STACK 
 ANN 
 
 SYNOPSIS 
 
 CHILIAN STATISTICS 
 
 
 irma 
 al 
 
 r 
 
 1878-1879. 
 
 SIEOOItTID 
 
 I'JI 1 I, A DKLI'II 1 A 
 ?, CTOB ^ 
 
 isao. 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 STATISTICAL Al GEOGRAPHICAL OF CHILI. 
 
 Containing the Principal Data of the Condition of the Country during the 
 Twelve months of the year 1878 and the first nine months of 1879. 
 
 PRELIMINARIES : 
 
 All the efforts of the nation and government of Chili, during 
 the year 1878, have been chiefly exerted to counteract, by reduc- 
 tion of expenses and labor, the effects of the financial crisis 
 which, since 1875, have thwarted the progress of the country. 
 
 The following figures will give evidence of the truth and effi- 
 cacy of these efforts : 
 Savings in public expenditure and in the estimates 
 
 of the Administration, $1,058,592 
 
 Reduction made in the estimates for 1879, . . 951,227 
 Reduction in private consumption and in the impor- 
 tation of foreign goods, 3,957,102 
 
 Increase in the amount of exportation, . . . 1,980,487 
 
 Total, $7,947,408 
 
 In accordance with this system of reparation, savings and 
 labor, the government has spared no pains to conduct, in a de- 
 corous and proper manner, the old question of limits, pending 
 then as now, between Chili and the Argentine Republic; and 
 even succeeded in making an agreement, which, although left 
 soon without effect, has nevertheless served the interest of the 
 international peace, jeopardized for a moment, and has cleared 
 the way, also, for future and more successful negotiations. 
 
 Unfortunately, at the moment in which this happy result was 
 
 1 
 
obtained, the questions with Bolivia were unduly precipitated 
 by that nation, and have since brought about the present state 
 of war. 
 
 The government of that Republic, disregarding claims of un- 
 questionable justice, asserted by Chili, endeavored to enforce a 
 law of its Legislature, under which was imposed a tax of ten 
 cents on the dollar for every hundred- weight of saltpetre ex- 
 ported from the port of Antofagasta. This tax virtually an- 
 nulled the treaty of 1874, the third in order of those which 
 Chili had concluded with Bolivia, having always in view the 
 amicable settlement of the questions between the two countries. 
 Because the paramount object of that treaty was chiefly to pro- 
 tect, in the territory ceded by Chili to Bolivia, Chilian capital 
 and business, against taxes which did not exist at the date of said 
 treaty. The new taxes would be calculated to destroy that pro- 
 tection, and defeat all the benefits reserved to Chili for the valu- 
 able concessions she had made to Bolivia. 
 
 The government of Chili made known to Bolivia, on the 8th 
 of November, 1878, the true import of the question, and informed 
 that government what would be the immediate and principal 
 consequence of the enforcement of the new Bolivian law ; that 
 the treaty would thus be abrogated, and Bolivia would have to 
 assume the responsibility of a rupture; and Chili would be jus- 
 tified in restoring matters to their condition previous to the con- 
 clusion of the treaty between the two countries. 
 
 Bolivia, without stopping, even for a moment, the haste and 
 violence of its proceedings, advanced the idea of an arbitration, 
 which Chili accepted at once, provided the execution of the new- 
 law which produced the conflict, should be suspended. But 
 Bolivia, declining this form of solution, immediately, and with 
 marked aifectation of sincerity and judgment, stopped the levy- 
 ing of the tax, and ordered the summary resumption of all 
 rights, which under a solemn contract of five years' peaceful du- 
 ration, the Chilian saltpetre company of Antofagasta had ac- 
 quired, and which was the principal centre of the Chilian inter- 
 ests protected by the treaty of 1874. 
 
The government of Bolivia, after offering to Chili this act as a 
 satisfactory reparation, precipitated, by all measures, the execu- 
 tion of its work without any consideration of respect due to the 
 Chilian legation in La Paz ; and Chili, even in those critical 
 moments, flattered itself with the idea that an arbitration for the 
 second time suggested by the Bolivian Cabinet would restrain 
 the violation of Bolivian faith, and thus avoid war, the only 
 effective, though painful, remedy for such grievances. 
 
 Reason and pacific efforts were not regarded by the government 
 of Bolivia, and its very summary proceedings against the salt- 
 petre company compelled Chili to carry material force to a ter- 
 ritory where injury to a valuable Chilian property had been in- 
 flicted, and the protections granted by the treaty of 1874 had 
 been disregarded and violated. 
 
 Thus, on the 14th of February, 1879, the difficulties which 
 the Chilian Cabinet had so earnestly tried to avoid since the 
 8th of November, 1878, was solved by the military occupation of 
 Antofagasta by Chili. 
 
 This done, notwithstanding the generous aspirations of the 
 Chilian government to the contrary, the Peruvian press became 
 alarmed and began an agitation in which the government of Peru 
 soon after was involved. Said government proceeded to arm itself 
 at full speed; declined at first to declare a definite policy ; and in 
 March, 1879, sent an extraordinary legation to Chili with the os- 
 tensible and especial object of offering the mediation of Peru. 
 
 But as a mediation should only be offered by a neutral na- 
 tion, it was necessary that Peru should begin by giving a declara- 
 tion of neutrality, and also by explicitly denying the rumored 
 existence of a secret treaty with Bolivia to the detriment of 
 Chili. 
 
 The envoy of Peru refused to do the first, and in regard to 
 the existence of the treaty, offered, after many evasive answers, 
 to transmit to the Chilian government a formal declaration of 
 his own. But as this reply being delayed in reaching Santiago, 
 and as Peru was in the meantime increasing its armaments, it 
 became necessary to put an end to a situation which to all 
 
 1821178 
 
evidence was dangerous for Chili and fully advantageous to the 
 country which, while under the shade of the peace, was acquir- 
 ing elements and collecting forces for war. 
 
 On the final demand of Chili, Peru replied that it could not 
 remain neutral in the struggle by the reason of a treaty which 
 was in fact one of offensive and defensive alliance. Thus the 
 old enmity of Peru and the perfidious machinations of its 
 government being shown, war became inevitable, and it was 
 declared by Chili on the 4th of the subsequent April. 
 
 Under the workings of this war, it was essential that all the 
 elements of the financial and economical movement of Chili, 
 from February to November of 1879, should be arranged to 
 meet the crisis. 
 
 SHORT HISTORICAL SKETCH. 
 
 Fernando de Magallanes by the south, and Almagro and Val- 
 divia by the north, bore each a part in the earlier discovery and 
 conquest of this land inhabited by strong and independent tribes 
 of aborigines, which soon after was known as the Kingdom of 
 Chili. To Magallanes (1520), is due the glory of discovering the 
 straits which bear his name (Straits of Magellan) ; to Almagro 
 (1535), that of the toilsome exploration of the northern and cen- 
 tral valleys of Chili; and to Pedro de Valdivia (1540-1553), 
 that of recognizing the land and settling the most suitable parts 
 for colonization, and that of conducting the stubborn struggle 
 with the wild Araucanians. During the government of Hur- 
 tado de Mendoza (1557-1560), this struggle was brought mo- 
 mentarily to a close, and with that of Francis Villagran (1561), 
 began the period of the colonization. The existence of this 
 government, after the Spanish system of that epoch ended, on 
 the 18th of September, 1810, through the double influence of 
 the French Revolution and the internal troubles of the Me- 
 tropolis, Spain, left then without a head, called on its inhabit- 
 ants to take measures for the defense of themselves and their 
 government. The people of the Chilian colony tried to do this, 
 but was thwarted by plots and war by the Spanish partizans 
 
5 
 
 headed at Lima by the viceroy, until Chili proclaimed openly 
 its independence and sealed it victoriously and forever on the 
 field of Maipo, the 5th of April, 3818. 
 
 Now the Chilian, Bernardo O'Higgins, with the title of 
 Director and invested with full power, figures in the first repub- 
 lican organization of the country. Under his government 
 (1817-1822), the National Institute and Library, erected at the 
 time of the political transformation of 1810, were reorganized ; 
 religious liberty was initiated ; an expedition to free Peru was 
 fitted out (1819), and sprang from there the Chilian navy whose 
 cannons cleared the waters of the Pacific of the Spanish vessels 
 from the Straits of Magal lanes (Magellan) to the coasts of Mexico. 
 
 The liberator, General Freire (1823-1827), succeeded O'Hig- 
 gins, and under his authority of popular and liberal tendencies, 
 the war of independence was completed and slavery altogether 
 abolished. In that time, though, the country was not entirely 
 settled, neither free from rival struggles; butafter the re-construc- 
 tion de facto of 1830, the establishment of the Constitution 
 of 1833 followed, whose spirit, vivified by long years of peace 
 and improvement, has been intermingled with the social organiza- 
 tion of Chili. This condition of the country, being secured with- 
 out violent measures, has given life and force to ten successive 
 administrations which have been guided in their principles and 
 policy by the electoral action and the public press. 
 
 The two administrations of General Prieto's presidency, lasted 
 from 1831 to 1841, and established new institutions, organized 
 the public treasury or finances, and the national credit, and made 
 prominent the name of Chili in its foreign relations, since by 
 their policy and arms they overthew (1839), the Confederation 
 Pei^u-Bollana, brought up by deceitful usurpation on the part 
 of General Santa Cruz, president of Bolivia. 
 
 The president, General Bulnes, elected after finishing the cam- 
 paign in Peru, presided over two periods (1841-1 851). His admin- 
 istrations were distinguished by the utmost regularity ; by a more 
 liberal and milder spirit than even the preceding ones ; by a fos- 
 tering of public instruction, and by causing the preparation of 
 
the civil code, which in the two following administrations 
 (1851-1861), of the citizen Manuel Montt, was completed and 
 promulgated by this magistrate. His government is noted also 
 for its ample liberality to the spirit of enterprise, and in calling 
 to the country of foreign capital and immigration, and for the 
 commencement of several important public works. 
 
 Under the two administrations (1861-1871), of the citizen 
 Joaquin Perez, a new impulse was given to the establishment of 
 railroads and telegraphs ; religious tolerance was sustained ; and 
 under his administration a conflict with Spain commenced (in 
 1865), which after a war, scarcely perceptible, of two naval en- 
 gagements and one unopposed bombardment, still remains un- 
 decided. The Chilian government has shown a spirit of toler- 
 ance and encouraged a steady intercourse with men and ideas 
 which greatly moderated some old passions among the parties. 
 
 During the administration of the citizen, Frederic Errazuriz, 
 (1871-1876), and under the influence of this statesman, the 
 principle of alternation in the executive power was widened by 
 the non-election of president for a second term ; the system of 
 railways and telegraphs was farther completed ; the country ac- 
 quired powerful war-vessels, which at present are the shield of 
 its honor and rights, and finally, the political movements were 
 ordered so as to be immediate and efficient, under the influences 
 of new ideas and of the men who professed them. 
 
 The actual administration, presided by the citizen, Anibal 
 Pinto, since the 18th of September, 1876, has been unable to pur- 
 sue the material development of the country, in consequence of the 
 world-wide financial crisis, which finally reached Chili also, 
 after having prostrated to a degree the other nations of the 
 globe. These relate to production, exchange and consumption. 
 The work of re-establishing the equilibrium by reduction of ex- 
 penses and labor was the only possible and safe relief, and to this 
 work the administration directed its attention, beginning by re- 
 ducing the estimates for public expenditures from $21,000,000 to 
 $16,000,000. At the same time it organized the public admin- 
 istration in the saltpetre and mining regions recently discovered 
 
in the north of Atacama, and giving to the new industries, 
 already budding, such help as was fitted with the state of the 
 treasury. 
 
 In its policy, it firmly assented to the declaration of amend- 
 ments in the Constitution without restraints in its proceedings ; 
 and in the latter months of 1878 and the former ones of 1879, 
 displayed, in the management of its foreign relations, a policy 
 which can justly be defined as moderation in strength and 
 strength in moderation. '\ he present war which Chili makes 
 against Peru and Bolivia, allied secretly, to the harm of the 
 former since 1873, may be considered a synthetical demonstration 
 of the progress reached by this country in its sixty years of in- 
 dependence. To this war, it has taken a fleet relatively power- 
 ful, with an artillery and vessels of the last and most scientific 
 improvements, and an army more numerous than any which, up 
 to the present time, has been put on foot by this country, of 
 whose resources some idea can be formed, by taking note that it 
 landed and operated in a territory totally devoid of water and 
 food, besides being that of the enemy, and in which, neverthe- 
 less, has been mounted or established up to the present date a 
 train of hospitals, victuals, covered encampments, machines for 
 distilling water, stores of forage, a line of steamers and a tele- 
 graph, modern ordnance, stationary and movable, and a military 
 administration suitable for the occupancy of the territory. 
 The expenses incident to this powerful train of war have been 
 made without affecting, as in ordinary times, the punctual pay- 
 ment of the administrative service and debt. 
 
 At the same time, the country has made a fortunate assay of 
 the ever dangerous system of paper money. This emission cir- 
 culates to-day at the value of 80 per cent. The prudence of the 
 nation will be sufficient to use sparely, as it ought, this powerful 
 resource. 
 
8 
 II. 
 
 GEOGEAPHICAL POSITION AND PHYSICAL ASPECT EXTENTION 
 INDUSTRIAL ZONES, DETERMINED BY THE PHYSICAL NA- 
 TURE AND GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION GEOLOGICAL CONSTI- 
 TUTION ETHNOGRAPHY AND MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Chili occupies the south-west and most southern extremity of 
 South America, washed on the west by the Pacific Ocean, from 
 24 lat. south, the established limit which separated it, until the 
 14th of February, 1879,* from Bolivia, unto the parallel which 
 passes to the south of Cape Horn ; and between the shore of this 
 ocean and the anticlinal line of the Cordillera de los Andes, 
 comprehended from 24 to 38 lat. south, which divides it on the 
 east from the Argentine Republic. From here its limit with 
 that republic reaches the Atlantic in parts of Patagonia, which 
 up to the present have not been clearly defined, including in the 
 Chilian territory the southern part, the Straits of Magallanes, 
 and the archipelagoes of Tierra del Fuego, etc., which, from the 
 western mouth of the Straits, continues to the north, along the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 The form of the country is that of a long band which reaches 
 from the foot of the Andes to the Pacific. Its extension, longi- 
 tudinally, runs from north to south until meeting the 34th- 
 parallel south, where it turns first to the west, and afterward to 
 the east, thus forming an angle of 8 with the meridian of Cape 
 Horn. 
 
 The appearance of the territory is sufficiently original to be 
 interesting. 
 
 On the east are the great Cordillera of the Andes, with their 
 towering peaks and numerous counter-forts, while on the west, 
 
 * Chili had claimed rights since the Spanish conquest even to the river Loa, though it 
 had exercised only sovereignty and jurisdiction as far as the parallel 23 south after its 
 independence; but by peaceful agreements with Bolivia in the treaties of 3866 and 1874, 
 the limits between the two countries were fixed on the parallel 24. The stipulations of 
 the treaties being disregarded by Bolivia, Chili resumed its old northern limit on the 23- 
 
near the Pacific coast, the Cordillera de la Costa or Maritime 
 extends in the same direction. Between these chains of moun- 
 tains the central valley opens out, and almost without any inter- 
 ruption extends from lat. 33 to lat. 41 30'. 
 
 Of these two chains of mountains, the Andean is remarkable 
 for its abrupt slopes, its snow-clad summits, and its uniform ex- 
 tension from north to south ; whereas the Maritime presents 
 openings through which the numerous rivers, which rise in the 
 Andes, flow to the sea. This second range seems, in regard to 
 the first, as its lower step ; their declivities are gentle, its profile 
 less broken, without any regular continuation, spreading here 
 and there counter-forts of some importance. 
 
 From parallel 23 south to 41 30', the Chilian territory is of 
 a uniform aspect, and the coast range offers no peculiarity ; but 
 beyond 41 this chain is suddenly transformed; its valleys and 
 plains become abated, or rather give place to the waters of the 
 Pacific, which here form an inextricable labyrinth of islands, 
 islet?, channels and inlets as far as Cape Horn. 
 
 The area of the territory, without including Patagonia, neither 
 the northernmost districts re-incorporated manu militari in the 
 present war, is 587,000 square kilometres, or 226,614 square 
 miles. The length of the country, north to south, is over 3,660 
 kilometres., or 1,980 miles, of 60 to a degree, and its width an 
 average of 175 kilometres, or 100 miles. 
 
 Nature has divided this territory in three regions or sections, 
 which are : 
 
 1st. At the north the mining region from parallels 23 to 33. 
 In the most northern part, little rain, or none ; streams even 
 still less; nearly devoid of vegetation ; deposits of saltpetre and 
 guano ; copper, silver and gold mines abundant, and of a supe- 
 rior quality in all of it; greater extremes of heat and cold, but 
 the mean temperature in the shade not rising higher than 78 F. 
 in summer, nor falling down lower than 45 in winter. The 
 more southern valleys of this region are more watery and very 
 fertile. 
 
 2d. Agricultural region, between the parallels 33 and 42 
 
10 
 
 south; central valley well-watered and genial climate; mean 
 temperature 75 F. in summer and 45 in winter; rainy, espe- 
 cially so advancing south; soil rich and fertile; abundant forests 
 in the Cordillera of the coast and in the lower plains and slopes 
 of the Andes ; robust vegetation even to the most southern lati- 
 tude; plenty of coal and timber. 
 
 3d. Fishing and navigation region; from 42 to 56 lat. S. ; 
 the central valley disappears, and the Maritime mountain changes 
 into archipelagoes, with over fifty inhabitable islands ; rains 
 abundant ; islands covered with exuberant vegetation ; mean 
 cold in winter 35. 
 
 The geological constitution of the country presents all the 
 formations of a scientific classification ; that of the Maritime 
 range is granite of various classes, while that of the Andes is 
 composed of plutonic rocks of volcanic origin. The central 
 valley, which is the richest, is composed of a most fertile alluvial 
 soil. 
 
 Chilian ethnography is far from offering, by the variety of its 
 races, the interest of that of other American nations. Only two 
 races predominate in Chili the native, recently nearly colonized 
 and conquered, and the Spanish or European. 
 
 The first is divided in four branches, which are: the Fue- 
 ffuina, or Fuegian, in Tierra del Fuego ; the Chonos, in the west- 
 ern channels of Patagonia ; the Araucana, which inhabits some 
 of the southern part of the second region already mentioned ; 
 and the Changos, of Peruvian descent, which before the conquest 
 peopled the literal which extends from the Desert of Atacama 
 to the northern limits of Arauco. 
 
 At present the fusion of these two great elements of popula- 
 tion, the native and Spanish, or European, may be considered as 
 completed, the only remains of the true native type being some 
 fifty or fifty-five thousand individuals, entirely wild. The 
 Spanish language is the only one used throughout Chili. The 
 vernacular Araucanian and Fuegian are preserved among the 
 wild tribes. 
 
11 
 
 The following table shows in general the state of mortality in 
 Chili, and points out, in general, the vital statistics and common 
 diseases : 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
 DEATHS. 
 
 AVERAGE. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 Consumption. 
 
 871 
 641 
 505 
 401 
 280 
 238 
 169 
 65 
 
 952 
 352 
 280 
 311 
 60 
 13 
 63 
 59 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 22-4 
 16-7 
 12-9 
 10-3 
 7-2 
 6-1 
 4-3 
 1-7 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 34-6 
 12-1 
 10-2 
 11-3 
 2-2 
 0-5 
 2-3 
 2-2 
 
 Fevers, 
 
 Pneumonia, ...... 
 Dysentery, 
 
 Syphilis, 
 
 From wound^, 
 
 
 Diseases of the Heart, . 
 
 The rate of death to the population is 1 for every 36 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 III. 
 
 POPULATION, MEANS OF DEVELOPMENT AND NUMBER OF 
 
 VOTERS. 
 
 According to the census, taken on the 19th of April, 1875, 
 the population of Chili was in that year 2,075,971. 
 
 Classified according to sex : 
 
 Men, 
 
 Women, .... 
 
 Or, 
 
 Single, 
 
 Married, . 
 
 Widows and Widowers, 
 
 . 
 
 . 1,033,974 
 
 
 
 . 1,041,997 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 725,389 
 
 690,469 
 
 278,013 
 
 276,948 
 
 30,572 
 
 74,580 
 
 Total, 
 
 . 1,033,974 
 
 1,041,997 
 
12 
 
 State of instruction : 
 
 Can read, 
 
 Can read and write, 
 
 Neither read nor write, 
 
 Total, 
 
 Nationalities : 
 
 Germans, 
 
 Argentines, . 
 
 Spaniards, 
 
 French, 
 
 English, 
 
 Italians, 
 
 North Americans, 
 
 Peruvians, 
 
 Other American States, 
 
 Other European States, 
 
 Asiatics, etc., 
 
 Men. 
 270,908 
 244,985 
 518,081 
 
 1,033,974 
 
 Men. 
 
 3,143 
 
 4,560 
 
 1,102 
 
 2,408 
 
 3,459 
 
 1,724 
 
 821 
 
 470 
 
 470 
 
 1,211 
 
 132 
 
 Women. 
 
 206,413 
 176,162 
 659,422 
 
 1,041,997 
 
 Women. 
 
 1,535 
 2,623 
 121 
 906 
 808 
 259 
 110 
 361 
 209 
 199 
 4 
 
 Total, . . . 19,500 7,135 
 
 Id. Chilians, . . 1,014,484 .1,034,862 
 
 The population augmented by the 31st of December, 1877, to 
 2,136,724, proving by this result and also that of 1876, an 
 average yearly increase of 19,000 to 20,000 inhabitants. There- 
 fore the population, at the end of 1879, was about 2,180,000 ; 
 and, accordingly, its density about 4 inhabitants to a square kilo- 
 metre, or 9 to a square mile. 
 
 At the end of the year 1877, the register of births, deaths 
 and marriages was as follows : 
 
 Men. Women. 
 
 Births, 41,905 40,390 
 
 Deaths, . ... 31,617 30,732 
 
13 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 Births, 82,295 
 
 Deaths, 62,349 
 
 19,946 
 
 Marriages, 13,576 
 
 The census of electors who voted in 1876 : 
 
 Population in general (1875), .... 2,074,827 
 Qualified or registered voting citizens (1875), . . 106,194 
 Voting for the election of President of the Repub- 
 lic (1876), 46,114 
 
 Electors of President, elected by popular votes, . 327 
 
 Average of votes according to the population, 1 in 45 inhabit- 
 ants. Of those qualified, 43 per cent, exercised their right of 
 voting. 
 
 IV. 
 
 GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION STATE OF THE PUBLIC 
 TREASURY IN 1878 AND 1879 ESTIMATE FOR 1880 PUB- 
 LIC DEBI INVESTMENT OF THE PASSIVE OF THE ESTI- 
 MATE COIN. 
 
 The Republic of Chili is representative, united and indivisi- 
 ble. Its government is exercised by three independent powers, 
 which work harmoniously, each in its respective functions, de- 
 fined by the Constitution of 1833. 
 
 1st. The Legislative power is invested in a Congress composed 
 of a House of 109 representatives, which are elected popularly 
 every three years, and of a Senate of 37 members, elected for 
 six years by electors of popular vote of each province. 
 
 2d. The Executive power is in the hands of a President, 
 
14 
 
 elected for a term of five years, also by electors in every prov- 
 ince : he is assisted by a responsible ministry. 
 
 3d. The Judicial power is indirectly of popular origin, and 
 the judges hold office during good behavior. 
 
 For the purpose of the national administration, the territory 
 of the Republic is divided actually in 17 provinces and 2 terri- 
 tories. The provinces are governed by high functionaries, and 
 subdivided in 58 departments, each under the authority of a 
 governor, and the departments in 681 subdelegations and 3,738 
 political districts. 
 
 The municipal or local administration comprehends 51 city 
 councils or municipalities, with 179 judges and a corresponding 
 number of officers. 
 
 Religious liberty forms part of the Chilian public law. 
 
 PERSONS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE EXECU- 
 TIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 President of the Republic, ANIBAL PINTO. 
 
 His constitutional period commenced on the 18th of Septem- 
 ber, 1876, and will terminate on the 17th of said month of 1881. 
 
 MINISTERS. 
 
 Department of the Interior Domingo Santa Maria. 
 
 of Foreign Affairs and Colonization Miguel Luis 
 
 Amunategui. 
 of Justice and Public Instruction Jose Antonio 
 
 Gandarillas. 
 " of Finances, Agriculture and Mines Augusto 
 
 Matte. 
 
 of War and Navy Rafael Sotoraayor. 
 
 Judicial matters are administered by a Supreme Court, of 
 national jurisdiction : seats at the capital, Santiago. 
 
 One High Court of Appeal at Santiago, divided in two 
 halls districts, the central provinces. 
 
15 
 
 Other ditto at Serena districts, the provinces of the north. 
 
 Another ditto at Concepcion districts, provinces of the 
 south and territories. 
 
 There are 43 inferior courts of justice for civil and criminal 
 cases, and the corresponding minor judges. 
 
 The affairs of the church in Catholic religion, which is pro- 
 tected and sustained by the State, are under the direction of 
 one archbishopric at Santiago, three bishoprics at Serena, Con- 
 cepcion and Anctid, and the respective chapters of cathredrals 
 and curates. 
 
 The criminal statistics for 1878 are : 
 
 Number of trials, ..... 6,059 
 Of which number, were 
 
 Sentenced, . . . . . '. . 3,058 
 Absolved, . . . - 2 > 9 8 
 
 The offenses for which tried, were : 
 Against the State, ' . . . Ji . 568 
 " Morals, . ... .' .'105 
 
 " Persons, . . . . . . 2,025 
 
 " the Property, . . . ' "' . . 3,361 
 
 6,059 
 
 According to the balance sheet, the state of the public treasury 
 31st December, 1878, was the following: 
 
 Cash in hand 31st December, 1877, . . $2,348,191 63 
 
 Ordinary income, 14,031,867 92 
 
 Loan, internal ($3,974,571), and extraordinary 
 
 receipts, 4,063,918 39 
 
 Total, .... $20,443,977 94 
 
16 
 
 Expenses : 
 
 For 1878, reduced by savings from $17,- 
 
 576,302 to $16,660,289 78 
 
 Deficit on the 31st December, 1877, . . 4,715,439 38 1 
 
 Total, . . ^ . . . . $21,375,729 16J 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 Income 31st December, 1878, . . . $20,443,927 94 
 
 Expenses, 21,375,729 
 
 Deficit on the 31st December, 1878, $931,801 22J 
 
 As is seen, the treasury deficit for the 31st December, 1877, 
 was 4| millions, which has fallen to less than one million for 
 the 31st December, 1878. 
 
 Financial movement for 1878 : 
 
 The ordinary income for 1878 exceeded that of 1877 by 
 $334,015, principally arising from monopolies and an increase 
 of traffic on government railways, this last being a sign of a 
 favorable reaction. 
 
 The Custom-House duties fell $189,437, which represents a 
 greater reduction in the consumption of imported goods. 
 
 In the ordinary receipts for 1877 the amount 
 
 of credit was $4,884,54236 
 
 Reduced in 1878 to 3,974,571 77 
 
 Less in 1878, .... $909,970 59 
 
 This notable diminution in the deficit and loans which burden 
 the future, is owing to greater reduction in the administration 
 which in 1878 reached $1,058,592; a greater reduction in the 
 national consumption and an increase in the products, which 
 will be noted later. 
 
17 
 
 In the expenses for 1878, national works and support to the 
 mineral salt works of Atacaraa, figure for $435,729. 
 
 The state of the national treasury on the 31st December, 
 1879, will therefore be as follows: 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 Ordinary income, . . . . . $14,506,293 75 
 Appeal to credit internal loan, . . . 357,500 00 
 
 $14,863,793 75 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 The ordinary estimated expenses reached . $17,072,712 26 
 Plus deficit from 1878, . t' ; . . ; .; 931,80100 
 
 $18,004,513 26 
 
 Total, reduced by economy in the adminis- 
 tration and by suspending the amortization 
 of the loan, to . . . .$16,001,463 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 Active, . . . . . . . $14,863,793 75 
 
 Passive, 16,001,463 48 
 
 Deficit for 1880, .... $1,137,669 
 
 The increase which is noted in this deficit, compared with that 
 of 1878, is still greater if the suspension of the sinking of the 
 loan is taken into account, but this is compensated for, in the first 
 place, by the considerable diminution of loans ; and next by 
 the excess of exports over the imports, which is a great source 
 of wealth. 
 
18 
 The estimates presented for 1880, give the following results : 
 
 Active : estimated income, .... $14,970,000 00 
 Passive: ordinary expenses, . . . 14,930,114 00 
 
 Residue, $39,886 00 
 
 To be added the deficit for 1879, . . $1,137,669 73J 
 
 Plus the capital of debt, of which the amortization has been 
 suspended. 
 
 In return, the country will have in its favor on the 31st of 
 December, 1879, $14,000,000, arising from the excess of imports 
 over the consumption, brought into the country during the two 
 last years ; a rich harvest of agricultural and mineral products ; 
 all of which indicate greater prosperity for the forth-coming 
 year, and an income greater than that reckoned upon the esti- 
 mates of J 879. 
 
 Here are the estimates. The receipts newly created are 
 marked with an asterisk : 
 
 Customs, $6,400,000 
 
 Railways, 3,500,000 
 
 Monopolies, 1,800,000 
 
 Land-tax, 1,040,000 
 
 Stamps and stamped paper, .... 250,000 
 
 Patents, 250,000 
 
 Excise, . . . . 300,000 
 
 Mint, 100,000 
 
 Post-office and telegraphs, 240,000 
 
 Rent of national estates, 25,000 
 
 Sale of national property and lands, . . . 250,000 
 
 *Tax on movable property, .... 600,000 
 
 *Legacy duty, 100,000 
 
 *Tolls, 40,000 
 
 Sundry incomes, 75,000 
 
 $14,970,000 
 
19 
 
 The state of the public debt on the 31st of July, 1879, was as 
 follows : 
 
 Internal debt, $19,320,550 
 
 Annuities on assumed mortgages, . . . 8,349,442 
 Foreign debt, ... .... 34,879,000 
 
 $62,548,992 
 
 To which sum we must add the 12 millions of 
 legal tenders with which the expenses of the 
 present war are paid, 12,000,000 
 
 $74,548,992 
 
 A burden which, divided among the 2,180,000 inhabitants, 
 gives us in round numbers $34.20 a head. 
 
 The following data will prove the solvency of the country in 
 face of the total of the debt : 
 
 In 1878, the rate of imports per head was . . $10 87 
 " " exports . . . . . 1366 
 
 Annual saving per head, $2.73, or $5,959,440 for the whole 
 population. 
 
 The government railways alone represent a value superior to 
 the external debt, and gave in 1878 a gross income of 2,978,454, 
 only inferior by $426,965 to the interest and amortization of the 
 external debt for the before-mentioned year. 
 
 This gross income of government railways is reckoned for 
 1880 at 3 millions, or $95,000 more than the total of that 
 service. 
 
 The estimate of railway receipts are calculated in gross. 
 
 And finally, the production of mineral salts, new to the 
 country, can be estimated for the end of the present year at 6 
 millions of dollars, with a profit of 50 per cent, on the same. 
 
 The quantities which constitute the total of the national 
 expenses for 1878, are applied to the payment of the following 
 services : 
 
20 
 
 Public security; administration of justice and penal 
 prisons; prevention and repression of crime by 
 the police, to whose support the municipalities 
 
 also contribute, $711,036 
 
 Army and navy, 2,370,234 
 
 Public credit, 6,432,135 
 
 Collection of duties and liabilities of government officers, 587,948 
 
 Material support or protection, .... 677,397 
 
 Beneficence and sustenance of this service, . . 400,449 
 
 Telegraphs and post-office, ..... 3,541,801 
 
 Public instruction, . . . . . . 1,004,265 
 
 Worship, 194,761 
 
 Total, $15,920,026 
 
 The balance is divided among the administrative officers, the 
 material of the offices and in buying monopolized articles. 
 
 Consequently, each person pays to the State : 
 
 For security (police), $ 31 
 
 For defense (army and navy), 1 10 
 
 Public debt, 3 00 
 
 Contributions (Administration), . . . . . 21 
 Public works, ...*.... 31 
 Beneficence and recompenses, . . . . . 18 
 
 Roads, 1 60 
 
 Public instruction, 48 
 
 Worship, 9 
 
 Total, . . ... $7 28 
 
 The real tax per head is $8, adding the national and muni- 
 cipal contributions. 
 
 During the year 1878 the Mint coined the following quantity 
 of gold and silver: 
 
 Gold, $79,380 00 
 
 Silver, . 1,546,956 29 
 
 $1,626,336 29 
 
21 
 
 The exportation of national money in the same year was : 
 Gold, ... ...... $107,630 00 
 
 Silver, ....... 3,123,280 00 
 
 $3,230,910 00 
 
 COMPARISON. 
 
 Coined, . . . : . ;-.,,.. . . $1,626,36929 
 Exported, . . , . . . . 3,230,910 00 
 
 Excess of exportation over coinage in 1878, $1,604,540 71 
 
 The amount of gold and silver coined the first eleven months 
 of the present year (1879) has been as follows : 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 In $10 pieces (condors), . . ... $65,180 00 
 
 SILVEE. 
 
 Coin of 0.9 of pure silver. 
 
 Of 100 cents, . . . . ' .' . . $770,19500 
 
 Of 20 " . ' '. . . . . . 1,929 00 
 
 Of 10 " . I . . ' .' . . 946 90 
 
 Of 5 " . . . . . . ' . 807 85 
 
 Coins of 0.5 pure silver. 
 
 Of 20 cents, . . . . '..,. . $815,30620 
 
 Of 10 " . . . . . . . 64,965 80 
 
 Of 5 " 17,685 80 
 
 Copper Coins. 
 
 Of 2 cents, $8,581 94 
 
 Ofl cent, . . . .v . . . 6,779 95 
 
 $1,752,378 44 
 
 Has been exported : 
 Gold to the value of . . . . . . $81,336 00 
 
 Silver " " ...... 2,155,374 00 
 
 $2,236,710 00 
 
22 
 
 COMPARED WITH 1879. 
 
 Coined, . $1,752,378 44 
 
 Exported, 2,236,710 00 
 
 Excess of exportation over coinage in 1879, $484,331 56 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Balance in contra for 1878, . . . $1,604,550 71 
 
 " " for 1879, . . . 484,331 56 
 
 $2,088,882 27 
 
 This copious exportation of sterling coin arises from three 
 causes, viz. : 1st. The deficiency of the crops of 1876 and 1877. 
 That of the last year, which was gathered during the first months 
 of the following, was so extremely poor that the country was 
 obliged to import corn from the United States, Argentine Re- 
 public, and Uruguay, to the value of $284,623. 2d. The pre- 
 ponderance of paper money, which, owing to the war, has had to 
 be redeemed by fiduciary money. It is well known that circu- 
 lating bank notes facilitate the exportation of coin, above all if 
 the depreciation of the former raises the rate of exchange ; and 
 3d. The necessary payment of interests in sterling coin, of foreign 
 capitals deposited in this country. 
 
 GENERAL COMMERCE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS COASTING 
 TRADE NAVIGATION. 
 
 The total of the amount of international exchange in 1878 
 ascended to $63,929,075, thus composed : 
 
 Imported by sea, . . . $26,880,964 
 " by land, . . 1,938,357 
 
 $28,819,321 
 
 Exports, .... $31,695,859 
 In transit, .... 3,413,895 
 
 $35,109,754 
 
23 
 
 The commerce of exports and imports, or exchange of na- 
 tional products for foreign ones, was as follows : 
 
 Exportation of the former, .... $31,695,859 
 Importation of the latter, . . . ' 25,322,011 
 
 $57,017,870 
 
 Excess of exports of national produce over imports, $6,373,848 
 In 1877 this excess was, . . . : , . . 436,259 
 
 $6,810,107 
 
 The following is an analysis of the exports : 
 
 Labor has produced in 
 
 Mineral products, value in market, * '* 
 Agricultural products " 
 
 Manufactured " " . .-'. , 
 
 Miscellaneous articles, " "-, 
 
 Savings in 
 
 National coin, .... . $3,230,910 
 
 Foreign coin in circulation, - ! > ' *-> -*'; -. ' ;' 163,626 
 
 Bank-notes, ... ; - . X. 914,500 
 
 Articles imported and re-exported, . , 892,540 
 
 $31,695,859 
 
 Comparing the exports of 1877 with those of 1878, we find 
 that, during the latter year, less agricultural but more mineral 
 products were exported. The scanty crops of 1877, which were 
 gathered in the first months of 1878, will explain the former. 
 Whereas, the increase, in the exportation of minerals, notwith- 
 standing the low price, indicates a greater amount of labor and 
 capital dedicated to that branch of production. 
 
 The importation of foreign goods which in 1877 was $29,279,113 
 Fell, in 1878, to 25,216,054 
 
 Greater reduction in consumption, . . $4,062,559 
 
24 
 
 List of imports : 
 
 I. Articles of food, ... . $6,800,947 
 
 II. Textile goods, ... . 6,082,727 
 
 III. Kaw material, ...... 2,183,764 
 
 IV. Clothing, jewels, etc., . . . 1,837,974 
 V. Machinery, instruments, etc., . . . 1,711,793 
 
 VI. Articles for domestic purposes, . . . 1,505,221 
 
 VII- Locomotion, railways and telegraphs, . 330,210 
 
 VIII. Wines and spirits, 743^149 
 
 IX. Snuff, tobacco, etc., 847,365 
 
 X. Minerals, gold, silver and copper bars, . 576,462 
 
 XI. Articles for the sciences and arts, . . 576,462 
 
 XII. Drugs for medicinal and industrial purposes, 225,400 
 
 XIII. Arms and ammunition, .... 66,063 
 
 XIV. Various articles, 1,829,475 
 
 C Gold coin, 9,429 
 
 XV. J Silver coin, 33,231 
 
 (Bank-notes, 54,035 
 
 As in these imports there are certain values which increase 
 the working capital of the country, viz. : machinery, locomo- 
 tives, railways and telegraphs for . . . $1,711,793 
 
 And coin and bank-notes for .... 96,595 
 
 $1,808,388 
 
 The true balance for the 3Jst of December, 1878 is, therefore, 
 as follows : 
 
 Increase in exportation, $6,810,107 
 
 Increase in circulating capital, .... 1,808,388 
 
 $8,618,495 
 
 "With reference to the exportation for the present year, 1879, 
 the following data may be relied upon : The exportation of 
 
25 
 
 agricultural produce in the first nine months of the year has 
 been $7,432,042; that of metals and minerals, not including 
 those exported from Antofagasta, in the first six months, $8,371,- 
 437, and that of gold and silver coin, national and nation- 
 alized, $2,155,374. Consequently, under these data, the ex- 
 ports for 1879, may be estimated at $34,000,000. And sup- 
 posing the imports to be the same as in 1878 (machinery and 
 coin being deducted), $23,408,166, plus articles of war, bought 
 by the state, $5,000,000 (approximation), equals $28,408,166. 
 We shall have at the end of the year, the following satisfactory 
 balance : 
 
 Exportation, ". . ! . . . '-' V . $34,000,000 
 Importation, . 28,408,166 
 
 Balance in favor of country, .... 5,591,834 
 Adding the balances of '76 and 77, . . . 8,618,495 
 
 Gives for total, . .. . ... . . . $14,210,229 
 
 From the above we have only to deduct the quantities corres- 
 ponding to the amortization of the foreign loan, which has not 
 been paid during the present year, 1879. 
 
 The principal industrial consumption per head in 1878, may 
 be thus classified : 
 
 Articles of food, . . . . . $2 93 each inhabitant. 
 
 Textile goods, 2 62 " " 
 
 Raw materials, 94 " " 
 
 Machinery,. ..... 74 " " 
 
 Sciences and arts, . . . . 16 " 
 
 Clothing and jewels, .... 79 " " 
 
 Snuff, tobacco, etc., .... 32 " " 
 
26 
 Value of coasting-trade, in 1878, reached, . . $68,218,649 
 
 The state of navigation is represented by the following figures : 
 
 Sailing ships, 
 Steamers, . 
 
 ARRIVALS. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 . 645 
 
 658 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 324,120 
 893,135 
 
 Crew. 
 
 10,570 
 46,358 
 
 56,928 
 
 Sailing ships, 
 Steamers, . 
 
 SAILED. 
 
 . 713 
 794 
 
 358,653 11,568 
 1,014,736 55,090 
 
 Sailing ships, 
 Steamers, . 
 
 1,507 1,373,389 66,658 
 
 COASTING-TRADE. 
 
 ARRIVALS. 
 
 . 1,917 508,305 
 . 2,316 1,892,617 
 
 16,110 
 114,074 
 
 4,233 2,400,922 130,184 
 
 Sailing ships, 
 Steamers, . 
 
 SAILED. 
 
 1,843 485,004 15,097 
 
 2,170 1,748,916 101,804 
 
 4,013 2,243,920 116,901 
 
27 
 VI. 
 
 AGRICULTURE ARABLE LANDS LAND CULTIVATED IN 1877 
 PRODUCE OF THESE LANDS AGRICULTURAL POPULA- 
 TION MORTGAGES COAL. 
 
 The extent of cultivable land in the peopled territory is 
 7,929,078 hectares, or 19,584,825 acres. 
 
 The part cultivated in 1877, 614,807 hectares, or 1,518,573 
 acres, or less than 8 per cent, of cultivable land. 
 
 The yield of wheat only in 1877 was 3,993,723 hectolitres, or 
 10,982,740 bushels. 
 
 In 1878, 3,643,727 hectolitres, or 10,010,250 bushels. 
 
 According to the census of 1875 the number of husbandmen 
 is 171,983. 
 
 During the year 1878, loans on land mortgages made by the 
 respective institutions, amounted to $3,312,100, guaranteed by 
 88 farms, whose value is estimated at $10,389,226. 
 
 The total value in circulation of mortgage notes on the 31st 
 December, 1878, was $15,304,000. 
 
 The production of coal from the principal mines in the south 
 of Chili reached, in 1876, to 48,184,960 metrical quintals, or 
 4,742,614 English tons ; but this amount has increased in the 
 last two years. 
 
 VII. 
 
 RAILWAYS AND ROADS TELEGRAPHS POST-OFFICE. 
 
 The country is owner of 863 kilometres or 536 miles of rail- 
 ways and of 88 kilometres or 54 of branch lines, which are ad- 
 ministered and worked by the government. 
 
 The cost of these, to 31st December, 1878, was $38,628,479, 
 which is equal to 50 per cent, of the capital of the European 
 loan, and constitutes in its origin the total of our foreign debt. 
 
 The balance of this same debt, which is to-day $34,879,000, 
 is, as is seen, more than compensated by the working value of the 
 government or fiscal railways. 
 
Working value for 1878 : 
 Passengers, ....... 
 
 Goods, . . . . . metrical cvvts. 
 
 The gross income was ..... $3,011,269 
 
 The expenses of working, repairs, etc., . . 1,870,467 
 
 Residue, .... $1,140,802 
 
 Which corresponds to 3 per cent, of the capital spent, and 
 forms the direct remuneration of that capital. The increasing 
 development of national produce and of custom duties, owing to 
 the cheapness and facility of steam communication more than 
 compensates the difference, comparing the interest of the foreign 
 debt with that of the interest of the capital spent in railways. 
 
 The national exportation before the existence of 
 
 railways (1853) was, $12,138,000 
 
 Custom-house duties, . . . . . 3,358,540 
 
 In 1878 the exportation was, .... 31,695,859 
 
 And custom-house duties, .... 6,188,271 
 
 To the 951 kilometres of railways of public property, it is 
 necessary to add 674 kilometres of private property, the value 
 of which amounts to $11,527,402. 
 
 That is to say the country possesses 1,625 kilometres, or 
 1,010 miles of railways. 
 
 It also possesses, for communication : 
 
 699 public roads, . . 24,711 kils. or 15,370 miles. 
 1,562 by-roads, . . . 17,863 " 11,030 " 
 78 water ways, . . 4,514 " 2,810 " 
 
 The net work of telegraphs which the government possesses, 
 and works for its own account, embraced at the beginning of 
 1879, 5,523 kilometres, or 3,435 miles, and was served by 63 
 offices. 
 
 The northern line extends from Copiapo, capital of the prov- 
 ince of Atacama, to Iquique, head-quarters of the army of occu- 
 pation of the province of Tarapaca, in Peru. 
 
29 
 
 During the year 1878, were transmitted by the wires : 
 Private messages, 158,359, with 2,873,439 words, value, $44,532 
 Official messages 87,639, with 3,438,500 words, which 
 
 is according to the ordinary tariff, value, . . 36,587 
 
 $81,119 
 Expenses of administration, repairs, etc., in 1879, . 99,043 
 
 Difference in contra, .... $17,924 
 represents the expense to the state of this important branch of 
 national development. 
 
 The post-offices of the country during the year 1878, carried 
 6,632,110 letters; 14,993 samples; 13,348 judicial files; 
 373,235 official dispatches ; 8,639,544 pamphlets ; which form 
 a total of 15,673,130, or J, 052,062 more than in the year 1877. 
 
 Expense of post service, . ... . . $253,282 
 
 Keceipts, . . . . . . . . 202,213 
 
 Excess of expense, . . ... . $51,060 
 
 The money-order office, in connection with the post-office, 
 issued, in 1878, money-orders amounting to $838,021. 
 
 The expense of this important branch was . . . $7,500 
 And the receipts, . . . . .... . 7,000 
 
 Cost of service, $500 
 
 Chili has united in the postal convention of Paris. 
 
 The tariffs for telegrams, letters and money-orders are very 
 moderate, the object being to foster the moral and material de- 
 velopment of the country. 
 
30 
 
 VIII. 
 
 In Chili there is perfect liberty of instruction. Nevertheless, 
 the State, through the University at Santiago, reserves for itself 
 the right of granting certificates in cases where those who have 
 received the education intend to follow some professions which, 
 according to law, require a special guaranty, for the effects that 
 their practise or exercise may work on society. 
 
 This guarantee on the part of the State is made with the most 
 strict impartiality, and is thus made a means of stimulating 
 learning and teaching. 
 
 The State, acting in accordance with the principles proclaimed 
 by the revolution of 1810, became responsible for the develop- 
 ment of popular instruction, appropriating necessary public 
 money; and to fulfill this duty, every government, since the 
 18th of September, 1810, has been vying with each other. 
 
 The instruction, paid and fomented by the State, is divided 
 in three classes : 
 
 Superior instruction. 
 Middle instruction. 
 Elementary instruction. 
 
 The first is given by the respective section of the National 
 Institute, Santiago, and in the lycea or high colleges of Copiapo, 
 Serena, Valparaiso and Concepcion. It includes the branches 
 necessary for the following professions : 
 
 Laws, 
 
 Mathematics, 
 
 Medicine, 
 
 Engineering, 
 
 Painting, etc. 
 
 In the university section of the Institute in 1878, 762 students 
 pursued the higher course of study, divided in the following 
 manner : 
 
 Laws, 378 
 
 Medicine, . . . . . . 340 
 
 Mathematics, 33 
 
31 
 
 In the section of painting, drawing and sculpture, 55 students 
 assisted, divided in the following manner : 
 
 Painting and drawing, . 44 
 
 Sculpture, . . . . . .". 11 
 
 The government maintains in the academy of painting and 
 sculpture, in Paris, two proficient pupils in the school of paint- 
 ing. 
 
 The conservatory of music was attended by 
 
 Male. Female. 
 
 Theory and sol-faing (3 sections), . .68 199 
 
 Piano, . . . . 117 
 
 Vocal, . . . . . ; . 26 99 
 
 Orchestra, . . . . . . 39 36 
 
 Total, . . ... 133 451 
 
 During the year 1878, the following pupils received a middle- 
 class education in the following establishments : 
 
 In the first section of the National Institute, 1,052 
 Lyceum de Copiapo, . . . .213 
 
 " La Serena, . . . .216 
 
 " San Felipe, , ; ' r . . v 217 
 
 " Valparaiso, . . .. . 362 
 
 " Kancagua, . . . ,.- . 68 
 
 " San Fernando, . . ... 85 
 
 " Curic6, 102 
 
 " Talca, . . . . .279 
 
 " Linares, 51 
 
 " Cauque"nes, .... 76 
 
 " Chilian, 133 
 
 " Concepcion, .... 302 
 
 Number carried forward, . 3,156 
 
32 
 
 Number brought forward, . . 3,156 
 
 Lyceum Los Anjeles, .... 53 
 
 " Valdivia, 56 
 
 " Melipulli, or Puerto-Montt, . 45 
 
 " Ancud, 74 
 
 Total, .... 3,384 
 
 During the term of the present year (1879) the number of 
 these pupils has reached 4,241. 
 
 The following have been the branches of instruction : Re- 
 ligion, sacred history, articles of Catholic faith ; Spanish, French, 
 English, German, Italian and Latin grammar; ancient Greek 
 and Roman history; history of the middle ages, modern history, 
 and of America and Chili ; literature and history of literature ; 
 mental and moral philosophy; elemental arithmetic, algebra and 
 geometry ; descriptive and physical geographies, ' cosmography, 
 elemental physics and chemistry, natural history, book-keeping, 
 lineal and landscape drawing, hygiene, commercial course (in 
 the lyceum of Valparaiso). 
 
 The total of pupils who have studied at the government ex- 
 pense, in the middle class term, and in painting, during the year 
 1878, is 4,315. 
 
 The State also sustains two establishments of professional and 
 scientific instruction, applied principally to the producible in- 
 dustries, manual labor and agriculture of the country, and are : 
 The National School of Arts, with 75 pupils inscribed. 
 This number of pupils receives instruction in the following 
 branches : 
 
 Arithmetic and algebra, . . . . .15 
 Elemental geometry, rectilineal trigonometry, . 16 
 
 Descriptive geometry, 16 
 
 Elemental physics, or natural philosophy, . .12 
 
 Mechanics, 16 
 
 English, 16 
 
 Spanish grammar, 16 
 
33 
 
 Geography, . . . . . . .16 
 
 Religion, ........ 15 
 
 History of Chili, . . . . . .15 
 
 Machine drawing, . . . . . .59 
 
 The School of Agriculture, with 27 students ; a system of in- 
 struction divided in three parts, corresponding to an equal num- 
 ber of years, and it is endowed with a laboratory of agricultural 
 chemistry, a machine apparatus, an observatory, gardens for 
 study, a model vineyard, forest and fruit trees, and a veterinary 
 hospital. 
 
 Primary instruction, the foundation of the edifice we have just 
 examined, functioned during the year 1878, in the following 
 form: 
 
 NUMBEK OF PUBLIC AND COMMON SCHOOLS. 
 
 Males. Females. 
 
 In the towns, 146 155 
 
 In the country, . . . .247 230 
 
 Total, . . . .393 385 
 
 In all 778 schools, with 1,053 teachers, of which number 269 
 are assistant teachers ; the number of children on register was 
 60,571 ; and the branches of education the following : 
 
 Reading, 
 
 "Writing, 
 
 Arithmetic, 
 
 Catechism, 
 
 Spanish grammar, 
 
 Geography, 
 
 Cosmography, 
 History of Chili, 
 Sacred history, 
 History of America, 
 Drawing, 
 Vocal music. 
 
 In order to form some idea of the state of primary instruction 
 it is necessary to inspect the data of private teaching. 
 
 During the year 1878, 563 private schools were in operation, 
 with an attendance of 15,740 pupils, males, and 10,727 females ; 
 total, 26,467. 
 
34 
 
 The number of private schools in 1878 has augmented, as well 
 as the number in attendance. 
 
 The total of scholars in all the schools is, therefore, the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 In public schools, 
 In private schools, 
 
 . 60,571 
 . 26,467 
 
 87,038 
 
 The Normal School for training teachers, had in the year 1878, 
 109 students on register, divided into four sections, studying the 
 following branches : 
 
 FIRST SECTION. 
 
 Reading, . . 
 Writing, 
 
 Spanish grammar, 
 Descriptive geography, 
 Sacred history, . 
 Vocal music, . 
 School-management, . 
 
 >38 
 
 SECOND SECTION. 
 
 Reading, .... 
 Writing, .... 
 Spanish grammar, 
 Arithmetic, 
 
 Catechism and religion, 
 History of America and Chili, 
 Vocal music, 
 School-management, 
 
35 
 
 THIRD SECTION. 
 
 Spanish grammar, 
 Arithmetic final, 
 French, .... 
 Geometry and lineal drawing, 
 Physics, .... 
 History of religion, 
 Agriculture, . 
 Hygiene, . 
 Vocal music, 
 School-management, . 
 
 29 
 
 FOURTH SECTION. 
 
 Spanish grammar, 
 
 Cosmography, 
 
 Physical geography, 
 
 Chemistry, 
 
 Natural history, . 
 
 Agriculture, 
 
 French, 
 
 Political constitution, . 
 
 Lineal drawing, . 
 
 Vocal music, 
 
 School-management, . 
 
 19 
 
 Open to the public, is the National Library, containing 
 1 75,000 volumes and manuscripts, and 24 others in the capitals 
 of provinces, with 59,460 volumes. 
 
 A National museum with many specimens of Chilian objects. 
 
 Three museums of the University : 1st, of mineralogy and 
 geology ; 2d, of metallurgy ; and 3d, of anatomy. 
 
36 
 
 A National observatory, at 33 26' S. lat., meridian of 
 Santiago, 6 22' E. Ion. of Washington and 535 metres (1,755 
 feet) above the Pacific. 
 
 The State has invested since 1872, the following sums in the 
 development of popular instruction : 
 
 1872, $ 908,838 30 
 
 1873, 1,142,013 32 
 
 1874, 1,197,361 58 
 
 1875, 1,116,653 36 
 
 1876, 1,225,579 13 
 
 1877, 1,123,528 88 
 
 1878, . % . 1,004,265 00 
 
 IX. 
 
 ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 The navy of Chili consists of two iron-clad frigates, an iron- 
 clad monitor, two wooden steam corvettes, three gun-boats, five 
 armed transports, eight ordinary transports, two steam-tugs and 
 all other elements necessary to the war state of the republic. 
 The crews of these vessels reach 2,960, officers and men, besides 
 a marine artillery of 1,125 strong, officers and men ; a force 
 which has been increased owing to the present war with the re- 
 publics of Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 The army of the republic, formerly reduced to what was 
 strictly necessary for the service of the frontiers with the Arau- 
 canian Indians and to a disciplined base for the organization of 
 an army of the three arms, which did not exceed 3,000 officers 
 and men, has now been raised to 21,000 strong, officers and men. 
 The reserve corps is made up of 9,000 men, which can be 
 speedily augmented by the national militia, which is ready for 
 any emergency. 
 
37 
 X. 
 
 LIGHT-HOUSES AND BUOYS HYDROGRAPHY METEOROLOGY. 
 
 There is a commission of light-houses and buoys, which 
 superintends this branch of the public service. The office of 
 hydrography works ceaselessly in the development of this im- 
 portant study, and publishes an Annuary and a periodical of 
 hydrographical notices. The central office of meteorology 
 directs, receives and collates the observations which are made 
 by the different observatories established in the republic. These 
 studies are published methodically in the Annuary of that office. 
 
 There is also, finally, a Central Office of Statistics, for the col- 
 lection and collation of statistical facts and the census of the re- 
 public, which publishes every year an Annuary of those data, 
 and also the census in every ten years. 
 
 DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICES. 
 
 I. IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister* Plenipotentiary Francis 
 
 Solano Asta-Buruaga, at Washington, D. C. 
 Consul of Baltimore, Md. Washington Booth. 
 " Boston, Mass. Horace N. Fisher. 
 " New YorJc } N. Y. Diego do Castro. 
 Philadelphia, Pa. Edward Shippen. 
 Portland, Oreg. Ferdinand G. Ewald. 
 " Port Townsend, Wash. Terr. Charles M. Gerrish. 
 San Francisco, Col. Henry Palacios. 
 
 II. IN CHILI. 
 
 Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Thomas A. 
 
 Osborn, at Santiago. 
 Consul of Coquimbo Joseph Grierson. 
 
 " Talcaguano William Crosby. 
 
 " Valparaiso Lucius H. Foote. 
 Vice- Consul of Talcaguano S. J. Stauton. 
 Consular Agent of Caldera John C. Morong. 
 
* 
 
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 082 908 5 
 
Univen 
 
 Soul 
 
 Lit