THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 GIFT OF 
 HORACE W. CARPENTIER 
 
Political and Commercial 
 CONSIDERATIONS 
 Relative to 
 THE MALAYAN PENINSULA 
 BRITISH SETTLEIffiNTS 
 
 in the 
 STRAITS OF i«0E5H >^^^'^<^'^ 
 
 By John Anderson 
 
 Printed under Authority of Government 
 By William Cox 
 
 1824 
 
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CARP£NTl£ft 
 
 TO 
 THE HONORAftLB 
 
 ROBERT FULL^RtON, Esq. 
 JGOVfiRNOtt Oif 
 
 prfitte of ailate f slaitu anti tts lOt^tt^^tizs^ 
 
 THIS TOLUMB IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED^ 
 ttlS MOST OBEDXENTj FAITHFUL SERVANT^ 
 
 THE AtJtHOR* 
 
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CONTENfS. 
 
 1« t*refar«itofy fteinar^s ;.-. vi*.* i^^^/Page i to vlii 
 IS. Lettei" to Government .•«•..,« i. ^ • i. » * . * i to ix 
 d. Introductioil .k.^ ..k^ *•»'. .^.i,. .t^. i to xt 
 
 '4» Considerations on the Conquest of Quedah 
 
 and Perak, by the Siamese, &c. . . i » . . • I to 1 1i 
 5. Description of the Tin Countries, &c« ..4 113 to 204* 
 
 APPENDIX* 
 
 H' ••■• ■>> 
 
 i. 'f ranslation of a Letter front the Mfnist^i^ 
 of the King of Ava to the Rajah of Que- 
 dah at Prince of Wales Island-..* .^P^e i Id if 
 
 Si Translation of a Letter from the Rajah of 
 Tavei or Tavoy to the Rajah of Quedah 
 at Pulo Pinan|;. 4 . * . « « ^ * . . • » ^ ^ ^ . . iv to riii 
 
 8, Memorandum of a eooferericc bfelwe^n the 
 Honorable the Governor and th6 Mes* 
 sengers from the Rajah of Ligore^ od 
 Saturday the Srd April 1824.. i. .. i. Viii t6 iiV 
 
 6. Ouedah Tfealy ** .*^ .*-i ...^ .*-. xv to^viilj 
 
 7. Perak Treaty .*. . ...* .-.^ -^4 ...ixviiito xX 
 
 8. Salengore Treaty ... . -...^ .--•- .i. -xxi to xxiil 
 ^» Johore Treaty **•• -*-i -i** •••fcik-* xxiv toxxvi* 
 
 yy 
 
10. AboriginaV InhabUants of the Malayan 
 Peninsula, and particularly of the Ne- 
 groes called Semang Page xxvii(oxl?ii 
 
 !!• Descriptionof the Island of Junk Ceylon. -xlviri to )x 
 
 12. Extract of a Letter addressed by the late 
 
 Mr, James Scott to the Governor Ge* 
 
 neral, relatire to Junk Ceylon .Ix to Ixi 
 
 13. The probable advantages of the English 
 
 Company possessing Junk Ceylon, by ' /'J . 
 James Scott, Esq . Ixii to Ixr 
 
 14. Extract from Captain Kyd's Memoir oq 
 Pinang •••. Ixvi 
 
 15. Extract of a Letter from Colonel Kyd. ..Ixri toIxTiii. 
 
 >o<»<::^<r>ov 
 
 ■.>'t I..-/'*- 
 
Some Errors of the Prcai have arisen from the haste witk 
 which the following sheets have bceo priated and the waot of 
 that due attention to the correction, which the Author's public 
 duties prevented him from bestowing, to the extent neccssar/^ 
 He therefore requests the Reader will indulgently overlook suck 
 defects. 
 
 *gp!ff«ppifnii^9niH!;i««n«Rl!<P^^^ 
 
 mf * im 
 
•a'---"^ ■[-: i:» 
 
 
 ^iM ijH 
 
LETTER TO GOVERN MBHT.. 
 
 Tc^ 
 
 W. M. WILLIAMS, Esauias; 
 
 Acting Secretary Ta Govern afENTr 
 
 ,'^- 
 
 Placed as I have been, for sometime past, in^ situations 
 which have given me favorable opportunities of acquirin|^ 
 information respecting the neighbouring Native' Statej?^ 
 while Commercial Agent to this Government andmorfe 
 recently, conducting the correspondence between the late 
 Governor and the authorities at Ligore and Quedah — I 
 take the liberty of respectfully submitting to the Honora- 
 ble the Governor in Council, the result of my enquiries 
 upon a subject, which has, during the few last years, en-* 
 gaged the attention ofthis Government, and a con^idera-* 
 tion of which is daily becoming more momentous, in con-* 
 sequence, not only of the com-nencement of hostilities 
 against the Burmahs, the meditated expeditions against 
 the Southern Ports of that Empire, the very unsatisfac* 
 tory footing upon which the British Government at pre* 
 sent stands with Siam, more especially vrith the raino^ 
 State of Ligore atid its present dependency of Quedah, but 
 
11 
 
 Letter to. GovEaNMENt. 
 
 also the unsuccessful issue of the late Governor's negocia- 
 tions in view to effect the restoration of the King of Que- 
 dah; the deceit and cunning evinced by the Ligor Chief 
 and his agents, during the whole progress of these negocia- 
 tions and the development of his real intentions, by the 
 uncourteous reception of the agent who was lately deputed 
 to Traang. 
 
 The first part of the accompanying paper contains some 
 reflections upon the conquest of Perak and Quedah, a 
 brief account of the early Malayan Establishments on the 
 Peninsula and the relative connection of the Quedah 
 State with Siam and Prince of Wales Island; an cxpo^'tion 
 of the advantages likely to result from declaring Quedah 
 and the whole of the Malayan States under the protection 
 of the British Government, restoring a weak Ally to the 
 Throne of his Ancestors, not so much from a considera* 
 tion of the Claims which he has to support, however strong, 
 as from a regard to the interests and prosperity of the 
 British Settlements; to which is added a few suggestions 
 relative to the policy to be pursued, for the improvement 
 of the declining commerce of this port with these States. 
 
 The second division contains a descriptive Sketch of the 
 Tin Countries on the Western side of the Malayan Penin- 
 sula, from the Island of Junk Ceylon to the river Lingi, 
 near Malacca and the rivers on that Coast, intended to 
 *hew the boundaries of the several States as defined and 
 admitted by the best Native Authorities; to point out th^ 
 separate rights of each and the facilities which exist for 
 
Letter to Government* iS 
 
 oxtending^' the commercial intercourse with these States 
 and drawing forth the valuable products with which the 
 Peninsula is known to abound. 
 
 The object of my investigation has been to remove 
 some misconceptions which hare been too generally cir- 
 culated, respecting the tributary dependence of Quedah 
 upon Siam, as^ implied from the anciently established 
 Ceremony of transmitting a Boonga Mas, or Gold and 
 Silver flower, — and to direct the attention of the higher 
 aathorities to a subject of deep importance to this Settle- 
 ment, which may possibly not be overlooked, in the 
 future negociations with the Court of Siam. It has beea 
 my aim, by collecting and carefully comparing different 
 authorities, to shew, not only the advantage to British 
 Interests, but the absolute necessity of immediate inter* 
 ference in the affairs of Quedah. 
 
 The dispersion of the Malays by the lawless oppres- 
 sions of the Siamese, is unquestionably giving ericouragef 
 ment to a very alarming system of piracy, and the decline 
 of trade, the scarcity and enhanced price of grain and 
 other supplies have been too sensibly felt, of late, to escape 
 notice. Measures of the utmost forbearance have already 
 experienced a trial of three years, but the prospect of 
 a satisfactory adjustment appears as distant as ever, while 
 the Government is obliged to comply with the selfish 
 policy of the authorities at Quedah and pay a bounty 
 upon the grain which used to be imported formerly, at 
 one half the price* 
 
it TOTTEtL TO GoYBRNUBltlW 
 
 These observations were penned fn the latter parft 
 of last year, prior to the knowledge of an intended rup^ 
 lure with the Burinahs, and at a time whea the publie 
 mind') at this Settlement^ was ccnsiderably agitated by the 
 reports which daily arrived, of a meditated invai^iun b/ 
 the Siamese. These remarks are* submitted therefore^ 
 with, the utmost deference, in^ the hope that the Hon'ble 
 the Governor m Council^ will indulgently overlook* any 
 imperfections in the executfon of the task, in considerations 
 of the importance of the subject to the interests of this- 
 Island! 
 
 . r have the honor to be«. 
 
 V - Sir, 
 
 V ri^i- Your most Obedient Servant^ 
 
 (Signed) J.ANDERSON, 
 
 . ^ «- . Malay TaANsLAxoa xo Govt;;. 
 
 Pinang,.llth Sept. 1824;.'—;^ 
 
 ^i-^ 
 
CONSIDERATIONS, 
 
 Hi 
 
 OK THE 
 
 CONQUEST OF QUEDJH AND PERAK. 
 
 ' *'* , ' Introduction* 
 
 I 
 
 N undertaking the compilatioa of the following work, 
 and presenting, in a condensed form, a detail of the vari- 
 ous circunistaaces connected with th3 subversion of the 
 Milayan Government of Quedah, and the subjugation of 
 other minor States by the Siamese, which a ready access 
 to official records and tiie most authentic documents has 
 enabled me to accomplish ; in bringing forward also, in 
 support of my own opinions and arguments, founded 
 upon a very deliberate con^'ideration of the subject, the 
 most powerful and respectable authorities in favor of an 
 immediate interference, on the part of the British Go?ern- 
 ment, in affairs which so nearly concern its own interests 
 and permanency in this quarter ; I was prompted by an 
 anxious desire to fulfill a duty which, however desirous 
 I was that it had devolved to abler hands I felt myself im« 
 pelled, from the consideration of the Official situation I 
 held, and the opportunities I have enjojed of visiting 
 
\ 
 
 it Introduction. 
 
 Eomc of the princfpal places on the \Yestcra coast of the 
 Malayan Peninsela, to attempt (he execution of» 
 
 It is not njy wish to claim any merit for this ToFuntary 
 task, (which has been brought to a conclusion without 
 the aid of any one vrho might possibly have guided ray 
 inexperienced judgement,) beyond that of diligence and 
 industry in the collection of the raaterials, and a couscfen- 
 tious d^*ire to present, in as concise a form as possible, a 
 fair and impartial view of a question of deep fmportance, 
 upon which so many conflicting sentiments hare prevailed. 
 My investigation ha^ been laboriously minute, aiid 1 have 
 overlooked no practicable means of acquiring the most 
 correct information. If I shall have succeeded, therefore^ 
 in removing any mistaken impressions which may have • 
 existed relative to the political connection of thd Siamese ' 
 and Malayan States, and in inducing a more attentive - 
 consideration to a subject of no small moment, my object^ 
 will be attained. ^^'^-^"^ ^' '^ ^ ''' 
 
 When we reflect upon the magnitude of our possessions'' 
 in India and their importance to the Parent State, every 
 thing connected with them, either in a commefciat or*' 
 political point of view has a claim to serious attention;'^ 
 but when we consider what an ambitious disposition has, 
 of late years, been evinced, by the two powerful States of* 
 Ava and Siam to ruake enc' roachments upon the ter- 
 ritories of their neighbours, and how deeply British in- 
 terests have been, and still are afl'ected by such proceed- 
 ings, the necessity of examining and carefully weighing^' 
 every circumstaace connected with our political relations, 
 
Introduction. , \iii 
 
 befiomes apparent 5 and it h the paramount du(y of all 
 who have ihe interests of their employers at heart, and 
 vliose Official situations enable them to form, a judgement 
 of such, events, — to lend a helping hand in warding off ^ 
 impending dangers, — to anticipate probabilities, — no less 
 than to endeavoar" to restore tranquillity amongst the ' 
 surrounding nations. ^ 
 
 Th^ recent events which hate involved the British Go^ . 
 vernment, in defence of its rights and in opposition to the 
 unjustifiable aggressions of the Burmahs, in active hostili-? 
 ties with the powerful Etiipire of Ava, and the extra- 
 ordinary and alarming line of conduct which has marked , 
 the proceedings of the no less ambitious power of Siani 
 towards the Malayan States and the Britisli Government 
 of Prince of Wales Island, seem to point out the present, , 
 as a fit time, for offering such observations as an attentive . 
 reflection may have originated. 
 
 We have lately beheld a remarkable illustr^ti^pjr^^of the ^ 
 aggrandizing spirit of the. Ava Govcrnmentj.Jn, the cor- 
 respondence of the Ministers of that Court and jhe R^juh 
 of Tavoy with the Ex-King of Quedah,* That corres- 
 pondence fully evinces a desire to reduce the whole of the 
 Malayan States to. tributary dependence Upon Ava, and * 
 an intentjon;orwrestiug froih the Siamese, the possessions; 
 lately acquired by treachery by that equally despotic Go* 
 vernment. We have .also witnessed other projects, in-^, 
 dicaling the extent of their policy and deep schemes, ia; 
 
 • Vide A^'fcodix* ^'''^^^''^^^^^■:^\^"^r^t 
 
 mmmmmm^ 
 
iv*^ LVTRODUCTib>\ '" 
 
 the attempt of the Burmahs to form a closer connectioa ' 
 and alliance with the Cochin-Chinese Government, by '' 
 the deputation, last year, of a Mission to that Court, under ' 
 Mr. Gibson. The prompt declaration of War by the 
 British Government and the extensive warlike operations 
 which followed, have, no doubt, diverted for a time, the 
 Burmahs from the plans they were well understood to be 
 making rapid preparations for executing ; and we are in- 
 debted to the vigorous measures of the Supreme Authorities, 
 that this neighbourhood is not, at this moment, the scene 
 of war and depopulation. Relieved, however, by ac«^ ^ 
 cidental circumstances, from such expected calamities on 
 one hand, the present aspect of aflfairs, in regard to the 
 Siamese, cannot fail to engender, in the minds of those ' 
 who take a careful review of all the circumstances con« ' 
 nected with the negociations with the Rajah of Ligore,- ^ 
 an expectation, that the relief is but temporary and that ' 
 the present order of things is not such as to encourage a 
 belief, that the British Government will be able to submit - 
 much longer to the line of policy pursued by the Siamese, t 
 The state of agitation and apprehension in which the - 
 Settlement of Pinang has been kept since the arrival of j 
 the Siamese at Quedah and the many inconveniences whicK* v 
 have resulted both to the British Government and its du«^> 
 merous subjects, as well as the inhabitants of th^ populous - 
 countries around us, do assuredly point out the necessity ! 
 of a speedy consideration and final adjustment in sonie 
 wajorothcn ^ . '•' ' 
 
JiSiRonuctios.* t 
 
 : "The sooner we interfere In the affvrs 4>f Qucdali, the 
 ^greater will be the probability of suceess. The Siamese 
 mil, no doubt, be under isome alarm at our proceeding! 
 «ith th« Burraahs, so long sls we continue •siK^cessfiii ; as 
 they would encroiich iipon us more and more, were the <i 
 contrary to be xhe result. We should now avail oarselTeg^'v^ 
 therefore, of the opportunity of taking advantage of 
 iheir alarms: [or pacific niegocialioiis have been tried^i 
 -but tried in vaia* The longer they retain Quedah, thQ. 
 stronger will Jbe their claims, and it would certainly bs. 
 extremely injudicious in us to delay .until all their projects 
 have been brought to maturity^ and they have acquirec^ 
 claims by longaud ujiopposed passessioa. 
 
 Much diversity of opinion has prevailed relative to the 
 principles^f policy which should guide the authorities m 
 ihis country^ in their intercourse and conneeUo4is with the 
 various Native powers; but experience has fully testified 
 that the liberal and enlightened views c»' Lord Wellesly 
 are the best adapted to the peculiar circumstaeees ef our 
 vast Empire, which has grown upon us inseusibly, and 
 that a steady adherence to that system is well calcalated 
 to secure the tranquillity of India and the permanency of 
 our authority in these extensive regions, no less than so- 
 lid advantages to the state, by increasing revenues and 
 improvement in the condition of the numerous and di- 
 versified population of the country, as an opposite praetiee 
 would infallibly, eventually entail upon us the most per- 
 nicious consequences and endanger the security of ouc 
 possessions* *- :-..^^> r^^t: 
 
 ...,,,^,.,jj4 i j | iuy]iiiiyii^^ 
 
ri iNTBODircTroifi; 
 
 Distinct and different as are the inhabitants of the East 
 from ihe West, as dissimilar in respect to many points of - 
 principle and character as they arc in their colour; bound 
 Lj few moral obligations ; ignorant and utterly disregard*^ 
 ful of those sound maxims and principles of policy irhick 
 guide the more enlightened Nations of the West, and uni« 
 tersally regarding might as right, we shall, in vain, en^ 
 deavour to guide our conduct towards them by fixed prin-^ 
 ciples or to compel them to a steady and faivhful adherence 
 to any proposed and consistent system* Naturally tyran* 
 nical and ambitious in their dispositions^ power is their 
 idol, and if vested with the means, they regard no acts as 
 unjustifiable or unfair in gaining the ascendency and in : 
 wresting, by force, from their neighbours, what they can- 
 not assume as a right or obtain by measures of pacific ne* 
 gociation. This remark is more or less applicable to the 
 whole of the nations of Asia, with whom we have had in* 
 tercourse, (but to none mere so than the Siamese and 
 Burmahs,) and from the natural and inherent constitution 
 and character of these races^ it may be visionary even ta 
 expect, that education and familiarity with '^hc customs 
 of other nations, will, for a series of ages to come^ cradi* 
 cate such deep rooted prejudices.' .. i ifrp 
 
 However desirous the British Government has been ti 
 conciliate the good will of its neighbours, how ready 
 soever it has always shown itself to repay concession by 
 concession, and to encourage the most friendly commercial 
 relations, how aversci at all times, to proceed to extremi'* 
 
iNTBObirCTIOli. ' ' TU 
 
 tics, Vfhen reluctantly forced to repel aggression, still mo* 
 deration has its limits, and a compromise of its just and 
 inherent rights or a tardiness in repelling encroachment, 
 would generally entail more serious evils than wc suffer from 
 being engaged in occasional hostilities. The ascendancy 
 which the British name and power has gained throughout 
 the East; an ascendancy certainly established chiefly 
 by the sword, renders it the more necessary to dci^troy the 
 first seeds of opposition and encroachment, at this late 
 period of our sway, on the part of any native power, lest 
 the example of our forbearance, in one case, should give 
 encouragement to other powers, and thus involve us ia 
 far greater calamities than we seek to escape from, hf 
 pacific meaus^ undoing all that has been done, by the sacri* 
 fice of wealth and human lives, for the attainment of ob« 
 jects, which if preserved, confer a blessing upon the mother 
 country, and will continue to raise, as our struggles and 
 our moderation as victors have raised the British name 
 through all countries. Let not, then, any delusive hope of 
 success from an experimental and illusory system of avoid- 
 ing War by undue forbearance, when we are forced bycir* 
 cumstances to resist, induce us to pursue plan? of whicli 
 our whole experience and history affords abundant evi« 
 deuce of the futility. '-'K 
 
 Many arguments have been adduced in favor of the 
 neutral system of policy, which looks to the wars and con** 
 tentions of other States as the best safeguard for our own 
 security ; but these have been successfully combated by 
 
ii'iii Introdvctioi^ 
 
 tlie most able and experienced practical men, whose 
 opinions from their long and intimate acquaintance with 
 the very peculiar character of the Natives and State of 
 the country, must be entitled to infinitely more wjeight 
 and consideration than the plausible and speculative 
 theories of some politicians who take but a superficial view 
 of the subject and who do not permit their minds to dwell 
 on future consequences and contingencies. In vain shall 
 we attempt to conform to the prescribed line of policy, at 
 present, with any expectation of success or advantage* 
 *' No line of policy," said an able Chairman of the 
 Court of Directors* many years ago, '' could be more 
 fatal to us, than that of suffering any of the more power* 
 ^ul chieftains ef India to swallow up the rest, which must 
 be the case, if they are permitted, without restraint, to 
 perfect their knowledge in the art of war as practised 
 among the nations of Europe, and to direct the acquire- 
 ment to the attack and destruction of their weaker neigh« 
 'bours." " '-'''- '<;./>',...:•:'; ,;-..; i^ r 
 
 We have, of late years, observed the avidity with which 
 the Burmahs and particularly the Siamese, hare beea 
 collecting immense supplies of arms and ammunition! 
 as it were in anticipatioQ of some extensive hostilities* 
 The wholesome regulations of the statute, which prohibit- 
 ed the export of warlike stores from England were rigid- 
 ly supported by the Pinang Government during a series of 
 yearS| but the extensive importation of arms from the 
 
iNTRODUCTIONt IX 
 
 continent of Europe, into Sincapore, which have beea 
 sent in ship loads to Siiini, and the (I must term it) injudi- 
 cious excitements held out by the papers of that Settlement, 
 for farther supplies, are matter for consideration by the 
 superior authorities, in viewing the probable intentions 
 of the Siamese. We D»ust narrowly watch the proceedings 
 of that Government through all its various ramifications 
 and windings of cunning, intrigue and prudential foresight, 
 to form a proper estimate of its designs. Upon their pro- 
 fessions and declarations, experience has shewn us, we can 
 place but little reliance. A remarkable and very con- 
 vincing proof of this is exhibited in the assurances made 
 by the Envoys from Ligore,* the fallacy of which were 
 too clearly exemplified in the reception given to the 
 Embassador from Pinang, immediately afterwards. It 
 has been well observed,*]- " it will never be sufficient 
 for us to confine our views or political relations to the bare 
 preservation of our possessions in India; we mu«t look 
 further from us, and possess, not a remote but an im- 
 mediate interest and cause in the condition and changes of 
 our neighbours; whatever affects them must, in its opera- 
 tion, bear upon us in some shape or other," 
 
 The advantages and sound policy of employing the 
 power and influence of the British Government in cases 
 when inferior States, (with which we have had even an 
 indirect connection, not to say alliance,) are oppressed 
 by their more powerful neighbours have been succesful^ 
 
 ' • Vide Ccu)f«rence in ihe Aj'pendix, 
 f Sammar/' of the Mabrat^iL^nd Ptpdiree Campat^a, page is* 
 
X iNTRODtrcnw* >: ! 
 
 Ijr advocated and maintained by one of the ablest anti 
 most distinguished Servants of the Honorable East India 
 Company* Sir John Malcolm,* is decidedly of opinioa 
 that the Security of our possessions is more likely to be 
 maintained by using the great and commanding power 
 which we have acquired, to preserve the general peace 
 and tranquillity of India, than by a policy,, which declared^ 
 ly looks to the wars and disputes^ of its neighl)Ours, as one 
 of the chief sources of its security, and which, if it does 
 not directly excite such wars, shapes its political relations 
 with inferior States in a manner calculated to create and 
 continue them. " The professed object of this system,'^ 
 says he ^^ is to aveid, by contracting our political relations 
 that continual embarrassment to which it is argued, we 
 must otherwise be subject, and all measures pursued are 
 to be conformable to certain general principles, which, 
 like a broad shield, are to save us from every injury, and 
 simplify the whole scheme of our Government in India* 
 " If such a result was really attainable, the task of 
 rule would become easy, and the whole machine of Go- 
 vernment might be kept in order by a very moderate 
 share of attention and understanding; but, unfortunately 
 all experience is against such a conclusion, which is indeed 
 contrary to the nature of man. Wemust, if we endea- 
 vour to fly from those political embarrassments, and com* 
 plex relations which have been in all ages the conditionji 
 of extended power and dominion, always meet with 
 . . 5'Pt>liiicalHutorj oflodia* ~ ^*^ «* , 
 
IntaodvctiovI xi 
 
 mnch greater evils than those from v^hich ^e try to escape* 
 With regard to all general principles oF rule, we shoul4 
 recollect, that their value is npt in their abstract excellence, 
 but in their seasonable and just application; for it is the 
 great and sole art of Government to a()(q)t principles to 
 the continual changes of human affairs, npt to force hu- 
 man affairs into a shape that suits principles. This ob- 
 servation applies with peculiar force to our Empire in 
 India; which from its foundation, the nature of if s Go- 
 vernment and the various tribes and nations which it in- 
 cludes, demands more wisdom and more modification of 
 system in its Government than perhaps any that ever was 
 established in the universe, .r \ ,,, 
 
 " This Empire, though raised by the operation of many 
 and various causes, has been chiefly established, and must 
 be constantly maintained, by the sword. But though 
 we must continue to Govern as conquerors, it is our 
 <Juty to make our rule a benefit to niankind; and to carry 
 among those whom we ha^e subdued, the blessings of 
 peace, knowledge and iniproveiuent in all the arts of 
 civilized life. And at that stage which pur power in 
 India has attained, we will probably find the accomplish- 
 ment of such an object easier, and more conducive to our 
 security, than all the wars and contests in which a selfish 
 and neutral policy can ever involve our neighbours." 
 
 '' * On the political principles which should regulate 
 our future intercourse with the Native Powers in India, 
 I have before stated an opinion, to which I can only 
 
 * Sir J. Malcolm'* Pulitical Hiftor/ of lodi^^ pag« 462, 3 & 4. 
 
Xli iNTRODUCTIOITi 
 
 add, that such intercourse is likely to be marked bjr 
 events and contingencies, which will disappoint^ as has 
 been the case heretofore, all hopes that we can ever 
 fonn of the Local Government in India being^ able to 
 follow any exact rules, which are laid down for its gnid* 
 ance. The neutral system of non-interference, and of 
 trusting in a great degree for onr security to the contests 
 of our neighbours, has been proved, by experience, to 
 be equally unwise and impracticable* We shall there^ 
 fore best maintain the peace and prosperity of our owa 
 territories, by using our establi>hed power towards the 
 great object of preserving, as far as we have the means^ 
 the general tranquillity of India. It will not, perhaps^ 
 be easy to effect the complete accomplishment of this 
 object, nor are we called upon to interfere in every case 
 of quarrel between States with whom we have no engage* 
 nients/ but, if we shape our general policy towards this 
 end, we shall, from the commanding State of our power, 
 gradually promote peace, without much danger of in* 
 Tolving ourselves; and we shall receive our share of those 
 benefits which this system will bring to others*" J - 
 
 '' It is, however, certain, that with whatever care we 
 cultivate our external relations, and however ranch we 
 endeavour to avoid future wars, we cannot expect to 
 escape altogether an evil, which is among those condi- 
 tions on which human dominion is enjoyed. But, as 
 we can only hope for a comparative exemption from this 
 c?il by the complete eflScieucy of our Military force, that 
 
tNtROI>UCTtOI^» ^iii 
 
 iwriU atways, in the reduced state of the present povref s of 
 India, enable us to defeat it, and we can, on its occur-* 
 tenc^, if circumstances connected with the local situation 
 X)f the Countries which we conquef, or arty other consi« 
 deration, forbid us Annexing; conquests to our own ter* 
 Htories, confer thetii upon some of oar Allies on such 
 terms as tre deem proper, aftd every such act of liberal 
 policy will give life and strength to the exercise of that 
 large influence and ppwer through w)iich we may hope 
 to establish the permanent tranquillity of India.'^ 
 
 The war in which w^ are at present engaged with 
 the Burmahs, a war of just retaliation and which has 
 doubtless been long anticipated by that Government, from 
 ihe preparations which they have been making and which 
 inight have been more serious, had we granted them 
 d longer delay to mature their extensive plans of ope* 
 ration, may possibly enable us, if circumstances should 
 not compel us to come to an open rupture with the 
 Siamese, (a measure seriously to be deprecated unless 
 from the most urgent necessity,) to make some arrange* 
 ments for granting that power the concession of the more 
 southerly ports of the Burman Empire, viz. Tavoy and 
 Mergui, which were taken from them many years ago, ia 
 exchange for the restoration o( Quedah to its rightful owner 
 and an engagement to avoid all future interference with 
 the States on the Malayan Peninsula, from the latitude of 
 8« 40' N, which would include the Island of Junk Ceylon^- 
 a post which might be turned to great account* 
 
Xir iNTRODtrCTION. 
 
 I hare endeavoured, and I hope satis factorilj, to ^Ifew^ 
 that the Rajah of Quedah was an AH; of the. British 
 Government; that the Settlement of Pinang was ceded 
 as a condition of protection and that the treat; is one 
 of defensive aUiance ; that having been closely counecte4 
 ^ith the £nglish Government 35 years^ and t^e Britis^ 
 Settlement having derived its principal suppHes from his 
 country; we are bound to protect him against the encroach- 
 ment of a minor power dependant upon Siam, both 
 from a regard to such powerful claims and to our owa 
 interest. It is the policy of theBritish Government, whose 
 resources are unlimited, to support a weak Ally, anc| 
 as Sir Stamford Raffles elegantly expresses h^ in animad- 
 Terting, with some degree of severity, upon the policy 
 pursued by the Pinang Government in regard to the 
 King of Acheen, and alluding to the advantages which the 
 Eastern Islands possess with respect to commercial re* 
 sources," * Were legitimate and acknowledged Sovereigng 
 assisted in resuming their due authority, piracy and rebiei* 
 lion might be destroyed, these shores would be peopled with 
 their Native Inhabitants, whose industry awakened and in«i 
 ^ited by the opening of a safe navigation to the Capitals, 
 would in fleets of small Vessels, so essential to the prosperity 
 of our Eastern Settlements, bring the produce of the interior 
 down the innumerable Rivers and communicate to Coun« 
 tries beyond the reach of foreign adventurers, the com* 
 ibrts of civilized life. ' " '' ' * /' *- ' - ' ' ^ ' ! *"*7 
 
 " A few years of repose to these Islands, and of safe' 
 luuQterruptcd Commerce with its attendant blessings^ 
 ^ Uiitsry of Jaf»» vof» if'p'S^ iii* ' *- ^' '"''^i ** 
 
Introdvction. 
 
 xr 
 
 iTould repay with gain incalculable, what they no^ 
 claim from our benevolence and philanthropy, if hot from 
 the justice of EuropWns who have so essentially contributed 
 to their degradation. If left neglected without capital, 
 without a safe navigation, almost without laws, the Go- 
 vernment disunited, the people groaning under vassalage 
 and slavery, these races must descend still further in the 
 scale of degradation until scarcely a vestige will remain to 
 vindicate the records of their history, and their political 
 existence will only be testified bj acts of piracy perpe- 
 trated on defenceless vessels, which from accident or igno« 
 ranee may visit their inhospitable shores,'' The Nativel 
 draw no other conclusion from our forbearance, than a 
 consciousness of weakness. *Tis hazardous to allow such 
 sentiments to gain strength. 
 
 I have ventured to prefix thus much to the observations 
 contained in the following pages, which have been sub- 
 mitted to the immediate authority under which I have 
 the honor to serve, by which authority they are now print- 
 ed, for the more ready reference of those whose duty it may 
 be, to decide upon questions of such importance. Whatever 
 errors or omissions there are, must be wholly ascribed 
 to myself; and inexperienced as I am, in such^ composi- 
 tions, I too sensibly feel my own disqualification for the 
 arduous task I Ifave undertaken. However impressed 
 I may be therefore, with such conviction, I commend the 
 following sheets to the generous and liberal indulgence of 
 my superiors, in the full confidence that my motives will 
 prove a shield against the imperfect execution of the duty* 
 
Ki/f--=i|. '':'-■} t-j 
 
 rrS'^fi 
 
 .^. ^.^:»:1 
 
 i.:v.;:|t,,..;J ■:•': 
 
 ^;.r <;r :u> f:/.rr".! 
 
 ;M«r 
 
 '1 > • 
 
 j'i? 
 
 
 i?'»T'!- 
 
 :>J;t*i. r :.<f: 
 
FAMT FIMST. 
 

 ;e Y 'J :'■:■;:> 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 ON TUB 
 
 CONaufeST OF QUEDAH AND PERAK, 
 
 BY THB 1 
 
 SIAMESE^ 
 a brief account of tl)e cavl|) ;fVtaIa2an €stal)lfeljments^ 
 
 ON THB i 
 
 PENINSULA. OF MAL\CCA| ^| 
 
 AND THB ^ ^ J 
 
 MODERN RELATIONS WITH StAMj 
 
 TOGSTRCft WITH « 
 
 \ 
 
 AN fiXPOSlTlOX OF THB RELATIVE COiS NEKTON OP THSl 
 
 I 
 
 aUEDAH STATE WITH PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND; \ 
 
 1 
 
 AND i 
 
 \ 
 
 SUGGESTIOS'S for THE SECURITY OF BRITISH INTEREStaj 
 AND THE IMPROVEMENT OF TUB COMMERCE OF TH«; 
 BRITISH SETTLEMENTS IN THE STRAITS OF MALACCA* 
 
T-^^-^ i^ r A 
 
 5 f^tp^^?-^.*N 
 
 
 ■r> . ,s- ; rv. ^.yT> -f'*"! ' ' ■ :«>•*•■ - • •/ • 
 
 Jj^*'ni»«viji^ » 
 
 •^V 
 
PART FlRSr, 
 
 CONSIDTERATIOPfS 
 
 ON THS. 
 
 C&NQUEST OF QUEDAH AN-D PERAE^ 
 
 KT THS 
 
 SIAMESE, 
 
 ■ .-'!■ ':J 
 
 T> 
 
 H E intelligence of a sudden invasion by A Target 
 Sraraese Force, from Ligore, of the Territories of the* 
 King of Quedah, the old Ally of the British Governments 
 -which reached Prince of Wales Island in November 1821^ 
 and the various rumours which prevailed, regarding the 
 ulterior objects of the Siamese Army, spread terror 
 throughout the Island, and, although there was a considera«r 
 We Military Force at the Presidency, (he alarms of ther 
 NaHve Populalfon were difficult to be appeased. Many^ 
 of the wealthy rnbabitants buried aud concealed tbefr^ 
 
2 CONQUEST OF QUEDAH AND iPBRAlcV Part !• 
 
 valuable property, while others made preparations (ot 
 conveying it away to other British Settlements/ The 
 supplies ofgrain, cattle and poutlry,frora the QiiedahCoun- 
 try, on which Pinang had so long chiefly depended, were 
 suddenly withheld, and there was considerable di*tre^s 
 amongst the poorer classes, by the encrcased price of 
 provisions. 
 
 The prompt and humane measures of Government, 
 however, not only /or quieting the fears of the Inhabitants, 
 and allaying all apprehensions of an attack by the Sia« 
 mese, but for obtaining supplies ofgrain from Bengal 
 and other quarters ; while in the mean time, large i>sue9 
 of Rice were made from the Honorable Company's Stores, 
 which was distributed to the poorer classes at a moderate 
 price, prevented much distress, which must have other* 
 wise ensued, and speedily restored greater confidence in 
 the strength and resources of the Government, which, 
 could command ample aid in case of need* > - 
 
 For a better understanding of this unexpected event, 
 it will be proper to take a short review of (he circum* 
 stances connected with_it. On Sunday the ]2thofNo« 
 vember 1821, about noon, a large fleet of Prows full of 
 Siames^^ was observed standing ,pito the Quedah river, 
 coming in the direction from Traang, a large river to 
 the Northward, where the Armament had been equipped. 
 The Pangulu or Commandant of the Fort instantly sent 
 notice of its approach to the Bindahara or General of th^ . 
 
Parti* AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAM. S 
 
 Qnedah Armj and the Laksamana or High Admiral, 
 who were a short distance up the river, and having some, 
 apprehensions of treachery, prepared the guns to bear 
 upon the Prows, waiting only for the orders of the 
 Bindahara to fire upon them. The Genera!, however, 
 who was taken by surprise, did not choose to authorize 
 this, and determined to employ measures of pacificatioa 
 in the first instance* ». 
 
 The arrival of the Siamese was so sudden, that the 
 Malayan Chiefs had time to assemble only a few of their 
 dependents, with whom they proceeded to the wharf or 
 public landing place, which is about 1.50 yards beyond 
 the Fort, and which was surrounded by the Siamese fleet, 
 well armed. The Bindahara, Laksamana, Tamungong 
 and a few of the Quedah Chiefs were seated on the covered 
 wharf, and the Siamese ascended in a large body with 
 muskets, spears and other warlike weapons in their 
 hands. The Bindahara interrogated them as to the ob» 
 ject of their visit, and was informed that they wanted rice, 
 being about to attack the Burmahs. The General pro- 
 mised them an immediate supply; but while the conver* 
 sation was going on, the Siamese had assembled a large 
 party ashore, and surrounded the wharf; they now 
 threw off the mask and told the Quedah Chiefs, they had 
 come to seize them and they must submit to be bound. 
 The Bindahara and Laksamana exclaimed, with one ao 
 cord, « we are betrayed, le^ us attack them furiously,'*' 
 
eoNQC^ssx^ OE oujsDAii ANi>> FBfi^%^ Pari I ^ 
 
 <. ='. '-• I 
 
 anxJ- instantly drawing their Creeses, pkinged- them int<»* 
 the Siamese who stood nearest themr-' A general batttl^ 
 
 f The venerable Laksamana and'Tamungong, who used*- 
 tp boast thathe was invulnerable, withseveral other C hiefs^' 
 were soon dispatched, the Bind ahara was- disarmed and^ 
 bound, and: their nien^ dispirited and< panic struck bf 
 the loss of their leaders, fled in all directions, pursued'^ 
 by the SiamesCy who butchered^ them- iff- great numbers 
 and put them to death^ by means the most ci^ei and re-*' 
 volting to human nature*. These operations being ob^. 
 served from- the Fort, a few guns were now brought to bear; 
 upon the Siamese vessels, and twxv oi? three wore sunk». 
 Tiie Siamese then proceeded to set fire to some of the. 
 house?, previously dragging out any of the men who had . 
 taken refuge in them4|. aiid toitu ring them to death, piU^ 
 laging the housies of all their, contents that were of anf . 
 value ;, and the J seized,, indiscriminately,. all the Prow»n 
 and Vessels in the river at the time^ amongst which. werQ- 
 severaV. small trading Boats from Pinang,. , ^ ^ . . ; /j 
 Having, after a slight opposition, possessed themselves ,- 
 of the Fort, which was garrbon^d principally by a fe^r/ 
 Bengal and, Chooliah Sepoys,^ they dispatched a^ party ^ 
 immediately ta- the Kwala Mirhow, a large River to the^-. 
 Southward, and niearfy in, sight of Pinang. ForU . On jhev 
 following day, Mondar,.^hey ^entered the MTrbow and^v 
 met. with, a sUght and inefTectual opposition from a; small, 
 Batterjr. aear the mouth of the Rfter,whicii kept thi^m 
 
Part I. AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SUM, 5 
 
 in check for a shart time, an J allowed an opportnnity 
 for the intelligence of the approach of a hostile fleet to 
 reach the King of QueJah, who was residing in floating 
 houses a few miles farther up,— »vhere he was forming 
 a new Settlement and cutting a Canal from that River 
 to the Miida, .another large River , to the Southward^ 
 uhich forms the Northern boundary of the British Ter« 
 ritories on the main. . 
 
 Hearing that the Siamese Force was ascending the 
 River, and having oily a very few alhere;it§ at haud, he 
 Lurried off in the greatest consternation with all his Wives 
 and Children, and mounting them together with his most 
 valuable ornaments and as many Dollars as he could collect 
 upon several Elephants, whix;h were fortunately close at 
 band, he proceeded across the Jungles, in a direction to- 
 wards the Prye River, within the Territory of the Hono* 
 ble Company. The King left a large Brig and a Schooner, 
 on board of which was a large amount of treasure whichf 
 fell into the hands of the Captors. Numbers of his attend* 
 ant? who fled with him, but were not mounted upon 
 Elephants, perished from fatigue and hunger in the woods, 
 and particohiVly, several of his most respectable and vc- 
 nerable Chiefs. The King himself, after five d^ys of 
 severe fatigue and exposure,- during which time he sepa* 
 rated from several of his Elephants, and much of his va» 
 luable property, which was no doubt purposely conveyed 
 away ill a diiTereutdirection.byhisowa falihlessatteadanlv 
 
6 CON aXTEST OF aUBDAH 'AN'tf fzixk '^ ^ Y^xi Iw 
 
 to whom he had entrusted" it, arrirea at a ' plhc^ d^llecS 
 Kota, the residence of his Brother Tuaiiko Solyidaii^ up 
 the Pry e River; where embarking all his followers aack 
 property on board four or five Prows he descended to ih© 
 mouth of the River, and solicited the protection of the Bri* 
 tish Government. ^ 'V^ r.<^ini ..-.u.;ac| :3m > 
 
 The Governor of Prince of Wales Mand^ with that 
 humanity and con.sideration whiclv was due to an old 
 Ally, instantly granted the protection sought for, and the 
 King was not only provided with suitable accominoda-- 
 tions,, but a strong guard of Sepoys was posted at hi*^^ 
 residence, to prevent any attempt to carry him. oflThji^ 
 forcej and he was granted an allowance adequate to mainJ 
 tain himself and numerous family comfortably. His Ma^ 
 jesty has remained ever since, in the enjoyment of these 
 advantages, and supports his trials with becoming forti^- 
 tade ind dignity:' '^"'"■' '' f"'""'' \ ■ ^^'^'-i^^'^;'* 
 
 On the mornings after the King crossed over front* 
 Prye, a fleet of fourteen or fifteen Siamese Prows wasr 
 observed standing close along shore in pursuit of Hi# 
 Majesty, and they had actually the audacity to attempt 
 ^o enter the Prye River, where they believed the King still 
 "Was.. The fleet was driven back by two of the Honorabler 
 Company's Cruizers, which had strict orders afterwardct 
 to , prevent any , Siamese vessels from coming near* thl^ 
 harl)our,. without previous examination and permission^ 
 A few days after this occurrence, the Rajah of Ligbrer 
 ^eat a letter tot. the Goyernorj couched in very^ haught/ 
 
PartJv AND, POXtlTICAL RELATIONS. WITH SIAM, 
 
 7 
 
 }) 
 
 and disrespectful terms, desiring the Kinsf of Qiiedah 
 to be delivered up to. him,, a demand which was met; 
 by a digaifi:sd, ^ refusc^l^ . accompaaied by a. , salutarjr 
 admonition as, ..to the .style. of future, correspondence 
 with the llepresentative of the British Goye^ament. 
 Some of the Siame>c Troops having pursued the Malays 
 into the Territory of the Flonorable Company, near the 
 Kwala Muda; the Government lost no time in dispatch- 
 ing a Company of Sepoys, under an active Officer, CapU 
 Crooke of the 20th Regt., for the purpose ofexpelling such^ 
 daring intruders, and affording protection to such emigrants 
 as might seek shelter under the British flaa^ and escape the 
 persecution of the relentless enemy. The temperate, but 
 at the same resolute, conduct of that Officer in support* 
 ing the dignity of the British Goverhment, and^iiiseiisV 
 ing and disarming a party of Siamese who maie an en-^ 
 croachnient upon Province Wellesly, was ho doiife, cat* 
 cuhued to evince to the Siamese Authorities, the power 
 
 and the deterinination of the British Govern?iicnt to op- 
 
 • • . ■ \ ■■ . ' ■ ■ ■/ • • • 'f 
 
 pose such proceeding-, and the moderation of the mca- 
 
 sures adopted in the first mstance. ^ 
 
 The Natives from Quedah, and the traders froinothet^ 
 
 Countries whose vessels had been seized, and vvho haa 
 
 been deprived of all their property, now flocked to VU 
 
 nang in thousands, many in small Canoes formed of a 
 
 tree hollowed out. It is scarcely possible to conceive the 
 
 state of distress and misery in which hundreds of these 
 
 poor fugitives landed at Pinang; men, women and chili* 
 
8 CONQUEST OF iiuEblH' A^sb'-^gRAic'- Firt'lf; 
 
 dren crowded together for several days in small bo^VsVWrth* 
 out any provisions and scarcely any clothing; most of theiik 
 escaped clandestinely, and many boats which were 6\'erlba(l*^ 
 ed' with passengers were lost;" the^'euifgraDts fiiidfn^ 4- 
 i^lief from their sufferings in a watery gravel M^anjr 
 Malays who were detected in the attempt to escape, wert' 
 put to death, and the 'wires and daughters were forcibly 
 dragged from their husbands and fathers and ravished uji 
 the Siamese soldiery. The mode of execution' was 
 horrible in the extreme; the men being tied up for the 
 most trifling offence, and frequently upon mere su&i - 
 picion, their arms extended with bamboos; whei| 
 the executi >ner, with a ponderous instrument split thera 
 right down from the crown of the head, and their man* 
 ffled carcases were throwa into the river for the AUiffa* 
 tor^ to devour. "^ 
 
 The King of Quedah's second and favorite Son, Tuanko ^ 
 Yakoob, attempted to escape like the rest, but was pursued, 
 and taken, and has since been sent in bonds from Que- 
 dah to Siam,i The Bindahara or Prime Minister, after 
 being kept in chains a long time at Quedah and deceived ^^ 
 with, hopes of liberation, for which the Pinang Govern* 
 ment earnestly interceded with the Ligore Chief, was 
 carried away and poisoned on the road to Sangoral ^ ' It 
 is impossible to calculate the number of Malays who huvi'' 
 perished by the swords of the Siamese, by the loss o!^!_ 
 prows on their way to Pinang and other placed, aiid" 
 bji famine and fatigue ia the woods. Ererj aid W» 
 
Tnrlju- AN^j.PqUJJCAL RBtATIONS WITHrSlAlf; 9 
 
 administered to the refngees who fled to Pfnan^, atfft 
 beneficial regulations subsequently^ made by Govern* 
 ment for affording thena the means/ of rurelihodd, r It 
 is' proper in this placeV' to rtotics the highly creditableP 
 conduct of the late Governor of Malacca, Mr. Timmei*-^ 
 man Tyssen, who no sooner hearing of the conquest of 
 Quedal), and having received exaggerated accounts of . 
 the Siamese force, and the probability of an attack upon 
 Pinang, than he dispatched one of His Netherland Ma-i 
 jesly '3 Frigates, which was lying in Malacca roads at the 
 time, with a handsome offer of co-operation, in case of ; 
 the Siamese engaging in hostilities, and even the Chiefat, 
 of some of the surrounding Malayan States were not ^b.ack*^y: 
 ward in making respectful tenders of all the aid their fi-^^: 
 mittcd means would admit of; which werq suitably ?k> 
 knowledged by the Government of Pinang. Si^chwas^thCr: 
 opinion of all the neighbouring Malayan; S^^a^t^ of, the 
 treachery and injustice of the Siamese in attacking Qu^^ : 
 dah, and such their apprehension of jjecoming themselvesGt 
 the victims of their rapacity, that they were eager to em^v* 
 ploy their utmost efforts to expel, the SiaaieseTrpiu.Que-*-, 
 dah, and looked up, vvith Tuil confidence^ to the British i** 
 Government supporting its old Ally^,^,.^ .h-j.'vi;> > om^ 
 ^Having effected the complete subjugation of Quedajj^i 
 and possessed himself of the c(<u a try, the Rajahlof Ligore i 
 next turned his attention to one of its principal Depen^(| 
 dencies, the Lancavy Islands, and fitted out a strong t^ 
 fFcll equipped. ^xpeditioDi which proceeded to thepciociTd 
 
le* cp^aueati ©F^ auupAa ana p^aA^i ?a Vm^UH 
 
 p^llslandj which, indepexidant of possessing a fixed p<K»*i 
 pulatioQ of betvi'eeo 3 and 4,000 souls, had received a^i 
 large accession by emigrants from Qaedalu _Her.«. t0<v^ 
 commenced a scen^ of death and desolation, almost exceed-u 
 ing credibility; The men were murdered, and the womea* 
 and female children carried off to Quedah;. while the malex 
 children were either put to death, or left to perii^h. That^ 
 fine Island, from which large supplies were derived^ i^i 
 now nearly depopulated, and such of the male poptila*^^ 
 tion as did escape, driven from their home> and bereaved . 
 of their families, have been carrying on a predatorv war«( 
 faire both with the Siamese and peaceable traders close > 
 to Prince of Wales island. Some of them hare ^ettled' 
 iir Wellcsly Province, and are employed as cultivators* ' ^< 
 Several badly planned and ineffectual attempts have^^ 
 at different times, been made by small and unorganized; 
 bodies of the King of Quedah's adherents in the country^ 
 tacut off the Siamese garrison at Quedah; but these have 
 all been followed by the most disastrous results; not ontjf' 
 by the destruction of the assailants, but by encreascd peW 
 secutioh towards the remaining Malayan Inhabilautii*' 
 I'he King himself j for some time, was anxious to hiive'' 
 made an effort to regain his country, in concert with some" 
 Native powers which had promised hin\ aid in vesseU and 
 men ; hut he was dissuaded from so perilous aiid certkihi»^' 
 ly doubtful an enterprize bv those who weie intcf* e»ted*^ 
 in hf> cau?e« and who appreJiended his certain ovcfhrdvif^' 
 aud^u^uuciiou fioai^u€h^aiijUteui4>t« ^ There is ao doub^' 
 
part' l4' ANI>^ POLTTICAI. RBtA^lbNS WITH CT^tMi li- 
 
 the Siamese were too powerful and too wtW prepa-eii fi^ | 
 any ^uch ill arraoged expedition, as it co^ild have bueaq 
 within the compass of the Quedah Hajah^S: means to h^fQiC 
 brought against them, to hare had any chance of success ;r> 
 and it would have been inconsistent with the profepsecl,^ 
 neutrality of the British Government to have pennitt^cl> 
 any equipments or warlike preparations within its Portf^J 
 the more particularly so, ^ a Mission had just proceeded id ? 
 Siam from the Governor General of India* V'; viv sn "tu 
 However much disposed the Pinang Government mights 
 have been, on the first brush of the affair, to have stopped^^; 
 such proceedings on the part of the Siamese, and jo,,biJ^^f I 
 checked such ambitious and unwarrantable aggr^^ssiaii ^v* 
 however consistent and politic it might have been, toihav^; 
 treated the Ligorean . Troops as a predatory horde,, audi 
 expelled them, at once, fron the Territories 9i ^n Sik 
 ajid faithful Ally of the British Government; the;Mi;isH>£|f 
 from the Supreme Government of Bengal to th|^ Coarf o^ 
 Siam, and the. probable eyrl consequences, of .aiv,iin;fg; 
 mediate rupture, were considerations whic)^ ^cpuld,^ n^tj 
 fail to embarrass the Pinang Cpvernm^^jti^and reni^i^ 
 it necessary to deliberate weU before it .embarked .ij[ig» 
 any measures of active hostility; while the . di pof eab}^^^ 
 force on the Island, although fully adequate to the, safd^^ 
 guardianship and protection of the place, and s^ifjBcientito^^ 
 repel any force that the Siamese could possibly bring a^; 
 gainstit^ was yet insufficient for prosecuting a vigoro.aSi 
 war, or maiataioiog its conquests against the recruited^ 
 
Id 
 
 CONQUEST OP QUEDAH AND PKRAK* Part T«3 
 
 Legions which the Siamese poorer coiiM ha^e transported 
 with facility, ere reinforcements could have arrived frdni' 
 oiher parts of India. Under all these circtim^ tahccs, ihft^ 
 policy of suspending hostilities was manifest^ and it wai* 
 deemed proper to await the orders of the superior aii4'- 
 controuli ng authorities* " ' ' ' ' ' '' '" * ' " ^ ' ' 
 But, there was a more urgent necessity than eren th^'* 
 feregoing considerations dictated, of not acting without 
 the consent of the Supreme Government, a^ that author 
 rky has always declined sanctioning any interference 
 \Tith Siam and Quedah, in the innumerable references 
 \rhich have been made from the Chiefs of the Settlement 
 of Pinang since Captain Light first took possession, during 
 all which long period of 35 years, the King of Quedah 
 has been subject to incessant alarm and apprehen.>ioa 
 from the Siamese, and sufiered all the oppression they 
 could inflict, without actually possessing themselves of* 
 any part of his Dominions. The Supreme GoTernment 
 admitting that Quedah has always been tributary to Siam, 
 has ever objected to any interference that would be likely 
 to excite a collision with the haughty power of Siam^ 
 which it appeared to be the object of the British Govern* 
 ment to conciliate. It was expected that the Mission, 
 would have produced same results advantageous to the 
 interests of our Ally, by the mediation of the Amba>>a9^ 
 dor; and that, at all events, the affairs of Quedah would 
 have been settled upon a proper footiug,,y^*i»i*xuU .mi!i^^ icir 
 
f . Sq. far, ^ ho\yeTcr3, ; fR^noi, artj., pf these ^ most^ | ^^^irabler 
 objects which, w^re contemplated being attain^^j; Uje,^ 
 Siamese Authorities not only assumed a tone of insolence 
 and eyasioa to _ all the reasonable propositions .^of the. 
 Jfimbassador, but signified their expeolatipn that the King 
 of Quedah should be delivered up to them; and the 
 obstacles which existed to a free commercial in t^rcoiijrse 
 have, not been removed. .. ,, ij,,^, ,,<;,.* 
 
 , The King of Ligore not satisfied with the con quest v 
 of Quedah, and grasping at more extended domihion, 
 under pretence of conveying back some Messengers frbm 
 Perak, who had carried the Boonga Mas, or tokeh oft 
 Homage to Quedah, requested permission for a fleet tb* 
 pass through Pinang harbour, which being conducted* 
 beyond the boundaries by a Cruizer, proceeded to' Perak,^ 
 and after a short struggle, his forces also possessed ^ them-^ 
 selves of that country, which had been reduced by the 
 Quedah forces in 1818, by the orders of Siam, in con^^ 
 sequence of a refusal to send the Boonga Mas; which thd 
 history of that oppressed State affords no instance of suclr 
 a demand ever having been made by Siam| or complied 
 Kith be[bre.>-.\ '.;./•. .•.>^;.: .,..i:,.; z: r)^/'^.'r.(^]!: . a^^'V^f 
 
 ..It was understood that Salangorc, a Settlement ori- 
 ginally peopled by Buggese, was to he the next place 
 of attack; but the timely preparations and commanding 
 and determined posture of defence assnmed by the ilajah 
 pf that Country, deterred the Siamese Ibraiimei frbhi 
 
14 CONQUEST OP QUBDAH AND PBRAI^ ???tjl^ 
 
 making the attempt; if we are not .misiafaifmjej ,ho¥^T 
 ever, extensive preparations have been long, in prpgr^sf 
 at Traang, for carrying these designp^Uc^.^^y^.^ffi^ct, 
 There is little doubt, the SianiesQ contemplate,, the, total 
 overtHrow and subjugation of all the Malayan States <oa 
 the Peninsula, and the subversion of the Mahometan 
 Religion. Patani and Tringano, the principal States oa? 
 the other side of the Peninsula have Ippg suffered froini 
 the Siamese oppressions^ and. if, as it is. generally be« 
 lieved the Rajah Muda or Brother of the Emperor of 
 Siam is about to establish himself at Traang, and the, 
 Ilajah of Ligore has actually proceeded to convey him 
 thither from the Capital, Bangkok; there are, no doubt^ 
 some schemes in embryo, which it is difficult to conjecture^ 
 
 During the two years that have elapsed since Quedah 
 fell into the hands of the Siamese, the supplies of pro- 
 risons to Piuang have been very scanty, and every thing > 
 has been prodigiously enhanced in price. The Govern-. 
 ment of Prince of Wales Island, seeing but little prospect 
 of a speedy termination of the disturbances at Quedah, 
 or a satisfactory settlement of affairs, and anxious to pro- 
 vide for the numerous fugitives who had voluntarily placed - 
 themselves under its protection, and become British subjects^ ; 
 considered it advisable to appoint a Resident at Province^ • 
 Wellesley, who had authority to portion out small tractj r 
 of land to such families as might wi^h to settle permanent* "^ 
 
fcirf Tf;, ASDvoLvncAh relations with siam. ii 
 
 ljran(i' -cultivate; to make small advances of cash repaya* 
 hie within a certain period, in grain, and to give eYery 
 cncoirrageineht to the cultivation of paddy; and the reaf^ 
 irig ofcattlfc and poultry, by which, it'was hoped, the 
 Island would, ere long, be plentifully supplied with pro* 
 Tisions. The population there has had a large encreasc 
 by the emigrants from Quedah, and there is every proba-" 
 bility, that in time, under good management, and by a 
 conciliatory line of conduct towards the inhabitants, con-- 
 siderable supplies may be obtained from that source. As 
 yet however, they have scarcely exceeded what was obtain- 
 ed from thence before the capture of Quedah; the new 
 settlers being, for the most part, indolent and undetermm* 
 ed in their movements.' ' - 
 
 The longer experience we have had of the Siame?e 
 Government of Quedah, the less do they appear to evince 
 any desire to conciliate the British Government, Several 
 atrocious murders have been perpetrated in the Quedah 
 River upon some inoffensive and peaceable native traders^ ^ 
 subjects of the English Government of Pinang, and thc^r 
 whole of their property plundered, as has been fully as-, 
 certained, by the connivance, if not the direct authority, 
 of some of the principal Siamese Chiefs; nor have thefe 
 authorities made that atonement for such outrages, which 
 ihe British Government has a right to expect, and whiph it 
 will doubtless enforce. In short, instead of adopting a/? 
 mild, conciliatory system of administration, calculated to; 
 engage the uffcctiooi of the Inhabitants whose Countrjr 
 
IB 
 
 XJONQUESt OF^ aUBt>Att'iNI>'1PBRiS^ Krf K 
 
 has been wrested from them,- there has been one ^e&jatiiiu* 
 Cil scene of the most brutal rapine and carnage, oppres- 
 sion and dev^tation that can possiblj be imagined;^' Bri* 
 tish su bjects, with whom, it niight have -bebn isu^p05ei, 
 they would have had some dread to interfere, have been 
 cruelly put to death, and the British Government not only 
 gjighled and in*uUed by evasive repUes and frivolous de- 
 lays, but the population of the Presidency kept in a con- 
 stant state of alarm and agitation by daily reports of large 
 armaments destined to make an attempt upon the Island, 
 fitting out atTraang and other Rivers. How improbable 
 soever such designs may be, still it is essential that tlic 
 fears of the native inhabitants should be appeased ;'i<^ 
 avert the injury which the Commerce of the Island would 
 necessarily sustkiQ>^-^^ '^^" >:...;.... .^. . > rl^ 
 
 In advocating the cause of the injured and oppressed 
 Nation of Quedah, as 1 humbly profess to do, I may be 
 permitted to notice, that the records of the Pinang Govern-^ 
 mentfrom 1785 to 1790 furnish ample evidence; first, that 
 the right of , interference o( SJam with Quedah was hot, 
 acknowledged at the period of the cession of Pulo Pinang, 
 to the British Government; secondly, that that cession was 
 made upon the express condition of succour p^d protec- 
 tion against a powerful, relentless and overbearing eneioy; 
 thirdly, that we accepted the grant upon this understand- 
 ing^ that is,, without making any objections to the propo^ 
 fials of the ,^ajali of Qaedah before posses^toa was takeii!» 
 
Part K A5D POLITICAL^ RELAXrONS WITH SIAM. 17 j 
 
 ■i 
 
 And lastly thai we are bound by considertitlons of philan« 
 
 thropy and humanity to extend our aid to an oppressed j 
 
 Monarch, who has long been our friend and Ally, and to I 
 
 a defenceless multitude groaning under the most bitter , ] 
 tyranny, and suffering all the horrors and calamities 
 
 Trhich a ferocious enemy can inflicti , ; j >b ^ij if^ '. 1 
 
 Their religion is violated, their wives and their children I 
 
 are forcibly dragged from them^ the aged parent and the \ 
 
 helpless babe are butchered by these ruthless and sanguis i 
 
 nary barbarians, who consider them as useless appendages^ j 
 
 and the most wanton murders, perpetrated by means the \ 
 
 most cruel and painful to the wretched victims, are of j 
 
 daily occurrence. Surely, a powerful nation, which hag j 
 
 ever been foremost to dispense justice and to succour the i 
 
 oppressed, will not suffer such acts of horror and cruelty | 
 
 at its very door, without employing its power and influence j 
 to check such Enormities, The history of our possessiong 
 in Continental India, affords numberless instances of our 
 
 'interference on many far less pressing occaisions, and shall 1 
 .we not extend our fostering protection to our Friend and 
 :Ally; to the acknowledged and rightful Sovereign o^onc^<« 
 of our four Presidencies, who has been overcome by sm^a^ 
 
 ambitious and powerful neighbour ?ri:;\ii^ i 
 
 , , When we add to the many powerful and irresistible ! 
 inducements for our interference, considerations of a more 
 interested nature as regards our own prosperity and stabi-* 
 lity in this quarter, and look to the baneful effects of the 
 Siamese Coa(}uest of Quedah, in the stoppage of our ao* 
 
18 CONaVBST OF aUBDia AND PBRAlK Faft Ti*' ^ 
 
 cu§tome(J .supplies, to the distress of out Inhabitants b^'-' 
 the, encreased price of Provisions, to , the almost entii'^-^ 
 Btagnatioir ipf tradefrom that quarter^ when we idvcrt W^'^ 
 the indignities and cruelties inflicted upon quiet andpSeace^"^ 
 able British subjects, who ventured to continue theilf ^ 
 Commercial pursuits with. Quedah; when we consider"'^ 
 the ^tate of disorder and < confusion around us, and tha^*^ 
 piracy is daily increasing (the* natural result of Ihousanthr- 
 of Malaysbeing driven from their home?,) and thaiH^^ 
 predatory w?irfareis carrying on in our immediate vi«^^ 
 cinity;. nay, sometimes within sight of our harbour^ -^ 
 when we know that many of our own unoffending subjects^ 
 have suffered in common with the enemy; when we reflect'^ 
 upon the tone of insolence and contempt hitherto assumed 
 by the haughty .Ruler of Siam ; the presumption even of 
 the lowest .Officers of this proud Despot, with whom we* 
 have had ' correspondence or connection; 'when we rcsr 
 member the uucordiat reception of our Mission, and thi^^ 
 h)dignities andcorporal punishment inflicted upon twoF 
 defenceless JSnglbhmJen, in the palace of the Eraperoi*/ 
 for ^ trilling; breach, of their peculiar laws and ignoraChii^ 
 of the -customs of the Country; when we conUd^f^^fii 
 short, tlic pnsociable propensities, if I may so term itj of 
 the Siamese power, ^4 its evident disinclination io treat 
 itith us upon a footing of equality; or to cbiiciliatdlthb 
 'friend. ship and good will of a nation which has thS p'd^^ 
 to crush it in a moment;, when we observe. that the tradts 
 of the Country is by no means equal to tde exagg;eratett 
 
Part U,i- AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAM» 19 
 
 slatein^its.of itsjmportanceand value, while we hare the 
 example in tlxe history of our transactions with the no tesr >-i 
 imperious power of China, that Trade, fhoagK it may baiL- 
 inierrupted for a tiniei will eFentiially- floiirish'^more^j!? 
 after Uie establishment of a proper uriderstanding anB anil 
 occasional contention for just rights and privileges; and- *? 
 when, moreover, we observe that the eyes of all the surV) 
 rounding States are upon us, and expect us, not only imli 
 succour the King of Quedah, ourancient Ally, but tooppoatju 
 a barrier between them against the unjustifiable encroaiih^o 
 ments i>f the Siamese, we shall surely have incentiv^lil 
 enough for taking a vigorous part iu the defence of .thcr 
 Quedah Kingdom. . - -;'* i^^^^i/^rfj v/cd^ orra^An 
 
 : Do we admit the principle that the SiamesC:.IiAr,^,ftj 
 right to subjugate all the Malay States oq this Mde tl>^ 
 Peninsula, viz. Perak and Salangofe, which havft;lwi(|| 
 greater inaccuracy been stated as always tributary. t^c 
 Siam, we, in fact, give encouragement to the total des!# 
 truction and annihilation of the valuable trade whicjl 
 forms the principal export of this Settlement^! ofistjii^ 
 Jlevenues of the Honorable Company^ and of the; taean'^ 
 of support and livelihood of our numerous and industri* 
 ous subjects. The Emperor of Siam may in many 
 respects, be compared to the former ambitious ruler .^ 
 France, and if his projects Sre'nbt nipped Iu the budf 
 there is no foretelliug what the result will be, if the 
 ifruit is allowed to attain maturity^ '^''- ■n^r.UMl^ oj 
 
20 ^ CONQUJBST^OF.QUEDAlf AND PERAIC Piart U 
 
 Various are the .opinions which hare preraileij refatire 
 iq the tributary dependence of Qtiedah upon Siam^ and 
 it shall be my endeavour, as far as the paucity of materiah 
 ^yrlll admit of, to deduce, from a carefuVexamin^t}on and 
 comparison of different authorities^ evidence to shew, that 
 Queduh has submitted only to a certain limited depend* 
 ence upon Siam, in no way dero^tfng from her Sove- 
 reignty, still retaining to herself the right of adminis* 
 teripg her own Government according to her own laws 
 und institutions, and that consequently the subjiigatioa 
 of the country, is an act of unprovoked aggression, which 
 it IS the poUcy of the British Government, to resent, 
 '^ His Highness of Quedah, (as juslly remarked by tl^ 
 Honorable the Governor of Pinang in December 1821,) 
 Kas certainly much misgoverned his Kingdom, yet his long 
 close connection with the British Government has givea 
 lis a far greater influence over his mind and character, 
 'than what We can expect to acquire with regard to ^e 
 Chief who may be placed on the Throne of Quedah by 
 i\\Q Siamese, It appears to me, that the British Govern* 
 nietit should not hesitate to endeavour to obtain the res* 
 toratiou of our Ally to theThroneof his Ancestors, because 
 it is undoubted policy to prevent the near^app roach ^f 
 the Siamese influence and power, and because his re^ 
 toration, if effected by our means, would redpund highly 
 to the honour and reputation of the British Chaipacte^ 
 .^mong the surrounding Malayan States ;^' to , which, may 
 be added the opinioa of |^^. ^r^^f^cte^,, predecessor^ |i)f 
 
fifatd Cbldnd Jbto Ifeiander^B^ wti'^,^'irt aU 
 
 Lhisioft to the difficulties in which the King of Quedah 
 ^1 was inrolyed in 1 8 1 8^ by the demands of thii Siamese, 
 i i^bserie^i^ ^^ Indeffendant: oP the' cdusir of 'hiiitikhity which 
 ^^I'as never been dr>iregarded ' by the Bntisb Goyerhment 
 " or our Honorable Etnployers,' theVe are * ihany other mo« 
 tires that strongly bias me at this junctiire in favor of 
 His Majesty' of Qiiedah's propositroh, THer6 is ho dou^t 
 ^t)ut that our Commerce with the 'neigiibouririg Malay 
 States is much impeded by the dissensions subsisting be- 
 tween these Princes, and that the trade with Ferak in 
 particular^ from which our rev^'mies once derived gre4t 
 benefit, is now almost wl^dlly s'uspenjded.^^i ,'.^Jj t^ 
 
 The following extract from the dispatch to the Suprqnpie 
 
 Government, dated the 28th November, 1821, from the 
 
 Pinang Government, clearly shews the opinion entertained 
 
 ©f'tlie necessity for the removal of jhe ^iamcie from 
 
 Quedah, " In apprizing your Excellency of the pre^sent 
 
 istate ofaffairs at Quedah, it cannot be considered uniiii<« 
 
 portant to observe that unless some arrangements are made 
 
 ^b'y which the Siamese power may be withdrawn from our 
 
 'immediate neighbourhood, there will be an evident ne-> 
 
 cessitv for encreasinff our disposeable force at this t*resi-i 
 
 "dency, m view to secure against that arrogant and formi« 
 
 dable power, the tra(nquillity of this setllenient,^ and the 
 
 freedom of its Trade with the northern ports. ' Hitherto 
 
 there has been no difficulty in ^ this respect^ the state df 
 
 KedaK has served as a * barrier between the Siamesepos* 
 
2#-^ C0NQFK3T^0P'<iUBWff ANiy¥BftAtfi''A Patt^Ki 
 
 Ecssiohs siiitJ the'tiompany^s^teiTko^^ kftd hd«'6cen^b6tifit>i3 
 to ' us by Trieaty and reciprocally engaged for^our be^*i 
 Befit ;^' and in* reference to the dbpoiiit ion ofthe^ Siain^e^ 
 Government in comparison with the Malayan^ '>*; Bqt we^^ 
 apprehend such woiihi not be the case with a Siamese Go^rl 
 Ternment, so closely bordering on us, the natural in30^o 
 lence and haughtiness of the nation would be apparent ia,> 
 every intercourse, aad they could only be held in chec^:) , 
 by the strong arm of power and a contmual preparatioa'i 
 to repel the aggressions which would be at all times tQQ:, 
 ready to be manilestedJ* '-^v>^ ? li ir^'tfDf^-ftKn^M 
 
 In adverting ta the conquest of Quedah and Perak by 7 
 the Siamese, we are naturally led ta take a brief review: r 
 of the political relations which have heretofore subsisted - 
 between them.. Confused and ihcongruou^ as is the 
 History of the early Settlements of the Malays on the 
 Peninsula, which we fijid narrated in the Sejjarah MaTayu^-:^ 
 or Malayan Ann al«, we are enabled to gather sufficfentv 
 to shew, that prfor to the emigration of the Malays from: 
 Sumatra in A. D. J/ 80, the more Northerly partof the- 
 Malayan Peninsula was partially inhabited by Siamese, 
 The Malays pretend to derive the decent of their Sove^: r 
 reigns from Alexander the Gceatvand trace in a regulaif;: 
 line of genealogy, the successive Dynasties and Kings of Hin»v 
 dostan, till the time of Rajah Suran, Grand^on of llajah , 
 Sulan^ who reigned ia Andam N^gara, andall the L<mds.;v 
 of the East and West were subject to him. The first pla<;e,' 
 of importance he apgearsrto have reached oa the Peaiiiff^U 
 
Fart r^ AND POLITICAL n%I,A.Tl(}m^^l^pi^ glj^^m SJv^ 
 
 sula, waff a Fort skuated^ on tb& RiVef Dinding^ m {^e jric^Tj,^^ 
 nity of Pprak. The King extended bis Con^quests to ^Jie^j 
 Country of GlangKhiair, whfch in former times was a grea^ . 
 cQuntryy possessing a Port of Stone up M th^;Riy;er ,r<>hp.^t;:3 
 In the Sianie^ . Language, this word signifies tjie jp^ace^ ^ 
 df the Emerald (Klang Khiau.) The atrcient City?, pf|^ 
 Singapore vras" esfablished by Rajah Sang Nila Ufamaf ; 
 (a descendant of Raj.^h Sman,) who emigrated from they 
 East Coast of Sumatra, it h supposed from the Coiin^ry j 
 now known by the name of Siack, which borders on the < 
 Menangkaban Countryr After the destruction of Singa-* : 
 pura, by the forces of Ihe Rajah of Majapahit, thei^^^a 
 powerful State on the Isknd of Java, Rajdb Se^and.ir-, 
 Shdh founded the City of Malacca. He died jij^^ f274«.^^ 
 The conversion of the Malays to hlamism, is saiil to iiave 
 taken place about the year 1270, in the reign of Raiahk- 
 Kechil Besar, who after conversion, assiimed, the titlev* 
 of Sultan Mahumed Shahr !» 1509, the Anir^js xep^e*^^^ 
 sent Malacca as being one oF the first Cities of,,the,East^t 
 and the Kings of that powerful State had successfully^ op^?, 
 posed every attempt of the Siamese to subdue themtfv^lAt^i 
 this time it is said Malacca was in a very flouFfehinjfr 
 State, ^^ and the general resort of Merchants, 'frdiit^ Ayier^i 
 Leleh, the trickling stream, to the entrance of theBaj^' 
 of Moar, was one uninterrupted market placei' Frdda'^ 
 the K li ng Town likewise, to* the Bay of Feuagar, f the c^ 
 btiildings extended along the shore, in an' uninterruptbdc 
 line. If a person sailed from Malacca to Jagra, (Parce^^u 
 
lar Hill) tterc ^Wasna occasion itdcai^ryfee"^wit1i ^btfe^ 
 far, wherever he stopped, he ^owld flnd>p^oplc^s^rion^ys# 
 On the Eastern side likewise from i Malacca^ la^^fiii^^a^ 
 ^. BatttJ^a|^^t, (hewn Stone), there v wa*i fhe« sameiinitlter* 
 rupted succession of houses^ an<l a great • ia^oy pcoi>le 
 dweU along the shQre;.fand the .City of Malacca, witli^ 
 out incl ud iug the exterior, contained nineteen laicas 
 of Inhabitants (190,000).',' , /f he Ust engageiuept^ J^.^- 
 tweeh the Malay aii, and , Siaut^ese Forces, which jis . rjc- 
 corded in the Annals prior, ta the Conquest of Malacca, 
 by the Portuguese, is thus described.^ '*- The Rajah 
 of Ligor,^>yas ,ordQred by the King of Siaiii to attack 
 Pahang,, apd Sultan .Mahupfi^d of Malacca deteVmioed 
 to send assistance to. Pahang, , At this time,, the sub- 
 jects of the City of . Malacca alone, besides those of the 
 Coast and Villages, amounted to ninety Lac. The Ma- 
 lacca people ainyed,?it Pahang, and in a few. days finished 
 a large Fort, i ,Th^ Hajah of Ligor now advanced with all 
 l^ia host, which was innumerable, and commenced the war 
 ill a manner which cannot be described, and the Soldiers, 
 qf Ligor died like hens of the pip. The men of Malacca 
 and Pahang attacked them, and they gave way;, and were 
 broke and completely dispersed. Maha Raja Dcwa Susa 
 fled to the uplands of Pahang, and proceeding straitly 
 by land to Callantan, from whence he returned to LigonV 
 This happened in 15G9. ? In 1 51 1 , the Port ugues-e arrived 
 and bceiged Malacca. Sultan Mahumed fled, and found* 
 ed a Fort at Bintanger. He afterwards retired to Pahaiig) 
 
find was received with gf eat kindness." It trarf aftervrai^ci s 
 ^ that he fouiKied the City of Johor^and subieijueatlj Rhio^ 
 -.©ntbeUaQdoCBiutangi. ? i'^^iil c;l ^ « -}';;-l 0.3 nO 
 
 -V I« the subseqaefttyear/the Malays' raaderan^atti^^ 
 .re-take Malacca from the Portuguese. In I5l6y 17^ 18, 
 and V9f Suhan Mahumed, Ex-King of Malacca arid noW 
 King of Bintanjpfand Johor, blockaded Malacca, buHn tKe 
 last was defeated. Iiyl52I, the Portuguese made an at- 
 tempt upon BinCang^ but were defeated by the Mdays 
 under the celebrated Laksamana. l>uring the subsequent 
 five year's, there were inces=ent hostilities between the 
 Portuguese and Maktys^ and the former attacked Pahang. 
 tind Pataui, miirdering and laying wa«te. lii 1537^ aa 
 attempt was made on Johor by the Portuguese. They 
 jwere defeated by Sultan Aluden and the Laksamana^ biit 
 in a second attempt^ they reduced and sacked the Towh 
 t)f Johor. In 1559, Sultan Abdul Jalil the first,- ascended 
 the Throne of Johtfr. From this period till 1610, ttiere 
 is little heard of Johor. Sultan Abdullah Shah ascended the 
 Throne in this year, and in 1613, we find that thWKiii^ 
 of Acheen, the ancient Ally of the Ex-King of MSlaWf 
 possessed himself of Johor, Pahang, iand other places' bift 
 the Peninsula.-^ ::in: : . >^n'^n.^V.,^)vn.Uifiw. ha^^Jvids 
 
 ' It does not appear that Si nga^ura, Malacca, Perak^ 
 Johor, Pahang, or Rhio, or indeed any of tHe Malay 
 States which were founded by emigrants froih'S'uhiatr a, 
 ever were subject to Siam during the long interval' fro lii 
 il60, when Singapura was firstsetiled, up to the period 
 
26 CONQITKST Cnf WSWH - ANtI ^ ^EftAlZ: "i Taki t^ 
 
 of the conquest of Malacca by the PbrtuglHSS^ ittPtSlIi 
 
 oil the contrary, there is unequivocal proof^ thati the^ 
 
 Malays successfully maintained! their position^ audirem 
 
 quently repelied the attempts of the Siamese; >, In l'567^. 
 
 i/re are informed by Marsden, that '* Sultan Mansur ShalL 
 
 fi-om the Kingdom of Perak in the Peninsuta, ascended 
 
 the Throne of Achecn, after several preceding Sovereigns 
 
 had been murdered by the Acheenese. The same authot 
 
 informs us, that m 1613, the Kfng of Acheen, whom the 
 
 aiiuals name Sekuadar Miida, was known to our travellers 
 
 by the Title of Sultan Pad uka Sri, (words equivalent to 
 
 most gracious) Sovereign of Acheen, and of the Countries 
 
 of Aru, Delli, Johor, Pahang, Kcdah, and Perak on the 
 
 one side, and of Harus, Passaman, Tiku, Sileda, and Pri* 
 
 aman on the other. Some of these places were con* 
 
 quered by him, and others he inherited. It is supposed 
 
 by Mr. Marsden, that during the r^eign of Sultan Ala-wa* 
 
 edden, (and the opinion has been quoted by others as an 
 
 authentic fact,) who ascended the Throne of Malacca id 
 
 1 447, that the country was uuder the power of the Siamese 
 
 during some part of his reign of 30 years; but this 
 
 conjecture is by no means supported by the Malayan His* 
 
 tory of that reign, and the successful opposition by 
 
 the Malays to all the attempts of the Siamese, seems 
 
 to contradict such a supposition, which has perhaps beei| 
 
 inadvertently advanced by this generally correct and 
 
 enlightened anthor. In It) 19, the King of Acheen made 
 
 9k Conquest of the Cities of Kedah aud Perak, on the 
 
MklayattT Coast. Af this time,^ Perafc sent a Gold and 
 Silver Flower fa A<jh«en, in token of homage. Mr., 
 Marsdenr states, that in 1641, " the whole terntory of/ 
 Achcen wais almost depopulated By wars, executions! and^ 
 ©ppressiom • The Emg endearotited to o)phold theCounW. 
 try by his Comjuestsv Having i^vaged the Kingdoms off 
 Johor, Fahang, KedaK, Perak, and Delli, he transpbrt-^ 
 ed the Inhabitants frora these places to Acheen, to thb 
 number of Twenty two Thousand Persons.*'— In 1614^, 
 we fii\d " the Dutch complain that the Queen of Acheed 
 gave assistance to their enemies, the people of Perak.?? ^ 
 I shall now proceed to take a cursory and abstract vie^' 
 of the poh'tical connection of the several principal Ma* 
 layan States on the Peninsula, up to the period of the? 
 c:stablishment of the British Interests at Prince of Wal^, 
 Island, under their separate hea;ds,' beginning with' 
 
 f. i • ** ■"-■ ■' c ...'ja It^r- ■ 
 
 Long prior to the conquest of Malacca by the Fortu* 
 guese, the Annals inform us, that the Rajah of Kedali 
 proceeded to Malacca for the Nobats*, Avhich were grant* 
 ed him; he was well received, j,obtaiped .his dignities 
 direct from Malacca, and was considered tributary to that 
 
 T^.^* 1 :V - j ? ^' \* The Dfutts^ff ioii^oi» ofRof aliy^* - . - . - * 
 
2S . co^QirssT or qubdas and pssak . Part l. 
 
 Stater Whether after the conqnesi of MaTacca;^ or prior 
 to that event, is not preciselj ascertained, the King of 
 Quedah sent a Boonga Mas, of Gold Flower, to Siaoi, 
 and the origin of this CHStom is thus accounted for bjr 
 <the Malays of the present daj. In early years,, the King 
 of Quedah sent a Flower of Gold to (he eldest Son of 
 .the King of Siam, a Child, to play with, and the pre- 
 sent being construed into a token, of inferiority, or 
 toHiage, the custom has been kept up triennfally ever 
 since; but the King of Quedah has usuany received in 
 return a present of superior value, such as a Gold Seree 
 Stand, handsome gold wrought Cfoths, &c. "By long 
 custom,'' says Mr. Light, " the Kings of Quedah have 
 acknowledged the King of Siam as their Lord Paramount 
 and sent triennially a Gold and Silver tree as a token of 
 homage ; in return for this the King of Quedah was sup- 
 plied with Elephants from the forests of Ligore and the 
 Provinces of Siam, which to him was matter of great pro- 
 fit, (his was all the connection; the pre>ent King demands 
 a heavy tribute of Money, Arms, Men, Boats and Pro- 
 visions to be employed in his wars against the Burmahs; to 
 avoid this the King of Quedah seeks the alliance of the Eng- 
 lish, he has no alternative, either he must join the Siamese 
 against the Burmahs or defend his country against the 
 Siamese; the latter is by far the most prudent and bene- 
 ficial." Quedah being a small country, as th^ King ei^- 
 presses it in one of his Letters, and very near Ligor^ 
 iu order to preserve a i^ood understanding^, this Flower. 
 
]?£^f r» A-ND POLITICAL' RELATIONS WITH SFAM* 2&^ 
 
 ^of Gald^ (frpm whatever caifeet^^^^^^ ftiay hafd' 6rt- 
 
 , ginated,)" has always' been: sent periodically to' Sfani ^la 
 token of hoiirage, and tn^ like manriefi thtf hafiighty Dcf^« 
 yj)bt- of Siain' even condescends to send a' similar' 'taft^a 
 triennially to China, by which" he secures very iniportattt 
 privileges in thfe way of ti^add' arid exerbption -froVh 
 duties* In his case, th6 [jr^sentatibri of thle token - of 
 homage k considered -a^' entitling hintf to'ihdulgehWi 
 whereas on the other liaild,' its receipt from the Mai 
 layari State* by him, is made si plea' fdr oppressioit. 
 Mr. Crawfurd States, that " the Kiiigof Si^nf; althougli 
 the circamstarice' bS'irot gerieraHy know n,'^^ acknowledges 
 himself a tributary of the Eniperot* of Chrna,'' His doing 
 soy does hot ari>e from any political necessity or consi^ 
 deration, or out of any actual dependence of 3iam^ lipoit 
 China, but altogether from this' mercenary motive, that 
 the vessels which carry the Ambassadors, riiayV under 
 pretext of their doing so, be exempted frdin ' the" payment 
 of all Imposts. With this view, two of the largest descrip- 
 tiori 6f Junks amounting to nearly lOOl) Tons eachi^ sail 
 annually froih Bangkok to Canton toad ed with* Merctian-i 
 dizei They carry Ambassadors anniiallv to the Viceroy 
 
 bflity from the Viceroy,'ahd a^iVnie'the'-Wstiime oP'tK^^ 
 Chinese/ They carry the Chinese Emperor a goldeit* 
 Flower in token of tribute, but receive in return gifu to 
 
30 , CONQUEST OF QUEDAH^ A^D^ FBRA^ Fal:t K 
 
 a far greater Talue^^ The vanity of the one Court, and the 
 rapacity of the other, have long rendered this intercourse 
 a permanent one." — If in this case, the presentation of a 
 Golden Flower is made a pretext for obtaining very con- 
 siderable immunities; does not arise from any political 
 necessity, and does not betoken any inferiority, but is 
 viewed merely as a complimentary offerings it is diflScult to 
 discover upoa what grounds Mr, Crawfurd and others 
 have hinged their arguments, that a similar offering on the 
 part of the Quedab State indicates a feudal subjection 
 \vhich an occasional non-compliance with, or omission of 
 the ceremony, justifies the Siamese in subjugating the 
 whole Country, and wresting the Kingdom from an acknow- 
 ledged and rightful Sovereign. But of this, more here- 
 after. Quedah has occasionally sent a Golden Flower to 
 Acheen and to Ava. The ceremony seems indeed to be a 
 mere interchange of civility, or a polite acknowledgment 
 of inferiority, like one Gentleman giving precedence to 
 a superior in rank, though both may be equally inde- 
 pendant. In 1770, the Buggese attacked and plunder- 
 ed Quedah, burning many houses. In 17S5, the King 
 ceded the Island of Pinang to the English, up to which 
 period, there is no account of the Malayan State of Que* 
 dah, which flourished under a succession of Mahometan 
 Sovereigns many centuries, and was at one period a place 
 - of very considerable trade, ever having been under the 
 Authority of Siam, further than is implied from the trans* 
 mission trienQially of a Gold and Silver Fiowerr V*.' '■' 
 
Fart f # A'ND rOLITICAL El^tiATIONS WITH SIAMr 31 
 
 ■.-. • , 
 
 PERAK. 
 
 M t^*j'>'i5*'j[ii ^hf> ;> 
 
 ^'r^'iV'-' • 
 
 *j'^o i''i>h^' n-y-i '■■ 
 
 ..* • . ' 
 
 , - '■ no- '^uMti.;''* 
 
 y-iui ^^.■■--■.. •. . 
 
 Thie ofd fimiJaharai: of Johbr was originally appointed 
 Rajah over Ferafc, under the Title of Sultan Muzafcr 
 Shah, He married the Princess of Perak, and begat 
 Sultan Mansur, who reigned at the' timie the Malayan 
 Annals were written, in the Year of the Hejirat I02h 
 There is no tradition that this State ever did send 
 the Boonga Mas to Siaraf, nor does it appear that 
 .any such demand Was made* It acknowledged depeni* 
 ance upon Malacca, even prior to a King being appointed 
 from Johor, when it Was under the controul of a Pangu- 
 lu, or Minister of the Malacca State, bat after the year 
 1567, when its own King became Sovereign of Achecn, 
 a token of homage was sent to that State by his Suc- 
 cessor to the Throne of Perak. 
 
 SALENGORE. 
 
 <¥^, 
 
 This Settlement was formed principally, by an craigra- 
 tion of the Bugge^e from Celebes, and has never been in 
 any way dependant upon Siara. In 1783, the Saleogore 
 
31 CONQUEST OF QV£DAXI AMD Ji^B^I^ ^Pw^TJ. 
 
 people joined those of Rliio^ and went by lapcFto Ma* 
 lacca, which they blockaded. — A fleet from Holland arrived 
 opportunely in 1784. It is reported by MrrLrght who 
 writes to the Governor General, that " the Dutch then 
 proceeded to Salengore, which: they Found empty,- the 
 King with his followers having fled to Pahang. The Dutch 
 at the begining of this war wrote ta the Rajahs of Tringa- 
 na and Quedahfor assistance, the former joined, but the 
 latter declined, excusing himself on account of a war in 
 Patani. This will account for the King of Tringano's re- 
 ception of your Letter, and for the King of Quedah's anx- 
 ious desire to have the Honorable Company for his 
 Protector, In July last, the King of Salengore having 
 collected aboat two thousand Pahang?, crossed over to 
 Salengore, and in the night sent a few desperadoes to 
 massacre the Dutch. They got into the Fort, and wound- 
 ed oneof theCentinek and the Chief, but the Garrison 
 taking alarm, killed eight of the Buggese, dispersed the 
 rest, and in the morning, the Dutch being afraid of ano« 
 ther attack, embarked in their vessels, and fled to Ma- 
 lacca, leaving all their Stores, Provisions and Ammunition 
 undestroyed ; the King took possession, and still keeps it. 
 The King of Salengore cannot remain long in his pre- 
 sent situation, his people are kept together by hopes of 
 assistance from the English, which he expects from the. in- 
 dulgence and preference our Merchants always received 
 from him and his Father, above any other nation,']^ I 
 

 Ladf scarcely arrivetT wften I recefred intelligence that 
 the Dutch Fleet consisting of three large Ships and four** 
 teen sail of Prows and Sloops, were before Salengorfc. 
 The King, unable to procure provision, or to support him^ 
 self longer without assistance,, entered inta a Treaty with 
 the Dutch, the particulars of whiclrl hare not learnt. It 
 is said, they obliged hinr ta swear on the Koran he would 
 send all the Tin to Malacca, and be a friend to the Dntchr 
 They took away the Guns which they had lost there, and 
 have now sent for him to MaTncca." — In the early part of 
 the year 1786, the llajah of Salengore, Sultan Ibrahim^ 
 who is still alive^ sent a letter to the Governor General 
 of India saying, that the Dutch Company's people had 
 gone, (having been expelled by force,) and requested the 
 British Government to form a Settlement. It does not 
 appear, that this State has ever had any intercourse direct 
 or indirect with the Siamese, either commercially or po» 
 liticallyr , ,, . 
 
 COLONG 
 
 This was formerly a Dependency of Malacca, and 
 afterwards fell under Salengore. In the reign of Sultan 
 Madhiifcr Shah, the third Mahometan King of Malacca, 
 Cofoog was one of the most flourishing Settlements ua« 
 
 "J 
 
34^ CONQUEST OF QITBDAH AND • PBRAR^ Pakt*lW' 
 
 der Malacca, and formed originally by emigritt!^ froiilr^?^" 
 Singapura and that place. — In trie year 1340," the Cliier ^ 
 of this placcy Tuaa Perak, Son^ of the' decesls'ed 'Bihda^ i^ 
 hara, V- -^^ •- •^.-^-^-^-•y Srieva Rajah, ^a» principally'^'' 
 instrumental in repulsing the Siamese m one of* their* ^'^ 
 attempts upon Malacca* The circumstances are thus re-*' >* 
 }a^cd in the Annals: "^ About the year 134(V it is re-r i- 
 ported that the King of Siam, who in ancient itimcs^-: 
 was named Salien Nani, hearing that Malacca \fas a great ^ 
 Countr)-; and did not own his Allegiance, sent ta demand - 
 a letter of submission, but the King of Malacca refusedr * 
 The Siamese prepared to attack Malacca, and Had reach-^ ' 
 ed Pahang, when all the Inhabitants fron> Mouar as* '* 
 sembled at Malacca, and Tuan Perak brought up the ^ 
 people of Colong with all the Women and Children/* 
 The people of Colong complained of their Chiefs condnctt 
 in bringing up their Wives and Childreir, as only the 
 males froni other places had arrived^ His Majesty de- 
 manded why he had done sof Tuan Perak replied '' The 
 reason 1 have brought their Wives and Children, is, that 
 they may contend wi^h a true heart against the foe, and 
 even if the Rajah were disposed to shrink, from the com-* 
 bat, they would only be the more eager to prevent the 
 Slavery of their Wives and Children. For this cause, they 
 wiljl contend strenuously against the Enemy. The King 
 of -Malacca was highly pleased with Tuan Perak and said •?• 
 *' Tuan Perak, you must not live longer at Colong, you 1 
 UkVLst come and livehere/^^ — The. men of Siam however n 
 
arrived, and engaged iri fighr >f th the men of Malacc^j I 
 The war continued far a longtime, and grejit numbed' 1 
 of Siameise perished^ but Malacca tvas not subdued.'' 'At' ^ 
 Ia;st, the ^hole Siamese Array fetreated; Tuan Pfer^- '1 
 VFus appointed Bindahara^ or Geuerali Souid time after ^ J 
 the Siamese made another attempt. ** The/ adVancCd \ 
 as far as Batu Pahat, k pkde at fevr miles to the South-^ j 
 tvard of Malacca, but were vigorously opposed by the 
 Malays; (he Siamese Champion said:— the prepairatioa** i 
 of the Malays are immense. If they advance what a fine 
 situation we shall be in, especially as we found ourselvet l 
 to day, unable to contend against a siniple Prahu of their*?. 
 Then all the Siamese returned. In their retreat, they 
 Were pursued by the Bindahara, Paduca Rajah, as far \ 
 as Singapura.'* 
 
 i.v. 
 
 JOHORE. 
 
 ^iMi. 
 
 Was founded by Sultan Mahomed, Ex-King of Malae-* ^ 
 ca in 1512. The place was destroyed by the Portuguese^ 
 in 1608, and a new Town built higher up the River, r 
 In 1613, wheii the Dutch had a sraaU Factory there, j 
 it was conquered by the Achinese.' In 1703, says MiU^ 
 burn, " Captain Haitiiltoti visited the place, and wag. 
 
3S coNCurssx or auBDAsr xvj} vnli^ FaitT^ 
 
 kindly rcccivecf*. TKe King* made hirar a present ©ftte 
 Island of Sincapore^. situated near the entrance of (he^ 
 River^ but he declined taking possessioa of it^ notwith-- 
 standing, its convenient situation for Trade, and the sur-^ 
 rounding country being well supplied with excellent 
 Timber and Trees fit for Masts." — In more recent timesy. 
 it has been little heard of, and from being a large and 
 populous City, dwindled to a small fishing Villager Johor 
 has long been a Dependency of Rhio* 
 
 PAHANG. 
 
 In the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah of Malacca, an Er«* 
 pedition was sent against Pahang. It is thus related iir 
 the Annal> t " The Bindahara proceeded against it, and 
 after a day's j^ourney, the Malacca forces reached Pahang^. 
 and defeated the Inhabitants with great ease.'' 1 he King 
 of Malacca married the beautiful Princess, Wanang Sri^ 
 the Daughter of the Pahang Chief, Maha Rajah Dewa 
 Sena^ who fled.. During the reign of Sultan Mansur Shahy 
 the Siamese never returned to Malacca, nor did Malacca 
 men interfere with the Siamese. Towards the conclusion' 
 of this King\ Reign, he sent an Embassy to Siam with a 
 letter which oontaioed neither greeting nor salutatioOy , 
 
Part !• AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAM. 3? 
 
 kn^raii thiiai '^ it is desirable that there should be nofiir- 
 •the'^'Waf^, for. there is reason to fear the loss of life, and 
 •.';Terily> Paduca Biibaugan is to be dreaded in war, but there 
 j is' great hope of his forgiveness and favor.',' ThqEm- 
 ;>peror ofSiam asked how it wa? Malacca had not been 
 taken by the Siamese, and Tuan Talani, the Envoy from 
 ~~^ Malacca " called an old man of Sayor, who had the J^le- 
 phantises in his legs, to display hFs slull in the Spear, 
 He tossed up Spears in the air, and received them on hi^ 
 back vvifhdut the smallest wound." " This, Sire, said 
 he, is the reason why Malacca was not conquered by the 
 Siamese, for all the Men are of his description," The 
 Siamese also sent a Mission to Malacca, and the King 
 of Malacca was rejoiced and said, ** now my heart is at 
 rest, for my enemy is converted into my friend" — and 
 as the ni>torian expresses it. "God knows the whole, 
 and to Him be grace and glory," The Kingdom of Ma- 
 lacca was powerful at this time, and it is reported, that 
 Embassies were sent to and from the Kmperor of China 
 and the King of iMalucca, In the reign ofSullaii 
 Alu-eddin, the Succe-sor of Sultan Mansur Shah, the Lakf- 
 samana was sent to Pah:ing, to call the King to acco mt 
 for killing a Malacca Chief. It has been supposed by 
 some Authors, that during the reign of this Prince, Sultan 
 Ala-eddiu ilayat Shah, the Country of Malacca was un* 
 der the Siamese power, but this does not appear to be ' 
 by any mean? the case, as it would seem, that Malacca, 
 during that King's long reign of thirty years, was as 
 
38 COKUUEST OF QUBDAH AND' FERAK: Fart T«. 
 
 pawerful as it had ever been, as has been before shewn. 
 Pahang in later years, has been considered under the 
 Authority of RhiO. The King was desirous of having; 
 the English there^ but it was never taken possession of^ 
 
 .ii^rV' 
 
 PACKANJA. 
 
 This was also a Dependency of the Rhio Statew 
 
 i'i.-. K . 
 
 TRINGANa 
 
 Before Fmang was settled, the Sultan offered a Settle- 
 ment at this place^ and about the same time, he writes to 
 the Supreme Government " accor(iiug to the advice com- 
 .luunirated to us through Captain Glass, we gave fair 
 words and liberal presents to Siara, but Siam is not con- 
 tended. He demands ourself, or our Son to go and do 
 homage at the foof of his Throne, and if we^o not coraw 
 ply with his demands, he threatens to destroy our coun- 
 try ; there is no example or precedent from the earliest 
 period of any Prince of this Country doing homage ia 
 any other manner than by Letter.'^i c\^ .*i Uji: ^nith 
 
Tart 1. AND POLITICAL HELATIOXS WITH SUM. 39 
 
 CALLANTAN. 
 
 This State was rendered tribo(ary to Malacca in the 
 reign of Sultan Mahmud Shah. The event is thus de- 
 scribed, in the Malayan Annals. *' After some time,^ the 
 Prince ordered Sri Maha Raja to attack Callantaft.. At 
 that period, the Country of Callantan was much more pow- 
 erful than Patani, and the name of the Rajah was Surtan 
 Secunder Shah, who refused to do homage to Malacca; 
 Callantan was taken by the Malacca men. The Sultan of 
 Malacca married the oldest Daughter of the Rajah of 
 Callantan^ whose death some time afterwards, distressed 
 the King much. The Chiefs of Callantan have often 
 complained of the vexatious demands ofSiam; but have 
 never acknowledged more than fts Inferiority to Siam, 
 and maintained its independence under a regular suc- 
 cession of Malayan Kings, extremely friendly and dispos- 
 ed to conciliate the English. The Rajahs of Caljantan 
 have repeatedly solicited the protection of the British 
 Government and requested the establishment there of 
 an English Factory, offering very considerable advantage?. 
 
40 , ..COKOPfiST OF .<IUJ5DAH MND, ]P^&Jil^ ,jParfel. 
 
 The origin of the Patani State is thus described, "It is 
 related thatahei^e is a Country named Cota Maliger, the 
 JR ;» jab 0/ which was a Moslem, and named Rajah Soli- 
 inan. This Country came to be mentioned in Siam 
 as a very fine Country, but not subject to Siam. 
 A Son of the King of Siam, named Chaw Sri Bang>a, 
 proposed to go and reduce it, and proceeded against 
 it accordingly with an inuumierable host, like the 
 leaves of the Trees, and when he reached Cota Ma- 
 ligei. Rajah Solinian came out and engaged Chaw Sri 
 Bangsa, man to man, and each of them mounted on au 
 Elephant. Chaw Sri Bangsa declared, that' ijf he was 
 victorious o?er Rajah Soliman, he would assume the 
 Doctrine of Islam. The place was taken, and the 
 Siamese Chief became a Mahometan, arnd desired his 
 Astrologers to search for a good place to found a City. 
 There was a Fisherman who had a Son nanied Tani^ 
 whence he was called Patani, (Tani's Father,) the City 
 was built where he resided, and hence it was called Pa- 
 tani." The King of Patani sent Ambassadors to the King 
 of Malacca, requesting the Nobats to be granted to him, 
 and Patani became a Dependency, of Malacca. The 
 tngliih established a small Factory in 1610, which was 
 
Part K AND POLITICAL' RELATIONS WITH SIAJTv 41 
 
 abandoned in 1625. The Sianvese about the^tfint Pinang 
 was taken possession of^ plundered the place, and itiiiiw' 
 dered and carried off the Inhabitant*, and in- subsequent 
 years, the State became separated and disunited under 
 different Leaders, or petty independent Rajahsr 
 . hi the history of the first Malayan Settlement at Sin- 
 gapura, we fnid that the Emigrants from Sumatra founi 
 no Inhabttants, and met with no opposition, and in their 
 subsequent expuUion from thence, their Establishment^ 
 at Malacca,- and again at Johor and other places, were 
 effected under similar happy circumstances j nor do we 
 read in the whole annals of Malayan History, of their Co- 
 fonies on the Peninsula, of one single instance in which 
 a Country was wrested by force, from aboriginal Inhabitants* 
 It his been admitted by the greatest Philosophers and Po* 
 litieians, tliat *' All mankind have a right to things that 
 have not yet fallen into the possession of any one, and 
 those things belong to the persons who first take possession 
 of them. When therefore a nation finds a Country un- 
 inhabited, and without an owner, it may lawfully take 
 possession of it, and after it has efficiently made known its 
 will in this respect, it cannot be deprived of it by another 
 Nation.^^* It follows from this argument, that the Emi- 
 grants who founded the Malayan Colonies, had an ua-* 
 doubted right to possess themselves of the desert Conntriei 
 which they found on the Peninsula, and that having pos- 
 session, and never relinquished it, during a period of 660 
 
 I • , J. ;^ • VdicteU Chap. i8. P^^e 99. 
 
42 CoiiQiUESt OF QXrEDAH* AND PiBE^Kj' Part IV 
 
 yearly they are, and' must Be considered, the rigBtful' pos-- 
 sessors of these Countries at the present day;- 
 
 Having fully established the rights of the Malay* to co* 
 ionize the Peninsula, and having previously shewn, that 
 Quedah was the only State which ever acknowledged anjf 
 degree of dependence upon Siam^ after the dismember-^ 
 nient of the Malacca Kingdom, of which it was a part, I 
 shall now consider what constitutes a Sovereign State, and 
 the several degrees of submission or dependence known to 
 US, as existing among different nations and States, which will 
 enable us to draw a satisfactory conclusion, respecting the 
 relative situation of Siara and Quedah,. which it is niore 
 particularly the object of the present Paper to discuss* 
 The celebrated Vattel says, in speaking of States bound by 
 unequal alliance, '' We ought to accoimt as Sovereign 
 States, those which have united themselves to another 
 more powerful, by an unequal alliance,- in which, as 
 Aristotle says, to the more powerful fs given more honor, 
 and to the weaker, more assistance* The conditions of 
 these unequal alliances, may be infinitely varied. But 
 whatever they are, provided the inferior Ally secure to 
 itself ^Sovereignty, or the right of governing its own body, 
 It ought to be considered as an independent State that keeps 
 up an intercourse with others under the Law of Nations." 
 Of States allied by Treaties of protection, he remarks, 
 **' Consequently a weak State, which, in order to provide 
 'for its safety, . places itself under the protection of a more 
 powerful one, and engages, in return, to perform several 
 
i 
 fkft Tl AND POLIxrCAL. UBLAtiOKS T^ITH St^A^f, - 49 
 
 Officer equivalent" to that protection, v^ithoi^f Hqtrerer 
 divestiirg itself of the rights of GoFeroment and Sorereigni^ 
 tyr that Static I saj, does not, on this account, c^ase' to* 
 rank among the Sovereigns who acknowledge no other 
 taw than that of Nations*'' In r^ard to Tributary 
 States, he ob^erv^s. " There occwf 3 no greater difference 
 With Tributary States, for though the; pajment of TTri-^ 
 ,bute to a foreign Power, does in some degree diminish- th« 
 dignity of those States, from its being a confession of their 
 weakness, yet it suifers their Sovereignty to subsist entire. 
 The custom of paying Tribute was formerly very common, 
 the weaker by that means purchasing of their more pow- 
 erful neighbour, an exemption from oppression, or, at that 
 price, securing his protection without ceasing to be So ve« 
 reign." And of Feudatory States, it is stated by the same 
 author. " The Germanic Nations introduced anoiher 
 custom, that of requiring homage from a State either van- 
 quished, or too weak to make resistance. Sometimes even 
 a Prince has given Sovereignties in fee, and Sovereigns 
 have voluntarily rendered themselves feudatory to others. 
 When the homage leaves independence and Sovereiga 
 authority in the Administration of the State, & only means 
 certain duties to the Lord of the Fee,' as some honorary 
 acknowledgement, it does not prevent the State or the 
 Feudatory Prince being strictly Sovereign. The King of 
 Naples pays homage for his Kingdom to the Pope, and 
 is nevertheless reckoned among the principal SoTcreigng 
 
 in Europe.''^ ' - ' * 
 
 t Vattel. Cbap. i. Page s & J. 
 
44 coNauKst or qubdaht a>d febaic Part F» 
 
 The original object no doubt of the Quedah St^e' send-- 
 Ing a Boonga Mas, or token of honiage toSiatn^ afiter th^ 
 custom- had been once Established, was to secure the pro* 
 tectfonofits more powerful nieiglibour, and we shall now 
 see the obligations of the protector as well as protectedV 
 ^ When a Nation is nor capable of preserving herself ff 
 says Vattel, " from insult or oppression, she may procure 
 the protetetion ofa more powerful State. If she obtain this 
 by only engaging to perform certain Articles, as to pay 
 tribute in return for the safety obtained', to furnish her 
 Protector with Troops, and tQ embark in all his Wars 
 as a joint Concern, but still reserving to herself the right 
 of administering her own Government, at pleasure, it is 
 a simple Treaty of protection, that does not at all de* 
 rogate from Sovereignty, and differs not from the ordi- 
 nary treaties of alliance, otherwise than as it creates a 
 difference in the dignity of the Contracting Parties.''-^ and 
 again *'*if the more powerful nation should assume a 
 greater authority over the weaker one, than the Treaty 
 of protection] or submission allows, the latter may con« 
 sider the Treaty as broken^ and provide for its safety 
 according to its discretion. If it were otherwise, the in- 
 ferior nation would lose by a convention which it had 
 only formed with a view to its safety, and if it were 
 still bound by its engagements when its protector abuses 
 them, and openly violates his own, the Treaty would, 
 
 ^ . •- ^-;i--, . + V.ucl Chap. ,6. P.ge 93.:-i-5^ii,;,a^-^- .v^ :• 
 
 f V.ttd Cba^ i6.P-iic 94. H;a^^-;at;Xa t-^^--^ 
 
i 
 
 Part r» AND POLITIC Ai; relations \TitastAB&. 45 
 
 to the weaker party, prore a downright deception,'* If 
 then such privileges may be retained by a State volua* 
 tarily subnoitling to another, the mere tacit aknowledg-» 
 ment of homage implied by the trahsmissioh of a Golden 
 Flower, (for History does not record the admission orf 
 the part of Qaedah of the right of the Siamese to any 
 further concession,) we cannot fail to regard the subju* 
 gation of Quedah as an unjustifiable usurpation. 
 " In support of the opinion which I hare here advanced, 
 regarding the dependence of Quedah upon Siam, as imw 
 plied from the transmission of a Golden Flower, it may* 
 be satisfactory to refer to the sentiments of Csptain Light, 
 and as he obtained the grant, he was the best qualified 
 to form a judgement upon this question. In reply to the' 
 directions of the Supreme Government that he would as« 
 certain " whether the King of Quedah was the rightful 
 Sovereign thereof," he thus writes, " It does not appear, 
 either by writing or tradition, that Quedah Was ever' go- 
 verned by the Siamese Laws or Customs'. There would 
 have been some remains had there been any affinity bet* 
 ween theiri^ The people of Q'uedali are Mahomefans,; 
 their letter Arabic, and their Language Java. The King 
 originally from MenangkabaiJ^ in Sumatra; but as Quedah 
 was very near Ligore, a Kingdom of Siam, they sent every . 
 third year a Gold and Silver Tree, as a token ofnomage 
 to Ligore. 'Hits was done to preserve a good correspon*. 
 dence, for, at this period, the Siamese were very rich aixd. 
 numerous, but ao warriors, and a considerable trade wa& 
 
46 ^ CONQUBST OF QUEDAH AND PERAK i Parf fc Vl 
 
 carried on between Ligore and Quedah.; After the dc»- 
 struction ofSiam, the King of Ara demanded the Gold 
 and Silver Tree, and received the token of homage from- 
 Quedah. Pia Tack drove away the Burmans, and built a 
 new City at Siam; the Kingof Quedah sent the Tree to 
 Siam, and kept peace with both, paying homage some- 
 times to one, and sometimes to the other, and often to 
 
 Between the years 1780 and 1785, we find the Bengal 
 Government had turned its attention to endeavouring to 
 secure an eligible post, in or near the Straits of Malacca, for 
 the purpose of establishing a small Settlement, for the pro- 
 motion of the commerce of Western India, and the securi- 
 ty ofour Traders passing to and from China and other 
 quarters; and we are indebted to the troubles in which 
 the Rajah of Quedah was involved, by the oppressions of 
 Siam, for the Settlement of Prince of Wales Island. Under 
 the expectation of securing a powerful Ally, and encourag- 
 ed, no doubt, by promises of protection and support 
 from the British Government, which Mr* Light evidently 
 pledged, the King of Quedah ceded the Is'and of Pulo 
 Pinang, by which he incurred the certainty of the almost 
 entire al)straction of the foreign trade from his Dominions, 
 and an actual loss in revenue of 20,000 Dollars annually. 
 Being tifier wards disappointed in the hopes of succour from 
 the British Goyernment, on which he had confidently re- 
 lied, and oppressed by the numerous demands of Siam for 
 Tesiels, men, and arms, which he assures the Superiuteud- 
 
Pari I#./^I AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAM. 47 ' . 
 
 ant were without precedent or example, and confident in 
 his own strength, he determined to make an attempt to 
 free himself from such thraldom and oppression, and while 
 the Siamese were engaged in a distant war, make a sad- 
 den incursion into, and possess himself of the provinces 
 contiguous to his own State* He w as however dissuaded 
 from such an enterprize, by the British Resident, who ad» 
 vised him to reply to the Emperor of Siam's demand, that 
 the distressed State of the Quedah Country could not af"» 
 ford such supplies, the wars between the Dutch and Malay*, :,. 
 having for several years, prevented any foreign Trade with- 
 Quedah, and that this year was attended with a scarcity 5^^ 
 in the mean lime, he was advised, not to neglect providing ^t 
 for his own security, Mr. Light also told him, that were 
 he determined to put his projects into execution, of mak« 
 ing an attack upon the Siamese Provinces, " being the 
 aggressor, he would put it out of the power of the Ho- 
 tiorable Company having any excuse for making war ' 
 against Siam." Having now brought down the history of 
 the several States to the period when the British Government 
 formed a Settlement at Pinang, it may be useful to refer 
 to the opinions of some persons, whose experience enabled 
 them to describe the political relations of the several States, 
 at that time, ^ 
 
 The most authentic accounts which are to be found 
 of the political connection, which has subsisted between 
 AvaaudSiam and the other States in their vicinity, ^e/ 
 
48 CONaifEST ,0P QUBDAH AND PBAAK Part L 
 
 contained in the correspondence of some of the earlier 
 settlers at Pinang, Captain James Scott, a Gentleman 
 well known in this quarter, many years ago, as aa Eastera 
 Trader, and afterwards a Merchant and Planter at Plnang^ 
 resided some time, at the Island of Junk Ceylon, at Que« 
 dab, and at Selangore, and from his Lung acquaintance 
 and intercourse with the Malays, was well qualified to 
 describe the countries which had so long been the scene. 
 of his Mercantile operations* He subxuitted to the Su-* 
 prerae Government a Paper professing to convey '' some 
 Idea of the Political situation of the CounLnes East of the 
 Bay of Bengal,." of which I shall here transcribe an ex« 
 tract, as necessary to a proper understanding of the po* 
 litical relations at the period. '^ Arracan, Pegue and 
 Siam formerly possessed the Shores from Chittagong to Qu&» 
 dah» Some 20 years ago, the oppressions of Government 
 drove the Merchants from frequenting the Ports of Ar- 
 racan, «ince which they have been little heard of. Pegue 
 has lately been conquered, and is become a Province of 
 Ava. Siam formerly possessed from Martaban to Que- 
 dah, which last was tributary to them. Ava was little 
 known to Europeans, previous to their some 25 years 
 ago over-running Siam; they then extirpated the Royal 
 Family, burnt the Capital of Julhia, carried off immense 
 numbers of Inhabitants, leaving that Country, once fo rich, 
 a mere wild. The Siamese under a bold Usurper, called 
 Pia Tack, drove home the Burmans, and recovered all 
 they had overrun, except Martaban, Tavoy^ and MerguiV 
 
^Par(>r» ANI> POLITICAL RELATIONS WITB SIAM. 49 
 
 :>vhi(^"tftcyv retain at this time. They have dwindled, 
 tiinden;Ava, fo mere Villages, from. losing the Exports 
 of the Western Provinces; of Siam,: which have in some 
 measnre come to Salang. 1 ri^l 778-9^ Pia Tack conquer* 
 ed Caraboja, Chia, and Ligor, and overwhelmed the whole 
 Peninsula;, but in 1783, Cam boja revolted. He sent an 
 Army against them under Pi as Check and Sussin, two 
 Brothers, who having reduced Camboja, returned to Ban- 
 cock, killed Pia Tack, and possessed themselves of the 
 .Government, where they now jointly reign. In 1783, 
 Ava made War on Arracan; the event is yet unsettled^ 
 Tonquin and Cochin China during the last ten years, 
 have been depopulated by Civil Wars, and the eruptions 
 of some barbarous Mountaineers,- which attacked either 
 party, and plundered both. In 1783-4, the. one compe- 
 titor drove the other out, who retired to Siaih for assist- 
 ance. The successful one sent a French Missionary^ 
 Bishop to Pondicherry to solicit the assistance of the French 
 ao^ainst Siam and the Mountaineers. The Dutch had 
 likewise an Agent there, who offered the assistance of 
 Batavia. His negociation failed, and we heard he lost 
 his life. In 1781-5, the Siamese sent an Army of 15,009 
 Men, and 150 Prows and Junks. The Fle^t by accident 
 or treaciiery were surprised and taken, and only 5,000 
 Men, with their Generals, reached Siam again. Ava 
 has joined Cochin China and the French, and every thing 
 is preparing on the opening of the dry season, to conquCf 
 Siam; and, from all accounts, the internal State of Siaoi 
 
50 CONQUEST OF Q9BDAH AND PEHAXr PaitlU: 
 
 is weak beyond conception ; that bond of union which 
 seems to cement large Empires, is feebl« under the two 
 jarring Usurpers, and in a few years will probably fall 
 to pieces of itself, without a foreign concussion.'* 
 
 After Pinang had been occupied a short time. Captain 
 Glass, the Commanding Officer of the Troops, gives the 
 foUowiug description of the several States of the Peainsula^ 
 and their more powerful neighbours, which, though era* 
 bracing other points foreign to the present subject of dis* 
 cussion, had better he preserved entire, as a satisfactory elu* 
 cidation of the sentiments of those, most conversant with 
 the subject in those days, of the connection subsisting be* 
 tween the Malayan States, and the powerful Empire^ 
 ofSiamand Ava, as well as the policy which appearecf 
 proper to be pursued by the British Government, in re- 
 gtilating their new Establishment and Connections to th^ 
 Eastwards 
 
 '^ 1st. The Empire of Ava, with whose Southern Pro- 
 vinces there will be a considerable communication* The 
 haughty ferocity of this people, and the lofty pretensioni 
 of their Sovereigns who treat all men as their Slaves, pre- 
 Tcnts Treaties of Commerce being formed with them, ^r 
 if formed, having any reliance thereon, because a compact 
 supposes an equality, which cannot exist in the re« 
 lation of Master and Slave; it is immaterial whether the 
 relation exist in fact, or in idea, the consequence is the 
 same* From a small tribe called Purmaa, they hare 
 conquered Cossac to the Northward, Fegue and Arracati 
 
.Parti* AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITS SFJ^M, (gji 
 
 to Ihe Southward, three independeYit States; they have 
 likewise wrested the Provinces ofMartaban, Tavoy, and 
 Mergui from Siatn; but while the Siamese can keep them 
 eujploycd, there is little to fear from them here; but 
 should they be successful in the pre>ent Contest with Siam, 
 they may again adopt their wish, the reduction of the 
 Malayan Peninsula. This is the only Native Power whose 
 Force vre have to fear in open War. t 
 
 2d. Is Jan Salang. This Island is a distant and ne* 
 glected Province of the Empire of Siam, which in itself 
 ha? no effective force to be dreaded. ; ■ ,;, 
 
 3d. Is Quedah, which comprehends a Sea Coast of 
 40 to 50 Leagues, and the best cultivated part of the 
 Malayan Peninsula. Its population exceeds 4O,OO0|# 
 From its ricinity to this place, the plenty of ProvisioiM 
 of all kinds which it producer, it deserves your Lord- 
 ship's most pointed attention, lying contiguous to the 
 two potent Empires of Siam and Ava; to the former qf 
 which it is tributary, or more properly, pays homag^t 
 by sending yearly a Flower of Gold and another of Silver, 
 TFhich, with Presents, and an inoffensiveness in tho people^ 
 has hitherto preserved them from the attempts of either. 
 But the trifling conduct of the present King and his CouU'- 
 cil, is likely to give occasion of offence to both, he willthea 
 fall a sacrifice to the succe-sful. In giving this Islaifd 
 to the Company, the Kingof Quedah and his noblea could 
 not have foreseen, what they now feel, a loss of Trade and 
 •consequent Ileveuue,^ aad.poreasoaing will confiade th^,mf 
 
53 - CONQUEST OF QUBDAH AND PERAK. Fart T» 
 
 that an increased demand, and consequent ihcreased, 
 price for the produce of their Country, will in time, prove 
 an equivalent, ^ ^ - * ' . i 
 
 The Revenues of all the Malay Princes arise from the 
 profits on a restrictive Commerce in general, managed by 
 a Malabar, vrho acquires influence in consequence of the 
 command of Cash, and generally expends a large |>art of 
 the profits in support of this influence; free from these 
 •depredations, the Revenues of Quedah amount to 100,000 
 Rupees annually. This small sum, with the feudal ob- 
 ligations of his people, generally ill complied with and 
 ineffective when collected, cannot cope with either Siam 
 or Ava in force or resources, but to allow this country to 
 become a Province to either, would render our supply at 
 this place dependant on the nod of a despot. By securing 
 the independence of this Country, the Honorable Compa- 
 ny would acquire a dependant and useful Ally, secure the 
 supplies at this Settlement, until the Island can sup- 
 ply itself, and virtually in the end, as our influence in- 
 creases, an accession of about 40,000 Subjects* ■ 
 ^- 4th. Is Perak, which borders on Quedah, and ex- 
 tends about 50 league? inland; near Perak River is well 
 culiivateu, and it contains 30.000 people, exports an- 
 nually 5,CC0 Peculs of Tin, which is delivered to the 
 Dutch at 32 Spanish Dollars per Bahar of 428 lbs. The 
 Dutch have a small Stockade Fort, with about 50 people 
 there to prevent the Natives from carrying the Tin to 
 other Markets; but with all their precautions, the quaa- 
 
?art f. A>f D' POLiticAL relations -^ixHstXICi- p9 
 
 iity they a^ed ta' receive^j is greatly- lessened sinfce' tHfe' 
 
 Settlement of this Islahd. The^ people of Perak* areiii* 
 
 general rety ignorant; their Revenues so^>mall ailtf 
 
 their residence so- far inland, thatlTttle is tqrtie'leared frOtw 
 
 their atiiraosity, and less to be hoped frpov their friendship* 
 
 -while eonaected with'fhe Dutch^' '^vj 
 
 y 5lh^ Saleugore. This Ckintry runs to' Cape' Ra'cHadby 
 
 '^But so mueh'rediiGed by the late war with (he Dutchy that 
 
 the population of 40* leagues of a very fine Country, does 
 
 not, I am credibly informed, exceed 1,000 or 1,500 peo- 
 
 c pie. — The King, 1 understand, wishes to give the Engliah 
 
 Company the sovereignty of his Country. 
 
 6thr RumboWy an inland Country and: while the 
 Dutch possess Rhio^ they claim the DoH>inion of Johore, 
 which takes in the whole of that side of the Peninsula. 
 
 On the Eastern side are Pahang and Tringano, the po- 
 pulation of which is not great. Patant has lately been 
 reduced to a Province of Siam. 
 
 From this view of the East side of the Bay of Ben^l 
 
 and Malay Peninsula, it appears, there are only three 
 
 * Powers, whose effective force requires attention; all the 
 
 ' others will soon consider our nod as law. The three are 
 
 ' Ava, Siam, and the Dutch. As the plans of the two first 
 
 are the result of ignorance and caprice, in the whiuisi<?al 
 
 despot, it is hard to conclude any thing by indication, &c. 
 
 A Month after taking possession of Pinangv viz. 12th 
 
 September 1786, Captain Light, the Superintendent gives 
 
 the following-' iafoi^matioa 40 4he Supreme. GAveramoat 
 
St CONaUBST OF QUEDAU AN0PERXKr^ Part !•> 
 
 of In^a., " The Burmans divided' their Army into sc^ 
 Veral parties, and ravaged at the same time the Countries 
 of Upper and Lower Siani, Ligore, Cbia,.Chompo\T, Man- 
 delong, and Bancjy burning and destroying and massa*»^ 
 cring without Gompassion or exceptiom On a sudden, their 
 Army di3ap|>€ared, but whetlrer by the Siameie, or oc*^ 
 easioned by a dissension among the Generals, is uncer-- 
 tain,, as both are alleged. The Siamese recovered the 
 places they bad losty and the King?s Brother,. Sooram^ 
 IV ho came to Ligore with a small Army, had no sooner 
 put to death the 2,000 Burmans left there as a guard, 
 than they resolved to call to account all the neighbouring 
 States w bo had not given the Siamese aid against the 
 Btirmans. He sent for the Chiefs of Patani,^ the Kings 
 of Quedah and Tringano, none of whom choosing to en- 
 ter the Court of so desperate a Tyrant, sent their several 
 excuses, with Presents, which he returned, and began 
 immediately upon Porgit, This place was deemed im- 
 pregnable. It was surrounded by seven thick rows of 
 J^ainboos; within the Bimboos was an exceeding wide 
 and deep Canal, and within the Canal, a strong Bampart 
 of Earth, on which was mounted a nam her of large Cannon, 
 The area within these walls contained all the Inhabitants, 
 Cattle and Grain; their strength amounted to near 4,000 
 fighting men. The Chief had rendered himself obnoxious 
 to his people from tyrannizing. This and their confidence 
 of situation, gave the Siamese an easy conquest. The 
 reduction of this place has made every one tremble for his 
 
f art L AND POLITICAL aei*.iTIONS WlT^iTsiAM. $& 
 
 safety, and' though the King, of tftiedah has avofifecf the 
 storm for the present bj submission, yet there h no de^ 
 pendance upon the word of a man who has no moral 
 restrairtt wliatcver^ but as policy will^ prevent his en-- 
 tcring Qtredr^h wWIe he can procute supplies froni it^ 
 until the Season' for cutting Paddy, it is possible some ac- 
 cident may arise to destroy his schemes.^'^ 
 
 We may gather from the forgoing detaifs, that for 
 8ome time prior to, and about the period the British Go* 
 vernment took possession of Pritice of Wales Island, thercf 
 had been, and was, an almost incessant warfare between 
 the Slates Ara and Slam, and a Contest for preponder- 
 ating influence over the Minor States in their neighboar* 
 hood, which involved these inferior powers in continual 
 distress, and imposed upon them the necessity, either of 
 alTording supplies to the utmost extent of their limited 
 means, or of being entirely subdued by their more power- 
 ful and overbearing neighbours. Mr. Scott admits that 
 ** Siam formerly possessed from Martaban to Qnedah| 
 which last was tributary to them." Captain Glass states, 
 that Quedah pays Homage to Siam by sending yearly 
 a Flower of Gold and another of Silrer, '' which with 
 Presents and an inoffensiveness in the people, hag hi- 
 therto preserved them;'' and Captain Light says, the King 
 had " avoided the storm for the present by submission," 
 yet there is no mention that Quedah was immediately 
 under the controul of Siam, or that it did mor« than 
 merely send a token of homage, or ackuowledgcmeut of 
 
5ff COI«QUBST DP QUBBiTH JIND I^BRii^' ♦ Tart^C^ 
 
 inferrorify to a superior power. The Kiii^ of Qdedahj a» 
 
 an indiependafii Sa?eFeign, befrig requested to permit a 
 
 Britibb Settlement to be formed at Pinang, thus submits 
 
 'Ills proposals to the Governor General of Betlgal^^^astke 
 
 ^ conditions of suclt cessionV /'^ v%/'M > 7- f r 
 
 " Wherea?s Captain Light, Sewa Rajalif came here 
 and informed me that the Rajah of Bengal ordered him 
 to request' Puio* Pinang from ' me^ to make an English 
 'Settlement, where the Agents of the Company, might rej- 
 sidCy for the purpose of trading and building Sbips of War, 
 to protect the Island and to cruize at Sea,^ so that if aoy 
 enemies of ours from the East or the West should come 
 to attack us, the Company would regard them as enemies 
 also and fight them, and all the* expeoces of such 
 Wars shall be borne by the Company. All Ships, 
 Junks or Prows^ large and small, which come from the 
 East or the West and wsh to enter the Quedah River 
 to Trade, shall not be molested or obstructed, in apy 
 way, by the Company, but all persons desirous of com- 
 ing to Trade with us shall be allowed to do as they please; 
 and at Pulo Pinang the same. ,, 
 
 The Articles of Opium, Tin and Rattans are' mono* 
 polies of our own, and the Rivers Mooda, Prye and 
 Krian are the places from whence Tin, Rattans, Caaes, 
 besides other Articles are obtained. When the Company's 
 people therefore, shall reside at Pulo Pinang, I shall lose 
 the benefit of this monopoly, and I request the Captaiii 
 Will explain this to the Gorernor General and be^,< as 
 
Part 1 . AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITIf SIAM. 57 
 
 a compensation for my losses, 30,000 Dollars a year to be 
 paid Annually to me as long as the Company reside at 
 Pulo Pinang. 1 shall permit the free export of all sorta 
 of Provisions and Timber for Ship building. 
 
 Moreover, if any of the Agents of the Company make 
 loans or advances to any of the Nobles, Chiefs or Rajahs of 
 theKedda Country, the Company shall not hold me res- 
 ponsible for any such advances. Should any one in thit 
 Country become my enemy, even my own Children, all 
 such shall be considered as enemies also of the Company; 
 the Company shall not alter their engagements of alii- 
 ance, so loug as the heavenly bodies continue to perform 
 their revolutions; and when any enemies attack us from 
 the interior, they also shall be considered as enemies of 
 the Company. I request from the Company, Men and 
 Powder, Shot, Arms large and small, also Money for the 
 purpoNCs of carrying on the war, and when the business 
 is settled, 1 will repay the advances ; should these pro* 
 po-itions be considered proper and acceptable to the Go- 
 vernor General, he may send a confidential Agent to Pul<> 
 Pinang to reside; but if the Governor General does not 
 approve of the terms and conditions oflhis engagement, let 
 him not be offended with me. Such are ray wishes, to 
 be made known to the Company, and this Treaty must 
 be faithfully adhered to, till the most remote times. 
 : Written on Tuesday 24th Shawal, 1199.'* 
 
 Here no mention is made of the Rajah of Kedah beings 
 tributary to any other State, and the ojQTer b accepted 
 
58 CONQUEST OP QUEDAH AN& FSRAK^ Pai;t,|. 
 
 from him as an independent King^ If we considered 
 him ^ tributary. Prince, why accept such a grant, froiii 
 him? /. . M? .t:u;.; : ■ .; ' V r'^-iii ^7? st3* 1.: 
 
 We now come to th^ naost delicate branch of the d is- 
 cussion, but I shall have no difficulty in shewing,^ that 
 the policy of the British Government to give protection 
 to the Quedah State, is no less manifest, than its^ moral 
 obligation to da so. It would appear, that prior to Cap- 
 tain Light's negotiations with the Rajah of Quedah, and 
 his obtaining a grant of the Island of Pinang, an ineffec- 
 tual application had been made, for the same purpose^ 
 under the orders of the Supreme Government; a proof^ 
 that the acquisition of a Settlement in this quarter, was 
 considered important and usefuL Mr. Light thus writes^ 
 ^^ As I understand this Government had made applica- 
 tion to the King of Quedah for the Island of Pinang with- 
 out success, with the consent of the Governor General^ 
 I made use of the influence and interest I had with the 
 King and hi« Ministry, to procure a Grant of the Island 
 of Pinang to the Honorable Company.. The King of Que- 
 dah who now solicits your friendship and Alliance, and 
 has sent by me a Grant of the Island of Pinang, has an- 
 nexed to the Grant some requests.'* i:i:^:| < >.| .? \ ^ 6 i^ 
 
 The Propositions made by the King of Quedah as, (h^ 
 conditions of the Cession, were separately remarked upon 
 hy Mr. Light, and he luakes die following observations 
 upon the 5th Article, which stipulated for assistance and 
 protectioin in Arms and men.— This Article com^rehendi 
 
Parti-- ANDTFQLmCAL. RBi^ATIOIM wixursu^* 59 
 
 the principal and almost only reason why the King wishes 
 an Alliance with the Hoivorable Company, and in the 
 Treaty, must be worded with caution, so as to distinguish 
 between an Enemy endeavouring or aiming at hisdestruc* 
 tion or the Kingdwn, and one who may simply fall into 
 displeasure with either the King or his Ministers*'* 
 
 The interpretation of this is not difDcult, and it appear* 
 to be very certain, that Mr. I^ight gave assurances, that 
 siich a c'ose and intimate alliance would be formed be* 
 tween the King of Quedah and the British Government^ 
 by the cession of Pulo Pinang, as would ensure his safety, 
 atnd the independence of his Kingdom, The Supreme 
 Government, in accepting the Grant, acquaints Mr. Ligh^t 
 that ^ It has been resolved to accept the King of Que«* 
 dab's offer to the Company of the Harbour and Island 
 of Pinang. This Government will always keep an armed 
 Vessel stationed to guard the Island oi Pinang, and the 
 Coast adjacent belonging to the King of Quedah. The 
 Governor General and Conncil, on the part of the Knglish 
 India Company will lake care, that the King of Quedah 
 shall not be a sufferer by an English Settlement being 
 formed on the Island of Pinang." » ' -- mn vo }i.\) - 
 
 That he has been a sufferer, there is no question 5 and 
 if, as it is alledged by many, that the Emperor of Siam was 
 displeased because he gave Pinang to the English, and had 
 he possessed the means, Avould have visited him with severe 
 punishment at the time, (though, by the bye, the Records 
 shew that Siam was, at the period coeval with the formal* 
 
60< CONQUEST OF auEDiH AND FsaiiK t Fart Iv 
 
 tiori ofthe Settlement of Pinang, in a state fully capable of^' 
 subduing the Quedah Country, — her Arms having been*^ 
 victorious over some ofthe Malay States on the other sidel* 
 ofthe Peninsula, and there is little doubt the consideratioii> 
 ofthe alliance ofthe King of Quedah with the B^iti^h Go^ 
 vernment, and the probability of their aiding him, pr^ 
 Tented such an attempt,) we are the more bound, on these r 
 considerations, te defend the Quedah Country from inm 
 Tasion, But if there were any feelings of irritation at that 
 time, on the part of the Siamese, the long interval whichr 
 has elapsed, might be supposed sufficient to have done' 
 away with them. We engaged^it seems, to have an arm^^ 
 ed Vessel to « defend the Coast of Quedah at all times.** 
 It must be recollected however, that Quedah was taken > 
 by an attack from Seaward, the Fleet which captured it' 
 having been equipped at Traang, on this side the Penin** 
 sula. Sir John Macpherson, then Governor General, in 
 accepting the Island, replies to the King's Letter, and 
 makes no objection to the proposed conditions, which he/ 
 submits to England for approval;, the King of course na*: 
 tiirally expecting, from the promises of Captain Lightf*^ 
 and the tacit assent of the Governor General, that theyi 
 "would all be approved of by the Honorable Company. - 
 *': Your friendly Letter cont^jning^Grant of Pulo Pinang^' 
 to the Honorable Company, was delivered to me by. 
 Captain Francis Light, the .6th February 1786* Captain? 
 Lig:ht also made known to me the requests of my Frien4r 
 and^ Brother, which I^ haying the interest and friendshijp of 
 
Part !• AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAIBf. 6l 
 
 iriy noble friend at heart, have already transmitted to 
 England for the approbation of the King of England, and 
 the Honorable English Company. I have likewise orders 
 ed a Ship of War for the defence of the Island, and pro-^ 
 tection of the Coast of Quedah.** This last Paragraph 
 implies clearly, that it was intended to secure Quedah 
 against an Invasion or attack from Seaward. Not more 
 than a Month after Pinang was occupied, Mr. Light 
 writes, as I have before noticed ^ '* The King of Quedah 
 has reason to be afraid of such a Tyrant, (the King of . 
 Siam,) and hopes to secure himself by an Alliance with 
 the [lonorable Company.'* 
 
 This was a very natural expectation, and we are no 
 doubt, indebted to the troubles which the King of Que- 
 dah experienced from the Burmahs and Siamese, for our 
 Settlement of Pinang. He hoped, to secure the protect 
 tion of the English. It is acknowledged by Mr. Light, 
 that the King of Quedah sent a token of homage to Ava, 
 as well as to Siam, or in other words, that he was op* 
 pres>ed by two contending powersy and to get rid of his 
 difficulties, he formed an Alliance with the English, by 
 giving, as he thought, a quid pro quo^ in the cession of 
 an Island eligibly situated, and which had been solicited 
 by the Supreme Government. This was accepted from 
 him as a Sovereign Prince, and we are constrained, there- 
 fore, to view him and his Heirs as the Sovereigns of thte 
 -Quedah Country ; otherwise we contend against our o\fh 
 fight to hold the Island, except by the sufferauce of thb 
 
<.b^^ 
 
 63 CONQHBSI. OF QUBDAH AND PBRAK; /^ j JPart Ii 
 
 Siamese. We know (at least Mr. Light appears. ; to have 
 been aware of,) the motives which induced the King to 
 give Pinang to the English. We accepted it withjuch 
 a knowledge and we should be guilty , of grea^t inconsist- 
 ency to deny it. It must be always borne in recollection, 
 also, in weighing the merits of this important question, 
 that there was no stipulated payment, at the time of the 
 Grant, for the loss the King would sustain, by the ab« 
 ^traction of the Trade from his Dominions. His compli* 
 ancc with Captain Light's request originated, not in pe« 
 cuniary considerations, but in the expectation of gaining 
 a powerful Ally. But, if more proof were wanting, that 
 Mr. Light gave the King assurances of protection, the 
 following Paragraph of his Letter to the Governor Ge- 
 neral, dated 3th October 1 786, will put the matter be- 
 jond dispute. *' I returned for answer" (to a Letter 
 the King addressed to him , concerning an expected in- 
 vasion from Siam,) *' that his best policy is to have as 
 little communication as possible" (alluding to the Bur- 
 mahs and Siamese,) " but to put his Country in a state of 
 defence, and that while the English are here they will 
 assist him if distressed.". 
 
 Who that reads this will say, that Mr. Light considered 
 Quedah dependant on Siam? He regards it certainly as 
 a dangerous and powerful neighbour; but wonld he have 
 leagued with Quedah and told the King, " the English 
 while here, will assist you if distressed," if he had view- 
 ,^?d it ^ a tril^utary State? No arguments can ba of. any 
 
Part T, AND POLITICAL RKLATJOXS WITH SIAM. 63 
 
 avail as to what were our original ihtentionf?, and what 
 was the King's conviction, after such an unequivocal ad- 
 mission as this. Mr. Light appears to have been fully 
 aware of the value of the acquisition. In his Letter of 
 15th September 1786, he says. " The excellency of this 
 situation for a Commercial Exchange, is evident froni 
 the united opinions of every person who has been here, 
 Europeans and Indians. From the heart burning of the 
 Dutch, and from the jealousy of the people of Quedah, 
 who already foresee they must be dependant upon this 
 place for any foreign Trade, &c." We take away from 
 Quedah its valuable Trade, — we withhold the only return 
 stipulated by the King, in the first instaince, viz. protec- 
 tion and assistance, (for even at this time, there appears 
 "to have been no pecuniary compensation granted,) ^nd 
 we wonder that the people of Quedah should be jealoug 
 of us. I have omitted to notice the opinion of J. Price^ 
 as to whom the Island belonged, which is contained ia 
 a Letter to the Governor General dated 23d February 
 1786. " I prefer it(Pinang,) to the Negrais^ as it is an 
 Island sufRciently detached from the Continent to pre* 
 vent surprise or even attack from the Natives, and being 
 a free gift from the acknowledged and rightful owner, 
 can never give cause for War." \ 
 ^ It may appear superfluous to multiply proofs that Que- 
 dah was an independent Kingdom, at the period of our 
 forming the Settlement of Pinang, but if further evidence 
 •were wanting, the opinion of the highest Authority in In- 
 
64 CONQUJEST OF QUEDAH AKD FXBJkX Fart U 
 
 dia at the time, may be produced in CTidence,. The 
 Governor General records his sentiments in a Miaute, 
 as follows. " The Grant of Pinang seems, in fact, toha?e 
 been procured by the influence of the principal OflScer 
 of the King of Quedah, with a view to secure himself^, 
 a place of retreat against his numerous enemies, and 
 the ostensible object of the King himself^ in making the 
 Grant, originated in the idea of supporting his own in- 
 dependence by the protection of the English, and his at* 
 tachment to us will either be strengthened or changed 
 into animosity, as that protection is granted or withheld.^ 
 This protection however cannot be effectually given, with* 
 out involving us in disputes with the Burmahs or Siamese;^ 
 the latter of whom are the most powerful.'* 
 
 Throughout his proceedings, we trace the anxiety of 
 Mr. Light, to o{)tain the sanction of the Supreme Govern-- 
 ment, for effectual aid to the King of Quedah, which he had 
 no doubt promised, and we find him still holding out ex«^ 
 pectations. He thus notices^ (in his Diary) an interview 
 with the King, " The King received me without any 
 State, and seemed much troubled; he told me there was 
 a passage in the Letter (from the Governor General,) he 
 did not understand. !t seemed to threaten him if he did 
 not comply with the Governor General's request; he 
 af'ked me if I had a Copy* I told him it must be a mis« 
 take in the translation, and what the Translator had 
 taken for a menace to him, was meant to his enemies^ 
 be said this wa$.probable9 and ordered three people each 
 
to make a sep;arat<? tran^Tationr, Yesterday th^ Kin^ i^ 
 Quedatv sei>t the Ljiksj^niaTva ta enquii;e if I wp^ld car^ 
 sent to the people of Patant seURng oppqNsite io pioan^- 
 and assist him, if attacked by the §i^n3Cj;e,'? and agai^ 
 " This dayy the King of Quedah sent his Brother, thf- 
 JLiaksaiiiaa?i, \Yith a Letter; the^ [xurport as fbllows^j We 
 have received intelligence that A va has mustered hf? 
 Army toattJ^ck Siam, and arrived at the borders, Wf 
 have also received a Letter from tlie King of Siara, con^ 
 •TOaiidipg u^ to, defend the Island of Junk Ceyloa ag^ins^ 
 i(he ^iirmahs, who are expected with a Fleet of Pro ^f 
 ^nd Ships. Wp hay ^ sent our Erother, the Laksaniatiaii 
 ta accompany our friend to us^ that we may profit bj 
 his Coupsci, and C(H»sider w}>at is best to be done for tfif^ 
 |S?^fety ofwr C(>«ntry«?*i»Tb^ King af Qaedah w6u1(| 
 lOot willingly j.fxbey the ^ders of tli« King of Siam, an* 
 applied, to us for aid, vrhicb he eansidered himself en* 
 titled to.. The mor^e I consider C^ptaJn Light's pr6ceed^ 
 jtngs, ^he more am I convinced of the unkindness of the con-- 
 jj act; towards the Kijig of Quecl^h* It has beeu seeri^ 
 jthat Captain Light ackoQwlf5dge4 he had assured the 
 :King he would support hinav if ii^ 4jstr^S;S:^- that he tol«i 
 him the Governor Geu€r5i!l «i€nacc;d his Enemies, and 
 ^that he received the island pa' gotk! it ip a of pro teci1o«i 9 
 jjtnd we find him' writing tO;'the Supreme Gorpramen^ 
 on the JTthMay f787, nearly a yiear after we had posi. 
 .session of the Island;: HThe( Honorable Board wer^ 
 j>ieased to meutlou .ia ^heu* IckpacCions, that Xhey we^ 
 
66 CONQUEST OF aUBDAH AND PBRAK. Part U 
 
 willing to giFC a pecuniary consideration to the King of 
 Quedah. Soon after the Ravensworth sailed, the King be- 
 came very pressing, and we found for a considerable time,^ 
 a difficulty in procuring provisions. I wrote tathe King' 
 it was the intention of Government ta make him a coiii* 
 pensation for the Hand, and to keep him in good humour 
 1 trusted him with 20 Chests of Opium, at 250 Dollars 
 per Chest, since which, we have been plentifully supplied 
 "with provisions. There is a necessity for coming to some 
 terms with the King of Quedah while the fears of the 
 Siamese and Burmahs are upon him; and I have reason 
 to believe nothing will be acceptable without Govera^ 
 ment promising the King protection. This place will be 
 subject to many inconveniences without such an alliance 
 as will oblige the King to furnish the Settlement at all 
 times with provisions, and preventing other Europeaii 
 Nations from settling in any other part of his Country. 
 Should the Siamese be permitted to take possession of 
 his Country, we shall not only find an insolent and trou^ 
 Llesoine neighbour, but be under the necessity of assist** 
 ing them in their Wars, or to go to War with them ouri- 
 selves. I humbly conceive that it will be easier, and 
 attended with less expense to the Honorable Company, 
 to declare at once the King of Quedah under our pro*» 
 lection; little else than the name of the Company will 
 be wanted; the longer it ij delayed, the greater will ap* 
 pear the consequence of the Island, and the more dif« 
 ficulty there will be in fixing a Settlement* The DaaeS| 
 
AND' PdLITidA^' RBLAtlONS \TITH SIAM. 67 
 
 I it [li- ■ . ■ ' - 
 
 the fiutc'Ti, and the French have solicited permission to 
 •iiavfe only'a house in Qiiedah; eithbr of ihem will pro- 
 *iiiise^^mucfi, and should ihe King consider himself ag« 
 'grieved or disappointed by the English, he may iu des« 
 
 pair seek for' other Alliance.-: . ' 
 
 '^*;; J The* bias iipon Mr. Light's mini is too obvious to be 
 ,iiii3taken', and it is equally cleiir he held out expectations 
 5Jof asistance from ihe English, 'ere . the British , Standard 
 vvras-hoisted at Pinang; ptherwise, as he reniarks, the King 
 \ would have bought an Alliance with some other European 
 rPower, who would have made unconditional promises. 
 A\'hy also, if the Island was a voluntary grant of the 
 King, as it is termed j (though this appears strange, when 
 we consider that^ the King, of Quedah.' had ; given a de- 
 cided refufal ta a former applicatiohob behalf of the 
 Supreme Government,) should Mr. Light' state " the 
 King was pressing for a Settlement," and why should he 
 support his claims? It does appear however, that the 
 Supreme Government objected to. interfere, but why wis 
 Mr, Light permitted to take possession,' without coming 
 to a clear explanation of- our intentions in the first ia- 
 . stance? The same; Piaper vt-hich contained the Grant, 
 contained also the conditions, viz. protection; and the Go-» 
 vernor Ccnieral Writes, Ji:>f I: have ordered^i Mai^ of War 
 to guard Pulo Pinang and the Coast of Quedah," infer* 
 ring ostensibly at. least, that the protection sought fofg 
 /Would be graMeiSc^i i^/ti oil t»di uiil^lb i^^i:i'ji0 *;0 ]va3 
 
PS . CON WESX PE CUr.BD Ag: ANUr PBHiAI^ . P^ f ^ 
 
 ^Captaia Glass, the Comuianding Officer of^tHcTrbopr 
 at the time, and a discreet, sensibly man, byiallaqcoii^^^^ 
 ^fyes his sentunents as ta the propriety of (effectual ai^ . 
 .being afforded to the Rajah of Quedah,^ and iasinuatesy 
 as plainly as his respect and deference for his su^riors^ 
 would admit of, ia an. Official communication, that there 
 bWl Beetv some evasiori. He reinarks,- '^^This feeliiig,'^ 
 (alluding to the abstraction of the Trade fromiQucdah^ 
 iand the discontent of -the Q4iedal> people,) " and eFasWc' 
 ,ahswers: Mn Light has been obliged to give them to manry 
 .requisitions^ has impressed them with the idea, that they 
 have beenldeceived, and as no idea tends more to estrange- 
 ^their aflDsctions, &Ci?' They find themselves deceived af- 
 tec a year's triaL vlt may be argued perhaps,, why did 
 the Ki ng,, in 'making a Treaty., afterwards, hot insist upon 
 oa r" protection i The fact; was,,' : he- saiir we were in pos- 
 session, and he knew it was ia. vain for him to attempt 
 to expel the English'. He therefore prudently made the 
 best bargain he could, by accepting Money;' but still this 
 is no justification of the want of good faith, evinced on 
 ; the occasion; / It was impossible ; that they could be so* 
 •^ blind as to avoid foreseeing a greatdpss^ in their Trade, by 
 the SeUleinenf of Pinarigv but as f have already observed, 
 - they were content to sacrifice that advantage for the greater 
 •security against the encroachVnent^ of the Siamese which 
 jlhey hoped to obtain by an Alliance with the English. 
 J In Capt. Light's Account «f Junk Ceylon, he says ''The 
 King of Quedah claims the Domiiaioaf^ihese Seas ^tlmt 
 
Fart I» AND FOLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAU* 6& 
 
 is betweenr Salang and Mergui,) and grants a License foir 
 collecting the Birds Nests and Sea Slug to some of his 
 Officers^ for which he receives about 12, or 1500 Dollars 
 per Annuni» .After the loss ofSiam, (alluding to the 
 Conquest of that Country by the Burmahs,) the Malays 
 gat possession of the Island, (Junk Ceylon,) and the Lak- 
 sainana of Quedah maintained an absolute authority^ 
 treating the Siamese as Slaves, until an accident inspired 
 the Islanders with the idea of liberating themselves, which 
 they performed in one night. The Laksamana constant* 
 ly regretted the loss of this Island, and offered me 8,000 
 men, when it was proposed by Mr. Hastings tp establish 
 a Settlement there,'' It is far from probable, that the 
 King of Quedah would have been allowed to reap the 
 advantages of so lucrative a Trade, or to have laid claims 
 to such extensive authority, if he had, in these days, been 
 absolutely. dependant on Siam. 
 
 But let us now turn our attention to the extremely dif- 
 ficult and unplea^^ant situation in which Captain Light 
 found himself, who, there can be no doubt, promised 
 more than he was permitted, by the superiorand controul- 
 ing authorities to perform. In his letter dated 1 8th June 
 1787, he says. " 1 have supplied the King of Quedah^ 
 with 20 Chests of Opium at the price of 250 Spanish Dol- 
 lars per Chest, which I do not expect he will pay until the 
 Company have come to some settlement with him.*' la 
 truth, Mr, Light felt his own honor at stake ; he had en- 
 gjaged more than he could fulfil, and he was glad to pa*; 
 
ro CONQUBST OF dUBDAH AMD FfiRAK ' .<, Part tr 
 
 "■' ' • - .1 ' - '• ■ ■ ■ -^ ~ • 
 
 cify the King in any way he could. This is a humiliatmg^ 
 confession he is ohh'ged to make, — " I do not expect 
 be will pay for it until the Company have come to some 
 Settlement with him," What Settlement? I^ as we arer 
 told, the Island was a free Grant, why should Mrr 
 Light insist upon our obligation to come to a settlementy. 
 unless he felt that he had given a solemn pledge2 ^ivin: :i^^ 
 
 The Island was taken f>ossession of on the 1 2th Angust 
 1786, and we do not find the positive deckioaof the Go- 
 vernor General against affording protection, till January 
 1788, when the sentiments of the Supreme Government? 
 on that head are communicated to Mr. Light* " With: 
 respect to protecting (he King of Quedah against the 
 Siamese, the Governor General in Council has already de- 
 cided against any measures that may involve the Compa- 
 ny in Military operations against any of the Eastern 
 Princes, It follows of course, that any Acts or Promiscy 
 >vhich may be construed into an obligation to defend the 
 King of Quedah, are to be avoided. If however Mr* 
 Light can employ the countenance or inftuence of the 
 Company for the Security of the King of Quedah, con- 
 sistently wi(h these Rules, the Governor General in Council 
 has no objection to his adopting the measure^ strictly 
 guarding against any Acts or Declaration, that may in- 
 volve ^he honor, credit, or troops of the Company.'' 
 
 J We shall, now see, that the communication of such 
 ge.n;iments and determination, was productive of the 
 greatest embarrassment to the Superintendent, and what 
 
Part 1. ANB PaLITICAI. relations WITH' ^rAsc 7i 
 
 a hazardous game Mr, Light bad to play, in consequcnec 
 of his inability to support the King of Quedah ; that the 
 latter finding be had bee» deceiTcd, begins to devise 
 inezisures for his own security, and retaliating upon those 
 by whom he conceived himself unfairly dealt with; thw 
 is styled by Mr. Light " duplicity and cunning.^' He 
 acquaints the Supreme Government, that " Captain 
 Wright in the Grampus, who arrived here on the 2lsC 
 Instant from Siam reports, at Siam they questioned hira 
 particularly about the strength of this place. The French 
 Padre begged of him, not to mention Pinang, for the 
 King was exceedingly disturbed at the English being 
 there^ they told him, at his departure, the King had 
 sent a Letter desiring the Honorable Company to take 
 Mergui. Two Messengers from Quedah were at Siam, 
 and report spread, that the Rajah of Quedah had fent 
 to Siam complaints against the English; the same re- 
 port came from Junk Ceylon, with this addition, that 
 the Rajah had wrote for assistance to drive the Eng- 
 lish from Pinang," — and again, " 1 should be extremely 
 sorry^ from any ill-grounded apprehension, to put Go- 
 vernment to any unnecessary charge or trouble; but it is 
 impossible to say what may be the intentions of the 
 Siame-e. If they destroy the Country of Quedah, they 
 deprive us of our great supplies of Provisions and the 
 English name will suffer disgrace in tamely suffering the 
 King of Quedah to be cut off. We shall then be 
 obliged to war in self-defence against the Siamese and 
 
f9 X CONQUBST OF dUBDAH AND PBRAK' Part I» 
 
 Malays; should your Lordsbfp resolve upon protecting 
 Quedah^ two Companies of Sepoys, with 4 six pounder 
 Field Pieces, a supply of small Arms and Ammunition, 
 will effectually defend this Country against the Siamese^ 
 who though they are a very destructive Enemy, are by 
 .no mdaiis formidable fn battle ; and it will be much lesi 
 expense to give the King of Quedah timely assistance^ 
 than be obliged to drive out the Siamese, after they have 
 possessed themselves of the Country.'* ^ ju^r-}^ 
 
 Captain Glass also writes to the Governor General 
 about the same time, '' The King of Quedah still contitiuea 
 to profess friendship towards us, but from his own want of 
 resolution and the intriguing disposition ofhfs Council, I 
 do not think his professions are much to the relied upon* 
 - — But am still of opinion, (for reasons already enumerated 
 to your Lordship,) that if his friendship and independence 
 could be secured, it would greatly add to the future peace 
 and welfare of this Settlemeut.'* i • ^ ! 
 
 The following Extracts from Mr. Light's communication 
 to the Supreme Government shew clearly, that the King 
 was still buoyed up with hopes of our protection, and 
 though even at this4)eriod, Mr. Light had reason to suspect 
 his friendship, yet the Rajah consented to follow the advice 
 of the Superintendent and refrained from availing himself 
 of the means, then apparently at his disposal, not only of 
 subduing the Siamese [in his immediate vicinity, but of 
 obtaining a large accession of Territory and Subjects; an 
 attempt he would not have thought of making, unless he 
 
Flirt L AND POLITICAL BBLATIONS WITH SIAlf, 75 
 
 had been pretty confident, thai it would be attended with 
 a favorable resuU. Instead, therefore, of returning ag- 
 gression by aggression, it seems he followed the advico 
 of lVlr# Light, and kept merely upon the defensire. This 
 entitles him to some consideration on our part. About 
 this time, v\z. in June 1788, Mr. Light endeavoured ta 
 negotiate for a final Settlement of ihe King of Quedah's 
 claims, — he says — •" I made an offer to the King of 10,000 
 Dollars per Annum, for 8 years, or 4,000 Dollars per 
 Annum, for sa long a period as the Honorable Company 
 should continue in possession of this Island; to these offers^ 
 I hare received no answer. I have endeavoured to soothe 
 His Majesty into compliance with the offers of your Lord- 
 ship, and have hinted, that although the Company did 
 not wish to make Alliances which might occasion disputes 
 with powers they were at peace with, they had not posi* 
 tively forbad my assisting him, if really distressed.'' 
 
 About three years after taking possession of Pinang,, 
 viz. in July 1789, we find Mr. Light is under considera'* 
 ble apprehension that the King of Quedah would form 
 other Alliances, and bei?ig disappointed in the expecta-; 
 tion of succour from the British Government, his attach* 
 nient was daily subsiding. The negative irhich the King 
 gives to the offer of money in the first instance demon*, 
 strafes, that a pecuniary recompense wa^ not hi^. abject, 
 and the ungenerous reception of the offer, proves top clear* 
 ly, that he considered himself deceived. Mr. Light say s. 
 •V i make uo doubt, but that the King of Siain wiil^ ^^ 
 
7t CONQUEST OF Qir£DAH AliD F&aAK : Fart 11^ 
 
 ' the first opportaiiitj ta send his Troops into Quedah andl 
 Trangano*" and aftervTards " 1 have entered on theCha<» 
 
 * racier of the Rajah of Quedah to prepare your Lordship, 
 ■ for a scene of duplicity which he is endeavouring to effect,' 
 
 and which principally prevents my not embracing the- 
 jiresent op|)orlumty of waiting on your Lordship. After 
 
 • acq.uanting the King of Quedah of the intention ofGo*^ 
 vernment to allow him 10,000 Dollars for T or 8 years^ 
 he remained silent a considerable time, at last he acquaint- 
 ed me, that he did not like the offer, without stiptrlatiag 
 for any particnlar sum of money, or meutioning what 
 performatHre on the part of the Company would content 
 him. Being informed, that he did not relish the idea of 
 selling the Island,! asked him if he chosed to accept 4,000^ 
 Dollars per annum, for as long a time as the Honorable 
 Co4npiiny should couiinue in possession of the island r to 
 this after waiting a considerable time, he answered in the 
 negative, at the saii>e time by his letters and messengers 
 he endearoured to draw a fnll promise, that the Honora- 
 ble Company would assist him with arms and men, in case* 
 an attack from the Siamese should render it necessary*' 
 This 1 evaded by telling him, no Treaty which was likely; 
 to occasion a dispute between the Honorable Com pan jr: 
 and the Siamese could be made without the approbation of* 
 the King of Great Britain at present^ as there was no rca*- 
 son for his enterin&r into war with the Siamese, he had 
 nothing to fear; the Siamese and all other Country Po-werr? 
 would consider the BugUsh- as^ his frleads^aodfor that' 
 
Fart I; AN I> POLITICAL RBLATIO.HS ynTB SlJk}£. 7St 
 
 reason, would not disturb him, unless provoked threeto by 
 his bad policy.'^ " From the information I ba?e received, 
 I am pretty well satisfied of the King having wrote to Ma-^ 
 lacca and Batavia to try if the Dutch would give him bet-. 
 ter termfs, and last year, I hear he wrote to Pondicherry^ 
 to try if the French would undertake to defend hit 
 Country •'^ ' 
 
 Neither Mr. Light, nor any of the succeeding Siiperin* 
 tendents or Governors had it in their power to assist the 
 King of Quedah, although his appeals were frequent, and 
 his oppression intolerable. Availing himself of the ar* 
 rival of the Governor General of India, Lord M into, at 
 Pinang, when His Lordship proceeded to Java, he ad* 
 dressed him a long Letter, dated 24th December 1810^ 
 detailing the whole history of his connexion with the 
 Enghsh, and objects; the oppressions from Siam, and 
 earnestly entreating the effectual aid and protection of 
 the Supreme Government. The Letter is a follows: '' In 
 the year 1 199, in the time of my late Father, Mr, Light 
 bearing on the head of submission the commands of the 
 King of England, and the orders of the Governor Ge« 
 neral, with various splendid presents appeared in the 
 presence of my late Father, the llajah, and requested 
 in the name of the King of England, and of the Governor 
 General, ffk Island of Pinang, for the purpose of re^ 
 pairing their Ships of War, highly extolling the greatness^ 
 splendour, power, wisdom, and beneficence of His Ma-* 
 jesty, the prosperity of the Honorable Company,, and aU 
 
76 CONQUJBST OF QUBOAB AND FEBAKO.'- > FaJtt^I^ 
 
 those connected in the ties of friendship with them l^pro^?^ 
 mising, that the King and the Governor General JwrQ^lljll a 
 assist my Father in whatever might be reqiiii:e^,3 an4 ^ 
 would prevent the Enemies of Quedah engaging in; pro*, -l 
 ceedings detrimental to the Country. Moreover, thi*t,>r 
 they should pay rent for the Island 30,000 Dollars per)> 
 Annum, and entered into sundry other engagements^d 
 My Father consulting with the Ministers^ consideriiigQ 
 that the neighbouring Burmah and Sjame.se Nations werervf[ 
 more powerful than Quedah, and having reflected thatrt 
 the King of Europe (i. e. England) was greater and i 
 .more powerful than cither of those nations, and that bfj-^ 
 means of the friendship of the English Company, these'fi 
 powers would be prevented from violence or mole!>tation^ 
 perceiverd, that it would be very desirable to enter into 
 AHiance with the Company, because the Europeans were ii, 
 just ancfV^gufar in conducting ail their affairs, and should U 
 the Burmah or Siamese Powers unjustly attcmptviolence^ • 
 the powerful aid and protection of the Company, would 
 enable ' my Father to repel the aggression. My Father d 
 was therefore extremely desirous of obtaining the friend*! 
 ship of the Company, under whose powerful shelter and':- 1 
 protection, the Country might be transmitted to his do-f] 
 scendants increased in strength. For this Country be'mgat 
 small, and deficient in strength, would. dcpehdiiOifeJtlj^c^ 
 power of the Company to repel the attack^. of .4}}9^Si^ni§^g.jj 
 and Burmahs. : My Father accordingly iB>prcs>^e!t| vrj^tl^^ 
 giucere desire it^9t\t^^|ii,th8,/r^(^ 
 
P^rt f; AHB POLITICAL, RKIrlTICmS WITB SUM. Tf ' 
 
 granted the Island of Pinahg according to the request 
 €>f Mr. Light, the Agent for the Governor General, and 
 a written engagement^ containing my Father*s deinands 
 from the Company, was given to Mr. Light, for the pur* 
 pose of being forwarded to the Governor General. After^ 
 Bome time, Mr. Light returned to settle on the Islands 
 bringing some Sepoys, and informed my Father, that the 
 Governor General consented to his requests, and had sent 
 people to settle on the Island; that the Writing from 
 my Father had been transmitted by the Governor Ge« 
 neral to Europe, for the parf>ose of receiving the Royal 
 Sea] and Sanction, and that it would be returned in six 
 Months. My Father accordingly granted permission to 
 proceed to settle on the Island of Pinang, and sent his 
 people to assist in the work, and his Olficers to protect 
 them from the Pirates in the commencement. My Fa» 
 ther having waiteJ some time, at the expiration of one 
 year, requested thfe Writing from Mr. Light, who de* 
 sired him to wait a little; at the end of six years no 
 authentic writing could be obtained; he received 10,000 
 Dollars per Annum, but Mr. Light refused to fulfil the 
 remainder of hi? engagements, and in consequence of my 
 Father insisting upon having a Writing, agreeably to his 
 former stipulation, a misunderstanding arose betweeh. 
 Quedah and Pinang, after which a new Treaty of AU 
 liance was concluded. 
 
 Since that time, many Governors have been placed 
 over Piuang, but my Father was unable to obtaiaf wriU 
 
' ''•' ■ -■' - -- ^.orr 
 
 78 CON kvEiT 6t kviDka and vkilk l^i^ U 
 
 ing ciiher from Europe, or from the Governor GeneraL 
 In the year 1215, my Father left the GoTcrninent to my 
 Uncle, at ivhich time, the then Lieutenant . Gorernbf 'of 
 Finang, Sir George Leilh, requested the cession of a tract 
 of land on the opposite Shore, alledging that the Island 
 being small, the Company's people were distressed for 
 procuring Timher, and the raising of Cattle* My Uncle 
 being desirous to remove the uneasiness, granted a tract 
 (of which the boundaries were defined) accordingly, plac* 
 ing entire dej>endence on the power of the Company ta 
 protect and defend him against his Enemies, and Sir 
 George Lcitb made a new Treaty, coosisung of fourteeu 
 articles, and constituting the two as one Country •♦ This^ 
 and ihe former Treaty, are inscribed on the Company's 
 Becords. During the whole Government of my Father 
 and Uuele, no injury or molestation of any consequence 
 had been sustained, nor has any one ever oOfered to send 
 my letter of supplication to the King or to the Governor 
 General. I consequently desrsted, and only communicat* 
 ed .with the several Governors of the Island in matters 
 relating to the two Countries, but no certain arrangement 
 from Europe could be heard of, nor eould I obtaia any 
 assurances on which I could depend. . • . /. 
 
 Moreover so long as 1 have administered the Govern^ 
 iDcnt of Quedah, during the time of the late Kihg o/:;)iam, 
 h's proceedings >vere just and consistent with former esta» 
 bliiihed custom and usa^e. Since the decease of the old 
 
;ParJtJ» AND POUTICAL RBLATIONS WITH SIA1|» 79 
 
 King, and the accession of his Son to the Throne, in tho 
 . year 1215,* violence and severity have been exercised by 
 1 lheSianie>ie against Qiiedah, in demands and requisitions, 
 exceeding all former cu«toin and usage, and which I cm- 
 not support for a length of time, the Rajahs of Qiredah 
 . have been accustOTned to submit to the authority in mat* 
 ters clearly proper and consistent with the established cr«w 
 , loms of the Government, for the sake of the presenratioQ 
 of the Country, being unable to contend with Siam, front 
 the superior number of their people. Daring my Adrni* 
 uistration, their demands have been beyond measure In, 
 .;, creased, and heavy services have been required of me, 
 inconsistent with the custom of the Country; these ho w« 
 ever I sub.nitied to, as far as 1 hAve been able, fur tho 
 sake of the people, and to prevent the da^iger ofa rupture 
 with them; how many services, unprecedented iti foHner 
 years, have I not performed, and what expeiices have I 
 not incurred in carrying into effect their requisitions; ne* 
 vertheless, I cannot obtain any goo I understanding; with 
 them, noi' any peace, nor any termination to their injuriej 
 and oppressions; rhey no longer confide in me, and ^ecit 
 to attach blame, alledgfng, that 1 have joined with the i3ur* 
 mahs, with whom this year, they have made war, and 
 ^ Iheir intention is to attack Qjiedah for the purpose of re- 
 ducing the Country unJer their Government. 1 have in 
 ▼am eiadeavoured to avert the enmity of Siam, but with- 
 
 ^s;)'"^ 
 
 oiit arOy appearaoce of success, I have made known t^ 
 
80 • CON QUEST or Q(r£D Au A s D PBRAK' Part Ir 
 
 the Governors of Pinang, evcrj circumstance with relationr 
 to this ('ountry and Siam, and have requested their advice 
 aad the assistance of ihe Company, on which m^ Father 
 relied, l>ecause the Countries of Quedah and Pinang are^ 
 as one Country, and as one Interest; whea therefore Que-? 
 dah is distressed, it cannot be otherwise; witb Pinang.' 
 The Governor advised me by aU means to avoid comings 
 to a rupture with Siam, alledging, that it was not in his 
 po'ver to a (Tjrd me assistance, for that this. Supreme Go-^* 
 vernment in Europe had forbidden all interference in the 
 wirs of the neighbouring powers* Perhaps this would 
 be improper wjth respect to other Countries, but Quedah 
 and Pinang are as one Cojntry;^ all the Ryots and People 
 are ranch distressed by the labours necessarily imposed, 
 to avert the resentment of Siam, and every exertion oa 
 mv part has been made to prevent coming to a rupture 
 whh that power, but I was unable to submit to demands 
 cxceedma: all former precedent, which induced me to 
 apply to the Governor of Pinang for the Company's aid, 
 to enable me to repel their demands, for my Father 
 having transmitted to me his frieudship and Alliance with 
 the Company, i| would be otherwise a reflection upon 
 the powerofthe Kingof England, who is accounted a Prince 
 greater and more powerful than any other, 1 conceive, 
 that the Countries of Quedah and Pinang have but one 
 interest, and perhaps the King and my friend may not 
 have been well informed,, and in consequence th3 Go- 
 Teriior of Pinang has not been auxhorized toa&aril assist* 
 
?att'fr AI& Wlitic'ai^ relations wiT&siXar, 8'1 
 
 ali'cd,an<J tliat should they he acquafnted therewith, they 
 would consider it impossible to separate the two. coun^ 
 tries, Itv eousequence, I request my friend to issue di* 
 rectionsy and ta forward a representation to the Kirig^ 
 and to the Honorable Company, of the mitters contained 
 in this Letter. I request that the engagements contract- 
 ed for byxMr, Light with my late Fatber, may be ra- 
 tified, as my Countty aud I are deficient 4n strength; the 
 faVor of tits 'MaJ^esty the King of England extended t(i 
 me, will render his name illustrious for justice and be- 
 neficence, and the grace of His Majesty will fill me witlk' 
 gfatitude; under the povrer and Majesty of the Kibg^' 
 1 desire to rei>03e in safety from the attempts of all mjr 
 Enemies, and that the King may be disposed to kind- 
 ness and favor towards me, as if I were his own subject,^ 
 that he will be pleased to issue his Commands td 'thef 
 Governor of Pinang to afford me aid and assistance in 
 my distresses and dangers, sind cause a regulatloa to be 
 made by which the two countries may have but one iiin 
 terest^ in like manlner I shall not refuse; any ^i aid ;to» 
 Pinang, consistent with my af)ility. I further request at 
 writing from the King, and from my friend, that it may] 
 remain as an assurance of the protection of the King, and: 
 descend to my successors in the Government, I place a 
 perfect reliance in the favor and aid of my friend ia all 
 these matters." . 
 
 - The whole of Mr^ Light's correspondence is corrobora- 
 tive of thiS'^ndidexpbsitionV and- ii Was quite inconsist- 
 
' 83 CONQUEST OP aUEDAH AND PERJLK Part L 
 
 cnt with reason to suppose, that Piiiang was ceded with- 
 out some Tcry powerful inducements, in the way of pro-^ 
 jnises, by Mr. Light, which, no doubt, in. his eagerness to 
 obtain the grant, were liberal and almost unlimited, and 
 tliat his inability to perform them was the occasion of much 
 mental suffering to him. 
 
 During the long period of twenty-four years, tiz. from 
 irSG, the complaints to the several Superintendents and 
 Governors of Pioang, by the King of Quedah, of the 
 oppressive demands of Siam^ were frequent and oft re- 
 peated. In July 1810, he writes to Governor Bruce. 
 '' The Country of Quedah being small, and situated in 
 the neighbourhood of the extensive Kingdom of Siam, 
 it has been the custom established from time immemorial^ 
 to send tributary presents, of Gold Flowers to Siam once 
 in three years. In my time, the Government of this- 
 Country, arising from internal circumstances, has become 
 extremely exposed to the heavy requisitions imposed by 
 the Siamese, unprecedented in former times, and for two 
 or three years past, the pressure of these demands has^ 
 been extreme. I was unable to avoid them; their people 
 being numerous, and the Country of Quedah being in- 
 sufficient to oppose them by forccj I fulfilled their re- 
 quisitions. Whp) the Burmahs attacked.^alang, ft was 
 rumoured abroad, that I had engaged in the service of 
 Siam, and I have thereby acquired the severe resentment 
 of that power, a matter of evil consequence to my Coun- 
 try. Having behared well ia this business^ their demaadst 
 
Fart fr AND POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIAM. 83 
 
 have fncTcased beyond measure, and I am proportionabtj 
 distressed* It is re|>orted the Biirmahs will return, and if 
 Hot, that the forces of Siam will go to meet thern; they 
 have required fro^ni me a supply of Prows and men com<« 
 plctely equipped with arms and ammunition. These 
 proceedings are repugnant to my mind, and tend to lower 
 me in the esimation of neighbouring Princes. They are 
 also iiijurious to the character of the Company^ inasmuch 
 as notwithstanding the friendship and alliance which has 
 subsisted from the time of my Grandfather to the present, 
 1 am exposed to demands so oppressive from Siam. For 
 in former times, this Country was not exposed to danger 
 and distress from Siam; but in my time first became en- 
 dangered from them — The relations of friendship and 
 alliance between my Father and the powerful Company, 
 have been transmitted to me. How then can I become 
 weak and distressed ? I am decidedly desirous to meet 
 personally with my friend, in order to effect a settleme.it 
 of these affairs, it being improper for me to continue long- 
 er under such circumstances. Former Rajah* who were 
 not connected with the Company, were neither reduced 
 to weakness, nor difficulties." Some months afterwards, 
 in asrain solicitine: the assistance of the British Govern- 
 roentto oppose the Siamese encroachments, he says. " I 
 now remind my friend and request to know whether my 
 friend intends fulfilling the Treaty or not. It is necessary 
 that my friend should be prepared and not make light of 
 this communication, for the Siamese are numerous, and 
 
:84 CONQUEST OF QUEDAH AND PERAK Part K 
 
 consider none superior to themselves.. True it is they 
 possess many Countries from* Cochin to Tringano; my 
 friend will duly consider and reflect* Even should they 
 not attack Pin ang, yet when Quedah shall be destroyed^ 
 my friend will be distressed ia many ways*'* 
 
 In applying for instructions to the Supreme Govern* 
 ment about this time, the Government of Pinang repre* 
 sented " on the authority of generally received tradition, 
 it is admitted by the best informed, that Quedah has 
 from time immemorial acquiesced ia the paramount 
 authority of Siam, and as a token of vassalage has trien-^ 
 nially sent to the King of that Country, the present of 
 the Boonga Mas, or Golden Flower, notwithsUnding 
 which, such tribute was received and given more as aa 
 a^tsurance of continued friendship, than an acknowledged 
 (or till now claimed) right of feudal Military Service." 
 
 The Siamese, engaged perhaps with other moreimpott-^ 
 ant afl'airs, seem to have allowed the King of Quedah a 
 respite from the oppressions with which they had visited 
 him during the few preceding years, as we do not find 
 any further complaints from October 1811,. until August 
 1813, when he addressed the Governor to acquaint him, 
 that on a late occasion when the Bindahara of Quedah 
 had been deputed to the Court of Siam, to present one 
 of his Sons, in order, as he says, to put an end to the 
 long subsisting troubles of Quedah, it was determined 
 by the King of Siam and his Ministers to attack the 
 
 ♦ Cucblo Chi<«a. 
 
Part I. AXD POLITICAL RBLATiaNS WITH SIAM. 85 
 
 Countrj of PeraR, and to add it to the number of His 
 Majesty's other Tributary States* The Correspondence 
 of the King of Quedah from this period, namely August 
 1813, until the close of 1818, is principally relating to 
 the Conquest of Perak, which was long insisted upon by 
 Siam, and at last, after various evasire pretences, reluc« 
 tantly comph'ed with by Quedah, as the King expresses 
 himself—" I did not go to War with Pcrak, of my owa 
 will, but by the orders of the King of Siam, of whom 
 I was afraid, and therefore conquered Perak." 
 
 The Conquest of Perak can be justified by no pre- 
 cedciit or example, nor by any one circumstance of a 
 palliating nature. It was a wanton and most unprovoked 
 aggression, and the execution of the odious and unjust 
 measure was forced upon a power too weak to refuse 
 compliance with a mandate which it in vain attempted 
 to evade. It is but too evident, that there was a deep 
 policy in this scheme of the Siamese forcing a power 
 which yet possessed sufficient strength and means, to 
 have made possibly not an unsuccessful defence, if the 
 Siamese had proceeded to open hostilities, and which 
 would, at all events, have offered considerable resistance, 
 to expend ii's men and resources in the subjugation of 
 an inferior stale, by which itself would fall an easy prey 
 to the ambitious usurpation of that designing Govern* 
 ment. The Political agent of the Pinang Government who 
 proceeded to Perak in 1818, clearly establishes, that from 
 the most accurate inquiries he was enabled io make^ 
 
86 CONQUEST OF QUBDIH AND FSRAK Part !•- 
 
 there was no tradition of the Pcrak State erer haring sent 
 a Boonga Mas to Siaui, or having ever been, in the remot* 
 est degree dependent. The King of Quedah exhausted 
 every topic of Counsel to persuade the Rajah of Perak to 
 comply, but in vain, and in reply to the admonitions of 
 the Pinang Government, the Perak Chief said, " No such 
 custom has been handed down to me from past times, 
 as the sending of a Boonga Mas either to Siam or 
 Quedah," and positively refused compliance. In ano- 
 ther Letter, he says. " 1 am a King of the ancient race. 
 I am he who hold the Royal Sword and the Dragon Beetel 
 Stand, and the Shell Fish which came out of the Sea, 
 which came down from the Hill of Segangtang," and 
 again. '' I am the oldest of all the Kings of these parts, 
 such as the King of Siack, Salengore, Rhio, Quedah, and 
 Tringano. With respect to the desire of the Kings of 
 Siam and Quedah, 1 cannot consent to it, should war even 
 be the consequence. I must try my strength with them, 
 for such a custom was neither heard of, or attempted to 
 be imposed on Perak. Now for the first time the Rajah 
 of Quedah demands a Boonga Mas to be sent to Siam, in 
 an unaccountable manner. I will not comply with this 
 his desire. Had it been usual from times past with Perak 
 to send a Boonga Mas to Quedah, or Siam, I should have 
 done so, according to ancient custom." In November 
 1816, the King of Quedah's messenger returned from 
 Siam with a positive order to attack Perak. The King of 
 Quedah says* ^^ It greatly afflicts me to excecute thir 
 
parti. AND POLITICAL RELATIONS .WITH SIAM. 87 
 
 orJer. It if. not with my good will that I attack Perak, 
 nor at all my wish to become an Enemy of that Rajahf 
 hut only to avert mischief from my Country." 
 
 ' A force was accordingly despatched to Perak by Land 
 under the Bindahara, or General, and a Fleet under the 
 Laksamana, or Admiral. In October 1817, the King of 
 Qnedah acquainted the Governor of Pinang, that his 
 forces had subdued half the Country. In June 1818, a 
 confidential agent of the Pinang Government was sent to 
 persuade the Rajah of Perak to comply at once with a 
 demand which he had not the power* long to resist, but 
 after along stay and mmierous conferences, he was unable 
 to obtain any satisfactory assurances thr*t he would comply,* 
 In September 1818, the Quedah forces took complete pos- 
 session of the Perak Country. A few months afterwards, 
 the King's Son, Rajah Mood a, was raided to the Throne, 
 and the Boonga Mas, the object of contention, was sent 
 to Siam, via Qnedah. The old King did not survive 
 many months after having made a powerful, but ineffec- 
 tual resistance. Such is the history of the subjugation of 
 the Perak State by Siam. It has however been again 
 wrested from the Siamese by the former Conqueror, the 
 Rajah of Salengore, who has established the King, Taju- 
 din, the lawful Sovereign, and he now maintains his pos, 
 sessions wn molested for a time, under the continual ap- 
 prehension however of a renewal of hostilities from the 
 
 Rajah of Ligore. 
 
 • A Tre.ty wai laade at ihat lime with ilie R J ibi of Pecak and Saltngore ; 
 
 Vide Appendix* - -i- ^ '• ■ ^ - , • 1 
 
§3 CONQUEST OF QUEDAH Akd PBaAK ' Pari t» 
 
 Soon after the capture of Pcrak, a lengthened correspoh* 
 dence which took place on the subject of throwing open 
 the navigation of the Rivers Mirbovr and Mooda, aiid/ek* 
 tending the Honorable Company's Territory on the oppo- 
 site Shore, evinced fully that the King of Quedah was 
 tinder the greatest apprehensions from the KingofSiam^ 
 and fearful of incuring the displeasure of that haughty 
 Potentate by making any further cession. Matters con« 
 tinned rather more tranquil than they had been for some 
 time after the Conquest of Perak ; but towards the close 
 of 1821, they beg^n to draw to a crisis, which was indeed, 
 in a great measure anticipated by the Government of 
 Pinang, which having received intelligence of hostile pre- 
 parations on the part of the Siamese, communicated the 
 same to the Rajah of Quedah, with a suitable admonition 
 and precautionary advice. As early as February 1821, the 
 Governor thus wrote to the King. " 1 hasten to commu* 
 nicate to my friend, that intenigcnce has reached this place 
 from Siam stating the King of that Country to be engaged 
 in the equipment of about 6,000 Troops destined to 
 inarch to Kedah. This army, it is said, will embark at 
 Bangkok for Sangora, from whence it is to march overland. 
 It is further stated, that some remissness in the transmis- 
 sion of the Boonga Mas is the reason assigned for this mea- 
 sure; it is however not improbable, that as the Burmahi 
 have declared war with Siam, this movement of the Troops 
 of the latter Power is in view to avail of the situation of 
 iny friend's Counlrj and vessels to embark aa Bxpeditioi> 
 
Fart T» and political relations with siabt. 89 
 
 against the Island of Salang, ' Be this as it may, sincere 
 friendship calls for my immediately communicating thei 
 intelligence to my friend, as it reached me from a respect 
 table person very lately from Bangkok." 
 
 The King immediately replied to this, that he had 
 heard similar rumours, and learning that the Siamese 
 had come to Setool and Lingow, about 500 in number f 
 he sent a Pangulu secretly to gather all the information he 
 could, and he enclosed his report on the subject. He sayf 
 *' Relative to the Siamese having a jealousy on account 
 of the Company possessing Pinang, it has been so for a 
 long lime, and I have often communicated it to former 
 Governors. My friend notices a report of the<5omingof 
 the Siamese, being occasioned by my not having forwarded 
 as usual the Boonga Mas. If this is the cause assigned,: 
 it is only a pretext, because there has been some delay oa' 
 many former occasions, nor were they angry. The trans* 
 mission of the Boonga Mas at the present period, has been 
 delayed on account of the Epidemic Sickness." The re* 
 port alluded to is as follows. " Your Majesty directed 
 your Servant to obtain intelligence relative to the Siamese, 
 and your servant sent a man named Awon, to buy and sell 
 and procure such intelligence on the 13th Rabial-akir. 
 The Chief of the Siamese at Lingow, is Chow Rubut, with 
 300 men and a few more, who came on the 1 9th at Setool^ 
 the head man is Umboom Nongta, with about ^00 men, 
 and on the 19th Rabial-akir, the younger brother of the 
 Rajah of Sangora came there with 100 followers, intending 
 
90 CONCy/fiST OF QUBDAH ANir PBRAK Pai^Jti 
 
 to equip same Prows formerly built there, for VFhich they* 
 have collected the necessary materials. What their inten* 
 tions are is unknown to any of the people of Setool, whoni 
 they have not ill used. It is understood, however, that a, 
 Bnrmah army is coming to attack the Siamese by wayof^ 
 Trong, Lingow and Setool, and the latter say, that all th«i 
 Burmahs in Siam have been sent into their owft Country^ i 
 They say also that great nunvbers o[ Siamese have died of 
 the Epidemic Sickness,, and that the Burniahs are takingi 
 advantage of this to attack them, in which event,, they (ihe : 
 Siamese) will send a Force to Trong, Kedah, and Purlis^. 
 and if the Burmahs do not fulfil their intended- attack,!,: 
 they wish to go for the purpose of amusing themselves at 
 Pinang, The Prows they have built are in Soonghy/ Ba^,,^ 
 ru» My messenger obtained this from a relatioaof , the { 
 Chief of Umboom Nongta,'* , , 
 
 The disastrous events which followed not many months 
 after, and the easy conq^uest obtained by the Siamese over .. 
 the Quedah People, who were q*iite unprepared and 
 over a Country whose resources had been gradually wast* 
 cd and extracted for a seriesof years^ are fully detailed \ 
 already. ,, 
 
 From (he foregoing History of the connexions subsisting 
 between Siam and Quedah, we cannot fail to come to 
 the conclusion, that the conquest of the latter State by/ 
 the best contrived plans that treachery and injustice conldj«^ 
 devi-e, can only be regarded as an act of the most un^,., 
 justifiable usurpation and unprovoked hostility, and such 
 
Fartr;.' ^nb mmcAi^ rblations wit» siam. at 
 
 «^ loudly call, for the ineerfererrce af ^ powerful Gbrern^ 
 ment like the British. It has lately been observed, ia 
 allusron to the present state of Affairs of CoatinerUal 
 Europe, that « as th€ safety of all States depends on tha 
 observance of the Laws of Nations, all acts done in avow^ 
 ed and systematical defiance of its principles, gives a rights 
 of War to all States against the wrong doers,''*— and it- 
 was remarked by one of the most distinguished states^ 
 men of the present day, (Earl Grey,) « We admrt that 
 it is the interest and duty of every member of thecoma 
 monwealth of Europe, to support the established system • 
 and distribution of power among the independent So* 
 vereigntres which actually subsist, and to prevent the ag* 
 grandizement of any State, especially the most power- 
 ful, at the expense of another/' The turbulent and 
 restless character of the Siamese, and the haughty tone 
 of arrogance they have long assumed, united to the coa-« 
 sideratiott of the state of alarm aud agitation in which 
 the British Settlements have been kept since that power 
 became nearer neighbours than formerly, may lead u» 
 to doubt whether the neutrality observed by the British 
 Gevernment, and founded on solid and substantial grounds 
 of expediency, under the critical and peculiar circum- 
 stances of the time, will be preserved for any length of time, 
 and it will be matter of consideration, " whether," as 
 observetl by the Reviewer, " if we do not prevent the 
 maturing of plans and the approach of dangers which 
 
 V . f Edinbttfgh Review^ Na, 75. 
 
93-* CONQUEST > OF vaUEDAH AN|> PBRAKr? Partial 
 
 have already unequiyocallj disclosed ihemselves^ tre shall- 
 not shortly be called upon tofjght in our own defencc»^^*n» 
 When we adyert to the immense quantities of Grainyt 
 Cattle, and rarious other Stores which this ill-fated Coun--k 
 try supplied during a long series of years to (he Siamese? 
 forces, that it was at the same time the Granary of Prince; 
 of Wales Island, and many of the surrounding States^ 
 we must form a very favorable estimate of its resources^ 
 Mr. Light says, and with truth, that little: more than the? 
 iiame of the Company would be required in declaring 
 the King of Quedah under our protection, and his senti- 
 ments, as well as those of many other competent judges; 
 at the time, have been given as to the banefut effectt, 
 of allowing the Siamese to= posse?s themselves of Quedah* 
 We have already observed that the Quedah Country; 
 was captured by treachery, and wrested from its rights 
 ful Sovereign by that very power to which it had done, 
 homage, and which therefore, according to the Law of 
 Nations, was bound to protect, instead of oppressing Jt, 
 We should recollect, that promises of assistance were 
 given to the King of Quedah, as a condition of his ces^ioja 
 6f Prince of Wales Island, and that in all the Correspond* 
 encc during thirty-five years, almost every Letter con«^ 
 eluded with " Pinang and Quedah are one;'' we shall, 
 be at no loss, therefore, for a just pretext for interference,' 
 if deemed consistent with the policy of the superintend-! 
 ii,g and controuLing authorities, if a further cause were^ 
 wanting, the iuceasaut hostilities, between the Burmahs 
 
Fart D AND POLITICAL RBLATIOlfS WITH. SIAM. 93- 
 
 and Siamese in our immediate ykinity, the cansequenC 
 interruption of Commerce, and the frequent actsh of bar* 
 barou5 Piracy committed by the adherents of the con*. 
 tending parties upoa peaceable British Traders, might 
 be assigned with propriety,, as a just cause for the inter- 
 position of the British Power and Authority at Quedah^ 
 as a barrier between them, and thus discourage that in- 
 cessant warfare which has prevailed between these two 
 Nations for such a length of time. 
 
 The policy and advantage of extending the territory of 
 the Honorable Company on the continent opposite Pi- 
 nang, have been warmly argued by some of the Governors 
 of Prince of Wales Island and the subject was ably dis- 
 cussed, particularly by Lieutenant Governor Farquhar, 
 in his report upon the Island in 1804. He gives his senti- 
 ments as follows, '^ The advantages to be derived front 
 QiieJah,are worthy of separate and distinct inquiry, and if 
 this Island is to be made a great naval depot, the following 
 suggestions may eventually be found ultimately connected 
 with the Interests of the British Government. In all its 
 extensive plans and operations, the British Government of 
 IVince of Wales Island should keep In its recollection that 
 the immediate wants of the settlement have considerably 
 increased and are likely to become greater every day, 
 and (he Government should then advert to the important 
 circumstance of supplies from Quedah being more within 
 its reach, cheaper to the community and subject to fewer 
 failures than supplies which, by exertions, might be eUe- 
 
94 CONQUEST OP QUBDAH. ANp, ?^MB; A P^tltilS 
 
 where acquired. Now as these supplies cannot long bCc 
 depended upon under the present conflicting authorities^ 
 of five or six Brothers and an Uncle, all equally oppre^i?^ 
 sind independent, the Company, in order to, com nian<Ja 
 prpvisiohs for Pinang adequate to any deraand, roust 
 adopt one or other of the following alternalire«, via. , 
 
 ' " They must take such a share in the politics of Quedah 
 as to give such a decided preponderance to Tuanko Pan-», 
 giran (the present King) as will enable him effectually to- 
 curb his Brothers and give efficacy to the Laws for the 
 security of the Ryots or they must obtain ihe 144 square 
 leagues opposite this Island and pursue such measures for 
 its Government as promise, with the greatest celerity to be 
 the means of peopling and cultivating it. Were my opi- 
 nion asked in regard to choice of these alternatives, £ 
 should certainly adopt that which placed Quedah under 
 our controul and management, but both will best secure 
 the object. 
 
 * " As cheapness of provisions is one of the greatest alure- 
 ments to an increase of population, and as it is from a^ 
 numerous population alone that the Company can expect 
 the price of labour to be diminished, as well as a per*: 
 manent and efficient Revenue to defray the great ex* 
 pences of their important and extensive plans, this ob* 
 ject may be considered as of the last importance, and 
 aided by peace and quiet, it will soon leave no Jungle 
 either on this Island or on the Company's Dominion on the 
 opposite shore. Taking matters therefore on the great 
 
Part li^ AND'^rdtrficAL^'telATioVs ^rtii sum. 95^ 
 
 scale, the acquiring this Territory ought never to be lost 
 sight of. The possession of it, gdvefncd under peculiar 
 taws, reserving the customs and usages oif the MalajSj^ 
 eixcepting those that are arbitrary and oppressive, in re- 
 gard to the rights of bTe and property, would soon render, 
 il populous and productive of provisions equal to all the 
 wants of the Island, provided the Government prohibit 
 for a time all cultivation that interferes with the pro^luce'* 
 ofprovisions. This modified Malay Government is bet«* 
 ter suited to the people and managed at less expense' 
 than any other. Their Laws will have a received sane-' 
 tion. They will with ease and readiness be submitted^ 
 to, and ought therefore to have the preference if a speedy'^ 
 population be the object in view. The portion of Ter- 
 ritory above alluded to, would be bounded to the North*' 
 ward by the ridge of Gunong Jcrai Hills from Tanjong^^ 
 Jaga on the West, across the Lake to the Mountains on*, 
 the East, and thence by a line East and West to the con- 
 fines of Tringano. To the South the defined boundaries' 
 would be the River Carrian to the confluence of the River, 
 Trase and Tamungong — then along the River Tamun- 
 gong to the Mountains, and thence and East North East 
 line to the confines of Tringano. To the East the boun-I 
 daries of Tringano, to the West the Sea, including all' 
 the Islands lying South of the East and West line frona> 
 Tanjoiig Jaga, and those to the Northward of a Souths 
 "West line from the Southern entrance of Carrian River.V 
 Neither of these judicious plans for effectually' securing^ 
 
96 * CONQUEST OF QUBDAH AND VERAK Part 1^ 
 
 the interests of the British Settlement were ever adopted;; 
 but Gorernor Bannermaa in 1818 cndea\roured, tho' ia 
 Tain, la obtain a much less extensive addition than pro- 
 posed by Lieutenaat GoFcrnor Farquhar,^to our Terntofy 
 ou the opposite shore* 
 
 Colonel BanaTerinan proposed that the Northern^ Boun«> 
 dary should be extended from the South^ Bank of the 
 Kvrala Mooda, to ten Orlongs beyond the North BanlL 
 of the K\Tala Mirbow;. bat no protection being stipulated 
 to the King ofQuedah,. and his dread of the Siamese^ 
 although he assigned another cause for the refusal, no' 
 doubt prevented a compliance with the wishes of the Go- 
 vernment of Pinang» 
 
 It may not be amiss to advert here briefly to the sc- 
 Teral objects which were expected to be attained by the 
 Government of Pinang, in proposing a Mission to the 
 Siam Court a few years ago, not one of which was gained 
 by the Embassy under Mr. Crawfurd in 1822. The first 
 Commercial object was to secure a continuance of ihe 
 linre tricted fmportation of Supplies of Provisions from 
 Kedah, on which Pinang had so long^ depended, as well 
 as from other Ports and Places in the vicinity^of Pinang, 
 in any manner dependent on Siam. The next objects 
 were to negotiate for a fixed and more moderate rate of 
 dntip« to be levied in all the States under Siam, and par- 
 ticnl.irly Junk (Ceylon, to prohibit any exclusive Mono- 
 polv Farm^^ to permit a free navigation of all the Rivers 
 on the Western side of the Peninsula from their mouths 
 
^1 t'^Ujf ::?Ai;3v o:^A »^:-^^r- /< T 
 
 ]?art' f • A^Nl) rOLixiciL RELATIONS WITH MA Jlr '^7 
 
 "fe their ' 'sbtnrtes, ^and \6' ' alWw' in ' \ini'ntcrr'up(cd ' infers 
 "course averlanxJ, by * means of thes6 Rivers, \vitIrKitaiii 
 'andfhe Tio Courttries in the interior^ with 'Ligor,- ^irigo* 
 K, atfd*^ air 'the Ports oil the Eastern Coait. 'The next 
 Commercial' object was, 'vfrtli'a riew^ to cm'cou^^^ th^ 
 formation at Pinang of an Emponutifi or Ehtrep<)t 'Tor 
 the Tin Prod nee of Junk Ceylon, Patani, arid Perafc^ ta 
 obtain some remission^ of the heary duty levied on the 
 cxportatioff of that Article from Junk Cey lb rt, to opeti 
 a free intercourse with the TiW Moines of Patahi^ vvheiicSe 
 large supplies were offered to Colonel Bariberm'an, land 
 where, there is no doubt, almost any quantity may tfe 
 derived through the Mirbow, Muda, and Prye Rivers; 
 and lastly, to prevent, through negbtiatiohs at SiaiiiV the 
 renewal of the Dutch Monopoly of Tin at Peraki The 
 Letter of the Comniittee in '1818, shews the advantage- 
 ous means possessed at Pinang for establishing a most ex- 
 tensive Tin Trade front ihe'Cobntries of Tavoy to Colong* 
 The average quantity f 'of Tint exported from Pinadg ia 
 the seven years preceding- i 822, was 1 6,300 Picub per Aii- 
 -num. A reduction of the^sopplies from Juak Ceylon, and 
 from Perak, in consequence of the War, as well as the^lmoH 
 'total discontinuance of the annual produce of 1,000 Pi- 
 culs from Kwala Muda, has much reduced the. import 4- 
 tion of Tin. ^It. was also, a part.bf the pjaij of the pre- 
 sent Governor of Pipahgy amopgst other important ob- 
 jects contemplated, and too numerous to detail,^ to to r^ 
 the views of the, Siamese Court to .the great advantage 
 
9S . C0XQUK5T OP QUEDAH 4NI> PBOAt Part J. 
 
 t »' . - - • .,.,,.. Ml « . . f. A "« :. i r -. i 
 
 ^and practicability of , conducting an alnaqs^t direct ovc^- 
 Jand Trade between Pinang and tbei|r Territories^ along 
 Jhe Gulph of Siain^ by a .route . across the, ]Vlalayan^ Pe- 
 ninsula, or more to the Northward across the Isthmus 
 of Kraw, wl^ich is said by one Authority,, to be only 20 
 leagues broad^t and it is said by.. somCj to be only, half 
 a degree broad. Forrest says, that from Pandang, Pan- 
 d^ng Poii)t on the Southern side of the Trang River, it 
 is only twp days jowrney to Singora^ ,in the Gulph of 
 Siam» Between Ligor, §2^qgpra, ^nd Trang,. and j^the 
 Territories of Quedah, a regular communication has 
 long been maintained by means of Elephants, but the 
 ^passage which occupies six or eight days might probably 
 be rendered much more easy and expeditious if the Roads 
 were improved. ;: i ij MOi|oi{(>[;i ii>'i>t) ";>:;• >.» !*•./.>%. t 
 Amongst the political object?, the permi^sfon to form 
 an Establishment at Junk Ceylon was particularly insist- 
 ed upon, and, also tQ obtain Jhe^.cession of the Island of 
 iPankour, near the mouth: of the Dinding River. Re- 
 lative to this plan, the Honorable President remarked, 
 '* The chance of the Dutch- at any time hereafter renew- 
 ing their Establishment at a place so immediately in the 
 vicinity of this Port as Perak, and the convenient situa- 
 tion of the Island for collecting the Tin of that Country, 
 and for preventing Piratical Fleets seeking sheher in the 
 numerous creeks and rivers in that quarter, have been 
 urged in support of the measure. If this can be obtaia- 
 
 .^ > , • Tpckc^'t M4fiuaic Geography, ?dgt 226* ^- ^; ; 
 
Parti. AND POLITIC AI» RELATIONS WITH SIAM, 99 
 
 ,ed without aiyy chance of future collision with the Dutch 
 claims, it will certainly not prove the least advantage in 
 favor of PanTiour that its occupation, should it ever take 
 place, cannptentail any expense on the Honorable Com* 
 
 :;^ Not one of the above numerous and important objects 
 was attained; the Ambassador was received with distrust 
 and jealousy, and it would appear, by the accounts which 
 have been published, that nothing more was obtained thaa 
 a promise not to raise the present, duties; and that the ari» 
 rogance of the Siamese arid impediments to ^ free Trade 
 Jhave rather been increased than diminished by the Mission* 
 In a work lately, published in Calcutta, professing to give 
 ajnjmthjBntic accqurjt ,pf thejMission,f it .is .stated^.^f Ai) 
 engagement l^as been ; ^^ntered • into, not to raise the. du- 
 ties beyond their present^amount; but the word of the 
 Siamese is not to be relied upouj, and thej; are pnl;|r anxi- 
 ous for our Trade,^ that, they may commit extortions upon 
 it in thejr own way,,. That way]>^this; they gvve.a 
 public order for a Free Trade, and a secret one riot to 
 deal with the persons so offered a Free Trade, under a 
 penalty of stripes' and fines, and it is afterwards mention- 
 ed by the samb authorf that '^ By the Treaty entered 
 into with the Siamese; the free admission of British Com- 
 merce is stipulated fori an engagement entered into that 
 the present duties, amounting generally to 8 per Cent* 
 
 • PhippV'' Shipping and Commerce of Bcngil, P'^^ 155* 
 t Diica Pi^c 157. - '" ' / - " 
 
^100 coNatJEST oV quebab'aAd FBRiifc^- Tart l» 
 
 shall never be raised, and a pledgegfreu of cordial assist- 
 ance from ihe Officers of GoFernmenir The great object 
 of our Govern men t was to secure suc&'i Friee Trade as 
 is granted to the Chinese, but this cd bid not be brought 
 about, without entering into such political relations with 
 ihe Siamese, as are at variance with the known principles 
 of moderation acted upon by our Indian' A-dnainistrati6Vij'* 
 io that vre arc in fact in the same predicfiimerit as befoVe 
 the Mission. There is no doubt, that the Siaftiescf'havilrfg . 
 long found the advantages and -profit of admittin^'Britisfi 
 Subjects to Trade at Bankok^ ' however" they 'fAAfiipp^a)e 
 to be, and really are averse . to bur poliitlcal^interference, 
 will always find It. their interest to^^cat'ry'.drt in '^xtfeife?^^ 
 Coniinerce with us, without' whrch 'Ihe'^Cbuntlpy^^WbdH 
 soon Suffer the greitest'incbnveni^ricel They" have fei^r 
 or no Manufactures and for ages past, have' been 'dts» 
 pendent upon the English for thcii* supplies of Clothing, 
 Opium, &C. and if there was no -demand for th'eiPSuga'r^, 
 their Pepper, Tin, Rice,' Salt, and various (Kher Gbnii- 
 modities which are carried ' to the British Settlements, and 
 to Europe, the Country would soonc;be reduced* toV po- 
 verty. We may be assured iherefq^,- that, however the 
 , Siamese may assume a lofty tonis and .pretended indif- 
 ference to the British Trade, they are, ^tQ^^. sensible of its 
 importance to wish any limitation of Jt, and though it 
 may be possible, that they would rather not see any of 
 our smart Ships in their Ports, from an apprehension that 
 Trc hare designs upon them, and there, may be spies 
 
Part L AND POLTTICA]^ RELATIONS WITH SlABTr 101 
 
 takings an accoimt oT thcrr resources and populatron, stitt 
 they are aware that the active, industrious, and nume« 
 rous Chinese Settlers would always carry on an extensive 
 Trade in their Junks ta the British SettlementSr 
 
 Seeing that negotiations are af little or no avail with 
 the Siamese,, it may perhaps be a matter of consideration, 
 whether the British Government should longer delay as*, 
 serting its rights, and evincing to the imperious Power 
 of Siam, that however desirous it has hitherto been t(r 
 cultivate a good understanding, and promote the interests 
 of Commerce, it cannot admit of any indignities or cn« 
 croachments, which the interference with an old AHyt 
 the refusal of every reasonable proposal for the ameliora<« 
 tion of our Commercial intercourse, the ungracious re- 
 ception of the Ambassador, and the barbarous treatment 
 of British Subjects, sufficiently indicate a deliberate and 
 determined disposition to impose upon the British Go* 
 rernment. A very small force would be adec|uate for 
 the protection of wir Ally, for the Siamese are not aU 
 together ignorant of our power, and would tremble when 
 they saw a determination to support the King of Qucdah» 
 The King would no doubt voluntarily relinquish any 
 claim to pecuniary assistance, and his revenues, under 
 an improved system of Administration,, with the aid 
 of a British Resident, conversant with the language^ 
 manners, and inititutions of the Malays, would not on* 
 ty .be fully adequate to the support of his independ^ 
 ence and dignity, but for defraying the expenses of the 
 
'102 '-eONaiTEST OF aUEDAH AND FBRAJC .Pirt^., 
 
 subsidiary Establishment granted him by the BvitlsItGidi- 
 terotnent* ^•. l., ;i -^:i-.oi^:.i:Mii.Ai:{:i ^ }^^ ^ iy-fini VtJfll 
 
 The advantages of such a connexroo^ are too 'ma-^ 
 nifest to be dilated upon. Thousands of poor people 
 -would be raised from misery and slavery to comfort^ the 
 .Island of Pin ang would be plentifully supplied with prd- 
 , visions of all sorts for its own consumption, for His Ma- 
 jesty's and the Honorable Company's Ships, and the no<^ 
 -merous Vessels touching at the Island, the Traders would 
 be secure in continuing their Adventures toQuedahand 
 the adjacent States, Piracy would cease m a great degree^ 
 and the Honorable Company might reap immense ad. 
 vantages from the Tin Mines of Patani, and the Moun«^ 
 tains of Quedah^ which abound with Tin Ore* Avery 
 intelligent Native who came from Banca,. and surveyed 
 the 1'in Mines up the Kwala Mooda, declared, that the 
 pr«9duce might in a few years be rendered fully equal 
 to Banca, and offered to establish a Colony of Miners, 
 but was prevented by the exorbitant demands of the 
 King, who wished to have one half of all the produce*. 
 There is no question the Siamese would speedily be re- 
 conciled (o the British possessing Quedah, and a lucrative 
 overland Commerce might, after a proper miderstand* 
 ing, be established to an almost unlimited extent.* " Itt 
 the commencement of our political connexion with th^ 
 Siamese Government,'^ says Mr. Crawfurd, "a firar 
 tone and vigorous conduct will be indispensibly requisite^ 
 f Mu Cuwfaid'* ffi^rt^of ^U Miiiioa to StaiOr ,?,* ^ /\ 
 
IPart^L JIND: POLITICAL RELATIONS WITH SIASC^ 103^ 
 
 ■ The Siamese are surrounded By weak nefgRboiirs, wbom 
 they hare subjugated, and to whom they dictate without 
 resistance- This, and their great fgnorance of all foreign 
 nations, has rendered them, ahhough essentially we£^k 
 and puerile, avarieious, vam and arrogant to such an ex* 
 trfsme^/ as to faricy themselves nothing less than the \^xf 
 .first nation on the Globe. These unfounded pretensions 
 jnislead them soegregiously, that it is scarcely safe even 
 ?to attempt to conciliate ihem, & thus the most moderate pp* 
 Jicy on the part of other nations, will always be in danger pf 
 being construed by them into timidity and apprehension for 
 their own power. From my personal experience of this singa-^ 
 lar and impracticable character, it is now my firm convictw 
 on, that had the circumstances of the time warranted thePi-^ 
 nang Government in promptly repelling eveii by Mill* 
 tary force, the thresitened invasion of the Island, the par* 
 tial invasion of the opposite Coast, and the threaten ing and 
 arrogant language of the Government of Ligore, that 
 the fears of the Siamese Court would have induced tt ta 
 Jiave made ample atonement, to have re-traced it^step?! 
 to have withdrawn its force from Quedah, and even for- 
 borne in future from meddling m the affairs of that State.'!* 
 Having declared Quedah under our Guardianship, it 
 might be proper, in order to tranquillize the other Malay- 
 an States to the Southward, and to give confidence and 
 an impetus to the revival of a daily languishing Commerce, 
 to declare their independence also, and the mere knowledge 
 fOfthe avowed protectiou of the English, would prevent the 
 
104 OONa^BST OF QUBDAH AHU PBRAX F^t !«. 
 
 possibility of any foreign mvastoit. In my judgment, not 
 a Soldier of the Company wonld be required to defend 
 them. Proper boundaries would be defined for their se- 
 parate Government*, and Treaties entered into, binding 
 them against any encroachments upon their neighbour's 
 Territory or Domain. Commercial alliances might alsabe 
 formed. These Treaties should be calculated to establish 
 a mutual confidence, founded on a community of interests, 
 and a sense of reciprocal benefits resulting to all parties 
 concerned from such an alltance, as suggested long since 
 by Lieutenant Governor Farquhar. There Ts no doubt alt 
 the different States, from the unequivocal disposition of the 
 Chiefs, and their respect and attachment to the Britisk 
 Government, would readily accede to- measures so- well 
 calculated to secure there own interests^. Possessing then 
 a controuling influence over the several States of Qaedali, 
 Patani, Perak, and Salengore, by the Pinatig Govern- 
 ment on one side^ and Singapore holding a commanding 
 interest over Johor, which might be extended to Pahang, 
 Packanja, Tringano, and Caliantan, on the other, the 
 whole Malayan Peninsula, comprehended withra the err- 
 cumscribed limits vrhicli I have assigned, would be under 
 our influence, without involving the Honorable Company 
 in one farthing of expense; the riches of the^ines would 
 be drawn forth, and the valuable products with- which 
 that fertile tract abounds, be made subservient to the 
 purposes of general commerce; a more extensive demand 
 for our Manufactures would be created^ and peace and 
 
Fait T* AND PonTicAj:. wtAjioNs wixa siau^ ' IQ5 
 
 tranjjiiillity, lYit object of all good GoTemments, restored;* 
 It would still be advisable to form a small Establishineat 
 upon the Island of Pankour^ to put an effectual stop .tor 
 
 Piracy in the Straits^ to collect the Ti0 from PcrakandSa-* 
 lengore^ and to afford provisions^ and assistance tOc sqi^U 
 Native Traders between Sincapore and Pinang^ and par^ 
 ticularly the numerous Vessels from the East Coast of 
 Sumatra, a branch, of Commerce which merits the greatest 
 encouragements Having established,, as has already beea 
 done, friendly relations with the numerous States froov 
 Diamond Point to Slack on the East (\)ast of Sumatra^ 
 the fertile Countries^ on either side of the Straits,, would 
 Jheo be perpetually pouring lAto the British SettiementSy. 
 , their precious Stores^ like the incessant rolling do^vn of 
 the Waters by the aumerous Rivers with which^botb 
 Coasts are intersected. 
 
 I; am sensible that objections may be raised to a plaa 
 which has the appearance of proposing an extension of 
 Territory, or even our political influence in these regions, 
 as It has been contended by many, that the British G9« 
 vernroent has already acquired a more extensive Do« 
 minion in the East, than is either necessary or useful.* 
 There is a very able Article in the Quarterly Re- 
 ?iew, which relates more particularly ta our Colonics 
 
 * However lolicitoai the controoling^ at> hoririet. in BflgltnJ ■nt! the rcf« 
 pcQive Go»ernroent« of fnJia Have bcen».to circBm^criHc fhe linaiti of our im« 
 4Dense Einp«re,.a variety of cifcamuance*, arising chieflf from ilie rettlest a»4 
 ilBrboleni diipontiona of the Native- Fjwerv H^» tended to enlarge the tphert 
 O^oit dooiaioa to aa mawtiidj cKieat, asi the tame caaiei moit contiooe |» 
 
106 GONOTBSX OF QITBDAH AHU PBRAK Fart !• "^ 
 
 ia the West Indfes, and satisfactorily demonstrates, that 
 uad^r proper maoagement, they are a source of the - 
 greatest wealth to the Mother Country ► "It has been ^ 
 said of Colonies, that they are a burden to the Country^' ' 
 on the expense of administration and protection. From '*^ 
 the ties of in terecMirse between protecting and dependent 
 States, it must be obvious, that they give rise to the for- , 
 mation of multifarious commodities on the part of the 
 European Country, to pay for the exotic productions ne- 
 
 Operate for »ome lime to come, lu e»tcii»ioii however,- hat not been cffeflei 
 in ihe spirit of conqoeif, bor, at ftblf remarked by tlie dininguithrd Nobleti 
 man,* who Itfelf pre«fJed ttwer Briti«h Imli*. and had rhe merit nfpar»uin{ 
 the <vise and comprehenitve tyatem and cnn^oltdatine ihe a<tvantxi;pt treured 
 bf the liberal and politic triewi of Lord Wclteilf, «• U'ged, taya he/»^b? a loc 
 •• ce»«io« of ercnia independent of oar controd^ we hi*d wi hoar plan puahed 
 «< our occupation! of tcrrifotjr lo^an embarraatirg ei?eat. If dxioma of ibeore* 
 *< tic policy ever prompted the narrowing oar fron-ieri^ «• d ibe concrnir^cing 
 '* oor iirength within a more convenient eompditg imperioua motives op|)o»cd 
 •( ihemselvea to the attempt. Our moderation wonld not regu(aie ihr co^du^ 
 " of the Native Poweia oa oor border. Our reiir.qjuhroe i of ricband iratquil 
 ** provinces could i» iheiK view be ascribed to ouught boi cooacioo* wc^k. 
 ** nest. Stiengtbened by ibote reioorcea which wc had abandoiicd, those chief. 
 *' tains would follow f^it at our heels, giviag lo our retreat the a|>pcaraiice 
 <* of discooifiture: And the soppoutioo of oar debility would be an ine. 
 " kistible (troptatioo for that very warfare the eviration of which coald be 
 «• the sole raiional inducement for inch a rate of sacrifice. Beyond this, we 
 •• b^d plighted ptotedion to the inhabitaati of the district in que»tion a» ibe 
 •• price of their acquiescence in oar role. Their sabmiisiea bad beea hor.esr, 
 •• confiding, and cheerful. They had fulfilled tbeir part of the compad, and 
 «« ir woold be bise to leave them to new Masters who woald, by vindiaivc 
 
 • The M rquess of Haftiaga* diicOBfic at the College of Foil WiUiaoa 
 July i6ih(, i8ii, ; . .^^:...,j . . :::^'-.^- 
 
Part L AKD POLITIC JlL RELATIONS WITH SIAM. lOT 
 
 cessarilj fiovring inta it. If tBe Artides produced, equal 
 the expense of the Colonies, in this view alone, their 
 possession is a source of wealth and enjoyment, and not 
 a burden" — and again, " Colonial Possessions, scattered 
 over all parts of the World, become sure marts fioin 
 which Commerce can be carried oa with any quarter;, 
 without them, the intercourse with many places in aa 
 imperfectly civilized, or often disturbed state, would be 
 precarious and hazardous. They confer, wherever situat* 
 
 ** leveriry of opprenion^ grievouilf paAtih those belplesi vidiau for ibeit 
 ** temporarjr acknowledgeiocnt of oor iwajr. Of course^ the individuali i» 
 ** whom the minagenient of the Compiny** ASiltt «rat (ben vetted,^ crert 
 ** comtraified to maintain their footing; naf, not only to maintain ir^ bot oftea 
 ** to assume aiilt fonrarder posittoni, urhea after repelUng wanton attacks, they 
 ** strove CO goaid against the reiteration of the violence. Thr latter pro* 
 ** cedure freqacntly sohjeded oa to increased causea and faciliiiei of aggrei* 
 •« sion,. while it parried one particalar hazard. My more immeUate Pfe« 
 *' decetsort saw the peculiarity of the pDb!ie cucumstafices. They compre* 
 ** bended the perplexities to be the tnavoidable resott of r^irts depending oa 
 •♦ the instigation of chance^ consequently seldoMi guided by reference to any 
 ^ system. Therefore they judiciously endeavoared to conned- and to mould 
 ** into shape, those materials of E'Dpire whicb had chtefiy been heaped toge. 
 **■ ther from scc'dent without anity of design. I have indulged myself ia 
 ** this detail to show how incorre^ are the notions so generally entertained 
 ** of our Country's having achieved Dominion io India through proj*^s of 
 •* coi quest. No, we are not corquerort, we are someihing far prouder. ThoiC 
 '* dignified personages to whom i last adverted never prosecuted a meaiare 
 ** or harbored a wish for the subjagation of India. They studied to give a forta 
 *< and fashion to the stru^ore of our power, such as by discouragi g aisaulc 
 ** and not by imposing an odious thraldom, might produce a qaiet as dittinA* 
 ** If beneficial for the Native States as it was detirable for the advaniaga 
 ** of oar own concerns. I repeat the pte^emineot Authority wbicb «c cvjof 
 /< ia aot the ff ait of aabitiooat! ^ ; . . - . ' 
 
lOS GONQ^Bsx OF QUBDjm Jksn PBRAK Part U 
 
 ed^ a local influence, upholding the character and in*^ 
 terests of the Country. The Colonial Possessions of thi* 
 Country^ scattered over the whole worlds are not to be 
 oonsidered only as sources of iaexhaustible wealth and 
 power^ but as aflbrding the opportunity and imposing the 
 duty of ameliorating the condition of humanity. Having 
 abolished the Slave Trade, and standing as yet single 
 in the discontinuance of it. Great Britaia has made re^ 
 gions, which heretofore served a» the Arena where £u<^ 
 ropean Nations carried on their contests, the scene for 
 the civilization of a long despised, but interesting porxioa 
 of Mankind."" 
 
 . In extending^ our protecting inEuence to- Quedah*, and 
 declaring the. other Malayan States under our guardian* 
 ship against foreign invasion,* we acquire a vast increase 
 of Colonial Power without any outlay or hazard, and 
 we rescue from oppression, a countless multitude of humaa 
 
 * In referrnce to the proteAing ■nd'fobiifiiary tjutem, to Mccesifollf poraoed 
 hf Lord WeUeiljr, cm the continent of Indisy an intelligent vionyaoai aothor 
 ut»kf the following juit and pert incr/C remark* (.** The peace of India^aoenentiil 
 ** to the-protpericy of iheCorepany'l dominionif.it waa impoisible toprekcrre^ 
 ** whiUt aach jarring nationa poaaeaaed the onbridled oaeaoa of contiaaalljp dia* 
 *^ torbing k. It <0Dld only be eatabliabed' Qn,aoUd fbandaiio«a» whcn^thoae 
 ** naiioni were interdicted by a b'gher power from proaeetiting their aangiinary 
 ^ corftifta. Aa far attach » tyatem of peace and oftabiidiary prore^ionhid 
 «* been pidtally tiied in the Compan)** territorici, and those of ita alliea placed 
 H und«r ita protec<ioo,. it hat been foand to aoawer with • the bjppiett eff:A ; 
 u and why the extenaioo of a principle to fraggbt with blening to mankind^ 
 , ** ahottUI fail by being farther poraued to the otmoit' of oor power^ ia-d fficalt to^ 
 « cunceivr» To the Natives of India at large it caa i^ver be repognanfy 
 5< bowevei aach itmijr cc«ttu» cbt af&bi(io0»jwlBUef lhfrialb■le■cfto&pafw■ 
 
Fkrtf fr Mn PdllTlOAIi RBtAtlOI^S TfiTH SfAir** 100^ 
 
 Eeings' wRo'wilt rto' dblifit fiefcbnrie' aTtacfied atid faitfinii 
 dependant^; we protect theiir in the quiet pur^uitsof Gomw 
 itierce; and'gire life' and" energy to their exerliom,- We 
 ghall acquire* for our Coiintry the valuable prodtrists at 
 these Cotmtries, wiihotit those obni>xious liiTpositions un*- 
 der which- we formerly dtriv'ed' supplies from the We.rt 
 Indies. " As ft sefetns' generally allowed," says- Lieute* 
 fiant Grovernor Farquhar, who formerly presided" at this- 
 Island*, ^^ that a Trade belwieen a: manufUcturing nation^ 
 atid' another having few manufacfui'es, and rich \Xi native 
 productions, is advaritagigous to Che (brmer, and as We tent 
 Indiaf bears thzlt refation' to the Eastern Archipelago, a^ 
 Trade' With them, m'ust be adVanfageOtis to' U'?. The 
 riches of Sumatra' and ffomeo cercainFy equat either Braw 
 2il, or Soutii Amerfcia^ and possess the advantage that they 
 
 " ticalar cfi\tft9int, ff tHe m^pen&tnt and anlinliteif potver of chiefuini t9 
 ^ whom tKe' company has been opj;)osed, hat ^en mat&cd in irt exereite \tf 
 *' crueftf, revenge atid' setere oppression {^'-vhicfi none can denf ,^ «njr restriflHint 
 ^ cal<*atated to rdprest thosf eitceiseif olast h^ve Been acicepiable to those who 
 •* w<fre the vtftimi of ihcm.- And hoM^e¥er rodcif ther hraired of the oppressor 
 ** may be excited against h'im wba restrain* his tyt^anny ^ the gratitode of tho 
 '^ relief ed mon proportionablf attend on throse who have lightened their saf« 
 ^' ferrngi. Any apprehensl >n of danger arising from hatred thus eieited* ' iD«tt- 
 " be ootvreighed by the secerity derived from the general goai will to«vaid» at, 
 ^' protioced 2n the minds of all those who feel the improveovent of their oon« 
 ** dition, the enlargement of their righrt, and the enjoyment of « more dura* 
 " ble peace^ to haVe originated ia the tafatary rxertiona of 9rt«ish Power *nM 
 •* infloeritfe. The tysfem of Lord Wcllcsljr is the ayatem bj which Indi» 
 '* has been saved* It it the system alone by which it em be preserved t* 
 ^ fatore aget. It is a system which holds tip secorttf to the Company, h«p« 
 5' piaeii to Iftdia» and wealth to the pareat itate* It ccitt on homamtf^ poiic4 
 
no caNWBst or <^irEDi^ and p&^ai;^ ,?^rt '; 
 
 may be acquired by a Sale of our manufactures without th|B 
 dlsadFantage of capital, or precarious speculation, or ex- 
 penditure of the human species which American mines r^ 
 quire." But the riches of Sumatra and Borneo are not ntucji 
 superior to those of the Malayan Peninsula, the mountaiqa 
 of which are one continued bed of Tin Ore; the finest 
 Gold is procured from Pahang; Pepper, Rice, Sugar, 
 Rattans, Ivory &c. in abundance* In considering the po- 
 licy of declaring the independence of the States on ihe Ma- 
 layan Peninsula, South of the Island of Jnnk Ceylon, we 
 should look to the possibility in the event of our delaying 
 to do so, of the re-establish men t of foreign Mifluenee at 
 Tringano, Caliantan, or any of the Ports on the Ea^^tera 
 Side. The French, the Americans, or the Dutch may pos- 
 sibly anticipate us. It must be remembered too, that the 
 Dutch claim, and now exercise SoTcreignty over the ex<» 
 
 «* bjr J4i«»Jcf, and lopportcd by power* Subvert it t— ihe fbondaiton •hi'k.ety 
 •* and the rdifioe it gone t Let the erroDeoDt DOtioni »piead,. tb«t concc»»fpii 
 ** ift to ttrengihrn oar Doqiinion in the East t let ihe ff oil oJ cor viaoffiei,.«nd ijit 
 ** •^ecoiity thry have given to oor posteuiont be relirquithcd i let the prineipJc 
 ** of nrodeiation which, on applicable occationf^ it to wise a role of adtiflp^ 
 ** be preached in centare of the energiet by which our Indian Cinpira hat b^e« 
 ** tavcd: let the trite adage, ** in medi§ tmtinimit. ibi$^" be ircaonontly a|>. 
 '* plied in these nnexaropled timeta at a coriedive to a tyttenp which rrqoi^et 
 «• but a itcady topport, and the test of experience to thew itt cvcellencr ^ . (eC 
 *' the ihaftt of detra^ion and persecution be lerelled against itt illutiriqot 
 ^' author; let the press and the senate teem with inve^ive againti hit mj^a. 
 ** sure* i let ignorance declaim^^and ocedoHty Haien,. and the wcik of t uta .t« 
 «« the British interests in India ia c^mmenccd.**^ . 
 
 ^ A viodicACiba of ibe juiticc and policy of the Uce Wait, in Xodu* 
 
tensire I^^lands of Javj^, Borneo, Celpbe^, the, Mpliiccsuy 
 Banca^ a great part g^f Sumatra, and in fact, appear to b^ 
 aiming at the entire possession of the Eastern Archipelago. 
 The British Government at present posses^ onjy t^o siiia.111 
 Jslets, and an almost useless post on, Sumsitra* .... 
 
 If the Malayan Peninsula too, shall fall a prey tp thp 
 ^imbitious aggrandizement of the Dutch, or even the. 
 Siamesj?, the British Governn^ent will scarely have a fg^t 
 in this quarter on which to stand* Timely precautions are 
 assuredly advisable and necessary ; a little longer delay 
 in asserting our rights and putting a stop to farther en« 
 croachments, may be attended with the most baneful con« 
 sequences to British Interests, and be hereafter only an ua« 
 availing source of regret* We should not overlook that the 
 Dutch have almost excluded the admission of our manu« 
 factures exported from the British Settlements in this 
 quarter, intaJava or any oCthe places under their Go« 
 Vernment, for the dujty of 24 pi^r cent, assu^redly amounts 
 to little short of a prohibition. If the Dutch are permitted 
 to proceed as they have lately done, they will have the 
 sole and entire command of the Kastern Trade, which 
 heretofore was enjoyed, in a great degree, by the Mer* 
 chants of Pinang and W^estern India, which materially 
 benefited the general commerce of British India, and which 
 added considerably to the Revenues of the Company and 
 the State. 
 
 I shall now proceed to give a brief descrfption of the 
 Peninsula of Malacqa, and particularly af the Tin Coun* 
 
112: CONaUBST OF aUEDAH AND PBRAR &ei* Fait K* 
 
 tries on the Western siBe, from the Islknd of JunR Ceyloo^ 
 incriislFe to Malacca^ which may serve to convey a correct 
 idea of (he value and importance of that negli^ted'poruoa 
 of the East^ to shew that we possess the means- witb in our 
 reach of obviating: the inconveniences and^ repairing the' 
 losses occasioned by the transfer of Kanca to therDutch^ 
 and that we have inexhaustiblie mines of Tin ar our verjr 
 dbor, the riches of which a little exertion only u wanting^ 
 to draw f6rtbi». 
 
'5-^. .• . '!;i'^'-tV A- M Ai- .G .,\ 
 
 ■.f ,Y' 
 
 FAMT SECOND. 
 
•^j^S'vr 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE SKETCtt 
 
 OP THE 
 
 TIN GOtfNTDRIES 
 
 ON TAB • 
 
 li^ESTERN COAST* 
 
 OP THB 
 
 ^je f ^lanti of fiinlfe Ccglon to t^z Eibec trnsf near iHalaccai 
 
 ANt> TQis 
 
 illVERS ON THAT COAST; 
 
 JnTENDEO to fiXHlrilT THB BOUNDARIES OP THB SB* 
 VeRAL STATES, THEIR NATURAL PRODUCTIONS, AS 0B« 
 JeCXS OF COMMERCE, &e« 
 
«'-■ iiifi ■ ■ 1 ' .; ...Vs r")' 
 
 '" PART SECOND. 
 
 DESCRIFTIOJC 
 
 lr-n;o*f r/ot)5j 
 
 
 . . , OF T98 
 
 n;;; :-- h:. ' .fl* .A ^u^ 
 
 TIN COUNTRIES. 
 
 HE Peninsula of Malacca, properly so called, extends 
 from Point Romania, the South Eastern extremity, iifi 
 latitude I* 22\ North, to opposite the Northernmost point 
 of Junk Ceylon, in Lat. 8^ 27', according (o some Autho^ 
 rities, and 8° 09' Nonhj by Horsburgh, which Island forms 
 the Northern extreme of the Eastern side of the Straits of 
 Malacca. Here the Peninsula unites with the Isthmus of 
 Kraw. The Siamese i>ossessions, prior to the late capture of 
 Qiiedah, extended to the River rraang,in Latitude 7*20» 
 [North. The principal subdivisions of the Malayan Stat^ 
 are Quedah, Perak, Salengore, Malacca, Rumbow, Johor, 
 including Pahang> and Pakanja, Tringano, Callantan, and 
 Patani, * *' This Peninsula," says Captain Francis Light^ 
 the founder of Prince of Wales island, '' is at present iai» 
 
 ' ' • Maiad€u'« Sqouu»« Ptfj^e ^%u '■'■■- 
 
118 TIN QQUNTRIBS ON THB ITESTERN COAST OF Part 2* 
 
 habited by distinct races of people. The Siamese possess 
 the northera part of Latitude 7^ extending from the East 
 to the West side. The Malays possess the whole of the 
 Sea Coast on both sides from that Latitude to Point Ro« 
 mania, being mixed in some places with the Bugis from 
 Celebes, who have still a small Settlement at Salengore. 
 The inland parts to the Northward are inhabited by the 
 Patani people, who appear to be a mixture of Siamese 
 and Malays, and occupy independent Dusuns or Villages. 
 Among the Forests, and on the Mountains, are a race of 
 Caffrees in every respect resembling those of Africa, ex- 
 cepting in stature, which does hot exceed four feet, eight 
 inches. The Menangkabau people of the Peninsula are 
 so named from an inland Country in Pulo Percha, (Su- 
 matra,) a distinction is made between them and the Ma- 
 Jays of Johor; but none is perceptible." Such were the 
 geographical limits of the Siamese Empire on thePem'asu- 
 la in 1785, according to the opinion of one, than whom^ 
 before or since, there has perhaps, been none more com- 
 petent to form a correct judgement. It has been adopted 
 by Marsden, and subsequently by others. It has since 
 continued to be the prevailing opinion at the British Set- 
 tlement of Pinang, among those best acquainted with the 
 situation and history of the different states^and who have 
 bestowed any attention upon thesubject. , '/'t^ ..:?, ,? ; 
 ,- The Ambassador who visited the Court of Slam in 1839, 
 has however considerably extended the limits of the Sia- 
 mese influence oa the Malayan Peninsula; for in his of- 
 
Part 2* TU& MALAYJIN PENmsVLA* lift 
 
 fierat report it is stated, " The Kingdara of Siam, though 
 reduced in its geographical liiiuts wUhiu the last half cea« 
 tury by the encroachments of the Burmahs, is probably at 
 present of more solid strength and resources than at any 
 former period of its history. The Siamese Territory ex* 
 tends to the South, as far as 7** North Latitude, and the 
 Malayan Tributaries of Siana as far as 3" North." The 
 River of Salengorc is in Latitude 3" 20 North; the Nor<» 
 thernmost extremity of that Kingdom in 3® 36* and )(§ 
 Southern Boundary in 2** 20 North. It is difficult, there« 
 fore, to ascertain u|>on what grounds Mr. Crawford ha« 
 assigned a part of the King of Salengore^s Dominions as 
 Tributary to Siam; for there is no record of a Siamese 
 Soldier ever having set foot upon Salengore ground, or 
 of any, the most indirect submission of that Slate to Siam, 
 nor does it appear that any demand has been made by 
 the latter power for such an acknowledgement. The 
 King of Salengore has always claimed and now possesses 
 the Territory to the Northward of the Dinding^, which 
 are in Latitude 4** 16 North, and is at present in possession 
 of the whole Perak Territtory^ as far as the River Krian 
 in Latitude 5*^ North, which is the Southern Boundary of 
 the Honorable Kast India Company's pos«;es>ioiis on the 
 Main, dependent uj)on Prince of Wales Island. On the 
 Eastern side, Pahang is in LatUude 3" 45% which is at pre- 
 senV a dependency of Johor, and Pakanja, in Latitude 
 4*50 North, under the same authority^ and by no mcaof 
 tributary to Siam» ^^.^ ,. '^ ^, , .^, , . 
 
130 TIN COVNTaiES ON THB WBSTBRM COAST OF /Fail' 3« 
 
 It is not verj unreasonable then to infer, that Mr«Craw<t 
 furd has assigned to the Siamese such extentied possession^ 
 upon equally unsubstantial grounds as those from which 
 He conchided, that because the Emperor of Siam sent ai 
 Mission to the Portuguese, congratulating them upon the 
 conquest of Malacca, which he had made manj inefiectu** 
 al attempts to subdue, that State was therefore Tributary 
 to Siam. " Amongst the Princes,'' says he, " who thriS 
 gent Missions to Albuquerque, the King of Siam, from his 
 power and vicinity deserves particular noCice. He thank^ 
 ed Albuquerque fur his chastisement of a rebellious sub- 
 ject, a fact from which we learn, that Malacca, like the 
 rest of the Malayan Peninsula was considered Tributary 
 to Siam." It does not appear, however, by any historical 
 evidence, that Malacca ever was Tributary to Siam, in the 
 smallest degree, and history furnishes us with the details 
 of the numerous successful defeats of all attempts of the 
 Siamese upon that once powerful Kingdodir! 'ViK^'f 
 
 There have been many conjectures regarding the ab- 
 origiital Inhabitants of the Peninsula, and the origin of 
 the Malays, Whether the Siamese were the original 
 possessors, or the Negroes called Semang or the pre.-ent 
 savage race called Orang Bukit, which are still to be found 
 in the interior of Perak, or the degenerate race called 
 Orang Laut, which now rove about the Islands in ^ the 
 Straitf, must remain a matter of conjecture* ^ rr!<>;l h;tr 
 
 * Oi ihii stnguLr race-«n Accoant vill be found io the Appendii^ alto a kw 
 rcnaiki upoti the abori^ioal lahabiiaau of the PcatoiiUt* 
 
Part 2. THE MALAYAN PBNINSULJU I2,| 
 
 The Mountains of the Peninsula of Malacca, tho' hi* 
 therto unexplored by Europeans, are known to abound 
 with Tin Ore, of which an unlimited quantity might be 
 obtained, under proper management and a more settled 
 state of things. Hamilton says, '^ The Country of Perak 
 produces more Tin than any in India," and Mr. Craw- 
 furd in his late report upon Siani obserres, " Tin in Siani 
 is diffused over more extensive geographical limits than in 
 any other part of the world, and for productiveness, the 
 Mines of Junk Ceylon may be considered next in rank to 
 those of Banca, if they be not indeed in this respect equal 
 to them. Neither however the Mines of that metal, nor 
 those of Copper, Lead or Gold, have in Siam experienced 
 the benefit of the industry and enterprise of the Chinese, 
 and the produce therefore is comparatively of small im* 
 portance. The Tin and Gold Mines are wrought by the 
 Siamese, those of Copper and Lead by some of the Moun* 
 tain Tribes who deliver them as Tribute. The quantity 
 of Tin which finds its way to the capital, and is from 
 thence exported, amounts to 8000 Piculs or about 
 500 Tons." 
 
 Li another place he states* " The Tin of the Eastern 
 Islands has however, a much wider range of distribution, 
 than that of any other Country, being found in considera* 
 ble quantity from the 98° to the 107** of East Longitude 
 and from 8" North to 3** South Latitude." Tin has been 
 found, however inconsiderable quantities much further 
 . • Crawfttrd'« AichipcUgo toI. 3 page 450, 
 
1 23 TIN COCNTRIES ON^ THB WESTERN fco AST OF Pairt' 9i2^ 
 
 North viz/ III tlie inferior of T^yby' iik Latittide' 12*^ 40^ 
 North, the Mines being situated at' a place called Sakao^^^ 
 about four days journey Ifom t^ie City of TavOy^^ • ^**'^''^ '^ 
 The principal places where Tin is at present produ^^dj?^ 
 on the Western side of the Malayan Peninsula, ar6 thW^ 
 Island of Salang or Junk Ceylon, Pungah, Kwala Mooda 
 from Patani; Trong near the Bindings in the Perak Ter-» 
 ritory, Perak, Salengore, Colong, Lukut, in the Salengorc 
 Territory and Lingi, a dependency of Malacca, near Cap« 
 Rachado, The Ore at all these places and several others 
 is very abundant, but the disturbed State of the?e Coun- 
 tries of late, has reduced the supplies to a^inere trifle* 
 At Prince of Wales Island also. Tin ha« been found; but 
 the Ore is difficult of access; there is a deficiency 0f Watert 
 which is absolutely necessary and the price of labour u 
 too high on the Island to admit of the Mines being worked 
 to advantage. A few Slabs were cast many years ago, and 
 the Ore yielded 53^ per Cent, which is inferior to Junk 
 Ceylon by ll~ per Cent, and Perak and Salengore from 
 9 to 10 per Cent; '?^ v- >'V? :o «i/':? t^t 
 
 There are two modes practised by the Malays and Si2^« 
 mese, as described by Mr. Light, of working the Minei», 
 the" one, every person is at liberty to dig .for Tin, and sell 
 it to the best advantage, paying the King a duty; the other, 
 the King is the sole purchaser, he appoints a smelter 
 of the Ore, and no other person is allowed to smelt. The 
 Ore is brought to the smelting house, where they receive 
 tickets to the Agent or Paymaster! who should pay. them 
 
Parti ;?^ ,,, . THE MALATAJ!«v PKNINSCri«,^f^ 123 
 
 the establi!»heJ price in money, but as those Officers hare 
 no Salary, they oblige the Miners to take Goods at an 
 advanced price. Whether from the scarcity of Tin or 
 what other cause I am uninformed, the metal 4ias risea 
 Tery materially in the markets of Europe and Indiaoflate, 
 The average Selling or Export price at Pinang, 'till 
 within the last 12 months, has been 18 Dollars per Picul; 
 in China 20 Dollars per Picul, and in Calcutta it has^fluc^^ 
 tuated from the years 1816 to 1822 from 28 to 31 Rupees, 
 per Maund. In 1818 it was as low as 24 Rupees per 
 Maund. During the last eight years therefore, the average 
 may be taken at 29 II u pees in Calcutta, At present it is 
 from 3d to 38 Rupees per Maund in Calcutta, 28 to 30 
 Dollars per Picul in China, 1 10s. per Cwt. in London, and 
 the price at Pinang has risen to 22 and 23 Dollars per Pi* 
 cul. The prices at the places where it is has been pro* 
 cured, have usually been as follows, for several years; At 
 Junk Cejlon and Pungah 50 Dollars per Bhar.of 500 lbs. 
 avoirdupois; at Kwala Mooda, from Patani 4$ Dollars 
 per Bhar of 428 lbs. at Perak 45 to 46 Dollars per Bhar 
 of 428 lbs. and at Salcngore 44 and 45 Dollars per Bhar 
 of 400 lbs. The Salengore Tin is generally exported ia 
 small pieces of one Catty weight, very pure and white. 
 It is what is termed new Tin, and usually sells for j^ to ^ 
 Dollar per Picul less in the markets of China, than the 
 Banca or Junk Ceylon. The Perak Tin is of a similar 
 quality when refined, but generally melted into large Slabs 
 of* of a PicuL in which are frequently sand, and largo 
 
124 TIN COUNTRIES ON THB WESTERN COAST OF Fait 3« 
 
 pieces of heavy iron sfone. The loss on remelting Salea^ 
 gore Tin seldom exceeds f per Cent, onthe Perak 3 and 
 4 per Cent, The Junk Cejlon Tin does not require to 
 be resmeked, being cast into uniform Slabs. The Chinese 
 at Pinang smelt the Perak and Salengore Tin, and cast it 
 into moulds resembling the Junk Ceylon, and by putting 
 a slight sprinkling of Sulphur into the liquid, the Tin as- 
 sumes a dark hue like the Banca or Junk Ceylon,^ called 
 Timah Tuah or Old Tin and sold as such. < 
 
 Besides the valuable commodity above described with 
 which the Peninsula abounds, there is a very considerable 
 Trade at the different Settlements in Bees Wax, Bird's 
 Nests, Cutch, Dammar, Fish Maws, Kice, Rattans, 
 Shark's Fins Betelnut, Canes, Dragon's Blood, Elephant's 
 Teeth, Gold Dust, Sago, Agila Wood, Sapan Wood and 
 Hides and Skins of various descriptions, which form the 
 principal Exports* 
 
 The imports consist of a variety of Europe, India and Chi- 
 na Manufactures, viz. Opium, China Ware, Brass Utensils, 
 W hite. Blue nnd Brown Cloths from Madras and Bengal, 
 Chintzes and Handkerchiefs, Coarse Cuttlery, Cotton, Gun- 
 powder. Glass- Ware, Gold Thread, Iron of Sorts, Steely 
 Lead, Looking Glasses, Swivels, Woollens, Tobacco, Salf^ 
 Nankeens, Fireworks, Silk and Silk Piece Goods, Tea 
 and numerous other articles. ■ ' 
 
 The general Commerce carried on between the States 
 on the Malayan Peninsula and the British Settlements, 
 has alieady been sufficiently described* I i»haU not. there* 
 
Part 7* *^- TFHii MAiiAYAilf psmiVs0Lirk-v: - . 125 
 
 fore €nt6t into aci/ supterffuous detait'on this head. - As- 
 the Western side" of the PeaiVisula particularly abound* 
 With Tiir, a'n^ th'er principal sitpplies of that valuable* 
 liieta! have, for nikny years, been derived from thence^ 
 fts the extensioit of that Trade is a chief object of the pre- 
 sent inquiry, it shall be my aim to shew the facilities af- 
 forded, by the nlimerbus Rivers and Streams with which 
 the Westerit Coast abounds, for conveying the Tin and 
 other valuabe products from all parts of the interior. The 
 names of many of these Rivers are unknown to many 
 persons who have long been resident at the ffritish Set- 
 tlements, at no great distance from them. I shall also 
 endeavour to give some account of the Towns, Villages 
 and distances in the interior, the population, Boundaries 
 of the States, and some slight sketches of the history of the 
 Chiefs, from Junk Ceylon to Malacca, subjects which have 
 been almost untouched by other pens. 
 
 On the Western Coast of the Malayan Peninsula, from 
 the Latitude of 8„ 30 North, or opposite the Northern 
 point of the Island of Junk Ceylon, and the Boundary 
 between Salengore and Malacca, or the Latitude of Sua-« 
 gei Lingi Besar, 2** 20' North there are eighty four Rivers, 
 some of them of very considerable magnitude, which 
 emptv themselves into the Straits of Malacca. The en- 
 trance of most of these Rivers, however, is choaked up 
 \rith Sands or Mud Bars which render it difficult for 
 vessels of large burthen to center. . - * «. J 
 
12$ TIN COUNTRIES ON THB WB»TBE](| COAST OF |^rt % 
 
 I shall now^ proceed to enuneferaite the Rirers whhiii 
 the limits beforemeDtioBcd,, spectf) ing to what State thej 
 beloDg, for the purjiose of more ready reference, an<l 
 afterwards give an account of each, the Tillages, popular 
 (ion &c» Beginning from the North ward^ the firsi i^ 
 Sungei or KwaJa (River,/ : , 
 
 • CO 
 
 ^ ^ J 
 
 C 02 
 
 P 2 
 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 ^ 
 
 Pungab 
 
 Pahlau 
 
 Tadin Dei 
 
 Nahkrat 
 
 Coreh or Cassei 
 
 Lofltar 
 
 Telibong 
 
 "Poliatt 
 
 Traang 
 
 Banksa 
 
 Lingow 
 
 Setool 
 
 Koobong Boya 
 
 Batu Ampar 
 
 Merakit 
 
 Che Bilang 
 
 Vlasuk Membang Segara 
 
 Temblang 
 
 Merpa 
 
 Beluru. . 
 
 02 I 
 
 3 I 
 
 < 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 'Purlit ' ,; 
 
 Krong Tangalk 
 
 Sanglang 
 
 Jerlooa ^ '?u * . 
 
 Griang 
 2 j Kedda 
 ^ "^ Tabangoif - 
 
 Salah db h 
 
 Badak 
 
 Ruga, 
 
 Ian ' .. 
 
 Mirbow 
 ^Muda 
 
 Bukkab 
 
 Prye 
 
 Jdoroo 
 
 Junjong 
 
 Bat^ Xawaa 
 
 Tongar 
 
 Changkat Ealidang 
 
 en 
 
 OS 
 
 a. 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 ^ Ji 15V/ 
 
 rt ;Vj». 
 
 ^Kriaa 
 
 .:rtf/i.« 
 
fart 3. 
 
 TDB MALAYAN PSNII(SUI.Ar 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 bo 
 
 c 
 
 O 
 
 t: 
 
 2 
 
 Selinsin^ 
 Sepitang 
 Sangah Kechif 
 Sangah Besar 
 Laroot 
 Trong 
 
 Jarong Mat 
 
 JBruas 
 
 KoraQ 
 
 Galam 
 Passu jia 
 1 A Dinding 
 
 Pendul 
 
 Luriaa 
 
 Likir 
 
 Teram 
 
 LumboD^^ 
 
 Agag 
 
 Perak 
 
 Ular 
 
 Betul 
 
 Raogas * ' ,^ 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 
 ^Burnam 
 
 Passir PaDJang 
 
 Se gulong gulong 
 
 Tinghi 
 
 Salengore » 
 
 Api Api 
 
 Bulu 
 
 Jeram 
 
 Kupar 
 
 Pulau 
 
 Colong 
 
 Langat 
 
 Tom pool 
 
 Jegra 
 
 Passir 
 
 Gubbang 
 
 Seppang 
 
 Nipah 
 
 Lukut 
 ^Lingi Kechii 
 
 Commencing from the North virard, the Island of Junli 
 Ceylon first claims our attention;. 
 
128 TIN COlTNTaiES ON THE WESTERN COAST OF Part 3t 
 
 S AL ANG on JUNK CEYLON, 
 
 Thfs Island has been tfie scene of constant warf^rer 
 fcetvreen theBurmahs and Siamese for man^^ years, la 
 I&IO-U, the Burniahs eom|>letely si^dued the Country 
 and carried away a great nuuiber of the inhabitants* 
 The remainder fled and established the present flourishing 
 Settlement of Pungah^ up a River of that name, nearly 
 opposite the Northern point of Piilo Panjang, The po« 
 pulatbn on Jnuk. Ceylon at present, does not exceed a 
 thousand, under a Pia or Governor,^ named Long Bamb^ 
 rong. It is a dependency of Pungah^- A few Chinese have^ 
 lately commenced working the Mines;>but the inhabitants 
 are kept in a constant state of apprehension from an attack 
 by the Burmahs. The Commander m Chief of the Bur-^ 
 man Army pompously announced his victory to the Go^ 
 yernor of Pinang. He thus styles himself, "Mai JVfaha 
 Seha Sooyah, Commander in Chief of Rangoon, Marta* 
 ban, YeT, Tavoy, Mergui, Merib,'* and says " I lafely 
 sent an Armament consisting of 20,000 Men against the 
 Siamese, who hare conquered the Countries of Salang^ 
 (i. e. Junk Ceylon,) Terrotory, Tacoorpa, Tataway, 
 Ban Taku, Ban Takiny^ Kayui and Pulei. I have caused 
 the Rajah of Salang to be conveyed to Ava, and have 
 ^amed it from henceforth Salawara, and I have stationed 
 3000 men to defend it.?^^i^^S^irii;aijiiiifii;Vi:: iiuln/J 
 
Part 2^ THB MALAYAN F£>'tNSULA» 129 
 
 The Wife of Pia Pomone, the farmer Siamese GoTcr- 
 nor of the Island, was in the habit of relating to her Eii» 
 ropean Tisitors, with particular satisfaction, a sratagenoi 
 for intimidating the Barraahs on one occasion when they 
 had effected a landing and attempted a night attack. A 
 small Fort had been constructed, with a door in front and 
 one in the rear. Having but few Muskets, the old Lady 
 caused the leares of Cocoanuts to be stripped and cat 
 to the length of a Musket, and made all her attendant! 
 throw each one across his shoulder. They then paraded 
 round and round the Fort, entering at one door and 
 going out at the other, thus having the appearance of 
 a large assemblage of Troops entering the Fort, as if they 
 had come from a distance. The Burmahs, who were on 
 the look out, seeing so many men parading about, became 
 alarmed, and instantly took to their Vessels, and were 
 heard of no more for a time. In 1780, during the ad* 
 ministration of Mr. Hastings, a plan was formed by the 
 Merchants of Calcutta, for forming a Settlement at thi« 
 Island; the subscriptions for that purpose were made, and 
 the measure received the sanction of Government, but 
 before the necessary preparations could be completed, a 
 War with France was certain, and the Government not 
 being able to grant any supplies, and the Merchants un«« 
 willing to trust their property on the eve of a War, the 
 plan was abandoned for the time. " At the conclusioqt 
 of the War *' says Mr. Light,'' Mr. Hastings endeavour* 
 ed to procure some place to the Eastward, and employed 
 
130 TIN COUJJTEIES ON THE WESTBRN COAST OF Fart % 
 
 Captain Forrest to enter into a Treaty ^ith aiay of the 
 Malay States." Captain Forrest was sent to make » 
 Settlement at Rhio in 1784, by the King's invitation, 
 but learning at the Dindings that the King of Rhio had 
 been killed in an attack upon Malacca, he returned and 
 touched at Junk Ceylon, of which Island he gives a short 
 account.* ••.'V^to-i^-.:v:-.r, ... 
 
 The name Jan Sylan, Capt. Forrest conjectures to be 
 a corruption of Oojong Sylang, Point or Promontory of 
 Sylan. The l^^land was then under the authority of a 
 Viceroy from Siam, and the population about 12,000 
 people. There were many Elephants brought from Mer* 
 gui. Bullocks and Buffaloes, wild Hogs and Deer, a few 
 tame Goats, &c. 'i here nsed to be a great Trade for- 
 merly in Opium, but the use of that Drug had been pro- 
 hibited, and heavy restrictions laid on the exportation ef 
 Tin. The quantity of Tin exported was about five hun- 
 dred Tons annually. The people were discontented, and 
 wished to throw off their allegiance to Siam. 
 
 Shortly after the occupation of Pinang, there was a 
 considerable Trade in Tin and other Articles and Vessels 
 were constantly passing to and from Junk Ceylon. Mr. 
 Scott and other Merchants obtained about 3,500 Bahars 
 of Tin annually, and 1 have been informed by the Com* 
 mander of the Vessel, who is still a resident at Pinang, 
 that a voyage was usually made in a month or six weeks^ 
 and ihe profits from the Cargo of Tin and other Mert 
 
 * Fuiicki'ft V i/| mgc iu ihc Mci^ui AicbipclM^o^ Paget s^« 36* 
 
Pkrt 2» THB MALAYAN PENINSULA*- 13t 
 
 chandizey scTdom fell short of 5000 Drs. each Trip. He 
 also asserts that Copper and Iron is abundant on the 
 Island, but the Mines are not worked. Captain Light, 
 the first Superintendant of Pinang submitted a Memoir 
 upon this Island^ to the Governor General of Bengal, in 
 June 1787, which contains a mi note and particular de« 
 scription of the Island.* . « - 
 
 Mr. James Scott submitted m 1 785 an offer from the Na» 
 tive Governor of the Island named Pfa Fomone, to transfer 
 the Island to the British Government upon very advan* 
 tageous terms. Capt. Light took possession of Ptnanj 
 in the following year and Capt. Scott assured the Govern^ 
 nient that the Revenues of Salang would defray the ex« 
 penses of both Settlements. " In preferring Pulo Pinang,'* 
 says Mr. Scott, ^^ you acquire the best and most conveni- 
 ent Marine Port which the Malay Coast affords, whether 
 you consider it as a retreat for a War Fleet, pr a Port 
 of Economical (x>mmerce. In possessing Salang you en- 
 ter on possession into the receipt of a certain and rapidly 
 encreasing Commerce on the premises pointed out.'' The 
 conditions on which the Governor of Salang offered to 
 transfer the Island are fully detailed in Mr. Scott's letter 
 addre»?»ed to the Governor General, dated 28th October 
 1785.t The late General Kyd, who made a report of 
 Pinang and Junk Ceylon, by order of the Supreme Go- 
 yernment in 1787, strongly recommended the occupation 
 of the latter Island by the British, and iu 1788 again^ 
 
 t • Vide Appendix,. 
 
 ♦ Vide Dmo, * 
 
132 TIN CO&NTaiCS ON THB WESTERN COAST OF Part 2« 
 
 brought the subject to the notice of the Board, id sub* 
 mitting a specimen of the Tin Ore of the Island, $''f- /-^ 
 
 The poh'cy of the British Government possessing this 
 most valuable hiand was fully discussed by the Governor 
 of Pinang, * and the advantages to l>e derived from it with 
 the system to be pursued, fully pointed out» The Hono* 
 rable Mr. Clubley, a Member of the Board, thus gives 
 his sentiments upon the subject. "The occupation of 
 Pankour, aud even the most successful prosecution of any 
 arrangements for augmenting the Trade in Tin from ?ۥ 
 Tak and Salengore, are in my judgement of far minor 
 importance to the contemplated object of offr late Gover- 
 nor, of extending our infiuence towards the possession of 
 the Island of Junk Ceylon. This material object I am 
 happy to ^ee is within the scope of the Honorable the 
 President's arrangements and wishes, and noticed in his Mi- 
 nute in terms satisfactory at once with respect tothe import- 
 ance of this place, and conclusive of his own warm in- 
 terest for the benefit of this Establishment. I sincerely 
 wish, that he may be the means of effecting this great 
 object during the period of his Government v — by such a pos- 
 session, the produce of Tin from an extensive Colony will 
 be a source of real advantage to the India Company, and 
 whi'e it must benefit individual industry, will compensate 
 in rome degree for the loss of Banca, as all accounts con- 
 cur in representing the Island of JunkCeylon as possessing 
 capabilities of rivalling Banca in its produce, if not in 
 
 ^ Vide Appendix. 
 * Goveroor Phiiii^'i Minaie i5ih O6lober» i8i9« 
 
Part 2. XH& MALAYAN FBNINSOLA*^ 133 
 
 the quality of its Tin. It is needless therefore ta urge 
 farther the advantage of such an Island being possessed 
 by a Government which would draw forth its resources 
 and make them available ta the great purposes of Cam« 
 inercial Enterprise,'^ • ^. -^ • 
 
 The negotiations which followed with the Government 
 ofSiam having been unsuccessful, the Island is stiH in 
 possession of a Power which does not appear disposed to 
 draw forth its resources, and the dread of an attack from 
 the Burmans, prevents the Inhabitants of the adjoining 
 Coast from settling upon the Island. In the event of a 
 rupture with the Siamese or Bivrmahs, it may be weft 
 to bear in recollection the valuable Island of Junk Cey- 
 lon, and if that could be added, either by con^iest of 
 fair negotiation, to the possessions of the Hon'We Com* 
 pany, their Revenues would be materially increased, 
 and the interests of the nation generally promotedv Tin 
 has never been known at a higher price than at pre-- 
 sent in China,, in Bengal, and at Pinang, and 2^ there 
 has been a very great decrease in the quantity of late 
 year?,, imported into the latter place, it is worthy of 
 consideration how it may be increased. That Junk 
 Ceylon possesses every advantage that can be desired | 
 as a productive country with a healthy climate, for a 
 Britii^h Settlement, has been fully established by the 
 concurring testimony of all persons who have visited tho 
 place, or considered the subj,ect« 
 
134 TIN COUNTRIES ON THE WESTERN COAST OP Part 2. ^ 
 
 PUNGAH; ^^•^^^ '^^ ^^'^:^^^ 
 
 ']h>U /'oiilv/ ji;;;,j.u'i :l: >: ' ■ ■: i- ^^^-u- vKJ; bni; ,1t^;sw: ?f»o^ 
 
 This River unites with the Pahlau, and is nearly; ^op« 
 posite the mouth of the principal River on Junk Ceylon. 
 It's situation is thus laid down in a Journal of a Voyage 
 in March 1822, " About ^ past 5 p. m. weathered 
 Easthernraost Point of Pulo Panjang^ continued course 
 four miles, and anchored at 7 p. m. in three fathonis 
 black Mud. The Pungah River bears N. W by W. dis- 
 tance a league/' There is a bar at the mouth of, and 
 several Shoals in the River. The depth of Water in many 
 placesf is not more than one and one and a half fathom, 
 consequently not navigable for large vessels, and the River 
 narrows considerably after ascending a few miles* Junks 
 tide it up to the Town, in one and a half or two 
 days from the entrance. From the source of this River, 
 the distance overland is said to be only two day's journey 
 to the River Bandon, which falls into the Gulph of Siam. 
 Mr, Crawfurd remarks* *' I may advert to the incalcula«» 
 ble advantages which would result to general Commerce 
 from the existence of an easy and a safe communication 
 by water betw6ln the Gulpha of Bengal and Siam* The 
 result of the enquiries which I made on the subject, is, 
 that snch a communicaUon would be most easily eflected| 
 ? Mr. Crawfurd*! tejpocl of hii Minion to Siam; '" " '-'' 
 
part 2. TUB MALATA!! PBNINSULAr 135a i, 
 
 and would be most useful, in about the Latitude of 8* 
 North. Between the head of the Rirer of Bandon, which, 
 as already mentioned, admits vessels drawing ten or fifteen 
 feet water, and the head of the River Ponga, which itself 
 falls into the Western Sea behind Junk Ceylon, and the 
 numerous small Islands in this direction, where there is 
 shelter from the Monsoons; the distance is said to be but 
 two day's ordinary journey. Were such a communica-i 
 tion practicable, Siam, Cochin China, China itself, and 
 the Philippine Islands, would be brought nearer to us by 
 a distance of equal to 16° of Latitude, while the precarious 
 and tedious navigation of the Straits of Malacca, would . 
 be altogether avoided." I fear we should find it a dif^' 
 ficult undertaking, making a Canal to the distance of even 
 two days journey in such a quarter, and as the PungiA 
 River is choaked up with Sand Banks, and only n^l- 
 gable for vessels of the. smallest size, the passage cpuld 
 never be rendered available to our larger Ships, or obuate 
 the necessity of passing through the Straits of Malaccd to 
 China. If such a scheme were practicable however^ 
 and a Settlement formed at Junk Ceylon, it would cer- 
 tainly become the Emporium of the East, and rival the 
 most flourishing of our Establisments. Pungah is a recent 
 Settlement, formed by apart of the Inhabitants of Junk 
 Ceylon, who fled in January 1810, when the Burmans 
 invaded and took*" possession of that Island. The Chief ii 
 styled Pia Salang, or Governor of Junk Ceylon and it's 
 "Dependencies, aud he has a Deputy Pia or Governor 
 
136 TIN COUNTRIKS OM TUB. WESTEAH COAST OF Part 2« 
 
 under his autliarity at Junk Cejlon- He h an Officer of 
 the King of Siam, of lovr origin, and ibrraerlj resided at 
 
 'a place called Natoi^ ta the Northward, eteven years. 
 The former Governor of Salang was dismissed, and the 
 present one is. liable to be discharged at the will of the 
 Despot* The Houses of the Inhabitants arc built of 
 Artaps and Neboiigs in the Malayan Style, There is 
 riiOt much cuUivatioft at this place, except Paddy, which is 
 exported in small quantities- There are few Bullocks or 
 Goats^ but Bufialoes are very numerous, and Fowls and 
 
 • Dticks abundant. The price of Poultry about 5 Dollars 
 per 100. The Chief and Inhabitants are not inhospitablet 
 
 ^f Population. — ^The Populatioa consists of about four 
 thousand Malays and Siamese, a thousand Chinese, two 
 \undred and fifty Christians, and twenty or thirty Chu« 
 liijhs and descendants of Malabar people. 
 
 The principal Article of Commerce here is Tin, of 
 vrhJyh about 500 Hahars or U500 PicuTs, are now aa* 
 huaity obtained^ but it might be increased to any ex* 
 iejity and has been vety much wi the increase during the 
 last few months^ It is procured in great abundance, and 
 \Fithout much labour,, at the distance of one days' journey 
 from' the Town* Last year, a considerable quantity was 
 sent overland to the capital, Bangkok, but the greater 
 part now finds it's way inta Pinang. There are two or 
 (hree Factors or Confidential Minister^ of the Emperor 
 who reside at Pungah, and superintend the Tin Trade j 
 
 collect the duties (SLc for the Kiog, and one of them ge^ 
 
Fart 2. thb malayah peninsula* I3f 
 
 nerally makes a voyage ta Prince of Wales Island every 
 three months, usually taking it by turns. The other ar- 
 ticles of Commerce are Beech de Mer, Tortoise Shelly 
 Elephant^s Teeth, Bird Npsts, and Paddy, It is said also^ 
 that there is Teak Wood in the Forests. ^ There are many 
 small Junks and Prows belonging to the place, which, are 
 constantly passing to and from Pinang, and there are 
 about lOor 12f Junks annufilly built there, besides.many 
 Boats, the Timber being very excellei^t, abundant and 
 cheap The Imports from Pinang consist of Long Cloths, 
 Muslins, Chintzes, Gufrahsj and other Bengal Piece 
 Goods, TalFatas, Madras Blue Cloth and Chintzes, ex- 
 pressly manufactured for the Siamese, ilugs, Curwahsi 
 Scarlet Broad Cloth, Glass Ware, Muskets, Guupo\rder| 
 Salt Petre, and various other articles* ^ ... 
 
 The Duties ao^, Port Charges, arc very exorbitant. 
 Upon a square rigged vessel of fifty Tons, vrhich sold to 
 the value of Spanish Dollars 2600, and purchased Tin ia 
 jreturn to the value of Spaniah Dollars 2000, the Charges 
 an)ounted to Spanish Dollars 407, in Presents and 
 
 Duties; vi^*, -^)/4> ^-vnr. .:;.oJiJ ^^\\u\ . 
 
 Presents to Chief, 2nd, 3rd and 4 th Officers, value 100 
 Dollars, Brokerage :|: per Cent4 „j4* J. i^, >,- ^ 
 
 Native Writer 18, Cutting and Marking Bales 7, Pilot 
 12, Use of Scales at Custom lioase 8, Port Clearance 2, 
 Peon 1, Pilot 5, li>iport Duties 6 periCvcnt, asually 8 per 
 Cent. Export Duty, oa Tin, valued at ^O^DoUari pec 
 Bahar 2|^ per Ceutt »v:i^M lot.^, >; r ^ u? c ^ ; 
 
138 Tin COUKTftlBS b.N THK WESTERN COAST OF Part Jtt - 
 
 PAHLAU; 
 
 This is a large branch of the Pungah River. There 
 U a small A^illage coutaioing about 100 Inhabitants, who 
 ioUectTin. ;-/-•'■---'■, . '''^'^\'r\-\--'';7.:-: 
 
 TADIN DEI. 
 
 Avl^i- 
 
 Is a large Rirer, but there are no Inhabitanti on it*< 
 banks.- ■■•■•''>■ ■'•• ■" 
 
 ■ ...to..,.- NAHKRA'Bte^-^-".?^!- \ 
 
 Also a wide River, but numerous Shoals and Sand%^ 
 Here there are no Inhabitants. ^ vir >> 
 
 ^- COREH OR CASSE£^|o^#.: 
 
 This is a considerable River, about SO miles to the 
 Northward of Traang« There are about 50 Inhabitanti^ 
 tubjecU of the Rajah of Ligorcw- 
 
 (: - - 
 
T9Xt% ' • ; THE MALAYAN rSNINSUJLA* . . l^f 
 
 LONTAR. 
 
 rr^i.j, itti'uM Tlfi;r:i:^ t}U)^lo ii'j{^-.\0 :f 
 
 A small River, frequented hj parties oif the Oranj 
 Laut occasionally* 
 
 TELIBONG. 
 
 This IS a very narrow Rirer, opposite the Island of the 
 same name. It was formerly much frequented by the 
 Orang Laut, who used to erect temporary Dwellings on 
 it's banks. There is a great abundance of Fish and 
 Oysters procurable in this quarter. There was formerly 
 a large flourishing Settlement on Pulo Telibong, (which 
 lays to the S. W. of Traang River, and ia three miles iit 
 extent), under Datu Pangawa, about the time Junk Cey« 
 Ion was taken by the Burmahs in 1810. Here Beech de 
 Met and Bird Nests were collected. There arc at pre* 
 gent uo inhabitants, but plenty of Deer, Buffaloes, ^Cf ^^^ 
 
liO TIN COCMRIBS ON TU8 WESTERN COAST OF Fart 2« 
 
 .This River forms the NDrthern Bouridary oftheQue* 
 dah Kingdom, l>ut has been possessed by the Siamese for 
 these last fifteen years. It is in Latitude 7^ 20' North. 
 There is a Bar at the entrance^aud numerous Shoals ex* 
 tending out many miles from it^s mouth, with dangerous 
 liocks, Tisibleonly at low water. There is a safe bat nar-» 
 row Channel for Ships. The River is shallaw inside; but 
 vessels of any size may navigate during the Springs* 
 There are three Streams; the centre or main branch caU 
 led Traangor Kotain, the right Polian, and the left Bauk<« 
 sa. The first Village near the entrance i? called Kwala 
 Batii or Batu Lintang, with 30 Houses ancf fSOInhabit** 
 ants. There are other Villages caHed Pomanni, ' Pa-« 
 inuang, and higher up Tipping Tinghi, From Pontanni, 
 to Ligor, the Country is said to be studded with small ViU 
 lages, but the journey across, which is about fire days in 
 the dry Sea<?on, is rendered very diflicult by the numerous 
 Streams and Marshes. ' In the rainy Season, it is scarcely 
 possible to go across, and the journey occupied at least 
 twenty days. From the Village of Traang, which con* 
 taids about 400 Inhabitants, the distance to Kotain or 
 Pontanni by the River, is two days. This is a large Vil«« 
 lage, consisting of about 150 Houses. From Kotain in a 
 X^orth Easterly directionj and di^^tant about a dayVjoarnejr 
 
Fart % 1?HB MALAYAH FBNINSaiiJ^^ l4l 
 
 By land, irtnmpourii;tl«ch' is about the sizb of Ejotafft. 
 The Natives say there are ninety nine branches orsub* 
 sidiary Streams which fall into this River. In 180% tfte 
 BiAJah of LigoFC requested the Pinang Government to 
 ■ recommend some of the' Native vessels from the Cfoast to 
 proceed to Traang and load 50* Elephants, promising 
 good treatment to the Chulialis. Man j vessds tlsect toi 
 frequent this place in former yearsi»' ' '-^- *^ ' ''■'■ ^ 
 
 ■ ' -■: :'>*'■' tf r^;?"** ..^\'^*Oir' :/"*• rii?)*''; -f>!il»r ?f!ii^ Ul^ *^uff»f^f^v 
 :'if-n ;"tt ^fp r.;'r '^•jsfu' . ;-.:^ ' - ■'^ :ij V'fi;?^10. . •■'>) 
 "-'-'^ f^'M-rn ?/v>l^rl>V^ T'T'Vl^ri'Cif^ '^^* bnnK*i^/ v/,?- 
 Opposite the moutB of tSfo River, whicli falls into the 
 ^ea, by two large branches, is a small Island called Pule 
 Sidi* There are several small Villages . up . this _Rive|^ 
 
 Which empties itself by two mouth?, the Soutncrnmost 
 
 ^jChannel being called Sungei Masuk Mcmbarig Segara. 
 
 There is an Island formed by these two branches, calle^ 
 
142:^, TIN COUNTRIES ON TH^ WSSXERN COAST OR Part -ft^^iTl 
 
 Pulo Temhlang, upon^ which there is a Village contafnifi|: 
 about 20 Hou-es and 100 Inhabitants. Up this River^ 
 about ten miles, is a place called Mera bang Segara, vrhere 
 Tuanko Busuoo, Brother of the King of Quedah^ former* 
 tjr residedk^ 
 
 KUBONG BOYA and BATU;^ 
 
 T^o Hirers of considerable size, up which the Siamese 
 liave lately been building and equipping some Prows of a 
 large size. There is at present, in consequence, a con* 
 siderable population of Siamese and Malay Prisoners from 
 Quedah and the Langkawi I^lands, who are all employed 
 in the construction oi Boats, I . .. . , . , 
 
 ■u»i2tii a 
 
 MERAKIT AND CUE BILANG. 
 
 Are two small Rivers, a little fo th^ Northward of 31 ., 
 prominent Point, called Tayjong Pau^ ^^^i, 4^.^ j/fftirn 
 
PartS^ /"? TBB MALArAN jgNiNsoiiS^ ■-"-**» «ifI43: 
 
 ■l'- 
 
 TEMBtANG^ MERPA«1iitf* 
 
 id^ 
 
 .^:i>jj{?:!^«i ^ii.^l^^;j>«^. . -- : '■• * • '>:>iua']a jOO(^ci;t! oAtuuil 
 
 Arc three small Rivers which fall into 'a deep Bay, caV 
 led Teluk Merpa, formed by Ptilo Teinblang, and a pro* 
 jeering spit of Land called Tanjong Gabus* The number 
 of Houses from Lingow to Tanjong Gabus, up? the several^ 
 Rivers beforcmentioned, are reckoned at a thousand, and 
 the Inhabitants about 5000, principally Fishennei> aod^ 
 Caltivators of Paddy, ;™-*" --t 
 
 11 KWALA PUJU: 
 
 Is a narrow shallow River np which, a few reaches, it 
 a small Village, with about one hundred luhabitants. 
 
 PUR LIS. ^i^i-- ' /u r] 
 
 This River IS in 6' 21' North. Opposite its month, is 
 a small low fTandy Man d, called Pulo Kpta:m. Thellivci/^ 
 is narrow, but deep, but there is a shoal Bsur dt theeK* 
 
144 TIN COUNTRIES OX' THB WESTJSRN COAST 07 Part 2t 
 
 traace. TBe (brmer King of Quedah resifffed nmtij years^ 
 at KiangaiT^ about 10 miles upr the River. Bendar Kangar^ 
 the first Village, isa^out 4 mires upv and Kampong Arau 
 up a sm^ali branch to the right, between Eiangan and 
 Kangar. After passing Kangar, k branches oflTto the 
 right by two Channels, the first called Simpang ka Gu« 
 iiong, which takes its rfse from a mountain called Gunong 
 Griang, at the base of which is a Village containrng about 
 40 Houses. Another Channel unites with the Quedafa 
 River, and a considerable distance farther up, is a Channel 
 called Sinrpang Sungei Wang Pia, which communicates 
 \ritb a very large River Sungei Tasi Pahana, which issues 
 from an extensive lake; one branch leads on towards San- 
 gora on the other side of the Peninsula, and the maia 
 branch takes its course towards the Western side by in- 
 numerable Channels, forming principally the Purlis, Ked- 
 da, and Mirbow Rivers^ and the several intermediate and 
 smaller Streams* On the left, is a place called Pulut, 
 and an Lland formed by the Purlis Channel to Sangora 
 and the Simpang Sungei Wang Pia, named Pulo Maha- 
 raj.a. To the right, a mountain called Wang Batu Be- 
 tangar. The total number of Houses up the Purlis River, 
 as far as the mountain beforementioned, are estimated at 
 2500. A few miles to the Southward of the Purlis 
 Biver^ is 
 
Part 2 THE MALAYAN PENINSULA. 145 
 
 KROlSra TANGAH. 
 
 f '/;:jv Yiiirn t>ii:>...j-i ^i/TD^iijV^^ io^.rt^ lOfKiol oa i' .^afe^i 
 
 Vm;* A,sraj^l shallow Rireri with a Village of 30x Housesi 
 
 ilfrbf^nO ;!jf(S jIht*^. K»5mii; hn'>n<i') -c^dJcnA .fc::^riJcH 01^ 
 ;.u:Wiai 50 Houses on its baTiksg,,,,^ ^Mgqtina hslfft^ ' 
 
 With 20 Houses. / , , . 
 
 ,.in!r.*l L'^J:/;;) ii!;;^>U| v^ ;.i ^:^;j! '^^^^^'^O ♦'Uu^^t?^ r^'(>' -^ 
 
 ^ With 100 Houses, the Inhabitants of which cnttivata 
 
 iPaddy, There is a small Channel which' unites 'the 
 '" Griang with the Kedda Rirer, called Sungei Malacca,. 
 
146 Jim COUNT&IBS ON THE WESTERN COAST OF Fart 3t 
 
 The Mouth of this River is in Latitude 6"" 6^ Noriitl 
 There is an extensive Mud Flat off the entrance, 6ut 
 there is sufficient Water at spring tides to admit a Vessel 
 of 300 Tons, There are stakes across the River-s Mouth, 
 leaving only a small narrow Channel for Junks and Prows. 
 The Fort, surrounded by a Brick Wall in a delapidated 
 state, and about half a mile in circumference, is situated 
 on the left Point at the mouih of the lliver, above which 
 is ihe first or Seaport Town, called Bendar Pakan Kwala, 
 containing about 1000 Houses on both sides of the Riveft 
 Mr Monckton who was formerly sent there from Bengal, 
 had a small Factory on the right side, called Sebrang 
 Nonia. Above the first Town, the River branches off te 
 the left, by a Channel, named Simpang ka Jerloon, on the 
 left bank of which stands a Village called Padang Lalang, 
 containing 20 Houses. - This unites with the Purlis, and 
 re-nnifcs with the Keddah, a considerable distance in* 
 land. The Keddah River branches off into innumerable 
 Channels, which it would be tedious to enumerate, unit- 
 ing with the Mirbow to the right. Above Allustar, which 
 was a large and populous Town, containing about 2000 
 Houses, and which is four hours pull from the entrance, 
 there is a bifurcation of the River, and the left branch is 
 
Fart^w THJs malatam psNiNsuLir 147 
 
 • ■ ■ ■ 
 
 called Sungci Anak Bukit, the right Sungei Limbang'* 
 These unite in the interior. At the period of the Siamese 
 irruption, the Quedah Country was very populous, and ia 
 describing the Villages and number of Houses, I must be 
 understood as having reference to that period. Of the 
 present state of the Country, it is difficult to obtain any 
 satisfactory account. The present information was prin* 
 cipally supplied by the King of Quedah, atid some of hrfl 
 attendants, from memory, having lost all the records con* 
 taining the census of population &Cr which he caused ta 
 be taken occasion aUy. When the Siamese invaded the 
 Country, there were 128 Mukims, in the Quedah State* 
 Marsden describes a Mukim to be like our Parishes ia 
 England. In speaking of Achcen, he says,* " The 
 whole Kingdom is divided into certain small Districts or 
 Communities, called Mukim, which seem to be equivalent 
 to our Parishes, and their number is reckoned at one 
 hundred and ninety.*' According to the Quedah Regu- 
 lations, a Mukim is a division of the people, which must 
 consist of not less than forty four men well qualified te 
 perform the ceremonies of their Religion at a Mcsejid, or 
 Mosque; but it may consist of several hundreds, or even 
 thousands. If there is no Mosque, no assembly or divi- 
 sion of the people can be termed a Mukim. In some of 
 the inland pans, or grazing Grounds, where there are 
 many Inhabitants, there is perhaps only o:ic M'ikim,and 
 if, as asjcricd, there are 1 28 Mukims in the Kingdom, i^ 
 
J 48 TIN COUNTRIES ON THE WESTERN COAST OP fart 2* 
 
 must tend to convey a very favorable idea of the populoiij 
 Slate of the Country* The computation, howeverv in- 
 cludes Pnrli?, Lingow, Seiool, and other dependencies of 
 the Quedah State, 
 
 I shall now endeavour to give some account of the Vil- 
 lages in the interior. Up the Anak Bu kit, which takes 
 nearly a straight or westerly course from its source, are the 
 following small Streams and Villages, viz. ^^^ 
 
 Sungei Mamplum containing. .20 Houses* 
 
 Sungei Mergong .-.."| 
 
 Sungei Gunong Sali >70 „ 
 
 Sungei Batia J , ,; 
 
 Kampong Teluk Jan ...10 „ 3 .?: 
 
 Ahstar ..2000 „ 
 
 Kanchat • . 10 ,, 
 
 Labu Pringi 10 ,| 
 
 Alur Rajh 30 „ 
 
 Alur Semada.. 20 ,| 
 
 Alur Merab ...."^ 
 
 Suka Menanti V300 ,^ 
 
 Anak Biikit J 
 
 Pompong 40 ^ 
 
 Titik Gajab 10 „ 
 
 Kampong Tokama 10 „ 
 
 Padang Sewajana 100 „ ^ 
 
 Here the Limbong is again united with the Anak Ba« 
 kit, and the River is called Bahor, beyond which is a 
 place called Tanjong Pauh and Alur Gaau, where the 
 
l^art 2. • ' xHB MALAYAN FBNINSULA. 14ft 
 
 Siamese usually remained wh^ii they came to make de* 
 mands upon Quedah. This is between the Kwala Bahor 
 JiQd Sungei Tega!, after which arcJ 
 
 Kwala Tanglak \0. 
 
 Padang Luar. ..**"•."....... 40, 
 
 ''" Padang Trap........ ...... 20. 
 
 This is close to a mountain called WangBatu Betangar, 
 ten days journey for boats pulling against the strong cur* 
 rent, from the mouth of the Quedah Rirer. 
 
 The Limbong takes its course in a southerly direction 
 for several miles, after which it separates by two branches 
 and re-unites by four different Channels to the Anak 
 Bukit, or main stream of the Quedah River. The first 
 place is Tanjong Bindahara, 
 
 Akar Beluru, containing 20 Houses* 
 
 Fankalan Kundur.. 10 ,, 
 
 Ganding 12 ,, 
 
 Fankalan Putar.... 10 „ 
 
 Tanjong Misri ,..• 10 „ 
 
 Tanjong Grigis -. 10 ,, 
 
 On the Simpang Trus Channel, 
 
 J^^'-^g^ hoo „ 
 
 Titik Siam j '* 
 
 Alur Malei 20 „ 
 
 Utan Pulei 20 ,, 
 
 * ' On the Kwala Bahor Channel, ''' 
 
 Tajor ----------.- 40 „ 
 
 Pagar Ayer -.---.-- i «0 '„ ' 
 
150 TIN COUNTRIBS ON THB WESTERN COAST OP Part 3« 
 
 Alur Bula ----------20 Houses* 
 
 Kubong Buaya -------40 ,,-;.;; 
 
 Pankalan Machang - - - -^ b >.ii^ ii 
 
 Limbong - V500^' ii ' 
 
 Pankalan Tomea -----[ ,. v w..< ,r ^ 
 
 Alur Betangar ----- -J f^'' ^ ^* • 
 
 Trong Asaui --------20 ,, 
 
 Lepai - ----------- 40 „ 
 
 Pankalan Gajah Mati - - - - 200 „ 
 
 Kampong Sapalu ------ 10 », 
 
 On the fourth large branch, called Simpang Rambei, h 
 Ranihei containing 10 Houses, to the right of which is a 
 Channel leading off to the Mirbow,and the following 
 
 Villages, Alur Parit -20 Houses. 
 
 Pladang -------- 10 „ 
 
 Padang Posing ----- 20 „ 
 
 Padang Karbau - - - - 309 ,,^ ' 
 
 and considerably higher up are two mountains, named 
 Gunong Garam and Fakir Terbang, close to which is 
 Peciow, containing 20 Houses, and a River issues form 
 them on the Eastern side which takes its course through 
 the Patani Country and empties itself into the Season the 
 Eastern Coast of the Peninsula. These mountains form 
 the Boundary between the States of Quedah and Patani* 
 We may reckon the number of Inhabitants upon an ave* 
 rage generally of five to a House. There are many small 
 Villages not noticed^ 
 
 
Part 2» THB MALAYAN PENINSULA. 151 
 
 Namb. — The name of the Capital of the Quedah Coun- 
 try formerly was Lindong-an-bulan, shaded from the 
 Moon, so called from being situated under the lofty 
 mountain Jerei. Afterwards it received the haire of 
 Quedah, signifying an enclosure for Elephants, which 
 signification that word bears also in the Pegue Country, 
 according to Symes* 
 
 Former Statb of thb Country. — At the time of the 
 cession of Pinang, Mr. Light represented the Quedah Coun- 
 try as containing a population of 100,000 within the Area 
 of 150 miles by 30 or 35, the Country as healthy and 
 fruitful; that it produced much Grain, Cattle, Poultry and 
 Fish in abundance; that the Export of Rice in 1785 to 
 other Countries was 2000 Coyans or 80,000 Piculs,* the 
 price of Bullocks 3 to 5 Dollars, Buffaloes from 4 to 6, 
 Fowls 30 to 40 per Dollar, Rice two Bengal Bazar Maunds 
 . per Dollar, and sometimes less, and Fruits in great abund** 
 ancc. Prior to the occupation of Prince of Wales Island 
 by the English, this was a place of considerable trade, and 
 numerous British as well as native Vessels from the distant 
 Islands of the Archipelago, and the Coasts of Malabar and 
 Coromandel resorted there. There was also a large .Tunk 
 annually from China, the Exports consisted of Beech de 
 Mer, Birds Nests, Sharks' Fins, Tin, Rice, Rattans, 
 Dammar, Tortoise Shell, Deer Skins and Sinews, Bui- 
 
 * riuring many , years preceding ihe corqaett of Quedah by tbr SMtnete, tht 
 quantity of Rice and Paddy Imported into Pinang from ihence annoallv, r^relf 
 fell short of <ooo Coyans, bat since thateveac it has sc«fcely exceeded oa* 
 teath ihc quauiiiy abcTC suicd* 
 
152 TIN couKtribs on thb western coast of Part 3* 
 
 lock and BiiflTuIoe Hides and Horns, and various other 
 Commuditiesii. The abstraction of the Trade from Que* 
 dah to Pinang) occasioned a loss of Revenue to the King 
 of 20,000 Dollars annually. 
 
 Chiefs of the ( ountry. — 1 have been unable to trace, 
 in a satisfactory way, the History of the Chiefs of Quedah, 
 beyond the Grand Fathei* of the present King, 1 he first 
 settlers at Kedah were from Malacca, the Inhabitants of 
 which came originally from Menangkabaa, in the in- 
 terior of Sumatra. The King, who was possessed of va- 
 rious historical records, lost them all upon the Siamese 
 Invasion. In a work however in my possession, which 
 I have been some time engaged in translating, contain- 
 ing the Laws, Port Regulations, Court Ceremonies, 6fc. of 
 Qiiedah, adapted from the Undang Undang Malayu, I 
 find, that these Laws and Regulations were compiled 
 by order of Sultan Rajil Ahidin Mahomed Shah, wh© 
 reigned at a place called Naga, in Quedah; no mentiod 
 is made of the period when the Sovereign reigned; but 
 he is supposed to have died a little more than a century 
 ago. The Grand Father of the present King was Sultaa 
 Mahomed Jevra, styled Sultaa Abdil Ma-alum Shah Al- 
 sultan Mahomed Jewa Kalifat Rahaman Zeina Adelin 
 Ma-aliim Shah, and at his death, called Marhum Kian- 
 gan, or the Saint of Kiangan, his residence during the 
 last few years of his life being at a place of that name 
 up the River Purlis. He was King in Mr. Monckton's 
 time. Uis Son succeeded him, under the name of Sultaa 
 
^ar'tSC ^ TAB M ALA YAK* PBN INSULA. 
 
 153 
 
 Abdullah Mahkurrain Shall, Mr. Light says " The old 
 King bad' no issue by his lawFut Wife, and Sultan AbduW 
 kh was a^ naldral Son, his Mother being a Slave Girlr 
 The oltT'King had two Brothers, and several Nephews, 
 wtio tKooght themselves injured by the election of this 
 B&stfird to the^ succession.. In the year f 7/ 0, they raised 
 a Rebellion, and brought the people of Salehgore and 
 Perak to iheir assistance. They entered Quedali, buf 
 finding the people did not join them, they burnt Allustar^ 
 then a very flourishing Town^ and at the Kwala,: took 
 several of the Coast Vessels, and carried off a considerable 
 deal of plunder. The old King was so much euragedi 
 that he forbad thefr ever returning to the Country. 'Ihe 
 disappointed Princes returned to Salengore, where thej 
 died in want and misery. Only one of their Children ib 
 left, who lives with the present King. The old King theti 
 Biarried his favorite Son to the Daughter of the Laxi^ama^ 
 na. At the old King^s death, which happened in 1778, 
 his Son was acknowledged King. The King is a weak 
 man, too fond of Money, very relax in the execution of the 
 Laws, not so much from a principle of clemency, as timi- 
 dity. His income consists in monopolizing all the Tradd 
 and the produce of the Mines. He receives likewise a 
 deal in presents and fines; every person who has &ny, 
 demand to make, or suit to prefer first presents a 
 Sum of Money which he thinks adequate to the demand;) 
 if the King approves of the Sum, he Signs the Paper, and 
 the Suit is obtained^ unless another person comes with « 
 
154 TIN COUliXAIES ON THB WESTERN COAST OF Part 2. 
 
 greater Sum. He receires a small diit j upon every Prow, 
 and upon the Sale of Cattle and Slaves. The Rjots arc 
 obliged to cultivate his Lands, and to defend the Country 
 at their own charge." This vras the Chief who ceded 
 Prince of Wales Island to the English; From the tradi« 
 tion of the natives of the present day, hovreveF^ it does 
 not appear, that Sultan i^bduUah vras a natural Son of 
 Sultan Mahomed Jewa, as mentioned by Mr,. Light, 
 though I am disposed to consider his account correct, and 
 that the King, of Quedah has an object in passing over 
 this part of the History of his ancestors. It is stated, that 
 Sullan Mahomed Jewa had two Wives and three Chil- 
 dren, vi^ two Sons and a Daughter^ The eldest SoHj 
 Abdullah, succeded to the Throne, and the younger, 
 Tl( aoodeen, became Rajah M uda of Purlis. The Daughter 
 mariied the Rajah of Patani,. Tuanko Rajah Chara^ who 
 had a Daughter named Tuaoka Kunit» 
 
 Sultan Abdullah had two Wives, Wan Meh, aijd 
 Wan Mas, and four favorite Concubines, viz. Che Bonda, 
 Che Mas, Chendra Sari, and Bida Sari. By Che Bonda, 
 he had three Sons and a Daughter^ the Sons named Tuan- 
 ko Ibrahim, Solyman, and Kusoo. The second Wife had 
 nine Children, viz. three Sons and six Daughters, the 
 Sods named luanko Pangeran* Busnoo, and Petra. Wan 
 Meh the other Wife had no Children. The second Con- 
 cubine had one Son, named Tuanko Daudr The third 
 Concubine had two Sons, named Tuanko Ambooa and 
 
 • The present £x-Kio^ of Qaeditb* .-' , ^,t» 
 
Part2» Tus Malayan^ fbninsitla./ 1:55 
 
 Mahomed, and two Uauglifers;;:- and the fourth-^Concttbine 
 had two Daughters; Sultan Abdullah died during ther" 
 time Mr. Cautiter was Acting Sbperintendent of Pinang^ 
 in the year 1798y and was succeeded in the Government 
 by his Brother the Rajah Mooda of Purlis, urfder the titl<y 
 of Sukan Tieaoodeen Makhurrum Shah. This Chief 
 granted the Territory on the main to the Honorable Com** 
 pany, in Sir George Leith's time. After some time, Sul* 
 tan Tieaoodeen getting old, became weary of conducring 
 the affairs of Government, and he transferred it to Tuan^ 
 ho Pangeran, the eldest Son of the late King's second 
 Wife, and Tuanko Ibrahim became Rajah Mooda, Thi* 
 arrangement and resignation of the Sultan Tieaoodeen in 
 favor of his Nephew, was voluntary. Tuanko Pageraa 
 had some time before proceeded to Siam, where he re-^ 
 mained some months,to pay his respects tothe Emperor and 
 to conciliate his good will. All the Chiefs and Nobles of the 
 Country unanimously consented to receive Tuanko Pan- 
 geran as their King, and he assumed the reigns of Govern- 
 ment in the year of the Heijerat 1218, or A. D. 1804^ 
 and afterwards took the title of Sbltan Ahmed Taju- 
 din Halim Shah. He is thus styled by the Siamese Go- 
 vernment, Chou Pia Ratismcram Ramapuck dae Sri Sul- 
 tan Mahomed Ratna Rajah Budin Tersurin Terwerei 
 Wangsa Chou Pia Cherei Burei — Cherei being the Siamese 
 name of Quedah. 
 
 In such a large family of Sons, it was natural to expect 
 there would be many disputes in respect to their separate 
 
156 riH COUNTRIES OK TUB wssiBEK C04ST OF Fart 3. 
 
 ftQthority^ and in the divisfon of the Patrimonial property, 
 and the late King often complained that he could not 
 controiil his numerous Nephevrs, who were each aspiring 
 to power. Tuauka Ibrahim, Daud, and Ba.^noo, eacb 
 laid claim to part of the annnal subsidy^ and the former 
 iengaged in opea rebeliion against his Brother the King^ 
 but was overcome by the Laxsamana at Kwala Muda^ 
 where he bad fortified himself, and soon after died* ' 
 
 Another Brother^ Solyman has long resided on th0 
 borders of the Honorable Company's Territory in the^ 
 Prye District, and has always conducted himself with 
 great propriety. The present King, who is now in exile 
 at Pinang, appear always to have maintained a good cha* 
 racter. Lieutenant Governor Farquhar says of hint 
 *^ Pangeran, the present King, is a young man^ whonif 
 report speaks more favorably of, than of the other Princes, 
 and who, if treated with liberality, may be secnred as ^ 
 real and firm friend. If it be admitted therefore, that 
 Bear neighbours are either firm friend?, or bitter enemies^ 
 we ought to be at some pains to secure the friendship of 
 this Chief, whose aid, if he were inimical to our Govern-r 
 Bient, might enable even a weak enemy to attempt and* 
 persevere in that, which, without the King's assistance, 
 be would never have presumed* to undertake." Tho^ 
 present 'ling has two Sons growVT np, named Tuanko 
 Abdullah and Fiianko Jakoob, the latter his favorite, who* 
 was carried off by the Siamese aad has beea in coDfiiieoieat 
 ai.Ligore ever since. . ,i; '. r;;J> 
 
Part J# THB MAtA^AN PENINSULA. 157 
 
 After the capture of Qnedah, the Rajah of Lfgore os* 
 tensibly transferred the Government of that Country tor 
 the former Sultan or Regent Tleaoodeen, (Uncle of the 
 Ex-Rajah,) who was very old and infirm. The only ob- 
 ject of this policy was to obtain from the British Govern* 
 nient) the annual subsidy of Ten thousand Dollars, here-* 
 tofore paid to the King of Quedah. The trick was too 
 apparent to be overlooked, and was treated as it merited, 
 by the Pinang Government, when an application was 
 made, in Tleaoodeen's name, for the Money. The old 
 Sultan, worn down by age and infirmity, died last year. 
 
 The authority and particular duties of the Bandhara,' 
 Laksamana, Tamungongand other Ministers and Officers 
 of State, with the etiquitte of the Court, &c. will be found 
 described in the Undang undang or Code of Laws and 
 Regulations which I have been engaged in translating. 
 The Bandharais the first Officer, Treasurer or high Ste-*" 
 ward; he has charge of all the King's Vassals, has a large 
 Portion of land and a certain number of Ryots to ma'n'< 
 tain his State. He is the ranger or Overseer of the forest* 
 and lands* He is General of the Army in time of War. 
 The Laxsamanais the Admiral; he governs all the Islands 
 and the Kwala, and has charge of the Sea Coast, He has 
 a great number of Dependants. '" J 
 
 Animals, Birds, Fish. — In the Forests of Quedah and 
 throughout the Peninsula, are to be found an ]mmen<;e 
 variety of Animals, of which the principal are Elephants 
 bliick and spotted, Rhinoceros designated by the Ma<» 
 
15S TIN COlTNTaiBS ON TBR WESTERN COAST OP Ifart 3* 
 
 lays Badak Himpit^ tain pong and ray a, plaki and spotted^ 
 several species of the Tiger, viz, Harimau baiur, Tu- 
 ruiikasau, the spotted and black Leopard, Harimau ktrnsv 
 bang; Tiger Cats; Buffaloes; Wild Bullocks, called Leoi* 
 ber Sapi, very handsome and powerful Animals, vfith 
 particularly fine limbs like an Elk, and their horns, \rhic& 
 are- very long, resemble those of the large Engli'^h Bui* 
 locks. There are also spotted Deer, Elk, Antelopes, 
 Mouse Deer/ Civet Cat, Guanas^ Porcupines, many varied- 
 ties ofMon keys, viz, Kra, Lotong,,Bruky.Siamang, Wang-- 
 sa, Konkang and Mawa; Bears, Otters, the Sloth, Foxes 
 and flying Foxe> and Squirrels. Of Birds there is an end-^ 
 less variety; but their plumage is little valued, except 
 that of the Argus Pheasant and Peacock, which are very 
 numerous,. The Argus Pheasant frequents the most loneFjf 
 and impenetrable parts of the forest, is naturally a very 
 shy bird, and when caught, di(ffcult to keep alive. Of 
 Pheasants there are many beautiful species.^ Fish of thQ- 
 choicest and mo?t delicate description is extremely abund* 
 aj)t in every part of the Coast, and many sorts of shelj 
 fibh areaho procurablie. It would be in vain attempting, 
 an enumeration of the various kinds which are obtainable^ 
 1 po>sess the names and description of upwards of I5Q 
 species* The Animal production^ of this, valuable; Country 
 are evea surpassed in number and abundance bj those of 
 the Vegetable Kingdom, of which I sljiall proceed to gifc. Sf 
 hmj ^ketc^,^^.,^^^,^;.^e^^^ro^ 
 
Fart 3;^ th» malayan^ fbninsula*^ 159^ 
 
 VxsGEtABtE f RODircTiONs.-^f sfiall af faiige lliese as well' 
 as I am able, under their respective heads, fram the in- 
 formation of the natiyes, beginning with the largest Trees 
 of the Forest, which are empioycd' for useful purjwses, and 
 of which there is an inexhaustible" supply on the moun« 
 fains of Quedah, and indeed throughout the Peninsula* 
 
 Planks and Crooked Timber foU Ships. — ^The largiest 
 Trees which furnish the best Timber for Planks and 
 Timbers for Vessels, are the SanjM, Gram, Chingal, Tema-» 
 ma Batu, Jati Bnnga, and Meranti. Some of these Trees 
 grow to a pl'odigious size^ and the Timber of all of them 
 is diirablev ^''*" ' 
 
 Beaats and Posts for t^ousBs, &c.— Tfiose most com* 
 BQonly u«ed as Pillars and Beams for Houses, and also oc« 
 casionally in Ship building, are Temusu Mas^ Medana^ 
 Lilin, M edang Ramangi, Medang GataT, Medan^ Lebar 
 Daun, Medang Telur, Medang Payong, Medang Kaladi^ 
 Medang Tijar, and Dammar Laut. The latter is unirer* 
 sally preferred as Beams for Houses at Prince of Walet 
 Island. 
 
 JPlanks for Houses and CoFFtNS, — For Flooring Planks 
 and other purposes of that nature, the Nangka Pipit, 
 Alban Tandok, Bungor and Ipil are generally preferred. 
 The Pulei is used for Ooflins. 
 
 Fdrniturb Timber.— The Trees most prized for maki* 
 ing Furniture and Cabinet Work, are the Bangas^ or 
 Red. Wood^ which admits, o^ afiaepoliahr Theuextia 
 
160 TIN COUNTRIES ON THB WESTERN COAST OF Part 2* 
 
 e>tiiiiation are Mirbow, Chichar, Rasu Puchu Etam, 
 Scraya, '1 cmubuiaik Karbau, and Arang, or Black W ood. 
 
 Masts. — For Masts of Ships, the Betangor Batu, or 
 Red Poon, and Betangor Bunga, or White Poon have beea 
 generally used. 
 
 Flowering Trees. — The Natives arc very partial to 
 the Flowers of the Pakulu, Chumpa, Kenanga and Sena^ 
 all which Trees grow to a considerable size, and are very 
 ornamental in Gardens. 
 
 Kris and Sword Handles and Musket Stocks. — The 
 Wood of the Kamuning and Katanga Trees, are used for 
 making handles for Creeses, Swords and other side Arms^ 
 and the Nianiris for the Stocks of Muskets and Match* 
 locks. 
 
 Oil and Dammar Trebs.^ — Wood Oil is principally 
 extracted from the KruingTree, Uammar and Gums fronti 
 innumerable Trees ; Sala is a Wood used by the Hhidoos 
 for burning their dead, and found in small quantities, 
 being occasionally exported to the Coa^t by the Chu4iah 
 Yes-els. * 
 
 Medicinal Trbbs. — From the Chenana Jangi, is ex« 
 tracfed a juice efficacious in the care of Bowel Complaints, 
 and the Mertajam for Head Aches and Fever. 
 
 Dyb Wood and Perfume. — The Sepang and Mang- 
 kudu are in plenty, and used for dyeing, the former occa« 
 .sionally exported in small quantities. The Gahru, sa 
 ^mnch prized for its perfume and used in the Temples and 
 .Keligious edifices, ia also a natiYe of the Pepiasula» -^^^ 
 
Parts. THB I^ALATAN PBMIKSlS^LA* 161 
 
 Palms.-^— Of the Palm* species, tie following tarietief 
 are most abundant throughout the Peninsula, viz. the 
 Nibong, a tall slender Palm used in the construction of 
 Native Hoilses for Posts, Flooring, &c. and for various 
 other purposes; Inior, the Cocoanut, the largest of any of 
 the Palms; Pinang, the Betelnut, resembling the Ni* 
 hongi Rambia, from which the Sago is procured, much 
 the same in appearance; Dangsa and Dudor, two other 
 varieties not unlike the Betelnut, but applied to no useful 
 purpose ; Serdang, the leaves of which are used for thatching 
 Houses; the Tree is nearly asarge as the Cocoanut; Anau, 
 another large Palm from which Sugar and Toddy arc ex« 
 tracted, and a substance which makes Cables and Rope, and 
 Tal, a small species of Cocoanut, much prized by the na- 
 ti ves. This is a low Palm, the stem is enveloped with a rough 
 substance, somewhat resembling coarse sackcloth. 
 
 Othsr Trbbs of thb Forest. — Besides the Pore?t 
 Trees before enumerated, as applied to the purposes of 
 Ship and House building, &c. there are many others of in* 
 ferior quality occasionally used for such and other purposes, 
 viz. Tangar, Mamba, Kilim, Bruas, A pi Api, Bakow, 
 Dedap, Mangkudu Besar, Budi, Ara, Ara Lampong, Je« 
 jawi, Bubaru, Sungkei, Saga Besar, Makoyan, Jeliti, Bn- 
 koi, Tampinis, Nipis Kulit, Galat, Galam, Mati Anak, 
 Langkadei, Prapat, Atool, Balang, Chemunar, Pulat^ 
 Chingking, Bubuta» 
 
 Rattans. — There arc seventeen varieties of the Rotas 
 Dr Rattan, viz. Semambu, Batu, Sini, Bubuar, Dullanan^ 
 
162 TIN COUNTRIES ON THE WESTEKN COAST OF Part 2* 
 
 Bakow, Halban, Hifang, Gain, Pasir, Sabut, Jernang, 
 Tawar, Pai, Teling, Dini and Sega^ 
 
 Bamboos. — Of Bamboos elcTen sorts, viz. Biilu Betong, 
 Aour Dini, x^our Miniak, Aour Gading, China, Kechil, 
 Pai, Mati Ruas, Belalei, Ipi, Timiang. 
 
 Flowers. — The Malor, Pengaga, Chumpaka, Pekulaf, 
 Randa, Mator Susuii, Susan Kalapa, Ganda SuH, Paridi, 
 Snndal and Malor Uiao are the princijml Flowers and 
 Shrubs culliTated by the Malays, and sold in the market 
 phices, forming as they do, a part of the ornaments of the 
 Musicians and Dancers at their nautches, and made great 
 use of in their marriage Ceremonies* 
 
 Fruit Trees. — Few Conn tries possess such a vast pro* 
 fusion of Fruits, most of which grow spontaneously without 
 any cuhure. The first Fruit in the estimation of the na* 
 tives themselves is the Durian, well known for its pecu* 
 liarly powerful odoriferous qualities. Of Mangoes (Mam- 
 pahim) there are five varieties, viz. the Mampalam, 
 Mampalam Siam, Achec, Bamban and Telur, besides 
 four v^orts of Wild Maugoes called Machang, Machang 
 Chupah, Siku and Lada. Of the Jambu (a species of 
 Apple) there are the Jambu Kling Merah, (red) Ayer 
 Mawa, (which tastes like Rose Water,) Jambu Biji, the 
 Guava, Irongthe Cashew Apple, and another sort called 
 Brit is. Of the Jack species, there are the Chumpadar, 
 Isangka, Nangka Bubor, and Nangka Belulong. Of the 
 Orange kind, the Limau Kadangsa, Manis, China, Chim* 
 bul, Kapas, Nipisy Pagar, Karbauy Kinsi and Krat Lioo 
 
Part 2. THE IttAl/AYAN PBNIXSULA* 163 
 
 tang. The Mangoostan, Rambufani Duka, Langsaf, 
 Tampoya, and Tampoui, all delicious fruits, are in the 
 greatest profusion. Besides these are the following, some 
 of which are entirely Jungle fruits, and some partially 
 cultivated, viz. Belimbing Bulu, and BelimbingLinching^ 
 Rumia, Tampal, Jejinti, Setool, Setial, Deliraa, Krangi 
 Lutong, Kandes Besar, Asam .lawa, Ramuyia Subuiar« 
 naman, Galugor^ Chermei, Kadanda, Pupur Tambun, 
 Pupur Dendang, Krikop Besar, Krikop Buru, Sanga, 
 Pauk, Bedara, Punti, Blnjal, Binda, Lanjaf, Sepam, Jaa« 
 gas, Setar, Ramnngei, Kedaha, Berimbang, Kaletu, 
 and nineteen species of Plantains, viz. Plsang Gading^ 
 Jelei, Susu, Burtatua, Udang, Paib, Amas, Bengala, Mas 
 Ayer, Mas Utan, Kelat, Kelat Barat, Kelat Ayer, Benga- 
 la tiada Biji, Pendit, Raga, Bagaran, Berasa, and Chan- 
 gal Petri, , 
 
 SuGAft Cane.— The Sugar Cane grows in the greatest 
 perfection, and is eaten by the Malays in large quan- 
 tities. There are three sorts, viz. Belong, Mera, anil 
 Rotan. ' .-;»:.. 
 
 Culinary Vecetables. — The most commonly culti- 
 vated Vegetables are the Trortg, or Brinjal, sometimes 
 called the Egg plant, of which there are six varieties, viz. 
 Trong duda Haruan, Panjang, Rapn, Prat, Pipit, and 
 Belanda. Of Chillis there are the Chabei besa-^, Chabei 
 chuchuk, and Chabei sundal. Of Peas, or Pulse, Ka- 
 chang Sepat, Kalissa, Chemara putih, Cheaiara mera and 
 Kaya. Of Sayur Bayam, there are six sorts used by the 
 
164 TIN COUNTRIBS ON THS WBSTERN COAST OP Par| 2« 
 
 Malays, tiz. Bayam benar, Merah, Uraah, Duri, Tubah 
 and Rusak* Of the Cucumber kind, three sorts, tis. 
 Timon batang, Ringan and Batik, besides three other 
 kinds of bitter Cucumbers called Patola Linehin, Belim* 
 bing and Ular. Pumpkins, Labu Mera and Labu Ayer* 
 Yams and Svreet Potatoes are cultivated at all the Ma- 
 la} an States on the Peninsula, and the Malays are never 
 at loss for Vegetable substances to mix in their Curries, 
 as the Woods produce innumerable esculent plants and 
 
 Minerals — Allusion has already been made to th<^ 
 Tin Mines with which the Peninsula abounds. Gold is 
 alsofound in several places, and in the Quedah Country, 
 there is abundance of Iron Ore, similar lo that manu- 
 factured by the Siamese into Quallies and Cooking Uten- 
 sils, of which very large quantities are imported annually 
 into the British Settlements by the Chinese Junks from 
 Bangkok., 
 
 To the Southward of the Quedah River are 
 
 *»**" 
 
 TABANGO W* ; 
 
 A very small Rirer^ with a Village of 20 Hoaseirr 
 
Part 3* THB MALAYAN PBNLNSULA« 165 
 
 ■• V-;.;:'.: ■ SALAH. < ; 
 
 
 A little wider^ with a Village of 10 Houses, 
 
 .<f:^,t ;.*. t iv . »/ 
 
 BADAK. RUGA. IAN. 
 
 
 With several small Villages and 100 Houses* These 
 are scarcely larger than RiFulets, and only one ProW 
 can pass at a time. This last place is celebrated for 
 Fruit, particularly Dorians. 
 
 li^nkiV: f 'l\ 
 
 MIRBOW. 
 
 Is thus described by Milburn. *^ About 18 Miles to 
 the Southward of Quedah; it is a large Hirer, deep and 
 rapid. The Water here always fre<»h to the Sea; the 
 heavy surge which breaks upon this shore during the 
 S, W. Monsoon, has, by opposing the Current from the 
 
166 TIN COl/KtiliV ON T^E WSST'ERK COAST OP Part^ 21 
 
 River, formed a dangerous Sand ££ank, extending three 
 Miles^out to the Sea, and on which there is only a fathom 
 Water.. This lliver is however convenient on account of 
 its situation with^ the Tin Mines. The Annual produce 
 here is about 1000 Piculs. This small iqban tit jiJI hotr 
 however, owing to the scarcity of Ore, but to the want 
 of hands,, and to the few people employed.'' To the 
 North wafd of this River, about 6 or 7 Miles, are four 
 Islands caliied the Boontings, named Boonting, Sonson, Pin- 
 gyl, Bidang, signifying literally. Pregnant, quickly, calU 
 Midwife. These Islands are well known as the favorite* 
 i:?:iort of Turtle, and Pirates. Close to the Southern point 
 of the River, are two Hills, called Bukic Pinjara, and 
 ]^nkit Pitri, where there are several small Batteries. Ta 
 the left of the Muda, about twenty-fire Miles in the in* 
 tei ior, is the lofty Mountain called Gunong Jerei^ whosd 
 sharp Peak forms an excellent Land Mark for Naviga- 
 tors making the Island of Pinang. The Natives have 
 many fabulous traditions concerning this Mountain, and 
 believe, that there is an evil Spirit residing upon the 
 Peak. A peculiar and savage race of people, called 
 Seniang, are found upon and near the base of the Moun- 
 tain Jerei. . The Mirbow unites with the Quedah River 
 in the interior, by a channel, called Simpang Rambei^ 
 and near Pulo Tiga, or three Islands, which are iiK 
 the centre of the River, half a day's pull up, is a canal' 
 .of communication with the Kwala Muda^ which was cut» 
 by the present King a few years ago. The following 
 
Part 2. THB MAlAYAN PENINStfLAi t&T 
 
 Streams falf into the Mirbow between the niouth* a»d 
 the distance of twenty-four hours puU up; vizk 
 
 Snngei Mirbow to the left with a Villageof GO'Houaes. 
 
 Sungei Dedap to the rfght. none". . .;..•*.;... « 
 
 Siingei Birgang- . . . . ^left. . . . ^ ; .' . . ^.'. . . 30^ ,,' 
 
 Simgei Batu^': ... - . .^. do.. . . . . . . none. ... v, ...;.# 
 
 ' Sungei Pataml .... . -right- ... . .... .^ % - . . . . . ; . ', .4 
 
 At Pulo Tiga or Three Islands- ..... . . . 100 „ 
 
 Sungei Limbing on the left . . • : 30 jy 
 
 ' Sungei Til kang. .. — right- . . . .-. none. . . ^ . i * . .- -• 
 
 • Sungi6i Ayer Nasi left ........ , . • 
 
 SuiVgei Geta. . ...... .right-. 
 
 Pankalan Ass^m on the left Bank of the "W ^ 
 
 Main Stream -.....»... i ».i:.> '*^ 
 
 Bidung on the right - ..*-.-.;...... i, 5 ^ 
 
 Total 227 Houses 
 
 which, at ah average of five Inhabitants to each, gives a 
 Population of 1,135 Souls on the Banks of the Mirbow; 
 When the Siamese took possession. 
 
 MUDA. 
 
 •^.-1-. T*^/ 
 
 This forms the Northern boundary of the Bfonorabfe 
 Company's Territories on the Main* The mouth of thii 
 
168 TIN COVNTRIBS ON THE WESTEaN COAST OP Part. 2, 
 
 River is nearly directly opposite (he small Island, called 
 Pulo Tikus, off the Northern Point of Pinang. There is 
 a very shallow Bar at the entrance, which renders it dif- 
 ficult for Prows to enter when it blows hardr This Rirer 
 is extremely rapid, and inside the Bar^has2, 3 and 4 
 fathoms in some places* Its source is at the foot of the 
 Mountain Sablah in the Patani Country. On the op^ 
 posite side, the Patani Rirer^ which empties itself on the 
 Eastern side of the Peninsula, also take its rise, and it 
 is positively asserted by the Malays, that the Perak River 
 has its source at the base of the same Mountain^ which 
 is remarkable, the mouths of two Rivers being distant 
 about a degree and half of Latitude^ The fact is con« 
 firmed, however, by the Rajah of Perak's Letter to the 
 King of Quedah in 1814, in which he says^ " the Patani 
 people have attacked our Country, and taken possession 
 of our Tin Mines.** 
 
 On the left bank of the River, about a Mile, op^ is a - 
 miserable Village called Kota Lama, where there are tho t 
 remains of an old Brick Fortification. After passing tb(S , 
 Company's Territory, which extends only three mile» iu« 
 land, there h another Village on the left bank, called Kotn^ 
 Aom; to the right, a small Stream called Sungei Udangr 
 About two days pull up, there is a junction of the tw<^ 
 Streams which form the Muda. To the right is a Village 
 called Katumba, containing 20 Houses; a short distance 
 above this, is a small Stream to the rights called Sungei . 
 KupoDg, with 20 Uousest Another to the left, Sungei Lc« . 
 
Fart ?• THE MALAYAN PBNINSULA« 169 
 
 mau 25 Houses, andto the right, riot far beyond the lastj 
 h Sungei Pulei, five days jonrney in Boats ffani the mow tb 
 of th€ River, vrhere there fs a gniall Town, with- 100 
 Honses. The" Q'uedafr authority extends as far as this* 
 Hiere it is the Tin, which is carried across from the Mines 
 of Kroh, is put into small Boats to bring down the River» 
 Nearly opposite Pulei, is a lofty mountain called Gimong 
 Wang, and above this, a small Tributary Stream, Sungei 
 Bungor^ with a srtiaH Viibge of 20 Houses, A very short 
 distance from this, are Kalian Mas, Ampat Aycr, Kroh^ 
 and Kalian Intan^ on the principal Tin Mines in the Fa* 
 tani Country^ 
 From Kroh to a place called Kapih, Is one day's journeyi 
 
 ,y Kapih to Beetong, a quarter of a day* 
 
 ^, Beetong to Rambong the same* 
 
 ,, Rambong to Jarongthesame. HerePanguliiMahomi 
 ed,the principal O wner of theTin Mines resides^ 
 
 „ Jarong to Kota Baru, five days* ♦ 
 
 All the beforementioned places are under the authority 
 of the Rajah of Kota Baru, named Tuan Raman. At 
 the distance of a few days journey round Kota Biiru, in 
 the Patani Country, are numerous Petty States, under dif- 
 fent Rajahs, or independent Chiefs, of which the following 
 are the principal. 
 
 From Kota Baru to Belong, 10 days. The Chief is Rajah 
 Belong, Here Gold is obtained; about 10 
 Catties in the year. 
 
 i. Ditto to Ligi 2 days, under Rajah Belong. 
 
jr 
 
 99 
 
 jr 
 
 M 
 
 5» 
 
 »» 
 
 9» 
 
 W 
 
 99 
 
 51 
 
 170 TIN COUNTRIES ON THE WESTERN COAST OF Part 2« 
 
 From Kota Seepoh 4 days, under Ahiang. Nit Besar^ ,^ 
 jy. Ditto Jala 1 dajj under Tuan Sisik. 
 
 Sei 2 days,. under Neckdah^ I ^ , 
 
 Nochi2 days, under Tuan TangaKj- ^ - ..^ ^ ^ , 
 Kwala Bukka3days, Tuan Besar*^ r^ .. 
 Pankalan 2 days. Rajah Jerringr 
 Jambu 2day§,^ Rajah JambiK- 
 The Country is represented to be extremely popiilbn^J* 
 and must be so^ as in 1820, Syed Allee, Nephew of Ma-^ 
 lacca Tuanko Syed Hanied of Patani, whose Country fj 
 Kamoja, had then^ by his own account, 40,000 disposeablo 
 fighting Men, "besides what he could obtain from his 
 ueighbouring Malayan Ailies,-and he proposed ta subdue 
 the States of Sangora, Ligor, and Mandelong, if the Bri- 
 tish Government would co-operate, and take the capital of 
 Siam. lii soliciting an Alliance with the British Govern-^ 
 ment at thattimcy as his neighbour the King of Kallantaa- 
 did la>t year, whoin fact offered his Country to the En-- 
 glish,^ reserving for himself half the Revenues, Syed Ha*- 
 Mied holds out as an. inducement, that '^ the Exports oP 
 Patani are In arising from Gold Mines ;. 2ndly the Tiif 
 Mines,. Salt Chokies and Cardamums, and in all the Islands^ 
 much profit may be obtained fram Bird Nests^, Tin, and 
 Kasturi Wood.'^ 
 
 Tin. — At Kroh Tin Mines, there have been .usually 
 50 Bahars, and at Kalian Intan close to it 200 Bahars, an- 
 nually obtained. One Ganton of Ore produces 7 Bidor^ 
 1 Bidor is 2-^ Catties. The Tin is carried down to Pulei 
 
Paris. THB MALAYAN PENINSULA*^ 171 
 
 upoiv Elephants and Buffaloes, the \jsiial load for an Ele*' 
 phant being one Bahar, and for a BuflTaloe half that quaa* 
 tity or 1~ Piciil. There are great obstructions at present 
 to bringing the Tin -down the ICwala j^rnda, being, infested 
 bj Prrates, some of the refugees from Quedah aud the 
 Lancavy Islands.* The Tin Ore is put into^a large Pot 
 with a hole in the bottom, mixed with Charcoal; under- 
 Death is a QuaUie or Iron Pot, madeat Siam, tooontaia 
 the Pure Metal, and a pair of rudely constructed BcU 
 lows, called Pengumbus, fastened abdrcr 
 
 Cattle are very abundant in the Patani Country, Buf- 
 faloes and Bullocks from 1 to 3 each,* Goats ^ to ^ of a 
 Dollar, Fawls 2 per 100, and Rice is generally 25 Gantons 
 per Dollar, or two Maunds and an eighth. 
 
 We now come to the Territory of the Honorable Com- 
 pany, which extends from the Southern bank of the 
 Kwala Muda, to the Northern bank of the Kriah, a dis- 
 tance of about ~ a degree. I shall briefly enumerate the 
 Rivers on this part of the Coast; an account of the Villages, 
 Population, &c^ falling more properly under the head of 
 Finang« 
 
 * Since this waf written a coniiderable floppTjr of Tin hai been < btained froa 
 the Patani Coantrf through the judicioat arrangements of Mr. Maingy, ihjs 
 Soperintendeot of Wellealj P^?ince and there ii erer/ prospect of an increasing 
 Trade, 
 
 • ScTcral hondrcd Head of Cattle have lately beea broaght doira from C&* 
 Patani Cottntry to Froviace Welletly* 
 
172 Tin couKXftifs U.N xas TV£STsaN COAST OF Fart 3* 
 
 BUKKAH. 
 
 Is the next to » the Ewala Muda, a very diminutirtir 
 Stream, about five miles to the Southward,^ ia whicli'' 
 Prows onljT of the imal!est sfze can enter at high Water.r- 
 Here is the principal Settlement on the Company's TerritCN' 
 rj on the maioj.. where the Superintendent resides^ 
 
 PRYEL 
 
 Is abreast of the North part of Pinang, called Ftaf 
 Point, where George Town stands. This River goes about 
 20 miles through a Flat Country, with a rery winding 
 course to where it diminishes into a small Rivulet. There 
 Is a small Trus or Channel of communication with the 
 Muda. Captain Forest in the Fly Eetch, escaped from 
 the Dutch Cruizer whieh chased him out of Quedah Roads, 
 by rowing up this River, while the Dutch thought he had 
 passed between Pinang and the Main. There is a Mud 
 Bar at the entrance, with 12 or 13 feet Water, and it car- 
 ries 3 fathoms to near its source^ and the Channel which 
 
Part 2;^ THE MALAYAN PENINSULA.' 175 
 
 leads from the Kvrala Muda, is only navigable for the 
 smallest Canoes. There are several Villages on its banks 
 beyond the limits of the Company's Territory, viz. Kota, 
 Kampong Tuanko Solyman, where the King of Quedah's 
 Brother has resided some years, and Labn Bunting. To 
 the Southward of Kota, are two Hills called Bukit JuUu* 
 tong and Gerak Ipok. 
 
 JOOROO. 
 
 Is a small River, about three miles to the Southward of 
 Prye. On the right, is a remarkable Hill, called Bukit 
 Bagan Nanas, and about two miles inland on the left, 
 Bukit Xangah. 
 
 JUNJONG, 
 
 Is the next small River. On the right side is Pulo or 
 Bukit Batu Kawan, an Island close to the main which 
 extends along shore about 1^ mile, and fronting this, aro 
 two Islands called Pulo Kra, or Monkey Islands; to the 
 Southward of which are 
 
174 TiiX COUNTRIES ON. Tflfr wBSTBnN COAST OF Part 2. 
 
 BATU KAWAN. TANGAR. 
 CHANGKAT KALIDANG. 
 
 three very inconsiderable Streams and then comes the 
 River which forms the Boundary between the Honorable- 
 Cojnpaaj's territory and the State of I'erak, called 
 
 KRIAN, 
 
 which has lately been frequented by some of the Malayr 
 who have fled from Quedah. Up this River, Rattans arc 
 obtaineci. After passing a prominent Poiut^ called Tan- 
 jong Belana^ the next Ri?er is * 
 
 TIANG. 
 
 Here there are no Inhabitants ;. but h is a favorite resorC 
 of the Pirates, who have cleared away a very pretty Spot 
 near the entrance, where they land and enjoy themselves 
 smoking Opium, Cockfighting, &c. Passing another 
 Point, Tanjong Piandang, the next River » > 
 
FdrtSt THE MALAYAN PENINSULA.' 175 
 
 SELINGSING, 
 
 also wilHbiit rnhabitant$5 and- frequented by Pirates at 
 certui a Seasons, usually in October and NoTcmber. 
 
 SEPITANG. 
 
 Is a W](Te River, but there is a very extensive IMTud Flaf^ 
 which lines the whole Coast from Kriaii to Trong, which 
 renders it impossible for any but small vessels to enter 
 these Riversy some of which are deep inside. These afford 
 a safe retreat for the Pirate Prows, which cannot be pur^i 
 sued by our Cruizers. Here there* are about 50 Houses^ 
 and 250 lahabitants. 
 
 SANG AH KECHIL and S ANGAH 
 
 BESAU. 
 
 Are also wide and deep Rivers, but no Inhabitants on 
 their banks. 
 
176 TIN eouNxarss on the westbrn coast of Part 2* 
 
 LAROOT. 
 
 , Is wide, but shallow. There are about 100 Houses up 
 this River. .. 
 
 TRONG. 
 
 As large as the Prye, but extends farther into the in- 
 terior. Here a good deal of Tin is brought down from 
 the Perak mines. There are about fifty Hou-^e«, and two 
 hundred and fifty Inhabitants. The Village of Sayong, 
 near which the Tin is obtained, is four days sail up the 
 River, from the entrance. 
 
 JARONG MAS. 
 
 Another pretty considerable River, with about 50 
 Housei on iti banks» 
 
Parts. THE MALAYAN FfiNINSULl. 177 
 
 BRUAS, 
 
 Is another small Stream; there arc 40 or 50 Housiss. 
 
 KORAU, 
 
 Is the next, awfde and rapid Rirer. A few mHca to 
 the Southward of this River, is an Island called Pulo Ta« 
 lang, which abounds with Tin Ore, it is sard; and between 
 this Island and the Main, is a Channel for small Vesself 
 called Salat Fulo Talang, or the Straits of Talang. Op- 
 posite the South point of this Island, is another Rirer, 
 caUed 
 
 GALAM, 
 
 «nd a little farther on 
 
178 TIN COUNiaiES OK THB \fESTERK COAST 07 Fart 2#^ 
 
 PUSSUYIU, 
 
 
 botli small Streams withottt InhabitatitSr About a mfler 
 to the Southward of the last, is a very prominent point, 
 Tanjong Chechnran Hantu, after rounding which, are 
 the two Islands of Pulo Pankour Laut, and Pankour Da-- 
 rat. Vessels of considerable burthens can enter the Straits 
 formed by the greater Pankour and the Mai a. After 
 passing the Northern Point of the greater Pankour, there 
 is a deep indented Bay, formmg nearly a Semicircle on 
 the Island, \Th?ch is a favorite anchorage for Prows, and 
 which is called by the Malays Labuhan Bilik, or the 
 Iloom Anchorage* Nearly opposite this is 
 
 :lMCt 
 
 BINDING, 
 
 a wide and deep River at the entrance, capable of ad- 
 mitting Vessels of a large size. About 7 Miles up, is J 
 a Village under a Chief of Salengore, containing about 
 forty Houses. Tin's River does not extend above 20/ J 
 Miles into the interior. To the Southward of Pankour,^ 
 
Part 2» THE MALAYAN PENINSULA. , . 179 
 
 IS a small Island called Piilo Kata, and from the Southern 
 Point on the Main directly opposite, commences a deep 
 Bay, called Teliik Batu, between which and the Pcrak 
 River, which lies opposite the Sambilang, or Nine Islands, 
 are the following small Rivers, (after passing 
 
 PULO I^ANIiOUR. 
 
 The large Pankour is in Lat. 4* 16' North. It if 
 divided from the Main by a narrow Strait about one and 
 a half mile to one and three quarters in width. It a- 
 bounds in Canes, Rattans, Oil giving Trees, Dammar, 
 and Crooked Timber for Ships. It is also said, that Tin 
 IS found on the Island. The Water is excellent, the Har- 
 bour safe, and it is in every respect, a most eligible Spot 
 for a small Settlement and forming a Depot for the Tin 
 collected in the neighbouring Countries of Perak, Sal en- 
 gore, and Colong. The ruins of a Dutch Fort, bearing an 
 Inscription 17^3, are still visible. Tin Ore is also said 
 to have been found at the adjoining Islands of Pulo Kata 
 and Pulo Talang. At the latter place, a Mine was wrought 
 a few years ago, by Rajih Hussien, Son of the King of 
 Salengore, when he resided at the Dindings. The Island 
 is in the direct tract of Ships passing down the Straits of 
 Malacca, and they indeed generally pass within a few miles^ 
 of .it,, viz, _• ::,^:^/v-s^- _ - ,:j:r/'— ^ioi::; ^ ,- ... :.-:i 
 
180 TIN COUKXftlBS ON THB WBSTEEN COAST OP Krtf 'S? 
 
 f PENDUT OR PUCHAT»'^« ; 
 
 ?;-:! 'nii T^/lH :;/'?•>' -Ji*': «i\Nl ..i>;. 
 
 without Inhabitants* ,, , , * ' . - :, 
 
 TERAM, XUMBONG, AGAS. 
 
 On the banks of which three small Rirers arc altogether 
 about 200 Houses. There is a prominent point to the? 
 Northward of the Perak River, after passing Sungei ikgaa^ 
 called Tanjong Kelam* • 
 
 The Current from this large Riror runs "so strong, that 
 at the distance of a mile from the mouth, the Water it 
 quite fresh) during the rainst It will admit a yessel draw«^ 
 
P^rtS. THB MALAYAX PBMNSULA*, 181 
 
 • ■ ■ ■ • ' i ' 
 
 ing 12 feet; but the Channel is intricate, and the Bar 
 hard sand. There is only one dangerous shoal in the 
 lliver whicli is navigable for large vessels as far as Tan- 
 jong Putns, where the Dutch formerly had a factory, and 
 the bottom is soft Mud. Both sides of the lliver are low 
 and swampy except one Spot about five milc^ from the 
 entrance, where there formerly was a Fort, called Setia, 
 and where the ground is a little more elevated, though, 
 during the rains, sometime^ partially overflowed. 
 
 Several large Streams fall into the Perak and the smal- 
 ler Streams or Anak Sungei, as they are called by the 
 Malays, are innumerable. The natives reckon the tributa- 
 ry Streams of the Perak at nine hundred and ninety nine; 
 but this is merely a figurative way of conveying the idea 
 of a vast number, which they have never given ihemsel^e* 
 the trouble of taking a correct account of, I shall novr 
 proceed to enumerate the principal Streams and Villages, 
 with an estimate of the number of Houses, as detailed to 
 me by several of the best informed natives of the Country, 
 united to my personal observation, premising however, 
 that 1 do not vouch for the accuracy of the native state- 
 ments, which, imperfect and inaccurate as they are, 
 perhaps, may nevertheless serve to convey a more correct 
 idea of the population of the Country, than has been 
 heretofore possessed. 
 
 The following small Streams fall into the Perak River 
 Tiithin the distance of seven or eight miles from its mouth, 
 viz, Sungei Kling, Sungei Teram, Udang Udang Kechil, 
 
182 TIN COUKTRIES^ON THE WESTERN COAST OP fa,ri'1L. 
 
 •v^:>i 
 
 Giyan Giyan Kechil, Kwala Dedap is,a large Stream ^ 
 which falis^ in oa the left, au4 receives three smaller^ ' 
 
 viz. ■■ ;.. ,. r ))r j^/:-,. r; .,;r.:^- n. ixitMli ::}i^f -^^ri. 'i-sxt - 
 PahTawat, on which are ^0 Houses.^ . • ^^i ~:(^ 
 Sirih-...: .... .... 140. .- ^ V.^.,..h iis>>.k:i;- 
 
 Dalang ..;. •j**. ^. 60 U; ^ :^^^'^ ^-Itj, ? 
 Opposite Kwala Dedap, another falls in to the right,.: 
 called Siingei Feiiidlahan, ihe Tributary Streams of 
 •which are ' • '\- ■ ' ■'" ". / 1.^ ■-* '.:m :'^ •-;-'^ 
 
 Dalang with a Village of 70 Houses^ ^ ' hri^v^K 
 • Sirih'.JiV/iiyyw^.v... 60 \^^^' '-K'm^M-^'-^^ 
 
 8» 
 
 Palawat'':.::,w"^v^^/^.. 30 ^-ii'^>-^nm^»??,^H'^^4.i 
 
 Beyond the Dedap, on the right and left are Pafcoltt, 
 Tomanda, Simpang Binjei and HarroWan, with seVeral* 
 small Villages containing 80 Houses. '('-*-^*i'^yV >3rv.;i::r> 
 A short distance above the last is Tanjong Putiis, where 
 the Dutch Fort formerly stood, called Kota Wolanda or 
 Belanda; then the small Streams called Batu Kiibit Jeja- 
 wi, Dorian, Jelawat, U dang Abu, Kubu and Matania^ 
 with several small straggling VillagesJ!?/:!:^^ r?;\ 
 
 Kwala Bidor is the next, a large branch, on the bank* 
 of whiph are the following Villages, vizl'f • ? %, Vd v- 
 Kijai witV.^^,. ..^ 20 Housis,^ -^^ • ;l;:^^|;j?J 
 Rasau Raball...:. ^ 40 ^ ^ "^ ';> / ^ (?r^^ 
 Teluk Change KaH^t 2^.;:;;;^?''^' \,^^ 
 Sirdang *..^...:,V:..:46^;;;'«i^rw'' "J";'. 
 Checkossan .^J. ^;, 765 wJ-'i! 
 
Part's. ' «^ ^'THE MALlLij^N'TZVlufS^Lji^' '^' "^i^ 
 
 Above KwalaBidor is Sungci Pukalei with . . 30 ItouseV, 
 SuDgei Benang, Mad; Lumut and Kwala Padang; up the 
 last are the Villages of Digong with 20 Houses. " 
 
 jaiiibi .^ ...;.; 80 '^:^^ 
 
 Padang Sri .. .. 20 „ 
 Jeram Mirbow - - 30 * ^, opposite 
 the last 3 small Islands, Pulo Tiga.... 20 * ^' '^ ' '^^ 
 
 Nearly opposite the Batang Padang is a bay called Te- 
 Ink Penada with a Village containing 40 Houses and a 
 small Island on the right, Pulo Indra Sali with 15, Two 
 miles beyond this, on the left bank stands the Village of 
 Bendar containing about 200 Houses and a mile aboTC 
 
 this, is the principal Town of the Country called Rantaq 
 Panjang or Long Reach, containing about 400 Houses. 
 
 On the right between Bendar and Rantau Panjang, the 
 Sungei Trap, a large Stream falls in, up which is a Village 
 
 with SO^Houses. . • • '■-■■ '\-^::*r-''-ih-^^,'':: ' 
 
 .Kwala Jandariangj Kampar and Sungei Rajah are • 
 three Tributary Streams which fall into the Perak, on the 
 right, within the distance often miles above Rantau Pan** 
 jang. Up the first are the Villages of 
 Batu Ampar, containing 30 Houses. 
 
 Gedang Batu . - 40 „ 
 
 Kwala Rambi.. 20 j> 
 
 Lubuk Eawa .- 50 »> 
 
 Jering .vl ...... 10. ^y 
 
1S4 TIN COUKTaiBS ON THiZ WESfSRN- COAST Of P^UTt 2« 
 
 Up the Kampar are Penaick - . 20 Houses.. ^ , , 
 
 Jerang 20 »♦ ^ 
 
 Gaum .. »• •••. 15 „ 
 
 Pasir To Rama J 5 ,5 
 
 Chaivgkut •...10 „ 
 
 Bakk^ .» •^.^. 30 59 
 
 Niof,.^. .►•- 20 »r 
 
 . Rajah Roh 30 ,y 
 
 BitaKarang ^. 10 ,^ 
 
 Tiini -. .^ .^ 10 ^y 
 
 SungerPIuajig-. 40 „. ....... 
 
 Up tlic Raj ah are J arah; ....... 20 ,^ 
 
 Fangkalao . . ». 30 ,^ 
 
 Rebba 10 ,^ 
 
 1 IJ;.1»J VH:» 
 
 :n. i' 
 
 i.tj 
 
 Sutigci Pulei . - rO ,9, 
 Tanjong .•..•.. 10 j^ 
 
 Gauin 30 ,» -^rj- ' 
 
 Jambt . 20 „ 
 
 At the distance of four days, pull from Rantau* Paw-' 
 jang, against a rapid current^ there is said to-be a chan«> 
 nel of coramunicatioft betvreen the Perak ami Saleng4>re' 
 Rivers, and a path which leads across to Pahang, The 
 following are the names of the principal Villages- in the 
 interior,, between Sungei Rajah and the borders ol the 
 Patani Country, oa the banks of the main stream, or up 
 the small rivulets which fall in, on either side, riz. 
 Sungei Pijis Mali, with 10 Houses* 
 Mati .-•• •- -• .-• 10 : 5fi !» 
 
Part 2» TflE MALAYAN PENINSULA* 
 
 Pangkalan Pija .- •, 40 Houses* 
 
 Hari .. .. ...--:- ^.n-.m i 
 
 Pangtalan Limbii ... 40 ^, 
 Pasir Garam ^. .^;^.;,ipp .„; 
 
 Puluh .... 70 , ,,. 
 
 Sungbi Timang ..,•.. 10 , ,,, 
 
 Misejid Lama . - i 15 „ 
 
 Jerarii Kling 20 " ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Sungfei Mali J ...... . 56' ! 'W 
 
 Duablas 120 „ 
 
 Pasir Piilei ... -.-.•• 80 * ,,, 
 Kwala Pant -. L/'i^. ed^'^y' 
 
 Pasir Jendris 30 ,, 
 
 Pasir Magadtrt 30 „ 
 
 Pasir Salah .. ..-. -. 40 \ ,, 
 
 Pulo Juar ... .... -. 40 ,, 
 
 Kwala Biak .... .. 20 ,, 
 
 Gajah Mali ...... 70 „ 
 
 A ram •-•• •- t*" ^ " 
 
 Selat Pulaii ...... 50 ,» 
 
 Bendar Busii ...... 30 ^^ 
 
 Kwala Riimban' -i, "-. 3tf ,, 
 Teluk Pedaiong (firsty. .20 ' „ 
 Pulo Tiga ...p .... So 
 
 Terussan Perak .. .- lO „ ^ 
 
 Sungei Lumboor ,.^,,20 j», ,, ,.; ! 
 
 Siingei Beshumana- r, 3Q .«. 
 
 Berkatu ------- /i> «» ; . 
 
 5» 
 
 o « 
 
186 TIN COUNTEJSS ON THB WESTERN COAST Of Part 2» 
 
 Pulo Pinang ----- 20 Houses* , 
 Teluk Pedaiong(second)20 ^^ ■ 
 Pasir Telur - - - - - 15 . „ V 
 Sungei Ingris ----- 50 *^ ,. , 
 Pasir Senissari - - - - 30 ,^ 
 Sungei Ledang - - - - 40 -^ 
 Aru Panjang ----- 50 ./ ^.^ 
 Pasir Sena ------ 25 ,,; 
 
 Sungei Tepus • - - - -30 wi / ,• 
 Kwala Kongsow - • - 80 ,^ 
 Pasir Suduk --•-* 50 ,^ . 
 Kwala Jeiuur Garam - 30 ,^ 
 Pulo Kambing - - - • 40 ,> 
 Jeram Kling -^ ^ -^ '^ -^ 35 „ ^ 
 Jeram Sjiduk Barong - 50 "^' 
 Fron> Kwala Kongsow to the last mentioned pTace, tke 
 Perak people are mixed with the Patani. This last place 
 is nine days peril from the mouth of the River for Boat» 
 of the smallest size^ which are propelled, durfng the last 
 six or Feven days of the distance,^ by long poles» A 
 boat will descend in one day a distance which requires fire 
 or six days to ascend* Besides the Villages above enume-» 
 rated there are many smaller ones scattered over the 
 Country in all directions and numerous huts and tempo* 
 rary dwellings amongst the Paddy Fields. 
 
 PopuLATioN^^In 1818, the FopuTatron of the entfre Pe- 
 rak Country was estimated at 100,000 Men, besides Women 
 aud Children, by the Political agent of the Pinang Govern- 
 
 .*-* 
 
Part 2. \ THE MALATAN PBNINSITLA* 187 
 
 ment; bnti am disposed to think this is somewhat overrated. 
 He derived his information^ as I did, from the Inhabitants 
 themselves, but so very ignorant arc they, that it is very 
 rare two of them are found to coincide in opinion upon 
 such sul)jects, and it is ridiculous sometimes to contrast 
 their different reports. The Inhabitants of Perak are 
 much less civilized than the Quedah people, or even their 
 more immediate neighbours of Salengore. In stating the 
 number of Houses, I have taken the medium of several 
 reports; some of them were very much exaggerated, giving 
 double and even treble the number which others, on 
 whose general veracity and intelligence, 1 could, from ex- 
 perience, place reliance, hare given as the estimated num* 
 ber. There are upwards of 400 Chinese residents, who 
 arc engaged in working the Tin Mines and a? traders. 
 
 Tin. — In former years, after the expulsion of the Dutch 
 from Perak, there was equal ta 2000 Bhars, or 6000 
 Piculs* of Tin annually imported into Prince of Wales 
 Island from that Country, and the whole produce, about 
 eighteen or twenty years ago, is not overrated at 9000 
 Piculs. At the lime the Dutch possessed the monopoly 
 of Tin, prior and some years subsequent to the formation 
 of theSettlement at Prince of Wales Island, the Exports 
 were about 5000 Piculs, which was delivered to the Dutch 
 at 32 Dollars per Bahar of 428 lbs. or equal to about 10 
 Dollars per PicuK The Dutch had a small Stockade Fort, 
 with about 50 people to prevent the Natives from carrying 
 
 * A Pictti at Pcuk is 140 lb«« AroiidapoU* 
 
_ .n 
 188 TIN COUNXEiES OX TUB ATBSTERN COAST OJ Part 2; 
 
 the Tin to oilier marketer, but with all tljeseprecautfon^^ 
 the quantity they used (o receive was greatly lessened bjr 
 the SeltlemciU at Pinang. 
 
 NaxMF, — Perak b the Land of Silver* It is conjectured 
 to be the Agru>a of Ploteniyy by Marsden* * ^ ' 
 
 CuibFs OF Pbrak..— The first Kiug ol Perak, of whon» 
 there is any account now extant, was Sultan Muzafer 
 Shah, Father of Sultan Mansur Shah, who ascended tho 
 Throne of Acheen, and under whose Government that 
 State rose to such power and importance. He it wa? who 
 so frequently endeavoured to expel the Portuguese, and 
 made $o many attempts upon Malacca. "- He was mur^ 
 dered" says Marsden, "^ together wiih His Queen and 
 principal Nobility by the General of the Forces,, who had 
 long for n^ed designs upon the Crown* This was perpe- 
 trated in May 1585, when he had reigned nearly 18^ 
 years. In his time, the consequence of the Kingdom of 
 Acheen is represented to have arrived at a considerable 
 height, and its friend>hip to have been courted bo the 
 most powerful States. The late Monarch's Daughter and 
 only Child, was married to the King of Johor^" The 
 present Chief of Perak, is Sultan Tajudin, w ho ascended 
 the Throne in October 1818, when the Country was con- 
 quered by Quedah. His Father was Sultan Mansur Shall 
 the second who died in 1819, and whose Father was Sul* 
 tan Mahomed, Tawze Udeen, who died in the year of the 
 Hejirat 1215*. This Country has been the scene of con*, 
 
 »»*":' jff A. D. i8oi.' 
 
Parts. ^^ THB MALAYAN PBNINSULAr 189 
 
 stant warfare. Tlie British GoTertimient expelled the 
 Dutch in 1795, when Lord Camel ford, then a Lieutenant, 
 in the Navy amf Lfeutenaiit ]Vlacali:>ter proceeded with a 
 small Fotw,and ct)mpelled the Dutch Garrison to stir- 
 render. In the year of the Heijirat 1220* the King of 
 Salengore had some difference concerning arparC of the 
 Territory on the Coast, and he took possession of the 
 whole Country, after a short opposition, and in announce 
 ing to the British Goyemment his intention of blockading 
 the River, he says, ^ The' people of Pinang mmt not go 
 to Perak at present, for Perak, fron* the River Koran, 
 to Berting Bras Basoh, h my Country. This Country I 
 have taken by force of Powder and Ball, which Custom 
 the Governor of Pinang is acquainted with." In 1818, 
 the Country was conquered by Quedah, by order of Siam,, 
 and in 1822, the King of Salengore expelled the Sianrese 
 tphiefs and Malayan Forces j he has restored Saltan Tajudin 
 to his former functions and has taken the Country under 
 his protection. His Sons the Rajah Mooda and Tuanko 
 Hassin, the Chief of the Settlement at the Bindings have 
 established posts about 30 miles from the mouth of the 
 River and levy a duty on all Tin Exported by that. 
 
 Channel* ' M^v ' • 
 
 The Point at the Southern entrance of Perak, is called ^ 
 Tanjong Kringa, between which and the Bur nam, are 
 
 three small Streams 
 
 • A. D. i8o€» 
 
TIN COtrjl^WJ^ 0KjTH»^7gS'5B|^ COAST OF V^^fh 
 
 SUNGEI UlJi^iSPNGBI BE- 
 TUL, SUNGEI RANGAS- 
 
 
 iT)-i'Mn.- 
 
 BURNAM. 
 
 Is a large RTrer, navigable only for small Vessefs, fn coftv 
 sequeace of the Mud Flats which project from its inouth^ 
 There is a small Town at the- distance of tvfodays pull froa]^ 
 
 I - ->■ ■■ . .' , .. • • •. I'i a -> i 
 
 theentraace^ having about K)0(X Inhabitants* This nlace 
 is celebrated for Battansy of which large quantities are 
 exported, and oecasionallj some Tin, which is brought 
 down the small Channels from the Perak Country. The 
 Ilajah M ooda of Salengore IS the Chiefof this place, and 
 frequendj resides here* .^ Bejond.Burnam are ^ 
 
Part 2» '^ '" '^ ' tvL^ MALAtAK pkklVsiiuu ' 191 
 
 • FASSIR PAN JA^gJ SE GI^ 
 3L.ONG GULONG, and TINGHI, 
 
 three rery small Rivers without Jnhabitants; Between 
 Se GulongGulong and Salengore, are three prominent 
 Points, yiz, Tanjong Belana, Tanjong Sau, and Earang. 
 
 ■ ^ * : :- ;.ft„*i.**— «»•»'■ 
 
 SALENGORE. 
 
 Off the month of this- River, there fs a very extensive 
 Mnd Platband not more than 2|^ fathoms Water Smiles 
 off Shore. Small Vessels however enter the River, and 
 formerly Ships of 250 Tons proceeded as far as the first 
 Town, but after the attack by the Dutch in 1784, the 
 natives threw a great quantity of large Stones across the 
 entrance of the River, The Town of Salengore does no^ 
 contain above 400 Inhabitants of all classes. The fol- 
 lowing are the Villages on the Salengorc River, with the 
 Tributary Streams. v - \ 
 
 Kampong Tanjong Batu ^ « « • 20 llou«es» 
 Sebrang Pematang r - ^ - - - - 30 ^ „ 
 
192, TIN COUNTftlBS^ ON THE WESTERN COAST OF Part 9.- 
 
 Ow tJie right, iHe Hill witfi a Fonification on tire summit 
 and about - - - -^ - - - 20 Hbuses. , 
 Sunge*TelukPiai' •» - - • • > ^^ ' ' • - . 
 Sungef Teluk Champa -^ 45- 5^ 
 Sungei Tanjong Pinang - 8CP „ 
 Sungei Kampong Kuantan 50^ ,y^ 
 
 *>* 
 
 :r( ^v 
 
 Sunger Nior - - - - -- • 20; '',^ 
 
 Sungei Hendhr Baru -^ -'TS ^^ I'l* ; v/ ^i 
 Sungei Sanglang - • - - 40 ^ . : ^-• 
 Kampong Nakoda Gail -•80' „ 
 Sungei Kampong Bugis « 10 ^ 
 Sungei Duraka -^ - -r *. - )0" ^ 
 Sungei Retongan ----- 50* ,y 
 
 Sungei Rambei ---^----•••• 
 
 Sungef Trus -^-t--^----*- 
 
 Dusu» Brintonga» ... 10 ,^ 
 Sungei Ranfan^ Panjang - 10^ ,^ 
 Dusun Tugal Meniala - - 50 ,y 
 Serindit ---^---.- lOa ,^ 
 Gua Kling ----------- 
 
 Sungei Bendar -------•• 
 
 Sungei Aycr Etam - * -^ 10 ^ f ... 
 Bulu Kechil .-..-- Ijr 
 
 If 
 
 •>JfJ! 
 
 u 
 
 Sungei Tingei ----- 100 ,, 
 
 Kampong Data - - • - 150 ff?ti 
 Kataran, where much Tin is procured *-i 
 Ayer Terjoon ---------- 
 
 Serindoo •-•-•••-••• • -« 
 
 ir% 
 
Part?; the istalayIn PBNiiis0LAr 193 
 
 Here tfie Rivel: unites with tBe Sungei Gmtar which 
 Beads to Pahang.'^ ., ^ ^, -i*?^^, ; 
 
 CfliKFs or Salengorb.— Thig pfeseht Chief of Salen* 
 gore is Rajiah, or Sultan Ibrahini, who was on the Throno 
 of that Country long" before Pfnang was taken possession 
 of. His Father was Sultan Aide or Aulie-Udeen, and his 
 Grand Father Saltan Solyman. He is of Buggcse descent, 
 the founder of Salengore being a Buggese. One of the 
 earliest Settlements in that quarter, was at Lingi, near 
 Malacca, where his ancestor Klanah Ye Yaw Pitra, was 
 Chief, and the Buggese gradually extended their influence 
 over Colong, and other Malayan Settlements in that quar« 
 ter, as far as Perak; and many years ago, attacked Que« 
 dah. The present Chief conquered Perak. The parti- 
 culars of his disputes and connexion with the Dutch have 
 been elsewhere described. Rajah Mahomed is the King's 
 eldest Son, styled Rajah Mooda, or Heir apparent. The 
 present Chief has had not less than sixty Children, of 
 whom about half the number are now alive. The Sa- 
 lengore King is nearly connected, by relationship, with ^ 
 the Chiefs of Johore, Pahang, Rhio, and Lingin. About 
 twenty years ago, when Sultan Mahomed and Rajah 
 Aulee were engaged in hostilities at Rhio and Lingin, 
 the present Chief of Sal^igore' wa^'dissuacled by the Bri- 
 tish Government from interfcrfng in the dispute, as it 
 was understood he intended to do. In replying, he lakes 
 the opportunity of ex plainfng the connexion which sub- 
 sisted between Salengore and those States. He says, 
 
194 TIN COUNTRIES ON THE WESTERN COAST OF Part 21 
 
 " 1 am desired not to interfere in the disputes with Rhio;; 
 this is Tery un reason able,, and cannot be coraplied with^ 
 as I must certainly go^ to Rhio, and must not neglect 
 going, because I can never be separated from my Bre- 
 thren, nor can I rest without seeing Sultan Mahomed and 
 Rajah Aulee, because Sultan Mahomed is my younger 
 Brother, and Rajah Aulee, my elder, for which reason it 
 is proper that 1 should go to Rhio, or even to Lingin, tor 
 know the reason that my Brothers are %hling among 
 themselves, to give them good advice, and see that matters 
 are amicably settled between them, agreeably to the an* 
 cient Treaty of Datu Neena, who was King of Johor in 
 former times. Do not entertain an idea, that I am going 
 to Rhio to cause trouble and strife; for, if either Rajah 
 Aulee, or Sultan Mahomed get ruined, I shall be the ioser» 
 1 shall now explain the succession of my Brothers to the 
 Country of Johore, where the Rajah in former days wa» 
 a Buggese, and his Country was taken by the King of 
 Menankabau and Siack* The Malay Rajah applied to 
 an ancestor of mine for assistance, which was granted, 
 and betook the Country from the Menangkabau people, 
 following the course of the new River named Calna Jie 
 Pootra, lie then entered into a Treaty with the Malay 
 Rajah, and they bolh swore to it, and they lived on terms 
 of the grealej-t friendship, which was continued by their 
 successors for many generations, and the succession to 
 Jang de per Tiian, Rajah Mooda, Bandhara, Tamungong^ 
 and Rajah ludra Bongsooi continued regular, and never 
 
Part 3« THB MALAYAN PENINSULA*- I9S 
 
 were alteredi and now Jang de per (uan is the Malaj: 
 Rajah, and Rajah Aulee is the Bugis Rajah. As it U 
 the custom^ among the black people, that the eldest 
 is always the^ Rajah, if Rajah A nice was not in^being, 
 I should be Rajah of Johore, because lK>th Sultan Ma- 
 homed and Rajah Aulee*s Father were related to me. 
 Kajah Aulee's Mother and ray Mother were Sisters, and 
 Sultan Mahomed's Mother was my Father's Sister, Thii 
 is the relationship between us. Surely you will not se* 
 parate the white from th^ black of the eye, flesh an4 
 blood. It would be unreasonable to prevent my going 
 to Rhio, Rajah Bandhara, who is at Pahang, and Inche 
 Mooda at Bulong, with Rajah Indra Bongsoo, are under 
 Sultan Mahomed and Rajah Aulee; the Malay and Bu- 
 gis Rajahs in that Country, are like unto Husband and 
 Wife, — the Malay Rajah as the Wife, and the Bugis 
 Rajah as the Husband, because the Bugis Rajah, Rajah 
 Aulee, made the present Sultan Mahomed Rajah, and 
 a Malay Rajah created the Bugis Rajah, and they go^ 
 vern jointly; I understand, that Inche Mooda has assum- 
 ed the Government of Rhio, and this changing the Go^ 
 Ternment, is the cause of all the disturbances.^^ 
 
 The former Kings of Acheen were on very friendly; 
 terms with the Salengore Chiefs, and the King now pos- 
 sesses many large Guns which he procured at Acheen; 
 In a large brass piece of ordnance, a long 32 Pounder, 
 I believe, which was presented to him by the King of 
 
196 TIN COUNTRIES ON THff WBSTBRN COAST- OF Fart 21 
 
 Acheen, which is mounted on the Hill,- tfie Natives say 
 there is a White Snake, which comes out every Sunday^ 
 and goeff to sleep inside the remainder of the Week» 
 They fancy this is a Spirit, and if any person touches ir,. 
 he is sure ta fall sick.^ The Malays have always some 
 remarkable or superstitious stwy concerning their parr 
 ticular Guns^ and invent the most incredible Tales. 
 
 The Salengore Country is much more thinly inhabfted 
 than Perak: the Inhabitants however are a much superior 
 race in point of intelligence and education, and have had 
 more intercourse with Europeans. " Their features are 
 of much milder expressian than the Perak peopl^e, wha 
 are certainly the worst leaking in this quarter^ and their 
 complexions are much fairerr ^ - .'- \^^^-* ■ • ' 
 
 Tin, — The Annual produce of Tm at Salengore and 
 Colong of late years, has been estimated at about 2000 
 Piculs. The Dutch formerly possessed a Monopoly of 
 the Tin Trade of this State, and compelled the King 
 to Trade only with Malacca, about the year 1785, and 
 a few years after Prince of Wales Lland was taken pos- 
 session of. The Agent of the Pinang Government, who 
 
 ... J ... . i 
 
 , proceeded to Salengore in 1818, contracted for 1500 Pi- 
 culs annually, receivable at Salengore, at 43 Dollars per 
 Bahar of 400 lbs, .^ i v- ^ -.v^ r.;v^ ii. .u/ . .^-^tjiii^Ml i 
 
JPart 2» THB MALAYAN- rBNIiNSUl.A.'. l^f 
 
 API API. 
 
 A small RVer to tKe SouthVard'of SaletTgorte Hilf;. un^ 
 der Pangulii Che Jabbong; having a population of tOO^ 
 people. Rice is GUkivatecfr * ^- . . i ^f 
 
 BULU 
 
 A celebrafed pface for fruft, and t&ere is a population rf 
 40 or 50 under the above P^angiilur 
 
 JERAM. 
 
 Is a shallow and narfotv Rirer. Here there arc some 
 small Kampongs or Villages, and about 500 Inhabitants 
 under Panguhi Che AUie. Here great quantities of Co- 
 coanuts are obtained. This Rirer is nearly opposite 
 Goose Island (Palo Ang-a,) and some other small Islets 
 called Bottle Islaud^i by Europeans — by the Natives Pula 
 Tokola. • 
 
|9S^ TIN COUNTHIES ON THB WESTERN COAST 0» Part il 
 
 KAPARf. 
 
 V i 
 
 A small Rirer^ with a^ Village and' eighty Inhabitants^ 
 uudec Paogulu Che Teluk.^ Paddy is cuUi?ated here;^ 
 
 PUI^AU. 
 
 Which soon loses itself ur the Woods* No^ Iaha£ftaJiM 
 
 COLONG. 
 
 Is about 200 yards wide at the month, but narrows t<» 
 100, and in some places 70 after a few reaches. The 
 Channel is safe and deep in most places, and the Current 
 Tery rapid. The first Town is about 20 mile» from the 
 entrance, called Colong. It is situated on the right banfc^ 
 and defended by several Batteries. Here the King of 
 Salengore resides at times* The Inhabitants, before the 
 
 '"itL 
 
Part 2;. 
 
 WB MALAYAN FBNlKSlTtAV 
 
 19^ 
 
 i^U 
 
 Warwr<lrtfie'Srainfese atPerafirn 1822', were ^ctonM ^ 
 about I500;a„d the fol,o..i„^. .ra.he^a::: f^^^^^ 
 lages upo„..he-R.>er, a. fer'asWithi. one day's j.jj/a 
 Fabang^. on the opposite side of the Peninsula, ria.- 
 
 Telufr Gadin^^ 
 
 Sungei-Duav 
 
 Telut Pbreh 
 
 Surnger Binjei; " 
 
 Pankalaa Batir 
 
 Kampong- Lima Pufe- 
 
 Bukit K«chiK 
 
 Puaian^ 
 
 Bnkit Kruing. TSis & »• famom pface for 
 
 •R>attaQs«'. ,.. 
 BuKt Kuda,. 
 Sungei Bassow. 
 Naga xManguItiv^ 
 Kampong Lalang^,.^. 
 Bukit Bankong. 
 feuogei Ayer Etaitf^ 
 
 Ae all these place?, 
 
 •!!i' 
 
 Petalihg, ^ ' '- 
 Sirdang. 
 Junjong. ' ' 
 .Pantei Rusa. 
 KWala Bulu, 
 Gua Bato. 
 Suijgei Lumpoor. ^ 
 
 Tin is obtained, but 
 roost at Lumpoor, be- 
 . yond which there are 
 no Houses. 
 
 Pahang is one day^g 
 journejr from Lum* 
 poor* 
 
2Q0> TIN COGNTBIES ON THB WESTERN COAST Of P^rt % 
 
 ff 
 
 
 Up tKis small RiVer,,ace about 500 inhabitants, and 
 Tin and Rattans are exported from it. After passing Salat 
 Luiiiut, the proper Channel of Colong Straits, and Salat 
 Lambajany the false Straits,, the next Ri?er is- 
 
 
 TAMPONI, ; 
 
 with 200 Inhabitants nnder a PangnTcr. ' 
 
 To the Southward of Pareelar Hill, called Gimong Jegra^ 
 is a small River, named **'^'"*- >--■■ 
 
 
 
 
 without Inhabitants. The Malays usually fire a Targe 
 Gun or Musket in passing Parcelar Hill for a fair wind* 
 Beyond Jegra, the next Rivers are iii^j ;uB - : 
 
Part Sr THB MALAYAN FSmNSULAi' 291 
 
 passir; 
 
 iritb 20 Inba&itants; 
 
 GUBBANG^ 
 
 with 50 Infiabitants;: beyond which is a Point called 
 
 TANJONG RUH,. 
 
 With 300 Inhabitant9r 
 
 SEPPANG. 
 
 With 200 Inhabitants. [^Hcre Wood oil. Dammar 
 and Faddy are obtaiuedt . : 
 
202' TIN coaNxaiEs on thb westbrn coast of Part 3* 
 
 NIPAEtr 
 
 Willi 5© IflfiabitantiSr , . i ,^ 
 
 yi— — ^,y , . .';, r^, ll^llJV-; '**' - 
 
 HJBLUTv r^ ^iv->^^- - 
 
 Has lately become- a^ great place for Tm. Tfiere are 
 about 1000 Inhabitants up'this River^ of which 200 are 
 Chinese, who work' the Mines, and the Settlement is ondfer 
 charge of a China. Captain, appointed bj the King ofT 
 Saleogorer 
 
 iLlNGI kechilT 
 
 A small River with* 150^ In habitants. This fs tfic pihe- 
 scnt bouudarj of the Salengoie Territory. Not far froia 
 this u 
 
 
 _.'.-'j.;.. ir 
 
 3LINGI BESAK, 
 
 tirbich is a Dependency of Malacca; . This RiVer is about 
 6 or Tioiles to the Eastward of Cape Eachado, It isabout 
 
Parts. au£ Malayan- rBKUNsuLA*. . 203 
 
 20 miles to the first Village^. There are' many Chinese 
 here, anda large quantity of Tin annually obtained-, which 
 is all sent to Malacca,, so aie of the Residents of that place 
 being concerned in the Mines^ and making large advances.. 
 The Rajah of Sale ngore' claimed the River as being within? 
 hi* Territory, and in the year 1304, complained of an en* 
 croaehment on the part of a gentleman of Malacca, who^ 
 ^as lately acting Governor of that Settlement. He thus 
 asserts his right t '* The Land about Lingi is mine, and 
 descended tome from my ancestors. No one has ever 
 claimed it, until now that Adrian Koek has taken it. It 
 was the land belonging to my Father, Rajah Aufee, from 
 time immemorial. WhcJn Salengore was at War with 
 Malacca, twice they fought. In the time of my Father the 
 Company attacked and took Lingi with Rajah Kitcfai; it 
 "was afterwards reconquered^ and the Company was attack, 
 ed at Malacca when they had the Fort on the Hill; after- 
 wards Mayer can>e from Batavia, sent by the Governor 
 there to settle the dispute between the Company and Sa- 
 lengore. Mayer said, " wherever the smoke of the 
 Company's Powder reached, should belong to them:" to 
 this my ancestor said, that he agreed, and '* that wherever 
 the smoke of theBuggese gunpowder reached, should be 
 their's." The Peace was concluded, and there never 
 have been words about it further. The Company's Land 
 was returned, and the Salengore Land was given back 
 totheBugis. The Boundaries of Malacca and Salengore^ 
 was. the River Baroo; oa the farther side belongs to Ma<t 
 
204 TIN COUNXaiES^OF THB MALAYAN PENINSULA. Part 3» 
 
 lacca; on this io^ Salengore^ Since I have been King, and 
 had possessfon of my patrimony, I have had a quarrel 
 with the Company at Malacca;, they attacked Sa- 
 Icngore and took possession of it about ten months* 
 By^ God's assistance^ 1 again received it. Abram De» 
 went was Governor when they made War with mei^ 
 After this^ the Company returned to SalengorCy and the 
 Governor sent Abram Moser, and several others to settle 
 ^e diflerences.. Having arrived a Malacca, they made- 
 Peace between me and the Company. We swore to^ 
 adhere to the Treaty, and bound our posterfty to the 
 same. The Lands belonging to Salengore, were thea 
 returned to me,: and the Country belonging to Malacca, 
 to them; the River was before called Sungei Barii». I 
 declare Lingi is mine, because it belonged to my Fore-' 
 fathers^ and from them descended to me. When the 
 Company conq^uered Lingiy it was their's of course;: but' 
 at the Peace, they again returned it to Salengore and the^ 
 Biigi5» Also, when they took Salengore, ft was their'sj biit 
 at the Peace they also returned it to me. When my 
 ancestor made War at Lingi, all the Bugis lived therc^ 
 and when he, with Rajah Alum, of Siak, attacked Ma* 
 lacca. During the time of my ancestor Morhum Klanah 
 Ye Yaw Pet ra, then Murhum Sultan Soliman, it was a 
 Bugis Government. How could they give a Bugis CouiW; 
 try called Lingi? Such are the particular! sijbout Liogi.^ 
 

 •*J 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ■''Uf. ' 
 
 t.. 
 
 
 4n:x:^ 
 
 ■h: : 
 
 .'«> 
 
 ij. i, I 
 
 . 'i ■ 
 
 ^•<;, 
 
 TRANSLATION 
 
 '.'. . ^! ;•■;.•..- .- .... . : ^ ■, ; ; 
 
 Of a letter from the Ministers of the King of Ana to (he 
 Rajah of Quedah at Prince of fFales Island. 
 
 Ai 
 
 ■i' 
 
 KTER much praise of the power, ^eatneM and exalted 
 character of (he IMightj King of Ava; they proceed, 
 
 ** The King of Quedah sent Che Lanang and IVfahomed 
 Alljr with a letter and presents which were brought to one of 
 the Southern ports of the Kingdom, and the Rajah of Tavet 
 forwarded them to Changong, (Uangopn.) Intelligence having 
 leached Pegue, measures were taken for forwarding the letter 
 
 and messengers to the Golden Palace. The race of the.prescnt 
 Mightjr King was the first of mankind who arose after the for- 
 mation of the world and the titles of His Majesty are Maha 
 Semdak and Sioa Senah; whoever requires assistance, this mighty 
 King lends his support to, for it is his custom to render aid. 
 The Rajah of Quedah solicits assistance and he shall assuredly 
 obtain it, in reference to the communications of Che LanaBg 
 and Mahomed Ally* 
 
<* Tlic messcngfirt reported lliat QuedaV, Pnrlw, PeraK, Saw- 
 lengore and Pat aui^ 6ve States,, vftce cooceriing to send a com* 
 plimentarj oflering liither. The King of Qiiedab being off bit^ 
 guardj tbe Siamese came siiddenljr upon him and seen red bi»« 
 Country^ and be removed to Pulo Pinang, where be al present* 
 reside^^. Tbej aUo reported that there aie three States whiclr 
 If ere concerting to attack tlie Sfamese at Quedab and expeli 
 tbeui from tbe Country. It was also mentioned by tbe messen* 
 gers that ihej were ordered to* present? themselves before tho^ 
 King without delay, and that tbcj were expected to go and 
 come in four months;, and finaUj, that if they did not return jn^ 
 four months, the people of these five Countries before alluded 
 to would proceed to atfack (he Siamese at Qfuedab.. 
 
 The great King inquired whether there'were any other State* 
 besides these interested^ and the Envoy replied there were Rum- 
 dow, Rbio, Dungoo, Marang^ Pabang^ Callantan and Trin'ga. 
 DO. The King then demanded^ if in the event oftbe 6ve States 
 i)eroremeutioned being united and determined t<i attack tire 
 Siamese^ how would the Kings oftbe seven Tast mcn(K>nc(l 
 Countries be disposed to act; would they join also? The Krng^ 
 .farther inquired if there were any more Countries besides those 
 already enumerated, and the messengers replied that there was 
 a King of Acheen^ and that if all tbe other States were unam* 
 0)ous be would join also. 
 
 •* Che Lanang and Mahomed Alty came here at theunfavora. 
 ble monsoon, and when they arrived on the Coast tbe weather 
 was very boistirous* They did not therefore reach the Gol- 
 den Palace till the month ofShaban, and in themontb of Jc* 
 madiUawal ten months will have expired. The King of Que. 
 clah liassgiicited assistauce^ to has (be Kin^p of CochLi Chioii| 
 
(Coclieey) begged aid. To Codifn CBIna people have already 
 been gent,;foF the application^ from that Couatrjr was made first, 
 the King of QtiedaliV&uhsequeiitly^ and besides the iotelligeace 
 regafdi4ig the King of Qicdah it not precise; when positive 
 and ctrcumstantial accounts are received^ he certainty shall be 
 assisted^ ao armament shall be sent fully prepared and equip* 
 ped to attack the Siamese; and the King of Q'aedah shall be 
 restiH-ed to his Country; the five Slates will thea become like 
 Ornaa^nts of the Golden Palace.. 
 
 *^ Titles of distinction have been conferred upon the Chief» 
 of (he five Slates; a Gold Umbrella and complete equipment 
 for a Horse has also been sent for each. The King of Que* 
 dah is requested to inquire if the Runrbow, Rhio, Dungor% 
 Marangy CaHantan, Pahang and Triogano, and seven States of 
 Acheea will join of not. The King of Qiiedah will send 
 tnteMigence of such as refuse to join to the Golden Pnlace 
 and return the people' who convey this without any long delay. 
 
 The presents have been given in charge to Che Lanang an^ 
 Mahomed Ally, to be carried to the King of Quedah and 
 the great King has ordered people to be sent in company to 
 prevent the !Vlessenger8 suffering any trouble in the way. 
 When they arrive he will receive them and obtain intelligence 
 from Cochin China. As the King of Quedah ha) begged as« 
 tistance from the King of the Gotden Palace, let him not be 
 mistrustful or »«ispiciou». As to the titles and the Horse 
 Equipments, the King orders them to be preserved, taken care 
 of and respected, for according to the custom of the great 
 King of the Gold Palace^ this if the greatest favor that can 
 be bestowed, ^ ^,j 
 
«• The King of Qiiedab wiH malcc iHMa aft ilfcbras^inrt^ 
 ll.at «.ay ba.e trai.spired .inic ihe dispatch of hU Envoys 
 the Lauang and Mahomed All, .0 ^va 'Vat ^"J, ^-4 
 B,ay be kuo^o. a.«ell a. alliotelligdoc* rela(.ng to Ae Kmg 
 K>e .eveu States, and he «iU addre^ W. c«««uo.«^^A 
 to the Ra)ab of Taweu'* ^^* H^^^W?*^M^^il :: 
 
 ^ The kite/>.ri«en hi tlic Burmab Character, ^^J^f!^ 
 inloMala^s^ of which the above U r^Yj, 
 
 (A true Traustattoo.) ^„^A»r 
 
 / (Signed) J.ANDERSON, 
 
 Malay Tuanslatoe to Gofr 
 
 Pinang, 22nd January, 1824. . t ?. ^.^ 
 
 
 
 TRANSLATION ..,-^...: ;,;:!•;<"?:": -^-'^ 
 Bajab of Quedah at Pulo Pinang, ^ 
 
 
 ARer a lengthened panegyric of the King of tt«»^ Gold*. 
 
 Palace, (A va) he proceed*. ,. itaTi,in, Vinfornf- 
 
 , .. Thl Ra>hof Quedah whogovej^m^^^^^^^ 
 
 ed. theRajan "^"^rr 'Tu!^ So^TaWei Assisted !» 
 
 bad oppressed Quedah. '"^.f V^'i^;/ ^^ ftoldia. Wiac*. 
 communicating the san«. to n.^KKjoJhe^y_^ 
 
 irt^retr :X^^ The K.^t.^<iol- 
 
Apfbndix* f 
 
 i 
 
 den Palace onliearing ITjis, was impressed with feelings of com* 
 passion for the Rajah of Quedah ; for it is the peculiar charac* 
 teristic of the King that when he bears of the distress ofaoj 
 one he instantly feels a disposition to relieve. 
 ^ " Che Lanang and Mahomed Ally came and presented them* 
 selves before the great King and represented the circumstances 
 of the King of Quedah» Purlis, Patani, Perak and Salengore ? 
 but he is anxious to hear again all particulars of the present stato 
 of affairs in these Countries^ and when these five States have 
 finally settled and their fidelity is assured, an armament will be 
 prepared and sent to attack and retake the Country of Qitedali 
 and restore it to the King. As to the four Countries they shall 
 never be exposed to difficulty for the time to eome^ nor will the 
 Siamese be able to disturb them again ; as the great King pro* 
 tecfs the States dependent upon him, so will he guard (he King 
 of Quedah and the four other States abovementioned : where* 
 fore, in his favor, he has been pleased to confer (ides with a 
 magnificent equipment,'* literally a magnificent dress, but 
 the present consists of a long gilt umbrella, a set of furniture 
 for a Horse, and a lackered stand for dinner sen ice to each. 
 
 •* Che Lanang, Mahomed Ally, Chang Buk, Buan and Ichuan 
 have also been invested with titles and a dress; the King shcvr- 
 ed them the same attention and kindness that he would h?vo 
 evinced to his own subjects. The Chiefs of Quedah, Put lis, 
 Perak, Salengore and Patani have now been invested with titlel 
 of distinction and have had each a splendid present granted to 
 them. The King requests that inquiries may be made relative 
 to the other States, and that such information as may be obtained, 
 may be sent, according to the desire expressed in the large 
 letter from the great King which accompanies this» 
 
<ri Appendix* . 
 
 r> ' _ . ■ • 
 
 Che Lanang and Mahomed Ally returned to Tawei on Ihd 
 13lh daj of (he month Nion in Ihe year 1 185, and the ship, withe 
 Pangulu Sera and Noquedah Simbuang, arrifed about a mnntb - 
 after; inquiries were made of these two messengers relative- 
 to the King of Quedah, how he was situated at present, and the 
 intent of their deputation; they replied that they had been sent 
 by the Rajah of Quedah wilh a complimentary present of a 
 Clock which was received at Tawei, A letter explanatory of 
 all the circumstances relating to the King of Quedah was pre- 
 pared by the Rajah of Tawei and forwarded with the Clock 
 to the King of the Golden Palace. Noquedah Simbuang re* 
 mained at Tawei to await the orders that might be received in 
 reply by the persons who were deputed to wait oatbe great 
 King. . ^ -i: . ? 
 
 The Messengers Pangnlu Sera, Che Lanang and Mahomed 
 Ally, v«t(li the letter, the titles of distinction and presents are > 
 now returning, and in order that they may meet with no ia« 
 terruptiun in the way, the accompanying five Chiefs of conse- 
 quence, of Tawei, viz. Sekei Dogi Nei Mia Ze Jaksa« Seju 
 Jagoom Surakiu, Jagoom Ze Yakiu, Ja Jak Kiu Soo and 
 lUti Miou Si Siouk Noita were directed to escort them to 
 safely to Pulo Pinang. When they arrive, the Rajah of Que« 
 dah will acquaint them with all the circumstances which may 
 ha\e transpired since the despatch of his Envoys Che Lanang 
 and Mahomed Ally, and also communicate the same, by letter, 
 ^bich ntay be ^riven in charge of these five persons. 
 
 As to the Rice and Paddy which the Rajah of Quedah 
 requested, it has been given, according to his desire and per* 
 mission was given also to load the Ship according to the plea* 
 iurc of the gersouiia charge. The quantity U 44 Coyaptiy^L^^' f- 
 
The King of tbc Golden Palace requires some Tin for the 
 roof of the Palace^ and be sends 26 Cojans of Rice which he begt 
 niaj be sold, and the proceeds invested in Tin, which raaj bo 
 delivered to the 6\e Chiefs. The whole quantity of Rico 
 tliippcd therefore, is 74 Cojaos. Now the King of Quedah^ 
 with a candid heart, wishes to become tributary to the Goldea 
 Palace and the great King will protect him and cherish hit ' 
 Children and his Children's Children, even his remotest de- 
 scendants, and promote their prosperity and welfare, it is re- 
 quested the Rajah of Quedah will assist in selling the Rice^ 
 according to the market price of Pinang and purchase the 
 Tin at the value of the day> sending a letter also coutainiu«p 
 all particulars* 
 
 No date. '■:.., 
 
 This letter was rendered from Burmabs into the Malayan 
 language of which this is • v* •• 
 
 (A true Translation.) 
 -. . (Signed) J, ANDERSON, ^ 
 
 Malay TuANSAToa to Goyt. 
 Pinang, 22rd January, 1834. 
 
 It may, be proper to notice that in consequence of the 
 plausible professions of the Envoys from Ligore, which the 
 following minute of a conference exhibits, the Governor of. 
 Prince Wales Island addressed two letters to the Rajah of Li- 
 gore, containing the draft of a proposed Treaty and submitting 
 certain propositions cqnnected with the restoration of the King 
 of Quedah. The Envoys were charged with these despatches. 
 
 :W^;. 
 
viii Appbndi]^. ^ 
 
 and about a montli after their return, Captain Lowe was ^epufei 
 bjrtlie Pinang GoYernracnt to Traang, with letters for the Rajal^ 
 of Ligore, iotendiog to cross over the Peniosula; but His t]igh<* 
 Dess would neither come to meet the British Agent nor permit 
 him to proceed to Ligore^ in consequence of which, the Embai* 
 sador returned to Pinang, without having effected the princi* 
 pal objects of his mission. Although jeveu months have now 
 elapsed since the letters were despatched, no replj has been 
 received, — ^^a practical demonstratioo of the duplicitj of the 
 Siamese, in addition to the numerous other proofs of their 
 Want of veracity which have been testified towards the Brittsb. 
 Goveroment during the last few yeara. -i Kir 
 
 ::- ^■i,i:-i- ■ • • ,...-■. »-{"it)fai;fef»»M^f-4j^: 
 
 MEMORANDDM • j^ 
 
 0/a Conference belx^een the Honorable ihe Governor and 
 ' ihe Messengers from the Rajah of Ligore^ on Satur^* 
 day the 3rd of ^pril lH2i. . 
 
 The Honorable the Governor informed the two Siamese 
 IVIessengers, that he had perused the letters which they had 
 brought from the Rajah of Ligore, in one of which he had 
 communicated the measures adopted by him for making atone* 
 ment for the outrages at Quedah, by the murder of Lebby 
 Gbaimy; that he had been much astonished to observe the 
 Rajah had so long delayed instituting inquiries into the affair 
 
APPENDfXr hi 
 
 'and Instead of manifesting ar- prompt and decided disapproval 
 *t)f such unprovoked' outrages, bjr actions, he had continued tis^ 
 jend him only empty assurances and letters. Tlie Governor 
 Wso observed, that the Rajah of Ligore appeared now to-evine» 
 '« becoming compliance with the just expectations of the Bfi. 
 tish Government and had shewn a desire to discourage the 
 commis-ion of such acts, and as it seemed the Messengers were 
 empowered to make some communications to him, npon other 
 points of importance, he requested, previously to entering upoir 
 the discussion of any other matter, to be informed, what pat « 
 ticular steps the Rajah of Ligore had taken to punish the 
 suspected persons who had been sent from Quedah and were 
 represented to be now in prison at Ligore^ 
 
 The Messengers replied, that a few days after the receipt of 
 the Governor's last letter, the Rajah of Ligore caused the four 
 persons suspected of being concerned in tl^ murder of Lebbej 
 ■Ghanny, viz. Konrat Aksoon, the Secretary, (a Siamese,) Che 
 Musa, (a Malay,) the Interpreter and Translator, Kochop^ 
 the Commissary of Ordnance, (a Siamese) and the Superintend^ 
 ent of the Elephants, against whom the suspicions were very 
 strong, to be bound to a stake, according to the law of Siam> 
 fur the purpose of extorting a confession. They received each 
 180 Stripes and were otherwise punished; but as (hey would 
 Dot confess, they had been remanded to prison and the Rijali 
 of Ligore was instituting further inquiries into the matter. ' 
 
 The Honorable the Governor remarked that he was sur- 
 prised there should have been such difficulty in identifying 
 the perpetrators of the murder, as he had sent a Cruizer, with 
 jome of the persons who escaped from Lehhey Ghanny 's boat, 
 ^ho could have poialed out the residence of the principal of* 
 
',% Appendix* 
 
 fender ; but thfe authorities at Quedali threw every obstacle tbejr 
 possibly could, iu the way of investigation and inquiry and be 
 had therefore appealed to the Rajah of Ligore, trusting tbat 
 the notice he bad taken of this glaring breach of good faith 
 vi'ould operate as an useful cautiun for the future aitd ensure 
 that protection to peaceable British Subjects, trading to th« 
 adjoining states, io which they were entitled. The Governor 
 further observed^ that had a similar offence been committed 
 upon a Siamese subject at a British Settlement, immediate pu- 
 nishment would have fellowed, and there would have been uo 
 iardiucss in making every proper reparation the law would ad- 
 mit of, evea without any appeal from the Siam Goveromeot. j-. 
 
 The Messengers assured the Governor, with considerable 
 jwarmth and every appeaiance of sincerity*, that the Rajah of 
 Ligore was very desirous (o maintain a good understanding, 
 and that after the return of one of the present Messengers, 
 Kon Akson, from hence, about two months ago, his Highness 
 desired him io attend the examination of the four suspected 
 persons, in order that he might again proceed to Pinang to 
 assure the Governor, the Rajah of Ligore had done all in his 
 power to bring the offi^nders to justice. They hoped there- 
 fore, the Governor would not longer entertain any doubt of 
 the anxiety of the Rajah of Ligore to make ample amends. 
 
 The Governor replied, that from the circumstances now 
 stated, he was disposed to give credit to the Rajah of Ligore's 
 intent ions; al(h'»ugh he could have wished, for the sake of 
 example, that the proceedings had been conducted upon the 
 8p«>t, at Qiiedah. He was neTeitheless, inclined to be satis, 
 fied With the result of the Rnjah of Ligore'i proceedings^ aad 
 
be signified his wish to bear the purport of the other com* 
 muuicalions with which the Messeugers were charged., i • . 
 
 They stated that they had brought three letters, ( producing 
 IheiUy) from the Son and Sister of the Rajah of Qiiedab, 
 vhich they were directed, by the Rajah of Li go re, to deiiver 
 personally to His Majesty, and they therefore requested the 
 permission of the Governor to have au interview with the 
 King. They said the letters related to some negotiations which 
 were in progress, for returning the Rajah of Qnedah to bis 
 former Government, and thej had been commanded to assume 
 him, that if he would send a letter soliciting the assistance 
 of the Rajah of Ligore and place entire confidence in him, 
 abstaining at the same time, from sending his prows and 
 people to several of the northern Ports of Quedali, where they 
 had been carrying on a predatory warfare, or from accepting 
 the profiered aid of the Burmahs and Malayan States, he 
 might be returned to his own Country and be re-invested with 
 all his former authority. The Messengers mentioned aiso, 
 that the Rajah of Ligore was much pleased with the Gover- 
 nor's late letter upon this subject and he highly approved of 
 the proposed mediation; he had commissioned them to declare 
 to the Governor, that so desirous was he to put a stop to all 
 differences and to preserve a good understanding between the 
 Siamese and British Government, that he would accede to any 
 consistent proposition the Governor might be pleased to make| 
 in regard to returning the Rajah of Quedah to his own Coua* 
 
 V' " i 
 
 try. ■. y^>;''i.^^^-'M-.in-*Mi ^'^-^ j:^^^^^ ■ ^^^ . ^ /t^^ .^, 
 
 The Governor rejoined, that as he was the friend of both 
 parties, he was gratified to find the Rajah of Ligore was dig* 
 posed to accept his proiTered ar^itratioDi and that there. w<m 
 
jLii Appendix^ 
 
 k likelihood, through hi? HitercessioD, of the Rajah of Que- 
 dab being re-iostated; that he musi have observed (he pos» 
 tession of the Qiiedah Country by the Siamese had been » 
 source of trouble to his Highness af Ligore^ \iilhout any ad- 
 vantages to counterbalance, — while be excited the jealousy 
 and ill will of the surrounding States; that the Burmahs aod 
 many of the Malayan States had offered the Rajah of Que. 
 dab powerful co-operation which would, in all probability, 
 • have been brought into action 'ere now, had they had not 
 been, in some degree, restrained by his advice. It was clearly, 
 therefore, for the Rajah of Ligore's own advantage and in* 
 terest to avert the possibility of such a dangerous combrna* 
 tion, and to restore the King of Quedah to his Throne,— ^a 
 measure most acceptable to the British Government. ^ He also 
 said, that notwithstanding the friendly professions of the Ra* 
 jab of Ligore, it would not he consistent with his duty and 
 inclination, after the part: he had taken, to advise the return 
 of the Rajah of Quedah, until the Siamese troops were with<- 
 drawn and an engagement entered into, to guard against atly 
 treachery in the business; that when the British Government 
 interposed its good Offices and interfered in the affairs of 
 other States, it did so iu sincerity and no evasion of a solentn 
 treaty would be tolerated; it was proper, therefore, that every 
 thing should be clearly defined, and when understood, strict« 
 ly adhered to. The Governor expressed his regret that the 
 Rajah of Ligore had not come down to Quedah as suggested 
 by him, when a speedy adjustment might have been effected. 
 He also inquired of the Messengers, if his Highness had the 
 -power to restore the King of Quedah without the special 
 muthoiity of the Emperor of Siam« 'Vp L'f ; 
 
i 
 APFBNDIXr ' xiii 
 
 The Messengers la reply said, the Rajah of Ligore stitl erU 
 
 tertaiued suspicions that tlie Rajah of Qiiedah had not a proper | 
 
 confidence in his good intentions, therefore, ac4y negotiations j 
 
 would he conducted through the medlura and by the consent \ 
 
 ©r the Governor;, thai the Rai.aH of Ligore was^ anxious to . 
 
 have come down to Quedah, agreeably to tli« Governor's wishs j 
 
 but he could not have done so, unaccompanied by a large forcei. I 
 and the scarcity of grain at Quedah rendered that impossible J 
 
 he- had therefore deputed them to infornv the Governor he wat j 
 leady to receive his^ further proposals^ that he wished any ea<» 
 
 gagements on the part of the Ilajah of Quedah to be guarran* | 
 teed by the Cover nor, and that it was his^desire^that Chief should^ 
 as a matter of form, write to him and solicit his influence and 
 
 assistance; the Messengers added that the consent of the Em>» i 
 
 peror was a matter of course,^if the Rajah of Ligore were wiU \ 
 
 ling ; for the Quedah Country had been transferred to him; — oa \ 
 
 this head there could be DO difficulty. \ 
 
 In answer ta these remarks, the Grovernor said, thai the i 
 services and obligations of the Rajah of Qtiedah were so ill i 
 defined and the exactions by the Siaa>ese Government latterly I 
 so heavy and intolerable, it would be necessary to come to a J 
 clear understanding as to what sort of connexion should su&« ] 
 sist in future, and in what degree Quedah was to be depend- 
 ent upoD Siamv * ' i 
 
 The Messengers again urged that the Raj ah of Ligore had j 
 
 surh perfect reliance upon the Governor and so sincere a desiro j 
 
 to adj!rst every thing to his satisfaction, that they had no doubt ] 
 
 His Highness would comply with hii wishes in regard to the I 
 
 present matters of discussion. They complained that some of J 
 
 the Rajah of Quedah*8 adbereati bad fitted out vesseU tad i 
 
Appenditi 
 
 re commitltng depredafions, not otiTy upon ttie Siamese, bat 
 iceable traders, and the Rajah of Ligore hoped the Cover- 
 would prohibit anj hostile equipment, : Oi' ,».•>• 
 rhe Governor replied, (hat (he vesseb alluded to were no( 
 ed out at this Island and as (he Messengers were doubtlesi 
 are and had observed, tvfo Cruizers were constantly goin^ 
 learch of Pirates, and he was using his most strenuous en^ 
 ivours io suppress Piracy, ^{(h regard to the delivery 
 the letters, (he Governor proposed to desire (he Mala/ 
 mslator to accompany the Messengers for that purpo9e> 
 ich they entirely approved of. He intimated to them thai 
 would appoint as early a day as possible, for receiving th6 
 jah of Quedah and themselves togeiher, to discuss and set* 
 the preliminaries of the proposed Treaties. -^ 
 Fhe Messengers, before taking (heir leave, produced a dra^^r- 
 of Cloth which the Rajah of Ligore had desired (hem (^ 
 uest might be sent to li)urope to be manufactured for hi m^ 
 e G(fvernor assured them there would be bo difficulty ia 
 npljing with his wishes in regard to that or any others of 
 imilar nature, and after the more important matters bail 
 n settled and brought te a satisfactory conclusion he shoultf 
 happy to afford the Rajah of Ligore every assistance and 
 ulgence. 
 
 Ifier a short conversation respecting the Journey from 
 ^ore, (he Crops and the S(ate of the Country, the confer* 
 e ended and the Messengers withdrew, ^j,,^ .- -^ if ' 
 
 (Signed) JOHN ANDERSON, 
 
 Malat Translatob to GoVt» 
 
 ince of Wales Island, > "^ , •*'-' 
 
 Ihe 9th April, 182*. >^ -f?>^4^?* yil<,if^£^^^ i^^ iJvU^l ^ri^r 
 
Appendix^ t xt 
 
 TRANSLATION of a Trealy qfPeace^ Friendship and 
 Alliance entered into between Sir George Leithy Bd* 
 ronety Lieutenant Governor of Prince of Wales hlani^ 
 on the part of the British Government and the Kinff 
 of Quedahy Tleaoodeen^ / 
 
 ■ , .?;).♦! 
 
 .?: to rU > 
 
 '^'^^'^>>j ' SEAL 
 
 .^■.: ' •^l^ '■■. :.''ii..A:. 
 
 ; -^ ,. . _ . 
 
 of Tleaoodeen, 
 
 ^■J'-'^-- ■:.^.:.. ■.>■: ■ 
 
 
 Sultan Mooda, 
 
 -.rji^-V-^^^^^^^r-'' 
 
 
 Son of Ma-alum Shab, 
 
 ^i;^k :?.-:■ \'^::v- 
 
 
 KingofQuedah. 
 
 - t 
 
 In the year of the Hejirat of the Prophef, (Che peace of the S^*' 
 
 most high God be opon him,) One thousand Two hundred aud Pa5"?u' 
 
 Fifteen, (he year Ha. od the twelfth day of the month Mahar- Maha B 
 
 rum, Wednesday. Whereas this day Ihis writing shewelh ®f Q«ed 
 that Sir George Leith Baronet, Lieutenant Governor of Pulo 
 
 Pinang, (on Hie part of the English Company,) has agreed on SEAI 
 
 and concluded a Treaty with His Majesty the Rajah Mooda "f Wan i 
 
 of Pu, lis and Quedah, and all (he OflScers of State and Chief* ^bduU* 
 
 of (he two Countries, to be on friendly terms by Sea and Laud j 
 as long a, the Sun and Moon retain their motion and spleo^lourj 
 the articles of which Treaty areas follow. 
 
 ^Artrcte'lst. The English Company are to pay annually f« I 
 
 H.S Majesty of Purlis and Quedah, Ten thousand Dollar, a. I 
 
 loner as (he Eno-Ii,h,|,al| continue in possession of Pulo Pinang ' i 
 
 «nd the country ou the opposite Coast l«reafter mentiofled, ' \ 
 
m Appendix, 
 
 ArficTe 2nd, Hii Majesty agrees to gha to ilie English 
 Conipanj for ever, all that part of the Sea Coasts that is betweea 
 Kwala Krianandtbe River sideof KwalaMooda, and measur- 
 ing inland from the sea side sixty Orlongs^ the whole length 
 abovementioned to be measured by people appointed by His^ 
 Majesty and the Company's people. The English Com pan/ 
 are to protect this coast from all enemies, robbers and pirate* 
 that may attack it by sea from North or South. 
 
 Article 3rd. His Majesty agrees that all kinds of provisiont 
 *V7anted for Pulo Ptnang, the Ships of War, and CoropanylB Ships^ 
 may be bought at Purlis and Quedah Tvithout iro pediment, 
 or being stibjdct tetany duty or custom: and all boats going 
 from Pufo Pinang to Purlis and Quedab for the purpose of 
 purchasing provisions are to be furnished with proper Past. 
 ports for that purpose to prevent impositiont. ro -*i;<i«*)n(f:i?I 
 
 Article 4ih. All Slaves rurrniog away from PurTis and Que- 
 dah to Pulo Piiaigor from Pulo Pinang to Purlis aod Quedah 
 shall he returned to their owners^ 
 
 Article 5th. All Debtors running from their Creditors from 
 Purlis and Qncdah to Pulo Pinang or from Pulo Pinang io 
 Purlis and Quedah, if they do not pay their debts, their person! 
 shall he delivered, up to their Creditors.-. . . > > > - . 
 
 Article 6th. His Majesty shall not permit Earopeant of 
 any othei nation to settle in any part of bis doiBink)as« cM'-'^ ' 
 
 Article 7th. The Company are not to receive any such pco» 
 pie as may be proved to have committed rebellion or High 
 Treason against His Majesty* 
 
 Article 8lh. All persons guilty of murder, running from 
 Purlis and Quedah to Pulo Pinang or from Pulo Pinang to 
 Puf lis and Qucdah^shali beapprehended and returoed in bond^ 
 
Article 9l1i. Alt persons stealing Chops,. (Forgcrj,)] t<rbr 
 given up likewise*. 
 
 Article IDtb. A^ll tliose wtio arc or may become enemier 
 to the Companj, His- Majesty shall not assist with provisions. 
 
 Article FUK; All' persons belonging to His Majesty bringingr 
 the produce of4he countries- down the Rivers, are notr to b« 
 molested- or impeded- by the Company's people. 
 
 Articfe r2th\ Suel> artfcles as His Majesty may stand in* 
 need of from Pulo Pinang aretobe procured by the Compa* 
 ny's Agents and the amount to be deducted from the gratuity. 
 
 Article \Si\\, A9- soon a^- possible after the ratification of 
 this Treaty, the arrears of gratuity now due« agreeable to tha' 
 furmsr Treaty and agreement,, to Uis Maj^esty ot Purlisau^ 
 Quedahy arc to be paid ofl^ . \. • 
 
 Article 14tb. On the ratification of this Tjeaty, all former 
 Treaties and agreementa between the two Goveruments^ to>ba 
 null and void* ^ .,.',, 
 
 These fourteen articles being settledand' concluded, between 
 His' Majesty and tlie English Company, the Countries of Pirr- 
 lis and Qtiedah and Pulo Pinang shall be* as one Country,, and 
 M^hoever shall depart or deviate fiom any part of this agreement 
 the Almighty punfsh and destroy him, he slull not prosper. 
 
 This done and completed, and' ivny Treaties of the sama^ 
 tenor and date interchangeably given between His Majesty and 
 the Governor of Pulo Pinang, and sealed with the S^als of the 
 State OflScers immediately officiating under His Majesty k> 
 Older ta prevent disputes hereafteF» 
 
xyiii . Appendix. . 
 
 Written bj Hakim Ibrabiro, Son of Sri Rajah Mooda» hy : t*, 
 order of His Majesty of exalted digoitjr* . » *^ •>] !- ' ' ^ -> • ' 
 
 SEXL 
 
 yv-.:UiK !;5!C.?£i: 
 
 of 
 Hakim 
 Ibrabiia 
 
 Originally translated bj 
 Malay Thanslatoh, ,^^ ^ 
 
 ■ r: i V>Ti^o*rMu r 
 
 Rerised from the original by . . 
 
 ^ ' 'J uo :.h'^ 
 
 JOHN ANDERSON* ^^ 
 
 
 Malay Translator to Gort^ '" ] 
 
 
 
 •' . -^ ;■ "i: 
 
 Ttts^rr OF Commercial Alliance between the Hono* 
 rable English East India Company^ and His Majesty . 
 the Rajah of Perak, settled hy Mr. Walter Sexsetl .- 
 Cracroft^ in virtue of Pothers delegated to him by the 
 Honorable John Alexander Banner man. Governor of 
 , .Q^ . Prince of f Fates Island and its Dependencies, — Done 
 ^- " on the 27th Ramadlan 1233, (answering to the Even* , 
 y^ ingof the 30th July ]818.> .^:,,, y:.. i \ . 
 
 Article Ist. The Peace and Fiiendsbip now subsisting be«. ' 
 tween the Honorable English East India Company, and Hit 
 Majesty the Rajah of Perak shall be perpetual. ( . / . 
 
 ■ ■ ■ ':»-- ■ ■r'ku'^ 
 
 . Article Sad. The Vessels and Merchandire belonging to vii^ 
 British Subjects, or Persons being under th« protection of thfc- ft 
 Honorable East India Company shall alwayi enjoy in the Portr*:*/. 
 
 ^•»*^ 
 
' ' 'I 
 
 ftnd Dominions subject to His Mjijcsty the Rajah of Perak,^ 
 all the Privileges and advantages \*hicli are novr, or maj ai 
 anj time hereafter be granted %o the subjects of the mos| 
 favored Nations, . 
 
 Article Srd. The Vessels and Merchandize belonging tdH 
 the subjects of His Majesty the Rajah of Perak shall alwayi 
 receive similar advantages and Privileges with those in the pre* 
 ceding article, as long as they are in the harbour of Fort Corn* 
 wallis; and in all other places dependent oa the British Go* 
 Ternment of Prince of Wales Island* 
 
 Article 4th. His Majesty of Perak agrees that he will nol 
 rencAv any obsolete and interrupted Treaties with other Nationiy 
 Public Bodies or Individuals, the Provisions of which may in 
 any degree tend to exclude or obstruct the Trade 3f British 
 Subjects, who further shall not be burthened with any iiQt 
 positions or Duties not levied on the subject» of other States. 
 
 Article 5th. His Majesty the Rajah of Perak further eni 
 gages that he will upon no pretence whatever, grant a mono- 
 poly of any articles of Trade or Commodities, the produce o( 
 his Territories to any Person or Persons, European, Americai! 
 or Natives of any other Country, but that he will allow British 
 Subjects to come and buy all sorts of Merchandize, the saiiHi 
 as other people. ^. = t-:* i , -j-m 
 
 Article 6th, The Honorable East India Company cngag* 
 -#'^at they will not form any*Trrcatie8 or Engagements whicli 
 may exclude or obstruct the Merchandize of the subjects o 
 the Rajah of Perak, who come to trade at Pinang, nor will the; 
 graatamoaopolj of auj sort of Mercbaadize to any descrip 
 
XX A>9FENDIX« 
 
 i 
 
 ilon of Persons, onlya* is spieelfied mtLe 5tb article, bi^t wil? 
 allow the natives of Perak to come aud buj all sorts of Mec^ 
 cbandize the same as other people.. ,; n- 
 
 Article 7ih. His Majesty Hie RajaB of Peralc cngcages tBat 
 if sMy Persons bring Subjects af th& Company from Pinang and 
 its DepcHdencies for Sale, he will not allow of their Sale in the 
 Country of Perak,. and the Honorable Company will be bound 
 by a similar agreement with respect to the subjects of Perak^ 
 for the Laws of England on no account allaw of such Proceed- 
 ings in any of the Countries subject to the Biitisb'. Authoiities* 
 
 Article 8(h. This Treaty according to the foregoing articles 
 is made for the purpose of promoting tlie- Peace and Friendship 
 of the two States, and securing the Uberty of Commerce and 
 Navigation between their respective subjects to the mutual 
 advantage of both, and of it one Draft is retained by His Ma* 
 jpstv the Rajah af Perak, and one by Mr. Walter Sewell Cra- 
 croft, affcnt of the Honorable the Go^erno^ of Pinang. To this- 
 is aflSxed the Seal of His Majesty the Rajah of Perak to ratify 
 ittoihe Honorable English East India Company, so that no 
 disputes may hereafter arise concerning it, but that it may be 
 pecmaneut at.d last for ever,. 
 
 fStgned) ;<? c^>-t-lii^ i. 
 
 W. S. CRACROFT^ -.,.-;! 
 
 /•»k.i» 
 
 iti 
 
 r 
 
 C0MMI8SI0H£B«. 
 
 (A frirc CopyJ 
 JOHM ANDERSOI>f, 
 I ijx* . * . Malat Ttanslatob to Govt. 
 
TPRtATt OF CoMSLERCTAL Alltavce helxieen the Ho* CHOP !? 
 '- norable English East India Company^ and His Jl/a- ^^^ , j " ^| 
 ' Jesli/^ the Rajah of Salengore^ settled h\f Mr. Walter of Salengor|; 
 
 - Sewell Cracrofty in virtue of Powers delegated to him by 
 the Honorable John Alexander Bannerman^ Governor 
 
 •' of Prince of Wales Island and Us Depeniencie^*'-^ 
 
 - Done on the 20th of Shawal^ Saturdaj/^ 1233, or 23rd 
 
 'AugUSty A. D.IS18. . V; ;:> 
 
 Article ?st. The Peace and Friendsliip now snbsislin^^ be 
 fween the Honorable English East India Com pan j, and Hif 
 Majesty the Rajah of Salengore shall be perpetuaf. 
 
 Article 2iid. The Vessels and Merchandize befongingf^ to 
 British Subjects, or Pcrsons^ being under the protection of lh« 
 Honorable East India Company shall always enjoy in the 
 Ports and Dominions subject to His Majesty the Rajali 
 of Salengore, all the Privileges and Advantages which artt 
 now, or may at any time hereafter be granted to the Subject! 
 of the most favored Nations, . 
 
 ^^-- ' ' "• ■ . ' '• 
 
 Article Sfd. The Vessels and Merchandize belongmg fo 
 
 the Subjects of His Majesty the Rajah of Salengore 8hal^ 
 always receive similar Adrantages and Privileges wi(h those 
 in the preceeding Article, as long as they are iu the harbour 
 of Fort ComwaUis, and tn all other Places dependent oa th« 
 British Gorernuient of Prince of Wales Island* 
 
 Article 4th. His Majesty of Salengore agrees that he wilt 
 not renew any obsolete and interrupted Treaties with other » 
 
 Nations, Public Bodies or Individuals^ the ProTisions of 
 
wbicb mAy in any degree tend to exclude ©r oBstrirct t& 
 Trade of British Subjects, wha further shall not be buf 
 tbened with any impositions or duties not levied oa^tbe Subr 
 jccts of other States^ ^r:^- 
 
 Article 5tb. His Majesty the Rajah of Salcngorcr fiirtbcf 
 engages that he will upon no pretence vrhatsoeTer, grant a 
 Monopoly of any Articles of Trade or Commodities, ther pro- 
 duce of his Territories to any Person or Persons, European 
 American or the Natives of any other Country, but that he 
 i/rill allow British Subjects to come and bny all sorts of MeTf 
 chandize, the same as other people. 
 
 Article 6th. The Honorable East India Company engage 
 that they will not form any Treaties or Engagements wliicb 
 may exclude or obstruct the Merchandize of the Subjects of 
 tbe Rajah ofSalengore, who come to Trade at Pinang, nor 
 will they grant a Monopoly of any sort of Merchandize to 
 one description of Persons only, as is specified in the 5th Ar- 
 tide, but will allow the Natives of Salengore to come and buy 
 all sorts of Merchandize the same as other People. 
 
 Article 7th, His Majesty the Rajah of Salengore engages 
 that if any Persons bring Subjects of the Company from 
 Pinang and its Dependencies for Sale, he will not allow of 
 their Sale in the Country of Salengore, and the Honorable 
 Company will be bound by a similar agreement with respect 
 to the Subjects ofSalengore; for the Laws of England on no 
 account allow of such Proceedings in any of the Countries 
 Subject to the British Authority, 
 
Appbndi^ 
 
 XXIU 
 
 Article 8th; 'th\9 Treaty according to the foregoing ^f. 
 
 fic1e9 is made for' the purpose of promoting tlie Peace and 
 Friendship of the two States, and securing the libertj of 
 Commerce and Navigation between their respective S'ubjecis 
 fo the mutual advantage of bbtfi, and of it, one Draft is re« 
 tained by Hi» Majestjr the Rajah of Salengore, and one by 
 Mr. Walter Sewell CracoO^ Agent of the Honorable the Go« 
 ternor of Pinang. — To this is affixed the Seal of His Majesty 
 the Rajah of Salengore to ratify it to the Honorable English 
 East India Company, so that no Disputes may hereafter 
 arise concerning it, but that it may be permanent and last 
 for ever. 
 
 -.'■-. f^ • . " .' * ■ . •' ' . . 
 (Signed) " 
 
 W. S. CRACROFT, 
 
 CoMMlSSlOSfiR. 
 
 (A true Copy) 
 JOHN ANDERSON, 
 Malay Translator to Govt* 
 
 ; ri'. 
 
 r,:f; 
 
THR^rr OF CoMnnnciAL J llt^ncb between the Jffo^ 
 norable the English East India Company and His- Moi* 
 jesly Sri Sultan Abdul Rachman Shaw^ King (^ Johore^ 
 Pahang and Dependencies^ settled on the part of t/us 
 Honorable the East India Company^ by Major William 
 Farquhar^ Resident of Malacca^ by virtue of Powers 
 delegated to him by the Honorable John Alexander 
 Bannerman^ Governor of Prince of Wales Island and 
 its Dependencies^ and on the part of His Majesty the 
 Sultan of Johore^ Pahang^ &;c. by His Highness Jaffir 
 Rajah Mudah of Rhio^ in virtue of similar Powers 
 granted to him by his said Majesty Sri Sultan Abdul 
 Rachman Shdw. 
 
 Article 1st 
 The Peace and Friendship now happily subsisting between 
 
 the Honorable English East India Companj, and His Majest/ 
 
 Sri Suhau Abdul KachmanShaw, Kingof Johore, Pahangj &e. 
 
 shall be perpetual. -:...,. 
 
 Article 2nd. 
 
 The Vessels and Merchandize belonging to British Sufc. 
 jects, or Persons being under the protection of the Honorable 
 East India Company, shall always enjoy in the Ports and Do- 
 minions of Johore, Pahang, Lingin, Rhio, and others^ subject 
 to His said Majesty Sri Sultan Abdul Rachman Shaw^all the 
 privileges and advantages, which are now, or may at any time 
 hereafter be granted to the subjects of the most fuyored Nationt. 
 
 Article 3id. 
 
 The Vessels and Merchandize belonging to the Subjects of 
 His said Majesty Sri Sultaa Abdul Rachman Shaw. Shall 
 
 ^^ 
 
AfFBNDisr^ "iii 
 
 always reed ve ftimilar ad vantages aud pri vfle^eli In (W flai^di^/ 
 pf Fort Cornwallis, and ia^ll oth'et t^lacei dcfp^deol 6fi tli^ 
 ^fitish Govismmeni of Prince of Wales Island* 
 
 Artitle illi* J : 
 
 tlis said Majesty Sri Sultan Abdul Raclimail Slra% ^tlall 
 iiot renew any obsolete ami interrupted Treaties with othef N'a- 
 tionS| i^ublic Bodids or Individuats; the'^prdvlsibns of wbieh 
 may in any degree tend to et dude or obstruct the Trade of 
 British Subjects^ who farther shall not be burthened wifli 
 iany Impositions or Duties not levied on the' subjects of other 
 6tate§i. 
 
 ' Article hib^ 
 
 tifi^ said Majesty Sri Sultan Ahdii] Rachman Shaw> ifarther 
 (Engages that he will upon no pretence whatever grant a lVl<mo* 
 poly of any Articles of Trade or Commodities^ the produce 
 of his TerTitoriet, to any Person or Persons, European^ Ameri* 
 tan or Nativei. 
 
 Article dtb* 
 
 it IS finally declared that this Treaty which ac60rd{rtg to 
 the foregoing articles^ is meant for promoting the Peace and 
 t'riendshtp of the two States^ knd securing ih6 liberty of Ooai« 
 tnerce and Navigation between their respective Subjects to the 
 mutual advantage of both| shall last for ever* 
 
 in token of truth and for the satisfaction of both parties^ W0 
 have hereudlo affixed Our Signatures and Seals in ilbto this 
 
XXTI 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Nineteenth day of August, A. D. 1818: answering to tbe 
 Sij^leeuth da/ of the Mouth Sawal ia the year of the Hi* 
 giia 1233. ^ a 
 
 of Major . 
 
 ■ '■ - . .V^ Lk.;M< 
 
 i 
 
 Farquhar. 
 
 THE CHOP ^;' 
 
 r ii 
 
 (Signed) Wm. Parqubar; 
 
 of the Rajah ' 
 
 C.^:l 
 
 ResMent of Malacca 
 
 Mooda or Heif ' * ' 
 
 •■;..; 
 
 and Commissioner on the 
 
 Apparent of ' ^ ' 
 
 ■..-^ 
 
 part of tbe British Government 
 
 Rhio.--^-^^''!'-^^ 
 
 :nta 
 
 (A true Top?) 
 
 JOHN ANDERSO?^, 
 JVIalav Translatob to Gott« 
 
 ♦ vi-> ':i ^'^ 
 
 
 
 
 «s-^ 
 

 -.1 
 
 ■ ' I 
 I 
 
 APPENDIX. I 
 
 J 
 
 Of tbb Aboriginal Isb^bitam'ts of the Malayan 
 Peninsula^ and particularly of the Negroes^ called 
 Semangi 
 
 T, 
 
 His lubject has afforded matter of curious and interesting 
 speculation to several writers of modern date. Marsden, Lejdeo* ) 
 Raffles and Crawfurd have alternately bestowed a slight kttea- i 
 lion upon it; but it is one which requires more minute inves* I 
 tigation, and would amply repay the labours of the Philoso. | 
 pher. Of the interior parts of the Malayan Peninsula which | 
 is the Suvarna, or Gold Island, one of the three sacred Isles qf I 
 the Hindus (a) and the Grand Depot for souls after death ; (b) I 
 there is little known even at the present day and the research^ | 
 vihich have hitherto been made^ regarding the Aborigines of j 
 that portion of the East, ba%e as yet been exceedingly defective^ | 
 and unattended with any satisfactory result. *' In our present j 
 
 {a) Sir Stanford Rafflet reoiarki ** Fit'her iAVOtigation oia/ prih»p« eiCablith | 
 Java and Sonaatra, or rather the M-byao ports (io which general term we Biif > 
 jtclode all the Islands containing (he Malayaa pom) ainoc onlj the Taprobaaf ^ 
 or TaprOvana of ihe ancients, hot alio ihc Sacrcd Itltl of the Hindna/* (Hit- | 
 toty of Ja? *y ToU in page 5.) 4 
 
xxTiii* Appbndix*^ 
 
 itate of koowledgc," a»-a lateJ^uilior observes* " I fear we 
 must pronounce that ttie origin of the Nations which inhabit 
 the Indian Islands seems buried in unfathomable obscurity, and 
 hardly appears less mysterious than that of the indigenput 
 plants and animals oftfic Country they inhabit." (cj Mr. 
 Marsden, iu the introduction to his Malayan Grammar, hat 
 quoted the opinion of Sir S. Raffles (then Mr. Raffles, Seereta- 
 
 '* (b) As PtoIeiDjr places Ma.Lioca.purr to the same longitode with the' 
 Paoranict, he must hvve used the same data, and which he had probably receifcd 
 from the Hindos whom he conversed with at Alcxandfia, Mi^.L-tnea, beings 
 •ccording to the Piuranics, ia the centre of the Peniniora, it most be of coarse 
 la about five degrees of Lititode North, and there it is placed by Aboi Fazil^ 
 and rn 4^ 20' by Ptolemy. Ma.Lanca is called io the Puranas Yamala and Malay«» 
 which last denomination it still retains* It is styled also Chanchana.pada or 
 with the Golden skirts. It may be trrrslated the Country of the Golden Feet* 
 a title assomed by the Emperors of Avs, and other Kings of that part of t5e 
 world ; and the Malayan breeze is as famous in the Eat, as the Sab^an in the 
 West J and its capital was alio called Saba or Zaba, In the beginning of tfie 
 Brahmanda-purana, it is declared, that the strong hold of T^tma in Tri.Cata^ 
 that is to say the Peninsola of Malacca is too Yoj anas long and 30 broad^ whidi 
 is sufficiently accurate. Ptolemy mentiona there a place called Malaioocolott 
 probably from the Sanscrit Mjlaya.CD^aro». which implies a place or the borderi 
 or shores of M-ilaya, the same is called Maletar by Marco Pulo, Malayatir and 
 M^lays.culam are synonymoos."* It is singular that the City of Canca Nagara or 
 Wj-Linc;»puri, is placed by Ptolemy in the exact Latitude of the River Diodirg, 
 in the Pcrak Teuijory, (which is known as the Tcmala or Land of Tin of the 
 aarae author,) and which is no doubt the aaine City aliased to ia the Sejara Ma. 
 ]aya or Malayan Annals, written in the year of the Hejeirat f02 1 or a little 
 more than two Centuries ago. It is therein mentioned ih«t Rajib Soran Pad. 
 ahah, (said to be a descendant of Alexander the Great,) " formed the desig« 
 of subjugating China and for this purpose his Men at Arms and the Rajahs de- 
 pendent on him, ai>aembled from every quarter with their hosts, to the number of 
 „ ^ • 
 
 (c) Crawford's Archipelago, vol.1 page 36. 
 * Mjoi Milfoid'a Esia/f As. Res. ?oU lo> pages 144,] 45, 146 147,* ; 
 
 *^»i^-^ 
 
ry to the GoTernmctit ofPrincc of Wale* Fslaod^ ) who puSli^hv. 
 ed a paper on the Mulaj Nation, in the 12th vol. of the Asiatic 
 Researches, relative to the Aborigines of tlicrPetifhsula, " The 
 Malays," observes this author, '* seem fo have occupied a 
 Country prcviouslj unappropriated, for, if we except an incoa- 
 liderable race of Caflfries who are occasionally found near the 
 mountains and a few tribes of the Or ang BenuB/ there does not 
 exist a restrge of a* nation anlerior to the Malays in the whole of 
 the Peninsula; As the population of the Peninsula ha» excited 
 ©oe thoosaod und two lacs. Wiih this prodigioos hoif, he advanced sgainsi Cbio^, 
 and* in his course Forc»ts were converted into open plains j the earih thooW and 
 the thickets moved, the lofty grodndi became level and the Rock* l!c<r off 
 in shivers; and the large Riven were dried ap to the mad. Two monthi be 
 muched on withoat delaf, 9nd the darkest night was illominated by the light 
 of their armour, like the lustre of the full m on, and the noise of the Thandee 
 could not be he^rd for the load noise of the Ch«mpioat and warriors, mixed 
 with the cries of the Horaet and Elephants. Every Country which Rjih Sar^ia 
 approached, he subdued and reduced under his subj;£lion, till at last he ap. 
 preached (he Country of Gangga Nigara, the Rajah of wh;ch was n.imed Ginggi 
 Shih Juana, which City is siioated on a Hill of very steep approach io froo% 
 but of easy access in the rear; * Its fort was situjted on the banks of (he River 
 Dinding, in the- vicinity of Perak." It is also worthy of notice that thece 
 are two Rivets under this mountain, which bear the name of Sang^h Kechil and 
 Sangah Besar or (he great and small Sangah. It will also be observed by a re* 
 ference to any of the Charts of the Straits of Malacca, that there is an Island 
 called Calluin or Callor.g which forois the Straits of the same name and which 
 are al>ootadHy's sail from the DIndings. There is a River of the same n;tm? on 
 the main, from which much Tin ii exported and which is perhipt the Milaioa* 
 colon of Ptolimt and Malaya.Culam of the Sanscrit, notwithstanding tlie 
 powetful arguments against such a supposition. It mast not be (;mii(ed 19 
 notice besides that there is another Rjver to the Souihwaid of Culong called 
 Langat, which bears such a striking affinity to Laoca* 
 
 • Forrest allulds to a remarkable mountain in this quarter »» Guooog gaotoojg 
 hanging Hiil ii lemaikable aeat Laroot Rifcr^*. / 
 
jDuch interest, my attenttoo has been partlciiTarT/ directed ip 
 Ihe various tribes stated to be scattered over the Countrj* 
 .•Those on the Hills are usuallj called Semang and ar« woollj 
 headed ; those on the plains^ Orang Renua or people belong- 
 ing to the Country^ the word Bcnua being applied bj the M^- 
 Jajs to an J extensive Country, as Beuua China, Beoua Kling^ 
 but it appears to be only a sort of Malay plural to the Arabic 
 'word Ben or Beni, signifying a tribe." (d). This hypothesis 
 bowever is satisfactorily coufuied by Marsden, \?ho asserts that 
 Ao inieliigeot author, (Mr. Criwfurd) aiieru that *< The word Kolo* it 
 wifhoot aojr alteration Javaneic and means the Weit and the compoand word 
 'MalajD.koloo eiaAly in the order in which it itands Maiayi of the Wen/' 
 .and after waidi *< Thcie ii an uoanawerable objedion ag:iinit tapposing Malajra 
 Koloo to be on the Malayan PeninsQla, or loppoiing thii lait lo be the GoM^a 
 •Cbeisoneiaa or Kroie at all} which will occur at once to cverjr one familiaf 
 ^wit4i the well known hittory of the Malayi* It ii ibti; in the ageof pTOLiurt 
 
 • tnd for many agei after ic the Malayan Peninsula was oninh^biicd, or inb^bit^d 
 only by a few negro satagrt, resemhl'ng the cannibals of Andaman, wretched 
 beings with whoia there cunld have been no intercourse^ or at least bo com. 
 
 • merer. The Mjtlays did not emigrate from Sumatra, their parent coantrf , and 
 'Settle in the Malayan Peninsola, ontil the comparatively modern period of i i6o« 
 
 ■ thousand years after the time of PTuLiur» while Malacca was not founded 
 until 1252, and efety other M^lay state on the Peninsala is of still more receoC 
 
 ■foundaiior/* (Hy. of the Archipelago, vo'. 3, page I90*i^l« 
 
 {•1) We are informed by Marsden that the Sumatrans are firmly periaaded 
 that vafioua particolar persons are what they term " betoah" (sacred, inval. 
 ■erable, not liable to accideni"). The belief which pre»ails in that Island 
 bowever amongst the Malays, of the transmigration of lonls, does not extend 
 to the Malays of ihe PrninsnU, who hare spirits ard imaginary beings of their 
 
 ,Own, amongu which we may safely reckon the M^WiS and Bilian. Mr. Mars. 
 
 den says of the Somatrans ** They have an imperfeA aotioo of • mrtemftjchosii^ 
 
 > bat rot in any dfgrre systematic, nor considered as an article of religions faicb* 
 
 ''Popular stories prevail ^morgst them, of soch a part tenia r roan being ch-«nged 
 into a tigei or other bca«t« Tfkj sccai to. tl)it.k, itdcedj that tigers io gtccul 
 
 '^.Sh^ 
 
ApFENmx* ^xxi* 
 
 Benua is a genuine Malay word signifying conntrj, regioD| 
 land, and (bat a slight variation of (he word, arWhennua or 
 Fennua is found in (he Bisayan dialects of the Phillip pines and 
 ihe languages of the South Sea Islaiidsy bearing a precisely si- 
 BiilaF signification. In my inquiries amongst the Malaj's I 
 have not been able, however, to discover, (bat the term Orang 
 Benua, (which is literally Aborigines or people of the land,) 
 is ever applied to any particnlar raee of the Malayan Peninsula, 
 the supposed aboriginal tribes being styled Sakei or Orang 
 Bukit, Qrang Laut and Scmang. According to the Malayaa 
 Legends, indeed, there is a race of wild people said to be found 
 in the interior of Burnam, the boundary between the States of 
 Perak and Salengore, designated Tuah Benua, (e) by the Sa<- 
 langorians and known at Quedah by the name of Mawas. 
 They are represented as bearing a strong resemblance to the 
 Mawa or long armed Gibbon, and instead of having a bone in 
 
 are aAaated with the spirits of departed men, and no consideration trill prevail 
 on a coontryman to catch or to wound one, bat in self derence, or immediaieljr 
 afrer the aA of destroying a friend or relation. They speak of them with a 
 degree of awe and hesitate to call them by their common name (liman or ini. 
 chang) terming ihem respedfuliy Siwa, the wild animals or e?en Nenek, ( an. 
 cestorsj as really believing them soch, or by way of soothing them, ai oar 
 Ignorant country folks cill the fairies " ihe good people/* 
 
 (e) In the history of Somatra there is a description of two races of wild 
 people on that Island called Orang Kuba and Orang Goga, the latter of whom 
 icems to correspond with the description of the Bilian of the Peninsula. <* la 
 the course of my enquiries amongst the Nativck" observes Mr. Matsdeo^ 
 ** concerning the aborigines of the Island, I have been informed of two dif* 
 fereni species of people dispersed in the woods, and avoiding all communicatioa 
 irith other inhabitants. These they call Orang Kubu and Orang Gugo* The 
 former are said to be pretty numerous, especially in that pare of the coatiirjf 
 which lici betircca Palcmbaog and Jaobij lome hare at timet been canght 
 
tbe lower pari of (lie arm, ihey have a piece of sFiarp iron wliic!!' 
 servps the double purpose of an arm and a cleaTer for cutting; 
 trood. There is another savage race, according to the Ma^. 
 lajs, called Bilian, who are covered with hair and have nail» 
 of extraordinary length. Their principal occupation it said 
 to be tending the Tigers, which are their peculiar flock, as tho 
 Buffaloes are of the Malajs. To rainj nights they are re pre-, 
 sented by the Malays as sometimes coming to their residence 
 and demanding fire, which those who are acquainted with theip 
 savage disposition hand them upon the point of a Sumpit ot 
 Arrow Tube, or at the extremity of a sword, as were the per- 
 son to present it with^ his hand, he would inevitably be seized* 
 and devoured by the savage monster, a fate, which tbe credulous 
 Malay firmly believes, has befallen many. 
 
 It IS admirable how the Mahometans of the present day even« 
 assign to these regions Inhabitants so aptly coinciding with the 
 
 and kfpt at ilavet in Lsboo, and a man of that p1i»c« ii now married to a to*i 
 lerably handsome Kubo giil, who waj carried off by a p^rtjr that diacorered' 
 their hots. They hate a language qoiie pecoliar to thcmselfet and chey eaf 
 promiicooBsly whatever the wooda affird, at deer, elephanta, rhinocerot, wild' 
 bogs snakes, or monkeys. The Gugo are much scarcer than these, differing 
 in little but the ose of speech, from the Orang Utan, of Borneo, their bodiei' 
 being covered with long hair. There have not been above two or three ir J 
 itarcfs of their being met with by people of Lahon (from whom any informt. 
 t'lon is derived), and one of thcje waa entrapped many years ago, in roach the' 
 •aroemannerai the carpenter in Pilpay's fables caught the roorkey. He had 
 children by a L.bun woman which also were more hairy than the common 
 race, but the third generation are not to be distinguished from oihern. The' 
 leader . will bestow what meaiare of faith be thirks doe to this relation, 
 Ibe veracity of which I do not pretend to vouch for. It has probably some 
 faondation in troth, bat is exaggerated io the cifcomiUocei." Uiiiorj of^ 
 
A*i»PENDix#' xxxiiu 
 
 mjtliologicar snpcrslltions^ of the Hindoos.- Filler subjects 
 could not indeed be attributed to the Sovereign of Darkness^ 
 i^vhose abode is said to be in the Peninsula of Malacca, thaa 
 the Mawas and Bilian races above described ; whose appearance 
 is quite consistent with what some intelligent Christians eveni 
 consider as the Imps of the infernal regions, and it is still more 
 remarkable that the supposed residence of the Mawas Species, 
 is, according to the Malays, in the very neighbourhood of the 
 Scite of the City of the Hindus, Yama-puri, or the grand 
 Depot for souls after death. Another circumstance deserving 
 of notice is, that the Menangkabaus of Sumatra, supposed to* 
 be the primitive Malays, '^ deduce their origin from two bro- 
 thers named Pcrapati Si Batang and Kei Tumunggungan who 
 are described as being among the forty companions of Noah itt 
 the ark and whose landing at Palembang or at a small islet near 
 it named Lanka Pura" (probably the small Island of Lucepura,) 
 is attended with the circumstance of the dryland beind first, 
 discovered by the resting upon it of a bird, *' (Perapati it 
 literally a Pigeon,) * that flew from the vessel. From thence 
 they proceeded to the mountain named Siguntang-Guntang and 
 afterwards to Priangan in the neighbourhood of the great Vol- 
 cano, which at this day is spoken of as the Capital of Menang- 
 kabau," (f) Now we have before seen that there is a mountain 
 called Gunong Gantang in the Perak Country, the supposed 
 Yama-puri^ and what is still more extraordinary the King o^ 
 Perak in opposing the claims of the Siamese to a Boonga Ma| 
 or Golden Flower, in a letter to a friend, says, ** 1 am he 
 i^ho holds the Royal Sword and the Dragon Betel Stand, and 
 the Shell Fish which came out of the Sea, which came from 
 (f) History of Sumatra^ pagea 5^32^ ^^^, 
 
the Hill of Segangfarig." I dbr not pref&srmjselTstjflScienffy 
 conversant uith (lie subject to reason farther on (bis singular 
 coincidence^ but it appears to me that maoy curio^is inferenees 
 might be dra>»n from it and I shall leave (he matter for theio- 
 vestigatioi>of a more scientific pen^ 
 
 At Perak^ the principal Till Country of the Fenrnsulai there 
 are twodistiiict races of Wild people in tbe interior, the otio 
 called Semang,. rescmhh'ng those of Quedah in personal appear^ 
 ancp^ but speaking a different dialect, somewhat more civilize 
 ed and fond of collecting Silver and Gold, with which they 
 ornament tbeir Spears and Knives, which they obtain i& ex- 
 change for the prodijcts of the Woods; the other race are called 
 Orang Sakei by some and Orang Bukit or Hill people, by 
 others, (g) Tliey are much darker complexioued thaa the 
 
 (g ) This race of people teem to cof respond io tlieir appearance and habits 
 with a tribe called Jolcong which Sir S, Raffles describes at being found neac 
 I^al'<cc<*.* *' 1 had an opporionity ^ rcni'irks this Author,, in hit paper on ih« 
 fA*\»Y nation, '^ of i^eing tiro of these people frocn- a tribe* in the ncigbboar. 
 bo: d of Malacca, it consiiied of a{>ont So people^ and the tribe was callcit 
 Jokong. These people, froni their occasional infescoorte trfth the Malayan 
 Villaget dependant on Mdacca, apeak the language st)fficiently well to be 
 generally understood. They relate that there are two other tribe*, the Orang 
 Benua atd the Orang Udai. The former appear to be the tnost interesting at 
 composing the n)i«}oriiy, the latter is only another naoie for the Semang or 
 CafTries. They are not circumcised and they appear to have received some 
 Inttro6)ion regarding Nabi Ito or as they pronoonce ii Nabi Isher. They how. 
 ever have no books nor any word for God whom they designate by the For* 
 togurse Deos. They men are well formed, rather short, resembling the Malajr 
 in Countenance, bot having a sharper and smaller nose. They marry bat one 
 irife whether rich or poor, and appear to observe no particular Ceremony at 
 I heir nuptials. The Consent of the Girl and tbe parcati being obtained th« 
 couple ate considered as man and taife* 
 
 * At* Ri« foU 12, pj^e 10^ / 
 
Ma1aj8 but fairer tbaUr the Semangs, and liieir bair is stright 
 ]ike the Malay. These people lead a similar wandering and 
 unsettled life with the Semangs and speak a distinet language 
 of their own. They are not so timid as the Semangs and some- 
 times come down to the Malayan Villages to amuse the Inha- 
 bitants by their peculiar Dances and Music. Their ordinary 
 dress consists^of a piece of bark beat out, tied round their mid* 
 die, but in the Woods they are frequently met quite caked. 
 Both tribes are reported to be pretty numerous on the Hills 
 which divide the Pcrak from the Patani States, and they are 
 often engaged in hostilities with each other. They arc not so 
 imtractable as the Semangs, and some oftbeir children are traia« 
 ed up as domestics in the Malayan families. 
 
 The Orang Laut is a race of people resembling the Malays 
 
 in appearance, who live almost entirely on the water. They 
 
 are certainly the Ichthyophagi of the East, as they subsist 
 
 wholly upon fish. Dr. Leydeu supposes the Battas of Sumatra 
 
 to be the Ichthyophagi described by Herodotus ; but there are 
 
 several circumstances in his description which would, seem 
 
 to contradict such a supposition. The same author also, in 
 
 alluding to the Batta Anthropophagi or Cannibals of Sumatra 
 
 says, (h) *' This inhuman custom is not however without a 
 
 precedent in history, for Herodotus positively asserts that the 
 
 Paday or Padaoi, about 500 years before our aera, were not 
 
 only addicted to the eating of raw Flesh, but accustomed to 
 
 kill and eat their relations when they grew old. Now it it 
 
 curious that Batta or Battay, for the name is written both ways, 
 
 feemsto be the very word which, in Greek, is rendered Padaoi, 
 
 (h ) Or) the bngoage and liteiatareof the Indu Cbine«e Nitioa*. At. ReU 
 
 vol. lo^ paget 202, lojt. . ^. - , i .'■'■. i 
 
i 
 
 xxxvi. Appendix; 
 
 ilie letter p being almost always pronounced b anaong several oF 
 the Indo Chinese nations, as in the word Pali which is almost 
 always pronounced Bali. The following is (he account whicb 
 Ilerodutns gives us of the Paday or Padaor, ^^ another Indian- 
 nation, who dwell to the Eastward of these, (the Indian ]cb<* 
 thyophagi) are of noniidic habits and eat raw Flesh ; They are 
 called Paday and are said to practise such customs as the ful- 
 Idwing; whoever oftbe community, be he man or woman, 
 happens to fall sick, his most familiar friends, if it is a man 
 kill him, saying, that by his pining in sickness, his Flesh will be 
 spoiled for them, and though he deny that he rs sick, they do 
 not attend to him, but put him to death and feast on him. 
 When a woman fall sick, she is treated in like manner by her 
 most intimate female associates. Tbcy also sacrifice and feast 
 on him who arrives at old age and this is the reason that so fevr 
 ever attain it, fpr Ihey kill every one who fall sick, before that 
 period." (i) Although this account corresponds in some par* 
 liculars with tbeliabiisof the Rattas, yet it differs materially in 
 others. The Battas, it is well known, inhabit the central parti 
 of Sumatra and but rarely approach the Sea Sbore. Thej 
 could not therefore be termed Ichthyophagi, as they scarcely 
 see Fish. The Oraog Lautof the present daj' are not known 
 to be addicted to Cannabalism, tho' it is extremely probable 
 they were in former times, as they yet retain all the charac* , 
 teristics of the most savage life. They rove about from one 
 Island io another, and are found in greatest numbers about the 
 Lancavy Group of Islands opposite Quedah and in the Straits 
 of Sincupore and Dryon. They subsist wholly by Fishing and 
 are Tery expert at striking the Fish with the Spear. The/ 
 ( i ) HcrodotBi Lib. Jf S. 99. 
 
ApPENDIItr' XXXVilt 
 
 - -It 
 Jive principally in small Canoes. Sometimes, \yTicn the weatbpt 
 is boisterous or their little barki require repair, they erect tem- 
 porary huts on the seashore. They are almost all covered with 
 ringworms and scorbutic eruptions and have altogether a most 
 •qualid, wretched look. They are sometimes, when chance 
 throws them in the way and they have become a little civjiized; 
 employed by the Malays to pull an Oar, at which, from their 
 continual practice, they are very expert. Their Religion is, 
 as Symes says of the Andamaners, " tlie genuine homage of 
 nature," offering up a hasty petition to the Sun or the Moon« 
 
 Of the origin of that most singular and curious race, called 
 Semang, (k) the Malays possess no tradition. Certain it it 
 however, ihatthe tribes of them which inhabited various partf 
 (k) In his disquisition on ihc langaige and literature of ibe Eigf, Dr. Lcf, 
 den roskss mention of the Negro Tribct ai follovri, ♦* The P-ipeas, ieroipd bf . 
 themieives lugloU, but by the Spaniards of the Phillippin^t, aigrittt del montf, 
 from their cuiour and woolly hair, are the lecund race of aborigirtci in the 
 £ stern I&.IeSi in several of vrhich they are atili to be (bund, and in 4II of which 
 they seem to have originally existed. Some of theie diviiiont have formed 
 small savage states, and made snme advances towards civilizitlon, but the greater 
 part of (hem, even with the example of more civilized rac^s before their eyeny 
 hjve betrayed no sympoms, either of a taste or capacity for improvement ; and 
 continue in their primary state of nakedness, sleeping on tree<i, devoid of hoosej 
 or clothing and subsisting on the spontaneous produ^s of the forest, or tht 
 precjrioiis success of their hunting and fishing. The Papuas or Oiiental Nsgroi^ 
 aeem to be all divided into very small states or rather societies, very little 
 connected with each other. Hence their language is broken into a maltitadjB 
 of diale£)s, which, in process qf tifDe,. by separati n, accident aiid pral cor« 
 roption have nearly loit all resemblance. The Milays of the Pepinsula coti«i 
 aider the language of the blacks of the Hills as a mere jargon, which can only 
 be compared to the chatierir<g cf large birds and the Papua dialers in manjr 
 of the Eastern Isles, are generally viewed ia che saiM light**' At* Reu 
 ^ol. 10, pge.2i|« ^^ : ii : 
 
XXXTlii. ' APPfiNDIX* 
 
 on both sides of the Peninsula were mucb raorernamerouiBe'- 
 fore many of the present Malayan* Colonies were founded by^ 
 emigrants from Sumatra. The Semangs are designated by the 
 Malays Semang Paya, Bukit, Rakow and Bila« TheSeman^ 
 Pay a are those who reside on the plains and borders of Mo- 
 rasses; the Semang Bukit, whose abode is on the Hills^ and the 
 Semang Bakow are so called from their frequenting the Sea- 
 shore and occasionally taking up their quarters in the Man* 
 grove Jungles. The Semang Bila are those who have been 
 somewhat reclaimed from their savage habits and have had in* 
 tercourse with the Malays. A similar race of people are said 
 to have formerly inhabited all the Islands of the Archipelago 
 and small parties are still to be found on many of them. To 
 ilie Eastward they are called Dyak and on the East Coast of 
 tb^ Peninsula Pangan. They are at present most numerous if» 
 the interior of Ian, a small River to tbe Northward of the 
 Mirbow, near the lofty mountain Jerei, in the Qiiedah territo- 
 ry. There are small parties also in the mountains inland of 
 Jooroo and Krian opposite Pinang. Their huts or temporary 
 dwelling!!, (for they bave no filed habitations and rove about 
 like the Beasts of the Forest^) consist of two Posts stuck into 
 the Ground, with a small cross piece, and a few leaves or 
 branches of Trees laid over to secure them from the weather. 
 Same of them, indeed, in the thicker parts of the Forest, where 
 the Elephants, Tigers and other wild Animals are roost abund- 
 ant, make their temporary dwellings upon the cliffs and 
 branches of large Trees. Their clothing consists chiefly of the 
 inner bark of Trees, having no manufactures of their own. A 
 few who have ventured to approach the Malayan Villages, 
 however, obtain a little Cloth ia Exchange forElephaofi Teetb, 
 
jGaluyi^ paifltnai' ^nd? Cpes, yvKith (li^/ppcur,c jfi^tfjc-Forctf, 
 but of the jhtrinsici value of^vrhicH they possess little knoyrledgi^ 
 and are genefally inippsed wpoii bj the crafty Malay. Fr^oHl 
 the Malays also^ they procnte ih?ir Arms and Kni Wand To* 
 bacco, of whijch l"a$t they rrtalte gre,kt use. Tfiey in^urn 'ffc» 
 .guently impose upon the .superstitious Malays, 5vheQ tVey ha vjS 
 no products to l^arter and wish to pr^ocure a sup pl^y of Tobac- 
 co, by preseuting them with the Medicines derived from par- 
 ticular Shrubs and Trees in (he Wood^, and vvhfch they repre- 
 :sent as efficacious for the c^re ef bead -aches and 'dttier' com* 
 
 piaintf.-. . -^ . .■ . ' ^ . 
 
 ^.h .,!?r--. • /:■■ : ^ ■ ^ 1-i'vv'-;- \ — . :.U.,j ^ ., < 
 
 The Semangs subsist upon the Birds and Beasts of the Forest 
 
 ..... .. .. , o . • , ^ ,. ■. .V- . . . . _ ^^ "i-.,:.. •/v'* 
 
 ; and Roots. They eat Eleph^tSy Rliinocerps, ^tonkeys anj 
 
 . Rats, and with the exception of the partial and scanty s^ippltes 
 
 which they obtain from the Mtflkys/they have no fticeor Sa|t. 
 
 They are' very expert with the Som pit and 'poison the dartf 
 
 with IpOh, procured from thejuice of yarjpu^ Tr^es, w]iicb>^ 
 
 ^^ deadly poisoji. They. hai;idle,the Boir andibe 5pesr w4(|i 
 
 rwonderful dexterity and destroy the largest and most powerful 
 
 Animals by ingenious contrivances. They "seldom 'sulffer bf 
 
 ^Beasts of prey," as they are^extrcmery ^larp^sYgjbiedy^i^h^^^ 
 
 'agile in ascending the Trees as ttie Monkeys. Th^ir^fl^^^ 
 
 desfjroying Elephants, in ,or(Jer to prox:uce.the fvory,rpr,thw 
 
 Flcdh, is most extraordinary andiiogenious. They lay in wait 
 
 in small parties o.f twn or three when they have perceived'any 
 
 Klephants ascend a h»ll, and as they descend ag.iin,whichiliey 
 
 visually ^xi^at a slow pace, plucking thie brahclies as Ihcjy mowi 
 
 along, while til e hind legs arejifted up, the.^cm^ng c^M^f^'W)/ 
 
 ^P|proach.ing hehind,,drives a sharp, poinded. Qambpo .pr.pjec^ 
 
 of Ncebong which has been previously weU ;^ba£deQcd.ii^4h# 
 
fire, and touched wllr poison, inio iBe sole of tKc El^ptiantV 
 foot, (1) with all bis force, whicb effectually lames the An^^ 
 inal and most commonlj causes him to fall; when ttic whole 
 part^ rushes upon him with* spears and sharp pointed sticlcf 
 and soon dispatch him. The Rhinocew)S thej obtain with evenr 
 less difficulty. Thir Animal, whi<:h is of solitary bahits,- i» 
 found frequently in marshy place8>.witb its whole bod^ immers* 
 ed in tbc Mud and' part of the head only projec^ng; j T^^ 
 Malays call them Badak Tapa, or the recluse Rhinoceros* 
 Towarda the close of the rainy season^, they are &aid to burj 
 themselves in this manner in different place's, and upon the drj 
 ifreather scttin/j in, and from the powerful effects of a vertical 
 Sun, the Mud becomes hard and crusted, and the Rhinocerri;' 
 cannot effect its escape without considerabFc difficulty aiid ex* 
 
 (1 ) If it singular thai the mode of deitrojing Elephantt io Abf iiioia at d^f* 
 eribed hy B'uce ii not. moctr different from that practised' by the Sen^angt* 
 Ttro Men on Horseback dart in amongst the Elephants or gallop op close to 
 a single ope, <* After having niide hios torn once or torine in porsoit'ot tne . 
 Hone, the Horseman rides close op alorgsidir of hrm and drops his compsninii 
 jost behiaid on the off^ side and while he engages the E'ephani'ii attention opno 
 lh^ Horsfj the footman behind ^^ives him a drawn ytrnlce jost above the h^sl 
 or what in man is called the tendon of Achilles. This is the critical moment^ 
 fhe Horieman immediately wheels round' and t.kes his companion op behind hfot 
 ami rides of fufl speed after the mt of the herd, if ihey have starred mor« 
 "ihan one, and aometimes an expert Agageer will kill three oat of one heri!» 
 If ^the sword is good and the. man not afraid the tendon is commonly »eparat^4 
 and if, it, is not cut throiigh so far divided, that tbe aniiaal, with the stress 
 be pots opon it, bieaks the remaining parr asunder. , In either case he remains 
 incapable of advaicing a step, till the burseroan retpmio)^, ot his companions 
 coming bp pierce him through with j^velines and lanceii, he then fails 4o th« 
 gtoQod and expires with the lost of blood.— >firacc's Trarels, Vol* Book- tf 
 Chap, and; i)»g«i9^9>/./t**' ^*'^''*-^^^* ^'*'^ **'^ ilaiil^ ^mthrA W 
 
crlioft/ ' T^h^ Scmihga^prepure themsel vas' vriih 'largfe' tpianfi* 
 lies oTcorrtbustibre rndterialk With whkb ihey^ quietlj approach 
 the Aiiimaf, Who is atoosed from hfsYeverie bj an imtxietWe fire 
 bverliito, tvlirclrbeiiig^k^pt well sup p5 red by the Semang^ with 
 fresh fuelt soon completes his destruction aud render? him lit . 
 a fit state' to- mako a Meal of. The projecting' horn odth« 
 Snout is carefully preserved, being supposed to be possessed 
 of medicinal properties and highly prized by the Makers, to 
 whom they barter it for their Tobacco, &c/' : • :-: < ?i ^"? 
 
 ;i A .more simple and natufal mode of bestowing names cannot 
 veil be Luagined, than that adopted by the Semangs. They 
 are called after particular Trees, that is, if a Child is bom 
 under, or near a Gocoanut or Dorian, or any particular Tree 
 in the Forest, it is named accordingly/ Tliey have Chiefs 
 amongst them, but all property is in common. They worship 
 the Sun, Sonje years ago, the Bindahara, or General of Que^ 
 dab, sent two of these people for the inspection of some of hit 
 English Friends at Pinang; but shortly after leaving Quedah^ 
 one of them, whose fears could not be appeased, became very 
 obstrep'erbus, and endeavored to upset the small Boat^ iii 
 which they were embarked; the Malays, therefore, with, their 
 usual apathy and iiidiSerence about human life« put the poor 
 Creature to death/ and threw him over' board; the other ari 
 •rived in saftey, was kindly treated, and received nriany presents 
 of Spades, Hatchers' and other Iron Implements, which be ap- 
 peared to prize above every tiling else. On his return to Ian, 
 lie built himself a small Hut, and began to cultivate Maize, 
 J?JiSar.Cane and. Yams. He is still there, and is said to be a 
 quiet inoffensive man. . This man was at the time of his visit 
 to Pinang, whea I saw him, about 2>^ ycdirs o( age, four feet. 
 
aiineiipcbe* ,iti,:bctghu Hisfliair war woolFjr ^nd'i:iafled*ii:Ri> 
 colour a gloossj jel bfac.k, (m) his lips-were tbicVhUrjos^fl^^ 
 und belly very protMberanl, rpsembliag eiact)y two. paltye^^i^^ 
 |Iie AndaiBao Islands who. were brpught to, Pi^iiico of;^]fcX^l^ 
 Jsfand in tb«^jeax i8l94-,;,«>2^b >niT!U:.UJ^f;^:i i/^i/^- ;!via yli^^ 
 .: Tb« Seiiiangs are found also at Triiigano- oir Hie Eastern 
 itdeof the PiBnrnisula, and a GenHcman of tbts Island ims bad 
 one, who was sent lo bim by the King of that '.Gotintry, in hui . 
 Sefviep^ n>any yearsi.. He was procarcd wbenr a ChHdVand b*« 
 no recollectron of his own Tanguage. I am informed bowei^r 
 by theiVIalays^ that the dialect of that tribe is djfiis rent troTtt 
 
 .., . ';. .t^... *.. 
 
 ( m ) •* The Eait Insofar Negto," $»)r« Crii^furd, •« it a distinA Variety of 
 
 the humiti> ipecies^ fn<) cf id^otty^r * ^^'t tnferloronc^ Their puhf MMore atut 
 
 feeble frames cannot for aioribed to thefigverty of jheir fpod; «r thf Jiar/|«hff^ 
 
 of their condition, for the lank haired r ce« living Q^d^r circv^^tpn^er rqn.alljr 
 
 precarioosy, hiwe ri^oroai conititoiioni. Some Islands tber eojajr almo^rl e,K^ 
 
 ciu^ively to tbemseUei^yet they have In no instance ever risen above the mo^t 
 
 ibjeA itate of bflibarism. Whefever they ate. encoonteVed* fcy itie^fair races 
 
 tjiey are httotec^ tdownlik^ , the. wild :anij>a4»>«r the forest arMf'd'riVe^'^b i^ 
 
 jnouptaios tBd fasjenes&et incapable pf resistance;;* Sir £»erard Hotp^ Wf^ 
 
 the foIlo«.ing^ description of a pjpaa K<gro carried to England br,^,.^S,,.-flaf- 
 
 UtiJ'i' The Papoao d ffcrs from the African N;gro in ihc foUo«rrng^ P*f>i* 
 
 .e«1ars. ^ Hit ckin it of a lighter criloor, the woolly hair grows in tmall tofirt^ 
 
 vnd e;>eh hair hat a sprrat twrsf, TKe forehead it highei* and the hind lieati 
 
 js 4iot to .much cat cff. The nose proje^s more ft otn. ihe faeei The i>ppeff 
 
 lip ii longer and more jxr^op^ineof^ The Jower Up: ^r<r|eOt forward torm^ 
 
 lower jjw to such ao extent that the cUin forqw lOO ,paft of^t)M f«ce, the U«^ 
 
 part of wliich it forraed by the rooath. The battcks are ao mach lovfcr iba» 
 
 in theN.'gro at"<o form a striking mark of distinaion^ bot the calf of the let 
 
 iaashighasio iheN-gro/*. ' '- ' . h: I [^:l- i; 'll' : ;' . jli'id * 
 
 ji .y Ui^i. id IT. * Crawford** Archinetago, vol. J,. p»je;a5^a|a MiJ^ J'jjnp 
 
Appendix.' xliiju 
 
 those of Qiiedah. He is not of such a jet black gTossy apt* 
 pearance as theSemang from Qaedah whom l saw, nor tite two 
 Andamans who were at this. Settlement soin? time ago. A fevr 
 oaontbs sitice« a party of fifteen of the Semangs, who reside On 
 the mountains of Jooruu, came down to one of the Villages in 
 the Honorable Company's Territory, and having eiperienced 
 kiud treatment, and received presents from some ofthelnha* 
 bitants, they have continued in that neighbourhood ever siace^ 
 and frequently visit the Villages.. 
 
 There, is little doubt that the degenerate Inhabitants of the 
 Andaman Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, are descended frooi 
 the same parent stock as the Semangs, and it is extraordinar/ 
 that they have preserved the same uniformity, of manners and 
 habits through such a series of ages; It will be seen, by a re- 
 ference to the following specimen of the Semang language, 
 that there is a very material difference in many of tlie words 
 as collected by Colonel Mclnnes, (late Malay Translator at 
 Pttiaug,) from a Semang of Ian, and published by IMr. Cravr« 
 furd, and those collected by Mr. Maingy, the Resident of Pre* 
 vince VVellesly^ from the Semang of Jooroo, inland of the Ho« 
 Dorable Company's Territory, a distance of nut more than 40 
 miles, and that the Andaman language bears no resemblance io 
 either ... 
 
xlif. 
 
 Appendix* 
 
 Specimen of the Semang- language fn izsco dialecis^ and q/^ 
 the dndamart* 
 
 English. 
 
 Semang 
 Jooroo, 
 
 Semang 
 Ian or Quedah 
 
 Andaman.. 
 
 Earthquake ^ , 
 Land . . . 
 MDuntain . . 
 Plain . . . 
 
 Talilu . . . 
 
 
 
 Teh Karmow . 
 Maidap 
 
 Teh Haita . . 
 Pasaiii » « • 
 
 Teh .... 
 
 TabingChnbak 
 
 Tatonguangu - 
 ^ . . • - 
 
 •• • ♦ ■ • ■• 
 
 Island ... 
 Road . . 
 Water . . . 
 Sea .... 
 River • • • 
 
 Palao . . , 
 Ha ... . 
 Hoh , . . 
 Lawat • • . 
 
 Sunget • . . 
 Paging . . . 
 
 Batcao . « . 
 Laut • • 
 Sungai . . . 
 
 • . » . * 
 
 * • • . w 
 
 Migwajr . - 
 
 . . . . . 
 
 Flood . . . 
 
 
 
 Ebb - -. - 
 
 Siut . . . 
 
 
 
 Sun . . • . 
 
 Moon . • . 
 Star . . . . 
 Rain • . 
 Fire . . . . 
 Snioke • . . 
 
 iVIiJkatok . . 
 Bulan . • . 
 Biuling , . 
 
 Ujan . . 
 Us . . . . 
 E'el . . . 
 Kilat . . . 
 
 Milkatok . . 
 Kachit . . . 
 
 Rinfingp 
 
 Allay . . . 
 Tabci . . - 
 
 Ut .* .* '. \ 
 Eel . . . . 
 
 Oyc . . . 
 Mona • . « 
 
 Lightning . . 
 Thunder • . 
 
 
 
 Kai . • • 
 
 
 
 Ridh 
 
 
 
 Cloud . . . 
 
 Miffa . . . 
 
 ... . 
 
 
 Daik . . 
 
 Tin, Amea . 
 Chahai , . 
 
 
 
 Light • • • 
 
 
 , . . ■,'''V^- 
 
ArrKHDiXf 
 
 Ik. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 English. 
 
 Semang 
 Jboroo. 
 
 Semang 
 lau or Quedah. 
 
 ' Andaman. 
 
 - 
 
 Cold . . . 
 
 Gun, Amad . 
 
 
 Choma . '. 
 
 Hot . . . 
 
 Pedee • • . 
 
 
 Mooloo • 
 
 Blatk . . . 
 
 Belteng . . 
 
 Belting . . 
 
 Cheegheoga - 
 
 Charcoal • . 
 
 Auggu • . . 
 
 Manny log . . 
 
 . . cc - 
 
 Ashes . . . 
 
 Tebut . . . 
 
 Tapil|> . . 
 
 
 • ' • • 
 
 Clolb . . . 
 
 Budbiid . . 
 
 Panjafc . . 
 
 
 » • • "^ 
 
 Tree . . . 
 
 Kiiiug • • . 
 
 Chuck . . . 
 
 
 ► » , • 
 
 Leaf . , . 
 
 Klee . . . 
 
 
 
 » • • • 
 
 Kattan . . 
 
 Latei . • . 
 
 • • • • 
 
 
 • • • ■ 
 
 Bough • 
 
 IVboa . . . 
 
 
 
 ». • ^ •• • > 
 
 Flower 
 
 Btingei . . . 
 
 
 
 • . • • • 
 
 Rice • . . 
 
 Bei . . . 
 
 Bajas ^ . . 
 
 *. * ' ' * 
 
 Salt . . . 
 
 Geam • • . 
 
 Sijah . . . 
 
 - . . 
 
 Milk . . . 
 
 Boo . . 
 
 
 . . . 1 
 
 Death . . . 
 
 Kabis . • • 
 
 Kabis . . . 
 
 
 Life . . . 
 
 Gamas • • * 
 
 ■ _ • . •' • 
 
 , 
 
 Sick . . . 
 
 Miji . . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 ." • " 
 
 Fever . . . 
 
 Maa . . . 
 
 « • - • 
 
 - 1 
 
 Small Pox 
 
 Cham pang 
 
 • • • 
 
 * • • : 
 
 IVIan • • • 
 
 Tiimbal • . 
 
 Teunkal • 
 
 Camoloa - • 
 
 WomaQ 
 
 Mabei . . • 
 
 Badoa • • . 
 
 ' • I 
 
 Virgin . . . 
 
 Kedah . . . 
 
 • *, ' * 
 
 m . a i 
 
 Father . 
 
 Kau . . . 
 
 4i . . . 
 
 . • 
 
 ,]Vlt)tlier 
 
 Boh . . . 
 
 Mak . . 
 
 " • «•' 
 
 Brother . . 
 
 Tobai . . . 
 
 Inak ... . 
 
 * * 
 
 Sister . . . 
 
 VVankii-man . 
 
 • • ' • 
 
 
 lufaat • • . 
 
 Wang . . , 
 
 Waoganeg 
 
 
 . 3 
 
xiri. 
 
 Appbndix. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 English. 
 
 Scraang 
 Jooroo. 
 
 Semang 
 Ian or Quedah. 
 
 Andamat^.. 
 
 Husband • . 
 
 Tee . .. . 
 
 • ■ • ' • 
 
 . • «» •, • 
 
 IVlarriage . . 
 
 Goon ... . 
 
 • • • • 
 
 • . •' « 
 
 Body • • . 
 
 Pee . . . 
 
 - • • 
 
 •. , • • 
 
 Mine • • 
 
 Eng . • . 
 
 • • • 
 
 . •. . . 
 
 Fle»b . .. . 
 
 dee • • • 
 
 . • • • r 
 
 m • • • 
 
 Bone •' • 
 
 Gchec . . . 
 
 Aieng . . 
 
 Gectongaj 
 
 Blood • • . 
 
 Miihiim • . 
 
 »• • 
 
 Cocbengobee - 
 
 Head . . . 
 
 Kala Ku>i . 
 
 Kai . 
 
 Tabay . . 
 
 Face • . • 
 
 Mid . . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 • » m 
 
 Ear . .. . 
 
 PaJ 
 
 Auliug 
 
 Quaka • '*♦ 
 
 Moutb • . 
 
 Tenut . - . 
 
 Ban . 
 
 • • a 
 
 Tooth .- . . 
 
 Lcuiuui • 
 
 Yuf 
 
 Mabojr • - 
 
 Tongue . 
 
 Litig • • . 
 
 • ' • • 
 
 • ' «• - «> 
 
 Bell/ . . • 
 
 Koad . * • . 
 
 Cheong 
 
 N'apo/' • • 
 
 Nipple . 
 
 Bow . , 
 
 • • • 
 
 •' • • 
 
 Hand • • 
 
 Tong . . . 
 
 Chat • . 
 
 * • * • • 
 
 Fingers . 
 
 Waiitung^ . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 Modiay • - 
 
 Thumb. . . 
 
 Ri»alirg 
 
 • • • 
 
 * . • «• 
 
 Hair 
 
 Saa . . . 
 
 • • ■ 
 
 
 NailoftheHand 
 
 Tika Tong . 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • • 
 
 Arm • • 
 
 Belaog . . . 
 
 • • 
 
 Pilei • • 
 
 ,Foot . . . 
 
 Chau . . . 
 Tiku Chan . 
 
 • . • • 
 
 • • * 
 
 NaiioftheFoot 
 
 * • . • 
 
 • • • 
 
 'loe . . . 
 
 Wang Chau . 
 
 • • • 
 
 • • ^ 
 
 E>c . . . 
 
 Med . . . 
 
 Med . . 
 
 Taba/ . . 
 
 ^N«»8e . , 
 
 Muck • . . 
 
 Meak . . 
 
 Mtlled . • 
 
 Tiger , . . 
 
 Cbiai • . 4 
 
 faija . , 
 
 «> <» « 
 
Appendix. 
 
 xWA. 
 
 Englisb. 
 
 Semang 
 Jooruo. 
 
 Semang 
 Ian or Quedah. 
 
 Andaman. 
 
 Hog .. , . 
 
 Tubaw, Badai 
 
 • • , • 
 
 ^ 
 
 ". • 
 
 Dog . . . 
 
 VYau . . . 
 
 Ek . . 
 
 
 • ''. 
 
 Deer ^ . . 
 
 Sau . r . 
 
 - 
 
 Kusak # . 
 
 -■■ 
 
 . ' . 
 
 Elephant . . 
 
 Ta-moen-da 
 
 Gajah . ^ 
 
 .- 
 
 
 Crow . . 
 
 Eghaii 
 
 • • « 
 
 - 
 
 . ■- 
 
 Peacock . 
 
 iMah . . . 
 
 • • • 
 
 - ' • 
 
 • « 
 
 Monkey . . 
 
 Ja)0 . . 
 
 Jayo • 
 
 » 
 
 . '"". 
 
 Buffalo . . 
 
 Kebao 
 
 Kebao . . 
 
 . 
 
 • ; . 
 
 Rat . . . 
 
 Tikiis . . . 
 
 .- " - 
 
 » 
 
 • ■• 
 
 Cow • 
 
 Lembiih 
 
 Lembok - - 
 
 -. 
 
 m « 
 
 Fowl . . . 
 
 Kawao • . . 
 
 Kawao - 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Duck . . . 
 
 Ifck . • . . 
 
 Itek 
 
 • 
 
 - - 
 
 Fish . . . 
 
 Ikan • 
 
 Ikan 
 
 Nabokee 
 
 
 Soake . . . 
 
 Ekob . . . 
 
 Ekob - - 
 
 . 
 
 * ^ m 
 
 Bee , . . 
 
 Galu . 
 
 Gala . . 
 
 • 
 
 . - . - 
 
 Crab . . ... 
 
 Kandiin . 
 
 - - 
 
 • 
 
 • m 
 
 Ant 
 I gg 
 
 Nest 
 
 Kesub 
 Vlaku 
 Sam 
 
 Les 
 
 •o*^>^'Saoj 
 
 ■f : i r\ i 
 
xlfiii* . Appendix. 
 
 Description of the Island of Junk Ceylbif by Capfain 
 Francis Ught*^ 
 
 J 
 
 UNK CEYLON or SALANG, ai called by tbenativei, 
 is situated in the 8th Degree of X'orth Latitude, and extendi 
 N»JV. E. and S. S. W. about 40 miles, iiv bread tb only 15 
 m'\\99. It forms tb« Norlb point of the Straits called Malacca, 
 as Acheen bead does the South, and is Ml Degrees East of 
 Madras; 4 Degrees East of the Nicobars ; 80 Leagues N. E. 
 of Acheen ; and 50 Leagues N. W. of Quedab. The land 
 is oi )untainou8, the Villages well watered, pleasant and fruit- 
 fill. The bills are covered with Forests of large and useful 
 Timber. The soil various, but chit-fly Sand and Clay. It 
 produces several kinds of Rice, Ist the common Rice, 2nd the 
 Bcented Rice, 3rd the red and purple colored Rice, 4th the 
 Pnloo, a glutinous Rice, both ^rhite and red. This last it 
 much estenned for Convalescents. They have tvro harvests, 
 the one from the high Grounds and Hills in September, and 
 the other from the Plains in January, that on the Hills, although 
 altended with much labour and little profit, is greatly preferred 
 by the inhabitants. They first cut down the underwood; thea 
 fell the Trees, leaving only the very large onrs ; after topping 
 all the branches, it is left for two or three months to dry. In 
 April they set it on fire, and the whole is consumed, leaving 
 only the stumps and large trunks : they then clear the Ground ; 
 in Ma} they put in the Seed. Men with two Sticks make 
 boles as they walk on the Ground two inches deep, and nine 
 or teu inches asunder ; the Women follow with a small Barn* 
 
App^bit;^ XliXr j 
 
 boo*, filled ^itlv Paddy, sfre drops tbr^ie or fo a r grains io each 
 hole, and striking the edge" of the Bamboo, covers <he Seed. 1 
 It sometimes, a fortnight after this, requires weeding, and when \ 
 the earr are formed, they must keep a constant watch over the 1 
 Birds, which are very small and very numerous. The Ele- 
 phants are more destructive luvadersr To keep these out, 
 they fell a number of large Trees round the borders with thg j 
 branches outwards, and within these, is made a strong fence \ 
 of Pickela four or ^so, feet high, covered with thorns. All 
 their .precaution is sometimes insufficient. The Paddy in the \ 
 low Grounds, is either sowo or planted, in the same manner 
 as in Beugal and other parts of India, These Grounds arc 
 fenced in every year. In gathering the Paddy, they arc pecu- *^ 
 liar; it is generally performed by the Women, who with a \ 
 Knife cut off the head of only one or two at a time, and put \ 
 them into Baskets. This, though a tedious mode, issupersti* ; 
 tiously observed. There are now two Villages remaining, the 1 
 principal Bantakipn, stands nearly in the Centre of the Island, \ 
 on a pleasant plain, a small River running close by it ; the ' 
 Village is surrounded by a hedge of Bamboos, and contains | 
 400 Inhabitants. Bandoue two miles S. W. of Bantakion, it i 
 situated on a Hill, contains about 200 Inhabitants, some Gcn- 
 toos and Malabars ; this place is healthy. It is almost sur- 
 rounded with Paddy Fields and a River ; six or seven miles 
 West of Bandone^ is Tentally, contains 300 Inhabitants, and 
 is situated near the Sea. Here the land is low, and forms a 
 fine Bay with a Sandy Beach, on which is found Ambergris | 
 dui ing the N. E. Monsoon; here is excpllent fishing. Seven or \ 
 ei^ht miles N. W. of Bantakion, lies Sago, on the side of a \ 
 mounlaui^ containing 150 Inhabitants; the Soil is here rich acid I 
 
l; AtPEKDlX^ 
 
 produc'live of the finest finifs. The mountain whieli iii !!%&{> 
 slopes into tl>e Sea, and defends the valley from the strong 
 Sea Gales. From Sago to the Straks of Popra, the land it 
 low, and intersected v»>ith maiiy Lakes; the Road is ever a 
 heavy sand about niiiie miles long. ■ ^■■' ■ "!»' • -><^ ' i' • • h 
 
 RiMgain and Cockraht are two. temporary Villages on the 
 S. E. side, inhabited during Uie N, E. Monsoon, when ihey 
 work the iVlines. From Cockrain Ihere is a small River na- 
 vigable for Boats v^hich empires itself into a Ray three milei 
 deep and two broad. This Bay is very shallow, and when 
 the wind blows from the E. N. E. has a very large Sea;.bul 
 at the South end, there is a small Ifarbour formed by an Island, 
 in which Ships may ride in 6 and 7 fathoms smooib Water, 
 on (he S. W. end of the Island, on the side of a high mountain 
 fronting the Sea, is the Village of Gomra, inhabited bj 50 
 Malay Families. Tarma, which is made the Seaport TowOj 
 contains about 400 Houses; it is on the East side nearly cen'-; 
 Irical 6 or 7 miles from Bantakiou, and two mites from (he Sea'; 
 the River, which was formerly navigable for Sloops, is now 
 choaked. up, and only Boats can go up at high Water; the 
 Town is well situated; tliere aie Hoads leading to the princi- 
 pal places on the Island, and to jamboo. On the South side 
 of the Town is a piecfeof high Ground, whicTi commands tVe 
 vhole; all strangers reside here. The Harbour of Tarma fs 
 covered from the winds. Ships lay in the most perfect se- 
 cinitv in the greatest Gales, defended from S. and S E. windf 
 by <he Cocnas and Sulangs, fl-om the N. E. by Panjang, from 
 th<» N. E. and S. E. bySalaHg. The only impediment to (his 
 being (he hcj^t Naval Port in India, is a Flat bink of Mu'd 
 '>yhich extends from Jamboo to Cucoa ; between this bauk and 
 
ApPENWiTr 1}, 
 
 rite Salangr is 4^, 5, 6, and 7 fathoms water, bot Fiere tb« 
 ,SUi{)s, though defended fiom aU weathers, would be exjiosed 
 to an Enemj^ (he passage round Salang, and from Sal ang to 
 Jamboo, being more than two miles wide, Jamboo is a higli 
 .narrow point of land, broad at tbe extremifjr ; has plenty of 
 Wood and Wafer, and might easily be defended, Ihe Soil, at 
 top is light, but underneath a 6 le Clay, which grows hard 
 when exposed to the Air, This Point extends to the East near 
 one mile from the Main Island, and in the Centre, is not mor^ 
 than 200 yards over. On the North side of this Point, the 
 water is very shoal, no Ship can come within Gun Shot. Oil 
 the side next the Harbour, there is a small Channel of 2 fa* 
 4homs. Were the several Rivers which empty themselves over 
 the -Mud bank, confined to run by the side of Ja iiboo, the Cur. 
 (rent .would open a Harbour for large Ships; there is plenty of 
 Timber fit for Piles, Stones, Earth &c« at Jamboo ; a Mole 
 might be raised at a small expense, should the present Harbour 
 be demecd insufficient. ^ 
 
 The Strait separating Salang from the Main^ is 5 lengnei 
 long and affords a very good Harbour; the entrance from the 
 ;Sea is blocked up by Sand navigable only for Boats in fair 
 weather ; the Tides run strong ; the land forms two low Sandy 
 Points about 600 yards distant, and three quarters of a mile 
 in length; depth of water from Point to Point 6, 7, 8, and 9, 
 fathoms ; The Coast Vessels frequently load Elephants here, 
 laying a short Bridge of Planks from the Beach to the Vessel; 
 this part of the Strait is called Popra, From these Points, it 
 widens into a Bay, deeper on (he Main than Salang, and ex- 
 tends 6 miles to Stony Point, where the land again contractg 
 the|>as8age to about 5 or 600 jards. The Points here arc higti 
 
iii. Appendix. 
 
 and bluflT, at present covered with Toftj Trees. After passing 
 tbis Point, the passage beconreg intricate, a large sand ex tciid« 
 from tbe Island allow water; there is not more than 3 or 4 
 fathoms betv^een the Sand and the Sliore. Here also tbe Tides 
 from the Sea/ and from the Bay of Salang meet and cause great 
 eddies;, the difficult part of this passage is abooi 2^ miles, after 
 'vvhich there is a fair and clear Channel of 9 or 10 fathoms into 
 the Bajof Salong. Ships of the line must pas» over at the last 
 quaiter floods and then, if they have not a fair wind, they must 
 varp past the red Sand, v« hen the ebUTide will carry tbem 
 into the Bay to the W est of Stony Point. Tbis place is capa- 
 ble of being forlified, and would be safe from the attacks of an 
 Enemy; tbe disadvantages attending this place, are, the Tides 
 are strong near tbe steep Shores, and. in the Harbour, the 
 Shores are Flat. For a large Ship to carreen, it would be 
 necessary to have floating Stages. This would render it te- 
 dious and expensive for a large fleet. For the protectioa of 
 IVIerchant Vessels, and two or thiee Ships of War, it is prefer* 
 able certainly to Pinang. 
 
 The continent opposite Salang from Popra to Tacorpa, 30 
 miles, is very thinly inhabited by Siamese, has only 5 or 6 
 Villages situated 3 or 4 miles from the Sea Shore. Between 
 the Villages aiid the Sea, is tliick Jungle^ left to prevent tbe 
 JVlalay Pirates from making incursions to their habitations. 
 •Baneey the first Village, is 3 miles from Popra, this was for* 
 nierly the Srat of a Gentoo Merchant from Madras, who built 
 Vt-s^srU at Popra, and carried on a considerable Trade to the 
 C«>a8l of Coromandel. Soin^e of his family are still remaining, 
 but «he Village now contains only 30 H<iuses. Eight miles to 
 the Northward of Baucey, is Natory,,tte .Seat of Governmeut. 
 
.AppENDiXr- liii. 
 
 Tl)i8 Villag3 contains upxvards of 100 Houses oh a small rising 
 Ground, surrounded with Padd^ Grounds and Water; a rapid 
 River runs through this place ta the Sea. A mile and a half 
 from Natorj, is Tacoalanj, a Christian ViHage, formerly verjT 
 large, hut now so reduced, (hat a Priest cannot procure a maia« 
 lenance. Three or four miles from Natory to the N. W. is 
 Patai, a small Village of 14^ or IS Houses ; the whole of this 
 plain from Hancey to Tacoatany, is no where two miles broad. 
 From the Woodar which cover the Sea Shore to the foot of the 
 Hills, it is exceeding fertile, and produces great plenty of 
 Jiice and Cattle. One Village I had forgot only 1| mile from 
 Popra, called Coocloi, has only 8 or 9 Houses; the plains of 
 Natory are separated from Taco pa, by a very high mountain, 
 \thicli they cannot travel over in one day. The people of Siain 
 have no other entrance into this Country by land, unless they 
 cross immediately from Ligore over many mountains, and 
 through thick Forests. This would be of singular advantage 
 to Salang, as no Artillery or Stores could be brought against 
 it but by the Se9, Tacopa produces Tin; the Inhnbifants of 
 the several Villages come here to dig; the Tin is either trans- 
 ported to Siam by the way of Chia, or sent to Popra. The 
 River of Tacopa is pretty large, but not navigable for Ships, 
 on account of the Sand banks which cover the entrance. From 
 Tacopa, you go up the River in Boats or Rafts to Soik, a 
 Mountain; here they land, and walk round to the opposite 
 side, half a day's journey. They then embark on Rafts and 
 proceed to C^Tia. At Chia there are always Vessels going to 
 Siam. The Country to the Northward of Tacopa, as far as 
 IVIergui, is uninhabited, there are many Rivers, and the Coast 
 abounds with Tin Ore, particularly at Beaon. Many attempts 
 
llf. Afpbndfx* 
 
 liave been made to setfle tlits by the Siamese Malajr, and 
 Tannoes, rr%)m the o^reat fHCilitj with which they caji procure 
 the Till ; but as it lies between the Si am and Burma To wof, 
 and is claimed by both, the few people who have gone there*, 
 liHve been plundered aud carried away. All this Country is 
 mou'itaiiious^ a few Miles from the Sea sborc^ and covered with 
 impenetrable forests^ in which there arc great numbers of wild 
 JElpphants. 
 
 At the North end of SaTang River, fs a very rapid and cold 
 River, which falls down a steep preeipifc called Cra Poongba, 
 there arc a few Inhabitants who dig Tin. The Country here 
 vea; » a romantic appearance > sleep rocks, caves, high Moun* 
 .tains, and rugged Islands; near Poongha I am told is a Valley of 
 a circular form to which thereis only one entrance under a large 
 Rock; at high water the passage is closed, and at low water 
 'the rapidity of the ( urrent with the Shelves and Rocks, render 
 It impossible for the smallest Boat to pass. The only time to 
 ,go out is at half Tide; here 500 people have taken refuge from 
 the tyranny of (he Siamese Government. I have receiv^ed this 
 account from Chinese and Malays who have been there, and 
 fr(»m Pio Pemone, the late Governor of the Island. From 
 poongha to Trang, including a Coast of 16 or IS leagues and 
 a number of Islands, there are uo Inhabitants, except the Oraug 
 Lauts, who navigate from Island to Island. 
 
 The only produce from Salang at present which makes >% 
 part of Commerce, is Tin, found ia the greatest quantities ia 
 the S. I . part of the Island. Pookit, formerly the principal 
 Town of the Island, and wher^the Tin was melted, is now^ 
 neglctied; they finding it easier to dig near the Shores. The 
 Ore is all dugiu wdlsfour feet square. Four men joiu to • 
 
Pi<; ^ of them open the Pit, whilier t^e oiherr collect Bamboo 
 leaves and frames for the sidej; 4 pieces of Wood about 8 or 
 9 inches rounds uotchcdand let i«to each other, makes the 
 frame, these are placed within tlie Pit at the distance of 5 or 
 6 feet- at the back of these are thrust down small lonor Bam 
 boos, and behind them are put leaves to prevent the Earth and 
 "Water from enterin^^ the Pit. A Pahola is erected at one end 
 a Bucket hung by a Rattan sewer to draw up the Earth and 
 Ore, the other end is balanced by a weight, a dam is made by 
 the side of the Pit, at «he bottom is placed a Mat, and then 
 filled with Water. One man remains in the Pit to dig 
 up the Ore, and works the Pahola. The Ore is brought 
 up mixed with Stone and Clay, and thrown among the 
 women, who sit there to receive it into Wooden Platters, 
 by breaking the Clay with their Fingers, and twisting round 
 the Platters, the Ore is soon separated and laid aside; in the 
 evening, they wash the Ore in a running Stream to carry off 
 the finer particles of the Sand ; it is then dried and carried to the 
 Smelting House. It is received by measures, 100 lbs. of the 
 Ore yields 70 to 75 lbs. of the metal. The Miner, if a poor 
 man, receives a Ticket for 40 lbs. of Tin; if an Officer 50. 
 These Tickets are afterwards exchanged by the King*8 Over- 
 seer, at the rate of 5 TickaU of Silver for one Coping, weighing 
 62{ lbs. English. The Surplus 30 or 35 lbs. goes to the Smel- 
 ter, who is a Chinese that remits this privilege from the Kii»g. 
 When the Pit is finished, and they Insc sight of the Ore, tw« 
 of the men begin another. In 2 or 3 days, they get all the Ore 
 within reach; the Pit is then left open to fill up, as time and 
 accident direct. At Pookit, they dig from 50 to 70 feet; at 
 Rangain, and places near the Sea from 10 to 30 feet; but here 
 they are sometimes obliged to wait until the Spring tides are 
 
Its. Appendix. 
 
 over. Thcj are likewise more subject fo putrid vaponti 
 in the low Grounds thaw in the high, whkh prove mortati 
 After passing the Strata of Stunes and clay, to whkh the Orar 
 adheres, is always fobnd a bed of exceeding while cla/ 
 without any mixture; below this bed the Ore never de- 
 scends. The quantity of Ore found in such Pits, varies 
 from 250 to 1000 lbs.; the Ore is smelted in a Furnace 
 3 feet deep and 22 inches bioad^ hooped with Iron; the 
 bellows is of Wood shaped like a Pnmp 7 feet long; the 
 diameter of the Cylinder 4 inches; the Piston is very small, 
 and covered at the end with feathers; at each end of the Cy- 
 linder, is a valve which gives a constant supply of Air. The 
 Tube for conveying the Air into the Furnace, is of bamboo, 
 and fixed in the middle of the outside of the Cylinder to a 
 small Channel about 12 inches square on the outside, which 
 conveys the Air to the Tube as the Piston goes up and down^ 
 The Furnace is first loaded wjth Charcoal; when well fired, 
 about 2C0 lbs. of Ore is placed on the top, and coal over iU 
 To make the Metal separate more easily, they put a little 
 pounded Scoria among the Ore, and moisten it; the first lime 
 it passes through the Furnace, it parts with some of its ar- 
 aenic qualities; but is yet only blaik shining Scoria, with a 
 .few while specks of Metal; the second time they get Tin. 
 The Ore is five times run through the Furnace before the 
 Tin is properly extracted; after this the Scoria is laid by, 
 ai d when the Season for digging is over, they smelt it once 
 pr tviice m(tre. The Tin is cast in Slabs of 30 lbs. weight 
 called Poke, in small pieces of 20 to a Slab called Poot, 40 
 to a Slab called Tuong, SO^allcd Pinchay. With these di- 
 visions, they went to the Maiket^ until the present King; 
 
of Siam engaged tie whole, the quantify of Tin dtig^ by 
 the present InhabHanfs during' the Months of Februarr, 
 March, and April, amounts to 4000 China Pi€ul»i w valoa 
 68,000 Spanish Dollars. 
 
 The pasture of Salong h excellent, the Buffaloe is very 
 large^ meat more sweet and tender tlian in any other parts 
 of India. Beef, Sheep and Goats thrive well here, but the 
 Inhabitants can possess no property; therefore nothing is ruU 
 tivatedj nor even Poultry reared. In the Woods arc Ele. 
 phants. Rhinoceros, Tigers, Elk, Deer, Bears, and Hogs, and 
 a great variety of the feathered specie?, whose plumage it 
 highly valued by the Chinese. The Lakes abound with wild 
 Fowl, and the Sea with Fish, the Valleys are well watered 
 with streams, the Air is healthy, and the Mountains yield a 
 rich Ore with plenty Fruit. The Shores abound with Shell 
 Fish, Oysters, Muscles, Crabs, Pearl Oysters, Hammer Oys- 
 ters, King Crab, a variety of painted Shells, also Sea Slug 
 called Beech de Mer, which makes an Article of Commerce 
 with China. Of this Slug, there are three kinds, the white, 
 red and black, the white sells for 5 Dollars per Picul, the 
 red from 7 to 16, and the black from 20 to 30. Bird's Nests, 
 or Mera de Pastro, are found among the Islands from Salang 
 to Mergui; the first sort, of a transparent white is worth 24t 
 Dollars per Catty in China, the others from 7 to 16 per Catty, 
 accoiding to its colour, and being free from feathers; the 
 coarse sort is almost all feathers and black ; this sells for onljr 
 30 Dollars per Picul. The collecting these two Article! em- 
 ploy every year near 1000 Prows, and 4500 people. The 
 King of Quedah claims the dominion of these Seas, and grauti 
 a license for collecting the Bird's Nests and Sea Slug to some 
 
If ill* Affkndix* 
 
 of bis Officers, (or which Tie receives about 12 Co 15«000 Srpa« 
 oish Dollars per Annum. The most useful Trees ou Salang^ 
 are the Oil Tree^ I>amaiar Tree, Voon, red and white for 
 IVlasts, the Tokien, Tong, and Tookuiv for Ships and House 
 Bui Id lug; the Toomasak for Piles, Mjtack for Oars, black 
 wood and red wood for furniture. These Trees are all of verj 
 large dim^^nsions and very loftv, the white Oak is short and 
 "verj crooked. The Sasafras Tree verj plentiful, Sago Trees 
 very few. Bamboos, Canes, and Rattans in abundance besides 
 a great cumber of other useful Trees whose names I have fur* 
 gotten. Of Fruit Trees, the Durian, Jack, Champada^ Ivfan* 
 goosteen« Mango, Loomala, and wild Mango, Orange, Limof 
 Pumplemose, Marian, and several wild fruits. From the nature 
 of the Soil and Climate of this Island, nothing is wanted- to 
 make the Inhabitants happj but a rational Government. Their 
 Religion and Laws are Siamese, but all other religions are 
 tolerated; and some of them are both Mahomedans and Sia* 
 roese; they conform to the Laws of Mahomed in not eating^ 
 pork, and to the Siamese, in adoring the image of their Pro- 
 phet. The Government has been changing so often, it is dif- 
 ficult to fi?c on any period for a description. Before the de« 
 struction ofSian by the Burmahs, the Island belonged to the 
 Ligore Department, and was governed by three Officers, the 
 Pia Salang. Pia.Blaat and Jokebat, appointed by the Kin^of 
 Ligore. After the loss of Siam, the Klalays got. possession of 
 the Island, and Ihc Laxsamana of Quedah maintained an ab- 
 solute authority, treating the Siamese as Slaves, until an ac- 
 cident inspired the Islanders with the idea of liberating them- 
 selves, which they pcrforujed 'in one night, at an Annual as. 
 sembly which the Siamese Celebrated in hooor of their Prophet. 
 
 ^.'' 
 
n^ 
 
 Appendix. lit. 
 
 ♦ ■ 
 One of (be Islanders unarmed fought witb a Malaj armed 
 M^itb bis Creese or Dagger, tbe Islander conquered in spite 
 of the Creese, and beat tbe Malay to a muiumy. Tbe Cbief 
 of tbe Siamese represented to bis people bow shameful it was 
 for them to behold themselves in subjection by people so 
 uiuch weaker than themselves. As it was necessary to be se* 
 cret, only 70 chosen Men were assembled in tbe dead of night ; 
 tbe> attacked the Malayan Town with Fire and Sword ; the 
 Laksamana conceiving the whole Island was raised against 
 hiai, .fled with his people to their Prows. In the morning, 
 not a Malay was to be seen; they left their Guns, Tin, Mo- 
 neyv aiid Merchandize to tbe Islanders, and never dared to 
 return. '1 be Laksamana constantly regretted the loss of this 
 Island, and offered me 8000 Men, when it was proposed bj 
 IVIr. Hastfngs to establish a Settlement. The Island after* 
 vards suffered another Revolution, when Pia Tai became 
 King of Siam; but this leads to a long history. The present 
 Governor, styled Choo Pia Salang, is one of the greatest Vil- 
 lains, who has raised himself by ingratitude, deceit, murder^ 
 and rapine from a low and indigent state. He wrote roe a 
 Letter expressing great esteem and friendship, which I did 
 not answer. A few days ago, be sent me a Messenger to 
 assure me if I would next November send a Vessel with 
 some Troops, be would deliver tbe Island to the Eng* 
 lish and only require a small allowance for himself. 
 Could this Island be obtained by treaty, or with the iinanimoui 
 consent of the Inhabitants, for tbe King of Siam is only their 
 usurper of yesterday, and may probably share the fate of hii 
 master, I know of no place of so much value. It is known 
 from experience the soil is favorable for Pepper, CottoO| Sugar| 
 
 'jt 
 
IX, APPBNDIxi 
 
 f 
 
 Coffee and that the natives of the Coromandel .and Tanjore ^ 
 Countries, prefer it to their own land. It would ioiaiediateljr' 
 paj Iheexpense of Government, and would bean admirable 
 situation for a plaee of arms. This would remain, weree.vca 
 Beogal and the Carnaiic to be lost* 
 
 The S. W. and N. E. Monsoons prevail at Salang; the ,, 
 S. W. winds from May to November; the N. E. winds are 
 not so steady and strong as the S. W. during the S^ W. 
 winds, the weather is eloudj,^ with frequent showers; the 
 heavy rains are in September and October. In December the ^* 
 North and South East winds blow fresh and dry, January 
 and February are subject to calms, March aod April to va-y.- ; 
 liable wiuds. *' ;* * 
 
 Extract of a letter addressed hy the late Mr. James 
 Scott, to the Governor Generaly dated Jan Si/tang^ 
 2Sth October^ IS73. : V '^J 
 
 " All these concurring circumstances and more perhaps 
 ^ith which I am unacquainted, have induced the Governor 
 here io make the following proposals and to desire I would 
 forward them to the Company, viz. *^ *. * * * 
 
 That if the English would take on them the sovereignty of >^^ • 
 the island Jau Sylang and iH dependencies and send a forc^.to* '* >;. ,. 
 resist any future attempts from Siam ; he will deliver them • . . % 
 the peaceable possession of ^ the Island, on the following^ "^ ! '^ 
 terms, and promises to coateoi the iobabitautSi to facilitate 
 'Hfhich he requests, - . :. 'r * \>1-* 
 
 
Appendix* Ixi* 
 
 1st. That all debts to tli€ King of Siam bjr tbe nati? cs of 
 this Island shall be cancelled for ever. 
 
 2nd. That the Slavery of the people arising from their 
 being considered as Slaves of the King be abolished, and e?crjr 
 one be entitled to the produce of his labours. 
 
 3rd. That private property renaain as it now is, and debts 
 due from Inhabitants to individuals be recoverable as before. 
 
 4th. That the Arrack and Gaming Farms be at least for a 
 time abolished. 
 
 5ih. That the Company will receive of the Miners 8 mea- 
 sures of Tin for one Capping 62^ lbs. and' pay for every 8 
 measures 4 Spanish Dollars iu place of 3 Spanish Dollars oovr 
 paid by the King. , • 
 
 For himself^ as Governor' under the Company, he asks 
 5 Rhars of Tin for every 100 Exported; or in lieu thereof 
 160 Spanish Dollars. N. B. One Bhar is 500 lbs. avoirdupois. 
 
 That whereas the King of Siam for himself or in the name 
 of the Governor for the time being, stands at this time^ indebted 
 to English Merchants a sum not exceeding 700 Bharsof Tin: 
 
 This the Company coming in place of the King must dis- 
 cbarge to the bond holders, on the second year of possession ia 
 Tin, from their own proper Funds. 
 
 All other debts due by individual natives to foreigners of 
 any' nation to be allowed on proof and recoverable in the Court 
 of Law, 
 
 Every thing else he trusts to the wisdom and consideration 
 of the Company, and he hopes they will be speedy in sending 
 him an answer, as the existence of himself and family will de« 
 pend on the protection he may receive from them, or what 
 their answer may enable him to procure elsewherCj previoui 
 to the change of the Moosouo* ' 
 
IxiL Appendix. 
 
 • • '. 
 
 The proHahle advantages of the English Company a&i 
 
 cepting the proposals of tfte Governor of the hland 
 
 Salang, and ceding it to the British Goveriifnent* By 
 
 the late Captain James Scott. '- ''^Si'^'^^-^Ui'r'-ii-f}u'^^: 
 
 -V 
 
 As this subject has already been before your Board, and_ 
 reasons appearing to justify our taking possession by force, 
 aud as these reasons operate with more force towards a peace- ^ \" " .^^ 
 able acquisition than open conquest, 1 shall suppose the io. >* ^. 
 fiirmation already given on record as full ai|d satisfactory ^ ''<:- 
 regarding its local situation and advantages^ and proceed to %* > 
 iliew the additional propriety of the measure from our con- . / 
 sequent loss of the Rhio and Saleogore trade. The Goverd. 
 ment of Salang extends fiom. the River's end in the Latitude 'f * 
 
 9© 40" N. to a River to the Southward ofTillibon iu about * 
 
 • ■ 
 
 Lat. 7«* N. The whole Coast is a bed of Tin Ore, very rich .^v 
 
 and fuzible in common charcoal fire with a pair of hello wsJ .."^^ 
 Ihere are a great number of Islands on the Coast, in many . ^, 
 of which arc Tin. The Exports of Salang at present arb » 
 
 about 5000 Piculs of Tin; some Amber, Wax, and Ivqry are 
 produced, but being the King's, are left to rot in the woods* 
 The Inlands contiguous are at present rented to the Quedah 
 people at 5000 Dollars per Annum for the purpose ofga* * 
 
 therhig Bird's Nests and Beech de IVler; but their produce,* •« * 
 is 16,000 in these Articles^ Cotton, Sugar, Coffee,* Pepper, •-' '. ,* 
 and Indigo, are Natives of the Island of Salang, and might ■ .^ 
 be cultivated to any extent, ?nd with an increased population, ^ , /*; 
 the quantity of Tin is indefiiiite; the present export being . ^^. 
 from the labour of about 700 Meii aud Women four Mbuilit *^^^ 
 
 "^ 
 
App2Kmx« (liii 
 
 lilt 
 
 • 
 
 in the YeaTr But let U8 take aa e^^imate from its present 
 
 slate. i I 
 
 5000 PiculS of Tin at 8X .^... 42,500. j 
 
 The Medium price in Cbina it ...i.. 100,000. \ 
 
 Rent of Bird's I^ests ......5,000 57,000. \ 
 
 Deduct Governor's dues at 160 Drs.> « non c^t\ar^ i 
 
 -\ per 375 Piculs ifc. ........> * | 
 
 ...: , , . l 
 
 .7»r!..Ji ;.'^.v.- :i.:.:.. ;. , .r < V-. Sp. Drs. 60,420. J 
 
 - ^ ^'. ■■ " • j 
 
 From this, there remains a balance to defray the expenses^ ^ 
 
 of Current Rupees 150,000. I have added nothing for the 1 
 
 pofits of its Tmpoits, which \n Bengal Articles, may be about 
 
 20,000 Dollars yearly, exclusive of Exports to the Main, and, 
 
 I have made no dednrtion from the China price of Tin, as ' 1 
 
 the Shi pb from Madras go in ballast, and if no Tin is sent, 
 
 the same ri*k would go on in Specie. The Amber found on •: 
 
 the Coast is rented in Districts, hut I am uninf[)rmed of its ag- \ 
 
 gregate produce, they being very secret in what regards it; 
 
 if Is sold to the Chinese at 5 and 6 (imps its weight in Silver, 
 
 There is likewise a very rich Pearl Fishery, which was for- \ 
 
 merly worked by the Chuliahs from the Gulf of Manara, but \ 
 
 gi\en up about 30 years ago from the oppressions of Govern- , 
 
 Dient. This is at Pulo Matin near Tillibon; its former pro- i 
 
 duce I have been unable to learn.- The Export of Glepbantt 
 
 13 likewise ^another source of Revenue, the Island price being 'i 
 
 at 50 Dollars, the Export price from 4 to 800 Dollars. j 
 
 IVIigbt one hazard an estimate, I think it very moderate wheb .; 
 
 ^ say thft probable Annual Exports ia Tin. wilK on^ the lOtli 1 
 
Ixjri Appendix* 
 
 < 
 
 jear, und^r proper encatiragement, be 30,000 Piculs^ in wlich 
 case, observe the slateinent. . i 
 
 30,000 Piculs at 8^ ..\.,. 255,000. 
 
 Piice iaChiuaat 20 Dra. per Picul „ 600,000. 
 
 nir*nf<:tf ^...i^^ . ^ .3*5,000. 
 
 Oaiik Current Rupees 852,500. As the increased popular 
 tion will increase tbe demand, 150,000 Dollars would be want- 
 ed in goods, and 100,000 in Specie, and tbese would find for 
 the Companj in China 15 Lacs }earljr. It is further not over 
 fating probability where I affiioi, that the Pepper; Camphur 
 and Gold of Acbeeu would centre here. . .';f p* . j: .if.) r-^^ 
 
 If then the possession of Salang, a healthy, fertile Island a» 
 before described, promises to supply: our losses for the , fall 
 of Rliitt, 1 think we ought not to hesita<e, as a permanent pps^ 
 session, which may be improved to any extent, is prelerabk 
 to a Trade, however flattering, which owes its existence to the 
 absurd regulations of our neighbours, and whose existence, 
 therefore in some measure, is dependent on these regulations. A I 
 
 ' ■ • , .,. .; • '<■■' 
 
 And, as the natives of Salang have long groaned under ii 
 
 severe despotism, where flogging is a Trade regularly learnt^' 
 
 they would be so fully sensible of their change, that their to ji 
 
 ally might be depended upoiu jT '' ' \ '\''-\'{ 
 
 There would be wanted, to secure this Island, during (he* 
 fev¥ first years of possession, 500 Seapoys, and 100 Europeanfl,- 
 Artillery included, with 6 mouths provisions, a double prnpoi'-^ 
 tioa of light field pieces aod great Gau» fur two sn^all FmU> 
 
a eomplete set of artificers, 5000 Gunny Bags, should it at 
 au;[ time be requisite to throw up a Fort in baste ou the lauds 
 of Popra. 
 
 Your marine should be two small Siiows, 2 Long Boafs and 
 2 Rpw Gallies armed thus; viz. The Snows to carry 10 or 1^ 
 four or three Pounder Guns, with one cannonade iu the Boi#, 
 for throwing Grape and Canuister, 
 
 The Long Boat about 10 or 15 Tons, Decks fiited for car« 
 ryiiig 10 Swivels, one Bow Gun aud one Cauuouade, witji 
 Blunderbusses on Swivel sticks* 
 
 The Row Gallies built light and long, for serving in smooth 
 water, fitted' with some shelter for the people, proper Maga. 
 zines and Arm Chests to carry one Swivel Gun or rather a 
 Cannonade and ten Blunderbusses on her Gunwales. If not 
 coppered a provison, of White Lead for painting them. 
 
 The t.wo Snows, unless judged necessary to keep up a com« 
 munication with India might be dispensed with on the second 
 year, if Siani remained quiet and if you attend to the situation, 
 the length of the journpy, the want of Provisions, unless 
 brought from Siam,the want of Boats to transport (hem, their 
 Arms, ammunition and Provision to the Island, in the face of 
 a prepared and vigilant enemy, I think there is little to apt 
 prehcad,^ ^ '-''*'• *^'"*'''^*" '^- -■ — -- r'-ff i-'-i* -••^^. .. ^.dx^' 
 
^1X1^ APPENDIXt 
 
 Eoclract from Captain Kj/iPs Memoir on Pinang^ ddHsd 
 Fori William \sl September lTSlv.u\)^i ■>^-:'^-"^^* ^ 
 
 ** In offering these circumstances (says Captain Kjd J ret- 
 peeling Ibis Island^ I need not remark tliat they are grounded 
 OR a view of the actual possessions of (he several European 
 Powers in India, but that should anj MaiTthne Power estalilish 
 themselves on the Andamans, the Nicobars^ on Junk Ceylon, 
 its comparative advantage will bear another degree of estima- 
 tion, from whrch administration will judge of the proprietj 
 of taking formal possession of these several places, so as to 
 pstublish our claim against anj European Powers settling or 
 strengthening themselves in time of Peace from our heretofore 
 iuatteotioD and neglect to establish such a fighU'*; . ,). - // 
 
 . ' ' ' •■* • '- • -• • 
 
 Extract of a letter from Colonel Kyd^ addressed ioihe 
 Supreme Government^ dated 2ith May 17S8.' ^^' ^\ 
 
 ' '. -^ i '■..'■■ . 
 
 In addition to mj letter of date SOth April, t have to request 
 jou will acquaint the Board, that I have farther received from 
 Captain Wright, a specimen of Tin Ore as raised from (ha 
 IVIine of Junk Cejioo, termed by the natives Jan Sylang. 
 This specimen now laid before the Board, with its lurrouiid* 
 
yig iflitriXi vTiicb Appears of a sparry nafiire, tJapVaio Wright 
 informs me is raised from a depth of between 5 and 8 fathomt 
 ^rom the surface^ that the Mines are opene<) on the declivity 
 'and Ylear tne base of a ridge or moimtaias forming an Amphi- 
 theatre^ situated on Ihe South Promontory of the Island, an^ 
 ioclQ'de the Bajr nariied Pootcit 6ay ; Ihat the Mtne is jTreed 
 'from ^at^r by means oT a pitcher suspended at the end of a 
 long tiev^r, as practised all over India, that the Ore is raised 
 by the Inhabitants on the command of the D^sjioi who resides 
 Iherie dn behklf 6f tb6 Siamese Goverdiiieiit, that the Ore is 
 Imelted hy^ "Chinese resldeilt there^ deitiu authority under 
 the Govertior, lEtnd the labour of the Inhabitants repaid by part 
 V>f the metal extracted being rest(^red to theji; but notwith^ 
 ^htanding its ektrenid richness and exclusive proGi accruiag 
 from the Mineral, the soiatl portion thus afforded to the datives^ 
 Ss the duly allowance from Gorerditient, in consideration of the 
 Various fendatory services to which Ihey 4re ikubjecf^ id the 
 iransporting the Very melal on ttieir shoulders^ a 30 day) 
 .jourdey overland to Siam; that this Island notwith<«(aadi.ig 
 the ravages and divastations occasioned by Burmah add Sia* 
 tnese Troops which havc^ alternately desolated it for years past^ 
 in its present state of population and G^vernideat, is capable 
 of affjrding andiially about 500 Tons df Tin and was there, in 
 February last, delivered to him at the rate of 50 Odlars for 
 500 lbs. This computation Captain VVright fornii^d id cOd* 
 Sequence df residing four months on the Island, the quaitity 
 produced havirtg beed raised and delivered to h{; i.1 and front 
 tiavibg been am eye witdess to the exertions niade by the peopid 
 during that time, j^or the better ascertaining the nature of thd 
 tJrei I ha?e herewith aaaexeda copy of a report ofaaAiaa/ 
 
inadc bj Mr. Blake of Oraecdpore, of whose clijinicaHa1eii{| 
 and aBsiduitj, the Board are I believe^ already acquaiuted. 
 
 From tbi? Assaj It ^ppear9j tbat tbe Tin Ore of this Island, 
 if estimated bj tbe specimen in qnes(ioP| contains 64^ . parts 
 of fine Tin in tbe ICO of Ore, and that of PrincjB of Walej 
 Island 53 J, bj the same Scale that on the late invasion of (he 
 Island by the Burmah Troops 1^400 mpn T^ere foun^ capablis 
 pf bearing Arms ; tbis^ by the E)uropeap Scale for ascertaining 
 PopulatiuOi feduces the Inhabitants to about 14^000 that the 
 Island affurds evident tokens of more numerous population at 
 foimcr times and extensive cultivation, and that it produce! 
 Eipe sufi^cient for its Inhabitants,-' 
 
 • . ■■ - ■ ') i 
 
 i;'i-)£ 7^ 
 
 
 i<« . rTti-^**--*: 
 
 , ,. : FINIfc : :, .?. M .j : 
 
 * I .' tt ' r- t I ■ - r< I . ' 
 
n^ti' 
 
 
I c\ 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THB 
 
 ^Restoration of Banc a and Malacca to the Dutcb'^ 
 
 S[£; afiKctCnstljeCmCratie ana ©eneral Cammerceof pinauff* 
 
 THE RESULT 
 
 OF A 
 
 POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL MISSION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 STATES OP PERAK, 
 SALENGORE and COLONG, u 
 
 In the Year 1818; | 
 
 ■ -h 
 
 AND THl ;| 
 
 NEGOTIATIONS OP GOVERNOR BANNERMAN, FOR OBTAINING ^ 
 
 1 
 A FREE NAVIGATION OF THB RIVERS MIRBOW AND 
 
 MUDA, AND OPENING A COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSB ' '^ 
 
 WITH THE PATANI COITNTRT, 
 
 /i 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 * 
 
 HE tarSoUs political changes xnrhlcb liave taken ptace^ 
 during .the few past jedrs, ia the several independent States^ 
 in the vicinitj of Prince of Wales Islandj seemed to dictate tbd 
 propriety of taking subjects of such importance to the British 
 interests into consideration and bringing them more prominent* 
 }y before the View of the superior authorities, at a distance, 
 I have devoted some time and labour to the task, but manjr 
 Circumstances and impediments^ unnecessary lo advert to, have 
 tended to prevent the earlier accomplishment of this duty; 
 Delay however, has not rendered the necessity the les^ im- 
 perative and obvious; 
 
 Every succeeding day almost bonimues to produce soni^ 
 politicili variation, and the few last months especially, havd 
 been fraught with portentous vicissitudes in our relations with 
 beighbouring powers. 
 
 The establishment ot* Siiicapore has necessarily drawn away 
 inuch of the more eastern trade, which formerly centred ki 
 Pinang and Java; but this it not an evil we have any reason 
 to complain of at this Settlement; the British trade has heed 
 isnmewhat encreased tipon ih6 aggregate, and so long as thi^ 
 desirable object can be secured, it matter^ dot whether the 
 Emporium is situated a few degi-ees farther north or south; 
 Had Malacca never been giveii up aitd tiniely arrarigemeoti 
 been made to prevent the Dutch forming dny establishmeni 
 to the southward of that place, in these straits, it is not an un* 
 reasonable inference, that the Saitte elteosion of trade, under 
 the same management, would have been the result; for a few 
 leagues would have niade ho difference whatever to the Eastern 
 traders* It is better as it is however: Malacck is again tcf 
 
• preface/^ 
 
 riBVcrt to us. We liaie wow a chaio of Selllcments ^long (b<i 
 Eastern side of i\\e Straits and have the Key in ou^ |ian(lt;-w<l 
 ought always, in justice and policy, to have held it; - - -~ 
 
 The distracted state of the Acheen Kingdom, of late yearfj 
 both prior to and since the death of (he late King, and thq 
 absence of a settled Government there, the transactions at Que? 
 dah and the flight of- the Malays frona their Native Country^ 
 the equally unsettled state of Affairs ^t Perak; the war wit^ 
 the Burqiahs and several other evcyats of minor con^eqqencej^ 
 ha%e all necessarily had a considerable ^(Tect upon the com- 
 fuerce of this port and tended to (pramp the energies', both o^ 
 the Government and the Merchant. It would not etcite muc^ 
 surprise then, were there an almost total cessation of tradQ 
 here, at the present pioment. Yet we find Pinang has othef: 
 ^resources and that a yery extensive trade i$ still carrying od« 
 . Were the obstructions before adverted to however, removedl 
 find were tranquillity and ord^r re-established around ps, upon 
 a secqre and honorable basis, there, js every ground for ex* 
 pectation, that the trade of this port would be double or treble, 
 what it now is. To the philanthropic mind, other considera- 
 tions naturally presc^nt themselves^ all combining to render 
 this happy result infinitely desirable. HoW some of thesei! 
 o])ject8 may best be attained. I have presumed, in another 
 place, to ofifer an opinion; but there are others wiiic|i I find 
 beyond .the scope of my judgement and foreign from iny 
 province to suggest. If these remarks (end \o throw one ad- 
 ditional ray of light upon the subject or induce a m^re seriou^ 
 attention to such paramount considerations, the ei^d I had ia 
 view will be sajisfactorily accomplished.^ , ^ .,- ■ ^ , . 
 
 JQHN ANDERSON, 
 Malay Trans i,atob tq Gott; 
 prince of Wales JsJandyT^ 
 '^liflh November^ iS'2^:y 
 
D" '---J il-.-xil' 
 
hi-rAj ''^^: 
 
 J^i- =^ vj -.'V 
 
 ^ l 
 
OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THB 
 
 Restoration of Banca and Malacca, 
 
 T, 
 
 H E transfer of the raluable Island of Banca, im 
 exchange for the useless Settlement of Cochin, on the 
 Malabar Coast, has always been considered an act of in- 
 considerate policy, and an infringement of the rights of 
 a State in Amity, by which it had been ceded to the 
 British Nation. The assent of that power to its subse- 
 quent transfer was never sought, and its reluctance to 
 abide by the award was too fully exemplified in the long 
 and successful opposition made by the Sultan of Palem- 
 bang; who was at last subdued, principally through the 
 treachery of the neighbouring Chief of Jambi* 
 
 It appears that Sultan Ratoo Ahmed Nazim-al-deen 
 ceded the Islands of Banca and Billiton to the English^ 
 
as per his deed, dated Jth Jemadil-awal, ia the Year of 
 Ihcllcijirat 1227 or A. D. 1812.* 
 
 The produce of Tin at Banca, as far back as betweea 
 30 and 40 years ago, was stated by Mr. Light, the first 
 Superintendent of Pinang, to be about 40,000 Piculs an- 
 nually, of which the Sultan of Palenibang engaged to sup- 
 ply the Dutch wiih 30,000 Piculs. From 1780 'till the 
 Conquest of Java and the occupation of Banca, by the 
 British Government, the Sultan was under engagements 
 to make deliveries to the Dutch, who preserved as far 
 as they were able, a Monopoly of the Tin Trade; but 
 they did not hold, as we subsequently held, and they^ 
 now do, through our injudicious agency, the Sovereignty 
 ofthe;Islandi.f i.^^.j ..^:,.,:i ;,,,, 
 
 ' Notwithstanding their rigorous and rexatious system 
 6f Monopoly however, large quantities of Tin found its 
 way into Prince of Wales Island. Amongst other causes^ 
 assigned by Major Court-t" for the reduced quantity ob-- 
 tained by the Dutch, he remarks, '' in consequence of 
 the wars between Great Britain and Holland, a farther 
 cause of diminution of the deliveries to the Sultan of* 
 Palembang, and by him to the Dutch took place, owing^; 
 tp the increased activity of the smugglers, and the en-; 
 terprising spirit of the Pinang Merchants, who at length, 
 engrossed the greater part of the Tin Trade, Whatever 
 
 ^ • Vide M^jor Court*! Palecnbangi page 96. 
 
 f Expoiitioo of Affaict at PalcmbiDgt piiget 1589 159*. 
 
may hare been their (the Dutch,) eventual intentiong 
 with respect to the Island of Banca, they were frustrated 
 by the renewal of the wjir, and the enterprise of the. 
 Finang Traders*" 
 
 So successful indeed do the Merchants of Pinang ap- 
 pear to have been, in frustrating the Dutch Monopoly, that 
 we find the average value of Tin imported during the 
 first five years after Prince of Wales Island became a 
 Presidency, or from 1806-7 to 1810-11 amounted to 
 Sp. Drs. 334,079,, 74 on which Duties were received; 
 which at the valuation of 16 Spanish Dollars per Picul, 
 would make the total Imports annually 20,876 Piculs; 
 and that in the five years from 1810-11 to 1815-16 
 or during the period the British held Java and the 
 Eastern Islands, the value of Imports into Pinang of Tin, 
 from all quarters, amounted to Sp. Drs. 315,782,, 13 
 which at the same valuation is 19^736 Piculs. This is. 
 a singular anomal y, that the Imports into Prince of Wales 
 Island from Banca during the period that the Trade was 
 feltered by every sort of vexatious Monopoly restriction, 
 exceeded those of subsequent years when Banca was in our 
 possession. This may be accounted for by the superior 
 inducements there were to send the Tin to Java during, 
 the British administration. 
 
 When the Dutch resumed Java, the Imports of Tin 
 into Pinang during the first year of their occupation 
 
of that Island, viz* 1816-17, amounted to about 2,000 
 Dollars io value above the highest of the preceeding 
 averages, or Sp. Drs. 336,356,, 30, In the following 
 year, there was a rapid decrease, the Imports of Tia 
 from all quarters being reduced exactly one third or 
 amounting to Sp. Drs. 241,845,, 27f. The large force 
 v^hich the Dutch had at their disposal, and particularly 
 their more efficient Marine, the restoration of Malacca, 
 by which the passing trade was much intercepted, and 
 a better and more equitable system of administration^thaa 
 had been pursued in former years, under such a rigo- 
 rous ruler as Daendels, may be regarded as the chief 
 cause of the abstraction of the trade from Piuang. 
 
 The subsequent formation of another British Settle- 
 ment at Singapore, has since the period above alluded 
 to, caused a still greater and continuing decrease, and 
 combined with several untoward circumstances and dis- 
 turbances in the adjoining countries, an almost total 
 annihilation of that valuable branch of commerce which 
 heretofore centred at Pinang. The attached statement 
 exhibit the gradual progress and decline of the Tia 
 Trade from 1806-7 'till the beginning of the official 
 year 1823-4, since which there has been a continuing 
 diminutiont . - 
 

 
 
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 So material and so sudden a decrease in one brancH of 
 the commerce of the Port, could not fail to attract the" 
 observation, of the energetic Governor, the late Colo- 
 nel Bannerman, of whom it might be said that '' his 
 soul expanded at the idea of improved Commerce,'* as 
 one of the most eminent Judges* India ever saw, enthusiasm 
 tically remarked of himself ; and the commercial commu- 
 nity of Pinang began to feel the effects of the transfer of 
 the Dutch possessions, in the decline, not only of the Tin 
 Trade, but also of other important branches of Eastern 
 commerce. Little as the transfer of Banca wbs antici- 
 pated, the restoration of Malacca, after having been in 
 our possessfon upwards of 2D years, was an occurrence 
 still more unlooked for, and so far from being regarded 
 as a possible contingency, that it was not untiP accounts of 
 its immediate expected transfer reached us, that measures 
 were taken for averting, as much as possible, the baneful 
 effects anticipated from so ill judged a procedure. 
 
 Malacca having been so long considered the Key of (he 
 Straits, it was natural to expect the Dutch would adopt the 
 same system which they practiced about the time the Bri- 
 tish Colours were hoisted upon Prince of Wales Island, 
 and that the Eastern Traders would be debarred from 
 passing Malacca without their permission. Captain Light, 
 who founded Pinang, writes thus in 1786 " Their (the 
 Dutch) Settlements at Malacca and Rhio, with the num- 
 ber of Cruizers they have in the Straits of Malacca, will 
 * Sec Lift of Sir Wo. Jjnett ?igt tij. 
 
. 7 
 
 prevent tlic Eastern Prows fronr- coming here, unless we 
 can give tliem protection; and whenever that is done, 
 Uns Port will become (he first in India. The Dutch oblige 
 t^e Portuguese (froiii Mticao) to pay a duty for leave to 
 pass Malacca, and if one of their Vessels pnss byythe 
 next that comes is obliged to pay his duty. The Portu- 
 guese have determined tacome here (Pinang). next Sea- 
 son. The Chinese cannot come into the Straits without 
 a License froiu Batavia, and thase that are permitted 
 pay handsomely to the Governor of Malacca." Avery 
 intelligent Officer, who commanded the Troops at Pinang 
 several years after it was settled, states that *" from 
 th^ Dutch we must expect the most poin^ted oppoiitioa 
 in every attempt to vindicate the liberty of ^favigation, 
 as it is diametrically opposite to the Monopoly they have 
 established." After the free and umnterrupted enjoy- 
 ment of a lucrative and extensive trade during a period, 
 af upwards of twenty years that Malacca was in our hand<«^ 
 during which time Vessels of all descriptions from the most 
 di>tant parts of the Archipelago resorted to this Island, while 
 not a single difference had taken place between the local 
 Government and any of the numerous adjoining states, 
 while the most perfect confidence was established amongst 
 the most timid Native Traders, and the foundation laid, 
 of a daily increasing and unlimited commercial intercourse, 
 the Merchants of Pinang could not regard with indiffer- 
 ence and naturally felt alarmed at the prospect of the 
 
 • C»p:a'm GUu, Bengal Self ic:. ' - 
 
9^ 
 
 re-establishment of so obnoxious a system as formerljr 
 existed under the Dutch Administration, of the njost, 
 valuable portion of the commerce which had long cen-- 
 tered there, being diverted,, not by the free will of the 
 Natives, but the means of coercion, as harsh and oppres- 
 &ive as they were derogatory to the character of a civiliz? 
 ed European Nation. It is incredible to what an extent 
 the early records of the Finang Government shew that 
 the Dutch carried their animosity, in their endeavours^ 
 to subvert the British Interests at Quedah when Pinang 
 was ceded,^ and what deteUable means were employed 
 by fomenting disturbances amongst the Native Chiefs, 
 to crush the English Power* In 1786, Captain Light 
 writes to the Bengal Government, *' By the report ot 
 the Commanders who have been at Malacca, the Dutci^ 
 are much grieved at our possessing this Island, and are 
 sure we shall be cut-off. It is very probable they wilt 
 procure some Banditti to attempt it, and engage the 
 King of Siam and Salengore to attack Quedah, in re-- 
 Tenge for giving the place away," and the same Gentle- 
 man mentions their enmity was carried to such, a lengthy 
 that they used their utmost infliience to persuade the- 
 King of Quedah to contend for a most exorbitant com- 
 pensation for the Island of Pinang, 30,G00 Dollars, who^ 
 when left to his own judgment, and unbiassed by the 
 Dutch, was well satisfied with 6000 Dollars annually^ 
 after he found his attempts to cut off the Settlement witb 
 the assistance of the Lanooa Pirates, (a^ Banditti wbicb 
 
9 
 
 long infested the Straits,)* proved ineffectual. Experi- 
 ence shewed him the futility of the insidious Counsel 
 of our Rivals. 
 
 Numberless were the proofs of the jealousy of the Dutch 
 Government of Malacca. Captain Glass, whose opinion 
 I have before quoted, sometime after says " So oppressive 
 are the Dutch Regulations that many will claim your 
 protection to be freed therefrom. Rhio and Salengorc 
 have lately fallen sacrifices to their Power by attempting 
 to assert a right they had as Sovereign States to open their 
 Ports to all Nations, and to allow of the Import of all 
 Commodities. In order therefore to give life to Com« 
 nierce expiring under the restrictive regulations of the 
 Dutch, I think it would be advisable to form Treaties of 
 Commerce with all the remaining independent Rajahs, 
 and the freedom of navigation as allowed by the Laws of 
 Nations, vindicated. For at present the Dutch will not 
 allow a Malay Vessel from the Eastward bound to this 
 place to pass through the Straits of Malacca.'' The con- 
 duct of the Government of Malacca, immediately after 
 the restoration in reviving, by intimidation, several ancient 
 Treaties, and recent proceedings respecting our occupation 
 of Singapore, tend only to evince a continuance of the 
 same spirit of rigorous monopoly and encroachment, which 
 has however, been in a great degree, counteracted by the 
 energy and firmness of several distinguished Officers of 
 the Honorable East India Company's Government, who, 
 confident in the juitice of their cause, have persevertd 
 
10 
 
 in one undeviatipg and spirited sjstcra of jwst polfcj- 
 which promises to secure in time, and has a1 ready' in >na 
 small degree, established incalcirlable advantages to the 
 British Interests. 
 
 The first letter addressed by the Merchants of Pinang^ 
 to the Gorernment, dafed in April 1816, was forwarded 
 to the higher authorities in England, and it is understood 
 was laid before the Right Honorable Mr. Canning ia 
 JVpril 1817, but appears to have naet with no attention* 
 The inevitable consequence of this oversight was, that it 
 became necessary to look out for some other Spot on 
 which we could establish a Factory for the protection' of 
 our Trade, and to secure the uninterrupted navigation 
 of the Straits of Malacca by the Native Vessels from (he 
 Eastern Islands as well as our own Ships passing to and 
 from China and other places. The Carimons mid-way 
 between Malacca and Singapore were considered at one 
 time; as eligible for the proposed Settlement; but proved, 
 upon a particular Survey, objectionable in many essen- 
 tial respects, and Singapore eventually was selected with 
 great judgment, by Sir Stamford Raffles. Had early at- 
 tention been given to the letter of the Merchants, a pro- 
 per and well defined boundary would have been formed 
 between the British and Dutch possessions to the East- 
 ward, and there would have been then no occasion for 
 the formation of another Settlement. 
 
 The next letter of the Pinang Merchants, which isf of 
 /a much more recent date, viz. Slh June 1818, :wasi not 
 
11 
 
 , J laid before Mr. Canning; hut tras very protnptlj attended 
 to by the late Governor Bannerman, with that spirit and 
 energy which characterized his short but brilliant adiiiiuis* 
 tration. The Merchants adverted to the extensive com- 
 mercial intercourse then carried on by British subjects 
 from Pinang with Perak, Salengore, Rhio, Lingin, and 
 Pontianaand other Ports on Borneo and they apprehend- 
 ed the Dutch would endeavour, upon their reassumption 
 of Malacca, to make exclusive treaties with the Chiefs of 
 these State?, very detrimental to the British Trade. They 
 therefore earnestly recommended the Governor to lose 
 no time in endeavouring to enter into friendly alliances 
 with the Chiefs of these Countries, which should secure 
 for British Merchants the privilege, at least, of being al- 
 
 • lowed to trade on similar favorable terms, as might be 
 granted to any other people or nation. 
 
 The Government, with the utmost promptitude, des- 
 patched Mr. Cracroft, the Malay Translator to Govern- 
 ment, a gentleman in every re-pect well qualified for the 
 duty, to the adjoining States of Perak and Salengore, for 
 the purpo>e of forming treaties, which would at least pre- 
 vent a monopoly on the part of the Dutch and secure for 
 this Island, a fair participation in the general Trade of 
 these States. Another no less important object of Mr. 
 0) Cracroft's Mission wasno mediate between the Quedah 
 and Perak Forces, and u?e the influence of the British 
 
 ► Government to induce the Rujah of Perak to comply with 
 
 -a demand which he had but^ little power to re»i^t the 
 
12 
 
 enforcement of^ namely^ to send a Boonga Ma?, or token 
 of homage to Siam, which he had long resisted, and 
 ivhich the King of Quedah was compelled by the haugh- 
 ty Despot of Siam to obtain by force. The long con- 
 tinued hostilities at Perak, had the effect of interrupting 
 and almost causing a total cessation of the Tin Trade, and 
 it was therefore a nio^t desirable object to endearour to 
 adjust the differences and put a stop to a war which was 
 rapidly involving that fine Country in irretrievable ruin. 
 Mr. Cracroft accordingly sailed about the latter end of 
 June, and after experiencing much delay by a succession 
 of adverse winds, he arrived at the Bindings on the 10th 
 July. Upon his arrival there, he learnt from some 
 passing Prows, that great advantages had been obtained 
 by the Quedah Forces over those of Perak during the 
 preceding ten days, and he was informed aho that hos- 
 tilities on the part of the former would be suspended, 
 acting merely on the defensive, during his stay. The 
 Ambassador was detained 'till the 18th at Pankour wait- 
 ing a reply from the Perak Chiefs, without whose per- 
 mission he did not consider it advisable to ascend the 
 River. He had reason to suspect that there was a strong 
 feeling amongst the Chiefs against the submission to 
 Siam, and ascribed his long delay to Rajah Makota, who 
 was the most powerful Chief in the Country, and able 
 to controul most of the Acts of Government. This Chief 
 seemed desirous of delaying the interview with the Ra- 
 jah, siispecting the object of the English Government 
 
tl3^ 
 
 4^ be, what it m fact was, to persuade tiim ta cbthpTy 
 with the demands of Siam, to which he was very averse. 
 While Mr. Cracroft's Messenger was awaiting an answefj 
 an attack was made by the Perak people on the Post 
 -of the Laxsamana of Quedah, which he had taken up 
 on the banks of the 'RiFer. By this they appeared by 
 -no means inclined to a suspension of hostilities on ac- 
 >Count of the Embassy. Leaving the Honorable Com- 
 pany's Schooner Sylph in snug anchorage at the Island 
 of Pankour, the Ambassador began to ascend the Perak 
 Hirer on the 19th July, and on the 20th, passed the two 
 RiFers called Sungei Sirih and Sungei Dedap. Here it was 
 .the Laxsamana took 12 Butteries ^rhich had been erected 
 4o oppose his progress, and in which the Captors found 
 isereral pieces of Cannon, and about a Coyan of Gun- 
 powder — equal to 2^ Tons. Mr. Cracroft remarked that 
 ;the Country hitherto, on both sides, was in a state of 
 -^forest and utterly uninhabited. Arriving the following 
 day within two Miles of Kota Lumut, and a Mile from 
 the Quedah Fleet, he heard several Guns fired which 
 he afterwards learnt were two or three from the Perak 
 Fort*?, returned by an ^qual number from the Laxsa- 
 mana's Fleet. On the 2 1st July, the Ambassador had 
 an interview with the Rajah Mood a and Rajah Makota, 
 iwho consented to a suspension of hostilities, and intima- 
 ftion was, accordingly sent to the Laxsamana of Quedah., 
 <ln both his interviews with the Rajah Mooda, although 
 *0nthe^ whole he conducted himself favorably, and agreed 
 
14 
 
 to the propositions made to liim respecling the cessation 
 of warlike operations, yet his manner was not so coarte- 
 ous as Mr. Cracroft had a right to expect as an Ambas- 
 sador of the British Government to his Father, This 
 however, he prudently did not appear to notice, conceiv- 
 ing the attainment of the Truce to be a material object, 
 which the smallest misunderstanding might have inter- 
 rupted. On the 22d, Mr. Cracroft ascended farther up 
 the River, and met the King in a Prow coming down. 
 His Majesty proposed that the Letter from the Governor 
 of Pinang should be received with appropriate honors 
 and salutes, iii a full assembly of the Ministers of State 
 and Chiefs next day, at his residence, Passir Garam, 
 some Miles higher up the River. Next day, the Am- 
 bassador arrived at the Village of Passir Garam, and 
 gives a very interesting detail of his proceedings, the 
 difficulties he had to contend against, and the wavering 
 and unsettled policy of the King of Perak and his Coun- 
 sellors, of which the following is an extract. , 
 *' July 23d, arrived about ^ past 7 at Passir Garam. 
 When near it, the Rajah sent the Rajah Mooda to tell 
 me, that when all things were ready, he would send 
 people to conduct me into the presence. 1 arrived op- 
 posite the Rajah^s Kampong about ^ past 8, when there 
 was hoisted a white flowered Silk Flag with a greea 
 border. My Prow was under English Colours, and was 
 saluted by several discharges of Blunderbusses, Muskets, 
 and Swivels, at irregular intervals, which I answered bj 
 
15 
 
 tlirce ToUeys of Musketry, Ttro or three Chiefs thea 
 came on board ia the course of the day to tell me the 
 Hall of Audience was preparing, and about 3 o^CIock, 
 several Chatters, a Trumpet, a Drum, and some other 
 sort of Music were brought down to the River side. The 
 letter and presents were borne by two men in front of 
 me, and I was desired to walk after them, which I did, 
 accompanied by my Guard of Seapoys and other attend- 
 ants. When 1 arrived at the Hail of Audience, I was 
 saluted with 7 Guns, and on entering it, found the Ra* 
 jah seated on a Couch in the centre. The Rajah Mooda, 
 ihe Rajah Bindahara, and several other relations of the 
 Rajah seated on a Carpet at a short distance, hisO[Bcer$ 
 of State arranged in order on each side. The Rajah cal- 
 led me to him, shook hands with me, and led me to a 
 Couch immediately opposite him, where I was desirjcd. 
 to sit down. The letter was then read, and after a short 
 silence, during which 1 expected the Rajah would have 
 commenced conversation, I was informed by a Chief who 
 acted as master of the Ceremonies, that I was to begin. 
 I then entered upon the subject of war with Kedah, and 
 as fully and as clearly as I could, laid before the Rajah 
 the view of the subject which was taken by the British. 
 Government; the danger of his any longer holding out 
 against Siam, and the satisfaction it would afford the Ho- 
 norable Governor of Pinang, if, at his solicitation he would 
 consent to send the Boonga Mas, which would put a stop 
 to the effusion of blood, and restore Peace to the Coua** 
 
16 
 
 titry; uiid' I enlarged oiv these points 2it some lengtii. rT^c 
 -Rajah replied that ibis -ancestors had never sent this T'd- 
 jbutarj .piQ-ent,, that for his part he would willinglj ^nd 
 4i Bopnga Mas tathe Rajahs of Bengal and Pinang,, but 
 ^ he was Vicry, unwilling to do. so . to Sianu 1 again, rejoined, 
 re-capitulaled my former observations, « and expressed in 
 'distinct terms h9\y: very Httle effect either Peace or War 
 . between . j^alay Stskje^. eould -hayc on Pinang, ,that the 
 advice^ afthe^ given quite dis- 
 
 interestedly,; and tl^a^^ the deliberate opinion 
 
 of every person who had v^^ll considered^ ^^^ that 
 
 if the Boonfi[a Mas . was refused, Perak could not have the 
 
 ,^ ,,,.;- -'^'ri^Hb--'^n^ i- .>^T.?r«f •" vf« '>-^' - s'-,> ^ •• 
 least chance of escaping the rqin with which so powerful 
 
 a monarch as the Rajah of Siam could so easily over- 
 whelm'^iU'' !^ei|^'ihis tii^';R^a^^ '* if .it was 
 
 poslsibl^'to kVe'rt the setting Sun in his descent," meaning 
 that^if ^hi^^Tair^^as' fiked^^^ 'by Siam and Kedah, at 
 ^ould'-ti6pbe'kyerte^i '^TtHen requested him to appoint 
 some 'tim^^ wheri' I should' ^ meet him and his Minister^, 
 'andrfinaUyts^lkl sd^^er the business, to which he agreed, 
 ,app(^inting hto^morrdw at 2 o'Clock, and said that in the 
 tineantiuie they ►would take into their mature consideratioa 
 alllTh^d ^aid^iB.^fii fAR'\:^*^\ iu lUji^H 5/U L^s: :;,;|: .v. 
 
 , The conference would now. have ended, and I observed 
 they, vyerev^xtpeniely averse to submission. As .to what 
 the .I^jyal^ s^id I should not have thought much of it, if it 
 had beenTrom himself, but it was plain to me, that .^e 
 was before instructed .by. the; ,Ryah Moodab j/ind^ojh^f?. 
 
XT 
 
 Well knowing hoTT rery badly these people keep their 
 appointments, — that another opportunity of the kind 
 luight not occury — that IH gave thein cause to expect same 
 thing further they would be less tedious in finishing the 
 fii-st business, and observing no inclination on their part 
 to propose any Commercial agreements, 1 ventured to 
 depart from the strict line of my instructions, and hope 
 the Honorable the Governor in Council will approve of 
 iny so doing. 1 proceeded to state that there was another 
 subject for which I had been sent here, viz. to express 
 the intention and anxious desire of the Honorable the 
 Governor to encourage by all means, a friendly intercourse, 
 for the purposes of Trade, between the subjects of the 
 Company and those of Perak, and 1 pointed out the very 
 gi eat advantages which would result from its being pub* . 
 licly known that a Treaty existed, which secured protec- 
 tion and kindness to the trading part of the Community 
 from the respective Governments, would exempt them 
 from undue restrictions, and insure the payment of fixed 
 and proper duties; that to this end I had authority given 
 me to negotiate for such a Treaty between the Honorable 
 Company and the Rajah of Perak, the articles of which 
 I requested a day might be appointed for discussing. To 
 this the Rajah fully aisented, and both himself and the 
 Chiefs seemed well inclined to enter into an agreement of 
 the kind. 1 then proposed that the business of the war 
 might be first settled, to which they also agreed. The 
 
18 
 
 R^jah Mooda when the assembly broke up, iatroduced^ 
 ipe to the Rajah Bindahara."_. ;i^. ;- ,: 
 
 The Ambassador was detained at Perak about a fort* 
 night and had various discussions with the Chiefs of the 
 Country. Their object in delaying so long to come to a 
 settlement, evidently was, to gain time for making all the 
 preparations in their power to resist and if possible, ex« 
 pel the Quedah people, who were, all the while, acting, 
 merely 'oil the' defensive. '' With reference to the para- 
 nioun*i authority exercised by Siam," observes Mr. Cra- 
 croft, " over the Malay States, after the most dih'gent 
 inquiries from' every description of people, I have been 
 unable t6' leafh that it ever did extend to Perak, and all 
 agree in saymg, that this is the first demand of a Boonga 
 Mas ever made' ^ftrbiii them by Siam. The Rajah Moo- 
 da however, owned to me, that formerly when Acheen 
 was powerful, they sent a Boonga Mas to it, and after- 
 wards on its becoming weak, left off the Custom; they' 
 have therefore less reason to feel degraded at now sending 
 it to, so powerful a nation as Siam and as it is the only 
 wky to save their Country from ruin, it appears to bea' 
 foolish policy to hold out any longer on a point so insigni- * 
 ficant and so easily complied with." 
 
 After quitting Perak, the Ambassador proceeded to^ 
 Saiiengore ar^ Colong; the former plSce he reached on 
 the 15th August, and the latter on the 19th. He thus 
 describes his reception and proceedings. " I was not re- 
 ceived with the same ceremonies as at Perak^ but in a 
 
tn6Ve friendly and unreserved' mahrier, tKe Hajati <!esir- 
 ihff me to be sfeated on the safiie Ccmih with hini«eVf. 
 Havirrff takien the Letter arid read iL he requested iriii 
 16 statb the biisiiiess on which I came, which I did, ana 
 he seertied tery wilfiri^ to* enter into a Treaty, ^^reeinj^ 
 that 1 should prepare a Oraft of it against the next day; 
 He asked me several questions relatire to the restftutibn 
 of the Dutch Possessions, and the general tenor of mi 
 conversation besp6ke hiin to be much better informed 
 than the generality of Malays. On the foljowing^day 
 the 20th, I had another Interview with the B-aiah, 
 who read over the Treaty ' to himself, and. said^.that he 
 must take a little time' to consider of the different Ar* 
 ticle?, but that he was averse to prolpnging^gonsUU^iQil,^^ 
 dispatdh and plain dealing being .ajway^s lf^j^^,^j ^a- 
 leugore people, 6rt matters' pt busippi^^j^j Jiilno7/oq r^nif 
 
 On the 2 1 St he sent me on board a Message, respect- 
 ing t\vo subjects on which he desired my; opiniooii] First» 
 that having a long while ago entered iptp a, Treaty with 
 the Dutch, by which they had a Moi1ppolj^p|' jjie^j'itt 
 and Rattans exported from his Country, hj^uVrish^^joto 
 know whether, in case they considered this stilj; in fprce, 
 and used measures to compel him to renew it,, the Com- 
 pany would afford hini protection? To this, I replied, 
 that if such a case should arise, which however 1 did not 
 apprehend, the Government of Pinang would be happy 
 to use its good Offices in his favor with the Dutch Go ver'n- 
 ment, as far as amicable consultation weut, but thktf 
 
20 
 
 I could not make any promises which might hare a ten- 
 dency to involve the Honorable Company in measures of 
 hostility. Secondly, he wished to know, whether I could 
 not make arrangements for the apprehension of all Slaves 
 and Debtors who might go from Salengore to Pulo Pi- 
 nang? To this 1 returned for answer, that if any person 
 in Piiiang incurred real Debts to him, he could by an 
 agent there, proceed against him in the Court;, but that 
 as to apprehending and sending to Salengore the descrip- 
 tion of persons he mentioned, I was not authorized to en- 
 ter into such agreement. Rajah Oosoo, the 2nd Son of 
 the Rajah called on me on board several times, and from 
 him I learnt, that no copy of any Treaty with the Dutch 
 was in the hands of the Rajah of Salengore, but that one 
 had formerly been given to them, which however he 
 agreed with me m considering as broken off and rendered 
 Toid, by their not having come to trade, and take the ar- 
 ticles of which the monopoly was granted for so many 
 years. 
 
 The next day (the 22nd) the Rajah sent for me, and. 
 "we read over the Treaty together, which he ratified and 
 exchanged in due form. It is the same as that wiih 
 Perak. The Rajah further promised me, that if any of 
 the subjects of the Company were offered for sale at Sa- 
 lengore, he would seize them by force, aud send them 
 back to Pinang. I requested that the Seal of the Rajah 
 Mooda mig' t be put to the Treaty, as an additional at- 
 testation, but this he said would be quite contrary to the 
 
21 
 
 Customs of the (Government of SaTengore, whicli adniifti^cl 
 of no participation in its functions; for that he alon;e 
 iriahaged the whole of the affairs of State. That this waaf . 
 rejilly the case, 1 had an opportunity of observing, for^lhc , 
 Rajah has no Chiefs or Ministers whom he employs con-, 
 fidentially, except his Second Son Rajah Oosoo, and he 
 acts as little more than his Father's Amanuensis, The 
 Rajah next delivered me his reply, and aqother letter, 
 and he requested to see me once more, before I sailed. 
 On the morning of the 23rd I went tp take my leave 6( 
 him, and he desired me with respect to the second letter, 
 to express his earnest request, that in the, event of, hi$ 
 ffoinff to Mecca, the English Qovernraen t, would aflford, 
 his Country its advice and assistance, Jn. case of any un- 
 expected emergency which might arise.during his absence. 
 The Country of Salcngore is poorer and more thinly 
 inhabited than that of Perak; but the Inhabitants are 
 more civilized and used to intercourse with Europeans.. 
 The Rajah's House on the Hill is hand.'^ome and conve- 
 nient, making allowance for the Malayan Style,,and there' 
 are a great number of large pieces of Ordnance;. Imi^ 
 every thing has the appearance of decay; and I learnt 
 that within the few years past, the Country has sunk in^o 
 comparative insignificance from what it once was, having 
 been much impoverished by the emigration of its Inha- 
 bitants which is daily increasing. Kalang is a hew Set* 
 tlement, where the Rajah has of late resided on account 
 of the greater facility of obtaining Tin from the interior 
 
22 
 
 there, than at Salengore proper. I made particular en- 
 quiries respecting the duties on Merchandize both here 
 ;and at Perak, but although they stated that such were 
 levied, I learnt that none were regularly defined, being 
 ^inost frequently received in the form of presents to the 
 .Rajah. At Salengore and Kalang,^^ the Rajah and Cap^ 
 . tain China are the only persons who sell Tin on their own 
 account, (this article being considered the property of the 
 Rajah alone) and they, for the most part, become the 
 Purchasers of the Cargoes brought from other Countries," 
 The active and enterprising Governor, considering that 
 Prince of Wales Island was favorably situated for becom- 
 ing an emporium for the Tin Trade of the surrounding 
 Countries, adverting to the great decrease which had 
 taken place during the past year by the transfer of Banca, 
 and encouraged by the voluntary offers of the Rajahs of 
 Perak, Salengore and Patani, to furnish supplies of Tin 
 to the Honorable Company; considering also, that the 
 private Merchants were deterred from prosecuting the 
 Trade by the unsettled State of these Countries, and that 
 the fostering protection and influence of Government was 
 only required in the first instance to re-establish an ad- 
 vantageous Trade, which, when placed upon a basis of 
 security, might be again resigned to them, determined to 
 avail himself of the influence and funds of the Company, 
 and enter into Contracts with the Chiefs of these several 
 places. The King of Perak, so far back indeed as August 
 1816, not only made an oflfer to the Government of Pi- 
 
3a 
 
 nang of granting a monopoly of all the Titx and Rattarw 
 in the Country at a fair price,, but tendered also the Island 
 of Pahkour and Dindingon the Main, if the British Go- 
 Ternment felt disposed to form a factory there, receiving 
 only the trifling remuneration for these advantages of 
 2,000 Dollars a year. '' There is no occasion," gays the 
 King in his letter to the Honorable the Governor, " for 
 his purchasing or paying Tribute; but it must be my 
 friend alone,'* meaning that no other povrer would be 
 admitted withotit opposition. The Rajah of Salcngore'a 
 reception of the Ambassador fully evinced his desire to 
 conciliate the English, and his decided hostility to the 
 Dutch. He is the same venerable Chief who expelled 
 the Dutch from Salengore about the year 1783, and the 
 same who requested the British Government to form a 
 factory at that place in 1 780, before Prince of Wales 
 Island was taken po^^sesion of. 
 
 There was no doubt, therefore, as to his readiness to 
 enter into a contract, which was manifestly for his own 
 advantage. And during the time that Mr. Cracroft was 
 absent, the Pangulu of Kroh, in the Patani Country, 
 made an offer of supplying the Honorable Company with 
 200 Bhars or 600 Piculs annually. Such a combination 
 of favorable circumstances for reviving a languishing trade, 
 determined the Governor not to delay despatching an 
 Agent with full powers to negotiate with these Chiefs. 
 I was selected for this duty, as having been some time in 
 the Commercial branch of the service and possessing some 
 
s^ 
 
 knowledge of the language. Prior td"flie'^G6T^niifi€iit 
 deciding upon ihe measure, a Com mittee, consisting 'of 
 •the Malay Translator to Government, the Supierinten- 
 dent of Police and myself were directed to institute iit- 
 quiries relative to the best mode of conducting the busi^ 
 ness, and to suggest the meaUs best calculated for tbc 
 successful accomplishment of the objects contemplaiied. 
 
 The report of the Committee, addressed to the Military 
 Secretary of the Honorable the Governori is dated the 
 15th September 1818, and is as fo^ow<^p ' ' '■ ' ' 
 ' " We have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
 letter of the 11th Instant, enclosing a minute in Council 
 of the Honorable the Governor, appointing us a Commit- 
 tee for the purpose of taking^ into consideration the ex- 
 pediency of, and devising the best means for arrangments 
 being entered into by this Government with the Hajahs 
 of Perak and Salengore, and Pangulu of Kroh inPatanf, 
 Tor procuring an annual supply of Tin from each of those 
 States on account of the Honorable Company. 
 
 It will be obvious to the Honorable the Governor, that 
 in projecting plans for the accomplishment of so desirable 
 an object, many and Tconsiderable difficulties present 
 themselves, arising principally from the peculiar and 
 relative political situations in which we find these Statei 
 at the present moment; and the different circum- 
 stances connected with each, which naturally lead us to 
 divide the subject into three heads, first as relates to 
 Salengore, next to Kroh' in Patani, and lastly to Peraki ' 
 
SALENGORE, 
 
 froiir its vicinity ia tfie Settlement of Malacca, now about 
 to be occupied by the Netherlands Government, ap« 
 pears to demand our first attention. The present tran* 
 quil and undisturbed state of this Kingdom, and the 
 anxious desire of the Rajah to strengthen the bonds of 
 amity and good will which have long subsisted between 
 the two Governments, combined with our knowledge that 
 the Commerce from thence in the Article of Tin, has 
 of late been almost wholly confined to this Island, we 
 conceive it to be of the greatest expediency that no time 
 should be lost in endeavouring to take immediate steps, 
 calculated to preclude the interference of the adjoining 
 Government at Malacca with this trade, which the prox- 
 imity of that Settlement would lead us to anticipate. 
 As this has formed a branch of the Revenue? of this Is- 
 land, for a length of time, and the inalnlity of that state 
 to resist any aggression on the part of the. Dutch is no- 
 torious, we would particularly urge the propriety of the 
 measure. With this view we recommend that an Agei^t 
 should be immediately despatched by this Government, 
 invested with Powers to enter ^nto a Contract with the 
 Rajah for the Annual supply of 700 Bahars of Tin, whic|i 
 our information leads us to think may be a pretty fair 
 estimate of the available quantity, or equal to two thirds 
 
36 
 
 of the Annual produce of Kalang and Salengore proper. 
 With regard to the price at which the Tin may be ob- 
 tained, vre are of opinion that 43 Dollars per Bahar may 
 be as near as possible the Cost. We now come to 
 
 KROH IN PATANI. 
 
 l.U 
 
 There has been for many years past some Tin import- 
 ed into this Island from Qualla Mooda, which River 
 flows from the Patani Country, passing within six Miles 
 of the place where the Tin is procured, and continues 
 its course to the Sea through the Territories of the Rajah 
 of Quedah. The Tin is conveyed on Elephants to the 
 Banks of the River, where it is shipped. The Mines in 
 that quarter, we have reason to believe, are very productive 
 in Till Ore, and the small quantity obtained is ascribable 
 solely to the few workmen employed. The Tender from 
 the Pangulu to supply 200 Bahars, we conceive to be high- 
 ly eligible to accept, but we beg to draw to the notice of 
 the Honorable the Governor, that the Rajah of Quedah 
 has always claimed and derived a Revenue on articles 
 exported from the Patani Country through his Dominions, 
 and has granted a Farm of the articles brought out froia 
 Qualla Mooda, to a Chinese here, of which Farm, nearlj 
 
27 
 
 four years have yet to ran. It will therefore be necessary 
 in the first instance as a preliminary step to make an ar- 
 rangement with Queda by such a Treaty as may be judg- 
 ed most advisable, in order to obtain in future the free 
 navigation of this River. If this cannot be effected, we 
 are informed by Mr. Gaunter, that there is a junction 
 between the Prye and Mooda Rivers by which the Tin 
 may be conveyed hither. Should this succeed, and the 
 contract be entered into for 200 Bahars, we doubt not 
 that by a little encouragement, a considerable annual 
 increase will take place, and the price, we imagine, will 
 be reasonable* 
 
 per!a!k. 
 
 o) 
 
 M -!) \, 
 
 •r,\- 
 
 Here a wide field opens to our view; but .beset, with 
 obstacles which some delicacy and care will be requisite 
 to remove. In farmer years, there has been to the 
 amount of upwards of 2000 Bahars annually imported 
 into Prince of Wales Island from Perak, and the whole 
 produce of the Country is not over-rated at 3000 Bahars. 
 The Committee do not conceive it to be exactly within 
 the province of their Commission to enter at large into 
 the Political events which have iuvolvfsd thi3 Country ia 
 
)^ 
 
 Its present state of confusion, and called off the attention 
 of the labouring class of the community to Be engaged m 
 active warfare, producing astagnalioa of Trade. Waviog 
 this consideration,, howerer, we are of opinion that the 
 agent who may be deputed to Salengore, after having 
 'closed the arrangements there, may proceed to Perak, and 
 may enter into a contract for the supply of Tin to any 
 
 'extent procurable, with whomsoever may be the ruling 
 
 'Power e^t^lbli^hed at the time of his arrival there, ^i^i'^^ 
 The Member of our Committee who lately visited this 
 
 'Country, has from his observations whilst there, reason 
 to expect that (if the Dutch do not interpose their power 
 by activeiiiostile operations in defence of the Perak Coun» 
 try, against the demand made on them by Siam,) the 
 distjirbances there will probably be brought to a conclu« 
 sion, the present Government established in peace, or a 
 new one in its stead, ^by the time the agent has concluded 
 the object of his visit to Salengore. A contract entered 
 into at Perak, may be expected to produce about 2000 
 
 ^ Bahars, which we understand may be procured in the 
 Country at a low rate; in fact Mr. Cracroft assures us at 
 little more than 30 Dollars per Bahar; and from the 
 price^Tin bears on this Island, such a contract would 
 
 " prove a source of great advantage to the Honorable Com- 
 pany. Upon an application at the Custom House, we 
 have ascertained that the average quantity of Tin Import- 
 ed into this Island for the last four years, is between 8 
 
 * ind 9,000 PiculsT*;^ V \ 
 
29f 
 
 , Having now gWen our sentiments^ as to the capabilities 
 of these three States to supply separate quantities of Tin, 
 it becomes our duty next to devise the most proper and 
 economical means of conveying it to this Island at the ex- 
 pence of the Honorable Company, and in what manner 
 it is to be collected at these different places* On this part 
 of the discussion, we enter with the greatest diffidence, 
 and are rather apprehensive that we may give opinions 
 which subsequent circumstances may not warrant; but 
 with regard to the whole of this Report, our very limited 
 n>eans of procuring intelligence, and the very recent pe- 
 riod at which the interior of these Countries has been at 
 all brought to our notice, at this Settlement, will, we hope, 
 procure for us the indulgent consideration, of the Hono« 
 rable the Governor, It wonld indeed be impossible for 
 us at present, to anticipate and point out the several mi« 
 nor arrangements and details which wonld become ne- 
 cessary, and it will be expedient that the agent who may 
 be appointed to carry the object into eflTect, should be 
 invested wiih discretionary authority, as his conduct must, 
 iu a great degree, be guided by local circumstances. 
 
 Relative to conveying the Tin to this Presidency, it 
 seems to us, that the appointment of a Native Agent at 
 each of these places should be made, who would reside 
 permanently under the protection of the several Rajahs, 
 and whose duty should be to collect and receive into a 
 certain place of Depot the Tin as it may be brought from 
 the Mines. In this case however, much caution would be 
 
30 
 
 required to ensure the protection: by the* Rajahs agafnst 
 plunder, , and the conditions of payment should be such 
 as to make it the interest of these powers to be equally 
 careful in this respect. When a sufficient quantity has 
 been collected to load a small Vessel, perhaps the most 
 eligible plan would be to freight a Chinese Junk or othe^ 
 Craft which might be procured upon reasonable terms, 
 to convey the Tin here. A small Boat might be placed 
 under the orders of each of the Native Agents for th6 
 purpose lof sending an express to the hland when ne- 
 cessary. As an additional security for the fulfilment of 
 the several contract?, we would recommend that thes6 
 Kajahs, beeach requested to permit a small Factory to 
 Lej;est?^blish.^4 under the management of. the Native 
 Agepts^oWbQi V.ill be under the General Superintendence 
 of vthe G^tlen^an who may have charge of (his duty and 
 op'W^hJohitb?;JEogbsh Colours might be displayed. This, 
 if.efiTccted^r.iviinibe a kreat advantage with reference to the 
 endeavours :,\\hicb might be made by other Europeaa 
 Na.ti9n§.t9jpppplant our influence." 
 
 sTibfel^abOY^ report coilfirmed the Governor in the opi- 
 nipiibhfi hadifot^mcd of the necessity for immediate inter- 
 fe^goceij^;)^^^^^'^^*^:^^^"^^^^'^ ^f Pinang in regard to the 
 Tin Countries, was admirably adapted for drawing to its 
 porl^.^a ypry 3 iarge. proportion of this valuable commodity* 
 Its.jvf^ntijic^d, position when compared, on the one side, 
 with Saliengorei; apji on .the other, with Junk Ceylon, 
 and tbt^ facility. of rCpmrnunication it enjoys iirith the whole 
 
3\ 
 
 of the surrounding states in which Tin Is colfecte^j^pbrntei 
 out Prince of Wales kland, as a most eligible Spot in the 
 view of Colonel Bamierman, for establishing a great marl 
 for this raluable produce of those Countries, The Go*« 
 vernor remarked that the disturbed state of Perak and* 
 the heavy imposition* levied on the Paiani Tin by the 
 King of Quedah, had occasioned the most serious obstruc«l 
 tions to the trade in that article and he justly observed, thai 
 when the private Merchant has no means of success, the > 
 \veight and influence of Government, if employed in fornNn; 
 ing proper arrangements with the several Chief:;, wouldo 
 be certain of opening a vent for the Tin Tradd of these' ^ 
 as well as of the other neighbouring Countries^'tiand^ ipl^ 
 directing its (liannel to Pinahg. It was far'^fohi'^hft''^ 
 Governor's intention to desire to enter into a mdnfopolyvtf 
 the Tin Trade on the part of the Honorable Company ;- 
 his object was merely to excite a spirit of industry' amongst • 
 the natives by the superior facilities thus afforded for theli 
 disposal of the Tin at a handsome remunerating price and«o 
 to form such close and intimate alliances with the several' 
 states, as would render it for their own interest to cultivate 
 an extensive commercial intercourse with Pinang atld^toif^ 
 avoid entering into any exclusive engagement^ witlf-^tllife'^^ 
 Dutch. ' '') i^it 
 
 In conformity to the instructions furnished* to We^^^ 
 founded upon the report of the Committee and the Ho*-' 
 norable the Governor's sentiments upon the subject,"! 
 proceeded to the States of Perak^ Salengbreand Colong," 
 
32 
 
 and was* ves tec! with discretionary powers, to adopt (sub^ 
 iect to the confirmation of Goverment,) such other ar- 
 jangements as were not provided for in mj instructions, 
 .as might appear to roe requisite for securing and facilita- 
 ting the objects of my appointment. } jr /,. 
 '* Although the Perak Country was in a state of anarchy 
 and confusion at the period of ray arrival, the result of 
 my Mission was by no means unfavorable even there, 
 .and at Salengore and Colong, although considerable dif- 
 ficulties were encountered, the objects attained; fully rea- 
 lized the.expectations formed, au engagement having been 
 .made- for 1500 Piculs ofTin annually, to the Honorable 
 Xompahy, at. the low price of 43 Dollars per Bahar, which 
 ^was'reonsiderably less than ' expected ; and this contract 
 • id be p^f pel4ial^ that is, as long as the Honorable Company 
 i>chosc to* exact its- performance, r It appeared to me how- 
 *evc'r,^yporPal Vtet-T deliberate and attentive consideration 
 -of the subject^ that the establishment of Native Agents at 
 the different Stales, as suggested by the Committee would 
 not only be ineffectual for the purposes intended, but 
 involve. a heavy expense without any corresponding be- 
 nefit, have more the appearance of Monopoly, which was 
 not intended, and he much less adapted for the purpose 
 of extending and encouraging the Tin Trade than the 
 formation of a small Factory, at an Island near the chief 
 Port where the Tin is procured, and centrically situated, 
 to which the Natives could resort, of their own accord 
 ^jftnd dispose of the Tin. There were other^objects which 
 
33 
 
 appeared to me might be attained bj sucli a minor E6« 
 tablishment, dependent upon Pinang, beneficial genersdly 
 to the passing trade of these Straits,^ and the following 
 Extract from mj report to Government will shew the 
 grounds on which I ventured to recommend such an Es- 
 tablishment, and the advantages likely to be derived from 
 it. The first Paragraph has reference more particularly 
 to Perak.i -Uln Anu ?,.♦ v ^ riiYf nohiifA -■ • 
 
 " There being no one Chief in the Country who tiould 
 make engagements for the supply of a certain fixed qusui- 
 tity of Tin, and it being in fact brought in small quan- 
 tities for sale, and the Natives requiring advances of Cash 
 sometimes prior to its delivery; being also fr^qnentjly ab- 
 sent in the interior in search of the Tin tenland twenty 
 days, the Agents of the Honorable Company, fjVYpul^j pot 
 only be subject to frequent impositions ^i^djQ$^esv<jand 
 would not be respected by the Natives, |)nt b^iljal^k tt9;j^e 
 outbid by other Traders, who nn'gh^,oflfepa:.^!gheri;price 
 and induce them to evade the ContracttitrThe&e'Tradto 
 navigate their Vessels at a small expense^ ^ and ? can 
 consequently afford to purchase the Tin^eat^ao higher 
 rate. tot »s>t; ^- ' i 3iom omd ^ii\')ft 
 
 From the information I obtained, and frbm my <otra 
 personal observations, I think the most likely ihode of en- 
 suring the success of the Tin trade would be, by esta- 
 blishing a small Factory under the British Governments 
 dependent upon this Island, on the Island of PankouT, 
 near the Dindibgs^ and distant from the' Perak]JLiver 
 
u 
 
 about 12 MHes. . This. Island seems peculiarly wellsi^ 
 tuated for making a Depot for the Tin collected in 
 the surrounding Countries of Peraky Salengore, &o. Il 
 abounds iu Canes^ Rattans, Wood Oil|< Dammar^ and 
 crooked Timber for Ships, The Water id particularly 
 excellent^ the Harbour safc^ aUd it) fine this Island 
 possesses almost every advantage that cau be desired for 
 the purpose I hare stated. • Independent of its occupatioil 
 being important in a commercial point of tiew, it would 
 be the means of preventing Pi rates resorting there^ ^y*"R 
 in wait for defenceless Prows passing to and fro# 
 
 The ruins of a Dutch Fort, bearing an inscription 1743 
 ire still visible. Were they disposed to re*.occupy thisi 
 Mi?i5Vt^h>ch t^c Natives iri that quarter anticipate a* 
 ^extf^mely prbbablc) and gk^^nting that the English Go- 
 T^rpment have entered "ihto positite engagemrents with 
 Perak for the supply olf^'Tin, these ertgitgements would 
 In my opinion, be of "no dvkil whatever vrhile the Dutch 
 lieici tl^is Post, commanding ^s It does the Mouth of Pe- 
 rak River, the Dindings, and being at no great distance 
 fromaiarg^^ called Tfong to the Northward, and 
 
 JSuf^am "to the Southward, from both of which Rivers, 
 much Tin is exported, ahd as it would doubtless be their 
 policy ^' to 'hold 6ut every inducement to the Perafc 
 People to'resoA thither witli Tin, and, barter for other 
 ArUcles of ' Mcrchahdi^cf^ the Tin would be smuggled 
 i^iway In fergd qi^antiti^^ Dutch would In faot# 
 
 tiibugli'^not bstehsibly^' hare actually a Monopoly of .tbo 
 
Si 
 
 Tiif. A small Establishment at this place ifcnght, I shoatci 
 imagine, be supported at an inconsiderable expense, And 
 would secure to the Honorable Compaiij the whole of th^ 
 Tin trade in the adjoining Countnesj \^Ould free the 
 Straits from the hordes of Pirates which. infest them, WouI4 
 afford excellent shelter for Vessels proceeding up and 
 down the Straits, as well as Wwer and refreshment, and 
 in my opinion, by the allowance of a certain nuraber:;.#f 
 Chinese to work the Tin Mine*?, would in the coqrsej of 
 a few years be of advantage to the Honorable Company^ 
 and the produce of the Island combined 'Withb. the .R^ 
 yenues to be derjyed ,frppn . the j^urroundlngjCJoiyit^^ 
 would defray all expenses, an^ .leave a ji59J(^^ o^; somj^ 
 consideration. The Tip, w.hqn Collected ii^j^^sufficj^nt 
 quantity, might either be sent np to thfe^I^residency for 
 Public Sale, or shipped^ on board .^pipe of^the Honorable 
 Company's Ships. Pulo Pankour lies in the direct 
 course of Vessels passing .down the Straits; very little 
 detention therefore would be occasioned by Vessels touch- 
 ing there. 1.: n^ ,,| . . . ^^^ ^ .,. 
 
 The Bindahara and Laxsaraana of Qued^h were dectq- 
 edly of opinian, that thjs would be an advisable measure, 
 and concurred with me, that the Tin Trade could not 
 possibly be of any advantinge in that quarter zi leksty 
 to the Honotable' Company, without such an establish* 
 ment. They were also very apprehensive of the Dutch 
 arriving, iSthich they feared would be (he means of subver)- 
 itog flitif ^ttthotirity. The Island is now nominall/^ h^^^ 
 
88 
 
 by the King of Salcngore; l?ut itis the intention of Qne- 
 dah to demand its restoration, being considered as a De- 
 pendency of Perak, and the Bindahara assured me he 
 Was persuaded the King of Qued^^wpuld make a grant 
 of it to the Honorable^ Company^ which he would strongly 
 recommend, both as an additioQal ] security to his posses- 
 sions in that quarterj and, as^fi check, to the Pirates, who 
 comDpit daily ^depr^.d^itions, iippu^ l^is, Prows../, .U^hiiii of 
 \^ It is n^^^^^ Pankour that Tin niay 
 
 be procu(;e^ in jt]^i^;iquarter», 9^ discoveries have lately been 
 made atjjji^ J)jiq4i^gS;Pfc^ of which the 
 
 foi}ow^n^jj5ire^|J\^(j?^in^i^^ ,has been 
 
 SA^^^oq fliJo^:! «i^c^ n«^^^^ MjmUb ^f^' 
 oili 9iol3d ..-gmhal^'i^^ §fir^icM.^.V34,/.ci hm .liO.M 
 
 ,u,)n9nuno7o01on'?l«o§^^^«Ji^^«--t^'-^^^ '''' ^f' 
 
 .in^vo 
 
 MihQ 3.i?%^ii),'51frtd<»n»^t.33.«.<^««i 
 
 '^iffd-'kf thV adjoinipg Islands .of Polo Kata and Pnl» Ta^ 
 
 *langi a' Jarge quantity is said to be procurable., if 
 
 "ith6re* were sufliciehf workoxen ,and capital to work the 
 
 Mines. ' The Binding Rirer is navigfable for small Ves- 
 
 seis. and the Settlement la(ely formed by the So^ of the 
 
■ ■ • -''sr 
 
 King or Salengore distan*^ about four miles from the Island 
 of Pankour.'* ^ .. ;ni 
 
 The GoTernment having entirely approved of these 
 plans, referred the subject to the Supreme Government, 
 and subsequently obtained the sanction of that authority 
 to establish a small Factory at Pankour,, provided a cession 
 of the Island could be obtained from a power competent 
 to grant it, and there was no probability of any difficulties 
 hereafter arising as to the legality of our possession. The 
 King of Perak had long claimed the Island as a Dependency 
 of that State; but the King of Salengore had for a length 
 of time, and I believe \vith more propriety, made a simi- 
 lar claim; and his Son was in fact in possession of the 
 Island, and part of the Main on the Dindings, before the 
 Quedah Forces attacked Perak, and where I found him 
 on my arrival. The King of Quedah, however, appeared 
 determined to consider it as his, by right of Conquest, and 
 he was applied toby me on behalf of Government, in 
 January 1819, to ciede the Islaindio the British Govern, 
 ment, and to permit his Chiefs, the Bindahara and Lax- 
 samana, to continue disposing of the Tin collected at 
 Perak, to my Agents* Although the King of Quedah had 
 assured the Agents, Messieurs Cracroft and Qtunter, who 
 were deputed to Quedah at the same time I took my depar- 
 ture, that the Trade of Perak should be opened, that he 
 had given directions to the Bindahara to forward my views, 
 and to use his utmost influence to promote my business 
 with regard to the Tin Contract^ and prevent the Datcjb 
 
38 ■ 
 
 irrom Yntmerin^^^^^ to belierc that lie sent brffci^ ' 
 
 of a directly opposite tendency, directing tiie Chjefe ti: * V 
 collect the Tin on his own account, and intending t^ '- 
 engross the whole, trade himself, % ^^^ ^,?'^!^'*f ??*,,'' 
 King of Siam, (inost probably,) for whom he appeared i^ ^ 
 be under the greatest/state of apprehension, and by whosli '' 
 orders bf bad attacked and conquered Perak.^ In hft .^ 
 replv to me. be says, "What is mentioned in the BinJ-'^"^ ■ 
 dahara's Letter is correct, and I am glad he had it io^' 
 his powier to nieef iiiy iriends wisiies^^^ desirous 
 
 of being on good terms with ray friend and every onfc 
 belonging t,<jC tneEhglish Company. I am soWy, hbweVei',' " ' 
 1 cannot.comply with ray fnengS request at present by 
 orderraff the continuance of the delivery of Tin at rcrak, , 
 according: tothQ ens:as:eraent of the Bindahara and Lax« ^ 
 samana«,.for I^did.npt go to ,war with Perak by my own ,^ 
 will but by* the orders of the King of Siam, of whom I .. 
 ^as afrai4, 2yyJ^^jr^fore^con(|ijerpd^ Perak. ^ ram iwr • ^ 
 
 to enquire hoiK ^tbef, affair?., pf,Pera|t are to be settled; ,., 
 which I dp not. vet know, and wjth regard to. Parikour ^ 
 and Dindin^, I^also witktp consult him, as they belong to " 
 Perak,. ,tbouffh,now, in possession of Salengore. These ; 
 places . therefore ^e now under the .authority of Sianu 
 I jbaye.sent^orders to. the Bindahara and La^^^ 
 their ira mediate return, in order to isettle' every ihinfe '^ 
 regarding Perak,^ jmd whdtcver may be the result,'! shall''* 
 * commdnicate to my friend as sdoo as'possibl^^^ ^"^' i 
 
30 
 
 ■<E^.» 
 
 Conceiying that the return of therEndaLhafa and Lax« 
 samana would occupy at least twa-niouths, and thief pro^^^^^' J 
 jected Mission toSiam fulljr six months more, that the^ *' j 
 Agents whom I had left at Perak would not be permitted'^- j 
 to purchase Tin on account of the Honorable Company 
 during that time, and as eren at the expiration of that 1 
 period, it was a matter of great uncertainty what the deci- 
 sion would be, I recommended the propriety of withdraw- 
 ing the Agents for a time, which was accordingly done. ^^* \ 
 
 While my negotiations were piwedingf^at Pierak ^nd[ ;^ 1 
 Salengore, the Honorable the Governor hai endeaVourcd' * 1 
 to commence operations at the Kwala Muda, during .mr, i 
 absence ^ * 
 
 teady 
 
 he de-patched Boats^ in charge of a trusty native, with a 
 lewarticle?require^t;j|^^aii^i^ ] 
 
 Seapoys; but here he encountered^ diWcultte^ 3f^ a ?ffi(^ J 
 discouraging nature, whii^'were ne\%f Wtrioiiilted,^Mcl^^ | 
 "which involved hiih in a^lohg eonfepi^denift/^ vni\i iht''^ 1 
 Rajah of Q^led^i 'A^ Wi?L'\kmsi^6S'^ 1 
 
 Quedah had fkrmed tii^lSemiuc^^ftfi^fcWSliMUa¥'fo^» J 
 a Chinese Merchant of Plnai^ hS^ sfefitlfitf ^^i or^l^i^^^^ I 
 to receive his duties, and settle all his just dues^; but he 
 had in the mean time proceeded id Quedalii ' wner^ISP ^ I 
 was understood the King had summoned hibou Desirinw '^^ ] 
 that no delay should take place, and believing ' liiiat ine . j 
 hiffh character of the Briti3h Government woujd prevent 
 any suspicioa of an intention to evade the p^ment of i 
 
40 
 
 proper duties, the Boats were despatched at once. On 
 the arrival at the Kwala Mooda, of the Boats, the servant 
 of the Chinese Farmer had the audacity to seize the whole 
 of the Goods, including the Dollars, and forcibly took 
 thera from the Seapoys* The first object of the Governor, 
 was to demand immediate redress for such an act of vio- 
 lence on the property and servants of the Company com« 
 mitted within the Territories of Quedah, He represent^* 
 ed to the King, that the duty of 20 per Cent as charged 
 ty the Farmer, amounted in fact, to a prohibition of all 
 Trade in the Kwala Muda, and that it was quite contrary 
 to custom for one State being in friendship with another, 
 to shut it out by any means from trading or holding inter- 
 course with other States in mutual amity, as the King 
 seemed to have done in regard to Pinang and Patani, nor 
 was it consistent with the relations of amity, and particu- 
 larly such intimate relations as subsisted between Quedah 
 and Pinang, which had been like one Country, for one 
 State to exact more than a fair, consistent, and equal race 
 of duties on the Merchandize of another friendly State. 
 The British Government was ready to pay any consistent 
 duty, but they could not allow one of their own subjects 
 to possess or exercise a right so prejudicial to their in- 
 terests, and so utterly inconsistent with that reciprocity 
 which ought always to govern the relations subsisting bet- 
 ween the two States, as the power of imposing arbitrary 
 duties at Kwala Muda, and excluding by this means trade 
 and intercourse between the India Company and Patani^ 
 
41 
 
 r<;and^ the other friendly iStatesiir: the viHteiloni><]h<jwas 
 jniitiieref<>re proposed, that with: the^;iFi^W^ of: puttii^ alstop 
 yio^^ jb?:i??^^rcisQ of 8uch^aa,uadu^^po5^r,:jifidi30; iQ- 
 ifoJ^riiouSj,an4; unjusV a Mq zili) -the same itime 
 
 vioFr®y.fi9^:if.^c l^^^idual .who acq,i;i^c,efjt^^ c?.9icfei Ai RFWlege 
 .-ai from: suffering, by heiiig, 8i4d,4^nijjl4ep;:iy,©d>i^^^ aa 
 
 .::i,iinproper assumption, thai ^pJm^ ^rxap^mi^pt^e3bi9ifUl be 
 ,jr5iinade;,wUh the.Farmer,, hyi..wbi§li bi^^ M.9J?9P9?Jjj?f;9ul4 
 ; - .be annulled,; and . tbc.fioverni]TCnt,:yroul,4x^S^5^X;^^^^^ 
 :U: to make a pecuniary com pensati<in>r>-Jtvn^jgij^t| ]^a,Te..beea 
 rr supposed, that a propfw^l so ju^t^^p^^ibg;^ ^jW^uld. h^^ 
 /t^ inet with tmmediate ^ 4ttj?ntioib|jGfe«Sfiii<>t}^Pgi<^tJsfactory 
 - ij was offercd^o -ThcuKing r^l^iedyj^Jia^^bS jP58?Fe?^}ng« 
 vaijcif the.Faripejr'iSr.SeiifaotA vfer^oj^iyusf^^j^tjjjig ^gffltd***^ 
 ...r,^fiKha4 giy^e^nariMonopoA^^ofn^h^j^^^^l^flMpfefrBi^ * 
 1. j Wiiten Cppjmissipqjijoii^^ Gpiyei^n^r ^^mlmi f^ejCJom* 
 :,iLniissio% and Loldi him, that £ia'chi%jSififtriiJtei;KifJj;ii|iai 
 :.>;eonly farmed the retail of certains iGoftd^TJc^OLSHm^ld [|n,i;hii 
 
 V : own Territories,r but the ,CpijaWA§?iajijo^i4oP?S cA^^?•^^^*^ 
 ..-5: he had giTen^ tar them cthfe^T^pJ^jy^^^aY/g^yflflj^of the 
 
 .iJiKwala Muda, or a rightnto jpi:^^fiiJiAte^?S?fe<>f)Gpoda 
 •.through that River to the ^QH^^f!^ '\^J[R"j4(^^,\)#»S* 
 : dom. Suchaprififege woitlcl ^^^gljeeij^^r^adx^^t^^lthe 
 :3i injury of the subjects of P'mmg^lS^i tl>^3fB>®»f^l>P,4png 
 v} Countries in amiiy^ and he was, happy ^,tot Ifi^m /^P.'^lthc 
 r King himself that the Farm was not gianledjtofi the: China- 
 •il'imen^ for such a purpose.! The iGovernoH represented 
 ^iriidtio that the charge of 15 Dollars ^^ec^har^iduty oa 
 
4J ''■ 
 
 Tirt Ttliich {he King mentioned was formerly charged,: 
 (which upon the price the Company were to pay for the 
 Tin from Patani, namely 40 Dollars per Rahar, would 
 exceed 37 per Cent.) was most exorbitant^ and. 
 equal to a prohibition of the Company's Trade with P^* 
 tani, and a blockade of the Countries in the interior. 
 It was far from the Governor's wish that the King should 
 suffer disgrace or the smallest inconvenience with respect 
 tb his dealings with the Chinese, It was right they should 
 receive the customary duties, and if regulated on termc 
 of justice and reciprocity, the Company would be happy 
 tb discharge them; hut a duty of 37 per Cent, on Tin waf 
 neither just nor proper when ft was considered .that the 
 Company levied only 2^ per ("ent on all Merchandise 
 belonging to the Territories of Qiiedah, It was natural 
 therefore for the Company to expect, that- their trade 
 would be freed from such vexatious and unjust obstruct 
 tions, and that in consideration of the close Alliance be- 
 ttreen Pinang and Quedah, the King would regulate the 
 duties in future according to justice, rea:ion and friend* 
 ^^^ >^i.n,.i ,.,;r:.- ^ ■. 
 
 It was urged that the King's own sense could not fail 
 to teach him that a redaction to an equitable rate of the 
 duties at Kwala Muda was advisable on other grounds, 
 for it would assuredly encourage trade, and enable the 
 King to reap greater advantages from the Commerce of 
 bis own Country than that system of checking its growth 
 by a strict Monopoly. An offer was again made to give 
 
43 
 
 a pcconiarj cpnsWen^fpn to. the fanners t^ put a stop^ 
 to their Monopoly, and' to pay for all Tin exported fropo^ 
 the Ivwala Mnida on account of the Honorable ('ompany 
 5 per Cent, which was exactly double the duties levied 
 at Prince of Wales Island. It could not, fail to be ap-: 
 parent to the King that his Servants or Farmers had 
 wantonly and unjustly embroiled the two Governments 
 by their assumption of an exclusive right to the Naviga* 
 tion of the Kwala Muda, apparently not authorized bj 
 the King; that in enforcing their pretensions, by doubt- 
 ing the willingness of the Government also to pay the 
 sanctioned duties, and by forcibly detaining the Com- 
 pany's Property and Servants, they were guilty of aa 
 insult to the Government, for which reparation was nc^ 
 cessary. In the confidence therefore of the sincerity of 
 the King's professions, it was required that the Goods which 
 had been detained should be passed on under a trusty 
 person to their original destination, chargeable with the 
 existing duties, and the person who had illegally seized 
 the Boats be discharged. These were preliminary mea- 
 sures to the future adjustment of Export Duties, an4 
 Vich as the honor and dignity of the Company's Govern- 
 ment could not dispense with. It was shortly after pro- 
 posed that the King should send some of his Confidential 
 Ministers with full powers to negotiate and adjust the 
 points of dicuision to the advantage, interest and hpnqr 
 of the two Countries and the King was promised, upon 
 the favorable termins^tion of the Negociation, sonac advA9* 
 
44 
 
 t'ages which he had solicited^ SiibsequeDt events howerer 
 frustrated these designs. 
 
 A few Months after I had quitted^ Perat,. the Hutch 
 Gorernment sent a Mission to the King of that place,, and 
 Mr. Steelier, the Ambassador, forwarded a Letter by a 
 Messenger, remaining at the Island of Pankour till he 
 received a reply* The Bindabara sent me Copies of the 
 Correspondence,, of which Translations were submitted 
 to Government. From various sources of information 
 I gathered,, the conquered as well as the conquerors, that 
 is, both the Perak and Quedah people^ were extremely 
 averse to the Dutch forming a Settlement at Perak, and 
 .were very anxious that the English Government should 
 do so. It was not unlikely however, that some of the 
 Chiefs would give encouragement to the Dutch for a time, 
 in the hope of getting rid of their Invaders, the Quedah 
 Forces. The Bindabara, who was the representative of 
 the ruling authority, made known to the King of Quedah, 
 the embarrassing situation in which he would have beeo 
 placed had the Dutch insisted upon taking possession 
 of the Country, and urgently recommended his soliciting 
 the interference of the British Government. The Dutch 
 Mission returned to Malacca, and I never heard that 
 any further attempts had been made to renew the Cor« 
 respondencc. - V 
 
 About two months subsequent to this, after placing the 
 Government in the hands of the Rajah Mooda, the Que« 
 
45 
 
 dali Forces eyacnated tbe Country, and- a few weeks after- 
 wards, I received a letter from the Rajah Bindahara.of 
 Perak, who had been promoted to the rank of Rajah Moo* 
 da, in consequence of the accession of the King's eldest 
 . Son, offering on behalf of himself and the King, to ent^r 
 into a contract for Tin. He desired my natire Agent 
 who brought the letter, to inform me, that he would 
 readily sanction the residence of native Agents at Perak, 
 and that they would cede the Island of Pankour, provid* 
 , cd the Company would purchase all the Tin and make 
 advances of Money for the same. I was also led to under- 
 , stand that if the proposal was not accepted, it was the 
 , intention of the Perak Chiefs to invite the Dutch to form 
 . a Factory, as they were determined to prevent the Quedah 
 people again returning. The Rajah Bindahara thus 
 writes to mc. *' 1 beg to acquaint my friend that the 
 King of Quedah has restored the Country of Perak, and 
 invested the Chief power in my Brother, the Rajah Moo- 
 da and myself, wherefore, if, as I suppose, my friend be 
 desirous of purchasing Tin, I will enter into a Treaty for 
 that purpose, and in the mean time, if my friend wJU 
 send me 5,000 Dollars in advance, I will furnish him 
 with Tin at 45 Dollars per Bahar, in four months, when 
 he may send for it." 
 
 The Dutch Government about the same time, sent an 
 Embassy to Salengore, and insisted upon the King's re- 
 newing an obsolete Treaty of upwards of 30 years. The, 
 King lost no time in making a reference to the Pinapj; 
 
46 
 
 Government, and expressed his contmned^ desire to fulfil 
 
 his engagements for an annual supply of Tin. Mr. Gracroft 
 
 . was despatched again, in the month of June^ to Colong 
 
 . and Salengore^ upon a Political Mission, and on his re«» 
 
 , . turn, took the opportunity of bringing up 310 Bahars of 
 
 Tin which were ready for me, viz. 140 Bahars from Co* 
 
 long and 1 70 from Salengorc. . 
 
 The death of our amiable and actire Governor, which 
 took place in August,^ the Establishment of Singapore a 
 few months before,, an event which was not anticipated 
 when the Tin business commenced, rendered it expedient^ 
 in the opinion of the Government, to suspend the execu* 
 tion ,of >the. contract with the King of Salengore, and ta 
 discontinue the colTection of Tin on account of the Hono* 
 rable Company. . The whole of the Tin collected, about 
 2,000 Piculs, having been properly smelted, was exposed 
 fro Sale at Public Auction, in small lots, at the Company's 
 Warehouse; but no Sales having been effected. Tenders 
 for the whole was accepted at the price of 18 Spanish 
 Dollars per Picul, the purchasers paying duties and ship* 
 ping charges. There was a gain on the adventure, after 
 paying all charges, which were necessarily heavy at first^ 
 of Spanish Dollars 5,396,, 41, besides the Custom Eiouse 
 ^ duties received, equal to 800 Dollars more, which clearly 
 , shews, that the anticipations of the projector were rea« 
 sonable, and when we consider the disturbed state of the 
 ^ Perak Country, and the difficulties and embarrassments 
 .j^ttte outset, in engag^^ a business of which! had 
 
4r 
 
 ho preyious Inowlcdgfe, wc may ifot unreasoimbty infer, 
 that by judicious arrangements^ and by a proper under*, 
 standing amongst tbe €hiefs of the sereral surrounding 
 states, were the GoTernncient disposed to renew it, the Tin. 
 trade might be revived with advantage to the G>mpany 
 and the Mercantile Communityr 
 
 On closing ray Accounts in the end of September 1819, 
 I received a Letter from the Secretary to Government 
 to the following effect. '' I am further directed to ao« 
 quaint you, that as it does not appear probable under 
 the present state of affairs that much Tin can be collect* 
 ed for this Government, it has been determined that the 
 prosecution of this trade shall, for the present, be sus- 
 pended* The Honorable the Governor in Council ha* 
 much satisfaction in observing tlie hitherto successful, 
 event of the speculation." As the formation of Singapore 
 would effectually prevent the Dutch from making a Mo- 
 nopoly of the Tin trade, there doubtless was the less 
 necessity for the Company continuing this Commerce, 
 and under such circumstances, it was preferable that it 
 should be left to the enterprise and capital of the private 
 Traders.: -'v-. ■ h \U. 'trri^^fj 
 
 The succeeding Head of the Pinang Government^ in 
 suspending^- the Tin Agency for a time, was no less de- 
 termined to insist upon some redress for the conduct of 
 the Officers at Kwala Muda, and accordingly demand- 
 ed from the King of Quedah, that the Goods seized in 
 so disrespectful a manner should be conveyed to Pinang 
 
4» 
 
 with a respectful and becoming apology, and he strongly 
 urged,, at the same time, the propriety and adrantage 
 to himself of taking into his immediate consideration, the 
 means for placing the Commerce of Keda and Pinang 
 on terms of fair reciprocity. The Merchandise and Mo- 
 ney was accordingly immediately returned with a suita« 
 ble apology. In closing this Account of the Tin specu* 
 lation, 1 cannot deny myself the gratification of extract- 
 ing a few obserrations from the Minute recorded by the 
 Honorable Mr. Clubley. " The experience that we have 
 already acquired with respect to that trade, added to 
 the trouble and risk attending the prosecution of it, poiiit 
 out to us, I think, that sufficient has been done already 
 for the beneficial purposes which were contemplated by 
 our late respected Governor, wheji he proposed the ar- 
 rangements in the first instance. I therefore decidedly 
 think that we should now stop, and that the trade in 
 Tin should be hereafter left to the industry of the Mer- 
 chants of the place, who ar^ the most concerned in the 
 successful prosecution of it. I consider Mr. Anderson 
 who (as Agent for Tin) has had infinite trouble in the 
 progress of his duty, to be fully entitled to the receipt 
 of that portion of profit, which the arrangements of the 
 late Governor, not less than his own unwearied exer- 
 tions have entitled him to. I quite agree with the Ho- 
 norable the President in the justice of his ideas, that 
 we shall best encourage the trade in Tin by endea- 
 wTOuring aa onuch as lies in our power, to remove the 
 
4SK 
 
 barriers, whicfi^at present, either tBeselfisB^^ or tiniid po-, 
 licy af the neighbouring,. Malay Gorernments have op* 
 jjoied to the free transit of that article. The opening of 
 a free cdnsmunication with the Kwala Muda will be high- 
 ly desirable in this view on the one* side, and on the 
 other, tfie possession of Pankour,- if it could be done with 
 propriety, would facilitate the Trade with Perak, and* 
 reader it liable to the least possible obstructions. I am 
 aware however, of the justice and propriety of the Hono- 
 rable the President's objections, against our occupation of 
 Pankour at present, in view to avoid any cause for jea- 
 lousy either from the Dutch Government, or from that of 
 Siam, under present circumstances. It does not appear 
 to me however, that any objections do arise from any other 
 quarter, to prevent this desirable measure being attained, 
 and when the discussions which have been referred ta 
 Europe shall be adjusted, 1 certainly hope to see that Island 
 an integral part of this Government, and forming, (as it 
 will essentially do) a great protection to the passing Trade, 
 especially of Tin from Perak and Salengore, and a mate- 
 rial obstruction, when guarded by a British Detachment,, 
 to the enormous system of Piracy which at present pre* 
 vails in that part of the Straits," and again, " From the 
 foregoing observations it is needless to add, I consider asr 
 the Honorable the President does, that it becomes un- 
 necessary to persevere in enforcing. onr Treaties with the- 
 Rajahs of Perak and Salengore, for an annual supply of 
 Tin. Yet. if circumstances, had been othefwisc^ 1 would^ 
 
50 
 
 assuredly bare added mj humble roice in deprecatTDg" 
 and resenting the orerbearing assumptions of our Ne- 
 therlands neighbours at Malacca, who in the most un« 
 courteous, if not unjustifiable manner, have pre?ai!ed on 
 the Rajah of Salengore to annul a formal Treaty be 
 had concluded with this Government, for the purpose of 
 substituting an obsolete one of their own. The superior 
 authorities will no doubt view in this procedure, a conti- 
 nuation only of the same system, which has been practised 
 universally by the Dutch, since they resumed the Govern- 
 ment of the £astern Islands/' 
 
 'Ere the lease of the monopoly Farm at the Kwala Mu- 
 da had expired, when the Government would no doubt 
 have been enabled to have made some arrangements with 
 the King of Quedah for opening that River and allowing a 
 free navigation into the interior, the sudden irruption of 
 a Siamese Force, the flight of the King of Quedah, who 
 sought prot^ection under the British Flag, and the total 
 subjugation of the Country, united to the dreadful State 
 of anarchy in which it has continued ever since, have 
 prevented the accomplishment of measures so desirable 
 and so benificial, not only to the trading community of 
 Pinang, but the numerous Inhabitants of the interior or 
 Patani Countrj^, who have long been accustomed to re- 
 ceive their necessary supplies burthened with a heavy. 
 Monopoly price.' Perak had jnst began to recover gra- 
 dually, from the calamities with which that ill-fated Coun- 
 try had been visited a few years ago; the Chinese had 
 
Si 
 
 /^ 
 
 dgaiQ actively renewed their labotirs^ in the' Miaes; wheit 
 a large force, consisting of a numerous assemblage of 
 renegade Malays of the worst description from Quedah, 
 headed by a few Siamese Leaders, took possession of 
 that Country. There was for a time one continued and 
 unvaried scene of murder and robbery, and the Inhabi* 
 tan is were reduced to a state of the most abject Slavery, 
 even worse than I found them in 1818. The Rajah of 
 Salengore quitted the scene of his active Mercantile pur- 
 suits, and old and infirm as he is, being about 90, after 
 putting his own capital in a proper and efficient state of 
 defence, he took the field in person, and proceeded lo 
 Perak about the beginning of the present year, for the 
 purpose of aiding the lawful King of that Country, restor- 
 ing him to the Throne of his ancestors, and repelling the 
 Invaders. The same energetic Chief who expelled the 
 Dutch from his Dominions about 40 years ago, by a mid- 
 night attack, and who even made an attempt upon Ma- 
 lacca, about the same time, with the aid of some powerful 
 Chiefs from Rhio and other places, soon drove the ^^^ 
 Siamese from Perak, and the Malays were either killed, 
 made Slaves of, or fled. The daily reports of large ar- 
 maments fitting out at Trong and other places to the 
 Northward of Quedah, by the Siamese, and the general 
 belief that they are intended to subdue Perak, Salengore, 
 and their Dependencies, have kept the Inhabitants in a 
 state of con>tant alarm. Involved as these two States 
 have been, iu war, for a length of ijime, there has beea 
 
^% 
 
 almost a. total cessation of Trade^ and the Custom ETouse 
 returns prove that the Impoirts of Tin have beea 
 very inconsiderable. From Pungah,, a River to the 
 Northv^ard of Trong, and fro^^ Junk Ceylon, there has- 
 been some imported, a much less quantity than hereto* 
 fore from Salengore, and comparatively none from Perak* 
 Instead of addicting themselves to the quiet pursuits of 
 Commerce, some are taking up arms in their defencCi, 
 irhile others are seeking safety by flight, a few to the Bri^ 
 tish Settlements, and many to the Malay States on the 
 East Coast of Sumatra &c. while others are joining in Pi- 
 ratical adventures, the consequence of which is, that those 
 Countries are daily depopulating, and if instead of a pea* 
 ceable race easily kept in check, as the Malays of these 
 Countries are, and who have long carried on a lucrative 
 Commerce, a body of armed Ruffians, whose whole pro« 
 fession is plunder, under Chiefs of a nation which appears 
 neither to respect or fear us, is to take their place, and 
 these fine Countries beheld by a lawless Military rabble^ 
 the Tin Trade, as well as other branches of Commerce 
 will cease altogether, and the British Settlements will not 
 only be kept in a continual state of ferment and appre* 
 hension, but the Honorable Company be burthened with 
 increased expenses, in a large additional Force, to pro*, 
 tect their own insulated possessions* 
 
AN EXPOSITION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Political ajcb Commbucial Relatioj^$ 
 
 OF THE . 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 STATES ON THE EAST COAST OF SUMATRA^ 
 
 PROM 
 
 » ■ . 
 
 DIAMOND POINT TO SIACK, 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A BaiEP ACCOUNT OP THE SEVERAL MISSIONS TO THESE STATES, 
 THE NATURE OF THE TRADE CARRIED ON BETWEEN 
 TUfiM AND THE BRITISH SETTLEMBNTS IN THE 
 STRAITS OF MALACCA; THE PRODUCE OF THESE 
 COUNTRIES AND THE DUTIES AND PORT 
 CHARGES LEVIED At THE SE- 
 VERAL PLACES. 
 
 Printed under the Authority of Government* 
 
 PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, 
 1824, 
 

 4.:.i.ui *-.;. 
 
 
 # 
 
 ■iK:^-:4>-*l, l^y^^i X^- 
 
 ii. i.-.;\i.} ^ 
 
AN EXPOSITION 
 
 OF THB 
 
 POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL RELATIONS 
 
 OF TBS 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF PRINCE OF WALES ISLAND, 
 
 WITH THB 
 
 STATES ON THE EAST COAST OF SUMATRA, 
 
 FROM 
 
 DIAMOND POINT TO SIACK. 
 
 T 
 
 HE establishment of a direct intercourse with 
 the more Northerly States on the Ea>t Coast of Sumatra 
 is an event of recent occurence. The more Southerly 
 and most important state on that Coast however, Siack, 
 which exercises a paramount authority over the whole as 
 far as Timian, has been known to us for some time past, ./ 
 as aplace of considerable trade. , . 
 
2 UELATIONS OF THB PIXAN6 GOFBRNMBNT WITH 
 
 About a year after Plnnng. vras eleTated" tonhe*raiik or 
 a Presidency, Mr, Jolwi Scott was deputed to Siacfc, for 
 the {Mirpose of enterkjg into- a contract for the supply of 
 Timber; Mr. F. Garling* was also sent hv tSOT and Mr. 
 Lynch in 1808. The re{>ort of the latter gentleman* 
 tended much to extend our geograpUrcar knowledge of' 
 that Coast, but he represented the moral condition of the* 
 Chiefs m very unfavorable colours aad the people so' 
 hostile to friendly relations, from thetr ttniversal attach- 
 ment to Piracy, that the Government was deterred from 
 establishing a close and more intimate cjmmercial inter- 
 course between this Island and the numerous ports which' 
 line the Eastern Coast. A very considerable supply of 
 excellent Timber was procured for the construction of 
 His Majesty^s Frigate Malacca, and H.^ C. Ship Inglis- 
 of 1,200 Tons, both built at this Island*^- i.^.l 
 
 When the intelligence of the expected transfer of Ma-^ 
 lacca io the Dutch reached Pfnang rt became necessary 
 to make such arrangements witli some of the principal 
 Chiefs in this neighbourhood, as would prevent the Ne- 
 therlands Government from entering into monopolies, as 
 there was but too just grounds for apprehending they 
 would endeavour to do. The Resident of Malacca, Ma* 
 jor (now Colonel) Farquhar was deputed as Agent by 
 the Pinang Gofernmeni to Srack, amongst other places 
 in 1818, with this view, and made a treaty with the King.* 
 The Ambassador was received with every demonstration 
 • - -- -' ^-^■•«' V' ' • ■ * Vide «f pcndii.. No. li z}.:l ^ui Vvl.. 
 
. THB STATES ON THB EAST COAST OP SUMATBA. 3 
 
 of respect and matters appeareJ^m'ore inviting for establish* 
 ing a beneficial commercial intercourse. The Rajah 
 expressed the ut>most desire to improije his conn exioa 
 with the Briti^b Goverivment. The Supreme Govern- 
 ment snbsequervtly gave airthority to the Pinang Govern- 
 ment to form a Briiisb Settlement at Siack, should such 
 a measure appear to* be expedient. 
 
 In 1819 the Chiefs of Uelli, Sirdang and As$ahan open- 
 ed a correspondence with the Governor which indicated 
 a desire of im]>roving their relations with this Govern- 
 ment and the Netherlands Government having occupied 
 llhio, Malacca and Padang, and used their utmost efforts 
 to divert to these ports, the greatest portion of the Trade 
 of Sumatra, it was considered necessary to remind the 
 Native Chiefs of the more reciprocally beneficial and 
 liberal course of measures pursued by the British Go- 
 Tcrnment, , 
 
 It was deemed therefore, that without the danger of 
 embarrassment with the disputes of any of the Native 
 Chiefs, the time was arrived when the Government of 
 Pinang might endeavour to procure a more extensive 
 and intimate knowledge of the ports and people in this 
 jieight)ourhood and even to derive, by a judicious course 
 of measures, some permanent commercial advantages for 
 this Establishment. For this purpose Mr. Ibbetson of the 
 Civil Service was selected to proceed a^ Commissioner, 
 and he sailed from Pinang in June, 1820, accompanied 
 by the late Captain (then Lieutenant) Crooke of the 20tb 
 
4 '^ .ttEi:ATll)NV'w T^'pi^ANG GOtiakMtfSi*^^* 
 
 Regiment 'BengarKfaVive Infantry as his Assftlant "dbd"" 
 Surveyor; ana" ilie'tteVfer^iiil MrJ HUlch5iigli^'fCh'i>iiiih SE'" , . 
 thirMdlr^^^-a^ti^Meei^«f;^^f^^!^^^ ; 
 
 1'he 'CoiiVhiissioher was' directed tff ' visitllie 'wHofis'^o'r' 
 the teWienV'Coast'of Siiinatiii from Tiimkri'^^t 
 ordef'^o execute ithcfoniiwfli^ttbae^s J gWi!^!^ ^iU ^ 4?«.«* ' 
 
 1st. to" Coa^f tlW"Shbrei an'j'ascSttttth h fdl* 'a^^^^Sss' " 
 si ble; ttieir cliaracler aiicf naVfgi«6a,"'c6mnifenctng - ^t ihe'^'' 
 Rircr Jaiiibi, the Soutberninost plScraSd port.'* '«*' V*'»''':V' 
 
 2iid. JO visit every port or place of any ct)n?equence 
 on the Coast, collect the best informatioh on the spot : 
 
 concerning' its natural ^dhini^f Sii^adVafita^isJ^'tfi^ ^^ef!?^^^ 
 and^natur^ of iU res6ufce3,'prodiidl(msi 'h^ 
 port^, ih^ p'rfecisie" Wdtiiref ^f IheT ri^ventie and aut1iortty!of -^ 
 Gor<^nmbnfj^ the nWinbbfi^'^Mr^gter qdndf^^i'iri^|)al od^ ' * 
 cup&itiohs of it« ilnhat)i!ahcs,*^the'priiidpal JBirlic form- '*' 
 ing iijs staples as Weil sfi thc^e! of foreign iconlrtJeirice in* ^ 
 demand there, the*' toture and extent of itkihtiefiiolji'st * 
 with'thcltjoiintries in the interior (especially M^nlin^ltii^'^l 
 ban) and every iittaihdble'lnformatioh respecting^ if he cha-'^ 
 ractel-,'^^ pursuits: and' wants of the i Inhabitants *^x>f' the^-; 
 interioi^'tbuntriei*^ * ^^'^' />i(l^?i>f^«j rr^|j^j'i,i|i^fihi.£:->iii 
 
 3rd; To wait on every respectable Chief on that Coist^^ 
 and ascertain' as far ais possible^ his character and ^ habits '"^ 
 and the nature and extent of his jurisdictiobyto appH^e^^^ ." 
 him of the 'sincere 'desire 'of thb' Pinarig Govdriita^eni^}fi> 
 establish a^ rriferidW'kifdmatualiy'^^b^^ 
 intercourse^ betweeii' Knaiife^^ 1 
 
•IfUB STATES ON XHB BAST COAST OF SUMATRA • 5 
 
 anxio\is wish of the Gorcrnment to suppress and discoa** 
 rage the scandalours system of Piraty, and further invite 
 him by every consistent inducement to join the British 
 Gorernment in accomplishing ihese desirable objects. 
 
 4ch. To endeavour to presuade each Chief on that 
 Coast of the advantage and policy of fixing a regular and 
 moderate rate of duties to be levied on the commerce of 
 his port, instead of the existing mischievous system of ar- 
 bitrary duties and presents in kind, exacted from tra- 
 ders and commanders of Vessels; with this vievr, to ob- 
 tain, if possible, a document under the hand and Seal of 
 each Chief and those of his principal nobles, stipulating 
 that the subjects of the British Government who report to 
 his port, shall in future pay customs, duties and all other 
 charges according to a fixed and settled rate in the same 
 manner as his oven subjects, and all other persons visiting 
 his port are required to pay, and that they shall be per- 
 mitted to go to whatever part of his dominions they think 
 proper, either to buy or sell in person or by their Agents 
 at any time, and that they are on no account to be stop- 
 ped, molested or oppressed while so engaged and de- 
 meaning themselves peaceably. The Chiefs might also 
 be apprized that similar immunities had always been 
 afforded at Pinang to the Merchants and mariners belong- 
 ing to their respective dominions. 
 
 5th. To visit every River on that Coast, ascend and 
 ascertain, as far as possible, its course and navigation, the 
 extent and nature of the trade it conveys from and to the 
 
6 .REhATlQ^iSijOF.TUJ^Yi^ WITH 
 
 . jnf^ripr; arid tl?p*i?Uuatipn>.a^ the places to 
 
 which it is^sarrjcd»-,:j^,,j^,;if^; f,,-!^.,, y-iova. o*<}*^y<f lu\h • 
 
 'The Cominissioner was:,^^ntiQ»ed n^t^,ta'inyolve hinv^ 
 self in. any disput^^, which. wig})f;^ij^isUt^ thjB diC 
 
 fer^n t Native Chiefs^ , and. ^ np^t^^j iHV^r/uje; a^nx , measurcft' 
 calculafed to interfere .with th|^. ^etl^f rjafids authorities ,H 
 Pal€;ii^lj|af)g^ i>Xh^. Pfi"p!p^kPJ'U?l^ ©f ihi^ Mission were- 
 in fact stated tp he^lfiW io.o^»ih*J Jjc oldiiftjooiq ?;^iin'j;it \ 
 , , ^j First and Chiefly^ to- obtain by means of aresponsible- 
 ai)4. accredited Agent, an authentic, exact and unbia6se({' 
 Acfoiintof the .resourees^^ and condition! of] the diffqreot 
 Statesmen, that Coajitvi* : . zn u // :b i^' lo ^Mn :. , 
 
 ^ Secondly, To [irev^nt Malacca, and Rhiafrom iengrops— 
 ingj the l^rade hitherto flowing from Siack. and the Eastera 
 :G9li5ti;taiPinang,:ii// i<ifi]i.L ha^ ^i^uiiijtl noov/j.J ^Ti 
 r. ) i,fl; hi rdly,^Ta ascertain if it were practicable, as^soppos-* 
 V ,ed by inaay^ to bring dawn again to the Eastern side of 
 i:S«(»atra Ihe.TradefroTO Menangkabau, and the reported 
 -•iftoufi^biqg countries in the interior; it being certain > that 
 ir-t^hp^i/^^W^I^ 9fM,th!^t trade flowed through the large, lljvers 
 .i!95v§^j^^!^»i l?^**'^*"* ^®« before it was diverted to , the 
 DjJtch J Settlement of Padang. and the, ^^Ve^t. Coast, a^ 
 Laj>^tly,. fjO J collect every information rcspectipg the pro» 
 ductions of the interior countries said to abound wiJtli 
 Gold Mines and also respecting the extent and nature 
 of^ the navigation of^the three large Rivers of Siack, In- 
 
 ; each other in the centre of Sumatra* ,• . /i • „ i . j. 
 
Hiiflit 'iKiiitBS'Ojr*'™^ bAst cbAsif op-SbSiiTftA. ^ 7 
 
 ■:. r-^To entth\e^h\vayt(3 conrdy ui'^^&tuhA' to- tlici ■Natii^e''Phfc(s 
 and people every useful information" fe|;irdirtg^ PiUk%, 
 *^4he CdniimissioneT was • furnished Wkh Copibs ot 'k Price 
 * Ciitrthtj-ii> a'^tnple and comjiehdioui Ibrai,/ irt tftfe 'Ma« 
 lay' Langiiagev exhibiting this dutiea levied at Pioart'g,^ the 
 time ^hd nature of the d^ltiaiid^f^i^IVlatayp^ H 
 
 description of tlie prlhrfpa^ Eurdpeah'and Ifldiaa' maau- 
 factures procurable at Prince of Wales- Islaiid^'-^^ ^^irA m 
 vi ; -ThfeoGcKnmissionei^^wak apprized ^that the doniinidns of 
 ■, Siacb ,wer& reported to ? 'ex ten d fr<)m Ti miah to llah (o\r , 
 ia place opposite the Island of Lingin, biit that the au- 
 thorit'y of Siack was much divided.bjr the independent 
 PP^Ji^r pr !) u metojus w ?etty : Chiefs^ with most or.whbm it 
 •woiilfljbe expedient for Jiio>t :tp qpininunicate, i The coun- 
 try between Rantow and Jambi was said (o be subject to 
 the Rajah of :Lingin^MT6e] Gctvern men t stated i that it 
 would; have be^iv,reluc{^nt7to: deplute an Agent to any 
 i part jpf the dominions of that Chief had it not felt assured 
 .., that lithe objects of such a mission being purely commer- 
 cial, its' frieiidly visit could not by any' means clash ■'^ga(mst 
 the political powers of aiiy neighbouring British GovePn. 
 ment. The Commissioner was therefore'direcWd^tii keep 
 tliat feeling in view^ in 'executing such bbjects']^' nis 
 ' Mission might call for ^n that quarter;^ -'^^ l<i^nc :mj:>.^ 
 In addition to tiie objects before enumerated;' 'N^r, 
 ibb'etson was directed * to collect every information with 
 ^ respect to the naturalliistory'-and antiqiiides iiif thci'^^^^^ 
 tries he might visit/ the state WA'ei^rsoa 
 
and exterifbf their ciiltivaticin, tli^ciM<yms Vr fkkcis'^^^^g 
 and 'the ^rihcfpal arts pra(itise<l1iy the Inhabifaliit'sY'Va 
 was also ordered to pr6cUr6 'by' purchase "bPdtheV^^ 
 specimens of everj martofibtilffe^ or work of art whicli 
 might be worthj of remark otf account 6t the kkiirbf ihiS^ 
 natives and rareness or excellence of the niaterialsV ^'j^ 
 vs^riety' of drngs and medicinal herbs'^' ha3 been iriipbrfetf 
 from these countries, and a knowledgeon^irc^dali^rte^^ 
 as well as^ a collection ' of any particularly tisefiirof rare^ 
 were stated to be objects deservitig of his patticafar^fi 
 
 That pof tloti of duty^ alfotled ta Xieite14nt ^tr6o^§ 
 vrAi'i6 keep a MetereoIog:ical ^anii' TopogrSphreal 'dfaW 
 sih'd collect information on ihe Climate; i3eograp%, ktia 
 Military establishments, if any>as weM as to ascfertafo tih% 
 Military- ayvaritages iri poini of situ at16nV*intf defence o^ 
 the idifTereht harbours and marftlfVie poffe Wd the'bSs^^ 
 means of 'securing the haYigation of the larger Ri^rs, 
 Lieut. Crooke was directed also to define the LatUiidfe 
 and -Longitude of all the places the Mission might toucli 
 at'ahd^^if possible to construct a Map of the Couatry and 
 Ch^r^fW'theCbast.- ^■■^^'■^ .-^,' v-i..; :.. - ,, ^.::. . ... .i 
 
 An ample supply of presents, consisting chieffy of BrK» 
 tish Manufactures, such as Broad Cloth, Chintzes and 
 Muslins Was provided for the purpose of (excitliiga'taste 
 for these articles amongst the chiefs and pebplef SciehtH 
 iic and Mathematical Ih$trumeDt8\wet*e' also furnished* 
 Books with Piates^^Gtorsburgh's and Datrymple^s Cbarfll 
 
IHR STATBS t^K^XHft' ITAST COAST OF SyAiAXaA* 9 
 
 of the Straits of Malacca togelfiiBr witliT Testament^. -and 
 Religious- tracts kv the Malayan language; and othec 
 Books calGiife4€d to^, promote usefa4 knowledge^ and dif*^ 
 fuse geographical information araoug^itthe natives ^werc 
 also ordered to be cafried with the Comaiission&r.^ A pilot 
 and competent es^ahH^hment with. a guard.ofl9t soldiers^ 
 accompanied theJVlission an^ nothing, was: omitted ,^imi' 
 to secure the full suegre.|^,ofj tl^ enterprize.,^. , ^-^^j' ^,, .. 
 . .^he Missipaqiurtte^jPw^ 5th June, and ar^ 
 
 Tived at Jan^bi- on the 5th July, learing that place on the^ 
 13ih without seeing the Suttaff. The Comraissioijer war 
 attacked with fcYcr and ague and ^n his arrival at the 
 mouth of the Jambl RiveT,| his i]lr>ess became so ^ripug 
 that he was forced to proceed, to. Siagappre; f^rJ^^dical; 
 Assistance. He remained th^rc twenty days and. bein^ 
 partially recovered he^ , .sailed ^ -in prosecution of^ hisj ^j^pj^, 
 but two days after qnitting Singapore^ hphad-aoTfibp§?5,; 
 He persevered however, and touched at A^ssahao and JJIglJjj^ 
 and delivered the letters he had in charge, -At .t}|$ f^fO'^ll 
 place he arrived on the 23rd August and the, latteiopin y^^ 
 29th when finding his health again getting] vforsejh^,faii^ 
 ed for Pinang, and arrived on the 4ih September,^ ^h^yipg 
 been absent exactly 3, Months., .., lo /!.:-.'.< oU\fnB nk 
 
 Two years elapsed after the unfortunate termji>at^{Mll 
 of this Mission before the Government, anxious to^of^l^O' 
 some more precise knowledge of the , nayigatio^i , pj* , j^ 
 Coast, so little explored by Europeans, dejjpatchqj^. ihe 
 |1. C. Cruizer Nautilus, in .April i822j,^ . TJ^e survejr 
 
from-^DIaniond Poldl' to^Siack; whicfi was^15tt!r^|irartial1tl^ 
 
 sbdfe places^ froth thV limited tiriie^ dfiitf^J-'^odly 'thVe^ 
 
 months) vra^ satisfactorily •pepf(>rin(ed fcfj«J lij^ro'tei^ki^^ -Uo^li 
 
 and Moresby of the Hortoraile Coiilt^dj/y»'tf^ Bdttibaj-Ma^ 
 
 rine, who executed th'^^^^^hs^ts- 'and''^drew^\ti*isailin^^ 
 
 direciiom for that Coast. ^'T^s^r^cf^ors^^ducfirMfartw*^ 
 
 or three places onljrv ri^^'>B2^0tei^^tMirv. knd'B 
 
 for the purpose of procurkrg'sijjg^fce^n A .il/I \ij -^niror 
 
 From the year 18 IT-^l^-th^J t^d^'^^ fl&M the Escst' Coast 
 continued In uch upon thcificreaie'jrithe lajports^of Pep*^ 
 per alone* had risen from.' ISO^^r Kcal&nnsifSVZT-IS'to 
 30,000 Piculs w 1822-23: rSereraV small Tessefe belong- 
 ing to Pmang had proceeded to the northerly ptirts for 
 cargoes;! the Com manderso were well treated and the Go* 
 Ternment felt anxious, t^ make another attempt to esta^ 
 IJisb a better acquaintance :with. the Chiefs and obtaint- 
 if possible, some more precise information respect fng the 
 several States on that Coast. The Nattres had ennciedf 
 an encreasmg predeirclion for and exported annually 
 large quantities of our Woollens and other Manufacture^^ 
 • The Governor had for Fometime had ir ih irleit iCi> 
 adopt some measures for improving and consolidating^ 
 these advantageous and notorious results^ but having 
 heard from unquestionable authority that these places- 
 had excited the jealousy and acttvky of the neighbour* 
 ing Dutch Government of Malacca, which was reported 
 to be about to depute Agents to the diSerent States oil 
 Ibe East Coast of Suoiatra, in mw to^affeir' alkiremenfi 
 
^^jfy^TATj;? .P.N. THE- BAs;r .coA$T 0? su^^^jra^ II 
 
 to ihft traiitere of, lli^t^pbutitry to direct theifi^^yalual^ei 
 and daily, wcreasingi Cpmincfce froin^ Piaarig ta,the.3etT 
 tlemeo t of M^lacca-^' f tl^e Goyerumetii re^oWed at once 
 on deputtng aiK A^ent tj> ^yjslt (jajf the' Countries belweea 
 Diamond Foint and Slacks Jhclusive, for the* purpose of 
 anticipatffig the Nctheflanders and- keeping the Chjeri 
 of that Coast faithfuV t<^ their relatione with Pinang. Ad-^ 
 rerling icr Mr. Anderson^s cominercial and general in-* 
 forn^Aijoii s» well- a» other attainnieats, the Go^eraop 
 was'^tidt aware of any GTentlenian whom he could select 
 better c^lffied to accomplish that important service. : ;tt 
 '•^Mt^^^^Artdersonr was^ accordingly *directedl to purch?iC 
 a SmaH^: Vessel for ther service, the Brig Jessy, and aiak^ 
 pre^araUons for his immediate departure. In regard tA* 
 fti4trirct»o»s iwuch w^as left ta Mr. Anderson's own dU'f 
 creiiob, but the Governor desired that he would kee|x,i:i| 
 Tiew the foliowrng as the principal objects of the JVlis3}oi< 
 - To assure the (Chiefs of all the States between, piamond 
 Point and Siack inclusive, of the anxious and sincere dis- 
 position of the Pinang Government to cultivate the most 
 cordial relations with them. Topointout to them fairly 
 the different course of action which has always been pur- 
 sued towards ihem by the British and Netherlands au- 
 thorities. To promise them and their commerce, on all 
 occasions, every consistent protection, encouragement and 
 facility at this port. To instruct them as to the precise na- 
 ture and demands of ihe market at Pinang. To hold out ta 
 Ibeoi every inducement to ,incre*ue their iuduatry and e;^ 
 - V • <. ' * - 
 
1^ «iEi*Y.W«i <!6 TWJ?of"«A«J dS9fB8«J«li|1!TF«»r 
 <jo«iu be prevailed upon to-forego^ their ^trQog, preiyi^dicer 
 
 'iiiiii^iiL jT'ii ;''' . Jji/j-j-ie sifl rtq.YiJnuo^ aril DQuo't 
 gumOTtr add persuasiOQ to prevent them Irom^ entering^ 
 
 mta aivy -Monopolies or exclusive* contracts, or lotoan^ 
 
 maojifactures aHd'icamtti^e^'itn^'partfc'AYaH)! a'^e^scri^' 
 tioi» of the baWts and tastes of its L»habiia,iiW,^(ii'tiirfl[»c?3 
 ^^c^'i^fi^bjcht objecisjhe was fdraisbed qritft 4iit^>^3d(^ l^e 
 iB^fEf.^LWl! StycRitOiJ^ (^^^»,l)«t»oi^and<p&the!(4haj?t8i*xei* 
 
 nos 7TD73 .v<i fT^nvi 
 cussions existing be 
 
 rinang GoFernn^at, and tbe.Netberlaiiden. , j . ^ 
 
 -s'li^ons !!K7.' isviil 3i! i .si j;' b bsiisonoo noco due aooi 90 
 
 'and on the 4th arrived on the Coast of Sumatra jj^i;^ 
 
the banks oF tfte .smairer •streams , watch' preFcnted 
 the oattas Dfin^ng the repper and other produce rcom^ 
 the interior.^j, Ir|,, f^if-^<??5|3iiragi.,5, .sl^t«> jhe E^bass^.^ocs 
 
 per obtamablc there^ regderj^d , it, highly expedi^t^tt ; %,^t 
 Mr, AndersorvV q^stimationr to (endeavour , by all possible 
 means, to effect an amicable adjnstineut of ^ the diffecw 
 encesr ,H;e felt satisfied, ih^t -his in terposkion could be; 
 
 restore^ jth§' ^p,nE^ij[,ierce.^o( ^ the^^ji plrj ^ to , jjts former pros-r 
 
 .j^Under that iiftpressioitt he set out upon a journey t# 
 the jencam^pment of the Sulfaii of Delli at' Kbli Ja^jii 
 Thfe encrtiywas frosted on- the opposite side of the'ltifer 
 
 wth?rr Mttsqnet sh6t. They ' consented to an ' interFieir 
 with hini and hostilities were suspended durinV^t]i^ 3 
 days that'Mr. AhaeraOh' was endeavouring^ by every coi)« 
 ciliatory argument and persuasion to^ reconcile them to ■ 
 each other.' Both 'parties "seemed satisiSed with the part 
 he took and each conceded a little. The River was shortly 
 after this frfeed firoih inlerrii^'fioiii and peace ancl Harmohy ^ 
 restoredl^-^^^'^^ ^f^'^ ^''^ -^ .^^''^'''A^} ^-v-^ -'r 
 
I]4 «iltBIUTIONS^OFciTHJB.lTLKA8QT«0XBaAlt&I&X^WtTII 
 
 .IflTh« SDkaa^efuDelli^ cxpressed^iilafehtedbadh^^iltntly 
 ^QnOibeikwleji hhi ap*i^st:dQ4rl^lj|Qi<nilumte^«|.ptesescfKi«' 
 inexioa with. FinangiandleoJlcontiliate t^e gc«rf wii^-ofkHlor 
 B^hi^b I Government iriHe (hasiialreadjp> reaped extensive 
 ...beiiegts-.froni the trade -with vPtJiai)g:aiid wajsoifally sen— 
 gible of Its advantages'^ ta- bimsBlf and hk cabntrj thab it 
 required no-argurncntsmi idtiMifice^ hirti^i tfie jjirfiiby^of 
 gififig encoiiragement'to ^mnSBrcd^ "atifl^to' the^ 'fixtenifoa 
 of^ricukure.'^* iW riipid'iiHcfefase'^^ 
 had been nearly 15 fbrd^uririg^the last 4yeSrsf,:pro?BMAie 
 rsific^ity ' of bis ibteatii^ns and ibej^riidedc^aSr^-pblfcy^oC 
 
 He was too sensible of the iiberalitj and generous dis* 
 position of the BritUh Government to be induced, to forn^ 
 
 political connexions yoLuntarily. with/theJOutch or aiiT 
 
 {^}.i':\ri.o ojM- ••!)!»> 7.(n/ij;n: fr^fnoJj ^ifJn.Siii lo r-;^ -^ 
 
 Other powers, or .to make any engas^eqients bavins: the 
 most indirect tend^ncvi :to prejudice , the in (^restSi of the 
 - «?^J#W^/^F. ^r PiB^?^^' lJ^^,^Co^lna^sicmcc^^eq^^ 
 
 : .si^ MiMf %.A^e two por^^ f^ft5i;^^ftk»f »nang,^oi^|4,.;alwaj» 
 ^]^e„ th^jPf i^icij)al^^.^depot Jpr ^. tJbiB: valuable , prpduce lQ/,tbat 
 V rM^l^nidiTheiJopg andtedi^US.ypyagedp.wi^ the Straits at 
 i^cfijctain seasons- of the je{ir)and} thf: apprehension ofuPi* 
 '^i.ralbs rendered: Iti improbable that the Pepper prodbceof 
 : J)^lli jM^^ddl^ 3nm}eriallyiid^erledi]fn)[aiPinafig^.anlesi 
 P3&:eJ^ !li^rf^J«6Ffi1ilt^J[ei«4(^iOa;the>pacti^:t^€pj»tGfa^ 
 
wth«'>f*'fepperi-tmfle>had-'l>eeit>safcject^^^ had ai^i^A^tfrOflpfche 
 f. r'cxtreme far.ef sttr'ia- t)oli 1 thiBL' BtiUk i <:ul^iFat6ifs itbvreceiTenin 
 o-jpayjment^jfuyj Ojthieri&aiTrDolIdrs ofiGarolm/ddd 4t^d^4th 
 
 ■itrhitibjibayejm LremarkaBl/firavgoland ofbH^tkrit f^llf^iFir*. 
 
 • dinaii{l3Jitfie cT^thj.beikig'faUi &«iall^.^an4i-9pj^c:&»jl "iEhisfiiwjr 
 
 iCase an^,^b?^^cpii^e(gi^nfi^j,^^a^ ihe-fjmmtfi ^IMIiars 
 
 II iSeldoi5^^8i;e,p iies&,|^ijvi9«>j,jijian3^^nd ^ per} JP^Mfnd 
 
 n^i^^sifete tft pVJrcb^se^:t!i^^ 
 'roni places where the objection existed to ^^0.]^e;ilf$pt 
 of small Dollars, as the. Ferdinands were called. „ The 
 scarcity of course daily encr^ased, . for the Battas horde 
 up all the money they receive, either concealing the.Dol- 
 jars or melting them and makmg them mto ornamenxs^ 
 and not a Dollar left the country again. ^ * 
 
 - (Donferences'^witli the Battai-V^ent^lfi!^^^ Ij^ili^ev^^i^ir* 
 
 ^ gumeiit^fo' persulade them of theaidialita^es'ifftldfi wfl&ld 
 
 •'tesult'from th^' superibr facilittes of dlspb'^fng of calgbei 
 
 ■ at Pinarig and by convincing them t hat '^ tW' Ddlfai-i Wt^re 
 
 all of equal intrinsid' value, siiceeedecl in indui^Ag^the 
 
 Batta Chiefs Rajah- Sebahija Linga, -of ihc^kPibe- K-aVaa 
 
 Karau and the liead of the Pepper plahterfe'<irt: then interior 
 
 i of Delli, to cotisent that all Dollars 'shoiildiphsjiindifiori* 
 
 r: jfainately in hia uddmiQionsV) and/ h^ gave thfe 1 Ageiit W'idii* 
 
 tea engagemeat ia^DJuiU^iOfl^ilb the Sui^^ D^IU to 
 
coYn§ nhcir ^ foolish^ pri^j lidrcie.i, ^btit- fcoiild ^iietc^^ ^itf^cci^f 
 
 the Ulterior had become reconciled (o this cnat>ge, they* 
 trould use their best efforts to introduce the currency of 
 Rupees and other small coins, as an additional encourage* 
 inentWtrafdir^ "^^ noijfcoqdb 3nir>2 ^di ^ni^nr/s ^i'loilia 
 
 As a more convincinfi^ proof of the Sultan of UelliV 
 
 desire to maintain.^ frieadiy relation, with\.r.inang,iie 
 
 > :- ~*i::)r ,;,:,:,'-•'.':''-? njurd "^ns nodufj, i/^ >i3fLij odl ,^ 
 tendered to the Agent an eng:affement-f that he woulelr 
 
 not permit the Dutch 6r ^iW othe.r power t9 setde m nrsr 
 
 racing to tr^de;! that fi^trbuld fcontm\Je the 
 Jy relations' witjiTinangflhatlie'^^ iuit "Mt^^'o^ taVy 
 the* duties, 'as formerly iiied' by' '^^ Seh^dtife^ sfedt lb tlie 
 Piiiang Gorernmeni^ that Trader^ "frbn^'TH^ahg shtnildl 
 bi6'>t|ibefty'to buy'and' selFm any part of liiJ^'dlyaiinT^hli 
 and 'be Tree' Wn^ nnmblieste^,— so thara^^ (jWcrfpffdrti 
 of T^cioaf might bie imported fnto'theCiiintryVand that^K^ 
 wb^ld'^^ndfearbuT' to introduce the currency oSrWhe Island*. 
 "■ At DeHi, as well as every port or piafcc visited by't^6 
 Com tfiTSsioticri' l>e was received wilhf the iuiost ' li nbound** 
 ed io'fifidjiirceli'rrd '*that marked respect! which any^Ageit 
 •froWW^'^BrUifK Crorerhnientw^ 
 
Hm Urm&mvigicmii&Mi^mj^L '^ 
 
 ,ererf $jb«iTn' thet|gce&test»vcchsiden'ati6'frj--4J!£'t%a\Kne^ 
 to attend to their little wants amrd to' assist theiF-s»6j«i^ 
 
 ft ,TJ[^^o^??t: RMe^^M bfrgnjiPeJgr t^ lfuj»i$^^ 
 ti'henra , large; ,qii§njiti€S L.i^ 
 
 ^^fe&f^^A^;d5£s^n;gftepwa«l||raJell?4|l^^ 
 
 Riv^r to SoonghaL ,, the residence of the Oranff.jKaya, 
 whose plantations of Pepper, are jrery c:jtensive.r Theca 
 ^as an ap^jear^Kse 9r^ery ^^bur^^anj ^^pp tjot]T^Q)r^Qni|r^ 
 and Pepper: the formelr they .werareapine: and the latiec 
 just beginning to ph]ck» JMany Prows were load mff andl 
 'waiting for cargoes* This is a beautiful Country. . 
 
 . The Orang Kaya and the Chier of Bold, China gave 
 the Agent similar assurs^nces with the Sultan of Delli.. 
 except that they would not positively engage to introduce 
 the currency, although they would iendeavour. to do so, 
 The Agent established so good an understanding t«rith 
 the.*e Chiefs that they ciirie 'down ' the RfreV} with^al^'^e 
 party of Battasv id pay "^ risir to^lhe Brig lyitf^ itf '^ifiilk 
 Kapalj^ An]pri|^'krfa UftcFWLds^ 
 
I« RELATIONS OF THE. PJNANG. GOVBRNMBNT^ WITH 
 
 seen. The Agent stated it as bia opinion,- from his orni 
 observations and the information- of the natives, tliat the- 
 
 of a Te 
 
 h^fttihli ^^?yi1fg'lo^4b^ttfeivya^i?6f "P^^^^^^^^ 
 k ^pd:afl|§na^ ffe#/ile^^|6es'<|l^ 
 
 thb ne^ct^-^'lilaijd l^isttedI<Bja^r<<^A4t^^^^dii^^ B^"i^^64 
 ^Ckind di^ys:}fQhiihi& atm^ioflxthailBdkifrfl B^^£^ s(a$3t!id 
 pitef] isjistjJiled^^^aad'jseiieiBual^la^bridedi/ih'e ilSiveh^tt 
 W)gefenhirfaaatLEah:pdRg^*git?.. oti%^ kt^fo|rWtf ^He frdtt 
 isefttofi ^wa^lt>«delvi$d^wM'^*er^flec^WstVM6^ ^ 
 
 andiitbesi'efil vf JifiUly r^vWe^feUhe^^dispijisitidft af^t hi? Cfifief^ 
 aib« gan^eiiSnx^loui-inariife^V^tioft^^d^^ tif bbkbihalg 
 
 andstiKexlM^es/feeltngs W re«;p^r'^tfn**srfttdijJrt«^ir^o(PI^ 
 lk^gysb«4>^liyQiVat:d)^ tprv Pioa^^bisciihjiM^ljidb a-Jucralif:^ 
 ^S^vJ^lSBim^M^ir.^^/k^i^^^. k^^n^^t^g several ^y^j^^^l 
 
 fi?iWirybiB«^^l^7)>=!'&ai?j ^v^Dtage§,;f;ai>(|,.|J^er^ni5W9l 
 
 WM ^^S l?Vf '^,^l^?S^^9n5yyoi> afl(^jprx>fperu^^ 
 l>ouring.smaU^st^^^n^fro^ o) e^.L^iT 
 
 : • Vide Appendi4 No. 4. ' . ^ v . . , ; . ->,1 
 
and compUraentary. lettei* both to the As^nt and the 
 Governor ofTinang, ta aoj cfTect nearlj SMnUar to tha 
 Others, evincing the same dispositfon to eajgmrage, thp 
 resort. of Traders fram Pinang and a desire to encrease 
 the Commerce between the two Countrie^r . * , 
 
 /, The Chiefs at Bu Don and Batang-Sarangad", near the 
 lUQutb of the Langkat Rii^er^ expressed the same wisa 
 to improve the connexion With Pinanff, Indeed but one 
 f^_^lin5,,seemef^.^t<)| pervads^.thy whole of. the^ChipH wiU^ 
 
 ipcUna.iroA,.t^o4i^f ia,^9hao^e,^.|t.ma^^ 
 
 iect j»f ffwdec, ibat this^farge.jaa^l.popn^MS CRHBtfygf^ 
 
 JUangUtj.fbeijroduce of; whfqh haf/lotjg^,^ 
 
 the longrperJod, th^t has,^,^|aR>9.d,sin^^^ 
 
 ,„,H«?re,to?,the ^gent ,endea^<»ure4 to r,efoncilfii,t>,ft,J^g«- 
 
 f\le_ parties; b^lt hf;..??? fl«>lii9H>t§i s® l»«ccessf»ha?)?'?) * 
 
 fP!;TOe!;,.oecatiori>,.aJthoMg^,,ea(^,sepm 
 
 the motives for his jint^rff r^tspce .and .both lent a willing 
 
lidju5tmerlUb*P«o-f«Ufti«iogi5ihare^siac6jJjedi happiljsrea* 
 
 The Agent took theop^^mSm^^t^mmi^x^^iL 
 jWoasaWpressibo^^whicK-tSi^iuadei^t^^ 
 
 by^lhe Rajafr of L«iigkMqf4^WhJgr'iB«=|paft^me-pih¥T^^ 
 tG<^efAfl»\St' Had takio iW«6'5dapi»le^\»itK^ 
 
 DeTfr? "-i^W 13' iiftfe a'6lffit'tif6''Sunargnd-^aV'6'i§e(f^ 
 
 iSlk^lJ' tilg Ai^nl n^'ontf '^ofA^a'^t^SfiWlote 
 o1 Delli ^ the exf reme imptopf lety ^ of permitting strcli aa 
 idle and preposterous report fo be circulated, buC expli- 
 cilly stated to the Chiefs of Langkat the impartra) and 
 independent pan the British Gorernnient tooK la suck 
 dioerences; that it did not interfere except so fai^a^ en«" 
 deavouriqg, by friendry persuasion and shewing; them the 
 advantages ofp^ace, to reconcile the contending parties^ 
 II was not difficult to remoTC the impression from the' 
 minds 01 t nose people, who had never experienced anr 
 thine but indulgence in their mtercourge with Pinanfir. 
 .Tri^ej:Cf |i^. j| jftl^pe;wey. calculated f^r^^..S^^^^^ ^tj^j^ 
 
 niputh' of: th^e^ i^a^gjkat -Rivei^,, 9^11^4 J^i9J^sP.^!PWWu^i 
 fine,,lygb,;pr5^^ag;,,,point^^^ 
 iuark,,,wbi|ii,M..mico»mxnonr ia this auarteo .iThe D^tch^ 
 
THB STATBS ON TUB BAST COAST OF SUMATRA* 21 
 
 applied, for this spot' tA' establish a factory upoii. several 
 
 - /7o Kid ino-n .e^OI^lqo fid ?r* Ji l)'ij/.j>: 3n-3^^ ba 1 a\oj 
 ycafs ago. . , ^ . ^ . . . . 
 
 Batubara w^s tjie next; pnAcipa! port visited by , the 
 
 Mifsio«,o,,A;f^ej;,^tii)g^w<l>^ 
 
 several Disti*iet8,;a^seinye4{^jqrd^jthe^ ,JLe^ter^ ftogi^^l^g^ ^^ 
 
 vernor of Pifiaftg w^s recevT^d,, a$,l|ie Jirst{\frorn l(ifa4)QQ« 
 
 vern uient;^ vritli; g^cat j^t^v^os^jif- ^iid}>i?b t^l^pp^ari^ftc^ of 
 
 uncoiptDiyii satisfaetioa Abyi Xfee v foltowliig GMtepJ,) :{in thia 
 
 absence pf tbie Rajab^BiudaRara)t>nz£ Sri^Mabaraji Lela^i 
 
 D atu . SH Mabarhj ahy ijDatu w. SamoawaagJia,^, iDat u.^ Fie^i^r 
 
 and Xainuftgot^^i)] TJbe'se ,Qibgfs.^alsq-itehderediidngage* 
 
 meijts tb^t Abex ,^:<?Ajid ji^oi, ppjoph^^^^^ NAtioa 
 
 to settlej jiv, any: - parti; of iiBat,ii bar*, ^Oij^its vDepeDdenfciet 
 
 of^,fledagaiy Pegoprawa^hSjep^rirpari-jjOfxcTanjoag add 
 
 they expressed tbeijTi in t^Mtfon of ejiodtrrhgiog/ theVe^rt 
 
 to Pinang. of their trading Pf 6 ws^ fcbiti DelU :and^'<llhe('. 
 
 places. They gave the^ AgJ6nt'lTso'ait^h:^suradc6^'(unfdc* 
 
 their hands and sieals) of tfieii' pr5tecti6hiind''issist'a&fce 
 
 to any Vessels that niay Ibe m'distress'WtheiFCbasti 
 
 and of affording every facility to enable theKl'tli'pSu¥fi, 
 
 to their own ports. They' afso' promised a'freP ad'mis- 
 
 sibn of any Merchandize into their Country by ^M^rcnk^i^ft 
 
 or Traders from tbe British Settlementy, free irduii^^ 
 
 or exactions whatever, their aim being to encourage 
 
 Traders to frequent their Country; and lastly they pro^Xj 
 
 claimed throuffhout the state, during the Agent's stay^ 
 
 that the currency of Rupees, buK us ana lahs was estoi^ 
 
22 RELATIONS CF THE TINANG GOVBRSim^f^WlI33L 
 
 amortgsrfBV ^enef^^^^^ 
 
 Tfiey' are^ aK'^muclfi addicted (^ trade and MUnafactur^ 
 Of 'SilK't^am, and may be said to be the earners of the 
 pi^b'dtfil^Tr^bm the several lertile staies/aTong the$e shQj:es*'> 
 TRertibfaTn th<iir trading fund^ principally iii adtaiice^ri 
 
 bers to 'Belli, Sirclang, Langkat .and,Jthe.<rtl^qrt)iPepp^fi 
 ^^o%.p^!l^l^^^^^ "^^^^ thej^ bring slargof 
 
 Jwlfn!^ ?:"l?i^iJi^'?5ii>^^'^i^-^^»^4e.; by; the :Chref^>bfvtiittri:^« 
 ^?r,a ftfofn^JfflPf.W^'^W.t p/iibelcoDiinercc b^tvreen i!ici¥^^ 
 ^^fAfdlnJ fn^ P/;f/^...^ei|l.^fBfint§ aD^ Jorlihe ptirposeoPJ 
 checking that extensive systjcip^ of (Piracy rwliichpretiilf'^ 
 
 whicfi come up. fi •--. w. . . 
 
 XJi 
 
rafe^'SxAtii^ ON T»B BAST COAST OP SU5IATaA,. 23^ 
 
 prrii-alenc^ erthe sfro.ig Northwest Wiudp, in Optobfiju 
 
 Pisrak.Shore to'tlnrrirac^? 'Ts'rhall iwiil}^ 
 fore, would afford prolecifdnYo th'^l^'Ira^lL PrW?, wh'S 
 are frequently m want of rei)airs aAa water and dare not 
 venture -neat theie Islands unless com^eAjUK^s^lip- 
 Weather, and it would give ' gfeatVnc'Ji,"rli^l^enr anF 
 gtiiuulas; jQVritfieri. who are often -'d'etfe^r'i^l'frd'ni en&. 
 ing in coiuinercial speculation! 'ilWJ'such K^zSrWus ens'* 
 terprizes, from theHread of tosiftg fH^efi- Jlte's ^n^ tfie l»ar5" 
 ewiinga perhaps of (Oanyyewi.'/- 3'i-"3'i<3 "''U 8'ii>l33ffi 
 
 FromBata6a^ath*6^1genV^HWb%eaja If^Tto issa^ *" 
 the, King of: whici»-l,mi¥''Ja*''f<i6V a^Jl\-i\i'r^r'^^^^^^ 
 
^i BELATIONS OF TUB PIN AN G- 60TB RNMBNT WITH-' 
 
 seeing that very ricli and populous country, ofVhich less 
 has hithertd. bfeen tnbwh thin mo4' of^his bth^r 'Settltf* 
 ments itf tfiai!tt 'quarter. The Agent^net witb ji irery 1 hds-- 
 pitable feeeption and obtained from ' the^ Chfefg wtittea-^ 
 a^stttances of their ' desire to ibrward^the ' obj^ectsr of q the ' 
 M^sion.. The currency was- also introdnc^d^ into Ithfe- 
 country by the engagenjent of^the.rbieftind'iiito: its^^^mi^- 
 t>or dependencies ' of Silow Lidong and QualfoovJiJ J' ue Ti 
 ' The Agent havingl^arnt ai' Assahari thaii-th'e GHiefr 
 ofBeeiah, Panci and Tartah Putihf in the R-'cccan: River, 
 the only 3 principal ports between thatiplacetahdr Stack: 
 were at the time at the latter p\AQe^it\i^i^ih^igg^^^^fi'*- 
 gerousBoa in all their lliyers ;w'hi^^ , f-e^de^s navi«^- 
 
 gationi extremely ha^rdous foj; stny.^ojher ,.tham^^roa^^ 
 
 .Vessels constructed for the purpose ^ and inanaged by peo-^ 
 i>le accustomed to> such .a difficult navigation,, and these 
 
 cDlaces beinsf tributary to, and immediately dependent da 
 
 vSiack,./bc,deterniined' to proceed, direct to that plaice^ 
 On quilting Assahaa a feyer broke out on board the Bi-ig 
 and 25 out of 62: were unfu for duty. The Mission ac«» 
 
 i^ordingly proceeded to Malacca for Medical aid and Vie* 
 fVfshments^ the sick recovering speedily during the' pais^^^ 
 sage to that place, across the Straits» » : > . 
 
 . ,^ After a very short stay at Malacca tne Agent proceed'* 
 ed Xo Siack*. After four days sail up the River the Mis* 
 sion reached the city ^f Siack» Here there was a marked 
 dioerence in the style of the Agent's reception compared 
 
 ,^ith, the Other places'he had visited. Ho pains w 
 
 were 
 
 )ih nil ■'lL jud 
 
THE STATES ON THE BAST COAST OF SUMATRA. 
 
 ?>.j\ daidfilo ^^-Tjniioo guofi.qmj hns doh ^13/ j£f[) -ofnggg 
 
 to proceed up^the;illYef;i^^tiifisr^i}\^[jiv(9Tij^^ ^^5 ,Agen|tt 
 Md iiiade |>i:0j>^mt}oiis Jiovjr#iiri^o^^^ atte^i^t ^off^Q^Jf^ 
 
 Ge^{lemi»lioIlMoffhr^]P^/^Jii%y]l§e^Jiqe^,,fa^^^ 
 
 ■(mD 5A^ogk»Pcfe>fIan4\ th? ;eapJ(?iig..pf,lhe.^f|t^hJ^jrjgof 
 
 -%cffri'dfed£tberl\ircr]tafrBu^kit Batii, 80;im3^^^^ 
 
 but as an Agent of the Pinang Governluent, specially de- 
 
puied^ Ibir'^Jbd^ express purpose of formidg^aC^ 
 
 Treaty witll^ tlm Brimlf Goverftttieiit^ - wjajx^ ad ixil) 
 
 The Agent anixious to ascertain pr^ci^elj th'edisposfe 
 sion 'and futuro iotetttions- of the King aod> Ws Chieff 
 obtained fcom^ him an engagement^.^pecifying. hisAffste^ 
 and intentions and also received a letter from BiftMi^jesty- 
 to the Governor,* On the parl> of the Briti&h-, Govier^ 
 ment no coBcessions or promifes were madet^rv /^ ^^M '-V 
 
 Cohsiderable apprehensions^-were €ntertaf»ed ftoinUt^ 
 Dutch at Siack^ whioh were in<)r^ papticotarTy encrea^^ed 
 by daily reports of tWsnetess oF their arms itv conquering 
 some provinces in the interior of Hidahg^ not far fronot 
 Menangkabait and they were ^ppreheiisite the Diitclr 
 had some sinister designs upon ihem and irUhed to pcte-- 
 gess a direct conimunicatioir Across from Siaefc to Padan^* 
 
 There vT?is a Dutch Settlement at Pulo Gantang near 
 the entrance of Siack River which was cut oiT about 80 
 years ago, since which period, during a long succession. of 
 Kings and various changes and revolutions there tia^ pot 
 been any attempt made to renew the intercourse! till re- 
 cently. The Agent was informed the Netherlands Go* 
 ternment claimed some privileges and rights from an« 
 cieht treaties which must long since have become ob-* 
 solete and cannot be binding upon the 5th or 6th genera* 
 tion or give them any just pretentions whateveri '»f J io 
 
 The Rajah of Siack particularly enquired whether the 
 English would give him assistance and protectioir^ in case 
 *' . - * Vide Appendix, No, 6 and 7. ..•i>Ii/i>iA StiiU 
 
TttH^STiATBS'V.OSraTBB- BAST COAST Of SlfO^IA^R^^^ 2J 
 
 tKe Diitch sTiotifd attei^ipit toseUlejn-l^ 
 (for he expressed his determrpatipn t;q .r^eift^ j^ieiQ a$ 
 long as he had the power,)- the Agent informed, Jiini, that 
 he had^ no authofity to irtterfere^ in: political matters or 
 to give' any a^uranee^^^ at- all, the ■Mission being; purely 
 of a commercial nature arttfdesigned to'improve the trad^ 
 between the' two Couhtriei&t|:Ojit fiO ^. mj /o ^-{^ fji 
 There was^at the timo the Mission yisited Stack, H: Ah 
 vision^ in the Governm^ntyr iind -two parties ib the .King- 
 dom; ' > Th«: . Pang^rap^ iSypd i Zqen,, . was at the heajj , of 
 of one of them; and ^here; was a likelihood of a revol u tioa» 
 The Pangeran is pn6 of the fouf Chiefs who usurped the 
 Government from the former King ?ind _ placed Syed All^^ 
 his Prime Minister and Father.of the; present Chief upoii 
 .(he throne; He has many adherents and is well sup* 
 plied with arms. This Chief expressed himselMispleased 
 with the conduct of the other Nobles of the Country Ja 
 entering into a Treaty wich the Dutch. The Agent fuU^ 
 explained to the Pangeran that the British Government 
 wished for no extension of territory, but merely desired 
 a fair and equitable participation in the trade of the 
 surrounding Countries and pointed out its decided ob- 
 jecrions to interfere in any of their internal disputes. 
 The Pangeran gave the Agent 16 musters of different sorts 
 of Timber for Ship-building and other useful purposes, 
 which, he assured him could be supplied to any extent 
 and he expressed a great anxiety to r^aewj. the trade ia 
 .that Article, ,^ tni ^ ,o>f ^xibo»q^A siiiV ^ 
 
28 RELATIONS OF THE PINANG GOVBRNMBNT WfTtt 
 
 / . Mp j4A>^f;';ff^"/^ r^arke^ i that then^Fack') River pis- 
 '^^^^5g&,^^,ejit^^j[l\afj^^vge§,,m of^racUity.oftiiarigatWcr^ 
 
 from the eren soundings and tfeepi^channel, thefci- ndfc 
 being a sand bank: or dangerous , shoal in the River,, 
 except 'a bar at the^ eutfaiicej on, oneside of which there- 
 >s a fine deep chann^4h€^^^ai;row^^ ^^^^^ Itm > tn ^ 
 
 .The. report of the Ag^ein'iprpce^ffi^g^-.^^W^^^ 
 demonstrate the value and importanGe on.^th^e ft^^he 
 
 East Coa>t of Sumatra^ in a pomraercial^jpo^^^^ fjiev^j 
 
 to the British Settlements in the Straits of Ma^ucjcar « P«i> 
 ing the two last years j^ihigtrade^ with; |he^ P?PJ^^ ports 
 has continued to flourish and enereascd qufintilies bave 
 been imported intol'inang and Singapore. .The deprf- 
 ciiited value ofiliat Arlide, of late, however, has tcndedl 
 in some degree," to darrip the energies and check the 
 industry of the cultivators, and it is to be feared the 
 quantity of produce is gradually exceeding the demand. 
 However, the Natives now purchase their Opium and 
 their Cloths in th^ same ratio. All these Articles and 
 most Europe Manufactures bave fallen in price propor- 
 tionably more than the Pepper ia the Markets of Pinang 
 and Singapore. 
 
 ^J^lijch 4 will depend upon the construction the Dut:<^ 
 in^y put^ upon Ihe late Preaty, w hether. they will inteir*^i 
 ferp at. all .with seyeral , indeperident States ' on: the Easi? 
 Coast of Sumatra; whether „th(^ British .SetUeraeivtSi ki 
 these Straits will be ayi^^93gr^t|o^^cQO^uinuation-of thcilad*£t 
 Tantageous commerce which has been for some years 
 
THB STATES a« TUB BAST- COAST OF SUMATRA* 29 
 
 pa«t, carried on with lliese States; and whether the' Nc- 
 therlaiidl' Gbver'nifteht 'will 'olktrirtr a^' juV't^^ifed lifijeral 
 policj or nbt,r^^reeaBly. to thefiatcriiiotts khrf%i*pe6tk(f6ii 
 Of the homi^ auch^iricsl^ >>f^ '^-^liUruio^ ii!>y9 grit rwiL 
 
 ' 1 he (jiiantity of Pepper imported from the East Coast 
 of Sumiklra into Pinang, Malacca and Singapore, during 
 the present year, has not been niucli' short of fiOjOOO"^ 
 Piculs and unless the price continues to- didcrease^ very 
 i«aterial1y,lK^ produce will soon be much ni ore.' iia'ngkaU 
 !B<i!u Ghiiia, IDelti'and Sirdang^ are the principart*epper 
 ports; biit small qnan titles have been also exported latiely 
 from Perchoot,. Padangi Tanjong, Si low and Assanah. 
 
 It tnay be useful to give a htisty sketch of the nature 
 of the traSe conducted at the.-e principal ports and t^. 
 ^bjoia a schedule of the duties, &c. beginning with ,,: 
 
 L^ ^.bmK .: .J^ANGKAIVdj..ii ./hoi:) •U..IJ 
 
 pepper is the grand staple of LangVat, but there are 
 niany other valuable Articles of produce exported from 
 thence/^2. Rattans of diiGTereht sorts, Bees Wax, Pulses, 
 
 • The SiaiertJcot i« Appendix No, 8, exhibits theprpgrcsi of the P<pper 
 trade from ihe porei 00 ihc fiaii Co*lt.of Sainatfii ^'"^ ^^^^^ xiti.:: \- 
 
Gambler, Gold,/j^jr:^Jl^ae^\a[n|rjf{dd7^ Blachang 
 forms anather Article of exporU- The principal im-^ 
 ports coasist of Salt, OpI^iTm^- Coarse Blue Cloths, Bug-- 
 ge«e Sarongs,. Europe Chintzes and White Cloths, 
 ScarleV^ Broad Clbtk^ifa*^ HkhdRyftJ^idfsT'^fcir alF of 
 wliich the Natrves have* latelj^'^^nied a strong predihc-- 
 tion; Surat and 'Bengal Rugs, Cron, principally hoop^and 
 
 ^dannie?,1^eree siaods and Lamps;. SwivetS, iVfusq^uct^ auct 
 
 'Guapower; SilW Cloths from Batubara, alsa a variiety of 
 
 Achinese and CoUon Cloths. There arc many other mi» 
 
 noroArticles, al\^ays saleable here, the imports must 
 
 i be veny considerate, to sni3pry the wants of the large 
 
 iiiiii lijiiH i3(j 6*3i ilo.G t' . t ;^ .; o>- , . 
 
 population in the interior and the traders from the other 
 
 side of 4he' Island. .' - ^ . *, 
 
 dno lo Jni.iq 9/11 •;:^ pjr.^l- -^ n ./ - 
 
 iodMPfl§g<?q t5i^J^59P9ffi ^Pn^a^^^'i^® ^^^ agriculture! The 
 o)fOltopjng.a/ft,lli5,frifly,^^t|ej^kTied at^^^ 
 
 •^'^ "^^itill^kh.'''''''^ ^'^' ^-'^^nExtoRTS^nA : ^ . , _{. 
 
 Sdt47Dr?; perCoyati. 3iRiq<q,§ Pr%.per Coyair* ^^j^ 
 
 /"OmY srii ^jiifjijo-q ^ol I 3pepper.2/,, ,pcr JOO .Gaptiopp/Tor 
 
 •if) -arf i)9nio8 .niidb vlliHiJBh^t^jCiSil 3i»i ^u^inj^g g,.;!^' 
 
 ^ a^'Qiiifi axi^M bxis stlv'l RattkhV ^ iJ^^ lOO^PundlcsWl 
 
 All other Articles free of duty. ^g^ni / ad^ 
 
 Oi 
 
~ir:i JBqianhq adT .Jwqzs >. alahrh ladions iano\ 
 -■^uil ,.rf)oO sum s,ir.oj^pff—ai) ^,ie8 -Jo Jua«oa gnoq 
 ,*il)oD 5;i(!W briB systi:;.. ) aqo-iu:i ^^^noicg a^gg 
 ;> The l*eppeR,qijUJv«JePi iijirfj^ »i.'i.^^'OT)E7^'7i|]fl?or 
 stve; The jjrisebaf.,5»j(>piig^f^li igj.^^ Doll^r^.peij BjaXjOr • 
 
 lieu h»i^mv;4l ^|:f9WvJ|>e.jy;^9^inJ[ajj|,«j ji^O Cantons of Paddy 
 1;»i(5b!»i5Mt5,cisiii'y^ft?t%4)f^.^p;„ibp ^^f^r-ijWi^ the necessary 
 .iwi,lfim?n^?,,,9^ hfifljaofl^y, yj/,.^,^ largejjljoe.^a Spade, 
 
 the other third at the selling price of the jaay to traders. 
 The Paagulus or Superintendents get the profit %rone 
 third,'^ oeing the difference bet\vefeif^9 DoHal-s^i'S 15. 
 
 ^'¥he 'V&'^Mr after 3 years, ftig^U^et^age j^Smftr^feof 
 each frel-irre^(lii^a^W^^nVii?^^e^ 
 4^ Catties. Ahef^fi}ijfgn years the Vines generally die# 
 Dry poles are mostly used for their support, contrary to 
 the cuj^toiri at '^Pina'ri^ §nd ihe W^st7Gdi|>H'iCR'fc€jfe3he 
 
 -Mangkudu tree is chiefly planted for propping the Vines. 
 The gardens are kept^het^^iitifully clean. Sometimes the 
 NatiTcs plaat P^jid^j^ X9j^?55pj Pube and Maize amongst 
 
 the Vines. ^V"h lo ooiJ i^hh-, A -.^fyo U A ' 
 
3^ ^^^Mmh^^lSS:>^^^Mfih<i9JRM^mJ^TJ^W^ 
 
 %r.iW>r^ tf»^ .c}<HiM^lthfepriqBof the %/ta& Gambl^i/'iT|i& 
 following! M 'aiFricertjOluTeht of thi feriiirfpal iu?lidle| ofe 
 
 ambier ^ ^. ......^..50 Drs. per Eaxsa or Tea- 
 
 Slaves — ,...^ .»..,.. ..,^30 to 40 each.. 
 
 ^;)7o sifH)'j J)ni>i'i orlJ io sbis 0J[.'O(j<jo 3fn rro^ooclq nonio 
 
 1 obacco - . • . , ..,...•..- — \5 per Picu!.. • j • 
 
 Salt ..,..^, 6 •« 100 Cantons* / 
 
 P^ura : te „ Cake. 
 
 Ditto small ':^.^''4&'/o''^S*i"%^^^ ''* '''' ^^*'^^"' 
 
 ^^^^ • - \^r':!V\riA'^tri^PSm\2^ P^r Dollar if ben 
 
 " . . . © ■ 
 
 scarce and JO whea 
 •siiioiza abundant:"^**^^* 
 
 H?pes ,.,.15 to 20 each, .it »t - 
 
 Green Peas 1 1 ... TO per 100 Cantons. 
 
 jjijan.. -...■.,....... .^„ 5 LOO 
 
 .45-/hJ f^ p^ iT " ■ iiTi'}';!0' "liMi ,^ ** ^e ) injiu]0 
 
 c'TJl^e^^is an endless variety of goods and manufacturei 
 of differept descdptions imported into this country and 
 the taste /orj:Eu/ppfi Cottons is daily increasing. The 
 pnie^iT^^g^pjipd ?irticles are m 
 Tiz. China Ware coarse, consisting of Plates, Cupsand 
 
Salt, Irbnmc^igJryy Titt;^Sabi^i<'Bidtiderbusscs| Sw^^^ 
 Giinpomier, JiidoMng Gla$ke<pBnaW> Plates;: besides these 
 they import Pulica| SIbtha with> handsome bard er«, Pa- 
 Ifempores, and Silk and gold wrought Cloihs from Tringa'» 
 no, Pdleiub nfi:,.Siacka>jd Baiubara, „,^r^ 
 
 The infet-rtal ^cotTllniefce of the country is very consi« 
 
 derable, TrSc^ers from Ala«, Gaioh Vnd Sfnkel aiia 
 
 other places on the opposite side of the island come ov^r. 
 . , . ... ............. oopmior 
 
 With various commodities, and carry back a variety of 
 
 the manufactures enumerated a')ore, and traders froin 
 
 ...... - - .mufcp 
 
 Soonghal carry up supplieMo the nunjerofts^BaJfft^jstates 
 inbud felx ur seven days journey, _ ^^ ^ _ ll^rn^ oiiiQ 
 
 The duties at Soonghal are as follow, viz.* ••••*- -^ -^^^, 
 
 .u'uh^ Oi •■- ■':..■ 
 
 Imports. Exports. 
 
 Salt . • . . 1 Drs. per Coyan. '" ' Pepper J .' ¥ 'Dfs', ' per lOb 
 
 Gantoiis* 
 
 • ' ^ ^ . . -. nfiiia 
 
 Opium 1 „ „ Ball^^ 'Gafiibief . . I „ „ Laxsa« 
 
 gait Fish 2 „ „ lOOOIovjWax.^-SJlM- r-^ ^i ^anpifc'fil. 
 
 hnn x^Uiu^yj Adi ohii bt^Jiocjglkres'iaqgl eachfJ^'^^'^^^^ "^^ 
 
 f»i:T .^nl'j^oioni 7rixib ^i SinTofikct<K<il«l'^p^t'f^ttri* ^-^* 
 
 po other -ariicles of im]p0it cocimer^t'hle^HlifFgSabfJ'^Witli 
 duljc^j3 cBSJcH lo :§alk cuo^ ,ju£OD 3i/;7/ i^nidD .at;' 
 
:C. ffUYOv) T(19''3 flOqU eSTt^'??5=?f=»r>JiliiO ^flJ 1o O^iJ t^ill' 
 
 The import and export IradeorDelli is almost pre»^ 
 cisely the same as Langkat and Bulu Chitva and it will^ 
 '^h3reT6re" be uhiiece^^^t-y t6^ r<^peat the viridus'' articles oC 
 ^ prod iyce> and €diisuti^t>tfei^^ ^" ^^''^ '^-'^^ ^iiiiqioniiq: 
 
 The following is, a tame oFthe .duties and nort-chargea' 
 
 Bi L/elii* . o, / . fv- 
 
 \ODiq Si (pdioJ 
 
 Imports. 
 All sorts of White and Blue Cloth. > .. T • - . rr 
 
 ;:^y ud'j' Jfij's iV l3iV>£3fn' VflT ' Vu! 'ii^w**' riKTToU l\^ i^ 
 Salt 4 ^,j^,^ j,^ rovan^;r^ 
 
 N, B The duty on Cloths was discontinued for a tiin^ 
 
 when the Agent visited DfiUh^^ 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Pepper :T8. Di^ p^r Coyan.^ 
 
 Wax -- 1 „ „ Picul. 
 
 Gambler 10 ^^^""^ Laxsa or Ten TIiousancT 
 
 3«ff) ?.9lcfn!0?D'i 3'j.»:fq >iil) lis «io bDirftfe^^'TSfnmoO s^fT 
 
 ?n>§J9"5m^D--,ioldl%§ilP9ro?M?}»fi moil ^nmn sdT 
 .lel^ffe^ '|if5,?J*4fioBl «^<^flliiis3 §nignr;d egolfilflooin fjt?S 
 
I^ORT Chatiges— Fo§a"^Jit[g|p)al!ars, a firig.8 Dollaw 
 and a Sloop 6 Dollars. Haifa Dollar is also charged for 
 the use of the Gantott*«teaP5ure, upon CTcry Coyan of 
 Pepper. This is a perqiiisite of the Shabandar m4 his 
 assistant Nacfcoda Usool*^ 
 
 principally Dutch Pice of ^jd^^^^^nd sups^q^epf^^^^Sj 
 al-o half pice of t^e English, East India. Coin pany,^ 240 
 K) the Uoliar, or 20 Lopongs^ each Copong ^an imaginary 
 Coin,) 12 picer 
 
 all 
 
 are the Catty, ricuVand Bhar, the Catty Am pat Likur 
 or Sri ^ Uollars ^VeiglitV Tile naeasurcs are the Cnupah, 
 
 Gintoiiancl Coyan, . ' j. i^ .1 rr a /r 
 
 ,j|^.i;(4l^^, ,3,,,,,<i 
 
 ,luoi*f ^p ,f f.... yrU 
 
 rUy^^^DOLlT ni>T lo &y/i\\ ^^ ^, 0! . .- TahlmisO 
 
 The Commerce' car rfed on at this place resembles that 
 of Delli, Buhl China and Langkat, though not to^iicli 
 an extent. The trade however is rapidly encreWng. 
 The Battas from a^jilAce called^ Dolok, come ^'Uo^H^fti 
 large parties to trade and the A lais people com^^Stfrbis 
 the mountains, bringing Camplior, Benjamih^ GP6¥(^^^^^ 
 
Very.^aillle®ii?diii -i^eofts^inied %y the ^^UUym pd^ula^ 
 tlm'ai/SU^m^l^ but cbiisider^blc^^fljuiittitiei at^ idtiortieil 
 ta supjity'-tbe^BattasUii Ihe 4tileMoi^.HBl^ .oioq«j^ni<i biui 
 
 ThiB pricesr of the principal staples are as lollaws, viz» 
 PemWr .... 20 Dollars per Bhar or 100 Cantons / 
 Bijan 10 „. yf HH> do/ 
 
 Tob4<il?dflJ.'^.2l0<^Ji*';^^.'^^ ^'ii barmolpiclrt^niidi^da arlT 
 
 It IS ditDcult to form any correct estimate br trie re* 
 vemies of the llajahw'io'^hi! (iUtiei^ al-^-Tery^liWdbddSra* 
 blfc'-'Vii.^'QH ,?l-jc4 Tojl'o oil) if> ?ri 9<iju> oH) ^ib r^-rn? 
 o93uii:^ Pepper ll Drv^'pei^^DGr'QantonsP'^^'^'^ noitdn^ 
 Slaves 1 „ each. .hianuD ^^i^ii o) ociii ^lu 
 
 but it was in conlemplatioa to charge duties at Kampong 
 Bcdar, Dorian and Kaliaiiibir on Pepper, Rice and Sak« 
 
 BATUSARA. 
 
 ^ho^x^io^b ffanni yi^ / <fifl nmls^A lo DaiommoD sdT 
 
 V :JiIih0) pro4«ctiQ|isiKof .B^tubara are: very trilling, i Salt 
 lEi^h^qd Silk Clothe are the ^ principal fexports^^ Opiuiu, 
 abou^ ZQ ; . Vh^siflof] China rastiSilk .and a large quantity 
 .qf.Salt^^ CJptl?^ 9f : various, de^^niptions ahd.nianufacfures 
 .^!PlfercAP-i^i9?^J?i[ISVioiisly d^^Uited its imported into Bula 
 
and Singapore. Maiiyu.Jofjhe jMhijibuam^lbAVjB^^CfiuiBiw 
 lated coii<!ideral)le wealth and are the owners of sereral 
 la rffe Vessel Sr b,la«!es and Horses are brought down lioai 
 
 the interior, in coAsiderable nuinoers, >>, . ,r 
 
 Vvji^ v.^i ,j, ,jj Ul . . . » - .iii.(^ia 
 
 The vShaband^r; informed the Agent to(thePinairg,C[jDtt 
 vernnien^ ,tjT%tiherej^are not less than 600*' rridiittg J?fji^W4 
 belonging to the port of Batubara, ^ ^ ,r t^.. . ,, 
 
 :-j. Bi^lubaraii^'ajfee pprt^:an^ th^'Coin^, weights ^ndjnKwi^ 
 snres are the same as at the other ports. 6y. a.l^le^tf^ 
 giilation hov^everj.Sjpcgr Rupees halfyand q^iia^tqi^ Rupees 
 are also to pass current. .rfaeD ^^ [ '^jm\?» 
 
 ASS AH AN. 
 
 The Commerce of Assahan ha? very much decreased, 
 compared wifh whnt it formerly was, but there are still 
 ji!)out 80 Prows of "different sizes- !)el6ng!Pgt<vthQ ObliTitry 
 engaged in conrejing the proditcei^of tlie) ci'ii^ti'y '^to^f fiTe 
 liritidh Settlement*, iiMPatAccaarl^ t'hfe 'ad|^lliift| Malb'y 
 States. Many)iPraw^^ frbm^^Sattf fikw fJeq'rfeftP iSk^lih , 
 to procurev Rt^i/aiftl WUd.^ X^^mm'ikn'i^^f^x^'tm^ 
 
of Salt, Q^"j9p?,^9^^aijs^|blu«iari(f white- Cfotftfi^jfertthe^ 
 consumption of the^^^^jps^mtfie iittexio^ fnjt luaaji^ii/lie? 
 article-, such as \^\j^\)Q€n desciij^cj, tO-be^i|ij<l?q/^xeiit7iita. 
 Delli and oilier i^l^p^sjare alsa caxried to. As^alwn^(5('J'he 
 exports are ,000i .^ „ i^fy^fl^geiwy^fi^fMm^i 
 
 Kayu Lakar or D)^^ Wood ^^- ^Ji^jp^C /^i^kneM 
 Kattans 4 • ' t^^r •f ^^f « if>>^^* oQ ^ 
 
 Pulse - - l^cbn^ 4i)0iGa.0,|onj^.. 
 
 Paddy ^^"i^i>Oi IP'l^''^ hl3^\25Ao^d^i . 
 Rice - - - .!*Di'4^ ^r n -^l- ^ h%iUtn5iitid i 
 Wax - - - -,f« y^ ,T S2^ ^oPiiuIiJO^BiCT 
 Mats (Bidei) large .ioi i^ ^--^ 12 - „ Corgei^.a^ioM 
 Horses iSii3'U)!£Ji l&.i(wj s^jq \0 lo 20 eachiP' J^/oiT 
 Slaves (Womer>)'''^iii isq •. 4tt cacK'i>*J^dul lijjfi^ 
 Do. (Children) - -_:l_i 20 j. 
 Do. (Men Old) - -""-"^ 12 to 15v 
 The duties are as undi|4C}AI8 
 Imports, 
 Salt - - - 2 Drsr pfef Coyan. 
 
 ST} 01 P*3.*?^o "nff "/r ^o doty, but the purchase moubpolizej 
 
 i)3m[;Exfo^y^ ^c^^.jI) -z:!!? ]k b^••fo^|^^i yfl/jiiiinn i?ti> lo vnt 
 }Oi'^dy,^rro'l-0:)t.i: ^ Pl^..pefoFpyftPffKiiS'i'i^ 3di vd 
 .!/i'JiiC9 Iff i:]^)i\y CCl^o akiitiv/cpi i%ni Al'iH 7/in lo >)-0{r) 
 ^iSlUves-ifff l(r Jm.!= !^.>^acb.,hl98 bloO 1o no<|zo orlT* 
 
Do. .Wh4^ ff ^^H „- -„ -^- - . ^(irJ)fiK • 
 Fishirtg^liiitk and>01 - ... . . . a^Iu^I 
 
 LakaIWO(KlI ,t - ^1" ^ ly Picul, - - . soiiC 
 Dragou^j^jlldcH^ -€f „ ^t -« - - - - xkY/ • 
 
 HorseaoBwO-,, - 2\ ^,, ^acb. o;g-N;l (igLlfl) sJuM 
 
 Trowser^j/jL.^)'::: -,1 ?2f per ceiit ad valorem, go^ioH 
 
 Batta Tobacca!j,-5 ^^. 5t per Picu|*,3i„o7/) ?97fi!8 ' 
 
 ,- 08 - ^. .- . (n^iMirl')) oG 
 
 v€l o) 21 . - . - (hlO nsl/.) loCf 
 
 *rTfiO'n/.I 
 
 ?. ■ In former times \then 30 or 40 large ^BtiWeVe'l^r^ows 
 richlj laden and many Ships and Brigs froTn Javli,''t;t)ro- 
 inandel and other places used to frequeiu SiSSK^bVery 
 year, the coinniVrVe \raS'^vfery''^con^idera1>!e^^ ^Plife^ ijfran- 
 tity of Salt annually imported at that time, itai^^'e/t^Anated 
 by ihe Pangiran at'1000 Coyans or 2500 Tons, 1JW*^00 
 Cheats of raw Silk and upwards of fOO Cheats of Opitm. 
 The export of Gold seldom felf short of threfePhiul^ 
 weight ia a yeaJ:i^^'4'H6'Cou£lry still possesies the fi&me 
 
4f^ .?5J^«^ «6 Mfeo^'ViASGafi^v^SNttS****^!* 
 nnder proper management and |)oli(ical interfer^f^^tc^Cl^ 
 
 4?^f?''?,Vi^?i!^A*n**/ P;f§Rl?/rfe^^i?> %?.'fi*?alfef'9Sii^tep fm^ 
 
 If iney were locarrv this into e^^pt^ the whole countnr 
 \vould he under their comroui, li.isto.be hoped ,iiaw^ 
 ever, the British, Government will ,no4. be so iitterlvin- 
 attenliFe to its own jrne interests and will snppoBt its 
 
 .»Tr 
 
 ing any deitiement or interierins: iiV tuQ^ 
 
 oh V- i^iu^niti'x) ,f >f v\ ^r/iit. .ou 
 
 internal adiilinistratlon orthe coui^try, though ihey ar^/ 
 
 at _prerect lihertT to .UadepU|jon the same fair anq^eg^^j^ 
 
 table terms tKat we aow do^ - 7 ♦ n ^ 
 
 Ahhough the trade oT Siack has been so ipterij^lly) 
 
 circumscribed within the last fifteen jears^ iherp isj^tjii^|l.r 
 
 very considerable commerce; their Vessels P»P<^9^[^>Bg^[3 
 
 with the produce of the country^, in great ^j^mb^r^Yf^ij 
 
 Malacca and Singapore and a few occasionally. visji^'ngf^ 
 
 Pinang. The principal exports of the state are^ Rajttan^^^ 
 
•a»"siV*«J'«S''ttfB-'ii«'f''<5dAVr iV ixi'iiWK&^- #■ 
 
 curfarris-'Kaib b=;ijilK'iif'toiV.ie'BFd(r,i'WoiW;' K^^^^ 
 
 and lub§, Juvi Tohacco, - prccWfis Stones; from Cevloo, 
 and other places tot Kings and ornaments, Guupowjer. 
 
 in, i\lu«Ket.s, bwivels and Opium. ,x . . wt 
 
 'fvi*L'h^'i*{? < ' ?d ^^Uorj, 1117/ JifonunsvoiJ n^nunU on) ,1975 
 
 J he duties oT biack are oa . , 
 
 tU 1jt.of.m(>:>. I\i7f hn/5 sJ^gisliil anil n7.'o ?:3f o) s/hris))/? 
 iMWitTS Exports. 
 
 pium . .20 Drs. per Vhe<L Gahru J.25 Drs,.pcr PjciP* 
 
 5 „ ,. r>ago . . . . » ,, „ t'oyao« 
 
 Jnnks of j ^ . , 
 
 ..f^. • i4>l jpii: 3Jt)g oilllo 8Jioqx3 ii;<|ioi!i-iq odT .^.<iiif>lT 
 
M RELATIONS OF THE'SSiwGi GOVBftNMfiNT- WfTH- 
 
 Rl !ftMPfi:.?PMi ^!t\oal^Ui^^^) |i3->inl/i srH>^t )i;,i<iu«^ 
 
 ^snoiib/ Tflh) iltrw f!^itj8«)il' bsti!inT:j*iii bf>»> oJol« &«ff» /»« wotm 
 
 ^^^''Pd'dbiht Srf ^Man-'AtdulJaliil^^^^^H^^^ 
 
 Endrapoora and Depeadenoies settled bif M(ijf)r 
 ioiVMiiiiatn, FaKqu(iar^^R^sJd^Hof^.M^ ffl ^yiflue^ 
 
 -i)UqJ^ iFotjilsrs delegated iQ/^ him^by, Uie HpnorMc^^J^/im 
 ^'^^^Ai^icahder Rannerman\^ Governor of Prince of JFc^esi 
 '^^^^sldiiddniiHtsDependenciesii V'^ ^^ fcoivnur) r ^{1 i© ., 
 
 Arlitle 1st.- -^'^^^^ ^''' "^^- I 
 
J 
 
 9iii)ject' t^r ms Mnjesty the Sultan- of Si'iM S^t-^i^fe^jJidfi Sfl 
 the pfiviteger and advantages, whtch are iio\v, oriuay at any 
 time lycieafter Ire granted to the subjects of the most faio^ed 
 
 IslatioQS;^ ,„r«.«,,.,-^ 
 
 Article ^rd^' > 
 
 The Vessels and Merc1iandiz& btilonging to t1>€ Subjecfs of 
 
 His Maj' sly the Siiltan pf^iarJc-,3/V J?"^''*P**^*'* *^'*'* alwayf 
 receive similar advatitagcs' and ^prtvi lege* in (he Uarbour of 
 
 Fort Cornwallts, and in all other places depeudeut oa the Bri- 
 tish Government of Prince ^MVal<es Island. 
 
 Arficle 4tb. 
 
 Tils Majesty the Sultan of 3iick, Sit Etidrapoora, shall not 
 
 r^Piiew any obsolete and interrupted Treaties with other Nations, 
 
 *'i>*iiblt^'^^Boaie?-<y^ iiSarvtdu'all; tfi^ FrbVl^*x>n»> ot OwbtitUan^ 
 
 ''irt' Vrfy degreV feiid to exclude o? obstrict tlre^tyAd^.^f/^R^itish 
 
 ^ SuBjects; i*h6 farlher' shall not be^tiirthcned vvitJi ^nj^^^ifpyosi- 
 
 , lions or duties^ not levied ou the subjcctai^of^tJ^g^^Stal^^^^';?^ 
 
 '"-' rtV Maffesf^- l^e' Sultaii^^ir Siiik^^Srr ' BfiaVap^or^ RHher 
 engages tliat hW M^i'l ap\)il tt(^ pr^tencd >*hafe^'er gr>j6\t ^AMo- 
 nopcVly of any Articles of Trade or CommyditiesjtbQip/Qducc 
 of his Ferrilories to any Person^ or Pefaou5^;^JS.^^o.fte^l^.^^a^e- 
 f kau of Native^ ,^j^j .^1^;^.^ .r- 
 
 , ,_ It ,is 0n^ny declared .that this ^Treaty, which accor^dingto 
 
44 Appekdis;^ 
 
 Frierdsliip of <1i« two Slates; and securing iBe libertt of 
 
 commerce and oavigation between tlieir re^pecrive ^huscl^ 
 
 ;.rrr ,xMiii;^ i^l n; '"■• -rr' .TO ^'f-.^ \ \;\ 'frj- " ;> -:(<! t'^.-'.^^ 
 
 to tiie mii(iia{< advantage oF bo|h, sliall last forever* ^ 
 
 ' i'b^ • ', 7a:Ij 1; Til ."."• u f' :;ii to ¥)>iir.\i ' f 'Jfo.tf, .'. . 
 
 Ill token' of Irolh and, for Ihe, 8ali8faction,orbo(h partiesl 
 
 ive nave. ner.euptQ affixed our Sigiia^urc» and SeaU at Hukife 
 BaMoo, ill the Kingdom of Si^cfc, thiV Thirty (ifsl day of tha 
 IVlooib of Aifgiist, in the Year of our Lord 1818^ aiisweriog to 
 the Twenty Seventh day of _the JNionth Sawal^ in the year of 
 the Hfgira 1233. 
 
 SEAL ^ "^ \ . CHOP ^^ ^*'^'^' 
 
 Major Fajquhar. the King of Siackci 
 
 (Signed) Wm. Far^uhar,.; V^ 1!'^^* """'''■ '''\r" 
 
 Maior of Ei»e;ineer«, m , rr' / ' ' . 
 
 Itesidentof Malacca .,. ., , .^, *, 
 
 and Coiniuissioiier on ■ , , ^ ' . ,^ , ,, t 
 
 the part of the Bit. . 
 
 .' :,. riitiv ^ « '»j'l ij-i'V saionirao^ odi d^oicxni «>) >u«>ih-3h 
 lish GoveromeuC , , . . , . ., 
 
 i .•*iiJijni*l oii^S l'» ■'•'•i'>^ gi^J^»L^ 'Jji>^ ;» oai9^iv;i3 eiiU ^j|,tf^ 
 1'.? r J.'^i'jiii biuoifa T)A.'i>4 i!>d.'o Mii ; v ^iMiiQ 5fh,|A ,*^*r .. 
 
 CHOP TR^ys£jTToJ^qt and ikp^^^einf^nCrespeclii^^^ 
 
 ku Sultan -^ ^ DelU^ and the Bulla Counlry. ^ ■ • l*^ 
 
 Tanglima of We theTiianko Sultan Panglima v\bo goveio the Kingdomr 
 
 Delli. of Delli^^ij^^ |he ^reat Batia Rajah Scbaya Linga give ibis 
 
 c- # ^engagement to Mr. Jjhn Anderson, Agent to the Governor 
 
 oigna*iire ot - .-j . . «•■♦• 
 
 the Rajah Si-"^ ^"*''il,^("*^?-; i^^ *f^'^.l*?/?.!fiS!^ desire of the Governor 
 
 bi;a Liuga. «f ^Pinang f^bat smalV, Dollarg.^?^^^^^^ 
 
Appendix* ' .* 45 
 
 • * -' . * . • 
 
 ni nifuTeraTid we reqnest tnat Mr. John Anderson will ac« 
 qnaifitf the GPovernor of tli^ isamcf, on Iyis return to Pinana:, And 
 give notice to the Mercnatils of that piaee,' that they roav bring 
 %r seiib siiiaU Dollars ta UelTi and Bmu (Jhina, tor the pur- 
 
 1 c" 
 
 Ittt^NSt^tidn of an Engagement frlh the Sultan 
 
 Ad ve'ftin^ to the letter from thr governor of ^ulo.I^iang, CHOP 
 
 * brotrgfit bf Mr, Anderson, I TnanlEo I'uflan' (>ang^^^^ 
 
 ■ t tt' , # fv n- , .p>JfJii^/i Join-Jbi^MH Panglinia of 
 
 Corvern the Kinfijdom of iJellfandirs iJependenciPAAf Lanar- n«ii: 
 ■• f . w ^^<^» ifjn\»ufti(ijruo J Ddil o i-reiu, 
 
 ..Rat, Bull! CIrina, Perchoot and other. States, ^being extremely 
 
 desrrocis to rnrprove' (he eommercc with Pulo Pinanff and to 
 
 preserve a friendlj relation with the Governor of that place, 
 
 make.thrs engagement with thfrX^m ernor of Pulo Pinang. 
 
 ht. If the. Dutch'ofanj other Power should request a Set- 
 
 tiement at DelN or any of the pPaxes subject to my authority. 
 
 
 fl 
 
4^ 
 
 4fm9if.-. 
 
 
 remler them every aiJ in difficunj, io m-der tTiere may tie an 
 cxteusiye trade aud Hat iVlercbauts maj Qnck iov' utuubers to 
 
 4ib. I sliairrntrcnruce tlieciirrencj ofj|tRay.\D»nai'9 inlatbii^ 
 Cuuutiv. Dat^d 1238, iu the jear Jim.Jih J,eii|.%dU-Akhir>r 
 
 i*i^l^yi '\'^ i.:>iiii :w*.tl J \u*fif^h( f^ vl y A. ^{^r '<•' M<:«oTd y^ nni^ • 
 
 TB,iNsr.JTioj^ of ct Letter from tne Sultan Besar of\ 
 
 ^irdang to /Atf Honorably fV^^ ^^.. . P/iUli^^^, f^ep^f^o^^.^ 
 
 (^JPulp Pm^ngf^rf ,,;,,r| «. ,*..;, v-,- S^.r^ hp-? o5 tm..! tf 
 
 Signafure Ibave received id}' friend'* i*'t)ef b^^J^w Agviit^iMr»«Jf'l'^5lii' 
 of llie Sultan ^„j^jfS(,D» \*iib ibe hi":bcst satisfaction. Mv fiicMid ad\erU» 
 ^ **, " ill that IctCer, to tbe commerce bct\vecu Sirdaiis and Pulo Fi- 
 
 Bang and expresses a wisb for its prosperitj and a« ciicreaseQ / 
 coinmunication between tbe 2 Countries, -it Will afford roe 
 infitijt^ gratification Ao belc on terms of amity wkh'.mj frrend 
 and to see an extensive trade between my count r^^ andPttla* 
 Pinang and I will not enter into any commercial' Contracts or- 
 exclusive engagements wiib any other country. : 1 wish t^ 
 inajjce arfangeraeots with tbe Merchants, of jKuIo .pinang, and 
 "irbatever Merchandize passes out of tbi| Kingdom I intend , 
 io^ send to Pulo Pinang. On tbe subject of commerce gene«>i- 
 raljjv,.! h2L\t communicated ^at. length and freely >%ith rajr - 
 friends Agent^ Mr. John Anderson, and acquainted him with' 
 all; the acjjjcles of;; Merchandize suitable for tbe demand iu ihts'i 
 country and ^ itb regai-d to my revenues and duties# <** -ci'«^'^ - - 
 Dated 18th of Jemadel-Awal, 1^J28; Friday. .bi:v:.»4 
 
A p'Mifiiir^ 4^ 
 
 s-si;i: 
 
 ai ^d T»OT o^.orfJ Tjln^ C3i 'K<^.;'8yi "J Liu v^j7?s» oidil) i'^!>«di 
 
 TR^S^SLJTioif of an Engagemeni IransmiUed byMhel 
 
 >Vh!* resji'eiet'to ihc'l^uei't^^^ . CHOP 
 
 Pina g, brortgfit by his Ag^uCMf. Anderson, I have laken of KrjoriiaQ 
 fhc sirhj^Htofit into corfsidcratHii and have had a full ex pla- ^y^* ^^k'^t!^ 
 mition regarding the commerce 6 f Lingttat, wiih Mr. Ander- ' 
 son. Heine: extrenieiv desirous to cultivate a more lotimattt-s 
 correspondence V? I th the Goveriwir of Pulo Pinan^, and. .to 
 ciic^oifr^^Mraders'fjdm that pfacc to come for Lanorkat^ I acn 
 indifced to send the Governor of Pulo PinaiVg'llic Ti»^lowi>»g 
 engagement for the'pftirprtse of strengthening and perpetuattnj^ 
 the frbrids^ip and WrcairtirecomiiiunicaltOD with Puio Pihansr. 
 
 Ist. I Will niaKe no exclusive contracts with the Dutch or ; "^ " ' 
 
 i 5.;: *i ', -f- ■'f^-. '•'- ■•'■•' ^ ■• :■' ■^■-■'-''^ ■ ^'-^ '■•\: . - •■• ' = ^^ ^,;. 
 
 any other Government, my iatcntioa and wish is to trade as., 
 
 Sod. Any traders from Pinang shall expefienCc^v^ry-a*^'^^ 
 sistance from me Ihut they may have nodifHculties^ and tliat '^ 
 Merchandise may be imported iutound dxporied from Laiigi^"^ 
 kut and PiUang without ii)terruptionu>iw . fchmii^^H^n'j tuieiiljAj. 
 
 3rd. Th^i'cluties of Langkal^ are fixeJ-as folIowsJ^Vli" 'Pep: '' 
 per 2 Dollars per 100 Gantons, Rattans 50.Pice or-i a^Dotfa^' 
 per 100 Bundles, Salt 4 Dollars per Coyan, f<ice 8 Dollars'^er 
 Coyan; and no mwre shall be charged upon these or ^aWy otheir 
 article!) of Trade. Or Europe Cloths^ Opinmj &c. n'o'dtity will ' 
 be charged, and whosoevier pleases' msiy hflnganti'selHh'^ui^^. 
 in Langkttt, fts it .is^. my ^desire Jto eucOiira'geaa^i^ii^lea'grvd^'' 
 
>PlldBBiJ^s to fttciHiafe ib^fTr^^jbut *b»H^* i^otletilcdJyfeliit} 
 ^i^iilo IijlHpoi i6.tf5h7B5bdT?w£» l!«ds 1 ,:?^*ii3 yiB*9id /y^jjin 
 
 ^sw WB f h ." •1i«»'M>a«j>r Ifi'i.iJn^. vy r>l{> tjfi-ff Imir 5t ♦nig tr'm. 
 
 A\i^^4ii-J^^i^.J^f^^f'*^'M^m King ojxi Siaek^i^iMkfixHmYfm 
 
 AFTBa JV .VBaiK COMPLIMBNTABY lHTRaDCCXia»;r-. 
 
 CHOP ^.bjyjAy ray friend be informed that Hitb;regard;toJ?^:/a»vor or 
 *^^^S^ ^k ^ ^^ friendFy coinmiinicatioh brought b^.j >iip,;Age«»t J^f ,. J4»^ii 
 
 -^81'^/^; ** :J;**^\?*J?f^ !*^ my^baiKls in safel^^aiMJ .^ ^If^Ani^ ^^ 
 
 * ^'itb thai Ceremony due and usual a4noni^»t Malay Kiiifi^t. 
 
 t opened its envelope and perused with care its contents^ * which 
 
 J perfecily comprehend. Moreover^ my friend ba^ deputed 
 
 (o mean Agent Mr. J-ohn Anderson, to communicate with me 
 
 and devise plans for epeouruging the .Trade between the Coun^ 
 
 "tries of Siack and Pulo Pinang. J reel extremely gratified by 
 
 IlliiV^pF^of^t niyTrl^Ind*^^ attentioni^tid'good will, aijfJ^:i- rely upi>» 
 
 -ki^\,>^t^t^nce to me in case qf difficulties eorarng upjoi^. me^ 
 
 Further in regard to all the Countries and States |bat are Tri- 
 
 butarv to Slack, I will give order* to them and to aFI the No^ 
 
 aUiykm,^di*'Cora^ of Vessels who an^ in the bab'it of 
 
 fu /. ) ^'^I^Jjjj^r'^^^j^j^j^lj^j,^ lljefya^ocations ^s^ heretofore/ nor wilM rij. 
 
 '^tefVu^tC^iiVt.'b^d^/'theibHfroai going where they j^lease^ibnPl- 
 
 : fiang or any\)lbeepfe«5«i''afid J s^iiH belbappyi'td^serf^my (fiend's 
 
 N3l9Cinlt^^obi^6tt3 {^oipd^Oiii lan^ ^lieqQ^t^di'jbjbul^^^ 
 
 ij^ji 
 
Aiii^iQW itmi'skUor the kifeTtroorsc wtlt bts muC(ial-&d?lrf^lhe 
 proteclioA of niy friend and that* tlrere itisy be nc^ 'Ce^altoii of 
 cominonicatbnf between Piiid Pinkf»g'an<1^8ia€k;i4!iaTray btarl 
 may beat case, T shall neVerJbe careless or fbrgetful of my 
 friend, and-furtbef with regard tamy present circumstances . 
 it is posiiib^e the Dutch may attack me; for Malacca is very 
 near Siack-and^ thai Govefnrtient is powerful and I am weak, 
 (literaly h^ ^^d^6ft )ihd t tli^^^re'place my firm'^ rcliince 
 upon my Ui^ud ahd^ thfe ErngfisR-^'GirverViViierit. 1 baVe^ partr- 
 cularly t^ rVqile?T my friend tduejjlyVto'this'lettc^ forthvdth^ 
 to shew his intentions and disposition towards me, in order that 
 my mind may be at ease. I have given Mr. John Anderson an 
 letigageriient^ rdatU e tb trade wtiilh he wilbishew tb my f^ieiid.'^ "^ ^ 
 A sWn^^rciient'rn leiurrf folr'thos^t) relented to him; 'brTMn'i '^ ''^'Y^J'^^ 
 ^' ' Dlitea- ll\\^%tili^4Mond4 ai'rOo'Cl<;cIt inihiroth. 
 ilooDyiu tbe^eaf 1^8» ,. , , ^ 
 
 . 0. «»f-j i /• ?/5f><J t^bii'T 'j'N^'^ifiMO'-VJa ■'■■'^ ' <'q »e!/'>b bdi; 
 -^«;i^ vj-xnaitxs ['^r' f >jM£i»*l ^ !r 'I '>n£ /1^Kl^* to wilt 
 
 3^^iv^r^7«/0N ^ an Engagement presented by the King 
 qfSiacR^loMr:&ohn'Jindersanj Jgent^ to th^' Govet^ 
 fi-^r ^ Pi/fo Pmong. " ^ 
 
 The letter from the Honorable William Edward Phjllins, CHOP 
 Governor of Pnlo Pinang^.of which bis Agent^.. Mr. Joha of^^^. K""Sof 
 Anderson, had the charge^ duly reached His^^Maj^^tyjwhq .it 
 seated on the Throne orSiack, and/Xespecting all that is tb^fe-* 
 in coiitaibed relating to the ^ood Willr of the Qofecdor^f ,Pulo 
 
i§0 A:^paiMbii4^ 
 
 •<*bm)exk)ii8 lidwcen Siack ' fend Piit<i' Pirtatig^ His 'Mttjestj f'^i» 
 impressed with the greatest sat»fa€tion^'^bje(£a6'^€p Sia^k-iaticf^iili* 
 Dependencies- vi4ll 4hereb>r^beconKii|ia[^ai<m^,acid2 there .vwltll be 
 H ^bnthidt and- beacficial' i»t6rcourte iwiih^Pit^skg^^^y^het^oih- 
 Ilti Magi'stj^ in concert with his CbleFi^liii the T«d«ikoiF?n^ 
 1 iiai' B c: sia f; ■ th e Dat u &pi B ij i \V a«g«av- the* > Dat»= Mah a raj4^ 
 Lela\M'udk"and tlie Tuan Imautrt- Hiir^^ohfiiii»ed ttfe T'i'eatjr 
 ioWnerlpgl ven to ColUnfel ■ Far(j.trhar,' "Xgent^of i ^lie i^Govferiwfjr 
 of Pulii Pinang: and irt addition to that^ Hi< > Miajest}' and thV 
 5 Gliicfs above named make the foil o wing engagettFQnClafldi.sftiid^' 
 ill to the (Governor of Pulo Pinang, for thepwT4)08e ofstrengtlfcr 
 /JMiftfeL:l»i»d, perpetuating (heir reciprocal Trieud*hi[).iiaild i|.ha|^ 
 there may be no change or variation in the couDexi^Oribet^ieea^- 
 %ckaiid Pqlc) Pinang for e\er,andc>;er..,.,j^l/r ,m jj ^.g 
 
 '^i.lst. His^ Majesty and the 5 Chiefs will not grant tfi* Dut^b^ 
 or anj other Nation a Settlement or pernlit them to hoist theif 
 Colours or reside at Stack or any place under i^iDomfnioiuur. 
 
 2nd. !Iis Majesty, atid Chjefs will' not interrupt or prevent 
 any Noquedahs of Vessels or Traders from going'toPi«ang' 
 and will not give any orders to trade solely with Malacca^ 
 bnt they shall be at full liberty to follow their own iocIinatiooS' 
 and proceed io Pinang as heretofore. 
 
 3rd. There shall be no interference with the Chiefs of tbr 
 States tributary to Siack, and they shall also have full power 
 io enter into any negotiations or make any engagements witb 
 Pinang, which shall not be liable to be altered or varied bj 
 His Majesty and the Datus, and the Chiefs shall be at libertjr 
 to trade with Pioang as they please. 
 
Trade at JSiack^Mniefitiu^ jjyiihM^Ji > ^cf^d^sfi^i cither ^(^ere;,,^^ ^ 
 ^ea, Hi&JMaja^^}^an4 the Gbiefs^ fiogagc |p fender ^ver^. (|>Q^^?f|- 
 h\e ja8sbla:Tjj;e;! to^-eiiable Jhena (0 iHitijtrQiiu safety t<^jf in^ngrtjjf 
 r^ ,:j6tl|ii. t^'hc^>4^|ti<&s^^ established' oiT imports from PiuaQg. or ex« 
 ports/ frOii^(;SiaEck' are fixed bj a list delivered to JVJfrp.j«)[yl^i| 
 iAndersonandlttiey: shall not be altered a;; varied; ;,,;'i oluS ^> 
 * 74h. Bis Majcsijand Chiefs will not^ countcnancror) peKditt 
 anj Piratesto remain in Siact or i(s Dependenci^j bUtoliiil 
 turn thena out ici Older that the Trade between Slack aUdiPut* 
 Pijiang may SottrfelMi *•- ?v „ -: . » >d yjini suci) 
 
 - "^ .'Stfti'lf^JJis Majesly or his Country sliall De invotvetf irif tfrfi 
 
 ficultyjtieN^ill^ive notice to the Gkjvernorofr Pul6 PiiiUn^ £ud 
 
 i Ws!^ is^istiihcc aivd Mvice, »<> ; ^ jru/ii^vW .;[}(> 7. iii io 
 
 I- .^ ^ ' . . ' 
 
 { Such i^ the engageu^ent of the King' of Siack aadi bit < Chleft 
 
 it i '. , ■ , 
 
 i . :»eut ip (he Governor of Pinang, /IgojclYl feiH ,hji§ 
 
 Dated the i^lh R&jap io tKe year f 238; lo iil.h'dwpoA /n« 
 -^Tr: iyh; i<- liJi/? tItIob .-•>^- oJ £T>hn> ^(hb ovI^ h>n iiiv.^ Ixiu 
 .-i;iui>Bnif^ni hwo ^bt!; V i^ilul o) ^r- '^'?il jful )r y^i lUtU- voih JimI 
 
 " ,9iol(;l'ii.i! ;;' J «;i bo'j'xnq bne 
 
 ^d bt)n«/ Tt^ ..4.,sil 3«1 )o(i IjiifisM'jId^/ .^jifldlH 
 
 «?hodil Jii-t)0 liiidd ftiji'iJ tj/fj i)iji5, su^bCI ad) bnc vJ^ioinl/' ^i H 
 
 o3fefit)iq (,3jil es ^iifiai^ dJi// ^bjj;-J ol' 
 
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