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 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY 
 
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 TWO CHAPTERS 
 
 OF 
 
 IRISH HISTORY 
 
 I. THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 
 
 II. THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE TREATY 
 OF LIMERICK 
 
 I'.Y 
 
 T. DUNBAR JNGRAM, LL.D. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 ' A HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATIVE UNION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND ' 
 
 " Irish policy is Irish history, and I have no faith in any statesman 
 who attempts to remedy the evils of Ireland who is either ignorant of the 
 past or who will not take lessons from it." — Beaconsfield. 
 
 iLontion 
 
 MA'CMILLAN AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK 
 
 1888 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
,4 
 
 
 y 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Section I. Ireland from 1641 to the Accession of 
 
 James II . . . .1 
 
 „ II. The Preparation for the Parliament . 29 
 
 III. The Parliament of 1689 . . .59 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF LIMERICK 
 
 Section I. The Second Siege and Treaty of Limerick 93 
 
 „ II. The Charge of Intolerance against the 
 
 Irish Protestant Parliament . .124 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 1. Two Columns of Names from the List of Persons 
 
 Attainted by the Irish Parliament . . 141 
 
 2. Treaty of Limerick, as Ratified by their Majesties' 
 
 Letters Patent under the Great Seal of England 143 
 
 250245 
 
CHAPTER I 
 THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 
 
' > > > 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 SECTION I 
 
 IRELAND FROM 1641 TO THE ACCESSION OF JAMES II 
 
 The forty years which immediately preceded the break- 
 ing out of the Eebelliou of 1G41 were the most peaceful 
 and prosperous which Ireland had seen for centuries. The 
 industrial progress of the island during this period was 
 remarkable. For the first time in her history Ireland paid 
 her way. The soil was greatly improved by applying to it 
 modes of husbandry with which the native inhabitants had 
 hitherto been unacquainted. New and profitable employments 
 were introduced, manufactures were established. The linen 
 manufacture in particular had made such an advance as to 
 establish among our historians the mistaken idea that it was first 
 introduced by Lord Strafford. 1 The value of lands and their 
 rents had increased. In 1640 the customs amounted to almost 
 four times the sum which was received from them at the 
 commencement of the century. Shipping had increased a 
 
 1 Lon" before Strafford was born linen cloth was manufactured in 
 and exported from Ireland. To buy linen cloth, except in open fair, 
 was punishable by the 33 Henry VIII, c. 2. By the 11 Eliz. c. 10 it 
 was forbidden to export linen yarns without paying the enormous duty 
 of twelvepence a pound. By the 13 Eliz. c. 1 it was provided that 
 none but merchants inhabiting staple or corporate towns should export 
 cloth made of linen yarn. The Eev. Charles O'Conor says, " The 
 antiquity of linen cloth in Ireland is lost in the night of the remotest 
 ages of our history." — Historical Address, pt. ii. p. 255. 
 
 B 
 
■ 
 
 • ■ 
 
 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 hundredfold, commerce had extended, and the export trade 
 was in the most satisfactory condition. Sir John Davis, 
 writing in 1G13, tells us in his quaint and figurative language 
 that the strings of the Irish harp were all in tune and made 
 a good harmony in the commonwealth : " So as we may well 
 conceive a hope that Ireland . . . will from henceforth prove 
 a land of peace and concord." 1 
 
 But the strings of the Irish harp were not fated to be long 
 in tune, or to give forth harmonious sounds. The growing 
 prosperity of Ireland was shattered in a moment. Encouraged 
 by the Scotch invasion of England, and by the successes which 
 his revolted subjects had obtained over Charles I, the Irish 
 wantonly threw away the blessings offered them by Providence. 
 The rebellion broke out on the 22d of October 1641. At first 
 it was purely anti-English. The northern rebels declared that 
 " they would not leave an Englishman in the country ; that 
 they would have no English king, but one of their own 
 nation, and Sir Phelim O'Neal should be their king ; that 
 neither the King nor Queen of England should govern Ireland 
 any longer ; that if they had His Majesty in their power 
 they would flay him alive ; that they would give a great sum 
 of money to have his head," etc. 2 But Roger Moore persuaded 
 the rebels to refrain from open threats against the English, 
 and to rest the whole merits of their case upon the subject 
 of religion. The race-feeling of the northern Irish against 
 the English was so strong that it even extended to and was 
 directed against the Roman Catholics of the Pale because 
 they were of English descent. Whilst Ambrose Bedell, son 
 
 1 For evidence as to the prosperous condition of Ireland before 
 1641 see Leland, iii. 41 ; Clarendon's Irish Rebellion, pp. 6-9 ; O'Conor's 
 Historical Address, pt.*ii. p. 255; Carte's Ormond, i. 87, folio ed. ; Sir 
 George Radcliffe's Essay towards a Life of Lord Strafford. Richard 
 Belling, in his History of the Irish Confederation, gives very strong 
 testimony to the same effect. 
 
 2 Carte's Ormond, i. 178. 
 
sec. I THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 3 
 
 of the well-known Bishop Bedell, was prisoner among the 
 rebels, he often heard the Ulster Irish threatening those of 
 the Pale and using such expressions to them as these, " You 
 churls with the great breeches, do you think that, if we were 
 rid of the other English, we would spare you ? No ! for we 
 would cut all your throats, for you are of one race with 
 them, though we make use of you for the present." 1 
 
 When the rebellion broke out, more than two-thirds of 
 the landed property of Ireland was in the hands of the 
 Eoman Catholics, who were Celts either by blood or by 
 traditions. 2 This one fact, of which there is not the slightest 
 doubt, reveals to us the striking difference between the way 
 the Normans acted in England and that in which the English 
 acted in Ireland ; and brings out the startling contrast 
 between the conduct of the Saxon after the conquest and 
 that of the Irish native after the English invasion. In 
 England, after the battle of Hastings, there was not a single 
 estate, certainly not one that was desirable in a Norman's eye, 
 which was not transferred to one of the invaders. Yet the 
 despoiled Saxon, after a few generations, forgot his wrongs and 
 coalesced with his conqueror to form with him a national 
 unity. In Ireland, notwithstanding some cases of encroach- 
 ment, the Celt over the greater portion of the country was left 
 in possession of his land. But the Irish native has ever sullenly 
 refused to unite loyally with the Englishman and to share his 
 labours and progress. To him time has brought no amnesty of 
 complaints,no limitation of offences, and no healing onits wings. 
 The reason of the difference in the conduct of the Saxon and 
 the Celtic communities is not far to seek. Long before the 
 Norman conquest the steady pressure of force had consolidated 
 
 1 Deposition of Ambrose Bedell, Hickson's Ireland in the Seven- 
 teenth Century, i. 218. 
 
 2 Sir William Petty's Political Anatomy of Ireland. Colonel 
 Laurence says the Roman Catholics before the rebellion owned ten 
 acres to one possessed by the English. — The Interest of Ireland, pt. ii. c. 2. 
 
4 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chai>. i 
 
 the Saxon principalities into a kingdom, and the idea of a single 
 sovereign and central power had taken a firm hold on the English 
 mind. But nothing like this had happened in Ireland, where 
 a crowd of chiefs exercised perpetual wars against one another. 
 The tribal or clannish spirit, which is wholly antagonistic to 
 the conception of a State or to union under a strong central 
 authority, survived in the Irish Celt. 1 It was this spirit 
 which disabled him in the past from raising himself to the 
 idea of a united nation : it is the same spirit which at the 
 present time disqualifies him from conceiving that of an 
 Empire. So deeply is this notion of a limited separate 
 interest apart from the general interests of the common weal, 
 engrained in the Irish mind, that it has been introduced into 
 our parliamentary system by the representatives of Celtic 
 Ireland. These representatives, unable to grasp the concep- 
 tion of serving for the whole realm, have cast aside the 
 sacred duty of voting freely and independently according to 
 their conscience. They have bound themselves by a covenant 
 to sit, act, and vote, not as the interests of the Empire demand, 
 but according as a majority of themselves shall dictate. 2 
 
 The failure of Great Britain to conciliate the Irish Celt is 
 but a temporary one. For it is not for want of the incorpor- 
 ating genius that she has not succeeded in this case. The 
 British race has proved, and is daily proving, its capacity for 
 absorbing and assimilating alien and foreign nationalities. 
 The Scotch, Welsh, and Cornish Celts are hardly distinguish- 
 
 1 A keen observer remarked the disintegrating effects of the tribal 
 system in Gaul. In Gallia, says Csesar, non solum in omnibus pagis 
 partibusque, seal pene etiam in singulis domibus factiones sunt. 
 
 2 This covenant runs as follows : " I pledge myself that in the 
 event of my election to Parliament I will sit, act, and vote with the 
 Irish parliamentary party ; and if at a meeting of the party, convened 
 upon due notice specially to consider the question, it be determined 
 by a resolution supported by a majority of the entire parliamentary 
 party, that I have not fulfilled the above pledge, I hereby undertake 
 forthwith to resign my seat." 
 
sec. I THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 5 
 
 able from the rest of our nation. Danes and Normans have 
 for centuries sunk into the general body of the people. The 
 French Huguenots and the Flemish artisans have long for- 
 gotten the land and the tongue of their fathers. The Hindoo, 
 the Mussulman, the Sikh, and the Buddhist are pressing 
 eagerly into the family of the imperial mother. Of the three 
 hundred millions of British subjects, more than a third of the 
 human race, three and a half millions only — Irish Celts — 
 stand apart sullen and discontented. The Irish branch of the 
 great Celtic family alone remains unreconciled. It is the 
 only one among the Celtic communities which has given up 
 its own tongue and adopted that of the invader, together with 
 his manners, customs, arts, and literature, and has at the 
 same time refused to consider itself a child of the same house- 
 hold with the stranger. Yet there is nothing in the Celtic 
 nature which presents a perennial bar to complete incorporation. 
 Not to speak of the cases of Scotland, of Wales, and of Cornwall, 
 the Celts of Gaul borrowed the language and civilisation of 
 Borne, and became in time as Roman as the Bomans themselves. 
 The rebellion of 1641 lasted more than eleven years, for 
 it was not until the 27th of September 1653 that the Parlia- 
 ment was enabled to declare it at an end. It would be 
 impossible within a limited space to give even a sketch of the 
 boundless confusion and universal misery of these disastrous 
 years. Europe has never witnessed, even in the Thirty Years' 
 war, such a scene of discord and anarchy as prevailed in this 
 small island during this period. It is wearisome to read, it 
 would be useless, if possible, to relate the innumerable compli- 
 cations, transformations, entrances and exits, which took 
 place. 1 There were always five parties in the field, sometimes 
 
 1 Thus Owen Roe O'Neill was (1) opposed to Munro and the 
 Ormondists ; (2) to the Confederates, while he supported the Nuncio 
 and the papal party ; (3) he joined the parliamentary party and 
 relieved Londonderry, which Coote held for that party ; Owen receiv- 
 ing £2000 in money, some ammunition, and 2000 cows ; (4) he 
 
6 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 six, — the Northern Irish, the Royalists under Ormond, the 
 Confederates of Kilkenny, the parliamentary party, the 
 Nuncio's party, and Munro's Presbyterians. Though we can 
 but glance at the actors and events of the rebellion, we are 
 only too well acquainted with its fatal results. The historian 1 
 informs us that " the desolation of the island was complete. 
 One third of the people had perished or been driven into 
 exile. Famine and plague had finished the work of the 
 sword. The fields lay uncultivated ; and the miserable 
 remnants of the flying population were driven to live on 
 carrion and human corpses. The wolves so increased in 
 numbers, even around the city of Dublin itself, that the 
 counties were taxed for their extermination, and rewards were 
 paid of five pounds for the head of a full-grown wolf, and two 
 pounds for that of a cub." 2 
 
 When the English Government at the close of the re- 
 bellion had obtained possession of the country, and subdued 
 the factions which had so long preyed on the vitals of Ire- 
 land, the parliamentary scheme for the settlement of Ireland 
 was carried into effect. The plan had been drawn up in 
 August 1G52, before the complete pacification of the country, 
 and is to be found among the Acts of that year. 3 This plan 
 
 finally agreed to unite with Ormond, and was on his march to join him 
 when he died at Cloughouter, 6th November 1 649. The career of Ebher 
 MacMahon, Bishop of Clogher, was as variable as that of Owen O'Neill. 
 
 1 Walpole. 
 
 " Ludlow says that at the end of the war " a proclamation was 
 published forbidding the killing of lambs and calves for the year next 
 ensuing, that the country might recover a stock again, which had 
 been so exhausted by the wars that many of the natives who had com- 
 mitted all manner of waste upon the possessions of the English were 
 driven to such extremities that they starved with hunger ; and I have 
 been informed by persons deserving credit that the same calamity fell 
 upon them even in the first year of the rebellion through the depreda- 
 tions of the Irish • and that they roasted men and eat them to supply 
 their necessities." — Memoirs, i. 338. 
 
 3 " Settling of Ireland," c. 13, 1652. Qcohell's Acts and Ordinances, 
 p. 197. 
 
sec. I THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 7 
 
 will ever be regarded with different eyes by two classes of 
 readers. One class, fixing its attention on the sufferings of 
 individuals and the vicissitudes of families, will deplore the 
 misfortunes of ancient and respectable houses, and exclaim 
 against the scheme and its projectors. The other class will 
 merge their compassion for individuals in their indignation 
 at the misery of the great body of the people brought to 
 destruction by the sins and wickedness of their natural 
 leaders. The general scope of the settlement w T as to punish 
 the Irish aristocracy and gentry who had misgoverned their 
 country, arrested the growing prosperity of Ireland, and 
 plunged the land into a scene of bloodshed and anarchy 
 compared with which the French Revolution was a peaceful 
 reform. The object of the settlement was to bring home and 
 limit the punishment to the castle and mansion, while it 
 held out security and protection to the cottage and the hovel. 
 The settlement has been misrepresented, but it remains in 
 black and white, and ought to be examined and consulted by 
 all who wish to have clear and distinct ideas respecting it. 
 The first thing which strikes a reader of it is its leniency. 1 
 It was not a plan for the transplantation of a whole com- 
 munity, but for the removal of the leaders of that community, 
 who had neglected the laws upon which societies are based, 
 
 1 Here are all the provisions of the Settlement with the exception 
 of two, which relate to estates tail and individuals under articles of 
 surrender : — 
 
 " 1. 'All husbandmen, ploughmen, labourers, artificers and others 
 of the inferior sort ' are received into protection. They and all per- 
 sons ' having no real estate nor personal estate to the value of ten 
 pounds ' [a sum equivalent to .£50 now] are pardoned for any act or 
 thing done during the rebellion. 
 
 "2. All who before the 10th of November 1642 contrived or 
 promoted the rebellion, murders, and massacres, excepted from 
 pardon. 
 
 " 3. Jesuits and priests who had contrived or promoted the re- 
 bellion, or any of the murders and massacres, excepted. 
 
 " 4. A hundred and six Anglo-Irish and Irish persons excepted by 
 name. 
 
8 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 who had turned their country into a hell upon earth for 
 twelve long years, and who had caused the death of more 
 than half a million of their fellow citizens. The follies and 
 crimes of the Irish aristocracy and gentry were infinitely 
 greater than those which the French aristocracy and gentry 
 expiated a hundred and fifty years later by a universal con- 
 fiscation and their own decimation. The Irish had established 
 a government in opposition to that of England ; they had 
 convened a general assembly of their nation regularly formed 
 into Lords and Commons ; raised armies and appointed 
 generals ; erected courts of justice ; drawn up a new oath 
 of allegiance ; despatched envoys to invite foreign powers, 
 the Pope, Emperor, and King of France, to lend their assist- 
 ance ; and finally they had hawked the crown of Ireland 
 about Europe, and ottered it to any Catholic prince who 
 would take it under his protection. Yet the punishment 
 which overtook the Irish aristocracy was infinitely less severe 
 than that which befell the nobility and gentry of France. 
 
 " 5. Principals and accessories to the murder of private persons, 
 not officers either in the English, or Irish armies, excepted. 
 
 " 6. Twenty- eight days, after publication of a future notice, 
 allowed to persons in arms to submit, otherwise excepted. 
 
 " 7. Persons who had borne high commands, as generals, colonels, 
 governors of forts, marshals of provinces, etc., to be banished during 
 pleasure of Parliament and to forfeit two-thirds of their estates ; lands 
 to the value of the remaining third to be assigned to their wives and 
 children in such parts of Ireland as the Parliament should determine. 
 
 "8. Power to parliamentary commissioners or commander-in-chief 
 to declare pardon for their lives to all other persons who had been in 
 arms ; such persons, however, to forfeit two-thirds of their estates, 
 lauds to the value of the remaining third to be assigned them in such 
 parts of Ireland as the Parliament should determine. 
 
 "9. All Roman Catholic proprietors who had resided in Ireland 
 from the commencement of the rebellion to the 1st of March 1650, 
 and had not manifested their constant good affection to the Common- 
 wealth, to forfeit one-third of their Lands ; lands to the value of the 
 other two-thirds to be assigned them in such places as the Parliament 
 should think lit. All others who had not manifested 'their good 
 affection ' to forfeit one-fifth." 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 9 
 
 Not a head of the whole Irish body fell upon the scaffold 
 except for private murder, 1 and when the convulsion had been 
 brought to a close, a decent competence in land was allowed 
 its members for the support of themselves and their families. 
 
 After the rebellion the landed property which re- 
 mained in the hands of the Roman Catholics amounted to 
 about one hundred thousand Irish acres of profitable lands in 
 the other parts of Ireland, and seven hundred thousand acres 
 of the same kind in Connaught and Clare. 2 This proportion 
 continued down through the interregnum till the restoration 
 of Charles II in 1660. 3 
 
 When in 1655, at the end of the rebellion, the English 
 settlers obtained possession of the lands which were dis- 
 tributed to them under the Parliamentary Settlement, the 
 desolation of the country was complete. Ireland was a 
 wilderness, over which the storms of war, of pestilence, and 
 of famine had raged without intermission for twelve years. 
 But the adventurers and soldiers set to work with a will, 
 aided by the peasants, who remained in their homes as 
 tenants or servants to the new proprietors. Industry, as 
 usual, was followed by its natural results, and Ireland soon 
 began to put on a new face. Even Clarendon, the author of 
 the absurd story that the English Parliament intended the 
 extermination of the Irish, admits that the country flourished 
 to an unexampled extent under this arrangement. Two 
 pictures of the state of Ireland, one of its condition before 
 
 1 Sir Phelim O'Neill was not only tried for treason, but for 
 being accessory to six murders. — Hickson's Ireland in the Seventeenth 
 Century, i. 157. 
 
 2 State of the Papist and Protestant properties in Ireland in 1641, 
 1653, ami 1662. In the Thorpe collection. 
 
 3 Sir William Petty estimated the surface of Ireland in this way — 
 10,500,000 Irish acres = 16,800,000 English acres, of which 3,000,000 
 were bogs, unprofitable land, etc., leaving 7,500,000 = 12,000,000 Eng- 
 lish measurement of good land. Ireland actually contains 20,815,460 
 English acres ; so that Petty underestimated the contents of the country 
 by a little more than four millions of English acres. 
 
10 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 the Parliamentary Settlement, and the other subsequent to it, 
 will give us an idea of the misery to which the Irish aristo- 
 cracy and the priesthood had reduced the island, and of the 
 prosperity which sprang up with the order and industry 
 introduced by the settlers. Colonel Eichard Laurence, a par- 
 liamentary officer, and afterwards a member of the Council of 
 Trade in the reign of Charles II, is the author of the first : — 
 
 "About the years 1652 and 1653 the plague and famine had 
 swept away whole countries, that a man might travel twenty or 
 thirty miles and not see a living creature, either man, beast, or 
 bird, they being either all dead or had quit those desolate places, 
 that our soldiers would tell stories of the place where they saw 
 a smoke, it was so rare to see either smoke by day or fire or 
 candle by night ; and when Ave did meet with two or three poor 
 cabins, none but very aged men with women and children, and 
 those with the prophet might have complained, We have become 
 as a Lottie in the smoke, our skin is as black as an oven because of the 
 terrible famine, I have seen those miserable creatures plucking 
 stinking carrion out of a ditch black and rotten, and have been 
 credibly informed they have digged corps out of the grave to eat. 
 But the most tragical story I ever heard was from an officer 
 commanding a party of horse hunting for tories in a dark night, 
 [who] discovered a light which they supposed to be a fire, which 
 the tories usually made in those waste countries to dress their 
 provisions and warm themselves ; but drawing near they found 
 it a ruined cabin, and besetting it round some did alight and 
 peep in at the window, where they saw a great fire of wood and a 
 company of miserable old women and children sitting round it. 
 and betwixt them and the fire a dead corpse lay broiling, which 
 as the fire roasted they cut off collops and eat." 1 
 
 Clarendon presents us with the subsequent picture : — 
 
 " And which is more wonderful, all this [the Parliamentary 
 Settlement] Avas done and settled within little more than two 
 years, to that degree of perfection that there Avere many build- 
 ings raised for beauty as Avell as use, orderly and regular planta- 
 tions of trees, and raising fences and enclosures throughout the 
 kingdom, purchases made by one from the other at very valuable 
 
 1 The Interest of Ireland in its Trade and Wealth, ii. 8G. 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 11 
 
 rates, and jointures made upon marriages, and all other con- 
 veyances and settlements executed as in a kingdom at peace 
 within itself, and where no doubt could be made of the validity 
 of titles." 1 
 
 At the commencement of the reign of Charles II in 1G60 
 the three provinces of Ulster, Leinster, and Minister were, 
 with the exception of the remnant which had been left to the 
 Eoman Catholics who had shown a constant good affection 
 to the commonwealth, in the possession of the adventurers 
 and soldiers. The contents of these provinces amounted to 
 sixteen millions of English acres. The restoration upset com- 
 pletely the settlement which had been effected by the Parlia- 
 ment. Whatever legal title the adventurers might have to 
 their lands, inasmuch as their claims rested on Acts 2 of 
 Parliament which had been assented to by Charles I before 
 the war, the soldiers knew that the courts of justice would 
 not recognise their rights which were based on parliamentary 
 ordinances only. But the adventurers and soldiers were well 
 aware that their cause was one and the same. They there- 
 fore united, and after careful consideration they politicly 
 determined to submit their interests to the king. Charles 
 issued his declaration for the settlement of Ireland and for 
 the satisfaction of the several interests on the 30th of 
 November 1660. The Act of Settlement professed to be 
 founded on this declaration, and to have for its object the 
 execution and carrying out of the same. For this purpose, 
 by one sweeping clause, it vested in the king three-fourths of 
 the whole land of Ireland. There can be little doubt that 
 Charles was unfavourably disposed to the Cromwellian occu- 
 pants, the large majority of whom were nonconformists, 
 and who were regarded by him as Republicans. But the 
 king was prudent enough to see that he could not act against 
 
 1 Works of Lord Clarendon, 2 vol. edition, ii. 1028. 
 2 17 Chas. I, ce. 34, 35, 36, 37. 
 
12 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 the wishes of the English Parliament, which would not con- 
 sent to hand back Ireland to the authors of its late evils. The 
 Act of Settlement did not give satisfaction, and its comple- 
 ment, the Act of Explanation, was passed in 1655. This 
 latter Act was essentially a compromise between the several 
 contending parties, and ought to have been regarded as final 
 by them all. 1 For to render such an arrangement possible, 
 the adventurers and soldiers, at the request of the forfeited 
 Eoman Catholic proprietors, voluntarily gave up a third of 
 their lands. The Act was understood by the Protestant 
 owners to be a final settlement. But the Irish claimants 
 never intended to abide by a compromise which they them- 
 selves had proposed. They accepted what the Act gave them, 
 and waited for an opportunity of recovering all. An occasion 
 arrived which to their blind greed appeared to be a propitious 
 one. They grasped at all, and in the attempt they effected 
 the ruin of their country and of themselves. 
 
 The result of these two Acts was, as Sir William Petty 
 informs us, that the Eoman Catholics obtained possession of 
 about a third of the profitable land of Ireland, viz. 2,280,000 
 Irish acres or 3,648,000 English acres. If we remember that 
 coarse land was excluded from this computation, and that 
 Petty underestimated the superficial contents of Ireland by 
 four millions of English acres, the Eoman Catholic proprietors 
 must have had in their hands at the accession of James II 
 between five and six millions of English acres. 
 
 The prosperity which set in with the parliamentary or 
 
 1 " The Roman Catholics at last, to end all disputes, proposed that 
 if for the satisfaction of their interests the adventurers and soldiers 
 would part with one-third of the lands respectively enjoyed by them 
 on 7th May 1659 in consideration of their adventures and service, 
 they were ready to agree to it. This proposal was in fine accepted. 
 . . . Thus was the settlement of Ireland at last effected by the 
 common consent of the agents of all the several interests concerned." — 
 Carte's Ormond, ii. 303. See also the report of the English Attorney- 
 General, Sir Heneage Finch, dated 1st February 1671.— Carte, Append. 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 13 
 
 Cromwellian Settlement continued during the whole reign of 
 Charles II. We have several glowing accounts of the con- 
 dition of Ireland during this reign, and at the accession of 
 James, drawn by contemporaries and eye-witnesses. But 
 three only shall be referred to here, those of Chief- Justice 
 Keating, Archbishop King, and a gentleman who took 
 refuge in England from the troubles of 1G88. That of the 
 Chief-Justice I shall quote hereafter, when describing the 
 subsequent desolation. The agreement between all these 
 descriptions, though by different hands, is very striking. 
 
 Archbishop King tells us that at King James's " coming 
 to the crown, Ireland was in a most flourishing condition. 
 Lands were everywhere improved, and rents advanced to 
 near double what they had been a few years before. The 
 kingdom abounded with money ; trade flourished, even to the 
 envy of our neighbours; cities, especially Dublin, increased 
 exceedingly ; gentlemen's seats were built or building every- 
 where ; and parks, enclosures, and other ornaments were 
 carefully promoted, insomuch that many places of the 
 kingdom equalled the improvements of England. . . . And 
 the king's revenue increased proportionably to the kingdom's 
 advance in wealth,- and was every day growing. It amounted 
 to more than three hundred thousand pounds per annum — a 
 sum sufficient to defray all the expenses of the crown, and 
 to return yearly a considerable sum into England, to which 
 this nation had formerly been a constant expense." 
 
 The account 1 given by the refugee is equally positive. 
 " By the favour of heaven upon the extraordinary fertility of 
 the land, Ireland was under very auspicious circumstances. 
 The Church flourished, trade increased, the cities and towns 
 were every year enlarged with new additions, the country 
 enriched and beautified with houses and plantations ; the 
 farms were loaden with stock, and ready and quick markets 
 
 1 Apology for the Protestants of Ireland, 1689. 
 
14 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 there were to vent them. The laws had a free and uninter- 
 rupted course, and a standing army was so far from being a 
 terror that they were the comfort and security of the people. 
 In a word, peace, wealth, and plenty were become universal 
 and epidemical, and all things conspired to a generous emula- 
 tion with our mother and neighbour, England." 
 
 Such was the condition of Ireland at the accession of 
 James. That of the Eoman Catholic subject was equally 
 favourable. The position of the Irish Eoman Catholic was 
 very different from and far superior to that of his English co- 
 religionist. The penal enactments on the Irish Statute Book 
 were fewer and less severe than those in England. In England 
 every priest who received a convert into the bosom of the 
 Church of Eome was liable to be hanged. In Ireland he 
 incurred no such danger. A doubtful but favourable con- 
 struction was placed on the Irish Act of Supremacy, and 
 enabled Eoman Catholics to fill public offices. " In England," 
 says Macaulay, " no man could hold office, or even earn his 
 livelihood as a barrister or a schoolmaster, without previously 
 taking the oath of supremacy ; but in Ireland a public 
 functionary was not held to be under the necessity of taking 
 that oath unless it were formally tendered to him. It there- 
 fore did not exclude from employment any person whom the 
 Government wished to promote. The sacramental test and 
 the declaration against transubstantiation were unknown; 
 nor was either House of Parliament closed against any 
 religious sect." In truth the state of the Irish Eoman 
 Catholics was much better than that described by Macaulay, 
 and deserves a short consideration. For it will be seen 
 how, when a legal toleration was within their reach, they 
 refused to hold out their hands for it, and disqualified 
 themselves from attaining it by declining to give a proof of 
 their fidelitv and allegiance to the government. 
 
 Shortly after the restoration of Charles II a petition was 
 
sec. l THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 15 
 
 presented to the English House of Peers in favour of the Roman 
 Catholics, and a motion was made in the House for a relaxa- 
 tion of the penal laws. It was known that the king was in 
 favour of the proposal, and the Lords were unanimous, " there 
 not appearing one lord in the house who seemed to be un- 
 willing that those laws should be repealed." 1 A committee 
 was appointed to examine and report on the penal statutes. 
 As soon as the committee was appointed, the Catholic peers 
 and their friends were diligent in their attendance for some 
 days, but on a sudden the committee was discontinued and 
 was never subsequently revived. The truth was that the 
 Roman Catholics had quarrelled amongst themselves. Dis- 
 sensions had broken out between their laity, their secular 
 and their regular clergy. Some meetings of a general com- 
 mittee, consisting of their principal lords, the superiors of 
 orders, and the secular priests, were held at Arundel House. 
 Difficulties were started at these meetings respecting the 
 form of an oath or subscription which, it was intended, should 
 be taken by Roman Catholics ; and also respecting a proposi- 
 tion, that none but secular priests under bishops should be 
 allowed in England, and that all regulars should be forbidden 
 the kingdom. There had long been grave disputes and 
 differences among the English Roman Catholics respecting 
 their internal government and the oath of allegiance ; these 
 were revived on this occasion and the general committee was 
 dissolved to meet no more. 2 
 
 The prospect of relief afforded by the action of the English 
 House of Lords and the known partiality of Charles en- 
 couraged the Irish Roman Catholic clergy and laity in 1661 
 
 1 Clarendon's Life ; Rev. Joseph Berington's Memoirs of Panzani, 
 p. 309. 
 
 2 Clarendon's Life; Berington, p. 310. A full account of the dis- 
 sensions which had prevailed for eighty years among the English 
 Roman Catholics is to he found in Berington's Panzani, and also in Sir 
 John Throckmorton's Letters to the Catholic Clergy of England. 
 
16 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 to petition the king for a mitigation of the laws which affected 
 them. The conduct of this clergy l during the rebellion of 
 1641 had been so mad, reckless, and disloyal that it was felt 
 to be useless to present a petition without a renunciation of 
 the principles on which they had acted during that period. 2 
 They were advised to incorporate in their petition a declaration 
 of their sentiments respecting the obedience and allegiance 
 which was due from them to the Civil Power. This advice 
 was given in order to get rid of the grand objection to their 
 claims, namely, that the toleration of the Eoman Catholic 
 
 1 The Duke of Ormond, who knew them well, describes the Eoman 
 Catholic clergy of these times as " the worst spiritual guides that 
 ever led a poor people to destruction." — Ormond to Orrery. The 
 letter is given in French's Unkinde Desertor, 1676. 
 
 2 It would he impossible to overstate the crimes and follies of the 
 Irish Eoman Catholic bishops and clergy during the rebellion. The 
 following are some and only some of them : — 
 
 1. The Synod of Armagh, within six months after the breaking 
 out of the insurrection, pronounced it to he lawful and pious. 
 
 2. On the 10th of May 1642, that is within eight months of the 
 same period, a general synod declared it to be just and lawful. 
 
 3. At the last synod it was resolved to send envoys to the Pope, 
 Emperor, and King of France to solicit assistance. 
 
 4. The hishops and clergy opposed the peace of 1646 with the king, 
 excommunicated their own commissioners who negotiated it, and forhade 
 the celebration of divine service in all towns and cities adhering to it. 
 
 5. They deposed the Supreme Council and assumed the govern- 
 ment themselves. 
 
 6. They opposed the cessation of arms with Inchiquin on the 
 ground that he was a heretic, and excommunicated its adherents. 
 
 7. They excommunicated the king's lord-lieutenant and drove him 
 from the country. 
 
 8. They applied to the Pope to become protector of Ireland ; on 
 the Pope's refusal they made a treaty with the Duke of Lorraine, 
 vesting royal authority in him with the title of Protector Royal of 
 Ireland. 
 
 9. They veered round from their former protestations of loyalty 
 and favoured the progress of the parliamentary arms. They refused 
 to excommunicate those who joined Cromwell or helped him with 
 contributions or supplies. Hence the open markets, and the pin- 
 visions sold freely in Cromwell's camp ; a state of things which 
 ( larlyle attributes to Cromwell's justice and ready money. 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 17 
 
 religion was inconsistent with the safety of a Protestant 
 State. Accordingly Sir Richard Belling, 1 formerly secretary 
 to the Kilkenny Confederation, drew up what was afterwards 
 known as the Loyal Eemonstrance of the Eoman Catholic 
 Clergy of Ireland. For the purpose of drawing up this docu- 
 ment Belling made use of three negative propositions con- 
 tained in a declaration signed by a great number of English 
 Eoman Catholics and presented to the Parliament in 1647. 2 
 
 1 This was the gentleman who, when envoy of the confederation, 
 induced the Pope to send Rinuccini to Ireland. 
 
 2 " The Roman Catholics of this nation, taking into consideration 
 the twelve proposals of his Excellency Sir Thomas Fairfax [that the 
 penal statutes should be repealed, and that the Roman Catholics should 
 enjoy liberty of conscience by grant from the Parliament] lately pub- 
 lished this present year 1647, and how prejudicial and destructive it 
 might be to them at this time tacitly to permit an opinion (by some 
 conceived) of an inconsistency in their religion with the civil govern- 
 ment of this kingdom by reason of some doctrines and positions 
 scandalously laid upon them, which might thereby draw on persons 
 that cannot conform themselves to the religion here established an 
 incapacity to receive and be partakers of a general benefit intended for 
 the ease of tender consciences, have thought it convenient to endeavour 
 the just vindication of their integrities therein. And to remove the 
 scandal out of all the minds and opinions of moderate and charitable 
 persons, do declare the negative to these propositions following : — 
 
 "I 
 
 " That the Pope or Church hath power to absolve any person or 
 persons whatsoever from his or their obedience to the Civil Govern- 
 ment established in this nation. 
 
 "II 
 
 " That it is lawful by the Pope's or Church's command or dispensa- 
 tion to kill, destroy, or otherwise injure any person or persons what- 
 soever, because he or they are accused or condemned, censured or 
 excommunicated for error, schism, or heresy. 
 
 "Ill 
 
 " That it is lawful in itself or by the Pope's dispensation to break 
 either word or oath with any person abovesaid, under pretence of 
 their being heretics." — Walsh, History of the Remonstrance, pp. 522, 523. 
 This declaration was condemned the following year by Innocent X, and 
 its subscribers censured by a particular decree. — Throckmorton, 1st 
 Letter, p. 145. 
 
 C 
 
18 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 Changing the words as required by the new circumstances of 
 the case, Belling followed closely the expressions and inten- 
 tions of the English petition. 
 
 The Irish Remonstrance acknowledged the king to be the 
 supreme lord and rightful sovereign of Ireland ; that the 
 clergy were bound to obey him in all civil and temporal 
 affairs, and to pay him loyalty and obedience notwithstanding 
 any sentence or declaration of the Pope ; it disclaimed all 
 foreign power, papal or princely, spiritual or temporal, that 
 should pretend to free them from this obligation ; and de- 
 clared that all princes of what religion soever were indepen- 
 dent under God ; and that it was impious and against the 
 Word of God to maintain that any private subject might kill 
 the prince though of a different religion. 
 
 A copy of this Remonstrance was sent to London and 
 there signed by twenty-three Eoman Catholic ecclesiastics 
 and ninety-seven of the Irish nobility and gentry who were 
 in that city. It was then presented to the king, and was 
 received most graciously by him. 
 
 As the prospect was held out to the Eoman Catholics of 
 Ireland of obtaining relief from the penal laws, it became 
 desirable to know whether the Kemonstrance represented the 
 real opinions of their clergy on the question of allegiance and 
 obedience to the Civil Power. If it did, there could be no 
 objection to an acknowledgment by that body of their loyalty 
 to the established government. If, on the other hand, it did 
 not, all further discussion was at an end, and the State could 
 only come to the conclusion that both the Roman Catholic 
 clergy and the laity, over whom they exercised a dominant 
 influence, were unfit to be admitted into the constitution. 
 To prevent all excuses and subterfuges, and to give an oppor- 
 tunity for a free and fair discussion of the subject of civil 
 obedience, the Duke of Ormond allowed a national Synod of the 
 Roman Catholic clergy to be convened at Dublin. The Synod 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 19 
 
 met on the 11th of June 1666, and continued its sittings till 
 the 25th of the same month. But it soon appeared that the 
 Irish clergy still clung to a dogma which has since been given 
 up by the Koman Catholic world; namely, that the Pope 
 has the power of deposing kings and of dispensing with the 
 allegiance due to them from their subjects. The Synod de- 
 clined to sign the Loyal Eemonstrance, and drew up on the 
 16th of June what they called " a remonstrance and protesta- 
 tion of their loyalty." This latter document contained no 
 denial of the Pope's deposing power, and when read by the 
 light of that doctrine was evasive and offered no guarantee 
 of their loyalty and obedience to the Civil Power. 
 
 No sooner had it become known at Eome that it was pro- 
 posed by the Eoman Catholic clergy of Ireland to present a 
 declaration of their loyalty to the Civil Power than the 
 thunders of the Vatican were heard. The Nuncio at Brussels, 
 De Vecchiis, who then exercised a superintendence over Irish 
 religious affairs, condemned in July 1662 the Piemonstrance 
 on the ground that it denied the Pope's deposing power. 1 In 
 the same month Cardinal Barberini, in a letter addressed to 
 the noblemen and gentry of Ireland, 2 declared that the 
 Eemonstrance was a violation of the Catholic faith. And 
 shortly before the meeting of the Synod in 1666, Eospigliosi, 
 then Nuncio at Brussels and afterwards Cardinal, wrote to 
 the Irish bishops and clergy that subscription to the Eemon- 
 strance would be grievous and hurtful to the Catholic 
 religion. 3 In thus condemning a declaration of their loyalty 
 by the Eoman Catholics of Ireland, the Eoman court and its 
 ministers continued a policy on which they had long acted. 
 In 1646 their own Nuncio, Einuccini, on an occasion when 
 he wanted to gain the Irish nobility and gentry to his designs, 
 
 1 Throckmorton's Letters to the Catholic Clergy, etc., p. 154. 
 2 Ad prcestantes vims Hibernice. — Walsh, p. 17. 
 3 Walsh, p. 633. 
 
20 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 made a speech in which he boasted of his fidelity to the 
 Koyal cause. He was at once reprimanded from Borne for 
 having used such expressions. Cardinal Pamphili, the Pope's 
 Secretary of State, wrote to him in these words : " The Holy 
 See never can by any positive act approve of the civil 
 allegiance of Catholic subjects to a heretical prince. From 
 this maxim of the Holy See have arisen many difficulties 
 and disputes in England about oaths of allegiance. And 
 His Holiness's displeasure is the greater because you 
 have left the original of your speech in the hands of the 
 Catholic confederates, which, if published, will furnish 
 heretics with arguments against the Pope's power over here- 
 tical princes, seeing that his minister exhorts the Catholics 
 of Ireland to allegiance to a heretical king." 1 
 
 Again in December of the same year Pamphili informed 
 Einuccini " That it had been the constant and uninterrupted 
 practice of the Holy See never to allow its ministers to make 
 or to consent to any public edict of Catholic subjects for the 
 defence of the crown and person of a heretical prince ; that 
 his conduct furnished pretences to the enemies of the Holy 
 See to reflect upon her as deviating from the maxims of sound 
 policy to which she had ever yet adhered ; and that the Pope 
 desired that he would not by any public act show that he 
 knew or consented to any declaration of allegiance which 
 Irish Catholics might for political reasons be compelled or be 
 willing to make to the king." 2 
 
 It is now admitted by all Eoman Catholics that both the 
 oath of allegiance drawn up by James I in England in 1G05, 
 
 1 Carte's Ormond, i. 578 ; O'Conor's Historical Address, pt. ii. p. 415, 
 and the authorities there quoted. On receipt of this letter, Rinuccini, 
 pretending that lie had lost his own copy of the speech, applied to 
 Lord Mountgarret, President of the Supreme Council, for the ori- 
 ginal, and returned in its stead a mutilated copy from which the offen- 
 sive passage was omitted. — Carte's Ormond; O'Conor's Historical 
 A ddress. 
 
 2 O'Conor's Historical Address and Hutton's Bimiccini, p. 580. 
 
SEC. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 21 
 
 and the Irish Remonstrance of 1662, are perfectly free from 
 any objection, and contain nothing inconsistent with their 
 faith or with their duty to the head of their church. 1 James 
 knew that some Roman Catholics whose civil principles were 
 sound and loyal seriously objected to the oath of supremacy. 
 He therefore drew up a political test in the oath of allegiance 
 to which it was thought all Catholics would cheerfully sub- 
 scribe. 2 When this oath was first proposed it " was eagerly 
 and generally taken by many of the secular clergy, of the 
 Benedictines, and of the lay Catholics," 3 and also by the Arch- 
 
 1 "The instrument [the Irish Remonstrance] is now acknowledged 
 by Catholics to be perfectly free from objection." — Throckmorton's 
 Letters to the Catholic Clergy, p. 155. 
 
 " James II, when Duke of York, took the oath of allegiance, and 
 intimated his intention of enforcing it when king." — Butler's Memoirs 
 of the English Catholics, ii. 220. 
 
 " The apostolic delegate, Blackwell, in the reign of James I, took 
 the oath himself and advised the English Catholics to take it." — lb. 
 p. 211. 
 
 " Why was this oath condemned ? I defy any Catholic to find 
 anything in it repugnant to his religion." — Rev. Chas. O'Conor's 
 Historical Address, pt. ii. p. 160. 
 
 " A slight attention to the nature of the condemned oath would 
 have convinced them [the Catholic laity] that nothing by it was de- 
 manded of them which as subjects they ought to refuse, and that 
 nothing was renounced in it which affected their religion." — Throck- 
 morton, 2d Letter, p. 91. 
 
 Butler says it was a lamentable error to refuse the oath. — Memoirs 
 of the English Catholics, ii. 203. 
 
 "The oath accordingly when tendered was taken by many 
 Catholics, laity and clergy, and a ray of returning happiness gleamed 
 around them. But a cloud soon gathered on the seven hills ; for it 
 could not be that a test, the main object of which was an explicit re- 
 jection of the deposing power, should not raise vapours there."' — Rev. 
 Joseph Berington's Panzani, p. 75. 
 
 Father Walsh advised all Roman Catholics to take the oath of 
 allegiance and to sign the Remonstrance. " May you . . . offer that 
 you will at the choice of the Parliament either take the oath of alle- 
 giance . . . or sign the loyal formulary." — Address to the Catholics, etc. 
 
 2 3 Jas. I, c. 4, § 15. James's oath is generally known as that of 
 allegiance, the oath of Elizabeth as that of supremacy. 
 
 3 Throckmorton, p. 134. 
 
22 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 priest Blackwell, 1 the apostolic delegate in England, who 
 advised his flock to take it. There was at last, after so many 
 years, a prospect of a modus vivcndi being established between 
 the English Eoman Catholics and the Government ; a recon- 
 ciliation between them and the State under the protection of 
 which they lived. But the bright scene was soon clouded. 
 Paul V in a brief of the 23d of October 1606 condemned the 
 oath as containing " many things adverse to faith and salva- 
 tion." The authenticity of this brief was generally doubted, 
 and the Eoman Catholics continued to manifest their allegiance. 
 On this a second brief followed in 1607, which established 
 the validity of the former and enforced submission. In 1608 
 a third brief was issued repeating the condemnation of the 
 oath, and ordering all priests who had taken it, and did not 
 retract within a limited time, to be deprived of their faculties. 2 
 Finally in 1626 a fourth condemnation was published by 
 Urban VIII. 3 The same unhappy policy was again adopted 
 in 1662, and the Irish Eemonstrance was also con- 
 demned. 
 
 Protestants are too apt in their criticisms to confound the 
 essential tenets of the Eoman Catholic faith with the behaviour 
 and policy of the governors and directors of the Eomish 
 Church, and Eoman Catholics naturally resent judgments 
 which mix up divine things with the consequences of human 
 frailty. But the political action of individuals, whether 
 Popes or Cardinals, is open to the world, and may be praised 
 
 1 The last of the Marian bishops, Watson, died in 1584. Con- 
 trary to the wish of the English Catholics, who desired the appointment 
 of bishops, a new office and title were created. Blackwell was made 
 archpriest and superior over the clergy of England and Scotland in 
 1598. Blackwell was deposed in 1008 for taking the oath of 
 allegiance and recommending the Catholics of England to take it. 
 See Throckmorton's Letters and Berington's Memoirs of Panzani. 
 
 2 llirockmorton, pp. 135, 136. 
 
 3 This was the Pope who, as Cardinal Newman informs us, de- 
 clared that Rome bewailed with "tears of blood" the conduct of the 
 Papacy towards England. Video meliora yroboquc, deteriora sequoi: 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 23 
 
 or censured by all, either Catholics or Protestants. It is the 
 unquestionable duty of every subject, and of every class of 
 subjects, when called upon by the Supreme Power in the 
 State, to give such assurance of his or their allegiance as that 
 power may require, either by an oath or solemn declaration, 
 provided there is nothing in the oath or declaration which is 
 opposed to his or their faith and conscience. There was 
 nothing contrary to Catholic faith or conscience in the oath 
 of allegiance or in the Irish Piemonstrance. Yet the Roman 
 Catholics of England were forbidden to take the oath of 
 allegiance ; those of Ireland were prohibited from signing 
 the Remonstrance. The authors of the briefs against the 
 English oath and of the prohibitions against signing the Irish 
 Remonstrance forbade the reception of the Roman Catholics 
 of England and Ireland into our constitution, and shut the 
 gates of admission in the face of millions of faithful and 
 obedient believers who looked to them for guidance. These 
 rulers and councillors, to maintain an ambitious claim which 
 had no better foundation than the arrogance of former pontiffs 
 and the " weak concessions of mortals," prevented a reconcilia- 
 tion of the members of their church with the governments 
 under which they lived as subjects. Unwilling to give 
 up an old and rusty weapon which had been opposed 
 with success in every kingdom of Europe, and which they 
 have since abandoned, the vicars of Him, whose kingdom is 
 not of this world, left the Roman Catholics of these countries 
 exposed to laws necessarily severe. 1 For the subject who 
 refuses to give guarantees of his loyalty is justly suspect as 
 
 1 " And Paul himself could sit undisturbed in the Vatican, hear- 
 ing that men were imprisoned and that blood was poured out in 
 support of a claim which had no better foundation, surely he knew, 
 than the ambition of his predecessors and the weak concessions of 
 mortals ; he could sit and view the scene, and not in pity at least wish 
 to redress their sufferings by releasing them from the injunctions of 
 his decree." — Rev. Joseph Berington's Panzani, p. 86. 
 
24 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 an enemy, and justly condemned to exclusion from the full 
 rights of citizenship. 
 
 Notwithstanding the refusal of the Irish bishops and 
 clergy to give a pledge of their loyalty and obedience to the 
 State in all civil matters, the Roman Catholics of Ireland 
 enjoyed from 1660 to the accession of James II a toleration 
 which, when compared with the contemporaneous condition 
 of the Protestant subjects under the Catholic Governments of 
 Europe, was a state of perfect freedom. Archbishop King 
 tells us that, when James came to the throne, there was " a 
 free liberty of conscience by connivance though not by law." 
 But as the evidence of this prelate is sometimes called in 
 question, Roman Catholic testimony will be adduced. Father 
 Walsh, writing in 1672, informs us that Charles II effectu- 
 ally countermanded " the winds and tempests of persecution 
 throughout Ireland." l In his speech to the Synod in June 
 1666 the same ecclesiastic reminded the assembled fathers, 
 who must have been acquainted with the facts, " of the ceas- 
 ing of persecution, release of prisoners, general connivance at 
 the exercise of their religion through all provinces and parts 
 of Ireland, even within the walls of corporate towns and 
 garrisons." 2 In the same month eighteen Catholic priests 
 presented a petition or letter of expostulation to the Synod, 
 advising the signature of the Remonstrance, in which these 
 words occur : " Is it not further as manifestly apparent how 
 graciously that instrument [the Remonstrance] after the sig- 
 nature of it was received by His Majesty ? How immediately 
 the persecution in this kingdom ceased by His Majesty's 
 express commands. Nay, how ever since both people and 
 clergy of our communion have enjoyed the great tranquillity 
 
 1 Father Walsh informs us that at this time the number of secular 
 priests was more than a thousand, and of the regulars eight hundred. 
 Cardinal Moran, in his Life of Archbishop Plunket, estimates the seculars 
 at a thousand and the regulars at six hundred. 
 
 2 History of the Remonstrance, p. 654. 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 25 
 
 and freedom in point of exercising our religion and functions 
 which we have so gladly seen and which we so thankfully 
 acknowledge to be still continued to us, yea, in a higher 
 measure enjoyed by us at this present than we could almost 
 have not long since either believed or hoped we should live 
 to see." 1 In 1670 the Lord Lieutenant received special in- 
 structions to favour and protect the remonstrant, that is the 
 loyal, priests. 2 Archbishop Plunket writes in the same year 
 to the Cardinal Protector at Borne : " The Viceroy of this 
 kingdom shows himself favourable to the Catholics, not only 
 in consequence of his natural mildness of disposition, but 
 still more on account of his being acquainted with the benign 
 intentions of His Majesty in reference to his Catholic sub- 
 jects." 3 In another letter of the same year, addressed to the 
 new pontiff, Clement X, the same prelate says : " We experi- 
 ence in this kingdom, Holy Father, the benign influence of 
 the King of England in favour of the Catholics, so that all 
 enjoy great liberty and ease. Ecclesiastics may be publicly 
 known, and are permitted to exercise their functions without 
 any impediment." 4 When the Duke of Ormond resumed the 
 viceroyalty in 1677, Dr. Plunket "often speaks of his govern- 
 ment as peaceful and mild." 5 Such was the general tenor of 
 the conduct of the Government towards the Irish Soman 
 Catholics, though it was sometimes disturbed for short in- 
 tervals on occasions of national excitement, such, for example, 
 as that which was consequent on the so-called Popish plot. 
 
 But the best test of the toleration granted to the Boman 
 Catholics may be derived from their own conduct. Did they 
 show by the humility of their proceedings that they con- 
 sidered themselves as oppressed and as excluded from freedom 
 of action? Did their bishops and clergy refrain from the 
 
 1 History of the Remonstrance, p. 698. 
 
 2 Life of Archbishop Plunket, by Archbishop (now Cardinal) Moran, 
 p. 48. 3 lb. p. 51. 4 lb. p. 52. 5 lb. p. 55. 
 
26 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 open exercise of their functions, and was their carriage that 
 of those who felt themselves to be persecuted ? At or about 
 this time it was death, or what was worse than death, the 
 galleys, for a Protestant divine to celebrate the offices of his 
 religion in the Catholic countries of Europe. 1 The conduct 
 of the Eoman Catholic ecclesiastics in Ireland presents 
 a lively contrast to the state of things on the Continent. 
 Within three months after his arrival from Borne in 1670 
 Archbishop Plunket " solemnised two synods of his clergy, 
 and moreover convened and presided at a general synod of 
 the Irish bishops, which was held in Dublin ; and before the 
 month of September in the same year we find him summon- 
 ing a provincial council of Ulster, and enacting many salutary 
 decrees for the correction of abuses and the advancement of 
 ecclesiastical discipline in that province." 2 In 1678 the same 
 prelate convoked another provincial synod at Ardpatrick, 
 where decrees were made and enactments passed. 3 In 1670 
 Peter Talbot, titular Archbishop of Dublin, appeared before 
 the Privy Council in his episcopal habits, a thing of which 
 there had been no precedent since the Eeformation. On 
 another occasion the same archbishop applied to the Lord 
 Lieutenant for the loan of some of the State hangings, silver 
 candlesticks, plate, and other utensils, for the purpose of mak- 
 ing use of them at the celebration of high mass. The request 
 was complied with. 4 But this is not all: we are informed by 
 Archbishop Plunket, in a letter to the Nuncio in the year 
 1673, that the same Peter Talbot, " during the past four 
 years, waged an open war against the Duke of Ormond, who 
 
 1 This subject is more fully treated in the following chapter. 
 
 2 Moran's Life of Archbishop Plunket, p. 56. 
 
 3 lb. p. 58. 
 
 4 The loan was accompanied with a complimentary message from 
 the Lord Lieutenant's secretary, Sir Ellis Leighton, " that he hoped 
 to have high mass at Christ Church at Christmas." — Secret Consults, 
 etc. ; State Tracts, iii. 620 ; Leland, iii. 462. 
 
sec. i THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 27 
 
 is the most powerful subject of His Majesty in this kingdom." 1 
 Let us imagine, if we can, what would have been the fate of 
 a Protestant ecclesiastic in Austria, Spain, France, or Savoy, 
 who would at this time have opposed, not a powerful ex- 
 viceroy, but even a parish officer. If we consider this, we 
 shall be able to guess at the difference between the position 
 of a Eoman Catholic in Ireland and that of a Protestant in 
 these Catholic kingdoms at this period. It is absurd and in 
 the highest degree ungrateful for Irish Eoman Catholic writers 
 to speak of the conduct of the Government as oppressive at a 
 time when the Protestant subjects of Catholic kingdoms were 
 hunted like wolves or mad dogs, and persecuted, not as being 
 dangerous to the safety of the State, but for holding religious 
 opinions different from those professed by their rulers. If 
 these partisans were acquainted with comparative history, 
 they would thankfully acknowledge that their co-religionists 
 enjoyed at this time in Ireland a toleration which was un- 
 known to Catholic governments, and which was simply 
 marvellous considering the spirit of the times and the dis- 
 affection of the subjects to whom it was extended — a dis- 
 affection which was so soon again to manifest itself, for the 
 second time within forty years, at the expense of the ruin of 
 the country and at the cost of a hundred thousand lives. 
 
 The condition and circumstances of the Eoman Catholic 
 laity at the accession of James II were as favourable as the 
 position of the clergy. Archbishop King tells us that great 
 numbers of them had acquired considerable estates " either 
 by traffic or by the law, or by other arts and industries." 
 And Colonel Laurence, writing in 1682, speaks strongly 
 of their general prosperity at the time. " For," says he, 
 " although a considerable number of them may be of des- 
 perate fortunes, being branches of those ruined families 
 sequestered for former rebellions, to whom war is the best 
 
 1 Moran's Life of Archbishop Plunket, p. 88. 
 
28 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 trade and revenge desirable wages — if they gain nothing they 
 cannot lose much. But this is not the case of the body of 
 them. There are many of their nobility 1 and gentry enjoy 
 plentiful estates with the favour and countenance of their 
 prince, some of whom never quitted the interest of the Crown 
 in the last twelve years' war, and now reap the profit of it. 
 And multitudes of the commons are wealthy merchants in 
 our cities and rich farmers in the country,/who, although they 
 be strict Papists, yet are friendly and good neighbours and 
 just and honest dealers, who have as much reason to dread a 
 war as the English themselves." 2 
 
 1 At the accession of James II the number of the Catholic peers 
 was about forty. 
 
 2 Interest of Ireland in its Trade and JVealth, ii. 89. When Colonel 
 Laurence published this book he had been thirty -three years in 
 Ireland. 
 
SECTION II 
 
 THE PREPARATION FOR THE PARLIAMENT 1 
 
 It was in a country so circumstanced, rapidly advancing in 
 prosperity, 2 and in which the Eoman Catholic subject enjoyed 
 a toleration which was absolute freedom when compared with 
 the position of Protestants under the Catholic governments 
 of Europe, that the king, Tyrconnel, and the Irish priesthood 
 entered upon a conspiracy which was to end in the 
 desolation of the island. The old attempts were to be 
 renewed, and the old game of 1641, which had ended so 
 disastrously, was to be played over again. But the conditions 
 of the game were now altered. A king of Great Britain and 
 his secret council 3 had joined the conspiracy. James had 
 
 1 Portions of this and the following section appeared in a pamphlet 
 which I published anonymously in Dublin, 1886. 
 
 2 " This kingdom improves visibly, and it is improved beyond 
 what could have been reasonably hoped for in the space of twenty 
 years. Nor can anything but a civil war or some other of God's 
 national judgments stop the career of prosperity it is in." — Ormond to 
 the King, 1681 ; Carte, Append. 
 
 3 It is from James's own statement that we have the most certain 
 evidence of the existence of this secret council. " He [Sunderland] 
 persuaded the king to appoint some of the most considerable Catholics 
 to meet at certain times either at his office or at Mr. Chiffinch's to 
 consult of matters relating to religion, and he pretending to be much 
 inclined to and at the last professing himself a Catholic, was not only 
 admitted, but soon had the chief direction of this secret juncto ; it was 
 a sort of committee from the Cabinet Council itself, whither by degrees 
 he drew all business, and by consequence made himself umpire of the 
 whole transactions relating to the Government." — Clarke's Life of James 
 II, ii. 74. 
 
30 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 found that his attack on the liberties and constitution of 
 England was not as likely to succeed as he had once hoped. 
 He was therefore resolved, as he informed some of his friends 
 and followers who began to doubt the result of his schemes, 
 to provide for himself and them " a sure sanctuary and retreat 
 in Ireland if all those endeavours should be blasted in England 
 which he had made for their security, and of whose success 
 he had not yet reason to despair." 1 He determined there- 
 fore to exalt the power and influence of the Eoman Catholic 
 body in Ireland, and to destroy the Protestant or English 
 interest in that country, in order that he and his party might 
 have a refuge or fortified camp to which they could retreat, 
 and from which they could either negotiate or defend them- 
 selves with the aid of France. To carry out this scheme 
 James selected Tyrconnel as his instrument. Though Tyr- 
 connel's appointment was opposed by every moderate English 
 Eoman Catholic about the king, 2 James insisted on his 
 nomination. " There is work to be done in Ireland," said he, 
 " which no Englishman will do." 
 
 Tyrconnel had long been the agent at the English Court 
 of that Irish party which desired the repeal of the Acts of 
 Settlement and the restoration of the Eoman Catholics to the 
 forfeited estates, a scheme which was dreaded by the English 
 Catholics as dangerous and revolutionary. He was supported 
 
 1 Secret Consults, etc.; State Tracts, iii. 61G. "Jacques II des le 
 commencement de son regne, avoit fait visiter toutes les places mili- 
 taires de cette ile par le lord Darmouth, grand maitre de l'artillerie 
 d'Angleterre. Son rapport, qui est sous nos ycux, prouve le dessein 
 forme d'arracher la preponderance aux Anglois et de former en Irlande 
 un systeme de defense pour une hypothesis qui s'est realisee ; la 
 necessite pour le Roi de se refugier parmi les Irlandois Catholiques." 
 " Les desseins du Roi sur l'Irlande embrassoient l'espace de cinq amines, 
 le temps lui parassait necessaire pour fortifier le Royaume, et pour y 
 preparer un asyle, independant de son successeur, aux Catholiques." — 
 M azure, Revolution de 1688, ii. 115, 287. 
 
 2 Lord Bellasis said at the Council Board, "That fellow, Dick 
 Talbot, is fool and madman enough to ruin ten kingdoms." 
 
sec. ii TIIK ililSIl PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 31 
 
 at the Court by the Queen and Father Petre, though opposed 
 by the Privy Council and the House of Commons. This latter 
 assembly had even petitioned Charles II in 1673 to dismiss 
 him from all command, civil or military, and to forbid his 
 appearance at Court. If but a part of what lias been said of 
 i his man be true, he was a prodigy of wickedness. Some 
 virtues at least enter into our conception of a political leader, 
 but Tyrconnel appears to have been deficient in every quality 
 required. There was neither conscience, veracity, nor pru- 
 dence in the man. He was not even faithful to the family of 
 the master to whom he owed everything. 1 If James had had 
 the feelings of a man, he would have detested one who had 
 attempted to blacken the good fame of his first wife. But 
 Tyrconnel was the chosen leader of the Irish priesthood, and 
 by their influence, backed by the king's knowledge of Tyrcon- 
 nel's wish to destroy the Protestant interest in Ireland, James 
 was induced to employ him, first as commander of the forces 
 in that country, and afterwards as Lord Deputy. The recom- 
 mendation of the Irish priesthood in favour of Tyrconnel is 
 still extant. 2 It was found amongst the papers of Tyrrell, 
 titular Bishop of Clogher, and secretary to Tyrconnel. An 
 extract will show how highly Tyrconnel and his services were 
 valued by the Irish clergy : " And since of all others the 
 Earl of Tyrconnel did first espouse and chiefly maintain, 
 these twenty -five years last past, the cause of your poor 
 oppressed lioman Catholic clergy, and is now the only subject 
 of your Majesty under whose fortune and popularity in this 
 kingdom we dare cheerfully and with assurance owli our 
 loyalty and assert your Majesty's interest, do make it our 
 humble suit to your Majesty, that you will be pleased to 
 lodge your authority over us in his hands, to the terror of the 
 
 1 Tyrconnel made overturns to France for casting off all connection 
 with England, and, in the event of James's death, for placing the crown 
 of Ireland on his own head. — Mazure, Revolution de 1688, ii. 287. 
 
 2 King's State of the Protestants, Append. 
 
32 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chai>. i 
 
 factious and encouragement of your faithful subjects here. 
 Since his dependence on your Majesty is so great, that we 
 doubt not but that they will receive him with such acclama- 
 tions as the long -captivated Israelites did their redeemer 
 Mordecai. And since your Majesty ill glory and power does 
 equal the mighty Ahasuerus, and the virtues and beauty of 
 your Queen is as true a parallel to his adored Hester, we 
 humbly beseech she may be heard as our great patroness 
 against that Haman x whose pride and ambition of being 
 honoured as his master may have hitherto kept us in slavery." 
 We may well wonder that the Irish clergy should choose 
 such a representative and leader. However this may be, it is 
 certain that they and Tyrconnel, with the assent and con- 
 currence of James, began a conspiracy against the liberties, 
 property, and Church of the Protestants in Ireland. The aim 
 of the conspiracy was threefold — Eoman Catholic ascendency 
 in this country, and the exclusion of Protestants from all 
 civil and military employment ; the complete separation of 
 Ireland from England ; and the restoration of the land to the 
 Irish. The events subsequent to the commencement of the 
 year 1685, and up to the landing of William, the conduct of 
 James's Irish Government, and the legislation of the Irish 
 Parliament, leave no doubt of the existence and aims of this 
 conspiracy. The means intended to effect these aims were, 
 first, to get possession of the whole civil, military, and judicial 
 power in the nation ; secondly, to master the representation ; 
 and thirdly, to call a Parliament which should give effect to 
 their policy. If there are minds so constituted as to remain 
 unconvinced by the logic of facts and conduct, at least they 
 cannot refuse credence to written testimony. Among the 
 letters of the same Tyrrell there was found one addressed to 
 the king, in which the programme of the conspirators was 
 clearly explained, and this programme was afterwards literally 
 
 1 Orinond. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 33 
 
 carried out. The letter is long, and in parts imperfect ; but 
 sufficient remains to indicate its scope and meaning. 1 The 
 paragraph which refers to the means to be adopted for work- 
 ing out the ends of the conspiracy is here given. The writer, 
 after recommending the king to promote Catholics to " the 
 most eminent and profitable stations," and expressing a fear 
 that the Protestants in his English army would be inclined 
 to fight for the king, Parliament, and Protestant religion 
 against the king as Papist, his Popish cabals, and popery, 
 goes on to say : " To prevent which, as matters now stand, 
 there is but one sure and safe expedient, that is, to purge 
 without delay the rest of your Irish army, increase and make 
 it wholly Catholic ; raise and train a Catholic militia there ; 
 place Catholics at the helm of that kingdom ; issue out quo 
 warrantos against all the corporations in it ; put all employs, 
 civil as well as military, into Catholic hands. This done, 
 call a Parliament of loyal " — here the document is illegible 
 for a few lines. But the sketch is complete, and we shall 
 soon see that the line of action recommended in this letter 
 was at once put into operation. The letter was sent to James 
 in August 168G, while Lord Clarendon was Lord Lieutenant, 
 and Tyrconnel Commander-in-Chief in Ireland. The first 
 step taken in prosecution of the conspiracy was 
 
 1. The Disarming of the Protestants 
 
 The Duke of Ormond, when Lord Lieutenant in the years 
 
 1662-69, had raised and armed a body of twenty thousand 
 
 men as a militia, to protect the English settlers and to 
 
 restrain the banditti which then infested the country. After 
 
 the rebellion of Monmouth in England, under the pretence 
 
 that this militia was well affected to his claims, an order 
 
 came from England, while Lord Granard and Archbishop 
 
 1 The letter is given in the Appendix to King's State of the Pro- 
 testants. 
 
 D 
 
34 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 Boyle were Lords Justices, 1 that its arms should be taken 
 and deposited in magazines in each of the counties. The 
 carrying out of the order was entrusted to Tyrconnel, and 
 the militia was disarmed. But this was not sufficient. It 
 was resolved to disarm all the Protestants, and to deprive 
 them even of their private weapons, which were necessary 
 for the defence of themselves or their houses. Accordingly 
 " it was given out that if any arms were reserved under any 
 pretence, such as that they were their own and not belonging 
 to the public, it would be regarded as a proof of disaffection." 2 
 The terror inspired by this menace was so great that the 
 Protestants delivered up the arms and weapons which they 
 had bought with their own money and for their own protec- 
 tion. Though the settlers were obliged by the terms of their 
 patents of plantation to keep arms in readiness for the king's 
 service, and the country was in a very disturbed condition, 
 they were deprived of all means of defence, and left " without 
 any one weapon in their houses, and the Irish were all 
 armed." 3 While this was being done, and the Protestants 
 disarmed, the native Irish were, on the other hand, permitted 
 by Tyrconnel to retain their weapons. We have in Lord 
 Clarendon's letters an account of a warm debate which took 
 place in the Privy Council on this matter. Many of its 
 members — for the Protestants had not yet seceded from it — 
 complained of the state of the country, and of the English 
 settlers being left totally defenceless among a peasantry who 
 were hostile to the Protestants and unwilling to aid them 
 when attacked. The Lords Justices who were present 
 declared that they had given orders to collect the arms of the 
 militia only, but admitted that those of private persons also 
 
 1 Lord Granard and the Chancellor, Archbishop Boyle, were Lords 
 Justices between the recall of the Duke of Onnond in 1685 and the 
 arrival of Lord Clarendon in January 1G8G. 
 
 2 Secret Consults, etc. 
 
 :! Clarendon to Lord Rochester, Clarendon's Gorr. i. 217. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 35 
 
 had been taken, under the pretence of disarming the militia. 
 One of them, Lord Granard, added that this was done, he 
 knew not " by what officiousness." We know by what and 
 by whose officiousness it was done. This illegal measure was 
 undertaken by Tyrconnel, and accomplished by him alone. 
 
 The natural consequences of this measure ensued. No 
 sooner had the English settlers been disarmed than the 
 banditti and rapparees issued from their haunts and com- 
 menced their outrages against the Protestants. Persons 
 were set upon and dangerously wounded in the open day. 1 
 Houses were attacked, and the flocks and herds of the English 
 driven away or destroyed. Crimes were so multiplied that 
 Special Commissions had to be issued to clear the jails ; 2 and, 
 worst of all, the officers and soldiers of the army, which 
 Tyrconnel was then engaged in filling up with Catholics, 
 contributed to the outrages and the general disorganisation 
 of the kingdom. They even interfered with the revenue 
 officers in the discharge of their duties, and prevented the 
 collection of the king's taxes. 3 The historian 4 tells us that 
 these " new arms in new hands were made use of as might 
 have been expected. The soldiers harassed the inhabitants, 
 and lived upon them at free quarters. Tyrconnel, instead of 
 punishing these offences, encouraged them." When soldiers 
 were taken red-handed in the commission of crime, they were 
 claimed by their officers from the civil power ; and, in con- 
 sequence of this conduct of the officers, magistrates refused 
 to take examinations where any of the army were concerned. 5 
 
 1 Clarendon to Sunderland, Clarendon's Coir. i. 215, 230. 
 
 2 Clarendon to Sunderland, Corr. ii. 106. 
 
 3 Clarendon to Rochester, Corr. ii. 4. 4 Dalrymple. 
 
 5 " Some [the soldiers] are taken in committing felonies four or 
 five miles from the town and carried before the next justice of the 
 peace. . . . These things some of the officers are much dissatisfied at, 
 thinking that men once in the king's pay must upon no pretence be 
 taken hold of by the civil magistrate." — Clarendon to Sunderland, 
 18th December 1686. "The justices of the peace are very unwilling 
 
36 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY char i 
 
 Lord Clarendon complains of the excesses even of the officers, 
 and mentions an extraordinary outrage committed by one of 
 them, Lord Brittas, on the High Sheriff of a county. We 
 give it in his own words, and the instance will show to what 
 a state the country had been reduced. " The High Sheriff of 
 the county sent an injunction out of Chancery to my Lord 
 Brittas, to quit the possession of another man with whom his 
 lordship has a suit. My lord beat the man most terribly 
 who brought the injunction, and not being satisfied therewith, 
 he took a file of his men with him, found out where the sheriff 
 himself was, dragged him into the streets, and caused him to be 
 beaten most cruelly, saying he would teach him how to carry 
 himself towards the officers of the king's army." If such an out- 
 rage could he committed with impunity l against a high public 
 officer, it is easy to imagine the condition of private persons. 
 These proceedings spread universal terror and alarm, and 
 their effects soon showed themselves in the decline of the 
 country. Trade and agriculture decayed rapidly ; landlords 
 hastened to sell their estates for whatever could be got; 
 merchants closed their accounts, and withdrew themselves 
 and their stocks to England ; farmers threw up their leases ; 
 manufactories were shut up; 2 the revenue declined; an 
 
 to take examinations where any of the army are concerned, though I 
 have signified to them that they need not fear doing their duty, espe- 
 cially where the lives of any of His Majesty's suhjects are concerned." 
 Clarendon to Sunderland, Clarendon's Gorr., ii. 137. 
 
 1 This crime was not punished. Lord Brittas apologised for it to 
 the Lord Lieutenant. This ruffian afterwards sat in the Dublin 
 Parliament. Two equally shameful outrages are told of Lord Clancarty, 
 another of Tyrconnel's officers. — Secret Consults, etc. 
 
 2 "The other day, my Lord Chief Justice being with me and dis- 
 coursing from his observations in bis late circuit of the great decay of 
 the inland manufactories and the damp that seemed to be upon the 
 minds of the trading people and husbandmen, I said to him, etc. . . . 
 I can myself give one instance of a man in the county of Cork who, 
 about eighteen months since, had forty looms at work, and about six 
 months since he put them all off ; has given his landlord warning, for 
 he was a great renter, that he will leave his lands. There is another 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 37 
 
 exodus, on a scale hitherto happily unknown in these islands, 
 began. As early as June 1686 Lord Clarendon writes : " It 
 is impossible to tell you the alterations that are grown in 
 men within this month ; but the last week — for I am very 
 inquisitive to be informed of those particulars — one hundred 
 and twenty people went in one ship from hence to Chester, 
 and multitudes are preparing, from all parts of the kingdom, 
 to be gone as fast as they can get in their debts and dispose 
 of their stocks. Great sums of money are brought to town, 
 and more is daily coming up to be sent away ; and in regard 
 the exchange is so high, for it is risen twenty shillings in 
 £100 within these four days, and that no returns, even at 
 these high rates, can be gotten into England, they are en- 
 deavouring to remit their money into France and Holland, to 
 draw it from thence hereafter at leisure. In the meantime, 
 there is no money in the country, and the native commodities 
 yield nothing. The king's quit -rents and chimney -money 
 come in very slowly. To distrain signifies nothing or very 
 little, for the collector cannot sell the distress when he has 
 taken it, that is, nobody will buy it." 1 And, again, in 
 August of the same year : " Those traders who have got 
 home their effects have withdrawn themselves and their 
 stocks out of the kingdom, which is undeniable matter of 
 fact. I can name several who paid the king many thousands 
 a year to his duty who are absolutely gone, and left no factors 
 to carry on their trade, by which means several thousands of 
 natives, who were employed in spinning and carding of wool/are 
 discharged and have no work. There are likewise multitudes 
 of farmers and renters gone to England, who, though they were 
 not men of estates, yet the improvements of the country and the 
 
 in the province of Munster, likewise, who keeps five hundred families 
 at work. This man, sending to a tenant for £30 which he owed him, 
 was presently accused by the said tenant of having spoken treasonable 
 words." — Clarendon to his brother, 30th May 1686. 
 1 Clarendon to Rochester, Corr. i. 464. 
 
38 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 inland trade was chiefly carried on by them." In a word, the 
 desolation which afterwards, within a few months, overtook the 
 land was already settling down upon it ; and Ireland, which 
 only two years ago was, as Chief Justice Keating called it, " the 
 most improved and most improving spot of ground in Europe," 
 was fast becoming a desert. Most of the English inhabitants 
 fled, and art, industry, and capital fled with them. 
 
 2. The Exclusion of Protestants from the Army 
 
 The army of Ireland, at the accession of James, consisted 
 of about seven thousand men, " as loyal and as cordial to the 
 king's service as any one could be ; both officers and soldiers 
 had been inured to it for many years. They looked on him as 
 their master and father, entirely depending on him, and ex- 
 pecting nothing from anybody else. When Monmouth's and 
 Argyle's rebellion called for their assistance to suppress them, 
 no people in the world could show more cheerfulness or 
 forwardness than they did. Most of the officers of this army 
 had been so zealous to serve the king that they had by his 
 permission and encouragement bought their employments ; 
 many of them had laid out their whole fortunes and con- 
 tracted debts to purchase a command." 1 Tyrconnel, who was 
 not able to put a regiment through its exercise, 2 came to 
 Ireland as general of the forces in 1686, with blank commis- 
 sions and with instructions to admit Roman Catholics into the 
 army, which up to this time was exclusively Protestant. These 
 instructions of the king implied no more than that all 
 subjects indiscriminately should be admitted to his service. 
 Tyrconnel himself admitted to Lord Clarendon that such was 
 their meaning, luit his declarations that no distinction should 
 
 'O' 
 
 1 King. 
 
 2 "Lord Tyrconnel himself, after all his infallible skill, cannot 
 draw up a regiment, which is visible here." — Clarendon to Rochester, 
 Corr. i. 436. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 39 
 
 be made between Roman Catholic and Protestant differed 
 greatly from the proceedings which at once commenced, for 
 Tyrconnel was acquainted with the real wishes of the king. 1 
 Within a short time after his arrival, between two and three 
 hundred officers were removed without any reason assigned. 
 These gentlemen, who had bought their commissions, and 
 many of whom had shed their blood for the crown, were 
 dismissed without allowance or compensation. The letters 
 of Lord Clarendon are full of the many hard cases of these 
 officers, whom he knew to be good soldiers and loyal subjects. 
 For some he pleaded with Tyrconnel in vain, and others he 
 recommended to the king and his friends in England. The 
 majority 2 went abroad, and many of them took service in 
 Holland, thus swelling the number of William's friends and 
 James's enemies. Of the persons who were appointed in their 
 stead all were Roman Catholics, but this was the only qualifica- 
 tion required. The majority consisted of such as were entirely 
 ignorant of military duties, or were taken from the meanest 
 of the people. Some had been grooms, some footmen, and 
 some noted marauders. Archbishop King mentions the case 
 of the famous rapparees, the Brannans, who were made officers, 
 
 1 Dalrymple tells us that James afterwards complained that Tyr- 
 connel exceeded his orders. The truth is, the statements of the king 
 and of Tyrconnel are equally unworthy of credit. James says in 
 his Memoirs that he was pleased with Tyrconnel's conduct ; " to him 
 [Tyrconnel], therefore, the king gave a power to regulate the troops, 
 to place and displace whom he pleased, which he executed very much 
 to the king's satisfaction and advantage." On the other hand, Tyr- 
 connel informed Clarendon that the work was entirely the king's. 
 Clarendon thus reports Tyrconnel: "Here are great alterations to be 
 made and the poor people who are put out think it my doing, and 
 
 G d me I have little or nothing to do in the matter ; for I 
 
 told the king that I knew not two of the captains, nor other inferior 
 officers in the whole army. I know there are some hard cases which 
 
 I am sorry for ; but by G I know not how to help them. You 
 
 must know, my lord, the king, who is a Eoman Catholic, is resolved 
 to employ his subjects of that religion." — Corr. i. 481. 
 
 2 One of these dismissed officers was Gustavus Hamilton, afterwards 
 Governor of Enniskillen, who did good service for King William. 
 
40 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 and says that he had been informed that there were at least 
 twenty tories officers in one regiment, and that there were very 
 few regiments without some. Lord Clarendon complains of the 
 excesses committed by these new officers, and points to great 
 abuses committed by them with regard to the subsistence money 
 of the army. " Scarce a colonel of the army," he writes, " knows 
 anything of his regiment." D'Avaux, in one of his despatches, 
 informs the French king that the colonels of the Irish army 
 were generally men of good family, who had never seen service, 
 but that the captains were butchers, tailors, and shoemakers. 1 
 The change or remodelling of the army, as it was termed, 
 was not limited to the officers. Tyrconnel, with equal 
 brutality and disregard of common humanity, disbanded 
 between five and six thousand common soldiers. The dis- 
 missal of the soldiers to beg through the country created even 
 a greater sensation than that of the officers, " because their 
 clothes having been taken from them when they were broke, 
 they wandered, half naked, through every part of the king- 
 dom." 2 In Dublin four hundred of the regiment of the 
 guards were turned out in one day, three hundred of whom 
 had no " visible fault." 3 The same thing was done at the 
 same time throughout the country. The new officers received 
 orders to enlist none but Roman Catholics. 4 " I will give you," 
 says Lord Clarendon, " one instance only : Mr. Nicholas Darcy, 
 who has the company late Captain Motloe's, called his com- 
 
 1 " La pi apart de ces regimens sont levez par dez gentils homines 
 qui n'ont jamais este a l'armee. Ce sont des taillenrs, des bouchers, des 
 cordonniers, qui ont forme" les compazines, et qui en sont les capitaines." 
 
 2 Dalrymple. " This part he [Tyrconnel] acted in a most insult- 
 ing barbarous manner, causing poor men that had no clothes on their 
 backs but red coats to be .stripped to their shirts and so turned off ; and 
 of all this he himself was an inhuman spectator." — Secret Consults, etc. 
 
 3 Clarendon to Rochester, Corr. i. 476. 
 
 4 " The turning out so many men in an instant, taking in none but 
 natives in their room, and the very indiscreet conduct of some of the 
 new officers in declaring they will entertain no English nor any Pro- 
 testants, does frighten people." — Clarendon to Sunderland, ib. p. 485. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 41 
 
 pany together, and asked them if they went to mass, to 
 which forty of them said ' no,' whereupon he immediately 
 dismissed them, and said he had kept as many above a week 
 at his own house upon his own charge, who, the next morn- 
 ing, were all admitted." Of the class of recruits who replaced 
 the veterans dismissed by Tyrconnel, let two contemporaries 
 speak : " When any new men are listed, they are sent to the 
 commissary to be sworn. The first thing they say is, that 
 they will not take the oath of supremacy ; he tells them he is 
 not to tender it to them, therefore they need not fear ; that 
 they are only to take the oath of fidelity, which is the oath 
 mentioned in my instructions, and taken by the Roman 
 Catholic judges. That they swallow ; and being asked 
 whether they understood what they have sworn, the answer 
 was, ' yes, they had been sworn to be true to the Pope and 
 their religion ;' and being told by some that they had been 
 sworn to be true to the king, they replied, ' their priest had 
 told them they must take no oath but to be true to the Pope.' " l 
 The other witness is Mr. Stafford, a Roman Catholic who, 
 through the interest of his son, lately appointed a Master in 
 Chancery, had been made a Justice of the Peace. In a 
 charge to the grand jury, at the quarter sessions held at 
 Castlebar in October 1686, this gentleman naively remarked: 
 " I shall not need to say much concerning rogues and vaga- 
 bonds, the country being pretty well cleared of them, by 
 reason His Majesty has entertained them all in his service, 
 clothed them with red coats, and provided well for them." 5 
 
 1 Clarendon's Corr. i. 476. 
 
 - This charge is so amusing that the whole of it is here given. 
 "Gentlemen, the spoiling of your garrans in their infancy, so that 
 they are not afterwards fit to do His Majesty any service ; of this beware, 
 gentlemen. Next, your burning corn in the straw, contrary to an Act 
 of Parliament. But perhaps this Lustrabane bread may palate your 
 mouth very well ; but you want the straw in winter to lie upon your- 
 selves, for you generally lie upon straw, and for fodder for your cattle, 
 so that you are forced to lift them up by the tail ; of this also beware, 
 
42 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 3. The Remodelling of the Courts of Justice 
 
 Lord Clarendon was dismissed at the end of 1686, and 
 Tyrconnel arrived in Ireland, and was sworn in as Lord 
 Deputy on the 11th February 1687. During Clarendon's 
 administration Sir Charles Porter had been Lord Chancellor. 
 He had been originally chosen because it was supposed that 
 he held strong opinions in favour of absolute authority. But 
 latterly he had shown himself restive at the proceedings of 
 Tyrconnel, and had taken occasion to declare publicly that 
 "he came not over to serve a turn, nor would he act against 
 his conscience." Accordingly he was dismissed, and Tyr- 
 connel brought over with him a ready-made chancellor. 
 One Alexander Fitton, who had been detected in forgery at 
 Westminster and Chester, and fined by the House of Lords, 
 was taken out of prison and made Lord Chancellor of Ireland. 1 
 His single merit was that he was a convert to Catholicism. 
 A few circumstances of the many related of this judge will 
 give us an idea of his fitness for this great post. He was in 
 the habit of declaring from the bench that all Protestants 
 were rogues, and that amongst forty thousand of them there 
 was not one who was not a traitor, a rebel, and a villain. He 
 overruled the common rules of practice and the law of the 
 land, stating, at the same time, that the Chancery was above all 
 law, and that no law could bind his conscience. After hearing 
 a cause between a Protestant and Roman Catholic, he would 
 say that he would consult a divine, and he would then retire 
 to take the opinion of his chaplain, an ecclesiastic educated 
 in Spain. As assistants to the Chancellor, Dr. Stafford, a 
 priest, and Felix O'Neill, were appointed Masters. To these 
 the causes between Protestants and Roman Catholics were 
 
 gentlemen. I shall not need," etc., as above. Clarendon answers for 
 the fact of this address having been delivered. — Gorr. ii. 5G. 
 1 Fitton sat in the Dublin Parliament as Lord Gosworth. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 43 
 
 generally referred, and upon their report the Chancellor passed 
 his orders and decrees. 
 
 In each of the Common Law Courts three judges then 
 sat. Up to 1684 these judges had been Protestants. But 
 when Tyrconnel came into power, two Eoman Catholics were 
 at once appointed, and one Protestant retained, " pinioned," as 
 Archbishop King expresses it, by his two brethren. The 
 Protestant " to serve for a pretence of impartiality, and yet to 
 signify nothing," the two Catholics to secure the majority. 
 A Mr. Thomas Nugent, the son of an attainted peer, and who 
 afterwards sat in James's parliament as Lord Riverstown, 
 " who had never been taken notice of at the bar but for more 
 than ordinary brogue and ignorance of the law," 1 and whom 
 Lord Clarendon calls " a very troublesome, impertinent 
 creature," was made Chief Justice of the King's Bench. 2 The 
 appointment of the son of an attainted person to decide 
 whether the outlawries against his father and others should 
 be reversed, and whether the settlement of the lands should 
 stand, boded no good to the present possessors. Their fears 
 were quickly verified. Nugent, we are told, reversed the 
 outlawries as fast as they came before him. In all the cases 
 between Catholics and Protestants which came into his 
 Court, he was never known, in a single instance, to give 
 judgment for one of the latter. When accused persons were 
 
 1 King. 
 
 2 A charge which this judge delivered to the Dublin Grand Jury 
 in 1688 will enable us to form an idea of him. "The Lord Chief 
 Justice Nugent, than whom perhaps the Bench never bore a more con- 
 fident ignorant Irishman, gave the charge to the Grand Jury, in which 
 he applauded and extolled above the height of an hyperbole the 
 magnanimous and heroic actions of the great and just King James ; 
 and on the contrary cast the most vilifying reproaches upon the Prince 
 of Orange. . . . His conclusion was that now the States of Holland 
 were weary of the prince, and that they had sent him over to be 
 dressed as Monmouth was, but that was too good for him. And that 
 he doubted not before a month passed to hear that they were hung up all 
 over England in bunches like ropes of onions." — Secret Consults, etc. 
 
44 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chai>. i 
 
 acquitted on the palpable perjury of the witnesses for the 
 prosecution, he would not allow the witnesses to be prosecuted, 
 alleging that they had sworn for the king, and that he 
 believed the accused to be guilty, though it could not be 
 proved. He declared from the bench on circuit that rapparees 
 were necessary evils. I shall hereafter call attention to two 
 extravagant decisions of this judge. The other members of 
 this Court were Lyndon, a Protestant, and Sir Brian O'Neal, 
 an inveterate enemy of Englishmen and Protestants. 
 
 The Court of Exchequer was then the only one from 
 which there lay no appeal or writ of error into England, and 
 there was therefore no check upon the reversal of outlawries 
 or restraint on decisions contrary to the Acts of Settlement. 
 In consequence the whole business of the kingdom, so far 
 as it related to these matters, and all actions of trespass and 
 ejectment, were brought into this Court. Stephen Eice, an 
 able but intemperate Ptoman Catholic, was appointed Chief 
 Baron. His hostility to the Acts of Settlement and the 
 Protestant interests was notorious. 1 Before he was made a 
 judge he was often heard to say that he would drive a coach- 
 and-six through these Acts, and before they were repealed 
 by the Irish Parliament which afterwards sat in Dublin he 
 frequently declared on the bench that they were against 
 natural equity, and could not oblige. He used to say from 
 the same place that the Protestants should have nothing from 
 
 1 In the spring of 1688 Nugent and Rice were sent over to Eng- 
 land by Tyrconnel with the draft of an Act for the repeal of the Acts 
 of Settlement. Sunderland says that lie was ottered .£40,000 for his 
 concurrence and support. When the matter was first laid before the 
 Privy Council, Lord Bellasis proposed that Nugent and Rice should be 
 committed or commanded to return to Ireland immediately. It was 
 resolved however to hear them. It became known in London that 
 they were the bearers of a proposel to repeal the Acts. On the day 
 they proceeded (o the Council their coach was surrounded by boys 
 carrying sticks with potatoes stuck on them, and crying out, "Make 
 room for the Irish ambassadors." — Sunderland's Letter ; Earris, Life 
 of Will. Ill, Appen. ; Secret Consults ; State Tracts, 3. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 45 
 
 him but the utmost rigour of the law. His Court, we are 
 informed, was immediately filled with Papist plaintiffs. 
 " Every one that had a forged deed or a false witness met 
 with favour and countenance from him ; and he, knowing that 
 they could not bring his sentences to England to be examined 
 there, acted as a man that feared no after-account or reckon- 
 ing. It was before him that all the charters in the kingdom 
 were damned, and that in a term or two, in such a manner that 
 proved him a man of despatch, though not of justice. If he 
 had been left alone, it was really believed that in a few 
 years he would, by some contrivance or other, have given 
 away most of the Protestant estates in Ireland.", 1 The com- 
 panions on the bench of the Chief Baron were Sir Henry 
 Lynch, equally hostile to the Protestants, and Baron Worth, 2 
 a Protestant. 
 
 The Court of Common Pleas was deserted, the business of 
 the kingdom being carried into the King's Bench and the 
 Exchequer. Two of the judges of this Court were able, up- 
 right, and honourable men — Keating, the Chief Justice, a 
 Protestant, and Daly, a Eoman Catholic. In the correspond- 
 ence of Lord Clarendon Keating appears as the one dignified 
 character of the letters, and he afterwards showed his worth 
 in the Privy Council before he was dismissed from that 
 
 1 King. 
 
 2 Tyrconnel was at one time anxious to remove Worth. Clarendon 
 tells us his opinion of this judge. " Well," said Lord Tyrconnel, •" I 
 have only one thing more to say at present, and that is concerning 
 
 Baron Worth, who, by G , is a d d rogue." " How so, my 
 
 Lord ?" said I. " A pox," said he ; "you know he is a Whig, and the 
 greatest favourer of fanatics in the world." On Clarendon's saying 
 that he only knew Worth as a judge, and that he behaved himself as 
 
 an honest man, Tyrconnel replied, "By G , I will prove him to 
 
 be a rogue." " Pray do, my Lord," said Clarendon ; "any charge you 
 bring against him shall be examined." To this Tyrconnel answered, 
 
 " By G , I will have it brought to the Council Board. The king 
 
 lias an ill opinion of him, and I will do his business." — Clarendon's 
 Gorr. i. 457. 
 
46 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 body, and by his very noble letter to King James against the 
 repeal of the Acts of Settlement. Daly was also opposed to 
 their repeal, and was afterwards impeached by the Irish 
 Parliament for having said in private that they were not a 
 parliament, but a mere rabble, such as at Naples had thrown 
 up their hats in honour of Massaniello. 1 He was only saved 
 by the sudden joy of the Commons on a false report that 
 Londonderry had surrendered. 2 The third judge was Peter 
 Martin, a Roman Catholic. 
 
 4. The Appointment of Catholic Sheriffs and 
 Justices of the Peace 
 
 Tyrconnel, having remodelled the Courts of Justice to 
 his satisfaction, proceeded to secure to his creatures the exe- 
 cution of the laws and the nomination of juries. In January 
 1686 Lord Clarendon drew up a list of sheriffs for the follow- 
 ing year. He tells us he bestowed particular care in making 
 this list ; that before making it he had made inquiries from all 
 
 1 Daly was accused of having made use of the following expres- 
 sions : " That instead of being a parliament, as we pretend, we are 
 more like Massaniello's confused rabble, every man making a noise for 
 an estate and talking nonsense when our lives are in danger ; we ex- 
 pect a sudden invasion from England and a bloody war likely to ensue. 
 As persons altogether unmindful of the ruin that hangs over our 
 heads, and without taking any care to prevent it, we are dividing the 
 bear's skin before she is taken. All the honour we do His Majesty is 
 by reflecting on his royal father and brother as wicked and unjust 
 princes, charging them with enacting those laws that were contrary to 
 the laws of God and man." — True Account of the Present State of Ire- 
 land, London, 1689. 
 
 2 " Tuesday, the 4th instant, we had an alarm that Derry was 
 burnt with bombs, that the king's army had taken it, and put all in it 
 to the sword. Nugent, of Carlandstown, brought this news into the 
 House of Commons just when they were putting to the vote whether 
 they should prosecute the impeachment against Judge Daly. Some 
 think Nugent, being his friend, did it designedly. The news was 
 received with loud huzzas, and in that good and jolly humour they 
 acquitted the judge." — Letter from Dublin, 12th June 1689, attached to 
 The Journal of the Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland, 6th July 1689. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 47 
 
 persons he could trust, and had taken advice from all quarters 
 respecting the nominations. He was so well satisfied with it 
 that he wrote to Lord Sunderland, " I will venture to say it 
 is the best list of sheriffs that has been for these many years, 
 both for loyalty, prudence, and impartiality." Tyrconnel, 
 however, was not content with this selection of loyal, prudent, 
 and impartial gentlemen. He went over to England, and 
 there, though he had given no intimation in Ireland of his 
 dissatisfaction, and though he was aware who were on the roll 
 before his departure, he complained to the king of Clarendon's 
 selection. The list was sent back to Clarendon with objections, 
 to which he was required to give an answer. The objec- 
 tions were that the gentlemen nominated were Cromwellians 
 or tainted with Whiggism. 1 The objections were satisfactorily 
 answered, and Clarendon's nominees were appointed. But 
 Tyrconnel resolved that none should be appointed for the 
 next year but those of his own way of thinking. He and his 
 creature Nugent, in October 1686, took the extreme step of 
 drawing up a list of those whom they wished to be appointed 
 for the following year, and presented it to the Lord Lieu- 
 tenant. Clarendon complained of their conduct to the king. 
 In a letter to James, 16th October 1686, he writes: "I 
 humbly beg your Majesty's permission upon this occasion to 
 inform you that the day before my Lord Tyrconnel went 
 hence, he and Mr. Justice Nugent gave me a paper of the 
 names of the persons who were thought to be fit to be sheriffs 
 
 1 Tyrconnel mentioned this objection to- Lord Clarendon in his 
 
 usual language. " By G , my lord, I must needs tell you, the 
 
 sheriffs you made are generally rogues and old Cromwellians." Lord 
 Clarendon explained the great care he had taken in drawing up the 
 list and ended by saying that " he would justify that these sheriffs, 
 generally speaking, were as good a set of men as any had been chosen 
 these dozen years ; and that he would be judged by the Roman 
 
 Catholics in any county. To which Tyrconnel answered, " By G , 
 
 I believe it, for there has not been an honest man sheriff in Ireland 
 these twenty years." — Clarendon's Corr. i. 442. 
 
48 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 for the next year. I confess, sir, I thought it very strange, 
 to say no worse of it, for any two men to take upon them to 
 <nve a list of men for sheriffs over the whole kingdom — to 
 anticipate the representation of the judges, who are the 
 proper persons to offer men fit for those employments, and 
 without so much as leaving room for the Chief Governor to 
 have an opinion in the matter. This list is pretended to be 
 made indifferently of Roman Catholics and Protestants ; but 
 I am sure several of them, even of those who are styled 
 Protestants, are men no ways qualified for such offices of 
 trust." 1 The king took no notice of this complaint, and 
 Tyrconnel was allowed to have his way. 
 
 Lord Clarendon was right in saying that this list was 
 pretended to be made indifferently of Roman Catholics and 
 Protestants. In 1687 there was but one Protestant 2 sheriff 
 appointed in all Ireland, and this one was put in by mistake 
 for another of the same name who was a Catholic. Macaulay 
 has, from contemporary sources, left us a lively picture of these 
 sheriffs. "At the same time the sheriffs, to whom belonged the 
 execution of writs and the nomination of juries, were selected 
 in almost every instance from the caste which had, till very 
 recently, been excluded from all public trusts. It was 
 affirmed that some of these important functionaries had been 
 burned in the hand for theft; others had been servants to 
 Protestants, and the Protestants added, with bitter scorn, 
 that it was fortunate for the country when this was the case, 
 for that a menial who had cleaned the plate and rubbed clown 
 the horse of an English gentleman might pass for a civilised 
 being when compared with many of the native aristocracy 
 whose lives had been spent in coshering or marauding." It 
 was so difficult to find Roman Catholics fit to fill this office that 
 many of those appointed for 1G87 had to be re-appointed for 
 
 1 Clarendon to the king, Corr. ii. 36. 
 2 Charles Hamilton. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 49 
 
 1688. Harris informs us that during these two years not a 
 single instance can be found of a Protestant recovering a debt 
 by execution — " because the poverty of the sheriffs was such 
 that all men were unwilling to trust an execution upon a 
 bond for twenty pounds into their hands, they not being 
 responsible for so small a sum, as many found by too late an 
 experience." l 
 
 It is to be remembered that Tyrconnel's sheriffs were 
 dispensed from taking the oaths required by law on enter- 
 ing upon their office. Harris, in his edition of Ware's 
 Writers of Ireland, tells us how one of these sheriffs was 
 treated by the well-known Charles Leslie, 2 the apologist of 
 King James. The appointment of a disqualified person to 
 the shrievalty of the county of Monaghan alarmed the local 
 gentry. Whereupon they repaired for advice to Leslie, who 
 was then confined by the gout to his house. He told them 
 " that it would be as illegal in them to permit the sheriff to 
 act as it would be in him to attempt it." But they, insisting 
 that Mr. Leslie should appear in person on the bench at the 
 approaching Quarter Sessions, promised that they would all 
 act as he did, and he was carried there in much pain and with 
 much difficulty. Upon inquiry whether the pretended sheriff 
 was legally qualified, he answered pertly " that he was of the 
 
 1 " But in plain matters of debt due by bond, or made out by full 
 undeniable ordinance, the judge did commonly grant executions even 
 against Papists ; but tbe matter was so managed with the sheriff that 
 the debtor might go publicly about his affairs in sj)ite of the decrees 
 or executions against him in the hands of the sheriff, who woidd be 
 sure to avoid him upon all occasions. I should be extreme tedious 
 ... if I should here give an account of all the oppressions and unjust 
 proceedings of this kind to which I was myself a witness." — A Short 
 View, etc., London, 1689. 
 
 2 Clarendon thus speaks of this gentleman : "I shall take it for a 
 very great favour if you will bestow the Chancellorship of Connor 
 upon Mr. Charles Lesley, a man of good parts, admirable learning, 
 an excellent preacher, and of an incomparable life." — Corr. i. 405. 
 Leslie was appointed Chancellor of Connor in 1687. 
 
 E 
 
50 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 king's own religion, and that it was His Majesty's will that 
 he should be sheriff." Mr. Leslie replied " that they were 
 not inquiring into His Majesty's religion, but whether he had 
 qualified himself according to law for acting as a proper 
 officer ; that the law was the king's will, and nothing else to 
 be deemed such ; that his subjects had no other way of know- 
 ing his will but as it is revealed to them in his laws, and it 
 must always be thought to continue so, till the contrary is 
 notified to them in the same authentic manner." Wherefore 
 the Bench unanimously agreed to commit the pretended 
 sheriff for his intrusion and arrogant contempt of the Court. 1 
 That the same interest might be predominant in every 
 part of the kingdom, the commissions of the peace underwent 
 a similar regulation. It is true that some few Protestants 
 were continued in it ; but they were rendered useless and 
 insignificant, being overpowered by the great number of 
 natives joined with them, and " those, for the most part, of 
 the very scum of the people, and a great many whose fathers 
 had been executed for theft, robbery, or murder." 2 So little 
 regard was had to character that a man was appointed 
 chief magistrate in a northern city who had been condemned 
 to the gallows for his crimes. 3 Of one of these justices I 
 have already spoken — the gentleman who stated from the 
 bench that all the rogues and vagabonds of the country had 
 been swept into the new-modelled army. 
 
 5. The Attach on the Corporations 
 
 But however large these strides were, they fell short of 
 the projects of Tyrconnel and his party. Speedily as the 
 forfeitures were being reversed, and the land restored to the 
 natives, they were not satisfied. He and they aimed at the 
 
 1 Ware's Works, edition of 1764. 
 2 Harris. 3 Burdy. 
 
sec. II THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 51 
 
 total extirpation of the English interest by means of an Irish 
 Parliament. The corporations, about a hundred in number, 
 were in the hands of the Protestants, and these bodies enjoyed 
 the right of sending representatives to the legislature. Tyr- 
 connel, having secured the appointment of native returning 
 officers in the counties, turned his attention to the towns. 
 All the corporate towns of Ireland, with the exception of 
 Dublin, Limerick, Waterford, and Cork, which had been built 
 by the Danes, had been founded by the English settlers at 
 their own cost and charge to be the strongholds of their 
 interest. Thirty of them had been built in the reign of 
 James I. alone, 1 and almost every householder in them 
 was a Protestant. The first attempt was made on the Cor- 
 poration of Dublin. Tyrconnel, then Lord Deputy, sent 
 for the Lord Mayor and aldermen, and asked them to sur- 
 render their charter, stating that the king had resolved to 
 call in all the charters in the country in order to enlarge 
 their privileges, and that His Majesty expected their ready 
 . compliance. To this request it was answered that a common 
 council would be called, and the matter laid before it. This 
 was done, and the Mayor was authorised to tell the Deputy 
 that the rights and privileges of the corporation were secured 
 by one hundred and thirty charters, and to pray him that 
 their ancient government should be continued to them. 
 Tyrconnel, as usual with him, fell into a tempest of passion, 
 rated them soundly for their rebellion, and told them to go 
 their ways and resolve to obey, lest a worse thing should 
 befall them. 2 Overwhelmed by these menaces and reproaches, 
 the Mayor called another council ; but the members persisted 
 unanimously in refusing to surrender their charters. To 
 qualify the refusal a deputation proceeded to the castle to 
 acquaint Tyrconnel with the reasons for their refusal, and to 
 pray for time to petition the king, who, on a former occa- 
 1 Harris. - Ralph. 
 
52 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 sion, had acknowledged their eminent sufferings for his royal 
 father, and assured them that he would reward them therefor. 
 With this acknowledgment and promise Tyrconnel was now 
 made acquainted, but without effect. He commenced to 
 storm as before, and said that instead of writing in their 
 favour to the king he would write against them. 1 A quo 
 warranto was immediately issued against the corporation. 
 The case came on before Chief Baron Eice in the Exchequer, 
 into which Court this and all the subsequent quo warrantos 
 were brought, to prevent writs of error into England. The 
 corporation was not allowed as much time to put in their 
 plea as was necessary to transcribe it. A date being mis- 
 taken by the clerk in one of their charters (we have seen 
 that they had a hundred and thirty), the corporation prayed 
 leave to amend it. Leave was refused, and judgment was 
 given against them. The fate which befell the corporation 
 of the capital was that of all the corporations in the country. 
 Within the short space of two terms — such was the despatch 
 of Tyrconnel's judges — the charters of all the corporations in 
 uhe kingdom were forfeited or superseded. 
 
 New charters were granted ; but by these new charters 
 the corporations were made absolute slaves to the caprice 
 of the Lord Deputy. A clause was inserted in all of them 
 empowering Tyrconnel to put in and turn out whom he 
 pleased without trial or reason shown. In filling up the new 
 corporations it was the general rule that two -thirds of the 
 members should be Catholics and one-third Protestants. The 
 Protestants declined to serve at all. Of the Catholics ap- 
 pointed many never saw the town for which they were 
 named, nor were concerned in trade ; some were named for 
 several corporations ; most of them were in indigent circum- 
 stances. 2 The case of one illustrious town will explain to 
 us the sweeping changes wrought throughout the kingdom. 
 
 1 Ralph. " Harris. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 53 
 
 The charter of Londonderry 1 had been declared forfeited, and 
 its corporation remodelled. Among its new aldermen and 
 burgesses, sixty-five in number, twenty were Protestants and 
 forty-five were Eoman Catholics. 2 
 
 6. Remodelling of the Privy Council 
 
 The Privy Council in Ireland at this time had duties, 
 and acted a part in the constitution which was not performed 
 by the Privy Council in England. No proposed Act could 
 be introduced into the Irish Legislature until the Lord 
 Lieutenant and his council had certified the causes and 
 reasons for it. It became necessary, therefore, to remodel 
 this body also. A large number of Eoman Catholics were 
 introduced, or rather drafted into it, for some who were 
 named for it were either ashamed or unwilling to accept the 
 honour. In May 1686 twenty new members were added, of 
 whom eighteen were Eoman Catholics. Two were Protestants, 
 
 1 " The same being done in all other corporations either by volun- 
 tary resignation or a short trial, more for form than with design to 
 avoid it, it cost no great trouble except at Londonderry (a stubborn 
 people as they appeared afterwards), who stood an obstinate suit, but 
 were forced at last to undergo the same fate with the rest." — Clarke's 
 James II. 
 
 2 Macaulay is mistaken in saying that there was only one person 
 of Anglo-Saxon extraction in the new-modelled corporation. He was 
 misled by two lines in the " Londeriados," a poem written between the 
 years 1695-99— 
 
 ' ' In all the corporation not a man 
 Of British parents except Buchanan." 
 
 Among the names of the new corporators are to be found Manby, 
 Dobbin, Hamilton, Burnside, Lecky, Stanley, Gordon, etc. — Hempton, 
 Siege and History of Londonderry. The " Londeriados " informs us of 
 the class from which the new members were chosen — 
 
 " For burgesses and freemen they had chose 
 Brogue-makers, butchers, raps, and such as those." 
 
 This poem is to be found in Hempton. When the corporation was 
 new modelled, its plate was wisely hidden until better times. 
 
54 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 and one of them, Lord Granard, who had been deprived 
 of his regiment in the remodelling of the army, was 
 appointed President of the Council, an office until then 
 unknown in Ireland. 1 Lord Granard declined to act. 
 In fact, all the Protestant lords ceased to attend, "since 
 they were so vastly outnumbered as to prevent their 
 doing either the Protestants or their country service." 2 
 
 Thus was the whole military, civil, and administrative 
 power in the country transferred to the native Irish. The 
 transference was undertaken by Tyrconnel with a light heart ; 
 but the cost of the operation was the ruin of the English 
 settlers and the desolation of the kingdom. The first steps 
 of Tyrconnel — the disarming of the Protestants, and their 
 exclusion from the army — had alarmed the settlers, and 
 stirred up against them an excitable and hostile population. 
 I have already spoken of the fatal consequences of these 
 proceedings. When it became known that Tyrconnel had 
 been appointed Lord Deputy 3 the alarm became universal, 
 and the exodus of the English assumed a proportionate 
 magnitude. Every Protestant who was able withdrew him- 
 self and his family to England or Scotland. 4 So anxious were 
 men to be gone that they tempted the clangers of the Irish 
 Sea in skiffs and open boats. When Lord Clarendon relin- 
 
 1 " For there never was a President of the Council here before ; and 
 the statute takes no notice of, nor appoints a place for such an office 
 here, as it does in England." — Clarendon's Gorr. i. 417. 
 
 2 Harris. 
 
 3 " The confirmation of this dismal news reaching the ears of the 
 Protestants in Ireland struck like a thunderbolt. Perhaps no age 
 or story can parallel so dreadful a catastrophe among all ages and 
 sexes as if the day of doom was come ; every one lamenting the dread- 
 fulness of their horrible condition, and almost all that could by any 
 means deserted the kingdom if they had but money to discharge their 
 passage. A demonstration of this were those infinite numbers of 
 families which flocked over from Dublin to the Isle of Man and other 
 places." — Secret Consults, etc. 
 
 4 Among the refugees of 1687 was the celebrated William Moly- 
 neux. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 55 
 
 quislied the Government in 1G87 to Tyrconnel, fifteen hundred 
 families left Ireland with him. During the first year of 
 Tyrconnel's administration the evils increased and the con- 
 dition of the country became still more deplorable. Lament- 
 able as this state was in 1687, the sufferings became greater 
 when in the winter of the following year the army was 
 increased. Fifty thousand 1 Irish troops, ill-disciplined and 
 hostile to the Protestants, were let loose on the country. At 
 the same time large bodies of the peasantry collected and 
 ravaged the land unchecked. What few effects had been 
 left to the unfortunate Protestants were at once swept away. 2 
 " The destruction of property which took place within a few 
 weeks," says Macaulay, " would be incredible if it were not 
 attested by witnesses unconnected with each other and 
 attached to very different interests. There is a close and 
 sometimes almost a verbal agreement between the descrip- 
 tions given by Protestants who, during that reign of terror, 
 escaped at the hazard of their lives to England, and the 
 descriptions given by the envoys, commissaries, and captains 
 of Lewis. All agreed in declaring that it would take many 
 years to repair the waste which had been wrought in a few 
 weeks by the armed peasantry. The French ambassador 
 reported to his master that in six weeks 50,000 horned 
 cattle had been slain, and were rotting on the ground all 
 over the country. The number of sheep that were butchered 
 during the same time was popularly said to have been 
 three or four hundred thousand." 3 
 
 1 This is the lowest calculation. Ranke says : " Nach den gering- 
 sten Angaben wohlunterrichteter betrug sie doch 50,000 man." 
 
 2 Keating's letter to King James in Append, of King. 
 
 3 This estimate is much below that of the refugee Protestants. 
 One of them describes these ravages as. follows : " And, to be short, the 
 spoil was so general and great that in December and part of January 
 last they had destroyed in the counties of Cork and Kerry above four 
 thousand head of black cattle, as cows and oxen, and there and in the 
 county of Tipperary two or three hundred thousand sheep. And so in all 
 
56 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 A patriotic eye-witness has left us two pictures of the 
 country which bring into glaring contrast the past and the 
 then present state of Ireland, and disclose the former pros- 
 perity and the latter desolation. Chief- Justice Keating, 
 "whom all parties will own to be a good man," 1 in his 
 celebrated letter to King James, in May 1689, tells him how 
 Ireland — "from the most improved and improving spot of 
 earth in Europe ; from stately herds and flocks ; from plenty 
 of money at 7 or 8 per cent, whereby trade and industry 
 were encouraged, and all upon the security of those Acts 
 of Parliament; from great and convenient buildings newly 
 erected in cities and other corporations, to that degree that 
 even the city of Dublin is, since the passing of these Acts, 
 and the security and quiet promised from them, enlarged to 
 double what it was ; and the shipping in divers ports were 
 five or six times more than ever was known before, to the 
 vast increase of your Majesty's revenue " — was reduced " to 
 the saddest and most disconsolate condition of any kingdom 
 or country in Europe." The same judge, who remembered 
 what the country had been only four years before, lamented 
 at the Assizes 2 at Wicklow, in language of extraordinary 
 earnestness and force, the miseries of the kingdom. He told 
 the Grand Jury that a great part of the island was devastated 
 by a rabble armed with unusual weapons : " I mean half- 
 pikes and skeans; I must tell you plainly it looks rather 
 like a design to massacre and murder than anything else. 
 
 other parts, especially the provinces of Minister and Leinster propor- 
 tionally ; so that before the beginning of February it was thought 
 they had destroyed in all parts of the kingdom above one million head 
 of cattle, besides corn and houses, and thereby utterly spoiled the most 
 plentiful country in these parts of Europe ; so that twenty years of 
 perfect peace cannot be thought to restore it to the state in which it 
 was at the death of King Charles the Second." — Ireland's Lamentation, 
 1689 ; see also A Short View, etc., 1089. 
 
 1 Clarendon. 
 
 2 State Trials, xii. 615, 635. 
 
sec. ii THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 57 
 
 I am told that open markets are set up in this county — a fat 
 bullock for five shillings and a fat sheep for one shilling. 
 Under the old law the Jews were not to seethe the kid in 
 the mother's milk ; but these unmerciful wretches go further 
 than that, sparing none, but destroying old and young. It 
 would make every honest man's heart to bleed to hear what 
 I have heard since I came into this county. It is ill in 
 other parts of the country ; but here they spare not even the 
 wearing clothes and habits of women and children, that they 
 are forced to come abroad naked without anything to cover 
 their nakedness ; so that besides the oath you have taken, 
 and the obligation of Christianity that lies upon you as 
 Christians, I conjure you by all that is sacred, and as ever 
 you expect eternal salvation, that you make diligent inquiry." 
 In a subsequent case at the same Assizes he renewed his 
 complaint. " There are such general and vast depredations in 
 the country that many honest men go to bed possessed of 
 considerable stocks of black and white cattle, gotten by great 
 labour and pains, the industry of their whole lives, and in 
 the morning when they arise not anything left them, but, 
 burned out of all, to go a begging, all being taken away 
 by rebels, thieves, and robbers, the sons of violence. On this 
 side the Cape of Good Hope, where are the most brutish and 
 barbarous people we read of, there is none like the people of 
 this country, nor so great a desolation as in this kingdom. 
 It is come to that pass, that a man that loses the better part 
 of his substance chooses rather to let that, and what he has 
 besides, go, than come to give evidence. And why ? Because 
 he is certain to have his house burnt and his throat cut if he 
 appears against them. Good God, what a pass are we come 
 to ! " In reading these descriptions and lamentations it must 
 never be forgotten that up to this time, and long afterwards, 
 all Ireland south of Dublin was peaceful and free from the 
 ravages of war ; yet the country had been changed into a 
 
58 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 wilderness by the devastations of the peasantry and the 
 connivance of Tyrconnel's government. 
 
 The Protestants computed their losses during these four 
 years of misgovernment at eight millions of money. 1 Macau- 
 lay points out that all such estimates must be inexact. " We 
 are not, however, absolutely without materials for such an 
 estimate. The Quakers were neither a very numerous nor a 
 very opulent class. We can hardly suppose that they were 
 more than a fiftieth part of the Protestant population, or that 
 they possessed more than a fiftieth part of the Protestant 
 wealth of Ireland. They were, undoubtedly, better treated 
 than any other Protestant sect. James had always been 
 partial to them. 2 They own that Tyrconnel did his best to 
 protect them, and they seem to have found favour even in 
 the sight of the rapparees. Yet the Quakers computed their 
 pecuniary losses at a hundred thousand pounds." If we take 
 into consideration what must have been spared to the Quakers 
 by the protection of Tyrconnel and the favour of the rapparees, 
 the estimate of their losses by the general body of the Protest- 
 ants will not appear to be exaggerated. 
 
 1 Vindication of the Protestants of Ireland, 1689 ; Cliaracter of the 
 Protestants of Ireland, 1689. 
 
 2 The Quakers were certainly well affected to James and were in 
 consequence favoured by him. When Dykvelt came over to England 
 in 1687 he succeeded in reconciling all the nonconformists, except 
 this body, to the interest of William. — Mazure's Histoire de la Revolution, 
 iii. 11. Quakers were introduced as numerously as their small 
 numbers allowed, into the remodelled corporations in Ireland, and 
 two, Anthony Sharp and Samuel Clarrage, were made aldermen of 
 Dublin, and excused from the oaths. — Ireland's Lamentation. Story 
 informs us " they say it was a Quaker that first proposed this 
 invention of brass money ; but whoever it was, they did that party a 
 signal piece of service, since they would never have been able to have 
 carried on the war without it. However, the Quakers have been very 
 serviceable to that interest, for I am assured by some in the Irish 
 army that they maintained a regiment at their own cost, besides 
 several presents of value that they made to the late king." — Impartial 
 History, p. 50. 
 
SECTION III 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT OF 1689 
 
 James landed at Kingsale on the 12th of March 1689, and 
 on the 14th proceeded to Cork, where he commenced to act 
 as a king. He created Tyrconnel a duke, and issued an edict 
 against exporting wool to England, while giving a general 
 liberty for sending it to Erance. 1 From Cork he rode to 
 Dublin, which he reached on the 24th. 2 Erom St. James's 
 Gate, the one by which he entered, he was conducted to the 
 Castle by the Lord Mayor and aldermen, the judges and 
 State officers, and a muster of about twenty coaches. The 
 sword of State was carried by Tyrconnel immediately before 
 James, who was mounted on a " padnag in a plain cinnamon- 
 coloured cloth suit and black slouching hat, and a George 
 huno; over his shoulder with a blue ribbon." On his arrival 
 at the gate of the castle he was met by the host, covered 
 by a canopy borne by four bishops, accompanied by a numer- 
 ous train of friars singing. On seeing this procession James 
 immediately dismounted and fell on his knees to receive a bless- 
 ing from the Roman Catholic primate, who was present. He 
 
 1 Life of James II., written by himself ; Macpherson's Original 
 Papers, i. 176. 
 
 2 " It was impossible for the king to proceed immediately to 
 Dublin, for the southern counties had been so completely laid waste 
 by the banditti whom the priests had called to arms that the means 
 of locomotion were not easily to be procured. Horses had become 
 rarities ; in a large district there were only two carts, and those 
 D'Avaux pronounced good for nothing." — Macaulay. 
 
 3 Ireland's Lamentation, being a short account, etc., 1689. 
 
60 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 then rose and passed into the castle, from which a banner waved 
 with this inscription on it, Now or never ; now and for ever} 
 
 The next morning he called a council, and having first 
 erased from its list the names of Lord Granard and Chief- 
 Justice Keating, he ordered five proclamations to be issued, 
 — (1) for raising the value of the currency ; 2 (2) summoning 
 a parliament for the 7th of May following ; (3) requiring all 
 who had left the kingdom to return with assurance of pro- 
 tection ; (4) commending his Eoman Catholic subjects for 
 having armed themselves, yet " whereas it had encouraged 
 some certain robberies," ordering all who were not in the army 
 to lay up their weapons in their houses ; (5) enacting the 
 carriage of provisions to the army in the North, and forbidding 
 his soldiers and officers from seizing any without payment. 
 
 Some writers have expressed the opinion that, although 
 James during his stay in Ireland was not a king de jure, yet 
 that he ought to be considered as a king de facto. James 
 never was a king de facto of or in Ireland. 3 A king de facto 
 is one who is in peaceable possession of a kingdom, though 
 a flaw in his title may exist, or be afterwards discovered. 
 When James landed in Ireland the entire north was in 
 possession of those who disputed his title and had transferred 
 their allegiance to William. During the whole period of his 
 stay in Ireland James was strictly a militant challenger. The 
 only claim which James ever had to the crown of Ireland 
 was in right of his English crown. By the statute law 
 of Ireland the Irish crown was inseparably annexed to that 
 of England, and the possessor of the latter became at once 
 
 1 Apology for the Irish Protestants ; State Tracts, 3. 
 
 2 A guinea was raised to twenty-four shillings ; an English shilling 
 to thirteenpence ; a ducatoon from 6s. to 6s. 3d. ; a cob from 4s. 9d. 
 to 5s. ; a French louis to 19s. — Ireland's Lamentation, etc. 
 
 3 Plowden says in his Review that James continued to be after his 
 flight from England both de jure and de facto king of Ireland. But 
 Plowden's opinions and facts are of about equal value. Cbarles O'Conor 
 justly accuses him of misrepresentation and ignorance of Irish history. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 61 
 
 and ijjso facto entitled to the crown of Ireland. Upon the 
 transfer of the English crown, in whatever manner it was 
 effected, the transferee became at once, and without any action 
 of the Irish Parliament, the rightful sovereign of Ireland. If 
 James had forfeited the crown of England — a position which 
 cannot be questioned, inasmuch as our whole constitution is 
 based upon it — he had no right whatever, when he arrived in 
 Ireland, to the crown of that country. 1 He was an adventurer, 
 and exactly in the position of Lambert Simnel who was crowned 
 in Dublin, except that James had once been the lawful sovereign 
 of Ireland. It follows from this that James was incapable of 
 summoning an Irish parliament. But this was not the only 
 illegality which tainted the assembly called by him. By the 
 law of Ireland no parliament could be called without a warrant 
 under the Great Seal of England certifying the laws which were 
 to be passed, and permitting the meeting of the legislative body. 
 No doubt these considerations did not infiuencethe lowerorders 
 of Irish who flocked to James's standard, and who were ac- 
 quainted with no law except that of their native impulse. But 
 there was not a member of James's council, nor of the Dublin 
 assembly, that did not know that the Parliament was sum- 
 moned by one who had no right to call it, and that it was an 
 act of treason to sit in it or to take a part in its proceedings. 
 James was now among subjects from whom he was to 
 experience nothing but slights, insults, and open opposition 
 to the new policy which he had determined to adopt in 
 Ireland. There was already, though as yet unknown to 
 either party, a growing incompatibility between the views of 
 James and those of his Irish supporters who were bent on 
 the restoration of the land to its former owners and the 
 separation of Ireland from Great Britain. James had lately, 
 under the advice of Louis XIV, modified his former inten- 
 
 1 The crown of England was offered to and accepted by William 
 and Mary on the 13th of February 1689. 
 
62 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 tion of an immediate repeal of the Acts of Settlement. The 
 French king had recommended him to defer this project till 
 he had repossessed himself of the English throne, and in the 
 meantime to reconcile the Irish Protestants to his interests. 1 
 In 1687 James and Tyrconnel had an interview at Chester, 
 and there it was agreed between them to proceed at once 
 with the repeal of the Acts of Settlement and with the con- 
 sequent confiscation of the estates of the Protestants. 2 But 
 when this resolution was adopted James was still king ; 
 subsequent events had wrought a change in his views. Every 
 reason was in favour of the deceitful and disingenuous policy 
 which was recommended by Louis. It would have pleased 
 the party of James in England ; its tendency was to lessen 
 the opposition of the Protestants of Ireland. The repeal of 
 the Acts of Settlement was viewed unfavourably by the vast 
 majority of the English Jacobites, even by the Eoman 
 Catholics of that party ; and James was well assured that 
 if he pronounced for the independence of Ireland, England 
 would never forgive the king who had declared for such 
 a measure. The circumstances of Ireland lent additional 
 weight to the advice of Louis. If ever a man was bound to 
 conciliate the Protestants of Ireland it was James. He was 
 well aware that all the wealth and resources of the island 
 were in their possession, and that nothing would strengthen 
 the hands of his English and Scotch friends, and allay the 
 suspicions entertained of him, so much as justice and kind- 
 ness to the Irish Protestants. It would have been a com- 
 plete answer to his enemies if he could have shown that in 
 
 1 Ranke, History of England, iv. 536, translation. 
 
 2 " Pendant ce voyage, my lord Tyrconnel s'etoit rendu a Chester 
 aupres du Roi et prit les ordres sur l'lrlande. Un inois apres, Barillon 
 annoncoit a Louis XIV la resolution de renverser ce que Ton nommoit 
 l'etablissment, c'est^a-dire, de rendre aux Irlandois les biens dont ils 
 avoient ete depossedes sous la republique. Cet etablissment avoit etd 
 confirme a la restauration." " Les mesures," desoit Barillon, " sont 
 prises pour en venir a bout." — Mazure, La Revolution de 1688, ii. 286. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 63 
 
 Ireland, where he was supported by the majority, he had not 
 only abstained from ill-treating the Protestants, but had on 
 the contrary protected and supported them. James saw that 
 his interests demanded the conciliation of the Irish Pro- 
 testants, and that a policy of amnesty and mildness would 
 strengthen his claims and increase his chances of restoration. 1 
 His aim was to recover his British throne either by means of 
 a peaceful recall or by an invasion. Ireland was regarded by 
 him merely as a stepping-stone to that end. It was of the 
 highest importance to him not to offend his English friends 
 by throwing Ireland into confusion, or to renew their fears 
 by oppressing the Irish Protestants. On the other hand, 
 if it should become necessary to invade England, and to 
 encourage his supporters there by an imposing display of 
 force, it was to the Irish army that he could look for success 
 in his undertaking. He could neither make use of that 
 army, nor even keep it together, if he placed himself in oppo- 
 sition to the wishes of those who raised and maintained it. 2 
 The French friends who accompanied James into Ireland 
 joined the Irish party, and were of opinion that his only 
 hope of safety lay in throwing himself heart and soul into 
 the views of the extreme Irish faction ; while Melfort and 
 his English councillors recommended the conciliation of the 
 Protestants. James's private wishes were undoubtedly in 
 favour of restoring the lands to the native Irish. Yet he 
 could not but see in his lucid moments that a general con- 
 
 1 Ranke tells us that a proclamation, assuring the Protestants of 
 the restoration to their estates and of their admission to public offices, 
 was actually drawn up by order of James after his arrival in Ireland, 
 but that its publication was prevented by the Irish and Frencb 
 factions. 
 
 2 The Irish army was not paid till after the arrival of James. 
 He himself mentions this, " for the troops being raised and having no 
 pay, were forced to live on the people ; and though the officers had 
 undertaken to maintain them at their own charge, there were very 
 few that did it effectually." — Life of James II, written by himself ; 
 Macpherson's Original Papers, i. 176. 
 
64 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 fiscation would injure his prospects. But James discovered 
 that it was easier to excite hopes than to arrest them at 
 maturity. He and Tyrconnel had been working for years 
 for the repeal of the Acts of Settlement, and he was now 
 carried away by the flood the gates of which he had himself 
 opened. The underhand shifts and vacillations to which he 
 was forced by his present desire to conciliate the Protestants, 
 and at the same time to retain the affections of his Irish 
 allies, were pitiable. He would and he would not, one day ex- 
 horting the Protestant bishops to oppose the repeal of the Acts 
 of Settlement, the next urging on their revocation more speedily 
 than it would otherwise have gone. At the very time when 
 he was secretly encouraging the Protestant peers 1 to oppose 
 in every way their repeal, the following scene took place in the 
 House of Lords, which James attended every day. On the 28th 
 of May a motion was made for adjourning over a holiday. 
 " The king asked, ' What holiday ? ' Answered, ( the restoration 
 of his brother and himself.' He replied, ' the fitter to restore 
 those loyal Catholic gentlemen who had suffered with him and 
 been kept unjustly out of their estates.' The motion rejected." 2 
 But the recovery of his other kingdoms by James was 
 a matter of the smallest importance to the vindictive and im- 
 provident men who now had him in their power. They saw, 
 or thought they saw, for there was not one of them gifted 
 with a particle of political foresight or wisdom, a propitious 
 opportunity for carrying into effect their extravagant schemes. 
 
 1 "I appeal to the Earl of Granard whether Duke Powis did not 
 give him thanks from King James for the opposition he made in the 
 House of Lords to the passing the Act of Attainder and the Act for 
 repeal of the Acts of Settlement, and desired that he and the other 
 Protestant lords should use their endeavours to obstruct them. To 
 which the Lord Granard answered that they were too few to effect 
 that ; but if the king would not have them pass, his way was to 
 engage some of the Eoman Catholic lords to stop them. To which 
 the duke replied with an oath that the king durst not let them know 
 that he had a mind to have them stopt." — Leslie's Answer to King, p. 99. 
 
 2 Journal of the proceedings in the Irish Parliament, 1689. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 65 
 
 They quickly took the measure of James and discovered 
 what a king of shreds and patches had come among them. 1 
 Encouraged by the internal troubles of Great Britain, and 
 resolved to carry out their plans of confiscation and proscrip- 
 tion, they made use of James and of his title of king solely 
 for their own purposes, and compelled him to renounce his 
 policy of conciliation, and in so doing to consummate his 
 own ruin and that of his family. 2 Now that they had the 
 whole power of the kingdom in their hands, they threw 
 moderation and all thoughts of the future to the winds. 3 
 They made what was virtually a declaration of war against 
 England and the English interest in Ireland, while at the 
 same time they gave a dreadful note of warning respecting 
 the treatment which awaited the Protestants of Ireland in 
 case they should remain masters of the country. The object 
 of the Irish party was the threefold one which is sure to 
 make its appearance in every Irish agitation, whatever may 
 
 1 On the 18th of May, in the midst of their preparations for con- 
 fiscation and proscription, the Irish around James sent to England, 
 without his knowledge as he tells us, and published there a proclama- 
 tion in his name, declaring that the Protestants were living under 
 James in the greatest freedom, quiet, and security both as to their 
 properties and religion. Some Scotch officers who, in the winter of 
 1689, came over to Dublin, said that if their countrymen had known 
 how the Protestants had been treated in Ireland not a man of them 
 would have fought for James. This proclamation is to be found in 
 Parliamentary History, v. 303 ; and in Clarke's Life of James, ii. 362. 
 
 2 Speaking of the Acts to which he was obliged by his Irish allies 
 to consent, James says "nothing but his unwillingness to disgust 
 those who were otherwise affectionate subjects could have extorted 
 [this consent] from him. It had without doubt been more generous 
 in the Irish not to have pressed so hard upon their prince when he 
 lay so much at their mercy, and more prudent not to have grasped at 
 regaining all before they were sure of keeping what they already 
 possessed." — Clarke's Life, ii. 361. 
 
 3 " But the Irish, by reckoning themselves sure of their game, when 
 in reality they had the worse of it, thought of nothing but settling 
 themselves in riches and plenty by breaking the Act of Settlement, 
 and by that means raise new enemies before they were secure of master- 
 ing those they had already on their hands."— James's words, ib. ii. 354. 
 
 F 
 
66 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 have been its commencement, — Roman Catholic ascendency, 
 separation from Great Britain, and the possession of the land. 
 The first the Irish had already obtained by the means I have 
 mentioned. They were now about to make their final and fatal 
 attempt to attain the latter two. Tyrconnel and his party had 
 been for four years making their preparations for a Parliament 
 which should fully carry out Irish ideas. The hour was now 
 come, and in May 1689 a Parliament assembled in Dublin 
 which has ever since been to all impartial men who are 
 acquainted with its proceedings a world's wonder. 
 
 This parliament met on the 7th of May and continued its 
 sittings till the 20th of July following. I have already 
 pointed out the double illegality which attached to it ; that 
 it was summoned by one who had no right to call it, and 
 that it sat directly in the teeth of Poynings' law. 1 The con- 
 stitution of this assembly was peculiar. Out of ninety Pro- 
 testant lords only five temporal peers and four bishops 
 attended. Ten Eoman Catholic peers had obeyed the writ of 
 summons ; but by the reversal of old attainders and new 
 creations, seventeen more, all Ptoman Catholics, were introduced 
 into the house. Of the twenty-four Catholics who generally 
 attended, fifteen had had their attainders reversed, and. four 
 were minors. No Eoman Catholic prelates were summoned. 
 This was greatly against the wish of the Parliament, which 
 desired that all the Protestant bishops should be excluded, 
 and Roman Catholics summoned in their place. 2 It was the 
 work of the king, who still hoped that some moderation would 
 be observed, and encouraged the Protestant bishops in their at- 
 tendance and opposition to the repeal of the Acts of Settlement. 
 
 1 Yet Poynings' law was not repealed by this Parliament. A Bill 
 to that effect was introduced into the Commons, hut on James express- 
 ing his dissatisfaction the Bill was allowed to drop. — King. 
 
 2 " Diese Versamnilung missbilligte, dass die Protestanischen Bis- 
 chofe nicht mit einem Schlage entfernt, und Catholische an ihre Stelle 
 gesetzt wurden." — Banke. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 67 
 
 This conduct of James was remarked with dislike, and he 
 was accused of being an Englishman, and of showing too 
 much lenity to the Protestants. A Roman Catholic author 
 and actor in these scenes tells us that the king's conduct in 
 the temple showed him to be a good Catholic, but his conduct 
 in the senate proved him to be a Protestant. 1 
 
 The House of Commons then consisted of three hundred 
 members, elected by the freeholders in counties, and by the 
 burgesses in corporations. Tyrconnel took care to pack this 
 house with his creatures. We have seen how the sheriffs of 
 counties and the corporations had been secured. 2 To make 
 certain that none but safe men should be returned, letters 
 were sent with the writs recommending the persons whom 
 Tyrconnel wished to be elected. Upon the receipt of these 
 letters the sheriff or magistrate assembled such as he thought 
 fit, and these, without making any noise about it, made a 
 return, so that the Protestants either did not know of the 
 election, or were afraid to appear at it. 3 Two hundred and 
 thirty-two members were returned. Six only were Protest- 
 
 1 " James, however, was so intent upon following the advice of his 
 favourites, not to act anything in favour of the Irish or for the re- 
 establishment of the worship of Eome that might dissatisfy his Pro- 
 testant subjects in England [who, as they believed, would undoubtedly 
 recall him if he continued his wonted moderation], that pursuant to 
 this maxim, he would not admit the Eoman Catholic bishops to take 
 their places in the Assembly of the States, though he allowed it to 
 four Protestant bishops, all the rest of that stamp being gone into 
 England to join with "William, and these also declared for him as soon 
 as he appeared with any power in Ireland. So that whoever considers 
 the different behaviour of this prince in the temple and senate would 
 take him for a serious Roman Catholic in the one, and a true Protestant 
 in the other." — Colonel Kelly, Macarice Excidium. 
 
 2 When the elections took place few of the new charters to the 
 corporations had passed the seal. — List of the Lords Spiritual and 
 Temporal, etc., 1689. In the Secret Consults, published 1690, it is 
 stated " most of the new charters are yet in the Attorney General's 
 hands for want of paying the fees, and the several corporations act 
 without them." 
 
 3 Harris, Life of Will. III. 
 
68 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 ants. 1 Thirty-four 2 boroughs and counties were not repre- 
 sented. 
 
 It was a Parliament so summoned and so constituted that 
 proceeded to pass Acts " which seem to have been framed by 
 madmen." 3 The king, in his opening speech, had referred in 
 cautious terms to the Acts of Settlement. After stating that 
 he was " against invading any man's property," he proceeded, 
 " I shall most readily consent to the making of such good, 
 wholesome laws as may be for the good of the nation, the 
 improvement of trade, and relieving such as have been 
 injured by the late Acts of Settlement, so far forth as may be 
 consistent with reason, justice, and the public good." These 
 words have been tortured into an attack on these Acts ; but 
 nothing was further from -James's thought than their present 
 repeal. Some hard cases had undoubtedly occurred on the 
 former settlement of the nation, and it was the king's wish 
 that a sum of money should be set apart to indemnify the 
 sufferers, 4 or that a compromise between the old and present 
 proprietors should be effected. But such moderation was 
 
 1 Of these six two, Sir John Mead and Joseph Coghlan, members 
 for the University, opposed the repeal of the Acts of Settlement, and 
 finding that they could do no good, retired from the House. — List of 
 the Lords, etc., 1689. 
 
 2 Harris. 
 
 3 Dalrymple. 
 
 4 James tells us in his Memoirs : " It is certain that many of the 
 wise and judicious Catholics thought such an accommodation very 
 practicable ; that the great improvements had so enhanced the value 
 of most estates as would allow the old proprietors a share of equal 
 income to what their ancestors lost, and yet leave a competency for the 
 purchasers, who might reasonably be allowed the benefit of their own 
 labours. And in such turbulent times and difficult circumstances it 
 was just that all pretenders should recede in some degree from the 
 full of their pretensions for the accommodation of the whole; no side 
 being so apt to grumble when all men share the burden, especially it 
 being of that consequence to prevent a universal discontent, both for 
 the king's present necessities, the public quiet and general safety of 
 the people. There is no doubt but the king's inclinations were the 
 same." — Clarke's Life, ii. 358. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 69 
 
 hateful to the Irish. A Bill for repealing the Acts of Settle- 
 ment was brought in by Chief-Justice Nugent, and received 
 with a hurrah, " which more resembled the behaviour of a 
 crew of rapparees over a rich booty than that of a senate 
 appointed to rectify abuses, and restore the rights of their 
 fellow-subjects." 1 James did his best to prevent the Bill 
 passing. He even threatened to dissolve the Parliament. 
 But his expostulations and remonstrances only irritated the 
 Irish against him. They said openly that if he did not give 
 them back the land they would not fight for him. Even the 
 soldiers in the streets shouted the same thin" after him as 
 he passed by. 2 James still resisted, and at the last moment 
 resolved on a dissolution. But his evil genius, 3 D'Avaux, 
 stood beside him. The united Irish and French factions were 
 too strong for James alone and unsupported. He yielded. 
 " Alas !" said the unfortunate king, " I am fallen into the hands 
 of people who will ram that and much more down my throat." 
 A general 4 in the service of James was asked, a few 
 months later, how it was that the king had consented to the 
 Act of Attainder and the repeal of the Acts of Settlement. 
 " Sir," was the answer, "if you did but know the circumstances 
 the king is under, and the hardships these men put upon him, 
 you would bemoan him with tears instead of blaming him. 
 What would you have him do ? All his other subjects have 
 
 1 Ralph.". 
 
 2 Ranke ; Leslie. The king was " at the same time as good as told 
 underhand, that if he consented not to it, the whole nation would 
 abandon him." — James's words, Clarke's Life, ii. 360. 
 
 3 Macaulay says, " it is not too much to say that of the difference 
 between right and wrong Avaux had no more notion than a brute." 
 It was D'Avaux who proposed to James a general massacre of the 
 Protestants if an army should land from England. " Qu'ainsi j'etois 
 d'avis," wrote the unconscious scoundrel, " qu'apres que la descente 
 etant fait, si on apprenoit que de Protestans se fussent souleves en 
 quelque endroit du royaume, on fit main basse sur tous generalment." 
 — Quoted by Ranke. 
 
 4 Major-General Maxwell, a Roman Catholic. 
 
70 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 deserted him ; this is the only body of men he has now to 
 appear for him ; he is in their hands, and must please them." 1 
 
 James was obliged to yield. The Acts of Settlement 
 were repealed, and twelve millions of acres were transferred 
 to the Irish. 2 The original Act of Settlement had been 
 confirmed by two subsequent Acts and many patents, both 
 of Charles and James. The Lords Lieutenant, and judges on 
 their circuits, had been repeatedly ordered to proclaim the 
 settled resolution of these princes to maintain them. Trusting 
 to the Acts and these frequent declarations, the proprietors 
 had reared stately buildings and carried out extensive im- 
 provements and reclamations of the soil. Seats had been 
 erected and parks enclosed. Many of the estates had passed 
 into the hands of purchasers for valuable consideration. 
 Manufactories had been established in divers places, " where- 
 by the meanest inhabitants were at once enriched and civil- 
 ised ; it would hardly be believed it were the same spot of 
 earth." Thousands had sold small estates and freeholds in 
 England, 4 and laid out their prices in Irish land. Purchases, 
 settlements, leases, money investments, jointures for widows, 
 and portions for children — all the multifarious dispositions of 
 property required by society for the welfare of families, for 
 its trade and commerce, or the reclamation, improvement, 
 and adornment of the soil — had been made on the faith of 
 these Acts and an undisputed possession of many years. All 
 these were now swept away at one stroke, without compensa- 
 tion or provision for the unhappy sufferers. James alone 
 manifested compassion for these unfortunates. To make some 
 compensation for the evil inflicted against his will, he gave 
 ten thousand pounds a year out of his own estate. 
 
 Well might Chief - Justice Keating indignantly ask : 
 
 1 Leslie, p. 100. 
 
 2 Even the son of Sir Phelim O'Neill was restored to the estate of 
 which his father was so justly deprived. 
 
 ' s Keating. 4 lb. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 71 
 
 " Where or when shall a man purchase in this kingdom ? 
 Under what title or on what security shall he lay out his 
 money, or secure the portions he designs for his children, if 
 he may not do it under the security of divers Acts of Parlia- 
 ment, the solemn and reiterated declarations of his prince, 
 and a quiet and uninterrupted possession of twenty years 
 together ? And this is the case of thousands of families who 
 are purchasers under the Acts of Settlement and Explanations." 
 Lest some owners of land should be forgotten, or not in- 
 cluded in the sweeping net of this Act, a clause was added 
 whereby the property of all those who dwelt or stayed in any 
 part of the three kingdoms which did not acknowledge James, 
 or who aided or corresponded with such since the 1st of August 
 1688, was declared to be forfeited. There had been for some 
 time a constant and lively correspondence between Ireland 
 and England and between the rest of Ireland and the north. 
 So that every one who had been in England or the north of Ire- 
 land after the 1st August 1688, and every one who corresponded 
 with any such persons, lost his estate. By a strain of severity 
 at once ridiculous and detestable, almost every Protestant in 
 Ireland who could write was to be deprived of his estate. 1 
 Nor was this a mere threat. Air. Lecky says that these 
 words would, if strictly construed, comprehend all Irish pro- 
 prietors who were living peacefully in England, or who had 
 written on private business to any one residing in a part of 
 the kingdom which acknowledged William. But he thinks 
 they were intended to include those only who had taken an 
 active part against James. Nugent, Tyrconnel's Chief-Justice 
 of the King's Bench, entertained no such doubts as to the 
 effect of these words. This judge decided that accepting and 
 paying a bill of exchange was a correspondence with the 
 enemies of King James. And in another case, where an 
 attorney had received letters from clients asking him to 
 
 1 Leland. 
 
72 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 apply for a reprieve of sentence for them, Nugent held that 
 this also was a correspondence with the enemy, and im- 
 prisoned the attorney on a charge of high treason. 
 
 The same author has been courageous enough to assert that 
 compensation for some of the despoiled owners was provided 
 in this Act of Eepeal. No statement could be more directly 
 in opposition to the facts of the case. If compensation means 
 an equivalent for property taken away, and that is the only 
 meaning which the word bears in the English language, there 
 was no compensation for any class. It is true that the Act 
 speaks of compensation, but all that is contained in the 
 enactment is a mere conditional promise to be fulfilled, if 
 ever, in the future, and even that is limited to one class, 
 namely purchasers. All who derived from the original 
 grantees by descent, by devise, or by-marriage, far the greater 
 number, were absolutely excluded. It is a strange use of 
 language to call such a partial and ineffectual provision com- 
 pensation, and to give to the mere shadow the name of the 
 substance. But when we come to examine the so-called 
 compensation to purchasers we find it a mere pretence. 1 To 
 tell us that men, who had purchased themselves, or whose 
 fathers had done so, were, at the commencement of a war, 
 expelled from their homesteads and from the lands they had 
 tilled with a promise of reparation if funds should be dis- 
 covered at the termination of the contest, and to oall this 
 compensation, is to mock us. The naked truth is that in the 
 
 1 Chief-Justice Keating addressed his celehrated letter to James on 
 behalf of " many thousands " of the Purchasers, the class for which Mr. 
 Lecky says compensation was provided. Keating was of opinion that 
 the compensation was a mere sham. The first sentence of the letter 
 declares that its design is "to prevent the ruin and desolation which 
 a Bill now under consideration in order to be made a law will bring 
 upon them ami their families in case your Majesty doth not interpose." 
 Another sentence is, "but the way prescribed by this Bill is to rob the 
 innocent purchasers, creditors, and orphans of their estates, to do it 
 contrary to the public faith, laws of the land, and precept of Holy 
 Writ, etc." 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 73 
 
 whole black transaction there was not a single bright spot to 
 relieve the darkness of this savage and impolitic Act. No 
 neutral-tinted words can hide from us the enormous propor- 
 tions of the iniquity. It was the eviction of a people ; a univer- 
 sal spoliation, the like of which had not been seen in Europe 
 since the confiscations which followed the Norman Conquest. 
 Tens of thousands of innocent and improving owners, — 
 for all derivative interests (except leases for twenty -one 
 years) went with the fee, — were beggared at a blow, and were 
 thrown homeless and helpless on the world without means and 
 without hope. Such was the selfish greed of the Irish that they 
 paid no regard to a circumstance to which their attention w r as 
 called, viz. the vast improvements which had been made by the 
 British or Protestant proprietors. James himself tells us " that 
 the improvements had so- enhanced the value of most estates 
 as would allow the old proprietors a share of equal income to 
 what their ancestors lost, and yet leave a competency for the 
 purchasers, who might reasonably be allowed the benefit of 
 their own labours." * But as the same prince informs us, the 
 Irish " thought of nothing but settling themselves in riches 
 and plenty," and reason and justice were whistled down the 
 wind. If we remember that the Irish Protestants strictly 
 obeyed the law of their country in transferring their alle- 
 giance to William, who by the parliamentary grant of the 
 English Crown had become ipso facto the rightful sovereign of 
 Ireland, we cannot help considering their fate as hard indeed. 
 The Act of Eepeal not only repealed the Acts of Settle- 
 ment, but, inasmuch as it went back to the 22d of October 
 1641, and also included the estates of all those who resided 
 in the parts where James's authority was not recognised and 
 of those who corresponded with them, it confiscated the real 
 property of every Protestant in Ireland, except perhaps 2 that 
 
 1 Clarke's Life, ii. 358. 
 
 2 I say "perhaps," for if any of these persons were in possession 
 
76 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 ladies; seven, bishops; eighty -five, knights and baronets; 
 eighty-three, clergymen ; and two thousand one hundred and 
 eighty-two, esquires, gentlemen, and tradesmen. All these 
 persons — that is the whole Protestant nobility, gentry, and 
 traders of Ireland — were "declared and adjudged traitors con- 
 victed and attainted of high treason," and were to suffer, in 
 the words of the Act itself, " such pains of death, penalties, 
 and forfeitures respectively as in cases of high treason are 
 accustomed," unless they, by certain days fixed in the Act, sur- 
 rendered themselves to such justice as was then administered 
 to Protestants in Dublin. 
 
 The manner of inserting names on this record of penalties 
 and death, and the haste with which it was drawn, were 
 equally remarkable. Any member who had a personal 
 quarrel or enmity against another, or desired his estate, or 
 owed him a debt, had only to hand in his name to the clerk 
 at the table, and it was inserted without discussion. No 
 difficulty was made in any case except that of Lord Strafford, 
 and a few words disposed of the objection. As to the haste 
 with which the list was drawn up, we are told that " perhaps 
 no man ever heard of such a crude, imperfect thing, so ill 
 digested and composed, passed in the world for a law. We 
 find the same person brought in under different qualifications. 
 In one place he is expressly allowed till the 1st of October to 
 come in and submit to trial, and yet in another place he is 
 attainted if lie do not come in by the 1st of September. 
 Many are attainted by wrong names. Many have their 
 Christian names left out, and many whose names and sur- 
 names are both put in are not distinguished by any character 
 whereby they may be known from others of the same name." l 
 Owing to this haste many escaped by accident, as did the 
 Fellows and Scholars of Trinity College, and many of the 
 king's adherents were included. The most remarkable of 
 
 1 King. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 77 
 
 these were Dodwell, " the most learned man of whom the 
 Jacobite party could boast ;" 1 Colonel Keating, who was then 
 actually serving in James's army before Derry; and Lord 
 Mountjoy, who was imprisoned in France, whither he had 
 been sent by Tyrconnel himself. 2 
 
 The savage cruelty of an Act which doomed thousands to 
 the gallows and the quartering-block is abhorrent to human 
 nature, but the chicanery with which it was conceived and 
 carried out was even more detestable. It has been mentioned 
 that days were fixed in the Act before which the attainted 
 persons must surrender themselves. It was known that such 
 a surrender was physically impossible. The 1st of October 
 was the latest date for surrendering. There was an exceed- 
 ingly strict embargo laid on all vessels in Ireland, so that not 
 a single ship or boat was suffered to pass thence to England 
 before the 1st of November. The embargo was equally strict 
 on the other side, so that it was impossible for the attainted, 
 even if they had notice of the law, to return and surrender 
 themselves. But good care was taken that the sufferers 
 should have no notice until the last day of grace had long 3 
 expired. The Act took away the power of pardon from the 
 king, unless the pardon was enrolled before the last day of 
 November. To prevent the attainted persons knowing that 
 their names appeared on the list, it was kept carefully con- 
 cealed. Some Protestant adherents of James were anxious 
 to know whether any of their friends had been proscribed, 
 and tried to obtain a sight of the list. Solicitation and 
 
 1 " Who, for the unpardonable crime of having a small estate in 
 Mayo, had been attainted by the Popish Parliament at Dublin." — 
 Macaulay. 
 
 2 Two columns of this list of doom, one taken from the front and 
 the other from the back of the same page, are given in the Appendix. 
 
 3 Harris and King say four months. " The Act was kept con- 
 cealed in the custody of the Chancellor. The king, four months after- 
 wards, learned by an accident the force of a law which so much en- 
 trenched on his own prerogative." — Macpherson, i. 629. 
 
78 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 bribery proved vain. Not a single copy got abroad till the 
 time limited for pardon had expired. When James learned 
 that the power of pardoning had been taken from him by the 
 Act, he was indignant, and remonstrated with Nagle, the 
 Attorney - General. 1 This officer had the impertinence to 
 remind the king that he had read the Act before giving his 
 consent to it. The king replied that he had depended upon 
 his Attorney-General for drawing the Act, and that if Nagle 
 had drawn it so that there was no room for pardoning, he 
 had been false to his sovereign, and had betrayed him. 
 When the same Nagle, 2 as Speaker of the Commons, pre- 
 sented this Bill of Attainder to James for his consent, he was 
 not ashamed to say that many were attainted upon such 
 evidence as fully satisfied the House, and the rest were 
 attainted " upon common fame." Nagle was a Roman 
 Catholic lawyer of repute, yet, on such a solemn occasion, 
 he did not hesitate to say that common fame or report was 
 sufficient evidence to deprive thousands of his fellow-citizens 
 of their lives and fortunes. 
 
 All impartial readers of history are appalled by the magni- 
 tude of this legislative scheme of judicial murder. The Irish 
 Roman Catholic writers palliate, or, what is more shameful, 
 conceal it. They cannot see that, in so doing, they make them- 
 selves participators in the crime of their fathers, and that, in 
 declining to award historical justice to the misdeeds of their 
 ancestors, they unconsciously prove the hereditary trans- 
 mission of political incapacity to their race. The rule of 
 duty that recognition of the sin, acknowledgment of the 
 error is the first step to repentance, is as true in public as in 
 
 1 James complains in his Memoirs that he was obliged to give up 
 his prerogative of pardon in this Act. — Clarke's Life, ii. 361. 
 
 2 Nagle was the first man who ventured openly to propose the 
 repeal of the Acts of Settlement. In his Coventry letter of 26th 
 October 1686 he advocated their repeal, chiefly on the ground that 
 they weakened the Roman Catholic interest in Ireland. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 79 
 
 private life. But this rule is unknown, or, if known, is not 
 practised, by these authors and apologists. O'Connor calls 
 the Act of Attainder a state engine. Plowden says, it con- 
 tains not one word relating to religious distinction, as if an 
 open reference to such a motive of this kind would be allowed 
 to appear at such a crisis. Curry, M'Geoghegan, and Cusack 
 are silent respecting it. M'Gee's expressions are, "an Act 
 of Attainder against persons in arms against the sovereign 
 whose estates lay in Ireland was adopted." Haverty dis- 
 misses it as if it referred merely to property. His words are : 
 " As to the Act of Attainder, passed on the same occasion, 
 its results, so far as the question of property was concerned, 
 would have been nearly identical with those of the Act of 
 Settlement, the persons who would be affected by both 
 being nearly the same." It would be difficult to compose 
 sentences more misleading than those of these two latter 
 authors. 
 
 Some of these writers have excused the Act of Attainder 
 on the ground that no blood was actually shed under its 
 authority. As well might the assassin who laid a spring-gun 
 with the object of murder excuse himself on the ground that 
 his intended victim had returned by another path. Fortunately 
 for those threatened by the Act, they were beyond the reach of 
 their vindictive enemies. An early flight had saved them. 
 We can only judge of the intentions of men by their acts. 
 If the Irish Legislature did not desire blood, why were the 
 pains and penalties of death inserted in this enactment, when 
 forfeiture of property only would have effected the ruin of 
 their adversaries ? And why was the Act concealed till the 
 last day of grace had expired ? Why, too, was the power of 
 pardon withdrawn from the king ? As long as these questions 
 remain unanswered, there is but one conclusion to which 
 reasonable men can come. And that conclusion is, that 
 if the refugees had returned, and the English deliverer 
 
80 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 had not appeared, there would have been another bloody- 
 page added to the history of this country. 
 
 Mr. Lecky, in his remarks on this infamous Act of 
 Attainder, has made the extraordinary statement that a Bill 
 of Attainder " precisely similar " to that of the Irish Parlia- 
 ment was brought forward in the English Commons and was 
 passed in that House. This is an astounding assertion. It 
 takes away our breath to hear that in the seventeenth century 
 a barbarous and bloody Bill of general proscription was intro- 
 duced and passed in a civilised assembly such as the Commons 
 of England. Very little is known of this English Bill, as the 
 references to it in the Journals of the House are short and 
 compendious, but fortunately the clause which confiscates the 
 estates of those attainted by it survives, and enables us to arrive 
 at the number affected. 1 They are exactly eighteen in number, 
 all persons well known to the English Parliament. What " pre- 
 cise similarity " can exist between an Act which proscribed the 
 whole nobility, gentry, and trading community of a country, 
 whose names and whose guilt or innocence could not possibly 
 have been known to the Parliament which doomed them, and 
 a bill which attainted eighteen influential adherents of 
 James, the majority of whom had fled from England with 
 him, I am unable to see. Mr. Lecky actually taunts Mac- 
 aulay with not having disclosed this English Bill. 
 
 By an Actof this Parliament the payment of tithes by Eoinan 
 Catholics to the Protestant clergy was abolished. Eor three 
 years before the passing of the Act hardly any tithes had been 
 recovered by the Protestant clergy. The priests had begun, 
 even so early as 1685, to declare that the tithes belonged to 
 them, and they had forbidden the people to pay them as the 
 law required. 2 They said openly that the king, who was 
 anxious to protect the Protestants, had no power to interfere 
 
 1 Journals of the House of Commons, x. 269. 
 2 Lord Clarendon to the King, 14th August 1680. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 81 
 
 with the property of the Church. The Dublin Parliament 
 now confirmed this violation of the law. To reduce the en- 
 dowments of the Protestant Church, says Macaulay, " without 
 prejudice to existing interests, would have been a reform 
 worthy of a good prince and of a good Parliament. But no 
 such reform would satisfy the vindictive bigots who sate at 
 the King's Inns. By one sweeping Act the greater part of 
 the tithe was transferred from the Protestant to the Roman 
 Catholic clergy ; and the existing incumbents were left, with- 
 out one farthing of compensation, to die of hunger." 
 
 There was an appearance of justice attending the Act for 
 the transference of the tithes to the Roman Catholic priest- 
 hood, notwithstanding that vested interests were cruelly and 
 ruthlessly passed over. Nothing can be said in favour of 
 another law which accompanied that for the abolition of tithes. 
 At this time there was hardly a Roman Catholic householder 
 in the corporate towns and cities. These corporate towns, 
 with the exception of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Gal way, and 
 Waterford, had been built at the expense and charges of the 
 Protestant settlers. In these towns a small rate or tax had 
 been imposed on houses by Act of Parliament, 1 and this tax 
 was payable to the Protestant clergymen who ministered 
 there. This was, therefore, a matter exclusively between the 
 Protestants and their own clergy. James desired sincerely 
 to protect the Protestant clergy of Ireland, for they had 
 espoused his interest most cordially when he was Duke of 
 York, and his right to the succession questioned. But the Irish 
 legislators were resolved to make the country Roman Catholic, 
 and they passed an Act abolishing these payments for the 
 maintenance of the Protestant ministers in towns. By these 
 two Acts all the endowments of the Protestant Church, and 
 all the provision made for the maintenance of her clergy, 
 were at one blow swept away. Her ministers were left to 
 
 1 17 and 18 Charles II, c. 7. 
 G 
 
82 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chai . i 
 
 the charity of their flocks, or death by starvation. It excites 
 a smile when we read that these two Acts were accompanied 
 by a third in favour of liberty of conscience. It was a strange 
 conjunction, and worthy of this Parliament — liberty of con- 
 science and the starvation of ministers of religion. We must 
 not, however, forget that the Act for liberty of conscience 
 was the work of James, and that the other two proceeded 
 from fanatics and bigots. 
 
 In the meantime the sins of the Executive fully equalled 
 the mad criminality of the Legislature. I do not here speak 
 of the debasement of the coinage and the innumerable oppres- 
 sions committed under and by means of it ; l the second and 
 third disarming of the Protestants ; the press for horses ; the 
 quarterings of soldiers ; and the extortion and robberies com- 
 mitted by them. 2 These things the Eoman Catholic apolo- 
 gists have excused, on the ground that a state of war prevailed, 
 and that every Protestant was a rebel at heart. I shall not 
 even mention the general seizure of Protestant schools 
 throughout the country, and the attack on Trinity College. 
 But there were other proceedings, to justify which no attempt 
 has ever been made, and respecting which a judicious silence 
 
 1 "A mortgage for a thousand pounds was cleared off by a bag of 
 counters made out of old kettles. The creditors, who complained to the 
 Court of Chancery, were told by Fitton to take their money and be 
 gone. But of all classes the tradesmen of Dublin, who were generally 
 Protestants, were the greatest losers. Any man who belonged to the 
 caste now dominant might walk into a shop, lay on the counter a bit 
 of brass worth threepence, and carry off goods to the value of half a 
 guinea." — Macaulay. 
 
 2 " The misery of this town is very great, some being little better 
 than dragooned by the quartering of soldiers ; some have ten, some 
 twelve, some twenty or thirty, quartered on them ; and yet I cannot 
 find that, besides what came in to-day, there were above three thousand 
 and odd men in town. But the reason is plain : each man has many 
 quarters, and some captains make thirty or forty shillings a week by 
 them. They come in by twelve, one, or two of the clock by night to 
 demand quarters, and turn people out of their beds, beat, wound, and 
 sometimes rob them." — Letter from Dublin, 12th June 1689. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 83 
 
 has been observed. While the Irish Legislature was over- 
 turning the established order of things, a persecution of the 
 Protestants was raging, with the connivance of the Govern- 
 ment, through the three provinces which owned James's 
 authority. These provinces were quiet, and their Protestant 
 inhabitants made a merit of their obedience. Yet they were 
 obliged to witness what the king himself called the general 
 desolation of the land, and to suffer, in James's words, " many 
 robberies, oppressions, and outrages, committed through all 
 parts of the kingdom to the utter ruin thereof, and to the great 
 scandal of the Government, as well as of Christianity." There 
 was a complete relaxation of all civil and military authority l 
 through these provinces, though untouched by war. The judges 
 neglected their duties ; the justices of the peace acted illegally 
 and in favour of malefactors, and the officers and soldiers of the 
 army contributed to the general anarchy. 2 All peasantries 
 outrun the wishes of their Government when they suppose 
 those wishes are favourable to them. The hints of further 
 rapine given in the Acts of Attainder and Kepeal of the 
 Settlement were greedily received and speedily acted on by 
 that of Ireland. 3 The Protestants were scattered, unarmed 
 and defenceless, among a hostile and barbarous population, 
 and the Government of Tyrconnel connived at their ruin. 
 When that is said, all is said. The pathetic consists in 
 details, and the heart cannot take in more than one picture 
 
 1 Instructions of James to the Commissioners of Oyer and Ter- 
 miner. They are given in the appendix to King. 
 
 2 " Jamais troupes n'ont marche comme font celles-cy ; ils vont 
 comme des bandits, et pillent tout ce qu'ils trouvent en chemin." — 
 D'Avaux. 
 
 3 " The miserable usage in the country is unspeakable, and every 
 day like to be worse and worse ; many allege that the rapparees have 
 secret orders to fall anew on the Protestants that have anything left ; 
 the ground of this may be their pretending such an order, for they 
 commonly pretend an order for any mischief they have a mind to." — 
 Letter from Dublin, 1689. 
 
84 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chai\ i 
 
 of distress at the same time. The imagination cannot con- 
 ceive, language is inadequate to describe, the sum-total 
 of individual suffering comprised in the ruin of a whole 
 community. 
 
 The accounts of the state of the country do not rest on 
 Protestant testimony alone. During the winter of 1689 
 James issued, through his principal Secretary of State, 1 
 instructions to the judges, in which he accused them of 
 " having strangely neglected the execution of their commis- 
 sions," and stated that this neglect was " the chiefest cause of 
 the general desolation of the country." These instructions 
 are too long to be given in full ; but as they are strictly 
 contemporaneous, and afford official information of the state of 
 Ireland, I shall quote two paragraphs : " Let the present general 
 cries of the people for justice, and the present general oppres- 
 sion under which the country groans, move you to have 
 compassion of it, and to raise in you such a public spirit as 
 may save it from this inundation of miseries that breaks in 
 upon it by a neglect of His Majesty's orders, and by a general 
 relaxation of all civil and military laws. Consider that our 
 enemies, leaving us to ourselves, as they do, conclude we 
 shall prove greater enemies to one another than they can 
 be to us, and that we will destroy the country and enslave 
 ourselves more than they are able to do. What in- 
 humanities are daily committed against one another gives 
 but too much ground to the truth of what our enemies con- 
 clude of us." 
 
 But James's endeavours to reduce the general anarchy, 
 and to restore some degree of law and order, were fruitless. 
 His authority was neglected, and in every step he took he 
 was thwarted and disobeyed by the Irish faction which had 
 ldm in their power. His unwillingness to consent to the 
 
 1 White, an Irish Catholic, created Marquis d'Albaville by the 
 
 King of Spain. 
 
SEC. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 85 
 
 Acts of Attainder and Eepeal of the Settlement, his struggles 
 to protect his Protestant subjects, and his attempts to secure 
 the administration of justice and the punishment of male- 
 factors, had made him thoroughly unpopular. There was 
 already gathering about him that hatred which has attended 
 his memory in this country, and has attached to his name in 
 Irish a filthy and disgusting word. To the natives James was 
 a foreigner and an Englishman. To one who had lived among 
 civilised men the Irish schemes of extirpation and revenge 
 were hateful and abhorrent. 1 
 
 It has been denied that the churches of the Protestants 
 were seized by the Eoman Catholics. Nothing can be more 
 true than that this was done, especially those which had been 
 built on consecrated ground where the chapels of abbeys 
 formerly stood. 2 It is proved beyond all doubt by the 
 petitions of the Protestants, and by James's proclamation, 8 
 declaring that the seizure of churches was a violation of 
 his Act for liberty of conscience. Archbishop King asserts 
 that nine churches out of ten were taken possession of 
 throughout the country, twenty-six alone in the diocese of 
 Dublin. Leslie denies that a single church, except Christ 
 Church, and that only because it was reputed the king's 
 chapel, was taken by the order or connivance of the king. 
 The assertion and qualified denial are both true. James, we 
 know, was desirous to protect the Protestant clergy, and thus 
 
 1 " But, above all, some of them moving to him for leave to cut 
 off the Protestants, which he returned with indignation and amaze- 
 ment, saying, ' What, gentlemen, are you for another forty-one ? ' — 
 which so galled them that they ever after looked upon him with a 
 jealous eye, and thought him, though a Roman Catholic, too much an 
 Englishman to carry on their business." — Leslie. 
 
 - A Short View of the Methods made use of in Ireland for the Sub- 
 version, etc., 1689. 
 
 3 " The king published soon after a proclamation for surrendering 
 all the Protestant churches which had been seized upon by the 
 Catholics, and took great care to have all grievances of that nature 
 redressed." — Clarke's James IT. 
 
86 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 to disprove the allegations of his enemies that his liberty of 
 conscience was but a mask assumed for an occasion. But we 
 must draw a distinction between James and the Irish min- 
 isters who surrounded him. The latter connived at the 
 claims of the Soman Catholic priesthood and the excesses of 
 an excited population. When the king gave a positive order 
 that the church at Wexford should be restored to the Pro- 
 testants, the order was eluded or disobeyed by his ministers. 
 Tyrconnel's Government even proceeded so far as to forbid, 
 contrary to the Act for liberty of conscience, the Protestants 
 to assemble in churches or elsewhere on pain of death. 1 Yet 
 this was the Act upon which James rested his hopes of 
 regaining his English throne and conciliating - his English 
 subjects. 
 
 Leslie, upon whose statements the Irish writers rely, 
 insists strongly upon this distinction between the king and 
 his Irish ministers. 2 He says : " Before I enter upon this 
 disquisition I desire to obviate one objection which I know 
 will be made. As if I were about wholly to vindicate all 
 that Lord Tyrconnel and other of King James's ministers 
 have done in Ireland, especially before this revolution began, 
 and which most of anything brought it on. No ; I am far 
 from it. I am sensible that their carriage in many particulars 
 gave greater occasion to King James's enemies than all the 
 other maladministrations which were charged against his 
 Government." And in another place he repeats the state- 
 ment : " I am very sensible of the many ill steps which were 
 
 1 Dalrymple. 
 
 2 Leslie's authority is deservedly high. He was a man of great 
 logical acuteness and of the purest life. He was the son of that 
 bishop who valiantly defended his palace at Raphoe against the 
 parliamentary forces. Leslie conscientiously refused to take the oaths 
 to William and Mary, and was in consequence deprived of his church 
 preferments. He followed James to France, and did not return to 
 Ireland till 1721, where he died in the following year at his house in 
 Glaslough in the county of Monaghan. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 87 
 
 made in King James's Government, and, above all, of the 
 mischievous consequences of Lord Tyrconnel's administration, 
 which the most of any one thing brought on the misfortunes 
 of his master." 
 
 Such is the story, told in plain unvarnished language, of 
 the Irish Parliament of James II. Twice within forty years 
 had the Irish Koman Catholics attempted to break away 
 from Great Britain, and to establish an independent kingdom 
 under the protection of a Foreign Power. Both attempts, 
 that of 1641 and that of 1688, were undertaken while the 
 attention of Great Britain was turned away from Ireland 
 and occupied with her own domestic disputes with her 
 sovereign. In the first attempt the Irish had possession of 
 the country for eight years, from 1641 to the landing of 
 Cromwell in 1649. The sun never looked down upon such a 
 scene as Ireland exhibited during this period. Violence, 
 pillage, and rapine were universal, and prevailed in every 
 corner of the island, while at the same time rabid animosities 
 divided the several parties which had sprung up from each 
 other, and forbade their union. Ireland was a land of 
 Ishmaels, where every man's hand was directed against his 
 brother. The results of the internecine and multifarious con- 
 tests may be told in words, but the imagination cannot even 
 attempt to picture to itself the horrors of the situation in 
 which the country stood at the end of the rebellion. Ireland 
 had become a desert in which wolves had taken the place of 
 men. More than six hundred thousand of its inhabitants 
 had perished in the war, 1 or by the famine and pestilence 
 which accompanied it. 
 
 In 1688 the Irish again obtained a momentary possession 
 of the country, and the same results which had attended the 
 former followed the second attempt. But these results were 
 
 1 Petty says 616,000. 
 
 
88 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 of shorter duration in 1688, owing to the speedier interference 
 of Great Britain. 1 In their short ascendency of four years, 
 the Irish did nothing but pillage, confiscate, and attaint. 
 During this limited period they slaughtered hundreds of 
 thousands of cattle and sheep, and once more turned Ireland 
 into a desert. Besides the destruction of 100,000 lives, the 
 waste committed by the Irish from 1686 to 1690 was so great 
 that it was estimated that it would take twenty years of 
 steady industry to replace the loss which the country had 
 undergone. 
 
 If the rebels of 1641, or if the crew of Irish and French 
 adventurers who were in temporary possession of the country 
 in 1688 had succeeded in their efforts, they would have de- 
 stroyed the British colony in Ireland, and its destruction 
 would have been a loss to the civilised world. For that 
 colony, like the nation from the bosom of which it sprang, 
 has also been the alma vivum mater ; the nursing mother of 
 heroes, statesmen, administrators, poets, and orators. It is 
 remarkable what a long list of eminent men this small off- 
 shoot of the Anglo-Saxon race has contributed to the roll of 
 British worthies. Their names are known and their voices 
 are heard wherever the English language is spoken. I need 
 only mention some of the names on this register of honour ; 
 many more will occur to the memory of every reader — 
 Boyle, Burke, Berkeley, Canning, Castlereagh, Clare, Usher, 
 Wellington, Wellesley, the two Lawrences, Sterne, Swift, 
 Edgeworth, Grattan, Plunket, Goldsmith, Steele, Napier. 
 
 1 Mr. Gladstone must have had in view such interpositions of 
 Great Britain as tl lose of 16*41, 1688, and 1798, when he delivered 
 the following admirable words : " My firm belief is that the influence 
 of Great Britain in every Irish difficulty is not a domineering and 
 tyrannising hut a softening and mitigating inlluence, and that were 
 Inland detached from her political connection with this count iv, and 
 left to her own unaided agencies, it might he that the strife of parties 
 would then burst forth in a form calculated to strike horror through 
 the land." — Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, clxxxi. 721. 
 
sec. in THE IRISH PARLIAMENT OF JAMES II 89 
 
 Nor has the seed failed or the race degenerated. Their suc- 
 cessors are worthy of the inheritance of high endeavour 
 which has been handed down to them. 
 
 The quick-witted Irish Celt has taken advantage of a 
 generic word, " Irish," and has claimed these eminent citizens 
 as his kinsmen and as witnesses of the capacity of his race. 
 But the claim is unfounded and cannot be maintained. The 
 distinguished men of whom I have been speaking were the 
 products of a different civilisation, and of a widely different 
 culture from that of the Irish Celt. They were British to 
 the backbone, reared on British pap, and nourished on the 
 living traditions of the British peoples. They had not been 
 taught that history, as narrated by Protestant writers, was a 
 fable ; that the Beformation was a crime, or at the best a 
 fatal step backwards ; that onr martyrs were rebels against 
 divine authority ; and that our great Elizabeth was a bastard 
 and a wanton. Nor had they been fed on the audacious 
 falsehoods and half-truths which misrepresent the conduct 
 of Great Britain to Ireland, and nourish hatred and dis- 
 affection to her government and institutions. 1 Sharers in 
 
 1 Mr. Gladstone has described in vigorous language the teaching 
 which has been addressed to the Irish Celts : " What that literature 
 is is well known. It is well known how it teaches and preaches in 
 every form, with an amount of boldness and audacity varying from 
 week to week and from month to month, hatred of the institutions and 
 government of the United Kingdom. It is known how that weekly 
 literature -poisons the minds of the people in Ireland who read it against 
 all law and against the constitution of their country. It is known 
 how it inflames the passions of the people by rhetorical descriptions of 
 the wrongs of other days. It is known how it makes it impossible for 
 those who read that literature, and read none other, to know the 
 truth with respect to public affairs and the real conduct and intentions 
 of the Government of the country. It is well known how constantly 
 — sometimes openly and undisguisedly, sometimes under some disguise 
 more or less thin — it points, not to any constitutional means for the 
 redress of what may be deemed grievances, not to any action within the 
 law and constitution, but to violence and civil war." — Hansard, cc. 100, 
 17th March 1870. 
 
90 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, i 
 
 the labours which contributed to the making of the common 
 country, they loved to consider themselves as fellow-work- 
 men in building up a renowned empire. No thought of dis- 
 union, no forgetfulness of common aims, ever palsied their 
 arms or drove them to stand apart in sullen discontent. It 
 would have been an irreparable loss, not only to the United 
 Realm but to the world, if, in the religious convulsions of 
 Ireland, which were only chapters in the general religious 
 strife of Europe, the community which produced these men 
 had been crushed out of existence, or its higher civilisation 
 subordinated to a lower. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE TREATY 
 
 OF LIMERICK 
 
SECTION I 
 
 THE SECOND SIEGE AND TREATY OF LIMERICK 1 
 
 After the well-contested battle of Aughrim, on the 12th of 
 July 1691, the defeated Irish army divided, one branch 
 taking its way to Galway, the other to Limerick. The 
 English army marched first to Galway, whither some regi- 
 ments of Irish, thinned by the slaughter at Aughrim and 
 utterly demoralised, had repaired under the command of 
 D'Usson and Lord Dillon. On the 21st of July Galway 
 surrendered on terms ; the garrison was permitted to retire 
 to Limerick, a full amnesty for past offences was granted, 
 and it was agreed that the names of the Eoman Catholic 
 clergy should be given in to the English general, and that 
 they, as well as the laity of the place, should be allowed the 
 private exercise of their religion without being prosecuted on 
 any penal laws for the same. 2 
 
 From Galway Ginkell and the English army advanced 
 slowly to Limerick and appeared before that town on the 
 26th of August, on which day the second siege commenced. 3 
 
 1 In 1788 Dr. Arthur Browne, fellow of Trinity College and re- 
 presentative in the Irish Parliament for the University of Dublin, 
 published a pamphlet entitled, A Brief Review of the question whether 
 the Articles of Limerick have been violated ? I have made use of this 
 publication. The author does not mention the proposals first made by 
 the garrison, which, in my opinion, give the key to the whole matter. 
 
 2 Story, Continuation, p. 166. 
 
 3 lb. and Diary of the Siege of Limerick, Dublin, 1692. The 26th 
 of August is the 5th of September as we count now. 
 
94 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 Two successful engagements were fought by Ginkell's troops 
 under the walls, the second of which, that at Thomond 
 bridge, wrought such an effect that a parley was beaten by 
 the besieged on the next day, the 23d of September. Less 
 than a month's resistance had tamed the courage or exhausted 
 the patience of the Irish leaders. They were eager to capitu- 
 late, Sarsfield the most eager of them all. A gallant soldier, 
 Colonel Kelly, an actor in and a describer of these scenes, 
 informs us, that what " raised the admiration of all people 
 and begat an astonishment which seemed universal over all 
 Ireland, was the sudden unexpected prodigious change of 
 Sarsfield, who appeared now the most active of all the com- 
 manders to forward the treaty, and took most pains to per- 
 suade the tribunes and centurions to a compliance. . . . 
 Sarsfield, in whom the Irish nation reposed their greatest 
 confidence, and who, as they all believed, would be the last 
 man to hearken to a treaty, was now the most earnest to 
 press it on." : Negotiations were opened by the Irish, and 
 hostages were exchanged with a view to a further and per- 
 manent treaty. On the 27th of September the garrison sent 
 a paper to Ginkell containing the terms on which they were 
 willing to surrender. These terms proposed by the Irish were 
 seven in number : — 
 
 " 1. That their Majesties will by an Act of indemnity 
 pardon all past crimes and offences whatsoever. 
 
 " 2. To restore all Irish Catholics to the estates of which 
 they were seized or possessed before the late revolution. 
 
 " 3. To allow a free liberty of worship, and one priest 
 to each parish, as well in towns and cities as in the 
 country. 
 
 " 4. Irish Catholics to be capable of bearing employments, 
 military and civil, and to exercise professions, trades, callings, 
 of what nature soever. 
 
 1 Macarice Excidium, published by the Irish Archaeological Society. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 95 
 
 " 5. The Irish army to he kept on foot, paid, etc., as the 
 rest of their Majesties' forces, in case they be willing to serve 
 their Majesties against France or any other enemy. 
 
 " 6. The Irish Catholics to be allowed to live in towns 
 corporate and cities, to be members of corporations, to ex- 
 ercise all sorts and manners of trade, and to be equal with 
 their fellow Protestant subjects in all privileges, advantages, 
 and immunities accruing in or by the said corporations. 
 
 " 7. An Act of Parliament to be passed for ratifying and 
 confirming the said conditions." l 
 
 When these proposals of the Irish were submitted to 
 Ginkell, they were at once rejected. 2 That general said that 
 " though he was in a manner a stranger to the laws of Eng- 
 land, yet he understood that those things they insisted upon 
 were so far contradictory to them and dishonourable to him- 
 self that he would not grant any such terms." 3 Ginkell 
 immediately ordered an additional battery to be thrown up 
 for mortars and guns. The rejection of their terms cast a 
 duty upon the Irish leaders of which they were incapable, 
 and which they certainly did not perform. They were even 
 unconscious of it, for Ginkell was interrupted in his prepara- 
 tions by another message from the garrison asking him to let 
 them know what terms he was ready to offer. In answer to 
 this message Ginkell sent them twelve articles much the 
 same as those which were afterwards agreed on, 4 and declared 
 that he would allow of no others. These articles were 
 accepted by the Irish on the 28th of September, and it was 
 arranged that there should be a cessation of arms until the 
 arrival of the Lords Justices from Dublin. 
 
 The original proposals of the garrison deserve our most 
 careful attention, for they and the rejection of them by 
 
 1 Story, Cont. p. 230. 
 
 2 " The general returned them with disdain." — Diary of the Siege. 
 
 3 Story, Cont. p. 230. 4 lb. p. 231. 
 
96 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 Ginkell throw a flood of light upon the subsequent treaty, 
 and upon what the Irish understood they were to get by that 
 treaty. The Irish had demanded that they should enjoy 
 freedom of worship ; that it should be declared that they 
 were capable of civil and military employment; that they 
 should not be debarred from exercising any trades or pro- 
 fessions ; that they should be privileged to become members 
 of corporations ; and that they should be allowed to dwell 
 in corporate towns and cities. These demands were all 
 at once repudiated by Ginkell as being " contradictory " to 
 the laws. Yet, on the very next morning, the Irish leaders, 
 knowing that these demands had been rejected as totally 
 inadmissible, sent commissioners to the English camp, who 
 then and there accepted the only terms which Ginkell con- 
 sidered himself authorised to offer. It is therefore evident 
 that the Irish, when they accepted the articles which Ginkell 
 conceded, and which were afterwards drawn out into the 
 treaty of Limerick, were well aware — (1) that freedom for 
 their worship would not be granted ; (2) that no Irish Eoman 
 Catholic was to be capable of civil or military employ; (3) 
 that Irish Catholics would not be allowed to exercise every 
 trade and profession ; (4) that they were not to be members of 
 corporations ; and (5) that they were not to be permitted to 
 dwell in corporate towns or cities. The Irish, knowing that 
 their own conditions had been rejected as illegal, were con- 
 tent to accept and sign others. However the final treaty 
 might be drawn, it is certain that not one of the rejected 
 terms was expected by either party to be included in it. 
 Ginkell had repudiated the whole body of them as being 
 contradictory to the laws ; the Irish leaders, by continuing 
 the negotiations after their demands had been rejected, waived 
 those which they had formerly made. If written documents 
 and acts done at a supreme crisis have any meaning, it is 
 beyond doubt that the English general repudiated each and 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 97 
 
 every claim of the Irish, and that the Irish leaders after such 
 repudiation agreed to surrender Limerick upon other and 
 lower terms, which they knew did not include a single 
 demand put forward previously by them on behalf of the 
 Irish Roman Catholics. 
 
 Eeaders will observe the seventh demand of the Irish, 
 that an Act of Parliament should be passed to confirm what 
 they asked for. It was not in the power of the king, as the 
 executive, to grant terms which would have altered the whole 
 law of the land and abolished all the restrictions which were 
 imposed on the Roman Catholics. That could be effected by 
 the Legislature alone. That this was well understood by the 
 Irish is shown by this demand. 
 
 On the 1st of October the Lords Justices, Coningsby and 
 Porter, arrived in the camp, and on the 3d what is commonly 
 called the Treaty of Limerick was signed. 1 The use of the 
 singular number is misleading, for there were in fact two 
 treaties, the one civil, containing thirteen articles, and the 
 other military, containing twenty-nine. The military treaty 
 was subscribed by the generals on both sides only ; the civil 
 treaty was signed by Ginkell and also by the Lords Justices 
 on behalf of the king. 
 
 With the military treaty we have comparatively little to 
 do. It was absolute and subject to no subsequent revision. 
 Its terms contained nothing which did not lie within the 
 power of the executive to grant, nor was it necessary that 
 they, unlike those of the civil treaty, should be submitted to 
 Parliament for its confirmation and approval. By its articles 
 it was agreed that such Irish and French officers and soldiers 
 as should declare their wish to go to France should be con- 
 veyed thither, and should in the meantime remain under the 
 command of their own superiors ; that Ginkell should furnish 
 a sufficiency of vessels to carry the troops to France ; and 
 
 1 The treaty is given in the Appendix. 
 H 
 
98 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, n 
 
 that there should be a cessation of arms on land and at sea 
 with respect to the ships designed for the transportation of 
 the army until they should return to their respective harbours. 
 The military treaty was strictly complied with, and all its 
 terms were honourably carried out. Not only were the 
 regular Irish and French troops duly conveyed, but even the 
 rapparees and partisans were furnished with the means of 
 transport. Many of the Irish soldiers afterwards refused to 
 proceed to France, but this they did in consequence of letters 
 and reports received from those who had been already con- 
 veyed there as to the manner in which the first arrivals had 
 been treated in France. No opposition was offered to the 
 departure of any. We know from Story that the Irish troops 
 on their march to embark at Cork deserted in dozens ; and 
 on the 8th of December three entire regiments, Colonel 
 Macdermot's, Colonel Brian O'Neill's, and Colonel Felix 
 O'Neill's, part of the army designed for France, refused to go, 
 broke up, and returned to their homes. 1 That the agreement 
 to furnish a sufficiency of transports was also loyally observed, 
 we have the evidence of Sarsfield himself, who, in December, 
 released the English general from providing any further 
 shipping. "Whereas," such is the wording of the release, 
 "by the articles of Limerick, Lieutenant -General Ginkell, 
 commander-in-chief of the English army, did engage himself 
 to furnish ten thousand ton of shipping for the transporting 
 of such of the Irish forces to France as were willing to go 
 thither ; and to facilitate their passage, to add four thousand 
 ton more, in case the French fleet did not come to this king- 
 dom to take off part of these forces ; and whereas the French 
 fleet has been upon the coast and carried away some of the 
 said forces, and the Lieutenant -General has provided ships 
 for as many of the rest as are willing to go as aforesaid, I do 
 hereby declare that the said Lieutenant-General is released 
 
 1 Story, Gont. p. 291. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 99 
 
 from any obligation he lay under from the said articles to 
 provide vessels for that purpose, and do quit and renounce 
 all further claim and pretension on this account." 1 
 
 The importance to the Irish leaders of the military treaty 
 and of the transport of the Irish troops to France has been 
 minimised or kept out of sight. It is hard to understand 
 how a garrison, well furnished with arms and fully pro- 
 visioned, 2 surrendered to an army which did not exceed it 
 in numbers ; and that too at a time when everything was in 
 favour of a prolonged defence. The only effectual way of 
 reducing the town was to invest it on all sides. To do this, 
 it would have been necessary to divide the English army, and 
 a division of the forces would have given the predominance to 
 the enemy. 3 The season was far advanced, the winter was 
 near and the rains had set in. The whole plain about the 
 city might shortly become a lake of stagnant water. It 
 would then be necessary to remove the English army to a 
 healthier and drier spot than could be found on the banks of 
 the Shannon. If so, the siege would have to be turned into 
 a blockade, as, indeed, had lately been urged in a council of 
 war on the 17th September in the English camp. The city 
 
 1 Story, Gont. p. 292. 
 
 2 " The garrison was well supplied with provisions, they were 
 provided with all means of defence." — Macpherson, History of Great 
 Britain, i. 695. " The garrison was healthy, well supplied, and in 
 numbers equal to their assailants." — -Leland, iii. 611. 
 
 3 " It was dangerous for the besiegers to continue in their present 
 station on the approach of winter, and hazardous to divide an army 
 sufficient only for assailing the town on one side ; and yet the only 
 effectual way of reducing it was to invest it on all sides, by cutting off 
 the garrison from all intercourse with the county of Clare." " The 
 besieging army had made no impression on the principal part of the 
 city ; it was inferior in numbers to that of the garrison ; winter was 
 fast approaching, and at the very moment French succours were on the 
 coast." — Parnell's Historical Apology for the Irish Catholics. The 
 apologist does not see that in recording these facts he is recording the 
 disgrace of the Irish leaders who prematurely surrendered the city. 
 When the English took possession of the town, Story found all the 
 works "exceeding strong." — Cont. p. 256. 
 
100 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 would then have been safe till the spring, and long before the 
 spring the promised succours from France, which were known 
 to be on their way, would have arrived. The contest could 
 then have been carried on till the condition was insisted on 
 that a Parliament should be called and a real improvement 
 effected in the position of the Eoman Catholics under the 
 sanction of the Legislature. Had this been done, had the 
 Irish leaders conducted an obstinate defence, instead of a mere 
 show of defence, they might have done something more for 
 their Eoman Catholic brethren than leave behind them their 
 signatures to an illusory document. They might have effected 
 something for an unfortunate people whom they themselves 
 had called to arms, and whom they were now preparing to 
 desert in their utmost need. 
 
 It was indeed a mystery at the time, as Colonel Kelly 
 tells us, why the Irish leaders were so eager to surrender, " a 
 mystery which requires some further time to unriddle." So 
 anxious w r ere these gentlemen to conclude the capitulation, 
 that they signed the articles without the clause, afterwards 
 known as the disputed clause, which they subsequently asked 
 Ginkell to insert ; nor did they make any conditions for the 
 restoration of the estates of prisoners ; or for the orphans of 
 those who had been slain in the service of him whom they 
 regarded as their king. 1 But what was most shameful of all, 
 they made no efforts, as we shall see, after their first pro- 
 posals, to secure liberty for the Eoman Catholic worship or a 
 single condition for their bishops and clergy. Well might 
 a brave and single-minded soldier exclaim, " That the most 
 zealous Eoman Catholics of the universe should conclude a 
 peace with the sworn enemy of the true worship without 
 conditions for their sacred bishops or obtaining security for 
 their free exercise of the divine ceremonies, is a mystery that 
 surpasses the weak capacity of man to comprehend." 2 
 
 1 Macarice Excidium. " lb. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF* KIMERICa 101 
 
 The Duke of Berwick, who had been so lately among 
 these leaders and had served with them, furnishes us with 
 the key to the mystery. The Irish commanders were eager 
 to be gone to fresh fields and pastures new, where they 
 might acquire military rank and consequence. " They " [the 
 Irish commissioners], says the Duke, " were much to blame 
 in neglecting to include in the agreement all the Irish in 
 general ; for the generals of the enemy would have consented 
 to everything for the sake of putting an end to the war ; but 
 the incapacity of the deputies who were entrusted by the 
 garrison to conduct the capitulation, and perhaps the fear 
 that this proposition might be an obstacle to the transporta- 
 tion of the troops, which some persons for views of private 
 interest were particularly desirous of, might be the reason why 
 it was not even mentioned." 1 It was of the utmost import- 
 ance to the Irish commanders to carry with them to their 
 new country a large and effective body of soldiers. Upon 
 their doing so depended their future rank and position. 
 France possessed a numerous and gallant army of her own, 
 proud of its achievements, and jealous of the order of pro- 
 motion. It was not likely that solitary exiles unaccompanied 
 by followers would obtain high rank in such an army. But 
 if those exiles could bring with them a numerous and efficient 
 body of troops, capable of forming an army in itself, all this 
 would be changed and their position and prospects would be 
 assured. Hence it is that out of the twenty-nine articles of 
 the military treaty, and the thirteen of the civil treaty, or 
 forty-two in all, one short and illusory paragraph only is 
 devoted to the claims of the general body of the Pioman 
 Catholics — a clause too which makes no attempt to improve 
 their condition, but leaves them to suffer in the future as they 
 had suffered in the past. The Irish Ptoman Catholics have 
 always felt, and felt with justice, that there was something 
 
 1 Me'moires du Marechal de Berivicl; i. 102. 
 
102 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 wrong, some one to blame, in the matter of the Treaty of 
 Limerick. Misled by their hatred of England and by the 
 audacious assertions of their writers, they have placed the 
 blame on the wrong shoulders. They have not perceived 
 that the blame attached, not to King William or to the Irish 
 Parliament, but to their own trusted but incompetent and 
 fainthearted leaders. 
 
 We now come to the civil treaty, which differed from the 
 military convention in one essential point. It was conditional 
 on the approbation and confirmation of the Irish Parliament, 
 to the ratification of which it was made expressly subject. 
 The military convention related to matters which were to be 
 immediately carried into effect, and which lay within the 
 power of the king to grant or refuse. The civil treaty 
 referred to the status of the general body of the Roman 
 Catholics of Ireland, and to things which were beyond the 
 power of the Executive and required the sanction of the 
 Legislature. From the very nature of the matters treated of in 
 it, even if there had not been a special stipulation to that effect, 
 the civil articles must have been laid before the Parliament 
 for its confirmation. There are thirteen articles in the civil 
 treaty, all of which, except one, relate to individuals or classes 
 of persons then in existence. It is evident that no privileges 
 can be claimed for a national body under terms which refer 
 to particular times or specified individuals. The first article 
 is the only one which relates to the general body of the Irish 
 Roman Catholics, and it and the twelfth make the whole 
 treaty conditional on its ratification by Parliament. 
 
 " 1. The Roman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such 
 privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent 
 with the laws of Ireland, or as they did enjoy in the reign of 
 King Charles the Second ; and their Majesties, as soon as 
 their affairs will permit them to summon a Parliament in 
 this kingdom, will endeavour to procure the said Roman 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 103 
 
 Catholics such further security in that particular as may 
 preserve them from any disturbance upon the account of the 
 said religion." 
 
 " 12. Lastly, the Lords Justices and General do undertake 
 that their Majesties will ratify these articles within the space 
 of eight months or sooner, and will use their utmost endea- 
 vours that the same shall be ratified and confirmed in 
 Parliament." 
 
 It might be thought on reading the first clause that the 
 Roman Catholics of Ireland had enjoyed privileges in the 
 reign of Charles II which this treaty endeavoured to revive, 
 and that they looked back fondly on their social position in 
 that reign. As a matter of fact, no change whatever had 
 been made in their state since that reign. They were, when 
 the treaty was negotiated, exactly in the same position which 
 they had occupied in the reign of Charles. No alteration 
 had taken place except that during their short ascendency 
 under James all law had been violated, and the Constitution 
 overturned. What takes place in the treaty is in effect this : 
 "We are to remain then," say the Irish commissioners, "in 
 the same state and subject to all the restrictions and disabili- 
 ties we now labour under." " Yes," reply the Lords Justices ; 
 " the general has already refused to grant the proposals made 
 by you, as contradictory to the law. To change that law 
 requires the interposition of the Legislature ; all we can offer 
 is a promise that the king will endeavour to obtain a mitiga- 
 tion of your lot from that Legislature." The Irish leaders, 
 with arms in their hands, with a large and disciplined force 
 at their back which equalled in number the English army, 
 and with French aid on its way, 1 were content to yield up 
 their last citadel in return for a promise the fulfilment of 
 which they knew did not depend on the king, but upon the 
 
 1 The French succours arrived within three days after the treaty 
 was signed. 
 
104 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 will of a Parliament which was not in existence, and which 
 had not been summoned for more than a quarter of a century. 
 That this is the meaning of the only clause in favour of 
 the Eoman Catholics is evident when we remember that that 
 body was then precisely in the same position in which it had 
 been in the reign of Charles II. This will appear more clearly 
 if the condition of the Eoman Catholics at that time be fully 
 set out. The following was the position of that body in the 
 last year of Charles II : — 
 
 1. It was a criminal offence, punishable the second time 
 with imprisonment for life, for a Eoman Catholic ecclesiastic 
 to say mass. 1 
 
 2. It was a criminal offence, punishable the third time 
 with imprisonment for life, for any Eoman Catholic to hear 
 mass. 2 
 
 3. Every Eoman Catholic was bound, under a pecuniary 
 penalty, to attend a Protestant church. 3 
 
 4. No Eoman Catholic priest could remain in Ireland 
 without taking the oath of supremacy and renouncing the 
 authority of the Pope in civil matters. 4 
 
 5. No Eoman Catholic priest could enter the kingdom 
 without taking the same oath, and renouncing the same 
 authority. 5 
 
 6. Every Eoman Catholic, knowing that a priest had not 
 taken the oath of supremacy, was bound to inform against 
 him under penalties of fine and imprisonment. 
 
 7. No Eoman Catholic could act as a schoolmaster, or 
 even as a private tutor, without taking the oath of supremacy 
 and renouncing the authority of the Pope. r 
 
 1 2 Eliz. c. 2, § 2. 
 
 2 This was decided on the word "maintain" in the third section of 
 the 2 Eliz. 3 2 Eliz. c. 2, § 3. 
 
 4 27 Eliz. c. 2, an English Act extending to all Her Majesty's 
 dominions. 
 
 5 lb. 6 Ih. 7 IT and 18 Chas. II, C. G, § 6. 
 
sec. I ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 105 
 
 8. No Eoman Catholic could send his children abroad 
 to be educated without the special license of the Privy 
 Council, 1 and Protestant guardians might be appointed to 
 Roman Catholic wards. 2 
 
 9. No Roman Catholic could be a justice of the peace, 
 mayor, recorder, alderman, magistrate, or burgess of any 
 corporation. 3 
 
 10. No Eoman Catholic could purchase or take a lease of 
 a house within any corporate town without the license of the 
 Lord Lieutenant and Privy Council. 4 
 
 11. By an order of the Parliament in the reign of Charles 
 II, no Roman Catholic could sit as a member without taking 
 the oath of supremacy and renouncing the authority of the 
 Pope. 5 
 
 In addition to these restrictions, proclamations and pro- 
 hibitions forbidding the exercise of the Eoman Catholic 
 religion were occasionally issued in the reign of Charles II. 
 Thus in this reign a proclamation was issued ordering all 
 Eoman Catholic artisans and shopkeepers to depart from 
 Kilkenny and the other large towns. 6 In 1GG6 the Lord 
 Lieutenant banished a large part of the Catholic clergy out 
 of the kingdom, so that there were only three bishops remain- 
 ing in the country. 7 And in 1679 a proclamation was issued 
 that Eoman Catholic ecclesiastics should depart from the 
 kingdom, and that their seminaries and convents should be 
 suppressed. 8 
 
 Such was the strictly legal position of the Irish Eoman 
 Catholics, and such were the restrictions under which they lay 
 in the reign of Charles II. The noble lords and the distinguished 
 
 1 27 Eliz. c. 2 (English). 
 
 2 14 and 15 Chas. II, c. 19, § 14. 
 
 3 Rules made by the Lord Lieutenant and Council under the 
 authority of 17 and 18 Chas. II, c. 2. 
 
 4 17 and 18 Chas. II, c. 2, § 36. 5 Curry, ii. 82. 
 
 6 lb. p. 84. 7 lb. p. 93. s Leland, iii. 47 4. 
 
106 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 commoners, who were now bargaining so closely in forty-two 
 articles for their own broad lands, 1 and for the transport of 
 the troops which were to lend them prestige in a foreign 
 country, were content that this state of things should con- 
 tinue. After their first proposals on the 27th of September, 
 they did not make a single effort to ameliorate the condition 
 or to remove the restrictions under which those whom they 
 were preparing to desert had long suffered. Had the Irish 
 chiefs held out like brave men till the arrival of the French 
 succours, and then demanded that a parliament should be 
 called to ratify a real improvement in the position of the 
 Roman Catholics, they would have been merely fulfilling a duty 
 which they owed to a population which they themselves had 
 rashly called to meet the dreadful risk of winning or losing 
 all. Had Limerick been defended with the stubborn courage 
 with which the northern farmers had defended the city of 
 Derry, the whole subsequent history of the Irish Eoman 
 Catholics would have been different. But the unconquerable 
 will which derives fresh energy from despair, the obstinate 
 valour which does not know when it is beaten, were wanting 
 to the Irish leaders. In the northern city to utter the word 
 " surrender " was death to the speaker ; in Limerick there 
 was a race to capitulate. The defenders of Deny could not 
 purchase a small fish for money, and dogs, cats, and vermin 
 had become delicacies; the besieged in Limerick had two 
 months' supplies, says Story, " of the finest French biscuit I 
 ever tasted," and the city was not closed in on the Clare side 
 until the very day before the parley was beaten. Famine, 
 pestilence, and the strange diseases which an unwholesome 
 diet and the stench from unburied bodies beget, had thinned 
 the numbers and blackened the faces of the surviving citizens 
 
 1 By the civil treaty the estates of the Irish officers in all the 
 Irish garrisons were secured to them ; this proviso was continued by 
 the subsequent Act of Parliament. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 107 
 
 of Deny ; the soldiers of Limerick were healthy and well 
 nurtured. Three months of such suffering as is to be found 
 only in a beleaguered city had not quelled the spirit of the 
 northern Protestants ; twenty-seven days was the utmost limit 
 of the endurance of the mock heroes who were strutting upon 
 the Limerick stage, and declaring that they were fighting for 
 their king, their country, and the freedom of their religion. 
 To all who are acquainted with the stories of Deny, of Eochelle, 
 and of Saragossa ; to all brave men who are conscious to 
 themselves what they are capable of doing and suffering 
 for their country and their religion, the second defence of 
 Limerick must ever appear to be a contemptible sham and 
 not a reality. 
 
 It is vain to urge in defence of the Irish leaders that they 
 relied on the hope that the king would be able to obtain from 
 the Parliament further securities for the free exercise of the 
 Eoman Catholic religion. No one knew better than Sarsfield the 
 folly of such expectations. In a political and religious crisis 
 such as then existed, the wishes of a sovereign were certain 
 to be neglected, and the policy of a king who was a foreigner 
 and knew nothing of the country was sure to be examined, criti- 
 cised, and opposed. The example of the English Legislature, 
 which was then exasperated against the Eoman Catholics, would 
 naturally be followed by an Irish parliament which would 
 consist of members whose estates had been confiscated, and who 
 had themselves been condemned to death by a Eoman Catholic 
 assembly. Sarsfield and the other Irish commissioners knew 
 well that it did not lie within the province of the executive 
 to relax or dispense with general laws. Sarsfield had been a 
 captain in King James's life-guards in England. He was in 
 that country during the whole contest regarding the dispens- 
 ing power. He was well aware of the extent of the royal 
 authority and the limitations on the sovereign's powers. He 
 knew that the King of England was of himself unable to 
 
108 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 touch one of the laws which affected the Irish Roman 
 Catholics. Nor was Sarsfield alone in the negotiation of the 
 treaty. He was supported by three distinguished lawyers, 
 Sir Garret Dillon, Sir Theobald Butler, 1 and Colonel Brown, 
 who were equally well acquainted with the power of the 
 sovereign and the rights of the legislature. These gentlemen 
 were easily satisfied. They were content with a single clause 
 which in its first part was illusory and contained no promise 
 of alleviation, and in its second merely contained an under- 
 taking, the success of which depended on the approbation of 
 a third party unknown and yet unborn. It is no wonder that 
 Colonel Kelly exclaims against the treaty and declares that it 
 was a marvel surpassing the capacity of man to understand 
 how the Irish leaders came to conclude a peace " without 
 conditions for their sacred bishops or obtaining security for 
 the free exercise of their divine ceremonies." 
 
 But these leaders had resolved to desert the people whom 
 they had called to arms, and were careless in what condition 
 they left their brethren. A high authority has praised the 
 conduct of the Irish chiefs in leaving their country at this 
 juncture. "Whatever," says Sir Walter Scott, "our opinion 
 may be of the cause for which the followers of James 
 abandoned their country and fortunes, there can be but one 
 sentiment concerninc; the courage and self-devotion with 
 which they sacrificed their all to a sense of duty." But 
 there is a higher self-devotion than following a king, or like 
 well-endowed adventurers, — for their trains of soldiers were 
 the capital of the Irish captains, — pushing their fortunes in a 
 new country with delightful prospects of rank and promotion ; 
 and that is, to abide with one's own people ; to console them 
 under their afflictions ; to share their sufferings ; and with 
 them to struggle into the full freedom of emancipation. I 
 can see no difference in principle between the conduct of 
 
 1 Solicitor-General to the Irish Government of James II. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 109 
 
 Sarsfield and his companions who abandoned Ireland in 1691, 
 and that of the French nobles who deserted their country in 
 1790. Sarsfield was the one man in Ireland whose remain- 
 ing in the country would have been of infinite service to his 
 co-religionists, and his retiring to a hostile kingdom aggra- 
 vated most seriously the misfortunes of those who were left 
 behind. Before leaving the country he declared publicly to 
 his troops that they were going to France only to return to 
 Ireland as a conquering army. 1 There can be very little 
 doubt that the fear of such a return, and the existence of an 
 Irish army on a hostile shore, ready to invade the country at 
 a moment's notice, was one of the principal causes which 
 prevented the full ratification of the Treaty of Limerick, and 
 compelled the Irish Parliament to reduce the Roman Catholics 
 to complete political impotence by penal enactments as to 
 property and the tenure and acquisition of land. " If," was 
 the consideration which was present to the minds of the 
 members of the Irish Parliament, " we cannot prevent an 
 invasion, we can at least lessen the power of the disaffected 
 in the country to give aid to the invaders." 
 
 The sum total then of the only provision in the civil 
 treaty, as far as an improvement in the condition of the Roman 
 Catholics is concerned, was absolutely nil. In other words, 
 they were to remain as they were. This provision, lame as 
 it is, would have, if ratified by Parliament, secured them 
 against the imposition of further disabilities. But this pro- 
 vision was by the twelfth article conditional on its confirma- 
 tion by Parliament. The Irish commissioners acknowledge 
 in the treaty that the consent of Parliament was necessary to 
 its confirmation, otherwise the covenant to solicit its approval 
 is unmeaning. It is clear that when they requested a 
 parliamentary ratification, they did themselves in effect show 
 that they considered such confirmation was required to 
 
 1 Story, Cont. p. 259. 
 
110 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 complete the treaty. The Irish commissioners were well 
 aware that the Lords Justices were the delegates of the 
 Crown and not of a parliament which was not in existence. 
 They knew that it did not lie within the delegated powers of 
 such officers to sanction provisions which might bind or 
 hamper the legislative discretion of a future parliament, and 
 therefore they only demanded a promise of the king's 
 endeavours to have the treaty confirmed by that parliament. 
 On the other hand, the Lords Justices were careful to act 
 within their delegation. They did not undertake that 
 parliament would confirm the treaty, nor did they even 
 speak of the probability of that event. It would have been 
 absurd for them to have promised on behalf of a future 
 parliament which was sure to consist of members justly 
 indignant with the oppression, spoliation, confiscation, and 
 proscriptions, which they had suffered during the domination 
 of the Eoman Catholics. 
 
 That the king did keep his promise and did endeavour to 
 mitigate the laws which pressed upon the Eoman Catholics of 
 Ireland is certain. From the moment the Treaty of Limerick 
 was signed, he and his representatives, the Lords Justices, 
 exerted the powers of government to indulge and protect that 
 body in every possible way. The treaty was carried out as 
 if it was binding and did not require the ratification of 
 Parliament. Catholic gentlemen who had been in James's 
 army were admitted to or continued in the commission of the 
 peace ; Catholic officers were restored into the army, and the 
 oaths were altered to suit their consciences, that part which 
 required them to renounce the jurisdiction of the Pope and of 
 other foreign powers being left out; 1 the reversals of out- 
 lawries and attainders recommenced, and sixty -five great 
 proprietors who were not within the articles of Limerick were 
 
 1 Articles of impeachment of the Lords Justices, Parliamentary 
 History, v. 817. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 111 
 
 reinstated by the special favour of the Crown; 1 their estates 
 were restored to twelve hundred and eighty-three persons 
 who were adjudged to come within the Treaty of Limerick ; 2 
 protections were granted to Eoman Catholics whereby Pro- 
 testants were hindered from their legal remedies. 3 The dis- 
 puted clause in the treaty was, before ratification in Parliament, 
 treated as binding, and under it many Catholics repossessed 
 themselves of the estates which they had forfeited by their 
 rebellion. 4 We are told by a Eoman Catholic historian that 
 duringthe first four years of William's reign"the Irish Catholics 
 enjoyed the full and free exercise of their religion ; they were 
 protected in their persons and properties; their industry was en- 
 couraged, and under his mild and fostering administration the 
 desolation of the late war began to disappear, and prosperity, 
 peace, and confidence to smile once more on the country." 5 
 
 The king had undertaken in the twelfth article to use his 
 utmost endeavours to have the treaty ratified and confirmed 
 in Parliament. This was therefore his first duty. The 
 willingness or unwillingness of the Parliament to concede 
 this would enable him to judge how far he could proceed in 
 his intention to obtain further securities for the exercise of 
 the Eoman Catholic religion. A Parliament was accordingly 
 summoned and met on the 5th of October 1G92, a twelve- 
 month after the surrender of Limerick. A Bill was sent over 
 from England for the confirmation of the Treaty of Limerick, 
 and the members were told that they had nothing else to do but 
 pass it and the other Government measures, inasmuch as their 
 provisions had been "as well debated already as was needful." ( 
 It soon became evident, however, that the king and the Irish 
 
 1 Keport on Irish Forfeitures, State Tracts, ii. 709 ; and Address of 
 the English Commons, Parliamentary History, v. 768. 
 
 2 Report on Irish Forfeitures, State Tracts, ii. 711. 
 
 3 Address of the English Commons, Pari. History, 5, 768. i lb. 
 
 5 O'Conor's History of the Irish Catholics, pp. 116, 117. 
 
 6 Account of the Parliament in 1692, Dublin, 1793. 
 
112 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 Parliament took very different views of the policy which 
 should be adopted for governing Ireland. The king was at a 
 distance and knew nothing of the circumstances of the 
 country. The lot of the members of the Parliament was to 
 live among a people who outnumbered the Protestants by 
 five to one, and who had, in two late rebellions, threatened 
 them and their brethren not only with forfeiture and confisca- 
 tion but with the extirpation of themselves and their religion. 
 To confirm the articles of Limerick appeared to them the 
 same thing as to sign away every guarantee of their lives and 
 security. 1 They were deaf to every suggestion which 
 emanated from the Crown. They threw out one of the 
 money bills because it had not taken its rise in their house, 
 and carried a resolution that it was the undoubted right of 
 the Irish Commons to prepare and resolve the ways and 
 means of raising money ; they declared the Bill for confirm- 
 ing the Act of Settlement and Explanation to be a Bill " of 
 such pernicious contexture as instead of confirming it would 
 have unsettled the greatest part of the estates of the king- 
 dom;" 2 they agreed to a report of a committee that the 
 continuance of Papists in the army was of dangerous con- 
 sequence ; and they rejected the Mutiny Bill in resentment 
 of the admission of such officers, though it had been specially 
 recommended to their consideration by the Government. It 
 was clear that there was no hope of getting the treaty ratified 
 by a parliament in such a humour. The brief and stormy 
 session of less than a month was closed with an angry rebuke 
 from the Lord Lieutenant, who accused the Parliament of 
 1 laving invaded the prerogative of the Crown, and insisted 
 that his rebuke should be inserted in the journals of the 
 
 1 " The first article of which, if confirmed, would make popery an 
 established religion, and the sixth would deprive all Protestants of 
 their actions against the Papists, by whom they were plundered even 
 while they lived in peace with them." — Account of the Parliament in 
 1692, Dublin, 1793. 2 lb. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 113 
 
 House. The Parliament was prorogued till April 1693, and 
 finally, after a further prorogation, dissolved in September of 
 the same year. 
 
 Two years were allowed to elapse before another Parlia- 
 ment was called in 1695. An interval of quiet was necessary 
 to let the heats and passions on both sides cool down. The 
 king again renewed his request that the Parliament should 
 ratify the treaty as it stood, but he soon found that all his 
 endeavours were ineffectual. Though he very unwillingly con- 
 sented to give up the disputed clause in the treaty, and 
 though to conciliate the Parliament he relinquished the 
 power of reversing Irish outlawries, 1 the House was not to 
 be brought over to his views. Induced, however, by the 
 king, they entered upon the consideration how far they might 
 in prudence ratify the treaty. They confirmed sub moclo and 
 with considerable qualifications some of the clauses which 
 referred to individuals and certain classes of persons in 
 existence at the time the treaty was made, and they also 
 restored all the Irish officers in Limerick and the other Irish 
 garrisons to their estates. 2 But beyond this they would not 
 go. They passed over in silence the first and only clause 
 which related to the Boinan Catholics as a body, and by so 
 doing they refused to confirm that clause. They saw that if 
 they were to ratify it they would debar themselves from 
 enacting any further restrictions which, in their legislative 
 discretion, the circumstances of the times and of the king- 
 dom might require. If, by a legislative enactment, they had 
 confirmed the words contained in the first clause, viz. "that 
 the Bornan Catholics should continue to enjoy such privileges 
 in the exercise of their religion as they had enjoyed in the 
 reign of Charles II," they would have been bound by them ; 
 
 i 9 Will. Ill, c. 5. 
 
 2 " An Act for the confirmation of articles made at the surrender 
 of the city of Limerick."— 9 Will. Ill, c. 2. 
 
 I 
 
114 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 and the imposition of further disabilities might 1 have been 
 a violation, not of the treaty to which they were not a 
 party, but of their own law recognising and adopting that 
 treaty. But the Irish Parliament was resolved to keep its 
 hands free from any obligation of this kind, and to make 
 itself a party to the treaty only in such a manner as would 
 leave its future discretion untrammelled. If then the Irish 
 Parliament was not in the first instance a party to the treaty, 
 as most certainly it was not, not being in existence when it 
 was made ; if the treaty was by express stipulation within 
 its four corners, reserved for the consideration, and made 
 subject to the approbation and confirmation of Parliament ; 
 and if that Parliament, after consideration of its terms, re- 
 fused its approval and ratification, it is impossible to argue 
 that the treaty was violated by the Parliament, or that the 
 Parliament was restrained in any way from imposing on the 
 Eoman Catholics the restrictions which it afterwards imposed. 
 Nor was the treaty violated by the king. We have seen 
 that William performed his part, and that what he undertook 
 was loyally carried out. He observed every stipulation in 
 that part of it which is known as the military articles, and 
 which did not require the intervention of the Legislature. 
 He ratified the civil treaty, as he was bound to do, within 
 eight months from its being signed, but subject again in 
 words to the approbation and confirmation of Parliament. 2 
 
 1 I say might, for it is clear that even if the first Parliament of 
 William had ratified every clause in the treaty, subsequent Parliaments 
 would not have been bound thereby. The safety of the state, a change 
 in the circumstances of the kingdom, would justify any alteration in 
 the laws. It is a maxim of our constitution that subsequent Parlia- 
 ments are not bound by the decisions of earlier ones. But I am con- 
 sidering the matter on moral grounds and not as a special pleader. 
 
 2 " And as to such parts thereof, for which an Act of Parliament 
 shall be found to be necessary, we shall recommend the same to be 
 made good by Parliament, and shall give our royal assent to any bill 
 or bills that shall be passed by our two Houses of Parliament to that 
 purpose." — Eatification by William, 24th February 1692. 
 
SEC. I ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 115 
 
 He used his utmost endeavours to mitigate the condition of 
 the Roman Catholics, and struggled to the best of his abilities 
 to obtain from the Parliament the ratification and confirma- 
 tion of the treaty as a whole. 
 
 It has never been stated by any Eoman Catholic writer 
 of authority that William himself violated the treaty. Even 
 the Irish authors have done justice to the truth and honour 
 of the king. O'Conor, in his History of the Irish Catholics, 
 informs us that William, in pursuance of his stipulation, " had 
 often recommended the ratification of the treaty to Parlia- 
 ment," 1 a fact with which we are also acquainted from the 
 preamble to the Act of the ninth of William. And when 
 some of the Catholics appeared by counsel at the bar of the 
 Irish Commons to oppose the proposed Act of Anne 2 in 1703, 
 no allegation was made that the Treaty of Limerick had then 
 been violated either by the king or any one else. All that 
 was urged was, that the proposed Act against which they 
 were petitioning would, if passed, infringe the treaty. But it 
 was forgotten by Sir Theobald Butler, who appeared for the 
 petitioners, that the civil treaty was conditional on the appro- 
 bation and confirmation of the Parliament, and that it had 
 never been confirmed by that body, though he was so rash as 
 to affirm that it had been so ratified. He must have known 
 that this general statement was unfounded, and that the 
 Parliament had been careful not to ratify the treaty as it 
 stood, but only such parts of it as to leave their future 
 discretion uncontrolled by any recognition of the treaty as a 
 whole. 
 
 The accusation of violating the treaty has been directed 
 not against the king but against the Irish Parliament. The 
 charge is that that body, by the Act of Anne in 1703 to 
 
 1 History of the Irish Catholics, p. 136. 
 
 2 2 Anne, c. 6 — " An Act to prevent the further growth of 
 Popery." 
 
116 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 'prevent the further growth of Popery, and by other subsequent 
 Acts, violated rights which were secured by the treaty. 
 There is no ground whatever for this accusation. The civil 
 treaty was not absolute but conditional, both expressly in 
 words and from the nature of the matters in it, on the 
 approval of the Parliament ; that body was not a party to it, 
 and when the treaty was submitted to it for its consideration, 
 the Legislature rejected the only clause which referred to the 
 Roman Catholics in general. The Parliament had no share 
 in the treaty save that it ratified certain articles in it 
 which referred only to classes and persons in existence when 
 the treaty was made. And having repudiated the only 
 clause which referred to the body of the Roman Catholics, 
 it is absurd to say that it violated that clause by sub- 
 sequently imposing restrictions which it considered to be 
 necessary. 
 
 But it may be urged that the Irish Parliament, though 
 not a party to the treaty, was bound legally, or if not legally 
 at least morally, to ratify the civil treaty. If this be so, the 
 Irish Parliament is justly charged with a violation of it, or, 
 more properly, with the violation of a treaty which, though 
 concluded by the sovereign alone, was yet binding on it. 
 This is a grave statement ; let us examine what justice there 
 is in it. 
 
 The doctrine that a Legislature is legally or constitution- 
 ally bound to ratify a treaty made by the executive, to which 
 that Legislature is not a party and of which it disapproves, 
 is a new one and a stranger to our system of law. Large as 
 the power is which is lodged in the executive to declare 
 war or to make treaties of peace, Parliament has always 
 retained the privilege of controlling the exercise of such a 
 power, and of showing its disapprobation either by refusing 
 supplies for carrying on the war, or by declining to enact 
 such laws as may be necessary to complete the peace. The 
 
BEO. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 117 
 
 argument that the Irish Parliament was bound to ratify 
 whatever treaty the Crown had made with the Limerick 
 garrison, and to pass an Act confirming that treaty without 
 exercising its legislative discretion thereupon, proves too 
 much. For let us suppose that William had chosen, in his 
 ignorance of the country, to grant more favourable terms than 
 those conceded by him. That he had agreed, for instance, 
 to the public establishment of the church of the Eoman 
 Catholics, or that he had undertaken that all the laws 
 against that body, from the Act of Uniformity downwards, 
 should be swept away. Would any one gravely maintain 
 that Parliament was bound to ratify such terms ? Such a 
 doctrine would deprive Parliament of all power of controlling 
 the executive, and would degrade it into a mere machine for 
 registering the acts of the sovereign. The Parliament un- 
 doubtedly possesses the right of refusing to ratify treaties 
 made with foreign powers, and if so, it has at least an equal 
 right of declining to confirm one made with subjects of 
 the realm. It has this right, even in those cases where 
 the treaty is absolute in its terms, and is not bound to con- 
 firm it, unless it meets with its approval. Much more has the 
 Parliament this right when the treaty is conditional only, 
 and expressly made subject to its confirmation. Inasmuch 
 as the civil Treaty of Limerick was conditional and stipulated 
 to be submitted to the Parliament for its approval and con- 
 firmation, it was the duty of the Irish Legislature to consider 
 its terms, and if, in the exercise of its consultative discretion, 
 the Parliament came to the conclusion that those terms were 
 opposed to the interests of the nation, it was bound to reject 
 them. This was not the first occasion on which the Irish 
 Parliament refused to confirm a treaty made by its king. 
 The Parliament of Charles II declined to ratify in the Act 
 of Settlement the treaty and the engagements which the 
 sovereign had entered into with the Irish in 1648. 
 
118 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 Nor was the Irish Parliament morally bound to ratify 
 the civil treaty. The only just way of judging actors in the 
 past is to place ourselves, as far as we can, in their position, 
 to look at their surroundings from their point of view, and 
 to weigh and consider the circumstances of the kingdom 
 and what appeared to be the obvious necessities of the times. 
 Let us consider the sufferings which the members of the 
 Parliament which refused to ratify all the treaty of Limerick 
 had lately gone through ; the dangers of the State ; the prob- 
 ability of an invasion which would again throw Ireland 
 into confusion ; and the necessity of weakening the dis- 
 affected at home to prevent their giving aid to the invaders. 
 If we do so, no impartial man can deny that the Irish 
 Parliament was, according to the views and standard of those 
 times, justified in following the example of England, and in 
 reducing the Irish Soman Catholics to political impotency. If 
 the Irish Parliament sinned in acting as it did, it sinned under 
 infinitely greater provocations than the English people, from 
 whose legislation every enactment in the Irish penal code 
 was borrowed. And if we extend our views beyond England 
 we shall find that the conduct of the Irish Parliament towards 
 the Soman Catholics was complete and absolute toleration 
 when compared with the bloody and merciless persecution of 
 their Protestant subjects by the Catholic Governments of 
 France, Spain, Savoy, and Austria. 
 
 1. Within the fifty years which preceded the surrender of 
 Limerick, two universal rebellions of the whole body of Irish 
 Soman Catholics against the Protestants had taken place, in 
 1641andl689. Onboth these occasions the attention of En gland 
 was called away from Ireland on account of political crises of 
 her own. The opportunities were eagerly seized on by the Irish 
 Soman Catholics to separate from England, and to destroy the 
 Protestant interest in Ireland. The horrors and barbarities 
 which marked the insurrection of 1641 have been palliated, 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 119 
 
 denied, or minimised by some modern Roman Catholic writers, 1 
 but they were admitted and deplored by every contemporaneous 
 Catholic of position or authority — by such men as Lord 
 Clanricarde, Lord Castlehaven, Owen Eoe O'lSTeil, 2 Father 
 Walsh, 3 Father Caron, 4 and George Leyburn, 5 chaplain to 
 Henrietta Maria. " It is a fact," says the Piev. Charles 
 O'Conor, a Catholic clergyman and historian, "as certain as 
 any in history, that they [the Irish rebels of 1641] were 
 taught to expect impunity only from extirpation; 6 fearing that 
 their men might disperse and throw themselves on the king's 
 mercy, the leaders resolved that all should be equally guilty ; 
 that they should embark in wickedness beyond redemption." 
 During this rebellion the crown of Ireland was hawked about 
 Europe bythe Irish leaders and offered to any foreign prince that 
 would take the kingdom under his protection. 7 This rebellion 
 cost six hundred thousand lives, more than a third of the whole 
 population of Ireland, and reduced the country to a desert. 
 The rebellion of 1689 was as universal as that of 1641. 
 
 1 In 1645, in the middle of the rebellion, a book was published 
 by an Irish Jesuit, Connor O'Mahony, in which be congratulates his 
 Roman Catholic countrymen on baving slaughtered 150,000 of the 
 Protestants between the years 1641 and 1645. Tins book was con- 
 demned by the Supreme Council at Kilkenny in 1648. The Nuncio, 
 Rinuccini, attempted to save it from condemnation. It would thus 
 appear that the archbishop approved the sentiments, and believed in 
 the estimates, of the book. 
 
 2 General of the Irish Celtic army. 
 
 3 Author of the History of the Irish Remonstrance, etc. 
 
 4 Author of Loyalty Asserted. "Ware enumerates seven works of 
 his and speaks highly of him. 
 
 5 Sent on a political mission to Ireland by the king. 
 
 6 Historical Address, pt. ii. p. 243. 
 
 7 When in 1661 deputies were sent over to England by the Irish 
 Roman Catholics to plead for their estates, the document, offering the 
 crown of Ireland to any Catholic prince that would take it, was pro- 
 duced. It was signed, among others, by the deputies, who could not 
 deny their signatures. When Charles II saw the paper he was indig- 
 nant and " sharply reproved the deputies for daring to appear before 
 him " with so much guilt upon them, " and forbade them for ever his 
 presence and court." — Harris, William III, i. 252. 
 
120 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 " It is notorious," says a report of the English House of 
 Commons in 1693, 1 that not an Irishman who was in Ireland 
 during the late rebellion and capable of being guilty thereof, 
 either by being actually in arms or by aiding, abetting, and 
 assisting the rebels, is innocent." But the proceedings, which 
 were in this outbreak aimed at the destruction of the Pro- 
 testants, were of a different nature from those adopted in 
 1641. Legal chicanery was called in to aid open violence in 
 the field. A Eoman Catholic Parliament, as we have seen, 
 was convened in Dublin on the 7th of May 1689, and passed 
 Acts which were aimed at the destruction of the Protestants. 
 One of these Acts repealed the Act of Settlement, and at one 
 blow transferred twelve million acres of land from Protestant 
 proprietors to Irish rebels. Another was the Act of At- 
 tainder. By this latter Act the whole Protestant peerage, 
 gentry, and trading classes of Ireland were at one sweep 
 (without a crime — for they were bound by the law of Ireland 
 to refuse allegiance to a sovereign dethroned by the English 
 Parliament, 2 and without the hope of pardon — for this pre- 
 rogative was taken away from James by the Act) con- 
 demned to death. In the Parliament which w T as asked 
 to adopt as its own Act the civil treaty of Limerick, there 
 was probably not a single individual who had not been 
 doomed by the Eoman Catholic assembly to the scaffold or 
 the block ; whose lands had not been taken from him ; and 
 whose estate had not been turned from a garden to a wil- 
 derness. 
 
 2. When the cpiestion of confirming the civil treaty was 
 debated and considered in Ireland, there was a large Irish 
 army ready to embark and to invade either England or 
 Ireland according to the orders it should receive. Twenty 
 
 1 Journals of the House of Commons, xi. 56. 
 
 2 By the Irish Act 33 Henry VIII, c. 1, the Kin- of England is, 
 immediately and without the sanction of an Irish Act, King of Ireland. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMKKKK 121 
 
 thousand 1 embodied and disciplined Irish troops in the service 
 of France kept both the English and Irish Parliament in a 
 state of constant alarm. In 1692, a few months after the 
 surrender of Limerick, an invasion was actually prepared. 
 A camp was formed in Normandy, and all the Irish regi- 
 ments were assembled there under the command of Sarsfield 
 to take part in it. James himself went down to the coast 
 and witnessed the sea-fight which put an end for the 
 present to his hopes of returning to England. In Ireland it 
 was observed "that multitudes of the Roman Catholics 
 quitted their habitations, ran from province to province to 
 hold consultations together, and were in continual fluctuation 
 of action and spirits — certain indications that they were 
 preparing for some great design. 2 In 1696 another invasion 
 was planned. The Duke of Berwick was sent to England to 
 ascertain what force the Roman Catholics could bring into the 
 field, and to assure them that his father would join them with 
 12,000 veterans. Two regiments of horse were prepared in 
 London, and eight of horse and foot were levied in Lancashire, 
 the most Catholic portion of England. Contemporaneously 
 with these plans for invasion and insurrection, a succession 
 of assassination plots exasperated and alarmed the English 
 and Irish Parliaments. Was it any wonder that these legis- 
 latures regarded the Roman Catholics as enemies that could 
 not be appeased or conciliated, and that they resolved to reduce 
 them to political insignificance ? But the Irish Parliament 
 had a justification for their conduct which that of England 
 had not. " Fifty-two rebellions," it is declared in a report of 
 the English Commons, "which the Irish have been guilty 
 of, may sufficiently evince that nothing can reconcile the 
 implacable hatred of them to the British nation ; and 
 
 1 James II says in his Memoirs "near 30,000 men." — Clarke's 
 Life of James II, ii. 465. 
 
 2 Dalrymple, Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland, iii. 229. 
 
122 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 the only way of securing that kingdom to the crown of 
 England is the putting it out of the power of the Irish 
 again to rebel, gentle means having hitherto always proved 
 ineffectual ; and the favour they received after being con- 
 quered in one rebellion always laid a foundation for the 
 next." 1 
 
 3. The Irish Parliament had before their eyes what they 
 believed to be the sad proofs of what their fate would be if a 
 Eoman Catholic Government were reinstated in Ireland. No 
 such Government could be restored without the help of Louis 
 XIV, the friend and patron of James, to whose assistance the 
 Irish Eoman Catholics had long looked. The conduct of this 
 sovereign to his own subjects enabled the Irish Protestants to 
 foresee what their position would be under a Government sup- 
 ported and directed by him. 2 Six years before the surrender of 
 Limerick Louis had violated every feeling of mercy and 
 policy and revoked the Edict of Nantes. The dragonnades 
 followed, and a ferocious soldiery was let loose to devastate 
 and depopulate a quarter of France. Thousands of both 
 sexes and of every age were slaughtered or done to death in 
 some shape or other. Murder, torture, rape, every form of 
 cruelty, were called in to add to the numbers of the converts 
 to the Eoman Catholic Church. In less than six weeks eighty 
 thousand of the persecuted Protestants abjured. 3 "From 
 torture to abjuration," says St. Simon, "and from that to the 
 communion, there was only twenty-four hours' distance, and 
 executioners were the conductors of the converts." At the 
 period we are speaking of, there were in the streets of London, 
 
 1 12 tli of January 1693. Journals of the English Commons, 
 xi. 57. 
 
 2 " King James had the scheme of the revocation [of the Edict of 
 Nantes] imparted to him before it was issued ; he expressed the 
 greatest delight at it."-— Kanke, History of England, iv. 267, translation. 
 
 3 60,000 in Basse-Guienne, 20,000 in Haute-Guienne. — Martin, 
 Histoire de France, xiv. 43. 
 
sec. i ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 123 
 
 and scattered through the towns of England, besides those 
 who had gone to the colonies or come to Ireland, upwards 
 of thirty thousand 1 French Protestants of every rank, from the 
 noble to the artisan, who had been driven from their country 
 for professing the religion which the Irish Parliament pro- 
 fessed. 
 
 1 " Report of the English House of Commons, 1 3th February 
 1691 ;" Journals of the House, x. 666. Mazure makes the number 
 50,000. Michelet puts it at 80,000. 
 
SECTION II 
 
 THE CHARGE OF INTOLERANCE AGAINST THE IRISH 
 PROTESTANT PARLIAMENT 
 
 It was certainly not from any feeling of religious intolerance 
 that the Irish Parliament refused to confirm the Treaty of 
 Limerick\/ Nothing can be more unfair than the conduct of 
 some English authors who point to the Irish penal code as 
 the essence of intolerance, without stating that there was 
 not a single penalty, disability, or restriction in that code 
 which was not derived from their own legislation. The 
 
 o 
 
 Whig writers, who are able to see no salvation without or 
 beyond their own narrow and limited bounds, and whose un- 
 disturbed self-complacence amuses while it irritates their 
 readers, are the chief offenders in this respect. Burke de- 
 scribes the Irish system as " an unparalleled code of oppres- 
 sion," and Macaulay speaks of the Irish Statute Book as 
 " being polluted by intolerance as barbarous as that of the 
 dark ages."' J If these writers had made themselves acquainted 
 with the jurisprudence of England, they would have learned 
 that the penal code of their own country was more severe 
 than that of Ireland. They would have discovered that 
 many enactments borrowed from the English code had been 
 mitigated and softened down before they were adopted by the 
 Irish Parliament. Thus in England it was death for a priest 
 to receive a convert into the bosom of the Church of Eome ; 
 in Ireland the penalty was imprisonment only. In England 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 125 
 
 the legislature attempted — happily without avail — to prevent 
 a Roman Catholic succeeding to the estate of his father ; l in 
 Ireland this was softened into a descent of the estate in 
 gavelkind. In England no Roman Catholic could purchase a 
 lease or term of the shortest duration ; in Ireland Roman 
 Catholics were allowed to acquire terms for thirty-one years. 
 Even the law which excluded Irish Roman Catholics from 
 Parliament was passed, not by the Irish, but by the English 
 Legislature. 2 An Irish Protestant may recall with pride and 
 satisfaction the fact that of the three governments in the 
 empire the Irish Parliament was the first to relax the penal 
 laws against the Roman Catholics. 
 
 And what a difference existed between the position of the 
 Protestants in England and those of Ireland, and the respect- 
 ive dangers which threatened them ! If it be true, as most 
 assuredly it is, that nothing but hard necessity and the im- 
 perative law of self-preservation can justify penal enactments 
 against our fellow -subjects, what justification can England 
 offer for such enactments compared to the thousand times 
 stronger one which the Irish Parliament can produce ? In 
 England the Roman Catholics were a small and inconsider- 
 able minority, the Protestants being more than a hundred to 
 one. 3 In Ireland the Catholics formed an overwhelming 
 
 1 1 1 and 12 Will. Ill, c. 4, § 4, 1700. The Act was evaded in two 
 ways. " First, there being in all families a gradation of age among 
 the several heirs to the same estates, it happened that though the 
 person who was come to the age of eighteen did not take the oaths 
 prescribed by the law, yet the title of the Protestant heir remained 
 undecided as long as any next popish heir was under age. Secondly 
 (and this was the main inconveniency), it lying by that clause upon 
 the next heir to him who at the age of eighteen refused to declare 
 himself a Protestant, to prove that he had not made that declaration, 
 it was impossible for the next heir to prove such a negative. "— Parlia- 
 mentary Hitfory, vi. 514. 
 
 2 3 William and Mary, c. 2, § 5, 1691. 
 
 3 James II in his Memoirs estimates them as " at least two hundred 
 to one." — Clarke's Life of James IT, ii. 442. 
 
126 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 majority, being to the Protestants as at least five to one. In 
 England the greater portion of the Catholic secular clergy — 
 I do not speak of the missionary regulars who were the real 
 authors of the early penal laws — and of the Catholic laity 
 had long been loyal ; in Ireland both the priests and their 
 people were implacably opposed to the Government and the 
 Protestant religion. A perpetual crop of rebellions had not 
 taught the English Protestants to distrust their Soman 
 Catholic fellow-subjects, nor inculcated the necessity of bind- 
 ing them hand and foot to keep them quiet. The English 
 Protestants had not seen themselves disarmed by their 
 adversaries, excluded from the army, and exposed in their 
 defenceless state to the outrages of an uncivilised and 
 fanatical peasantry which did not even understand the 
 English tongue. They had not witnessed their Courts of 
 Justice handed over to their declared enemies, and the whole 
 executive power in the country transferred to their foes. 
 The members of the English Parliament who passed in 1700 
 the Statute for the further preventing the growth of Popery? 
 the model and precedent of the similarly-named Irish Act, 2 
 had not been condemned to death for obeying the laws of 
 their country by a Soman Catholic Parliament sitting in their 
 capital. They had not been driven into exile from their 
 native land ; nor had their estates, their demesnes, and their 
 pleasant homes been taken from them and given over to 
 others. Yet all these things had taken place in Ireland in 
 the late rebellion of 1689; infinitely worse things had hap- 
 pened in 1 641. If we consider this condition of affairs and 
 are able to comprehend all that it means and includes, and if 
 we compare the position of the Irish Protestants, few in 
 number and scattered among a hostile population, with that 
 of their English brethren dwelling in peace and security 
 
 1 11 and 12 Will. Ill, c. 4 [English]. 
 2 2 Anne, c. 6, 1703. 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 127 
 
 among their friends, we shall be almost tempted at the first 
 view to believe that the penal laws were, in England, the 
 results of a childish panic, and that in Ireland they were the 
 consequences of a justifiable and necessary policy. 
 
 The narrator or historian who, like the Irish Roman 
 Catholic writers, limits his views to one country without 
 taking into account contemporaneous events in neighbouring- 
 nations, conceals half the truth, and blindfolds while he mis- 
 leads his readers. Ireland was not so remote as not to be power- 
 fully influenced by the movements which took place in other 
 parts of Europe, particularly in those with which she had 
 been long and intimately acquainted. France and Spain, the 
 favourite resorts of disaffected Irishmen, were the two powers 
 which were best known to Irish Roman Catholics and em- 
 bodied their idea of what a Government should be. It is 
 instructive to consider the position of the Protestant subjects 
 in those countries and to compare it with that of the Eoman 
 Catholics under a Protestant Irish Parliament, I do not use 
 the language of exaggeration or overstep the limits of literal 
 truth when I say, that the position of the Irish Ptoman Catholics 
 at the worst period of the penal laws was a paradise, when com- 
 pared with the condition of the Protestants in France, Spain, 
 Austria, and Savoy, at the same period. Though the Protestants 
 in these countries were, like the Ptoman Catholics of England, 
 an inconsiderable minority, and a body from which no secular 
 danger was to be feared, they were persecuted with a ferocious 
 cruelty which was aimed at their extermination. There is a 
 sure test by which we can determine whether religious enact- 
 ments are or are not persecuting laws. If such enactments 
 are politically necessary, if they are required by the safety 
 of the State, then, provided they are not more severe than 
 need requires, they cease to be persecuting laws, however 
 much their necessity may be deplored. If we try the Irish 
 penal laws by this test we must acknowledge that there was 
 
128 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 a justification for their enactment. But there was absolutely 
 no justification for the contemporaneous laws against the 
 Protestants in France, Spain, Savoy, and the dominions of the 
 House of Austria. In France the Protestants had remained 
 perfectly quiet for two generations, 1 ever since the taking of 
 liochelle and the settlement effected by Eichelieu. Many of 
 them had been called to office by Colbert ; many of them also 
 had been employed by Mazarin, who even appointed one of 
 them, Hervart, Comptroller General of the Finances. During 
 the life of Mazarin there was no excitement among them and 
 no question of religion arose. At the time when their per- 
 secution began, the French Protestants were hardly distinguish- 
 able from their fellow-subjects, except by the greater purity 
 of their lives and morals, 2 and were sinking quietly and 
 gradually into the general body of the French people. 
 
 Long before its formal revocation the Edict of Nantes had 
 been violated. The persecution of the Protestants com- 
 menced immediately after the death of Mazarin in 1661. 
 They were forbidden to sing their Psalms even in their own 
 houses. Their children, at the age of seven, were invited by 
 law to renounce their families, to declare themselves Catholics, 
 and to exact an allowance from their parents ; or they were 
 taken from them and distributed in convents or other institu- 
 tions. Many of their churches were razed to the ground, 
 eighty in one diocese alone, and their endowments confiscated 
 
 1 " Xulle injustice, mil outrage ne reussissait ;i lasser la patience de 
 nos protestants. II etait difficile de trouver a la persecution quelque 
 pretexte politique." — Miclielet, LouU XI I ' it In revocation de l'4dit de 
 Nantes. "Cependant apres la prise de la Rochelle et l'edit de grace 
 Les ^uerres civiles cesserent, et il n'y cut plus que disputes. On ini- 
 primait de part et d'autre de ces .^ros livres qu'on ne lit plus." — 
 Voltaire, Du calvinisme sous Louis XI V. 
 
 2 " L'explication est donnee par les plus sages catholiques et les 
 mieux informed, les gouverneurs, les intendants. lis temoignent qui, 
 ni pour les moeurs, ni pour l'instruction, les catholiques ne soutenaient 
 In eomparaison aver les protestants, ni les pretres avec les ministres." 
 — Miclielet, Louis XIV et la revocation de V4d.it de Nantes. 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OK TREATY OF LIMERICK 129 
 
 to Eoman Catholic uses. Decree succeeded decree against the 
 Protestants with frightful rapidity. 1 An ordinance was pub- 
 lished in 1681 declaring that it was a mistake to suppose that 
 the king forbade the maltreatment of the Protestants. The 
 natural consequences of such a decree ensued. Many Pro- 
 testants were put to death at Grenoble and Bordeaux. 
 Massacres were committed in the Vivarais and Cevennes. 
 The dragonnades commenced, and the effect was so terrible 
 that entire towns declared themselves catholic. Thus the 
 city of Mines was converted within twenty-four hours, and 
 Montauban and many other places after a few days. A 
 universal terror preceded the red uniform and the high caps 
 of the dragoons, who committed every kind of outrage and 
 excess. Colbert, who knew the value to France of the in- 
 dustry and intelligence of the Protestants, at last appealed to 
 the king, and the dragonnades were for a time suspended. 
 But this illustrious man died in 1683, and with him died the 
 last hopes of the Protestants of France. It was resolved to 
 revoke the edict of Nantes. The king signed its repeal on 
 the 17th of October 1685, and the decree of revocation was 
 registered on the 22d of the same month. 
 
 By this fatal Act the martyrdom of a whole people was 
 decreed, and industrial France was delivered up to military 
 execution. Open and merciless war was declared against 
 every Protestant man, woman, and child in France, while 
 at the same time the frontiers were closed so that the victims 
 could not escape. The penalty of death was imposed on 
 emigration, and the informer who denounced an intending 
 emigrant was rewarded with half his possessions. It was a 
 hunt of the Protestants in an enclosed arena, where every 
 avenue of escape was barred. The house of every Protestant 
 
 1 Apres la treve de Ratisbonne, les declarations et arrets hostiles 
 
 au Protestantisme se succederent avec une rapidite ethavante." — Martin, 
 Histoire de France. 
 
 K 
 
130 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 became the scene of a tragedy. Women were outraged. 1 
 young girls were whipt by soldiers to convert them, and 
 every child of five years of age was torn from its mother."' 
 All, says a French historian, which man can suffer without 
 immediate death, was inflicted on the Protestants. All the 
 diabolical inventions of robbers for the extortion of money from 
 their captives were had recourse to by the soldiers to make 
 conversions. Fire was applied to the feet of some of the 
 sufferers; others were flogged; others hung up by their ex- 
 tremities till they abjured. Mothers were tied to their bed- 
 posts while their starving infants were withheld from the 
 nourishment of the breast till the acknowledgment of con- 
 version was made. 3 Nor was the penalty of death absent. 
 The stake, the wheel, and the gibbet had their multitudes of 
 innocent victims ; and the galleys, a fate worse than death, 
 were filled with Protestant ministers. Nothing was wanting 
 to the immolation of a whole community. To keep the 
 Protestants, who had been forcibly converted, from straying 
 from the Catholic fold, those of them who reverted to the 
 faith of their fathers were burnt alive, and those who refused 
 
 1 " Tout etait en fait permis aux soldats sauf le viol et le 
 meurtre, et encore cette restriction ne fut-elle pas to uj ours respectee ; 
 d'ailleurs beaucoup de malheureux moururent ou demeurerent estropies 
 des suites des traitements qu'ils avaient subis, et les tortures obscenes 
 infiigees aux femmes ne differaient guere du dernier outrage que par 
 line perversite plus raffinee." — Martin, Histoire de France. " Mais le 
 viol etait defendu, quelle moquerie ! On ne punit personne, meine 
 quand il fat suivi de meurtre. On eut soin de loger les officiers 
 ailleur que les soldats, de peur qu'ils ne les genassent." — Michelet. 
 
 2 " Un edit de Janvier 1686 ordonna que les enfants de cinq a 
 seize ans fussent enleves a leurs parents lu'ivtiques et remis a des 
 parents catholiques, ou s'ils n'en avaient pas, a des catlioliques designes 
 par les juges." — Martin. 
 
 3 " Toutes les inventions diabolic pies des routiers du moyen age pour 
 extorquer de l'or a leurs captifs furent renouvelees 9a et la pour 
 arraclier des conversions : on chauffa les pieds, on donna l'estrapade, 
 on suspendit les patients par les extremity ; on lia de jeunes meres 
 aux colonnes de leur lit pendant que leur enfant a la mamelle se tor- 
 dait de i'aim sous leurs yeux." — Martin, Histoire de France, xiv. 50. 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 131 
 
 to receive the sacrament at the hour of death, according to 
 the Eonian form, were denied six feet of their native soil to 
 cover their remains. Their bodies were drawn naked on a 
 hurdle and thrown into the public sewer, there to be de- 
 voured by obscene vermin. 1 As if to show to foreign Protest- 
 ant Governments that the persecution was the result of a 
 universal Catholic conspiracy against the Protestant religion, 
 and to shut out the Pioman Catholic subjects in their dominions 
 from the hopes of toleration, the head of the Church of Pome, 
 in 1686, celebrated the revocation of the edict of Nantes by a 
 public and solemn Te Deum. 
 
 Can the word " life," asks Michelet, be applied to the 
 existence passed by the French Protestants after the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes ? Yes, it was life, is the answer, 
 but it was the life of a hunted hare, trembling with ears erect 
 at every rustle, and momentarily expecting the approach of the 
 destroyer. Even the events, births and marriages, which bring 
 joy and gladness into families, served but to renew the fears and 
 anguish of the Protestants, who performed every ceremony of 
 their religion at the risk of the galleys. The Protestant wife 
 lamented when she became aware that she was about to be- 
 come a mother, for she knew well the long agony of affliction 
 which awaited her offspring, and that Protestants were re- 
 garded as worse than infidels and more dangerous than mad 
 dogs. The condition of the French Protestants, though some- 
 what alleviated by the improvement in manners, remained 
 unaltered till the opening of the great revolution. Yet the 
 spirit of fanaticism was not dead ; it slumbered merely, and the 
 slightest suspicion was sufficient to revive it, as the misfortunes 
 of the Calas family in 1762 only too surely demonstrated. 2 
 
 1 Quelques-uns qui rejeterent l'hostie apres l'avoir recue, furent 
 eondamnes a etre brules vifs. Les corps de ceux qui ne voulaient pas 
 recevoir les sacrements a la mort etaient traines sur la claie et jetes a 
 la voirie." — Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV. 
 
 2 At the succession of Louis XVI Turcot endeavoured to have 
 
132 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 In the presence of such a scene of calamities as this, the 
 complaints of the Irish Eoman Catholic writers, that their co- 
 religionists were excluded from public employment — that a 
 change was made in the devolution of landed property — or 
 that a disobedient son could alter his father's fee into a life 
 estate, fall upon our ears like idle and trifling declamation. 
 The French Protestants had not deserved their exclusion 
 from the rights of citizenship by a perpetuity of rebellions ; 
 they were loyal and well affected to the State. Yet compare 
 their condition under a Eoman Catholic Government with that 
 of the irreconcilable Irish Eoman Catholics under a Protestant 
 Parliament. There was in Ireland a priest in every parish, 
 registered by order of the Government and under its protection. 
 The Irish Eoman Catholic was free, though there were laws in 
 the statute book against his religion, to serve his God according 
 to his convictions. He might build places of worship and 
 attend them openly in perfect security. His person was at 
 his own disposal, and he might transplant himself and his 
 industry to a foreign country. His family and home were 
 sacred. The laws were not interpreted to him and executed 
 against him by a ferocious and fanatical soldiery opposed to 
 his belief. The recognised Primate of his church, as if to 
 proclaim the toleration of the Government, resided in the 
 capital and within the shadow of the Castle. In Prance 
 every Protestant church had been razed to the ground and 
 its endowments and funds transferred to Catholic uses. Every 
 Protestant minister had been banished at a notice of fifteen 
 days, and his return forbidden on pain of death. All the 
 ceremonies of the Protestant church were performed at the 
 risk of the galleys — a punishment in comparison with which 
 death itself was a release. It was death for the French 
 
 the clause which hound the King of France to exterminate the 
 heretics in his dominions removed from the coronation oath. Turgot's 
 endeavour was successfully opposed hy the French clergy. — Tissot's 
 Life of Turgot. 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 133 
 
 Protestants to assemble in any place to exercise their religion, 
 and death to fly the country where they were doomed to such 
 suffering. Every Protestant child was required to be baptized 
 by a Catholic priest, and at the age of five years was taken 
 from its mother. 1 The comparative toleration which was re- 
 fused by a Eoman Catholic Government to its own kindred and 
 blood, to subjects whose only desire was to live in peace 
 in the land of their fathers, and who spoke the French 
 tongue, was granted by an Irish Protestant Legislature to a 
 half- civilised people who, by rebellion after rebellion, had 
 shown themselves its implacable enemies ; who had lately in 
 their Parliament condemned the Protestant nobility and 
 gentry to confiscation and death ; and who were aliens to it 
 in language and blood. The toleration of the Protestant 
 Legislature of Ireland was, considering the standard of the 
 times and its own dangerous position in the midst of a hostile 
 population, as remarkable as it was premature and unknown 
 to the neighbouring nations. It was the first awakening, the 
 early development, of that spirit which conceded complete 
 toleration in 1793, and which has since matured into the 
 lofty indifference of modern Great Britain to the variations 
 of dogma and ritual. 
 
 A few words will suffice with respect to Spain. Life, 
 under such conditions as I have described, was allowed to the 
 Protestants in France, but bare life was denied them in Spain. 
 In the latter country they were hunted and exterminated like 
 wolves or other wild animals. The possession of a forbidden 
 book, or the deposition of another under torture, was suffi- 
 cient to consign a Protestant to the flames. Eecantation did 
 
 1 " L'enlevement des enfants mit le dernier sceau a la persecution. 
 L'edit de revocation avait seulement statue que les enfants a naitre 
 seraient eleves dans la religion catliolicjue. Un edit de Janvier 1686 
 ordonna que les enfants de cinq a seize ans fussent enleves a leurs 
 parents heretiques et remis a des parents catholiques, ou s'ils n'en 
 avaient pas, a des catholiques designes par les juges." — Martin, Histoire 
 de France, xiv. 51. 
 
134 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 not save the abjuring victim, for the Government and its 
 instrument, the Inquisition, wished to strike a general and 
 preventive terror into the whole nation. Nor was the absence 
 of evidence against suspects any security, for they were 
 tortured till they informed against themselves or against their 
 friends and relations. Death itself did not put an end to the 
 vengeance of the Inquisition. If subsequent evidence, even 
 the testimony of a tortured prisoner, was forthcoming, the 
 memory of the dead was declared to be infamous, his house 
 was razed to the ground, his property was confiscated and his 
 bones were dug up and committed to the flames. It is repul- 
 sive to pursue the loathsome subject. One fact alone is 
 sufficient to reveal to us the spirit which existed in Spain. 
 The fires of persecution were kept alive up to 1781. During 
 the eighteenth century upwards of sixteen hundred victims 
 were burnt alive for entertaining opinions differing from those 
 of the Spanish Church. 
 
 In the mountains of Savoy, on the borders of Piedmont 
 and Dauphine, there had long existed one of the most ancient 
 Protestant churches in the world. This church had often 
 passed through the fire of persecution, and had been for many 
 generations fed and nurtured on the blood of its martyrs. 1 
 At the period we are speaking of, three of the high valleys, 
 St. Martin, Perouse, and Lucerne, had obtained from the 
 Government of Savoy toleration for their religion. When 
 the dragonnades had penetrated to Dauphine, the Protestants 
 of Briancon and Pignerol took refuge among the peaceful 
 inhabitants of these valleys. Louis XIV was indignant that 
 these exiles should find an asylum with the brethren of their 
 faith. He ordered the Duke of Savoy to occupy the valleys 
 with his troops and to convert the Vaudois. The Duke 
 
 1 Headers will remember Milton's words recording the persecutions 
 of this people at another period — 
 
 " Avenge, Lord, Thy slaughtered saints whose bones 
 Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold," etc. 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 135 
 
 published an ordinance banishing the French refugees from 
 his territories. But this did not satisfy Louis, whose conduct 
 at this time was a dreadful prognostic to the Irish Protestants 
 of what was in store for them should a lioman Catholic Govern- 
 ment be restored with the aid of the French king. Accordingly, 
 at the instigation of Louis, the duke, by an edict of the 1st of 
 February 1686, prohibited the exercise of the reformed faith, 
 and ordered that the Protestant schools should be closed 
 upon pain of death. All Protestant ministers, schoolmasters, 
 and the French refugees, were directed under the same 
 penalty to leave Piedmont within fifteen days. To carry out 
 the persecution Louis offered the duke a body of four thou- 
 sand French troops, and they and the Piedmontese soldiers 
 invaded at the same time the three valleys. Those of St. 
 Martin and Lucerne were forced by the French troops, who 
 committed unheard-of atrocities. Mutilation of the unfor- 
 tunate Protestants was a favourite amusement of the soldiers. 
 Some of the inhabitants were burnt alive at once, others were 
 burnt more methodically, joint by joint, at each refusal to 
 abjure. Women were slaughtered, and young children were 
 hurled down the precipices, the soldiers laughing at the 
 bounds and ricochets of the bodies of the victims. While 
 these things w r ere being done by the French soldiers, the 
 Piedmontese troops entered the valley of Perouse, and having 
 induced the unhappy Protestants by false promises to lay 
 down their arms, massacred at Tour three thousand old men, 
 women, and children. More than ten thousand of the young 
 and able-bodied men were bound and sent to Turin, from 
 whence they were afterwards distributed through the prisons 
 of Piedmont, where the greater part of them perished from 
 bad treatment and misery. 1 
 
 1 The details of this persecution are to be found in Martin's 
 Histoire de France, vol. xiv. ; and in Michelet, Louis XIV et la revoca- 
 tion de I'e'dit de Nantes. 
 
136 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 The dragonnades were not peculiar to France. Austria 
 can also lay claim to having made use of this means of con- 
 verting the Protestants. In 1672 the Austrian dragonnades 
 against the reformed in Hungary commenced. We have the 
 details of this persecution, not from the records of the Pro- 
 testants only, but also from the official documents of the 
 Viennese Cabinet, which Michiels has examined and made 
 use of. Eoman Catholic bishops, each with a train of three or 
 four hundred dragoons, and attended by a squadron of Jesuits, 
 perambulated the country. As soon as the motley horde 
 arrived at a town or village, the inhabitants were collected, a 
 Jesuit declaimed a sermon, the soldiers levelled their carbines, 
 and the place was converted. 1 The obstinate were banished, 
 their property confiscated, and Jesuits were installed in the 
 churches, schools, and manses, which had been built by the 
 Protestants at their own charges. But, as is usual in such 
 cases, the persecution waxed warmer and fiercer as it pro- 
 ceeded. On the 5th of May 1675 all the Protestant pastors 
 and schoolmasters were summoned to appear before a Catholic 
 tribunal at Pressburg. Those of them who did not obey the 
 summons were instantly condemned and a price set upon 
 their heads. Pour hundred obeyed and attended. They 
 were charged with innumerable crimes, but the principal 
 heads of accusation imputed to them neglect in worshipping 
 the saints, insults to the Virgin Mary by comparing her to 
 their own wives, trampling under foot the Holy Sacrament 
 and venerable body of Jesus. All were declared guilty of 
 high treason. The condemned were required to sign one of 
 two documents. By one the signatory swore to abandon his 
 religious duties and to be faithful to the prince, and in return 
 he might remain in the country ; by the other the signer 
 undertook to leave his native land never to return. Both 
 documents were confessions of guilt, and rendered the person 
 
 1 Michiels's Secret History of the Austrian Government, p. 140. 
 
bec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 137 
 
 signing liable to the penalties prescribed by the laws against 
 heretics. A hundred ministers signed one or other of the 
 documents. On the rest sentence of death was pronounced. 
 But as the Government was ashamed to execute so many, 
 they were disposed of in various ways. Some were sent to 
 the State prisons, where they were loaded with chains and 
 employed in disgusting work ; others were sold as convicts, 
 and others w T ere sent to the galleys at Naples, Venice, or 
 Trieste. 1 
 
 In 1687 took place the long-continued butchery of Eperies, 
 which lasted nine months. A court was established at this 
 place, presided over by Antonio Caraffa, cousin of the apostolic 
 Nuncio Cardinal Caraffa, and a man well fitted to carry out 
 the threat of the emperor that he would take Hungary 
 captive, and make her first mendicant and then Catholic. 2 A 
 scaffold was erected in the market-place, and thirty execu- 
 tioners in green liveries obeyed the orders of Caraffa. The 
 tortures inflicted and the murders committed during these 
 nine months are almost incredible. The details are so fright- 
 ful that the historian, Michiels, is obliged to apologise for 
 producing them. Yet, says he, the facts of history must not 
 be concealed : " let us then have the courage to be present, 
 without giving way, at the tortures of the Hungarian patriots 
 and reformers." It is not necessary here to recall the hideous 
 story. It is sufficient for us to know that every kind of 
 torment known to the wild Huron or the Turk was resorted 
 to at Eperies. The stake, the wheel, impalement, laceration, 
 red-hot pincers, the introduction of wares at a white heat into 
 
 1 Twenty-eight of these martyrs, all that remained alive at Naples, 
 were claimed and released hy Admiral Euyter in 1676. As late as 
 1731, 30,000 Protestants were expelled from Salzburg and driven 
 into exile by the Austrian Government. Those who read these 
 lines will recollect Goethe's " Hermann und Dorothea," the incidents of 
 which are founded on this exodus. 
 
 2 " Faciam Hungariam captivam, postea mendicam, deinde 
 Catholicam." 
 
138 TWO CHAPTERS OF IRISH HISTORY chap, ii 
 
 the natural passages of the body, all the cruel inventions of 
 man in his most savage mood, were made use of. The 
 Hungarians found such arguments to be irresistible, and all 
 who did not fly the country were converted to the Eoman 
 Catholic faith. 1 
 
 Such was the scene of persecution and horror which 
 Catholic Europe presented to the eyes of the Protestant Parlia- 
 ments of England and Ireland, and which convinced those 
 bodies that there was a universal conspiracy against Protestant 
 opinions and Protestant Governments. Can we wonder at 
 this conviction ? Will any one presume to say at this day 
 that such a conspiracy did not exist, either openly acknow- 
 ledged and conducted by the Jesuits, or acquiesced in and 
 helped forward by Eoman Catholics in general ? 2 We must 
 remember too that at this time the Eoman Court and the 
 Eoman Catholic clergy of Ireland still clung to the doctrine 
 that it lay within the power of the Pope to dethrone 
 sovereigns and to transfer to others the allegiance of their 
 subjects : — a doctrine which led directly to the belief which 
 was general among the English and Irish Protestants that 
 the Eoman Catholic religion was inconsistent with the exist- 
 ence of their own Governments. 3 
 
 1 " Grace aux livres des ex<5cuteurs, grace aux lettres de Leopold, 
 nous savons les petits moyens qui opererent ces ceuvres pieux. Des 
 ministres brules vifs a feu lent, des femmes empalees an fer rouge, des 
 troupeaux d'hommes vendus aux galores turques et venitiennes, voila 
 ce qui fit le miracle. Les Hongrois trouverent ces arguments des 
 jesuites irresistibles. Tout ce qui ne s'enfuit pas du pays fut touche 
 et sentit la grace." — Michelet, Louis XIV et la revocation de I'e'dit de 
 Nantes. 
 
 2 Catliolic France, as a whole, approved of the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes. 
 
 :s It is certain that this doctrine and its propagation by the 
 missionary regulars, such as Parsons, were the sole causes of the enact- 
 ment of the early penal laws. " It will be found on dispassionate 
 inquiry," says the Eev. Charles O'Conor, "that the penal laws were 
 enacted not against any one article of the Catholic faith, but for putting 
 away all usurped powers and authorities," etc. "Had these [foreign] 
 
sec. ii ALLEGED VIOLATION OF TREATY OF LIMERICK 139 
 
 As late as 1G66 the Irish Roman Catholic clergy, in their 
 synod in Dublin, refused to sign the " Loyal Remonstrance," 
 which abjured this doctrine, and the Papal Nuncio at Brussels, 
 De Vecchiis, condemned the Remonstrance because it denied 
 the deposing power of the Pope. Irish writers and declaimers 
 would do well to ponder on these things, and, before 
 they rail against the intolerance of the Irish Parliament, to 
 raise their eyes beyond the confines of their own country, and 
 consider both the contemporaneous events in neighbouring 
 nations and the irreconcilable disloyalty of their own clergy 
 and laity. The members of the Irish Parliament would have 
 been angels if they had acted differently from what they did, 
 and conceded more to their Roman Catholic countrymen ; and 
 we are fools to listen to accusations of intolerance against 
 men in their position, surrounded by dangers which menaced 
 themselves, their posterity, and their religion, and who saw 
 nothing around them but the merciless persecution of their 
 Protestant brethren by the Roman Catholic Governments of 
 Europe. 
 
 seminaries never existed, we had not heard of the seditious doctrines 
 which I have mentioned, nor should we have been oppressed by the 
 subsequent cruel laws enacted against our religion." — Sir John 
 Throckmorton. " Had these men [the English clergy who retired to 
 the continent] remained at home, patient of present evils and sub- 
 missive, as far as might be, to the laws ; had they continued the 
 practice of their religion in retirement and distributed without clamour 
 instruction to those that claimed it, the rigour of the Legislature would 
 soon have relaxed ; no jealousy would have been excited, and no penal 
 statutes, we may now pronounce, would have entailed misfortunes upon 
 them and their successors." — Rev. Joseph Berington. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 TWO COLUMNS OF NAMES FKOM THE LIST OF PEKSONS 
 ATTAINTED BY THE IRISH PARLIAMENT 
 
 William Aldington and Richard 
 Silver, all late of the county 
 of Waterford and Cork. 
 
 Henry Brady of Tomgraney, in 
 the county of Clare, Gent. 
 
 Richard Pickett of Clonmel, in 
 the county of Tipperary, Esq. 
 
 John Lovett, Esq. 
 
 Castle, Gent. 
 
 Joseph Ruttorne, Gent. 
 
 Thos. Valentine, Gent. 
 
 George Clark, Gent. 
 
 John Bright, Gent. 
 
 George Clarke, Gent. 
 
 Thomas Chimmicks, Gent. 
 
 William Warmsby, Gent. 
 
 Richard Clutterbuck, Gent. 
 
 Erasmus Smith, Esq. 
 
 William Watts, Gent. 
 
 John Evelin, Gent. 
 
 Shapcoate, Gent. 
 
 Page, Gent. 
 
 Thomas Moore, Gent. 
 
 Humphery Wray, Gent. 
 
 Edward Crafton, Gent. 
 
 Alderman Clark. 
 
 John Clark, Gent. 
 
 Arthur Anneslow. 
 
 William Warwick and Purefoy 
 
 Warwick, Gents. 
 
 Captain Coape. 
 
 Robert Boyle. 
 
 Hugh Radcliffe, Gent. 
 
 Edward Nelthrop, Gent. 
 
 Robert Dixon. 
 
 Samuel Clark, Gent. 
 
 John Jones, Gent. 
 
 Henry Bayne, Gent. 
 
 George Clark, Gent. 
 
 Edward Hutchinson, Gent. 
 
 Richard Aid worth, late Ch. 
 
 Rememb. 
 John Briggs, Gent., and John 
 
 Bucksworth, Esq., all late of 
 
 the county of Tipperary. 
 John Kingsmeale of Castlefin, in 
 
 the county of Donegal, Esq. 
 James Hamilton of Donmanagh, 
 
 in the county of Tyrone, 
 
 Gent. 
 
142 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 John Aungier, minister of Lur- 
 
 Thomas Moore. 
 
 gan, in the county of Cavan. 
 
 Humphery Wray. 
 
 Erasmus Smith. 
 
 Edward Grafton. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 Alderman Clerk. 
 
 Achilles Daunt. 
 
 Arthur Anslow. 
 
 John Power, Lord Decies. 
 
 William Warwick. 
 
 William Gibbs. 
 
 Henry Genny, Clerk. 
 
 Loftus Brightwell. 
 
 Thomas Assington, Clerk. 
 
 Robert Beard. 
 
 Christmas Genny, Clerk. 
 
 Mathias Aldington. 
 
 Thomas Chaplin, Gent. 
 
 William Aldington. 
 
 Archibald Wood, Gent., and 
 
 John Lovett. 
 
 John Ball, Gent., all in the 
 
 John Castle. 
 
 county of Ardmagh. 
 
 Joseph Ruttorne. 
 
 Captain Thomas Smith of Tuam, 
 
 Thomas Valentine. 
 
 in the county of Galway. 
 
 George Clerk. 
 
 William Caulfield, Gent, 
 
 John Bright. 
 
 Edward Eyre, Gent. 
 
 George Clerk. 
 
 Col. Theodore Russel. 
 
 Thomas Chimmicks. 
 
 Robert Mason, Gent. 
 
 William Warmsby. 
 
 Samuel Hudson, Clerk, and 
 
 Richard Clutterbuck. 
 
 Robert Eacelin, Dean of Tuam, 
 
 Erasmus Smith. 
 
 all in the county of Galway. 
 
 William Watts. 
 
 Henry Dowdall of Grange, in 
 
 John Evelin. 
 
 the county of Roscommon, Esq. 
 
 Shapcoate. 
 
 William Dowdall, Gent. 
 
 Page. 
 
 John French, Esq. 
 
II 
 
 TREATY OF LIMERICK 
 
 AS RATIFIED BY THEIR MAJESTIES' LETTERS PATENT UNDER 
 
 THE GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND 
 
 Gulielmus et Maria, Dei gratia, Angliae, Scotne, Franciae et 
 Hiberniae, Rex et Regina, Fidei Defensores, etc. Omnibus ad quos 
 prsesentes literoe nostra? pervenerint, salutem ; Inspexiraus irrotula- 
 ment quarund. literarum patentium de confirmatione geren. dat. apud 
 Westmonasterium vicesimo quarto die Februarii ultimi prseteriti in 
 Cancell. nostr. irrotulat. ac ibidem de Record, remanen. iu hcec verba. 
 
 William and Mary, by the grace of God, etc. To all to whom 
 these presents shall come, greeting : Whereas certain articles bearing 
 date the third day of October last past, made and agreed upon between 
 our Justices of our Kingdom of Ireland and our General of our forces 
 there, on the one part ; and several Officers there, commanding within 
 the city of Limerick in our said kingdom, on the other part. Where- 
 by our said Justices and General did undertake that we should ratify 
 those articles within the space of eight months or sooner ; and use 
 their utmost endeavours that the same should be ratified and confirmed 
 in Parliament. The tenor of which said articles is as follows : — 
 
 Articles agreed upon the third day of October 1G91 between the 
 Right Honourable Sir Charles Porter, Knight, and Thomas Coningsby, 
 Esq., Lords Justices of Ireland, and his Excellency the Baron de 
 Ginkell, Lieut. General and Commander in chief of the English army 
 on the one part, and the 
 
 Right Honourable Patrick, Earl of Lucan, Percy Viscount Galmoy, 
 Col. Nic. Purcel, Col. Nicholas Cusack, Sir Toby Butler, Col. Dillon, 
 and Col. John Browne, on the other part ; in the behalf of the Irish 
 inhabitants in the city and county of Limerick, the counties of Clare, 
 Cork, Kerry, Sligo, and Mayo, in consideration of the surrender of the 
 
144 APPENDIX 
 
 city of Limerick, arid other agreements made between the said Lieut. 
 General Ginkell, the Governor of the city of Limerick, and the 
 Generals of the Irish army, bearing date with these presents, for 
 the surrender of the said city and submission of the said army. 
 
 1. The Roman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such privi- 
 leges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the laws 
 of Ireland, or as they did enjoy in the reign of King Charles the 
 Second ; and their Majesties, as soon as their affairs will j)ermit them to 
 summon a Parliament in this kingdom,will endeavour to procure the said 
 Roman Catholics such further security in that particular, as may pre- 
 serve them from any disturbances upon the account of their said religion. 
 
 2. All the inhabitants or residents of Limerick, or any other 
 garrison now in the possession of the Irish, and all officers and 
 soldiers now in arms under any commission of King James, or those 
 authorised by him to grant the same, in the several counties of 
 Limerick, Clare, Kerry, Cork, and Mayo, or any of them [and all such 
 as are under their protection in the said couuties], 1 and all the commis- 
 sioned officers in their Majesties' quarters that belong to the Irish 
 regiments now in being, that are treated with, and who are not 
 prisoners of war, or have taken protection, and who shall return and 
 submit to their Majesties' obedience; and their and every of their heirs, 
 shall hold, possess, and enjoy all and every their estates of freehold 
 and inheritance, and all the rights, titles, and interest, privileges and 
 immunities, which they and every, or any of them, held, enjoyed, or 
 were rightfully and lawfully entitled to in the reign of King Charles 
 II, or at any time since by the laws and statutes that were in force 
 in the said reign of King Charles II ; and shall be put in possession 
 by order of the Government of such of them as are in the king's 
 hands, or the hands of his tenants, without being put to any suit or 
 trouble therein ; and all such estates shall be freed and discharged 
 from all arrears of Crown rents, quit rents, and other public charges 
 incurred and become due since Michaelmas 1G88, to the day of the 
 date hereof. And all persons comprehended in this article shall have, 
 hold, and enjoy all their goods and chattels, real and personal, to them 
 nr any of them belonging and remaining, either in their own hands, or 
 the hands of any jiersons whatsoever, in trust for, or for the use of them 
 or any of them; and all and every the said persons, of what profession, 
 trade, or calling soever they be, shall, and may use, exercise, and 
 
 1 The words between brackets are the disputed clause, see the 
 
 ratification at the end. The treaty was signed without this clause. 
 
APPENDIX 145 
 
 practise their several and respective professions, trades, and callings, 
 as freely as they did use, exercise, and enjoy the same in the reign of 
 King Charles II. Provided that nothing in this article contained be 
 construed to extend to or restore any forfeiting person now out of the 
 kingdom, except what are hereafter comprised. Provided also, that 
 no person whatsoever shall have or enjoy the benefit of this article, 
 that shall neglect or refuse to take the oath of allegiance, made by the 
 Act of Parliament in England, in the first year of their present 
 Majesties, when thereunto required. 1 
 
 3. All merchants, or reputed merchants of the city of Limerick, 
 or of any other garrison now possessed by the Irish, or of any town 
 or place in the counties of Clare or Kerry, who are absent beyond the 
 seas, that have not borne arms since their Majesties' declaration in 
 February 1G88, shall have the benefit of the second article, in the 
 same manner as if they were present ; provided such merchants and 
 reputed merchants do repair into this kingdom within the space of 
 eight months from the date hereof. 
 
 4. The following officers, viz. Colonel Simon Luttrel, Captain 
 Rowland White, Maurice Eustace of Yermanstown, Chievers of 
 Maystown, commonly called Mount-Leinster, now belonging to the 
 regiments in the aforesaid garrisons and quarters of the Irish army, 
 who were beyond the seas, and sent thither upon affairs of their 
 respective regiments, or the army in general, shall have the benefit 
 and advantage of the second article, provided they return hither within 
 the space of eight months from the date of these presents, and submit 
 to their Majesties' Government, and take the above-mentioned oath. 
 
 5. That all and singular the said persons comprised in the second 
 and third articles, shall have the general pardon of all attainders, 
 outlawries, treasons, misprisions of treason, premmiires, felonies, 
 trespasses and other crimes and misdemeanours whatsoever by them 
 or any of them committed since the beginning of the reign of James 
 II ; and if any of them are attainted by Parliament, the Lords 
 Justices and General will use their best endeavours to get the same 
 repealed by Parliament, and the outlawries to be reversed gratis, all 
 but writing clerks' fees. 
 
 6. And whereas these present wars have drawn on great violence 
 on both parts, and that if leave were given to the bringing of all sorts 
 
 1 I, A. B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will he faithful 
 and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King "William and Queen 
 Mary. So help me God. 
 
 
 
 L 
 
146 APPENDIX 
 
 of private actions, the animosities would probably continue that have 
 been too long on foot, and the public disturbances last: for the quieting 
 and settling, therefore, of this kingdom, and avoiding those incon- 
 veniences which would be the necessary consequence of the contrary, 
 no person or persons whatsoever, comprised in the foregoing articles, 
 shall be sued, molested, or impleaded at the suit of any party or 
 parties whatsoever, for any trespass by them committed, or for any 
 arms, horses, money, goods, chattels, merchandises, or provisions what- 
 soever, by them seized or taken during the time of the war. And no 
 person or persons whatsoever, in the second or third article comprised, 
 shall be sued, impleaded, or made accountable for the rents or mean 
 rates of any lands, tenements, or houses, by him or them received or 
 enjoyed in this kingdom, since the beginning of the present war to the 
 day of the date hereof, nor for any waste or trespass by him or them 
 committed, in any such lands, tenements, or houses ; and it is also 
 agreed that this article shall be mutual and reciprocal on both sides. 
 
 7. Every Nobleman and Gentleman comprised in the said second 
 and third article shall have liberty to ride with a sword and case of 
 pistols, if they shall think fit ; and keep a gun in their houses for the 
 defence of the same, or for fowling. 
 
 8. The inhabitants and residents in the city of Limerick and 
 other garrisons shall be permitted to remove their goods and chattels 
 and provisions out of the same, without being viewed and searched, 
 or paying any manner of duties, and shall not be compelled to leave 
 the houses or lodgings they now have, for the space of six weeks next 
 ensuing the date hereof. 
 
 9. The oath to be administered to such Eoman Catholics as 
 submit to their Majesties' Government, shall be the oath above said, 
 and no other. 
 
 10. No person or persons who shall at any time hereafter break 
 these articles, or any of them, shall thereby make or cause any other 
 person or persons to forfeit or lose the benefit of the same. 
 
 11. The Lords Justices and General do promise to use their 
 utmost endeavours that all the persons comprehended in the above- 
 mentioned articles shall be protected and defended from all arrests 
 and executions for debt or damage, for the space of eight months next 
 ensuing the date hereof. 
 
 12. Lastly, the Lords Justices and the General do undertake that 
 their Majesties will ratify these articles within the space of eight 
 mouths, or sooner, and use their utmost endeavours that the same 
 shall be ratified and confirmed in Parliament. 
 
APPENDIX 147 
 
 13. And whereas Colonel John Brown stood indebted to several 
 Protestants, by judgment of record, which appearing to the late 
 government, the Lord Tyrconnel and Lord Lucan took away the 
 effects of the said John Brown had to answer the said debts, and 
 promised to clear the said John Brown of the said debts; which 
 effects were taken for the public use of the Irish and their army ; for 
 freeing the said Lord Lucan of his said engagement, passed on their 
 public account, for payment of the said Protestants, and for prevent- 
 ing the ruin of the said John Brown, and for satisfaction of his 
 creditors, at the instance of the Lord Lucan, and the rest of the 
 persons aforesaid, it is agreed that the said Lords Justices, and the 
 said Baron de Ginckle, shall intercede with the King and Parliament, 
 to have the estates secured to Roman Catholics by articles and 
 capitulation in this kingdom charged with, and equally liable to the 
 payment of so much of the same debts, as the said Lord Lucan, upon 
 stating accounts with the said John Brown, shall certify under his 
 hand, that the effects taken from the said Brown amount unto ; 
 which account is to be stated, and the balance certified by the said 
 Lord Lucan, in one and twenty days after the date hereof. 
 
 For the true performance hereof, we have hereunto set our hands. 
 
 Present, Scravenmore, CHARLES PORTER, 
 
 H. Mackay, THOS. COMNGSBY, 
 
 T. Talmash. Baron de GINCKLE. 
 
 And whereas the said city of Limerick hath been since, in pursu- 
 ance of the said articles, surrendered unto us : Now know you that 
 we, having considered of the said articles, are graciously pleased 
 hereby to declare, that we do for us, our heirs, and successors, as far 
 as in us lies, ratify and confirm the same, and every clause, matter, 
 and thing therein contained. And as to such parts thereof, for which 
 an Act of Parliament shall be found to be necessary, we shall recom- 
 mend the same to be made good by Parliament, and shall give our 
 royal assent to any bill or bills that shall be passed by our two houses 
 of Parliament to that purpose. And whereas it appears unto us, 
 that it was agreed between the parties to the said articles that after 
 the words, Limerick, Clare, Kerry, Cork, Mayo, or any of them, in the 
 second of the said articles, the words following, viz. " And all such 
 as are under their protection in the said counties," should be inserted 
 and be part of the said articles : Which words having been casually 
 omitted by the writer, the omission was not discovered till after the 
 said articles were signed, but was taken notice of before the second 
 
148 APPENDIX 
 
 town was surrendered ; and that our said justices and general, or one 
 of them, did promise that the said clause should be made good, it 
 being within the intention of the capitulation and inserted in the 
 foul draft thereof: Our further will and pleasure is, and we do 
 hereby ratify and confirm the said omitted words, viz. " And all such 
 as are under their protection in the said counties," hereby for us, our 
 heirs and successors, ordaining and declaring, that all and every 
 person and persons therein concerned shall and may have, receive, 
 and enjoy the benefit thereof in such and the same manner as if the 
 said words had been inserted in their proper place in the said second 
 article, any omission, defect, or mistake in the said second article in 
 any wise notwithstanding. Provided always, and our will and 
 pleasure is, that these our letters patents shall be enrolled in our 
 Court of Chancery in our said kingdom of Ireland within the space 
 of one year next ensuing. In witness, etc. 
 
MILITARY ARTICLES agreed upon between Lieutenant -General 
 Ginckle, Commander-in-chief of the English army, on one side, 
 and the Lieutenant-Generals D'Usson and De Tesse, Commanders- 
 in-chief of the Irish army, on the other side, and the general 
 officers hereunto subscribing : — 
 
 ^o 
 
 1. That all persons, without any exception, of what quality or 
 condition soever, that are willing to leave the kingdom of Ireland, 
 shall have free liberty to go to any country beyond the seas [England 
 and Scotland excepted] where they think fit, with their families, 
 household stuff, plate, and jewels. 
 
 2. That all general officers, colonels, and generally all other 
 officers of horse, dragoons, and foot -guards; troopers, dragoons, 
 soldiers of all kinds that are in any garrison, place, or post, now in 
 the hands of the Irish, or encamped in the counties of Cork, Clare, 
 and Kerry ; as also those called rapparees or volunteers, that are 
 willing to go beyond the seas as aforesaid, shall have free leave to 
 embark themselves wherever the ships are that are appointed to 
 transport them, and to come in whole bodies as they are now com- 
 posed, or in parties, companies, or otherwise, without having any 
 impediment directly or indirectly. 
 
 3. That all persons above mentioned, which are willing to leave 
 Ireland and go into France, shall have leave to declare it at the times 
 and places hereafter mentioned, viz. the troops in Limerick on Tuesday 
 next at Limerick ; the horse at their camp on Wednesday ; and the 
 other forces that are dispersed in the counties of Clare, Kerry, and 
 Cork on the 8th instant, and on none other, before Monsieur 
 Tameron, the French intendant, and Colonel Withers ; and after such 
 declaration is made, the troops that will go into France must remain 
 under the command and discipline of their officers that are to conduct 
 them thither; and deserters on each side shall be given up and 
 punished accordingly. 
 
150 APPENDIX 
 
 4. That all English and Scotch officers that serve now in Ireland 
 shall be included in this capitulation, as well for the security of their 
 estates and goods in England, Scotland, and Ireland [if they are 
 willing to remain here], as for passing freely into France, or any other 
 country to serve. 
 
 5. That all the general French officers, the intendant, the 
 engineers, the commissaries at war, and of the artillery, the 
 treasurer, and other French officers, strangers, and all others what- 
 soever that are in Sligo, Eoss, Clare, or in the army, or that do 
 trade or commerce, or are otherwise employed in any kind of station 
 or condition, shall have free leave to pass into France or any other 
 country, and shall have leave to ship themselves with all their 
 horses, equipage, plate, papers, and all their effects whatever ; and 
 that General Ginckle Avill order transports for them, convoys and 
 carriages, by land and by water, to carry them safe from Limerick to 
 the ships where they shall be embarked, without paying anything for 
 the said carriages, or to those that are employed therein, with their 
 horses, carts, boats, and shallops. 
 
 6. That if any of the aforesaid equipages, merchandise, horses, 
 money, plate, or other movables or household stuff belonging to the 
 said Irish troops or to the French officers or other particular persons 
 whatsoever, be robbed, destroyed, or taken away by the troops of the 
 said general, the said general will order it to be restored, or payment to 
 be made according to the value that is given in upon oath by the person 
 so robbed or plundered ; and the said Irish troops to be transported 
 as aforesaid, and all persons belonging to them, are to observe good 
 orders in their march and quarters, and shall restore whatever they 
 shall take from the country or make restitution for the same. 
 
 7. That to facilitate the transporting the said troops, the general 
 will furnish fifty ships, each ship burthen two hundred tuns, for which 
 the persons to be transported shall not be obliged to pay, and twenty 
 more if there shall be occasion without their paying for them ; and 
 if any of the said ships shall be of lesser burthen, he will furnish more 
 in number to countervail, and also give two men-of-war to embark the 
 principal officers and serve for a convoy to the vessels of burthen. 
 
 8. That a commissary shall be sent forthwith to Cork to visit the 
 transport ships and see what condition they are in for sailing, and 
 that as soon as they are ready, the troops to be transported shall 
 march with all convenient speed the nearest way in order to embark 
 there ; and if there shall be any more men to be transported than can 
 be carried off in the said fifty ships, the rest shall quit the English 
 
APPENDIX 151 
 
 town of Limerick and march to such quarters as shall be appointed 
 for them convenient for their transportation, where they shall remain 
 till the other twenty ships are ready, which they are to be in a 
 month, and may embark on any French ships that may come in 
 the mean while. 
 
 9. That the said ships shall be furnished with forage for horse, 
 and all necessary provisions to subsist the officers, troopers, dragoons, 
 and soldiers, and all other persons that are shipped to be transported 
 into France ; which provision shall be paid for as soon as all are dis- 
 embarked at Brest or Nantz upon the coast of Brittany or any other 
 part of France they can make. 
 
 10. And to secure the return of the said ships [the danger of the 
 seas excepted] and payment for the said provisions, sufficient hostages 
 shall be given. 
 
 11. That the garrisons of Clare castle, Ross, and all other foot 
 that are in garrison in the counties of Clare, Cork, and Kerry, shall 
 have the advantage of this present capitulation ; and such part of 
 those garrisons as design to go beyond seas shall march out with 
 their arms, baggage, drums beating, ball in mouth, match lighted at 
 both ends, and colours flying, with all provisions, and half the ammu- 
 nition that is in the said garrisons, and join the horse that march to 
 be transported ; or if then there is not shipping enough for the body 
 of foot that is to be next transported after the horse, General Ginckle 
 will order that they be furnished with carriages for that purpose ; 
 and what provision they shall want in their march, they paying for 
 the said provisions, or else that they may take it out of their own 
 magazines. 
 
 12. That all the troops of horse and dragoons that are in the 
 counties of Cork, Kerry, and Clare, shall also have the benefit of this 
 capitulation ; and that such as will pass into France shall have 
 quarters given them in the counties of Clare and Kerry apart from 
 the troops that are commanded by General Ginckle until they be 
 shipped ; and within their quarters they shall pay for everything 
 except forage and pasture for their horses which shall be furnished 
 gratis. 
 
 13. Those of the garrison of Sligo that are joined to the Irish army 
 shall have the benefit of this capitulation, and orders shall be sent 
 unto them that are to convoy them up to bring them hither to 
 Limerick the shortest way. 
 
 14. The Irish may have liberty to transport nine hundred horses, 
 including horses for the officers, which shall be transported gratis ; 
 
152 APPENDIX 
 
 and as for the troopers that stay behind, they shall dispose of them- 
 selves as they shall think fit, giving up their arms aud horses to such 
 persons as the general shall appoint. 
 
 15. It shall be permitted to those that are appointed to take 
 care for the subsistence of the horse that are willing to go into France, 
 to buy hay and corn at the king's rates wherever they can find it in 
 the quarters that are assigned for them, without any let or molesta- 
 tion ; and to carry all necessary provision out of the city of Limerick ; 
 and for this purpose the general will furnish convenient carriages for 
 them to the places where they shall be embarked. 
 
 16. It shall be lawful to make use of the hay preserved in the 
 stores of the county of Kerry for the horses that shall be embarked ; 
 and if there be not enough, it shall be lawful to buy hay and oats 
 where ever they can be found at the king's rates. 
 
 17. That all prisoners of war that were in Ireland the 28th of 
 September shall be set at liberty on both sides ; and the General 
 promises to use his endeavours that those that are in England or 
 Flanders shall be set at liberty also. 
 
 18. The general will cause provisions and medicines to be fur- 
 nished to the sick and wounded officers, troopers, dragoons, aud 
 soldiers of the Irish army that cannot pass into France at the first 
 embarkment ; and after they are cured, will order them ships to pass 
 into France if they are willing to go. 
 
 19. That at the signing hereof the general will send a ship express 
 to France, and that besides he will furnish two small ships of those 
 that are now in the river of Limerick to transport two persons into 
 France that are to be sent to give notice of this treaty, and that the 
 commanders of the said ships shall have orders to put ashore at the 
 next port in France they shall make. 
 
 20. That all those of the said troops, officers or soldiers of what 
 character so ever that will pass into France shall not be stopped on 
 the account of debt or other pretext. 
 
 21. If after the signing this present treaty and before the arrival 
 of the fleet, a French packet-boat or other transport-ship shall arrive 
 from France in any part of Ireland, the general will order a passport 
 not only for such as must go on board the said ships, but to the ships 
 to come to the nearest port or place where the troops to be trans- 
 ported shall be quartered. 
 
 22. That after the arrival of the fleet there shall be free com- 
 munication and passage between it and the quarters of the above- 
 said troops ; and especially for all those that have passes from the 
 
APPENDIX 153 
 
 chief commanders of the said fleet or from Monsieur Tameron the 
 intendant. 
 
 23. In consideration of the present capitulation the' two towns of 
 Limerick shall be delivered and put into the hands of the General, 
 or any other person that he shall appoint, at the times and days 
 hereafter specified, viz. the Irish town, except magazines and hospital, 
 on the day of the signing these present articles ; and as for the 
 English town, it shall remain together with the island and free 
 passage of Thomond Bridge in the hands of those of the Irish 
 army that are now in the garrison or that shall hereafter come from 
 the counties of Cork, Clare, Kerry, Sligo, and other places above 
 mentioned, until there shall be conveniency found for their trans- 
 portation. 
 
 24. And to prevent all disorders that may happen between the 
 garrison that the general shall place in the Irish town which shall 
 be delivered to him, and the Irish troops that shall remain in the 
 English town and the island, which they may do until the troops to 
 be embarked on the first fifty ships shall be gone for France, and no 
 longer, they shall intrench themselves on both sides, to hinder the 
 communication of the said garrisons, and it shall be prohibited on 
 both sides to offer any tiling that is offensive, and the parties offending 
 shall be punished on either side. 
 
 25. That it shall be lawful for the said garrison to march out at 
 once or at different times as they can be embarked, with arms, bag- 
 gage, drums beating, match lighted at both ends, bullet in mouth, 
 colours flying, six brass guns such as the besieged shall choose, two 
 mortar pieces, and half the ammunition that is now in the magazines 
 of the said place ; and for this purpose an inventory of all the am- 
 munition in the garrison shall be made in the presence of any person 
 that the general shall appoint the next day after the present articles 
 be signed. 
 
 26. All the magazines of provisions shall remain in the hands of 
 those that are now employed to take care of the same for the subsist- 
 ence of those of the Irish army that will pass into France ; and 
 if there shall not be sufficient in the stores for the support of the 
 said troops whde they stay in this kingdom and are crossing the seas, 
 that upon giving an account of their numbers, the general will furnish 
 them with sufficient provisions at the king's rates; and that there 
 shall be a free market in Limerick and other quarters where the said 
 troops shall be. And in case any provisions shall remain in the 
 magazines of Limerick when the town shall be given up, it shall be 
 
 M 
 
154 APPENDIX 
 
 valued and the price deducted out of what is to be paid for the 
 provisions to be furnished to the troops on shipboard. 
 
 27. That there shall be a cessation of arms at land as also at 
 sea with respect to the ships, whether English, Dutch, or French, 
 designed for the transportation of the said troops until they shall be 
 returned to their respective harbours ; and that on both sides they 
 shall be furnished with sufficient passports both for ships and men ; 
 and if any sea -commander or captain of a ship, any officer, trooper, 
 dragoon, or soldier, or any other person, shall act contrary to this 
 cessation, the persons so acting shall be punished on either side and 
 satisfaction shall be made for the wrong that is done ; and officers 
 shall be sent to the mouth of the river of Limerick to give notice to 
 the commanders of the English and French fleets of the present con- 
 juncture that they may observe the cessation of arms accordingly. 
 
 28. That for surety of the execution of this present capitulation 
 and of each article therein contained, the besieged shall give the 
 following hostages. 
 
 29. If before this capitulation is fully executed there happens any 
 change in the government or command of the army, which is now 
 commanded by General Ginckle, all those that shall be appointed to 
 command the same, shall be obliged to observe and execute what is 
 specified in these articles, or cause it to be executed punctually, and 
 shall not act contrary on any account. 
 
 D'Usson, 
 
 Le Chevalier de Tesse, 
 
 Latour Montfort, 
 
 Mark Talbot, 
 
 Lucan, 
 
 Jo. Wauchop, 
 
 Galmoy, 
 
 m. purcell. 
 
 THE END 
 
 Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh. 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE LEGISLATIVE UNION OF 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 
 
 Demy 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Mr. John Bright in his letter to the Times, 8th August 1SS7, says :— " I have read Mr. 
 Dunbar Ingrain's book with great interest, and hope it may be widely read. . . . Mr. Ingram's 
 excellent book will be very useful with all who can read and reason upon the great contest 
 which is now before us." 
 
 The Spectator says :— " With the greatest possible delight we recognise that this task has 
 been fairly undertaken by very competent hands, and that the result is, on the whole, in the 
 highest degree satisfactory. . . . The service which he has rendered to the country at tin' 
 present time is very great ; and we cannot too strongly urge all those who care to be brought 
 into contact with original authorities, and to have decisive evidence laid before them, to con- 
 vince themselves how completely baseless most of the charges against Pitt and Castlereagh 
 are. . . . We heartily commend the book to the attention of all those who either care for the 
 honour of English statesmen in the past or who have been affected in the present controversy 
 by the argument that her independence was in 1801 filched from Ireland by the influence of 
 English gold poured into the lap of traitors." 
 
 The St. James's Gazette says :— " He has dealt with his task with a praiseworthy industry. 
 He never exceeds the scope of his work. His facts are well authenticated, and the conclusions 
 
 lie draws from them are fair and temperate." 
 
 The Scotsman says : — " His History of the Legislative Union may be recommended as an 
 interesting and valuable discussion of the question ; and Mr. Ingram has the high merit of 
 giving chapter and verse for all his most potent assertions. . . . Nobody can read his book 
 without coming to the conclusion that many of the popular theories respecting the passing of 
 the Union are absolutely devoid of foundation." 
 
 The Guardian says : — " It is for the most part valuable . . . for its facts, which are 
 admirably full. . . . 'The Union was practically carried in 1799.' There is thus neither good 
 evidence nor good presumption in favour of the wild language with which we are so 
 familiar. Such is the case which Dr. Dunbar Ingram lays before us with great care and 
 skill." 
 
 John Bull says : — " Dr. Ingram has done good service in the compilation of ' A History of 
 the Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland.' In it he has exposed many popular err< >rs 
 and misconceptions relative to that history. . . . It is most advisable at the present time that 
 the clouds of misrepresentation . . . should be dispelled by the plain statement of facts here 
 put forward, supported as it is by documentary evidence which cannot be shaken." 
 
 The Glasgow Herald says:— "This is a very able, and, in the present political crisis, a 
 very important work. ... It is impossible here to follow the chain of evidence which Mr. 
 Ingram has, with painstaking labour, evolved in support of his assertions. It is clear, 
 coherent, and incontestable. He abundantly makes out his case, and is to be complimented 
 upon one of the most valuable additions to the literature of the Irish question." 
 
 The Adelaide Observer says :—" The book, apart from the question of his partisanship, 
 contains much information which will be welcomed by the ordinary reader who wishes to 
 obtain an insight into the relations which existed between England, afterwards Great Britain, 
 and Ireland prior to 1S00." 
 
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 Letters on Unionist Delusions. By A. V. Dicey, B.C.L., of the Inner 
 
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 The Guardian says : — " Mr. Dicey writes both as a man of letters and as a man of war. He 
 is just the adviser whom the times need. His arguments are tlm.se of a quietly reflecting 
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 nant we have ever read. . . . We cannot thank Mr. Dicey enough for the service he has 
 rendered to the Unionist cause by its publication. It ought to form the combative text- book 
 of every combative Unionist." 
 
 The Belfast Northern Whig says : — " These remarkable letters. . . . Their publication at the 
 present juncture is opportune, and Professor Dicey's little volume should have a wide cir- 
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 Political Essays. By James Russell Lowell, author of ' ' Democracy 
 Other Addresses," etc. Extra crown Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 The Academy says : — " The essays Mr. Lowell has reprinted are important, not alone for their 
 historical interest — which is considerable — but still more because they show us clearly the 
 attitude and the tone of 'the independent in politics' at the time of the great national crisis." 
 
 Now publishing, crown 8vo, price 2s. M. each. 
 
 TWELVE ENGLISH STATESMEN. 
 
 The Times says : — " We had thought that the cheap issues of uniform volumes on all manner 
 of subjects were being overdone ; but the "Twelve English Statesmen," published by Messrs. 
 Macmillan, induce us to reconsider that opinion. Without making invidious comparisons, we 
 may say that nothing better of the sort has yet appeared, if we may judge by the five volumes 
 before us. The names of the writers speak for themselves." 
 
 William the Conqueror. By Edward A. 
 
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 The Morning Post says : — "All who wish for the dissemination of sound ideas calculated to 
 refute the present fallacies advocated by many on the proprietorship of land will welcome 
 Lady Verney's book. In a small space her book offers a large amount of interesting and highly 
 instructive information." 
 
 The Perthshire ^Advertiser says: — "Lady Verney's remarks are particularly appropriate at 
 this time when so much is being talked about peasant ownerships in Ireland." 
 
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 dition of the peasantry in Europe.",, 
 
 Works by the Author of "Hogan, M.R" 
 Globe Svo. 2s. each. 
 
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 The Honourable Miss Ferrard. Weeds; and other Sketches. 
 
 Ismay's Children. Christy Carew. 
 
 The Times says of Ismay' s Children : — " Another novel from the pen of the author of if 
 
 M. I'., and one which can have nothing but commendation. . . . The series of pictures which it 
 comprises of Irish life and character is full of beauty, humour, and pathos." 
 
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 is not too much to say that Ismay' s Children is one that has depicted most powerfully and 
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 imagination and bites itself in the memory." 
 
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
 DEC 2 1947 
 
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