T'S M'AKUAL 1 
 
 ilARATHI GKAMMAK, 
 
 -HL_ 
 
 m&
 
 TRUBNER & C? 
 
 GO. PATE FOSTER BOW 
 LONDCr 

 
 THE 
 
 STUDENT'S MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 MARATHt GRAMMAR, 
 
 ( DESIGNED FOR HIGH SCHOOLS. ) 
 
 33 m & a g : 
 
 PRINTED AT THE 
 
 EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA. 
 
 1868. 
 [The Copyright and Right of Translation are reserved.'] 
 
 TRDBNER & C?

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The following pages \vcrc first written by me for the benefit 
 of my own pupils, who were preparing for Matriculation, as 
 they could not find all the needful information in the existing 
 treatises on Marnthi Grammar. Believing that they might 
 prove useful to other students, I have ventured to publish them ; 
 and should scholars, who may chance to see them, suggest any 
 improvements, I shall feel grateful, 
 
 I have paid special attention to simplicity and perspicuity in 
 the composition of this book, and have on this account abstained 
 from all allusion to Sanskrit and other languages, except in 
 the chapters on derivation. I have treated of the several 
 departments of Grammar separately, which may have the effect 
 of setting this intricate subject in a clear and interesting form 
 before the student. I have earnestly sought to unfold and 
 evolve the laws and principles of the Maruthi language, rather 
 than engraft those of other languages on it, but how far I have 
 succeeded in my attempts 1 leave it to the public to judge. 
 
 The classification of the laws of the changes of vowels and 
 consonants, which take place in inflection and composition ; the 
 division of the verbs into conjugations ; the systematic arrange- 
 ment of the compounds under throe classes, and the observations 
 on the obscure and apparent compounds, the formation of 
 the vocables, &c. &c., are quite new and original. The chapter 
 on the origin of the inflections cannot fail to interest the 
 student. It is, indeed, a most important discovery which 
 philologists have made, that the inflections, which were looked 
 upon but a few years back as meaningless particles, are 
 words or fragments of words; it has thrown a flood of interest- 
 ing light upon the whole subject of Grammar. The Mara tin 
 language fully confirms this discovery : the personal-ending 
 <ff in ^K^fr He does, is the veritable demonstrative pronoun % 
 that the dative termination ?\ is identical with 
 
 2005G53
 
 IV 
 
 I am deeply indebted in the composition of this book to 
 Dr. STEVENSON'S Marathi Grammar. The grammatical forms 
 which he gives have the sanction of the learned Shastris who 
 assisted our two great lexicographers in the compilation of 
 their Dictionaries, and have been, moreover, adopted by the 
 Government Educational Department. My observations on 
 the declensions, tenses, &c. are entirely based upon his, and 
 I believe I should, perhaps, have never been able to write a 
 single lino without the aid of his book. Mr. MOLESWOETH'S 
 Marathi and English Dictionary has furnished mo with valuable 
 information on various points, particularly on the spelling and 
 the duplicatives. The Grammars of Mr. DA'DOBA' PA'NDUEANG 
 and Mr. KRISHNA SHA'STEI' GODBOLE have rendered me great 
 assistance, while a number of smaller works in the Marathi 
 and Gujarati languages havo been profitably consulted. 
 
 Very valuable has been the help which I have received from 
 several Sanskrit, Greek, and English grammars in the arrange- 
 ment of my subject-matter, and if my book is indeed clear and 
 systematic, the credit is due to those books rather than to me. 
 I would, however, make particular mention of two European 
 authors, whoso books have done me great service in the depart- 
 ment of derivation : I mean MAX MULLEE and Dr. ANGUS. 
 
 The importance of a critical knowledge of a language can- 
 not be overrated ; for words exercise a powerful influence upon 
 thought and science in general. " Men believe," says Lord 
 Bacon, " that their reason is lord over their words ; but it 
 happens, too, that words exercise a reciprocal and reactionary 
 power over our intellect." 
 
 The moral influence of the study of languages is highly bene- 
 ficial. In establishing a relationship between distant and 
 dissimilar languages, philology teaches us to recognize in every 
 fellow-man a brother. This noble truth of the brotherhood of 
 humanity was, no doubt, first propounded by the Hebrew sages 
 of old, but comparative philology has the honour of confirming it, 
 and giving it an authority and currency in the learned world.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHAPTER I. LETTERS AND SOUNDS 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. COMDINATION OF LETTERS 5 
 
 I. Syllabification of Letters 5 
 
 II. Sandhi or Rules for the Union of Letters 
 
 in Sanskrit words 7 
 
 III. Vowel changes in Maratlu words 10 
 
 Note. Rules for Spelling 12 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 CHAPTER III. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLASSIFI- 
 CATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS.. .. 14 
 
 CHAPTER IV. SUBSTANTIVES 15 
 
 I. Cases of Substantives 16 
 
 II. Numbers of Substantives 19 
 
 III- Gender of Substantives 21 
 
 CHAPTER V. DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES 25 
 
 First Declension 28 
 
 Second Declension 30 
 
 Third Declension 31 
 
 Fourth Declension 33 
 
 Fifth Declension 34 
 
 Sixth Declension 35 
 
 CHAPTER VI. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives of Quality 39 
 
 Numerals 41 
 
 CHAPTER VII PRONOUNS. 
 
 Personal Pronouns 47 
 
 Reflexive Pronouns 49 
 
 Relative Pronouns 50 
 
 Dem onstrative Pronouns /i 1 
 
 Interrogative Pronouns 53 
 
 Indefinite Pronouns 55
 
 VI 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. ADVERBS (DECLINABLE) 
 
 CHAPTER IX. THE VERB - r >G 
 
 I. The Classification of Verbs 50 
 
 II. The Inflection of Verbs .07 
 
 Tenses 58 
 
 Moods CO 
 
 Verbal Nouns and Participles 01 
 
 Constructions 04 
 
 Voices < - CO 
 
 CHAPTER X. CONJUGATION C7 
 
 First Conjugation OS 
 
 Secon d Conjugation 08 
 
 The Personal-Endings P9 
 
 Paradigmas (1st and 2nd Conj.) 72 
 
 CHAPTER XI. CONJUGATION continued. 
 
 The Potential Verb 75 
 
 The Causal Verb 77 
 
 The Irregular Verb 78 
 
 The Anomalous Verb 81 
 
 The Substantive Verb 82 
 
 The Negative Substantive Verb 88 
 
 The Defective Verb 90 
 
 The Compound Verb 91 
 
 CHAPTER XII. COMPOUND TENSES 92 
 
 The Indicative Mood 93 
 
 The Conditional Mood 95 
 
 The Subjunctive Mood 97 
 
 . The Participles 97 
 
 Compound Negative Tenses 98 
 
 The Passive Voice 9!) 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. PARTICLES, OR INDECLINABLE WORDS. 100 
 
 I. The Adverb 100 
 
 II. The Preposition 102 
 
 III. The Conjunction J 03 
 
 IV. The Interjection 1 03
 
 Vll 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. DERIVATION 104 
 
 I. Primary Derivatives 108 
 
 II. Secondary Derivatives: 
 
 Prefixes 110 
 
 Suffixes 112 
 
 III. Reduplicatives ... 115 
 
 IV. Compounds 117 
 
 I. True Compounds 117 
 
 Substantive Compounds 118 
 
 Adjective Compounds 121 
 
 Adverbial Compounds 122 
 
 II- Obscure Compounds 122 
 
 III. Apparent Compounds 124 
 
 CHAPTER XV. THE STRUCTURE OF GRAMMATICAL 
 
 FORMS 124 
 
 Pronouns 124 
 
 Verbs 1 25 
 
 Adverbs 125 
 
 Postpositions 1 27 
 
 Conjunctions 1 28 
 
 Interjections 129 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. INFLECTIONS 129 
 
 I. Noun Inflections 129 
 
 II. Verbal Inflections . 133 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. Note on Old MarutM Grammatical Forms. 138 
 II. Note on Parsing . . . , 139
 
 THE 
 
 STUDENT'S 
 
 OP 
 
 1. Grammar treats of the principles of language, and Marathi 
 Grammar of the principles of the Marathi language. 
 
 2. The principles of every language are based either on the laws 
 of thought, or general usage. 
 
 3. Written language consists of letters, words, and sentences, and 
 Grammar is, accordingly, divided into Orthography, Etymology, and 
 Syntax. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 LETTERS AND SOUNDS. 
 
 ORTHOGRAPHY treats of the sounds and powers of letters. 
 4. The Marathi letters ( 3"? ) are thus written and pronounced : 
 
 T a ( as in Roman) 
 
 sfl a (as in father.) 
 
 f i (as in sit.) 
 
 f i (as in Police.) 
 
 3" (as in put.) 
 
 g; A (as in rwde.) 
 
 H ri (as in rid.) 
 
 =K ri (as in read.) 
 
 *f li (as in ltd.) 
 
 1 ma
 
 ( 2 ) 
 
 $ li (as in lead.) 
 
 (r e (as in there.) 
 
 IT ai (as in aisle or the Italian mat.) 
 
 sft o (as in so.) 
 
 aft au (as ow in now.) 
 
 ef; ka (like k in king.) 
 
 *jf Ma (like kh in khan.) 
 
 JT g*a (like g in give.) 
 
 9 gh a (like g"^ in Afghan.) 
 
 5: na (like ng- in sing.) 
 
 ^ cAa (like cA in church; also Is.) 
 
 chha (like ch+h; also fs+A.) ' 
 
 5T ja (like j in jet ; also o*z.) 
 
 5T jAa (likej+A; also dz+ A.) 
 
 3f na (like n in singe.) 
 
 Z ta (like t in trumpet.) 
 
 ff ?Aa (like t+ A.) 
 
 ^ da (like d in drain.) 
 
 2- dha (like d+ A.) 
 
 T no (like n in country.) 
 
 ?T ta (like < in tube.) 
 
 *7 *Aa (like <A in thin.) 
 
 5" da (like d in due.) 
 
 * <&a (like d+ A.) 
 
 ^ na (like n in^hen.) 
 
 ^ pa (like p in push.) 
 
 fT pha (like pA in up-hill.) 
 
 * ba (like 6 in bag.) 
 
 * bha (b+ h.) 
 
 1 ma (like m in man.) 
 yo (like y in you.) 
 ra (like r in Rome.)
 
 ( 3 ; 
 
 ?5 la (like I in live.) 
 
 ^ va (like v and w; in vein and were.) 
 
 5T s'a (like ss in session.) 
 
 ^ sAa (like sA in shun.) 
 
 H sa (like s in son.) 
 
 ? Aa (like h in hand.) 
 
 3 /a 
 
 81 is^a (like cfio in diction.) 
 
 if rf/ii/a 
 
 Note. The letters down to fj are systematically arranged in several classes, and 
 those from If to <=f are miscellaneous letters. 
 
 5. Of these letters fourteen are Vowels ( ^ ) *T, *%, C, f, S, 3T, 
 < *t||flr<? p <8r X'-<N 
 
 ^t> ^j ^"j ^t, rr, ^T, ^If, 3IF, and the rest are Consonants ( s?I3H } 
 
 6. Vowels are divided into short ("f*T) and long vowels (#q), 
 and diphthongs ( 
 
 . 
 The short vowels are 37, f, 3", ^f r ?T; the long are ^TT, f, 3T, 5ft, ^ , 
 
 ^ -v ^ MX 
 
 and the remaining letters are diphthongs, rr, p-, <%, %. 
 
 The long rowels are each composed of two similar, and the diph- 
 thongs of two dissimilar vowels. 
 
 Thus, 3Tr=^T+^; l^f+r; vT=s+s; 3t=^+^; ?=?r4-5r. 
 
 rr = vf or 3?[-r-f or |; 3?f = ^ or 3ff+ S or 3T; 
 
 ^ = 3T or 3fl+ rr; ^F=3? or 3?[+ aft. 
 
 Of the diphthongs ^ and l|f are proper diphihongs ( ^f?T ), and tj 1 
 and aft are improper diphthongs ( ifiT ) 
 
 7. Besides these vowels, there are semi-vowels ( a}rT:^T )> which 
 
 * nu fa Yi 
 
 are included among the consonants, ?r, r> 5*> ^- They are thus formed : 
 zr = ? or f+a?; ^=^ or 
 5?=^ or < -f %T; f=^ or 
 
 8. A consonant cannot be sounded without a vowel, as ^ b, pro- 
 nounced as ^ ba.
 
 ( 4 ) 
 
 9. Consonants are divided according to the position (*'<JR) of 
 the mouth where they are produced, intone classes: 
 
 1. Gutturals or throat sounds (^ST N ,: 
 lu kt* * J&-** A 
 
 37, 13, JT, q, ;?, f . 
 
 2. Palatals, pr palate, sounds (rTrs> 5? l): 
 
 <^ tAttft-j* JM ** J A' 
 
 ^> s, ir, sr ^, *r, ^r, 
 
 3. Cerebrals, or brain sounds 
 U tU Jk *** 4*. 
 
 z) <r, v?, ?, <^, r, ^, ss. 
 
 4. Dentals, or teeth sounds 
 
 U fa* fa M* M. U fa. 
 
 ?T, 5^, 5S KT, ST. ^, ^. 
 6. Labials, pr lip sounds, ( 
 
 /** /^* Wi fc* ya 
 1' ^' ^' ?' ?' I" 
 
 Consonants are also divided according to their power 
 that is, whether they can be pronounced with or without a vowel, 
 into mutes (*T^), and semivocals ( J^sfHW). The vowels are vocals 
 
 10. The mu/es are subdivided into 
 
 KA $h, I*- IA. /& 
 Hard or surd ( i^W ) *T, T, ^ ?T, 1 
 
 o e . , - ^ * X 
 
 Soft or aonaiK (qWTO) JT, f, ^, T, ^. ) 
 
 ^ / N v x - /- A > 
 
 Aspirate (llfniR) ?7, ^, 3, ^, ff, ?, 5J, VT, T, W. 
 
 . The aspirated consonants contain each an unaspirated consonant and 
 
 11. The semivocals are subdivided into 
 Liquids (s??f: 
 
 
 3-, ^, or, w. 
 Sibilants (gwj) 5T, q_, ^, ?. 
 
 The consonants ?j and s\ are double letters, besides which there are 
 several others in the language. 
 
 12. sj or is called Anusvdra, and sf: or: is Visarg-a. "* 
 The Anusvdra represents a nasal sound, and the Visarga is an 
 aspirate.
 
 ( 5 ) 
 
 13. The Anusvdra is pronounced before the consonants like the 
 nasals of the class to which they belong, e. g-., before a guttural like 
 the nasal of the guttural class, &,c. Thus 
 
 afjTr=3^jr corresponding to the nasal ?. 
 
 07. 
 
 ir. 
 
 *. s'a. iX * ** d*t*. f 
 
 Before ?:, 51, 9, ^f, f , and ff, the Anusvara assumes merely the sound 
 of nv, without taking the letters; as ^hcy<T = ^r(?)<cyr =Sanv- 
 rakshana. 
 
 Before q, c7, and ^ the Anusvdra doubles the semivowels, retaining 
 at the same time a slight nasalization: thus 
 
 Sayyoga 
 Sallagna 
 Savvada. 
 
 When the Anusvdra is put, in pure Marathi words, upon a long 
 vowel followed by a hard letter, as ^jzr a thorn, or on a long vowel 
 at the end of a word, as 3?5f to rise, it has only a slight nasal sound. 
 This slight nasal sound of the Anusvdra is called sTRTftH* 1 or Anundsika. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 ON THE COMBINATION OF LETTERS. 
 
 I. The Syllabification of Letters 
 
 14. When a vowel combines with a consonant, it is marked by 
 a different sign, placed before or after, above or below, the consonant 
 after which it is pronounced. This combination of the vowels with 
 the consonants is called ^rrW3r?T, or f irr^sl", twelve links.
 
 The forms which the vowels assume are the following: 
 
 r (*ff) r (0 T (?) (?) fc (O v (?) K (*) > (&) *r 
 
 ^r fa 3fr i f 3r 3? ^r IT 
 
 When 3? combines with a consonant, the consonant drops the 
 virdma (^) at the foot of it, as 3T k becomes ^K ka: the a? is said to be 
 inherent in 3T ka. 
 
 Some consonants alter their forms when combined with the vowels : 
 
 51 + ^t = *$ . 
 
 15. When the consonants are combined, they are written with 
 one consonant placed under the other, omitting the transverse line 
 of the lower, as in % ( | ) f or by placing the one after the other and 
 dropping the perpendicular line of the first, as in ^ (spj). The double 
 consonants are called ^T^ryCj double letters. 
 
 The following are a few of the principal double letters: 
 
 k-ka 
 
 ?T g-na 
 
 ^jf ch-ma 
 
 oq n-na 
 
 k-ta 
 
 % g-ra 
 
 ^?5 ch-chhra 
 
 oq n-ma 
 
 k-tva 
 
 i-3i g-r-ya 
 
 s^f j-ja 
 
 "7 r-n-ya 
 
 k-na 
 
 3?y g-la 
 
 ^PT j-ra 
 
 ^T t-ta 
 
 k-ma 
 
 vi gh-ya 
 
 *T j-va 
 
 ?T t-ya 
 
 k-ra 
 
 R gh-ra 
 
 g- t-ta 
 
 7f t-ra 
 
 k-ya 
 
 *3 gh-va 
 
 W t-ya 
 
 ell t-p ra 
 
 k-la 
 
 5T gh-na 
 
 th-ra 
 
 ^ t-sa 
 
 k-va 
 
 |- n-ka 
 
 ??! th-ya 
 
 >q t-r-ya 
 
 k-sha 
 
 ^ n-k-ta 
 
 ^ d -ga 
 
 t^f t-s-ya 
 
 k-shya 
 
 ^T ch-ya 
 
 gj^ d-ya 
 
 ?q t-tha 
 
 k-shva 
 
 Sjf ch-cha 
 
 f d-va 
 
 ?^ t-s-na 
 
 kh-ya 
 
 ^ ch-chha 
 
 v?lT d-ma 
 
 ?=? t t-ra 
 
 g-dha 
 
 xS ch-chhva 
 
 Q 
 
 ST dh-ya 
 
 41 th-ya
 
 ( 7 ) 
 
 jr 
 
 d-ga 
 
 tff p-sa 
 
 57 1-ya 
 
 H sh-tha 
 
 s 
 
 d-va 
 
 R p-na 
 
 57 1-pa 
 
 ff^j sh-th-ya 
 
 *T 
 
 d-ya 
 
 ^ pya 
 
 (5IT 1-ma 
 
 "57 sh-pa 
 
 c 
 
 d-da 
 
 tjf p. ma 
 
 9 1-la 
 
 ^l sh-na 
 
 H 
 
 d-r-ya 
 
 3 p-la 
 
 zq v-ya 
 
 ^1 sh-ya 
 
 
 
 d-ba 
 
 3T p-ra 
 
 5r v-ra 
 
 ^5fT s-ka 
 
 1 
 
 d-b-ra 
 
 q b-dha 
 
 *T s'-ra 
 
 133 s-kha 
 
 53 
 
 d-v-ya 
 
 1 b-ra 
 
 ^ s'-na 
 
 5ErT s-ta 
 
 5 
 
 d-ra 
 
 127 bh-ya 
 
 ^1 s'-ya 
 
 ^f s-ra 
 
 5 
 
 d-ma 
 
 HI bh-ra 
 
 tf s'-la 
 
 ^TT s-pha 
 
 y 
 
 d-bha 
 
 J&T bh-na 
 
 M" s'-va 
 
 ^T s-ya 
 
 f 
 
 dh-dha 
 
 H bh-va 
 
 ^ s'-cha 
 
 of n-ha 
 
 VT 
 
 dh-na 
 
 ^ bh-na 
 
 "^T sh-ka 
 
 51 h-ma 
 
 VT 
 
 dh-ra 
 
 ^ m-ra 
 
 "SF sh k-ra 
 
 e? n-ha 
 
 WT 
 
 dh-ya 
 
 ? m-va 
 
 E sh-ta 
 
 ^ h-ya 
 
 e 
 
 r-dh-va 
 
 *jj m-ma 
 
 ^ sh t-ra 
 
 =f h-ra 
 
 5T 
 
 n-na 
 
 z? y-va 
 
 q sh-t-va 
 
 sf h-va 
 
 R 
 
 p-ta 
 
 ^*T\ l^ivcl 
 
 g^j sh-t-ya 
 
 ^ h-la 
 
 16. The mark, called virdma, pause, which denotes the absence 
 of a vowel, is plaeed at the foot of a consonant, as 3T^?TRf akasmdt. 
 
 Note. In Marathi the final consonant of a word has no 3? inherent in it, e. g. t 
 rrrT though the virdma is not subscribed, and hence f ffi is a monosyllable. 
 
 II. Sandhi, or Rules for the Union of Letters in 
 Sanskrit Words. 
 
 17. The rules of Sandhi are applicable chiefly to the combina- 
 tion of letters in Sanskrit words, and may be thus briefly stated : 
 
 18. I. The combination of vowels is called sr^rfa (4cA Sandhi). 
 (1) Two similar vowels, short or long, coalesce into their 
 
 corresponding long 1 vowel: ^^T+ 3}?r=?W5r food and 
 clothes ; 
 
 (2) If 3? or H be followed by a dissimilar vowel, the two
 
 ( 8 ) 
 
 vowels coalesce into their corresponding improper diph- 
 thong- : ^^ + f -^^ = tjTif^T the Supreme Lord. 
 
 (3) If ^T or 3ff be followed by a diphthong, either proper or 
 improper, the vowels coalesce into their corresponding 
 proper diphthongs : ^ -f ajpj = ^r*T flow of blood. 
 
 (4) If a simple vowel (i.e. not diphthongal), with the excep- 
 tion of 3? or 3fl, be followed by a dissimilar vowel, whe- 
 ther simple or diphthongal, the former is changed to its 
 coresponding semivowel : Sfffrf + STT^nT = STRiraK* the 
 support of caste. 
 
 (5) If the improper diphthongs IT and *i[ are followed by any 
 vowel, simple or diphthongal (except sj), they are 
 changed into *TT and BJ? respectively (combined with the 
 other vowel) : ^ -f- an = ^R selection JJ? + & = JT% 
 lord of kine (Krishna), &c. Exc. jfr+ 3?y = iT^r^, a 
 window (literally a bull's eye). 
 
 (6) If the proper diphthongs <f and tfr be followed by any 
 vowel, simple or diphthongal, ^FT and ^^ are respectively 
 substituted (combined with the other vowels): 
 
 a chief ; %+ f ^ = =n^RT naval. 
 
 19. II. The combination of consonants is called 
 
 (1) For the purpose of combination, the letters of the alpha- 
 bet are divided into two great classes, viz. Swds (hard) 
 and Sonants (soft) : thus 
 
 Surds. Sonants. 
 
 The Visarga.
 
 ( 9 ) 
 
 20. When two consonants combine, they undergo either a change 
 of quality, or a change of quality, and place. 
 
 When a surd is changed to a sonant, or a sonant to a surd, the 
 consonant is said to undergo a change of quality ; ^17^+ f5r=vsf jj?- 
 -f j^ vyfirgflTCT lord of the world. 
 
 When a consonant of one organ or place is substituted by a con- 
 sonant of another organ, it is said to undergo a change of place : ^^+ 
 5Tr^T=*p? f?irc*r=*:r^TR5r the true scripture. 
 
 21. The following two rules relate to consonantal changes of 
 quality: 
 
 1. The first consonant of two uniting consonants, if a surd, 
 is changed to its corresponding sonant, when the second 
 is a sonant: qr+ pn = qf?7. 
 
 V *v /V-S/ 
 
 2. The first consonant of two uniting consonants, if a so- 
 nant, is changed to a surd, if the second is a surd: spj 
 + frTrar=^T+ft ( TraT or yf?7TraT hunger and thirst. 
 
 Note. It is the second letter that has the assimilating power. 
 Note. The nasals do not undergo a change in qualify. 
 
 Note. When the first consonant undergoes a change, it, though an aspirate, is 
 changed only to its corresponding unaspirate; PJ 4- pfTnjr = <tFT~l~ ftTTOL not 
 
 sp-i + fqqiw. 
 
 ^ - 
 
 22. The consonants that undergo a change of place are chiefly 
 the dentals, the nasals, and the sibilants. 
 
 The dentals, Ff, **j, 3, q, become palatals before the palatals, ^, ??, 
 \sf, T, 3T, 5T, and cerebrals, before the cerebrals, r, 3", ^, ?, <T (not sr): 
 
 as r 3f =T = 3T r 1R = 
 
 The dentals before & are changed to 
 [Z a large forehead. 
 
 The dentals, as well as all other consonants, are changed to their 
 corresponding nasals, before the nasals; 5fJ];T-l- ^RJ ^l^+^rf^ or 
 2 ma
 
 f ^ = STT^n^ lord of the world ; fr^i 1- ^FTI F'T^RT a world 
 elephant. 
 
 The visarga before a sibilant may or may not be changed into 
 the sibilant that is before it; <f:+ ! 3IHR__3;: ; 5rr*R or $3lRFf. 
 
 The visarga before a sonant is generally changed to *T; 3rfa: + 313= 
 3fftT*f this poet. 
 
 The dental ^ before ^ and 15 requires the intervention of 5T ; be- 
 fore 3 and %7 the intervention of *T ; and before z and 5 the interven- 
 tion of <T; g+rT^=<TcFH-^T^=^^ a falling tree. 
 
 ^ before sT, 3, ^, and 5T is changed to ^T; rTR^ pTfrf = ^F^^nr, he 
 
 x X N 
 
 conquers them; before z, 5, vj, ^, q, to ^; and before 5J to 
 = H?r5T>T large gain. 
 
 :, q, is changed into ny ; ^[^ t- ^H 
 
 III. Vowel Changes in Mar at hi Words. 
 
 23. Vowels undergo a change in Marathi, either when words are 
 inflected, or when two or more words are combined to form one word. 
 
 24. 1. Vowel changes required by Inflection. 
 
 (1) When two vowels unite, the latter is substituted for the 
 former. Thus, 
 
 jjj 1- 5 ay = Vjzfaj, a Brahman woman. | Gender termina- 
 
 | (l T = ?'5r'Tf^" (i r. J 
 
 n 
 
 . , Case terminations. 
 
 in a house ) 
 
 3T^, having done. > 
 
 -v , , , , D > Vowel terminations. 
 = ^Tf, should do, &c. > 
 
 If the word which is inflected be a monosyllable, like ^ 
 carry, *j take, ql" drink, &c., both the uniting vowels 
 retain a place in the word. Thus.
 
 ( 11 ) 
 
 f 5T=T = ^f "JT^T having taken. 
 I- gr = qfg: to drink. 
 f 3fl4 = c^rrf may drink. 
 
 = vsTr^fr or 5TRF may he go, &c. 
 
 When a word ending in a short f; or ^ is inflected 
 the final | or ^ is lengthened. Thus, 
 
 ==iRfaT to reason. 
 
 = JTFT'T by the sun, &c. 
 
 e^ 
 
 (4) Wlien a word is inflected, the penultimate, or the vowel 
 preceding the final vowel, is shortened. This is the 
 case when the penultimate is 3; or 3T. Thus, 
 
 :f ( 73T5S' to flour. 
 
 f qf = srs^ff I arise. 
 
 c c 
 
 f 371? =^rp[^fn"C thinness. 
 
 Note. Sometimes, the penultimate is changed to 3f or its corresponding semi- 
 
 vowel ?T or ^. Thus, 
 
 f ^T = 3f^ or -^n^ to a rat. 
 '! ?T = ^TFC or -^1"r to a female singer. 
 'f ^ = T3" or -^rfl^ to an inkstand. 
 
 Note. The penultimate of Sanskrit and other foreign words may or may not be 
 shortened ; thus ^TpT, ^fTrft^f r ^Trft"^f by morality. 
 
 25. II. Vowel Changes required by Composition : 
 
 (I) When two vowels unite in composition, if the first be any 
 other vowel than 3j> it generally displaces the second 
 vowel. Thus, 
 
 from a window. 
 he is doing.
 
 ( 12 ) 
 
 (2) But when the first vowel is &(, and the second is some other 
 vowel, the first is displaced, but then the displacing vowel 
 drops its own consonant, and assumes that of the other vowel. 
 Thus, 
 
 castor oil. 
 T sour smell. 
 
 Note. These vowel changes chiefly take place in the Ohscure Compound* (Sec, 
 152). 
 
 NOTE. Rules for Spelling. 
 
 The Anusvara is never replaced by another letter before T, ^ 5T, 
 *T> tf> f > IT 5 as JET^T. and never *fa^$R, protection. 
 
 The Anusvara may or may not be put in Marathi words on long 
 vowels followed by the letters q, ^ f & t 3, ^r, ^ ^ f , -& as jfr^ 5 ! or 
 *^r^T^"f to pierce ; ^f^TC or m^^, a calf. 
 
 The Anusvara is always used in the following words : 
 
 Upon the last letter of every neuter noun, whether singular or plural ; 
 as jft^ff a pearl, jft^f pearls. 
 
 Upon the penultimate of a plural noun when it is inflected ; 
 WWr^TT of a man, JTFrat^f of men. 
 
 Upon the third case-endings and the seventh case-endings ; as ? 
 by, 'f in, &c. 
 
 Upon the sixth case-endings when governed by a neuter noun; as 
 his house. 
 
 Upon the final letters of numerals above one hundred, denoting 
 hundreds, thousands, &c., as ^TRT3T seven hundred, f^RT thousands. 
 
 Upon the second personal pronoun rf, and its instrumental singular 
 and plural forms ; ?ff by thee. 
 
 Upon the instrumental forms of the first personal pronoun ; as *}f 
 or wrf by me.
 
 ( 13 ) 
 
 Upon all neuter pronouns ; as ^ it. 
 
 Upon the final letter of the gerund and the infinitive ; as 3^0? do- 
 ing, g^ to do. 
 
 Upon the final letter of the verb agreeing with the first personal 
 pronoun, and a neuter word ; as jjt ^EffF^tf I loose, ^ 13Z& It has got 
 loose. 
 
 Upon the last letter of a verb agreeing with a second personal 
 pronoun in the plural number ; 3*lT W3\ you go. 
 
 Upon the present participles in cff, rff-Tr. 
 
 When the vowels 3f and sff, 3?r and m, f and zrr, <r and ?T, and 3tf, 
 are interchangeable, 
 
 (a) Initially sj is preferable to 3ff; 5*R little, to c^rfR or ^rf^. 
 
 (b) aqr is preferable to ^f ; afrf'T to ?r?^ to pull ; ^T3T to 
 
 c* 
 
 (c) f; is finally preferable to qT ; ^rc to qnft a lady. 
 
 ^ 
 
 All monosyllables containing f or 3T should be written with long 
 vowels; cfte flour, jfts" salt, 3T3T arise, ^ a louse. 
 
 But if the 5 or 3T has an Anusvara over it, it should be shortened ; 
 as f^^ tamarind, gz a camel. The imitative particles are written with 
 the short f or 3" ; as .^^ fF^RiT. 
 
 The initial f or 3: of any other word than a monosyllable should 
 be short ; as f^RT'T to learn, IT^^i 1 chaff, JT\3"?Tr a knee. 
 
 The final =[ and g; are always long ; JIT!" a fortress, ^"3 a cake. 
 
 A word ending in a dento-palatal 3f does not take q when inflected 
 under the sixth declension ; as ^FSff a king, ^nsflW and not ^r^f^r. 
 
 ^, 5T, ?T> are pronounced as full palatals in combination with f . ^T 
 is often pronounced and written as ^J; as r*iraf or c^T^ff. 
 
 The dento-palatals ^, f, ?r, &c. are written with a dot (.) before the 
 transverse line at their head; rTSTTj ra&za, a king.
 
 ( 14 ) 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLASSIFICATION 
 AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. 
 
 26. Etymology treats of the Classification (3TrFrT> ^r)> Inflection, 
 ^PT, and Derivation oJjrTRT of Words. 
 
 27. Words are divided into Eight Classes, according to their 
 signification or uses: viz. Substantive (^Fi?), Adjective (falflw), 
 Pronoun (^TH?), Verb (nFTRS',), Adverb (fapnfn&TT), Preposition 
 or Postposition (^TWlt" ^T 3 ^), Conjunction (ViT^TT^lT 3 T^*PT), and 
 Interjection 
 
 28. Of these words the first four are inflected, i. e., they are 
 modified to indicate their relation to other words in the sentence, 
 while the last four are generally uninflected. The inflected words 
 are called (tffaJTftF^R') Declinable, and the uninflected are called (^sipT 
 or 3?fWfar3r Particles. 
 
 29. The inflection of a word according to its grammatical Cases 
 is called Declension (frJTfrfT^inT), and the inflection of a word accord- 
 ing to its Tenses, Moods, &,c. is called Conjugation, 55:7 or ^f ^T?5T"[. 
 Only Verbs are conjugated. 
 
 30. The inflections of words indicating their Number and Gender 
 are included both in Declension and Conjugation. 
 
 31. Number (^^) is the distinction of objects, as one, or more 
 than one, expressed by a difference in the form of a word. 
 
 In Marathl there are two Numbers, the Singular number (q^^) 
 and the Plural number (^H^^). The Singular number denotes only 
 one object, and the Plural number denotes more than one. 
 
 Note. In some languages, such as the Sanskrit, Greek, &c. there are three num- 
 bers. The third one is the Dual number fg^^'f, denoting two objects.
 
 ( 15 ) 
 
 32. Gender is a difference in words or their inflections to express 
 distinction of ^ear- 
 
 There are three Genders (f^if) : viz. the Masculine gender, the 
 Feminine gender, and the Neuter gender. 
 
 When a word has a form, or is construed as a word, expressive of, 
 a male being, it is said to be in the Masculine gender ( qf^Jr). 
 
 When a word has a form, or is construed like a word, denoting a 
 female being, it is said to be in the Feminine gender (^flf^T). 
 
 When a word has a form, or is construed like a word, expressing 
 neither a male nor a female, it is said to be in the Neuter gender 
 
 Note. In some languages, such as the Hindi, there are only two genders, all 
 words being considered as pertaining to a male or female. 
 
 Note. Since only living beings are either male or female, the names or words 
 pertaining to these ought alone to be either masculine or feminine; such is the 
 case in English. It classes all other names or words, denoting objects destitute of 
 life, under the neuter gender; in this respect it differs from Marathi. Sanskrit and 
 its dialects, Latin, Greek, &c., which assign the masculine and feminine gender 
 even to names of things. 
 
 CHAPTER IV- 
 SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 33. A word used as the designation or appellation of a being or 
 thing, existing in fact or thought, is a Noun, or a Noun Substantive; as 
 *K a house, 'STtrT'T ! wisdom. 
 
 34. Nouns are Proper ( fatl'? ), Common (^WT^P ) and Abstract 
 
 The name of a particular person or thing is a Proper Noun ; the 
 name pertaining to any one of a class of objects, as well as to the 
 whole class, is a Common Noun ; the name of an attribute of an object, 
 viewed as a distinct entity, is an Abstract Noun. A Concrete Noun 
 (jT a rfar5T?) is the name which stands for an object together with its 
 attributes.
 
 ( 16 ) 
 I. Cases of Substantives. 
 
 35. Case (frJTiw) i 3 the form of a Substantive by which its rela- 
 tion to the other words in the sentence is indicated. 
 
 36. There are seven principal relations indicated by Marathi 
 nouns, by a change of form, and hence there are seven Cases in 
 Marathi. 
 
 Note. We have, below, recognized Eight Cases, dividing the first Case into the 
 Nominative case and Accusative case. 
 
 Note. The Sanskrit grammarians mention Eight cases, but the Sanskrit Dcitiya, 
 (Accusative) has not a form in Marathi, distinct either from the Prathamd 
 (Nominative) or the Chaturthi (Dative). In Prakrit,' which is the immediate source 
 of Maratlu, there is, however, a distinct form for the Accusative. 
 
 37. The seven Cases are thus designated by the Marathi (Sans- 
 krit) grammarians : TTsjiff (or "the first" case), FT^r (the 3rd), 
 (the 4th), q^jfl- (the 5th), q$ (the 6th), jjpj)- (the 7th), and 
 (the Vocative V 
 
 38. The Prathamd is the unaltered form of the noun, and ex- 
 presses both the subject and the object of the verb. 
 
 When the Prathamd expresses the subject ( ^T^T ) of the verb, it 
 is called, in this book, the Nominative Case ; as <TrTT5fr fer^rf^t The 
 master teaches. When it expresses the object ( 3TJT ) of the verb, it 
 is called the Accusative Case ; as JTrnrf ^TfaT ?3T^t The boy eats a 
 mango. 
 
 39. The Tritiyd usually expresses the instrument (^T) of an 
 action ; as qr f RT^ *3\3f He eats with the hand. This is called the 
 Instrumental Case. 
 
 It expresses also agency ; as ?TR 3\TJ? ^ He did the work. 
 
 40. The Chaturthi expresses principally the indirect object ( ?j- 
 TT-JR ) of the verb, and answers to the question " Unto whom 1 " or 
 " to or for what ?" 3Tr<TTt7[ JTR 5" Give a cow to the Brahman, qf 
 5TT3^f 1TRIW ?C3% She cries to go ( or for going ) to school. This is 
 called the Dative Case.
 
 It expresses, also, the direct object 
 beat Rama. 
 
 He 
 
 41. The Panchami expresses the source ( sTTf^R ) whence any 
 thing proceeds ; iff ^I^T sfl^f I came from the house. This is called 
 the Ablative Case. 
 
 It expresses, also, the relation of locality; Jiff 5"^T Tfff^ I saw from 
 afar : also, of Comparison, ^<qr&fl^ jff^T aflf She is bigger than he. 
 
 42. The Shashthi expresses the relation (^TTO) of origin, or pos- 
 session between two nouns ; as ^O" 1 ?!^ T^^ Rama's book. This is 
 called the Genitive Case. 
 
 43. The Saptami indicates the relation of locality or position 
 (aifVr^T !) ; as ?qTW ^Nfff inTI? ^f^f He had not a turban on his head. 
 This is called the Locative Case. 
 
 44. The Samlodhana is used in addressing an object; 
 
 ^Jr^ f^T i^T^rr U^rr ?rr^r Friends, our playmate Krishna 
 has become the king of Mathura. This is called the Vocative Case. 
 
 45. The inflections which are affixed to the substantives to form- 
 the several cases are the following : 
 
 Cases. Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nominative and Ac-) XT TVT 
 
 V Name. Name. 
 
 cusative. ) 
 
 Instrumental. if, ^T, 5ff- ?> ^> ^' ^> 
 
 Dative. WT, ^T. TT* T, 'ET- 
 
 Ablative. 3:^, W^. ^^ Iff. 
 
 *v* 
 
 Genitive. ^F tw. ^t/. ^ . ^ m. ^ f. ^ n. 
 
 Locative. ^t, f ?f, I 
 
 Vocative. The crude form. ^t 
 
 46. The following prepositions are employed by some gram- 
 marians in the place of the above case-endings : 
 
 3 ma
 
 ( 18 ) 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 3T=T 3T^ TlR, TOf, 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 3K T, *TTF, TF> %, *Tfa Mas. Sing. 
 
 , JT> ^"TI Fern. Sing. 
 
 . The Particles of the Vocative case are placed before the noun ; as 3R 
 king. 
 
 Note. Some of the postpositions^ preferred by natives to the true case-ending. 
 is usually employed to express the locative relation, and, indeed, some words 
 
 do not take the true case-endings to express that relation. Hence we have occa- 
 sionally used 3}fa in to make up the Locative case. 
 
 Note. Sometimes, a noun takes both its case-ending and a postposition to ex- 
 press a case-relation, as, ^ftiN^r^T B ? means of a weapon, 31^" + ^T^'T or 3T- 
 vFT, denoting simple instrumentality. The case-ending is usually used in this 
 way. 
 
 Note. Sometimes, it takes two case-endings at the same time ; STr^R ^F^f** 
 JfTfT He could not speak = f7F^T+ ^> denoting agency. 
 
 Note. In poetry, chiefly, the nonn, without either its case-endings or postposi- 
 tions, is used to indicate a case-relation. The word, then, assumes what is called the 
 or crude form, as 
 
 It is therefore that I worship ( remember ) at your feet ; tfl^f = TRB'tWT To 
 feet. So also in the proverb sfn? 553\F 5H^T ^T-T \ The mother-in-law punishes a 
 daughter-in-law by scolding her own daughter. 
 
 Note. The case-endings and the postpositions, sometimes, alter their forms in 
 poetry. Thus, 
 
 T^r^TF 5f5FF 133% f^RT- Woman.
 
 . ( 19 ) 
 
 II. Numbers of Substantives. 
 
 47. The Marathi substantives take a plural form either to denote 
 the idea of plurality, or of civility; thus ^r, the plural of flTSJF, 
 which is a surname, may denote either that there are many persons 
 who have the surname of Sathe, or that only one man is spoken of 
 with respect. 
 
 48. The names of materials are generally used in the singular; 
 water, Jfi wheat, &c. 
 
 49. Some nouns have not a distinct form for the plural ; mi a 
 father, or fathers. 
 
 (1) All masculine substantives, with the exception of those ending 
 in aft, are of this class ; as fRT a hand, or hands. 
 
 (2) Feminine nouns ending in 3ff, ?, s ; as m^\ a mother, or 
 mothers. 
 
 50. Some nouns have only a plural form ; as >R<tm the arms 
 as tied behind the back. 
 
 51. Some nouns have both a plural and a collective form ; as <rgr> 
 money, is singular in form, but denote one or many ; *q% is the 
 plural form. 
 
 52. Some nouns have two singular forms, but one plural form ; 
 as J&55 or 3^5 a plantain, ^^f plantains; HK55 or ^K'ssl" a cocoanut 
 tree, JTRT^t cocoanut trees, &c. 
 
 53. Some nouns change their forms in the plural. 
 
 (1) Masculine nouns ending in a?T change their final vowel to ^ ; 
 thus, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 ajfaf A mango. 3?R Mangoes. 
 
 JTT5JT A Bhatya. JTfsf Bhatyas. 
 
 Note. Proper nouns do not take a plural form; as UTf, Rama, singular & plural.
 
 ( -20 
 
 (2) Feminine nouns in 3? change the a? either to ^f or f, and 
 sometimes to both ; thus, 
 
 *|<J[ A sign. JITr Signs. 
 
 f^T A wall. fW Walls. 
 
 rf<^rc A sword. WT^TU or -^^ Swords. 
 
 jNote. Nouns of the Third Declension change tha *T to ^\, and those of the Fourth 
 Declension to f , and rarely to 3fl. 
 
 (3) Feminine nouns in f change the f to ^ ; as 3TT3t a stick, 
 
 srrsir sticks. 
 
 c s 
 
 Note. Words ending in a simple^ form their plural in two ways; ^T^ a 
 
 mother, 3JHT or ajptf p i ur al. 
 Note. Words of Sanskrit and other foreign origin are exceptions ; as STtfT 
 
 (S.) a handmaiden, or handmaidens; Jft^XT (H.) a jest, or jests. 
 
 c c 
 
 Note. If words ending in If drop the f, their plui'al retains its first form ; as 
 
 *? (*JC) a needle, W(\ needles. 
 
 (4) Feminine nouns in 3; change the ^ to ?f or 3T^r; ^TT^ a 
 mother-in-law, ^rer^r or ^RTT mothsrs-in-law. 
 
 Note. Sanskrit and other foreign words do not follow this rule; as ^sT (H.) 
 a side, sing, and plur. 
 
 (5) Feminine nouns in aft change the final vowel to *\\ ; as 
 
 % and ^ assume the final ^: 
 Plural. 
 
 a woman, ^1*T3RT women. 
 (6) Neuter nouns in 
 Singular. 
 
 tpC A house. 
 A pearl. 
 
 : A calf. 
 
 Houses. 
 Pearls. 
 Calves. 
 
 Note. Neuter nouns ending in < of the Fifth Declension, only, change the 
 to f, but the nouns in 3T that fall under the Sixth Declension, change it to 3 or a 
 as ^ a shi P> ?fT^ or <TPT ships. 
 
 (7). Neuter nouns ending in ^ take the final f; as ?f^ a tank, 
 tanks.
 
 54. The following table will show at one glance which nouns 
 are inflected, and which not, in the plural : 
 
 Singular Terminations. 
 
 Plural. Terminations. 
 
 M. F. N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 2V. 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 r 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 sr 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 
 . -v 
 
 sr 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^rr or *?3T 
 
 rr, ^ or &m 
 
 ^ 
 
 rr 
 
 J 
 
 ; 
 
 f 
 
 III. The Genders of Substantives. 
 
 55. The genders of Marathi nouns, like those of the Sanskrit, 
 Latin, &c., cannot be always ascertained, either by their form, or their 
 signification. 
 
 The student must acquire a knowledge of them by the help of a 
 dictionary, or intercourse with natives. 
 
 Marathi grammarians have, however, attempted to lay down rules to 
 determine the genders, and obtained considerable success. The rules 
 are based on (1) the form of words, and (2) their signification. 
 
 I. Rules for Determining- the Gender of Nouns by their Forms. 
 
 56. (I). Pure Marathf and Hindusthani words in 3JF are generally 
 masculine ; as 'for money, sfiraT a thumb.
 
 ( 22 ) 
 
 . (2) Sanskrit nouns ending in <m are feminine ; as 3T<jr a tale. 
 
 (3) Nouns in f are generally feminine. 
 
 Note. Sanskrit words are exceptions; as ?}fqr an opportunity, m. f.; 
 voice, m. f.; 3jf?T ^ fe > m -> T^ft a bird, m. ; JjrF T3i' a jewel, m. 
 
 (4) Nouns ending in f, g;. and i>f are neuter; exc. Jjf wheat, m. 
 
 (5) Nouns in <? and ^ are feminine ; as ^ a habit, g" a signa- 
 ture. 
 
 (6) Nouns in 3TT are usually feminine ; as ^R3Jt a woman. 
 
 Exc. The following nouns, besides appellations of males, are msculine; 
 
 ^*^ *^ *^ 
 
 sensation of burning ; Jfl"f f a bee's nest, m. n.; Tff a moaning ?5Tf F 
 
 covetousness. 
 
 (7) Compound nouns have generally the same gender as the 
 last member of the compound ; as a^T^?5T a garment, n., because ^^ 
 is neuter; g^TrFT = ^TT^ f m"T, smell of singed food, f., qpn; being 
 feminine. 
 
 (8) Abstract nouns (excepting those ending in ^r, f., and qorr, 
 
 s^ ^ 
 m.) are all neuter; as ^TTiT beauty, ^fT^qfq" goodness. 
 
 II. Rules for Determining- the Genders of Nouns by Signification. 
 
 57. (1) Names of living beings are, according to the sex, either 
 fmasculine or feminine ; ^JTT a boy, m. ; JTcJiff a girl, f. 
 Note. Some nouns are used in more than one gender; as J^FT^T a person, m.n. 
 
 e* 
 <Tfr, ?T55 a child, m. f. n. 
 
 t>x 
 
 Note. Diminutives ending in a neuter termination are of the neuter gender ; 
 a small cow. 
 
 Note. Many names of animals have a standing form common to animals 
 of both sexes; 3TF>ff i s a nia ' e jackal ; or a jackal generally, either male or female. 
 
 (2) Names of mountains, seas, winds, rain, clouds, are masculine; 
 a sea, ^TJTC a mountain, TTSTg 1 rain, &c. 
 
 A 
 
 Note. fTT air, f.; ^7flT?T rain, f. ; TJf a cloud, m.; n. 5 3JHfa cloud, n.; 
 the sky, n., &c.
 
 ( 23 ) 
 
 (3) Names of time and its divisions, as days, months, years, 
 &c., and the names of the planets, are masculine. 
 
 Note. Exc. When ^S time denotes a particular time, it is feminine; as 
 T^Tr^T 33 3fl&\ His time of death has arrived : but otherwise, it is masculine; 
 as f^tff 3o5 UTrJr what time is it ? qi^f the earth, and lunar days or frf^T, sucn as 
 TrfrfTTT the first lunar day, &c., are feminine. rfRT a star, is both masculine and 
 feminine. 
 
 (4) Names of rivers are feminine ; jfr^NTt the Godavari. 
 
 Note. Exc. Those called Nadas and Upanadas, such asfJEHT the Indus, &c., ara 
 masculine. 
 
 M 
 
 (5) Names of the points of the compass, as 33 the east, ^jq^T the 
 north-west, &c., are feminine. 
 
 (6) Names of metals are neuter ; ^R gold, 3RrT zinc. 
 Note. Exc. pTrT55 brass, f. n. 
 
 (7) Names of water and its formations are neuter ; as y\*\\ water, 
 ^Mf oil and water; so also the names of oil, and of milk and its 
 products (excepting nouns in *$, which are masculine, and tffr or 
 cream, which is feminine) ; as t^r^ castor oil, ^[T butter, &c. 
 
 Note. Imperfect as these rules are, they will be found very useful by the 
 student of Marathi. Very simple but most practical rules on the determination of 
 the gender of a noun occurring in a reading lesson are the following : 
 
 (o) Find out the verb which agrees with the noun, and the personal endings of 
 the verb would denote the gender, as <J*{[ FTTftrfT Rama writes. 
 
 O * 
 
 (b) An adjective or an adverb ending in &ft, <, or l^, and referring to the noun, 
 
 would indicate its gender ; ifSTT Tfa A white tootn > 1&3 ^Nl^t TT^ Sakhu 
 will dance well. 
 
 (c) A pronoun pertaining to the noun would indicate its gender by its form ; 
 as *K 5f The house which. 
 
 58. Some substantives receive different terminations according as 
 they designate male or female beings.
 
 ( 24 ) 
 
 59. (1) Masculine nouns ending in afl have a feminine termination in 
 f , and a neuter termination in r> ; as ^Jjr a boy, Tf&ift a girl, J^jf 
 a child. 
 
 ggr Note. These terminations, viz. 3ff m., f f., and (r n., together with their 
 
 c 
 plurals, ^ m., 3JT f-, and f n -> are tne prlncqwl gender terminations in Marathi ; and 
 
 the only gender termination^ which adjectives, adverbs, most verbal form*, and 
 most pronouns assume. 
 
 (2) Masculine nouns ending in sj assume the feminine termina- 
 ton f or ?q ; as f^q a deer, f ^ff f.; 3F*T a tiger, ^[qtq a tigress. 
 
 Note. The masculine form, sometimes, serves for the neuter; asf^oj m. n. Pure 
 Sanskrit words take f in the feminine; as 3T?T a servant, 5T^fl" f . ; Jfl^l A 
 Brahman, WffT"/)" f. 
 
 (3) Masculine nouns ending in f and 3T have a feminine form in 
 5 as f^rT an elephant, f ^fTT f- ; T^ A Parbhii, 
 
 60. Some nouns have more than one neuter termination ; as, 
 a goat, ^TT f., ^R: or ^^^r n. Sometimes they have a distinct neuter 
 word, besides that derived from the root; as qr^T a horse, ^r^l" f-> *frif 
 or r^fir% n. ; ^TF a goat, ^f^T f., ^T or g^f n. 
 
 Note. Of these forms, those in rV denote the species generally, without refeience 
 to its sex, or an individual in contempt; as ^3RT -A- goat, spoken revilingly, or 
 without any reference to its sex; ^3T^ or efi^ a young goat only. 
 
 61. Some substantives, denoting inanimate objects, assume gen- 
 der terminations ; J]T3T a cart, m., Jir^l" f., 
 
 Note. When a feminine noun ending in f takes the masculine termination 3Jf, 
 it signifies a large, clumsy object, and its neuter form in IT denotes that the ob- 
 ject is spoken revilingly; thus J]T\jr a cart, Jjngt a carriage; JJHJ a carter car- 
 riage, spoken revilingly; JTT^t a cake of bread, JTf^r a huge cake of bread. 
 
 Note. Another peculiarity of the Marathi language is noticed in $T^f m. a thread, 
 a rope, lT a cable.
 
 62. The following masculine words have corresponding distinct 
 feminine words : 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 A camel. 
 A deer. 
 A milkman. 
 A brother-in-law. 
 A man. 
 A husband. 
 A father. 
 An ox. 
 A he -go at. 
 A he- cat. 
 JTF3; A brotlier. 
 
 A peacock. 
 A he -buffalo. 
 A king. 
 A father-in-law. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 A she-camel. 
 
 A hind. 
 
 Amilkwoman, 
 A sister-in-law. 
 
 A woman. 
 
 A wife. 
 A mother. 
 A cow. 
 
 A she-goat, 
 
 A she-cat, 
 
 A sister. 
 An aunt. 
 A peahen. 
 
 A she-buffalo. 
 
 A queen. 
 
 A mother-in-law. 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 G3. Declension is a change of termination in substantives, to ex- 
 press the different relations in which they stand to other words in the 
 same sentence ; as ^[7 a father, ^fqr^f *H7> a father's house. 
 
 61. Before the terminations, which indicate the various relations, 
 are affixed to the substantive, it undergoes a change of form. The 
 form which it thus assumes is called the ^riTr^I^T or crude form. 
 Thus, m: a house becomes ^r before the genitive termination ^r is 
 joined to it TO^F of a hoiw. 
 4 ma
 
 G5. Marathi substantives assume, in all, six different forms before 
 the case terminations, or, in other words, have six different crude forms, 
 and hence there are Six DECLENSIONS fwfrfnr^rnc. Each of these 
 declensions has a peculiar termination in the dative singular; thus, 
 
 Declensions." 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Terminations of the 
 
 The same 
 
 Long 
 
 <r 
 
 
 
 3?? 
 
 *JT or 3T 
 
 Dative Singular. 
 
 as the No- 
 
 vowel. 
 
 
 
 
 3 orl 
 
 
 minative 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Case. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nomina- 
 tive Ter- 
 minations. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 f (1) All masculine and neuter nouns in 3? are of the 2nd 
 ! declension. 
 
 j (2) All feminines in 3T are either of the 3rd or of the 
 I 4th declension. 
 
 I (3) All masculine nouns ( excepting proper nouns and 
 I names of respect) ending in 3TF are of the 6th declension. 
 
 (4) All feminine nouns terminating in 3ff (excepting names 
 ^ of respect, and proper names) are of the 3rd declension. 
 
 I (5) All masculine nouns in f (excepting proper names, 
 names of respect, and a few such words as f rfT, &c.) arc 
 of the 6th declension. 
 
 (6) All feminine nouns in f (excepting ^jt a woman, 
 and one or two more words) are of the 1st declension. 
 
 (7) Masculine nouns in gr chiefly belong to the 6th 
 declension. A few may belong to the 1st and 5th. 
 
 (8) All feminine nouns in 3; belong to the 1st declen- 
 sion. A few of them may, also, belong to the 6th. 
 
 (9) Neuter nouns in 3; may belong either to the 5th or 
 the 6th declensio/i.
 
 ( 27 ) 
 
 ? and C (10) All nouns ending in short f and S are of the 2nd 
 U ^ declension. 
 
 IT (11) Neuter nouns ending in q" are of the Gth declension. 
 
 Miscel- C (12) Masculine and feminine nouns terminating in cj", % 
 laneous. ^ ^ an( i 3 ^ r are o f the 1st declension. 
 
 G6. The following is an example of a substantive declined with 
 all the case-endings, specified in the 45th section : 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. *K A house. 
 
 Ace. qr A house. 
 
 Inst. qTR, *K, *TCf5TT> or gf By a house. 
 
 Dat. 313, qTFF> 9T1W To a house. 
 
 Abl. 3U? -T* ^T^^T From a house. 
 Gen. 
 
 n. 1 
 > 
 . n. J 
 
 Of a house. 
 
 Loc. *Kf> qrf In or at a house. 
 
 Voc. TO" O house. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. *K Houses. 
 
 Ace. qr Houses. 
 
 Inst. OTt^OS qrftf> 3TfanT> or-gf By or with houses. 
 
 Dat. q ; Tto> *KlW> mrfar To houses. 
 
 Abl. SKf?^ From houses. 
 
 Gen. *TCNr m. -^t f. -^ n. ) 
 
 ^ ~ ~ ^ Of houses. 
 
 SHj^ m. -^qr i. -^r n. J 
 
 Loc. qrT At or in houses. 
 
 Voc. qTf'ri" O houses. 
 
 Note 1. The instrumental in if is seldom used, except with the postposition 
 or ^?^T By or with, ai^R^fi^ Tly means of a weapon.
 
 ( 28 ) 
 
 2. According to the principles of combination specified in Sec. 24,the case- 
 endings beginning with a vowel displace the final vowel of the crude form; as q?J H 
 ir = q^ By a house; W3+ 3^= S^f From a house 5 SR\+ ? = *K? In a 
 house; qu + atf = *Kt In a house. 
 
 3. Since the locative endings ?t and f are rarely used, we have supplied 
 their place by using the postposition $(f^ in. 
 
 First Declension- 
 
 67- In this declension the nominative singular and the crude form 
 are identical ; as ayrsT a carriage, JTRl^T to a carriage. The following 
 words are included under it: 
 
 (1) The letters of the Alphabet ; as ^ ka, ^ kha, &c. Thus 3T 
 ka, 3^f to a ka. 
 
 (2) All proper names and names of respect, both of males and 
 females ; as niTT Rama, UTF^F to Rama ; 3T?T a brother, 3T?T^r to 
 a brother ; ^Jtf Rama (f.), ^\^] to Rama. 
 
 (3) All nouns ending in rr and aft ; as g^ a habit, ^r to a 
 habit; ^TFRtf a woman, ^H^T^r to a woman. 
 
 Note. Nouns ending in "^ and Stf are variously spelt ; thus, Rf 3, frI^C> or frT^ 
 a tripod ;%, T^ y 01 CR, a mark upon a die. They are declined according to their 
 final vowel ; thus ?^F, frR?c7T (1st decl.), or fap&T (3rddecl.); freTT, q^^f 
 (1st decl.), or q^r^f ( 2 nd. decl.) 
 
 (4) All masculine nouns ending in g;, except those specified under 
 the fifth and sixth declensions; as ^RT a pen-knife, ^F^^r to a 
 
 c^ os 
 
 pen-knife. 
 
 (5) Feminine nouns in f and g:, excepting those specified under 
 the sixth declension ; irreT a carriage, JTTsT^r to a carriage ; ig^f., chalk, 
 
 to chalk.
 
 (6) Abstract nouns in T^Tf and verbal nouns in TT^r; as 
 goodness, ^JJT^TTIW to goodness; %^<JTlTr a speaker, 
 speaker. 
 
 7) The following neuter nouns in <ir : 
 
 to a 
 
 , 5ft, ?. 
 
 ^Rr ni. A father. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. ^Rr TRf 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 VOC. *IR 
 
 JTf^t f- A carriage. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 tfre f. A mother-in-law. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 w\ 
 
 ^Pl^t f- A woman. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc.
 
 ( 30 ) 
 
 frft m. An elephant. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. . 
 Voc. 
 
 ir^r m. A red chalk. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. jy^r JT*F 
 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 Second Declension. 
 
 68. The substantives of this declension make their crude form by 
 lengthening the final vowel of the nominative singular ; as ^|q a father, 
 
 to a father. 
 Under this declension are included the following substantives : 
 
 (1) Masculine and neuter nouns ending in a?; ^37 m. pith, 
 to the pith ; *K n. a house, PCT?5T to a house. 
 
 (2) All nouns ending in short f and 3" ; SRf? m. a poet, 3^Tc*T 
 to a poet ; ^fa f. taste, ^^)W to taste ; qTTf m. a metal, WX&T to a 
 
 v -, 
 
 metal; jpj n. honey, -Wjtfl to honey; r-T f. a cow, *Tg?5T to a cow. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 In A god. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 or 
 
 3ifa m. A poet. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc.
 
 ( 31 ) 
 
 "5 
 
 JPJ n. Honey. 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 Nom. qq jp$ 
 
 Ace. 
 Inst 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. JJT^T-^r-^ I^^T-^F-^f 
 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 <*\ v\ 
 
 Third Declension. 
 
 69. The third declension changes the terminating vowel of the 
 nominative case to ^ in the crude form ; 5fT*T -a tongue, fsTH^r to a 
 tongue. 
 
 This declension comprises the following nouns : 
 
 (1) All feminine nouns derived from the Sanskrit and ending in 
 3fl; as jfl^TF a mother, IJF^^F to a mother. 
 
 Note. Proper nouns, and Sanskrit nouns of rare use in Marathi, are of tho 1st 
 declension; as ^flf Rarua (a name of a girl), ^F?5F to Rama; ^JJ^TT the moon, 
 ^^TF^F to the moon, &c. 
 
 (2) All feminine nouns ending in ^, and specified in the follow- 
 ing list : 
 
 * s 
 
 131 
 
 or
 
 ire 
 
 or 
 
 3TTIT 
 
 or 
 
 Zflf 
 
 51 
 
 3T? 
 
 TfRT 
 
 I* 
 
 Kf 
 
 75 
 
 ^ 
 
 JIPT 
 
 tfrtk 
 
 m 
 
 
 n
 
 5TT 
 
 or 
 
 IN 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 A mother. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 A tamarind. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Fourth Declension. 
 
 70. In the fourth declension, the crude form changes the termin- 
 ating vowel of the nominative case to f ; as 3flJT fire, ^fjf|-^-f to the 
 fire. 
 
 This declension includes the following nouns: 
 
 (1) Persian and Arabic words, ending in rf, T, ^; as ffrf an 
 inkstand, STffT^r to an inkstand; 3*l<< confidence, g"^T?!T to con- 
 fidence : In short, all the feminine words ending in aj that are not 
 included in the list of words of the third declension. 
 5m a
 
 ( 34 ) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 jrf5 A word or matter. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Norn, jfte jfr^T 
 
 ACC. jffnj *fnff 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abi. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 V T OC. JITS Trnjf^r 
 
 Fifth Declension. 
 
 71. The fifth declension changes the terminating vowel of the 
 nominative case to R, in order to make up the crude form ; as 
 a traveller, TO^TCT^r to a traveller. 
 
 This includes the following nouns : 
 Masculine and neuter substantives ending in 3T and 3T; 
 a pilgrim,' ^HNjTIW to a pilgrim ; ^f?T% a calf, srf^TlW to a calf. 
 
 Note. There are only about two or three masculine nouns ending in 3T, such as 
 q^lT a caste, ^TJ^T^" a traveller, lJ7^'3i'*$T a pilgrim, &c., which are of this declen- 
 sion, the rest being of the first and sixth declensions. Even these t\vo or three 
 masculine words are declinable as words of the nrst declension. 
 
 Note. The following neuter nouns belong to this declension, and some of them 
 also to the first : 
 
 A particular eruption. TiT^ A part of a plough. 
 
 A reptile. jfe^F A sheep. 
 
 Horned cattle. ^^ A sweet potato. 
 
 A drumstick. ^?3f A buffalo-calf. 
 
 O>. 
 
 A lime. ^^ A calf. 
 
 A bird. ^3 A goat. 
 
 A cub. ^T^Pt A helm, 
 
 in fact all diminutives ending in ** and ;?.
 
 ( 35 ) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ?fj n. A pony. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 List. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 Sixth Declension. 
 
 m. A traveller. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat 
 
 AbL 
 
 r-^ 
 
 72. In this declension the crude form changes the final vowel of 
 the nominative singular, first, to the semivowel ^ or 3, and then, if the 
 substantive be feminine, assumes the terminating vowel of the third 
 declension, but, if the substantive be either masculine or neuter, assumes 
 the terminating vowel of the fifth declension; as OT^TT rn.- a father- 
 in-law, *rre z5 I!W to a father-in-law ; gr^" f. a mother-in-law, gr^^F or 
 ^rr^RW to a mother-in-law ; iffa? n . a pearl, JTJTWT to a pearl. 
 
 Note. sraU = ST*HT +sff (5th decl.)= 
 (3rd decl.) = 3nT^?!T- 
 
 This declension includes the following nouns : 
 
 (1) All the neuter nouns that end in f and <r; ifnffa pearl, 
 to a pearl ; rfS a tank, ffisft&l to a tank. 
 
 (2) All nouns in aff 
 third, or fifth declension. 
 
 f, ^ and ^ that do not fall under the first, 
 
 Note, (a) All masculine nouns in &H, excepting proper names, and names of 
 respect, belong to this declension; as ^flrltf a spirit, ^Ufmr^T to a spirit; cjrjf a 
 grindstone, qr^jr^t to a grindstone.
 
 ( 36 ) 
 
 (b) All masculine nouns iu f ; as jflSET a gardener, ^r^fc^T to a gardener. 
 
 Exc. The only exceptions are those few nouns specified under the first declension; 
 as jptff an elephant, frfl^n" to an elephant, &c. 
 
 (c) The following masculine nouns in 3> : 
 
 Exc. Those marked with an asterisk are, also, of the first declension. 
 
 TJl Wheat. ^ Pus. * p^f A scorpion. 
 
 * JT Faeces. Jjra A brother. * qzs A bamboo. 
 
 s <^ 
 
 * =^r A ladle. J?rg A weapon. ^tfj A bridge. 
 
 * ^TK: Guinea-worm. BT Cotton. ^13 a brother-in-law. 
 
 <K 
 
 * tT'T'T A great-grandson. &13 A sweet cake. 
 
 (d) Monosyllabic feminine nouns ending in f ; ^^1" a woman, ff^flf^r to a 
 woman. 
 
 (e) The following feminine nouns in 3? belong to this declension, and al! the rest 
 to tlie first ; those marked with an asterisk belong, also, to the 1st declension : 
 
 A woman. fa^r A flea. 
 
 A louse. qss A coil of rope. 
 
 A leech. ^HT A side. 
 
 A husband's brother's wife. *TT^ A bear. 
 
 The palate. ^Pj* Sand. 
 
 The fore part of the head. ^flTT A mother-in-law. 
 
 Spirits. 13 A needle. 
 
 (f) The following neuter nouns in ^ belong to this declension : 
 3j)Rf A tear. vsf A yoke, ^r^ Sauce. 
 
 ^ A vegetable. rfPF A ship, qrfcr A branch of a river. 
 ^ A powder. -4*5: A haft. qs A boil. 
 
 -if<X 
 
 ^T^f A town wall. %" A scar. 
 
 **t 9\ 
 
 ifcS A boil. ^R An iron ring. 
 
 (ff) The following words are of three declensions, the first, fifth, and sixth : 
 M. sfFJ A -grandson. N. 3?*T A tear. 
 f^ A scorpion. a?^ A vegetable. 
 3cS A bamboo. ^T A powder. 
 
 *^ ^>J fr* 
 
 T^ Javari. ^T A town wall.
 
 ( 37 ) 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 n. Pepper. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 LQC. 
 Voc. 
 
 >fl"3T m. A brother. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. iTT^r JTF3T 
 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 ^pft A woman. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. fcvf 
 Ace. fof 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Voc. 
 
 A gardener. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 cTT' 1 ? m. A cake. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Instr. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 3; A louse. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Voc.
 
 ( 38 ) 
 
 73. The following table combines the particulars given in 
 Section 66, and those mentioned under the several declensions. If 
 but the gender of a noun is known, the student can determine with 
 facility its plural and crude form. 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
 in 
 
 IV 
 
 V. 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 
 The termi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Terminations of 
 the Dative 
 Singular. 
 
 The same 
 as Nomina- 
 tive Singu- 
 lar. 
 
 nating 
 Vowel of 
 the Nomi- 
 native 
 Singular 
 engthened. 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 TF or ^i 
 
 
 ^TFor^ 
 
 Genders of Nouns. 
 
 K. 
 
 p. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 p. 
 
 N. 
 
 F. 
 
 p. 
 
 M. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 '. 
 
 N. 
 
 tl, 
 
 bfi 
 g 
 
 3T 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 V 
 
 %r 
 
 3T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 s?r 
 
 ^rr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 3TF (qT) 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 .S 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 r (IT) 
 
 c (T) 
 
 
 1 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 /^.\ 
 
 
 o 
 
 3T 
 
 3: 
 
 3T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "3T 
 
 3T 
 
 IT (fr) 
 
 
 &w 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 O 
 
 rr 
 
 (T 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fefi 
 
 q 
 
 , 
 
 iTr 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 B 
 
 ^r 
 
 rr 
 
 ^Tf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 ^ 
 
 *u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1jjjNote 1. This table might he profitably consulted along with the obser- 
 vations in Sec. 66. 
 
 2. The terminating vowels of the nominative singular, printed in small letters, 
 denote that the words ending in them do not usually follow the declensions marked 
 above them.
 
 ( 39 ) 
 
 CHAPTER VI- 
 ADJECTIVE. 
 
 74. An adjective is a word which is joined to a noun, to de- 
 scribe or limit the thing expressed by it; as ^t*!"^ T^JTT a good boy; 
 3T*T 3FS two horses. 
 
 The adjectives which describe a noun are called adjectives of qual- 
 ity (JFlf^fa !), an( l those which limit it are called adjectives of num- 
 ber, or numerals ^wPreN ! or 
 
 Adjectives of Quality. 
 
 75. Most adjectives are inflected to indicate their relation to the 
 nouns which they qualify ; thus, 
 
 (1) ^[JT^r ipirr a good boy, ^RT^T ^cTift" a good girl, ^fjp^ *R a 
 good house, indicating the gender. 
 
 (2) ^f Jf^ *J5"T good boys, ^fir^r JT^r good girls, ^fiy^ *R good 
 houses, indicating the number. 
 
 (3) ^iTT^Tr or "i Jpiwr or ^ift^I or W^ Sing. 
 
 ^\ T(& ) Tp^faf or S^rf^T or SKfcr Plu., indicating the case. 
 
 76. Only the adjectives that end in 3fl are thus inflected in gen- 
 der, number, and case before the noun : the rest do not modify their 
 form ; ^Tf bad, q^Tf a man, m., or ^fr, a woman, f., or w^T^r a child, 
 n. ; 3T| bitter, ifrqszT a gourd, m., or W^t vegetable, f., or *Nfaq- medicine, 
 n. ; aprT 2T^JJT or ? T^ 3 ft a virtuous boy or girl. 
 
 The form which the adjective assumes before an inflected noun is 
 called the attributive crude form, f^SHT ^fifr^^T ; as 5Tf P^TT JTfTOIW 
 to a wise man; ^sqT 3J55T 5T?55 by a mad girl. The attributive crude 
 form ends in qr or ^ ( or q- ), as oFT^^r or ^T^ ^r !^^ by a black 
 man, and serves alike for all inflected nouns. 
 
 Note. Sometimes, in poetry, the adjecfive tokos a case-form corresponding to 
 that of the noun it qualifies ; thus,
 
 ( 40 ) 
 
 77. When adjectives of quality are used as independent words in 
 the place of nouns, they are declined like nouns. They belong to the 
 following declensions : The adjectives ending in 
 
 (1) 3? belong to the 2nd declension ; *ff$z bad, 
 
 (2) 3fl belong to the 6th declension ; cffa^T red, 
 
 (3) f belong to the 1st declension ; ^fas 
 
 (4) 3" belong to the 1st declension: ^? bitter, 
 
 O* 
 
 (5) <T belong to the 6th declension ; ^f^? crooked, 
 
 Note. Sometimes, a distinct form in *?f is derived from adjectives ending in yf, 
 &>, &c., and then they become subject to the inflectional changes specified in Sec. 
 73 ; thus, 
 
 ( 3T? ) bitter, m., g^l f ., 3^ n. 
 
 x Cx, x 
 
 a. 
 
 small, m., c*?RT f ; ^ff^ n. 
 
 The attributive crude forms of these adjectives terminate in &(, CJ or ^f 
 or ?JrfR or cTTfr^Tr If^IW to a small boy. 
 
 78. The Marathi adjectives hare no degrees of comparison, or 
 inflections to express their different degrees of signification. 
 
 Note. Sanskrit adjectives, introduced into the language, are sometimes inflected 
 by means of affixes to express the comparative and superlative degrees respectively; 
 thus, <?"!! moral, rptRK more moral,^q'rfj{ most moral. The terminations arc, also, 
 affixed to nouns; Eefl' a woman, ?^TcTO" more of a woman. There are two more 
 terminations, fTT?T and fW ', as ^T'RT stronger, and ^f^g" strongest ; r[T and 
 ' T^Cf'T are Persian particles which Hindusthdni words in the language, sometimes, 
 assume; ^f^T better, %rKfa best, from Wf good. The English equivalents to 
 these are " better " and" best. " 
 
 Note. I. In Marathi the degrees of comparison are expressed by means of the 
 particles jR, q-ftt> TtfaT than; as *TPfTrf5 or n^r^f or ^rjfl-<T<ttf ^J 
 5rfrTT ^rl" Jag^i is wiser than Rdma; f^ ^Nff5 5Ifr tI Tr ^i% Jagd w the 
 wisest of all. 
 
 2. Also, by means of the adverb 3?feRT) more, placed before the adjective, to 
 express the comparative degree, as ^nT^r^rlT^r better, and of the adverbs *lf<T> 
 , extremely, placed before the adjective, to express the superlative degree, as 
 r, extremely good, best.
 
 ( 41 ) 
 Examples of the Declension of Adjectives. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ?r m. Good (A good man). ^"fal^f f. Good (A good woman). 
 Plural. Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Attr.Cr. 
 
 or $m Sing. & Plu- 
 
 Ace. 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 
 Attr.Cr. 
 
 or $31 Sing. & Plu. 
 
 *(\7f& n. Good (A good thing) 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 &/c., like the Masculine. 
 
 NUMERALS 
 
 79. Most numerals are, in reality, adjectives, denoting quantity. 
 Two classes of numerals only belong to adverbs. All numerals may 
 be divided into seven classes. 
 
 (1) Cardinal Numerals (g^HT^)) or those which simply denote 
 the number of objects, and answer to the question how many ? as ^^ 
 one, 5T?f two, q^TW fifty. 
 
 Note. In the compound cardinals, such as T^T^^T twenty-one, &c., the smaller 
 number comes first, while in English the smaller number comes last. 
 
 (2) Ordinal numerals ( ^tjzfn^ii ), or those indicating the order 
 or succession of objects ; as Tf^F first, f ^T^r second, &c. 
 6 m a
 
 ( 42 ) 
 
 Note. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals (wit'.i the exception of 
 
 r^ *** 
 
 first, SfT^T second, Icf^Tf third, and ^f^fF fourth) by adding ^r to the cardi- 
 nals; as Tf^ five + 3J = if^^F fifth. But the ordinals from CJ"^fF?F nineteen, 
 and onwards, change the final vowel of the cardinal to ^F before taking 3F ; rr^pj. 
 ^FfF nineteenth, 3J*f?J3F hundredth. 
 
 (3) Multiplicative numerals ( *H|P^TR3T ), or those denoting how 
 many fold a thing is; as ^1? one-fold or single, |tqr two-fold or 
 double. 
 
 N-jte. Th<- multiplicative.? are formed from the numerals by adding T fold to the 
 cardinals or l^ + cpr = ir^lZ one-fold ; ^T^T two becomes cT before cpr, 
 and doubles the 7, a fFfZ', rfT'F becomes |^f and q" is doubled, as Frf c <T three-fold, 
 ^rr becomes ^ff, as ^R2T four-fold ; and $"f [ ten becomes 3"^, as 5"^T2" ten-fold 
 
 (i) Fractionals (^^[^JTF^^)? denoting one or more parts of a. 
 whole number ; as ^fiF one-fourth. 
 
 (5) Distributive numerals (iT^F'^), or those which denote how 
 many each time ; as f ^tT3T each, ^TT^ 
 
 (6) Adverbial numerals of frequency 
 
 or those denoting how many times a thing occurs ; as CT^T'TF once, 
 ten times. 
 e. They are formed by adding 3"t to the cardinal numerals. 
 
 (7) Adverbial numerals of order (ftJffl^^ f^nTTfa^T^T 3 T s ^l)> de- 
 noting the order in which a thing occurs; qffp^ or iffp^T^T, first 
 or first time, T^T'^F^f or 3"H~1F ; T second time, &c. They are the instru- 
 mental cases of the ordinal numeral adjectives. 
 
 80. The following is a table of the Numerals : 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 6 ^ tffF- 
 
 5 
 
 9 <?. ^*, 
 10 \o jr^r.
 
 11 XV 
 
 12 VR 
 13. A 
 
 14 V8 
 
 15 XX 
 
 16 VS. 
 
 17 \v9 
 
 18 U 
 
 19 u 
 
 20 Vo 
 
 21 ^V 
 
 22 ^3 
 
 23 ^ 
 
 24 ^8 
 
 25 ^ 
 
 26 ^^ 
 
 27 ^^ 
 
 28 ^ 
 
 29 ^^ 
 
 30 \o 
 
 31 RV 
 
 32 ^^ 
 
 34 ^8 
 
 35 ^ij^ 
 
 36 \^ 
 
 37 ^a 
 
 38 \t 
 
 39 ^ 
 
 40 90 
 
 41 8V 
 
 42 89 
 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 - - 
 
 74 
 
 8x9
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 
 A 
 
 8 
 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 
 101 
 102 
 200 
 300 
 400 
 500 
 1000 
 10000 
 100000 
 
 1000000 \000000 
 
 10000000 \0000000 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS 
 ff^T' 5lh ^ c lt :; fTr. 
 
 V 
 
 ooooo 
 
 1st 
 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 4th 
 
 6th \ 
 7th ss 
 8th /
 
 C 45 ) 
 FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. 
 
 J 'II- arof-qr-KT, &c. 
 
 f -II 
 
 1J 
 
 If VI 1 1' 
 
 2 
 
 3 i 
 
 By hundreds. f^T^f By thousands. &]!${ By myriads. 
 Examples of the Declension of Numerals. 
 
 IT5T One. 
 
 Singular Masculine. Singular Feminine. 
 
 Nom. ir^ q-^j 
 
 Ace. 1T3T tr^ 
 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Attr. Cr. 
 
 The numerals ^R two, rft^[ three, and ^r^ four, are changed to 
 ?Tff, T'TfT, ^Fff or ^f|f, in order to make up their crude forms, and 
 these crude forms answer for the three genders. Thus,
 
 Plural. 
 
 m. f. n. 
 
 Nom. &, Ace. sr^T Two. rffa Three 
 Inst. -fffHT' faft*fF' 
 
 Dat. ?"ff I'^r-'TF- FrffT^r-'fl"' 
 
 Attr.Cr. STffor ^t^T. TrTff or ^T-T 
 
 m. f. n. 
 
 Nom. & Ace. ^K Four. 
 Inst. ^ffT'ff. 
 
 Dat. ^fffc^r-'n"' 
 
 Attr. Cr. ^|f or ^ 
 
 When 5T?f, ^fl^f, =3K refer to a noun denoting a person, they as- 
 sume these forms for the three genders : 
 
 Plural. 5T*T m. srqf f. ir*? n. 
 
 f. ^R n. 
 
 The masculine and neuter forms are declined like the nouns of the 
 fifth declension, and the feminine like the nouns of the first. Thus, 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. and Ace. 57^ m. ?Rf f. 
 
 inst. Nrt*if. zfflMf' 
 
 Dat. iffafaT or ^f- ^fqf>sr or ?rr. 
 
 Attr. Cr. [ Sf or ?rff. ?Nf or grfff- 
 
 In the same way are the other numerals f>[%, 'frqr, declined. 
 The ordinals Tff^r first, m., qff^t f., qff^ n.; ?g^r second, m., ^tf^fT f., 
 ?^K n.; R^r^T twentieth, m., fa^RT f., H^fH n., &c. ; and all other nu- 
 merals ending in 3fl m., f f., and q- n ., are declined like 
 good, ^fJT^f, Wfl^ (Sec. 68). 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 81. A Pronoun is a word which supplies the place of a noun, 
 or refers to a noun mentioned either before or after it; as TJT I> W" 
 The man who.
 
 ( 47 ) 
 
 There are six kinds of pronouns : Personal, Reflexive, Relative, 
 Interrogative, Demonstrative, and Indefinite. 
 
 82. The personal pronouns are the principal pronouns, being 
 substitutes for proper names. They represent three persons, viz., the 
 speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken of. The other 
 pronouns, being subordinate to these, are also supposed to have three 
 persons, although their forms do not vary. 
 
 83. All pronouns, like nouns, have three genders and two num- 
 bers ; of these a few have no distinct forms to distinguish the gender 
 and the number. 
 
 84. 63?" Like adjectives, it is only those pronouns that end in 
 s$ m. or % m. that have three gender forms ; the rest have not. 
 
 Note. *ff is the modern modification of the Prakrit 3}[ m. winch is, in its turn, 
 a modification of the Sanskrit Viarga(:). *}f is the terminating vowel of words in 
 old Marathi books, and is still used in Gujavati. Thus, 
 
 Sans. ^R::, Prak. qRL Mar. qrir, Guj. ^|^T Ahorse. 
 
 85. The pronouns are generally declined only in six cases, i. e., 
 not in the accusative and the vocative. 
 
 The case - terminations and the postpositions are affixed either to 
 the dative crude form, or to the genitive-case crude form. It is the 
 instrumental and ablative cases alone that inflect the genitive case ; 
 as nrrw-f By him, irnpflfsT Than I. 
 
 ex 
 
 When pronouns stand before inflected nouns, they terminate in qr, 
 like adjectives (Sec. 69); as ejr ITCH By that Bhat ( priest). The 
 form which they assume before an inflected noun would be called the 
 attributive crude form of a pronoun. 
 
 Note. The first and second personal pronouns are very irregularly declined. 
 
 I. Personal Pronouns. 
 
 86. The personal pronouns are substitutes for the names of per- 
 sons. They are three in number ; as jtf I, 4 Thou, rTT He (rfT She
 
 ( 48 ) 
 
 ^ It ) ; and represent three persons, the first, second, and third. They 
 have distinct plural forms, but the first and second personal forms do 
 not distinguish the sex. Thus, 
 
 1st Pers. Sing, aft m. f. n. Plu. afljff m. f. n. 
 
 2nd 5| or rf m. f. n. ^ptT m. f. n. 
 
 3rd qt m. $ f. 1 n. % m. ?qr f. <ff n. 
 
 Note. The third personal forms are identical with the forms of the Demon- 
 strative pronoun rff That. 
 
 Nom. Singular *fr I. 
 
 Inst. Jff or JJrf By me. 
 
 JT^ff or JT^raf Against me. 
 
 Dat. q^T or JhR or jnfarr To me. 
 
 Abl. JTSR^r Than me. 
 
 frx. 
 
 Gen. iTr5Tr m. JffSlt, 3Tr^ Of me, or my, or mine. 
 
 Loc. JTI^Tf^T In me. 
 
 Attr. Cr. JTlf 
 
 
 STUft We. 
 
 Nom. Plural 
 
 Jfljft We. 
 
 Inst. a 
 
 Pff By us. 
 
 Against us. 
 Dat. a?ITfr^r or aflJfltf To us. 
 
 Abl. a?Hf If-T Than us. 
 
 Gen. aflJRr, ^JT^T, ^JT^, Of us. 
 
 Loc. 3 TT*ffrf In us. 
 
 Attr. Cr.
 
 
 ^ Thou. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. ?r 
 Inst. rf or c^f 
 
 Thou. 
 By thee. 
 
 Nom 
 Inst. 
 
 ?fff 
 
 j-Tgf or^pR? 
 
 : Aga.inst thee. 
 
 M 
 
 'TiPTC 
 
 Dat. JT3T or 3^&] 
 
 To thee. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ^ w i ^ 
 
 Abl. fT5f?JT 
 
 From thee. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 \j t- 
 
 Gen. Ffju, ^5[f> "T5T 
 
 Of thee, or thy, or 
 [thine. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 Loc. 'TjHR 
 
 In thee. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 ^T5Tf 
 
 Attr. Cr. 7-3 
 
 
 Attr. 
 
 Cr. *% 
 
 Plural. 
 
 You. 
 By you. 
 
 ' Against you. 
 
 or JiJTr^T To you. 
 f From you. 
 
 ^t-'^f Of you. 
 
 f In you. 
 
 Note. The crude forms *?5f a ad J'Sf are not used before a noun in the instrumental 
 cas ; the instrumental case-forms of the pronouns fire used ; ns fJff ^J'-fl"*! By 
 me, Rama; r^f ?7^R By thee, a girl. ^Sf sTi'SI'TT^r ^T 1 ! ^h Alms should be given 
 to me, a Brahman. SffJf f JTCT^f ^r^f^T ^T'Sfl" ^TfT?ftT sTFrJT We poor people 
 
 CK 
 
 understood so. In the plural, however, the attributive crude form is used before the 
 instrumental case; ^fjf riT^FiT B }' you people. 
 
 II. HefLexive Pronoun. 
 
 87. The Reflexive Pronouns are substituted for substantives chiefly 
 when the substantives are subjects of reflexive verbs; ^["ffH" STTT^rH 
 ( UJTISST ) STr^^T sfa^ Ruma killed himself. 
 
 There are two reflexive pronouns, 3fi7T and ^f: one's self. 
 
 Note. SJTTT i s Ji!\i - ays a pronoun, but ^^": is often an adveib; ^TrT: 'Trf \^\ f\^ 
 Tflf if J'ou must go personally. The genitive of SJITT is used as an expletive particle, 
 called in Hindusthani tal'yd. kaldm, or pillov.-Vv'ord ; as ifl" 
 
 88. The reflexive pronouns are employed in reference to nouns or 
 pronouns of all persons, genders, and numbers. STTIT is often used by 
 a person when he speaks of himself and of others with respect. It 
 is then equivalent to the English "we," "your honour," " his honour," 
 &c. ; as 3}[:r ( 'T ^TT frf -? fjrif 3fTPT =FiTr^ If you will do this thing for me, 
 
 ^, in fact, the 
 
 &>c. ; TfTT ^iFT 17 ! f 
 7 M r/ 
 
 Then he went awa.
 
 only form which gentlemen should use in speaking to and of a gentle- 
 man. 
 
 89. 3Wr is thus declined : - 
 
 Self or Oneself. 
 
 Nom. Sing. &, Plur. 311707 Self. 
 
 Inst. 5q[7T By self. 
 
 ), aflCFTrsif Against self. 
 
 Dat. 3ffTTRr or 3TFTIW To self. 
 
 Abl. sFPTTfT From self. 
 
 Gen. *m<TWr, afl'ref, 3n<TW Of self. 
 
 Loc. aTTTorfFT In self. 
 
 Attr. Cr. 
 
 Note. SfiT^T is ofteu used for afiTT, as ^fTT^^Tr^T or 3}PT5Wr for 
 or S?f l T t TTc7I', which is a gross eiror. SflT^^TIW would mean To my own (sou, &c.) 
 
 III. Relative Pronotin. 
 
 90. The Relative Pronoun refers or relates to another word or 
 phrase in a sentence ; as ^ JT^iyr ^TiT ffrfl" The boy who was to come. 
 
 There is only one relative pronoun, viz., ^[ Who, having its feminine 
 and neuter forms iff and ^ respectively. 
 
 91. There are other relative pronouns, derived from ^, which 
 are thus classified : 
 
 (1) Relatives of quantity: T^^, fsr^W; %^2T ^?r^T As much, 
 or As many. 
 
 (2) Relatives of kind : *m\, 5T^F, 5T3ET^Rr, As (implying sort or kind), 
 tfote, ir^f =! H\
 
 (3) Relatives of order : \ 
 
 92. The relative forms 
 are thus declined : 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Nom. Sing, iff who. 
 Inst. 
 Dat 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Attr. Cr. 
 
 wno, m., 
 
 Feminine, 
 sfr who. 
 
 As much (in a series), 
 who, f v and if which, n., 
 
 Neuter. 
 *% which. 
 
 The oblique 
 forms are like 
 the masculine. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 
 
 Note. 
 
 Nom. Plu. 
 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Attr. Cr. 
 
 is written also 
 
 To whom. 
 
 IV. Demonstrative Pronoun. 
 
 93. The Demonstrative Pronoun distinctly designates the word to 
 which it refers; as ^t JTPTO That man. 
 
 The demonstrative pronouns are f f This, pointing to an object near 
 to the speaker, and ^r That, pointing to a distant object. 
 
 Both these pronouns have separate gender and number forms; ff 
 This, m., fT f., 1 a, Sing.; % m., ^rrf.', f n ., Plu.; ^T That, m., rfT f., 
 =f n. Sing. ; ^ m., ?TF f., 3f n., Plu.
 
 ( 5-2 ) 
 
 94. There are several forms derived from these pronouns, which 
 are these : 
 
 (1) Demonstrative of quantity : frRTF, f^rr^T, T^2T> ^?IW> This 
 much ; frcftn', facffiTST, ?f ; T2T> %2T^r That much. 
 
 (2) Demonstrative of sort : *m, *iWf, ^TO^F This like ; <rcrr, TO- 
 rT^^f^r That like. 
 
 (3) Demonstrative of order : C^RTRT, ^?RI This much ( in a series); 
 
 That much. 
 
 95. The demonstratives ?r This, and ^f That, are thus declined : 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Mas. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Norn. ?r tT 
 
 Inst. ^I'fTPf rA fe y f The same as the 
 
 Dat. fTTr> ilTaT, frr^I^r ff55Tj ft, ffr55r masculine. 
 
 Abi. 5rr|5 f^fff 
 
 Gen. ^rr^rr-^t-^ ff^r-^t-i 
 
 Loc. 5Tf^ ^ 
 
 Attr. Cr. nr fTF. 
 
 Plural. 
 Mas. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Norn. t . TOT <T 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Attr. Cr.
 
 ( 53 ) 
 Singular. 
 
 Mas. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Norn. ^r rfr 3 
 
 Inst. ^r^> SJFT frf^, faS? The same as the 
 
 Dat. ^Fc?F, ^r?T frT5T> ctT^f masculine. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. nfa rffa 
 
 Attr. Cr. ?qr ?rr 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Mas. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Norn. ^ ^F *ff 
 
 Inst. 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 Attr. Cr. 
 
 The forms 3^r ^^T^F, f^T^T, ^2T> ^3T%^3T5fr> &c., and their neuters, 
 follow the sixth declension, and the feminines, the first. 
 
 Note. In the demonstrative oblique forms, IF and ^ are employed in the place 
 
 of UT and ff ; iTR or ^, ff 5f or fof. Of these two forms the latter is con- 
 sidered preferable. 
 
 V. Interrogative Pronoun. 
 
 96. Interrogative pronouns are used to form questions; as 
 Who is there ?
 
 ( 54 ) 
 
 They are used as substantives ; as ^TPT *TI"c7?r 1 Who is speaking I- 
 or as adjectives ; as ^FTP*! TTTO 1 What man 1 
 
 The interrogative pronouns are these : ^TrT Who 1 ^""FTr Which 
 one? 3TPJ- What? f^rfr How many? 
 
 There are several other forms, which are as follows : 
 
 (1 ) Interrogatives of sort : ^i, 3^T5TT, 3Ttf ^r, ^reRTOT Which like T 
 Note. 3T: S. + 3T*rr = 3TOT. 
 (2) Interrog-atives of order- f^TT? How much (in a series)? 
 
 (3) Interrogatives of magnitude : 
 How much ? 
 
 97. The interrogatives are thus declined : 
 
 Who, m. f. 
 
 Nom. Sing. itfT Plu. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abi. 
 
 Gen. 
 Loc. 
 
 Attr. Cr. eRKr, OT, FTT Sing, and Plu. 
 
 ^FP^r is preferable before feminine nouns, and ^FTF before particles; 
 as ^foiT5f^aj Near whom ? 
 
 3TFT What ? 
 
 Nom. Sing. 
 
 Inst. 5? 
 
 is preferable before a feminine noun
 
 ( 55 ) 
 
 VI. Indefinite Pronoun. 
 
 98. The Indefinite Pronouns express an indefinite generality. 
 They are ^TrT, 3?Nt Some one ; sj^pr, sjJT^r, IT^T"^ A certain one ; 
 S iR Both ; 3it?T, Something ; *r?>T, f qr, T^S Other ; ff tjr, tf f All. 
 
 Of these pronouns, those ending in 37 follow the second declension, 
 those in *jf, the sixth, and those in =[, the first. 
 
 CHAPTER, VIII- 
 THE ADVERB. 
 
 99. An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, 
 participle, adjective, or another adverb, and is usually placed near it ; 
 % ^fr]"^ faff^T He writes well ; rft "EIT 'STfFff 3} ft She is very wise. 
 
 100. Adverbs are either declined or undeclined. Those adverbs 
 alone are declined which end in '%; thus, ^ff ^C 'fiiff^THe speaks well. 
 
 Note. Adjectives and pronouns are often employed to modify verbs, and those 
 of them which end in 3}[ in. have the neuter form in r^: this neuter form is identical 
 with the adverbial form in rr; ^J good, ^^f f ^ n 
 
 The Declinable Adverbs agree in gender and number with the unin- 
 fiected subject or object of the verb which they modify ; as ^f ^frr^rr 
 JIT'C 5 * He will sing well ; rfi" 3TPR ^f T^ ^F^ She sings well. But 
 it retains its own form in the following instances : 
 
 (1) When the subject of the intransitive verb is omitted ; frc^ 3T^T? 
 How will it be ? 
 
 (2) When the subject of the intransitive verb is inflected ; ?TR 5TK 
 rITT ^ I How could he go ? 
 
 (3) When both the subject and the object of the transitive verb 
 are inflected ; ?Tl^f FTlHr ^ *HTH ? How could he beat him ? 
 
 -V>/V. The adverbs of quality are compared like adjectives; rfT 
 lic sings l.'fttur than I. (Sec Sec. 78.)
 
 ( 56 ) 
 
 The Undeclinable Adverbs, called Particles, are enumerated in 
 Chapter XIII. 
 
 101. The inflected forms of the adverb in IT are the following: 
 
 Sing. ^fJT^T m -> ^rT^T f-> ^R"' n. 
 Plu. ^\7f$ n?., ^Jjsqrf., ^fT^T n. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 THE VERB. 
 
 A Verb is the chief word in a sentence, and expresses either the 
 being or the action of any thing. 
 
 I. The Classification of Verbs. 
 
 102. Verbs are classified, fast, according to their signification, 
 and, secondly, according to their form and conjugation. 
 
 I. Verbs are divided according to their signification, into two classes, 
 viz., the Transitive and Intransitive. 
 
 (1) A verb is called Transitive (^TqfTJ^) when the action denoted 
 by it passes on to the object; JTOTIT <IP-TT ^ffatr The boy reads 
 a book. 
 
 (2) A verb is called Intransitive (sfantpF) when the action termi- 
 nates in the subject ; TfT ^r^ff I walk. 
 
 Note. Several verbs are both transitive and intransitive 
 
 He broke the tree; STI"? WS& The tree broke.- 
 
 II. Verbs are divided into the following seven classes, accord- 
 ing to their form and conjugation : 
 
 (1) Simple verbs (f^TST), or verbs that are not derived from any 
 other verb in the language ; tff 3TRT ^ft'TT He does work. 
 
 (2) fiausal verbs (n%9), or verbs which arc derived from simple 
 verbs by the aid of the suffix fr> to indicate that the action denoted by
 
 ( 57 ) 
 
 them is performed by the agent through the instrumentality of another 
 individual ; as tf 37TT 3RfM?f He causes the work to be done ( by 
 another). 
 
 (3) Potential verbs (?TW)> or verbs which are derived from a 
 simple verb by the addition of f , to denote that the agent has power 
 or ability to do the action indicated by them; ^rr^^^ FTJT ^TW He 
 can do the work. 
 
 (4) Irregular verbs (^f^qnTrf), or verbs which are irregularly 
 conjugated in the past tense ; as jft efrf^r I do, wrf ^ I did. 
 
 (5) Anomalous verbs (fafen}5[3ir), or verbs which are irregularly 
 conjugated in all the tenses and constructions ; ift f^RTrff I learn, qf 
 
 r^T I learnt the book. 
 
 Note. There are other verbs which might be called semi-anomalous, siuce they 
 are irrosularly conjugated in all the tenses, but regularly in, the constructions ; as 
 jft ^ft^t'T I shall tell. There are others, again, which are regularly conjugated in 
 the tenses, hut irregularly in the constructions; ?f|" J^rf vsF^c*)* She ate the rice. 
 They might be called anti-semi-anomalous verbs. Of both these classes there are 
 less than a dozen words in the language. 
 
 (6) Defective verbs ( ijTT ), or verbs which are wanting in some 
 forms of conjugation ; TRf if I want. 
 
 (7) Compound verbs ( i$q^ ), or verbs made up of two or more 
 words ; 5pf qr^ To feed. 
 
 frs. 
 
 II. The Inflection of Verbs. 
 
 103. In the inflection of verbs are distinguished 
 
 (1) Two Numbers : singular and plural. 
 
 (2) Three Genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. 
 
 (3) Three Persons : first person, second person, and third person. 
 
 (4) Three Leading- Tenses : present, past, and future. 
 
 (5) Five Moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, conditional, 
 and infinitive. 
 
 8 m a
 
 ( 58 ) 
 
 (6) Two Verbal Substantives, four Verbal Adjectives, and four 
 Participles. 
 
 (7) Three Prayogas or Constructions : Kartari or subjective, Kar~ 
 mani or objective, and Bhdvi or neuter. 
 
 (8) Two Voices : active and passive. 
 
 The Tenses. 
 
 104. Tenses are forms of verbs indicating the time of the action or 
 event signified by them ; as jft Jjrfe^f I break ; P?t JfrfeS I broke. 
 
 105. A Marathi verb is capable of expressing four times by means 
 of mere inflections, and the forms it assumes are called Simple Tenses; 
 as jfr ^TT^f I walk ; jft ^rr75c?r I walked ; ijt ^fS I was wont to walk; 
 jfr ^pN I shall walk. 
 
 When tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, called Auxiliary 
 verbs, or helping verbs, they are called Compound Tenses ; as jft ^T^?T 
 3?ff I am walking. We shall consider these separately. (Chapter 
 XII.) 
 
 106. The simple tenses are the present, the past, the past habi- 
 tual, and the future. 
 
 (1) The present tense (^TUT^r^) expresses action or being in 
 the present time ; as ij"r f^ff 3\ I write. 
 
 Note a. It indicates an act which has lately commenced, and is in a state of pro- 
 gression; ?f 5JF ^fc^fa You are jesting. 
 
 Ox 
 
 ft. It indicates an action that is just ahout to commence ; ^?5 J}f" 
 flRT 5T^I^rTT Come, I will show you something strange. 
 
 c. An action that will certainly happen in some future time; ^Jl 
 
 &^ 
 
 *v ^. ^ ** 
 
 TUTO Tr^^r^ ?rTr I Will give you free leave tomorrow, the whole day, from 
 morning to evening. 
 
 d. A general truth ; gjf 
 He who with his own mouth spreads abroad his own lame is sure to meet with con- 
 tempt.
 
 ( 59 ) 
 
 e. An act long since past, but present at the time referred to in the discourse ; 
 Bhoj Kaja asks. This is called the historical present tense. 
 
 (2) The past tense (JjKTSTrss) expresses an action as completed 
 in time already past or spent ; as jff $[&&\ I spoke. 
 
 Note. This is the Greek aorist, which expresses an action as completed in past 
 time, but leaves it in other respects wholly indefinite. 
 
 Note. This form expresses conditionality \vith 51T If, expressed or understood ; 
 ?f ^nrSTr STCn^T ^^ <TC JTW? *t Shouldst thou ever pass our 
 
 c**. 
 j come to me. 
 
 (3) The habitual past tense (^Tfag^rss) indicates the habitual 
 doing of an action in past time ; as ^ fff ^ faq 3 37JTCtf ^THC qfa 
 N'T 1 !? ^W He was in the habit of sallying forth, and tying four or 
 five pieces of cloth around his loins. 
 
 Note. It is used sometimes in the subordinate clause of a complex sentence, 
 when it signifies that the completion of one act was the measure of the continuance 
 of the other ; as ^ Jj& 3fl ?jf rTT^T v5T3?*f Those children ate till they had arrived 
 at the very point of vomiting. 
 
 Note. In old Marathi this form was employed for the present, past, and future 
 indicative ; as ${ qffi = ^ ^fJC^f He does, or tff ^ftSTT ^^ He did > or 
 He will do. 
 
 (4) The future tense (JT^'^'T^T^) expresses an action to occur in 
 time subsequent to the present ; as *ft *T^?f 5"^T1fT5? fr7T After I die 
 I shall go to God. 
 
 Note. Besides this general sense, the future has various other senses, a few of 
 which are the following: 
 
 a. It expresses an act which at a particular past time was considered about to 
 happen ; as 3TTJff TTKTaj l7 ff faST ^f ^ ^rrf *T^1^- We were every moment 
 afraid that you would instantly die, 
 
 6. It expresses the incumbency of a particular act ; as Sff 735"^? Why should I run? 
 
 c. It expresses potentiality; as 2^ ^fa 3fl^ ^Tllfa* ^f ?3TC^ 3^*? He has 
 got no teeth yet, how then can he eat 1 
 
 d. It expresses, alio, past potentiality; IT?57lfa qfe? 3tfS*f *W3t&l How could 
 the Pandavas (the sons of Pandu) spread abroad over the whole country?
 
 ( GO ) 
 
 Moods. 
 107. Moods are forms of verbs expressing the manner of the being 
 
 or action signified by them ; it 3Tf^T If he did ; ^f 33\ He comes. 
 
 108. There are five moods in Marathi, viz., the Indicative (^nj), the 
 Subjunctive (RUT^f), the Imperative (^Tnrnr), the Conditional (^%rfr<T)j 
 and the Infinitive 
 
 (1) The indicative indicates, that is, affirms or denies; jf 
 
 You walk. It is also used in asking questions ; qt ^t^ 371"*! 1 Will he 
 come ? 
 
 (2) The subjunctive mood expresses duty or obligation, and is 
 known in English by the signs " should " or ought," as well as " may or 
 " might ;" ^f^f STTU^T ^F STO? ^JfTreT SJJff URTNt You ought to beg 
 pardon of the person you have offended. 
 
 Note. Besides this general sense of fitness or propriety, the subjunctive mood has 
 the following significations: 
 
 a. Ground or reason ; ^|-jf[ JfRT Jfq?T * <Tftf ^3p=f % f All the 
 
 C-* 
 
 fowls had assembled that they might elect a king. 
 
 ft. Habitual act ; tq 
 
 TTW t'JF'f r^^fFSST^ I D general he hurt nobody; only when he was excessively teased 
 he would become outrageous. 
 
 c. Inquiry ; Sfftff 3TT7T =FHT SiTp What shall we do now ? 
 
 d. "Wish; |^R Jflf ^T 5rWfTrr C f7c7 Zl\3 ^lay God repay you a hundred-fold! 
 
 e. CommaEd ; &R3\ fff vslff You may go now. 
 
 (3) The imperative mood expresses command, advice, exhortation, 
 or benediction : ?f afi 1 }^ ^m 3^ Do your own business ; ^5* 
 r^ Come, let us go upstairs; ?Tf ^f ^f^if Come away, my friends; 
 ! May God bless you ! 
 
 (4) The conditional mood expresses a condition or supposition ; as 
 
 ? If he had spoken
 
 ( 61 ) 
 
 to you in that manner, could you then have mocked him ? f 
 
 *T ^F sTrf'T Tnmr^rr^ Uf rff rn: ^ IRT Were that winter never to 
 
 come, and the rainy season always to remain, it would be delightful. 
 
 Note. The conditional is chiefly used if things are spoken of that might have 
 possibly happened, but which have not actually taken place. To denote an actual 
 possibility the indicative is generally used ; as ^^ ^FT^T ^T^ rRT IJT^r 3"7^K 
 ispjj^- ff g^o]T^ TTff If you would have the goodness to give him medicine I 
 shall r.ever forget your kinduess as long as I live. 
 
 (5) The infinitive mood expresses the action of the verb without 
 any limitation of number, person, &c. ; 3fl* f ftT 3"'TPE?f *T^ ^"^ -T3iT Do 
 not allow us to die of hanger. The supine in ^IPTO is generally used in 
 its place j ^f S'Trer^f JT^ or JJTRW ?rRr^r He began to die of starva- 
 tion. 
 
 Verbal Nouns and Participles. 
 
 109. These are the Gerund and Supine, the Participial Adjectives, 
 and the Participles. 
 
 They are derived from verbs, and relate action to nouns without 
 directly affirming it of them. 
 
 Note. There are several other words derived from verbs, which are not included 
 her?, since they do not convey the notion of action ; they are enumerated in one of 
 the chapters on Derivation. 
 
 110. The Gerund is a. verbal neuter substantive, expressing state or 
 action in a general way ; as 3iT<Jf To do, or doing ; 
 
 After the reading was over, he said. 
 
 Note. Like the English gerund, it takes an accusative object ; ? 
 
 o\ 
 
 You have to give me (or you owe me) fifty betelnuts ; JJ7T 
 Tnen d what you intend doing. 
 
 Note. In the latter example the gerund is nominative to 3?^^", and takes the 
 accusative object \jf.
 
 Note: It, sometimes, expresses a command; T^f&fTrf SfPT Continue to write to us. 
 
 Note. It is used as a noun to give name to the verb; as 3^0f ^pj Tho 
 verb to do. 
 
 It is declined like a noun of the sixth declension in all the cases. 
 Thus, 
 
 To do. 
 
 Sing. Nom. gr^Sf Doing. Plu. Nora. 
 
 Instr. efi^IF^f By doing. Inst. 
 
 Dat. ^T^Tf^-^T To doing. Dat. 
 
 Abl. 3T'"Tr' : T From doing. Abl. 
 
 Gen. ^r^ir^C-^-^f Of doing. Gen. 
 
 Loc. 3\T<nrfa In doing. Loc. 
 
 111. The Supine is another verbal neuter noun, signifying action in 
 a particular state, as in Marathi, in the particular state of propriety or 
 duty; as aflfrfa 'TSlfrlTf 5TR ^\t[& We shall be under the necessity of 
 going abroad. 
 
 It is declined only in the dative and the genitive singular, and has 
 two distinct forms for each case. Thus, 
 
 wfpf It is necessary to go. 
 Nom. Sing, ^fa 
 Dat. 5nWtf-^r or 
 Gen. SflWWr-^T-^f or 
 
 Note. Sfrf is a verb in the subjunctive mood when it is joined to a noun or 
 pronoun in the instrumental case, but when it is related to a noun or pronoun de- 
 noting agency in the dative case, it is a supine; as <q[% |ff or ff^ |ftf He should 
 have gone; i^TIW 5fTf ^fJT^ He should have to go. The latter is the supine. 
 
 Note. The supine is generally used in the oblique forms. In the dative it lias 
 much the same meaning as the infinitive, and most verbs take it rather than the 
 infinitive; ^ ift ^tTRinET f^EFS* Sflf I am ready to do that. In the genitive it is 
 often interchangeable with the gerund ; as
 
 ( 63 ) 
 
 <T>3'?5' We shall be under the necessity of going abroad; 
 incitement to action. 
 
 Note. The supine is used, also, to make up the compound forms of the moods 
 and tenses. 
 
 112. The Participial Adjectives are participles used as adjectives; as 
 *fi3 Burning, 5f35^ *TC The burning house. They are the following : 
 
 (1) The present participial adjective, ending in rfT m. ; 
 A burning post 
 
 (2) The past participial adjective, ending in "?5W m.; as 
 A dead animal. 
 
 (3) The future participial adjective, ending in TRI m - ', as 
 The people intending to come. 
 
 (4) The participial adjective of currency, ending in 3T; as 
 The current law, the law in force at the present time. 
 
 Note. Those participial adjectives that end in ^ff m. are declined like the ordi- 
 nary adjectives in *fl m. 
 
 Note. The participial adjectives are modifications of the participles given below. 
 
 113. The Participles are the present, the past, the past conjunctive 
 or pluperfect, and the future. They are chiefly used to make up 
 compound tenses. 
 
 (1) The present participle denotes currency of action, and has 
 three forms, viz., rf, ?tf, and 
 
 Note. a. The form in rf when compounded with other verbs, expresses the 
 principal idea in the mind of the speaker; I^Rf *Tffi W Goon worshipping God ; 
 ?f ^rTf 3"3IRT 3vCT?T tTiET I>o yourself continue to work diligently. 
 
 b. The form in rff is used to make up a subordinate clause, and expresses tin 
 act less important than that signified by the verb of the principal clause; as FfJW ^ 
 3T5^Ti TRH STT^ 3W Uf?^r Without their knowledge, he went after them 
 
 (K 
 
 and stood concealed.
 
 ( 64 ) 
 
 e. The form in cfNTf is of the same import as that hi ?ff, but a little more 
 emphatic; as ^nTf *T]IcTf or ^TsffifaTq' Come at twelve o'clock ; SR'sf ^ 
 frf?5T F'TiTrrf'Tr ^f F^t * have seen her these ten days going about. 
 
 (2) The past participle denotes past time, and is used to make up 
 compound tenses. It ends in ?5T or c^T. The former is chiefly used 
 to make up compound tenses, and the latter as a participial adjective. 
 
 (3) The past conjunctive ends in 3ft, and occasionally in 3^, and 
 denotes an action that takes place before that mentioned in the prin- 
 cipal clause; as TfTlfr ^S" \sfr3R <TPlf 1^^ I will go into the presence 
 of my uncle, and on my knees beg his pardon ; JtFT ffs^T 
 
 ^ffTcT After the singing is over, still a part of the day will remain. 
 
 Note. The participle in 3^ has, sometimes, an adverbial force ; as " 
 3ftf That I know full well. 
 
 Note. Sometimes it has the force of a conditional participle ; Cf^f jjj- 
 3 TH'T C^*KT ^T^C^T See what a blunder I have committed, wise man as I am ! 
 
 Note. It is frequently used with the verbs JT^t Throw away, 5" Give, &;?., to 
 make an imperative form ; as ^^f!^ 5" Fling it away, KT3^T IT^T Wash it thor- 
 oughly. The imperative verb gives only a sort of completeness to the action. 
 
 (4) The future participle ends in nTR", and is used to make com- 
 pound tenses ; ^f qTlT ^f He is to come, implying that the speaker 
 has some knowledge of an intention to come. 
 
 Note. Tins participle is used for the verbal noun of agency ; SJTITn^L all( l not 
 SRPmWj To the taker. 
 
 Constructions (Tr-QTJT). 
 
 114. We must anticipate Syntax to a certain extent to understand 
 the Prayogas, a knowledge of which is essential to conjugation. 
 
 The verb in Marathi agrees in gender, number, and person, either 
 with its subject or object, or with neither : this agreement or disagree- 
 ment of the verb with the subject or the object is indicated by the 
 form of the sentence : this form or mode of construction is called 
 Prayoga by the Marathf grammarians.
 
 ( 65 ) 
 
 115. There are three modes of construction, or Prayog-as,\\z., the 
 Kartari fafffc)* Karmani (^ffF"r), and the Bhdvi (*TRr). 
 
 (1) The Kartari Prayoga denotes that the verb agrees with the 
 subject fa$i) ; as ^fiff ^T^?F Rama walks ; qt ^ffT She cries. This is 
 the subjective construction. 
 
 (2) The Karmani Prayoga denotes that the verb agrees with the 
 object faq) ; wft tforT *frfac*T He read the book : JT^ ^rf Wwf 
 The girl has eaten the rice. This is the objective construction. 
 
 (3) The Bhdvi Prayoga, denotes that the verb agrees neither with 
 the subject nor the object, but is conjugated in the neuter singular ; 
 fTT^f ^F^T TTft^ He beat him. This is the neuter (neither of the two) 
 construction. 
 
 Note. In the Bhavi construction, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. 
 
 fS 
 
 When it is transitive, the construction is called ^3fjj37 *fj"3T, and when it is in- 
 transitive, the construction is called 3}^fjj^ JTRt > (1) ^^ STR He may go; 
 (2) STR ^[?.\ *?TK^ He beat him. 
 
 In the subjective construction, the subject is in the nominative case, 
 t. e., it is uninflected ; in the objective construction, the subject is. in 
 an oblique case ; and in the neuter construction, both the subject and 
 the object are in an oblique case. 
 
 The inflected subject is either in the instrumental or the dative 
 case ; ?gR ?3r^ He ate ; 3TT3>r ?3T^rlt He can eat. It is also in the 
 genitive instrumental; as F^TTW^ SfHT^ He can go. The inflected 
 object is in the dative case only; as ^IR ^JW fe^ He gave it to him. 
 
 Note. All verbs, excepting the potentials, generally take the subjective construc- 
 tion in the present and future tenses. 
 
 The intransitives and anomalous verbs take the same construction, i. e., the 
 subjective, in the past tense also ; as jft ^r^c^f I walked; ^tf$Rr?5t She learnt. 
 The anti-semi-anomalous verbs follow this construction; as rfT >TKT n*fr She 
 ate the rice. 
 
 9 m a
 
 ( 66 ) 
 
 The transitives take the objective and neuter constructions in the past tense ; 
 Jjfa fsjf^fl' He conquered the town ; ?*[pf <3]&\ *flT^ He struck him. 
 
 Note. When the object of a transitive verb is a person, it generally takes the 
 neuter construction; f^f^f U^TRTT Hsff^ He conquered the king; F 
 He conquered the town. 
 
 H9itr There are, however, some exceptions which occur in poetry, 
 and some phrases of long-established usage, over which grammar 
 has no control ; thus, gffRT j f^RT qf^W The sages contemplated 
 thee ; jfr ^^ $;&f I bathed. In the objective construction the ob- 
 ject is usually in the third person. In poetry exceptions occur ; as r^ 
 J ffarfarfar Dharma lost thee. 
 
 The Voices (^^). 
 
 116. Voice is a particular form of the verb, by means of which 
 the relation of the subject of the verb to the action expressed by 
 it is indicated; ^r jfaT He went. 
 
 1 17. There are two voices, viz., the Active and Passive. 
 
 The active voice ( ^T^Rf^) expresses that the subject is the agent 
 or doer of the action ; as 3ft ^r^cTf I walk. 
 
 The passive voice ( ^rinw^l ) represents the subject as the object 
 of the action ; ^f 3flT?n" 31W He was killed. 
 
 Note. There is not a passive voice in Mar&thi formed by inflection. 
 
 Note (a). Sometimes the verb has an active form but denotes that the subject 
 is affected by the action ; as UT Sff^fa ?T^ ^IW ^rTHT Th e gram is well 
 ground in the mill. This is the peculiarity of the transitive verbs when they are 
 used intransitively. They might be called Verbs of the Middle Voice. 
 
 (b) Sometimes the verbs have an active form but represent the subject as neither 
 the agent nor the object of the action ; as JT?S faSfflf The child sleeps. These might 
 be called verbs of the Neuter Voice. 
 
 (c) There are some verbs which "represent the subject as neither the agent nor 
 the object of the action, but simply affirm its existence ; ai J?T 3}ff I am. These 
 are called Substantive Verbs.
 
 ( 67 ) 
 
 (rf) There are other verbs, again, which assert the existence of the subject lu a 
 
 particular condition ; ^T ^f 1W fe^?T He looks well, i.e., qT fe^ 
 
 % 
 
 **?'? He is good in appearance. These verbs might be called Neuter-passives. 
 
 (e) Some verbs have no subject in the sentence : JflriT "fr^NT or TfJ 
 I feel sick j g'sft^ It is daybreak. These verbs are called Impersonate. 
 
 118. The existing passive form is made up of the past tense of the 
 principal verb, and the various tenses of the verb ^[Jj Togo; nTKR^T 
 JTW He was killed. It is not, however, of general use in Mara- 
 thi, and occurs chiefly in official correspondence. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 CONJUGATION. 
 
 119. The way in which the personal-endings or verbal inflections, 
 denoting the person, number, gender, tense, mood, and construction, 
 are combined with the verb, is called conjugation. 
 
 120. The verb in the imperative second person singular is called 
 the root (^TR) ; as 3^ Do thou ; 5EflT Loose thou. 
 
 121. In conjugation the personal-endings are affixed to the root. 
 There are two ways in which they are affixed, and hence there are Two 
 Conjugations, viz., the First Conjugation and the Second Conjugation. 
 
 la the First Conjugation, the personal-endings are affixed to the 
 root, without modifying it ; as f{^ To die + $\ = J^T^T He dies. 
 
 In the Second Conjugation, the root is modified, before affixing the 
 personal endings, by substituting 5 for its final vowel ; ^f\J To loose 
 + K = **!fe + 3T = ^ffsqt He looses. 
 
 The form which the verb assumes before the personal-endings is 
 called the base (<T?).
 
 ( 68 ) 
 
 Note. In the Konkan, the 5 is scarcely ever heard ; as 5'^'Tr for^PCrfr : iu the 
 Dakhan, on the other hand, the vulgar affix it even to verbs of the first conjugation. 
 
 122. The verbs are thus arranged under the two conjugations : 
 I. Verbs of the First Conjugation. 
 
 (1) All intransitive verbs ; ^T^+ <fl = ^f^3T He walks. 
 
 (2) All anomalous verbs; <J?+ ^T=T2'^t He learns. 
 
 (3) All semi-anomalous verbs ; qiTT ^ ^f^JTriFTT He asks. 
 
 (4) All potential verbs, whether transitive or intransitive ; 
 I can walk. 
 
 (5) All verbs ending in f (except the word &t% To write) follow 
 this conjugation in the present teiise only ; crff > ^T = HTf ?f He sees. 
 
 (6) All monosyllabic words follow this conjugation, only, in the 
 present tense ; as ? give + <rf = ??r He gives. 
 
 II. Verbs of the Second Conjugation. 
 
 (1) All transitive verbs, excepting those specified under the first 
 conjugation ; as $n? loose + f + it = 5ETlf?^r He looses. 
 
 (2) The intransitive verbs in f , and the monosyllabic verbs, whe- 
 ther transitive or intransitive, follow this conjugation in the past and future 
 enses only ; as <TTfl'+!-+?r=<Trf?S He saw; Iff + f =? = 'Sfrc^T I shall 
 go ; 5CT? r + f^f = Uffa I shall remain. 
 
 123. The verbs of both the conjugations have the same personal. 
 endings in the present tense ; as *jrf? -I- ^T^dtfccTT He looses ; H + ?fr 
 = HTrrr He gets loose : they have, however, different inflections 
 in the past and future tenses.
 
 124. The following is a table of the personal-endings : 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 m. 
 
 ni. 
 m. 
 
 1st Conjugation. 
 Singular. 
 
 f or 3 <n or ^ n. 
 
 $J% or ^, or ?fttf f. 
 r, ^, ffT f. ^ n. 
 
 2nd Conjugation. 
 Plural. 
 
 ^f m. f. n. 
 ?ff m. f. n. 
 fTTrT m. f. n. 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 Kartari Prayoga. Karmani Prayoga. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 m 
 
 Sing. 
 ^ f. 
 
 Plu. 
 m. f. n- 
 m. f. n. 
 
 m. 
 
 f. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 2. i &\ m. 7^ f. ?? n. ?Jm. c-^TT f. 5rfn. 
 3.J 
 
 Bhdvi Prayoga. 
 
 
 O v * =r 
 
 rfw y^ v* 
 
 3.J 
 
 
 PAST HABITUAL TENSE. 
 
 
 Sing. Plu. Sing. 
 
 1. 
 
 i3f m. f. n. ^ rn. f. n. 
 
 1. f 
 
 2. 
 
 TH or *i^ m. f. n. art m. f. n. 
 
 2. hi 
 
 3. 
 
 ( m. f. n. s?^ m. f. n. 
 
 3. f 
 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 1. 
 
 {R m. f. n. g: m. f. n. 
 
 1- f^T m. f. n. 
 
 2. 
 
 ^fte or STteJ m. f. n. Sfl?* 
 
 2. ^jt^r or ^ft3 
 
 3. 
 
 ^ rn. f. n. <ft& 
 
 3 Sac 
 S W j> 
 
 Plu. 
 
 Plu. 
 ^T m. f. n, 
 
 *7!3
 
 ( 70 ) 
 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. q| m. ^ f. ^f or 3- n. <TT m. f. n. 
 
 2. TlTO m. $% f. 3tf n. rTi m. f. n. 
 
 3. ?fr m. ?ft f. If ^ ! ?Tr ^ rfT I 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Kartarl Prayoga. Karmani Prayog-a. 
 
 Singular. Singular. 
 
 1. 3JRT m. -^t f. -f n. 1. "1 
 
 2. 3MW m- -^T^ f- -^^T n. 2. > 
 
 3. ^RF m- -^T f- -f n. 3. j 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. 3}R m. -an f- -'ff n 
 
 2. 3?r??T m. -s^ 
 
 a 3?T> m. -53TT f- - 
 
 Bhavi Prayoga. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 10 10 
 
 2. ^R 2. 
 
 3.J 3. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. 3; 1. vir 
 
 2. sj 2. 3TT 
 
 3. ^r or a; 3. srr^ or
 
 ( 71 ) 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 ^ 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present ?f, ?rf, rfftf 
 Past ?fl"j wsfl' 
 Pluperfect 3^ 
 Future OTPC 
 
 125. OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 (1) The tenses can be formed by affixing the personal-endings 
 to the base. 
 
 The base of the verb of the first conjugation does not differ from 
 the verbal root as regards the final vowel ; that of the verb of the 
 second conjugation is formed by substituting f for the final vowel 
 of the verbal root. When the personal-endings begin with a vowel, 
 the Rules of Combination mentioned in the 24th section operate 
 here : gr^T + **f% = W3H Should loose ; ^psT + ^r = ^H?r Loose. 
 
 Exc. In monosyllabic verbs, the final f or rr is changed to *rr in 
 the second plural of the imperative mood : q|" -r 3fl = Pjr Drink 
 *T + atf = W Take. The third personal forms of the same mood 
 take ?rr instead of =Hi ; as ^ -f- ^r = 3$\ Let him take ; (ft + *l\3 = 
 Let them drink. 
 
 (2) On a careful consideration of the personal-endings the stu- 
 dent will not fail to notice that they are identical, to a great extent, 
 with the third personal pronoun ^[. ( See Derivations. ) 
 
 (3) The past forms indicate plainly the same origin as the pre- 
 sent forms. The past forms could be produced from the present 
 forms by substituting ^ for ?f ; as ^rr^rU I walk ; ^fr^iwf I walked.
 
 (4) The past habitual and future forms are distinct for each conju- 
 gation. 
 
 (5) The conditional, the subjunctive, the imperative, and the in- 
 finitive have forms only for the present tense ; the indicative alone is 
 conjugated in all the four tenses. Besides these simple tenses, the 
 verbs have Compound Tenses. (See Chap. XII.) 
 
 PARADIGMAS. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 1st Conjugation. 2nd Conjugation. 
 
 I get loose or am getting loose. ; I loose or am loosing. 
 
 Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 
 
 ' Laft 
 
 2. " " 
 
 I W *&3 
 
 v. ^j 
 
 Kartari Prayoga. 
 
 I got loose. 
 Sing. 
 
 Karmani Prayoga. 
 
 I loosed (him.) 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 i.*.i*tf2?2 
 
 ^ (^ 
 2. ?T or tf\ or 2*if i ^ 
 
 J 8 
 
 i is 
 
 or 
 
 Bhdvi Prayoga. 
 
 I loosed (him). 
 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 
 or 
 or 
 
 or 
 or
 
 ( 73 ) 
 
 PAST HABITUAL TENSE. 
 
 1st Conjugation. 2nd Conjugation. 
 
 I \vas in the habit of getting loose. ; I was wont to loose. 
 
 Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 
 
 ?' 1. Ht JTTTf 1. 
 
 ?ff, ?fr, 
 
 2. qrjfT Stf 2. 
 
 -^j --i, 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 I shall get loose. 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 I. 
 
 .) 
 
 3. iff, 
 
 2. jifT 
 
 3. %,?7r 
 
 I shall loose. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 1. 
 o 
 
 n*i 
 
 3. ^, ?fT 
 
 1. 
 
 2. rTffT 
 
 3. I, 
 
 COJS T DITIONx\L MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 1st Conjugation, 2nd Conjugation. 
 
 Were I to get loose, or I 
 
 should get loose. 
 Sing. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 1. a 
 
 2. ?r?fT tf 
 
 loose. 
 
 Sins. 
 
 1- *ft ^ 
 2. ^THlF" 
 
 30 
 . < t^r ^r?rr o. 
 
 -V ^ I ** V C_^ 
 
 i. 'Tl 5^^ 1 ^ QTMTq 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Were I to loose, or I should 
 
 Plu. 
 
 1. 
 
 KARTARI PRAYOGA. 
 
 1st Conjugation. 
 
 may or should get loose 
 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 ^ -t l. 
 
 2. 
 
 . <j ?^r ^r^ 
 
 ( rf? J^ 
 
 KARMANI PRAYOGA. 
 2nd Conjugation. 
 
 / o 
 
 I may or should loose. 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 1. !Rt or 3?^ 1 
 
 2. ^, : 
 
 3. C 
 
 or PrMT J 
 
 10 m a
 
 BHAVI FRAYOGA. 
 
 I may or should get loose. I may or should loose. 
 
 Sing. Flu. 
 
 Sins. 
 
 Plu. 
 
 1. *Tf "1 
 
 2. *, *t ! 
 
 ^ >. f 
 
 3. ^r*{ 
 
 J 
 
 . 
 
 . ?qfMTj 
 
 3 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Let me get loose.- Let me loose. 
 
 Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 1. jft nn? 1. 
 
 R 1 2 ' t 
 
 3. ar, at, a wsr 3. 
 
 S w &anj-g 
 J l*J 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 W. To get loose. r| To loose. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Getting loose. JENta-^ff-^faT Loosing. 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 
 Got loose, ^rnf^rr-^-^ Loosed. 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 Having got loose. ^fJ^ Having loosed. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 About to get loose. JE&^fTC About to loose. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 To get loose. ^r^R-^fr^-^^r^f To loose. 
 
 GERUND. 
 Getting loose, ^ffvf^f Loosing.
 
 ( 75 ) 
 
 CHAPTER X T. 
 
 CONJUGATION-conimuefL 
 THE POTENTIAL VERB. 
 
 12G. The potential verb expresses the ability of the agent to do 
 the action denoted by it ; qr^R 3T^flf I can do it. 
 
 It is formed by adding ^ to the root; as WfT^f to walk, 
 to be able to walk. Monosyllabic verbs, and verbs ending in f , double 
 the 3- ; igw to eat, ?KW? to be able to eat ; q[f f to see, 
 to be able to see. 
 
 Note. f^II^T is an exception, since it takes only one ^ J as F^nT to be able to 
 write. 
 
 127. The potential verb follows the first conjugation in all the 
 tenses, and is rarely conjugated in any other mood than the indicative. 
 
 123. It differs, however, very widely from the other verbs in the 
 matter of the Prayogas, and the following particulars are important : 
 
 (1) The subject of the potential verb is always in an oblique case, 
 viz., either the dative, or the genitive instrumental; IJW or 'TT^R 
 vsTPTW I can go. 
 
 Kate. JT^T is colloquially used, and JTT^TH classically. 
 
 (2) It always takes the Bhdvi construction, unless it has an un- 
 inflected object, as in fqr^TR ^far ?3H?^r He could eat the mango. . 
 The transitive verb takes this construction, also, in the present 
 tense ; ^RIW ^ft ^^ft Rama can read the book. 
 
 Note. For the potential verbs maybe substituted other forms: (1) the present parti- 
 ciple ^f, or the dative of the supine is used with the different parts of the verb ipf 
 
 **. *\*^ 
 
 to come; JTc-JTr^rfrfr'T'T I can write; and (-2) the infinitive mood is used with the 
 various tenses of the verb 5RTT to be able ; 3^f ^"^ 5J^rff I can do it. The 
 latter form is neither elegant nor idiomatic,
 
 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 ( 76 ) 
 
 Potential Verb. 
 First Conjugation. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 I can get loose (intr. v.) and I can loose (tr. v.) 
 
 Bhdvi Prayoga. 
 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 if or if^T 1 I. sjra^lR or 
 
 1 - 2 JJL 
 
 f riff^R or v (intr. v.) 3. f^faajR or 
 J 
 
 < ctrr^r m. n. 
 
 Sing. 
 or 
 or 
 or 
 
 m. n. 
 
 or 
 
 (tr. v.) 
 
 Karmani Prayoga. 
 I can loose. 
 
 Pin. 
 "") 1. STTJT^TR or sffjjfr^r 
 
 I ^r^^^fri^. 2. ?TI^R or 
 
 V- -qT f. -3 n. 3. ^t^R or 
 
 (tr. v.) 
 
 Y Sing. 
 I 
 J Plu. 
 
 m.f.n.Plu. 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 Bhdvi Prayoga. 
 
 I could get loose (intr. v.) and I could loose (tr. v.) 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 1. ajfJf^TR or 
 o - ^* 
 
 (intr.v.) 3. Pjf'STR or 
 
 or 
 or 
 
 m. n. 
 
 or frf^r f- 
 
 (intr. 
 
 f (tr. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 3 
 
 or 
 &c., &c. 
 
 PAST HABITUAL TENSE. 
 Plu. 
 
 i /. , \ M 
 
 I (intr.v.) f srnf^irf or 
 
 &c., 
 
 ( tr - v -)
 
 ( 77 ) 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 Bhdvi Prayog-a. 
 
 I shall be able to get loose (intr. v.) and I shall be able to 
 loose (tr. v.). 
 
 Sing. Phi. 
 
 1- JTT39R or J&T "} 1. 
 
 2. 3??TR or fTc?r j W 
 
 J 
 
 3. BJT^IR or PTF^r |> (intr. v.) 3. 
 m. n. 
 
 p 
 
 ' ' 
 
 Past. 
 
 or J 
 
 J (tr. v.) 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 (intr. v.) Capable of getting loose. 
 (tr. v.) Able to loose. 
 
 Sing. ; JEr^^TT-^T Pl. (tr. v.) 
 
 C 
 
 (intr. v.) About to be able to get loose. 
 (tr. v.) About to be able to loose. 
 
 THE CAUSAL VERB. 
 
 129. Causal verbs denote the doing of an act by the agent through 
 the instrumentality of another ; PTf ^psfllv^ 3frfa^ I got it done 
 by him. 
 
 130. The causal verb is formed by adding ff to the root of the 
 transitive verb ; ?nT<rf to kill, TfFU^ to cause to kill. 
 
 Monosyllabic roots and those ending in f take a double 3 ; JIPT' 
 to eat, ?3"RfiFr to cause to eat; feff^T to write, faf^faSf to cause to 
 write. 
 
 Note. When f^ is affixed to intransitive verbs, they become transitive, and not 
 causal ; as fasfii to sleep, fcrafao? to put to sleep. 
 
 131. The causals, being transitives, follow the second conjuga- 
 tion. They are never irregularly conjugated.
 
 Ni'fc. The anomalous verbs, Hie irregular verbs, &e., all follow tlie same conju- 
 gation; fer^ tote : vl!, r*[R FSffifaS he taught, not i\\ 
 to cause to do, 35TH3f caused to do, and not 
 
 Note. Some affix f^ instead of f^ to the root to make up the causal verb ; as 
 ^nT^^f To cause to loose. The imperative of both the forms is alike in thy singu- 
 lar number and second person ; as ^fS'T? Do thou cause to loose. 
 
 The following are the tenses of the causal verb : 
 Present Tense, iff 9T7wn I cause to loose. 
 Past Tense, mf ^Rrf^ I caused to loose. 
 Past Habitual, iff ^fr\??T I used to cause to loose. 
 Future Tense. iji" gfr^hl I shall cause to loose. 
 
 Note. For further observations on the causal verbs seethe chapters on Derivation. 
 THE IRREGULAR VERB. 
 
 132. Several verbs, both transitive and intransitive, are irregularly 
 conjugated in the past tense, and the following is a list of them. They 
 are arranged in three groups ; 1st, those which change the final vowe 
 of the root to *Q; 2ndly, those which have a past tense formed from 
 another root; and 3rdly, those which modify the root by means of 
 consonants and semivowels, 
 
 (1) Roots which substitute ^ : 
 
 Root. Past Tense. 
 
 zftq Go out. 
 <T55 Flee.. 
 fT^ Say. 
 
 <fa Penetrate by force. 
 ff^T Be cold. 
 Note. The above verbs have only the specified forms for the past tense.
 
 ( 70 ) 
 
 Soak into. fsT^OW or 
 
 Slip aside. ^a^r or 
 
 Crack. fr^W or 
 
 Get out of. f=wR*r or 
 
 Be wetted. RTur^rr or 
 
 Be absorbed. JI^F^T or 
 
 Jfule. The second past form is in general use. 
 
 <5T? Fly. g^r^T or 
 
 cTT Lie hid. 3"37W or 
 
 ^ffiT Cease. FrRTr^r or 
 
 ^ Cool. frwr or 
 
 ^T Sink. ^ftsr or 
 
 Meet with, pfprr^r or 
 
 Melt. ffo^r or 
 
 Note The first pait form is in general use. 
 
 3TJT Cease for a time. ^JTIW or 
 
 Grate. f^^r^T or 
 
 Leak. JT^r^H" or 
 
 Burn. 5f3:r^r or 
 
 Wear away. f^sflW or 
 
 Yield or give way. ?"^r^r or 
 
 Be dazzled. f^TT^T or 
 
 Start. ^in^n' or 
 
 Understand. ^?rr^T or 
 
 
 
 Be delighted with, f^r^ or 
 Lie hid. 7?^?^ or 
 
 Be extinuished, f^lerr or 
 
 Both the forms are equally used. 
 (2) Verbs that have a past tense formed from another root,
 
 ( 80 ) 
 
 Root. Past Tense. 
 
 Sfl Go "rr^r 
 ?! Come s[f?5T 
 fr Become Sfl^F 
 
 (3\ Verbs which substitute different consonants and vowels for 
 some of the letters of the root in order to make up the past tense :- 
 jry Sing *rn[^ or JJT^ 
 
 yjr Meditate WRSC& oruir^ 
 jtf Hold Tfr?S or irfar 
 "q Take 
 eft Drink 
 VT Wash 
 *ft Fear 
 ^t Bear 
 "^ Wear 
 5 Give 
 ^q See 
 T{[jj Ask 
 ^tTI Tell 
 
 Kfif Dig ^T^ or 
 
 Say 
 Slay 
 
 TIT Die 
 ^f Eat 
 The Irregular Verbs are thus conjugated in the various tenses:- 
 
 *TDo. 
 
 y g-'v-jj- I do Present Tense. 
 
 T? or ^t ^ I did Past Tense. 
 
 4 or at %$ Thou didst
 
 ( 81 ) 
 
 He did- Past Tense. 
 We did. 
 
 You did. 
 
 They did. 
 
 I shall do. Future Tense. 
 Thou shall do. 
 
 He sha N do. 
 
 rnrf I go- Present Tense. 
 
 I went. Past Tense. 
 
 Thou wentest. 
 He went. 
 
 We went. 
 
 You went. 
 % T[3 They went. 
 
 flT 5HT"T I shall go. Future Tense. 
 
 jT 5TT5rT5f Thou shalt go, &LC. &c. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE ANOMALOUS VERBS. 
 
 133. The Anomalous Verbs, though transitive in sense, are entirely 
 conjugated like the intransitives in the First Conjugation. Though 
 they take an object in the past tense, they follow the subjective or 
 Kartari construction. Thus, 
 
 I study (and not 
 
 srr I studied a book (and not *q\ qp,jT 
 I shall study (and not <T?fa ). 
 I forgot him ( and not 
 
 11 ma
 
 ( 82 ) 
 
 134. The following are the anomalous verbs in the language 
 To practise. &v\vj To say. 
 To remember, faof To bring forth. 
 To vomit. *T*llFf To understand. 
 
 To bite. 
 To dine. 
 To seize hold of. 
 To spit. "^ 
 
 To gird on. 
 To study. 
 To clothe. 
 To obtain. 
 To drink. 
 To swim. 
 
 q? 
 
 To affect. 
 To blow the nose. 
 To remember. 
 To put on. 
 To forget. 
 To touch. 
 To foal. 
 To bring forth. 
 To lose. 
 To pass over. 
 
 To tell. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 
 
 135. The substantive verbs are verbs that denote existence ; they 
 are aflf , %fq To be, or to be in a particular state ; fpy To become, or 
 to enter into a particular state of being. 
 
 <v 
 
 Note. (1) 3ftf denotes simple existence, in a general or particular state ; and is 
 used in relation to both persons and qualities. 
 
 (2) fPT is used in relation to qualities only. 
 
 () ^T^TT denotes continuance in a particular state or an habitual state of exist- 
 ence. But (4) ^rT differs from the above forms in tliLs, that it expresses entrance
 
 ( 83 \ 
 
 into a new state, or the acquisition of a new property. Besides tins usual sense of 
 ^T"! To become, it signifies, also 
 
 a. To come to pass ; RF^T JT UTTJf His meeting has taken place = I have met 
 him. 
 
 b. In the past and future it expresses the completion of an action; ?* 
 5fr<? His dinner is done. 
 
 *\*\ "\ 
 
 c. In union with other verbs, its senses vary; as ^rf =fF> STF^ s f F, &<"> i 
 ing begin and go through with it. 
 
 d. It has the sense of an adverb ; as 3 
 
 If he of himself should offer his daughter in marriage, then I will wed her. Of these 
 verbs, the. verbs <*\W?\ and |rT are regularly conjugated in all the m ods and tenses 
 and, being intransitive verbs, fall under the first conjugation; the rest are de- 
 fective in tense-forms. 
 
 136. Each of these substantive verbs has a negative form; thus 
 jfr 3fl?f I am, jft ^Fff I am not. 
 
 I usually am, Jft ^TO<ff I usually am not. 
 *?f fFcff I become, i}T fHT TFjff I do not become. 
 Note. The verb f F^f, To become, has not a simple negative form. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Present Tense. 
 
 137. 37ff To be. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. ?ff ^flf I am. 
 
 2. Ff aflf g- Thou art. 
 
 3. ?rr, rfl",'rT ^11% He, She or It is. 
 
 138. fNT To be. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. TT ft^T I am. 
 
 2. ?F fr^T Thou art. 
 
 3 'TTj ^t> ^ f f^f He, She, or It is. 
 
 We are. 
 Ye are. 
 KIT, fff nt<T They are. 
 
 Plural. 
 \\ We are. 
 Ye are. 
 
 They are.
 
 Past Tense, 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. flT Cnrf ni. n fffi f. I was. ^UlT/ ^r^r We were. 
 
 2. ^ fftrra' m. fffittf f. fT^fe n. Thou wast, w^ ffaf Ye were. 
 
 3. ^f fKTT m. ^ fT^ft f- 1 fT^ n. He, She, ^ ffq- m. ?^r ftar f. ? 
 It was. ffcrT n. They were. 
 
 Note. Both these verbs have no other forms, and the other tenses, which are 
 usually joined to them, belong to one or other of the succeeding jterbs. 
 
 139. 3?^]' To be usually. 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 Singular. 
 
 m. 7t f. ^f n. I usually am. 
 m. ^fftf f. ?fe. n. 
 n. 
 
 Tense. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ! *TT 
 
 2. ^ 
 
 3. ?ff, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. flT 3?^ I usually was, or was in 
 the habit of being. 
 
 O -T ^ TV V 
 
 3. rTr> ^fr, rf 37^. 
 
 . f. n. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Future Terwe. 
 
 Singular- 
 
 > ^TT 5 ?ff 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. J?T 3?^ I shall be 
 
 2. J I^^W or 
 
 3. % rff, "
 
 m.f. n. 
 m. f. n. 
 
 sir f. rf7 n. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 f m. f. n. 
 m. f. n. 
 m. 
 
 ( 85 ) 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 iff 3T*r^f m. n, 3- f. Were I, or I would be, 
 Had I been, or I would have been. 
 *jT 3Ttf3T*T m. <fttf f. itf n. 
 
 3t, rfT, 3 3wrr m. rft f. IT n. 
 
 Past Tense. 
 Singular. 
 
 m. ^ f. ^f n. Should I be. 
 T m. WTH f- 5^T n. 
 m. 55T f. ^ n. 
 
 Jwfure. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I may (perhaps) be, or 1. 3flj|7 3T?T. 
 
 I may (perhaps) have been. 
 
 or 51)^. 2. 
 
 3. , 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 Kartari Prayoga. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 irT ^r^r^r m. ^T f. ^ n. ^rft sr^r^ m. ^r f. <f n. 
 
 I may, can, could, would, or 
 should be, or have been. 
 
 m. sffa f- % n. 3^rT 37^R m. sq^T f. ^ n. 
 
 m. ^T f. t n. |, sir, ?fT 3?^N m. ?rr f. ^f n.
 
 ( 86 ) 
 
 Bkavi Prayogn, 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. m\ 3WR* I should be. 
 
 2. FTf srsft. f ffF 3 ; 
 
 3. FIR, fa-f, 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. 3}! wi Let me be, i. e., continue, ^r??! ^H. 
 
 Ov 
 
 2. j 37^ or 
 
 3. ?t, rft, 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 3}^ To be usually, or continue to be. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present ^3, ^^, aT^nrt^r Being. 
 SUPINES. 
 
 Dat. ar^TRra -IT^r To be, i. e., continue. 
 Gen. srsrrqr^f Is to be. 
 
 GERUND, 
 
 To be, or being, &c. 
 140. The verb fpr To become, is thus conjugated : 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Jft" ff^f m. ^ f. qr n. I become. 3?RfT fTrff m. f. n. 
 
 2. ?f fT?rra m. ^ f. ^fa n. ^jfT frfff m. f. n. 
 
 3. % ?ff, ^ f r?r m. % f. if n. !}, PTT, ^f fr^rrfT m. f. n.
 
 ( 87 ) 
 
 Past Tense. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. *fT fl"^T m. n. ^ f. I became. ^[5fT ?rr^f m. f. n. 
 
 ,. .5*1 m. f. n. 
 3. rfl"? ^1% 
 
 Habitual Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Jfl" ?rf I was wont to become. 3?r*?fi~ fF3:. 
 
 2. ?r ftftf .or fra. 3*?T 5 ff. 
 
 3. ^f, ^K ^ I) re. ^> ?^TJ ?ff Crt'T or ff^. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1- Jfl" trf-T I shall become, or may s^fT fTT. 
 
 perhaps become. 
 
 O 3- ^TTT'V^' 3"T= 
 
 -^. n ^Ifjlw. n *c 
 
 3. rfr, rft, ri ?r?^". ^f> < 
 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 Singular jft tf^TT Were I to become, or I would become or have 
 become. It is conjugated like the indicative Ir^f I was. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Singular, m. f. n. Plural, m. f. n. 
 
 1. Jfr sfRT-^t-t. I may become. afli 
 
 Jfotc. Tlie above are the Kartarl form.s, and the Bhdc'i Prayoga forms are Jiff 
 f^ I should become, &c.
 
 ( 88 ) 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 Singular. 
 
 1. ifl" frs Let me become. 
 
 2. ^ If. 
 
 3. *fr, <fr, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 flT To become. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present, ffa, fTcff, ff^Nf Becoming. 
 
 Past, 3[\&l-&\-&, ^-^r-^f, ?T%^r-^3t, &c. Become. 
 
 Pluperfect, ff^:^ Having become. 
 
 Future, fnTK About to become. 
 
 SUPINE. 
 
 Dai. sfr^TT^r-^, sfPTT^-^T To become. 
 Gen. sfRTf^f Is to become. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 f*fof, &c. Becoming. 
 NEGATIVE VERBS. 
 
 141. iTTft' is the negative of sflf, and is used to negate both 
 existence and qualities. It is conjugated as follows : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. jfT ^rfT I am not 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 142. ^ is the negative of fR, and is used principally to negate 
 qualities.
 
 ( 89 ) 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. J?T 1*1 I am not. 9 aflJ?7 iMfr, 
 
 3. ir <fr, ^ is? %, air, iff Jf^ta or is? 3- 
 
 143. 1^?<rf is the negative form of fffif, and is conjugated as 
 follows : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1- ifr 1 s ? ?ff m. 1 f, flt n. I was not. 3H*?T 1 5 f <?f m. f. n. 
 
 2. ;r Isf^r^T m. .jfl-^r 1". TO n. FfflT l^f^t m. f. n. 
 
 ON. v* 
 
 3. ?ff, ^rT, H is? ?ir-?fT-^ %, SIT ?ff, 
 
 144. l^rq- The Negative form of 
 
 Present Ind. j^ I^Trff m. -^ f. -^f n. I am not in the habit of being. 
 Past Ind. ijf 1 m. f. n. I was not in the habit of being. 
 Future Ind. jjT ?f%1 m. f. n. I shall not usually be. 
 Pres. Cond. jft l^r^t m. Were I not, Had I not been. 
 Past Cond. iff l^fcTf ni. Should I not be. 
 Subjunctive prf I^TR or 3ftT l^f I should not be. 
 Imp. 2nd Sing. 3??? I^T Do not continue to be ; Plu. ^ ?Rrr Do 
 not continue to be. 
 
 Imp. 3rd Sing: igt Let him not be ; Plu. igfa Let them not be. 
 
 Supine itfRW Not to continue to be. 
 
 Participk ^3\ Not being. 
 
 Gerund l^of Not to continue to be. 
 
 145. Negative forms of |r^f* 
 
 Present ifr |[cf irtT I am not becoming. 
 
 jT fT^T ^r^T^T '-Thou art not becoming, &c. 
 12 ma
 
 Ps/ Ind. i^T if ?rr^r> or, more commonly, ?rr^T ^Fff I did not be- 
 come. | 
 
 Pasf Halit. iff ?f frf, or, more commonly, fi'C^r I was not wont to 
 
 
 
 become. 
 
 Pluperfect iff ?nw ^ 5 f^f I had not become. 
 
 Future Ind. jft =f fff^T, or, more commonly, ffrr<C ^TTfT I shall no 
 become. 
 
 Pres. Cond. *ft ^ ^T<TT Were I not to become. 
 
 Pres. Subj. RTf ^ 5fR or, more frequently, frs ^ I should no 
 become. 
 
 Imp. 2nd Pers. Sing-. $& ^r (Plu. fr^ ^f^r) Do not become. 
 
 Imp. 3rd Pers. Sing. ^ frqr (Plu. ^ ?RT^T) Let him not become. 
 
 Supine ^f RW Not to become. 
 
 Past Participle ^ ?Rt Not becoming. 
 
 Gerund ^ fft Not to become. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS (qfa 
 
 146. The defectives are qjf^It is wanted, ^RJT It is not wanted, 
 ^5JiT It is not necessary, and sjq 1 It is not proper; besides there are 
 the substantive verbs, 3?ff and fR : 
 
 (1) qfFfif is thus conjugated. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 Kartari Prayoga. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 i?T ^if?^ I am wanted. an?fT 
 
 3 Tr?f^T or grff^^T Thou art wanted. FT*?T 
 
 t* ^^ 
 
 ff, ?rt", ^ Trf?^ He, She, or It is wanted. ^, ?qr, FfT Tfff irT, 
 
 Note. 7lf5%?5 iy, ?ometimes ; used for V.\^ in the future tense : If<3f rfT 
 or
 
 The Past tense is formed with f[^ ; as Tf&[ cfl TIC Tiff ^ tnfl" I 
 wanted that cow. qif?^ is, sometimes, used in such combinations; 
 as i&i 3 g[pf%rf or qjff^ W^ <K q Take it if you should want it. 
 
 (2) ^ST is the opposite of <T[f?% ; JT5H" 3^ =R?T I do not want 
 riches. It is thus conjugated : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 I am not wanted". 
 _ Thou art not wanted. 
 
 <fr, ?rT,^ ^F He, She, or It is not wanted. 
 
 Note. When ^f^T is used as a negative auxiliary, its second person plural is 
 ^T thus rflfl" ^^: ^^T Do not do it. 
 
 (3) ^W is used only as an auxiliary, and is thus conjugated : 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 iff or JRrf gr%: ^ I should not do it. 
 ^ or ?^f gr^: ^ Thou shouldst not do it. 
 
 CN. 
 
 f^, r?H ^F^ spr He, She, or It should not do it. r 
 
 (4) ?f^if (^ ?rfJTof ) is used generally with the 3rd person singular 
 noun, the gerund, or the nominative supine ; fr^r 33 ^5f ^if She 
 does not want your dress; j^f ^\3 ^&if It is not necessary for me 
 to go ; ^^ ^fq" ^r^q ^tti It is not necessary to teach her. Its plural 
 form is ^^TT?T. 
 
 COMPOUND VERBS (^ ftrapnr). 
 
 147. There are comparatively few simple verbs in Marathi, and 
 their deficiency is made up by the following methods: 
 
 (I) A verb is combined with a noun; as fa-^RT ST<T To believe. 
 
 f?f *l\&"l' To wear. 
 To finish. 
 To love,
 
 (2) A verb is combined with a participle ; as ZT^ ^ To cast away. 
 
 To bring. 
 To acquire. 
 
 s 
 
 Note. In the two latter examples with "if and q, the principal^act is not in the 
 participle as in the former case, but in the supplemental verbs. 
 
 (3) A verb is combined with an adverb ; as arc fT^t To kill. 
 
 To create. 
 To publish. 
 
 148. Some of the principal verbs which are thus employed to 
 make up new verbal forms are the following : 
 
 To make. iriTi To beat. 
 
 To throw. qr^f To reach. 
 
 To lay hold of. 3[&*i To seem. 
 
 To place. ^<T To eat. 
 
 To give. 5tf To lead. 
 To throw away. 
 
 Note. Each of these verbs has its own particular use ; thus, to love is Tft^T 3>TT 
 with the preposition ^ upon, coming after the object : as jqR^ ifrfa 
 or ^f^ ; but Tftfrf m:q or ^R^F? with the genitive of the object : as 
 ^ftf^T m^ft or ^nTc^". To wear is q^Tta ^H^fi and not 
 
 CHAPTER XII- 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 149. Compound Tenses are formed by means of the substantive 
 verbs, and the participles, or the simple tenses of the principal verbs. 
 
 The substantive verbs and all other verbs which are employed in 
 forming compound tenses are called Auxiliary or helping verbs.
 
 The verbs with which the auxiliary verbs are combined are called 
 principal verbs. Thus, in ^i F^fT^f 3T*T% He is in the habit of writing, 
 f^f)"^ is the present participle of the principal verb f&ff'T, and BTO^f 
 is the third singular present of the auxiliary verb 3T^r&f to be. 
 
 The compound tenses indicate modifications of time present, past, 
 and future. 
 
 THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 150. The indicative mood has three forms for the present tense, 
 five for the past, and five for the future, besides the simple tenses. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 (1) The Present Imperfect or Progressive is formed of the present 
 participle, and the present tense of the verb to be ; ^f feffa 3 fl? He 
 is writing. It expresses that the action is in a state of progression. 
 
 Note. It also expresses an act that was in progression at a past time; 717^ *fa 
 ^[trf STffi SfltrT 3?*J $fi% qrff 55 He saw the birds going and coming. 
 
 (2) The Present Imperfect Emphatic is the present tense with 
 the verb afff ; as <ff ^S^f ^fl? He is crying. This form is perhaps a 
 little more emphatic than the former. 
 
 Note. It also denotes an action, whether completed or not, that has been in 
 progress for some time; SfTSf jfrfeffcfl" ^f? I am engaged in writing to-day (with- 
 out being employed in writing at that precise time). 
 
 (3) The Present Habitual is the present tense formed with the 
 present tense of the verb 3T^<T ; as jfrer *Wfa ^f ffi ^tfcTR Fishes 
 live in the sea. It expresses a habit or the usual state of the agent 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 
 (1) The Past Imperfect or Progressive is the present participle 
 with the past tense of qff } C^TWfa 3fq Jfa fTcTT At that instant a tiger 
 was approaching. It expresses that an action was in progress at a 
 particular past period.
 
 (2) The Perfect tense is formed with the past tense and the 
 present tense of the verb snl ; as t*TR $q ^w ^TTf He has written a 
 book (which book remains to the present day). It expresses an action 
 perfected some time ago, but the consequences of which extend to 
 the present time. 
 
 Note. It is occasionally used dramatically for tho pluperfect tense ; 
 As he was going, the king came there, 
 
 (3) The Pluperfect tense is formed with the past tense and the past 
 tense of the verb fff ; r^rfaf HW 3&t5t fasfpfw ?FT % 5 f I" 
 Just after they had placed her on the bier I saw her ; rfT '4? 
 She had become cold. It expresses an action which was past be- 
 fore some other specified past action. 
 
 Note. It sometimes denotes simple past action; JTR^TT'T TF5T 
 
 fTrfT My maternal aunt gave me this ring on my birthday ; 
 f RT The boat lay tied fast by a rope. 
 
 (4) The Pas* Habitual is the present participle and the past 
 habitual tense of aT^PI ; as TfT^r ^^^T rTT "^fiTT f^PT ^H^T ^ Having 
 erected a temporary watch-tower, that Brahman was in the daily 
 habit of sitting on it. 
 
 (5) The Continuative Past, formed of the present participle ending 
 in 31 and the past tense of the verb fr^T ; T3TT^ ifaqT 3TRF Dritarash- 
 tra began to speak. It expresses the commencement and continu- 
 ance of an act. 
 
 6. The Dubitative Past, formed with the past tense of the verb and 
 SKR and aWPfl"; J5ff *M fe^S aT5! or aRlft You must have taught 
 me. It expresses the probable occurrence of an event in past time. 
 
 7. The Past Prospective is the future participle and the past 
 tense of the verb frT ; as <*ff JTTTfr <TT*Ff^r ^ff ^T frfipTrc; ?T^I I
 
 ( 95 ) 
 
 was to write when you sent the man. It expresses the intention of the 
 agent to do some act in the past specified time. 
 
 Note. It also expresses the intention of the agent to do a certain act in time past 
 but he did not do it j as jf|" *& STfTTRf^ ?qiT ?KJf TT ^tflTfa fapfT 
 3T5JTW5J mH^ TUf^f I w as to have called on you yesterday, but having felt 
 unwell I stayed at home. This is the pluperfect prospective. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 (1) The Future Imperfect or Progressive is the present participle 
 with a^fa ; jft ?TRT ^Sffif ^5ft ^ <TTf?T ^^ I shall be waiting for you 
 at twelve o'clock. It expresses willingness to continue the performance 
 of a particular act in future time. 
 
 Note. It also expresses contingency, present or future ; ?fn" 
 
 Your father most probably will be (or must be) expecting your return. 
 
 (2) The Future Continuative is the present participial adjective 
 and the future of ff^f ; as ^f ^T^^T ffT^ He will begin to go away. 
 It expresses the commencement and continuance of a future act 
 in future time. 
 
 (3) The Present Prospective is the future participle of the verb 
 with ^rt ; as ^PT ^sqRT ^flft? What are you going to play 1 It signifies 
 the future accomplishment of an act that has been resolved on. 
 
 Rote. The chief use of this tense is,by its negative form, to deny what is affirmed 
 in the simple future form; thus *]^f 3^ f \%& 1 How can that be 1 3T^f fTTTT *T[?T 
 That cannot be. 
 
 (4) The Future Future is the future participle in vfi^ with sf^ ; 
 <JJ?1 TP3 %5f f jft f&ff qr*: ^6^ I shall be going to write when you 
 come. 
 
 Note. It has also the sense of contingency. 
 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. 
 
 151. This is formed by the present participle and the present con- 
 ditional of
 
 ( 96 ) 
 
 Had he been employed at his work, how could such an accident 
 have occurred ? It expresses the possibility of an action in progress 
 at the specified time, whether present or past. 
 
 Present Dubitative. 
 
 This is the present participle and a^^f ; <?f TT<T 
 
 fiTT Should he be going, then intrust the business to him. It 
 expresses an uncertainty or doubt respecting occurrence of an event 
 in present time. 
 
 PAST TENSE. 
 
 This is the past indicative and the present conditional of the verb 
 3 WT ; ^ qre^fa ^^, =Trff rfT *ft <T3^T ^3Jt It missed by a little, 
 otherwise she would have fallen (she narrowly escaped a fall). 
 
 Past Dubitative. 
 
 This is the past tense with <wi; iff 
 iff sTn? *3Tf Should I really have been guilty of such roguery, then 
 truly I am a blackguard. It expresses an uncertainty respecting an 
 action, which, if it had ever occurred at all, must now be past 
 
 FUTURE DUBITATIVE. 
 
 This is the future participle with 
 *f&\ ^fal Should he be going then tell me. It expresses an uncer- 
 tainty respecting an event, which, if it is to occur at all, will occur 
 in future time. 
 
 Note. The principal difference between the conditional forms in fff or 
 and 3T5W is this, that the former do not imply the truth of the conditional 
 proposition, whereas the latter simply indicate a doubt or uncertainty respecting 
 the truth of it. <fr *K3T r Jf^F ^WrTT Had he died, implies that he is not dead; 
 but rTf f^T 3?^^ If he should be dead, implies that he may or may not be 
 dead, but the speaker lias no knowledge of the fact.
 
 152. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PAST TENSE. 
 
 This is the present subjunctive with |f|; as ?T f staff ?tf You 
 should have told. 
 
 Note. Besides the substantive verbs, the subjunctive mood takes other auxiliary 
 verbs. It uses also other verbal forms besides that in 
 
 (1) Present Tense; ^ ^ ^ I must walk . (Fomed rf fte pagt .^ 
 cative and Tiff 5f. 
 
 (2) Present Tense; J^f ^ m ? ^ I am under the necessity of walking 
 (Formed of the genitive supine and 
 
 (3) Present Tense ; j^ ^JR ^JR I must walk. (Formed of the nominative 
 supine and the neuter singular of STTiySf.) 
 
 (4) Present or Future; JR* TOTCrt W I must walk, or I have to walk. 
 (Formed of the genitive supine and 3TTf.) 
 
 (1) Past Tense; Jf^ TTRPn^ T^ I was under the necessity of walking. 
 (2) Past Tense ; q&l ^f^rf cTfTT It was necessary for me to walk. 
 
 (3) Past Tense-, Tf^r ^[^^ Tlft^ fT^ I should have walked. 
 
 (4) Fait Tense; JJ^r ^JTCrPf ffi I had to walk. 
 
 (1) Future Tense; T{^ ^TSr^qT^f T^ I should be under the necessity of 
 walking. 
 
 (2) Future Tense; f\^\ ^m% cTTjfa It will be necessary for me to walk. 
 
 (3) Future Tense; q&f ^l&& t^ffST I must walk. 
 
 153. PARTICIPLES. 
 Present Participle. 
 
 This is formed with the present participle of the verb and the 
 participle ^rff O r 3?^?^ ; as JTRT TOTT V*3 *$3 *Wrrt ^K\ W^fi 
 
 ^ ^^ ^frw ?R During the reign of Bhoja Rajl, a certain 
 13 ma
 
 Brahman, having acquired a piece of waste land, sowed it with grain. 
 It expresses the time during which the verbal act takes place. 
 
 Past Participle. 
 
 This is the past participle with *Kfff ; as if 
 3I3T <?:?: q^Ff 5 ff^t Whenever he came down, his disposition would 
 become the same as before. It expresses that the participial act is 
 the occasion of the verbal act. 
 
 Note. It expresses, also, a possible conditionally ; as ^'TR 3\3[ ^^l 5*T IJ T 
 ZT^rfatTf T?^ If means be used, it will still be possible to rid him of his bad 
 qualities. 
 
 154. COMPOUND NEGATIVE TENSES. 
 
 The negative forms of the verbs are formed by joining the nega- 
 tive particles =T not, or the negative forms of the substantive verbs, to 
 simple participles; as Jf7 *jn?T<T Tfff I am not loosing. 
 The following are compound negative tenses : 
 Present Sing. 1. ?ft ^RftT ^fT I am not loosing. 
 2. jT ^Tfifa ^TrtF^T Thou art not loosing. 
 
 3. ^r rfT, ^T 13F3trT ^Fff He, she, or it is not loosing. 
 
 Ph. 1. 3}Fif ^Tl"rf ^r?f We are not loosing. 
 
 2. ^JfT ^T?TtT ^TrfT You are not loosing. 
 
 >, 3. rT, ?^jr, ^ff ?fi ^trf ^TTff They are not loosing. 
 
 Past, ift ^ ^rf?^ or ift ^ff^ ^frlf I did not loose. 
 Past Habitual, jft ^ gt^T or ^T^T^r I was not wont to loose. 
 Pluperfect, jff ^TS^ JT5f^ I had not loosed. 
 Future. jfT =T m^T^T or jfr ^TIT ^^ I shall not loose. 
 Present Conditional, jft ^ *TJf3"<rf Were I not to loose. 
 Present Subjunctive. *qf ^ tffrnr or Tift ^fri =R I should not loose. 
 Imperative 2nd Person Sino-. tfR ^f; Plu. efi ?f^f Do not loose 
 
 t*v t*\ 
 
 Gerund, q *fn?f Not to loose. 
 
 Present Participle. ^ ^rfT?Tt Not loosing.
 
 ,\utr. When there are two forms given of one tense, the latter is more commonly 
 used ; as J}| ^fT^RT 'TffT I shall not loose, is preferred to JJf ^ ^ifa, future 
 indicative. Besides ^fff and ?f5f rf, the verb ^TO^f i rf used to f rm the compound 
 negative tenses ; a., 
 
 Present Indicative, ift tftefrf ^^?f m. ^ f. rTF n. 
 
 AWr. The first personal forms only have been given here; the rest are formed 
 on the same principle. 
 
 Note. Some other auxiliary negative verbs are also employed to form the com- 
 pound negative tenses, such as Zffi, ^fOT]", &c. 
 
 155. THE PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 The passive forms are composed of the past participle in c5f of the 
 principal verb, and the simple tenses of the verb sfFF to go. 
 
 JVofc.The passive voice is not of general use in Marathi, although it is freely used 
 in Sanskrit and Prakrit. In the latter languages the verb is inflected to denote the 
 ],,issive relation; thus |? To do (S.), 3T^lF<T (S.) Does ; F=F1% ( S.), ^fr^F Prak. 
 h;is bean done. In the passive voice the agent may or may not be specified; thus, 
 JT[f f f ^T 5tc7T The cow was tied with a rope, or ^JTT^f, ? TF? ?f ^TT^ 
 ITTSf The cow was tied by Rama with a rope. The agent of a passive voice 
 is governed by a postposition denoting instrumentality; as 3T?^T, ^("TR'j 3\T7f 
 
 &N. 
 
 fee. The methods to which natives have resorted to avoid this passive form will be 
 found in the syntax. A native would never say ^fs^T^ Iff? ^fac^r JT^f> but 
 The cow was tied with a rope. 
 
 Present Indicative. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 l. *ir 
 
 -& 
 
 2. 
 
 irrr m -TJT srr 
 
 n. I am loosed. 
 
 n. Thou art loosed- 
 
 m. -7?T ^rffT f. 
 
 He, she, or it is 
 
 3. 
 
 loosed. 
 
 n. We are loosed. 
 
 Frff m. .?qr 3TKTf f- 
 n. You are loosed. 
 3TRR m. ??T-5^r 5TI- 
 
 JTFT f- rff -f 5fTnrr?f n. They 
 
 are loosed. 
 
 The rest of the tenses may be formed in the above manner.
 
 CHAPTER XIII- 
 
 V. 
 
 I 
 
 PARTICLES OR INDECLINABLE WORDS. 
 
 / ' 
 ./ I. THE ADVERB. 
 
 * 
 
 156. An Adverb is a word which is used to qualify any attribute 
 as rfr "PIT 5Tf r^F ^r? He is very wise ; fa^ 5TF Go there. 
 
 157. Adverbs may be divided into the following classes : 
 
 (1) ADVERBS OF TIME ; ^rsRr^ Pl^nf^WT- 
 
 a. Point of time ; %sf f then, qRf, ^f f now, 3T5?t when, iff before, 
 at present, ^^ afterwards, ?f^ presently, ^f^ soon, ^nr to-day, 
 
 to-morrow, ^T?5 yesterday, TC^f two days ago, or two days hence? 
 then, ar-TreC formerly, *w hereafter, $Z3^ instantly, sT^tW^, 
 suddenly, J^ lately, ^^ at once, fTT^r^ immediately. 
 
 b. Duration of&ne/^fjff always, ^fcT?i continually, v&i3^ quickly, 
 daily, qrvjf ever, 3^ ^rfT never, r^TORf^^ or fo^f^tf day 
 
 after day, irfafo^T, ^r5f^f U^, and U5rfrT daily. 
 
 Note. PtWRnfTO &c. express an act that daily increases or decreases, while 
 T &c. do not involve any notion of an increase or diminution. 
 
 (2) ADVERBS OF PLACE ; 
 
 c. Rest in a place ; ^ there, ?pf here, ^5j ^ everywhere,- grrsr 
 nowhere, ^ above, *3T^T below, ?r^ within, Tflff behind, q? before, 
 T beyond, $Tar where ? 
 
 (f. Motion to or from a place; s^TJ hither, frRT^ thither, f^T^ 
 hence, fa^T^ thence, Hiff^ around, ^riffa, ^f^ 1 near, TC far, qfc^r? 
 
 "^ O^. 
 
 beyond.
 
 (3) ADVERBS OF MANNER ; 
 
 e. Manner ; ^ so, WlRr 5 ? thus, ^r well, 5Tf FnTR wisely. (See 
 Adverbs in "^ under Derivation), rr-fsjf, ^JJT^, a-jft^T, 3?N, 3UT merely, 
 or for no reason. 
 
 /. Degree; TfPC very, STTTTf quite, ^rcr nearly, a little, 
 scarcely, Jfl^ only, ^fa^F more, ^i{t less, ajf^pr exceedingly, 3}t4rT 
 eminently ; ?ac slowly. 
 
 AWe. ^", ff , 5Tr, TTj are emphatic adverbs ; e. g., ?f ^ q You alone come ; ?ff|" 
 
 t-^ ^^ 
 
 v _ -X - 
 
 ?T xoutoocome; ?f ?ff qrffg' Are you coming or is somebody else coming? ?T 
 7! ^ Vou too come. 
 
 (4) ADVERBS OF QUANTITY ; 
 
 -. Measure ; "TTf^ much, S^grf little, q"c enough, ^"fff or -gf some- 
 what, sTJT'ff entirely, ^f ?f much. 
 
 h. Number or Order; rrg^f once, ^iT^'T? or 5TVK5Tf a hundred-fold, 
 : firstly, Ttf-qR secondly, fr^T. ^tf" lastly. 
 
 (5) ADVERBS OF MOOD ; 
 
 ( i ) Affirmation ; ff^T yes, ^jT^Trf certainly, f^:^5FT undoubtedly, 
 truly. 
 
 ( j ) Negation; ^FfT, ^ ^r not, f^JTfq- ^FfT, f^^^ ^ffT not at all 
 
 never. 
 (k) Probability and Doubt ; ^Trf^T perhaps, ^$q[ for the most part. 
 
 (6) ADVERBS OF RELATION ; ^R-qj^^: 
 ^sf \ when, Irpqr 3^ wherever, ^T ^f wheresoever. 
 
 (7) ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION; TT^r^T^i" : 
 
 ^-^\ when 1 ^tfs where ? ^T5Tf55r why 1 ^RT^ where ? 3Tf why ? 
 
 (8) ADVERBS OF IMITATION ; ^T^
 
 ( 102 ) 
 IT. THE PREPOSITION'. 
 
 158. A Preposition is a word which shows the relation of a 
 noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence ; ?ff ^'^R^ ^fT^f 
 He took his seat. 
 
 159. Prepositions relate nouns or pronouns to other nouns or 
 pronouns, or to verbs or adjectives. They express the following 
 relations : 
 
 (a) Tims and spzce ; arfa, snff, *T V -^ in, ^ on, tfrrTT, tffor-T, TWT 
 near, ft??: out, ?3T^T under, Jftif behind, formerly, yz before, in future, 
 sjrf^T on this side, . TR^S on that side, =f?TC after, qfi" before (in 
 time), ^rfJTC before ( in place). 
 
 (b) Motion to or from; 3TJ at, 7RR from, prepositions in T^T, as 
 from above, ?3T T from below, q%f, TT^f till. 
 
 (c) Instrumentality ; ^FT?^, ^T^^Tj fTrff* fK> or rf by, or througli. 
 
 (d) Miscellaneous Relations ; fsj^PT, ^r^-Ti f^'TT without, f^qf about, 
 
 instead of, ^TCl'lf besides, ^r?fr enough, 'q'^T, ^r^T for, ffa, 
 
 ^?T?T, 5ETf 7^iTR with. 
 
 i 
 
 160. Observations on Prepositions. 
 
 (1) The prepositions generally inflect the word after which they 
 are placed; as qTT^ on the house. Sometimes they do not inflect the 
 word ; as 9%Ia5(R9 till the morning. 
 
 (2) The prepositions are, sometimes, joined to the genitive of 
 nouns; as qrr *Tf ffn: or ^UTRTf*: out of the house. 
 
 (3) Prepositions ending in 3fl are, sometimes, inflected to agree in 
 gender and number, in order to agree with the nouns to which they 
 refer ; as ?*rT *WR^ or -ftf& ^ f^l ^iT f ft Twenty elephants stood 
 around him.
 
 ( 103 ) 
 
 Nofe, The noun with which a preposition agrees is the subject or the object of 
 the sentence in which the preposition, together with the noun which it governs, 
 stands as a prepositional or adverbial phrase ; ^RTR^T?? TFlT F5I7 Sprinkle water 
 round the house; ^ff fqj ^fJflf^^T^ TF^'^1' She danced round it. 
 
 (4) When a prepositional phrase or a simple preposition is used 
 as an attributive, it takes an adjective suffix ; cJTifwff ^1" *ff5 The story 
 respecting them ; T^raiMcfr^ j]f^ The villages round about Poona ; 
 ^faf^^ 3& The tank beyond the river; if^^f jrfa Yonder 
 village. 
 
 (5) Some prepositions are used both before and after nouns ; as 
 jf ftRtrc'fo Be without fear; iff ^q^ <l5qift?R wTPTTC =TFfT I will not 
 go unless I take the rupees. 
 
 161. III. THE CONJUNCTION. 
 
 A Conjunction is a word used to connect the different parts of an 
 extended sentence or two affirmations. 
 
 Note. 1. Even when the conjunction appears only to connect two words, it 
 really connects two sentences. 
 2. Prepositions relate two notions ; conjunctions two sentences. 
 
 162. The conjunctions are thus classified : 
 
 (1) Conjunctions which join sentences together, as well as unite 
 their meaning, and which are called Copulative Conjunctions; 
 and, 3T<TO~T and, *?M that is, ^ and, qff that. 
 
 (2) Conjunctions which join two sentences together, but discon- 
 nect their meaning, and which are called Disjunctive Conjunctions; 
 f^r, a?W, ^f or, ?ffiF?nc nevertheless, forar-fl nay, rPTrfr notwith- 
 standing, TT, <lt<T but. 
 
 IV. THE INTERJECTION. 
 
 163. An Interjection is a word which expresses any sudden wish 
 or emotion of the mind, but no definite thought.
 
 ( 104 ) 
 
 Interjections may express- 
 
 ( v l) Sudden joy f q?r* 
 
 (2) Sudden approbation q* 
 
 (3) Sudden surprise 3flfW*n7 ; 3flfT, ? : , ^Tf^T 
 
 (4) Sudden displeasure ffiTHT^W<F; () contempt, &, I3?T, r?|", 
 9T ; (6) disgust, %$%, s^qf, ?^r, f^r^ ; (c) reproach, f xf, 
 
 (rf) prohibition, ^f or ^f ; (e) indifference, ^. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 DERIVATIONS. 
 
 164. Words are traceable to roots. 
 
 165. A root is that part of a word which cannot be reduced to a 
 simpler or more original form, either in that language, or family of 
 languages to which it belongs. 
 
 166. Marathf is derived from two distinct stocks of languages, the 
 Turanian and the Aryan. 
 
 167. The Turanian languages are the Turkish, Chinese, Canarese, 
 Telegu, Tamil, Malyallam, &c., and the Aryan are the Greek, Latin, 
 Teutonic, Gothic, Slavonic, Zend, Sanskrit, and their several dialects. 
 
 168. The Turanian is the oldest element in Marathf, and is per- 
 ceptible in the vocables of general use among the lower classes, and in 
 the business of ordinary life. The imitative particles, and the words 
 beginning with the cerebrals and the letter 5T> are chiefly of Turanian 
 origin. 
 
 169. Marathf, as we now find it, appears to be chiefly derived from 
 Sanskrit, to which it is indebted for nearly nine-tenths of its voca- 
 bles. The Sanskrit words exist in it either in their native or modified
 
 ( 105 ) 
 
 form ; and the changes of the modified forms are traceable to 
 the various dialects and languages, through which they have come 
 into it. 
 
 170. The Sanskrit dialects, from which Marat hi and the other 
 modern Aryan languages of India, such as the Hiridusthani, Gujarati, 
 Bengali, &c., are derived, were called Prakrit or vulgar tongues, by 
 way of distinction from the parent language, whose name etymologically 
 signifies "a polished tongue" (0 well, pT made = ^R3Cfl). 
 
 171. MarathI bears the closest affinity to Magdhf, a Prakrit dialect 
 which flourished in Magdha or Bahar, and which was probably first intro- 
 duced into Maharashtra by the Buddhist missionaries in 284 A. D. 
 
 172. The following are the principal changes which Sanskrit 
 words have undergone in the Prakrit dialects : 
 
 (1) The long vowels have been contracted into short vowels ; as 
 JRR?: a way = JTTT; ?"fa: long fe 
 
 (0) The double letters formed by the consonants of different organs 
 have been changed to consonants of the same organs; as f-^: God = 
 ?WCf; 3t: long = feitf ; or one of the letters is dropt ; as 3"5R 
 sight, iftfnf. 
 
 (3) The similar and dissimilar vowels have been substituted for 
 each other ; as f^fT^ red lead =^r; 5^: a brother-in-law = fe 
 
 (4) The vowels SR", 3t and ?T have been changed to fc or ^t, ^ or 
 , and [sr or &t, & ; as ^tq a debt=nc< : T ; WT* a beetle = Fi 
 
 
 
 (5) The aspirates and f are interchangeable ; as JR3" a mouth 
 J?f ; JT^ a secret =irs?T. 
 
 (6) The Visarga has been changed to ^1; as fl?f: a cloud 
 
 ; 5T: a hai 
 
 1 4 m a
 
 ( 106 ) 
 
 (7) The dentals have been displaced by the cerebrals ; as 
 
 v _ S . . . -v 
 
 an elephant =^Tr?Tr; ?5T: a sting = \jtfT. 
 
 (8) The unaspirates are sometimes changed to aspirates; as 
 
 173. The Prakrit words underwent a change before they assumed 
 their present Marathi forms. The following are the three principal 
 changes : 
 
 I. The compound letters have been displaced by simple letters : 
 as qwff ( W S. ) perspiration = ^W ; JT5JJT ( ?PT: S. )=JTWT pith; 
 srnfr (jfar: S. ) =iJ7]T fit. 
 
 II. The initial short vowel, followed by a double letter, has been 
 lengthened, when the double letter has been changed to a simple letter ; 
 as RTF (R3T S.) = 5flr sleep; fK 1 (&q S.) = T^ milk; rrot (q$n S.) 
 
 a wing. 
 
 III. The final ^T, substituted for the Sanskrit Visarga, is dropt or 
 changed to 3ff; as V?T (%%: S.) =qrz a bell; qffi (^S- S.)= ^t^T 
 a basket ; aqffr ( 4f? : S.) =a^3T a lip; rn?r (^TT: S.) =5fRTf fit. 
 
 Note. In some Marathi words the 3tf still retains its place ; as ff wn = 
 ?T: S. ^T he = tf: S. 
 
 174. The Marathi language, thus derived, has become the verna- 
 cular of ten millions of souls ; it combines the dignity and vigour of the 
 Sanskrit with the softness and pliancy of the Prakrit. Its vocabulary has 
 received valuable contributions from the Arabic, Persian, Hindusthani ; 
 Gujarati, and several European languages, so that it is the most co- 
 pious, the most learned, and the most polished of the modern Indian 
 languages. It has been, since the rise of the Maratha power, the 
 language of several Native courts, and possesses some literature, both 
 in prose and verse, of comparatively great merit. 
 
 Marathi words have in their turn become the sources of new 
 words, and claim the rank of roots. They have been designated in
 
 ( 107 ) 
 
 this book Mardlhi Roots. We give below two illustrations. 
 ROOT : fjWor to speak ( 3 S. to speak ). 
 Nouns : ^& word ; ^f^of speaking ; ^f \, *ff^nT, popular talk ; 
 
 ^T^T conversation; ^f^Sf invitation ; sfMt a language; 3T?far reserve. 
 Adjectives: ffc^r eloquent, ^JRr loquacious; 5ffa?rr that speaks. 
 Verbs : ^tc*5f to speak ; ^terfanf to call. 
 ROOT : sffaaf to build ( ^ S. to bind). 
 
 Nouns : f fa an embankment ; ^faoj damming up ; ^fsrqr^s the cost 
 of building ; f fepJjT the style of building ; ^fspjf the rubbish used for 
 damming ; ^faT fixing material ; wfal structure ; ^fspif a passage 
 through a field ; ffsrRT the raised boundary of a field ; ^far?^ struct- 
 ure ; ^ffcffa binding of rice into bundles ; tfq or ^f*TfS a parasitical 
 plant ; ^^1' a villager without landed property ; *rhrfst' a small 
 embankment ; ^fsr^cl' the horizon. 
 
 Adjectives : tfqvft relating to a ground ; ^fit?y bound by favours ; 
 built. 
 
 Verbs : ^fqrSf To be so advanced as to have its stone fully formed, 
 a mango ; ^t'<^f to bind ; ^fqT<T> see 
 
 175. Words are derived from Marathi roots in six ways. They are 
 these :- 
 
 (1) By modifying the vowels and consonants of which the simple 
 word is composed ; as tfq a dam, ^fsrr a shape, from ^f*?5f to bind ; 
 ir an eyelet, or a little hole from ifi"sn" an eye ; TP3W to fell, from 
 to fall. 
 
 (2) By joining letters or particles before and after a word, t. 
 by means of prefixes and affixes; *1+%Z = ^T^ unbroken ; 
 passionate.
 
 ( 108 ) 
 
 (3) By the union of the above two methods ; as ^R^ the 
 head of a fish, from ^far an eye. 
 
 (4) By doubling the simple word ; 5PTT^T grain, &c., from 3P*T 
 grain. 
 
 (5) By two or more words joined to express one notion, and both 
 the words retaining a place in the formation ; as 3n^Jrf3HT a polecat, 
 from 3ifs5 black, and J?f5T?: a cat. 
 
 (6) By uniting two words so that one of the words is lost; 
 = *T3 H qrJT water and oil ; 5qfW I T= 3}fa sour + qpj smell. 
 
 176. The first class of words are called Primary Derivatives ; the 
 second two classes of words, Secondary Derivatives ; the fourth class, 
 Reduplicatives ; and the last two, Compounds. 
 
 I. Primary Derivatives. 
 
 177. The Marathi roots are comparatively few, and numerous 
 words are derived from them by modifying their form. We can notice 
 here only the Potentials and the Causals. 
 
 178. I. The Potentials. These verbs are derived by inserting 
 ^ between the gerundial termination and the verbal root; as 
 
 to do, 3T^r to be able to do. (Sec. 126.) 
 
 179. II. The Causals. These verbs are formed by inserting f^ST 
 between the root and the gerundial termination; as 3iT^T to do, 
 to cause to do ; 5f to give, tfa^FT to cause to give. 
 
 Note. The form ^Tf^oT is preferable to 
 
 The causal suffix ft or f is the corruption of the Sanskrit particle 
 1 or a?ir, iised in forming causals; as 3Wf<T he does, ^FUTTfrf he causes 
 to do. The q is changed to T or ^, *T and ^ being interchange- 
 able letters.
 
 ( 109 ) 
 
 When fa is affixed to transitive verbs, they become causals, de- 
 noting the instrumental agency of a person distinct from the subject of 
 the verb ; but when fa is affixed to intransitive verbs, they become 
 transitive, and not causative ; fa^of to sleep, f^sfn"! to cause to sleep, 
 faslfa^ to cause to make to sleep. 
 
 Some intransitive verbs modify the final vowel of the root before 
 the suffix ff ; as farfoT to be taken in, fqT?TrnFf or fa^fa^f to seduce >' 
 %7J<*f to speak, ^f^rfa^f or ^fa<*T to call. 
 
 When verbs are derived from nouns or adjectives by the suffix 3pf, 
 those in simple sflf are intransitive, and in sflfa are transitive ; as 3?fa7 
 sour, 3^f^7R^f to be turned sour, 3rf^7[fa5f to make sour; 3":^ pain, 
 ?" : ?3T^ to be hurt, T.^faoT to hurt. 
 
 NJ ->J 
 
 180. Some intransitive verbs do not. take the participle fa to form 
 the intransitives, but I, 'mply change the initial vowel of the root. In this 
 particular they resemble the Sanskrit causal verbs, which lengthen the 
 initial vowel of the root ; as ?gRftr he digs, ^R^ffa he causes to dig. 
 
 1. The intransitives that lengthen the initial 3? : 
 to graze, ^r^ to feed, 
 to pass by, JTo"f to remove, 
 to float or to be saved, rTiTT to save, 
 to be crushed, SfRfff to crush, 
 to fall, qi^nf to fell, 
 to die, Jn^ to kill, 
 to move on (. i.), ^IIT^f to move on (. t.) 
 
 (2) The intransitives that undergo both a vowel and a conso- 
 nantal change : 
 
 to get loose, tfTvj^f to loose, 
 to break, 31^*1 to break, 
 to get loose, *jR"5f to loose.
 
 ( no ) 
 
 (3) Some intransitives modify only the consonant ; as 
 tear (v. I), qfTF^ to tear (v. t.). 
 
 181. The causals of these transitive verbs are formed by affixing 
 ; as ;tfr<Jf to get loose, ^R^f to loose, and *rn?fa<'f to cause to loose. 
 
 II. Secondary Derivatives. 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 182. The particles called prefixes (^TOjf) and suffixes 
 used in Marathi are derived chiefly from the Sanskrit. The 
 Sanskrit grammarians mention in all twenty particles (ajsjpj), which 
 are as follows : 
 
 beyond ; ^fa^ff passing beyond ; srfa^f, ?Rn?Tf RF- 
 over ; sqfaiN' a superior god ; a?faKTC authority. 
 3H after ; R^T going after ; 3Hf born after ; 
 
 sj> NJ x* 
 
 377 off; ^TfrF away from caste ; 3NfTT. 
 ztfq upon ; ^Fl^^T a placing upon, a covering. 
 towards ; 3[r*nT?3 having the face towards. 
 down ; sj^rTfir the crossing down, an incarnation. 
 near to ; sjrenT form ; anirf entreaty. 
 up ; ^?rrf ardour. 
 next, below ; ^TOif a prefix ; 
 , 5*j bad; ^ a bad quality; 
 
 into, downwards ; fa^fr? conducting ; R:<TrR fallen down. 
 :, f^r without ; frfsfrfa without blemish. 
 T back, away; TO'^JS' having the face turned back; 
 
 defeat.
 
 ( 111 ) 
 
 7fr around ; T^T to walk round about. 
 
 IT before ; IRT the being before, a lord ; IT<TR. 
 
 iffr back ; iff^f a reflected beam ; 
 
 fa apart ; f^Rr disjoining, a separation ; 
 
 ^fiT together with ; ^JTJT going with, a junction ; ^fa. 
 
 s well ; ^T^T good-looking, 
 
 183. Besides these, the following prefixes are of general use in 
 the Marathi language : 
 
 , 3?^, not ; qiRT boundless; 3}f[W reserve ; 
 
 N 
 
 JT (H.) deficient. ; 3TIf^JT weak. 
 bad ; 3q a bad deed ; 
 
 (A.) other ; e J]TjJrsf a misunderstanding; 
 
 , f ^ (H.) each ; 5T?Tf r every month ; 
 not ; ^TrK^f^ an atheist. 
 (H.) not; JTrTO?" disapproved; 
 another ; crc;yR a stranger ; 
 
 again ; q^5I?lT, regeneration ; 
 7 (P-) before ; 75J^r a leader. 
 
 (P.) bad; ^T^R'a bad deed; 
 
 (H.) without ; p^nT without a mistake ; 
 (P.) without ; "^^31 without remedy ; ^!fa, 
 
 M 
 
 good ; ^{?^if a good work ; ^TsSpT. 
 : (H.) head ; ?n: gJT?K the head subhedar. 
 with, together with ; ^ff ^r^T intercourse ; 
 one's own ; ^T?5T a native country ;
 
 ( 112 ) 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 184. There are numerous suffixes in the MaraUu language, which 
 it is impossible to enumerate in this small work. The following 
 are, however, the most useful of them : 
 
 I. NOUNS. 
 I. Abstract Nouns. 
 
 Pure Marathi abstract nouns are derived from adjectives by affixing 
 707 n. and <T<TT m. to adjectives; 3\%Z bad, ^T^TT or cp]T badness. 
 
 These affixes do not differ from each other in anything else but in 
 the gender. When they are joined to adjectives ending in *ff m., the 
 final vowel is changed to 1; Vf&i honest, JTWTT or (jon honesty, ^f^f 
 is changed either to ^fir^ or ^fJT^ before the suffixes. 
 
 Words of Sanskrit origin take the suffixes rff f, <3 n., and *T n. to 
 form abstract nouns, and these particles are affixed to substantives as 
 well as adjectives. 
 
 Note. When 3J is affixed, the initial vowel is changed into a corresponding long 
 
 ( 3^0 vowel - 
 
 Examples. 
 
 ^T^; (adj.) heavy ; JJ^rr, *T^r> 'TiT^ heaviness. 
 cTj ( adj. ) light ; ?59tTr, OTc^, &W3 lightness. 
 T? ( adj. ) hard ; I'S'rfr, ?27^, 3"RnT hardness. 
 
 (sub.) a friend; fif^F, fJT^cf, ffe friendship, 
 (sub.) a Brahman ; jTrHT^r, JffW 
 
 Note. Some Sanskrit words do not take all the three suffixes; as 
 >x ^ 
 
 *jf^T or flf-T reserve. 
 
 
 
 Note. Some words simply lengthen the initial vowel ; as ^TlflTa y 
 Words of Hindusthani origin take the following suffixes: 
 C or 3fff ; iT^f honest, T?Jri honesty ; ^flr, fvTTfC obstinacy : ^ or 
 ifi TCfl warm, JT^JTT or JT^IC warmth: s?KT ; f^5 sweet, 
 sweetness : rTT ; ^T little, ^JTrfl" deficiency.
 
 2. Nouns of Agency : 
 
 M. sti'&H ; 3fZ a way, TOT^r a guide. 
 
 M. s^Rt ; JSfT worship, J3TR:)" a worshipper. 
 
 S. ? ; tTFT sin, TnT a sinner. 
 
 M. 3TC ; *lft a village, JTJ^RT a villager. 
 
 S. 3>!T 5 r^T a jewel, r^T3nT a jeweller. 
 
 H. IK 5 sft'T a saddle, FsRJTT a saddler. 
 
 H. JTIT Pk farar^j fsr^JTlT a cutler. 
 
 M. *$ ; ^T^i'T Konkan, ^RTR"<r a Konkani. 
 
 H. 3TC ; g)Tr, giT^K a subhedar. 
 
 H. ^? ; ^TT^ a horse -shoe, ^TTc^fc a farrier. 
 
 M. 3R ; JTT^T a carriage, JjT?faR coachman. 
 
 H. ^TJI J %y milk, I'^RT^T a milkman. 
 
 3. Nouns denoting- office, condition, Sfc.:- 
 
 money-changing. 
 a patflship. 
 slavery. 
 ^TTT, ^f^^rrf blackguardism. 
 
 4. Diminutive Nouns : 
 
 a ball, jr^T a shot. 
 a bedstead, T^JTsT a small bedstead. 
 a tiger, wnT^r the cub of a tiger. 
 
 II. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. Adjectives denoting* of or pertaining- to : 
 f ; ^RrT (n.), ^f^"ilT belonging to the Konkan. 
 
 f 5T ; arfrf ( prep. ), srfrffa internal. 
 ^T, ^t, if ; q^ ( n. ), m:^T -^t -"% household. 
 ^T, ^, ^;^ ( adv. ), ^T^r -55T -5f belonging to that place. 
 3; 5CR (n-), *3^3Z belonging to a desert. 
 15
 
 2. Denoting made or acted upon : 
 
 ; tfsr (v.), *t*ffa built. 
 
 or 3; *T ( v. ), qtpr or q^ washed. 
 
 * flN ' / N^ sj 
 
 3. Denoting full of or abounding : 
 3fl3 ; 5[S5 (n.), 13&13 frolicsome. 
 
 ^V 
 
 vqss ; ?ffq ( n. ), sTrTR sleepy. 
 tt Tfss ( n. ), iJoA^i filthy. 
 
 ( n. ), 5&R3FC mischievous, 
 
 ( n. ), 3n^3T*: quarrelsome, 
 z; <RT ( n. ), ?Tf>ite angry- 
 rf; 3fl% (n.), l?^Rr?f joyful. 
 j?f ; ^ ( n. ), ^fSlTW wise. 
 
 hr ; R ( n. ), r=R?r rich. 
 
 S ; ?KTT ( n. ), tfrfte angry. 
 ; ?rnT ( n. ), ^tift covetous. 
 ff^;WpK ( n -)'3feTR intelligent, 
 sfFT ; Kf^T (n.), VR^ rich. 
 ^T ; 7:^ (n.), f :^^T painful. 
 
 4. Denoting likeness or manner : 
 
 tt } "TH: ( n. ), MK+i childish. 
 ^T; TrTT (n.)> ^"T^ 7 waterish. 
 JIT ; TITO ( n. ), *fRir womanish. 
 
 5. Denoting diminution : 
 ; ^ (adj.), 3f& highish. 
 
 ( adj.), ^R^: blackish. 
 ( adj. ), ?5fr^^r -tfNsf littleish.
 
 6. Denoting- doing : 
 
 F ; TTC ( n. ), Jfl^r Given to beating. 
 ; OTSPT (v.) ^TT^Tf Itch-producing. 
 
 ; >?n? (n), JTT^rsr A bawd. 
 *T^; <r7 (n.), qfrT^" Filling the stomach. 
 
 III. VERBS. 
 
 Verbs are derived from other words by the use of the suffix &f, the 
 gerundial termination* They are chiefly derived from nouns and 
 adjectives ; thus, 
 
 (n.), Qigaj To pain. 
 
 (n.), smz&r To despatch ( a business ). 
 (n.), cN5T To wish, 
 (adj.), J?2RT*f To be defiled. 
 7 (adj.), atfiRT^ot To turn sour, 
 (adj.), ^fRTf^T To strip naked. 
 ^F? (adj.), ^teq- To become thin. 
 
 Note. The causals, and the potentials, derived from verbs, have been noticed 
 under the Primary Derivatives. 
 
 III. Reduplicatives. 
 
 186. The Reduplicatives are formed by doubling the original 
 word; JTr^tt-fa^Rt. 
 
 187. They are formed in four ways, viz. 1st, By simply doubling 
 the original word ; 2ndly, By repeating the general sense and sound of 
 the original word ; 3rdly, By repeating only the sense of the original 
 word ; 4thly, By repeating only the sound of the original word. Of 
 these formations, those of the 1st class only can be distinguished 
 from compounds. 
 
 188. The true reduplicatives are such words as iTRrrlfiT^T^j 
 >*n3Tfjnr, ^ST, vitTfcfpn:* 37^,% &c., of which only one part has 
 a distinct sense. The English equivalents are chit-chat, tittle-tattle, 
 slip-slop, hurly-burly, &c.
 
 ( "6 ) 
 
 189. Sometimes the original word, which is a verb, is doubled, 
 and the first part of it adds afl to the final letter, to signify hurried 
 or active doing 1 ; as ^fvjptf T, gtqT^fi>I> ^r^rrTR, &,c. The whole word 
 may take | at the end of it ; as *tf qHfsfr, tffarcrfaT, &<c. 
 
 190. The reduplicatives are chiefly derived from what are called 
 ^^TT 5T?" or imitative particles, which are formed in imitation of 
 the sounds they represent; thus ^r^T is in imitation of the sound of 
 lashing or caning, the equivalents of which in English are "smack," 
 bang," &c. 
 
 In forming these reduplicatives, either the original particle is 
 repeated, or another of similar sound is joined ; as ^ETC or flZ^rq ; 
 S&3& or R3T=T -3TC -7 -T^Rt -fr^ff, &c. 
 
 191. There are numberless imitative particles in use in Marathi, and 
 every day new ones come into existence. They have become ths 
 source of many useful words of constant occurrence in the discourse 
 of the learned and the illiterate. They are, by their origin, adverbs, 
 expressing the manner of an action, but are used as nouns, adjectives, 
 &,c. Thus ^SE^SE is an adverb, an imitative of light showering, from 
 which the following classes of words are derived : 
 
 Nouns : 
 
 1. ^z^aft A particular plant. 
 
 2. ^SESfSSJrT ^ 
 ^- vj ! 
 
 3. is(o4rA f Greasiness. 
 
 V -B 
 
 4. *rar*r;?:rq ) 
 
 VJ V J 
 
 5. ^353tf A porpoise. 
 
 6. 133?T, sfS^FTtet A loose stool. 
 
 Adjectives : 
 
 1. ^[S^SETrT Greasy. 
 
 2. ^s?r Impotent. 
 
 3. ^3P^r Slippery from grease. 
 
 4. sfs^f Slack.
 
 ( "7 ) 
 
 Note. The reduplicated nouns are used with particular verbs ; as pT^ 
 
 JVcte. When the suffix 3ftT is applied to them, they denote that the action which 
 they express is wrought to excess ; as 3J5^?7^T^ excessive trembling. 
 
 Note. The imitative adverbs express greater for ce when their final vowels are 
 modified ; as 3Rr5T3 r 5TT?TSf is more emphatic than 3TS5T3 1 : 
 than 
 
 v IV. Compounds. 
 
 192. A compound is a union of two or more words, expressing 
 one idea ; as ^T + *jrfa = ^q*rfiT a battle-field. 
 
 193. The elements that enter into composition do, or do not, retain 
 a place in the compound. Sometimes two or more words express 
 one simple notion without formally entering into composition. Hence 
 there are three general classes of compounds, viz., the True, the 
 Obscure, and the Apparent. Thus : 
 
 1. True Compounds; qf5sT+ <TT = < ?rs? ( TI a table for rolling out 
 cakes. 
 
 2. Obscure Compounds : ^<JZ + SIFT = 3TC C RT T the smell of 
 singed food. 
 
 3. Apparent Compounds ; f Frfr^T 3T3T3E expert. 
 
 Note. None but words of cognate origin should be combined; there are, however, 
 some exceptions in Marathi of long-established usage. Thus, 
 
 Strained through a cloth = 3^T S. + jjfSS M. 
 -A- cow's mouth = jyTT M- + Jjl$ S. 
 A bond = ^^ H.+ ^ S. 
 
 A Judge's office = ^^jf Eng.+ ^%^ H. 
 
 I. TRUE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 194. In Marathi only two words are generally combined, and the 
 compounds thus formed are either substantives, adjectives, or adverbs.
 
 I. The Substantive Compound is used as a substantive, and its first 
 word determines or describes the other, or the two words together 
 denote a collective notion. 
 
 When the first word describes the second, it is either an adjective, 
 or a noun used attributively ; when both the words hold a similar po- 
 sition in the compound, they bear to each other a co-ordinate relation. 
 These two classes of compounds are designated Determinative and 
 Copulative respectively. 
 
 II. When a substantive compound is used attributively, it is 
 called an Adjective Compound. 
 
 III. When two or more words are so combined that the compound 
 indicates an adverbial relation, it is called an Adverbial Compound. 
 
 195. I. SUBSTANTIVE COMPOUNDS. 
 I. The Determinative Compounds. 
 1. In the determinative compounds are included the compounds 
 
 that are designated rpTC^ , 375nTT> and Hnr by the Sanskrit gram- 
 marians. In the Tatpurush, the first word indicates a case-relation, 
 and the second word governs it in that case; thus, JT5fJTr*r o i|' Measuring 
 by rule = JTHf^f f jjrspit 1 . In the Karmadhdraya, the first word is 
 an adjective, or a noun used adjectively ; as rffa\?JTRfi' Red earth = 
 <Tfa^T -I- iflrff ; fasjTSR Treasure of knowledge 'literally, Knowledge 
 which is like a treasure = fa?JT+ R. In the Dvigu the first is a 
 numeral adjective, and the second is the noun which it qualifies ; q^- 
 <ns? A kind of cruet consisting of five vessels. 
 
 Note. The first word drops its inflections ; thus in TTSTlfrSF, the case-ending 
 is dropt, and in <ffa\3T?nt> the feminine inflection f is dropt. 
 
 Note. The Tatpurush compound is Karmadhdraya, when the first word is not 
 supposed to express a case-relation.
 
 Note. When the first word in the Karmadhdraya compound is a noun, It implies 
 often likeness or analogy ; as f^TPiTiT Knowledge which is like a treasure. 
 
 Note. In the Sanskrit compounds introduced into Marathf, sometimes the first 
 word of the Tat punish or the Karmadhdraya comes last; thus, in ^TI'STf^I King of 
 the geese, which is a Tatpurusli compound, the governing word comes first; so also 
 TTm *? A man like a lion, which is a Karmadhdraya compound, the qualifying 
 word comes last. 
 
 Note. Words, taking a deprivative particle before them, as STWlfT A non-Brah- 
 man, &c., are called ^apf?^^^. 
 
 Note. The English equivalents to the above three kinds of determinative com - 
 pounds are as follows : 
 
 1. The Tatpurush: Time-keeper, steam-boat, sea-breeze, tea-spoen, &c. 
 
 2. The Karmadhdraya : A blackbird, mankind. 
 
 3. The Dvigu : A twelvemonth. 
 
 Not. In the Tatpurush compound, the first word may be any other than the 
 nominative case; thus 
 
 1st. The Accusative Tatpurush : cTf^UF^ A bribe-receiver ; ?f SRTrfF An author. 
 It indicates the thing which a person does. 
 
 2nd. The Instrumental Tat. : J?TrH<<fi A mill turned by the hand; 
 Given by God ; TR:^rfpTrT Invented by the mind. It indicates the instrument by 
 which a thing is done. 
 
 3rd. The Dative Tat.: ^T^n^RT The market- house ; ?7T?jfa A war-post ; 
 f^TRJ? A school ; 5nCJTJTrT Come for protection. It indicates the purpose for which 
 a thing is designed or done. 
 
 4th. The Ablative Tat. : ^^yjq Fear arising from thieves ; ^HT^:^ Pain 
 arising from sickness ; \sTTfr5f5 Fallen from caste. It indicates the source from 
 which a thing originates. 
 
 5th. The Genitive Tat.: qr^KRT A householder ; frsjfWflg The study of 
 science. It indicates the relation of origin or possession. 
 
 6th. The Locative Tat.: *J5?r$rr Letters in sand; qTT3fNv?T A water-fowl; 
 Produced in an egg. It indicates the thing in which anything is, or is done.
 
 ( 120 ) 
 
 2. Copulative Compounds. 
 
 196. In the copulative compounds two or more words are com- 
 bined which would otherwise be connected by the copulative conjunc- 
 tion "and;" as ^IWTTJrf? shawl and turban. The English equivalents 
 are " bread and butter, " " rice and curry," &c. 
 
 These compounds are designated jf by the Sanskrit grammarians. 
 
 Note. This compound has generally the same number and gender as its last 
 member; as SJT^JroS Nose and eyes (plu. m.), SK^R" (sing. n.). 
 
 Note. But when the names of animate and rational beings form both the mem- 
 bers, the compound is either singular or plural, according to the sense it may convey. 
 It is plural if it specifies all the objects comprehensively, but singular if it specifies 
 an individual by his general character ; rfSJ ZKVJ^tlfl&t SfflW fftt All belonging 
 tothe various tribes or grades of peasants had assembled there ( plu.) . 3tfvj 
 ff^T Some one of the tribes or grades of peasants had come ; 
 husband and wife (f. sing.), STTC^rT (m. plu.) 
 
 Note. Some copulative compounds inflect the last member, and assume the 
 neuter plural ending rr ; as 3fl[^FT or SflC^t Father and mother ; ^5T?tR^f Man 
 and wife ; J^nT^* <. Mother and child. 
 
 197. There are what are called Reduplicative copulative com- 
 pounds in Marathf, and they are divided into the following classes : 
 
 1. Those formed by repeating- the general sense and sound of the 
 original words; ^q-aTTPT^T Blind and lame; STFnre, ?JJT^lH^r, ^Trr, 
 *fnW> ^"iTTT^T, sfWTTiWT, &c. The English equivalents are 
 "wear and tear," "rattle and clatter," "worn and torn," &c. 
 
 2. Those formed by repeating- the general sense alone of the ori- 
 
 ginal word; 3TrPTnT, ^rsrspjj", etffrsTft?, ir^Rr, JTrrnrnsfl 1 , sfr^nr, 
 
 &c. The English equivalents are " thorn and thistle," " pride and 
 passion," " patch and piece, " " sorrowing and suffering," &c. 
 
 3. Those formed by repeating the general sound alone of the ori- 
 ginal word ; as v3T=^ gff 'ff^T The head or the bundle, \rnF 3ff 
 
 &c. The English equivalents are " by hook or by crook," &c.
 
 ( 121 ) 
 
 Note. These formations indicate the hurried or rash settlement of an affair. Soma 
 other equivalents are CT$J7ir$r, 5Tf R^fl", &c. 
 
 4. Those formed by combining words of opposite signification, 
 
 C C" C* C 1 
 
 but derived from the same root ; as trrfrT^ ^*? + 3 TT'R right and 
 wrong, ^TPTT^nT &c. The English equivalents are " right and wrong," 
 "young and old," "white and black," &c. 
 
 JI. ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 198. When a whole compound is used attributively, it is called an 
 adjective compound (^f^|i). Thus, sfrJJTJj the face of a horse (a sub- 
 stantive compound) denotes, also, having- the face of a horse ; thus, 
 ft All the Kinnars had the faces of horses. 
 
 Note. The attributive compound stands sometimes for the object which it de- 
 scribes, and suggests it : then it is a substantive: thus, JJSfFFT is either "having th 
 head of an elephant" (an adjective Bahuvrihi), or "one who has the head of an 
 elephant," (a substantive Bahuvrihi), and since in the Hind^mind a human being 
 
 with the head of an elephant is associated with Ganpati, the compound 
 
 . r 
 suggests the god Ganpati. ^^T signifies having long ears, or the long-eared, 
 
 
 and since an ass has long ears, eS^nr '' or the long-eared " suggests an ass. The 
 
 English equivalents are " left-handed," " high-minded," &c. 
 
 199. Any one of the compounds specified under the substantive 
 compounds can become an adjective. Thus 
 
 C Tatpurush > ^Vfr^R Boldness in an assembly. 
 
 ^ Adj. ) ^m\^^^\ Having boldness in an assembly. 
 
 ( Karmadharaya ^ ^^m^t 
 
 i j- c * * 
 
 [Adj. ) ^.w^ofr 
 
 ( Karmadhdraya "i ^W^'T' A black colour. 
 
 Having a black colour. 
 
 Four faces. 
 (Adj. $ ^JT^T Having four faces. 
 
 C Dwandwa ^ oR^RffirssT A farmer and gardener. 
 
 ^ Adj. SRT^Tr^r^Tr^f Of a farmer and gardener. 
 
 16 m a
 
 ( 122 ) 
 III. ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS. 
 
 200. In the adverbial compounds the first word is an adverb, and 
 the whole is used adverbially; as STfe^ every day. 
 
 201. The following are a few examples to illustrate the elements 
 that enter into composition in the adverbial compounds : 
 
 1. A particle and a noun; STfew every day; *nir3T*T regularly. 
 
 2. Two particles ; ^Hf!f2 anywhere ; 3T*TRT<Tr so an d so - 
 
 3. A particle and an adjective ; q^nrnq suitably ; W Jff to the fill. 
 
 4. A particle and a participle ; qw^fi rightly. 
 
 5. A particle and an inflected noun; as ^nufcafisff to-day ; 
 every time ; WsTr-f according to one's knowledge. 
 
 II. OBSCURE COMPOUNDS. 
 
 202. There are numerous words in Marathi in which composition 
 is concealed by the incompleteness of one of the elements, or of both ; 
 hence they appear as derivatives, and sometimes even as primitives. 
 Such compounds exist, also, in the English language, and they forcibly 
 illustrate how a people of strong mental activity express their thoughts 
 and notions with the greatest possible brevity. Formations of " learned 
 length " and " thundering sound" are as foreign to the genius of Mara- 
 thi as they are to the genius of English, and although such combina- 
 
 tions as" mf^^r't^r^^i^^^^r^^F^/'flr^^f^^^r^r^TOT^jpT^rrT,'' 
 
 "^JTT^r^V^lfWf^rtf^^rfc," &c. may well suit the Sans. 
 krit, they mar and disfigure the simple and elegant language on which 
 they are engrafted by their author. 
 
 203. In the obscure compounds of pure Marathi origin, only one 
 of the elements is lost, but in those of Sanskrit origin both of the 
 elements undergo a change. Thua
 
 ( 123 ) 
 COMPOUNDS OP PURE MARATHI ORIGIN. 
 
 kind of palm= 
 Grain or food= J]T+ 
 A step ( of a ladder ) _ 
 A urine-hole in a stable = JT?f + SHI. 
 
 c- 
 
 A scented oil of resin = KPT+ &. 
 TT A sour smell = afpf^ + 9FT' 
 SWIT Rather high = SJTT+ affair- 
 
 II. COMPOUNDS OF SANSKRIT ORIGIN. 
 
 = Prak. ^T^^fr = M. W^K; A goldsmith. 
 S. 3TWT+ grr^ = Prak. JTOU or wrfr = M. jwrc A potter. 
 S. jp? f aflJTIT = Prak. jrsjrrau^r or JT S JTW"= M. JTrWT: A sanctuary. 
 
 Note. Some English equivalents : daisy = day's eye ; verdict = vere dictum ; 
 biscuit = bis cactus, &c., &c. 
 
 204. The following observations on the obscure compounds of 
 pure Marathi origin are important : 
 
 (1) Marathi words generally do not exceed four syllables ; hence 
 words in composition drop or elide some of their letters ; 
 
 (2) When two consonants unite, one of them is dropt : 
 
 ?rnr = WITH r<r + 'fa= 
 
 (3) When similar letters end both the elements of the compound, 
 one of them is dropt, but the uniting consonants undergo no change : 
 
 (4) In composition qr of Tpft is changed to 3, and q of qTT is 
 changed tog 1 or is simply dropt; as %& f ^Flt == 
 or *\foz\*1, or
 
 ( 124 ) 
 
 III. APPARENT COMPOUNDS. 
 
 205. Some words in the Marathi language express a simple notion, 
 without formally entering into composition ; ?Krn3T3>^T as assistant ; 
 f ffir^rr ^SJ^ expert ; f p-fT^r *T3 close-fisted ; VTjfolTf ^ a servant 
 that drives away beggars. 
 
 Note. " Composition'is a great excellence, and helps us to express our meaning 
 with a brevity and clearness which case- endings alone would never have given." 
 
 Note. " The power of forming compounds exists in different languages in differ- 
 ent degrees. There seems to be one word at least in Sanskrit of a hundred and 
 fifty-two syllables. An English lady uses one of thirteen words and forty -two syl- 
 lables." Dr. Angus. 
 
 CHAPTER XV- 
 
 ON THE STRUCTURE OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS. 
 
 206. PRONOUNS. 
 I. The Personal Pronouns. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Nom. jfr s?f fjij Prak. sr t S. 3TT*?T; p| p ra k. 
 Inst *qf = ^ n WK S. 
 
 Gen. JTr?rr=5Frr-3,> v,w s. 
 
 2. Nom. f = 'i Jf S. JsiTj^l Prak. 
 
 3. Nom. qt = r W- S. ^ ^ S. 
 Inst. 2TK = ^T n fa S. 
 
 Gen. ^r^F = rT^T S. 
 
 II. Reflexive Pronouns. 
 
 sifcq-q- p ra k. SJKJT^ S. 
 rf: &3- S. 
 
 III. Relative Pronouns- 
 
 ifr = ^r Prak. IT: S.
 
 ( 125 ) 
 
 IV. Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 ff = ^f Prak. tnsr: S. or *R S. 
 
 S. 
 
 s. 
 V. Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 rnr =^T Prak. 3?: S. 
 
 5TJ3T: S. 
 
 s. ^HT s. 
 
 ditto. 
 
 VI- Indefinite Pronouns. 
 ^f? s. 
 207. VERBS. 
 I. Substantive Verbs. 
 
 8W S. 
 
 = *m& Prak. 
 
 (3rd pers.) = 
 
 208. ADVERBS. 
 Adverbs derived from Sanskrit. 
 
 fr when == IR Prak. qff^ ( T: ) 
 
 sft then = ?rf? or ?TR Prak. rfft*F or ^T ( ?: ) 
 ff then = tTR rJF^ ( ?f: ) 
 
 ^lf to-morrow 
 yesterday 
 
 first 
 
 day before yesterday 
 
 after ^+ ^T in many ways. 
 
 always 
 formerl
 
 ( 126 ) 
 
 so = <rST r. = W. ( q: ) S. 
 
 so = g*r a = wsr ( 3: ) 
 
 how = tFf or 3Tf = ^rq-' ( 
 
 as = r?r = *r?rr 
 
 *4 in vain = ?sjr 
 
 well = ^t 
 
 upside down = 
 : abundantly 
 
 2. Adverbs derived from Marathi. 
 
 (a) From Nouns and Adjectives. 
 naturally = the instrumental case of SfRT a kind. 
 loudly = the instrumental case of ^\z\ great. 
 by night = the genitive case of 3J^ night 
 by night = the dative case of ^r^ night. 
 at night = the locative of rp^ night. 
 in the day-time = of feTO a day. 
 for years = the accusative of ^ a year reduplicated. 
 
 (b) From Verbs. 
 
 again = the pluperfect participle of [97^ to return. 
 = , of fTTrT^f to return. 
 
 crying = the present participle of ^3f to cry. 
 
 (c) From Adverbs. 
 
 hence = yq here and 3^ the ablative termination. 
 from inside = 3?t^ inside and ST^T 
 
 f upstairs = m; up and <ff. 
 from upstairs = ?^rlT + 3:^- 
 
 here and there = f^TT here + Rf^ there (composition). 
 = the imitative particle qr reduplicated.
 
 (d) From Different Parts of Speech Combined. 
 
 hither = ?T this (a pronoun )+ <fi^ a side, a noun. 
 
 thither = $ that. 
 
 in the mean time = f rRTF so much (a pronoun), + 3}frf in. 
 <TTff^ ^f wherever = <TrF?^ wanted, a verb + ^sf there. 
 3RT? <Kl" = ^fs where (an adv.) f ^f still. 
 
 (3) Afyerbs derived from Hindusthdni. 
 
 T a little, ^?rr5J^ undoubtedly, f ^51 or ?rf always, 5I*FT positively 
 about. 
 
 209. POSTPOSITIONS. 
 
 Prepositions derived front Nouns : 
 
 qF^ at = gp? a side. 
 Tfyj between = vpz( (S.) a centre. 
 from inside = wq (S.) 
 
 * * 
 
 = ^n:oy a reason. 
 in = ?rq a place (^XfT^ S.) 
 as = TTflr 11 ! S. a proof. 
 with HT S. union. 
 relating to ^q" S. relation. 
 about = faq^ S. subject. 
 = ?rT S. a hand. 
 
 (2) From Adjectives : 
 Like = ^rnr^r like (Prak. ttm = ^T5T: S.) 
 (3) From Verbs : 
 
 to do ( T S.) 
 to do.
 
 ( 128 ) 
 
 (3) From Verbs. - 
 
 <T to do. ( S. ) 
 
 = <Tnrf to reach ( qrq<T S.) 
 = c*f Jpf to touch ( C*JT S. ) 
 or ^^rf before, f?^T to look ( ?5T S. ) 
 ( 4 ) Hindusthani Prepositions. 
 
 through, flTC without, TTTTr^ like, ?TR?: with, sfR?T relating to, 
 without. 
 
 210. CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Conjunctions derived from Sanskrit. 
 perhaps (S.) 
 
 Still (S.) 
 
 virtually sj^ (S.) 
 C*3 but (S.) 
 
 or ( S. ) 
 ^ and ( ^r S. ) 
 
 a;. for and ( srsg: S. ), sroofr (Prak.) 
 qor but (q^j or qr S.) 
 5RT although (*rf! S.) 
 fTO" still ( Cl S. rffr Prak. ) 
 
 (2) Derived from Marat hi words. 
 because, from ^f why ( S. ^:). 
 because, ^HTT cause. 
 aiq therefore, ^1^ say. 
 ^ that is, ifT say. 
 as, ^sf^r as (pronoun). 
 so, rTOF such (ditto).
 
 ( 129 ) 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 (1) Nouns are used as interjections; 
 
 (2) Adjectives are used : 
 
 (3) Adverbs are used : ?3^, ^ccf. 
 
 (4) Fer&s are used : gfr. 
 
 (5) Sanskrit interjections : 1, ^, <HT, ?f, 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 INFLECTIONS 
 
 211. Inflections are not " conventional signs or natural excrescences, 
 but forms which were originally intended to convey a meaning. Whe- 
 ther we are still able to discern the original intention of every part of 
 language is quite a different question ; and it should be admitted, 
 at once, that many grammatical forms, after they have been restored 
 to their most primitive type, are still without an explanation. But 
 with every year new discoveries are made, and we become more fami- 
 liar every day with the secret ways of language. 
 
 " What is grammar, after all, but declension and conjugation, and 
 originally declension could not have been anything but the com- 
 position of a noun with some other word expressive of number and 
 case." Max Mutter. 
 
 I. NOUN INFLECTIONS (fnftrar 3M3). 
 I. The Gander and Number Terminations. 
 
 
 
 212. The principal Marathi gender-terminations are 3fl, ?> ^ Sing. ; 
 tj, irr, f Plu. These c'an be traced to Sanskrit inflectional changes. 
 
 17 ma
 
 1. Singular Terminations : 
 
 (1) The masculine 3fl is the modification of the Prakrit 3TT, and 
 the latter form still exists in some Marathi grammatical forms, particu- 
 larly in the pronouns, as ff who, ^T he, &c. 
 
 Note. Gujarati does not modify the Prakrit aft: thus ^f3T: S., %TT Prak., 
 5lir Guj. (tfrsr ahorse). 
 
 (2) The vowel f is employed in Sanskrit to make up feminine 
 forms of masculine nouns, and the Marathi termination f, indicating 
 the feminine gender, is identical with it ; as ^r5TT A male Brahman ; 
 srnjTTT The wife of a Brahman. This feminine termination exists both 
 in Gujarat! and Hindusthani. 
 
 (3) The neuter <r is the modification of the Prakrit and Sanskrit 
 Anusvara ; rffl = copper = ?fs^ Prak. rfpsi S. ; 3% A pond = 3W*f Prak.. 
 
 Note, ir exists in the form ^ in Gujarati; as arf^f an egg ^? G. ( *?T S. ) 
 This form occurs in some .Marathi words too ; as ^^ or RT% a small goat ; ^% 
 a child. 
 
 2. The Plural Terminations: 
 
 (1) The masculine rr is identical with the vowel ^ in which the 
 Sanskrit numerals and pronouns end in the masculine plural. Thus 
 
 Sing. <nr: One ; Plu. ^ Some. 
 *: He; % They. 
 
 (2) The feminine .zfl is traceable to the plural termination if: of 
 most Sanskrit nouns ending in f; ; ^?V a river, ?f?l: rivers ; qfl" thought, 
 fj^TT thoughts. -This plural termination is assumed, also, by Hindu- 
 sthani nouns of the feminine gender. 
 
 C ^ 
 
 Note. When feminine words in are monosyllabic and take the plural 2ft, the 5 
 is shortened, and qj is placed before the word ; as ^fl" a seed, f^RTT seeds; this change 
 in Marathi words is based upon the inflectional changes of Sanskrit words ; as in 
 ^t thought, faqr thoughts.
 
 ( 131 ) 
 
 Note. The feminine %vj is the corruption of the Sanskrit SIRf; as 
 an uncle, J^^f or J^ST^ff an aunt (jflTfT) ; ifa lord > 1HT wife. 
 
 (3) The neuter | is a modification of the Sanskrit fa or 
 which is changed to ^ or flf in Prakrit; as ff which =vsfr| Prak 
 
 II. The Case-terminations : 
 
 v Singular. 
 
 Nom. ^: S. ; ?ft Prak. ; "^f M. ; A God. 
 
 Ace. |f |f ^ A God. 
 
 Inst. ?f^T %^^r ., ^^ v My God. 
 
 Dat. ^pr,, ,, 5^r5rr-^ To God. 
 
 Abl. ?rr^ l^-^r i> 5"^"!^ From God. 
 
 Gen. ?^5T,, T^^T ^r^TT Of God. 
 
 Loc. %> ,,^.3^1^,, "^T-?rf In God. 
 
 Voc. %l %i $3 or irrr O God. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. ^r: S. ^ Prak.; ? M. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Inst. 
 
 Ace. QTII ,, cq-^i M tiq ,, 
 
 n 
 
 Dat. 
 
 I ! 
 
 Abl. ??!: ' iNrffrTT-g'iir v if'tff/T > 
 
 Gen. ?"^rTt 5"TrT-T M TTt^f j 
 
 Loc. ?~^ 5"W-H l^rf or ^f ,, 
 
 Voc. 51T: n 331 ?^f^f > 
 
 OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 (1) The accusative, both in the singular and plural numb* 4 ' 
 drops the inflections in Maralhi. 
 
 (2) The instrumental 3, *T, ^fft ?T could be easily tra* d to 
 the Prakrit and Sanskrit originals.
 
 ( 132 ) 
 
 (3) The Prakrit is deficient in the dative terminations, for which 
 it substitutes the genitive; the Marathi ^T and ?fT are hence in all pro- 
 bability modifications of the Prakrit genitive endings ^ and *fl"i or of. 
 The cTT is a pure Marathi particle, being a fragment of cTfjff, the da- 
 tive postposition, of frequent occurrence in Marathi poetry. 
 
 (4) The Marathi ablative termination ?^ or 3^T is a modification 
 of the Prakrit ff'rTT or *7% = W3\, the letters ^T and f being interchange- 
 able. By dropping the 3fl of ?^f, and substituting ^f for 3, the termi- 
 nation ?^f would be obtained. 
 
 (5) The genitive ^ is the modification of the Sanskrit *$ and 
 the Prakrit *tf. 
 
 Note. 1. The genitive ^T has the force of an adjective suffix, thus ^^T is house- 
 hold. It is also employed to turn particles into adjectives ; as ST^R^^" Tf^jf?" T ft 
 bird on the top of the house. 
 
 2, The genitive case is the only case which is used, like an adjective, in the plact 
 of a substantive, and declined in all the cases that an adjective is; thus 
 
 Adjective. Genitive. 
 
 Nora. ^flT^T good. TF?n" mine. 
 
 Inst. ^flf^l'T JflUpTr'T by mine. 
 
 Dat. ^N/^l'rif THPTFc^r to mine. 
 
 3. The etymology of the Sanskrit $3f from which ^J is derived, is the corruption 
 of the Sanskrit adjectival suffix ?If ; as ^fyir south, Tf^PTRT southern. " This tya 
 is a demonstrative pronoun, the same as the Sanskrit tyas, tyad, this or that." 
 In Greek, adjectives are formed by adding slos to the noun, which is the same as 
 the Sanskrit ?T or JPI. This sios is identical with the Greek genitive termination 
 Os = Sot. 
 
 5. The locative f or 3}f is derived from the Prakrit singular 
 locative 3?rfT = W-f. 
 
 6. The vocative % occurs in Prakrit in the form "fr; as 
 ( *rre: ) O fire.
 
 ( 133 ) 
 
 II. THE VERBAL INFLECTIONS (f? in^.) 
 
 213. The personal terminations are fragments of the personal 
 pronouns, and could be easily traced to them. Thus 
 
 The Verbal Form. The Pronoun. 
 
 Sanskrit ifemj I am; aham I, ma me. 
 
 Greek eimi ego I, me me. 
 
 Latin sum ego I, me me. 
 
 English am I, me. 
 
 Prakrit amhi ahammi I, 
 
 Marathf ahen jft I. 
 
 214. The Marathi personal endings are modifications of the third 
 personal pronoun $\. The pronoun is simply affixed to the base. 
 Thus 
 
 *HC die f <fr he = JK^f he dies. 
 jp: die + eft she = JKrf)" she dies. 
 JIT die + It it = JRlf it dies. 
 
 The pronouns undergo a slight change when they are employed to 
 make up the other forms of the present tense. Their altered forms 
 correspond to the Prakrit and Sanskrit tense-endings. 
 
 The personal endings of the first person, both in Prakrit and San- 
 skrit, contain a nasal, and this explains the Anusvara of the Marathf 
 forms ^j, ^r and qTtf are thus explained : 
 
 1st Sing. fa S. = fff Prak. = | or M. ( <Tf-f - = qT ). 
 2nd fe S. =f5ET PrSk. = tft or
 
 ( 134 ) 
 
 In the plural personal endings the pronoun ^f is modified in the 
 1st person to tff, in the 2nd person to rff, and in the 3rd person to rfFrT- 
 These plural forms are thus derived: 
 
 1st ;R: S. = g Prak. = ^ or - M. ( 3T + - = ft ) 
 
 2nd *J S. = f Prak. = 8ff M. ( 3T + aff = rfT ). 
 
 3rd s?fel S.= 3}faPrak.= s^ M. ( tff + 3JKf = ^Trf ). 
 
 215. In the past forms the personal endings of the present tense 
 
 
 
 are combined with the ?r of the past participle ; thus 
 
 1st 1&&+ ^T = HHT^f I got loose. 
 
 2nd *&&+ <TTtf (or <TRT) = STCvTO Thougottest loose. 
 
 3rd er^+ ?r ( or rfT ) = 2:^ He got loose. 
 
 Note. 3ff and 3fl are interchangeable in Marathi, and indeed 3^1 usually dis. 
 places 3^1. 
 
 216. The past habitual forms are the oldest Marathi tenses, and 
 contain the greatest Sanskrit element. The other Marathi tenses 
 could be easily traced to them. 
 
 The habitual tenses have two classes of forms, corresponding to 
 the Sanskrit A'tmanepad and the Parasmaipad forms. The Marathi 
 verbs of the first conjugation take the A'tmanepad terminations, and 
 those of the second conjugation take the terminations of the Paras- 
 maipad. Thus 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 1st Sing. ^ S.= fa Prak. = if M. ( 
 
 2nd $ S. = % Prak. = <rff or 
 
 3rd % S. = ir Pr&.= <T M. 
 
 1st Plu. Hf S. = 3 Prak. = ^ M. 
 
 2nd ^ S. = f Prak. = *tf M. (gr r- stf = 
 
 3rd a^ S- = Jf6 Prak.= sffa or 3T?T M.
 
 ( 135 ) 
 
 Note, if and *fl are interchangeable, just as the Visarga ; *fl and *ff are inter- 
 changeable. 
 
 Note. The Anusvara on r|T (1st sing, present), and the ^T in qT^T ( 2nd sing, 
 present) are immediately derived from the habitual forms ^HJT and ^ 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 1st Sing, fa S. = fa Prak. = f ( ffis-1- f = 
 
 2nd ftr^g. = % Prak. = fa or ftf ( 
 
 3rd fa S. = fa Prak. = f 
 
 1st Plu. Tf: S. = IT Prak. = %r M. 
 
 2nd ?7 S. = f Prak. = 3tf M. 
 
 3rd qf^ S. = arfa Prak. = jf M. 
 
 217. The future Marathi forms are identical with the past habitual 
 forms, the slight difference between them being easily explained. Thus 
 
 1st Conj. 2nd Con/. 
 
 P. H. F. P. H. F. 
 
 1st Sing, ir = ^ | _ ^ 
 
 2nd ^ or 3^ 
 3rd <r 
 
 1st Plu. ^ 
 
 2nd atf 
 3rd 37rf 
 
 The reason why the habitual and the future forms are alike is this, that 
 in Sanskrit the future personal endings are identical with the present, excepting the 
 double letter 5^ which distinguishes the future. 
 
 Note. The ?J in the Marathi future forms is probably a modification of the 
 PraV u ?" or fV substituted for the Sanskrit fa; and ?and 5T are interchangeable 
 letters : Lhus, ^KWlf He will do (S.), ^Mtffr (Prak.), qtffa (M.). The future 
 Sf or ?E^r being dropt, fe or frf is left, and the vowel being dropt, 5- or 3 
 is left : this ?f or 5" is the Marathi ^,
 
 ( 136 ) 
 
 218. The Conditional Mood. 
 
 The inflections of the conditional are like those of the indicative 
 present 
 
 219. The Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 The subjunctive mood is formed by adding the suffix ajn to the 
 verbal root. 3?r? is derived from the Sanskrit subjunctive %q, which 
 is modified in the dual to ??, and in the plural to fTf. The Sanskrit 
 q is, sometimes, changed in Prakrit to 3", and 3JR could therefore be 
 easily identified with ^; thus fff^ S. = virrqi = Prak. STr^f? I may 
 know. ?f is changed to qf in some Sanskrit forms, which in Prakrit 
 would be ^f or 
 
 220. The Imperative Mood. 
 The imperative terminations are thus derived: 
 
 Sing. 1st SIPT S. = q Prak. = ^ M. 
 
 2nd 3T S. a? = *T ,, 
 
 3rd 3 S. = 3- = ar or srr M. 
 
 Plu. 1st STJ? S. = 3r n = a? M. ( gr+ a: = ci.) 
 
 2nd cr S. = f = an M. (gr + ^ = jrr.) 
 
 3rd S. = sf = gr?f or ^f-T M. 
 
 e. These Sanskrit terminations of the imperative mood pertain to the Paras- 
 maipad, but they are related to Marathi verbs of both the first and second conju- 
 gations. 
 
 221. The Infinitive Mood. 
 
 The infinitive termination ^ is derived from the Sanskrit 5, changed 
 in Prakrit to | or %; TRF JTJ ?T^ I can go, 
 He goes to see Krishna.
 
 ( 137 ) 
 222. The Participles. 
 
 The present participles in ?f, ?ff, and ^TT are all derived from the 
 Sanskrit present participial bases, ^ and sffi. In some forms the ff 
 is changed to T ; 
 
 The past participles in T!T or ^3T are derived from the past participle 
 passive suffix ^: or ^: m., changed in Prakrit to 3T. The dentals and & 
 are interchangeable; thus f^: S. 3T^f; f^TF S. ^J5!T; pT S. ^r^ 
 done. 
 
 The future participle qK is the corruption of the Sanskrit future 
 participial suffix JTR: or *}R: ; as J^??R: = ^rT'Trr knower, ^ry- 
 IJR: = ^r?Trrr looser. 
 
 223. The Gerund. 
 
 The gerundial termination q- is the modification of the Sanskrit ^^ 
 and the Prakrit <T ; ^ S. to hear *nri = ^"f Prak. = fr<pf ; 
 (S.), ^lt Prak., pERof to sew. 
 
 18 m
 
 ( 138 ) 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 NOTE I. 
 
 The grammatical forms which occur in old Marathi poetry, some- 
 times, differ from those given in this work, and a few of the principal 
 of them are here subjoined : 
 
 DECLENSION OF THE NOUNS. 
 fj^T God. 
 
 r, as - as - 
 
 ' 
 
 OBLIQUE CASE OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 ^tir^Trf^n -F^ -%=it. 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 In Prakrit "f , ^, 5f are used for ?T, 3t, 3t, and WK and rRT for W 
 and rJTT. 
 
 JTT^ is the 2nd case of ?jt, and rft of 4- 
 
 O^ fc-* 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 The following form serves for the present and past, and, sometimes, 
 for the future indicative : 
 
 Intransitive Verb 3*5? To rise. Transitive Verb tttf To do. 
 Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. Jft 35 
 
 2. g; grs^T 
 
 3. ^TT, qf, ^ ?>.
 
 ( 139 ) 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Pluperfect Participle. 
 
 The following tenses, with 5f inserted after the root, are used both 
 actively and passively, but properly in the latter mode ; thus jft 
 <TT I am struck. 
 
 Singular, m. f. n. Plural. 
 
 , zr , . 
 
 Present Kartan 
 
 . 1 *fT 5*rFc% 
 
 Singular. 
 Pre,en, MM 
 
 Plural. 
 
 TFJ? 
 
 Karmani 1 Wit 
 Prayoga and |> ^t 
 w Prayoga. j m 
 
 . 
 
 Jfcta I I* 
 
 SIR 
 J f^ 
 Imperative. 
 Pas* Participle. 
 
 (Stevenson's Grammar.) 
 
 NOTE II. 
 
 PASSING. 
 ff??r- ( They are poor.) 
 
 is a pers. pronoun of the 3rd pers., the plu. number, the 
 mas. gender, and in the nom. case to " 
 is an adj. of quality, qualifying %.
 
 ( 140 ) 
 
 is a subs, verb, ind. mood, pres. tense, and the 3rd pers. 
 sing, mas., agreeing with its nominative ^. It is of the 
 subjective construction, because it agrees with the subject 
 in gender and number. 
 
 i s a proper noun of the 1st declension, of the 3rd. pers., 
 the sing, number, the mas. gender, and in the instrumental 
 case of agency, nominative to gr?rT s^rff- 
 
 is a personal pronoun, of the 2nd pers., the plu. number, 
 and the genitive case, governed by the feminine noun ^F^gr. 
 is a common noun of the 3rd declension, of the 3rd pers., 
 the sing, number, fern, gend,, and in the accusative ca?e 
 governed by*%5ft s^nff. 
 
 is an irreg. trans, verb, subjunctive mood, past tense 
 ( dubitative ), the 3rd pers. sing, fern., and has for its nom- 
 inative ?T*TR. It is in the objective constrnction, since it 
 agrees with its object 
 
 is a pers. pronoun * * and is in the dative case , 
 
 expressing the direct object. 
 
 is the dative supine. 
 is an interrogative pronoun in the instrumental case of agency, 
 being nominative to f^rarfW. 
 ? is a reg. causal verb, indie, mood, past tense, the 3rd 
 
 pers. sing, neut., and has for its nominative ^foff. It is in 
 
 the neuter construction. Repeat the rule. 
 
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