HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF PERU. VOL. II. HISTORY OF THE CONQUEST OF PEBU; WITH A PRELIMINARY VIEW OF THE CIVILIZATION OF THE INCAS. BY WILLIAM H. PEESCOTT, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE FRENCH INSTITUTE; OK THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY AT MADRID, ETC. ' Congestse cumulantur opes, orbiaque rapinas Accipit." CLAUDIAN, In Buf., lib. i. v. 194. 1 So color de religion Vnn a buscar plata y oro Del encnbierto tesoro." LOPE DE VET.A. El Nuevo Mundo, Jorn. 1. $r&j Hnb ISrfoisrb (Sbitbit, WITH THE AUTHOR'S LATEST CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. EDITED BY JOHF FOSTER KIRK. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME II. LONDOX GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL MANCHESTER AND NEW YORK Stack Annex CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. BOOK III. CONQUEST OF PERU continued. CHAPTER IX. NEW INCA CROWNED. MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS. TERRIBLE MARCH OF ALVARADO. INTERVIEW WITH PIZARRO. FOUNDATION OF LIMA. HERNANDO PIZARRO REACHES SPAIN. SENSATION AT COURT. FEUDS OF ALMAGRO AND THE PIZARROS, p. 1. Inca Manco crowned. . . . Spanish Government in Cuzco Christian Churches founded . Labours of the Missionaries . PAGE . 2 3 5 5 Sharp Encounters with the Natives 7 Landing of Pedro de Alvarado 7 His March to Quito .... 8 Terrible Passage of the Puertos Nevados 9 Sufferings from Cold and Star- vation 9 Eruption of Cotopaxi ... 10 Alvarado reaches the Table- land 11 Benalcazar's Expedition . . 12 Almagro's Pursuit .... 13 Agreement between Alvarado and Almagro 14 Pizarro at Xauxa 15 flis Meeting with Alvarado . 16 Site for a new Capital ... 18 PAGE Foundation of Lima .... 19 Almagro goes to Cuzco ... 20 Hernando Pizarro sentto Spain 21 Admitted to an Audience by the Emperor 23 Royal Grants to the Con- querors 22 Sensation produced by his Ac- counts 23 Returns with a lar^e Arma- ment 24 His Sufferings at Nombre de Dios 25 Elation of Almagro .... 26 Difficulty between him and Pizarro 27 Reconciliation effected ... 28 Singular Compact .... 29 Almagro's Expedition to Chili 30 Pizarro embellishes his Capital 31 His tranquil Occupations . . 3i CONTENTS. CHAPTER X. ESCAPE OF THE INCA. RETURN OF HERNANDO PIZARRO. RISING OP THE PERUVIANS. SIEGE AND BURNING OF CUZCO. DISTRESSES OP THE SPANIARDS. STORMING OF THE FORTRESS. PIZARRO's DISMAY. THE INCA RAISES THE SIEGE, p. 33. PAGE Condition of the conquered Country 34 Inca Manco 35 Conspiracy of the Peruvians . 35 Escape and Recapture of the Inca ; . . 36 Kindly treated by Hernando Pizarro 37 The Inca's final Escape ... 38 Hotly pursued by Juan Pizarro 39 Defeated on the Yucay ... 40 Juan Pizarro entangled in the Mountains 41 Summoned back to Cuzco . . 41 The Indians besiege it ... 42 Anxiety of the Spaniards . . 43 Firing of the City .... 44 Terrible Conflagration ... 45 Perilous Condition of the Span- iards 47 Desperate Combats .... 47 Distress of the Besieged . . 48 Their resolute Determination . 49 PAGE Furious Sally 50 Discipline of the Natives . . 51 Terrible Slaughter of them . 52 The Spaniards storm the Cita- del .... 53 Death of Juan Pizarro ... 55 Heroism of an Inca Noble . 55 The Fortress taken .... 56 Scarcity -of Provisions ... 57 Reinforcements cut otf . . . 57 Consternation of the Spaniards 59 Pizarro seeks Supplies from the North 59 The Inca withdraws his Forces 6 1 Chivalrous Encounters ... 61 Attempt to seize the Inca . . 62 Attack on his ' Quarters at Tambo 63 The Spaniards compelled to Retreat 64 Biographical Notice of Pedro Pizarro 65 Notice of Montesinoa ... 67 BOOK IV. CIVIL WARS OF THE CONQUERORS. CHAPTER I. JLLMAGRO'S MARCH TO CHILI. SUFFERINGS OF THE TROOPS. HE RE- TURNS AND SEIZES CUZCO. ACTION OF ABANCAY. CASPAR DE ESPINOSA. ALMAGRO LEAVES CUZCO. NEGOTIATIONS WITH PIZARRO, p. 69. Almagro sets out for Chili . . 69 Wild Scenery of the Andes . 70 Numbers perish of Cold and Famine 70 Horrible Sufferings of his Army 70 Cruelty towards his Indian Allies 71 Overtaken by Rodrigo de Or- goiiez 72 Receives bad Tidings from the South 73 Returns by the Desert of Ata- cama 74 Many perish among the Sands 74 Arrives near Cuzco .... 75 Battle with the Inca's Troops 75 Claims Jurisdiction over Cuzco 76 Takes Possession of the Place 78 CONTENTS. Vll PAGE Captures Hernando and Gon- zalo Pizarro 78 Orgonez advises their Death . 79 Marches against Alonso de Al- varado 80 Battle of Abancay .... 81 Almagro defeats and takes him Prisoner 81 Returns to Cuzco 82 Pizarro greatly alarmed . . 82 Sends Espinosa to negotiate . 83 Death of his Emissary ... 83 PAGB Critical Situation of the Bro- thers Pizarro 85 Almagro leaves Cuzeo for the Coast 86 Stormy Conference with Fran- cisco Pizarro 87 Bitter Feelings of Almagro . 87 Political Concessions of Pizarro 88 Treaty concluded between them .' .- 89 Hernando set at Liberty . . 89 CHAPTER IL FIRST CIVIL WAR. ALMAGRO RETREATS TO CUZCO. BATTLE OF LAS SALINAS. CRUELTY OF THE CONQUERORS. TRIAL AND EXECUTION OP ALMAGRO. HIS CHARACTER, p. 91. Pizarro prepares for War . . 91 Perfidiously breaks the Treaty 92 Almagro disabled by Illness . 92 He retreats to Cuzco ... 92 Orgonez takes Command of the Forces 93 Hernando Pizarro marches against him 94 Composition of the Army . . 96 His Order of Battle .... 96 Attacks Orgouez 97 Bloody Battle of Las Salinas . 98 Heroism and Death of Orgonez 99 Rout of the Army .... 99 Almagro taken Prisoner . . 100 Assassination of Pedro de Lerma 101 Hernando occupies Cuzco . . 102 Illness and Distress of Almagro 103 He is brought to Trial . . .104 Sentenced to Death .... 105 Earnestly sues for Life . . .105- Appoints his Son his Successor 106- Is strangled in Prison . . . 108- His Character 109 His free and liberal Temper . 109 Unfortunate Connection with Pizarro ...... Ill, CHAPTER III. PIZARRO REVISITS CUZCO. HERNANDO RETURNS TO CASTILE. HIS LON IMPRISONMENT. COMMISSIONER SENT TO PERU. HOSTILITIES WITH THE INCA. PIZARRO'S ACTIVE ADMINISTRATION. GONZALO PIZARRO, p. 1 12. Pizarro marches towards Cuzco 112 Learns Almagro's Death . .113 His own Agency in it . . .113 His arrogant Conduct . . .114 Gross Partiality to his Family 115 Hernando returns with much Gold to Spain 116. His Warning to his Brother . 117 Coldly received at Court . .118 Is thrown into Prison . . .119 Detained there for many Years 119 His Character 120 Disorderly State of Peru . .121 Commissioners sent out by the Crown 122" Vaca de Castro arrives in Peru 123 War with the Inca Manco . . 124- Cruelty of Pizarro to one of his Wives 125- Pizarro establishes Settlements in Peru 126- His Journey to Lima . . . 127 His efficient Administration . 127 Gonzalo Pizarro sent to Quito 128 Character of that Chief . . 129 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. GONZALO PIZARRO'S EXPEDITION. PASSAGE ACROSS THE MOTTNTAINS. DISCOVERS THE NAPO. INCREDIBLE SUFFERINGS. OBELLANA SAILS DOWN THE AMAZON. DESPAIR OF THE SPANIARDS. THE SURVIVORS RETURN TO QUITO, p. 130. PAGK Expedition to the Land of Cin- namon 130 Gonzalo leads it 131 Tempestuous Weather on the March 131 Forests of enormous Growth . 132 Miseries and Sufferings of the Spaniards 132 They arrive on the Borders of theNapo 134 Stupendous Cataract . . .134 Perilous Passage of the River 135 They construct a Brigantine . 136 PAGE Orenana takes Command of it 137 They reach the Banks of the Amazon 138 Orellana's Wonderful Voyage 139 His subsequent Fate . . . .140 Dismal Situation of the Span- iards 141 Courageous Spirit of Gonzalo . 142 Their Return through the Wil- derness 142 Frightful Mortality . . . .143 Survivors re-enter Quito . . 144 CHAPTER V. THE ALMAGRO FACTION. THEIR DESPERATE CONDITION. CONSPIRACY AGAINST FRANCISCO PIZARRO. ASSASSINATION OF PIZARRO. ACTS OF THE CONSPIRATORS. PIZARRO'S CHARACTER, p. 146. Pizarro's Policy towards the Men of Chili 147 Their destitute Condition . . 148 Pizarro's contemptuous Treat- ment of them 148 Their Disaffection .... 149 Conspiracy against Pizarro . 150 Betrayed to him 150 His strange Insensibility . .151 Assaulted in his Palace . . .153 Is deserted by his Friends . . 155 His Coolness and Intrepidity . 156 His desperate Defence . . .157 His Death .... .157 Proceedings of the Conspirators 158 Fate of Pizarro's Remains . .160 His Family 161 His Personal Appearance . . 161 His Liberality 163 His Want of Education. . . 163 His Courage and Constancy . 165 His inflexible Spirit . . . .166 Compared with Cortes . . .167 His Treatment of the Indians 169 Want of Religion 160 His Avarice and Ambition . 170 Extenuating Circumstances . 171 CHAPTER VI. MOVEMENTS OF THE CONSPIRATORS. ADVANCE OF VACA DE CASTRO. PROCEEDINGS OF ALMAGRO. -PROGRESS OF THE GOVERNOR. THE FORCES APPROACH EACH OTHER. BLOODY PLAINS OF CHUI'AS. CON- DUCT OF VACA DE CASTRO, p. 173. Arrival of Vaca de Castro . .174 Difficulties of his Situation . 175 He assumes the Government . 175 Almagro strengthens himself at Lima 176 Massacre of Bishop Valverde His fanatical Character . . Irresolution of Almagro . Death of Juan de Rada . . Almagro occupies Cuzco . 178 178 180 180 182 CONTENTS. IX PAGE Puts to Death Garcia de Al- varado 182 His energetic Operations . . 183 He vainly attempts to negotiate 184 His Address to his Troops. . 184 Amount of his Forces . . .185 Marches against Vaca de Castro 186 Progress of the Governor . . 187 His politic Management . . 188 Reaches Lima 189 Musters his Army at Xauxa . 189 Declines the Aid of Gonzalo Pizarro 191 Negotiates with Almagro . .192 His Terms rejected .... 193 Occupies the Plains of Chupas 193 Advance of Almagro . . . 194 The Governor forms in Order of Battle . . 194 PAGi Addresses the Soldiers . . . 195 Dispositions of Almagro . . 196 Francisco de Carbajal . . . 197 He leads the Royal Army . . 197 Bloody Conflict . . . . .199 Bravery of Carbajal .... 200 Night overtakes the Com- batants 200 Almagro's Army give way . 201 His heroic Efforts .... 202 He is made Prisoner .... 204 Number of the Slain . . . 204 Execution of Almagro . . . 206 His Character 206 Gonzalo Pizarro at Cuzco . . 207 Laws for the Government of the Colonies 208 Wise Conduct of Vaca de - Castro. . , .209 CHAPTER VII. ABUSES BY THE CONQUERORS. CODE FOB THE COLONIES. GREAT EX- CITEMENT IN PERU. BLASCO NUNEZ THE VICEROY. HIS SEVERE POLICY. OPPOSED BY GONZALO PIZARRO, p. 211. Forlorn Condition of the Na- tives 212 Brutal Conduct of the Con- querors 213 Their riotous Waste .... 214 Remonstrances of Government 216 Humane Efforts of Las Casas .217 Royal Ordinances 219 Viceroy and Audience for Peru 220 Great Commotion in the Colo- nies 221 Anxiety of Vaca de Castro . 222 Colonists apply to Gonzalo Pizarro 223 Blasco Nunez Vela, the Viceroy 224 He arrives in the New World 225 His high-handed Measures . 226 The Country thrown in to Con- sternation 227 Gonzalo Pizarro repairs to Cuzco 229 Assumes the Title of Procu- rator ........ 229 His ambitious Views . 23P CHAPTER VIII. THE VICEROY ARRIVES AT LIMA. GONZALO PIZARRO MARCHES FROM CUZCO. DEATH OF THE INCA MANCO. RASH CONDUCT OF THE VICEROY. SEIZED AND DEPOSED BY THE AUDIENCE. GONZALO PEC- CLAIMED GOVERNOR OF PERU, p. 231. Blasco Nunez, the Viceroy, enters Lima 231 r .Iis impolitic Behaviour . . 232 Discontent of the Colonists . 233 Gonzalo Pizarro assembles an Army 233 Marches from Cuzco .... 234 Death of the Inca Manco . . 235 Hesitation of Gonzalo Pizarro 236 Reassured by Popular Favour 237 Suspicious Temper of the Vice- roy 238 He confines Vaca de Castro . 239 He prepares for War . . . 239 Audience arrive at Lima . . 240 CONTENTS. PAGE Disapprove the Viceroy's Pro- ceedings 240 Murder of Suarez de Carbajal 241 Rash Design of the Viceroy . 243 Thwarted by the Audience . 244 Made Prisoner in his Palace . 245 Sent back to Spain .... 245 Gonzalo Pizarro claims the Government 246 FAGB Cruelties of Carbajal . . . 24-T Audience grant Pizarro's De- mands 248 His triumphant Entry into Lima 248 Proclaimed Governor . . . 24i> Rejoicings of the People . . 249 CHAPTER IX. MEASURES OF GOKTZALO PIZARRO. ESCAPE OF VACA DE CASTRO. RE- APPEARANCE OF THE VICEROY. HIS DISASTROUS RETREAT. DEFEAT AND DEATH OF THE VICEROY. GONZALO PIZARR3 LORD OF PERU r p. 251. Gonzalo Pizarro establishes his Authority 251 Vaca de Castro escapes to Spain 252 Is there thrown into Confine- ment 253 The Viceroy Blasco Nunez set on Shore 254 Musters a Force at San Miguel 255 Gonzalo marches against him 256 Surprises him by Night . . 257 Pursues him across the Moun- tains 257 Terrible Sufferings of the Armies 259 Disaffection among the Vice- roy's Followers 260 He puts several Cavaliers to Death .... ? . ... 260 Enters Quito 262 Driven onward to Popayan . 263 Reinforced by Benalcazar . . 263 Stratagem of Pizarro . . . 264 Blasco Nunez approaches Quito . 265 Attempts to surprise Gonzalo Pixarro 266 Determines to give him Battle 267 Addresses his Troops . . . 267 Inferiority of his Forces . . 268 Battle of Aiiaqui to .... 269" The Viceroy defeated . . . 270 Slain on the Field .... 271 Great Slaughter of his Troops 272 Character of Blasco Nunez . 273 Difficulty of his Position . . 274l Moderation of Gonzalo Pizarro 275 His Triumphant Progress to Lima 276 Undisputed Master of Peru . 277 Carbajal's Pursuit of Centeno 278 He works the Mines of Potosi 279 State assumed by Pizarro . . 280 Urged to shake off his Alle- giance 280 1 His Hesitation 281 Critical Notices of Herrera and Gomara 282 Life and Writings of Oviedo . 283. And of Cieza de Leon . . 285- CONTENTS. xi BOOK V. SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY. CHAPTER L GREAT SENSATION IN SPAIN. PEDRO DE LA GASCA. HIS EARLY LIFE. HIS MISSION TO PERU. HIS POLITIC CONDUCT. HIS OFFERS TO PIZARRO. GAINS THE FLEET, p. 287. PAGE Consternation produced in Spain 287 Embarrassments of the Govern- ment 288 Conciliatory Measures adopted 289 Pedro de la Gasca . . . . 290 Account of his early Life . . 290 Selected for the Peruvian Mis- sion 293 Receives the Instructions of Government 294 Demands unlimited Powers Granted by the Emperor . Refuses a Bishopric . . . Sails from San Lucar . . State of Things in Peru Gasca arrives at Nombre Dios . ... 296 296 298 299 299 300 His plain and unpretending Demeanour ...... 300 de PAGE He gains over Mexia . . .301 Cautious Reception of him by Hinojosa 302 He distributes Letters through the Country 303 Communicates with Gonzalo Pizarro 303 His Letters to him and Cepeda 305 He is detained at Panamd . . 306 Refuses to employ Violent Measures ....... 307 Secret Anxiety of Pizarro . . 308 He sends Aldana to Spain . . 309 Interview of Aldana with Gasca ........ 310 He embraces the Royal Cause 312 Hinojosa surrenders the Fleet to Gasca 313 Gasca's temperate Policy suc- ceeds . . . 313 CHAPTER II. GASCA ASSEMBLES HIS FORCES. DEFECTION OF GONZALO PIZARRO'S FOLLOWERS. HE MUSTERS HIS LEVIES. AGITATION IN LIMA. HE ABANDONS THE CITY. GASCA SAILS FROM PANAMA. BLOODY BATTLE OF HUARINA, p. 314. Gasca seeks Supplies of Men and Money ...... 314 Aldana sent with a Squadron to Lima 315 Influence of Gasca's Proclama- tions 315 Change of Sentiment in the Country 316 Letter of Gasca to Pizarro. . 316 Different Views of Carbajal and Cepeda ".317 Centeno seizes Cuzco for the Crown . 319 Gonzalo's active Measures . . 320 Splendid Equipment of his Army 320 He becomes suspicious and violent 322 Solemn Farce of Cepeda . . 323 Aldana arrives off Lima . . 324 Gonzalo's Followers desert to him 325 Perplexity of that Chief . . 326 He marches out of Lima . . 327 Tempestuous Voyage of Gasca 329 He lards at Tumbez . . 330 Xll CONTENTS. PAGE Encamps at Xatixa .... 331 Gonzalo resolves to retire to Chili 332 Centeno intercepts him . . . 333 Pizarro advances to Lake Titi- caca 334 The two Armies approach Huarina 334 Inferiority of the rebel Army 335 Carbajal's Arquebusiers . . 335 Battle of Huarina . . 338 PAGB Centeno's Cavalry bear down all before them .... 339 Critical Situation of Pizarro . 339 Carbajal's Musketeers retrieve the Day 340 Decisive Victory of the Rebels 341 Great Loss on both Sides . . 342 Escape of Centeno .... 343 Gonzalo Pizarro enters Cuzco in Triumph 345 CHAPTER III. DISMAY IN QASCA'S CAMP. HIS WINTER QUARTERS. RESUMES HIS MARCH. CROSSES THE APURIMAC. PIZARRO's CONDUCT IN CUZCO. HE ENCAMPS NEAR THE CITY. ROUTE OP XAQUIXAGUANA, p. 347. Consternation in the Royal Camp 347 Energetic Measures of the President 348 He marches to Andaguaylas . 349 Joined by Valdivia from Chili 349 Excellent Condition of Gasca's Troops 351 He sets out for Cuzco . . . 352 Difficult Passage of the Andes 352 He throws a Bridge over the Apurimac 353 Great Hazard in crossing the River 354 Dangerous Ascent of the Sierra 356 He encamps on the Heights . 357 Gonzalo Pizarro's careless In- difference 357 Wise Council of Carbajal . . 358 Rejected by his Commander . 359 Acosta detached to guard the Passes .361 Tardy Movements of that Officer 362 Valley of Xaquixaguana . . 362 Selected as a Battle-ground by Pizarro . 363 Gonzalo takes up a Position there 364 Approach of the Royal Army 365 Skirmish oil the Heights . . 366 The President fears a Night- Attack 367 The Armies drawn up in Battle-Array 367 Chivalrous Bearing of Gonzalo 367 Desertion of Cepeda . . . 369 His example followed by others 37 1 A Panic seizes the rebel Troops 372 They break up and disperse . 372 Pizarro surrenders himself Prisoner 373 Sternly received by Gasca. . 373 Capture of Carbajal .... 375 Great Booty of the Victors . 376 CHAPTER IV. EXECUTION OF CARBAJAL. GONZALO PIZARRO BEHEADED. SPOILS OP VICTORY. WISE REFORMS BY GASCA. HE RETURNS TO SPAIN. HIS DEATH AND CHARACTER, p. 379. Sentence passed on the Pri- soners. , . 379 Indifference of Carbajal . . 380 Ais Execution ...... 381 His early Life ...... 382 Atrocities committed by him in Peru 3 His caustic Repartees . . . 383 His Military Science . . . 384 Execution of Gonzalo Pizarro 38 17 CONTENTS. X11J PAGE His Conduct on the Scaffold . 387 Confiscation of his Estates . 387 His early History .... 388 His brilliant Exterior . . . 389 His Want of Education . . 390 Fate of Cepeda 392 And of Gonzalo's Officers . . 392 Gasca occupies Cuzco . . . 392 Gasca's Difficulty in apportion- ing Rewards 393 His Letter to the Army . . 394 Value of Repartimientos . . 395 Murmurs of the Soldiery . . 396 The President goes to Lima . 397 His Care for the Natives . . 398 He abolishes Slavery in the Colonies 399 Introduces wholesome Reforms 400 Tranquillity restored to the Country 400 PAQK He refuses numerous Presents 403 Embarks for Panamd . . . 403 His narrow Escape there . . 404 Sails from Nombre de Dios . 404 Arrives with his Treasure at Seville 404 Graciously received by the Emperor 405 Made Bishop of Siguenza . . 405 His Death 406 His personal Appearance . . 407 Admirable Balance of his Qualities 408 His Common Sense .... 409 His Rectitude and Moral Courage 409 Concluding Reflections . . . 410 Critical Notice of Zarate . .412 Life and Writings of Fernan- dez 414 APPENDIX. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. Description of the Inca's Pro- gresses 417 Account of the great Peruvian road 418 Policy of the Incas in their Conquests 419 Will of Mancio Sierra Le- jesema 421 Interview between Pedrarias and Almagro 423 Contract of Pizarro with Al- magro and Luque .... 424 Capitulation of Pizarro with the Queen 428 Accounts of Atahuallpa's Sei- zure 434 Personal Habits of Atahuallpa 438 Accounts of Atahuallpa's Exe- cution 440 Contract between Pizarro and Almagro 444 Letter of Almagro the Younger to the Audience .... 446 Letter of the Municipality of Arequipa to Charles the Fifth 449 Sentence passed on Gonzalo Pizarro . . .451 453 CONQUEST OF PERU, BOOK III. CONQUEST OF PERU. (CONTINUED.) CHAPTER IX. New Inca Crowned. Municipal Regulations. Terrible March of Alvarado. Interview with Pizarro. Foundation of Lima. Hernando Pizarro reaches Spain. Sensation at Court. Feuds of Almagro and the Pizarros. 15341535. THE first care of the Spanish general, after the divi- sion of the booty, was to place Manco on the throne and to obtain for him the recognition of his country- men. He, accordingly, presented the young prince to them as their future sovereign, the legitimate son of Huayna Capac, and the true heir of the Peruvian sceptre The annunciation was received with enthusiasm by tin people, attached to the memory of his illustrious father, and pleased that they were still to have a monarch rule over them of the ancient line of Cuzco. Every thing was done to maintain the illusion with the Indian population. The ceremonies of a corona- tion were studiously observed. The young prince kept VOL. II. 2 CONQUEST OF PERU. [COOK in. the prescribed fasts and vigils ; and on the appointed day the nobles and the people, with the whole Spanish soldiery, assembled in the great square of Cuzco to witness the concluding ceremony. Mass was publicly performed by Father Valverde, and the Inca Manco received the fringed diadem of Peru, not from the hand of the high-priest of his nation, but from his conqueror, Pizarro. The Indian lords then tendered their obeisance in the customary form ; after which the royal notary read aloud the instrument asserting the supremacy of the Castilian crown, and requiring the homage of all present to its authority. This address was explained by an interpreter, and the ceremony of homage was performed by each one of the parties wav- ing the royal banner of Castile twice or thrice with his hands. Manco then pledged the Spanish commander in a golden goblet of the sparkling chicha ; and, the latter having cordially embraced the new monarch, the trumpets announced the conclusion of the ceremony. 1 But it was not the note of triumph, but of humiliation ; for it proclaimed that the armed foot of the stranger was in the halls of the Peruvian Incas ; that the cere- mony of coronation was a miserable pageant; that their prince himself was but a puppet in the hands of his conqueror ; and that the glory of the Children of the Sun had departed for ever ! Yet the people readily yielded to the illusion, and seemed willing to accept this image of their ancient independence. The accession of the young monarch was greeted by all the usual fetes and rejoicings. The mummies of his royal ancestors, with such ornaments 1 Pedro Pizarro, Descub.y Conq., musio, torn. iii. foL 407. MS. Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ra- CHAP, is.] NEW INCA CROWNED. 3 as were still left to them, were paraded in the great square. They were attended each by his own nume- rous retinue, who performed all the menial offices, as if the object of them were alive and could feel their im- port. Each ghostly form took its seat at the banquet- table how, alas ! stripped of the magnificent service with which it was wont to blaze at these high festivals, and the guests drank deep to the illustrious dead. Dancing succeeded the carousal, and the festivities, prolonged to a late hour, were continued night after night by the giddy population, as if their conquerors had not been intrenched in the capital ! 2 What a con- trast to the Aztecs in the conquest of Mexico ! Pizarro's next concern was to organize a municipal) government for Cuzco, like those in the cities of the- parent country. Two alcaldes were appointed, andl eight regidores, among which last functionaries were his brothers Gonzalo and Juan. The oaths of office were administered with great solemnity, on the twenty- fourth of March, 1534, in presence both of Spaniards and Peruvians, in the public square ; as if the general were willing by this ceremony to intimate to the latter that, while they retained the semblance of their ancient institutions, the real power was henceforth vested in their conquerors. 3 He invited Spaniards to settle itt 2 Pedro Pizairo,Descub. y Conq., Relation del primer Descub., MS.. MS. " Luego por la maiiana iba al 3 Fed. Sancho, Rel., ap. Ramusio,. enterramiento donde estaban cada torn. iii. fol. 409. Montesinos, uno por orden embalsamados como Annales, MS., ano 1534. Actto es dicho, y asentados en sus sillas, de la fundacion del Cuzco, MS. y con mucha veneracion y respeto, This instrument, which belongs to todos por orden los sacaban de alii the collection of Munoz, records y los traliian a la ciudad, teniendo not only the names of the magis- cada uno su litera, y hombres con trates, but of the vecinos who formed en librea, que le trujesen, y ansi the first population of the Christian desta manera todo el servicio y capital, aderezos como si est^iera vivo." B 2 4 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK in. the place by liberal grants of lands and houses, for which means were afforded by the numerous palaces and public buildings of the Incas ; and many a cava- lier who had been too poor in his own country to find a place to rest in now saw himself the proprietor of a spacious mansion that might have entertained the retinue of a prince. 4 From this time, says an old chronicler, Pizarro, who had hitherto been distin- guished by his military title of " Captain-General," was addressed by that of "Governor."* Both had been bestowed on him by the royal grant. Nor did the chief neglect the interests of religion. Father Valverde, whose nomination as Bishop of Cuzco not long afterwards received the Papal sanction, pre- pared to enter*on the duties of his office. A place was selected for the cathedral of his diocese, facing the plaza. A spacious monastery subsequently rose on the ruins of the gorgeous House of the Sun ; its walls were constructed of the ancient stones ; the altar was raised on the spot where shone the bright image of dhe Peru- vian deity, and the cloisters of the Indian temple were trodden by the friars of St. Dominic. 6 To make the metamorphosis more complete, the House of the Virgins of the Sun was replaced by a Roman Catholic nunnery. 7 4 Aclto de la fundacion del of the cavaliers among whom the Cuzco, MS. Pedro Pizarro, Des- buildings were distributed, cub. y Conq., MS. Garcilasso, 5 Montesinos, Annales, ano 1534. Com. Real., Parte 1, lib. 7, cap. 9, 8 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 1, 'et seq. When a building was of lib. 3, cap. 20 ; lib. 6, cap. 21. immense size, as happened with Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. some of the temples and palaces, it 7 Ulloa, Voyage to South Ame- was assigned to two or even three rica, book 7, ch. 12. " The Indian of the Conquerors, who each took nuns," says the author of the Rela- his share of it. Garcilasso, who cion del primer Descub., "lived describes the city as it was soon chastely and in a holy manner." after the Conquest, commemorates " Their chastity was all a feint," with sufficient prolixity the names says Pedro Pizarro, " for they had CHAP, ix.] MUNICIPAL REGULATIONS. 5 Christian churches and monasteries gradually sup- planted the ancient edifices, and such of the latter as were suffered to remain, despoiled of their heathen in- signia, were placed under the protection of the Cross. The Fathers of St. Dominic, the Brethren of the Order of Mercy, and other missionaries, now busied themselves in the good work of conversion. "VVe have seen that Pizarro was required by the crown to bring out a certain number of these holy men in his own vessels ; and every succeeding vessel brought an addi- tional reinforcement of ecclesiastics. They were not all like the Bishop of Cuzco, with hearts so seared by fanaticism as to be closed against sympathy with the unfortunate natives. 8 They were, many of them, men of singular humility, who followed in the track of the conqueror to scatter the seeds of spiritual truth, and, with disinterested zeal, devoted themselves to the propa- gation of the gospel. Thus did their pious labours prove them the true soldiers of the Cross, and show that the object so ostentatiously avowed of carrying its banner among the heathen nations was not an empty vaunt. The effort to Christianize the heathen is an honour- able characteristic of the Spanish conquests. The Puri- tan, with equal religious zeal, did comparatively little for constant amours with the atten- of Xauxa, in a communication to the dants of the temple." (Descub. y Court, extol the Dominican as an Conq., MS.) What is truth ? In exemplary and learned divine, who statements so contradictory, we had afforded much serviceable con- may accept the most favourable to eolation to his countrymen : " Es the Peruvians. The prejudices of persona de mucho exemplo i Doc- tlie Conquerors certainly did not trinaiconquientodoslosEspanoles lie on that side. an tenido mucho consuelo." (Carta 8 Such, however, it is but fair to de la Just, y Reg. de Xauxa, MS.) Valverdetostate,isnotthelanguage And yet this is not incompatible applied to him by the rude soldiers with a high degree of insensibility of the Conquest. The municipality to the natural rights of the natives. 6 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK in. the conversion of the Indian, content, as it would seem, with having secured to himself the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in his own way. Other adventurers who have occupied the New World have often had too little regard for religion themselves, to be very solici- tous about spreading it among the savages. But the Spanish missionary, from first to last, has shown a keen interest in the spiritual welfare of the natives. Under his auspices, churches on a magnificent scale have been erected, schools for elementary instruction founded, and every rational means taken to spread the knowledge of religious truth, while he has carried his solitary mis- sion into remote and almost inaccessible regions, or gathered his Indian disciples into communities, like the good Las Casas in Cumana, or the Jesuits in Cali- fornia and Paraguay. At all times, the courageous ecclesiastic has been ready to lift his voice against the cruelty of the conqueror and the no less wasting cupidity of the colonist ; and when his remonstrances, as was too often the case, have proved unavailing, he has still followed to bind up the broken-hearted, to teach the poor Indian resignation under his lot, and light up his dark intellect with the revelation of a holier and hap- pier existence. In reviewing the blood-stained records of Spanish colonial history, it is but fair, and at the same time cheering, to reflect that the same nation which sent forth the hard-hearted conqueror from its bosom sent forth the missionary to do the work of beneficence and spread the light of Christian civiliza- tion over the farthest regions of the New World. While the governor, as we are henceforth to style him, lay at Cuzco, he received repeated accounts of a considerable force in the neighbourhood, under the command of Atahuallpa's officer, Quizquiz. He CHAP, is.] TEREIBLE MARCH OF ALVARADO. 7 accordingly detached Almagro, with a small body of horse and a large native force under the Inca Manco, to disperse the enemy, and, if possible, to capture the leader. Manco was the more ready to take part in the expedition, as the hostile Indians were soldiers of Quito, who, with their commander, bore no good will to himself. Almagro, moving with characteristic rapidity, was not long in coming up with the Indian chieftain. Several sharp encounters followed, as the army of Quito fell back on Xauxa, near which a general en- gagement decided the fate of the war by the total discomfiture of the natives. Quizquiz fled to the elevated plains of Quito, where he still held out with undaunted spirit against a Spanish force in that quarter, till at length his own soldiers, wearied by these long and ineffectual hostilities, massacred their commander in cold blood. 9 Thus fell the last of the two great officers of Atahuallpa, who, if their nation had been animated by a spirit equal to their own, might long have successfully maintained their soil against the invader. Some time before this occurrence, the Spanish governor, while in Cuzco, received tidings of an event much more alarming to him than any Indian hostili- ties. This was the arrival on the coast of a strong Spanish force, under the command of Don Pedro de Alvarado, the gallant officer who had served under Cortes with such renown in the war of Mexico. That cavalier, after forming a brilliant alliance in Spain, to 9 Pedro Pizarro, Descub.yConq., Pod. Sancho, Eel., ap. Ramusio, MS. Naharro, Relacion sumaria, torn. iii. fol. 408. Rclaciou del MS. Oviedo, Hist, de las Imlias, primer Descub.. MS. MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. 20. 8 COSQFEST OF PERU. [BOOK m. which he was entitled by his birth and military raiik, bad returned to his government of Guatemala, where his svarice had been roused by the magnificent reports he daily received of Pizano's conquests. These con- quests, he learned, had been confined to Peru ; while the northern kingdom of Quito, the ancient residence of AtahuaLlpa, and, no doubt, the principal depository of his treasures, yet remained untouched. Afiec: to considei this country as foiling without the govtr : jurisdiction, he immediately turned a large fleet, which he had intended for the Spice Islands, in the direction of South America ; and in March, 1534, he landed in the Bay of Caraques, with five hundred followers, of whom half were mounted, and all admirably provided with arms and ammunition. It was the best equipped and most formidable array that had yet appeared in A I: hough nmflMiy n ionnsioB ::' tht :errirory conceded to Fizarro by the crown, the reckless cavalier determined to march at once on Quito. With the awistancfc of an Indian guide, he proposed to take the direct route across the mountains, a passage of exc ing difficulty, even at the most favourable season. After crossing the Rio Dahle, Alvarado's guide de- serted him, so that he was soon entangled in the intricate manes of the sierra ; and, as he rose higher and higher into the regions of winter, he became surrounded with ice and snow, for which his men, :...<.:-. :':-. :v. :"_-. " ::.. . .-.:.:..-.? ;:' .'- : .::.::'.. ' .:- but ill prepared. As the cold grew more intense, CHAP. a. j TERRIBLE MARCH OF ALVARADQ. 9 many of them were 99 benumbed that it was with difficulty they could proceed. The infantry, compelled to make exertions, fared best. Many of the troopers were frozen stiff in their saddles. The Indians, still more sensible to the cold, perished by hundreds. As the Spaniards huddled round their wretched bivouacs, with such scanty fuel as they could glean, and almost without food, they waited in gloomy silence the ap- proach of morning. Yet the morning light, which gleamed coldly on the cheerless waste, brought no joy to them. It only revealed more clearly the extent of their wretchedness. Still struggling on through the winding Puertos JNTevados, or Snowy Passes, their track was dismally marked by fragments of dress, broken harness, golden ornaments, and other valuables plundered on their march, by the dead bodies jf men, or by those, less fortunate, who were left to die alone in the wilderness. As for the horses, their carcasses were not suffered long to cumber the ground, as they were quickly seized and devoured half raw by the starving soldiers, who, like the famished condors* now hovering in troops above their heads, greedily banqueted on the most offensive offal to satisfy the gna wings of hunger. Alvarado, anxious to secure the booty which had fallen into his hands at an earlier part of his march, encouraged every man to take what gold he wanted from the common heap, reserving only the royal fifth. But they only answered, with a ghastly smile of derision, " that food was the only gold for them." Yet in this extremity, which might seem to have dissolved the very ties of nature, there are some affecting in- stances recorded of self-devotion, of comrades who lost their lives in asigring others, and of patents and 10 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK in. husbands (for some of the cavaliers were accompanied by their wives) who, instead of seeking their own safety, chose to remain and perish in the snows with the objects of their love. To add to their distress, the air was filled for several days with thick clouds of earthy particles and cinders, which blinded the men and made respiration exceed- ingly difficult. 11 This phenomenon, it seems probable, was caused by an eruption of the distant Cotopaxi, which, about twelve leagues south-east of Quito, rears its colossal and perfectly symmetrical cone far above the limits of eternal snow, the most beautiful and the most terrible of the American volcanoes. 12 At the time of Alvarado's expedition it was- in a state of eruption, the earliest instance of the kind on record, though doubtless not the earliest. 13 Since that period it has been in frequent commotion, sending up its sheets of flame to the height of half a mile, spouting forth cataracts of lava that have overwhelmed towns and villages in their career, and shaking the earth with subterraneous thunders, that, at the distance of more than a hundred leagues, sounded like the reports of artillery ! 14 Alvarado's followers, unacquainted with 11 " It began to rain earthy par- Humboldt accepts the common tides from the heavens," says opinion, that Cotopaxi was in- Oviedo, " that blinded the men and tended. Researches i. 123. horses, so that the trees and bushes 13 A popular tradition among were full of dirt." Hist, de las the natives states that a large Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, cap. fragment of porphyry near the 20. base of the cone was thrown out in 12 Garci lasso says the shower of an eruption which occurred at the ashes came from the " volcano of moment of Atahuallpa's death. Quito." (Com. Heal., Parte 2, lib. But such tradition will hardly pass 2, cap. 2.) Cieza de Leon only for history. says from one of the volcanoes in 14 A minute account of this for- that region. (Cronica, cap. 41.) midable mountain is given by M. Neither of them specifies the name. de Humboldt (Researches, i. 118, (TIAP. is.] TERRIBLE MARCH OF ALVARADO. 11 the cause of the phenomenon, as they wandered over tracts buried in snow, the sight of which was strange to them, in an atmosphere laden with ashes, became bewildered by this confusion of the elements, which Nature seemed to have contrived purposely for their destruction. Some of these men were soldiers of Cortes, steeled by many a painful march and many a sharp encounter with the Aztecs. But this war of the elements, they now confessed, was mightier than all. At length, Alvarado, after sufferings which even the most hardy, probably, could have endured but a few days longer, emerged from the Snowy Pass, and came on the elevated table-land, which spreads out, at the height of more than nine thousand feet above the ocean, in the neighbourhood of Kiobamba. But one- fourth of his gallant army had been left to feed the condor in the wilderness, besides the greater part, at least two thousand, of his Indian auxiliaries. A great number of his horses, too, had perished ; and the men and horses that escaped were all of them more or less injured by the cold and the extremity of suffering. Such was the terrible passage of the Puertos Nevados, which I have only briefly noticed as an episode to the Peruvian conquest, but the account of which, in all its details, though it occupied but a few weeks in duration, would give one a better idea of the difficulties encoun- tered by the Spanish cavaliers than volumes of ordinary narrative. 15 et seq.), and more circumstantially '* By far the most spirited and by Condamine. (Voyage a 1'Equa- thorough record of Alvarado's march teur, pp. 48-56, 156-160.) The is given by Herrera, who has bor- latter philosopher would have rowed the pen of Livy describing attempted to scale the almost per- the Alpine march of Hannibal, pendicular walls of the volcano, (Hist, general, dec. 5, lib. 6, cap. 1, but no one was hardy enough to 2, 7, 8, 9.) See also Pedro Pizarro, second him. Descub. y Conq., MS., Oviedo, 12 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK m. As Alvarado, after halting some time to restore his exhausted troops, began his march across the broad plateau, he was astonished by seeing the prints of horses' hoofs on the soil. Spaniards, then, had been there before him, and, after all his toil and suffering, others had forestalled him in the enterprise against Quito ! It is necessary to say a few words in explana- tion of this. When Pizarro quitted Caxamalca, being sensible of the growing importance of San Miguel, the only port of entry then in the country, he despatched a person in whom he had great confidence to take charge of it. This person was Sebastian Benalcazar, a cavalier who afterwards placed his name in the first rank of the South American conquerors, for courage, capacity, and cruelty. But this cavalier had hardly reached his government when, like Alvarado, he received such accounts of the riches of Quito that he determined, with the force at his command, though without orders, to undertake its reduction. At the head of about a hundred and forty soldiers, horse and foot, and a stout body of Indian auxiliaries, he marched up the broad range of the Andes, to where it spreads out into the table land of Quito, by a road safer and more expeditious than that taken by Alva- rado. On the plains of Kiobamba he encountered the Indian general Kuminavi. Several engagements fol- Hist. de las Indias, MS , Parte 3, tion, with no little effrontery. In lib. 8, cap. 20, and Caita de this document he touches very Pedro de Alvarado al Emperador, briefly on the march, being chiefly San Miguel, 15 de Enero, 1535, occupied by the negotiations with MS. Alvarado, in the letter above Almagro, and accompanying his cited, which is pieserved in the remarks with many dark sugges- Munoz collection, explains to the tions as to the policy pursued by enij;>eror the grounds of his expedi- the Conquerors. CHAP, ix.] TERRIBLE MARCH OF ALVARADO. 13 lowed, with doubtful success, when, in the end, science prevailed where courage was well matched, and the victorious Benalcazar planted the standard of Castile on the ancient towers of Atahuallpa. The city, in honour of his general, Francis Pizarro, he named San Francisco del Quito. But great was his mortification on finding that either the stories of its riches had been fabricated, or that these riches were secreted by the natives. The city was all that he gained by his victories, the shell without the pearl of price which gave it its value. While devouring his chagrin, as he best could, the Spanish captain received tidings of the approach of his superior, Almagro. 16 No sooner had the news of Alvarado's expedition reached Cuzco than Almagro left the place with a small force for San Miguel, proposing to strengthen himself by a reinforcement from that quarter, and to march at once against the invaders. Greatly was he astonished, on his arrival in that city, to learn the departure of its commander. Doubting the loyalty of his motives, Almagro, with the buoyancy of spirit which belongs to youth, .though in truth somewhat enfeebled by the infirmities of age, did not hesitate to follow Benalcazar at once across the mountains. With his wonted energy, the intrepid veteran, over- coming all the difficulties of his march, in a few weeks placed himself and his little company on the lofty plains which spread around the Indian city of Riobamba ; though in his progress he had more than one hot encounter with the natives, whose courage 16 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y lib. 6, cap. 5, 6. Oviedo, Hist, de Conq., MS. Hen-era, Hist, ge- las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, neral, dec. 5, lib. 4, cap. 11, 18; cap. 19. Carta de Benalcazar, MS. 14 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK nr. and perseverance formed a contrast sufficiently strik- ing to the apathy of the Peruvians. But the fire only slumbered in the bosom of the Peruvian. His hour had not yet come. At Eiobamba, Almagro was soon joined by the commander of San Miguel, who disclaimed, perhaps sincerely, any disloyal intent in his unauthorized expedition. Thus reinforced, the Spanish captain coolly awaited the coming of Alvarado. The forces of the latter, though in a less serviceable condition, were much superior in number and appointments to those of his rival. As they confronted each other on the broad plains of Eiobamba, it seemed probable that a fierce struggle must immediately follow, and the natives of the country have the satisfaction to see their wrongs avenged by the very hands that inflicted them* But it was Almagro's policy to avoid such an issue. Negotiations were set on foot, in which each party stated his claims to the country. Meanwhile, Alva- rado's men mingled freely with their countrymen in the opposite army, and heard there such magnificent reports of the wealth and wonders of Cuzco that many of them were inclined to change their present service for that of Pizarro. Their own leader, too, satisfied that Quito held out no recompense worth the sacrifices he had made, and was like to make by insisting on his claim, became now more sensible of the rashness of a course which must doubtless incur the censure of his sovereign. In this temper, it was not difficult for them to effect an adjustment of difficulties ; and it was- agreed, as the basis of it, that the governor should pay one hundred thousand pesos de oro to Alvarado, in consideration of which the latter was to resign to him his fleet, his forces, and all his stores and munitions. CHAP, ix.] INTERVIEW WITH PIZARRO. 15 His vessels, great and small, amounted to twelve in number, and the sum he received, though large, did not cover his expenses. This treaty being settled, Alvarado proposed, before leaving the country, to have an interview with Pizarro. 17 The governor, meanwhile, had quitted the Peruvian capital for the sea-coast, from his desire to repel any invasion that might be attempted in that direction by Alvarado, with whose real movements he was still unacquainted. He left Cuzco in charge of his brother Juan, a cavalier whose manners were such as, he thought, would be likely to gain the good will of the native population. Pizarro also left ninety of his troops, as the garrison of the capital and the nucleus of his future colony. Then, taking the Inca Manco with him, he proceeded as far as Xauxa. At this place he was entertained by the Indian prince with the exhibition of a great national hunt, such as has been already described in these pages, in which immense numbers of wild animals were slaughtered, and the vicunas, and other races of Peruvian sheep, which 17 Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. it, although it was greatly to his Naharro, Relacion sumaria, MS. own loss, and, by defeating his Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., expedition, as he modestly in- MS. Herrera, Hist, general, dec. timates, to the loss of the crown. 5, lib. 6, cap. 8-10. Oviedo, Hist. (Carta de Alvarado al Emperador, de las Indias, MS., Parte 3, lib. 8, MS.) Almagro, however, states cap. 20. Carta de Benalcazar, MS. that the sum paid was three times The amount of the bonus paid as much as the armament was to Alvarado is stated very difl'e- worth; "a sacrifice," he adds, rently by writers. But both that " which he made to preserve peace, cavalier and Almagro, in their never dear at any price." Strange letters to the emperor, which have sentiment for a Castilian con- hitherto been unknown to his- queror ! Carta de Diego de Al- torians, agree in the sum given in magro al Emperador, MS., Oct. 15, the text. Alvarado complains 1534. that he had no choice but to take 16 CONQUEST 07 PERU. [BOOK ra. roam over the mountains, driven into enclosures and relieved of their delicate fleeces. 18 The Spanish governor then proceeded to Pachaca- mac, where he received the grateful intelligence of the accommodation with Alvarado ; and not long after- wards he was visited by that cavalier himself, previously to his embarkation. The meeting was conducted with courtesy and a show, at least, of good will on both sides, as there was no longer real cause for jealousy between the parties ; and each, as may be imagined, looked on the other with no little interest, as having achieved such dis- tinction in the bold path of adventure. In the com- parison, Alvarado had somewhat the advantage ; for Pizarro, though of commanding presence, had not the brilliant exterior, the free and joyous manner, which, 19 Carta de la Just, y Reg. le Xauja, MS. Relacion del primer Descub., MS. Herrera, Hist, ge- neral, dec. 5, lib. 6, cap. 16. Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano 1534. At this place the author of the Relacion del primer Descubri- miento del Perti, the MS. so often quoted in these pages, abruptly terminates his labours. He is a writer of sense and observation ; and, though he has his share of the national tendency to exaggerate and overcolour, he writes like one who means to be honest and who has seen what he describes. At Xauxa, also, the notary Pedro Sancho ends his Relacion, which embraces a much shorter period than the preceding narrative, but which is equally authentic. Com- ing from the secretary of Pizarro, and countersigned by that general himself, this Relation, indeed, may be regarded as of the very highest authority. And yet large de- ductions must obviously be made for the source whence it springs ; for it may be taken as Pizarro's own account of his doings, some of which stood much in need of apo- logy. It must be added, in justice both to the general and to hia secretary, that the Relation does not differ substantially from other contemporary accounts, and that the attempt to varnish over the exceptionable passages in the con- duct of the Conquerors is not ob- trusive. For the publication of this journal we are indebted to Ra- musio, whose enlightened labours have preserved to us more than one contemporary production of value, though in the form of trans- lation. CHAP, ix.] SUBMISSION OF CUZCO. 17 no less than his fresh complexion and sunny locks, had won for the conqueror of Guatemala, in his campaigns against the Aztecs, the sobriquet of Tonatiuh, or "Child of the Sun." Blithe were the revels that now rang through the ancient city of Pachacamac ; where, instead of songs, and of the sacrifices so often seen there in honour of the Indian deity, the walls echoed to the noise of tour- neys and Moorish tilts of reeds, with which the martial adventurers loved to recall the sports of their native land. When these were concluded, Alvarado re- embarked for his government of Guatemala, where his restless spirit soon involved him in other enterprises that cut short his adventurous career. His expedition to Peru was eminently characteristic of the man. It was founded in injustice, conducted with rashness, and ended in disaster. 19 The reduction of Peru might now be considered as, in a manner, accomplished. Some barbarous tribes in the interior, it is true, still held out, and Alonso de Alvarado, a prudent and able officer, was employed to bring them into subjection. Benalcazar was still at Quito, of which he was subsequently appointed gover- nor by the crown. There he was laying deeper the foundation of Spanish power, while he advanced the line of conquest still higher towards the north. But Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Indian monarchy, had submitted. The armies of Atahuallpa had been 19 Naharro, Relacion sumaria to scale a precipitous hill in New MS. Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Galicia. In the same year, by a Conq., MS. Carta de Francisco singular coincidence, perished his Pizarro al Senor de Molina, MS. beautiful wife, at her own resi- Alvarado died in 1541, of an injury dence in Guatemala, which waf received from a horse which rolled overwhelmed by a torrent from the down on him as he was attempting adjacent mountains. VOL. II. 18 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK m. beaten and scattered. The empire of the Incas was dissolved ; and the prince who now wore the Peruvian diadem was but the shadow of a king, who held his commission from his conqueror. The first act of the governor was to determine on the site of the future capital of this vast colonial em- pire. Cuzco, withdrawn among the mountains, was altogether too far removed from the sea-coast for a commercial people. The little settlement of San Mi- guel lay too far to the north. It was desirable to select some more central position, which could be easily found in one of the fruitful valleys that bordered the Pacific. Such was that of Pachacamac, which Pizarro now occupied. But, on further examination, he preferred the neighbouring valley of Eimac, which lay to the north, and which took its name, signifying in the r Quichua tongue " one who speaks," from a celebrated idol, whose shrine was much frequented by the Indians for the oracles it delivered. Through the valley flowed a broad stream, which, like a great artery, was made, as usual by the natives, to supply a thousand finer veins that meandered through the beautiful meadows. On this river Pizarro fixed the site of his new capi- tal, at somewhat less than two leagues' distance from its mouth, which expanded into a commodious haven for the commerce that the prophetic eye of the founder saw would one day and no very distant one float on its waters. The central situation of the spot recom- mended it as a suitable residence for the Peruvian viceroy, whence he might hold easy communication with the different parts of the country and keep vigi- lant watch over his Indian vassals. The climate was delightful, and, though only twelve degrees south of the line, was so far tempered by the cool breezes that CH4LMX.] FOUNDATION OF LIMA. 19 generally blow from the Pacific, or from the opposite quarter down the frozen sides of the Cordilleras, that the heat was less than in corresponding latitudes on the continent. It never rained on the coast ; but this dryness was corrected by a vaporous cloud, which, through the summer months, hung like a curtain over the valley, sheltering it from the rays of a tropical sun, and imperceptibly distilling a refreshing moisture, that clothed the fields in the brightest verdure. The name bestowed on the infant capital was Ciudad de los Reyes, or City of the Kings, in honour of tho day, being the sixth of January, 1535, the festival of Epiphany, when it was said to have been founded, or more probably when its site was determined ; as its actual foundation seems to have been twelve days later. ? o But the Castilian name ceased to be used even within the first generation, and was supplanted by that of Lima, into which the original Indian name of Kimac was corrupted by the Spaniards. 21 The city was laid out on a very regular plan. The streets were to be much wider than usual in Spanish towns, and perfectly straight, crossing one another at right angles, and so far asunder as to afford ample space for gardens to the dwellings, and for public squares. It was arranged in a triangular form, having the river for its base, the waters of which were to be carried, by '- So says Quintana, who follows marquez se passo a Lima y fundo in this what he pronounces a sure la ciudad de los rreyes que agora authority, Father Bernabe Cobo, in es." (Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y his book entitled Fuiulacion de Conq., MS.) "Asimismoordenaron Lima. Espaiioles celebres, torn. ii. que se pasasen el pueblo que tenian p. 250, nota. en Xauxa poblado a este Valle de 21 The MSS. of the old Con- Lima donde agora esesta ciudad de querors show how, from the very los Reyes, i aqui se poblo." Conq. first, the name of Lima superseded i Fob. del Pirn, MS. the original Indian title : " Y el C 2 20 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK TIL means of stone conduits, through all the principal streets, affording facilities for irrigating .the grounds around the houses. No sooner had the governor decided on the site and on the plan of the city than he commenced operations with characteristic energy. The Indians were collected from a distance of more than a hundred miles to aid in the work. The Spaniards applied themselves with vigour to the task, under the eye of their chief. The sword was exchanged for the tool of the artisan. The camp Avas converted into a hive of diligent labourers ; and the sounds of war were succeeded by the peaceful hum of a busy population. The plaza, which was extensive, was to be surrounded by the cathedral, the palace of the viceroy, that of the municipality, and other public buildings ; and their foundations were laid on a scale and with a solidity which defied the assaults of time, and, in some instances, even the more formidable shock of earthquakes, that, at different periods, have laid portions of the fair capital in ruins. 22 While these events were going on, Almagro, the Marshal, as he is usually termed by chroniclers of the time, had gone to Cuzco, whither he was sent by Pizarro to take command of that capital. He received also instructions to undertake, either by himself or by his captains, the conquest of the countries towards the south, forming part of Chili. Almagro, since his ar- rival at Caxamalca, had seemed willing to smother his n Montesinos, Annales, MS., ano who gives the best account of Lima 1535. Conq. i Fob. del Piru, MS. to be found in any modern book of The remains of Pizarro's palace travels which I have consulted. may still be discerned in the Calle- Residence in South America, voL ion de Petateros, says Stevenson, ii. chap. 8. CHAP, ix.] HERSANDO PIZARRO REACHES SPAIN. 21 ancient feelings of resentment towards his associate, or, at least, to conceal the expression of them, and had consented to take command under him in obe- dience to the royal mandate. He had even, in his despatches, the magnanimity to make honourable men- tion of Pizarro, as one anxious to promote the in- terests of the crown. Yet he did not so far trust his companion as to neglect the precaution of sending a confidential agent to represent his own services, when Hernando Pizarro undertook his mission to the mother- country. That cavalier, after touching at St. Domingo, had. arrived without accident at Seville in January, 1534. Besides the royal fifth, he took with him gold to the value of half a million of pesos, together with a large quantity of silver, the property of private adventurers, some of whom, satisfied with their gains, had returned to Spain in the same vessel with himself. The custom- house was filled with solid ingots, and with vases of different forms, imitations of animals, flowers, foun- tains, and other objects, executed with more or less skill, and all of pure gold, to the astonishment of the spectators, who flocked from the neighbouring country to gaze on these marvellous productions of Indian art. 23 Most of the manufactured articles were the property of the crown ; and Hernando Pizarro, after a short stay at Seville, selected some of the most gor- geous specimens, and crossed the country to Calata- yud, where the emperor was holding the cortes of Aragon. Hernando was instantly admitted to the royal pre- B Herrera, Hist, general, dec. 5 t que Hernando Pizarro trajo del lib. 6, cap. 13. Lista de todo lo Peru, ap. MSS. de Mufioz. 22 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK in. sence, and obtained a gracious audience. He was more conversant with courts than either of his brothers, and his manners, when in situations that imposed a restraint on the natural arrogance of his temper, were graceful and even attractive. In a respectful tone, he now re- cited the stirring adventures of his brother and his little troop of followers, the fatigues they had endured, the difficulties they had overcome, their capture of the Peruvian Inca, and his magnificent ransom. He had not to tell of the massacre of the unfortunate prince, for that tragic event, which had occurred since his departure from the country, was still unknown to him. The cavalier expatiated on the productiveness of the soil, and on the civilization of the people, evinced by their proficiency in various mechanic arts ; in proof of which he displayed the manufactures of wool and cot- ton and the rich ornaments of gold and silver. The monarch's eyes sparkled with delight as he gazed on these last. He was too sagacious not to appreciate the advantages of a conquest which secured to him a coun- try so rich in agricultural resources. But the returns from these must necessarily be gradual and long de- ferred ; and he may be excused for listening with still greater satisfaction to Pizarro's tales of its mineral stores ; for his ambitious projects had drained the im- perial treasury, and he saw in the golden tide thus un- expectedly poured in upon him the immediate means of replenishing it. Charles made no difficulty, therefore, in granting the petitions of the fortunate adventurer. All the previous grants to Francisco Pizarro and his associates were con- firmed in the fullest manner ; and the boundaries of the governor's jurisdiction .were extended seventy leagues farther towards the south. Nor did Almagro'i CHAP, ix.] SENSATION AT COURT. 23 services, this time, go unrequited. He was empowered to discover find occupy the country for the distance of t\vo hundred leagues, beginning at the southern limit of Pizarro's territory. 24 Charles, in still further proof of his satisfaction, was graciously pleased to address a letter to the two commanders, in which he compli- mented them on their prowess and thanked them for their services. This act of justice to Almagro would have been highly honourable to Hernando Pizarro, con- sidering the unfriendly relations in which they stood to each other, had it not been made necessary by the presence of the marshal's own agents at court, who, as already noticed, stood ready to supply any deficiency in the statements of the emissary. In this display of the royal bounty, the envoy, as will readily be believed, did not go without his reward. He was lodged as an attendant of the court ; was made a knight of Santiago, the most prized of the chivalric orders in Spain ; was empowered to equip an arma- ment, and to take command of it ; and the royal officers at Seville were required to aid him in his views and facilitate his embarkation for the Indies. 25 The arrival of Hernando Pizarro in the country, and the reports spread by him and his followers, created a sensation among the Spaniards such as had not been felt since the first voyage of Columbus. The discovery of the New World had filled the minds of men with 24 The country to be occupied still designates that narrow strip of received the name of New Toledo fruitful land between the Andes in the royal grant, as the conquests and the ocean which stretches to of Pizarro had been designated by the southern extremity of the con- that of New Castile. But the pre- tinent. sent attempt to change the Indian K Herrera, Hist, general, loc. name was as ineffectual as the for- cit. mer, and the ancient title of Chili 24 CONQUEST OF PERU. [COOK in. indefinite expectations of wealth, of which almost every succeeding expedition had proved the fallacy. The conquest of Mexico, though calling forth general admiration as a brilliant and wonderful exploit, had as yet failed to produce those golden results which had been so fondly anticipated. The splendid promises held out by Francisco Pizarro on his recent visit to Spain had not revived the confidence of his country- men, made incredulous by repeated disappointment. All that they were assured of was the difficulties of the enterprise ; and their distrust of its results was suffi- ciently shown by the small number of followers, and those only of the most desperate stamp, who were willing to take their chance in the adventure. But now these promises were realized. It was no longer the golden reports that they were to trust, but the gold itself, which was displayed in such profusion before them. All eyes were now turned towards the West. The broken spendthrift saw in it the quarter where he was to repair his fortunes as speedily as he had ruined them. The merchant, instead of seeking the precious commodities of the East, looked in the opposite direction, and counted on far higher gains, where the most common articles of life commanded so exorbitant prices. The cavalier, eager to win both gold and glory at the point of his lance, thought to find a fair field for his prowess on the mountain-plains of the Andes. Hernando Pizarro found that his brother had judged rightly in allowing as many of his company as chose to return home, confident that the display of their wealth would draw ten to his banner for every one that quitted it. In a short time that cavalier saw himself at the head of one of the most numerous and well-appointed anna- CHAP, is.] DISAPPOINTMENTS. 21 ments, probably, that had left the shores of Spain since the great fleet of Ovando, in the time of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was scarcely more fortunate than this. Hardly had Hernando put to sea when a violent tem- pest fell on the squadron and compelled him to return to port and refit. At length he crossed the ocean, and reached the little harbour of Nombre de Dios in safety. But no preparations had been made for his coming, and, as he was detained here some time before he could pass the mountains, his company suffered greatly from scarcity of food. In their extremity, the most unwholesome articles were greedily devoured, and many a cavalier spent his little savings to procure himself a miserable subsistence. Disease, as usual, trod closely in the track of famine, and numbers of the unfortunate adventurers, sinking under the un- accustomed heats of the climate, perished on the very threshold of discovery. It was the tale so often repeated in the history of Spanish enterprise. A few, more lucky than the rest, stumbled on some unexpected prize, and hundreds, at- tracted by their success, pressed forward in the same path. But the rich spoil which lay on the surface had been already swept away by the first comers, and those who followed were to win their treasure by long-pro- tracted and painful exertion. Broken in spirit and in fortune, many returned in disgust to their native shores, while others remained where they were, to die in despair. They thought to dig for gold ; but they dug only their graves. Yet it fared not thus with all Pizarro's company. Many of them, crossing the Isthmus with him to Pa- nama", came in time to Peru, where, in the desperate chances of its revolutionary struggles, some few arrived 26 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK m. at posts of profit and distinction. Among those who first reached the Peruvian shore was an emissary sent by Almagro's agent to inform him of the important grant made to him by the crown. The tidings reached him just as he was making his entry into Cuzco, where he was received with all respect by Juan and Gonzalo Pizarro, who, in obedience to their brother's com- mands, instantly resigned the government of the capital into the marshal's hands. But Almagro was greatly elated on finding himself now placed by his sovereign in a command that made him independent of the man who had so deeply wronged him ; and he intimated that in the exercise of his present authority he acknow- ledged no superior. In this lordly humour he was con- firmed by several of his followers, who insisted that Cuzco fell to the south of the territory ceded to Pi- zarro, and consequently came within that now granted to the marshal. Among these followers were several of Alvarado's men, who, though of better condition than the soldiers of Pizarro, were under much worse disci- pline, and had acquired, indeed, a spirit of unbridled license under that unscrupulous chief. 26 They now evinced little concern for the native population of Cuzco, and, not content with the public edifices, seized on the dwellings of individuals, where it suited their convenience, appropriating their contents without cere- mony, showing as little respect, in short, for person or property as if the place had been taken by storm." 27 56 In point of discipline they their commander : " Que los que presented a remarkable contrast to pasamos con el Marquez & la con- the Conquerors of Peru, if we may quista no ovo hombre que osase- take the word of Pedro Pizarro, tomar vna mazorca de mahiz sin who assures us that his comrades licencia." Descub. y Conq., MS. would not have plucked so much as 2 " " Se entraron de paz en la an ear of corn without leave from ciudad del Cuzco i los salierou CHAP. ix. j FEUDS OF ALMAGRO AND THE PIZARROS. 27 While these events were passing in the ancient Peru- vian capital, the governor was still at Lima, where he was greatly disturbed by the accounts he received of the new honours conferred on his associate. He did not know that his own jurisdiction had been extended seventy leagues farther to the south, and he entertained the same suspicion with Almagro, that the capital of the Incas did not rightfully come within his present limits. He saw all the mischief likely to result from this opulent city falling into the hands of his rival, who would thus have an almost indefinite means of gratifying his own cupidity and that of his followers. He felt that, under the present circumstances, it was not safe to allow Almagro to anticipate the possession of power to which, as yet, he had no legitimate right ; for the despatches containing the warrant for it still remained with Hernando Pizarro, at Panama, and all that had reached Peru was a copy of a garbled extract. Without loss of time, therefore, he sent instructions to Cuzco for his brothers to resume the government, while he defended the measure to Almagro on the ground that when he should hereafter receive his cre- dentials it would be unbecoming to be found already in possession of the post. He concluded by urging him to go forward without delay in his expedition to the south. toclos los naturales a rescibir i les vina ni hnmana, i porquesta ea nna tomaron la Ciudad con todo quanto cosa larga i casi incomprehensible, havia de dentro llenas las casas de la dexase al juicio de quien ma mucha ropa i algunas oro i plata i entiende aunque en el dano resce- otras muchas cosas, i las que no bido porpartede los naturales cerca estaban bien llenas las enchian de deste articulo yo se harto por mis lo que tomaban de las demas casas pecados que no quisiera saber ni de la dicha ciudad, sin pensar que haver visto." Conq. i Fob. del en ello hacian ofensa alguna Di- Pirn, MS. 28 CONQUEST OF PERU. [BOOK ni But neither the marshal nor his friends were pleased with the idea of so soon relinquishing the authority which they now considered as his right. The Pizarros, on the other hand, were pertinacious in reclaiming it. The dispute grew warmer and warmer. Each party had its supporters; the city was split into factions; and the municipality, the soldiers, and even the Indian population took sides in the struggle for power. Matters were proceeding to extremity, menacing the capital with violence and bloodshed, when Pizarro himself appeared among them. 28 On receiving tidings of the fatal consequences of his mandates, he had posted in all haste to Cuzco, where he was greeted with undisguised joy by the natives, as well as by the more temperate Spaniards, anxious to avert the impending storm. The governor's first in- terview was with Almagro, whom he embraced with a seeming cordiality in his manner, and, without any show of resentment, inquired into the cause of the present disturbances. To this the marshal replied by throwing the blame on Pizarro's brothers ; but, although the governor reprimanded them with some asperity for their violence, it was soon evident that his sympathies were on their side, and the dangers of a feud between the two associates seemed greater than ever. Happily, it was postponed by the intervention of some common friends, who showed more discretion than their leaders. With their aid a reconciliation was at length effected, on the grounds substantially of their ancient compact. It was agreed that their friendship should be main- tained inviolate ; and, by a stipulation that reflects no great credit on the parties, it was provided that neither y Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y ral, dec. 5, lib. 7, cap. 6. Con