T'S M'AKUAL 1 ilARATHI GKAMMAK, -HL_ m& TRUBNER & C? GO. PATE FOSTER BOW LONDCr THE STUDENT'S MANUAL OF MARATHt GRAMMAR, ( DESIGNED FOR HIGH SCHOOLS. ) 33 m & a g : PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA. 1868. [The Copyright and Right of Translation are reserved.'] TRDBNER & C? PREFACE. The following pages \vcrc first written by me for the benefit of my own pupils, who were preparing for Matriculation, as they could not find all the needful information in the existing treatises on Marnthi Grammar. Believing that they might prove useful to other students, I have ventured to publish them ; and should scholars, who may chance to see them, suggest any improvements, I shall feel grateful, I have paid special attention to simplicity and perspicuity in the composition of this book, and have on this account abstained from all allusion to Sanskrit and other languages, except in the chapters on derivation. I have treated of the several departments of Grammar separately, which may have the effect of setting this intricate subject in a clear and interesting form before the student. I have earnestly sought to unfold and evolve the laws and principles of the Maruthi language, rather than engraft those of other languages on it, but how far I have succeeded in my attempts 1 leave it to the public to judge. The classification of the laws of the changes of vowels and consonants, which take place in inflection and composition ; the division of the verbs into conjugations ; the systematic arrange- ment of the compounds under throe classes, and the observations on the obscure and apparent compounds, the formation of the vocables, &c. &c., are quite new and original. The chapter on the origin of the inflections cannot fail to interest the student. It is, indeed, a most important discovery which philologists have made, that the inflections, which were looked upon but a few years back as meaningless particles, are words or fragments of words; it has thrown a flood of interest- ing light upon the whole subject of Grammar. The Mara tin language fully confirms this discovery : the personal-ending G I. The Classification of Verbs 50 II. The Inflection of Verbs .07 Tenses 58 Moods CO Verbal Nouns and Participles 01 Constructions 04 Voices < - CO CHAPTER X. CONJUGATION C7 First Conjugation OS Secon d Conjugation 08 The Personal-Endings P9 Paradigmas (1st and 2nd Conj.) 72 CHAPTER XI. CONJUGATION continued. The Potential Verb 75 The Causal Verb 77 The Irregular Verb 78 The Anomalous Verb 81 The Substantive Verb 82 The Negative Substantive Verb 88 The Defective Verb 90 The Compound Verb 91 CHAPTER XII. COMPOUND TENSES 92 The Indicative Mood 93 The Conditional Mood 95 The Subjunctive Mood 97 . The Participles 97 Compound Negative Tenses 98 The Passive Voice 9!) CHAPTER XIII. PARTICLES, OR INDECLINABLE WORDS. 100 I. The Adverb 100 II. The Preposition 102 III. The Conjunction J 03 IV. The Interjection 1 03 Vll CHAPTER XIV. DERIVATION 104 I. Primary Derivatives 108 II. Secondary Derivatives: Prefixes 110 Suffixes 112 III. Reduplicatives ... 115 IV. Compounds 117 I. True Compounds 117 Substantive Compounds 118 Adjective Compounds 121 Adverbial Compounds 122 II- Obscure Compounds 122 III. Apparent Compounds 124 CHAPTER XV. THE STRUCTURE OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS 124 Pronouns 124 Verbs 1 25 Adverbs 125 Postpositions 1 27 Conjunctions 1 28 Interjections 129 CHAPTER XVI. INFLECTIONS 129 I. Noun Inflections 129 II. Verbal Inflections . 133 APPENDIX. I. Note on Old MarutM Grammatical Forms. 138 II. Note on Parsing . . . , 139 THE STUDENT'S OP 1. Grammar treats of the principles of language, and Marathi Grammar of the principles of the Marathi language. 2. The principles of every language are based either on the laws of thought, or general usage. 3. Written language consists of letters, words, and sentences, and Grammar is, accordingly, divided into Orthography, Etymology, and Syntax. CHAPTER I. ORTHOGRAPHY. LETTERS AND SOUNDS. ORTHOGRAPHY treats of the sounds and powers of letters. 4. The Marathi letters ( 3"? ) are thus written and pronounced : T a ( as in Roman) sfl a (as in father.) f i (as in sit.) f i (as in Police.) 3" (as in put.) g; A (as in rwde.) H ri (as in rid.) =K ri (as in read.) *f li (as in ltd.) 1 ma ( 2 ) $ li (as in lead.) (r e (as in there.) IT ai (as in aisle or the Italian mat.) sft o (as in so.) aft au (as ow in now.) ef; ka (like k in king.) *jf Ma (like kh in khan.) JT g*a (like g in give.) 9 gh a (like g"^ in Afghan.) 5: na (like ng- in sing.) ^ cAa (like cA in church; also Is.) chha (like ch+h; also fs+A.) ' 5T ja (like j in jet ; also o*z.) 5T jAa (likej+A; also dz+ A.) 3f na (like n in singe.) Z ta (like t in trumpet.) ff ?Aa (like t+ A.) ^ da (like d in drain.) 2- dha (like d+ A.) T no (like n in country.) ?T ta (like < in tube.) *7 *Aa (like ^j ^"j ^t, rr, ^T, ^If, 3IF, and the rest are Consonants ( s?I3H } 6. Vowels are divided into short ("f*T) and long vowels (#q), and diphthongs ( . The short vowels are 37, f, 3", ^f r ?T; the long are ^TT, f, 3T, 5ft, ^ , ^ -v ^ MX and the remaining letters are diphthongs, rr, p-, <%, %. The long rowels are each composed of two similar, and the diph- thongs of two dissimilar vowels. Thus, 3Tr=^T+^; l^f+r; vT=s+s; 3t=^+^; ?=?r4-5r. rr = vf or 3?[-r-f or |; 3?f = ^ or 3ff+ S or 3T; ^ = 3T or 3fl+ rr; ^F=3? or 3?[+ aft. Of the diphthongs ^ and l|f are proper diphihongs ( ^f?T ), and tj 1 and aft are improper diphthongs ( ifiT ) 7. Besides these vowels, there are semi-vowels ( a}rT:^T )> which * nu fa Yi are included among the consonants, ?r, r> 5*> ^- They are thus formed : zr = ? or f+a?; ^=^ or 5?=^ or < -f %T; f=^ or 8. A consonant cannot be sounded without a vowel, as ^ b, pro- nounced as ^ ba. ( 4 ) 9. Consonants are divided according to the position (*' 5? l): <^ tAttft-j* JM ** J A' ^> s, ir, sr ^, *r, ^r, 3. Cerebrals, or brain sounds U tU Jk *** 4*. z) Aspirate (llfniR) ?7, ^, 3, ^, ff, ?, 5J, VT, T, W. . The aspirated consonants contain each an unaspirated consonant and 11. The semivocals are subdivided into Liquids (s??f: 3-, ^, or, w. Sibilants (gwj) 5T, q_, ^, ?. The consonants ?j and s\ are double letters, besides which there are several others in the language. 12. sj or is called Anusvdra, and sf: or: is Visarg-a. "* The Anusvdra represents a nasal sound, and the Visarga is an aspirate. ( 5 ) 13. The Anusvdra is pronounced before the consonants like the nasals of the class to which they belong, e. g-., before a guttural like the nasal of the guttural class, &,c. Thus afjTr=3^jr corresponding to the nasal ?. 07. ir. *. s'a. iX * ** d*t*. f Before ?:, 51, 9, ^f, f , and ff, the Anusvara assumes merely the sound of nv, without taking the letters; as ^hcy (&) *r ^r fa 3fr i f 3r 3? ^r IT When 3? combines with a consonant, the consonant drops the virdma (^) at the foot of it, as 3T k becomes ^K ka: the a? is said to be inherent in 3T ka. Some consonants alter their forms when combined with the vowels : 51 + ^t = *$ . 15. When the consonants are combined, they are written with one consonant placed under the other, omitting the transverse line of the lower, as in % ( | ) f or by placing the one after the other and dropping the perpendicular line of the first, as in ^ (spj). The double consonants are called ^T^ryCj double letters. The following are a few of the principal double letters: k-ka ?T g-na ^jf ch-ma oq n-na k-ta % g-ra ^?5 ch-chhra oq n-ma k-tva i-3i g-r-ya s^f j-ja "7 r-n-ya k-na 3?y g-la ^PT j-ra ^T t-ta k-ma vi gh-ya *T j-va ?T t-ya k-ra R gh-ra g- t-ta 7f t-ra k-ya *3 gh-va W t-ya ell t-p ra k-la 5T gh-na th-ra ^ t-sa k-va |- n-ka ??! th-ya >q t-r-ya k-sha ^ n-k-ta ^ d -ga t^f t-s-ya k-shya ^T ch-ya gj^ d-ya ?q t-tha k-shva Sjf ch-cha f d-va ?^ t-s-na kh-ya ^ ch-chha v?lT d-ma ?=? t t-ra g-dha xS ch-chhva Q ST dh-ya 41 th-ya ( 7 ) jr d-ga tff p-sa 57 1-ya H sh-tha s d-va R p-na 57 1-pa ff^j sh-th-ya *T d-ya ^ pya (5IT 1-ma "57 sh-pa c d-da tjf p. ma 9 1-la ^l sh-na H d-r-ya 3 p-la zq v-ya ^1 sh-ya d-ba 3T p-ra 5r v-ra ^5fT s-ka 1 d-b-ra q b-dha *T s'-ra 133 s-kha 53 d-v-ya 1 b-ra ^ s'-na 5ErT s-ta 5 d-ra 127 bh-ya ^1 s'-ya ^f s-ra 5 d-ma HI bh-ra tf s'-la ^TT s-pha y d-bha J&T bh-na M" s'-va ^T s-ya f dh-dha H bh-va ^ s'-cha of n-ha VT dh-na ^ bh-na "^T sh-ka 51 h-ma VT dh-ra ^ m-ra "SF sh k-ra e? n-ha WT dh-ya ? m-va E sh-ta ^ h-ya e r-dh-va *jj m-ma ^ sh t-ra =f h-ra 5T n-na z? y-va q sh-t-va sf h-va R p-ta ^*T\ l^ivcl g^j sh-t-ya ^ h-la 16. The mark, called virdma, pause, which denotes the absence of a vowel, is plaeed at the foot of a consonant, as 3T^?TRf akasmdt. Note. In Marathi the final consonant of a word has no 3? inherent in it, e. g. t rrrT though the virdma is not subscribed, and hence f ffi is a monosyllable. II. Sandhi, or Rules for the Union of Letters in Sanskrit Words. 17. The rules of Sandhi are applicable chiefly to the combina- tion of letters in Sanskrit words, and may be thus briefly stated : 18. I. The combination of vowels is called sr^rfa (4cA Sandhi). (1) Two similar vowels, short or long, coalesce into their corresponding long 1 vowel: ^^T+ 3}?r=?W5r food and clothes ; (2) If 3? or H be followed by a dissimilar vowel, the two ( 8 ) vowels coalesce into their corresponding improper diph- thong- : ^^ + f -^^ = tjTif^T the Supreme Lord. (3) If ^T or 3ff be followed by a diphthong, either proper or improper, the vowels coalesce into their corresponding proper diphthongs : ^ -f ajpj = ^r*T flow of blood. (4) If a simple vowel (i.e. not diphthongal), with the excep- tion of 3? or 3fl, be followed by a dissimilar vowel, whe- ther simple or diphthongal, the former is changed to its coresponding semivowel : Sfffrf + STT^nT = STRiraK* the support of caste. (5) If the improper diphthongs IT and *i[ are followed by any vowel, simple or diphthongal (except sj), they are changed into *TT and BJ? respectively (combined with the other vowel) : ^ -f- an = ^R selection JJ? + & = JT% lord of kine (Krishna), &c. Exc. jfr+ 3?y = iT^r^, a window (literally a bull's eye). (6) If the proper diphthongs T large gain. :, q, is changed into ny ; ^[^ t- ^H III. Vowel Changes in Mar at hi Words. 23. Vowels undergo a change in Marathi, either when words are inflected, or when two or more words are combined to form one word. 24. 1. Vowel changes required by Inflection. (1) When two vowels unite, the latter is substituted for the former. Thus, jjj 1- 5 ay = Vjzfaj, a Brahman woman. | Gender termina- | (l T = ?'5r'Tf^" (i r. J n . , Case terminations. in a house ) 3T^, having done. > -v , , , , D > Vowel terminations. = ^Tf, should do, &c. > If the word which is inflected be a monosyllable, like ^ carry, *j take, ql" drink, &c., both the uniting vowels retain a place in the word. Thus. ( 11 ) f 5T=T = ^f "JT^T having taken. I- gr = qfg: to drink. f 3fl4 = c^rrf may drink. = vsTr^fr or 5TRF may he go, &c. When a word ending in a short f; or ^ is inflected the final | or ^ is lengthened. Thus, ==iRfaT to reason. = JTFT'T by the sun, &c. e^ (4) Wlien a word is inflected, the penultimate, or the vowel preceding the final vowel, is shortened. This is the case when the penultimate is 3; or 3T. Thus, :f ( 73T5S' to flour. f qf = srs^ff I arise. c c f 371? =^rp[^fn"C thinness. Note. Sometimes, the penultimate is changed to 3f or its corresponding semi- vowel ?T or ^. Thus, f ^T = 3f^ or -^n^ to a rat. '! ?T = ^TFC or -^1"r to a female singer. 'f ^ = T3" or -^rfl^ to an inkstand. Note. The penultimate of Sanskrit and other foreign words may or may not be shortened ; thus ^TpT, ^fTrft^f r ^Trft"^f by morality. 25. II. Vowel Changes required by Composition : (I) When two vowels unite in composition, if the first be any other vowel than 3j> it generally displaces the second vowel. Thus, from a window. he is doing. ( 12 ) (2) But when the first vowel is &(, and the second is some other vowel, the first is displaced, but then the displacing vowel drops its own consonant, and assumes that of the other vowel. Thus, castor oil. T sour smell. Note. These vowel changes chiefly take place in the Ohscure Compound* (Sec, 152). NOTE. Rules for Spelling. The Anusvara is never replaced by another letter before T, ^ 5T, *T> tf> f > IT 5 as JET^T. and never *fa^$R, protection. The Anusvara may or may not be put in Marathi words on long vowels followed by the letters q, ^ f & t 3, ^r, ^ ^ f , -& as jfr^ 5 ! or *^r^T^"f to pierce ; ^f^TC or m^^, a calf. The Anusvara is always used in the following words : Upon the last letter of every neuter noun, whether singular or plural ; as jft^ff a pearl, jft^f pearls. Upon the penultimate of a plural noun when it is inflected ; WWr^TT of a man, JTFrat^f of men. Upon the third case-endings and the seventh case-endings ; as ? by, 'f in, &c. Upon the sixth case-endings when governed by a neuter noun; as his house. Upon the final letters of numerals above one hundred, denoting hundreds, thousands, &c., as ^TRT3T seven hundred, f^RT thousands. Upon the second personal pronoun rf, and its instrumental singular and plural forms ; ?ff by thee. Upon the instrumental forms of the first personal pronoun ; as *}f or wrf by me. ( 13 ) Upon all neuter pronouns ; as ^ it. Upon the final letter of the gerund and the infinitive ; as 3^0? do- ing, g^ to do. Upon the final letter of the verb agreeing with the first personal pronoun, and a neuter word ; as jjt ^EffF^tf I loose, ^ 13Z& It has got loose. Upon the last letter of a verb agreeing with a second personal pronoun in the plural number ; 3*lT W3\ you go. Upon the present participles in cff, rff-Tr. When the vowels 3f and sff, 3?r and m, f and zrr, are pronounced as full palatals in combination with f . ^T is often pronounced and written as ^J; as r*iraf or c^T^ff. The dento-palatals ^, f, ?r, &c. are written with a dot (.) before the transverse line at their head; rTSTTj ra&za, a king. ( 14 ) CHAPTER III ETYMOLOGY. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLASSIFICATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. 26. Etymology treats of the Classification (3TrFrT> ^r)> Inflection, ^PT, and Derivation oJjrTRT of Words. 27. Words are divided into Eight Classes, according to their signification or uses: viz. Substantive (^Fi?), Adjective (falflw), Pronoun (^TH?), Verb (nFTRS',), Adverb (fapnfn&TT), Preposition or Postposition (^TWlt" ^T 3 ^), Conjunction (ViT^TT^lT 3 T^*PT), and Interjection 28. Of these words the first four are inflected, i. e., they are modified to indicate their relation to other words in the sentence, while the last four are generally uninflected. The inflected words are called (tffaJTftF^R') Declinable, and the uninflected are called (^sipT or 3?fWfar3r Particles. 29. The inflection of a word according to its grammatical Cases is called Declension (frJTfrfT^inT), and the inflection of a word accord- ing to its Tenses, Moods, &,c. is called Conjugation, 55:7 or ^f ^T?5T"[. Only Verbs are conjugated. 30. The inflections of words indicating their Number and Gender are included both in Declension and Conjugation. 31. Number (^^) is the distinction of objects, as one, or more than one, expressed by a difference in the form of a word. In Marathl there are two Numbers, the Singular number (q^^) and the Plural number (^H^^). The Singular number denotes only one object, and the Plural number denotes more than one. Note. In some languages, such as the Sanskrit, Greek, &c. there are three num- bers. The third one is the Dual number fg^^'f, denoting two objects. ( 15 ) 32. Gender is a difference in words or their inflections to express distinction of ^ear- There are three Genders (f^if) : viz. the Masculine gender, the Feminine gender, and the Neuter gender. When a word has a form, or is construed as a word, expressive of, a male being, it is said to be in the Masculine gender ( qf^Jr). When a word has a form, or is construed like a word, denoting a female being, it is said to be in the Feminine gender (^flf^T). When a word has a form, or is construed like a word, expressing neither a male nor a female, it is said to be in the Neuter gender Note. In some languages, such as the Hindi, there are only two genders, all words being considered as pertaining to a male or female. Note. Since only living beings are either male or female, the names or words pertaining to these ought alone to be either masculine or feminine; such is the case in English. It classes all other names or words, denoting objects destitute of life, under the neuter gender; in this respect it differs from Marathi. Sanskrit and its dialects, Latin, Greek, &c., which assign the masculine and feminine gender even to names of things. CHAPTER IV- SUBSTANTIVES. 33. A word used as the designation or appellation of a being or thing, existing in fact or thought, is a Noun, or a Noun Substantive; as *K a house, 'STtrT'T ! wisdom. 34. Nouns are Proper ( fatl'? ), Common (^WT^P ) and Abstract The name of a particular person or thing is a Proper Noun ; the name pertaining to any one of a class of objects, as well as to the whole class, is a Common Noun ; the name of an attribute of an object, viewed as a distinct entity, is an Abstract Noun. A Concrete Noun (jT a rfar5T?) is the name which stands for an object together with its attributes. ( 16 ) I. Cases of Substantives. 35. Case (frJTiw) i 3 the form of a Substantive by which its rela- tion to the other words in the sentence is indicated. 36. There are seven principal relations indicated by Marathi nouns, by a change of form, and hence there are seven Cases in Marathi. Note. We have, below, recognized Eight Cases, dividing the first Case into the Nominative case and Accusative case. Note. The Sanskrit grammarians mention Eight cases, but the Sanskrit Dcitiya, (Accusative) has not a form in Marathi, distinct either from the Prathamd (Nominative) or the Chaturthi (Dative). In Prakrit,' which is the immediate source of Maratlu, there is, however, a distinct form for the Accusative. 37. The seven Cases are thus designated by the Marathi (Sans- krit) grammarians : TTsjiff (or "the first" case), FT^r (the 3rd), (the 4th), q^jfl- (the 5th), q$ (the 6th), jjpj)- (the 7th), and (the Vocative V 38. The Prathamd is the unaltered form of the noun, and ex- presses both the subject and the object of the verb. When the Prathamd expresses the subject ( ^T^T ) of the verb, it is called, in this book, the Nominative Case ; as ^> ^' ^> Dative. WT, ^T. TT* T, 'ET- Ablative. 3:^, W^. ^^ Iff. *v* Genitive. ^F tw. ^t/. ^ . ^ m. ^ f. ^ n. Locative. ^t, f ?f, I Vocative. The crude form. ^t 46. The following prepositions are employed by some gram- marians in the place of the above case-endings : 3 ma ( 18 ) Inst. Dat. Abl. 3T=T 3T^ TlR, TOf, Gen. Loc. Voc. 3K T, *TTF, TF> %, *Tfa Mas. Sing. , JT> ^"TI Fern. Sing. . The Particles of the Vocative case are placed before the noun ; as 3R king. Note. Some of the postpositions^ preferred by natives to the true case-ending. is usually employed to express the locative relation, and, indeed, some words do not take the true case-endings to express that relation. Hence we have occa- sionally used 3}fa in to make up the Locative case. Note. Sometimes, a noun takes both its case-ending and a postposition to ex- press a case-relation, as, ^ftiN^r^T B ? means of a weapon, 31^" + ^T^'T or 3T- vFT, denoting simple instrumentality. The case-ending is usually used in this way. Note. Sometimes, it takes two case-endings at the same time ; STr^R ^F^f** JfTfT He could not speak = f7F^T+ ^> denoting agency. Note. In poetry, chiefly, the nonn, without either its case-endings or postposi- tions, is used to indicate a case-relation. The word, then, assumes what is called the or crude form, as It is therefore that I worship ( remember ) at your feet ; tfl^f = TRB'tWT To feet. So also in the proverb sfn? 553\F 5H^T ^T-T \ The mother-in-law punishes a daughter-in-law by scolding her own daughter. Note. The case-endings and the postpositions, sometimes, alter their forms in poetry. Thus, T^r^TF 5f5FF 133% f^RT- Woman. . ( 19 ) II. Numbers of Substantives. 47. The Marathi substantives take a plural form either to denote the idea of plurality, or of civility; thus ^r, the plural of flTSJF, which is a surname, may denote either that there are many persons who have the surname of Sathe, or that only one man is spoken of with respect. 48. The names of materials are generally used in the singular; water, Jfi wheat, &c. 49. Some nouns have not a distinct form for the plural ; mi a father, or fathers. (1) All masculine substantives, with the exception of those ending in aft, are of this class ; as fRT a hand, or hands. (2) Feminine nouns ending in 3ff, ?, s ; as m^\ a mother, or mothers. 50. Some nouns have only a plural form ; as >R money, is singular in form, but denote one or many ; *q% is the plural form. 52. Some nouns have two singular forms, but one plural form ; as J&55 or 3^5 a plantain, ^^f plantains; HK55 or ^K'ssl" a cocoanut tree, JTRT^t cocoanut trees, &c. 53. Some nouns change their forms in the plural. (1) Masculine nouns ending in a?T change their final vowel to ^ ; thus, Singular. Plural. ajfaf A mango. 3?R Mangoes. JTT5JT A Bhatya. JTfsf Bhatyas. Note. Proper nouns do not take a plural form; as UTf, Rama, singular & plural. ( -20 (2) Feminine nouns in 3? change the a? either to ^f or f, and sometimes to both ; thus, *| ?fT^ or m -> T^ft a bird, m. ; JjrF T3i' a jewel, m. (4) Nouns ending in f, g;. and i>f are neuter; exc. Jjf wheat, m. (5) Nouns in x Note. Diminutives ending in a neuter termination are of the neuter gender ; a small cow. Note. Many names of animals have a standing form common to animals of both sexes; 3TF>ff i s a nia ' e jackal ; or a jackal generally, either male or female. (2) Names of mountains, seas, winds, rain, clouds, are masculine; a sea, ^TJTC a mountain, TTSTg 1 rain, &c. A Note. fTT air, f.; ^7flT?T rain, f. ; TJf a cloud, m.; n. 5 3JHfa cloud, n.; the sky, n., &c. ( 23 ) (3) Names of time and its divisions, as days, months, years, &c., and the names of the planets, are masculine. Note. Exc. When ^S time denotes a particular time, it is feminine; as T^Tr^T 33 3fl&\ His time of death has arrived : but otherwise, it is masculine; as f^tff 3o5 UTrJr what time is it ? qi^f the earth, and lunar days or frf^T, sucn as TrfrfTTT the first lunar day, &c., are feminine. rfRT a star, is both masculine and feminine. (4) Names of rivers are feminine ; jfr^NTt the Godavari. Note. Exc. Those called Nadas and Upanadas, such asfJEHT the Indus, &c., ara masculine. M (5) Names of the points of the compass, as 33 the east, ^jq^T the north-west, &c., are feminine. (6) Names of metals are neuter ; ^R gold, 3RrT zinc. Note. Exc. pTrT55 brass, f. n. (7) Names of water and its formations are neuter ; as y\*\\ water, ^Mf oil and water; so also the names of oil, and of milk and its products (excepting nouns in *$, which are masculine, and tffr or cream, which is feminine) ; as t^r^ castor oil, ^[T butter, &c. Note. Imperfect as these rules are, they will be found very useful by the student of Marathi. Very simple but most practical rules on the determination of the gender of a noun occurring in a reading lesson are the following : (o) Find out the verb which agrees with the noun, and the personal endings of the verb would denote the gender, as 1&3 ^Nl^t TT^ Sakhu will dance well. (c) A pronoun pertaining to the noun would indicate its gender by its form ; as *K 5f The house which. 58. Some substantives receive different terminations according as they designate male or female beings. ( 24 ) 59. (1) Masculine nouns ending in afl have a feminine termination in f , and a neuter termination in r> ; as ^Jjr a boy, Tf&ift a girl, J^jf a child. ggr Note. These terminations, viz. 3ff m., f f., and (r n., together with their c plurals, ^ m., 3JT f-, and f n -> are tne prlncqwl gender terminations in Marathi ; and the only gender termination^ which adjectives, adverbs, most verbal form*, and most pronouns assume. (2) Masculine nouns ending in sj assume the feminine termina- ton f or ?q ; as f^q a deer, f ^ff f.; 3F*T a tiger, ^[qtq a tigress. Note. The masculine form, sometimes, serves for the neuter; asf^oj m. n. Pure Sanskrit words take f in the feminine; as 3T?T a servant, 5T^fl" f . ; Jfl^l A Brahman, WffT"/)" f. (3) Masculine nouns ending in f and 3T have a feminine form in 5 as f^rT an elephant, f ^fTT f- ; T^ A Parbhii, 60. Some nouns have more than one neuter termination ; as, a goat, ^TT f., ^R: or ^^^r n. Sometimes they have a distinct neuter word, besides that derived from the root; as qr^T a horse, ^r^l" f-> *frif or r^fir% n. ; ^TF a goat, ^f^T f., ^T or g^f n. Note. Of these forms, those in rV denote the species generally, without refeience to its sex, or an individual in contempt; as ^3RT -A- goat, spoken revilingly, or without any reference to its sex; ^3T^ or efi^ a young goat only. 61. Some substantives, denoting inanimate objects, assume gen- der terminations ; J]T3T a cart, m., Jir^l" f., Note. When a feminine noun ending in f takes the masculine termination 3Jf, it signifies a large, clumsy object, and its neuter form in IT denotes that the ob- ject is spoken revilingly; thus J]T\jr a cart, Jjngt a carriage; JJHJ a carter car- riage, spoken revilingly; JTT^t a cake of bread, JTf^r a huge cake of bread. Note. Another peculiarity of the Marathi language is noticed in $T^f m. a thread, a rope, lT a cable. 62. The following masculine words have corresponding distinct feminine words : Masculine. A camel. A deer. A milkman. A brother-in-law. A man. A husband. A father. An ox. A he -go at. A he- cat. JTF3; A brotlier. A peacock. A he -buffalo. A king. A father-in-law. Feminine. A she-camel. A hind. Amilkwoman, A sister-in-law. A woman. A wife. A mother. A cow. A she-goat, A she-cat, A sister. An aunt. A peahen. A she-buffalo. A queen. A mother-in-law. CHAPTER V DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES. G3. Declension is a change of termination in substantives, to ex- press the different relations in which they stand to other words in the same sentence ; as ^[7 a father, ^fqr^f *H7> a father's house. 61. Before the terminations, which indicate the various relations, are affixed to the substantive, it undergoes a change of form. The form which it thus assumes is called the ^riTr^I^T or crude form. Thus, m: a house becomes ^r before the genitive termination ^r is joined to it TO^F of a hoiw. 4 ma G5. Marathi substantives assume, in all, six different forms before the case terminations, or, in other words, have six different crude forms, and hence there are Six DECLENSIONS fwfrfnr^rnc. Each of these declensions has a peculiar termination in the dative singular; thus, Declensions." I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Terminations of the The same Long or gf By a house. Dat. 313, qTFF> 9T1W To a house. Abl. 3U? -T* ^T^^T From a house. Gen. n. 1 > . n. J Of a house. Loc. *Kf> qrf In or at a house. Voc. TO" O house. Plural. Nom. *K Houses. Ace. qr Houses. Inst. OTt^OS qrftf> 3TfanT> or-gf By or with houses. Dat. q ; Tto> *KlW> mrfar To houses. Abl. SKf?^ From houses. Gen. *TCNr m. -^t f. -^ n. ) ^ ~ ~ ^ Of houses. SHj^ m. -^qr i. -^r n. J Loc. qrT At or in houses. Voc. qTf'ri" O houses. Note 1. The instrumental in if is seldom used, except with the postposition or ^?^T By or with, ai^R^fi^ Tly means of a weapon. ( 28 ) 2. According to the principles of combination specified in Sec. 24,the case- endings beginning with a vowel displace the final vowel of the crude form; as q?J H ir = q^ By a house; W3+ 3^= S^f From a house 5 SR\+ ? = *K? In a house; qu + atf = *Kt In a house. 3. Since the locative endings ?t and f are rarely used, we have supplied their place by using the postposition $(f^ in. First Declension- 67- In this declension the nominative singular and the crude form are identical ; as ayrsT a carriage, JTRl^T to a carriage. The following words are included under it: (1) The letters of the Alphabet ; as ^ ka, ^ kha, &c. Thus 3T ka, 3^f to a ka. (2) All proper names and names of respect, both of males and females ; as niTT Rama, UTF^F to Rama ; 3T?T a brother, 3T?T^r to a brother ; ^Jtf Rama (f.), ^\^] to Rama. (3) All nouns ending in rr and aft ; as g^ a habit, ^r to a habit; ^TFRtf a woman, ^H^T^r to a woman. Note. Nouns ending in "^ and Stf are variously spelt ; thus, Rf 3, frI^C> or frT^ a tripod ;%, T^ y 01 CR, a mark upon a die. They are declined according to their final vowel ; thus ?^F, frR?c7T (1st decl.), or fap&T (3rddecl.); freTT, q^^f (1st decl.), or q^r^f ( 2 nd. decl.) (4) All masculine nouns ending in g;, except those specified under the fifth and sixth declensions; as ^RT a pen-knife, ^F^^r to a c^ os pen-knife. (5) Feminine nouns in f and g:, excepting those specified under the sixth declension ; irreT a carriage, JTTsT^r to a carriage ; ig^f., chalk, to chalk. (6) Abstract nouns in T^Tf and verbal nouns in TT^r; as goodness, ^JJT^TTIW to goodness; %^. A lime. ^^ A calf. A bird. ^3 A goat. A cub. ^T^Pt A helm, in fact all diminutives ending in ** and ;?. ( 35 ) EXAMPLES. ?fj n. A pony. Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. List. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. Loc. Voc. Sixth Declension. m. A traveller. Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. Inst. Dat AbL r-^ 72. In this declension the crude form changes the final vowel of the nominative singular, first, to the semivowel ^ or 3, and then, if the substantive be feminine, assumes the terminating vowel of the third declension, but, if the substantive be either masculine or neuter, assumes the terminating vowel of the fifth declension; as OT^TT rn.- a father- in-law, *rre z5 I!W to a father-in-law ; gr^" f. a mother-in-law, gr^^F or ^rr^RW to a mother-in-law ; iffa? n . a pearl, JTJTWT to a pearl. Note. sraU = ST*HT +sff (5th decl.)= (3rd decl.) = 3nT^?!T- This declension includes the following nouns : (1) All the neuter nouns that end in f and : Exc. Those marked with an asterisk are, also, of the first declension. TJl Wheat. ^ Pus. * p^f A scorpion. * JT Faeces. Jjra A brother. * qzs A bamboo. s <^ * =^r A ladle. J?rg A weapon. ^tfj A bridge. * ^TK: Guinea-worm. BT Cotton. ^13 a brother-in-law. J fr* T^ Javari. ^T A town wall. ( 37 ) EXAMPLES. n. Pepper. Singular. Plural. Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. LQC. Voc. >fl"3T m. A brother. Singular. Plural. Nom. iTT^r JTF3T Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. ^pft A woman. Singular. Plural. Nom. fcvf Ace. fof Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. A gardener. Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. Inst. Dat Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. cTT' 1 ? m. A cake. Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. Instr. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. 3; A louse. Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Voc. ( 38 ) 73. The following table combines the particulars given in Section 66, and those mentioned under the several declensions. If but the gender of a noun is known, the student can determine with facility its plural and crude form. DECLENSION. I. II. in IV V. VI. The termi- Terminations of the Dative Singular. The same as Nomina- tive Singu- lar. nating Vowel of the Nomi- native Singular engthened. ^ 1 TF or ^i ^TFor^ Genders of Nouns. K. p. N. M. p. N. F. p. M. N. M. '. N. tl, bfi g 3T * V %r 3T OQ s?r ^rr W 3TF (qT) Is .S o I f i r r ? r (IT) c (T) 1 3" T 7 7 /^.\ o 3T 3: 3T "3T 3T IT (fr) &w 0) I O rr (T ! fefi q , iTr a d B ^r rr ^Tf | ^ *u 1jjjNote 1. This table might he profitably consulted along with the obser- vations in Sec. 66. 2. The terminating vowels of the nominative singular, printed in small letters, denote that the words ending in them do not usually follow the declensions marked above them. ( 39 ) CHAPTER VI- ADJECTIVE. 74. An adjective is a word which is joined to a noun, to de- scribe or limit the thing expressed by it; as ^t*!"^ T^JTT a good boy; 3T*T 3FS two horses. The adjectives which describe a noun are called adjectives of qual- ity (JFlf^fa !), an( l those which limit it are called adjectives of num- ber, or numerals ^wPreN ! or Adjectives of Quality. 75. Most adjectives are inflected to indicate their relation to the nouns which they qualify ; thus, (1) ^[JT^r ipirr a good boy, ^RT^T ^cTift" a good girl, ^fjp^ *R a good house, indicating the gender. (2) ^f Jf^ *J5"T good boys, ^fir^r JT^r good girls, ^fiy^ *R good houses, indicating the number. (3) ^iTT^Tr or "i Jpiwr or ^ift^I or W^ Sing. ^\ T(& ) Tp^faf or S^rf^T or SKfcr Plu., indicating the case. 76. Only the adjectives that end in 3fl are thus inflected in gen- der, number, and case before the noun : the rest do not modify their form ; ^Tf bad, q^Tf a man, m., or ^fr, a woman, f., or w^T^r a child, n. ; 3T| bitter, ifrqszT a gourd, m., or W^t vegetable, f., or *Nfaq- medicine, n. ; aprT 2T^JJT or ? T^ 3 ft a virtuous boy or girl. The form which the adjective assumes before an inflected noun is called the attributive crude form, f^SHT ^fifr^^T ; as 5Tf P^TT JTfTOIW to a wise man; ^sqT 3J55T 5T?55 by a mad girl. The attributive crude form ends in qr or ^ ( or q- ), as oFT^^r or ^T^ ^r !^^ by a black man, and serves alike for all inflected nouns. Note. Sometimes, in poetry, the adjecfive tokos a case-form corresponding to that of the noun it qualifies ; thus, ( 40 ) 77. When adjectives of quality are used as independent words in the place of nouns, they are declined like nouns. They belong to the following declensions : The adjectives ending in (1) 3? belong to the 2nd declension ; *ff$z bad, (2) 3fl belong to the 6th declension ; cffa^T red, (3) f belong to the 1st declension ; ^fas (4) 3" belong to the 1st declension: ^? bitter, O* (5) , &c., and then they become subject to the inflectional changes specified in Sec. 73 ; thus, ( 3T? ) bitter, m., g^l f ., 3^ n. x Cx, x a. small, m., c*?RT f ; ^ff^ n. The attributive crude forms of these adjectives terminate in &(, CJ or ^f or ?JrfR or cTTfr^Tr If^IW to a small boy. 78. The Marathi adjectives hare no degrees of comparison, or inflections to express their different degrees of signification. Note. Sanskrit adjectives, introduced into the language, are sometimes inflected by means of affixes to express the comparative and superlative degrees respectively; thus, TtfaT than; as *TPfTrf5 or n^r^f or ^rjfl- , extremely, placed before the adjective, to express the superlative degree, as r, extremely good, best. ( 41 ) Examples of the Declension of Adjectives. EXAMPLES. ?r m. Good (A good man). ^"fal^f f. Good (A good woman). Plural. Singular. Plural. Nom. Singular. Nom. Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Attr.Cr. or $m Sing. & Plu- Ace. Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Attr.Cr. or $31 Sing. & Plu. *(\7f& n. Good (A good thing) Singular. Plural. Nom. Ace. Inst. &/c., like the Masculine. NUMERALS 79. Most numerals are, in reality, adjectives, denoting quantity. Two classes of numerals only belong to adverbs. All numerals may be divided into seven classes. (1) Cardinal Numerals (g^HT^)) or those which simply denote the number of objects, and answer to the question how many ? as ^^ one, 5T?f two, q^TW fifty. Note. In the compound cardinals, such as T^T^^T twenty-one, &c., the smaller number comes first, while in English the smaller number comes last. (2) Ordinal numerals ( ^tjzfn^ii ), or those indicating the order or succession of objects ; as Tf^F first, f ^T^r second, &c. 6 m a ( 42 ) Note. The ordinals are formed from the cardinals (wit'.i the exception of r^ *** first, SfT^T second, Icf^Tf third, and ^f^fF fourth) by adding ^r to the cardi- nals; as Tf^ five + 3J = if^^F fifth. But the ordinals from CJ"^fF?F nineteen, and onwards, change the final vowel of the cardinal to ^F before taking 3F ; rr^pj. ^FfF nineteenth, 3J*f?J3F hundredth. (3) Multiplicative numerals ( *H|P^TR3T ), or those denoting how many fold a thing is; as ^1? one-fold or single, |tqr two-fold or double. N-jte. Th<- multiplicative.? are formed from the numerals by adding T fold to the cardinals or l^ + cpr = ir^lZ one-fold ; ^T^T two becomes cT before cpr, and doubles the 7, a fFfZ', rfT'F becomes |^f and q" is doubled, as Frf c de- noting the order in which a thing occurs; qffp^ or iffp^T^T, first or first time, T^T'^F^f or 3"H~1F ; T second time, &c. They are the instru- mental cases of the ordinal numeral adjectives. 80. The following is a table of the Numerals : CARDINAL NUMBERS. 6 ^ tffF- 5 9 sr or ?rr. Attr. Cr. [ Sf or ?rff. ?Nf or grfff- In the same way are the other numerals f>[%, 'frqr, declined. The ordinals Tff^r first, m., qff^t f., qff^ n.; ?g^r second, m., ^tf^fT f., ?^K n.; R^r^T twentieth, m., fa^RT f., H^fH n., &c. ; and all other nu- merals ending in 3fl m., f f., and q- n ., are declined like good, ^fJT^f, Wfl^ (Sec. 68). CHAPTER VII. PRONOUNS. 81. A Pronoun is a word which supplies the place of a noun, or refers to a noun mentioned either before or after it; as TJT I> W" The man who. ( 47 ) There are six kinds of pronouns : Personal, Reflexive, Relative, Interrogative, Demonstrative, and Indefinite. 82. The personal pronouns are the principal pronouns, being substitutes for proper names. They represent three persons, viz., the speaker, the person spoken to, and the person spoken of. The other pronouns, being subordinate to these, are also supposed to have three persons, although their forms do not vary. 83. All pronouns, like nouns, have three genders and two num- bers ; of these a few have no distinct forms to distinguish the gender and the number. 84. 63?" Like adjectives, it is only those pronouns that end in s$ m. or % m. that have three gender forms ; the rest have not. Note. *ff is the modern modification of the Prakrit 3}[ m. winch is, in its turn, a modification of the Sanskrit Viarga(:). *}f is the terminating vowel of words in old Marathi books, and is still used in Gujavati. Thus, Sans. ^R::, Prak. qRL Mar. qrir, Guj. ^|^T Ahorse. 85. The pronouns are generally declined only in six cases, i. e., not in the accusative and the vocative. The case - terminations and the postpositions are affixed either to the dative crude form, or to the genitive-case crude form. It is the instrumental and ablative cases alone that inflect the genitive case ; as nrrw-f By him, irnpflfsT Than I. ex When pronouns stand before inflected nouns, they terminate in qr, like adjectives (Sec. 69); as ejr ITCH By that Bhat ( priest). The form which they assume before an inflected noun would be called the attributive crude form of a pronoun. Note. The first and second personal pronouns are very irregularly declined. I. Personal Pronouns. 86. The personal pronouns are substitutes for the names of per- sons. They are three in number ; as jtf I, 4 Thou, rTT He (rfT She ( 48 ) ^ It ) ; and represent three persons, the first, second, and third. They have distinct plural forms, but the first and second personal forms do not distinguish the sex. Thus, 1st Pers. Sing, aft m. f. n. Plu. afljff m. f. n. 2nd 5| or rf m. f. n. ^ptT m. f. n. 3rd qt m. $ f. 1 n. % m. ?qr f. "T5T Of thee, or thy, or [thine. Gen. Loc. 'TjHR In thee. Loc. ^T5Tf Attr. Cr. 7-3 Attr. Cr. *% Plural. You. By you. ' Against you. or JiJTr^T To you. f From you. ^t-'^f Of you. f In you. Note. The crude forms *?5f a ad J'Sf are not used before a noun in the instrumental cas ; the instrumental case-forms of the pronouns fire used ; ns fJff ^J'-fl"*! By me, Rama; r^f ?7^R By thee, a girl. ^Sf sTi'SI'TT^r ^T 1 ! ^h Alms should be given to me, a Brahman. SffJf f JTCT^f ^r^f^T ^T'Sfl" ^TfT?ftT sTFrJT We poor people CK understood so. In the plural, however, the attributive crude form is used before the instrumental case; ^fjf riT^FiT B }' you people. II. HefLexive Pronoun. 87. The Reflexive Pronouns are substituted for substantives chiefly when the substantives are subjects of reflexive verbs; ^["ffH" STTT^rH ( UJTISST ) STr^^T sfa^ Ruma killed himself. There are two reflexive pronouns, 3fi7T and ^f: one's self. Note. SJTTT i s Ji!\i - ays a pronoun, but ^^": is often an adveib; ^TrT: 'Trf \^\ f\^ Tflf if J'ou must go personally. The genitive of SJITT is used as an expletive particle, called in Hindusthani tal'yd. kaldm, or pillov.-Vv'ord ; as ifl" 88. The reflexive pronouns are employed in reference to nouns or pronouns of all persons, genders, and numbers. STTIT is often used by a person when he speaks of himself and of others with respect. It is then equivalent to the English "we," "your honour," " his honour," &c. ; as 3}[:r ( 'T ^TT frf -? fjrif 3fTPT =FiTr^ If you will do this thing for me, ^, in fact, the &>c. ; TfTT ^iFT 17 ! f 7 M r/ Then he went awa. only form which gentlemen should use in speaking to and of a gentle- man. 89. 3Wr is thus declined : - Self or Oneself. Nom. Sing. &, Plur. 311707 Self. Inst. 5q[7T By self. ), aflCFTrsif Against self. Dat. 3ffTTRr or 3TFTIW To self. Abl. sFPTTfT From self. Gen. *m ^?IW> This much ; frcftn', facffiTST, ?f ; T2T> %2T^r That much. (2) Demonstrative of sort : *m, *iWf, ^TO^F This like ; ilTaT, frr^I^r ff55Tj ft, ffr55r masculine. Abi. 5rr|5 f^fff Gen. ^rr^rr-^t-^ ff^r-^t-i Loc. 5Tf^ ^ Attr. Cr. nr fTF. Plural. Mas. Fern. Neut. Norn. t . TOT SJFT frf^, faS? The same as the Dat. ^Fc?F, ^r?T frT5T> ctT^f masculine. Abl. Gen. Loc. nfa rffa Attr. Cr. ?qr ?rr Plural. Mas. Fern. Neut. Norn. ^ ^F *ff Inst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Attr. Cr. The forms 3^r ^^T^F, f^T^T, ^2T> ^3T%^3T5fr> &c., and their neuters, follow the sixth declension, and the feminines, the first. Note. In the demonstrative oblique forms, IF and ^ are employed in the place of UT and ff ; iTR or ^, ff 5f or fof. Of these two forms the latter is con- sidered preferable. V. Interrogative Pronoun. 96. Interrogative pronouns are used to form questions; as Who is there ? ( 54 ) They are used as substantives ; as ^TPT *TI"c7?r 1 Who is speaking I- or as adjectives ; as ^FTP*! TTTO 1 What man 1 The interrogative pronouns are these : ^TrT Who 1 ^""FTr Which one? 3TPJ- What? f^rfr How many? There are several other forms, which are as follows : (1 ) Interrogatives of sort : ^i, 3^T5TT, 3Ttf ^r, ^reRTOT Which like T Note. 3T: S. + 3T*rr = 3TOT. (2) Interrog-atives of order- f^TT? How much (in a series)? (3) Interrogatives of magnitude : How much ? 97. The interrogatives are thus declined : Who, m. f. Nom. Sing. itfT Plu. Inst. Dat. Abi. Gen. Loc. Attr. Cr. eRKr, OT, FTT Sing, and Plu. ^FP^r is preferable before feminine nouns, and ^FTF before particles; as ^foiT5f^aj Near whom ? 3TFT What ? Nom. Sing. Inst. 5? is preferable before a feminine noun ( 55 ) VI. Indefinite Pronoun. 98. The Indefinite Pronouns express an indefinite generality. They are ^TrT, 3?Nt Some one ; sj^pr, sjJT^r, IT^T"^ A certain one ; S iR Both ; 3it?T, Something ; *r?>T, f qr, T^S Other ; ff tjr, tf f All. Of these pronouns, those ending in 37 follow the second declension, those in *jf, the sixth, and those in =[, the first. CHAPTER, VIII- THE ADVERB. 99. An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or another adverb, and is usually placed near it ; % ^fr]"^ faff^T He writes well ; rft "EIT 'STfFff 3} ft She is very wise. 100. Adverbs are either declined or undeclined. Those adverbs alone are declined which end in '%; thus, ^ff ^C 'fiiff^THe speaks well. Note. Adjectives and pronouns are often employed to modify verbs, and those of them which end in 3}[ in. have the neuter form in r^: this neuter form is identical with the adverbial form in rr; ^J good, ^^f f ^ n The Declinable Adverbs agree in gender and number with the unin- fiected subject or object of the verb which they modify ; as ^f ^frr^rr JIT'C 5 * He will sing well ; rfi" 3TPR ^f T^ ^F^ She sings well. But it retains its own form in the following instances : (1) When the subject of the intransitive verb is omitted ; frc^ 3T^T? How will it be ? (2) When the subject of the intransitive verb is inflected ; ?TR 5TK rITT ^ I How could he go ? (3) When both the subject and the object of the transitive verb are inflected ; ?Tl^f FTlHr ^ *HTH ? How could he beat him ? -V>/V. The adverbs of quality are compared like adjectives; rfT lic sings l.'fttur than I. (Sec Sec. 78.) ( 56 ) The Undeclinable Adverbs, called Particles, are enumerated in Chapter XIII. 101. The inflected forms of the adverb in IT are the following: Sing. ^fJT^T m -> ^rT^T f-> ^R"' n. Plu. ^\7f$ n?., ^Jjsqrf., ^fT^T n. CHAPTER IX. THE VERB. A Verb is the chief word in a sentence, and expresses either the being or the action of any thing. I. The Classification of Verbs. 102. Verbs are classified, fast, according to their signification, and, secondly, according to their form and conjugation. I. Verbs are divided according to their signification, into two classes, viz., the Transitive and Intransitive. (1) A verb is called Transitive (^TqfTJ^) when the action denoted by it passes on to the object; JTOTIT to indicate that the action denoted by ( 57 ) them is performed by the agent through the instrumentality of another individual ; as tf 37TT 3RfM?f He causes the work to be done ( by another). (3) Potential verbs (?TW)> or verbs which are derived from a simple verb by the addition of f , to denote that the agent has power or ability to do the action indicated by them; ^rr^^^ FTJT ^TW He can do the work. (4) Irregular verbs (^f^qnTrf), or verbs which are irregularly conjugated in the past tense ; as jft efrf^r I do, wrf ^ I did. (5) Anomalous verbs (fafen}5[3ir), or verbs which are irregularly conjugated in all the tenses and constructions ; ift f^RTrff I learn, qf r^T I learnt the book. Note. There are other verbs which might be called semi-anomalous, siuce they are irrosularly conjugated in all the tenses, but regularly in, the constructions ; as jft ^ft^t'T I shall tell. There are others, again, which are regularly conjugated in the tenses, hut irregularly in the constructions; ?f|" J^rf vsF^c*)* She ate the rice. They might be called anti-semi-anomalous verbs. Of both these classes there are less than a dozen words in the language. (6) Defective verbs ( ijTT ), or verbs which are wanting in some forms of conjugation ; TRf if I want. (7) Compound verbs ( i$q^ ), or verbs made up of two or more words ; 5pf qr^ To feed. frs. II. The Inflection of Verbs. 103. In the inflection of verbs are distinguished (1) Two Numbers : singular and plural. (2) Three Genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. (3) Three Persons : first person, second person, and third person. (4) Three Leading- Tenses : present, past, and future. (5) Five Moods: indicative, subjunctive, imperative, conditional, and infinitive. 8 m a ( 58 ) (6) Two Verbal Substantives, four Verbal Adjectives, and four Participles. (7) Three Prayogas or Constructions : Kartari or subjective, Kar~ mani or objective, and Bhdvi or neuter. (8) Two Voices : active and passive. The Tenses. 104. Tenses are forms of verbs indicating the time of the action or event signified by them ; as jft Jjrfe^f I break ; P?t JfrfeS I broke. 105. A Marathi verb is capable of expressing four times by means of mere inflections, and the forms it assumes are called Simple Tenses; as jfr ^TT^f I walk ; jft ^rr75c?r I walked ; ijt ^fS I was wont to walk; jfr ^pN I shall walk. When tenses are formed by the aid of other verbs, called Auxiliary verbs, or helping verbs, they are called Compound Tenses ; as jft ^T^?T 3?ff I am walking. We shall consider these separately. (Chapter XII.) 106. The simple tenses are the present, the past, the past habi- tual, and the future. (1) The present tense (^TUT^r^) expresses action or being in the present time ; as ij"r f^ff 3\ I write. Note a. It indicates an act which has lately commenced, and is in a state of pro- gression; ?f 5JF ^fc^fa You are jesting. Ox ft. It indicates an action that is just ahout to commence ; ^?5 J}f" flRT 5T^I^rTT Come, I will show you something strange. c. An action that will certainly happen in some future time; ^Jl &^ *v ^. ^ ** TUTO Tr^^r^ ?rTr I Will give you free leave tomorrow, the whole day, from morning to evening. d. A general truth ; gjf He who with his own mouth spreads abroad his own lame is sure to meet with con- tempt. ( 59 ) e. An act long since past, but present at the time referred to in the discourse ; Bhoj Kaja asks. This is called the historical present tense. (2) The past tense (JjKTSTrss) expresses an action as completed in time already past or spent ; as jff $[&&\ I spoke. Note. This is the Greek aorist, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it in other respects wholly indefinite. Note. This form expresses conditionality \vith 51T If, expressed or understood ; ?f ^nrSTr STCn^T ^^ or He will do. (4) The future tense (JT^'^'T^T^) expresses an action to occur in time subsequent to the present ; as *ft *T^?f 5"^T1fT5? fr7T After I die I shall go to God. Note. Besides this general sense, the future has various other senses, a few of which are the following: a. It expresses an act which at a particular past time was considered about to happen ; as 3TTJff TTKTaj l7 ff faST ^f ^ ^rrf *T^1^- We were every moment afraid that you would instantly die, 6. It expresses the incumbency of a particular act ; as Sff 735"^? Why should I run? c. It expresses potentiality; as 2^ ^fa 3fl^ ^Tllfa* ^f ?3TC^ 3^*? He has got no teeth yet, how then can he eat 1 d. It expresses, alio, past potentiality; IT?57lfa qfe? 3tfS*f *W3t&l How could the Pandavas (the sons of Pandu) spread abroad over the whole country? ( GO ) Moods. 107. Moods are forms of verbs expressing the manner of the being or action signified by them ; it 3Tf^T If he did ; ^f 33\ He comes. 108. There are five moods in Marathi, viz., the Indicative (^nj), the Subjunctive (RUT^f), the Imperative (^Tnrnr), the Conditional (^%rfr3'?5' We shall be under the necessity of going abroad; incitement to action. Note. The supine is used, also, to make up the compound forms of the moods and tenses. 112. The Participial Adjectives are participles used as adjectives; as *fi3 Burning, 5f35^ *TC The burning house. They are the following : (1) The present participial adjective, ending in rfT m. ; A burning post (2) The past participial adjective, ending in "?5W m.; as A dead animal. (3) The future participial adjective, ending in TRI m - ', as The people intending to come. (4) The participial adjective of currency, ending in 3T; as The current law, the law in force at the present time. Note. Those participial adjectives that end in ^ff m. are declined like the ordi- nary adjectives in *fl m. Note. The participial adjectives are modifications of the participles given below. 113. The Participles are the present, the past, the past conjunctive or pluperfect, and the future. They are chiefly used to make up compound tenses. (1) The present participle denotes currency of action, and has three forms, viz., rf, ?tf, and Note. a. The form in rf when compounded with other verbs, expresses the principal idea in the mind of the speaker; I^Rf *Tffi W Goon worshipping God ; ?f ^rTf 3"3IRT 3vCT?T tTiET I>o yourself continue to work diligently. b. The form in rff is used to make up a subordinate clause, and expresses tin act less important than that signified by the verb of the principal clause; as FfJW ^ 3T5^Ti TRH STT^ 3W Uf?^r Without their knowledge, he went after them (K and stood concealed. ( 64 ) e. The form in cfNTf is of the same import as that hi ?ff, but a little more emphatic; as ^nTf *T]IcTf or ^TsffifaTq' Come at twelve o'clock ; SR'sf ^ frf?5T F'TiTrrf'Tr ^f F^t * have seen her these ten days going about. (2) The past participle denotes past time, and is used to make up compound tenses. It ends in ?5T or c^T. The former is chiefly used to make up compound tenses, and the latter as a participial adjective. (3) The past conjunctive ends in 3ft, and occasionally in 3^, and denotes an action that takes place before that mentioned in the prin- cipal clause; as TfTlfr ^S" \sfr3R (1) ^^ STR He may go; (2) STR ^[?.\ *?TK^ He beat him. In the subjective construction, the subject is in the nominative case, t. e., it is uninflected ; in the objective construction, the subject is. in an oblique case ; and in the neuter construction, both the subject and the object are in an oblique case. The inflected subject is either in the instrumental or the dative case ; ?gR ?3r^ He ate ; 3TT3>r ?3T^rlt He can eat. It is also in the genitive instrumental; as F^TTW^ SfHT^ He can go. The inflected object is in the dative case only; as ^IR ^JW fe^ He gave it to him. Note. All verbs, excepting the potentials, generally take the subjective construc- tion in the present and future tenses. The intransitives and anomalous verbs take the same construction, i. e., the subjective, in the past tense also ; as jft ^r^c^f I walked; ^tf$Rr?5t She learnt. The anti-semi-anomalous verbs follow this construction; as rfT >TKT n*fr She ate the rice. 9 m a ( 66 ) The transitives take the objective and neuter constructions in the past tense ; Jjfa fsjf^fl' He conquered the town ; ?*[pf <3]&\ *flT^ He struck him. Note. When the object of a transitive verb is a person, it generally takes the neuter construction; f^f^f U^TRTT Hsff^ He conquered the king; F He conquered the town. H9itr There are, however, some exceptions which occur in poetry, and some phrases of long-established usage, over which grammar has no control ; thus, gffRT j f^RT qf^W The sages contemplated thee ; jfr ^^ $;&f I bathed. In the objective construction the ob- ject is usually in the third person. In poetry exceptions occur ; as r^ J ffarfarfar Dharma lost thee. The Voices (^^). 116. Voice is a particular form of the verb, by means of which the relation of the subject of the verb to the action expressed by it is indicated; ^r jfaT He went. 1 17. There are two voices, viz., the Active and Passive. The active voice ( ^T^Rf^) expresses that the subject is the agent or doer of the action ; as 3ft ^r^cTf I walk. The passive voice ( ^rinw^l ) represents the subject as the object of the action ; ^f 3flT?n" 31W He was killed. Note. There is not a passive voice in Mar&thi formed by inflection. Note (a). Sometimes the verb has an active form but denotes that the subject is affected by the action ; as UT Sff^fa ?T^ ^IW ^rTHT Th e gram is well ground in the mill. This is the peculiarity of the transitive verbs when they are used intransitively. They might be called Verbs of the Middle Voice. (b) Sometimes the verbs have an active form but represent the subject as neither the agent nor the object of the action ; as JT?S faSfflf The child sleeps. These might be called verbs of the Neuter Voice. (c) There are some verbs which "represent the subject as neither the agent nor the object of the action, but simply affirm its existence ; ai J?T 3}ff I am. These are called Substantive Verbs. ( 67 ) (rf) There are other verbs, again, which assert the existence of the subject lu a particular condition ; ^T ^f 1W fe^?T He looks well, i.e., qT fe^ % **?'? He is good in appearance. These verbs might be called Neuter-passives. (e) Some verbs have no subject in the sentence : JflriT "fr^NT or TfJ I feel sick j g'sft^ It is daybreak. These verbs are called Impersonate. 118. The existing passive form is made up of the past tense of the principal verb, and the various tenses of the verb ^[Jj Togo; nTKR^T JTW He was killed. It is not, however, of general use in Mara- thi, and occurs chiefly in official correspondence. CHAPTER X. CONJUGATION. 119. The way in which the personal-endings or verbal inflections, denoting the person, number, gender, tense, mood, and construction, are combined with the verb, is called conjugation. 120. The verb in the imperative second person singular is called the root (^TR) ; as 3^ Do thou ; 5EflT Loose thou. 121. In conjugation the personal-endings are affixed to the root. There are two ways in which they are affixed, and hence there are Two Conjugations, viz., the First Conjugation and the Second Conjugation. la the First Conjugation, the personal-endings are affixed to the root, without modifying it ; as f{^ To die + $\ = J^T^T He dies. In the Second Conjugation, the root is modified, before affixing the personal endings, by substituting 5 for its final vowel ; ^f\J To loose + K = **!fe + 3T = ^ffsqt He looses. The form which the verb assumes before the personal-endings is called the base ( ^T = HTf ?f He sees. (6) All monosyllabic words follow this conjugation, only, in the present tense ; as ? give + Plu. Plu. ^T m. f. n, *7!3 ( 70 ) CONDITIONAL MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. q| m. ^ f. ^f or 3- n. 3. ^RF m- -^T f- -f n. 3. j Plural. 1. 3}R m. -an f- -'ff n 2. 3?r??T m. -s^ a 3?T> m. -53TT f- - Bhavi Prayoga. Singular. Plural. 10 10 2. ^R 2. 3.J 3. IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. Singular. Plural. 1. 3; 1. vir 2. sj 2. 3TT 3. ^r or a; 3. srr^ or ( 71 ) INFINITIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. ^ PARTICIPLES. Present ?f, ?rf, rfftf Past ?fl"j wsfl' Pluperfect 3^ Future OTPC 125. OBSERVATIONS. (1) The tenses can be formed by affixing the personal-endings to the base. The base of the verb of the first conjugation does not differ from the verbal root as regards the final vowel ; that of the verb of the second conjugation is formed by substituting f for the final vowel of the verbal root. When the personal-endings begin with a vowel, the Rules of Combination mentioned in the 24th section operate here : gr^T + **f% = W3H Should loose ; ^psT + ^r = ^H?r Loose. Exc. In monosyllabic verbs, the final f or rr is changed to *rr in the second plural of the imperative mood : q|" -r 3fl = Pjr Drink *T + atf = W Take. The third personal forms of the same mood take ?rr instead of =Hi ; as ^ -f- ^r = 3$\ Let him take ; (ft + *l\3 = Let them drink. (2) On a careful consideration of the personal-endings the stu- dent will not fail to notice that they are identical, to a great extent, with the third personal pronoun ^[. ( See Derivations. ) (3) The past forms indicate plainly the same origin as the pre- sent forms. The past forms could be produced from the present forms by substituting ^ for ?f ; as ^rr^rU I walk ; ^fr^iwf I walked. (4) The past habitual and future forms are distinct for each conju- gation. (5) The conditional, the subjunctive, the imperative, and the in- finitive have forms only for the present tense ; the indicative alone is conjugated in all the four tenses. Besides these simple tenses, the verbs have Compound Tenses. (See Chap. XII.) PARADIGMAS. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 1st Conjugation. 2nd Conjugation. I get loose or am getting loose. ; I loose or am loosing. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. ' Laft 2. " " I W *&3 v. ^j Kartari Prayoga. I got loose. Sing. Karmani Prayoga. I loosed (him.) Sing. Plu. i.*.i*tf2?2 ^ (^ 2. ?T or tf\ or 2*if i ^ J 8 i is or Bhdvi Prayoga. I loosed (him). Sing. Plu. i. 2. or or or or ( 73 ) PAST HABITUAL TENSE. 1st Conjugation. 2nd Conjugation. I \vas in the habit of getting loose. ; I was wont to loose. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. ?' 1. Ht JTTTf 1. ?ff, ?fr, 2. qrjfT Stf 2. -^j --i, FUTURE TENSE. I shall get loose. Sing. Plu. I. .) 3. iff, 2. jifT 3. %,?7r I shall loose. Sing. Plu. 1. o n*i 3. ^, ?fT 1. 2. rTffT 3. I, COJS T DITIONx\L MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. 1st Conjugation, 2nd Conjugation. Were I to get loose, or I should get loose. Sing. 1. 2. Plu. 1. a 2. ?r?fT tf loose. Sins. 1- *ft ^ 2. ^THlF" 30 . < t^r ^r?rr o. -V ^ I ** V C_^ i. 'Tl 5^^ 1 ^ QTMTq SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Were I to loose, or I should Plu. 1. KARTARI PRAYOGA. 1st Conjugation. may or should get loose Sing. Plu. ^ -t l. 2. . . f 3. ^r*{ J . . ?qfMTj 3 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Let me get loose.- Let me loose. Sing. Plu. Sing. Plu. 2. 3. 1. jft nn? 1. R 1 2 ' t 3. ar, at, a wsr 3. S w &anj-g J l*J INFINITIVE MOOD. W. To get loose. r| To loose. PARTICIPLES. PRESENT TENSE. Getting loose. JENta-^ff-^faT Loosing. PAST TENSE. Got loose, ^rnf^rr-^-^ Loosed. PLUPERFECT TENSE. Having got loose. ^fJ^ Having loosed. FUTURE TENSE. About to get loose. JE&^fTC About to loose. SUPINE. To get loose. ^r^R-^fr^-^^r^f To loose. GERUND. Getting loose, ^ffvf^f Loosing. ( 75 ) CHAPTER X T. CONJUGATION-conimuefL THE POTENTIAL VERB. 12G. The potential verb expresses the ability of the agent to do the action denoted by it ; qr^R 3T^flf I can do it. It is formed by adding ^ to the root; as WfT^f to walk, to be able to walk. Monosyllabic verbs, and verbs ending in f , double the 3- ; igw to eat, ?KW? to be able to eat ; q[f f to see, to be able to see. Note. f^II^T is an exception, since it takes only one ^ J as F^nT to be able to write. 127. The potential verb follows the first conjugation in all the tenses, and is rarely conjugated in any other mood than the indicative. 123. It differs, however, very widely from the other verbs in the matter of the Prayogas, and the following particulars are important : (1) The subject of the potential verb is always in an oblique case, viz., either the dative, or the genitive instrumental; IJW or 'TT^R vsTPTW I can go. Kate. JT^T is colloquially used, and JTT^TH classically. (2) It always takes the Bhdvi construction, unless it has an un- inflected object, as in fqr^TR ^far ?3H?^r He could eat the mango. . The transitive verb takes this construction, also, in the present tense ; ^RIW ^ft ^^ft Rama can read the book. Note. For the potential verbs maybe substituted other forms: (1) the present parti- ciple ^f, or the dative of the supine is used with the different parts of the verb ipf **. *\*^ to come; JTc-JTr^rfrfr'T'T I can write; and (-2) the infinitive mood is used with the various tenses of the verb 5RTT to be able ; 3^f ^"^ 5J^rff I can do it. The latter form is neither elegant nor idiomatic, 1. 3. ( 76 ) Potential Verb. First Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. I can get loose (intr. v.) and I can loose (tr. v.) Bhdvi Prayoga. Sing. Plu. if or if^T 1 I. sjra^lR or 1 - 2 JJL f riff^R or v (intr. v.) 3. f^faajR or J < ctrr^r m. n. Sing. or or or m. n. or (tr. v.) Karmani Prayoga. I can loose. Pin. "") 1. STTJT^TR or sffjjfr^r I ^r^^^fri^. 2. ?TI^R or V- -qT f. -3 n. 3. ^t^R or (tr. v.) Y Sing. I J Plu. m.f.n.Plu. PAST TENSE. Bhdvi Prayoga. I could get loose (intr. v.) and I could loose (tr. v.) Sing. Plu. 1. ajfJf^TR or o - ^* (intr.v.) 3. Pjf'STR or or or m. n. or frf^r f- (intr. f (tr. Sing. 3 or &c., &c. PAST HABITUAL TENSE. Plu. i /. , \ M I (intr.v.) f srnf^irf or &c., ( tr - v -) ( 77 ) FUTURE TENSE. Bhdvi Prayog-a. I shall be able to get loose (intr. v.) and I shall be able to loose (tr. v.). Sing. Phi. 1- JTT39R or J&T "} 1. 2. 3??TR or fTc?r j W J 3. BJT^IR or PTF^r |> (intr. v.) 3. m. n. p ' ' Past. or J J (tr. v.) PARTICIPLES. (intr. v.) Capable of getting loose. (tr. v.) Able to loose. Sing. ; JEr^^TT-^T Pl. (tr. v.) C (intr. v.) About to be able to get loose. (tr. v.) About to be able to loose. THE CAUSAL VERB. 129. Causal verbs denote the doing of an act by the agent through the instrumentality of another ; PTf ^psfllv^ 3frfa^ I got it done by him. 130. The causal verb is formed by adding ff to the root of the transitive verb ; ?nT STF^ s f F, &<"> i ing begin and go through with it. d. It has the sense of an adverb ; as 3 If he of himself should offer his daughter in marriage, then I will wed her. Of these verbs, the. verbs <*\W?\ and |rT are regularly conjugated in all the m ods and tenses and, being intransitive verbs, fall under the first conjugation; the rest are de- fective in tense-forms. 136. Each of these substantive verbs has a negative form; thus jfr 3fl?f I am, jft ^Fff I am not. I usually am, Jft ^TO ^ f f^f He, She, or It is. We are. Ye are. KIT, fff nt ^fr, rf 37^. . f. n. Plural. Future Terwe. Singular- > ^TT 5 ?ff Plural. 1. J?T 3?^ I shall be 2. J I^^W or 3. % rff, " m.f. n. m. f. n. sir f. rf7 n. Plural. f m. f. n. m. f. n. m. ( 85 ) CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. iff 3T*r^f m. n, 3- f. Were I, or I would be, Had I been, or I would have been. *jT 3Ttf3T*T m. ?^TJ ?ff Crt'T or ff^. Future Tense. Singular. Plural. 1- Jfl" trf-T I shall become, or may s^fT fTT. perhaps become. O 3- ^TTT'V^' 3"T= -^. n ^Ifjlw. n *c 3. rfr, rft, ri ?r?^". ^f> < CONDITIONAL MOOD. Singular jft tf^TT Were I to become, or I would become or have become. It is conjugated like the indicative Ir^f I was. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Singular, m. f. n. Plural, m. f. n. 1. Jfr sfRT-^t-t. I may become. afli Jfotc. Tlie above are the Kartarl form.s, and the Bhdc'i Prayoga forms are Jiff f^ I should become, &c. ( 88 ) IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. 1. ifl" frs Let me become. 2. ^ If. 3. *fr, or, more commonly, ?rr^T ^Fff I did not be- come. | Pasf Halit. iff ?f frf, or, more commonly, fi'C^r I was not wont to become. Pluperfect iff ?nw ^ 5 f^f I had not become. Future Ind. jft =f fff^T, or, more commonly, ffrrTT with the preposition ^ upon, coming after the object : as jqR^ ifrfa or ^f^ ; but Tftfrf m:q or ^R^F? with the genitive of the object : as ^ftf^T m^ft or ^nTc^". To wear is q^Tta ^H^fi and not CHAPTER XII- COMPOUND TENSES. 149. Compound Tenses are formed by means of the substantive verbs, and the participles, or the simple tenses of the principal verbs. The substantive verbs and all other verbs which are employed in forming compound tenses are called Auxiliary or helping verbs. The verbs with which the auxiliary verbs are combined are called principal verbs. Thus, in ^i F^fT^f 3T*T% He is in the habit of writing, f^f)"^ is the present participle of the principal verb f&ff'T, and BTO^f is the third singular present of the auxiliary verb 3T^r&f to be. The compound tenses indicate modifications of time present, past, and future. THE INDICATIVE MOOD. 150. The indicative mood has three forms for the present tense, five for the past, and five for the future, besides the simple tenses. PRESENT TENSE. (1) The Present Imperfect or Progressive is formed of the present participle, and the present tense of the verb to be ; ^f feffa 3 fl? He is writing. It expresses that the action is in a state of progression. Note. It also expresses an act that was in progression at a past time; 717^ *fa ^[trf STffi SfltrT 3?*J $fi% qrff 55 He saw the birds going and coming. (2) The Present Imperfect Emphatic is the present tense with the verb afff ; as , 3. rT, ?^jr, ^ff ?fi ^trf ^TTff They are not loosing. Past, ift ^ ^rf?^ or ift ^ff^ ^frlf I did not loose. Past Habitual, jft ^ gt^T or ^T^T^r I was not wont to loose. Pluperfect, jff ^TS^ JT5f^ I had not loosed. Future. jfT =T m^T^T or jfr ^TIT ^^ I shall not loose. Present Conditional, jft ^ *TJf3" but The cow was tied with a rope. Present Indicative. Singular. Plural. l. *ir -& 2. irrr m -TJT srr n. I am loosed. n. Thou art loosed- m. -7?T ^rffT f. He, she, or it is 3. loosed. n. We are loosed. Frff m. .?qr 3TKTf f- n. You are loosed. 3TRR m. ??T-5^r 5TI- JTFT f- rff -f 5fTnrr?f n. They are loosed. The rest of the tenses may be formed in the above manner. CHAPTER XIII- V. I PARTICLES OR INDECLINABLE WORDS. / ' ./ I. THE ADVERB. * 156. An Adverb is a word which is used to qualify any attribute as rfr "PIT 5Tf r^F ^r? He is very wise ; fa^ 5TF Go there. 157. Adverbs may be divided into the following classes : (1) ADVERBS OF TIME ; ^rsRr^ Pl^nf^WT- a. Point of time ; %sf f then, qRf, ^f f now, 3T5?t when, iff before, at present, ^^ afterwards, ?f^ presently, ^f^ soon, ^nr to-day, to-morrow, ^T?5 yesterday, TC^f two days ago, or two days hence? then, ar-TreC formerly, *w hereafter, $Z3^ instantly, sT^tW^, suddenly, J^ lately, ^^ at once, fTT^r^ immediately. b. Duration of&ne/^fjff always, ^fcT?i continually, v&i3^ quickly, daily, qrvjf ever, 3^ ^rfT never, r^TORf^^ or fo^f^tf day after day, irfafo^T, ^r5f^f U^, and U5rfrT daily. Note. PtWRnfTO &c. express an act that daily increases or decreases, while T &c. do not involve any notion of an increase or diminution. (2) ADVERBS OF PLACE ; c. Rest in a place ; ^ there, ?pf here, ^5j ^ everywhere,- grrsr nowhere, ^ above, *3T^T below, ?r^ within, Tflff behind, q? before, T beyond, $Tar where ? (f. Motion to or from a place; s^TJ hither, frRT^ thither, f^T^ hence, fa^T^ thence, Hiff^ around, ^riffa, ^f^ 1 near, TC far, qfc^r? "^ O^. beyond. (3) ADVERBS OF MANNER ; e. Manner ; ^ so, WlRr 5 ? thus, ^r well, 5Tf FnTR wisely. (See Adverbs in "^ under Derivation), rr-fsjf, ^JJT^, a-jft^T, 3?N, 3UT merely, or for no reason. /. Degree; TfPC very, STTTTf quite, ^rcr nearly, a little, scarcely, Jfl^ only, ^fa^F more, ^i{t less, ajf^pr exceedingly, 3}t4rT eminently ; ?ac slowly. AWe. ^", ff , 5Tr, TTj are emphatic adverbs ; e. g., ?f ^ q You alone come ; ?ff|" t-^ ^^ v _ -X - ?T xoutoocome; ?f ?ff qrffg' Are you coming or is somebody else coming? ?T 7! ^ Vou too come. (4) ADVERBS OF QUANTITY ; -. Measure ; "TTf^ much, S^grf little, q"c enough, ^"fff or -gf some- what, sTJT'ff entirely, ^f ?f much. h. Number or Order; rrg^f once, ^iT^'T? or 5TVK5Tf a hundred-fold, : firstly, Ttf-qR secondly, fr^T. ^tf" lastly. (5) ADVERBS OF MOOD ; ( i ) Affirmation ; ff^T yes, ^jT^Trf certainly, f^:^5FT undoubtedly, truly. ( j ) Negation; ^FfT, ^ ^r not, f^JTfq- ^FfT, f^^^ ^ffT not at all never. (k) Probability and Doubt ; ^Trf^T perhaps, ^$q[ for the most part. (6) ADVERBS OF RELATION ; ^R-qj^^: ^sf \ when, Irpqr 3^ wherever, ^T ^f wheresoever. (7) ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION; TT^r^T^i" : ^-^\ when 1 ^tfs where ? ^T5Tf55r why 1 ^RT^ where ? 3Tf why ? (8) ADVERBS OF IMITATION ; ^T^ ( 102 ) IT. THE PREPOSITION'. 158. A Preposition is a word which shows the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence ; ?ff ^'^R^ ^fT^f He took his seat. 159. Prepositions relate nouns or pronouns to other nouns or pronouns, or to verbs or adjectives. They express the following relations : (a) Tims and spzce ; arfa, snff, *T V -^ in, ^ on, tfrrTT, tffor-T, TWT near, ft??: out, ?3T^T under, Jftif behind, formerly, yz before, in future, sjrf^T on this side, . TR^S on that side, =f?TC after, qfi" before (in time), ^rfJTC before ( in place). (b) Motion to or from; 3TJ at, 7RR from, prepositions in T^T, as from above, ?3T T from below, q%f, TT^f till. (c) Instrumentality ; ^FT?^, ^T^^Tj fTrff* fK> or rf by, or througli. (d) Miscellaneous Relations ; fsj^PT, ^r^-Ti f^'TT without, f^qf about, instead of, ^TCl'lf besides, ^r?fr enough, 'q'^T, ^r^T for, ffa, ^?T?T, 5ETf 7^iTR with. i 160. Observations on Prepositions. (1) The prepositions generally inflect the word after which they are placed; as qTT^ on the house. Sometimes they do not inflect the word ; as 9%Ia5(R9 till the morning. (2) The prepositions are, sometimes, joined to the genitive of nouns; as qrr *Tf ffn: or ^UTRTf*: out of the house. (3) Prepositions ending in 3fl are, sometimes, inflected to agree in gender and number, in order to agree with the nouns to which they refer ; as ?*rT *WR^ or -ftf& ^ f^l ^iT f ft Twenty elephants stood around him. ( 103 ) Nofe, The noun with which a preposition agrees is the subject or the object of the sentence in which the preposition, together with the noun which it governs, stands as a prepositional or adverbial phrase ; ^RTR^T?? TFlT F5I7 Sprinkle water round the house; ^ff fqj ^fJflf^^T^ TF^'^1' She danced round it. (4) When a prepositional phrase or a simple preposition is used as an attributive, it takes an adjective suffix ; cJTifwff ^1" *ff5 The story respecting them ; T^raiMcfr^ j]f^ The villages round about Poona ; ^faf^^ 3& The tank beyond the river; if^^f jrfa Yonder village. (5) Some prepositions are used both before and after nouns ; as jf ftRtrc'fo Be without fear; iff ^q^ are chiefly of Turanian origin. 169. Marathf, as we now find it, appears to be chiefly derived from Sanskrit, to which it is indebted for nearly nine-tenths of its voca- bles. The Sanskrit words exist in it either in their native or modified ( 105 ) form ; and the changes of the modified forms are traceable to the various dialects and languages, through which they have come into it. 170. The Sanskrit dialects, from which Marat hi and the other modern Aryan languages of India, such as the Hiridusthani, Gujarati, Bengali, &c., are derived, were called Prakrit or vulgar tongues, by way of distinction from the parent language, whose name etymologically signifies "a polished tongue" (0 well, pT made = ^R3Cfl). 171. MarathI bears the closest affinity to Magdhf, a Prakrit dialect which flourished in Magdha or Bahar, and which was probably first intro- duced into Maharashtra by the Buddhist missionaries in 284 A. D. 172. The following are the principal changes which Sanskrit words have undergone in the Prakrit dialects : (1) The long vowels have been contracted into short vowels ; as JRR?: a way = JTTT; ?"fa: long fe (0) The double letters formed by the consonants of different organs have been changed to consonants of the same organs; as f-^: God = ?WCf; 3t: long = feitf ; or one of the letters is dropt ; as 3"5R sight, iftfnf. (3) The similar and dissimilar vowels have been substituted for each other ; as f^fT^ red lead =^r; 5^: a brother-in-law = fe (4) The vowels SR", 3t and ?T have been changed to fc or ^t, ^ or , and [sr or &t, & ; as ^tq a debt=nc< : T ; WT* a beetle = Fi (5) The aspirates and f are interchangeable ; as JR3" a mouth J?f ; JT^ a secret =irs?T. (6) The Visarga has been changed to ^1; as fl?f: a cloud ; 5T: a hai 1 4 m a ( 106 ) (7) The dentals have been displaced by the cerebrals ; as v _ S . . . -v an elephant =^Tr?Tr; ?5T: a sting = \jtfT. (8) The unaspirates are sometimes changed to aspirates; as 173. The Prakrit words underwent a change before they assumed their present Marathi forms. The following are the three principal changes : I. The compound letters have been displaced by simple letters : as qwff ( W S. ) perspiration = ^W ; JT5JJT ( ?PT: S. )=JTWT pith; srnfr (jfar: S. ) =iJ7]T fit. II. The initial short vowel, followed by a double letter, has been lengthened, when the double letter has been changed to a simple letter ; as RTF (R3T S.) = 5flr sleep; fK 1 (&q S.) = T^ milk; rrot (q$n S.) a wing. III. The final ^T, substituted for the Sanskrit Visarga, is dropt or changed to 3ff; as V?T (%%: S.) =qrz a bell; qffi (^S- S.)= ^t^T a basket ; aqffr ( 4f? : S.) =a^3T a lip; rn?r (^TT: S.) =5fRTf fit. Note. In some Marathi words the 3tf still retains its place ; as ff wn = ?T: S. ^T he = tf: S. 174. The Marathi language, thus derived, has become the verna- cular of ten millions of souls ; it combines the dignity and vigour of the Sanskrit with the softness and pliancy of the Prakrit. Its vocabulary has received valuable contributions from the Arabic, Persian, Hindusthani ; Gujarati, and several European languages, so that it is the most co- pious, the most learned, and the most polished of the modern Indian languages. It has been, since the rise of the Maratha power, the language of several Native courts, and possesses some literature, both in prose and verse, of comparatively great merit. Marathi words have in their turn become the sources of new words, and claim the rank of roots. They have been designated in ( 107 ) this book Mardlhi Roots. We give below two illustrations. ROOT : fjWor to speak ( 3 S. to speak ). Nouns : ^& word ; ^f^of speaking ; ^f \, *ff^nT, popular talk ; ^T^T conversation; ^f^Sf invitation ; sfMt a language; 3T?far reserve. Adjectives: ffc^r eloquent, ^JRr loquacious; 5ffa?rr that speaks. Verbs : ^tc*5f to speak ; ^terfanf to call. ROOT : sffaaf to build ( ^ S. to bind). Nouns : f fa an embankment ; ^faoj damming up ; ^fsrqr^s the cost of building ; f fepJjT the style of building ; ^fspjf the rubbish used for damming ; ^faT fixing material ; wfal structure ; ^fspif a passage through a field ; ffsrRT the raised boundary of a field ; ^far?^ struct- ure ; ^ffcffa binding of rice into bundles ; tfq or ^f*TfS a parasitical plant ; ^^1' a villager without landed property ; *rhrfst' a small embankment ; ^fsr^cl' the horizon. Adjectives : tfqvft relating to a ground ; ^fit?y bound by favours ; built. Verbs : ^fqrSf To be so advanced as to have its stone fully formed, a mango ; ^t'<^f to bind ; ^fqT see 175. Words are derived from Marathi roots in six ways. They are these :- (1) By modifying the vowels and consonants of which the simple word is composed ; as tfq a dam, ^fsrr a shape, from ^f*?5f to bind ; ir an eyelet, or a little hole from ifi"sn" an eye ; TP3W to fell, from to fall. (2) By joining letters or particles before and after a word, t. by means of prefixes and affixes; *1+%Z = ^T^ unbroken ; passionate. ( 108 ) (3) By the union of the above two methods ; as ^R^ the head of a fish, from ^far an eye. (4) By doubling the simple word ; 5PTT^T grain, &c., from 3P*T grain. (5) By two or more words joined to express one notion, and both the words retaining a place in the formation ; as 3n^Jrf3HT a polecat, from 3ifs5 black, and J?f5T?: a cat. (6) By uniting two words so that one of the words is lost; = *T3 H qrJT water and oil ; 5qfW I T= 3}fa sour + qpj smell. 176. The first class of words are called Primary Derivatives ; the second two classes of words, Secondary Derivatives ; the fourth class, Reduplicatives ; and the last two, Compounds. I. Primary Derivatives. 177. The Marathi roots are comparatively few, and numerous words are derived from them by modifying their form. We can notice here only the Potentials and the Causals. 178. I. The Potentials. These verbs are derived by inserting ^ between the gerundial termination and the verbal root; as to do, 3T^r to be able to do. (Sec. 126.) 179. II. The Causals. These verbs are formed by inserting f^ST between the root and the gerundial termination; as 3iT^T to do, to cause to do ; 5f to give, tfa^FT to cause to give. Note. The form ^Tf^oT is preferable to The causal suffix ft or f is the corruption of the Sanskrit particle 1 or a?ir, iised in forming causals; as 3Wf' %7J<*f to speak, ^f^rfa^f or ^fa<*T to call. When verbs are derived from nouns or adjectives by the suffix 3pf, those in simple sflf are intransitive, and in sflfa are transitive ; as 3?fa7 sour, 3^f^7R^f to be turned sour, 3rf^7[fa5f to make sour; 3":^ pain, ?" : ?3T^ to be hurt, T.^faoT to hurt. NJ ->J 180. Some intransitive verbs do not. take the participle fa to form the intransitives, but I, 'mply change the initial vowel of the root. In this particular they resemble the Sanskrit causal verbs, which lengthen the initial vowel of the root ; as ?gRftr he digs, ^R^ffa he causes to dig. 1. The intransitives that lengthen the initial 3? : to graze, ^r^ to feed, to pass by, JTo"f to remove, to float or to be saved, rTiTT to save, to be crushed, SfRfff to crush, to fall, qi^nf to fell, to die, Jn^ to kill, to move on (. i.), ^IIT^f to move on (. t.) (2) The intransitives that undergo both a vowel and a conso- nantal change : to get loose, tfTvj^f to loose, to break, 31^*1 to break, to get loose, *jR"5f to loose. ( no ) (3) Some intransitives modify only the consonant ; as tear (v. I), qfTF^ to tear (v. t.). 181. The causals of these transitive verbs are formed by affixing ; as ;tfr NJ x* 377 off; ^TfrF away from caste ; 3NfTT. ztfq upon ; ^Fl^^T a placing upon, a covering. towards ; 3[r*nT?3 having the face towards. down ; sj^rTfir the crossing down, an incarnation. near to ; sjrenT form ; anirf entreaty. up ; ^?rrf ardour. next, below ; ^TOif a prefix ; , 5*j bad; ^ a bad quality; into, downwards ; fa^fr? conducting ; R: 'TiT^ heaviness. cTj ( adj. ) light ; ?59tTr, OTc^, &W3 lightness. T? ( adj. ) hard ; I'S'rfr, ?27^, 3"RnT hardness. (sub.) a friend; fif^F, fJT^cf, ffe friendship, (sub.) a Brahman ; jTrHT^r, JffW Note. Some Sanskrit words do not take all the three suffixes; as >x ^ *jf^T or flf-T reserve. Note. Some words simply lengthen the initial vowel ; as ^TlflTa y Words of Hindusthani origin take the following suffixes: C or 3fff ; iT^f honest, T?Jri honesty ; ^flr, fvTTfC obstinacy : ^ or ifi TCfl warm, JT^JTT or JT^IC warmth: s?KT ; f^5 sweet, sweetness : rTT ; ^T little, ^JTrfl" deficiency. 2. Nouns of Agency : M. sti'&H ; 3fZ a way, TOT^r a guide. M. s^Rt ; JSfT worship, J3TR:)" a worshipper. S. ? ; tTFT sin, TnT a sinner. M. 3TC ; *lft a village, JTJ^RT a villager. S. 3>!T 5 r^T a jewel, r^T3nT a jeweller. H. IK 5 sft'T a saddle, FsRJTT a saddler. H. JTIT Pk farar^j fsr^JTlT a cutler. M. *$ ; ^T^i'T Konkan, ^RTR"ite angry- rf; 3fl% (n.), l?^Rr?f joyful. j?f ; ^ ( n. ), ^fSlTW wise. hr ; R ( n. ), r=R?r rich. S ; ?KTT ( n. ), tfrfte angry. ; ?rnT ( n. ), ^tift covetous. ff^;WpK ( n -)'3feTR intelligent, sfFT ; Kf^T (n.), VR^ rich. ^T ; 7:^ (n.), f :^^T painful. 4. Denoting likeness or manner : tt } "TH: ( n. ), MK+i childish. ^T; TrTT (n.)> ^"T^ 7 waterish. JIT ; TITO ( n. ), *fRir womanish. 5. Denoting diminution : ; ^ (adj.), 3f& highish. ( adj.), ^R^: blackish. ( adj. ), ?5fr^^r -tfNsf littleish. 6. Denoting- doing : F ; TTC ( n. ), Jfl^r Given to beating. ; OTSPT (v.) ^TT^Tf Itch-producing. ; >?n? (n), JTT^rsr A bawd. *T^; *n3Tfjnr, ^ST, vitTfcfpn:* 37^,% &c., of which only one part has a distinct sense. The English equivalents are chit-chat, tittle-tattle, slip-slop, hurly-burly, &c. ( "6 ) 189. Sometimes the original word, which is a verb, is doubled, and the first part of it adds afl to the final letter, to signify hurried or active doing 1 ; as ^fvjptf T, gtqT^fi>I> ^r^rrTR, &,c. The whole word may take | at the end of it ; as *tf qHfsfr, tffarcrfaT, & and Hnr by the Sanskrit gram- marians. In the Tatpurush, the first word indicates a case-relation, and the second word governs it in that case; thus, JT5fJTr*r o i|' Measuring by rule = JTHf^f f jjrspit 1 . In the Karmadhdraya, the first word is an adjective, or a noun used adjectively ; as rffa\?JTRfi' Red earth = the feminine inflection f is dropt. Note. The Tatpurush compound is Karmadhdraya, when the first word is not supposed to express a case-relation. Note. When the first word in the Karmadhdraya compound is a noun, It implies often likeness or analogy ; as f^TPiTiT Knowledge which is like a treasure. Note. In the Sanskrit compounds introduced into Marathf, sometimes the first word of the Tat punish or the Karmadhdraya comes last; thus, in ^TI'STf^I King of the geese, which is a Tatpurusli compound, the governing word comes first; so also TTm *? A man like a lion, which is a Karmadhdraya compound, the qualifying word comes last. Note. Words, taking a deprivative particle before them, as STWlfT A non-Brah- man, &c., are called ^apf?^^^. Note. The English equivalents to the above three kinds of determinative com - pounds are as follows : 1. The Tatpurush: Time-keeper, steam-boat, sea-breeze, tea-spoen, &c. 2. The Karmadhdraya : A blackbird, mankind. 3. The Dvigu : A twelvemonth. Not. In the Tatpurush compound, the first word may be any other than the nominative case; thus 1st. The Accusative Tatpurush : cTf^UF^ A bribe-receiver ; ?f SRTrfF An author. It indicates the thing which a person does. 2nd. The Instrumental Tat. : J?TrH< ^"iTTT^T, sfWTTiWT, &c. The English equivalents are "wear and tear," "rattle and clatter," "worn and torn," &c. 2. Those formed by repeating- the general sense alone of the ori- ginal word; 3TrPTnT, ^rsrspjj", etffrsTft?, ir^Rr, JTrrnrnsfl 1 , sfr^nr, &c. The English equivalents are " thorn and thistle," " pride and passion," " patch and piece, " " sorrowing and suffering," &c. 3. Those formed by repeating the general sound alone of the ori- ginal word ; as v3T=^ gff 'ff^T The head or the bundle, \rnF 3ff &c. The English equivalents are " by hook or by crook," &c. ( 121 ) Note. These formations indicate the hurried or rash settlement of an affair. Soma other equivalents are CT$J7ir$r, 5Tf R^fl", &c. 4. Those formed by combining words of opposite signification, C C" C* C 1 but derived from the same root ; as trrfrT^ ^*? + 3 TT'R right and wrong, ^TPTT^nT &c. The English equivalents are " right and wrong," "young and old," "white and black," &c. JI. ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS. 198. When a whole compound is used attributively, it is called an adjective compound (^f^|i). Thus, sfrJJTJj the face of a horse (a sub- stantive compound) denotes, also, having- the face of a horse ; thus, ft All the Kinnars had the faces of horses. Note. The attributive compound stands sometimes for the object which it de- scribes, and suggests it : then it is a substantive: thus, JJSfFFT is either "having th head of an elephant" (an adjective Bahuvrihi), or "one who has the head of an elephant," (a substantive Bahuvrihi), and since in the Hind^mind a human being with the head of an elephant is associated with Ganpati, the compound . r suggests the god Ganpati. ^^T signifies having long ears, or the long-eared, and since an ass has long ears, eS^nr '' or the long-eared " suggests an ass. The English equivalents are " left-handed," " high-minded," &c. 199. Any one of the compounds specified under the substantive compounds can become an adjective. Thus C Tatpurush > ^Vfr^R Boldness in an assembly. ^ Adj. ) ^m\^^^\ Having boldness in an assembly. ( Karmadharaya ^ ^^m^t i j- c * * [Adj. ) ^.w^ofr ( Karmadhdraya "i ^W^'T' A black colour. Having a black colour. Four faces. (Adj. $ ^JT^T Having four faces. C Dwandwa ^ oR^RffirssT A farmer and gardener. ^ Adj. SRT^Tr^r^Tr^f Of a farmer and gardener. 16 m a ( 122 ) III. ADVERBIAL COMPOUNDS. 200. In the adverbial compounds the first word is an adverb, and the whole is used adverbially; as STfe^ every day. 201. The following are a few examples to illustrate the elements that enter into composition in the adverbial compounds : 1. A particle and a noun; STfew every day; *nir3T*T regularly. 2. Two particles ; ^Hf!f2 anywhere ; 3T*TRT^T as assistant ; f ffir^rr ^SJ^ expert ; f p-fT^r *T3 close-fisted ; VTjfolTf ^ a servant that drives away beggars. Note. " Composition'is a great excellence, and helps us to express our meaning with a brevity and clearness which case- endings alone would never have given." Note. " The power of forming compounds exists in different languages in differ- ent degrees. There seems to be one word at least in Sanskrit of a hundred and fifty-two syllables. An English lady uses one of thirteen words and forty -two syl- lables." Dr. Angus. CHAPTER XV- ON THE STRUCTURE OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS. 206. PRONOUNS. I. The Personal Pronouns. Singular. Plural. 1. Nom. jfr s?f fjij Prak. sr t S. 3TT*?T; p| p ra k. Inst *qf = ^ n WK S. Gen. JTr?rr=5Frr-3,> v,w s. 2. Nom. f = 'i Jf S. JsiTj^l Prak. 3. Nom. qt = r W- S. ^ ^ S. Inst. 2TK = ^T n fa S. Gen. ^r^F = rT^T S. II. Reflexive Pronouns. sifcq-q- p ra k. SJKJT^ S. rf: &3- S. III. Relative Pronouns- ifr = ^r Prak. IT: S. ( 125 ) IV. Demonstrative Pronouns. ff = ^f Prak. tnsr: S. or *R S. S. s. V. Interrogative Pronouns. rnr =^T Prak. 3?: S. 5TJ3T: S. s. ^HT s. ditto. VI- Indefinite Pronouns. ^f? s. 207. VERBS. I. Substantive Verbs. 8W S. = *m& Prak. (3rd pers.) = 208. ADVERBS. Adverbs derived from Sanskrit. fr when == IR Prak. qff^ ( T: ) sft then = ?rf? or ?TR Prak. rfft*F or ^T ( ?: ) ff then = tTR rJF^ ( ?f: ) ^lf to-morrow yesterday first day before yesterday after ^+ ^T in many ways. always formerl ( 126 ) so = ^ Sing. ; tj, irr, f Plu. These c'an be traced to Sanskrit inflectional changes. 17 ma 1. Singular Terminations : (1) The masculine 3fl is the modification of the Prakrit 3TT, and the latter form still exists in some Marathi grammatical forms, particu- larly in the pronouns, as ff who, ^T he, &c. Note. Gujarati does not modify the Prakrit aft: thus ^f3T: S., %TT Prak., 5lir Guj. (tfrsr ahorse). (2) The vowel f is employed in Sanskrit to make up feminine forms of masculine nouns, and the Marathi termination f, indicating the feminine gender, is identical with it ; as ^r5TT A male Brahman ; srnjTTT The wife of a Brahman. This feminine termination exists both in Gujarat! and Hindusthani. (3) The neuter 1HT wife. (3) The neuter | is a modification of the Sanskrit fa or which is changed to ^ or flf in Prakrit; as ff which =vsfr| Prak II. The Case-terminations : v Singular. Nom. ^: S. ; ?ft Prak. ; "^f M. ; A God. Ace. |f |f ^ A God. Inst. ?f^T %^^r ., ^^ v My God. Dat. ^pr,, ,, 5^r5rr-^ To God. Abl. ?rr^ l^-^r i> 5"^"!^ From God. Gen. ?^5T,, T^^T ^r^TT Of God. Loc. %> ,,^.3^1^,, "^T-?rf In God. Voc. %l %i $3 or irrr O God. Plural. Nom. ^r: S. ^ Prak.; ? M. Ace. Inst. Ace. QTII ,, cq-^i M tiq ,, n Dat. I ! Abl. ??!: ' iNrffrTT-g'iir v if'tff/T > Gen. ?"^rTt 5"TrT-T M TTt^f j Loc. ?~^ 5"W-H l^rf or ^f ,, Voc. 51T: n 331 ?^f^f > OBSERVATIONS. (1) The accusative, both in the singular and plural numb* 4 ' drops the inflections in Maralhi. (2) The instrumental 3, *T, ^fft ?T could be easily tra* d to the Prakrit and Sanskrit originals. ( 132 ) (3) The Prakrit is deficient in the dative terminations, for which it substitutes the genitive; the Marathi ^T and ?fT are hence in all pro- bability modifications of the Prakrit genitive endings ^ and *fl"i or of. The cTT is a pure Marathi particle, being a fragment of cTfjff, the da- tive postposition, of frequent occurrence in Marathi poetry. (4) The Marathi ablative termination ?^ or 3^T is a modification of the Prakrit ff'rTT or *7% = W3\, the letters ^T and f being interchange- able. By dropping the 3fl of ?^f, and substituting ^f for 3, the termi- nation ?^f would be obtained. (5) The genitive ^ is the modification of the Sanskrit *$ and the Prakrit *tf. Note. 1. The genitive ^T has the force of an adjective suffix, thus ^^T is house- hold. It is also employed to turn particles into adjectives ; as ST^R^^" Tf^jf?" T ft bird on the top of the house. 2, The genitive case is the only case which is used, like an adjective, in the plact of a substantive, and declined in all the cases that an adjective is; thus Adjective. Genitive. Nora. ^flT^T good. TF?n" mine. Inst. ^flf^l'T JflUpTr'T by mine. Dat. ^N/^l'rif THPTFc^r to mine. 3. The etymology of the Sanskrit $3f from which ^J is derived, is the corruption of the Sanskrit adjectival suffix ?If ; as ^fyir south, Tf^PTRT southern. " This tya is a demonstrative pronoun, the same as the Sanskrit tyas, tyad, this or that." In Greek, adjectives are formed by adding slos to the noun, which is the same as the Sanskrit ?T or JPI. This sios is identical with the Greek genitive termination Os = Sot. 5. The locative f or 3}f is derived from the Prakrit singular locative 3?rfT = W-f. 6. The vocative % occurs in Prakrit in the form "fr; as ( *rre: ) O fire. ( 133 ) II. THE VERBAL INFLECTIONS (f? in^.) 213. The personal terminations are fragments of the personal pronouns, and could be easily traced to them. Thus The Verbal Form. The Pronoun. Sanskrit ifemj I am; aham I, ma me. Greek eimi ego I, me me. Latin sum ego I, me me. English am I, me. Prakrit amhi ahammi I, Marathf ahen jft I. 214. The Marathi personal endings are modifications of the third personal pronoun $\. The pronoun is simply affixed to the base. Thus *HC die f . ( 139 ) Imperative Mood. Pluperfect Participle. The following tenses, with 5f inserted after the root, are used both actively and passively, but properly in the latter mode ; thus jft ^t w Prayoga. j m . Jfcta I I* SIR J f^ Imperative. Pas* Participle. (Stevenson's Grammar.) NOTE II. PASSING. ff??r- ( They are poor.) is a pers. pronoun of the 3rd pers., the plu. number, the mas. gender, and in the nom. case to " is an adj. of quality, qualifying %. ( 140 ) is a subs, verb, ind. mood, pres. tense, and the 3rd pers. sing, mas., agreeing with its nominative ^. It is of the subjective construction, because it agrees with the subject in gender and number. i s a proper noun of the 1st declension, of the 3rd. pers., the sing, number, the mas. gender, and in the instrumental case of agency, nominative to gr?rT s^rff- is a personal pronoun, of the 2nd pers., the plu. number, and the genitive case, governed by the feminine noun ^F^gr. is a common noun of the 3rd declension, of the 3rd pers., the sing, number, fern, gend,, and in the accusative ca?e governed by*%5ft s^nff. is an irreg. trans, verb, subjunctive mood, past tense ( dubitative ), the 3rd pers. sing, fern., and has for its nom- inative ?T*TR. It is in the objective constrnction, since it agrees with its object is a pers. pronoun * * and is in the dative case , expressing the direct object. is the dative supine. is an interrogative pronoun in the instrumental case of agency, being nominative to f^rarfW. ? is a reg. causal verb, indie, mood, past tense, the 3rd pers. sing, neut., and has for its nominative ^foff. It is in the neuter construction. Repeat the rule. BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA. University of California Library Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Phone 310/8 MAR ] 2006 new, 5-9188 zoos A 000109232 9