious stone, if procurable in any quantity. He also found a beautiful green variety, for which he proposed the name of chryso- prase opal, or chrysopal, at the chrysoprase mine near Lindsay, in the same county. Rich white opals, but with no fire, were described as long ago as 1886, by Prof. William P. Blake, from near Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County. They were found loose in a gravel stratum, 345 feet deep in a shaft sunk- in Chile Gulch, in Stockton Hill; the pieces ranged up to the size of a walnut, and were at first supposed to have real value. A similar variety occurs with magn«site in Alameda County and at some other points^ but is of little importance. In San Bernardino County, milky opal was reported by Mr. Dwight Whiting, in 1897, in a narrow seam of sandstone, a little east of the N.E. i of Sec. 24, T. 1 S., R. 13 W., San Bernardino base and meridian. The peculiar, glassy, transparent variety of opal known as hyalite has been found in Lake County, in some abundance, by Mr. H. H. Myer, and is also reported as occurring with semi-opal, about 30 miles south GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNL\. 77 of Mount Diablo, in the range of that name. It is an interesting variety, but not capable of any particular use in the arts. Silicifled and Opalized Wood.— Silicified wood, which is variously known as agatized wood and wood opal, is found in abundance in Cali- fornia. The ancient gold-bearing gravels, overlain by a capping of lava or tufa, elsewhere described, frequently contain trunks and branches of trees that have been permeated by silicious waters and thus fossilized. In some cases the replacing material is opal silica; and very interesting gradations in the process of change can be seen, even in parts of the same specimen. Pieces from these "sub-lava" gravels from Nevada County (e. g.) will show parts completely silicified, but opaque and pale-colored, and others entirely altered to opal silica, of various shades of translucent brown. These logs and fragments represent trees that grew on the banks of the ancient streams, before the lava or tufa flowed into the valleys and filled them, and in some instances they are even found still standing erect. Of the manner of this remarkable change. Prof. Joseph Le Conte* says: "In a good specimen of petrified wood not only the external form of the trunk, not only the general structure of the stem — pith, wood, and bark — not only the radiating silver-grain and the concentric rings of growth are discernible, but even the microscopic cellular structure of the wood and the exquisite sculpturings of the cell-walls themselves are perfectly preserved, so that the kind of wood may often be determined by the microscope with the utmost certainty, yet not one particle of the organic matter of the wood remains. It has been entirely replaced by mineral matter, usually some form of silica." The general theory of petrifaction is as follows: When wood is soaked in a strong solution of iron sulphate (copperas), then dried, and the same process repeated until the wood is highly charged with this solu- tion, and then burned, the structure of the wood will be preserved in the peroxide of iron that remains; also it is well known that the smallest fissures and cavities in rocks are speedily filled by infiltrating waters with mineral matters; hence wood buried in soil soaked with some petrifying material becomes highly charged with the same and the cells filled with the infiltrating material, so that when the wood decays the petrifying material is left, retaining the structure of the wood. Fur- thermore, as each particle of organic matter passes away by decay, a particle of mineral matter takes its place, until finally all of the organic matter is replaced. The process of petrifaction is therefore one of sub- stitution as well as of interstitial filling. From the different nature of the process in the two cases, it happens that the interstitial filling always differs, either in chemical composition or in color, from the sub- *Elements of Geology, p. 192. 78 GEMS. JKWEI-ERS MATERIALS, ETC., 0I<^ CALIFORNIA. stitiiting material. Thus the structure remains visible, although th(> mass is solid. Agatized wood in large (quantities, consisting of trees from 12 to 35 feet in length and fporn 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, has been obtained near Calistoga, in Napa County; and in the hydraulic mines of Cali- fornia, at many points, large and very beautiful masses of opalized wood, of fine brown, yellow and black colors, are frequently found. ALBITE-FELDSPAR. Aventurine. Moonstone. Peristerite. H.= 6. G.= 2.62. Luster vitreous, often pearly on cleavage surface. Color white, also bluish, grayish, reddish, and greenish; occasionally ILL. Xo. 21. MOONSTONE BEACH, CATALINA ISLAND, LOS ANGELES COUNTY having a bluish chatoyancy or play of colors. Silica, 68.7; alumina, 19.5; soda; 11.8. Albite (soda feldspar) is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, often associated with common or potash feldspar (orthoclase) in granite and pegmatite, and frequently in syenite, greenstone, and the crystal- line schists. The most common occurrences are in veins or cavities in granite or granitoid rocks. Found in Calaveras, Inyo, Marin, Mono, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties. Both albite and orthoclase feldspar are especially conspicuous in the dikes or veins of pegmatite that traverse the granite and diorite rocks of San Diego and Riverside counties, and that carry the gem-minerals of that region. They constitute the greater part of the pegmatite, GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 79 together with quartz, and are often finely crystallized. The albite in some instances appears with the tourmalines, etc., in the pockets, in beautiful transparent crystals; and the orthoclase at times is found in crystals of great size; some of these at Mesa Grande are penetrated with fine prisms of rubellite or other colored tourmaline. The use of albite for gem purposes is practically restricted to those kinds showing a bluish opalescence or play of colors, an aventurine effect, or a moonstone effect when cut en cabochon. Peristerite is a whitish, adularia-like albite, presenting a bluish chatoyancy usually more or less mixed with pale green and yellow, the play of colors resembling that on the neck of a pigeon. Aventurine is a grayish-white to reddish-gray albite, with internal fire-like refiections proceeding from minute inclusions, disseminated crystals. Moonstone is a semi-transparent albite, having a chatoyant reflection resembling that of a cat's-eye, or an opaque pearly-white variety with a bluish opalescence. The so-called moonstones of Santa Catalina island, gathered on the " Moonstone Beach," are not albite, however, but nodules of translucent quartz. (See p. 72.) Minute crystals of the adularia variety of moonstone with beautiful blue reflections, occurring in a vol- canic (rhyolite) rock, were found recently at Rialto, in the Funeral Mountains, in Inyo County, near the Nevada line. They are of won- derful beauty, but are valueless on account of their small size. They were supposed to be opals at first by many collectors who distributed them.* It can hardly be said that any gem material of the species albite is known in California, although many interesting specimens have been found. ORTHOCLASE— FELDSPAR* H.^6. G. = 2.5-2.7. Silica, 64.7; alumina, 18.4; potash, 16.9. Orthoclase (potash feldspar) has already been referred to in connec- tion with albite. Colors white to various shades of cream, gray, flesh- color and reddish, rarely green or brown. The only form in which it occurs in California, that is capable of ornamental use, is that of Graphic Granite. — Graphic granite, or Hebrew Stone, appears at Pala, San Diego County, at the famous rubellite and lepidolite mine. Large masses of this peculiar rock, consisting of quartz and orthoclase so intergrown as to present the appearance of Hebrew writing, are found here as a phase of a large pegmatite dike. It is also found more or less at all the gem mines in the pegmatite veins of the San Diego-Riverside " r. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Res. U. S., 1903, p. 44 (reprint). I 80 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. district, and is known among the miners as " grapliic-spar." When it exists in compact masses of uniform texture, it is capable of use as an ornamental stone, taking a fine polish, with delicate tints and curious pattern. Vases and other art objects that are very handsome are made of this material in Russia. LABRADORITE* H.= 6. G.= 2.72. Color gray, brown, or greenish. Labradorite is a lime-soda feldspar, containing silica, 53.1; alumina, 30.1; lime, 12.3; soda, 4.5. The cleavable kinds often show a magnificent play of colors in which blue and green predominate, while yellow, red, pearl-gray, orange and amber are apparent. The mineral takes high polish and is then very handsome. Observed in Mariposa County in Yosemite Park, and in San Ber- nardino County near Lytic Creek. Mr. W. H. Trenchard, in a recent communication to the writer, states that labradorite occurs in the granitic intrusions of the entire gem- bearing district of southern California, with orthoclase and oligoclase feldspars. DIOPSIDE* H.= 6. G.= 3.2-3.38. Luster vitreous. Color ranging from white through several shades of green to dark green, and even nearly black. Silica, 55.6; lime, 25.9; magnesia, 18.5. It is a variety of pyroxene. Diopside is occasionally cut as a gem. Pyroxene is a common min- eral in serpentine and eruptive rocks; the variety diopside occurs in limestones and serpentines. It is observed in El Dorado County, in fine dark green crystals near Mud Springs; and in fine crystals at the Cosumnes copper mine. ENSTATITE, Bronzite. Hypersthene, Enstatite. — H.= 5.5. G.= 3.10-3.13. Color yellowish, grayish, and greenish white. Luster vitreous or pearly. Silica, 60; magnesia, 40. BPOnzite. — H. = 5.5. G. = 3.1-3.3. Color grayish to olive-green and brown. Part of the magnesia of the enstatite is replaced by iron. Hypersthene. — H. = 6. G. = 3.4-3.5. Color dark, brownish green, grayish black, greenish black, pinchbeck brown. These minerals are all orthorhombic pyroxenes, and when cut en GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 81 cabochon across the fibers, they all afford the cat's-eye effect. They are common constituents of peridotites and serpentines. Contra Costa County. — Bronzite at Mount Diablo. San Franclsco County. — Bronzite at Fort Point and near to Orphan Asylum. KUNZITE-SPODUMENE,- H..= 7-7i G. = 3.19. SiO.= 64.5; Al,0, = 27.4; Li.O = 8.4. Sili- cate of alumina and lithia. A most remarkable discovery of transparent lilac-colored and pale pink to white spodumene has lately been made in California. The crystals were obtained close to a deposit of colored tourmaline, itself of notable interest, on Pala Chief Mountain, a mile and a half north- east from Pala, in San Diego County. This new discovery is but half a mile northeast from the celebrated rubellite and lepidolite locality f on Pala ]\Iountain, where recent developments have brought to light immense quantities of amblygonite — this latter species occurring by the ton, while the lepidolite is estimated by the thousand tons. The locality is thus unecpialed in the world for its abundance of lithia minerals. Spodumene has long been known to mineralogists, but only within recent years has it been ranked among gem-minerals. It is a silicate of alumina and lithia, rather complex in constitution and peculiarly liable to alteration, the first effect of which is to destroy- its transpar- ency, so that most of the spodumene found is opaque and of little or no beauty. In this condition it is somewhat abundant at several localities in New England and also in Pennington County, South Dakota, the crystals often being very large, but dull and unattractive. It began to be recognized, however, some twenty-five years ago, that all these crystals had undergone alteration and must originally have been very beautiful. The change had proceeded from without inward, and at the center were found portions that still retained the color and transpar- ency that once belonged to the whole. Even these remnants, however, *(1) "A New Lilac-Colored Si)oclumene from Pala, California," bv George Frederick Kunz, Am. J. Sci., Vol. XVI, September, 1903, pp. 264-267. (2) "Kunzite: A Xew Gem," bv Charles Baskerville, Science (N. S.), Vol. XVIII, September 4, 1903, pp. 303-304. (3) "Spodumene from San Diego County, Calif.," by Waldemar T. Schaller, Bull. Dept. GeoL, Univ. of California, Vol. Ill, Xb. 13, September, 1903, pp. 265-275. (4) "The Lilac-Colored Spodumene (Kunzite) from California," Am. J. Sci., Vol. XVI, October, 1903, p. 335, with remarks on Action of Radivim on Kunzite, by Sir William Crookes. (5) George F. Kunz, X. Y. Acad. Sciences, "On the Action of Radium," etc.; Janu- ary 4, 1904. (6) "Gem-minerals of Southern California." G. F. Kunz, Science (N. S.), Vol. XIX, p. 472, January 15, 1904, pp. 107-108. tG. F. Kunz, Mineral Resotirces of the United States, Washington, D. C. (reprint), 1893, p. 17; 1899, p. 38; 1901, p. 31. 6 — MB 82 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. were so fissured and marred that they could hardly be used for gems; but they indicated a lost elegance that led the writer to apply to spodu- mene the expression "a defunct gem." Since then, however, it has been found in the unaltered state and in several colors at two or three localities, and has come into recognition as an interesting and beautiful gem-stone. The name spodumene is from the Greek spodos, ashes, from the dull whitish color of most of the altered crystals. In Europe the mineral is also frequently called triphane. A transparent yellow variety is known from Minas Geraes, Brazil, and these specimens have been to some extent cut into gems. In 1881, Mr. W. E. Hidden discovered numerous clear, bright green crystals at Stony Point, Alexander County, North Carolina, which were found in seeking for emeralds. Their real char- acter was not recognized at first, and they were supposed to be cyanite or diopside; but an analysis by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisville, Ky., showed them to be spodumene. He proposed for this new variety the name of hiddenite, which it has since borne, and it has also been called lithia emerald. This discovery excited much interest, and the new and beautiful American gem at once came into favor. The yield, however, was limited in amount, and for several years past, because of litigation and from other causes, the mine has not been worked. The green hiddenite spodumenes, although extremely beautiful, were small; but the California crystals are of noble size, as well as very attractive in their color tones, varying from rich rosy lilac when found at some depth, to pale or almost colorless nearer the surface — doubtless due to weathering or the action of sunlight — in striking contrast to the rich deep pink-purple of those lower down. These spodumenes are of remarkable size, transparency, and beauty. The following are the weights and dimensions of seven of the principal crystals: Weight, Weight, Dimensions, grams. oz. troy. centimeters. No. 1 528.7 17.1 17 x 11 x 1 No. 2 528.7 17.1 22 x 8 x 1.5 No. 3 297.0 9.55 1!» x 5.5 x 1.5 No. 4 256.6 8.25 23x4 x^ No. 5 340.5 10.95 13 x 6 x 2.52 No. 6 239.5 7.70 18 x 4 x 2 No. 7 1000.0 31.0 18 X 8 x 3 ' They are extraordinary objects to the eye of the mineralogist. To see flat spodumenes of characteristic form, as large as a man's hand, but with bright luster and perfect transparency, and of this delicate pink-amethystine tint, is a novel and unlooked-for experience, as all the large crystals of this mineral ever before seen were dull grayish white, and perfectly opaque. At Branchville, Conn., some of the very large spodumene crystals, on being broken, were found to have remnants GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIF0RNL4. 83 at their center, that retained some transparency and an amethystine color — just enough to indicate something of what their former beauty had been. The same mineral has now been found in its unaltered state, and the discovery is of great interest. Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the University of North Carolina, who has from the first been engaged in important studies on these specimens, has proposed for this lilac variety the name of kunzite,* after the writer, who was the first to determine it as spodumene. The chemical composition of these specimens has been carefully determined by two independent authorities. The results appear in the analyses here given, of which No. I is by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller,f of the U. S. Geological Survey, and No. II by Prof. Charles Baskerville and Mr. R. 0. E. Davis, of the University of North Carolina :;|; I. IL SiO, - 64.42 64.05 AUOa 27.32 27.30 MiiaOj .15 MnO ---- .11 CaO ---- .80 ZnO --- .44 NiO ---- .06 LiaO 7.20 6.88 NajO .39 .30 KjO .03 .06 Ign --. .15 Totals 99.51 1W.15 Occurrence. — Soon after the first announcement of this remarkable discovery, the locality was visited and examined by Dr. W. T. Schaller, then of the geological department of the University of California. In his report he describes the occurrence as follows :§ "The formation in which these fine crystals are found at the Pala locality consists of a pegmatite dike, dipping westerly at a low angle, perhaps 20*^. It is more or less broken, and as a whole seems to form the surface of much of the slope of the hill on which it occurs. The dike is rather broad, but irregular in its present shape, and has a thickness probably of not more than thirty feet. So far as the mining developments have shown, only a small portion of the dike is rich in lithia minerals. Ordinarily, the dike is a coarse muscovite granite, the orthoclase and quartz predominating, containing many rounded prisms of black tourmaline, with broken ends. Lepidolite occasionally seems to replace the muscovite and when it does, red, blue, and green tour- malines replace the black variety. It is with these gem-tourmalines * Science (N. S.), Vol. XVIII, No. 304, September 4, 1903, p. 303. + Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275. J Am. J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVIII, July, 1903. § Loc. cit. I 84 GEMS, JEWEI.ERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. that the spodumene occurs. While the tourmaline and lepidolite are frequently inclosed in the quartz and feldspar, no such inclusions of spodumene have been found. The latter mineral always occurs asso- ciated with the other minerals, but never penetrating them or pene- trated by them. It occurs in pockets, and these facts seem to indicate that the formation of the spodumene is later and not coincident, in time of formation, with the tourmalines and with the dike. The dike cuts across the large intrusion of dark rock occurring at Pala and briefly mentioned by Dr. H. W. Fairbanks.* This large body of dark rock, several miles across, is surrounded on all sides by granite. The dark rock forming the foot-wall of the dike in which the spodumene occurs is a diorite, consisting of hornblende, a plagioclase, and (subordinate) orthoclase with accessory magnetite and apatite." It will be seen by comparing this account with the general intro- ductory statement already given, of the geological character of the San Diego-Riverside lithia and gem region, that the features here are those characteristic of most of the mines referred to, where gem-tourmalines and other rare and interesting species occur. The kunzite variety of spodumene is now found at several points in San Diego and Riverside counties in connection with the richly colored tourmalines. Although this particular locality on Pala Chief Mountain is the most prominent one, and has yielded most of the fine material, yet it was not the first at which kunzite Avas met with. Specimens of this mineral first reached the writer and were identified, in December, 1902, through Messrs. Tiffany & Co., from Mr. Frederick M. Sickler, who thought them perhaps a variety of tourmaline. Their exact locality was not given. In August, 1903, he announced that they came from the White Queen mine, near Pala. The crystals, though much smaller in size, are similar to those obtained soon afterwards from the Pala Chief. Mr. Sickler, an explorer long familiar with the region, claims to have been the original discoverer of this mineral some years before, jointly with his father, Mr. M. M. Sickler; but its composition was not known, and from its association with tourmaline it was regarded as a peculiar variety of that species, although with some question if it were not a new mineral. Mr. Sickler visited Los Angeles in the summer of 1902, and tried in every way to find out from jewelers, mineralogists, and libra- ries, what the crystals might be, but without success. His discovery of the mineral, however, at the White Queen mine, on the ridge east of the Pala Chief, now known as Heriart Mountain, seems to be clearly entitled to priority. During 1902 and 1903, much exploration and prospecting were carried on in this section by two Basque Frenchmen, Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch, as well as by the Messrs. Sickler, father and son; * Eleventh Report State Mineralogist (Gal.). GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS;, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 85 and several claims were located by them, both jointly and separately, at points where kunzite and other interesting associated minerals were found. Most of these were on the eastern ridge, named after Bernardo Heriart; but the most important of all was the great kunzite ILL. No. 22. KUNZITE CRYSTAL, SICKLER MINES, HERIART MOUNTAIN, PALA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. and tourmaline mine on Pala Chief Mountain, which was located in May, 1903, by the two Frenchmen, with Messrs. John Giddens and Frank A. Salmons. The latter has been especially active in the subse- quent development of this mine, which has furnished most of the fine kunzite that has thus far been placed on the market. The actual dis- I 86 GEMS^ jewelers' materials, etc... of CALIFORNIA. covery of this kunzite mine must probably be credited to Heriart and Peiletch, early in 1903; although, as above stated, Mr. Sickler had found the mineral previously at the White Queen mine. It is also claimed that they and Mr. Sickler had located another kunzite claim some months before, on Heriart Mountain; this may be the same as the White Queen, or the Caterina. On Heriart Mountain, which appears to be a foothill or spur of Agua Tibia Mountain, there are numerous dikes instead of one or two great ones, as on the Pala ridges. Many outcrops and openings show lepidolite, and several show kunzite at various points on the ends and on both sides of the ridge. Eleven claims are located and more or less developed. These are the following:* San Pedro claim, north end; by Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch; lepidolite and gem-spodumene. Sempe claim, crest and west slope; by the same; lepidolite, beryl, and colored tourmaline. Anita claim, west side; Heriart and his partner; lepidolite. Caterina claim, south side; Heriart and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite, amblygonite, and gem-spodumene at two openings. El Molino claim, south side; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; gem-tour- malines. Center Drive claim, south side; by the same; beryl and gem-tour- malines. White Queen claim, south side; F. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl, and spodumene. This is the locality of the first kunzite crystals that reached the writer in 1902, as above mentioned. Heriart claim, south and east side; M. M. and F. M. Sickler; lepido- lite and gem-tourmalines. Vanderberg claim, south slope; M. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl, gem- tourmaline, and gem-spodumene. Nay lor claim, east slope; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite and gem-spodumene. In addition to these the Sicklers, father and son, own the Fargo claim, on the west slope, which is promising, but hardly developed. They have recently reported the finding of a very fine, deep-colored crystal of kunzite, almost flawless, measuring 12.5 by 8 by 3 centi- meters, at one of their newer claims on this mountain, 20 feet in the ledge and 16 feet from the surface. In the coarse upper portion of all these pegmatite veins, a great variety of minerals have been developed. Mr. Sickler enumerates the following: Quartz — ordinary, milky, smoky, rose, and amethystine, also hyalite; orthoclase; albite; pyroxene; hornblende, green and black: spodumene — colorless, straw-yellow, lilac, and green; beryl — colorless, *Min. Res. U. S., 1903, p. 942. ~^ GEMS, JEWT:LERS' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA, 87 green, yellow, and rose; garnet; epidote; tourmaline — black and of many colors; micas — lepidolite, muscovite, biotite, damonrite, and cookeite; montmorillonite; amblygonite; triphylite; and among the metallic oxides, hematite; sulphides, pyrite and molybdenite; bismuth, native and the oxide; also apatite, siderite, and columbite. The peculiar reddish clayey substance, heretofore called montmoril- lonite, that occupies the cavities in which nearly all the gem-minerals are found, has recently been shown to be really a form of halloysite, by Dr. W. T. Schaller.* Kunzite has also been found in Riverside County, at the Fano mine, near Coahuila, which was located in 1902 by Mr. Bert Simmons, and for some time bore his name. It occurs here both pink and colorless, chiefly, also some reported as yellow, green, and blue, associated with tourmalines of fine deep blue, green, and other shades, beryl, quartz crystals, lepidolite and amblygonite. The location is about 20 miles northeast from Pala, on a spur of the San Jacinto range, in Section 33, T. 6 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. The White Queen crystals (those that first came to the writer)* are usually smaller than those from Pala Chief, sometimes perfectly color- less, and varying from half an inch or less to two inches in length by one inch in breadth. Some are elegant specimens and some could be cut into gems. The hardness is abovit 7. They are perfectly transparent and remarkably free from flaws, and possess the apodumene pleochroism very markedly. Looked at transversely, the lilac ones are nearly colorless, or faintly pink; but longitudinally they present a rich pale lavender color, almost amethystine. The characteristic etching is also well developed, especially on the pyramidal faces; but the surfaces are dull, and are etched all over as if wdth a solvent. Two crystals, the largest and another one, from the first lot received, gave the following measurements : (a) 53 mm. (2g in.) and 35 mm. (If in.). (6) 37 mm. (U in.) and 27 mm. (1^ in.), (c) 11 mm. (^ in.) and 15 mm. ( fj in.). The specific gravity determined on three crystals was found to be 3.183.t Weight, grains. Specific Gravity. Spodumene: Lavender 20.393 3.179 Yellow-white '. 8.359 3.185 Lavender 10.872 3.187 Since then, larger crystals have been found, some comparable to those from the Pala Chief, one in particular weighing 24 ounces, and many gems from this district have been cut in San Diego. The product of the Pala Chief mine is all sent to New York. * Am. J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVII, March, 1904, p. 191. + Min. Res. U. S., 1903, pp. 939,940. 88 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. By a mere coincidence, just at the time Avhen this mineral had come into notice, in the summer and autumn of 1903, an extended investi- gation on certain optical properties of the gem-minerals in the Tiffany- Morgan and Bement collections in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, had been undertaken jointly by the writer and Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the University of North Carolina, and was then in progress. This new mineral, just announced, proved to have specially marked and interesting peculiarities in connection with these experiments. Dr. Baskerville published a paper in relation to his observations, in the first of which he proposed to name this variety of spodumene after the writer, and described the special properties which he had observed in it.* In a second paper is given a fuller account of the subject, with the results of further studies, conducted with the writer, f From this we quote: "In a recent investigation made by us on the behavior of a large number of minerals and gems with various forms of radiant energy, including the emanations, as well as on the produc- tion of luminescence in some cases b}^ other physical means, the new variety of spodumene, designated kunzite, was found to be peculiarly sensitive, and to exhibit some remarkable properties. " In general, as shown by these investigations, the gem-minerals were little affected by ultra-violet rays; but three species exhibited a high degree of responsiveness to these and to all forms of radio-activity, so far experimented with. . These minerals were diamonds of certain kinds; willemite (zinc orthosilicate), which in some cases has been used as a gem-stone, and kunzite. The behavior of the last, as noted in various experiments, is unique and will be briefly described here by itself. "1. Attrition and Heat. — Kunzite does not become luminous by attrition, or rubbing. Several specimens were held on a revolving buff cloth making three thousand revolutions per minute, so hot as to be almost unbearable to the hand, and still it failed to become luminous. Wollastonite, willemite, and pectolite are, however, very tribo-lumi- nescent. "As to luminescence induced by heat alone, it was found that kunzite does possess the property of thermo-luminescence to some extent, with an orange tint and at a low degree of heat." It may here be noted that an observation made by Dr. W. T. Schaller indicates that kunzite does clearly show tribo-luminescence in certain cases. J He states particularly, as an interesting observation, that on cutting a crystal with a diamond saw, it became thoroughly luminous. This result may perhaps have been partly electrical. *Science (N. S.), Vol. XVIII, 1903, pp. 304 and 769. tAm. J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVIII, July, 1904, pp. 26-28. JBull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275. NO '^3 AUTOPRINT FROM CRYSTAL OF KUNZITE EXPOSED TO THE X-RAYS FOR 10 MINUTES, AND EXPOSED TO PLATE FOR 5 MINUTES (SHmMNG THE EMANATIONS). (Taken February 5, 1903, by Dr. H. G. Piffard.) 90 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. C'ontinuinj:; from the joint pai)er; '•'2. Electricity. — The mineral assumes a static charge of electricity, like to})az, when rubbed with a woolen cloth. On exposing kunzite <.n-ystals of different sizes to the passage of an oscillating current obtained from large Helmholtz machines, the entire crystal glowed an orange- pink, temporarily losing the lilac color. A well-defined, brilliant line of light appeared through the center, apparently in the path of the cur- rent. On discontinuing the current, the crystal gave the appearance of a glowing coal. It was not hot, however, and the phosphorescence lasted for forty-five minutes. " Three large crystals, weighing 200, 300 and 400 grams each, were attached to copper wires so that the current passed in one instance from below up, and from the other upwards across the crystal — first across the prism, then parallel with the prism. In each instance the crystals became distinctly luminous, a pale orange-pink, and between the two wires a bright almost transparent line passed from one wire to the other; in reality, as if the two elongated cones crossed each other, the line of the path being transparent at the sides, whereas the rest of the crystals appeared translucent. After the exposure of two minutes, they were laid upon photographic plates and in five minutes produced a fine autoprint, herewith shown. The crystals continued to glow for forty-five minutes. " When a cut gem is suspended between the two poles, it becomes an intense orange-pink color, glowing with wonderful brilliancy. The dis- S, ETC., OP CAIJFORNIA. color. The crystals resenil)le in form those from Achmatovsk in tlie Ural, and are as perfect, brilliant, and transparent as those from. Untersulzbachthal in the Austrian Tyrol. They are found in associa- tion with essonite garnet and quartz. AGALMATOLITE. H.= 2.5. G.= 2.81. Color grayish, grayish green, brownish and yellowish. Agalmatolite, or Pagodite — a name given to some compact varieties of pinite (mica), pyrophyllite, and steatite — is like ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous texture and luster, but contains more silica. The name is from the Greek "agalma," an image. The Chinese carve the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images, etc. El Dorado County. — A beautiful ornamental stone resembling the Chinese figure-stone is found two miles west of Greenwood, in a vein from six inches to a foot in thickness. S. M. B. 5300. San Luis Obispo County. — A stone similar to this has been found in this county, but the location has been lost. S. M. B. 4060. LEPIDOLITE. Lithia Mica, H.= 2.5-4. G.= 2.84-3. Luster pearly. Color rose-red, violet-gray, lilac, yellowish, grayish white, translucent. A complex silicate of alumina, lithia, potash, etc.; containing also fluorine and water. In rhombic crystals or plates, or compact granular massive. The massive variety is used to some extent for ornaments, such as ash-trays, dishes, vases, paper-weights, etc. Inyo County. — Pink and white lepidolite, with azurite from the vein matter of Half-Dollar mine. S. M. B. 4262. San Diego County. — The largest deposit of lepidolite in the United States is found at Pala. It dips with a pegmatite vein at an angle of 15 degrees. The average percentage of lithia is from 3 to 5. This vein also carries pink tourmaline or rubellite. Eleven hundred tons, worth $27,500, were shipped in 1901 from the Stewart mine. S. M. B. 1229. Another vein undeveloped has been discovered in the west side of Mount San Jacinto. S. M. B. 2773. Large bodies of lepidolite have also been uncovered at Mesa Grande and at OakGrove, and the mineral is a con- stant associate of the gem-tourmaline and kunzite at all the mines where those species occur in that region. For further data, see Kunzite •vvl Tourmaline. GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF . CALIPORNLV. 101 The Pala are the greatest known deposits of )ith:ia iiiineral,£ known, and the product is used by the American Lit'hift Company of New York to obtain the litliia from it for Hthia tablets and other medicinal uses. The California State Mining Bureau exhibited in the Mines building, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, a magnificent pagoda, and walls of some exhibits were made out of wonderful specimens of this rubellited lepidolite. This beautiful lilac lepidolite and pink tourmaline combina- tion is susceptible of a high polish and can be readily w^orked and turned, so that it ought to find a ready market for such objects as vases, dishes, pin-trays, paper-weights, etc. ILL. Nu. 24. ENTRANCE TO LEPIDOLITE MINE .\T PALA, SAN Uli: LEPIDOLITE AND RUBELLITE. CHRYSOCOLLA. H.= 2-4. G.= 2-2.2. Color mountain-green, bluish green, sky-blue, turquoise-blue, translucent to opaque. Hydrated silicate of copper. This mineral when coated with or contained in quartz or chalcedony is occasionally cut as a gem. Inyo County. — In pseudomorphs after cerussite at the Aries mine, Cerro Gordo. Kern County. — Beautiful crystals have been found near Randsburg that were mistaken for turquoise. 102 GEMS, JEWELER^.' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. P.'/JM.vs CoiJNTY.: — CUrysocolhi and inalachite in alternating layerf^ at Engcls copper mine, Light Canon. S. M. B. 5434. San Bernardino County. —Valley Wells and New York INlonntains. San Diego County. — A specimen is in the State Mining Burean, locality not given. No. 7187. APATITE. Asparagfus Stone. H. = 5. G. = 3.17-3.23. Lnster vitreons. Color sea-green, blnish green, violet blue; occasionally yellow, brown, gray or red. A tlno- phosphate of lime, containing also some chlorine. Opaque specimens have been found in the eastern end of the King- stone range, in San Bernardino County. It occurs also at the Dos Cabezas mine, near Jacumba, San Diego County. FLUORITE. Chlorophane. Pyro-emerald. H. = 4. G. = 3.18. Luster vitreous. Color range extensive, including white, yellow, green, violet, sky-blue, amethystine blue, brown, wine, yellow, rose-red, crimson and pink. Fluorescent and phosphorescent when slightly heated. Calcium, 51; fluorine, 48.9. Fluorite, though too soft for continuous wear, is occasionally cut as a'gem. The massive varieties are worked up into paper-weights, vases, etc. It is also known as chlorophane, pyro-emerald, fluorspar, Derby- shire spar, and Cabra stone. Finely colored specimens are also known , according to color, as false ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst, etc. Contra Costa County. — In white cubes at Mount Diablo. Mono County. — At Ferris Canon, in the Sweetwater Mountains. S. M. B. 14336. San Diego County. — At Palomar Mountain, Oak Grove, a large piece of greenish fluorite has been found. ANHYDRITE. Vtjipmite. H.= 3.5. G.= 2.9. Luster vitreous and pearly. Color white, gray- ish, bluish, reddish; also brick-red and blue. Anhydrous sulphate of lime. Lime, 41.2; sulphuric acid (sulphur trioxide), 58.8. Anhydrite has also been called muriacite, tripe-stone, and anhydrite, GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORXL\. 103 according to its structure — muriarite when crystallized in broad lamellae; anhydrite when granular: and tripe-stone when composed of contorted plates. Vulpinite is a scaly granular variety, and is the kind most used for ornamental purposes. Inyo County. — Panamint and Funeral range, Death Valley. Mono County. — Mountains south of Mono Lake. San Bernardino County. — Owl Mountains, near Owl Springs, Ava- watz ^Mountains near to Amargosa River. San Diego County. — Riverside range. Mesa Grande. GYPSUM, Alabaster. Satin Spar. Selenite. H.= 2. G.= 2.o. Color white, gray, flesh-red, honey, ochre-yellow, blue, brown, and black. Sulphate of lime (hydrous). Lime, 32.6; sulphuric acid, 46.5; water, 20.9. Selenite occurs either in distinct crystals or broad folia that are transparent. Satin SpaP is a fine fibrous variety having the pearly opalescence of moonstone and affording the cat's-eye ray when cut en cahochon. It is frequently worked up into beads, pins, and other ornaments, but is too soft to stand any wear. Alabaster is a fine-grained, white, or delicately clouded variety. It is worked into carvings, statuettes, and other ornamental objects. Gj'psum forms extensive beds in connection with limestones and marlites; it is found also in crystalline rocks; about the fumaroles of volcanoes and in the desiccated lakes of the desert, and in the borax, soda, and niter fields, where it has been deposited on the evaporation of sea water and brines in which it exists in solution. Inyo County. — Common in many places. Los Angeles County. — Soledad Caiion. ^loNO County'. — Abundant in desert portion. Riverside County. — In desert portion, in large quantities and supe- rior quality. San Bernardino County. — Common in the dry lakes of the Mojave Desert. San Luis Obispo County. — At Cholame. San Diego County. — Abundant in Salton Desert. Santa Barbara County. — Point Sal in large quantities and of superior quality, also at Rancho Casmalia. 10-i GEMS, jewelers' MATERLVLS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. COAL. Jet. Lig-nite. Cannel. Anthracite. Brown Coal. Jet. — The most important of the mineral coals used for ornamental purposes is jet, a compact, soft, light coal of a lustrous velvet-black color, susceptible of a high polish. It is a variety of lignite. A speci- men from Gold Bluff, Humboldt County, is in the State Mining Bureau, No. 7321. It was taken from a carbonized tree in a coal vein. Cannel Coal takes a good polish and is occasionally worked into ink- stands, snuff-boxes, breast-pins, bracelets, etc. Brown Coal. — In this the form and fiber of the original wood are pre- served. It is made into paper-weights, charms, and trinkets. Speci- mens suitable for these purposes are often obtained from the coal mines in Amador, Alameda, Contra Costa, Monterey, Orange, and Riverside counties. HEMATITE. Including- Chromite, Ilmenite, Limonite. Hematite. — H.= 6. G.= 4.9-5.3. Iron, 70; oxygen, 30. Color iron- black, to steel-gray. Limonite. — H.= 5-5.5. G.= 3.6-4.0. Color black, brown-black, gray. Iron, ()0; oxygen, 25; water, 15. Ilmenite or Menaecanite op Titanic Iron (oxide of titanium and iron). — H.= 5t6. G.= 4.5-5. Color black. Oxygen, 31.6; titanium, 31.6; iron, 36.8. Chromite.— H.= 5.5. G.= 4.3-4.6. Color black. Iron oxide, 32.0; chromium oxide, 68.0. The compact fibrous kinds of these irons are cut into beads, intaglios, charms, and other ornaments. Alameda County. — Hematite near Alameda; limonite in hills east of Alameda. Alpine County. — Hematite at Monitor. Amador County.— Hematite in lone Valley. Butte County. — Hematite near Oroville. Calaveras County. - Hematite and limonite at Campo Seco and San Andreas; limonite at Sheep Ranch and Big Trees. Del Norte County. —Hematite at Kelsey tunnel. GEMS, JE^VELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 105 El Dorado County. —Hematite at Diamond Springs; limonite near Latrobe; beautiful compound crystals of ilmenite at Georgetown, from the placers; chromite in many places. Fresno County. — Ilmenite at Buchanan. Inyo County. — Hematite in Owens Valley. Mendocino County. — Limonite. B. M. B. 7104. Nevada County. — Hematite at the Holden ledge in T. 15 X., R. 7 E. Placer County. — Hematite at Clipper Gap iron mine, and at Red Hill. Limonite in nodules at Forest Hill, resembling coprolites. Plumas County. — Hematite at Crescent Mills, Mumford's Hill and Light Canon. Riverside County. — Hematite. 8. M. B. 7107. San Bernardino County. — Hematite, Iron Mountain and Bessemer Mountain, in the Mojave Desert. San Luis Obispo County. — Hematite at Harrington iron mine, T. 31 S., R. 11 E.; also limonite. Shasta County. — Hematite and limonite at the Iron Mountain mine. Sierra County. — Limonite at Gold Lake. Solano County. — Limonite on the shores of the bay, in nodules. Sonoma County. — Hematite and limonite in quantity at Santa Rosa. Yuba County. — Limonite on Bear River, near Wheatland. GO^THITE* H. = -5-5.5. G. = 4-4.1. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish l)rown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Oxide of iron, with 10 per cent of water. This hydrated oxide of iron often occurs in acicular crystals pene- trating limpid quartz. This form of inclusion is known as Onegite, and is frequently cut into gems. Mariposa County. — At Burns' Creek, in quartz. CASSITERITE, Wood Tin. Toad^s-eye Tin, H. = 6.7. G. ^6.8-7.1. Luster adamantine. Color brown or black; to gray, white or yellow. Tin, 78.6; oxygen, 21.4. Cassiterite, or tinstone, is used to a limited extent for ornamental purposes. The wood tin occurs in reniform or botryoidal shapes of concentric layers or bands resembling dark wood. Riverside County. — Some of the crystallized tin ores from the Tem- escal district have been polished fiat and resemble a dark polished wood. ]06 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OV CALIFORNIA. BROOKITE, Arkansite. H. =5.0-6. G. = 3.87-4.08. Titanium, 00.0; oxygen, 40.0. Brookite does not polish readily, and this fact limits its use as a geuL Brookite includes the hair-brown, yellowish, ruby-red, transparent to translucent kinds having a metallic, adamantine luster. Arkansite includes the brilliant, iron-black, opaque kinds. El Dorado County. — Brookite implanted upon quartz crystals has been found- at Placerville, by Mr. James Blakiston. The crystals of brookite are tabular, about two millimeters broad and one fourth of a millimeter in thickness. Their color is a rich reddish or yellowish ])rown. The ledge from which the mineral was obtained is a quartz ledge that is partly decomposed and partly compact. A decomposed quartz vein traverses the main vein for about 100 feet, and is filled in with reddish earth and sand. This decomposed material is full of quartz crystals from the size of a man's finger to those weighing 80 or 90 pounds, some perfectly clear and others with inclusions of green chlorite and of chalcedony. AZURITE AND MALACHITE, Blue Carbonate of Copper, Green Carbonate of Copper. False Emerald. H.= 3.5-4. G.= 3.8-4.0. Azurite shows various shades of azure to Berlin blue. Malachite is a bright green. Malachite contains copper oxide, 71.9; carbon dioxide, 19.9; water, 8.2. Azurite contains copper oxide, 69.2; carbon dioxide, 25.6; water, 5.2. Both are elegant minerals, common in copper mines, and when com- pact, especially malachite, are used for ornamental work, such as vases, table-tops, mantels. Malachite is most highly valued in Russia, where the greatest palaces and churches are embellished with it. The uses of the two carbonates of copper as gems are limited by their softness. A favorite form' is where the two minerals occur in alternating layers. Tliese minerals are found in nearly all the copper districts of the State; especially in the following localities: Calaveras County. — At the Hedges mine, Coi)peropolis. Inyo County. — Coso Mountains. Kern County. — At San Emigdio ranch with melaconite. Mono County.— At Blind Springs. S. M. B. 4746. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 107 Sax Bernardino County. — New York Mountains, Valley Wells. San Luis Obispo County. — Santa Rosa Creek. Santa Clara County. — With crystallized cinnabar in crystallized calcite at the Guadalupe mine. S. JNI. B. 4929. Shasta County. — At Copper Hill. TURQUOISE. H.= 6. G.= 2.6-2.8. Luster somewhat waxy. Color sky-blue, bluish green and greenish gray. P205 = 32.6; ALOg = 46.8rH20 = 20.6. A copper phosphate is also present, giving rise to the blue color. Fresno County. — At Taylor's ranch, Chowchilla River, several hex- agonal bluish-green crystals, about one inch long, were found which Avere identified as turquoise by Dr. Gideon E. Moore and Prof. V. von Zepharovich. The latter believed them to be pseudomorphous after apatite.* San Bernardino County. — In the extreme northeastern part of this county there have been discovered old and abandoned mines of turquoise covering an area of many square miles. Associated with these mines were found the relics of an early race; and it is supposed that this is the original source of much of the turquoise found in the hands of the Indians of the southAvestern United States and Mexico. The turquoise occurs in small veins and also in kidney-shaped masses about the size of a l)ean. Much of it is of good quality. The first published announcement of turquoise discoveries in this region Avas made through the Avriter in 1897, in his report to the U. S. Geological Survey. f The locality Avas given as near Manvel. Mr. T. C. Bassett had observed in this neighborhood a small hillock Avhere the float rock Avas seamed and stained Avith blue. On digging doAvn a few feet, he found a vein of turquoise — a Avhite talcose material inclosing nodules and small masses of the mineral, Avhich at a depth of 20 feet shoAved fine gem color. Tavo aboriginal stone hammer's Avere met Avith. as usual at all the turquoise localities in the soutliAvest, and from this circumstance the location Avas named the Stone Hammer mine. The State Mining Bureau reported at about the same time that turquoise had been found in the desert region between Death Valley and Goff's Mining District, nearer the former, and that good samples Avere in the museum of the Bureau. In the spring of 1898, many reports of extensive discoveries Avere *Zeitsch. flir Kryst. u. Miii., Vol. X, \>. 240. t Mill. Res. U. S., 1897, p. 5(»4. lOS GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. announced, and nuu-li attentit)n was given by the })ress to the accounts of the region, both for the turquoise itself, and for the remarkable archaeological remains associated with the ancient workings. The district was seen to cover quite a large area in northeastern San Bernardino County, near the Arizona and Nevada lines. On the reports of prospectors reaching San Francisco as to a great group of ancient turquoise mines with cave dwellings, stone imple- ments, and rocks covered with inscriptions, an exploring party was organized by the San Francisco " Call," and Mr. Gustav Eisen, of the California Academy of Sciences, became attached to it as archaeological expert.* The party set out early in March, 1898, going first to Blake Station on the Santa Fe Railroad, thence north to Manvel, and onward some sixty miles, across the Ivanpah Sink, and up into the mountains to an altitude of over 6,000 feet, through an exceedingly rugged country, to reach the region reported. The turquoise district, as described by Mr. Eisen and others of the party, occupies an area of 30 or 40 miles in extent, but the best mines are in a smaller section, about 15 miles long by 3 or 4 in width. The region is conspicuously volcanic in aspect, being largely covered w^ith outflows of trap or basaltic rock reach- ing outward from a central group of extinct craters. These flows extend for many miles in all directions, and appear as long, low ridges, separated by valleys and canons of the wildest character. Among these basaltic rocks and in the valleys are found smaller areas of low, rounded hills of decomposed sandstones and porphyries, traversed at times by ledges of harder crystalline rocks, quartzites, and schists. In the caiions and on the sides of these hills are the old turquoise mines, appearing as saucer-like pits, from 15 to 30 feet across and of half that depth, but generally much filled up with debris. They are scattered about everywhere. Around them the ground consists of disintegrated quartz rock, like sand or gravel, full of fragments and little nodules of turquoise. Whenever the quartzite ledges outcrop distinctly they show the blue veins of turquoise, sometimes in narrow seams, sometimes in nodules or in pockets. The mode of occurrence appears closely to resemble that at Turquoise Mountain, Arizona. A few prospectors have dug into the old, half-filled depressions and found stones of good color and quality, and ordinary ones may be picked up almost anywhere out of the decomposed quartz. Stone tools are abundant in the old work- ings, and the indications are plain that this locality was exploited on a great scale and probably for a long period, and must have been an important source of the turquoise used among the ancient Mexicans. From an archaeological point of view' this locality possesses remark- able interest. The caiion walls are full of caverns, now filled up to a *See 20th Rept. U. S. GeoL Surv., Min. Res., 1898, pp. 582-584; and San Francisco "Call," March 18, 1898. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNL\. 109 depth of several feet with apparently wind-blown sand and dust, but whose blackened roofs and rudely sculptured walls indicate that they were occupied for a long time by the people who worked the mines. In the blown sand were found stone implements and pottery fragments of rude type, incised but not painted. The openings to these caves are partially closed by roughly built walls composed of trap blocks piled upon one another with no attempt at fitting and no cement, but evi- dently made as a mere rude protection against weather and wild beasts. The tools, found partly in the caves and largely in the mine pits, are carefully wrought and polished from hard basalt or trap, chiefly ham- mers and adzes or axes, generally grooved for a handle and often of large size. Some are beautifully perfect, others much worn and bat- tered by use. The most impressive feature, however, is the abundance of rock carvings in the whole region. These are very varied, conspicuous, and peculiar, while elsewhere the}' are very rare. Some are recognizable as ''Aztec water signs," pointing the way to springs; but most of them are unlike any others known, and furnish a most interesting problem to American archaeologists. They are numbered by many thousands, carved in the hard basalt of the cliffs, or, more frequently, on large blocks of the same rock that have fallen and lie on the sides of the valleys. Some are combinations of lines, dots, and curves into various devices; others represent animals and men; a third and very peculiar type is that of the "shield figures," in which complex patterns of lines, circles, cross hatchings, etc., are inscribed within a shield-like outline perhaps 3 or 4 feet high. One curious legend still exists among the neighl)oring Indians that is in no way improbable or inconsistent with the facts. The story was told Mr. Eisen by "Indian Johnny," son of the Piute chief, Tecopah, who died recently at a great age, and who in turn had received it from his father. Thousands of years ago, says the tale, this region Avas the home of the Desert Mojaves. Among them suddenly appeared, from the west or south, a strange tribe searching for precious stones among the rocks, who made friends with the Mojaves, learned about these mines, and worked them and got great quantities of stones. These people were unlike any other Indians, with lighter complexions and hair, very peaceable and industrious, and possessed of many curious arts. They made these rock carvings and taught the Mojaves the same things. This alarmed and excited the Piutes, who distrusted such strange novel- ties, and thought them some form of insanity or " bad medicine," and resolved on a war of extermination. After a long and desperate conflict, most of the strangers and Mojaves were slain, since which time, perhaps a thousand years ago, the mines have been abandoned. Mr. Eisen con- nects this account with the existence of a fair and reddish-haire(^ tribe, 110 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. the Mayos (not Mayas), in })arts of Sinaloa and Sonora, some of wlioni may have reached tliese mines and carried on a turquoise trade with Mexico. This region has since been opened at several points, and at least a dozen mines are now being worked by various parties, mostly with Eastern capital. The principal work is being done by the Himalaya and the Toltec mining companies. The turquoise obtained, when pure and of good color, is cut into fine gems; also the white and blue com- bination known as turquoise matrix, when small portions and veins of turquoise are distributed through the rock, and the whole is cut and polished as an ornamental stone. The paler varieties of turquoise are cut into beads, etc., long strings of which are sold. Most of the material produced is sent to New York. The yield in 1900 was estimated at a value of $20,000. AMBER. Succinite* H.^ 2-2.5. G.= 1.05-1.09. Brittle. Luster resinous and waxy. Transparent to opaque. Negatively electrified by friction. Burns readily with a rich yellow^ flame and aromatic odor. Pure succinite is not soluble in alcohol. Carbon, 78.94; hydrogen, 10.53; oxygen, 10.52. Color yellow, sometimes reddish, brownish, or whitish, often clouded, occasionally fluorescent, exhibiting a peculiar blue or green tinge. Amber is a fossil resin of vegetable origin. Impure specimens have been found in several of the lignite coal veins of the State, but none of the true gem character. Its use is principally for beads, necklaces, etc. CARBONATE OF LIME. Pearl, Marble, Calcite, Aragonite, etc. Carbonate of lime is most widely distributed in a variety of forms depending upon differences in origin, crystallization and structural conditions, presence of impurities, etc. With the exception of pearl and coral, the many kinds find a use more for decorative purposes than for personal adornment. Pearls are concretions possessing a luster peculiar to themselves, found in the shells of certain mollusks. H.= 2.5-3.5. G.= 2.5-2.7. They may be of any shape and in some cases of considerable size. In color they range from an opaque white, through pink, yellow, salmon, fawn, red, purple, green, brown and black, or iridescent. Their beauty and value are dependent upon their color, texture or "skin," transparency or " water," luster and form. The most valuable are those that are GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS,, ETC.,, OF CALIFORXL\. Ill spherical or pear-shaped, slightly transparent, free from specks or blemishes, and possessing the characteristic luster in the highest degree. The pearl-oysters of the Pacific and Indian oceans have yielded the bulk of the pearls of the world. The pearl has been highly prized through all ages, and has long been the emblem of purity, beauty, and nobility. The abalone, also known as the haliotis or earshell, secretes curious pearly masses, sometimes of fine luster and value. Marbles consist essentially of carbonate of lime, with more or less carbonate of magnesia. They are fine to coarse granular in structure, and exhibit various colors, as white, yellow, red, green, blue, etc., being often clouded and giving a handsome effect when polished. Statuary marble must be pure white and fine-grained; architectural marble may be white or colored. Cipolin is white tinged; Sienna is yellow, veined or clouded with brownish green; Mandelato is light red with white spots; Bardiglio is gray with dark clouding; Verde- Antique (mixture of marble and serpentine) is clouded yellowish to bluish green; Porter or Egyptian is black, veined with yellow; Lumachelle, or fire marble, is a dark brown shell marble with fire-like internal reflections; Madreporic contains corals; Ruin Marble shows, when polished, figures resembling ruined castles, etc.; Oolite is made up of grains resembhng fish roe; Pisolite is like oolite, but the concretions are larger; Stalactites are the pendent masses formed in caves; Stalagmites cover the floors of caves; California onyx, Oriental onyx, onyx marble, Mexican onyx, etc., have beautiful banded, mottled, or cloudy structures, often showing wide ranges of colors. Caleite has a hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 2.72. Arag'Onite has a hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 2.93. Satin Spar is fibrous crystalline caleite or aragonite, showing a beautiful sheen when cut into ornamental objects such as paper-weights, beads, etc. The cat's-eye like effect is very pleasing. Used extensively for this use in England and the Russian Urals. Amador County. — Stalactite and stalagmite in numerous caves; the same in Calaveras County and Shasta County. Colusa County. — A specimen of aragonite from this county is in the National Museum at Washington, D. C. It is a single cabochon cut, of brown color, and measures 27 b}' 14 by 7 millimeters. Catalogue num- ber, a-597:84, 114. There is also a polished slab of the same color: catalogue number, b-840:48, 540. Inyo and Mono Counties. — These counties have large resources of marbles and onyx. Undeveloped oolite has also been discovered. Napa County. — Aragonite or California onyx, or " Zem-zem,"' is rep- resented in the State Mining Bureau by Specimen No. 14768, from near Zem-Zem, exact locality unknown. 112 OEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. San Bekn'ardino County. — liavge quarries of choice Verde-antique are situated near Victorville, on the north side of the San Bernardino range. At Colton, both Egyptian and Bardiglio are quarried. These marbles are described in the " Mineral Resources of San Bernardino County." Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 11350 and 11424. San Diego County. — Aragonite at Los Pehasquitos Creek. S. M. B. 7320. Oolite and Madreporic marbles, Salton Desert and Carizzo Creek. San Luis Obispo County. — Onyx marbles, aragonite or California onyx quarries are situated in Sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 15 E. Beautiful speci- mens are on exhibition in the State Mining Bureau (2006), and also in the Memorial Museum, Golden Gate Park. Siskiyou County. — The Griffin onyx quarries are situated 6 miles south of Berryvale. Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 7355 and 8969. Solano County. — A number of polished slabs of aragonite are on exhibition from the Suisun quarries at the State Mining Bureau, 2261 (this is a fossil), 386, 556, 670, 5345, etc. Aragonite is also found in considerable quantities at Vacaville. S. M. B. 5345. Sonoma County. — There is an aragonite quarry at Healdsburg. The aragonites of this State are locally known as California onyx. Only the liest known localities are mentioned above. ORBICULAR DIORITE (NAPOLEONITE). A mass of orl)icular diorite is situated in San Diego County, in Sec. 15, T. 16 S., R. 1 E., about two miles west of Dehesa. In part this rock is largely made up of spherules often 2^ inches in diameter, as shown in Illustration No. 4, page 15. The rock itself is very dark colored, and when cut and polished makes a handsome stone. A recent correspondent of the press describes the rock as several hundred feet thick, forming a blanket on the side of a small hill some 1500 feet above the bed of the Sweetwater River, thinning out toward the top. The orbicular diorite is of various shades of gray to olive-green and black; the round nodules are of some two inches diameter, with a finely crystalline radiate and concentric structure. Other portions of the rock are marked like the grain of wood, in black and green wavy lines, at times expanding into the likeness "of kno.ts, and also in curious "bolts," parallel, curved, or crossing each other, in great variety. This stone is a well-known variety, but rare, and when polished is very striking. It occurs in Corsica, and has hence been called Napo- leonite. Fine slabs from several localities are in the American Museum :^.0M&kh!^&^ "■% ILL. No. 25. ORBICULx^R DIORITE MINE, DEHESA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— NEAR VIEW OF OUTCROP. ILL. No. 26. PEBBLE BEACH AT PESCADERO, SAN MATEO COUNTY. 114 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIPORNLV. of Natural History at Ncav York, and arr both elegant and j)eeviliar. This Dehesa locality, from the specimens seen, ought to yield a very fine product for use in the ornamental arts. It was described by Prof. A. C. Lawson in a paper read before the Geological Society of America, December 19, 1901.* CAT*S-EYE, The term cat's-eye is applied to a number of minerals which, when cut en rnhochon, exhibit a peculiar opalescence characterized by a line or ray of light across the stone, resembling the contracted pupil of the eye of a cat. Among the minerals which when fibrous or cut across the cleavage will show the cat's-eye ray are: beryl, chrysoberyl, espe- cially thecymophane; corundum, crocidolite, dumortierite; quartz filled with acicular crystals or fibrous minerals, such as actinolite, byssolite, hornblende, etc.; hypersthene, enstatite, bronzite, aragonite, gypsum, labradorite, limestone, hematite, etc. Such gems may be opaque, translucent, or transparent, and may be of any color. Humboldt County. — Actinolite cat's-eye at Eureka. San Mateo County. — Quartz cat's-eye at Pescadero Beach. San Diego County. — Quartz cat's-eye at Point Loma, fine tourmaline cat's-eyes at Mesa Grande (see p. 60), and beryl cat's-eyes at Rincon. OBSIDIAN, Obsidian, a peculiar glass-like stone of volcanic origin, essentially feldspar in composition, is found along Pit River, where handsome specimens of the streaked variety known as marekanite or " mountain mahogany" are found; also in Owens Valley, where it occurs in red fragments, and also banded with alternate layers of black and brown. Similar observations have been made by earlier and later travelers, among whom was the late Hon. Caleb Lyon, who in 1860 found the Shasta Indians of California making arrowheads from obsidian as well as from the glass of a broken bottle. In a letter which was published by the American Ethnological Society, he describes the method of manu- facture.! It was quite a favorite stone with the aborigines of the West and Southwest, where it. is somewhat widely distributed, especially in the Yellowstone Park and in Mexico; in the latter the Aztecs used it for much remarkable work in knives, spearheads, and ornaments. Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports obsidian in considerable quantity in San Felipe Valley, northeast of Julian, San Diego County; and it may doubtless be found more or less at many points in the State. * Science (N. S.), Vol. XV, 1902, p. 41.5. + Bull. Am. Ethii. Society, VoL I, p. 39, New York, 1861. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 115 PEARLS, The most important marine pearl-fishery on the American continent is that of Lower California, the central point being at La Paz. Here the true pearl-oysters, Meleagrina margariiifera, are found on the eastern shores of the Gulf of California from Cape San Lucas to the mouth of the Colorado River, taking in about 1500 miles of coast, including the gulf islands. They are also found from La Barra de Oeoz, which is the boundary line between the republics of Guatemala iind Mexico, to Mazatlan, a distance of 2000 miles, making for the pearl fisheries a total extent of 3500 miles. These fisheries have recently been confirmed to the Pearl Shell Company of San Francisco, by special franchise from the Mexican Government. The beds were first discovered some three centuries ago by Hernando Cortez when he crossed to the Pacific and discovered Lower California, and the name of California, derived from "calidus," hot, and "fornius," a hearth, it is believed, is due to this journey, having been given by Cortez, who found the heat intense when he first touched California soil. He took possession of the fisheries, and sent a number of fine pearls to the Queen of Spain, subsequently requiring all fishers to send to the Blessed Virgin one tenth of all they found, and one tenth to the King of Spain. After some intermittent work, the fisheries, about one hundred and fifty years ago, were again worked, with system and with great success, by one Juan Ossio, who took from them yearly from 300 to 500 pounds of pearls, actually packing them on mules and selling them by the bushel. The shells were all brought up by head divers, and pearls were taken from them so plentifully that they became of comparatively small value. This heavy drain had the effect of rapidly diminishing the supply, and it is only of late years that fishing has again been carried on systematically. At present numerous beds are known and worked, at Loreto, off Point Lorenzo, the island of Cerrabro, the harbors of Picheluigo, La Paz, and in fact the whole Avest coast of the Gulf of California from La Paz to above the island of Loreto, and in the east the island of Tiburon, and the land above and below that island. All these places have been famous for their pearls. In 1860, in order to conduct pearl-gathering in a more scientific manner, the owner of the Mexican grants, Senor Navarro, procured from San Francisco, Cal., a number of expensive schooners, with surf- boats, professional divers, and costly apparatus. After several years' experience he found that his experts, with their expensive outfit, were no more successful than the naked Indian divers, while the exorbitant Avages demanded by them so diminished his profits that he wisely went back to the primitive methods followed by his ancestors. At present those ship-owners who undertake the fisheries on a large scale use appa- 116 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. ratus imported from France and England, by means of which each man is able to bring up daily 300 pearl-oysters. The men employed are pow- erful Mexicans, and every diver has five assistants. Four men work the air-pumps for the suited diver, and the fifth attends to the life-line^ letting down the diver and hauling him up, as well as hoisting up the nets or baskets full of shells and lowering the empty ones. The pump- men are fed and housed, and receive $15 a month; the life-line man is similarly looked after, and receives $25 a month; the diver receives $45 a month, and one tenth of all he brings up, netting him as high as $500 a month, if he is fortunate. Connected with each fishing party is a schooner of from 60 to 200 tons burden, and two or three small boats. The men live on the schooner during the entire six months. In addition there are numerous divers who work independently, and who show wonderful skill and aptness in their work. Generally, with no other appliance than a heavy stone attached to the waist, they plunge naked to the bottom, select suitable bivalves, and gather them into a bag, remaining under water as long as two minutes. The shells containing the pearls vary in diameter from 2 to 8 inches, 6 inches being the aver-' age size. They are found on hard rocks or on sandstone at the bottom of the sea, usually in bunches, holding to the rocks by a fibrous beard (byssus), the circular opening being on top and the shells usually a little open. The oysters are vertical, not lying on the flat. Each diver has a knife, with which he cuts a bunch loose and places them in a basket or net by his side; this is hoisted up when full, an empty one descend- ing at the same time. On rising to the surface, the fisher empties his bag into one of the waiting surf-boats, which crafts, under careful guard, deliver their loads to a well-armed schooner, the latter vessel running in shore at night to discharge the accumulated cargo. Occasionally, during all the time he is under water, a man may not send up a single shell containing a pearl; at other times there may be $10,000 worth in twenty shells. A very strict police system is necessary to prevent seri- ous thefts, which, despite the utmost vigilance, are of daily occurrence. On land the cargo is turned over to keepers, and the mass is surrounded by guards, armed to the teeth. The shells are pried open with a flat knife, and the mussel is separated from each shell. A gristly sub- stance attaches the body of the oyster to the shell, and covers about one fourth of its area, the remainder being occupied by the pearl-bearing membrane, a black, jelly-like coat, and, of course, a part of the living shell-fish. The shells are handed over to another man, while the opener takes the separated fish and examines the inside of the black membrane for the pearls he is in search of, and finally closes his fist over the fish to squeeze out any pearl which may be lodged in the interior, after which the pearls found are examined by experts, their value estimated, and a settlement made at once with the divers. o'NlVtKSn Y '\ OF GEMS, JE^TELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNL\. 117 Usually their wages amount to twenty-five per cent of the total find, and they are paid by an allotment of the pearls taken during the day. On the outside the shells are covered with seaweed or other submarine growth, and look not unlike a Tam-o'-Shanter cap. All this growth is removed and the shells are cleansed and packed, finding a ready market in Liverpool, London, and Hamburg at prices of from 10 to 20 cents a pound for "mother-of-pearl." The profit from these fisheries is not as large as might be imagined, because the expenses are very heavy, and there is always involved a very considerable element of chance. About 1863 a company was organized in New York City for the pur- pose of gathering pearls and pearl shells on the Pacific coast, and secured the use of a submarine boat, the" peculiarities of which were that it carried a large supply of fresh air condensed within its walls and was provided with a means of purifying the air in the working chamber, thus dispensing with the necessity of communicating with the surface, as it furnished an atmosphere in which men could work for a whole day with perfect ease. The company procured a lease of prop- erty at the island of Tiburon, hoping, with their facilities, to secure unusual returns; for, with their submarine boat, they would have the advantage of exploring, locating, and working beds where divers could not go. Presumably their efforts were not successful, for the company soon went out of existence. During the subsequent summer a new company obtained the conces- sion for the Lower California pearl fisheries, and they decided that all the fisheries on the Gulf of California should in the future be worked by Chinamen. For more than three hundred years these fisheries have been in the possession of private grants dating back to the days of the Conquest. The Mexican Government has in recent years annulled the old grants and leased the fisheries to the highest bidders. The house of Gonzales les were exhibited at the World's Fair held at Paris ill 1889. The first adaptation of the abalone shell to ornamental purposes was made by an English worker in mother-of-pearl who went to San Fran- cisco more than twenty years ago. He saw the possibilities of the won- derful, brilliant shell, and began a business which now requires the services of more than ten men. The little trifles made of this shell are considered by the Eastern visitor and the European tourist as dis- tinctively Californian as a piece of big-tree bark. The incrustations were formerly removed by soaking the shells in a bath of muriatic acid, but it was found that this process injured the texture, and they are now cleaned and polished by friction lathes. Twenty years ago abalone shells were considered so worthless that freight steamers would not transport a bag of them without advance payment for the freight. Now they are worth $150 to $175 a ton in New York and Liverpool. The shells are shipped first to San Francisco, where they are assorted and the damaged ones thrown aside, about three tons of merchantable shells being procured from five tons of material as it comes from the abalone-hunters. These shells are quoted (1889) in San Diego at $20, $25, and $35 a ton, according to quality, and in consequence of such low prices the trade is comparatively dull. The output of shells during 1888 was estimated at 300 tons. The amount of shells made into jewelry in San Francisco is very small compared with that con- sumed by the button-makers of France, England, Germany, and New York. Orders for abalone shells are constantly received from these places, and there are times when the export reaches as high a figure as 100 tons a week. The collector of customs at San Francisco furnishes the information that for the fiscal year 1887-88 the export of abalone shell amounted to $185,414, which together with $35,000, the value of the dried meat annually exported, makes this quite an important industry. These shells secrete very curious pearly masses, sometimes of fine luster, and choice enough to deserve a place among pearls. A pearl measuring 2 inches in length, and from a quarter to a half inch in width, has been found. A necklace made in California from the finest specimens was valued at over $2000. A pearl over half an inch long and of good color cost $30, and was used as the body of a jeweled fly. The abalone pearls from the coasts of Korea and Japan are often very beautiful. In a lot of about one hundred shells only five were found bearing pearls — two with three pearls each, two with two pearls each, and one with a single pearl. GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 121 GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA. Besides the references made to a number of gem mines in the body of this Bulletin, the following more specific data are here presented with reference to some of the more important ones. For the purpose of obtaining this information, a special inquiry was undertaken at the close of the last year, 1904, in behalf of the State Mining Bureau; and representatives of the Bureau visited a number of the mines and collected valuable data, which are herewith presented. It is well to remember the fact that there is already more actual mining for gems done in the State of California than in any other State or Territory of the Union, while the indications are that there will be many more gem mines discovered in southern California as remote districts are opened and old ones more fully explored. The following data are grouped (1) geographically, and to some extent also (2) in the order of discovery — beginning in Riverside County, and proceeding southward and southwestward, in San Diego County, by Pala, Mesa Grande, and Ramona, to the Mexican line at Jacumba. COAHUILA DISTRICT, in Riverside County. These are the most northern occurrences of gem- tourmaline, and the earliest discoveries were made here. Fano Kunzite-Tourmaline Mining- Company. — This mine consists of four claims, about 3 miles north of Coahuila Indian Reservation, Riverside County, and was located in 1902 by Bert Simmons. The nearest postoffice is Hemet, Riverside County. After some surface work had been done, a tunnel was started 300 feet from the summit of the hill, to cross the ledge, but by a mistake in calculation, the ledge proper was crossed about 20 feet from the surface. The parties tlien continued their operations until, at a depth of 176 feet, solid blue granite was reached. The tunnel was then abandoned, and Avork from that time has been confined to the surface. The ledge is about 5 feet in width, with a northwesterly and south- easterly strike, and a dip to the southwest of about 17 degrees. The pegmatite is finely crystallized, and resembles that of the other tour- maline and kunzite mines in southern California. Three men are at work at present, and operations will be continued indefinitely. The output so far has been 25 pounds of kunzite, white; I 122 GEMS, JEWELERS MATEHIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 1 pound of kunzitc, pink; and 2o i)ounds of all classes of tourmaline, mostly blue and green; about 250 pounds of beryl have also been taken out, but only about five per cent of it available for gem purposes. Two hundred pounds of very fine quartz crystals also have been sold, and about a ton of lepidolite and 30 or 40 pounds of amblygonite; also splendid flake mica large enough for commercial purposes lias lieen discovered. ILL. No. 27. COAHUILA .M( )rNT.\I \ ((i I- COUNTY. BERYL. KTXZrrK, AM :l\l \'il\V), rivkrsi] :>LT()rRJL\LINK. ' There is a spring near the property on land rented by the owners of the mine; also plenty of oak timber for mining purposes. Considerable money has been expended here without much result, but for the work actually done on gem pockets, this mine has 1)een a S]»lendid producer- Columbia Gem Mine. — This, the oldest tourmaline mine in the State, is situated at Coahuila, Riverside County, and owned by Messrs. H. C. Gordon, P. E. .Johnson, J. C. Connell, and William Dyche, of San GEMS. JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC.. OF CALIFORXL\. 125 Diego; it i?^ aljout half a mile northwest of the road leading from Coa- hnila to the Hemet reservoir, and near the summit of the divide crossed by this road. Nothing has been done on this mine, except assessment work, for over five years, but it was the first tourmaline mine discov- ered in southern California, and it has produced a great many beautiful gems. The i)Ockets, however, seem to have been worked out, and nothing important has been found recently. The ledges of pegmatite are very fine granite, and both sides of the pocket material seem to be- of the same character, thus differing from any other mine yet found in the gem districts of California. There is no water or timber available^ and it is altosfether a desolate resion. The altitude is about 5000 feet. ILL. Xo. -JS. FANO (SIMMONS) MINE, COAHLILA, RIVKRSIMK COrNTY-VIKW i iF RIDGE, LOOKING NORTH. GEM-TOURMALINE. BERYL. KUNZITE. Passing southward from the Coahuila region, into San Diego County, the locality next described lies by itself, about half way to the great Mesa Grande-Pala line of mines. Although not yet an important producer, the occurrence is very interesting, as suggesting other possible localities vet to l)e discovered in the interveninor area. Gem Mine No. 1. — Owned by Mr. Bert Simmons, of Oak Grove, and Mr. Charles Gordon, of San Diego. Practically no work has been done on this mine since its location in June, 190o. Its altitude is higher than any other gem mine in San Diego County, being .-5100 feet above sea level, and about one mile east of the summit of Aguanga Mountain. The average width of the vein, as far as could be seen, was 1 feet, but it is badly broken, and upon examination showed that both foot and 124 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of californlv. hanging walls were of very hard blue diorite. Great pressure has apparently crushed the ledge, and the pocket layer is found on tlu; top, between the diorite and the pegmatite, and presents fine, broken crystallizations of orthoclase and albite, in which a red clay is mixed. The tourmaline crystals show much indication of dynamic action, being badly broken and twisted, but afford nodules of beautiful coloring — deep blues, reds, and an almost emerald-green predominating. The mine is located on the top of the divide or watershed between San Luis Rey River and the Temecula Cafion. So little work has been done that it seems better to reserve any report as to the quantity and quality until more is ascertained. Parties are at work at present on the mine. PALA DISTRICT, As elsewhere described in this Bulletin, the mines near Pala are located on three hills or ridges, the western being properly called Pala Mountain, on which are the great lepidolite, or Alvarado, mine, and the Stewart mine, next described, which yields some gem material. The other mountains, Pala Chief and Heriart, which are apparently foothills or spurs of Agua Tibia Mountain, are those yielding gem-spodumene as well as tourmaline. Some 18 miles to the southwest, but probably belonging to the same range of hills, lie the great tourmaline mines of Mesa Grande. These Avill be given in the order stated. Stewart Mine, Pala Mountain. — This mine, said to have first been discovered by an Indian deer-hunter named Vensuelada, in the early days of California history, was first worked by a miner named Henry Magee, who located the claim as a quicksilver mine, mistaking the pink tourmaline for cinnabar, but upon analysis he abandoned his prospect. Next it was located as a rock-claim by Don Tomas Alvarado, a Mexican land-owner in that locality, who believed that the beautiful bluish, pinkish, and gray minerals studded with transparent pink crystals were a peculiar variety of marble. Several years later a German scientist, who was familiar with lithia mines in Europe, saw a specimen of Pala lepidolite in a mineral collection in New York. Obtaining a piece, he made an analysis and found that this ore was as rich in lithia as any found in the world. From this time forward, gradual development under many ownerships has proved that great deposits of lithia-bearing ores exist in the pegmatites of the Pala district, the largest and most valuable being the Stewart and Alvarado mines. In examining the workings and surface of the Stewart mine, owned l)y the American Lithia Company, of New York, numerous indications of gem-minerals were met with, especially in the lower workings. As GEMS. JEWELERS MATERL^lLS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 12.> in the Alvarado mine, the lepidolite is generally studded with small, fan-shaped crystallizations of rubellite (pink tourmaline), with occa- sional crystals of bluish or greenish tourmaline, but not of gem quality. Near the surface the tourmalines are small and perfectly crystallized, but are more or less fractured, opaque, and unfit for jeweler's use. In the deeper workings and in the extreme western tunnels, how- ever, pink tourmalines from one-half to one inch in diameter are found in colmunar groups, all more or less altered, and of not over three (3) in hardness, associated with quartz, orthoclase. gray lepidolite. ILL. ^'o. 29. STEWART LITHIA MINE, FXLX MOUXTAIS, SAN DIEGO COUXTY-WEST END OF TUNNEL, LOOKING NORTHEAST. and amblygonite. Triplite and triphylite are also associated minerals. Large crystallizations of what appears to be an altered spodumene were observed, penetrating the quartz. On the surface, small green tourmalines were found in the pegmatite, generally more or less flattened between the cleavage planes of musco- vite mica. Several years ago a pocket containing about a quart of small tour- maline crystals was found in coarse pegmatite, 60 feet south of the present tunnel of the Stewart mine. Some of these crystals were cut into very good gems, but no further work at that spot has been done. 12(i GEMS, .TE\VELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. Pala Chief Mine. — Tliis mine was located in May, 1903, by Mr. John CJiddens, Pedro Peiletch, Bernardo Heriart, and Frank A. Salmons. The main Avorkings are at an altitude of 1220 feet (aneroid). The work consists of open cuts 250 feet wide, extending to a depth of from 10 to SO feet horizontally on the vein, and at the deepest working the ledge is 21 feet in width vertically. A tunnel 45 feet long was run to •encounter the vein up to about 20 feet depth, but it was found that the ledge was a blanket vein, and nothing was discovered in that place. But in the upper or surface workings the hanging and foot walls were liotli found to be of bluish and grayish decomposed diorite. The upper 30. PAL.\ CHIEF MINE, PALA, SAX DIEGO COUNTY-EXTKXT AX1> CHARACTER OF WORK DOXE IX DEVELOPIXG KUXZITE part of the vein consists of 3 feet of white, finely crystallized pegmatite. Beneath this the crystallizations becorne coarser and more granitoid. The third layer was composed partly of finely crystallized albite and orthoclase, upon the lower edge of which, and extending to the pockets, was a layer of lithia-bearing micas. In the interior of the pockets, which are generally 8 to 10 inches wide, pinkish and white talc was found, in which occurred numerous large and perfect quartz crystals with pink and white spodumene. As in most of the mines of southern California, the lower half of the ledge, below the pocket line, is a very finely crystallized granite without mica, wdth small crystals of essonite garnet. The above-described characteristics of the ledge are general GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. 127 tlironghout the mine. The minerals noted were spodumene, pink, lav- ender, and white; tourmaline, blue, green, and red; orthoclase, albite, graphic granite; lepidolite, pink, green and lavender; muscovite, quartz crystals, steatite, and other clays. The products so far noted are tourmaline, kunzite, and quartz crystals. Giant pow^der was used entirely, and it was found to be the only explosive that was satisfactory. Two men have been working nearly all the time; but during the last six months very little of the precious stones rewarded their labors. There is no water or timber on the property, and the nearest water is about one mile away. ILL. Xo :n. PALA CHIEF MINE, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— POCKET LINE AT THE POINT WHERE THE LARGEST POCKET OF KUNZITE CRYSTALS OCCURRED. The section and township in which the mine is located were not available, but it lies east from Pala, at a distance of 3 miles, and the workings can be seen from the towm of Pala, which is the nearest base of supplies. Tourmaline Queen Mine. — This mine, owned by Mr. Frank Salmons, John (iiddens, Pedro Pciletch, and Bernardo Heriart, is situated near the summit on the northeast slope of Pala Chief Mountain, at an altitude of 1450 feet. It is about 3^ miles north by a little east from Pala, San Diego County. The section and quarter were not obtainable. The mine was located as a quartz claim by the above-named parties, in 128 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. March, 1903. The vein is a])out 14 feet wide, and dips to the southwest 15 degrees. Very little has been done on the property, but scalping work in the nature of an open cut 60 feet wide, and entering the vein to a depth of about 10 feet, produced in weight approximately 80 pounds of gem- tourmaline crystals. The colors are yellow, green of several different shades, light pink, ruby-red, and black. In examining the ledge, 18 inches lying between the diorite hanging wall and the coarse pegmatite appears to be an infiltration of decomposed feldspar, gradually altering to pegmatite. Below this are about 3 feet of coarse, granular pegmatite (or granite), consisting of crystallized quartz, feldspar, and muscovite uiica, with impurities of black tourmaline in fan-shaped crystallizations, and essonite garnets (microscopic), wnth occasional crystals of biotite mica and hornblende. Below this again, and gradually altering from the above, are masses of graphic granite, incrusted at the lower edge with albite, in which the gem-tourmaline seems to have a root or extremity. Between the albite and the line-rock (or granite) are large pockets filled with rose- and lavender-colored muscovite, and decomposed spars in the nature of a whitish or pink clay; in these pockets the gems are found, broken in many instances, and more or less altered. Many crystals were observed with an exterior of opaque green, while the interior was a rich pink or ruby-red, affording beautiful gems. The ledge has been prospected for about 250 feet, and shows gem indications wherever it has been opened. The hanging wall is a coarse, greenish and grayish diorite, which is the general formation of the entire belt. The foot wall is the same, though showing more alteration. Both Giant and Judson powders have been used, although from the hardness and toughness of the rock, the former was found to be the best. After the pocket material has been extracted, screens are used, by which the dirt and fine, worthless stuff are eliminated. The matter left in the screens is then examined for gems, and afterwards washed. Two of the owners have performed all the work so far accomplished, and no other men have been employed. Active operations will again be resumed, but nothing is being done at present. The same parties have filed on a spring 350 feet northeast of the present workings, and abundant water for mining and domestic purposes has been developed. The minerals noted in above claim are: tourmaline, albite, orthoclase, muscovite, lepidolite, kaolin, talcose clays, essonite garnets, hornblende, and indications of epidote. The lower part of the ledge is composed of a fine, granular mica-less granite, of a gray color, banded at intervals of from 3 to 6 inches with minute essonite garnets, whence the name line-rock. As is usually the case in all ledges of pegmatite bearing precious stones in this region, this lower layer of the ledge has approximately the same width as that GEMS, JEMT:LERS' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. 129 of the formation from the pocket layer or center to the top, and lies directly in contact with the diorite foot wall. Tourmaline King- Mine. — This mine is owned by F. B. Schuyler, Mrs. F. B. Schuyler, D. G. Harrington, and Mrs. H. E. Harrington, of Oceanside,Cal., and is situated on the north slope of Pala Chief Mountain, about three hundred yards from the summit, at an altitude of 1540 feet. The mine was located in March, 1903, by the above-named parties, but very little work has been done, rendering it practically impossible to make a conclusive report. The mine is 4 miles directly north of Pala, and is the last mine so far discovered at the western extremity of the Pala mineral belt. The vein dips to the southwest at an angle of 16^ degrees. It presents an average breadth of 7 feet, and is essentially coarse pegmatite, but shows evidence of crushing and is badly broken in many places. The hanging wall is a coarse gray diorite, and at the place where the work has been done lies over about 15 inches of coarse broken feldspar and lepidolite mica. It is in this stratum that the gems appear, which is contrary to the general pocket formation of the Pala district. Tour- maline was the only gem-stone noted, and occurred in pencils, dissem- inated through this altered mass of decomposed spar, and apparently out of place. Concretions of albite, coated with beautiful purple mus- covite, were found loose in the soil. Some quartz crystals and essonite garnets, badly shattered, were also seen in the float. The ledge at this place was too badly broken to note the exact character of the pegma- tite, and the "line-rock," or lower stratum, had not been uncovered, so that its character could not be determined. No work has been done on the property for several months, and nothing satisfactory could be learned as to when work would be resumed. About ten pounds of crystals were secured in a cut 12 feet wide, and barely scalping off the top layer of earth. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine. — This mine, also situated near Pala, is owned by Fred M. Sickler and M. M. Sickler; altitude, 1400 feet, on the eastern slope of Mount Heriart. The location was made by Mr. Sickler in February, 1903, soon after he had discovered that the pink and white crystals which he had found on the mountain side were not tourma- lines, as they had been called, or any stone known to local mineral- ogists. After much trouble and expense, Mr. Sickler considered the stone of uncertain value, but continued his investigations and at length sent a piece to the writer at New York, who determined it as spodumene, and after whom it was named kunzite, by Prof. Charles Baskerville, of North Carolina, as a new gem-stone — the first occurrence of trans- parent pink or lavender spodumene in the world. 9— MB 130 GEMS, JEWEI.ERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. The ledge at the point examined was 16 feet in width, but badly- broken. At this place an open cut entering the vein to a depth of 22 feet and about 30 feet in width, has produced approximately five pounds of perfect gem stone; although several pieces have been found in adjacent workings, this seems to be the best part of the ledge. In examination of the mine, the hanging wall is gray orbicular dio- rite. Between this and the ledge itself, an 18-inch layer of decomposed feldspar and clay was found as a gouge. About 7 feet of coarse granitic pegmatite forms the upper part of the ledge, altering into decomposed layers of albite and orthoclase. In this latter are small pockets, seldom NAYLOR-VANDKRBURG MINE, HERIART MOUNTAIN, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— VIEW LOOKING SOUTHWEST. larger than a man's hand, in which one or two crystals of kunzite will be found, completely covered with yellow, pink, or white clay. No metallic stains are found in the upper part of the ledge, but the lower beds of granitic rock, carrying interlineations of garnet, are in many places stained. with manganese, and show large crystallizations of trip- lite, from which it is evident the kunzite receives its coloring. The vein has a dip of 10 degrees ta the west, and extends the full length of the location, 1500 feet, joining the Caterina mine on the south. The minerals noticed are: muscovite, pink, green, and lavender, in -VAXDERBI-RG MINE. SHOWING WORKINGS. .. X VYLOR-VANDERBURG MIXE. HERIART MOrXTAiy. SAX DIEGO COUNTY. •XA.YLOR ROCK." SHOWING PEGMATITE ABOVE. ZONE OF PuCKETs AND BANDED •LINE-ROCK" BELOW. 132 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA, very large scales; niontmorillonite and steatite talcs; pink, green, and white spodumene; and black tourmaline, but no gems of that stone. Albite and orthoclase, Avith some potash feldspars, are the mother of crystallization. It has been reported that spinel has also been dis- covered in this mine; associated with it were deep-colored green beryl and columbite. There is no water or timber on the property. This mining claim is embraced within the boundaries of the Pala Indian Reservation, but was located before the reservation was declared. The output of the I ILL. No. 35. MOUNT HERIART. (Taken from south, one mile.) Cross (X) shows Naylor-Vanderburg mine. Square ( D ) shows Caterina mine. mine since the beginning of work has been about ten pounds of gem- kunzite, no other minerals having been disposed of. Some pink and green beryls were noticed, but nothing has been developed in that line. Other claims and openings on Mount Heriart are enumerated in the body of this Bulletin, this one being thus far the most important. The following are among the principal of these openings: — Heriart Claim, owned by F. M. and M. M. Sickler. A tunnel has been run a distance of 40 feet. A pegmatite lithia-bearing ledge was encountered, from 1^ to 4 feet in width. The ledge occurs in a granite dike, which in turn traverses the diorite. The granite dike is about 100 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 133 feet in thickness, and can be traced for over 2000 feet. The lepidolite occurs in white and lilac colors, and is often full of radiated tourmalines, both pink and green. Large amounts of muscovite are often encased in the lepidolite. Amblygonite is also found. The tourmalines are of various shades of green, and some blue and pink crystals occur, but as yet have not been found in large quantities. Crystals of albite and orthoclase occur in the pockets. About two tons of lepidolite have been extracted from the tunnel. San Pedro Claim. — On the San Pedro claim, owned by Pedro Peiletch and Bernardo Heriart, the Naylor-Vanderburg ledge has been cut. Some kunzite, tourmaline, and beryl have been found, besides lepidolite. This ledge is exposed for nearly a mile in length. At four different points it has been cut. exposing kunzite and lepidolite. Caterina Mine, owned by Bernardo Heriart and M. M. Sickler. A cut has been made 40 feet in length and 80 feet in width, exposing a ledge of lepidolite 2^ feet in thickness. About six tons of lepidolite have been extracted from this cut. Some kunzite and spodumene were found, the greater part of which was float. Other gems found were pink beryl and a few tourmalines. MESA GRANDER The Mesa Grande mines are situated on the hill or mountain of that name, and are the most southern of the gem-tourmaline localities in the region. The ridges stretch along northwestward to the Pala and Agua Tibia mountains, already described; to the west is another locality for tourmalines at Vista, and northward are, first, the Oak Grove loca- tion, and farther on those near Coahuila. Several mines have been opened on the Mesa Grande, the Himalaya Mining Company occupying the west side of the ridge, and the San Diego Tourmaline Company the east side. The latter is working a property opened by Mr. Gail Lewis, at the time of the first discoveries on this mountain; he had but small success with it at first, but perse- vered, and reached a fine pocket of gem material just before his option expired. The mine has been developed more elaborately than any other, and carried much deeper. Fine gem-tourmalines are taken out here from a depth of 200 feet — the greatest depth at which these gems are obtained anywhere in the world. Himalaya Mine. — This mine, owned by the Himalaya Mining Com- pany, of New York, is situated in the E. ^ of Sec. 17, T. 11 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M., at an altitude of 3800 feet. The property is about 4^ miles northwest of the Mesa Grande store, and on the watershed between San 134 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. Luis Rey River and Mesa Grande Creek. For many years it has been known that beautiful colored stones existed on this ridge, but after repeated failures and with no determination of quality and value, the people of the locality gave up the property as worthless. At length an agent of Mr. Tannenbaum, Heighway by name, found the locality and recognized the stones as tourmalines. This led to developments by the Himalaya Mining Company, and the present output is the result. During 1904 about six tons of rough tourmaline were shipped to the company's lapidary in New York; of this amount, 300 or 400 pounds were fine nodules and pencils of the very highest grade. Surface or bench digging has been followed exclusively, although a HIMALAYA TorilMALINE MINE, MESA GRANDE, SAN DIEGO COUXTA'. tunnel is being run to tap the ledges at the 150-foot level. Both hanging and foot walls are of hard blue diorite, and the ledge is of fine crystallized pegmatite not over 18 inches in width, and dipping at from 26 to 33 degrees southwest. In working this ledge, pay material has been in sight continuously, and at no time has a barren piece of ground been encountered. The upper pegmatite is usually stained with lithia and manganese, and large masses of lepidolite are associated with tourmalines. The pockets are large and filled with talc and hydrous micas, in which the gem crystals occur embedded, many showing peculiar etchings. The ledge has been uncovered for about 700 feet, and to an average depth GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 135 of 15 feet. These open cuts, however, are proving dangerous and will have to be abandoned as soon as the rainy season has soaked the walls on either side. Among the minerals noted were orthoclase, albite, lepidolite, amblyg- onite, small clear pieces of spodumene, muscovite, tourmaline (black, green, blue, deep red, and rose), pink and aquamarine beryl, horn- blende and epidotic rocks, spessartite and essonite garnet, large and very transparent quartz crystals, talc and hydrous micas, and a dark brownish transparent crystal, very dense (specific gravity, 10), and a hardness of 5^, which has not yet been determined. This mineral is very rare, and only a few pieces have been found. Wood, water, and all natural advantages are of the best; and a good dwelling-house, barn, tool-houses, and blacksmith shop, as well as a windmill with water piped to all, constitvite the improvements. From four to ten men are constantly employed about the mine. The gross receipts for 1904 are estimated at $30,000. San Diego Tourmaline Mining- Company. — The mines are situated in the E. ^ of Sec. 17, T. 11 S., R. 1 E., S. B. M.,and about 4 miles north- west of the Mesa Grande postoffice. Considerable work has been done on this property since 1901, perhaps more development work than on any other gem mine in southern California. In the first place, a tunnel 120 feet long was run, tapping the ledge at 64 feet. From this, drifts were run about 150 feet in either direction, and the ledge matter was stoped to the surface. Tourmalines in paying quantities were extracted, and from this output the San Diego Tourmaline Mining Company was organized. Later a tunnel was run 286 feet in length, tapping the ledges at from 145 to 170 feet, and drifts on two ledges which were struck from 20 to 30 feet. The ledge matter is a fine-grained pegmatite, showing on both top and bottom black tourmalines in fan-shaped crystallizations. Near the center, at intervals, pockets occur in which fine gem-tourmalines are found, but not as rich as in the adjoining claim, which is the property of the Himalaya Mining Company. This company has employed from three to seven men continuously. They have a lapidary of their own in San Diego, where most of their product is cut. Wood, water, and all facilities are at hand. Giant powder has been vised exclusively, and has not resulted in the breaking or destroying of any crystals. The ledges are over 18 inches in width, and are generally of a character which would not be prospected, looking barren and worthless, but the locality seems to be highly mineralized and many ledges show gem crystals. Other mines are being opened in the vicinity, and probably during 1905 there will be a great development in this particular section. 136 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. Esmeralda Mine, Mesa Grande.— The Esmeralda mine, owned by J. D. Stone and H. E. Dougherty, both of Mesa Grande, Cal., is situated about 5 miles northwest of the Mesa Grande store, and 1^ miles west of the Himalaya mine, and on the eastern slope of the Temescal Valley, in the S. E. i of the S. E. i of Sec. 13, T. 11 S., R. 1 E., S. B. M. The mine was discovered May 7, 1904, by Mr. Dougherty, and was acquired by location as a quartz ledge. The altitude is 3470 feet. The course of the ledge is northeast and southwest; but where the work is being done a spur running southwest and northeast at right angles with the main ledge has produced all the gems yet found. The ILL. No. 37. ESMERALDA MINE, MESA GRANDE-TUNNEL LOOKING EAST. GEM-TOURMALINE. ledge dips to the southwest at an angle of 26 degrees and is about 10 feet in width at the point opened. The claim embraces one large ledge and numerous stringers, showing gem indications. The work at present performed consists of two open cuts crossing the vein and exposing it to a depth of 7^ feet; a tunnel 60 feet below the surface workings tapped the ledge at 28 feet; but no further work has been done in the tunnel, and no gems were found in the formation at that place. Both hanging and foot walls are composed of a coarse, crystallized hornblendic diorite of a rich grass-green color, resembling a serpentine. The ledge itself is pegmatite, and is faulted in several places by vol- canic action. The pegmatite is of the coarse granitic type met with GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 137 in nearly all the gem mines in the southern belt. The pockets are quite large, and contain quartz crystals, orthoclase, and albite in beau- tiful transparent crystallizations. Lepidolite in pieces weighing from 50 to 300 pounds also occurs in conjunction with the pocket material. Tourmaline is the only perfect gem found, and occurs in pink, bright red, azure blue, aquamarine blue, and a peculiar shade of green blue, which cuts to a stone in which one set of facets shows a sapphire blue, and another set a rich emerald green. Crystals of this character have not been noticed in any other tourmaline mine in southern California, although fine blues and greens exist in other places. With the lepido- lite is a granular blue and lavender mineral which could not be deter- mined, but apparently is a lithia compound. In examining the ledge, 2^ feet of pegmatite were found overlying the pocket stratum. The pockets themselves were filled with soil and foreign matter, rendering it impossible to say exactly what the nature of the softer material that once filled them had been. Some pockets were hollow, containing nothing but quartz crystals, while near them were pockets absolutely filled with tourmaline pencils. The lower strata or line-rock of these ledges is also pegmatitic, although of much finer crystallization than the top. About 250 feet southwest of the tourmaline workings, the ledge is badly broken and shows only in places, in the nature of blowouts of pegmatite and quartz. In some of these blowouts golden and aquamarine beryl were found frozen in the formation. Many of these pieces were of excellent gem quality, and the owners signify their intention of doing considerable development work at these places. About $300 has been expended, producing about 20 pounds of tourmaline of gem quality. As in many other cases of prospecting and mining for gems in southern California, lack of funds has greatly hindered the proper development and exploiting of this mine. There is neither timber nor water on the mine, but an abundance of timber can be secured within half a mile. Also, water can be piped to the property from springs on the hill above. The mine next described does not furnish either gem-tourmaline or kunzite, but is worked as a beryl mine, some fine material having been obtained. It lies about half way between Pala and Mesa Grande, on Palomar Mountain, which is a spur or foothill of the Smith Mountain ridge, with which Pala Mountain is closely related, and hence it is considered here. The Mack Mine.— Located at Rincon, San Diego County, in Sec. 25, T. 10 S., Pv. 1 W., S. B. M. This mine was discovered in November, 1903, by Mr. J. M. Mack and an Indian named J. Calec, near the Rincon Indian Reservation, at an altitude of 1960 feet (aneroid). The mine is 138 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC.. OF CALIFORNL\. on tlie Pala belt, 9^ miles southeast of Pala; the ledge has a dip of 45 degrees to the southwest, and is exposed on the hanging wall for about 75 feet. Work has been entirely confined to the surface, and but little gem material has been taken out, although several pounds of peculiar opaque, deep-blue beryl were extracted. These crystals are different from any yet found in San Diego County, and should be analyzed. Mr. Mack contemplates a great deal of development work, however, and during 1905 it will be possible to determine whether or not this locality will produce the emerald, as indications are very favorable. Tlie ledge is essentially pegmatite, with an average width of from ILL. No 38. MACK BERYL MINE, RINCON, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-VIEW FROM THE SOUTH, SHOWING MEN AT WORK TAKING OUT BERYL AT THE TOP OF THE LEDGE. 5 to 6 feet, with a gray granite foot wall. The hanging wall was hard to determine, as a great deal of matter from the ledge had fallen down and covered it at nearly every place, but was apparently a blue and gray diorite. The pockets are very narrow and are confined exclusively to a bony crystallization of orthoclase, and most of the beryls found were frozen into this crystallization. Wherever a pocket was found in which clays or other soft substances were the matrix, the crystals were exceptionally fine and could be cut into perfect gems. So little work has been done that it is hardly of importance to report this locality if it were not for the peculiarity of the crystals found. GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. 139 The owners would not give the valuation of their specimens or cut stones sold, hence the product can not be estimated. There is a small spring of water on the property, and some sycamore and oak timber. The exact locality is li miles north of the Rincon store, in the first caiion east of said store. Since the preceding data were collected, fine gem beryls have been obtained at this mine, which are referred to in the body of this Bulletin. South of all these localities, lies a separate group of occurrences of garnet, with beryl and in some cases topaz, centering around Ramona, .^■'' ILL. Xo :59. MACK BERYL MINE. RINCOX, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— PORTION OF LEDGE, ABOUT EIGHT FEET THICK, SHOWING COARSE PEGMATITE ABOVE AND "LINE-ROCK" BELOW. and also the garnet country far to the southeastward in the vicinity of Jacumba. These suggest a parallel line or belt of garnet and beryl, southwest of the tourmaline-kunzite line and parallel to it; but it is not possible yet to say how far this idea may be correct. The facts, as thus far known, are as follows: The garnets belong to the variety essonite, mainly, although many of them are called spessartite (man- ganese garnet); but the writer is not satisfied that this latter species really occurs. Both varieties are often called hyacinth by jewelers, and may present, as at many of these points, rich orange and fulvous shades between red and yellow. 140 GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNLV. RAMONA DISTRICT, ABC Mine.— The ABC mine, owned by Mr. Henry Daggett, of San Diego, and Mr. Alex. Mcintosh, of Ramona, was discovered November 1, 1903, and is situated in the S. W. i of the N. W. i of Sec. 8, T. 13 S., R. 1 E., S. B. M., and at an altitude of 1950 feet. The property was acquired by location by the above-named parties on government land. It is about 4 miles northeast of Ramona, San Diego County, which is the nearest base of supplies. The vein hag an average width of 7 feet, LL. No. -to. RAMONA DISTRICT, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— GENERAL VIEW OF LEDGES, LOOKING NORTH. TOPAZ, GARNET, BERYL, AND TOURMALINE. and runs north 35 degrees west, with a dip of 12 degrees to the south- west. The claim embraces two ledges, very promising in .character. Three places have been opened on the ledge at the eastern extremity of the claim, and at intervals of about 50 feet. The first two are in the nature of open cuts, in which the ordinary scalping process was employed, and gems taken from broken ledge matter and soil. The principal working, however, consists of a tunnel 18 feet long, from which a stope following the pay shoot for 45 feet has been run. The work is very crude, and no system seems to have been employed in the mining. Both foot and hanging walls are of a gray decomposed diorite, in GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 141 which the feldspar has been much altered, and some quartz and biotite were found. The ledge is essentially 3 feet of coarse, poorly crystallized pegmatite, stained in some places with iron and manganese. Man}' black tourmaline crystals with terminals pointing directly toward the pockets were observed, somewhat altered to quartz and muscovite. Below the pegmatite is a stratum varying in width from 1 to 6 inches^ composed of a grayish or whitish decomposed orthoclase, with dissem- inated crystals of muscovite having a pinkish and lavender tinge on the outer edges. It is in this stratum, coated with albite and clay, that the ILL. No. 4L ABC MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— LOOKING NORTHEAST. PINK BERYL. pink beryls are found, generally solitary in a pocket, with two or three large blackish-green tourmaline crystals. Quartz crystals were observed both on the top and bottom of this stratum, but not in the pockets with the beryls. It was also noticed that the pink-tinged muscovite was not in contact with the beryl crystals. Contrary to what is usual in ledges of this character, the edges of the pockets do not touch between the upper and lower strata, but continue through the entire working with- out interruption, although widening and narrowing in places. No other minerals were found existing in the same pocket (or rounded mass of clay and decomposed spar). Underlying this beryl-bearing stratum is about 18 inches of a soft 142 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. albite, angular in crystallization, and with numerous holes penetrating the mass. In these cavities minute essonite garnets were seen, also spessartite (?) and hundreds of serrated black tourmalines, penetrat- ing in every direction. No gems, however, were found among these. This stratum of albite lies frozen to the line-rock, or micaless granite, constituting the base of the ledge. The line-rock is coarse, and shows less interlineations than at any other mine so far observed in this locality. In places, large portions of graphic granite occur, embedded in the upper strata of ordinary pegmatite. In this graphic granite small cavities were noticed, containing steatite and montmorillonite, with lithia mica occurring at intervals. Very minute whitish crystals were found in these talcs, which appeared to be topaz, although too small for identification. In some places, also, where quartz crystals were found, disseminated crystals of pink muscovite occur, embedded and penetrating. The minerals noted were pink beryl; green, dark green, and black tourmaline crystals; essonite and the so-called spessartite, sparingly, lepidolite, muscovite, and biotite micas, albite and orthoclase feldspars, montmorillonite, steatite, kaolin, and stains of manganese and iron. Giant powder was used exclusively. Altogether about $500 has been expended, producing several pounds of pink beryl, the exact amount not being available at present. Some of these stones have been cut by local lapidaries, and show a rose-petal pink. They possess consider- able brilliancy, and are remarkably free from hairs, flaws, or bubbles. One cut stone, weighing 30 carats, and without a flaw, was obtained from this mine. Little Three Mine. — This mine is owned by Mr. Dan Mcintosh, of Ramona, Mr. H. W. Robb, of Escondido, and Mr. Chas. F. Schnack. This prospect was discovered in May, 1903, by Mr. Robb, who had secured a permit lo prospect on land owned by Messrs. Mcintosh and Ferguson. It is situated in the N. E. i of S. E. i of Sec. 8, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M., and is about 4^ miles northeast of Ramona, which is the nearest source of supplies. The vein runs northeast and southwest, at an angle of north 35 degrees west, and dips to the south at an angle of 20 degrees. The average width of the vein is 4^ feet; the altitude is 1940 feet. The work so far consists of open cuts; the vein being naturally exposed for about 60 feet on the hanging wall, it has been possible to commerice work Avhere the vein enters the ground, and break open the ledge of the pegmatite to where the pockets occur in the center. About 60 square yards of the vein have been uncovered in this manner, showing some very interesting conditions of formation. At the southeast extremity of the workings, "spessartite" garnet was encountered, associated with ILL. No. 42. LITTLE THREE MINE, RAMOXA, SAX DIEGO COUNTY— SORTING TOPAZ, BERYL. AND ESSONITE GARNET, 43. LITTLE THREE MINE. RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY— LOWER WORKINGS AT EAST END. TOPAZ, BERYL, AND ESSONITE GARNET. 144 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., op CALIFORNIA. small green beryls in pockets of decomposed albite, orthoclase, and muscovite mica. In this portion of the ledge no tourmalines of any color, nor any topaz, were found in the pockets; but black tourmalines occurred very thickly interspersed in the upper or pegmatite portion of the ledge at this place. Also, the "line-rock," or micaless granite, forming the base of the ledge has parallel, wave-like bands of minute black tourmaline. The associated minerals at this part were only beryl and quartz crystals, and the beryl very sparing. A concentric band of hematite and ferruginous quartz seems to separate this particular pocket from the other pocket material found in the ledge. From this pocket, working northwest, a gradual change was encoun- tered and a barren condition for about 10 feet. Then coarse, bone-like concretions of albite were first discovered, with large and perfect quartz crystals. The interior of the pockets lying with these minerals has either been decomposed completely and washed away, or else the pockets were hollow, without any matter filling them, as they are at present filled with the soil, which seems to be the same as that found on the hillside above the ledge. In this loose soil, and "frozen" to the albite and orthoclase, are numerous wedge-shaped crystals of topaz, some of which weigh over a pound; they are white, sea-green, sky-blue, and light yellow in color. Attached to the roof and floor of these cavities, and with a long root extending up into the quartz and pegmatite, are gigantic tourmaline crystals, deep green, mostly opaque, some of them 5 inches in diameter, and weighing as high as 15 pounds. Some small pencil tourmalines of a deep-green color and gem quality are found loose in the pockets, also a number of small topaz crystals that have become detached from their matrix of albite. Purple and pinkish muscovite in very large crystallizations and frozen into nuggets are also observed loose in the pockets, or attached to the albite. In most cases these crystals of mica are attached to each other at right angles, leaving angular holes, in which very perfect topaz crystals have formed. The output of this work has been approximately 30 pounds of topaz, 50 pounds of all classes of tourmalines, and a small quantity of " spessartite " garnet. Beryl pseudomorphs after topaz were also noticed, badly checked, but of pinkish and light yellow colors. Also quartz pseudomorphs taking the crystallization of the topaz, and in cubes and rhombic prisms, are found loose in the pockets of topaz. The ledge proper is a fine-grained granitic pegmatite, with foot and hanging walls of gray decomposed diorite. The underlying line-rock in the topaz locality assumes a banded appearance, very straight in its interlineations; it is coarser than is generally seen in ledges of this kind, and is notable for the absence of either garnet or tourmaline in any quantity, the lines or bands apparently being a stain from manganese. A little biotite was also seen. This is a very strong ledge, and can be GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. 145 traced without a break for over 3000 feet, with an average width of 4 feet, and in some places much wider. No work has been performed other than that described, but the ledge shows indications of garnet for its entire length. This mine is a westerly- extension of the Surprise mine, owned by J. E. Farley, James W. Booth, and Mrs. G. M. Stone. There is quite a quantity of fine oak and sycamore ILL. Ko. 44. LITTLE THREE MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-WALL ROCK, SHOWING LINES OF SMALL BLACK TOURMALINE. timber in close proximity to the mines, and a spring of water sufficient for domestic uses, but which can probably be developed for all purposes needed in mining for gems. Giant powder has been used exclusively, and no bad results have been reported. Pocket material has been extracted, and the gems taken out by the screening process onh', and quite a quantity of small crystals of good quality were found in the tailings. 10— MB I-IG GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., Ol<' CALIFORNIA. Surprise Mine. — The Surprise mine, adjoining the last, is owned by J. K. Failcy, J. W. Booth, and Mrs. G. M. Stone, all of Ramona, Cal", and is situated in the N. W. i of S. W. ] of Sec. 9. T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. yi. It was discovered on patented land owned by Mrs. Stone, November 1, 1903, by Mrs. Booth, who noticed a few " spessartite " gar- nets sticking in the pegmatite. The three persons above-named became working partners to develop the property. The vein runs nearly due east and west, but with a slight trend to the northwest and southeast. It dips to the south at an angle of about 20 degrees, and has an average width of 3^ feet. Two places have been opened on the ledge, at intervals of about 300 feet, each showing an entirely different condition in the formations. The first is about 250 feet north of Mr. Booth's residence, which is the stage station between Foster and Julian, San Diego County. At this place the pegmatite is finely crystallized, about 18 inches in width, and lies under a hanging wall of micaceous diorite. The pegmatite contains considerable graphic granite, with greenish stains, crystallized quartz, clear and white, and muscovite of a rich grass-green. Beneath this is an average thickness of a foot and a half of decomposed albite and orthoclase and infiltrated sand and earth, with some hydrated muscovite, and black tourmalines, many of which are altered to muscovite and quartz. Disseminated through this friable mass are "spessartite" garnets, in colors from deep red to. light honey-yellow, affording beautiful gems, some of which have been cut, weighing from 3 to 6 carats. About five pounds of these were taken out of a cut running along the ledge about 6 feet in depth and 18 feet long, and an average width of 4 feet. Beneath this is the usual " line-rock," or micaless granite, in which no garnets were noticed, but banded lines, 2 to 3 inches apart, of minute black tourmalines were seen; this would indicate that a higher crystallization of the ledge forces the lower into the wall or outer rock, as garnets are always found to occur in the lower rock of tourmaline ledges, while the tourmaline is found as embedded crystals in the lower rock of garnet-bearing ledges, in this locality. Some quartz crystals, which appear to have been etched by either fluorides or some other chemical compound, occur broken and disseminated with the garnets. The second Avorking lies east of the first, and is more compact, with gray micaceous diorite as foot and hanging walls. This pegmatite is very finely crystallized, and is stained with iron and manganese, and has serrated black tourmalines. In the center of this ledge, lying between the gray base rock and the upper pegmatite, is 6 or 8 inches of orthoclase, somewhat altered. In this orthoclase occur small pockets 2 or 3 inches in diameter, filled with fine granular ferruginous quartz. In this sand, topaz is found, usually coated with a talcose clay. Those near the surface were mostly white or colorless, while at a depth of 6 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIAIiS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 147 feet the color had changed to sky-bhie and aquamarine-blue. About four pounds of these crystals have been extracted from a cut 20 feet long and extending 8 feet in depth of the incline of the ledge. Several very fine pink beryls were also taken out, one 6 inches long, having three perfect sides, and li inches in diameter, being the largest crystal yet found. About two pounds of pink beryl has been the out- put so far. The above amounts of spessartite, topaz, and beryl have been extracted at an expense of $250. Giant powder is used exclusively. Xo work is in progress at present, but further development is contem- plated. This mine is an extension of the Little Three mine, owned by Mr.. Dan Mcintosh et al., adjoining it on the northwest. These parties own several other ledges in the same vicinity, traversing four quarter-sections of land owned by them, and lying in a line extending east from the present workings. Timber and water are available in sufficient quantities for mining purposes. The stones are extracted in both localities by screening and washing, and the owners seem to be thorough in their work. The occurrence of a yellowish, reniform, compact and extremely heavy substance was noted in some of the topaz pockets. The specific gravity of this mineral and its peculiar color have attracted the atten- tion of several people, but it was impossible, with the means at hand, to determine what it was. From the edge of the pockets containing these nuggets, radiated black tourmalines were found, altered to a mica- ceous substance of sea and emerald green color, with occasional tinges of purple and rose-pink. This alteration seems to be an allied mineral to the above. Some triplite and magnetic iron occur at the junction of the foot wall and pegmatite. The list of minerals noticed in these mines was: — -white and blue topaz; pink, green, and white beryl; black, green and brown tourma- line; spessartite (so called), biotite, magnetite, orthoclase, albite, quartz in fine crystallizations, and the two unknown minerals above referred to. Hercules Mine.— This mine, owned by Messrs. Samuel G. Ingle and Harry Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, lies about 4^ miles northeast of Ramona, and about three fourths of a mile north- west of the stage station between Foster and Julian. The mine was located in August, 1903, by the above-named parties. The work has been confined entirely to open cuts or scalping, and the gems have been extracted in all cases either from the debris or from broken pockets in the ledge, which is a coarse pegmatite, decom- posed, and with very little perfection, in the albite or orthoclase; but where black tourmalines penetrate this crystallization, joining on to the black tourmaline, embedded in either albite or orthoclase, are essonite 148 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. garnet and so-called spessartite. The latter is of the finest quality, and has produced gems from one to six and eight carats in weight, without ilaw, which are retailing at $20 a carat. Both hanging and foot walls are a gray diorite, in which some mica can be found. The course of the vein is north 60 degrees west, with a dip of 45 degrees. The location is in the S. E. i of S. E. i of vSec. 6, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. The method of handling the product has been confined exclusively to screening, and a good many gems have been thrown over on account of the peculiar condition of the clays which cover them; but the output ILL. No. 45. HERCULES MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-ESSONITE GARNET AND BERYL. SO far has been 15 pounds of garnet and a half pound of very clear green beryl, which is an associated mineral with it. A few green and blue tourmalines, but not fit for gem purposes, have been found higher up on the ledge. There is a spring on this property, which will furnish enough water for domestic and mining purposes; also sycamore and oak timber in sufficient quantity for mining. Lookout Mine. — This mine, owned by Messrs. Samuel G. Ingle and Harry Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, was located in the month of July, 1903. It is situated 4^ miles northeast of Ramona, GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNLV. 149 and joins the Hercules mine on the northeast. The vein has a dip of 20 degrees to the southwest, and an average width of 4^ feet. The claim runs north 55 degrees west, and is located in the S. W. i of Sec. 5, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M. Work on this claim has been confined entirely to open cuts and scalping. Garnet, called spessartite, is the only gem found, although indications of beryl and tourmaline, with two or three peculiar metallic substances which could not be determined, were noticed. Both walls are of gray diorite, containing some biotite mica, although a seam of red clay lies between either wall and the ledge itself. The ledge is composed partly of feldspar, with very little quartz. In the pockets, albite and orthoclase are the mother of crystallization, and a very peculiar condition of the quartz is evident. The crystals seem to have been broken at some time into splinters, and then welded together, forming a conglom- erated mass of quartz with no distinct crystallization. Adhering to this quartz, and also to the surface of the albite, are perfectly formed garnet crystals, which, in many cases, have afforded beautiful gems. Not enough work has been done to make a satisfactory examination. About three pounds of garnet, and perhaps four ounces of fine beryl, was the total product of this mine. (. Some sycamore and oak timber are available; and water owned by the same parties on the Hercules mine can be used in connection with this one. McFall Mine. — This mine is situated 7^ miles southwest of Ramona, on the eastern line of the San Vicente grant. It is owned by John McFall, who located the property about ten years ago as a zinc mine, and erroneous reports were given of its value as a zinc property. On examination, no zinc Avas found nor any indications of it, but a large body of essonite garnet and finely crystallized epidote was shown. A shaft 22 feet in depth still remains in solid garnet, with very little impurity of quartz. Very few gems were found, however, although many handsome crystals, more or less transparent, were among those taken out. There is a certain condition in these crystals which does not produce good refraction of light, and hence as gems they have no value. The epidote, however, is the finest yet seen in San Diego County, and will probably produce gems. Mr. McFall expects to work the property for abrasive purposes, as transportation can be secured cheap enough to make this course profit- able. There are both wood and water adjacent to the property, but not on it. No work has been done on the mine for some little time. The formations are both blue and gray diorite, and the masses of garnet appear to be pockets rather than ledges. 150 GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. Prospect Mine.— This mine, owned by Messrs. H. A. Warnock and John P. Sutlierhind, of Ramona, was located on September 15, 1904, by the above-named parties, and is about 4 miles northwest of Ramona, crossing the road between Ramona and Mesa Grande, an open cut hav- ing been made on the east side of the road in Hatfield Canon. Spessartite (so called) has been the only product in gems, although greenish tourmalines have also been found. The ledge is about 6 feet in width, of a poorly crystallized pegmatite, and most of the gems are found frozen into the ledge, few pockets having been discovered. The parties are actively at work, and probably will find a better con- dition in 15 or 20 feet from the present working. The output has been very small, and no sales have been made. The prospect is worth men- tioning, however, as it is the last mine on the northwest end of the Ramona belt of crystallization, the belt apparently being barren for 14 miles northward of Mesa Grande. Messrs. Warnock and Sutherland expect to continue their work until something definite is known about the property, and a report two or three months later will be more satisfactory than can be had at present. There are both wood and water in plenty on the property. It is now owned by Mr. Warnock. JACUMBA DISTRICT. Dos" Cabezas Mine. — This mine is 17 miles north and east from Jacumba Hot Springs by road, although in a direct line only about 8 miles; it is situated in Sec. 2, T. 17 S., R. 8 E. Here many fine hya- cinth garnets have been taken out from a matrix of carbonate of lime, which occurs in quantities suflficient to be used as building marble, etc. There are also indications of phosphate of lime. This locality has been worked off and on for the last ten years for gem crystals, and several hundi-ed dollars' worth have been extracted by different parties, but nothing definite has been done, owing to its inaccessibility and the lack of wood and water. Properties now owned in that vicinity are those of Mr. James Jasper, the San Diego Desert Marble Company, the San Diego Gem Company, W. H. Trenchard, T. H. Steinmeyer, and William Hill. Development is expected during the next year. Nine and a half miles east of Jacumba, and near Mountain Springs, on the road leading from San Diego to Imperial, and on unsurveyed land, is a locality on which three or four prospects have been located showing excellent essonite and so-called spessartite garnet. These localities are now controlled by the San Diego Gem Company, 1529 D street, San Diego, who have sunk a shaft and have done considerable surface work. The gems extracted are of exceptional quality and size. Several thousand dollars will be expended by the owners during the ILL. Xo. 4(;. PROSPECT MINE, RAMUNA. SAN DIEGO COUNTY— GENERAL VIEW, ESSONITE GARNET. ILL. No. 47. PROSPECT MINE. RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-SHOWING LEDGE AND OPENING. ESSON^TE GARNET. 152 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA, next year. The water supply is about 4-^ miles away, and there is no timber whatever or even wood for ordinary purposes. The country is very rough and inaccessible, but bids fair to be one of the best producers of gems yet discovered in California. Crystal Gem Mine.— This is owned by Collier & Smith, of San Diego, and is situated about S-^ miles northwest from Jacumba. Pink and green beryls associated with essonite and (so-called) spessartite garnet have been the only output, but general indications are very favorable. The ledge is a coarse pegmatite, about 8 feet in width, and extends for nearly a mile. Quartz crystals, albite, orthoclase, and indications of lithia are also found in conjunction. This property is not worked at present, but probably will be during the next year. Ten pounds of fine essonite garnet and perhaps three or four pounds of beryl were taken out during 1904. There is a spring of water on the property, and plenty of timber. Mang-anese Deposits. — These are owned by the San Diego Desert Marble Company, and lie l-g miles northwest of Jacumba Hot Springs. A ledge averaging 10 feet in w^idth and extending about 5000 feet has been located by these parties, and shows oxides of manganese associated with garnet, beryl, and black tourmaline. No development work has been done, but upon the advent of a railroad this property may become valuable, as the manganese is of exceptional quality and can be utilized in many ways. Farther to the north and east are other localities, in the vicinity of Seventeen Palms, in the Santa Rosa Mountains, on the edge of the desert, and in the direction of Salton Lake, where Mr. H. C. Gordon reports fine and abundant occurrences of garnet. Much of this is the wild and barren region claimed by the old Indian chief known as "Fig-tree .John," elsewhere mentioned. TURQUOISE SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Turquoise mining is carried on by two principal companies in San Bernardino County — the Toltec and the Himalaya. Toltec Gem Mining" Company. — The California property of this company consists of tliree groups of mines situated in San Bernardino County on the Great Desert about 100 miles northwest of Needles, and about 50 miles north from Manvel, which is on a branch of the Santa Fe Pvailroad. The altitude is between 5000 and 6000 feet; and there being no water at either of the camps, it is necessary to draw it over the mountains from 1 to 5 miles. These camps are about 6 miles apart, and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Camp, GEMS, jewelers' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 153 in the old Solo Mining District. Death Valley is within 20 miles of "West Camp. These mines are all patented. The qualities of the tur- quoise taken from these various camps vary Avidely, from quite soft to very hard. The same company also has turquoise mines in Nevada, 60 miles due east of these. Here stone hammers were met with at a depth of 18 feet. Scarcely any turquoise was found much below 100 feet from the surface, and a 200-foot shaft failed to reveal any at all. This fact, which is also reported from the mines of the Himalaya Company, is a curious one, indicating that the turquoise must be in some way a product of rather superficial alteration. The mines of both these companies have been quite large producers. The Toltec Company obtained one gem-stone, of rather a pale blue, that cut into a perfect oval measuring 32 by 45 millimeters, and weighing 203 carats. Himalaya Mining' Company. — This company also has been operating turquoise mines in San Bernardino County. They are owned by Mr. L. Tannenbaum, of New York, and are likewise situated in the Solo Mining District, but 60 miles due west of Manvel, where a team must be secured to visit the mine, as no other means of communication exists. There are five claims in this group, all of them on the same ledge, which con- sists of bird's-eye porphyry with some granite, with a north and south strike and a dip of 75 degrees west. The pockets of turquoise, which is practically the only gem found, lie in this porphyry surrounded by a friable mass of so-called silicate of lime. Two shafts 80 feet in depth have been sunk on the property, but 40 feet was the lowest level at which gem-turquoise was found. From this level the mine has been prac- tically stoped to the surface. There is no timber at the mine, but some small pine can be secured 10 miles north. Water was found by sinking a well 85 feet; it can be used for drinking purposes, but is of very inferior quality. Work was done by the screening and washing method, and entirely by hand, there being no machinery of any kind on the prop- erty. Other improvements are bunk-houses, etc. The mine was closed down on the first day of March, 1903, and no work of any account has been done since that date. For the two months during which the mine was worked in that year, six men were employed, at an average wage of $2.50 per day. The expense of mining w^as very high — about $20 per foot. Giant powder Avas used exclusively, and it required about 10^ pounds to the foot. The shipments that year (January and February, 1903), as given by the Wells-Fargo agent, amounted to 431 pounds of matrix and ordinary turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material. 154 GEMS, jewelers' materials, etc., of CALIFORNIA. CHRYSOPRASE— TULARE COUNTY. Chrysoprase was discovered in Tulare County in 1878, by Mr. (jieorge W. Smith, a surveyor of Visalia. He presented specimens to Mr. M. Braverman of Visalia, who identified them as chrysoprase. Later, the State Mining Bureau confirmed this determination. The first specimen was the finest ever found in the county; it was sent to the Paris Expo- sition of 1889, but failed to reach its destination, being stolen en route. It was about 3^ inches long and 1^ inches thick. The first discovery, and thus far the best outcroppings which have been developed, are located on the McGinnis property, in the N. E. i of Sec. 8, T. 18 S., R. 26 E., Mount Diablo meridian. This location is about 10 miles north- east of Visalia, on Venice Hill. These outcroppings extend along the southeastern slope of this hill and through Section 8 and the S. W. ^ of Section 4. Here it occurs in small irregular veins, which range from mere seams to veins 2 and 3 inches in thickness, in a somewhat altered red jasper rock. When visited by the Field Assistant of the Mining Bureau (February, 1905) the larger veins had been deprived of all the chrysoprase suitable for specimens, but the excavations show that the chalcedony veins persist, indicating the structure of the former deposits, and also the gradation from the darker green chrysoprase of the outcrops through a lighter green (prase-opal) until at a depth of about 20 feet a pure- white milky quartz or chalcedony is encountered, which is free from all nickel oxide coloring. As to the size and quality of the gems taken out, we find in the seventeenth annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey* the following note: " It is much flawed and good pieces for cutting are scarce, but the color is excellent, and some handsome articles of small size have been made from it." Since then many fine stones have been found. The chrysoprase outcroppings have been traced at different places all along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada across Tulare County, and the following locations have been noted by different authorities: Venice Hill, Stokes Mountain, Tule River, Deer Creek, and one mile east of Lindsay. All of these have been announced in the annual reports of the writer on the production of precious stones in the United States, for 1895 to 1898 inclusive. Of these, the Himalaya Mining Company owns three claims at the chief locality at Venice Hill, a short distance northeast of Visalia; also two at Lindsay, a little northeast and south- east of the town, respectively; and one on Deer Creek, in Sec. 20, T. 22 S., R. 28 E. One or two other large claims at Venice Hill, another some distance east of Visalia, in the N. W. i of Sec. 28, T. 18 S., R. 27 E., and Min. Res. U. S., Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, p. 913. . \ GEMS, jewelers' ^FATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 155 one or two in the Stokes Mountain region, Sees. 9 and 10, T. 16 S., li. 26 E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, belong to other parties. For a time a very active interest was taken in mining chrysoprase, but of late years there has been less demand than formerly, because this stone is not now the fad in jewelry that it was at first. No ruling price or valuation can be set on the rough stone, as the c!har.acter of a specimen can not be told with any degree of certainty until the piece is cut. The cut stones brought prices from $2 to $3 per carat. Most of the Tulare County output was cut in New York, but some few stones were cut in San Francisco and Denver. CALIFORNITE (MASSIVE VESUVIANITE) —SISKIYOU COUNTY. The exact location of the deposit of californite, as th^ writer has pro- posed to call the compact, jade-like variety of vesuvianite, or idocrase, described in full on page 93 of this Bulletin, is given as follows by Mr. Edwin L. Hoyt of Yreka, in a recent communication: " The californite deposit in Siskiyou County is 10 miles north of Happy Camp, which is the nearest postoffice to the property; also 10 miles north of Klamath River. The Happy Camp placer mining district parallels the river in this section. The nearest railroad station is that at Yreka, 90 miles distant by wagon road. I am unable to give dip of vein, etc., but believe it is more of a deposit or kidney or large lens, a& there are no indications' of a fissure." APPENDIX. i St. %4:h ;m ^1~ «i.S J.m lllii 'W tl^lfiv CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU, This institution aims to be the chief source of reliable information about the mineral resources and mining industries of California. It is encouraged in its work by the fact that its publications have been in such demand that large editions are soon exhausted. In fact, copies of them now command high prices in the market. The publications, as soon as issued, find their way to the scientific, public, and private libraries of all countries. STATE MINERALOGIST. The California State Mining Bureau is under the supervision of Hon. Lewis E. Anbury, State Mineralogist. It is supported by legislative appropriations, and in some degree performs work similar to that of the geological surveys of other States; but its purposes and functions are mainly practical, the scientific work being clearly subordinate to the economic phases of the mineral field, as shown by the organic law governing the Bureau, which is as follows : Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said State Mineralogist to make, facilitate, and encourage special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the State. It shall be his duty : To collect statistics concerning the occurrence of the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valu- able constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic or commercial importance, such collection constituting the Museum of the State Mining Bureau ; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, the sciences of mineralogy and geology and the arts of mining and metallurgy, such library constituting the Library of the State ^lining Biu-eau ; to make a collection of models, drawings, and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspec- tion at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concern- ing the mineral industries of this State, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information available to those desiring it, and to provide a custodian specially qualified to promote this purpose ; to make a biennial report to the Board of Trustees of the ^Mining Bureau, setting forth the important results of his work, and to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mineral industries of this State. THE BULLETINS, The field covered by the books issued under this title is shown in the list of publications. Each bulletin deals with only one phase of mining. ]Many of them are elaborately illustrated with engravings and maps. Only a nominal price is asked, in order that those who need them most may obtain a copy. 160 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. THE REGISTERS OF MINES. The Registers of Mines form practically both a State and a County directory of the mines of California, each county being represented in a separate pamphlet. Those who wish to learn the essential facts about any particular mine are referred to them. The facts and figures are given in tabular form, and are accompanied by a topographical map of the county on a large scale, showing location of each mineral deposit, towns, railroads, roads, power lines, ditches, etc. HOME OF THE BUREAU The Mining Bureau occupies the north half of the third floor of the Ferry Building, in San Francisco. All visitors and residents are invited to inspect the Museum, Library, and other rooms of the Bureau and gain a personal knowledge of its operations. THE MUSEUM. The Museum now contains over 16,000 specimens, carefully labeled and attractively arranged in showcases in a great, well-lighted hall, where they can be easily studied. The collection of ores from Cali- fornia mines is of course very extensive, and is supplemented by many cases of characteristic ores from the principal mining districts of the world. The educational value of the exhibit is constantly increased by substituting the best specimens obtainable for those of less value. These mineral collections are not only interesting, beautiful, and in every way attractive to the sightseers of all classes, but are also educa- tional. They show to manufacturers, miners, capitalists, and others the character and quality of the economic minerals of the State, and Avhere they are found. Plans have been formulated to extend the usefulness of the exhibit by special collections, such as one showing the chemical composition of minerals; another showing the mineralogical composition of the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the State; the petroleum-bearing formations, ore bodies, and their country rocks, etc. Besides the mineral specimens, there are many models, maps, photo- graphs, and diagrams illustrating the modern practice of mining, milling, and concentrating, and the technology of the mineral indus- tries. An educational series of specimens for high schools has been inaugurated, and new plans are being -formulated that will make the Museum even more useful in the future than in the past. Its popu- larity is shown by the fact that over 100,000 visitors registered last year, while many failed to leave any record of their visit. 11— MB 162 CALIFORNIA STATK INIININC! BUREAU. THE LIBRARY. This is the miuing reference library of the State, constantly con- sulted by mining men, and contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes of selected works, in addition to the numerous publications of the Bureau itself. On its shelves will be found reports on geology, min- eralogy, mining, etc., published by states, governments, and indi- viduals ; the reports of scientific societies at home and abroad : encyclopedias, scientific papers, and magazines; mining publications; and the current literature of mining ever needed in a reference library. Manufacturers' catalogues of mining and milling machinery by California firms are kept on file. The Registers of Mines form an up-to-date directory for investor and manufacturer. The librarian's desk is the general bureau of information, where visitors from all parts of the world are ever seeking information about all parts of California. READING-ROOM. This is a part of the Library Department and is supplied with over one hundred current publications. Visitors will find here various California papers and leading mining journals from all over the world. The Library and Reading-Room are open to the public from 9 a. m. to 5 p. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays. THE LABORATORY. This department identifies for the prospector the minerals he finds, and tells him the nature of the wall rocks or dikes he may encounter in his workings; but this department does not do assaying nor compete with private assay ers. The pr&sence of minerals is determined, but not the percentage present. No charges for this service are made to any resident of the State. Many of the inquiries made of this depart- ment have brought capital to the development of new districts. ]\Iany technical questions have been asked and answered as to the best chemical and mechanical processes of handling ores and raAV material. The laboratory is well equipped. THE DRAUGHTING-ROOM. In this room are prepared scores of maps, from the small ones filling only a part of a page, to the largest County and State maps; and the numerous illustrations, other than photographs, that are constantly being required for the Bulletins and Registers of Mines. In this room, also, will be found a very complete collection of maps of all kinds relating to the industries of the State, and one of the important duties of the department is to make such additions and corrections as will keep the maps up to date. The .seeker after information inquires here if he wishes to know about the geology or topography of any district ; about the locations of the new camps, or positions of old or abandoned 164 CALIFORNIA STATK MININCJ BUREAU. ones; about railroadSj stage roads, and trails; or about the working drawings of anything connected with mining. MINERAL STATISTICS, One of the features of this institution is its mineral statistics. Their annual compilation by the State Mining Bureau began in 1893. No other State in the Union attempts so elaborate a record, expends so much labor and money on its compilation, or secures so accurate a one. The State Mining Bureau keeps a careful, up-to-date, and reliable but confidential register of every producing mine, mine-owner, and mineral industry in the State. From them are secured, under pledge of secrecy, reports of output, etc., and all other available sources of information are used in checking, verifying, and supplementing the information so gained. This information is published in an annual tabulated, statistical, single-sheet bulletin, showing the mineral pro- duction by both substances and counties. TOTAL GOLD PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA— 1848-1903. 1848.-.. .. $245,301 1863... -. $23,501,736 1878... .. $18,839,141 1893-.- -. $12,422,811 1849 .. 10,151.360 1864... -. 24,071,423 1879... .. 19,626,654 1894 .... -. 13,923,281 1850. . . . _. 4l.'-'7:;,i(i(; ISO,-. _. -. 17,930,858 1880... .. 20,030,761 1895-.-- 15,334,317 1851.__- 7.'i,'.i:')S,L':'i:i ISOO _. 17,123,867 1881... .. 19,223,155 1896-.. . .. 17,181,562 1852.... .si,2!M,7"n is(;7_.. -. 18,265,452 1882... .. 17,146,416 1897.... .. 15,871,401 1853_._. _. 67,(;i:;.is7 lsos,__ _. 17,555,867 1883... .. 24,316,873 1898.--. 15,906,478 1854.... -. 69,43:;,!):;i iSO!l_._ .. ls,-_':^(»,(i44 1884... -. 13,600,000 1899--- - 15,336,031 1855.-.. -. 55,4,sr),:i!i.-. I.S70... .. 17,4:.s,i;« 1885... -. 12,661,044 1900 -.- 15,863,355 1856.... .-. 57,509,411 1871... -. 17,477, SS5 1886... . 14,716,506 1901..-- 16,989,044 1857 -. 43,628,172 1872-.- .. 15,4S2,li)4 1SS7... .. 13,588,614 1902.--. .. 16,910,320 1858.... -. 46,591,140 1873-.. .. 15,ol;),L'lo 1S8S... .. 12,750,000 1903.--- 16,471,264 1859... ... 45,846,599 1874... .. 17,L>t;4,s:!(; ISSit, .. .. 11,212,913 I860--.. .. 44,095,163 1875... loi,i^(;,s LSOL',.. -. 12,571,900 COUNTY RANK IN GOLD PRODUCT IN 1903. While gold is still the leading mining product, its yield no longer puts the greatest gold-producing county in the first place. The petro- leum of Kern County and the copper of Shasta give them precedence. Gold is more widely distributed than any other substance thus far mined in California; 34 counties out of the 57 in the State showing a gold yield in 1903, and it is known to exist in several others. The order in rank of the counties of the State, in the production of gold alone, is at present as follows : 1. Nevada.-' .$2,458,047 2. Calaveras 1,904,125 3. Tuolumne 1,732,572 4. Amador 1,609,744 5. Butte 1,571,.507 6. Kern 1,022,353 7. Shasta 771,242 8. Siskiyou 613,576 9. Trinity -. 607,728 10. Placer 570,571 11. Mariposa 542,355 12. San Diego 461,516 13. Plumas 14. S. Bernardino 15. Sacramento .. 16. Mono 17. Sierra • 18. El Dorado _.. 19. Yuba. 20. Madera 21. Lassen 22. Inyo... 23. Stanislaus .... 24. Humboldt.. - $424 381 335 334 310. 125 93 91 66 52 38 25. Fresno $21,538 26. Riverside 13,453 27. Tulare-- 9,215 28. Monterey 8,920 29. Los Angeles _-. 8,674 30. Del Norte 7,183 31. Alpine -. 2,701 32. San Luis Obispo 1,840 .33. Ventura 1,087 34. Orange -, 150 Total $16,471,264 16G CAMFORINA STATK MINING lUUEAU. TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA FOR 1903. The following' table shows the yield and value of mineral substances of California for 1903, as per returns received at the State IMining Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers : Quantity. Value. Asplialt - 41,670tons $503,059 Bituminous Rock 21,!M4 " 53, lot; Borax (Crude) 34,430 " 661,400 Cement 640,868 bbls. 968,727 Chrome j.. 150 tons 2,250 Chrysoprase 500 Clays: For Pottery. 90,972 tons 99,907 For Brick. . 214,403 M 1,999,546 Coal 93,026tons 265,383 Copper ....19,113,861 lbs. 2,520,997 Fuller's Earth 250 tons 4,750 Glass Sand 7,725 " 7,525 Gold 16,471,264 Granite 408,625 cu. ft. 678,670 Gypsum 6,914 tons 46,441 Infusorial Earth 2,703 " 16,015 Lead 110,000 lbs. 3,960 Lime- 496,587 bbls. 418,280 Limestone 125,919 tons 163,988 Lithia Mica. 700 " 27,300 Macadam 605,185 " 436,172 Manganese 1 " 25 Magnesite 1,361 " 20,515 Marble 84,624 cu. ft. 97,354 Mica 50tons 3,800 Mineral Paint 2,370 " 3,720 Mineral Water 1,978,340 gals. ■ 558,201 NaturalGas 120,134 M cu. ft. 75,237 Paving Blocks... 4,8.54 M 134,642 Petroleum 24,310,839 bbls. 7,313,271 Platinum. 1,052 Pyrites 24,311 tons 94,000 Quartz Crystals 1,968 Quicksilver 32,094 flasks 1,335,954 Rubble 1,610,440 tons 1,237,419 Salt 102,895 " 211,365 Sandstone 353,002 cu. ft. 585,309 Serpentine. 99" " 800 Silver 517,444 Slate 10,000 squares ■ 70,000 Soapstone .. 219 tons 10,124 Soda 18,000 " 27,000 Tourmaline 100,000 Turquoise 10,000 Total value 137,759,040 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. 167 RELATIVE RANK OF COUNTIES IN TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT IN 1903. ^ !i;4,9.-,7,602 3,201,680 ''O Mariposa Alameda ^552,516 ,., !t!139,563 125,871 .) Sliasta .- •?.\. 530,207 40 Yitba-..- '■'>. Lo^ Angeles... 2,519,128 22. Sacramento... 506,796 41. Lassen. 92,305 4. Nevada 2,466,044 23. Madera 489,525 42. Stanislaus 70,605 r, Calaveras 2,270,668 24. Riverside 446,449 43. Contra Costa. 62,500 «. Tuolumne 1,791,056 25. Plumas 424,894 44. :Munterey 51,436 Amador 1,639,819 26. Colusa 420,468 45. Humboldt 49,316 s. Butte 1,581,325 27. Solano 4M,614 46. San Joaquin.. 44,489 i) San Bernardino 1,516,618 28. Santa Barbara. 384,688 47. Tulare 41,175 30. Orange 1,029,435 29. San Benito . . . 367,851 48. Kings 24,200 11. Xai>a — 896,848 30. Mono .- 360,024 49. Mendocino ... 20,580 12. Fresno 848,628 31. Sierra 311,246 50. Del Norte 7,183 IH. San Francisco 802,786 32. Lake.... 294,018 51. Tehama 7,000 14. Placer- 800,985 .33. El Dorado 284,304 52. Alpine 2,847 ^r^ Ventura 714,766 34 S'n Luis Obispo 257,416 53 Yolo 144 IH. Santa Clara .. 670,159 35. Santa Cruz 254,247 .54. Merced 780 17. Siskivou 663,598 36. San Mateo 252,500 Unapportioned 377,783 JS San Diego Trinity 663 315 •J 7 Marin 218 427 U). 621,244 .38. Sonoma . 195,369 Total .1:3 7,759,040 MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS. Publications of this Bureau will be sent ou receipt of the requisite amount and postage. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. (All putlications not mentioned are exhausted.) Attention is respectfully called to that portion of Section 8, amend- ment to the Mining Bureau Act, approved March 10, 1903, which states: ''The Board (Board of Trustees) is hereby empowered to fix a price upon, and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all pub- lications of the Bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers, €tc. The sum derived from such disposition must be accounted for and used as a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed must approximate the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, bulletins, maps, reg'isters, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and preparing the information embraced therein." Price. Postage. Report XI— 1892, First Biennial %i 00 |0 15 Report XIII— 1896, Third Biennial 100 20 Bulletin No. 5 — "Cyanide Process" (4th edition), bound. 60 08 Bulletin No. 6— "Gold Mill Practices in California" (.3d edition) .50 04 Bulletin Xo. 9 — "Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc.," bound 60 08 Bulletin Xo. 1.5— "Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County, Cal." 05 02 Bulletin Xo. 16 — "Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California," (3d edition) 30 03 Bulletin Xo. 18— "Mother Lode Region in California" 35 ' 06 Bulletin Xo. 23— "Copper Resources of California" .50 12 Bulletin Xo. 24— "Saline Deposits of California" 50 10 Bulletin Xo. 27 — "Quicksilver Resources of California" 75 08 Bulletin Xo. 30 — "Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palaeontology and Mineral Resources of California, including List of Maps". .50 10 Bulletin Xo. 31— "Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum" ... 02 Bulletin Xo. 32— "Production and Use of California Petroleum". 75 08 Bulletin Xo. 33— "Mineral Production of California— 1903" ... 02 168 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Price. Postage. Bulletin No. 34— "Mineral Production of California for 17 Years" _ $0 02 Bulletin No. ;35 — "Mines and Minerals of California" 04 Bulletin No. 36— "Gold Dredging in California" |0 50 (K> Map of Mother Lode 05 02 Gold Production in California from 1848 to 1904 ... 02 Register of Mines, with Map, Plumas County. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Trinity County ... 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Lake County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Nevada County 25 08- Register of Mines, with Map, Placer County. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Inyo County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Shasta County . 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, San Diego County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Sierra County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Amador County. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Tuolumne County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Butte County.. 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County 25 08 Register of Mines, with Map, Kern County. 25 08 Register of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City.. 35 02 Relief and Mineral Map of California 25 05 Map of Calaveras County 25 08- In Preparation : Structural and Industrial Materials of California. Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the Bureau -for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. It must be understood, however, that no assays, or quantitative deter- minations, ivill be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible^ and the outside of package should be marked plainly with name of sender, postoffice address, etc., and a stamp should be inclosed for reply. INDEX. Page Abalone 111, 118, 119, 120 ABC Mine 49, 140, 141 Achroite 54, 58 Adamantine Spar 45 Aei'oides 48 Agalmatolite 100 Agate 64, 71, 73 Agatized Wood 11, 64, 77, 78 Alabaster 103 Albite 17, 61, 78, 79, 80, 127, 133, 142, 144, 146 Allanite 99 Almandite 50, 51, 52, 53 Amber 110 Amblygonite 55, 59, 62, 87, 122, 133 Amethiste Basaltine 47, 86 Ametbyst 64, 67 Andalusite • 34, 98 Andradite 50, 51 Anhydrite 102 Anthracite 104 Apatite 102 Aphrizite 54 Apophyllite 97 Aquamarine 48, 49, 137 Aragonite 110, 111, 112, 114 Architectural Marble 111 Arkansite 106 Asparagus Stone 102 Asteria 45 Asteriated Quartz 64 Aventurine 64, 78, 79 Axinite 13, 96 Azurite 53, 106 Bardiglio 111, 112 Basanite 64 Beryl 13, 14, 16, 25, 27, 48, 49, 50, 52, 59, 62, 86, 87, 114, 122, 132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 152 Bloodstone 64 Blue Carbonate of Copper 106 Brazilian Emerald 54 Brazilian Sapphire 54 Bronzite 80, 114 Brookite 106 Brown Coal 101 12 — MB Cairngorm --_ 64 Calcite 35,98, 110, 111 Calif ornite 12, 53, 93, 94, 95, 155 California Onyx 111, 112 Cannel 104 Carbonate of Lime 110 Carbuncle . 51 Carnelian 64 Cassiterite 105 Caterina Mine 132, 133 Cat's-eye 60,64, 114 Chalcedony 64, 70, 71, 73 - ' Chiastolite 98 Chloromelanite 96 Chlorophane 102 Chromite- 51, 104 Chrysoberyllus 34, 48, 114 ClirysocoUa 101, 102 Chrysolithus 48, 54 Chrysopal 12, 74, 76 Chrysoprase___.12, 31, 33, 35, 64, 73, 154, 155 Cinnamon Stone 50, 52, 53 Cipolin 111 Citrine 64 Coahuila District 25, 53, 58, 69, 121 Coal 104 Colophonite 51 Columbia Gem Mine 63, 122, 123 Columbite 50, 62, 87, 132 Coosa District 52 Corundum 35, 45. 114 Crystal Gem Mine 49, 152 Datolite 52, 97 Davidsonite 48 Demantoid 51 Diamond 11, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. 42, 43, 44 Diopside 80, 98 Dos Cabezas Mine 27, 150t^ Dravite 54 Dumortierite Quartz 64, 71, 114 Egyptian Marble or Jasper 111, 112 Emerald -.. 48 Enstatite 80, 114 Epidote 13. 25. 34. 71. 87, m 170 Page. Erythrite 71 EsmeraUla Mine 49, 63, 136 Kssonite 13, 14, 26, 50, 52, 53, 128, 139, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152 False Emerald 102,106 False Lapis Lazuli 98 Fano Kunzite— Tourmaline Mining- Co 49, 58, 59, 63, 66, 121, 122 Feldspar 78 Fisli-eye Stone 97 Fire Marble Fire Opal 75 Fleches d'amour 64 Fluorite Garnet 12, 13, 14, 16, 26, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 87, 139, 148, 149, Gem Mines in California Gem INIine No. 1 Golden Beryl Gold Quartz 64 Goshenite Gothite 64, Gothite Quartz Graphic Granite . Green Carbonate of Copper Grenat Siriam Grossularite 50, 51 Gua r n a c c i n e Gypsum Halloysite : Hebrew Stone Heliotrope Hematite 104, 105, Hercules Mine 49, 53, 147, 148, Heriart Mine 24, 31, 56, 62, 84, 132, Hiddenite Himalaya Mining Co 12, 49, 65, 133, 134, 153, Hornblende Qviartz 64, 70, 86, Hyacinth 50, Hyacinthozontes Hyalite 31,75,76, Hydrolite 64, 71, Hydrophane Hypersthene 80, Ichthyophthulmite _■. 97 Idocrase 93 llmenite 104, 105 Indicolite 54 lolite -- 34 Iron Garnets 51 Jacinta ' 51 Jacumba District 26, 49, 53, 95, 150, 1.51 Jade 71,96 Page. Jadeite 96- Jasper 64, 69, 71, 75 Jasper Agate 64, 75 Jasperized Wood 64 Jet 104 Kunzite 14, 16, 25, 34, .35, .59, 61, 62, 63, 81, 82-93, U)0, 121, 122, 126, 129 Labradorite 80, 114 Lapis Lazuli 98 Lazulite 98 Lazurite 98 Lepidolite-20, 22, 24, 34, 49, 55, 59, 60, 79, 83. 86, 100, 101, 122, 125, 127, 133, 134, 137, 142 Lignite 104 Limonite 104, 105 Little Three Mine 142, 143, 144, 145 Lookout Mine 49,53, 148,149 Lumaohelle 111 Lydian Stone 64 Made --- 98- Mack Mine 48, 49, 6.5, 1.37, 138, 139 Madreporic Marble 111, 112 Malachite 53,69, 106- Mandelato HI Manganese Deposits 142, 146, 152- Marble 110, 111 Mare Kanite 114 Mariposite.. .-. 71, 97 McFall Mine 149 Melanite 51 Menaccanite 104 Mesa Grande Mine 59, ISa Mexican Onyx 111 Milky Opal -. 75 Mocha Stone 64 Moonstone 71, 78, 79' Morion 64 Moss Agate 64, 7.> Moss Jasper 75 Moss Opal 75 Muriacite 102 Muscovite Mica 48, 87, 127, 128, 130, 133, 141, 144 Napoleonite 112' Native Ultramarine 98 Naylor-Yanderburg Mine.. 129, 130, 131, 132 Nephrite 96 Noble Opal 75 Novacidite 64 , Obsidian 114* Onegite 64, 105- Onvx 64 Onvx Marble 111,112 Oolite 111,112 INDEX. 171 Page. Opal ..12,75,76 Opaline --- 75 Opal Agate 75 Opalized Wood 11, 75, 77, 78 Orbicular Diorite 14, 15, 112, 113 Oriental Onyx 111 Oriental Ruby 45 Orthoclase 79 Ouvarovite 50, 51, 52, 53 Pagedite 100 Pala Chief :Mine.25, 31, 55, 60, 61, 87, 126, 127 Pala District 24,25,30, 31, 55, 81, 84, 101, 124, 125 Pearl 34, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118 Pebbles, Pescadero 113 Pectolite 88,95,96 Peridot of Ceylon 54 Peristerite 78, 79 Pisolite 111 Plasma 64 Porter 111 Precious Opal 75 Prospect Mine 53, 150 Pyro-Emerald 102 Pyrope 50, 51, 52, 53 Quartz. ...34, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67-73, 86,* 87, 97 Rainbow Agate Ramona District ..25, 26, 49, 53, 63, 140, Rhodolite Rock Crystal 11,64, 87, 105, 127, 141, 144, Romanzovite Rose Beryl Rose Quartz 12,21,64, 67, 68, 69. Rosolite Roval Agate Rubellite 22, 23, 54, .55, 79, 100, 101, Rubino de Rocca Ruby Ruin ilarble Rutilated Quartz 64, Sagenite 64, San Diego Desert Marble Co 150, 151, San Diego Gem Co. San Diego Tourmaline Mining Co. 133, San Pedro Claim Sapphire Chalcedony Sapphire Sard Satin Spar 103, Schorlomite Selenite Siberite Siderite .65 Sienna 111 Silicitied Wood 77 Smoky Quartz. ...21, 33, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 86 Spanish Topaz 64 Spessartite..50,51, 139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150 Spinel 47, 48, 132 Spodumene 13, 14, 48, 62, 81. 82, 83, 84, 86, 126, 127, 129, 132 Stalactite 111 Stalagmite 111 Star Ruby .. 45 Star Sapphire 45 Star Stone 45 Statuary Marble 111 Stewart Mine 125 Succinite 50, 52,110' Surprise Mine 53, 146 Talc 35- Thetis Hairstone 64 Thulite 99 Titanic Iron 104 Toad's-eye Stone 105 Toltec Gem Co. 152, 1,53 Topaz 14, 15, 25, 26, 35, 46, 47, 52, 62, 92, 139, 143, 144, 147 Topazolite 31, 50, 53 Touchstone 64 Tourmaline 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 24, 2.5, 27, 33, 35, 49, 50, 52-63, 69, 70, 79, 86. 87, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 1.S2, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140. 142, 144, 147 Tourmaline Quartz . 64 Tourmaline King Mine 63, 129 Tourmaline Queen Mine 63, 127, 128, 129 Trautwinite 51, .52 Tripe Stone 102 Triphane 82 Turquoise 12, 13, 33, 34, 107, 108, 109, 110, 152, 153 Ultramarine _ 98 Uralian Emerald 51 Uvarovite 50, 51, 52, 53 Verde Antique 111, 112 Vermeille 51 Vesuvianite 12, 26, 52, 53, 93, 94, 96, 155 Vulpinite 102 Willemite . 88 Wiluite 50 Wood Opal .... 75, 77 Wood Tin 105 Woolastonite 88 Zircon 34, 50 Zoisite 99 ST r : ^ RETURN EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY TO ► 230 McCone Hall 642-2997 LOAN PERIOD 1 7 DAYS 2 3 4 5 6 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW nrc ^ 2i)()B , UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 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