V ?C>;^vC"C LIBRARY OK THE University of California. OIFT OF M.«'--V^<2>xJ&^^ ^ %^ Class ^ "•:'i ^- :,_»^« . v"^>:y;' M" ' ^^s THE LITERARY LIFE GusTAvus Seyffarth a. m., phil. and theol, dr. Late Professor at the University of Leipzig, and the Concordia Seminary, of St. Louis, Mo. ; Hon. Member of the Leeds Philo- sophical AND Literary Society, The New York Historical Society, The New York Philological Society ; Mem- ber OF the Royal Saxon Academy of Science ; For- eign Member of the Royal British Oriental Society ; Cor. Member of the Royal Acad- emy OF Turin, of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Mo,, and of Davenport, Iowa ; Member of the American Ori- ent\l Society. " Mutla ttiiH fecitque puer, sudavH et alsit." AN AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. NEW YORK-' E. SXEIQER & CO 1886. ^ /^ yzs\ "N^ I ;> > nS N ^ ' cU^c^^^^^^UZ^ / Jif^P^ THE LITERARY LIFE GusTAvus Seyffarth a. m., phil. and theol. dr. Late Professor at the University of Leipzig, and the Concordia Seminary, of St. Louis, Mo. ; Hon. Member of the Leeds Philo- sophical and Literary Society, The New York Historical Society, The New York Philological Society ; Mem- ber of the Royal Saxon Academy of Science ; For- eign Member of the Royal 'British Oriental Society ; Cor. Member of the Royal Acad- emy of Turin, of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Mo., and of Davenport, Iowa ; Member OF the American Ori- ental Society. " Multa tulit fecitque piur, sudavit et alsit." AN AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH. ^"■^^ NEW YORK: E. SXEIOER «& CO 1886. CONTENTS. /Oirif Autobiographical Introduction, . . . . .5 The Key to Egyptian Literature, ..... 8 Triennial Researches in Egyptian Museums and Public Libraries in Southern Germany, Italy, France, England and Holland, 20 The Key to all Ancient Pagan Religions, ... 28 The Key to the Astronomical Monuments of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Cyprians, Indians, Mexicans, etc., . . -3° The True History and Chronology of Egypt, ... 35 Manetho's Hyksos — The Israelites. . . . . -37 The New York Obelisk and the Pharaoh Drowned in the Red Sea, 1866, B. C 38 The Age of the Great Pyramids near Cairo, . . . .40 The First Olympian Games in 777 B. C, . . . . 41 Greek, Babylonian and other Eclipses, . , . .42 The Solar Months of the Greeks ..... 42 The Seasons of the Greeks, . . . . . -44 Corrections of the present History of Greece, ... 44 ■Corrections of Babylonian, Assyrian, Median and Persian His- tories, . . . . . . -44 Corrections of Chinese History, ..... 45 Corrections of Roman History, . . . . .46 The Antiquity of Astronomy, ..... 47 The World-Period, the three World-Ages, the Yugas and Avataras, 48 The Universality of the Deluge, . . . . • 5^ The Origin of the Alphabet, 3,446 B. C, .... 53 Alterations of the Primitive Alphabet, . . . -56 The Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. .... 57 Hebrew the Primitive Language, . . . . -58 Laws Governing the Changes in all Languages, ... 60 "Chronology of the Old Testament, . . . . .60 Daniel's Seventy Weeks, ...... 62 The Solar Years of the Hebrews, . . . . -64 Chronology of the New Testament, .... 65 The Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, . . . .66 Destruction of Jerusalem, 71 A. C, . . . . 67 Bibliography, . . . . . . . .68 Appendix. An Egyptologist, ..... 82 236771 INTRODUCTORY. 'TpHE present auto-biographical sketch of the late Prof. Gustavus Seyffarth, (fNovember 17th, 1885, at New York), is published in accordance with directions in his last will, and is intended to serve as a key to his numerous publications in the German, Latin and English languages. It was written by him in his old age and in a language, the full mastery of which he never acquired. The un- dersigned editor has contented himself with making only such changes as the rules of English Grammar required, leaving the tenor and contents of the book for which Prof Seyffarth alone desired to be held responsible, entirely unchanged. Additional biographical details are contained in the German pam- phlet : ' ' Gustav Seyffarth ; eine biographische Skizze, von Karl Knoriz, " (New York, t886, E. Steiger & Co.) KARL KNORTZ. PREFACE. S scientific truths do not belong to a few seasons but to the civilized world in general and to all future times, it is a duty to remember what in this respect Providence has done by instrumen- tality of an old contemporary during a period of over sixty years. It is true, the literary works of the author of the present aphoristic sketch have already been mentioned in "Brockhaus' Konvefsationslexikon, " "Pierer's Realencyklopadie, " "Der deutsche Pionier" (Cincinnati, O.) 1874), "Vapereau's Dictionaire des Contemporains, " "Appleton's and Johnson's Cyclopaedias," "Aliborne's Dictionary of Authors," etc., but as these statements are mostly imperfect and in many respects errone- ous, the following communications may be excused. In reading the present sketch it is to be borne in mind that all dates B. C, cited hereafter, refer to the astronomical method of reckoning the years as the only true and practical one. New York, 1S81. GUSTAVUS SEYFFARTH. Autobiographical Introduction. THE author was born July 13th, 1796, at Uebig-au, a Saxon village, near Torgau, in which his father, the Reverend Traugott August Seyffarth, Ph. D., D. D., was a minister of the Lutheran Church, Besides the regular instruction of the parochial school, he received private les- sons from a young candidate of theology in Latin and Greek, and made such progress that in his fourteenth year he was able to read several of the Latin classics and the New Testament in the original, and translate fluently from Latin and Greek into his native tongue. He then became an " alumnus " of " St. Afra," the so-called Fiirstenschule at Meissen near Dresden. At the time of the Reformation there existed in Saxony three immensely rich monasteries, viz., Grimma, Meissen and Schulpforta, which were secularized and converted into Gym?iasia by the pious Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise. The income of these institutions sufficed to pay the salaries of five professors and some other teachers, and to support from 90 to 1 50 pupils each. Every town of Saxony had the privilege of sending one or two boys of the age of fourteen to these places of learning, and in this way the gifted son of the poorest family had an opportunity to re- ceive a gratuitous academical education. The buildings of the "St. Afra" School were surrounded by high walls, the doors of which were opened to the students only upon a written permit by the Rector. The instruction, though pre-eminently of a religious character, was such, that the Alumni of the first and second classes were enabled to read and understand Plato, Sophocles, Pin- dar, Horace and Cicero, and to fluently write and speak Latin, the ofiicial vernacular of the professors and instruc- tors. Many of the students of "St. Afra" afterwards occu- pied influential positions as professors of philology in the universities and gymnasia of Germany and of other countries. In the year 1815 the author left Meissen with flattering testimonials and went to Leipzig to study theology, being desirous, however, of learning all that might be worth knowing. He did not content himself with attending theological, philosophical and philological lectures, but also busied himself with the study of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, botany, history, mineralogy, mechanics, drawing, music, and especially Oriental languages. After four years he was made Artium Magister, Doctor of Philosophy, and Candidatus Reverendi Ministerii, and re- turned to St. Afra "for the purpose of preparing himself for a theological professorship. He was under the impression that it would be necessary for him, in order to interpret the Old and New Testa- ments, to study their ancient versions, and, therefore, he learned during the following four years all the languages into which the Holy Bible had once been translated, from fourteen to sixteen hours daily being devoted to this task. The first result of his studies was the conviction that the usual pronunciation of the Greek and Hebrew letters ought to be modified. His views he expounded in the work *' De Sonis literarum Gr?ecarum tum genuinis tum adoptivis, libri duo. Accedunt commentatio de literis Graecorum sub- inde usitatis, dissertationes, index et tabulae duae, cum prae- fatione Godefredi Hermanni, Lipsiae, 1824." By defending his theory in a Latin disputation with members of the philosophical faculty, the author was honored with the privilege of delivering public lectures (1823). In the following year Prof. F. A. W. Spohn, who had occupied himself prior to ChampoUion with Egyptian litera- ture and had prepared the bulky work "De lingua et literis veterum Aegyptiorum," died in the bloom of his life, scarcely thirty years old. The author, being the only person in the city familiar with Coptic, the fundamental language of Egyptian literature, was asked by the university to com- plete and edit Spohn's work. He accepted this offer and his scientific career was thus impelled in a new direction. Having examined the immense mass of Spohn's manu- scripts deposited in the college library, he came to the con- clusion, that it would be impossible for him to accomplish his task, unless he previously examined all the Egyptian museums of Europe and copied the principal papyri and in- scriptions. Accordingly, during the years 1826-1828, he visited the public and private collections of Egyptian an- tiquities at Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Turin, Milan, Venice, Florence, Leghorn, Rome, Naples, Lyons, Paris, London, Oxford, Cambridge, Leyden, and Amsterdam, and took copies of all important inscriptions, which now constitute the writer's " Bibliotheca Aegyptiaca Manuscripta," a work of fifteen volumes in royal folio, which will, after his death, become the property of the New York Historical Society. In the year 1854 he resigned his Leipzig professorship and in 1856 emigrated to the United States, which has since be- come his second home. As' some of his former pupils had founded at St. Louis, Mo., the so-called Concordia Col- legium, a theological seminary, he was offered a professor- ship of archaeology and cognate sciences, which he accepted, and for several years he gave gratuitous instruction and lectures to the students. Li the year 1859, however, he severed his connection with the institute and went to New York, where the treasures of the Astor Library gave him ample opportunity for pursuing his favorite studies and de- voting his last years to earnest literary work. His writings, since 182 1 (chronologically enumerated in this book), were published for the purpose of diffusing knowledge and refut- ing falsehoods. They treat of the following subjects: Egyp- tian philology and palaeography; the ancient astronomy of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Cypriotes; universal history and chronology, especially of the Old and New Testaments, of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Babyloni- ans, Chinese, etc., mythology, ancient geography, apolo- getics, etc. The Key to Egyptian Literature. The ancient Egyptians, from 2780 B. C. to 200 A. C, un- derstood, as well as we do, the art of visibly expressing the words of their spoken language, but their manner of writing differed essentially from the present one. Instead of 25 letters they used 630 figures, which were images of heavenly bodies and geographical objects, human beings and their limbs, quadrupeds and parts of their bodies, birds, insects, fishes, serpents, trees, plants, fruits, architectural objects, furniture, vases, clothing textures, implements and the like — in short, of nearly all things obvious in primitive life. These 630 images constituted the alphabet with which, during a period of 3000 years, the Egyptians wrote their numberless books and inscriptions. This immense literature was still intelligible in the time of the first Roman emperors, but afterwards it sank into oblivion, till, in the year 1799, the Rosette Stone, with a hieroglyphic inscription, accom- panied by a Greek translation, was discovered. In the meantime, it is true, the Jesuit Kircher (1639) had published seven volumes, containing translations of inscrip- tions on Roman obelisks, but his method of deciphering Hieroglyphs was too arbitrary to be of any value to the student of Egyptology. He took each of the 630 hiero- glyphs for a complete word, sometimes for a substantive, a verb, or an adverb. For instance, the group ''Ccesar Dom- itianus," he interpreted as follows : " Saturn, the ruler of flying time, and the benevolent god, promoting the fertility of the fields, mighty in human nature, the beneficent power of generation, mighty by the god of the height and of the depth, who augments the afflux of sacred humidity, demitted Irom heaven." Such was the condition of Egyptian philology when Dr. Thomas Young published his article, "Egypt," in the "En- cyclopaedia Brittannica" (I819), in which he compared the names of Ptolomy, Cleopatra and Berenice with each other, and pointed out for the first time fifteen hieroglyphs, some grammatical forms, and the meaning of a number of hieroglyphic groups. The rest of Young's hieroglyphic system, however, fell short. Three years later Champollion, who was unaware of these discoveries, published his pamphlet, '^ De Vecriture Jiieratique des anciejis Egyptiens,'^ in which he emphatically denied the existence of phonetic hieroglyphs. As soon, however, as he examined Dr. Young's article he changed his opinion, and published, in 1822, his '' Lettre a M. Dacier" in which he, nevertheless, did not mention the name of the real dis- coverer. Finally, in the year I824, Champollion's *' Precis du Sys- teme hieroglyphique des anciens Egyptiens " appeared, in which the following theses were defended : 1. The Egyptian literature originated from primitive ideologic writing, and consists partly of phonetic figures, and partly of phonetic images, expressing unphonetically definite ideas. 2. None of the 630 hieroglyphs signified one or more syllables. 3. The language of the Egyptians is related to the Coptic, as preserved in our Coptic grammars and dictionaries. This theory, apart from a • number of other erroneous statements, proved abortive when the new bilingual inscrip- tion on the Tanis Stone was discovered (1866). A great number of proper names, of which the pronuncia- tion has been preserved by Greek and Roman authors, can- not be spelled by means of Champollion's system; for instance, the royal names on the Turin Manetho, the names of planets and constellations, etc. That it is an impossibility to translate any hieroglyphic text entirely after Champollion's system has been stated by 10 Lepsius and Birch, and by Bunsen in his work, " Egypt's Place," etc. Furthermore, Champollion was repeatedly challenged to verify his theory by a translation of the Rosette Stone, but failed in his attempts. In 1866 Prof. Lepsius published his translation of] the Tanis Stone, according to ChampoUion's system, but found himself unable to interpret 440 groups. Of the other 4,100 groups nearly each one was misinterpreted. He translated Cyprus by Pkcetiiciay Asia by valley, Greek by brook, etc. Instead of bringing out Coptic words, as required by Cham- poUion's system, he discovered monstrous words which do not exist in any language. Lepsius' "Das Decret von Kano- pus" contains about 40 words correctly spelled and trans- lated. Morever, in the same year Reinischand Roesler published another translation of the Tanis Stone, likewise following the prevailing theory, but nearly all the words spelled and translated by them differ materially from those in Lepsius' statement. Again, in the "Records of the Past" (Vol. IV., p. 65, London, 1875) appeared a translation of the Pompeian Tablet, made by Goodwin, according to the large dictionary and grammar by the Champollionist, Brugsch-Bey; but, alas, not even half a dozen characters were correctly inter- preted. ChampoUion's theory has given rise to numberless absurdi- ties. Brugsch-Bey, for instance, discovered that the Egyp- tians were fond of lager beer, and that some thousand years before Christ breweries existed in Egypt. Ebers, too, learned that " one gallon of lager beer" constituted a dose for a sick Egyptian. The same professor discovered that the queen-bee signified symbolically honey, which he took for an ingredient of forty different prescriptions, while in reality the queen-bee expressed the letters in, I, k, i. e., me- ' lissa, apiastrum, balsameut. Vicomte de Rouge, ChampoUion's successor in the Louvre, discovered that in Moses' days an Egyptian obtained seven II times "/« decoration de la valeur viilitaire a collier d'or" and that in the same era a serpent existed in Egypt which was called Amhehu and which lived in fire. According to Cham- pollion this serpent measured 30 cubits in length, 15 cubits in width, but only 4 cubits in thickness. These facts will suffice to convince every intelligent reader, that Champollion's system, as Brugsch, Lepsius, Ebers, and others imposed it upon the credulous world, cannot be the true key to Egyptian literature, and that, as far as the translation of entire Egyptian texts is concerned, it has proved a deplorable failure. The system of the author originated in the following way : In 1824 he went to Berlin in order to examine the exten- sive collection of Egyptian papyri in the Public Library, and there he discovered a number of different copies of the sacred records of the Egyptians, which were formerly unknown to scholars. He collated these papyri with each other, word for word, and thus arrived at the conclusion that Egyptian literature was composed in syllabic writing. He furthermore discovered that some hieroglyphs ex- pressed letters different from those which Champollion had found in Greek and Roman proper names. He learned, for example, that the mouth, signifying r in Ccesar, Tiberius^ and the like represented k and kr in older manuscripts. It was clear, therefore, that the Egyptians must have had different names for the same objects, though this was denied by Champollion. Moreover, in translating parts of the Rosette Stone and other hieroglyphic texts, it was discovered that the lan- guage of the ancient Egyptians differed from the modern Coptic and was related to the Hebrew. This theory was strengthened by that of Josephus, who claims that the Egyptian was a "sacred dialect." Plutarch, Clement of Alexandria, and other authorities bear witness that the basis of the hieroglyphs was the primitive i^Noachiaii) alphabet of 25 letters. This tradition was con- firmed by the fact that several hieroglyphic figures agreed 12 both in their shape and pronunciation with the Phcenician characters derived from the Noachian alphabet. This is, in short, the origin of the author's '' Rudimenta Hierogliphices" Lipsiae, 1826. This juvenile work, it is true, contains many absurdities, but its fundamental sub- stance is correct, as subsequent researches have proved. At the same time it must be admitted that the Egyptians never used ideologic hieroglyphs; that many figures ex- pressed consonantal syllables, many of which signified different letters, and that the language of the ancient Egyptians was a Hebrew dialect. No one, however, has yet answered the principal question, viz., How came it to pass that the Egyptians expressed certain consonantal syllables by certain images: for instance, the letters mlk, by the owl and the queen-bee.'' The answer is, each hieroglyphic figure regularly expresses according to syllables the co7i- sonants contained in the name of the image. The owl, called mulak, and the queen-bee, called melik, signified mlk, because their names contained the same consonants. The following parallel will show the reader how much Cham- pollion's system differs from that of the writer : CHAMPOLLION. SEYFFARTH. The Egyptian literature The Egyptian literature originated from a primitive originated from the primitive ideologic method of writing. alphabet of 25 letters. Every hieroglyphic inscrip- Every hieroglyphic inscrip- tion consists partly of ideo- tion consists partly of al- logic, partly of alphabetic phabetic, partly of syllabic figures. The former are ex- images. None of the 630 plainable to everybody's hieroglyphs express a word fancy. Each hieroglyph ex- ideologically, presses always the same let- Some hieroglyphs express ter, as is the case with the different sounds, because they letters in all alphabets. were called differently in dif- The language subject to ferent times, or represented Egyptian literature was the different sexes of animals. Coptic,as taught in the Cop- The Egyptian language tic grammars and diction- was the ancient Coptic, re- aries. lated to the Hebrew and kindred languages. 13 The latter topic has been discussed in extcnso in the author's " Grammatica Aegyptiaca," Leipzig, 1855. Every friend of science will now ask : How may it be demonstrated, that the author's theory is the real key to the Egyptian literature ? The following argument may convince the opponents of this theory : The first grammatical and reliable interpretation of the Rossette Stone was published by Prof. Uhlemann, of Got- tingen, and this translation could only have been executed by means of the author's syllabic hieroglyphs. Champollion was not able to accomplish this task. The author's syllabic hieroglyphs were published in I845, and a copy transmitted to Prof. Brugsch, of Berlin, who presented it to his friend Rouge, and afterwards asked for another copy. By means of these syllabic hieroglyphs, totally unknown to Champollion, Brugsch explained the Rosette Stone. He took 122 hieroglyphs for syllabic signs, 30 of which he found in said pamphlet. In so doing he heralded Champollion as the learned discoverer of the key to the Egyptian literature, and branded the author's system as imaginary. He was, however, challenged to show Champollion's syllabic hiero- glyphs, but failed to comply with this request. In 185 1 Rouge published his translation of an inscription found in the grave of Amos, and this translation was based upon the writer's syllabic hieroglyphs. He took 30 figures for the same syllables, as first demonstrated in my pam- phlet, which had been presented to him by his intimate friend, Brugsch. Rouge, it is true, was honest enough not to ascribe the discovery of the syllabic hieroglyphs to Cham- pollion, but he also intentionally omitted the author's name. In 1848 Lepsius translated the names of the Egyptian Decani by means of my above-mentioned pamphlet, a copy of which was in his hands. He took 21 hieroglyphs for syl- labic signs, but without mentioning the names of the dis- coverer and of the book, where the syllabic meanings of those hieroglyphs had been demonstrated some years ago. It is a well-known fact that from 1824 to 1880 neither 14 ChampolHon nor any of his followers succeeded in trans- lating any hieroglyphic text entirely without bringing out nonsense. It is true, Brugsch- Bey has published an Egyp- tian grammar and also a dictionary in four volumes; but these works are not based upon philological interpretation of complete inscriptions, but on short phrases severed from the context, which he translated according to his fancy. The author, however, has published 50 grammatical inter- pretations of entire hieroglyphic texts. Query : Is a hiero- glyphic system, by means of which no entire text can be grammatically translated, and no translation like Lepsius' "Tanis Stone" can be philologically commented on, the real key to Egyptian literature } Furthermore, as often as I published a new grammatical interpretation of a hieroglyphic text I challenged Lepsius, Brugsch-Bey, Renouf, Birch, Goodwin, etc., to translate the same texts according to Champollion's system gram- matically and logically. I reminded them that, in case they failed to accomplish this task, they would pass for shameless calumniators ; but none of them attempted to save his reputation. In spite of all these facts the Champollionists up to the present day have not ceased to defame truth. ChampolHon published in 1826 a fulminant libel against my "Rudimenta" (Lettre a Blacas, etc., Florence, 1826) which was easily refuted (" Brevis defensio hieroglyphices authoris," Lipsiae, 1827), because his principal arguments were merely fictitious. Next, Lepsius in several public lectures stamped the author's system a literary mess-work; and yet this Cham- pollionist clandestinely adopted my discovery, published II years before in "Rudimenta Hieroglyphices," that Egyp- tian literature was a syllabic writing. In 1845 Bunsen's work, '■'Aegypten's Stelhing in der Welt- geschichte" appeared and my "Rudimenta" were called "a dream" in it ! But in the same work he published a number of syllabic hieroglyphs, as demonstrated by Lepsius and Birch, without mentioning that the same discovery had 15 been made 19 years earlier by the author of "Rudimenta." Is not this shameless plagiarism ? In the same " Rudimenta" it was first taught, that the language subject to hieroglyphs was not the modern but ancient Coptic, as related to Hebrew. In Bunsen's work (V., 113) we read: "It was impossible by means of the Coptic alone to translate the works of the ancient Egyp- tians. Whoever tried it, wrestled with an impossibility ! " Bunsen arrived at the conclusion that the " sacred dialect'' of the Egyptians must have been the ancient Coptic, re- lated to Hebrew. Is it not a singular phenomenon, that a Champollionist dreamed the same dream, which another person had dreamed 19 years before .■* In 185 1 Brugsch, as has been previously stated, clandes- tinely appropriated my discovery that the Egyptian litera- ture was a syllabic writing. Soon after, he adopted in the same way two other discoveries ; first, the rule, that several hieroglyphs express different letters and syllables, as will be seen in his Egyptian geography and in his Egyptian grammar and dictionary. This discovery constitutes a very important part of the author's theory. For instance, who- ever presumes that the figure of the month, signifying r in Ccesar always expresses r, and not very often kr or k, is unable to explain the Rosette and Tanis Stones, and a thousand other Egyptian texts. The same Champollionist, moreover, abandoned his master's theory, according to which the modern Coptic is the basis of the ancient Egyptian literature, for in his dic- tionary he refers numberless Egyptian groups to Hebrew roots, and impresses upon his readers (Diet. Vol. IV., Pre- face) by saying it was his friend Benfey ("Aegyptische und Semitische Sprache," 1844) who first ^/rt:// discovered the affinity of Coptic and the Hebrew. But many Coptic words, referred to Hebrew roots, were already published in Peyou's Coptic Dictionary, Turin, 1835, ^'^d the first hieroglyphic words containing Hebrew roots, will be seen in the author's "Rudimenta," published 18 years prior to Benfey. Many similar words showing the relationship between Coptic and i6 Hebrew will be found in the author's "Astronomia Aegyp- tiaca," 1833, "Alphabeta genuina," 1840, and in his " Grund- satze," 1843. Now, is it true that Benfey " first of all " dis- covered the affinity of the Coptic and Hebrew languages ? Besides, Benfey never intended to refer the Coptic dic- tionary to the Hebrew, which is the principal object of Egyptian philology, but he confined himself to a small number of Coptic particles parallelled with Hebrew ones. Almost all the Hebrew words obvious in Egyptian texts and cited by Brugsch are taken from the author's publications, especi- ally from his " Theologische Schriften," and I admire the sagacity with which this Champollionist, totally ignorant of Hebrew, identified the Coptic tele (finger) with the Hebrew egba (finger). What is the real scope of this literary effort ? Perhaps the cunning Bey speculated thus: Champollion's grammar and dictionary are, at present, antiquated and the author's publications are ignored. My theory must be trans- formed as much as possible into Champollion's system, in order to preserve the reputation of that Frenchman and his present followers. Finally, Ebers, the novelist and an eminent pupil of Lepsius, followed in the steps of his master. He delivered several public lectures in which he tried to convert his audience to the belief that Champollion and no one else had discovered the key to Egyptian literature. A few days later Prof. Wuttke, of Leipzig University, delivered a public lecture and declared that Seyffarth was the discoverer of the key to Egyptian literature. This lecture was reported in the daily press and created a great sensation. Its con- tents are to be found in "Europa, eine Chronik fur die ge- bildete Welt," Leipzig, November, 1856. Instead of confessing his calumnies. Prof. Ebers attacked the writer in the N. Y. Staatszeitung of 1871, and made the following remarks : I. ''It is a fact that Champollioti's system has triumphed.''* This is a serious mistake. Champollion's original theory is forgotten, and what Brugsch in his grammar and die- 17 tionary styles Champollion's system is, in fact, my own system. ChampoUion, in all his publications from 1823 to 1842, denied the existence of syllabic hieroglyphs, while Brugsch's grammar and dictionary produce nearly 600 syl- labic hieroglyphs, of which the majority will be found in the author's "Grammatica Aegyptiaca" and in some of his earlier works, but nowhere in Champollion's publications. The old rule, siium cuique, has become obsolete with some pro- fessors. ChampoUion taught, that every phonetic hieroglyph ex- presses only one sound, i. e., that, with which the name of the figure commences. Brugsch, on the contrary, ascribes to nearly all hieroglyphs a variety of phonetic values, and styles this departure "the polyphony of hieroglyphs." This " polyphony" however was not discovered by ChampoUion but by the author, as may be learned from his "Rudimenta" (1826). According to ChampoUion, the Coptic language was the basis of Egyptian literature. Brugsch, on the contrary, re- duces several hieroglyphic words to Hebrew words, without mentioning that the writer had done the same many years before. Now, which system triumphs at present, Champollion's or that of the author, passing under another name .-' 2. ''The syllabic hieroglyphs" Ebers says, ''were not dis- covered by Seyffarth, btit by CJiampollion or Lepsius." (Which is true, the former or the latter }) Our Champollionist probably forgot what his master men- tioned in all of his works from 1823 to 1842, to-wit : that no hieroglyphs express a syllable. He also forgot that no plate representing syllabic hieroglyphics, like those in the writer's " Grammatica Aegyptiaca," is to be found in Champollion's work. On this occasion he will allow me to remind him of a passage in Prof Uhlemann's " Thoth :" "Whoever maintains that anybody discovered syllabic hieroglyphs prior to Seyffarth, is a liar." J. "// is a certainty that Lepsiiis in iSjy discovered the first syllabic hieroglyphs. Seyffarth adopted a foreign dis- covery T Indeed ! Did our learned Egyptologist not know, that the syllabic theory was taught, and that the first syllabic hiero- glyphics were determined, 1 1 years prior to Lepsius ? By the way, the key to Egyptian literature is not to be found in a few images, which express syllables; but the ques- tion is : How came it to pass, that the Egyptians expressed different syllables by 630 hieroglyphs, and according to what rule did a certain hieroglyph signify a certain syllable ? The answer is : Every hieroglyphic image expresses syllabically the two or three consonants contained in the name of the image, the vowels, as is the case in Hebrew, being omitted. This key was wholly unknown to Lepsius and Birch, and, consequently nearly all their syllabic hieroglyphs are erro- neous. They only fixed the syllabic values of some hiero- glyhs by mere guessing. The only way to fix the syllabic values of our 630 hiero- glyphs is the following : Arrange them in natural classes (heavenly and geographical objects, limbs of man and beast, etc.), and you will see where a connecting link of the series is wanted. In the next place, look for the name of each figure, and finally, translate gramatically our bilingual and other inscriptions, in accordance with the syllabic hiero- glyphs. Our Champollionist will then comprehend the real key to Egyptian literature. 4. ''By means of Seyffarth' s system," Ebers continues, " if is impossible to read half a line" Did he not know that the author's grammar contains 11 grammatical interpretations of entire texts, that by his method 20 other complete inscriptions were analyzed, and that Prof. Uhlemann explained by means of my system the Rosettana and other entire chapters of the so-called " Todtenbuch !" 19 5- ^^ According to Chainpollio7is system" our truth-loving' friend continues, " the TodtenbucJi can really be translated as the complete translation by S. BircJi demonstrates^ Translations of Egyptian texts, in which the originals are omitted and the pronunciation of every hieroglyph is not fixed, and every group is not referred to its root, in one word, in which there are neither a grammatical analysis nor a philological commentary, do not at all prove the correctness of Champollion's system. Give Mr. Birch any Chinese text and he will translate it as faithfully as the " Todtenbuch^'' at least in the eyes of ignorant readers. 6. ^' By means of Brugsch^s grammar and dictionary l^ our learned Oedipus continues, "everyone, now-a-days can read and translate any hieroglyphic textT If true, I challenge him to translate and interpret the " Pompeian Tablet," as it has been done in the "Transac- tions of the Academy of Science," of St. Louis, Mo. (Vol. IV.) This inscription is to be analyzed and philologically commented on according to Champollion's system, as de- veloped by Brugsch. 7. " SeyffartJis merits are unimportant and limited^ This is a fact. I have no merits at all. I never longed for fading laurels, and have only worked for the glory of Him who is the Truth, and condemns all falsehood. I have never been able to write Egyptian romances, nor to discover that honey was a medicinal plant, and that a gallon of "Lagerbier" constitutes a dose for a sick person. TRIENNIAL RESEARCHES -IN- EGYPTIAN MUSEUMS AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN SOUTHERN GERMANY, ITALY, FRANCE, ENGLAND AND HOLLAND. In 1826, the author, after having convinced himself that the literary remains of ancient Egypt could not be trans- lated without studying the principal papyri and inscriptions, asked and obtained permission to visit the libraries and museums of several European countries. The Saxon Gov- ernment aided him by a donation of 400 thalers. During this time and subsequently many very important Egyptian antiquities were brought to light. I . The origin of Manethds Egyptian History^ written in Hieratic characters. The Egyptian museum of Turin preserved a huge box with at least half a million of papyrus fragments, of which the largest were three inches long and two inches broad. I perceived at a glance, that some of these fragments once formed part of a historical papyrus, like Manetho's " Cata- logue of Egyptian Dynasties." I devoted six weeks to a close examination of each of the fragments, and put them together as far as was possible. The papyrus I thus obtained, was eight feet long and one foot high, and it corresponds in all respects to our Greek Manetho, as preserved by Josephus Julius Africanus, Eusebius and others. It commences with the enumeration of the seven great gods, the planets and the twelve gods of the second class, the so-called 21 Zodiac gods. Next are enumerated the dynasties of Tanis, Heracleapolis, Memphis, Thebes, etc., and the years and months during which each dynasty and king reigned. The Hyksos, the Canaan Shepherd Kings, corre- spond to Josephus's Shepherd Kings, the Israelites. The hieratic characters of this papyrus belong to the age of Lagides. As numberless names contain corrections, consist- ing of very small pieces fastened with gum arabic on the original letters, it cannot be the work of a copyist, but must have been done by the compilator of the royal names him- self. I do not hesitate to state that this papyrus scroll, which was the second bilingual monument discovered after the Rosette Stone, was written by Manetho himself It is a great misfortune that this important papyrus is very imperfect. The same box had been examined by Champollion two years before, and after having selected one fragment of the same papyrus he authoritatively ordered the custos, Signor Cantu, while the Director of the Museum, Cavaliere St. Quintino, was in London, to put the rest of the papyrus into the privy ! Signor Cantu told me that thus at least two-thirds of the papyrus was lost forever. So we owe to Champollion's rash- ness the loss of the most important relic of Egyptian an- tiquity. The papyrus, when sent from Cairo to Turin, was complete, but in consequence of imperfect packing it crumbled into fragments. It must have contained about 200 royal names, like the Greek Manetho. 2. The Flaminian obelisk m Rome, translated by Her- mapion. ^ It was known a long time before, that the obelisk trans- ferred to Rome by the Emperor Augustus had been trans- lated by Hermapion, an Egyptian priest, but nobody had discovered that the obelisk now standing on the Porta del Popolo was Hermapion's original. Even Champollion was not aware of the fact, and one day, in 1826, he said to me : *' Hermapion's obeHsk must still lie in a cellar." The trans- lation of this interesting monument will be found in the 22 author's " Theologische Schriften." This was the third in- scription accompanied by an ancient version. J. Erathosthenes's Laterculian, the translation of the Tablet of Abydos, at present in the British Museum. The famous historian and mathematician, Eratosthenes (270 B. C), expressly states that he translated the cata- logue of 38 Theban kings into Greek, but nobody could point out the original. This laterculum represents the fourth bilingual hieroglyphic text. 4. The geographical altar of Turin of the time of Take- lop his, poo B. C. The cities of Egypt enumerated by ancient geographers and Copto-Arabic manuscripts are well known, and the same cities are recorded by the Turin altar in a geographical order. It mentions, first, the cities of the south and then those of the north ; thirdly, the eastern, and finally, the western cities of the Delta. This monument refutes Brugsch's Egyptian Geography in numberless instances. 5. The Tablet of Shishak containing the names of 120 cities of Palestine existing in the age of Rehoboam, ^4.6 B. C. The names and sites of the principal cities of Palestine are universally known, especially by the researches of Robinson and Raumer. These cities are enumerated hieroglyphically on this tablet. They were, however, inexplicable to Brugsch. This interesting monument forms the sixth bi- lingual inscription. 6. The Decani and Constellation with their Egyptian names, 1600 B. C. These inscriptions prove that the present constellations in the sky exactly agree with the ancient Egyptian ones. They are bilingual and proved inexplicable to Lepsius, who, for instance, translated " Cubiti Leonis" by "The two Feathers of the Giant." 7. A mimber of mummy-coffins with hieroglypliic and Greek legends, found in the museums of Turin, Paris, London and Berlin. 23 By means of these seven new bilingual inscriptions it was an easy matter to fix the syllabic value of a great many hieroglyphic groups. Let us now mention some other Egyptian antiquities dis- covered since 1826. 8. The 75-feet long hieroglyphic papyrus at Turin. This scroll is the most complete copy of the sacred records. It was published in 1842 by Lepsius, but incor- rectly. He changed the "wild pigeon" into "sparrow" and dated the original inscription back to 1500 or 1400 B. C. p. The wooden seal in the Museum of the New York His- torical Society. The inscription of this antiquity represents exactly the same name for which the above-mentioned Turin copy of the sacred records was written, and adds that this person was the high-priest of Phtha in the temple of King Take- lophis, 850 B. C. According to this statement the Turin "Todtenbuch" is several hundred years later than Lepsius fancied. 10. The oldest copy of the sacred records written lySo B. C. A few years ago an American traveler found at Thebes in Egypt a papyrus nearly 46 feet long, of which photographs were sent to the Smithsonian Institution, which in turn forwarded them to me. This remarkable scroll agrees with all other copies of the sacred Egyptian records ; it was written for the wife of King Horus, who, according to a planetary configuration on his temple at Thebes, reigned about 1780 B. C. This papyrus was afterwards sold to the National Museum of Paris for $1,600. 11. The Papyrtis Minutoli in Berlin. This hieratic papyrus, nearly as complete as the one of Turin, corresponds with all other copies of the sacred Egyp- tian records. Its chapters, however, are numbered, and this fact demonstrates that all copies of this sacred book must have originated from an old work, perhaps written by Athothis, the son of Menes, who is said to have been the author of the sacred Egyptian writings. This papyrus, to- 24 gether with several hundred manuscripts in the Museum of Turin, furnished a complete system of the Egyptian cyphers, which has been published by Champollion in Kosegarten! s work, " De prisca Aegyptiorum literatura," and more com- pletely by the writer in his "Alphabeta genuina," 1847. 12. Gen. Geo. Stone's papyrus, written about goo B. C. Gen. Stone, while traveling in Egypt in 1858, acquired a hieratically written five-feet long papyrus, found on the body of an extraordinarily ornamented mummy. The defunct was a general of King Shisham, who conquered Egypt in the fifth year of Rehoboam, 946 B. C. /J. The oldest papyrus in the Museum of Turin. This immense collection of nearly 100,000 Egyptian an- tiquities preserves a hieratic papyrus referring to the fifth year of Thuthmos III., 1882 B. C. This Thuthmos III. was the same king who perished in the Red Sea while pursuing the Israelites, 1866 B. C. As this king, according to Josephus and Eusebius, reigned for 26 years, this papyrus was written 22 years prior to the exodus of the Israelites. Is this not a wonderful confirmation of the Bible } Moses was, in fact, the author of the Pentateuch. Another Turin papyrus refers to Ramses II., who lived 200 years later. i^. The representations of the catacombs of Osimandya and his son, Ramses II., about i6go B. C. It is known that the valley, Biban el Moluk, west of Thebes, once contained 42 royal catacombs, or subterranean excavations for preserving royal and other mummies. A Turin papyrus, of which about two-thirds have been pre- served, represents the catacombs of Ramses II., and nearly all the chambers therein. In each chamber there is stated how long, wide and high it was according to the Egyptian ell and its inches, of which three originals are preserved in the museums of Turin, Paris and Leyden. The same cata- comb and all its chambers were measured by the French during the expedition of 1799, and thus it became an easy matter to compare the modern and ancient measurements, 25 and it was proved that the Turin, Paris and Leyden cubits represented the regular measures of the ancient Egyptians. Moreover, since the Israelites brought with them the same ells to Arabia and Palestine, it is self-evident that, by means of the Egytian cubits all Hebrew measurements in the Old Testament are determined. Besides, in the same box in which Manetho's autograph was discovered, the fragments of another large papyrus were found, of which one side deline- ates the same catacomb of Ramses II., and the other that of Osimandya. 15. The first astronomical papyrus. In 1826, simultaneous with the hieratic Manetho, this im- portant papyrus, as reproduced in the author's "Astronomia Aegyptiaca," was discovered. Its first division shows the Zodiac with its stars and cardinal points, the next three squares contain the images of the planets. The whole represents the planetary configuration, as observed Decem- ber 23d, 128 B. C. In connection with these papyri are to be mentioned the 16. Sportful delineations of human life^ found in the same box with Manetho's autograph. We specify the following scenes : A cat and a rat having discovered a bowl of milk quarrel and fight over its possession, which gives rise to a fatal war between the tribes of these two animals. The king of the rats mounts his chariot, drawn by two galloping dogs, and attacks the army of the cats. The latter are put to flight and seek protection in a fort, which by means of ladders is captured by the rats. Another picture represents the subterranean palace of a rat. The housekeeper is just carrying a stone jug to the vintry. The barn is full of sheaves, and the mice take advantage of it. In the rear, however, the cats linger. In the entrance to the cave four traveling musicians stand, of whom two, the ass and the lion, sing a duet, which the former accom- panies with the harp and the latter with a lyre. A monkey plays the flute and a crocodile shakes the cymbals. The second part of this papyrus shows the great differ- ence between Paganism and Christianity. 26 17. The colossal arragonite sarcophagus of Osimandya in Lo7ido7t. This precious relic of Egyptian art and science was dis- covered in Osimandya's catacomb by Belzoni. Its sculp- tures represent the nativity of the king. 18. The colossal granite sarcophagus of Ramses II. in Paris. This was found in the catacomb of said king, whose nativity is related by interior and exterior inscriptions. 19. The colossal granite sarcophagus in the British Museum. The so-called sarcophagus of Alexander the Great be- longs to Takelophis, 850 B. C. Its sculptures represent the nativity of the king. 20. The wooden mummy-coffin in the Museum of Leeds, England. This represents the nativity of the secretary of Osimandya and Ramses II., who reigned at the same time ; it refers to the year 1722 B. C. The computation of this planetary con- figuration was confirmed by Prof. Mitchel, late Director of the Dudley Observatory of Albany, N. Y. 21. The sarcophagus in the museum of Leipzig Uni- versity. This is one of the most remarkable relics of Egyptian art. It consists of juniper wood and contains nearly 3,000 hiero- glyphs in relief. They are cut so carefully and beautifully that it may be fairly said they emulate Greek art. The inner inscriptions represent the nativity of the secretary of King Raphakes, 1523 B. C. 22. The Isis Tablet, Tabula Bembina, at present in Turin, was formerly taken for the original ten commandments, for the mysteries of Isis, and even for the secrets of the mag- netic needle. In 1833 it was discovered that this copper- plate with numberless silver hieroglyphs represented the nativity of the Emperor Trajanus, 54 A. C. 23. The Zodiac of Dendera, discovered 1799 by the French expedition and soon after sent to Paris, created such an ex- citement that the government was obliged to hide it from 27 the public. It called forth more than fifty pamphlets. The general conviction was that this blackened sandstone tablet originated 17,000 B. C. The planetary constellations of this relic, however, proved that it referred to the nativity of the Emperor Nero, 37 A. D. 24. The Tablet of Po7npeiiy discovered in the so-called Temple of Isis, belongs, according to Brugsch, to the age of Alexander the Great, and according to Goodwin, to the time of the Persian conquest of Egypt, 520 B. C. None of these professors were able to translate this text of 20 lines. It is now taken for granted that this tablet belongs to the time of Vespasian. 25. The Tablet of Karnak represents the kings of Mizraim from Menes down to Thuthmos III. The latter was the Pharaoh who, while pursuing the Israelites, perished in the Red Sea, 1866 B. C. 26. The planetary configuration in Burton's ^^Excerpta Hieroglyphica " (II., 15) confirms Menes' arrival in Egypt in 2780 B. C. The inscription clearly expresses the name of Menes by the crescent upon which that king stands, the crescent being called man, the Greek Mi]y, symbolically signifying mn, i. e. Mene-s. 27. The ivory tablet found in the ruins of Nineveh. Layard and all his followers give the year 606 B. C. as the time of the destruction of Nineveh, but this ivory tablet, found in the ruins of Nineveh and now in possession of the British Museum, bears the name of Hofra, an Egyptian king who was deposed by Nebuchadnezar five years before the destruction of Jerusalem, i. e., in 579 B. C. It is, there- fore, self-evident that the ruins of Mossul cannot be older than 579 B. C. 28. In 1826 there existed only one Coptic dictionary, a very imperfect one by Woide. The second object of the author's triennial tour was to collect material for a complete dictionary. The large number of Coptic manuscripts in the Vatican were inaccessible ; but in the Propaganda I found many Copto-Arabic glossaries. By and by my copies of Coptic manuscripts filled 12 volumes, by means of which I 28 commenced to compile a Coptic dictionary, arranged according to the consonants. This work remained, how- ever, unfinished up to the present day. 29. The Indian atttiqtiities discovered in mounds near Davenport, Iowa. One of these tablets repr-esents the exodus of the animals from Noah's Ark. In the midst of forty or more animals, of which the elephant is clearly pointed out, we see old Noah with a stick, and his wife standing behind. On the reverse the antediluvian wickedness is represented. Another tablet shows the twelve signs of the Zodiac and the seven planets. How these antiquities enriched human knowledge will be specified in the following short articles. The Key to all Ancient Pagan Religions. During the present and last centuries numberless books were written for the purpose of interpreting the real signi- ficance of the deities of paganism. Some mythologists maintained that the pagan gods were originally historical personages of by-gone days. Miiller taught that the gods of Greece and Rome represented local spirits ; Brugsch, the eminent Champollionist, discovered that the Egyptian deities, with their animal heads, typified fictitious kings, who in this strange disguise terrified their enslaved subjects. The most wonderful exposition of Egyptian mythology is, however, to be found in Duncker's "Geschichte des Alter- thums," These hypotheses fail to explain how it came to pass, that all nations of old worshipped 7 principal (the 7 Cabiri) and 12 minor gods. All ancient reports concur in stating that all pagan re- ligions originated in Babylonia prior to the dispersion of the nations. " Babylon," Jeremiah says, "has been the golden cup in the Lord's hand that made all the earth drunken; the nations have drunken of her wine, therefore the nations are mad." And in another place the same prophet says : " The 29 pagans will spread (the bones of the prophets) before the sun and the moon, and all the hosts of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped." Plutarch and Lutatius report that " the deities of the Greeks and barbarians, both in the North and the South, are the same." Cicero writes : ** Quot hominum linguae tot nomina deorum." The Greeks and Romans constantly paralleled their deities with those of Egypt, Gallia, Ger- many and the Orient. As all Pagan religious deities originated from the same source, it is an easy matter to elucidate their signification, Aristotle says : '* It is stated by the ancients, or rather by the very ancients, that the planets and the constellations were the original deities." The Egyptian priest, Chaere- mon, asserts : " Aegyptii non alios ponunt deos praeter vulgo dictos planetas atque Zodiaci signa." Apart from these seven planets and the twelve zodiacal gods, the an- cient nations worshipped the Creator of the Universe, called Deus optimus maximus, the father both of men and the deities, the Allfatur of the Northern nations, the Parabrama of the Indians, etc. Porphyrius testifies that the sacred animals of the Egyp- tians symbolized ** Dei in res omnes potentiam quam singuli deorum declarant." These notes will convince every reader that the Egyptians worshipped, first, the Creator of the Universe; second, the seven planets; and, thirdly, the seven zodiacal gods. All ancient religions consisted of theism modified by astrology. 30 The Key to the Astronomical Monuments of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Cyprians, Indians, Mexicans, etc. Diodorus Siculus writes, that the Egpytians were ardent star-gazers and preserved their observations of the planets. The same statement is testified by Aristotle (" De Coelo," II., 12.) Simplicius says : " Apud Aegyptios observationes astronomiae extant ante 2,000 annos factae." Cicero writes {"De divin. L, i.): "Aegyptii longinquitate temporum innumerabilibus paene saeculis consecuti putantur." The observations of the planetary configurations are of the greatest importance for ancient history and chro- nology; for it is a well-established fact that the seven planets together cannot return to the same places of the zodiac prior to 2,146 years. During this period the planets perform their revolutions. As the ancients were in the habit of observing planetary configurations on occasions of important events, for instance, on the coronation of a new king, on the birth of royal persons, etc., a planetary con- figuration referred to a certain event, and the date of the latter may be ascertained with mathematical accuracy. The next question is : By what monuments or relics are planetary configurations represented } The signs of the zodiac or of the twelve gods may be seen on numerous temple walls, sarcophagi, mummy coffins, papyri, and implements. We need only mention the mummy coffin of Leeds, two sarcophagi in the British Museum, the three tablets of the Turin zodiac, etc. The rows of gods on these relics Champollion declared inexplic- able; they were only understood by men familiar with Egyp- tian mysteries. Another class of planetary configurations represents seven sofas and on each two deities, of which the first signifies a planet, and the second the sign which the planet occupied. According to Lepsius these images represented different suns ! Strange, that the Egyptians had the privilege of worshipping fourteen suns ! 31 By what names where the planets and the 12 signs of the Zodiac symboHzed ? The Greek and Roman names and images of the seven planets are universally known, viz.: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury, the Sun and the Moon. The Egyptian names of these planets have been preserved on the Turin Manetho. In the latter, history is commenced by the so-called dynasty of the 7 great gods (the planets) and the 12 minor gods (the signs of the Zodiac). On the Turin Manetho the planets are thus arranged, all however in one line : ^32i No. I is the name of Saturn, kv, related to Khiva-n, the ancient name of the Hebrews and Arabs. No. 2, Hoser, Osiris, the name of Jupiter. Diodorus calls him ^' the son of the sun." The " Vetus Chronicon," in enumerat- ing the seven planetary gods, mentions the sun and Osiris '(Jupiter) in connection with him. Eusebius, likewise, enumerates Helios, Agathodaemon, Kronos and Osiris, whom his Armenian translator calls Jupiter. No. 3 represents the Indian swine (Tapir Indicus); it ex- presses the syllablehere 55 in Sasotris, Ossiniandya. Conse- quently, we have the name of Mars. (Cramer, Anecd. II., 385.) No. 4 is obviously the name of Venus. The sparrow-hawk was frequently rendered by Kr, and Kop-o?, Kop r} is the name of Venus. No. 5 is the name of Thoth, Mercury. No. 6 is the Moon, following Mercury, as regards her velocity. The group contains the following Coptic words: 32 mk, mk, mk, tk, kp, the mighty goddess, the mother of the king (Menes). The first four hieroglyphs commonly stand after the names of the defuncts, to signify that the latter are deified. The root in these words is the Hebrew mag; Latin magnus, mighty. No. 7 represents the Sun. The sparrow-hawk signifies the letters kr, meaning kur (sun), from which the name of Cyrus is derived. Thus the principal object, viz.: the explanation of as- tronomical inscriptions of the Egyptians, Greeks and Ro- mans, and the determination of the names of the planets, is reached. The classic names of the 12 great gods, the wardens of the 12 signs, are specified in the "Calendaria rustica," and in the Greek and Roman names of the months. Nearly all ancient names of the months refer to deities as the wardens of the 12 signs. It is to be regretted that the Egyptian names of the 12 great gods are broken off in the Turin Manetho, but this misfortune can be repaired. It is known that the signs of the Zodiac passed for the "houses of the planets," as the fol- lowing scheme shows : 9. ^ f / ^ _J/ ^ /r ^ -t ^ (^ Hence, the Egyptians expressed a certain sign of the figure of that planet which was the warden of the same sign, and to distinguish the planets from the signs, the Egyp- tians put on the heads of the deities, which represented the wardens of the signs and not the planets, the figure of a coblet, meaning abet, house. Moreover, as said before, several astronomical inscriptions enumerate the wardens of the signs according to their regu- 33 lar order. This is the case, for instance, with the three repre- sentations of the zodiacal gods on the Turin Zodiac, the mummy-coffin of Leeds, the granite sarcophagus. No. 3, in the British Museum, the planetary configurations on the great temple of Karnak, the temple of Pharaoh Horus, and many others. All these relics and monuments enumerate the 12 zo- diacal gods in the same manner, and by comparing them with each other the names of the 12 gods representing the signs of the Zodiac are easily made out. This is, in short, the key to the numerous astronomical inscriptions of the Egyytians, ■Greeks and Romans. We specify the following planetary configurations already explained : 2780 B. C, Menes's arrival in Egypt. 2460 B. C, the reign of the second Chinese kings. 195 1 B. C, close conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in the sign of Pisces. 1780 B. C, coronation of Pharaoh Horus, the thirty-third king after Menes. 1730 B. C, coronation of Osimandya, the father of Ramses II., the thirty-seventh king after Menes. 1722 B. B., nativity of Osymandya's and Ramses's II. secretary. 'j'j'j B. C, celebration of the first Olympian games. 752 B. C, foundation of Rome. 489 B. C, battle near Marathon. 479 B. C, battle near Salamis. 62 B. C, nativity of Augustus. 40 B. C, nativity of Tiberius. 9 B. C, nativity of Claudius. 8 A. C, nativity of Vespasian. 37 A. C, nativity of Nero. 50 A. C, nativity of Domitian. 54 A. C, nativity of Trajan, etc. It is, therefore, conclusive that the planetary configura- tions of the ancients form the most reliable basis for ancient history, and that their explanations form the most impor- tant discovery of the present century, as they will rectify the chronologies of the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Per- 34 sians, Medians and Babylonians. How they will do this will be shown in the following paragraphs : 1. The Canictdar Periods. According to Ideler these periods of 1460 Julian years com- menced 2781 , and 1 32 1 B.C. and 39 A.C., according to the plane- tary configurations they began, however, one year later. Ideler also forgot that Spartian puts the date of Antonius Prius, in whose first year the Canicular period was com- menced, one year back (140 A. C.) 2. The true Apis periods of 2^ Egyptian years. These periods, beginning one year later than was formerly believed, were renewed from 2780 to 1320 B. C, in such a manner that when divided by 25 they leave 5 as a remainder. The same festivity took place from 1320 B. C. to 40 A. C. in those years, which being divided by 25 leave the remainder 25. This is' important, because certain events of ancient history refer to years of the Apis periods. J. The Egyptian cyclus of ^o years. It is a singular phenomenon, that on the day of Menes's arrival in Egypt, the i6th day of July, which was the day of the summer-solstice, Saturn and Mars were in conjunction, and that the latter returned after 30 Egyptian years. This wonderful configuration took place from 2780 B. C. to 140 A. C, in those years which being divided by 30 leave 2 as a remainder; e.g., in 202 B. C, in which Ptolomaeus Epiphanes became king. This king was hieroglyphically represented by a bowl, a throat, and a bowl with a small stone in it, meaning " the lord of the sacrificial festivity." The same group we find added to many royal names, and hence the years are determined in which these kings were crowned. For instance, Ramses II. ascended the throne in 1724, and Thuthmos III. in 1892 B. C, as will be seen hereafter. This period may be reduced to 3446 B. C, the year of the deluge. 4. The Phoenix Periods. Nearly all sacred Egyptian records represent two birds in juxtaposition, one of whom is termed chol, the o1\\^x ben nab. The former name probably designates Mercury, in Hebrew 35 chol, and in Coptic alloe. The latter is obviously Venus, for ben, in Coptic woin, means resplendent, and beni, the crane,, (not swallow) is the symbol of Venus. Nab, in Coptic nav, means " to be seen;" ben nal, therefore, may be translated as the " appearing, resplendent planet." The same crane, or phoenix, frequently conveyed the idea of beauty. Venus, after certain intervals, crosses the disc of the sun,, and this phenomenon gave rise to the classical myth, that Phoenix, the bird, sometimes burns itself in Heliopolis, i. e., in the sun. The Egyptians and Romans mention many years in which the Phoenix consumed itself, and hence it is an easy task to fix the years in which Venus crossed the solar disc. We shall refer to this matter again in a subsequent para- graph. The True History and Chronology of Egypt. The Pentateuch distinguishes three coeval kingdoms of Egypt, viz., Pathros, which means in Coptic the Southern Country, and Mizraim, or the two Mazors, which comprised the Eastern and Western Delta. That Egypt was ruled simultaneously by three distinct dynasties is confirmed by several monuments. According to the Greek translation, made 273 B. C. by the famous historian and mathematician, Eratosthenes, the tablet of Abydos, at present in the Brit- ish Museum, mentions 38 kings of Southern Egypt, who ruled from the time of Menes to that of Ramses II. This period occupied 1076 years, or rather 1106, as Stamenemes I. was omitted by the copyist. As the intervening years, in which Kings Horus, Osymandya, Ramses II. and Thuthmos III. were crowned, are fixed by planetary configurations, Menes could not have reigned prior to 2780 B. C. This is also confirmed by the Tablet of Karnak. This ancient in- scription of 1866 B. C. specifies from Menes to Thuthmos III. (1866 B. C), the 30th king after Menes, two series of kings, namely the kings of the Eastern and Western Delta; one line consisted of 32, and the other of 28 kings, both 36 being followed by Thuthmos III. As each king ruled for about 29 years and a half, it is evident that Menes could by no means have settled in Egypt previous to the year 2780 B. C. Finally, the " Veius Chronicon " of the Egyptians, as pre- served by Syncellus, the renowned father of the church, ex- pressly states that Menes entered Egypt at the beginning of the Canicular period, in 2780 B. C. Now, how did our Champollionists act on this question ? They ignored the fact that Menes's arrival in Egypt is tnathematically fixed by 14 astronomical monuments; they ignored the fact that the Tablet of Karnak specifies 32 kings of the Eastern and 28 of the Western Delta; they ignored the fact that the kings of Mazor, with whom Abraham and Isaac conversed, ruled over a small portion of Egypt only, and not over the whole of it ; they ignored the fact that Moses distinguished three kingdoms of Egypt; they ignored the fact that the " Vetus Chronicon " begins Egyptian history with the commencement of the Canicular period, in 2780 B. C; they ignored the fact that the Abrahamites and Israelites governed themselves only and not the whole of Egypt. Our Champollionists authoritatively state that Manetho's dynasties must have reigned in immediate succession. Since 1839, to say nothing of earlier chimeras, the Christ- ian world has been taught to believe that Menes reigned before Christ 6467 (Henne) years, or 5867 (Champollion), or 5772 (Lesieur), or 5702 (Boeckh), or 5652 (Gudschmidt), or 5613 (linger), or 5303 (Henry), or 4515 (Denormant), or 4890 (Baruchi), or 4455 (Brugsch), or 4400 (Pickering), or 4175 (Lauth), or 3895 (Hinchs), or 3892 (Lepsius\ or 3623 (Bun- sen), or 3187 (Mayer) years, and so on. The final conclu- sion was that, according to Lepsius, " the deluge was con- fined to a small portion of our globe, and that the chro- nology of the Bible was a myth." Is this not strange .? 37 Manetho's Hyksos — The Israelites. Josephus, the conscientious preserver of Manetho's Egyp- tian history, maintains that the Hyksos, or shepherd kings (the 7th dynasty of Manetho, coeval with the Theban kings), were the Israelites. He also mentions that Yk in the Egyptian language signified both king and servant, and that SOS meant shepherd. This is correct. Yk, properly pronounced wuk, or buk, is the Coptic bok, servant. That the same word was a synonym for regent is not mentioned in our Coptic dictionaries, but is justified by the following facts : The Egyptians worshipped the god Besa, a name which is, undoubtedly, a corrupted form of Beka, lord, because the oracle and the temple of Besa, the invisible god and creator of the universe, were located in Abydos. In the Acts of Caluthus this god is called Bes-amun, and amun, as well as the Hebrew anion, signifies the glorious god. Hence, Yk means king. Lepsius denies that Manetho's Hyksos were identical with the Israelites. He takes the Hyksos for a band of Assyrian robbers, who ruled over the whole of Egypt for a period of several hundred years, and states that the Israelites, ig- nored by Manetho, left Egypt during the reign of Ramses II., or about 1600 B. C. The Turin Manetho, like Josephus, specifies 8 shepherd kings, and this dynasty is headed by a group, the name of which means "the reigns of the shepherds, namely, the judges of the herdsmen." Is it true now that Manetho's Hyksos were a band of Assyrian robbers, or rather the judges of the herdsmen, the Israelites } Joseph was, as it is well known, proclaimed shalit (governor) after his elevation, and, according to Manetho, as Josephus testifies, the second shepherd-governor was called Salatis, which is obviously the same name as shalit. 38 Moreover, Manetho reports that the shepherd-kings, after their expulsion, built Jerusalem. Who then told Lepsius that this was done by Assyrian robbers ? Josephus states that the Israelites lived for 215 years in Egypt; according to the Turin Manetho this period lasted 213 years, i month and 17 days. The New York Obelisk and the Pharaoh Drowned in the Red Sea, 1866, B. C. On January 22, 1881, the Alexandrian Obelisk, a gift of the Viceroy of Egypt, was re-erected in the New York Cen- tral Park. It represents the names of Thuthmos III. and of Ramses II., who lived 200 years later. The former was the noted Pharaoh, who perished, while pursuing the Israelites in the Red Sea, in 1866 B. C. The year 2780 B. C, when Menes settled in Tanis and when the first Canicular period commenced, is, as we have seen, fixed with mathematical certainty. Manetho reports that the Israelites resided in the country of Goshen during the 700th year after the beginning of the Canicular period, consequently in the year 2080 B. C. Since they dwelt there for 213 years, i month and 17 days, it is evident that the Israelites crossed the Red Sea at Easter in 1866. This statement is confirmed by the following facts : Clement of Alexandria reports that the Israelites left Egypt 545 years prior to the beginning of the Canicular period (1320 B. C), consequently in 1866 B. C. Abarbanel, Josephus and many other Rabbinic authors state that three years and some months prior to Moses' birth a remarkable conjunction of the planets Saturn and Jupiter had taken place, viz.^ in 195 1 B. C, and the famous astronomer Kepler demonstrated that such a conjunction occurs only once in 800 years. Moses must consequently have been born in 1947 B. C. When he led the Israelites out of Egypt he was 80 years and some months old. The exodus must, therefore, have taken place in 1866 B. C. 39 Let us now answer the question : Which of the Pharaohs perished in the Red Sea while pursuing the Israelites ? The Tablet of Abydos specifies 38 kings from Menes to Ramses II., who died, according- to several astronomical inscriptions, about 1660 B. C. These kings, as stated by Eratosthenes, the famous historian, mathematician and translator of the Abydos Tablet, reigned for 1,076 or rather 1,106 years, as the copyists omitted Stamenes I. As from the time of Menes to 1866 B. C. there are 914 in- tervening years, it is evident that Thuthmos III. must have reigned in 1866 B. C. This Thuthmos III. was the thirtieth king after Menes, and as each of these kings reigned 29^^ years on an average, Thuthmos, the follower of the 28 and 32 kings of the Eastern and Western Delta, must have died about 1895 B. C. The Tablet of Abydos reports that Horus was the fourth king after Thuthmos III,, and the year 1780 B, C. has been astronomically ascertained as the year of his ascending the throne. Supposing now that each of the three kings from Thuthmos III.'s death to Horus' coronation in 1780 B. C. ruled for 29 years, our Thuthmos III. must have died in 1866 B. C, as said before. For 3x29=87 years, which, being added to 1780, give the year 1866. Moreover, the sister obelisk in London testifies that Thuthmos III. was the " Lord of the Triaconta eteris," like Ptolemaeus Epiphanes; i. e., he began to rule in a year in which the period of 30 years after 2780 B. C. recommenced. All other years, after being divided by 30, leave the remainder 2; consequently Thuthmos III. must have reigned in 1892 B. C, in which the period of 30 years again began. According to Josephus, Julius Africanus, Eusebius and his Armenian translator, Thuthmos III. governed for 26 years; he was crowned in 1892 and died in 1866 B. C. And in this same year the Israelites crossed the Red Sea. Finally, the Tablet of Abydos mentions four kings of the name of Thuthmos; Manetho calls them likewise Thuth- mos, except the third one, whom he names Mi-sph-rag- muth-os. As no such royal name occurs on any Egyptian 40 monument, it must, undoubtedly, refer to Thuthmos III. This strange name contains five Egyptian words, viz., Mi- suph, the Red Sea; rag signifies, both in Hebrew and in Coptic, a bay or inlet; muth means died; os, the Hebrew ish, denotes a man. Hence the whole name or sentence is to be translated thus: " The man who perished in the bay of the Red Sea." Manetho is certainly a reliable authority. He was a high- priest in the capital of Egypt, and was asked by King Ptolemaeus (280 B. C.) to write the history of his country. He had personally examined the Tablets of Abydos and Karnak, and many other relics and monuments, so that he was in possession of ample material to perform his task. His work was copied by Josephus, Julius Africanus and Eusebius, whose translations are in perfect harmony with the Turin Manetho, It is beyond all reasonable doubt that it was Thuthmos III. who perished in the Red Sea while pursuing the Is- raelites. And Thuthmos III. is the king mentioned on the New York obelisk, now about 3,750 years old. Is it not a singular act of Providence that, after so long a time, the name of the hero of a tragedy, unparalleled in his- tory, has come to light } The Age of the Great Pyramids near Cairo. Lepsius places these pyramids in the times before the great deluge, which he tries to prove by a passage of Ma- netho reporting that ''Suphis" the second king of the fourth dynasty, erected a great pyramid. Suppose Manetho's dynasties to have ruled in succession, the fourth must have governed the whole of Egypt 762 years after Menes, or about 2000 B. C. At that time the Delta was not so densely populated as to detach 100,000 men for a period of ten years (as Herodotus tells us) for building the great pyramid. Moreover, there is a great difference between ^^Suphis" and ''CheopsP The builders of the great pyramids, Cheops, 41 Chephren and Micerinus, ruled in succession, and the fourth dynasty does not mention three kings with the names of Cheops, Chephren and Micerinus. In short, these great pyramids must have been built at a much later time. The Arabian author, Aly Bey (Vol. 2, p. 25, Philadelphia edition) refers Cheops to 850 B. C. At that time the nine kings of Bubastis reigned, whose names have nearly all been preserved by Manetho's copyists. It is, therefore, probable that at that time the great pyramids near Memphis, built by Cheops, Chephren and Micerinus, were erected. At any rate, had they existed in Moses' time, they would have been mentioned in the Pentateuch. The First Olympian Games in 777 B. C. Since the publication of Petavius' " Doctrina Temporum" (Paris, 1627), the basis of all chronologies, it is universally believed that the first Olympian games were enacted in 775 (astr.) B. C. According to Livy and later authors, who mention the same games, the Olympiads must, however, have commenced two years earlier, which is confirmed by a planetary configuration, as described by Pindar and Pausa- nias, and referring to the year 'jjy B. C. As the ancients were in the habit of commencing their cycles with O (naught), the mark oi /, /, signified that this respective event belonged to the first year after the end of the first cyclus of four Olympian years, beginning with the planetary configuration of the year 777, /. e., during June of 775 B. C. Accordingly, the first year of any Olympiad com- menced in June of such years B. C, which, being divided by four, leave the remainder one, that is, in the year i B. C. But after Christ the first year of an Olympiad began in June of such years which, being divided by four, leave the remainder three, i. e., in the years 3 A. C, 7 A. C. and so on. The planetary configuration of the year Tjy B. C. is of the greatest importance, as it post-dates all events of Grecian history by two years. 42 Greek, Babylonian and other Eclipses. The present theory of the motions of the moon is based upon presumed Babylonian and classic eclipses. But as these eclipses do not agree with the Olympiads, by which the former must be two years post-dated, it came to light that the present theory of the secular motion of the moon, its apsides and nodes needs some corrections. This question was discussed in extenso by the writer in the "Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Mo." (Vol. III., p. 401.) Without a correction of the actual theory of the lunar motions, a great many classic eclipses would have been in- visible, which are, however, reported by eye-witnesses. The Solar Months of the Greeks. Many centuries ago it was universally believed that the Greek months were lunar ones, viz., those of Meton. The latter calendar, by the way, commenced one year later, and eleven days earlier than Ideler imagined, i. e.. May 15th in 428 B. C. The lunar months commenced on days in which the crescent became visible; consequently the Greek full moons set in one day after the astronomical full moon. The Greeks regulated only their religious festivals by lunar months. The following arguments demonstrate that the civil year of the Greeks was a solar one : Theodos Gaza and Censorius, the most reliable chronolo- gers of the ancients, testify that the Greeks not only used lunar but also solar years, and that they counted the years in which the Olympian games were celebrated leap years. Menton's lunar year commenced on the 13th day of " Scirophorion," but no new moon can coincide with the 13th day of a lunar year ; consequently Scirophorion must of necessity have been a solar month. 43 The Battle of Marathon was fought on the 6th day of Boedromion, 3 days after a full moon; but no full moon does set in on the 6th day of a lunar month. The solar eclipse preceding the election of Kleon was seen on the i6th day of Anthesterion ; but no solar eclipse coincides with the i6th day of a lunar month. Alexander the Great was born on the 6th day of Heka- tombaeon, during the Olympian games, as celebrated from the nth to the i6th day of the lunar month. Consequently the 6th day of Hekatombaeon must have been a solar one. A number of Greek inscriptions mention in juxtaposition dates of thejunar and dates of the solar years. By means of these astronomical facts it was an easy task to fix the beginnings of the solar months of the Greeks, as follows: The Macedonian month commenced together with the Attic, and the Spartan solar year began two days later. Macedonian. jfulian Years. Apellaeos. December 4 Audynaeos. January 3. Peritios. February 2. Dystros. March 4. Ysanthikos. ^ April 3. Artemisios. May 3. Daesios. June 2. Panemos. July 2. Loos. August I. Gorpiseos. August 31. Hyperberetaeos. Sept. 30. Dios. October 30. 5-6 intercalary days, November 29. The same solar calendar was already found in a Greek manuscript by Halma, but nobody was able to state to what Greek nation it referred. Attic. Gamelion. Anthesterion. Eleiaphebalion. Munychion. Margelion. Scirophorion. Hekatombaeon. Metageiterion, Boedromion. Pyanepsion. Maemakterion. Poseideon. 44 The Seasons of the Greeks. It is known that Thucydides and Xenophon divided the years into two equal parts. For further explanation we refer to the writer's "Corrections of the present History and Chronology of the Romans, Greeks, etc." Leipzig, 1855. Corrections of the Present History of Greece. B.C. The first Olympian games celebrated a few days prior to the summer solstice 'j'jj 01. I, I commenced with the same days in the year 773 Battle near Marathon on the 6th day of August 488 Battle of Thermopylae during the Olympian games 477 Commencement of the Peloponnesian war by the Athenians. (Thuc. 11. , 21.) 429 Cleon elected strategus (Arist. Nubes, 580.) 420 The Attic army and its general Nicias perish in Sicily (Thuc. VII., 30.) 410 The 22d year of the Peloponnesian war; the Piraeus destroyed 401 Alexander the Great, born June 7th, during the Olymp- pian games 353 Battle near Arbela, September loth, eleven days after the lunar eclipse, September 20th , 329 Alexander the Great dies in June 320 Corrections of Babylonian, Assyrian, Median, and Persian Histories. BC. Battle on the Halys between the Medians and Lybians. 621 Mundane, Cyrus' mother born one year after the battle on the Halys 620 Nebuchadnezzar (Nabokolassar) conquers Jerusalem.. . 602 Cyrus born 596 Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem seventy years be- fore Cyrus' monarchy 583 45 Cyrus, being 62 years old, conquers Babylon (Dan. 6, i). 534 Nineveh (Laryssa) destroyed subsequent to the solar eclipse in 53^ Cyrus, seventy years old, dies in the ninth year after the destruction of Babylon 626 Cambyses conquers Egypt during the renewal of an Apis period , 520 Darius Hystaspes reigns 5^7 Xerxes at Sardis 478 Artaxerxes Longimanus dies 422 Darius Nothus reigns 421 The thirteenth year of Darius Nothus 409 Artaxerxes Mnemon reigns 401 Darius Codomannus dies 328- Corrections of Chinese History. The Chinese Annals, like Manetho's Sothio and the Vetus Chronicon, contain an enumeration of kings from Fo h i dov^n to the present emperor. This Fohi, in whose days " the columns of the heavens broke down, and the fountains of the depths opened," is obviously Noah. The Chinese Annals place him unanimously in the year 3332 B. C, and the first Chinese king in the year 2598 B. C. The second king of the first Chinese dynasty, who, as a matter of course, could not have reigned prior to the dis- persion of the nations in 2780 B. C, as we have previously seen, ruled about the year 2460 B. C, as the planetary configuration of the same year, observed during his reign, evidences. As the same king is said to have ruled for 78 years, i. e., from 2513 to 2435 B. C, and as his predecessor may, like Menes, have ruled for 60 years, it is apparent that the first Chinese king reigned 138 years earlier, or about the year 2780, in which the dispersion of the nations took place. The second date of Chinese history is fixed by a total eclipse of the sun observed in the reign of the fourth king of 46 the second dynasty, or according to the Chinese annals from 2158 to 2145 B. C. Said eclipse took place in 2192 B. C. As the Chinese annals place Fohi nearly 114 years too late, it is probable that the fourth king of the second dynasty ruled some years earlier. Corrections of Roman History. Petavius' Roman History contains seven gross blunders : Firstly. Petavius dates the foundation of Rome 753 B. C, but the planetary configuration and the solar eclipse ob- served at the time of the foundation of Rome place this event in the year 752 B. C. Hence it is evident that all events of Roman history are post-dated by one year. This is also confirmed by the celebration of the secular years counted from 752 and not from 753 B. C. Secondly. Petavius authoritatively mentions two Consuls in 331 B. C, of whom neither the Fasti Capitolini nor Livy know anything. Thirdly. Petavius shortened the reign of Julius Csescir by one year, and allowed him only nine dictatorships, while all other historians unanimously speak often. Fourthly. Petavius took the extraordinary Consuls, 47 A. C, for ordinary. Petavius' Roman History may consequently be regarded as unreliable. The following dates may, therefore, be considered real corrections of Roman history : B. c. Foundation of Rome on the day of the vernal equinox. . 752 The first yQ2ir post urbem co7iditam begins January ist. . 751 Romulus dies, June 5th, during a solar eclipse observed in Rome 715 The first consuls since the Kal. August 453 M. T. Cicero and C. Antonius, during whose consulates Augustus was born 62 Caesar crosses in January the Rubicon; solar and lunar eclipses take place 47 47 Introduction of the Julian Calendar, January 1st, on which day the crescent appeared 41 Caesar dies, March isth. The Olympian Games cele- brated 41 Augustus conquers Egypt, Cleopatra dies 27 A. C. Augustus dies, 78 years old, August 19th; lunar eclipse January 30th ; Tiberius reigns 16 Tiberius dies, March i6th; Caligula reigns 40 Caligula dies, January 24th; Claudius reigns 43 Claudius dies, October 13th; Nero reigns 55 Nero dies, June 9th 69 Vespasian proclaimed emperor, June 69 Destruction of Jerusalem 7^ Vespasian dies, June 22d; Titus becomes emperor. . .. 80 The Antiquity of Astronomy. The following facts demonstrate that the science of as- tronomy must be as old as the human race. The millions of stars, as visible to the naked eye, may be grouped in a thousand different ways, and yet we find the constellations of our times recorded by the Romans, Greeks, Babylonians and other nations. The girdle of the starry heaven, within which all planets revolve, may be divided into numberless sections, each of which may be represented by numberless animals; and yet it was divided into 12 parts, each sign into 3 decuriae, 7 horia, 12 dodecatemoria, 30 degrees and so on, by the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, etc. The zodiacs of the Mexicans and of other American nations represent these 12 signs, with their subdivisions. The Zodiac of Davenport, Iowa, depicts these 12 signs as follows: Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces. Moreover, these signs of the Davenport Zodiac represent a planetary con- figuration by putting the 7 planets in certain signs, and this planetary configuration belongs, as will be seen in another 48 place, to a very remote date. The planetary configuration observed on Menes' arrival in Egypt denotes the year 2780 B. C. or the 660th year after the Deluge, /. e. the sum- mer solsticial day. According to a Greek author Saturn stood during the deluge in the sign of Taurus, which relates to the year 3446 B. C. Another Greek writer tells us that on the day of creation the dog-star Sirius rose helically. " Sirius qui ducit mundi initium." This phenomenon took place on the vernal equinoctial day in 5780 B. C. All ancient nations were aware of the fact that the fixed stars of the zodiac move every 2146 years 30*^, or a whole sign, as we shall directly .see. Josephus, the best instructed man of ancient times, ascribes the first knowledge of astronomy to Seth, Adam's son. This fact is verified by a Theban papyrus, written in Greek, which reads thus : " The ancient wise Chaldeans, particularly Petosiris, and, before all. King Necheus, who were instructed by our Mercury and Aesculapius, i.e., Imudi, the son of Vulcanus, delivered us the art of astronomy." Vulcan is the creator who, according to the "Vetus Chroni- con," ruled prior to the planetary gods. Necheus is no doubt Noah, the pupil of Mercury (Thoth). Petosiris means " Creature of the Creator." These facts prove beyond doubt that the knowledge of astronomy was extant prior to the deluge. The World-Period, the three World-Ages, the Yugas and Avataras. It is known that the fixed stars proceed from West to East, whilst the equinoctial points recede from East to West. The progression of the fixed stars is one degree in 72 years, 10^ in 715, and 30'' in 2146 years. The ancients of immemorial times were well acquainted with this fact, and based the system of the great world-period of 36,000 years 49 on it. From the want of reliable astronomical instruments they presumed that the progression of the fixed stars was I** in 100, lo'* in 1,000, and 30°, i. e.y one sign, in 3,000 years. As the zodiac contains 12 signs, the ancients calculated that after 36,000 years the starry heaven must have performed a complete revolution. This period, termed by the ancients the great world-period, consisted of 12 world-ages of 3,000 years each. As, however, the progression of the fixed stars amounts to 30*^ (one sign) in 2, 146 years, it is evident that the ancient world-ages must have commenced 2,146 years after the preceding ones. These periods of 2,146 years the East Indians called Ytigas. They also state at what time each Yuga commenced. The present world-age is called Kaliiiga, which commenced 568 A. C. The Indian Avataras were periods of 715 years; three of them formed one Yuga. Even Hesiod (Georg. V., 141-174), refers to periods of 715 years. The question, "In what year did the ancient world-ages commence r is answered by the planetary configurations as observed at their beginning. Fabari, an Arabian author, writes: "Know, the astrono- mers, Aristoteles, Hepparch, and all other previous masters of astronomy, indicate what time will elapse from Adam (peace be with him), to the day of the last judgment. The afore-mentioned masters state that when the mighty and incomparable God created the moon, the sun and the stars, each of them stood in its place, according to the command of the Lord. Saturn stood in Libra, 21° Jupiter stood in Cancer, 1 5° Mars stood in » ^ o . Capricornus, 28° Sun stood in . . ., ^ Aries, 19° Venus stood in Pisces, 27° Mercury stood in Pisces (Virgo), 15" Moon stood in Taurus, 3° The same planetary configuration is mentioned in all ancient Egyptian, Greek and Babylonian astronomical works. 50 Tne Babylonians call it ^^Hypsomata" i. e., beginnings of the planets. Some astronomers, however, place the sun in Aries O'^, to indicate that the observation must be referred to the vernal equinoctial days, on which, according to the ancients, the creation took place. The computations give the year 5870 B. C. Even Macrobius states that on the day of creation the moon stood in the sign of Cancer. The commencement of the second world-age in 3724 B. C. is fixed by the following passage of the Zendavesta r "At the beginning God created the man and the bull on a mountain, where they remained for 3,000 years without evil. This period comprises the first signs, namely, Aries, Taurus and Gemini. The next 3000 years which they passed without trouble and uneasiness are indicated by the signs Cancer, Leo and Virgo. But in the seventh millennium, corresponding to the sign of Libra, wickedness made its appearance. For 30 years the man tilled the ground and raised vegetables and . other plants. When the millennium of Cancer commenced, Jupiter stood in Cancer, the Sun in Aries, the Moon in Taurus, Saturn in Libra, Mars in Capricornus, Venus and Mercury in Pisces. This planetary configuration took place May 7th, 3724 B. C, i. e., 2146 years after the commence- ment of the first world-age. The following passage from the Ramayana (L 19) refers to the planetary configuration observed April 17th, 1758 B. C, at the beginning of the third world-age : " On the 9th day of the month of Kaitru, under the lunar house presided over by Aditis, five planets stood in their hypsomata, Jupiter and the Moon rising together in the sign of Cancer." The world-age beginning 568 A. C. is described in the later Vedas (Bentley, Historical View, 1825). It refers to the birth of Krishna, i. e., Mars, the warden of the fourth world-age. These world-ages of 2146 years were also known to the Greeks and Romans, but, as usual, obscured in myths. They fabled that from 5870 to 3724 B. C. Uranus and from 3724 to 1758 B. C. Saturn reigned, and Jupiter after him. 51 The Universality of the Deluge. In ancient times it was generally believed that once a universal inundation of the whole globe had taken place, and that only eight persons were wonderfully saved from it, who afterwards transferred the arts and sciences of the antedi- luvians to the postdiluvians. At present this historical event is looked upon as a childish myth. Careful examination of all ancient traditions concerning the condition and changes of our globe, and of numerous institutions and ceremonies found with all aborigines have brought to light that said deluge, notwithstanding our ration- alistic philosophers, must have been universal. In my pamphlet, " Die Allgemeinheit der Siindfluthsage," I have more fully specified the following facts : Traditions of a universal deluge have been preserved by all known nations of antiquity, e. g., Egyptians, Chaldeans, Indians, Phoenicians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Celts, Scan- dinavians, Hottentots, Mexicans, etc. Many of these nations date this deluge back to the first century of the world. All legends of the deluge relate the same characteristic particulars as described in the Bible. The legends of remote nations, such as the Chaldeans and the North American Indians, are essentially the same. A few years ago a tablet was found in an Indian mound, near Davenport, Iowa, which represents the ark, more than 40 different animals proceeding from it, an old man and his wife, and three sons with their wives. Who told our Indians that our present animals proceeded from an ark, and that eight persons, four males and four females, were saved from the deluge .-' The geological formation of our globe indicates a general deluge. In the New York Central Park, for instance, we find rocks weighing thousands of tons reposing on rocky hills; thousands of Indians would not have been able to roll them on these elevations. 52 If the Noachian Deluge had been but partial, all ancient nations would have invented different divisions of the zodiac, different constellations and a different chronology. And yet our constellations are the same as determined by Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, Babylonians, Chinese, etc. The girdle within which the planets revolve, could have been divided into a hundred different segments; nevertheless the Baby- lonians, Egyptians, Indians, etc., divided the zodiac into 12 parts, each sign into 3 decuriae, 5 horia, and so on. They also indicated the 12 signs by the very same images. This is obvious even on the Davenport Tablet. The zodiac, more- over, was divided into 28 lunar stations by the Egyptians, Chinese, Babylonians, Mexicans, etc. It is optional to have weeks of 5, 6, 7, 8 or 10 days, and yet the weeks of the Egyptians, Hebrews and Indians con- sist of seven days. More arbitrary it is to combine the days of the week in the following manner: Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and so forth. This combination is founded on the apparent velocities of the seven planets: Saturn. Jupiter. Mars. Sun. Venus. Mercury. Moon. 16427 5 3 Take, beginning with Saturn, always the fourth planet and you will have the consecution of the days of the week. This system was followed by all nations of the globe. When the Spaniards came in contact with the American Indians, it was noticed that they had the same week and called the same day Sunday. Suppose the Deluge to have been but partial and science to have originated from different nations and not from one, each race would undoubtedly have its own notation, alphabet, etc. All these facts prove beyond a doubt the universality of the deluge. Most of these arguments have been conscientiously dis- cussed in extenso by Pojana (Poligrapho di Verona, 1832, Tom. XL, 145-168), who writes : "These testimonials of so many ancient writers leave no doubt in the mind of any sane man whether a universal in- undation of our globe, by which the whole human race, save 53 one family, was exterminated, has taken place or not. Would anybody, nevertheless, deny this general catastrophe, as narrated, witnessed and verified by all nations, even by those whose countries are far remote from each other; would anybody, I say, deny that one family and a number of animals could have been saved without Divine Provi- dence ? Such denying will show how far self-stupefied in- fidelity is capable of going, both in frivolously believing the incredible and in madly condemning the credible." The Origin of the Alphabet, 3446 B. C. It is said and believed that our alphabet was invented by Cadmus in 1500 B. C, but this cannot be considered a his- torical fact. In the New Testament we read of a book that was written by Enoch 900 years prior to the Deluge. Pliny says "aeternus literarum usus." The Vedas and Avestatell us that prior to the Deluge sacred books existed and that, in consequence of their loss, the human race became so wicked that tie Creator resolved to extirpate it. The Koran (Sura 57) mentions that Noah was the author of a book. Eusthadius knew that the Pelasgi were the rescuers of the alphabet, and the Pelasgi were Noachides. The same is attested by Syncellus (Chron., p. 40, ed. Paris, 1652). The invention of the alphabet is also ascribed to the Phoenicians, but the ancients distinguished the Phoenicians of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from the Phoenicians ab ceterno, and Sanchunjathon calls, according to a note of Eusebius, Noah "the first Phoenician." Menu, the progeni- tor of all nations, wrote a book, as the East Indians con- firm. It is true that Cadmus invented the alphabet, but Cadmus means "ancestor," Noah. He was, like the latter, the first planter of the vineyard. All these and similar traditions concur in demonstrating that the alphabet existed prior to the deluge. Now who is capable of believing that during the antediluvian era, about 2,424 years, the human race remained unable to express the words of its language by means of 25 characters. 54 The Noachian alphabet was a representation of the zo- diac. Sanchunyathon (1500 B. C), the ancient historian of the Phoenicians, testifies that after the deluge " the divine Taaut it. e,, the wise one, the tenth descendant of Protogenos), invented the sacred characters of the alphabet by represen- tations of the heaven, namely the houses (signs) of the planets Saturn, Jupiter and others." The very same report is to be found in Chinese literature. Fohi, " who was saved with seven saints," the Chinese Noah, established the alpha- bet by contemplating the points (stars) of the great dragon Lung-ma (the snake-like winded zodiac). Berosius, the ancient historian of the Chaldeans, relates that Sisatro, about the time of the deluge, referred the alphabet to the zodiac, and after the end of the said catastrophe he deliv- ered the letters to the human race. Cadmus (" the an- cestor"), a Greek myth tells, killed (divided) the heavenly dragon (the zodiac), and from its teeth 50 giants (25 directed to the left and 25 to the right), arose who reduced them- selves to five (the labials, liquids, dentals, nasals, gutturals), and by means of them Thebes (science) was constructed, Cicero defends the same tradition by reproducing the follow- ing myth: " Thoth (the wise one) killed (divided) Argus with his hundred eyes (the zodiac with numerous stars), and delivered the alphabet to the Egyptians, i.e., to the world. According to Pliny the Mcercz, the divisions of the zodiac, invented the sacred letters. All these traditions, and a great many others, will convince us that the Noachian alphabet was a representation of the zodiac. The next question for us to answer is : How many letters did the primitive alphabet contain .? Plutarch writes that the Egyptian literature was based upon an alphabet of 25 letters, and as this literature, the oldest of the world, dates back to the year 666 after the deluge, we presume the Noachian alphabet to have consisted of 25 elements. This presumption is confirmed by the fact that several hiero- glyphic figures harmonize with the Hebrew, or rather the Phcenician alphabet. We specify the following : 55 3 a *c\T/ ^^^ \ lotus Sm m t^ f-t /y £-arden X ,^^:> T'Vjfy' mount These letters prove that the hieroglyphic figures origin- ated from the primitive alphabet; the Noachian alphabet, consequently, must have contained 25 letters, like the Egyp- tian fundamental alphabet, which is also stated by Plutarch. Moreover, many other ancient alphabets, as derived from the primitive one, contain likewise 25 characters, /. e., the Sanscrit, the Scythian, the Cadmean, Zend and Pehlvi, etc. It is also a fact that several ancient alphabets lost some of their letters. The Japanese and the Chinese alphabets con- tain 24 letters and the Hebrew only 22; but all alphabets of 56 old have the same consecution of letters, hence it is easy to complete the incomplete ones. As according to Egyptian authorities the primitive alpha- bet contained 25 letters, seven of which were vowels, and as the zodiac contained but 24 segments (semi-signs), it is evident that the first and the 25th letter of the Noachian alphabet must have occupied the same segment. This is confirmed by Irenaeus, who says, "Novissima litera." Further, the Noachian alphabet being a representation of the zodiac and the planets, always standing in one of the signs, it may be asked by what letters were the seven planets symbolized. This question is ably answered by Laurentius Lydus, Nicomachus, Irenseus, Pythagoras and others. Alterations of the Primitive Alphabet. The Phoenician characters of the alphabet are believed to be the oldest in existence, but in the course of time they underwent such changes in different ages and countries, that the superficial observer is apt to deny the derivation from one original alphabet. The present Hebrew alphabet was after the Babylonian captivity invented by Esra, who gave to each letter a square form and dropped ?/, e, i, which he copulated with /, h and ch. In later times, in 800 A. C, the seven Hebrew vowels a, e, e, e, i, 0, u, were deprived of any pronunciation and called inatres lectiomini. The Phoenician letter Aleph, which obviously represents an elephant's head with its prong and trunk, was changed into a bull-head. Aleph and eleph-z.s are the same words. The Greeks likewise dropped superfluous letters and in- vented new ones. They appended to «, e, o, u an z, in order to express the sounds of a, e, o, j'i, whilst the Romans expressed the same modified vowels by cs, oe, etc. The Sanscrit letters are, apart from their fulcral lines, the transverted Zend and Pehlvi letters. The cuneiform letters of the Persians totally differ from the Noachian alphabet, yet they preserved the same order. 57 The Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Champollion's and his followers' foolish idea, according to which the primitive hieroglyphs consisted of a kind of ideological writing, needs no refutation, as it has fully been refuted by the antiquity of the alphabet. But why did the Egyptians not content themselves with the original alphabet of 25 letters, but invented 630 hieroglyyhic signs ? The Rosette Stone calls the demotic letters domestic, while the Tanis Stone terms them Egyptian. The hiero- glyphic signs must, therefore, have been of foreign origin, but in use in Chaldea, from which Menes emigrated in 2780 B. C. The primitive natives of Chaldea had, un- doubtedly, invented a syllabic method of writing similar to the Egyptians. A syllabic system of writing existed in China. This an- cient nation, as I learned from Guitzlaff, the celebrated missionary, expressed, for instance, the name of the city of Cassel by two hieroglyphs, of which the first denoted Cas and the second Sel. It is also probable, that the syllabic cuneiform writing of the Assyrians was modelled after the same ancient method of expressing syllables by hieroglyphs, containing the same syllabic sounds. The same is the case with the Japanese, who, although they had, like the Chinese, an alphabet of 24 letters, em- ployed a great many syllabic characters. I am even convinced that the hieroglyphs of the Mexicans, who immigrated from Japan and China, syllabically express Mexican words. Sooner or later it will be proved that the Mexican hieroglyphs represent the same consonantal syl- lables, as contained in the names of the respective images. The Egyptians and their predecessors were compelled to excogitate syllabic signs for the purpose of comprehending, on the same spaces, a greater number of words and phrases possible by single letters. 58 Hebrew the Primitive Language. Many famous scholars maintain Sanscrit to have been the primitive language of mankind, but Sanscrit is compara- tively a modern language, and the fact that many Teutonic idioms contain some Sanscrit words proves too little, as the same idioms show more words of Hebrew than of Sanscrit origin. Let us refer once more to the Noachian alphabet. By what purpose was its inventor moved to adopt the usual consecu- tion of the consonants ? The 7 vowels must be referred to those places in which the corresponding planets stood in the Zodiac. Each of the 18 consonants was, however, also en- titled to a place, and in this way several thousands of alpha- bets could have been invented. In short, it is evident that the Hebrew or Phoenician alphabet is an inscription relating to the time of the invention of the alphabet. It is also well known that each Hebrew or Phoenician letter represented an object of common life, and that the name of the letter was the name of the object represented by the figure of the letter. For instance, the letter Aleph represented an elephant, hence the name of it. Beth repre- sented a vat; teth, a hand, etc. There is no language in existence without Hebrew words or roots. The language of the Curds, or Chaldeans, contains numerous Hebrew words. The literature of the Egyptians dates back to the year (^6 after the deluge, i. e., to the time when Menes left Chaldea. The Coptic contains nearly one- third of pure and completed Hebrew words. All these facts prove that the inventor of the alphabet spoke a Hebrew dialect. How may the 12 groups of the 12 signs of the zodiac be explained .-' 59 the planetary configuration of the earth S^e^eLes^,^ iJ^^ Almighty Aub is a planetary configuration denoting nativity. Gese- nius interprets this word by ventriloquist. God is simply the earth, as Alergad signifies the deity of the earth, the Egyptian Shmun. Hava-ge are genuine Hebrew words. Ech is the Hebrew, aje, where; the Hebrew /* firequently stands for ch, Chata, to go astray, is related to the Coptic chet, and the Latin cando. Kala, destruction. Maim, the ancient Chaldaic form of the Hebrew maim, water. Who will now, deny that the primitive alphabet was not invented by Noah, 3446 B. C, and that the original language was not the Hebrew } 6o Laws Governing the Changes in all Languages. When we compare modern dialects with the older, Italian with Latin, or German with Gothic, we observe that all lan- guages change according to certain rules. These rules are of the greatest importance for the student of comparative philology, who wants, for instance, to reduce modern Coptic to older Egyptian words, as found in hieroglyphic literature- The fundamental law of linguistic alteration is the law of commodity. The ancients changed the difficult words for the easier, the longer for the shorter, the harder for the softer. The latter is especially obvious in the ancient and modern pronunciation of the Coptic and the Hebrew, Chronology of the Old Testament. Of the Old Testament two different chronologies are in use, that of the present Masoretic Hebrew text and that of the Greek text, as established 280 B. C. by the Septuagint interpreters. These two chronologies differ by nearly 2,000 years. Which is the true one .'' This is an important question, because many anti-Christian authors call the Old Testament a collection of myths, because its chronology is at variance with the histories of Egypt and China, with the Pentateuch, Samaritan and other tra- ditions. The following arguments will demonstrate, that the chronology of the Septuagint, as followed by the majority of Christian churches in the Orient, is the true one. The Septuagint was sanctioned by Christ, the Apostles and the Evangelists. The New Testament contains 182 quotations from the Old nearly all of which are taken from the Septuagint. St. Lucas, e. g., mentions the Patriarch, Kainan H., whose name is contained in the Septuagint, but wanting in the Masoretic text. Suppose the Septuagint version to have been a corruption of the genuine text, as the Jews maintain, then Christ, the Apostles and the Evange- lists would certainly have rejected it. The same argument 6i was employed by St. Augustinus to vindicate the chronology of the Septuagint ; it is sufficient for all who believe in a divine inspiration of the New Testament. But we shall add a few more arguments : 1. According to the present chronology, the Patriarch Methusalah Avould have died after the Deluge, which is an impossibility. 2. Philo and Josephus, two orthodox Israelites, who spoke and wrote the Hebrew, follow the chronology of the Septua- gint, and not of the Hebrew text, because at that time no difference existed between these two texts. 3. The Fathers of the Church, without exception, even Hieronymus, the author of the Vulgata, testify that the Jews subsequent to the destruction of Jerusalem shortened Hebrew chronology to demonstrate that the true Messiah was to be expected 1500 years after Christ. This is con- firmed by some Arabian authors, who had no personal in- terest in the question. 4. The original chronology of the Old Testament has been preserved in the Hebrew Bible of the Jews in Ethiopia, who maintain that they settled there in Solomon's times. This chronology is in conformity with the Septuagint. 5. The most learned theologians and historians have ex- pressed their faith in the chronology of the Septuagint ; for instance: the Catholics — ^Julianus of Toledo (685 A. C), Freret, Mailla, Petronius, Bonjour, Biachini, Tournemine, Porchetus, Hieronymus a. S. Fide, Galatius, Escatante, Leo a Castro, Hunthaeus, Salmero, Gretserus, Peyva ab Andrata, Bellarminus, Baronius, Vatablus, Lorinus, Genebrandus, Isaac Couzen, Espeires, Huetius, Guadangolus; the Protes- tants — Casaubonus, Junius, Polanus, Mercerus, Rivetus, Chamierus, Amamus, Buxtorf, Hottinger, Pokok, Walton, Bochart, Flacius, Hunnius, Forster, Selneccer, Schnepfius, Moller, Schindler, Capito, Hokspan, Frischmuth, Kortholt, Sennertus, Friedlieb, Kipping, etc. 6. A great many planetary configurations refer to 5873^ 3446, 2780, 195 1, 1866 B. C. They were real observations, for the ancients, not knowing the Copernican system and 62 . • possessing no planetary tables, could not compute the previous places of the planets. The following are the principal epochs of our sacred history : 5870. May 1st, Creation of the World. 3446. September 7th, End of the Deluge. 2780. Dispersion of the Nations in Peleg's days. 2293. Abraham in Canaan and Egypt. 2104. Joseph sold to the Egyptians. 2080. Israel obtains the Province of Goshen. , 201 1. Joseph dies. A few years afterward the Israelites were persecuted. 1982. Amos II. conquers the Delta, according to Eratos- thenes. 1947. Birth of Moses, 3^ years after, a conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter in the sign of Pisces took place. 1892. Thuthmos III. reigns. 1866. Exodus. Thutmos III. is drowned in the Red Sea. 1070. Saul, King of Israel, is anointed. 1029. King David anointed. 989. Solomon succeeds David. 979. Solomon's temple inaugurated. 949. Rehoboam. Division of J uda and Israel. 720. The Kingdom of Israel destroyed by Salmanassar. 602. Beginning of the Babylonian captivity. 584. Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. 532. Cyrus conquers Niniveh. End of the Babylonian Captivity. 62. Birth of Augustus. Cicero's Consulate. 34. Herod, King of Juda, conquers Jerusalem. Daniel's Seventy Weeks. Before giving the exact dates of the history of the New Testament, it is necessary to explain Daniel's weeks and the condition of the Hebrew Calendar, without which the present chronology of the New Testament cannot be satis- factorily corrected. 63 Censorius and other ancient authorities report the term year (annus, abot, shanah, etc.) signified different periods, as one month, two, six and twelve months. The ancient terms for year mean, therefore, a period, a cyclus. This is the key to the weeks of Daniel. In Daniel, chap. IX., verse 25, we read: "Know, therefore, and understand that from going forth of the commandment to restore and build Jerusalem unto the Messiah, the Prince, shall be seven weeks, and three score and two weeks ; the street shall be built again and the wall, even in troublesome times." The other prophecy reads thus: "And after threescore and two weeks shall Messiah be cut off, but not for himself." "And he shall confirm the covenant with many for one week, and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacri- fice and the oblation to cease." From the words "he shall teach one week, and in the midst of the week he shall die," we learn that Christ's pro- phetic office of one week must contain a septenniiirn different from that in the midst of which Christ was to be crucified. The explanation of Daniel's week is, in short, the follow- ing: He counts from 532 B. C, or from the year in which Cyrus allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem, first, seven weeks of years of 24 months each, accordingly 98 common years, then he counts 62 additional prophetic years of 12 months each, or 434 years, which summed up give 532 years. As from Cyrus (532 B. C.) to the birth of Christ 532 years elapsed, the latter event took place at the beginning of our Christian era. Daniel, beginning with 532 B. C, counts up to the death of Christ 20 weeks of 14 years each, i. e., 280 years, and two weeks of 3^ years each, or in all 567 common years. Daniel, consequently, places the death of Christ in the 33d year of our era. Daniel predicted that Christ's prophetic ministry would last one week of 35^ years. All his prophecies were, as we shall see presently, wonderfully fulfilled. 64 The Solar Years of the Hebrews. Many passages of the Old and New Testaments, of Jose- phus, and of the Talmud, clearly demonstrate that the Hebrews used two dififerent solar years, a civil and an ecclesiastic one. , The history of the deluge is based on solar months of 30 days, and not on months of 28 or 29 days. Solomon installed 12 officers, and not 13 for the 13 months of the lunar year. Also David had 12 monthly guards. Daniel and the Revelation frequently speak of 3^ years numbering 1,260 days, because each month consisted of 30 days. The months of the ancient Arabians, derived from the Hebrew, were solar months of 30 days. Josephus and Philo state that Easter always coincided with the vernal equinoctial day, which would have been impossible according to the hmar months. The Fathers of the Church unanimously state that Christ's resurrection took place on the vernal day — an im- possibility according to lunar months. Josephus repeatedly parallels the days of the Hebrew months with Greek dates, and the months of the Greeks were solar. The Fathers of the Church state that Dionysius Areopa- gita, while traveling in Ethiopia, witnessed a solar eclipse on the 14th day of Nisan — an impossibility according to lunar months. By the way, this eclipse was invisible in Palestine, and consequently it cannot be identical with the supernatural obscurities of the sun during the Crucifixion. The months of the civil year of the Hebrews began 16 days later. By means of astronomical and historical facts, we obtain the following ecclesiastic and civil calendars of the He- brews: CIVIL MONTHS. Nisan i March 22. Ijar I April 2 1 . Sivan I May 2 1 . 65 Thammus i June 20 Ab I .July 20 Elul I August 19 Thishri I September 18 Marchesvan i October 18 Kislev I November 17 Tebet i December 17 Shebat i January 16 Adar i February 15 f Intercalary days March 17 ECCLESIASTIC MONTHS. Nisan i . March 6. Ijar I April 5. Sivan i May 5. Thammus i June 4. Ab I July 4. Elul I Aug-ust 3. Thishri I September 2. Marchesvan I October 2. Kislev I ... November i . Tebet I December i. Shebat l December 3 1 . Adar I January 29. I Intercalary days March i. Chronology of the New Testament. The following are the principal epochs of the New Testament : I. BirtJi of Christ. Herodes, the Great, conquered Jeru- salem September nth (a Saturday), during the consulates of Pulcher and Flaccus, 35 B. C. He reigned, according to Josephus, for 35 years. He died, consequently, in the first year of our Christian era. This is also verified by the lunar eclipse on January 9th of the first year of our era. Since the beginning of the Christian Church the 24th day of June was celebrated as the birthday of John, the Baptist, 66 who was six months the senior of Christ, which makes the 25th of December the birthday of the latter. 2. Christ's baptism and prophetic ministry. According to St. Luke (III. 1-2 1), Christ was baptized in the 15th year of Tiberius, almost 30 years old. This year of Tiberius commenced with the death of Augustus on the 19th day of August, A. D. 16, In the Roman provinces, however, the first year of an emperor was counted from the preceding new year's day, i.e., from the i8th day of October. Christ was, consequently, baptized between October i8th and December 24th in the year 29 A. C, and commenced to teach, 30 years old, after December 24th, 29 A. C. His prophetic ministry lasted to the day of his crucifixion, three years and three months, or three years and six months to his ascension, as Daniel predicted and the Evangelists witness. The Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul. Eusebius states that both of these apostles died during the 13th year of Nero, which extended from October 13th A. C, 6^ to 68. Hieronymus postpones Nero by one year, but as he predates his era by one year, the reports of each are in harmony. This year is also astronomically fixed by a solar eclipse in 67 A. C. (May 31), which Apollonius refers to the 1 2th year of Nero. In the preceding year no eclipse could have taken place. The same year is confirmed by Clemens Romanus, who lived at that time in Rome. He states that both of the Apostles died in the year, in which Nero attended the Olympian games, which were notoriously postponed by one year, consequently in 6Z A. C. This is also explicitly confirmed by the '' Martyrolog-ium, Patdi" according to which the Apostles were put to death "III. Kal. Jul." (June 29) in the 69th year after Christ's birth, and in the 36th year after the crucifixion. For Christ was born a few days prior to the beginning of the Christian era, i. e., Anno Mundi 5870, and adding 68 years we have the year 5938 A. M., or 68 A. C. 67 The crucifixion took place March 19, A. C. 33; adding to this year 35 years we have again the year 68 A. C, the date the martyrdom of St. Paul and St. Peter. Destruction of Jerusalem, 71 A. C. In consequence of Petavius' erroneous chronology, the opinion has become universal that Jerusalem was destroyed 70 A. C. But as Julius Caesar and Augustus died two years later than Petavius imagined, it is evident that Vespasian's second year, in which Jerusalem was laid in ruins, must be referred to 71 and not 70 A. C. The year 71 A. C. is also confirmed by Josephus, who states that Jerusalem was con- quered by Titus subsequent to a sabbatical year. The apologetic publications of the author need no ex- planation, their contents being indicated by the titles. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1818 — 20. — Naturhistorische Aufsatze in Gilbert's "An- nalen der Physik." Leipzig. 182 1. — Beobachtungen an einer spontanen Sonnambule, in Eschenmeyer's "Archiv fiir thierischen Magnetis- mus." Leipzig, 1823. — De pronunciatione vocalium Graecarum veteribus scripturae sacrae interpretibus usitata. Particula L Leipzig, Relam. 1824. — Ueber die urspriinglichen Laute der hebraischen Buchstaben. Ein Beitrag zur Dialectologie der semitischen Volker. Leipzig, Reclam. 1824. — Ueber den Begriff, den Umfang und die Anord- nung der Hermeneutik des Neuen Testamentes. Leipzig, Reclam. 1824. — De sonis literarum Graecarum tum genuinis, turn adoptivis libri duo. Accedunt commentatio de literis Graecorum subinde usitatis, dissertationes in- dex et tabulae duae. Cum epistola Godofredi Her- manni. Leipzig, Vogel. 1824 — 34. — Kritische Aufsatze und Anzeigen betreffs philologischer, archaologischer und theologischer Werke in der "Literaturzeitung." Leipzig, Breit- kopf & Hartel. 1825. — Einige Bemerkungen iiber die sogenannten Hiihnengraber in Deutschland, im ersten Bande der "Schriften der deutschen Gesellschaftzur Erforschung und Bewahrungvaterlandischer Alterthiimer." Leip- zig* Vogel. 1825. — Memoria F. A. G. Spohnii. Leipzig, Weidmann & Reimer. 69 « 1825. — F. A. G. Spohn, de lingua et Uteris veterum Aegyptiorum, cum permultis tabulis lithographicis, literas Aegyptiorum turn vulgares, turn sacerdotali ratione scriptas explicantibus atque interpretationem Rosettanae aliarumque inscriptionum et aliquot volu- minum papyraceorum in sepulcris repertorum exhi- bentibus. Accedunt Grammatica atque Glossarium Aegyptiacum. Pars I. Leipzig, Weidmann & Reimer. 1825. — De hieroglyphica Egyptiorum scriptura disser- tatio, cum IV tabulis. Leipzig, Barth. 1826. — Bemerkungen iiber die Egyptischen Papyrus auf der konigl. Bibliothek zu Berlin; mit 4 Tafeln. (Auch unter dem Titel "Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Litera- tur, Kunst, Mythologie und Geschichte des Alten Aegypten.") Leipzig, Barth. 1826. — Rudimenta Hieroglyphices. Accedunt explica- tiones speciminum hieroglyphicorum, Glossarium atque alphabeta cum XXXVI tabulis lithographicis. Leipzig, Barth. 1826 — 29. — Museographische Aufsatze aus Deutschland, Italien, Frankrei.ch, England und Holland, in Botti- ger's "Zeitschrift fiir Kunst" und der "Literatur- zeitung." Leipzig, Breitkopf & Haertel. 1827. — Difesa del sistema geroglifico dei Signori Spohn e Seyfifarth. Torino, Sylva. 1827. — Brevis defensio hieroglyphices inventae a F. A. G Spohn et G. Seyffarth. Leipzig, Barth. 1827. — Replique aux objections de M. Champollion contra le systeme hieroglyphique de MM. Spohn et Seyffarth* Leipzig, Barth. 1828. — Remarks upon an Egyptian History in Egyptian Characters in the Royal Museum of Turin ; with Reference to an article in the Edinburgh Review. — "London Literary Gazette," No. 600, p. 457. 1829. — Bemerkungen iiber das Aegyptische Ziffersystem, in 'Tntelligenzblatter zur Leipziger Literaturzeitung" (Septembernummer). Leipzig, Breitkopf & Haertel. 70 « 1829. — Archaologische Aufsatze in Bottiger's "Wegwei- ser im Gebiete der Kiinste und Wissenschaften." Dresden, Arnold. 1831. — Fr. Guil. Aug. Spohn, De lingua et literis veterum Aegyptiorum cet. — Pars II. Prodromus cum XII tabulis lithographicis. Leipzig, Weidmann. 1833. — Systema Astronomiae Aegyptiacae quadripartum. Conspectus astronomiae Aegyptiorum mathematicae et apotelesmaticae. Pantheon Aegyptiacum sive symbolice Aegyptiorum astronomica. Observationes Aegyptiorum astronomicae hieroglyphice descriptae in Zodiaco Tentyritico, Tabula Isiaca sive Bembina, Monolitho Amosis Parisino, Sarcophago Sethi Lon- dinensi, Sarcophago Ramsis Parisino papyrisque fu- neralibus, annis 1832, 1693, 1104 a Chr.; 37, 54, 137 p. Chr.; cum corollariis chronologicis, historicis, my- thologicis, philologicis, exegeticis, astronomicis atque palaeographicis. — Lexicon astronomico hie- roglyphicum cum permultis figuris impressis. Acce- dunt index universalis atque tabulae X lithographi- cae cum colorata tituli. Volumes 2 — 5 of "Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Alten Egyptens." Leipzig, Barth. 1833 — 34. — Kritiken und Anzeigen archaologischer und mythologischer Werke im Repertorium der Literaten. Leipzig, Brockhaus. 1834. — Ueber die hochsten acht Gottheiten, oder die Kabyren der germanischen Volker in Bezug auf die acht Kua's der Chinesen, nach einer chinesischen Miinze im Kabinet der deutschen Gesellschaft zu Leipzig. Ein Beitrag zur Religionsphilosophie und Religionsgeschichte der alten Volker. Nebst einer Tafel. In lUgen's "Zeitschrift fiir historische Theo- logie," Bd. 4, Heft 2. Leipzig, Barth. 1834. — Uebersicht der agyptischen Literatur seit Ent- deckung der Inschrift von Rosette, bis zum Jahre 1834, in " Neue Jahrbiicher fiir Philologie und Pada- gogik" von Seebode, Jahn und Klotz. Bd. 3, Heft i. Leipzig, Teubner. 71 i834- — Merkwiirdige Stelle aus den Religionsschriften der alten Parsen. Illgen's "Zeitschrift fur historische Theologie." Bd. 5, Heft i. Leipzig, Barth. 1834. — Erklarung einer Stelle in Sanehuniathon's Ge- schichte nach Philo Byblius, Uebersetzung bei Euse- bius. "Neue Jahrbiicher fur Philologie und Padago- gik," von Seebode, Jahn und Klotz. Leipzig, Teubner. 1834. — Unser Alphabet ein Abbild des Thierkreises mit der Konstellation der sieben Planeten u. s. w. Erste • Grundlage zu einer wahren Chronologic und Kultur- geschichte aller Volker. Mit einer lithographischen Tafel. Leipzig, Barth. 1835. — Bemerkungen zu Seetzen's "Alterthiimer in Aegypten." In Seetzen, "Reisen im Oriente," heraus- gegeben von Hofrath Dr. Krause in Dorpat. 1836. — Moses auf Sinai. Oratorium in 3 Abtheilungen, in Musik gesetzt von C. L. Drobisch. Leipzig, Ries. 1839. — Die Siindfluth, Leipziger Tageblatt vom 23. Nov. 1S39. — Unumstosslicher Beweis, dass im Jahre 3446 v. Chr. die Siindfluth geendet und das Alphabet aller Volker entstanden sei. Ein Beitrag zur wahren Zeit- rechnung und Kulturgeschichte. Leipzig, Schultze und Thomas. 1840. — Alphabeta genuina Aegyptiorum, signis ipsorum numericis, consecuta nee non Asianorum litteris Per- siarum, Medorum, Assyriorumque cuneoformibus, Zendicis, Pehlvicis et Sancriticis subjecta. Accedit dissertatio de mensuris in S. S. obvicis per antiquas uluas Aegyptiacas Taurinencem, Parisiniam, Lugdu- nensem illustrato. Cum VI tabulis alphabeticis, Lipsiae, Barth. 1840. — Zwei archaologische Fragen. In "Archiv fur Philologie und Padagogik," von Seebode, Jahn und Klotz. Bd. 4, Heft 2. 1841. — Neue Beitrage zur indischen Mythologie und AU- gemeinen Religionsgeschichte. In Illgen's "Zeit- schrift fur wissenschaftliche Theologie." Heft 3. 72 1842. — Ein merkwurdiger Sarkophag mit erhabenen Hieroglyphen von Cedernholz im Archaologischen Museum zu Leipzig. "Blatter fur literarische Unter- haltung," Dezember 1842, in "Illustrirte Zeitung," No. 17, Leipzig, 1843. 1843. — Ueber das Papier der Alten nach Plinius und der Papyrusstaude im botanischen Garten zu Leipzig. Mit einer lithographischen Tafel. In Neumann's "Serapeum," February 15. 1843. — Grundsatze der Mythologie und alten Religions- geschichte und der Hieroglyphensysteme. Leipzig. 1844. — Der romische Obelisk an der Porta del popolo und Hermapion's Uebersetzung desselben. In "Reper- torium der deutschen und auslandischen Literatur," 3. Jahrgang, Leipzig. 1845. — I^i^ Obelisken an der Porta del popolo in Rom. " Illustrirte Zeitung," September. 1846. — Chronologia Sacra. Untersuchungen iiber das Geburtsjahr des Herrn und die Zeitrechnung des A. und N. T. Leipzig. 1846. — Mittheilungen iiber das Turiner Exemplar der heiligen Schriften der alten Aegypter (Lepsius' Todtenbuch"). In "Jahresberichte der deutschen orientalischen Gesellschaft," P. 71. 1846. — Uebersetzungen egyptischer Texte nach Cham- poUion's und des Verfassers System. "Verhand- lungen der Mitglieder der deutschen orientalischen Gesellschaft," Vol. I. 1846. — Ursprung der alten Monatsnamen, mit einer Uebersicht der alten Chronologic. "lUustrirter Ka- lender," Leipzig. 1846. — Drei Scarabaen mit Konigsnamen zujena. "Jahres- bericht der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesell- schaft." 1847. — Ueber ChampoUion's Hieroglyphensystem, seine Grammatik und sein Lexikon. "Jenaische Literatur- zeitung," August 27. n 1848. — Habeii die Ebraer schon vor Jerusalems Zersto- rung nach Mondmonaten gerechnet ? "Zeitschrift derdeutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft." P. 344. 1848. — Die Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse der Alten. "Archiv fiir Philologie und Padagogik," von Seebode, Jahn und Klotz. Heft 4. 1849. — ^^^ Phonix und die Phonixperioden. "Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandisciien Gesellschaft," P. 63. 1849. — Kritikder egyptischen Chronologie nach Lepsius, "Repertorium der Literatur," Bd. 2. Leipzig. 1852. — Zuriickweisung der Lepsius'schen Theorie, nach welcher die Planetenstellungen auf den egyptischen Monumenten Sonnengotter reprasentiren. In "Re- pertorium," Bd. i. Leipzig. 1853. — Ueber de Rouge's "Memoire sur le Tombeau d'Ahmes." "Repertorium der Literatur," Bd. i. 1853. — Beitrage zur Geschichte der Astronomie. In Jahn's "Astronomische Unterhaltungen," July 8. 1853. — Widerlegung von Gumbach's Angaben, nach welcher die Hebraer vor der Zerstorung Jerusalems nach Mondmonaten rechneten. "Gottinger gelehrte Anzeigen" June 13. 1853. — Wiirdigung von Uhlemann's "Interpretatio Roset- tanae." "Repertorium der Literatur," Bd. 4. 1854. — Der egyptische Sarcophag aus Memphis in der k. k. Ambros. Sammlung zu Wien. "Illustrirte Zei- tung" April 15. Leipzig. 1854. — Egyptische Alterthumer. Im Anhange zur deut- schen Uebersetzung von Layard's "Niniveh." Leipzig. 1855. — Der Arragonit-Sarkophag in Saone's Museum zu London. "Illustrirte Zeitung," No. 614. Leipzig. 1855. — Bemerkungen iiber Zech's Preisschriften iiber die Finsternisse im Almagast und die wichtigsten Fin- sternisse der Griechen und Romer. "Gottinger ge- lehrte Anzeigen," No. 125. 1855. — Grammatica Aegyptiaca. Erste Anleitung zur Uebersetzung egyptischer Literaturwerke. Mit 92 Lithographien und der Geschichte des Hieroglyphen- schlussels. Gotha, Perthes. 74 i855. — Theologische Schriften der alten Egypter nach dem Turiner Papyrus zum ersten Male iibersetzt. Nebst den zweisprachigen Inschriften auf dem Steine von Rosette, dem Flaminischen Obelisken, dem Thore von Phila, der Tafel von Abydos, der Wand von Carnak und anderen. Gotha, Perthes. 1855. — Berichtigung der romischen, griechischen, persi- schen, egyptischen und hebraischen Geschichte und Zeitrechnung auf Grund neuer historischer und astro- nomischer Hilfsmittel. Mit einer xylographischen Tafel. Leipzig. 1855. — Hat Moses den Pentateuch noch nicht schreiben konnen, weil es damals noch kein Alphabet gab ? "Deutscher Kirchenfreund," P. 259. 1856. — Geschichte des vorsiindfluthlichen Thierkreises zu Paris. "Lutherischer Herold" January 16, und "Lutheran Standard," April 4, 1857. 1856. — Hat Christus zwei oder drei Tage im Grabe gele- gen .'' "Lutherischer Herold," June 15. 1856. — 1st Christus wirklich 1500 Jahre vor der Zeit, welche Gott durch den Mund der Propheten be- stimmt, in die Welt gekommen } "Deutscher Kirchenfreund" (Philadelphia), Februar und Marz, und "Lutheran Standard," April, Mai und August. 1856. — Werden die geschichtlichen Ueberlieferungen der heil. Schrift durch die Geschichte Egyptens wi- derlegt ? "Deutscher Kirchenfreund," P. 145. 1856. — War die Siindfluth keine allgemeine, sondern nur eine partiale ? "Deutscher Kirchenfreund," P. 192. 1856. — Gehort der Aufenthalt der Hebraer in Egypten wirklich zu den blossen Mythen des A. T.? "Deut- scher Kirchenfreund," P. 337. 1856. — Haben die Propheten die Babylonische Gefangen- schaft iibertrieben .-' "Deutscher Kirchenfreund," P- 341. 1857. — Notice of a burnt brick from the ruins of Niniveh, with a plate. " Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Mo." Vol. i, p. 64. 75 i857- — Summary of recent Discoveries in Biblical Chro- nology, universal History and Egyptian Archaeology, with special reference to Dr. Abbott's Egyptian Mu- seum in New York. With a translation of the first sacred book of the ancient Egyptians. New York. H. Ludwig. 1857. — Uebersicht neuer Entdeckungen in der biblischen Zeitrechnung, allgemeinen Weltgeschichteund egyp- tischen Alterthumskunde, nebst Uebersetzung des ersten heiligen Buches der alten Egypter. New York, H. Ludwig. 1857. — To the Author of "Queries" in regard to the "Lec- tures on Egyptian Antiquities." " Gettysburg Evangel. Luth. Quarterly." Vol. IX, p. 58. 1857. — Die wahre Zeitrechnung des A. T. Nebst einer Zeittafel des N. T. Ein Hilfsbiichlein fur christ- liche Bibelleser. St. Louis, Mo. N. Niedner. 1857. — 1st Christus wirklich nicht in den Jahren und an den Tagen geboren und gestorben, welche die Pro- pheten, Evangelisten und Kirchenvater angaben ? "Lutherischer Herold," Nos. 158 — 60. 1858. — On Theon's Canicular Period. "American Church Monthly." New York, April. 1859. — A remarkable Seal in Dr. Abbott's Egyptian Mu- seum in N. Y. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science." Vol. I, p. 249. 1859. — An astronomical inscription concerning the year 1722 B. C. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science," vol. I, p. 356. i860. — A remarkable Papyrus scroll written in Hieratic characters, with 16 lithogr. Plates. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science," vol. I, p. 527. i860. — Die Keilschrift. "Lutherischer Herold," No. 218 und "Kalender der N. Y. Tractat-Gesellschaft." i860. — Eingang zum unterirdischen Tempel Ramses des Or. zu Abussimbil in Nubien. "Luth. Herold," No. 219 und "Kalender der N. Y. Tractat-Gesellschaft." 76 l86o, — Das tausendjahrige Reich im Lichte der Offen- barungen im N. T., mit Rucksicht auf den neuesten Chiliasmus. New York, H. Ludwig. i860. — Die Pyramiden in der Bibel. "Luther. Herold," No. 231 ; "The World," N. Y., August nth, und " Lutheran Standard," No. 536. 1861. — Chiliasm critically examined according to the statements of the New and Old Testaments. With reference to the most recent theory of the Millen- nium. New York, Westermann & Co. und " Gettys- burg Evang. Luth. Review," Vol. XII, pp. 341—401. 1861. — Der Ehinger'sche Chiliasmus. *' Luther. Kir- chenbote," Mai 24. 1861. — The Chronology of the Septuagint. "N. Y. Quarterly Review and Church Register," Vol. VIII, Nos. I und II. 1861. — Christian Astronomy. " Lutheran," Vol, II, Nos. II — 21. Philadelphia. 1861. — Planetenkonstellation bei Samsaddin Muham- med bin Ahmed 'Assar vom Jahre 1377 v. Chr. " Zeit- schrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesell- schaft," Vol. 15, P. 393. 1862. — 1st die gegenwartige Negersklaverei in Ueber- einstimmung mit der Schrift oder nicht .'* " Luther. Herold," Okt. 15 and Nov. i. 1863. — Der amerikanische Kalendermann. Kurze Er- klarung des Kalenders und seiner Bedeutung fiir alle Jahre. New York ; H. Ludwig. 1863. — 1st die Erhaltung und Verbreitung der gegen- wartigen Negersklaverei eine Sunde oder nicht .'* "Luther. Herold," Nos. 302 — 303 and "Lutheran" (Philadelphia) Nos. 103 and 104. 1864. — The Original of Manetho's History of Egypt. " Proceedings of the American Oriental Society, " p. XXIX. 1864. — Die Israeliten in Egypten nach Manetho's Hand- schrift in Turin. " Luther. Herold," Mai 7. 77 1869. — Hat Rom St. Peters-Jubilaum im richtigen oder falschen Jahre gefeiert ? ,, Luther. Kirchenblatt der Synode vom Staate New York," P. 19. 1872. — Chronology of the Roman Emperors from Cae- sar to Titus, with reference to the New Testament. "Gettysburg Quarterly Review," Fasc. I, p. 47. — Rudelbach's ,,Zeitschrift der lutherischen Theologie," (Leipzig) p. p. 50 — ^6 and Brobst's ,, Theologische Monatshefte," June and July (Allentown). 1872. — Lepsius' and Reinesch's Interpretation of the Tanis stone critically examined. " Proceedings of the American Oriental Society," May. 1877. — Rehoboam's Age illustrated by the Geographi- cal Tablet of Shishak. " Lutheran Standard," March, 1877. 1877. — Corrections of the present theory of the Moon's motions according to the classic eclipses. " Trans- actions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis," Vol. Ill, p. 401. 1877. — Review of important Egyptian antiquities dis- covered since the Rosette Stone in 1799. I. The Obelisk translated by Hermapion. 2. The Tu- rin papyri representing the ancient catacombs of Ossi- mandya and Ramses the Great, 1700 B. C. 3. The Sarco- phagi of Ossimandya and Ramses the Great in London and Paris, representing their nativities. 4. The Mummy- Case of the Secretary of the same kings, representing his nativity in 1722 B. C, preserved at Leeds, England. 5. The tablet ofAbydos and its Greek translation, the so-called Laterculum Eratostenis. 6. An astronomical inscription referring to 2780 B. C, published in Burton's "Excerpta Hieroglyphica," (I, 15), by which the date of Menes' arrival in Egypt is confirmed. 7. The Hieratic Original of Manetho's Egyptian History in Turin. 8. The geographical altar of Takelasshis (900 B. C), a catalogue of the Egyptian cities, in Turin. 9. The cedrine Sarco- phagus of the year 1524 B. C, containing 3,cxdo relief hieroglyphs as fine as Greek gems, in the Academical 78 Museum of Leipzig. lO. The trilingual Tanis stone of which the casts are to be found in the Smithsonian Insti- tution. II. The Shishak Tablet, a catalogue of 125 cities in Palestine in the time of Rehoboam. 12. The mummy and funeral papyrus of Shishak's General, once in posses- sion of Gen. Stone, of Roxbury, Mass. 13. The oldest known copy of the sacred Egyptian records written for the wife of Pharaoh Horus, 1780 B. C. 14. The Egyptian Altar found in 1748 at Pompeii, referring to Vespasian. "Proceedings of the American Oriental Society," October 22d, 1877; "The World," N. Y. October 22d; „Sonn- tagsblatt der New Yorker Staatszeitung," Nov. 25, and Dec. 3, 1877. 1879. — Letter to Judge Nathaniel Holmes, concerning the corrections of the present theory of the Lunar motions. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science," vol. IV p. XXV. 1879. — Egyptian theology according to a Paris Mummy- Coffin. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science." Vol. IV, p. 80. 1880. — The primitive Egyptian names and images of the seven planets on a Turin papyrus, and some planetary configurations on Egyptian monuments. "Trans- actions of the St. Louis Academy of Science." Vol. IV. 1880. — Planetary configurations on Cyprian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science." Vol. IV. 1880. — The Pharaoh, Thutmos III., who perished in the Red Sea in 1866 B. C. "Philadelphia Sunday School Times." May ist, 1880. 1880. — The present Egyptian Humbug, and critic of ,, Revue Egyptologique publiee sous la direction de MM. H. Brugsch, F. Chabas, Eug. Revillout." Pre- miere Annee No. i, Paris 1880. "American Journal of Philology," No. 4, Baltimore. 1880. — Indian Antiquities discovered near Davenport, Iowa. "Transactions of the Academy of Davenport." Vol. III. 79 i88o. — Der alexandrische Obelisk im New Yorker Cen- tral Park. „N. Y. Staatszeitung," October 24. 1881. — The Hieroglyphic Tablet discovered in the ruins of Pompeii A. D. 1748, grammatically trans- lated and explained. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science." Vol. IV. 1 88 1. — Die Inschriften des New Yorker Obelisken nach Brugsch. ,,N. Y. Staatszeitung," February 27, 1881. 1881. — Die Allgemeinheit der Siindfluthsage. Mount Vernon, N. Y., Verlag des Wartburg Waisenhauses. 1881. — Ancient Egyptian Literature. The N. Y. Obelisk. " Industrial News." Vol. 2, Nos. 8 and 9. 1882. — The original Egyptian names of the planets according to a Turin papyrus, and some new plane- tary configurations. "Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science," Vol. IV. MANUSCRIPTS. Clavis Aegyptiaca, Collection of all bilingual and some other hieroglyphic inscriptions translated and explained, with the syllabic Alphabet in hieroglyphic, hieratic and demotic characters, glossaries, and indexes. (In possession of the N. Y. Historical Society.) The seventy weeks of Daniel, explained by themselves. Manetho's Shepherd Kings, the Israelites in Egypt, according to a Turin Papyrus. The historical parts of the oldest copy of the sacred Egyptian records, grammatically translated and ex- plained. The papyrus Clark, grammatically translated and ex- plained. The inscription on the door of Apollinopolis Magna, grammatically translated and explained. The trilingual Tanis stone according to the casts in the Smithsonian Institution, grammatically translated and ex- plained. The Egyptian Decani and Signs of the Zodiac, accord- ing to five ancient monuments. The geography of Egypt, according to the altar of Takelaphis (900 B. C.) in the R. Museum of Turin. The constellations of the Egyptians, 13.x) B. C, agree- ing with their present names. New chronological tablets for the histories of the Ro- mans, Greeks, Persians, Medians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hebrews and Chinese, based upon new histo- rical and astronomical resources, from 5870 B. C. to 400 A. C. The inscriptions on a Mummy-Coffin in the Museum of the N. Y. Historical Society. The inscriptions on a Mummy - coffin at Baltimore, grammatically translated and explained. The nativity of Emperor Augustus, referring to 61 B. C. Bilingual Mummy -coffins in Europe, grammatically translated and interpreted. Idolum Thordanum, and similar inscriptions, gramma- tically explained. Catalogues of human limbs, obvious on different Egyp- tian Monuments. The geography of Palestine on the Shishak Tablet. The Turin papyri representing catacombs, grammati- cally explained. Catalogue of different sacrificial objects mentioned on various monuments. Supplement to " Grammatica Aegyptiaca." Lexicon Aegyptio-Latinum et Latino-Aegyptiacum. Lexicon Copto-Latinum et Latino-Copticum, secun- dum. Manuscripta Coptico Arabica et alia auxilia. The New York Obelisk translated and explained. Bibliotheca Aegptiaca Manuscripta. 15 vols. In pos- session of the New York Historical Society. 8i The trilingual Rosette Stone, grammatically translated and explained. Egpytian Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, grammatically translated and explained. Astronomical monuments of the Ancient Mexicans. The Tablet of Davenport, grammatically and astrono- mically explained. Egyptian History based on new historical and astrono- mical certainties. APPENDIX. An Kgyptologist. From the New Fork Herald, March 8th, 1886. " The will of the late Professor Gustavus Seyffarth, D.D., will, in a few days, be admitted to probate. It will not excite great interest as a representation of financial pros- perity. The principal feature of this will is the bequest of the most important literary effects of the dead Egypto- logist, which will pass into the possession of the New York Historical Society. • "The bequest represents more than three score years of a solitary life of study, closed in its ninetieth year. Upward of sixty printed volumes, with the addition of almost equally numerous manuscripts, form his monographic collec- tion. The dates of the series range from the first quarter of the century to the last. A great dictionary of the Egyp- tian hieroglyphic language, conceived by the venerable author as a crowning work, absorbed the energies of the later portions of his life. During those years an aged man, with a deep, disfiguring scar in the cheek, was sometimes to be met at twilight walking for recreation to Central Park. His residence for the last nine years of his life was in Park Avenue, near Eighty-second Street, and the exercise only followed a day's severe labor in the study; the daylight grew precious in proportion as his eyesight became dimmed. Toward the latter part of his life the failing of visual power was seriously detrimental, and he could only distinguish the form of one friend from another. His Lutheran pastor 83 aided him in his work with the pen. Three years before his death he delivered a lecture at Parepa Hall on the subject of the inscriptions of the obelisk in Central Park. The stopping of his watch misled him as to the flight of time, and he only ended his discourse at half-past eleven o'clock. This signified the mental power of a scholar at eighty-six as well as his own interest in the subject. The audience was held in earnest attention for three and a half hours hearing about hieroglyphs. The effort was followed, however, by so serious an illness, that it was thought he would die. Although recovering in some degree, the decline of his vital powers is dated from that occasion. " No man was ever so thoroughly absorbed by the fascina- tion of penetrating by slow degrees the long sealed product of high civilization and sacerdotal culture preserved from the days of Menes and Athothis. Whether he met any adequate reward for the labor, and to what degree this has served to enrich the currents of antiquarian learning are questions which naturally arise. Few persons could rightly answer the latter. " The earliest of his productions is the ' Rudimenta Hiero- glyphices,' published in Leipsic in 1826. Previously, how- ever, the works of Fr. A. G. Spohn were edited by Professor Seyffarth, then a very young man at Leipsic University; he was appointed in 1823 to this important task. The system of Egyptian philology was in its most crude and wavering state. To new and ardent inquirers the matter had appeared extremely luminous from the result of Bouchard's accidental discovery (1779) with the removal from the temple of the god Tum, at Rosette, of the fractured tablet directly to figure in the recovery of the Egyptian literature as the great ' pierre de touche' of Champollion and his associates. Mighty was the philological triumph of perceiving that with the number of signs used to express Ptolemy, Berenice and Cleopatra being the same as the number of Greek letters, the recurrence of the same hieroglyph in its proper place in all their names is constant, while the literary import of such facts could be easily recognized. A no less delightful belief 84 was prevalent, than that the religious riddle of old Egypt was completely under mastery. From such an outset no one would have presaged the linguistic obscurations looming further on, and from which some investigators, like Joleni, of Naples, were ready to conceive of the hieroglyphs having formed a mystical system — like the Runic Avritings — while others would even imagine, with Gulianoff, that these characters originated from the demotic and hieratic, with the aim of concealing the meaning of the inscriptions. " This ' Rudimenta' of Seyfifarth's, as his first production independently of Spohn's, was issued with the undisguised idea of undermining the system accepted only a short time previously with full applause. Its arguments are directed forcibly against the ' Precis du Systeme Hieroglyphique des Anciens Egyptiens' of Champollion, wherein syllabic hiero- glyphs, which Seyfifarth claims to have discovered and which are now discriminated as a fundamentally important feature in the approved system of Egyptian literature, had not ap- parently been recognized. This was the initial movement in the bitter controversy embodied in the great literary series, and which was continued on Professor Seyffarth's part with three generations of Egyptologists, represented by the founder of the originally approved system, his distinguished disciple, Lepsius, and lastly Professor Ebers, the pupil of the latter. "Among these publications of earliest dates is the spirited young Leipsic professor's self-vindication against the charges of Champollion in his review entitled ' Sur le Nouveau Systeme Hieroglyphique de MM. Spohn et Seyffarth, chez G. Piatti,' wherein the French critic represents the authors as having in the translation of a papyrus brought out a fair hymn to the sun, whereas subsequently the Greek transla- tion of the same papyrus had come to light, that this con- tained a simple deed and not a hymn to the sun, wherefore Spohn's and Seyffarth's system proved a chimera. This re- ply, issued, as its author once informed us, ' instantly,' made its appearance in its Latin, French and Italian editions simultaneously. The idea of a deed ever having been taken 85 for a hymn to the sun is represented as a maUgn fiction totally disproved by reference to the fourteen ' witnesses ' who, according to the interpretation in question, had signed the deed. He had also to defend himself against a surmise of plagiarism in relation to the work of his predecessor. "The system of the 'Rudimenta' is considerably modified in the author's later publications, from conviction of its er- roneousness in many respects. Conceding this he continued on the other hand to assert as simply and with unabated zeal that its substance is true. Its corrections are embodied in the 'Grammatica Aegyptiaca,' issued in 1855. The mistake of considering the hieroglyphics no more than a calligraphic modification of the hieratic, while deriving the latter from the demotic characters, is acknowledged among others of importance, as well as the incorrectness of many pronuncia- tions and forms of translation. The idea of the primitive Noachian alphabet, opposed to that of an ideographic basis of language, is maintained with the greatest religious fervor. "The theory is formulated in the 'Critical Review of Un- garelli's Obelisci Urbis ' (1844), that ' regularly each of the 630 hieroglyphs expresses the two or three consonants con- tained in the name of the figure.' This principle was put forward as the great key to the Egyptian literature. It was communicated by its author in the following year to the Assembly of the German Orientalists at Jena ; it was soon also made more widely public by the circulation of his lithographed pamphlet (first introduction to translating entire Egyptian texts, etc.) representing what syllable is expressed by each of the hieroglyphs. The pamphlet was finally appended to the 'Grammatica Aegyptiaca' in 1855. This work is here, revised in manuscript for a second edition. Among other extensive works of the earlier period are those discussing ancient systems of religion and different astro- nomical theories. Of importance in this class is the ' Chro- nologia Sacra." Researches concerning the Lord's year of birth, and the chronology of the Old and New Testaments.' A greater number are special critical reviews of the works 86 of eminent philologists, as a 'Refutation of Lepsius" Egyptian Chronology,' ' Examination of Rouge's and Brugsch's translation of a Berlin stele' and Rouge's ' Tom- beau d'Ahmos,' etc. His ' Fifteen Coptic, Greek and Cufic inscriptions discovered in Egypt explained,' and ' The Obelisk on the Porta del Popolo in Rome and Her- mapion's Greek translation,' are some of the works showing careful research. "The date of the 'Grammatica Aegyptiaca' was that also of the ' Theological writings of the ancient Egyptians, for the first time translated according to the Turin copy of the sacred Egyptian records, together with translations of billingual monuments, the Rosette-stone, the Flaminian obelisk, the Philaidoor, the tablet of Abydos and other in- scriptions,' both of which works were published in Gotha. " During the same year the author emigrated to this country, after a professorship of philology at Leipsic of thirty-two years' duration. He had issued during that period an average of one publication annually on the Egyptian literature. The reason of his departure from the Fatherland is not definitely learned. " For a time after his arrival in this country, Professor Seyffarth instructed young men in the Concordia College, St. Louis, the principal theological institution of learning directed by the "Lutheran Synod of Missouri, O. and other States." In a subsequent unsuccessful experiment to establish a Lutheran seminary at Dansville, N. Y., he lost some thousand dollars. From that time he devoted himself wholly to his Egyptian studies in New York, retaining his vigor to an advanced age. He was a prolific writer. Taking pamphlets into account, not less than sixty of his productions were published during his lifetime. A great number of volumes remain in manu- script. Many of the recently published works first ap- peared in different periodicals, or were printed by scien- tific associations. Like those of earlier date, they are in vehement conflict with accepted theories. Their author was frequently involved in heavy expenditures in the publi- 87 cation of controversy with a ^class of Egyptologists to whom foreign governments granted liberal patronage. He was almost without sympathy in his tremendous struggle. Prof Uhlemann, in Gottingen, and Professor Wuttke. in Leipsic, respected and defended him. Other and still living men have revered him as a man of profound philological learning. Professor Delitzsch, of Leipsic University, once his pupil in Hebrew, is among the latter. "No one can examine this extraordinary literary collection bequeathed to the Historical Society without the desire to have the question rightly answered whether Dr. Seyffarth, the esteemed scholar in Oriental philology, was under a monomania for the greater part of his life, or whether he deserved some degree of credit for his immense labors. This is chiefly to be judged in relation to his claim of having discovered the principle of syllabic hieroglyphs, without which it is true, as he asserts, that no adequate interpre- tation is possible. He insists in different works that Cham- pollion did not recognize the idea of hieroglyphic syllabism, and that the success attained by the Egyptologists reckoned as his followers depends upon the appropriation of the dis- covery first made public in the * Rudimenta' in 1826. Mean- time, according to his own plaint, he has received only critical iniustice and contempt from this circle of philolo- gists. His wrath waxed greater as his publications multi- plied, until he was finally left to solitary argumentation, while the syllabic principle has obviously advanced in the system which is well formulated by Dr. Brugsch and others. Whose was the syllabic idea.-' Exclusive emphasis is given it by Seyffarth, it is admitted in all works of Egyptian phil- 'ology. Learned opinion regarding it, readily discovered it in works for elementary instruction, such as the ' Egyptian Grammar ' of M. Le Payn Renouf and Birch's * Archaic Classics,' both published since the International Oriental Congress of 1874. The 'Delectus Christomathy,' or reading book of recent publication, conveys the same im- pression of the new idea. ChampoUion's grammar is com- pletely out of date. More acceptable authorities are the Rev. 88 A. H. Sayer (grammar) ; Brugsch Bey, through the 'Worter- buch,' and M. Pierrot with his esteemed ' Vocabulaire Hieroglophique.' The exact position of the syllabic element is indicated in the grammar for beginners by M. Le Page Kinout (1875), which commences with the proposition that * hieroglyphic signs are either phonetic or ideographic. Phonetic signs are either purely alphabetic or syllabic' It cannot be impossible for present Egyptologists to determine whether Seyffarth or some one else discovered this syllabic principle. Although destined to ' lose the dues of re- joicing,' justice might be more easily done him now that his wrath no longer continues. The Historical Society may also learn with advantage in what estimation to hold its newly acquired gift." • ,'.'--^'' '■ ' U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDMb^t,M3Mb •; I'V.y.v",;,.; . 236771 k^>^;>^vv.: K^^^ mmmm ri^;: f^i' '•