*' 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 G 
 
Sa 
 
A POPULAR 
 
 CALIFORNIA FLORA 
 
 OE, 
 
 MANUAL OF BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF FLOWERING PLANTS GROWING IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, AND 
 WESTWARD TO THE OCEAN. 
 
 WITH 
 
 ILLUSTRATED INTRODUCTORY LESSONS, ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE 
 
 PACIFIC COAST. 
 
 BY YOLNEY RATTAN, 
 
 TEACHER or NATURAL SCIENCES IK THE GIRLS' HIGH SCHOOL, 
 SAN FEANCISCO. 
 
 HemaeD (BDttion. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY. 
 
 1885. 
 
 f 
 
;> 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, 
 
 BY A. L. BANCROFT AND COMPANY, 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 

 PREFACE. 
 
 THE first edition of this book was prepared for the press during the evenings and Satur- 
 days of the month of January, 1879. The hope that an abler hand would undertake the 
 task deferred the beginning, and the needs of a class of over five hundred pupils hastened 
 the completion of a work that .would have been more slowly elaborated had the reputa- 
 tion of the author been the only consideration. The errors incident to such rapid work 
 were as far as possible corrected the following year, in a second edition, which was pre- 
 faced as follows: 
 
 "I have endeavored to prepare an inexpensive manual which will enable beginners in 
 botany to determine the names of all plants with conspicuous flowers that may be found 
 growing wild in the Central Valley of California from Visalia to Marysville, and through 
 the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Ukiah. Over six hundred species of plants are 
 characterized by descriptions condensed, for the most part, from Vol. I of the 'California 
 Botany,' and Sereno Watson's 'Revision of the North American Liliaceae.' Valuable 
 material has also been obtained from a 'Revision of the Eriogonese,' by Torrey & Gray, 
 Gray's 'Synoptical Flora of North America,' and 'Gray's Manual of Botany.' 
 
 " Plants belonging to the Parsnip, Aster, Willow, Oak, and Pine Families, are not de- 
 scribed, being mostly too difficult for beginners, or of little interest to them. The Intro- 
 ductory Lessons are designed to show the learner how to study the growth of plants, as 
 well as to give such knowledge of their structure as will enable him to understand the 
 descriptions in the Flora. The 'Glossary of Generic and Specific Names ' will enable the 
 student to make appropriate common names for most plants. 
 
 "To the authors whose works have furnished the materials for this book is due the 
 credit for whatever of excellence it may possess; to the compiler, who may, in a few 
 cases, have misrepresented these authors, attaches the blame for most of its defects. 
 
 "I am indebted for suggestions and criticisms to Prof. E. W.Hilgard, Dr. C. L. Ander- 
 son, Prof. W. H. Brewer and Dr. Asa Gray. To the latter I am especially grateful for 
 his kind interest in my humble work." 
 
 One third of the second edition was new matter, and only about half of the book in its 
 present form is printed from the stereotype plates of the first edition. The newer half 
 of the work, although necessarily partaking somewhat of the nature of patchwork, is as 
 good as I can make it. My drawings upon wood have been faithfully engraved, and, 
 though claiming no artistic merit, will, I trust, prove helpful to the learner. With few 
 exceptions always noted in the text the plants, or parts of plants, are represented of 
 the natural size. Besides the more obvious improvements, an entirely new Analytical 
 Key replaces the old one; and our most common oaks are described. 
 
 183987 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 Assuming tliat facts in natural history are useless if merely memorized from the "book, 
 and that the student must earn his knowledge by observing and experimenting, it is ob- 
 viously best to encourage him at first by showing him how to try simple experiments 
 whose results are easily interpreted. Seeds are the best material for such experiments, 
 since the phenomena connected with their germination are not only easily observed, but 
 deeply interesting. For this reason what may seem a disproportionate space in the Intro- 
 ductory Lessons is devoted to "The Beginnings of Plant Life." There are no lessons of 
 greater educational value than those given to observing eyes by the growth of a plant 
 from the first quickening of the dry embryo to the putting forth of flowers and the ripen- 
 ing of fruit. A sunny window in each school-room should be devoted to these beautiful 
 object lessons of nature. It must not be forgotten, however, that since most young peo- 
 ple are eager to learn the names of plants whose flowers they admire, it is best to devote 
 most of the spring months to the study of Systematic Botany. The child's "What is 
 it?" and the finger pointing to the plant in bloom, show plainly with what to begin the 
 study of botany. Baron Frederick von Mueller says in his preface to an elementary 
 work upon the botany of Victoria, Australia: "An experience of nearly forty years has 
 convinced the author that the use of a grammar-like publication for initiating into a 
 study of plants is alike wearisome to teacher and children, and that as a rule, subject to 
 rare exceptions, the knowledge acquired from the ordinary first elementary works on 
 botany is as quickly lost as gained. The only method of rendering such studies agreeable 
 and lastingly fruitful consists in arousing an interest of the young scholars in the native 
 plants of their locality, to afford them all possible facilities to recognize and discriminate 
 all the various plants within reach, to lead them by observations thus started to com- 
 prehend the limits of specific forms, of generic and ordinal groups, and to conduct them 
 afterwards to the more difficult study of special anatomy and physiology of plants." 
 
 Teachers and learners ar^ here reminded of the importance of carefully writing out 
 the details of experiments tried, as well as descriptions of what has been observed. In 
 the words of Dr. Asa Gray: " The naturalist must not only observe that he may describe, 
 but describe if he would observe." 
 
 It will be noticed and the fact has formed the basis of a criticism that the descrip- 
 tions of genera and species in this Flora are very brief; as a rule only the contrasting 
 characteristics being given, since more is calculated to confuse rather than help the be- 
 ginner. Dr. Gray says: "In floras, as in more general works, abridged descriptions or 
 diagnoses suffice indeed, are preferable in all cases where the region is pretty well 
 explored, and where materials can be thoroughly elaborated." 
 
 Although the Flora is designed especially for students in Central California, it will be 
 found only a little less useful to those studying as far south as Los Angeles, or as far 
 north as the Columbia. The Introductory Lessons are suited to the entire Pacific Coast. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, January, 1882. V. R. 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS 
 
 IN 
 
 STRUCTURAL BOTAN1 
 
 7 
 
 SECTION 1. THE BEGINNINGS OF PLANT LIFE. 
 
 1. If the first rain of the wet season is followed by warm, sunny 
 weather, specks of green will soon appear among the dry stems of last 
 year's weeds; and in fence corners or other eddy nooks where summer 
 winds have drifted seeds and covered them with dust, you may find per- 
 fect mats of baby plants. With a shovel skim off a few square inches of 
 this plant-bearing soil, and carefully examine it. Except a few green 
 needles, which you recognize as spears of grass, most of these little plants 
 seem to consist of white steins, which split at the top into pairs of green 
 leaves. Looking sharply, you may find between each pair of leaves a 
 
 1 . Seed of Bur-clover just be- 
 fore! it appears above ground, g. 
 Same three days older. 3. Mus- 
 tard. 4. Bur clover showing the 
 first and second plumule leaves; 
 the former simple (apparently), 
 the latter with three lefiflets. 5. 
 Mallows (Malvaborealis), sttbw- 
 ing the long-petioled see.l leaves 
 (Cotyledons , and one plumule 
 leaf unfolded. 6- Filaria (Ero- 
 dium), with lobed or sub-com- 
 pound seed leaves. 
 
 tiny bud; or, in the older plants, this may have grown other leaves, which 
 curiously enough are not like the first two. (Figures 1 to 6). Searching 
 through the shovelful of earth you will likely find plants in all stages of 
 growth, from swollen and sprouting seeds to stems, which are just push- 
 ing their bowed leaf-heads into the sunlight. Here, then, is material 
 from which you may learn how plants grow; a lesson, remember, which 
 no text-book or schoolmaster can teach you. It will be easier, however, 
 since most of these early wild plants come from very small seeds, to take 
 
VI 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 your first lessons from plants which have larger beginnings. You should 
 first study 
 
 2. The Plant in the seed. Get many kinds of large seeds, such as 
 peas, beans, squash-seeds, buckeyes, castor beans, corn, etc. Put them 
 in water that they may become soft enough to be readily separated into 
 their parts. In a day or two starchy seeds, such as peas or beans, will be 
 in good condition. 
 
 3. First take a bean and make drawings showing the outlines as seen 
 sidewise and edgewise. Any marks that seem to be found on all beans 
 must be put down in the drawing, but do not bother about the shading. 
 These attempts to represent what you see will lead to the discovery of 
 certain marks on the concave edge of the bean, the meaning of which 
 you may sometime learn by studying the growth of the seed in the pod. 
 After you have thus studied the outside of the seed, slit it along the back 
 with a sharp knife and take out the kernel. It readily splits into halves 
 which are held together near one end by a short stem. Upon breaking 
 them apart the stem sticks to one half, and you discover growing from the 
 inner end a pair of tiny embracing-leaves. Make another drawing and 
 compare it with Fig. 7. Presently it will be 
 
 clear to you that this entire kernel is a little 
 plant. The plant in this dry apparently lifeless 
 first stage of its existence is called 
 
 4. The Embryo, or Germ. This, as you have 
 seen, is made up of the stem, or Radicle ; the 
 thick parts called Cotyledons, and the two-leaved 7 
 
 i -i r>7 7 mi i f ' 7. One cotyledon of a bean wim 
 
 bud, Or Plumule. The embryo Of a pea IS Sim- the radicle and large plumule. 8. 
 
 i i 1 1 i t* i itit t t Eintorvo of ft P6<inut. ct. inii^r sid.6 
 
 ilar to that or a bean, but the plumule is more O f one cotyledon with the radicle 
 decidedly a bud. Fig. 8 represents the straight ^ e plumule; *' uter sid 
 embryo of a peanut. The radicle is not bent around against the cotyle- 
 dons as in the pea and bean, and the plumule shows two divided leaflets. 
 The cotyledons of the squash are thin and the plumule is scarcely visible. 
 Lupine, though its seeds resemble beans, has a long radicle and a minute 
 plumule. The buckeye seems to have a long radicle, but since it splits 
 nearly to its point, where you will find a large plumule, it is evident that 
 the apparent radicle is mostly made up of the cotyledon stems (petioles). 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 Til 
 
 5. Albuminous Seeds. Remove the shell-like coat of a castor bean, 
 and carefully split it flatwise. What at first seems to be a large plumule 
 proves to be free from the rest of the kernel, and with care you may be 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9. Seed of Willow or Dig. 
 ger Piue cut BO as to show 
 the straight embryo in the 
 center of the oily albumen, 
 a and b, embryo taken out, 
 the cotyledons (b) separated. 
 10- Seed of the Castor-beau. 
 a, the broad thin embryo 
 nearly dividing the albu- 
 men; 6, the embryo removed 
 and the leaf -like cotyledons 
 separated. 11. Seed of Da- 
 
 tura (Brugma-ni?ia\ showing at a the bent embryo in the scanty albumen; &, the embryo taken out and 
 the slender cotyledons separated. 12. A grain of coffee, a, the straight embryo. 
 
 able to get it out whole (Fig. 10.) It is a straight embryo with beautifully 
 veined, leaf-like cotyledons, embedded in a white, oily substance, which 
 makes up the mass of the kernel. This substance is called Albumen, a 
 name which applies to anything inclosed with the embryo by the seed 
 coats. Peas, beans, acorns, nuts, and most large seeds have no albumen. 
 Carefully cut thin slices from a well soaked coffee grain until its embryo 
 appears as represented in Fig. 12. The horny, folded albumen makes 
 up most of the seed. A similar, but smaller embryo, may be found in 
 the brain-shaped, fleshy albumen of the ivy seed. The embryo of the 
 Tree-Datura, or Stramonium, is shown in Fig. 11. 
 It has slender cotyledons, folded down against a 
 thick radicle, the whole embedded in tough, fleshy 
 albumen. Take the embryo of a Morning-Glory 
 seed and pick the bits of transparent, jelly-like 
 albumen out of the pockets in the crumpled coty- 
 ledons. An attempt to flatten out the cotyledons 
 will probably result in something like b, Fig. 13, 
 which may lead you to suppose that the coty- ig Morning . Glory 
 ledons are separately crumpled, which is not the just appearing above the 
 case. They stick closely together by their inner 
 faces, as do the cotyledons of other seeds you have 
 examined, and they are crumpled as one; but, being 
 notched at the end, they readily split down the 
 center. Buckwheat seeds will give you some trouble. Indeed, it will 
 
 ground with the seed coat 
 sticking to the cotyle- 
 dons, a, th swollen 
 seed; &, embryo, with 
 the crumpled cotyle- 
 dons split down the 
 middle in the attempt 
 to flatten them. 
 
V1H INTKODUCTOEY LESSONS. 
 
 be much easier to make out the exact shapes and positions of the em- 
 bryos in most albuminous seeds after they have begun to grow. 
 
 Monocotyledonous Embryos. Corn, wheat, oats, and possibly a 
 few other seeds in your collection, are different in plan from any yet 
 described. In corn the soft portion called the chit is the embryo. Wheat 
 and oats have smaller but similar embryos. You cannot easily distin- 
 guish the parts of these embryos, but you can, at least, determine that 
 they have not two cotyledons. Beally they have one cotyledon, and are 
 therefore said to be Monocotyledonous. When you study the growing 
 seeds you will see how widely they differ from seeds which have 
 
 Dicotyledonous Embryos. These are embryos, which, like the bean, 
 have two cotyledons. A few plants belonging to the Pine Family have 
 
 Polycotyledonous Embryos. Fig. 12 shows the embryo of the 
 common Willow or Digger Pine, which has more than two cotyledons in 
 a whorl at the top of the radicle. 
 
 The Germination of Seeds. Plant the remainder of your seeds 
 those of a kind together in boxes or pots of sand, or any kind of loose 
 soil you can get. Keep this little experimental garden in a warm place, 
 where it can get a bit of sunshine, and water it daily. At intervals of 
 three or four days dig up one of each kind of seed, and, after careful 
 examination, make drawings to illustrate the successive stages of growth. 
 It is of the greatest importance that you repeatedly attempt to draw 
 what you see; it is of the least importance that your drawings are pretty. 
 You will learn, among many interesting facts, that most seeds 
 are pushed up to the surface of the ground by the growth of the radicle. 
 There the seed-coats drop off (except that in seeds without albumen the 
 cotyledons are apt to slip out of their coats on the way up); the cotyledons 
 Bpread apart, become longer and broader, and turn green; lastly, the 
 plumule becomes a leafy stem. Meanwhile, roots grow from the lower 
 end of the radicle. Some cotyledons, like those of the pea, do not ap- 
 pear above ground, but send the plumule up. The seeds of Big-root 
 a pest which grows in nearly every field behave in a remarkable manner. 
 The nut-like seeds drop from their prickly pods in June or July, and 
 soon become covered with leaves. The rains of November and December 
 cause them to sprout, as represented at d. The mimic radicle really a 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 IX 
 
 tube formed by the united petioles, 
 or stems, of the thick cotyledons, 
 and only tipped by the radicle- 
 penetrates the ground to a depth, 
 usually, of four or five inches. The 
 plumule meanwhile, as shown in /, 
 remains dormant in the bottom of 
 the tabular sprout. When the pe- 
 tiole growth ceases, the radicle grows 
 rapidly by absorbing the nourish- 
 ment stored in the cotyledons, and 
 becomes a tuber. Meanwhile the 
 plumule begins its upward growth, 
 splitting the petioles apart, and usu- 
 ally escaping from between them, as 
 shown in the figure below c. In this 
 wonderful way the plumule bud is 
 deeply planted together with nour- 
 ishment (stored in the radicle) which, 
 if necessary, can be used to aid its 
 first growth. The reason for this curious behavior is obvious, when we 
 know that ground squirrels are fond of these seeds, and that a severe 
 frost will kill the young plant. If the seeds wait till warm weather to 
 sprout, hungry rodents may find them; if they germinate early, and in 
 the manner of other seeds, Jack Frost may nip them.* 
 
 * Dr. Asa Gray, who first experimented with these seeds, found them to grow as represented at a, in 
 the figure [reduced one fourth, from Fig. 43, Botanical Text-book, edition of 1879]. Evidently on 
 accouiit of some obstruction, probably the bottom of a small pot, the seeds were elevated two or three 
 inches above the surface of the soil [the dotted line S represents the surface of the ground for figures 
 a, b, and c]. My experiments with seeds planted in shallow boxes gave very different results shown 
 at 6, which is a reduced copy of Fig. 14 of second edition. The plants came up about four inches from 
 where the seeds were planted, the plumule being pushed laterally that distance by the elongation of the 
 cotyledon petioles. Such inexplicable behavior stimulated to further observation, which resulted in 
 the discovery that naturally planted seeds, unhampered by boxes or pots, usually grow as represented 
 at c and d. In one instance a sprout measured seven inches irom the plumule to the cotyledons! The 
 hairs at e probably help the sprout to penetrate the soil, by fastening on to the surface crust. Curiously 
 enough, growing sprouts underground frequently avoid obstacles without touching them. 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 a. Lupinus mi cran thus; 
 the first plumule leaf on 
 the left. 6. Lupinus ar- 
 boreus,asit appears when 
 grown In sand; the root- 
 hairs are ladened with 
 sand. c. Lupinus densi- 
 florus. d. The same, after 
 the cotyledons are fully 
 developed, and the plu- 
 mule has appeared. 
 
 Lupines or- 
 dinarily grow as 
 represented in the 
 cut at a, but a com- 
 mon white-flower- 
 ed kind presents at the end of a month's 
 growth the queer appearance shown at d. At 
 first the sprouting seeds appear to be like 
 those of other lupines (see Fig. c), but when 
 the cotyledons open, they are seen to be united 
 by their broad bases. For two or three weeks the 
 cotyledons enlarge; not only becoming broader, but 
 thicker; yet we look in vain for a trace of the plu- 
 mule. Meanwhile a white pustule has been growing, 
 which finally bursts and discloses the partly grown 
 leaves of the missing bud, which has all this time 
 been hidden in the thick stem below the cotyledons! 
 "Now, the tough leathery skin of these cotyledons is 
 proof against the nightly frosts that prevail at this 
 season of the year (December), so they go on pre- 
 paring food from the air with which to feed the 
 tender plumule, until it also is strong enough to face c 
 Jack Frost. If you carefully examine these seeds in various 
 stages of their growth, you will learn that the plumule is at 
 the bottom of a short tube formed by the united petioles of 
 the cotyledons. Sometimes the plumule breaks out through 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 XI 
 
 the side of this tube below the cotyledons, instead of 
 bursting through between them. 
 
 Do not fail to see for yourself how squash 
 embryos pry open their tough coats. Soon after the 
 sprout has gained a foothold in the soil, a little knob 
 grows on the side of the radicle so as to split more 
 widely open the point of the seed coat, as s-iown in Fig. c. 
 Then the radicle stem between the knob and the cotyledons, 
 by growing, pries the seed still wider open, as seen at b below. 
 Finally, by continued growth, the cotyledons are pulled out 
 of the seed coat and upward to the surface of the ground, 
 where they expand, and become pretty good leaves. Seeds 
 planted edgewise, which of course could rarely happen in nature, can not 
 thus free themselves of their seed coats, and it has been proved by a 
 French botanist (M. Flahault) that seeds which come up with their coats 
 on do not thrive. The seed at b in the figure was first planted the other 
 side up. It was turned over when the knob on the right had begun to open 
 the seed. The radicle, which then pointed directly upward, gradually 
 straightened, bent downward, and finally the second knob grew, by the 
 help of which the seed leaves were in a fair way to get out when the draw- 
 ing was made. Some native California plants get 
 out of their coats in a similar manner. 
 
 Germination of Albuminous Seeds. 
 You have observed that when seeds without al- 
 bumen send their cotyledons above ground, the 
 seed coats are usually left behind, but the albu- 
 minous seeds named in paragraph 5 retain their 
 seed coats often for several days after they come 
 up. Examine the coats after they are thrown off, 
 and you will find none of the albumen which 
 formed the larger part of their contents before 
 germination. The enlarged cotyledons tell what 
 has become of it, and it is now plain why the 
 coats were retained. 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 q h 
 
 a. Section of a seed of Pasonia Brownii, showing the small embryo at the right .m the copious albu- 
 men. 6. The embryo removed and the cotyledons separated, c. The germinating seed. d. The ?ame, 
 with the seed coats removed to show the leaf-like cotyledons, e. Plunmle bud, or real end 01 ne un- 
 ward-growing stem. /. The first plumule leaf as it appears above ground, the terminal bud ye; dormant 
 under ground, g. Seed of Pinus Sabiniana (Digger, Willow, or Nut Pine) soon after it appears above 
 ground, h. Same, with the seed coats removed to show the U cotyledons. See Fig t 9, p. vii 
 
 You must have wondered why the cotyledons of a bean, which 
 never become leaf-like, should appear above ground. It is equally strange 
 that the albuminous seeds of the peony should behave in the reverse 
 way. As shown in the cut (a and b], the embryo is very small. In 
 germination the plumule comes up while the cotyledons become decidedly 
 leaf-like, and fill the shell which has been emptied of its albumen to feed 
 them and the plumule. These thin, veiny seed leaves could certainly do 
 better work above ground than those of most lupines, yet they never come 
 up. There is another curious thing about the growth of peony seeds, 
 which you may try to discover. 
 
 When the buckwheat and cotton seeds have begun to sprout, 
 you can study their embryos. Note how the thin, broad cotyledons of 
 the former are folded once and rolled up with a layer of snow-white 
 starch; and how the speckled seed leaves of the latter are folded along 
 the center, then outwardly back, and finally crumpled endwise to make 
 them fit coats too short for them. Maple seeds have curiously crampled 
 and folded cotyledons. Indeed, all seeds have interesting lessons to 
 teach us. 
 
 Germination of Monocotyledonous Seeds. The seeds named 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 Xiii 
 
 -I 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 15. Germinating corn. 16. Wheat. 17. Wild- 
 
 in paragraph 6 do not clearly show 
 their embryos in germination, but they 
 are readily enough distinguished from 
 dicotyledons. The downward growing 
 sprouts are several instead of one, and 
 the upward growing sprout is like a 
 rolled grass leaf (Figs. 15 to 17). By 
 tasting of the growing seeds you can 
 discover what the starchy albumen is 
 changed to before it is fit food for the 
 young plant. It must be remembered 
 that only the grass-like monoctyledons 
 grow as here represented. If possible, 
 get Lily seeds, Iris seeds, etc. 
 
 If you examine seeds and study 
 
 j, ,-. i , ,. . , oats ; o, colorless sheath inclosing the first plu- 
 
 their growth as you have been directed, mule . leaf6 . c , the twisted and bent beard by 
 
 you will hive the evidence of your Own means of which it is able to travel to cracks 
 
 eyes that an embryo is a plant in a inthe gwmnd and thus plimt itself ' 
 sort of sleeping state from which it may be aroused to activity by moist- 
 ure and warmth. It will be evident that the radicle is a stem; that 
 the cotyledons correspond to leaves, and that the plumule is a bud 
 from which is to grow all the above-ground portion of the plant. Re- 
 member, that if these, or any other statements concerning the structure 
 and behavior of plants, are not confirmed by your own judgment upon 
 what you have yourself observed, they are useless to you, except as guides 
 pointing to what you are to find. To memorize these statements of facts 
 is to secure the husks, not the kernels, of knowledge. Plants themselves 
 must teach you how they grow. The book can only show you how to 
 question them and how to interpret their answers. Do not fail to care- 
 fully compare the results of all your experiments; for in this way you 
 can decide what are general or usual facts, and what are exceptional. 
 The latter should be closely investigated, since it is probable that there 
 is a reason for all unusual as well as usual behavior of plants. 
 
XIV INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 SECTION 2. THE STKUCTURE OF PLANTS. 
 
 Steins. While awaiting the development of germs in your experi- 
 mental garden, you can study plants which have already reached maturity 
 in wild gardens. Go out and dig up the first plant not too large that 
 you find in blossom. I will suppose that you have found the very com- 
 mon Filaria (also called Pin-clover; and children call the curious seeds 
 with twisted tails, clocks). Its parts are Roots, Stem, Leaves, and Flowers. 
 (Some time, if you continue studying Botany, it will be proved to you 
 that flowers are forms of stems, or stem-branches.) 
 
 Crush the stem. It is made up of stringy fibers and a soft sub- 
 stance filled with juice. The former is generally called Fibrous Tissue 
 or Wood ; the latter, Cellular Tissue. The lower part of the stem and 
 the upper part of the root the older portions of the plant contain 
 more wood than the branches and the rootlets, while the leaves have only 
 net-like skeletons of wood. It would be interesting to study these tissues 
 with the aid of a microscope, and thus become acquainted with the inner- 
 most structure of plants; but for the present it will be sufficient if you 
 can distinguish, in a general way, wood from cellular tissue. 
 
 Cut. the stem squarely across near the upper end, and from one 
 piece take a thin slice. Stick this on a pin and hold it up to the light. 
 It is nearly transparent, except a green ring of skin outside and a ring 
 of white dots inside. The latter are cut ends of woody fibers which run 
 lengthwise of the stem. Make a similar section of the lower part of the 
 stem and you will find a continuous ring in place of the dots, showing 
 that in the older part the fibers have become so numerous as to form a 
 hollow cylinder of wood. The inclosed cellular tissue is called the Pith. 
 
 Exogens and Endogens. If the stem lives year after year there will 
 be added successive layers of wood outside of the first one. Such stems 
 are woody, and if they grow many years become Bushes, Shrubs, or Trees. 
 Plants that grow in this way are called Exogens. Examine Asparagus, 
 Soap-root, Iris, or any Lily and you will find the wood fibers scattered 
 irregularly through the stems. These plants are Endogens. All our native 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. XV 
 
 trees and most other plants are exogens. Palm-trees, Century-plants, 
 grasses, and the "small grains," are endogens. 
 
 Herbs are plants whose stems die, at least to the ground, after 
 they have blossomed and matured fruit. These are Annuals when their 
 lives are limited to one season; Biennials when they die the second year 
 not producing fruit the first year; Perennials when they live on year 
 after year, their stems dying annually down to the ground. The under- 
 ground portions of such stems are called 
 
 Eootstocks. This name applies more particularly to such stems as 
 grow nearly horizontally under ground, or become thick and fleshy with 
 nutritious matter, which enables the plant to make rapid first growths 
 each year. A rootstock can usually be distinguished from a true root 
 by its bearing buds. 
 
 Bulbs are formed by a peculiar bud growth in which the leaves or 
 their bases become very thick and fleshy, with a store of nourishment, 
 while the stem grows in diameter, but scarcely at all in length. 
 
 Coated, or Tunicated Bulbs are those in which the leaves form a 
 succession of envelopes, as in the onion. If the leaves or leaf-bases are 
 narrow, as in the lily, the bulb is Scaly. 
 
 Corms resemble bulbs, but are solid, and have more the nature of 
 Tubers, which are the thickened ends of slender, branching, under- 
 ground stems, as potatoes, ground artichokes, etc. 
 
 Leaves. Collect the leafy stems of many kinds of plants. Ob- 
 serve the arrangement of the leaves on the stems. A few like Erodium 
 (Filaiia), the Catchfly, Pink, Fuchsia, Mint, etc., have Opposite leaves. 
 Possibly you may find a Collinsia, or stem of Cleavers, with the leaves ia 
 Whorls of three or more. Most plants have Alternate leaves. You will 
 find some plants like Plantain, with a bunch of leaves growing from the 
 ground, but no leafy stems. Such leaves come from rootstocks, and are 
 Baid to be Radical. Plantain, Dodecatheon, Primrose, etc. have the leaves 
 all radical. Many perennial herbs have radical leaves, as well as ordi- 
 nary stem leaves, and these usually differ more or less from the stem 
 leaves. 
 
 Observe that stems and branches end in buds or flowers, and that 
 
XVI 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSORS. 
 
 there is usually a bud, or branch, or a flower at the base of a leaf be- 
 tween it and the stem from which it grows. 
 
 Buds and flowers at the ends of stems or branches, are Terminal ; 
 when between the stems and leaves, Axillary. 
 
 Examine the leaf of a Violet or Pansy. You can readily distin- 
 guish three parts : A broad Blade a stem or Petiole, and a pair of appen- 
 dages at the base of the petiole called Stipules. The latter in the Pansy 
 are leaf-like. Sometimes they are mere scales, and frequently there are 
 none at all. The petiole may be wanting, also; the leaf is then said to 
 be Sessile. Leaves with but one blade are 
 
 Simple Leaves. The illustrations (Figures 18 to 32) show the 
 principal forms of simple leaves or leaflets of compound leaves. Care- 
 fully compare the blades of your leaves with these shapes. If the leaf 
 in hand does not correspond with any of the figures, you may describe it 
 by combining the descriptive words, or by adding a word. A leaf, for 
 example, too broad to be lanceolate, and narrower than ovate, if about 
 half way between the two forms, is Ovate-lanceolate or Lance-ovate; the 
 first, if nearer ovate; the latter, if nearer lanceolate. Or, if merely a lit- 
 tle broader than lanceolate, we may say it is Broadly-lanceolate ; when more 
 slender, Narrowly-lanceolate ; if slender and nearly as broad in the middle 
 as nearer the base, it is Linear-lanceolate, etc. So, too, there are interme- 
 
 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 
 
 "FORMS OF LEAVFS. 18. Linear. 19. Oblong. 20. Elliptical. 21. Orbicular. 22. Peltate 
 (Shield-shaped). 23. Hastate (Spear-shaped). 24. Sagittate (Arrow-shaped). 
 
 diate forms described by such terms as: Oblong-lanceolate ; Narrowly-ellip- 
 tical ; Broadly-elliptical which approaches orbicular; Broadly-cordate 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 XV11 
 
 which becomes reniform if the apex, is rounded, etc. Obovate ; Oblance- 
 olate ; Obcordate, etc., apply to forms the reverse of ovate, lanceolate, etc. 
 
 32 
 
 33a 
 
 FOKMS OF LEAVES. 25. Lanceolate. 23- Oblanceolate. 27. Ppahilate. 28. Ovate (Egg. 
 shaped). 29. Cordate (Heart-shaped). 30. Reniform (Kidney-shaped). 31. Falcate (Sickle- 
 shaped.. 32- Hastate (Spear-shaped) . 32a. Auriculate (Eared) base. 
 
 Apexes of Leaves. There are terms descriptive of the apexes (the 
 upper ends) of leaves. Fig. 18 has a Cuspidate apex; Fig. 19, Notched or 
 Emarginate ; Figures 23, 24, 29, Acute; Fig. 25, Acuminate; Fig. 2G, 
 Obtuse. 
 
 Margins of Leaves. All these forms are represented as having 
 
 T.F.AF MARGINS. 33. Serrate. 34. Dentate. 35. Crenate. 36. Wavy. 37. Sinuate. 38. Incised. 
 39. Erose. 
 
 entire or nearly entire margins, but the margins may be notched or cut 
 in various ways. Figures 33 to 39 will assist 3*011 in describing the mar- 
 gins of your leaves. Here, also, you will find it necessary to combine ad- 
 
XA111 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 jectives or use adverbs. Leaves may be Finely-serrate or Coarsely-serrate 1 , 
 and Dentate, Crenate, etc., may be similarly modified. 
 
 Pinnately lobed leaf, of White Oak (Quercus lobata). 41. TinBately parted leaf of 
 phila anrita (Lobes retrorse). 42. Pinnate leaf of Erodium moschatum. 43- Palruately lo~ed 
 leaf of Muple. 44. Palmately parted leaf of Viola lobiita. 
 
 Lobed Leaves. These may be Pinnately or Falmalely lobed, de- 
 pending upon whether there is more than one rib proceeding from the 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 XIX 
 
 base of the leaf. Fig. 40 represents a pinnately lobed leaf; Fig. 43, 
 palmatelj lobed. When leaves are deeply lobed, as in Figures 41 and 44, 
 they are said to be Parted. Divided leaves are cut quite to the midrib if 
 pinnately divided, or to the end of the petiole when palmately divided. 
 Cleft leaves have the sinuses between the lobes sharp as in Fig. 38. When 
 leaves are pinnately cleft about half way to the midrib they are said to be 
 Pinnatifid. If the lobes are pinnatifid it is described as Bipinnatifid. It 
 is common to give the number of lobes in the descriptive phrase, as pin- 
 nately nine-lobed (Fig. 40); pinnately eleven-parted (Fig. 41); palmately 
 five-lobed (Fig. 43); palmately five-parted (Fig. 44). 
 
 Compound Leaves have distinctly separate leaflets usually jointed 
 to a common petiole, just as simple leaves are jointed to the stem. A leaf 
 is Pinnate, when the leaflets grow 
 along opposite sides of the petiole 
 (Fig. 42); Palmale, if they all grow 
 from the end of the petiole (Fig. 
 46). Fig. 45 represents a pinnately 
 3-fuliolate leaf; Fig. 46, palmately 
 3-foliolate. When there is no odd 
 leaflet at the end the leaf is ab- 
 ruptly pinnate. Leaves may be 
 twice, thrive, etc., compound, that 
 is, the leaflets may be compound 
 as in some acacias. 
 
 Bracts are leaves among flow- 
 ers, or small undeveloped leaves 
 anywhere on the stem. 
 
 45 46 
 
 bhpules may be adnale to 45. Pinnately 3-foliolate leaf of Bur-clover, \vith 
 ., .. ... ' , . _ small stipules. 46- Halmately or digitately 3-foliolate 
 
 the base OI the petiole, as 111 the leaf of a true clover, the broad aclnate stipules lacerate. 
 
 rose and clover (Figures 45, 46); they may grow on the stem; or, as in 
 some plants of the Buckwheat Family the stipules form a sheath surround- 
 ing the stem at the base of the petiole. Do not mistake the first leaves 
 of a growing axillary bud for stipules. 
 
 Venation of Leaves. All the leaves thus far described are said 
 to be Veiled-veined or fidiculaied, because their skeletons of wood fiber 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 resemble nets. Examine the leaves of Iris, Calla, or any that are grass- 
 like, and you will see why they are called Parallel-veined. 
 
 Netted-veined leaves grow on Exogenous stems. Parallel-veined leaves 
 grow on Endogenous stems. The former belong to plants which grow from 
 Dicotyledonous seeds; the latter to plants from Monocotyledonous seeds. 
 
 Flowers. Get a bunch of Mustard flowers Wall-flowers, single 
 Stock, or Radish flowers will do as well. Pluck a single blossom and 
 note these facts: The most conspicuous part consists of four yellow 
 leaves; outside of these are four smaller greenish, yellow leaves in pairs 
 not quite alike. The latter are Sepals, and together form the Calyx ; the 
 former are Petals, and together form the Corolla. Pull off the sepals, 
 observing that they alternate with the petals. Next remove the petals. 
 The broad part of each petal is called the blade, the narrow part, the claw 
 (corresponding to the petiole of an ordinary leaf). Inside of the petals 
 you find six yellow T -headed bodies with white stems, two of which are 
 shorter than the remaining four. These are the Stamens. Their stems 
 are Filaments ; the yellow heads are Anthers, and the yellow powder which 
 they contain is Pollen. In the center of the flower is a club-shaped body 
 called the Pistil. This is the young seed-pod, and by splitting it open 
 you may see the minute Ovules, which are the beginnings of seed. The 
 part containing the ovules is the Ovary ; the naked upper end of the pis- 
 til is the Stigma, and the part connecting the stigma with the ovary is the 
 Style. The end of the stem 
 upon which the parts of the 
 flower grow is the Eeceptacle, 
 and the stem is called a Pe- 
 duncle. Fig. 47 will assist 
 you in learning these names. 
 
 A Complete Flower 
 must have calyx, corolla, 
 stamens and pistils; but, since 
 the office of a flower is to pro- 
 duce seeds, and these grow 
 from ovules, which pollen has 
 reached by way of the stigma, 
 
 L f_Ti^,. , i-u j. 47. Magnified Mustard flower -with four of the stamens, 
 
 11 IOilO\\ S Uiat tliree p e t tt i B and three sepals removed. 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 A Perfect Flower may consist of pistils and stamens only, and of 
 these the styles and filaments are not essential. 
 
 Cohesion of Floral Organs. When sepals cohere or grow fast to 
 each other (Figs. 48- 
 51) the calyx is Gamo- 
 sepalous. So, also, 
 the corolla may be 
 Gamopelalous. When 
 stamens cohere they 
 are Monadetphous if 
 in one set, Diadel- 
 phous if in two sets 
 (usually 9 and 1), etc. 
 Cohering pistils (car- 
 pels) form a Com- 
 pound Pistil. The de- 
 grees of cohesion in 
 calyx and corolla is 
 described, as in leaves, 
 by the terms entire, 
 
 Or lobed and 4g Bnd of Eschseholtzia, with the mitriform calyx removed nrd 
 Thus* Bind- pllown above. 49. Open flower of the same, with two of the pt-ta H 
 removed, one of these below with the stamens adhering to the claw. 
 Weed fFi" 50) has in ^0. Flowor anfl 1 " af of Convolvulus arvensis; above is the corolla split 
 \ " ' down, displaying five unequal stamens. 
 
 entire corolla limb; Zauschneria (Fig. 51) 
 has a 4-lobed calyx; Nemophila has a 
 5-parted or deeply 5-lobed corolla, etc. 
 If the flower has a limb (border) dis- 
 tinct from the tube, these terms apply to 
 the limb. 
 
 Adhesion of Floral Organs. The 
 calyx may grow fast to the ovary (Fig. 51), 
 then it is said to be Superior (ovary in- 
 ferior). The corolla and stamens fre- 
 quently grow on the catyx, as in Fuch- 
 sia, Strawberry, etc.; then they are said 
 
XX11 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 50) as 
 ID the 
 
 to be Perigy'nous ; or the stamens may grow on the corolla (Fi 
 in most gamopetalous flowers, and in Eschscholtzia (Fig. 49). 
 Orchis Family the stamens grow on the pistil. 
 
 Irregular Flowers are those in which parts of the same kind are 
 unlike in form or size. 
 
 Inflorescence. The forms of flower-clusters are almost as various 
 as the shapes of the flowers, but they 
 may all be referred to two plans, viz. : 
 Terminal and Axillary. The Raceme 
 (Fig. 52) is a simple form of axillary 
 inflorescence in which the leaves are 
 reduced to bracts. If the flowers are 
 sessile (without pedicels) the raceme 
 becomes a Spike (Fig. 53). If the 
 older flowers are raised on long pedi- 
 cels the flat-topped cluster is called a 
 Corymb (Fig. 55). In an Umbel the 
 pedicels all grow from the end of the 
 
 52 
 53- Spike. 52. Raceme. 
 
 peduncle (Fig. 5G). If these are 
 very short or obsolete a Head is 
 formed. A Panicle is a loose com- 
 pound raceme. A Tliyrxe is a dense 
 panicle. Fig. 54 represents a Cyme, 
 the type of terminal inflorescence. A 
 many-flowered cyme is a Fascu le ; more 
 densely flowered, a Glome.nde. Cymes 
 and Faxcirlrs resemble Corymb* ; but 
 in the former, the central flowers are 
 the older, while in the latter, the younger flowers or buds occupy the 
 center. Glomerules differ from heads in the same way. 
 
 The woodland flowers Trillium and Anemone furnish examples of 
 the simplest form of Terminal Inflorescence. Their simple sterns bear 
 each one flower at the top. Often flowers seem to be axillary when the 
 plan of inflorescence is terminal. Fig. 57 illustrates a case of this kind. 
 
 58- Umbel. 55. Corymb. 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 XX111 
 
 Suppose that one of the branches in 
 Fig. 54 had failed to grow. The first 
 flower would then appear to be axil- 
 lary. In the plant represented by 
 Fig. 57, two of each set of three 
 axillary buds usually remain dormant. 
 Their growth would complete a Tri- 
 chotomous Cyme. Fig. 54. represents a 
 Dichotomous Cyme. Imagine the plant 
 shown in Fig. 57 to continue branch- 
 ing, the stem to be shortened so as to 
 bring the flowers close together, and 
 the leaves to become obsolete. A 
 bunch of flowers, having the appear- 
 ance of a one-sided raceme, would be 
 formed. Let the flowers become ses- 
 sile, and we would have a false spike. 
 Such mimic racemes and spikes are 
 usually coiled as shown in Fig. 64. 
 
 The common Anagallis, whose 
 pretty salmon-colored flowers appear in 
 the axils of the opposite leaves (Fig. 58), 
 is an illustration of simple Axillary In- 
 florescence. Imagine the leaves reduced 
 to bracts, and the stem shortened. The 
 fruit, flowers, and buds would then form 
 a Bracteate Raceme. Let the bracts be- 
 come wanting, and we would have a naked 
 or Braclless Raceme, similar to the one 
 shown in Fig. 59. This raceme wants 
 only a slight lengthening of the lower 
 pedicels to become a Corymb. Indeed, it 
 might be called a Corymbose Raceme. 
 Fig. 60 represents a naked raceme, in 
 which only one or two flowers are in 
 
XXIV 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 (',-2 
 
 bloom at a time. A. dense Spike, 
 bearing a ring of flowers be- 
 tween growing ovaries below 
 and expanding buds above, is 
 shown in Fig. Gl. The coiled spike (Fig. 64) is 
 really a kind of cyme, as has been shown. This 
 Scorpioid Inflorescence is characteristic of two 
 families of plants, represented by many plants on 
 this coast. Mosquito Bills (Fig. 62) grow in Brae- 
 teale Umbels. The Head or Capitate cluster (Fig. 63) 
 is like an umbel, only the pedicels are mostly very 
 short. "When the flowers are numerous, the head 
 becomes Globose. The true clovers have capitate 
 flowers. When the pedicels in a raceme branch so 
 as to bear two or more flowers each, a Compound 
 Raceme is formed. So in like manner Compound 
 Umbels, Spikes, and Corymbs may be formed. These 
 flower bunches, cymes, racemes, etc., may be at the ends of 
 main stems or branches, or in the axils of leaves, or replace 
 single flowers in any kind of inflorescence. 
 
 The Calyx, as we have already learned, is composed 
 of leaves called Sepals, which, though different from ordinary 
 leaves in shape, are usually green. "When the sepals are separate, the 
 flower is Polysepalous. Sepals united partly or wholly form a Gamo- 
 sepalous calyx. If the sepals drop off when the flower opens, as shown 
 on p. 20a, they are Caducous. If they fall with the petals, or before the 
 fruit is ripe, they are Deciduous. A. Persistent Calyx remains until the 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 XXV 
 
 fruifc ripens (Fig. G5). A colored 
 calyx i. e., not green is said 
 to be Petaloid. Flowers with- 
 out petals and those of the Lily 
 Family usually have petaloid 
 sepals (Figs. G6, 70, 71). 
 
 The Corolla is Polypet- 
 alous when the petals are free 
 from each other (see Figs. 6G, 
 G8, 69, 73). In Gamopetalous 
 corollas there are all degrees of 
 cohesion from the complete 
 union (Fig. G7) of the Entire 
 limb to the almost free petals 
 of a Divided corolla (Fig. 58). 
 Petals often grow upon the calyx 
 (Fig. G8). Corollas are Regular 
 (Figs. 67, 69) or Irregular (Fig. 
 66, and Fig. 58, p. 3. See also 
 the figures on p. 11 and p. 88b). 
 Common forms of regular co- 
 rollas are Rotate (F\g. 58), Salver- 
 form (Fig. 64), Funnel-form 
 
 (Fig. 67), and Campanulate or Bell-shaped when the tube expands suddenly 
 at the base to a width nearly equal to that of the summit and about equal 
 
XXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 .... Ovary. 
 
 Calyx tube. 
 
 Cali/x lobes. 
 Difid petals. 
 
 73. A flower of Whipplea, magnified, cut down 
 through the cen'er, showing tho partly interior 
 ovary aud the iutrorse anthers. 
 
 to a third of the length. Irregular flowers are frequently 
 Jjilabiate or Two-lipped, as shown in the figures a and c on 
 p. 11, and the figures on p. 88b. When the tube of a corolla 
 is slender, and the regular or irregular limb is small or want- 
 ing, the flower is said to be Tabular. The term Perianth is 
 used to designate the calyx and corolla taken together. It is 
 mostly used in describing endogenous flowers (Figs. 70, 71). 
 Stamens may grow upon the receptacle (Hypogynous, 
 Fig. 69), upon the calyx (Perigynous, Fig. 68), upon the 
 corolla (Fig. 67), or upon the pistil. Stamens are often 
 united by their filaments so as to form tubes (Fig. 74) or 
 bundles; or the anthers are joined, as in the Sunflower or 
 Thistle. Sometimes there are two kinds of stamens in the same flower 
 (Fig. 68). Staminodia are antherless or abortive stamens (see longer sta- 
 mens in Fig. e, p. 8). Anthers usually consist of two cells, which are 
 filled with Pollen. If the upper end of the filament lies exactly between 
 the anther cells, the anther is Innate. An Adnate anther is attached by 
 one side to the filament (Figs. 67, 68). A Versatile anther is attached be- 
 tween its ends by one side to the tip of the filament (Figs. 71, 72). The 
 pollen usually escapes from slits in one side of the anther, as shown in 
 Fig. 69. This side, which in an adnate or versatile anther, is opposite 
 the filament, is called the face of the anther. "When the anther faces 
 
INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. XXV11 
 
 the pistil, it is Inlrorse (Figs. G8, 71, 72, 73); and when it faces away 
 from the pistil, it is Extrorse (Fig. 69). 
 
 The Pistil grows upon the receptacle, or upon a stem arising 
 from it, called a Stipe (Fig. 71). In a few orders there are several or 
 many pistils in each flower. Usually there is but one, formed of several 
 simple pistils (carpels) united more or less closely. As in the other floral 
 organs, there are all degrees of cohesion, from a slight union of the 
 bases of the ovaries rarely of the stigmas only to such completeness 
 as leaves no trace of lobes in the stigma (see Fig. on p. 5). Often the 
 free styles tell how many carpels compose the pistil (Fig. 69). Generally 
 the stigmas are divided or lobed (Fig. 68). These marks wanting a cross 
 section of the ovary, or, better still, of the partly grown fruit, will usu- 
 ally shew a cell for each carpel (see the right-hand figure, p. 88b). If 
 the ovules (or young seeds) are in the center or grow on more than one 
 side of the ovary (or pod), the pistil is compound. A simple pistil is 
 generally plainly one-sided. A symmetrical pistil is compound. 
 
 Inferior Ovaries. When the calyx adheres to the ovary, so as 
 to form, after the ovary has matured, the outer part of the fruit, ifc is 
 said to he superior, because the apparent calyx, its lobes, or cup, seem 
 to grow upon the ovary. For the same reason the ovary is said to be in- 
 ferior (Figs. 68, 72). There are all degrees of adhesion, from the slight 
 union at the base, as seen in Whipplea (Fig. 73), to the remarkable ex- 
 treme exhibited in the plant figured on p. 5, in which not only the ovary, 
 but several inches of the style, is adherent to the calyx. When the 
 adhesion is only partial, it can be shown by cutting the flower vertically, 
 as represented in Fig. 73. 
 
 The Fruit is the ripened ovary (or set of ovaries), and all that 
 directly belongs to it. A dry fruit which opens in any way to let out the 
 seeds is called a Pod. A pod formed by the growth of a simple pistil 
 (one-carpeled) is called a Follicle when it splits only along the side which 
 bears the seeds. A Legume splits down both edges. Pods formed of 
 several carpels are called Capsules. Akenes are dry, indehiscent, seed- 
 like fruits, containing but one seed. Utricles are distinguished from 
 akenes by their thin coats, which are too large for the inclosed seed. 
 
XXV111 
 
 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 
 
 There are many other names applied to 
 fruits, which it is not necessary to define 
 here. 
 
 The Growth of Ovules. You can 
 not study the development of ovules from the 
 beginning, without the help of a compound 
 microscope, but you can easily observe all 
 stages of growth, from a tiny green speck 
 to the full-grown embryo. Most beeds are 
 nearly full grown in appearance before the 
 embryo is more than fairly visible to the 
 naked eye. The seed coat, filled with a 
 syrupy or milky, usually sweet, liquid, ap- 
 pears to constitute the very young seed. 
 With a sharp knife cut in halves a great 
 many green peas, in size from half grown 
 upward. You. will surely find in some of 
 them tiny green embryos, and you may get specimens from the size of a 
 pin's head up to those which tightly fill the seed coat. In Fig. 75, at the 
 top, is seen magnified two diameters the young seed of a lupine, cut so 
 as to show the j'oung embryo lying in one end. In the same figure is 
 represented a radish pod, laid open so as to show 7 three of the seeds, two 
 of which exhibit their partly grown embryos.* Below, at 6, is one of 
 these magnified, and at a an older one, also magnified. The grown em- 
 bryo completely fills the seed. Observe the positions of the embryos in 
 relation to the stems of the seeds and the stems of the pods. The lower 
 seed in the radish is fastened to the lower side of the pod, the middle 
 seed grows to the upper side. The cotyledons increase much more in 
 size than the radicle. The embryo evidently grows, in part at least, by 
 absorbing the liquid around it. Suppose the embryo of the lupine to quit 
 growing at the size represented in the figure, and that the liquid around 
 it thickens until it becomes solid. Would not the seed thus formed be 
 albuminous ? 
 
 * These are cut i'.i two. The embryo may be seen through the seed coat, as leprestutcd ut b, by hold 
 ing it up to the light. Half of the seed-coat is removed from a. 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 NAMES OF PLANTS: CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 In a general way we designate the objects around us by single 
 names. We speak of a stone, a wolf, or a pine; but to distinguish the 
 kinds we naturally use two names, as lime stone, sand stone; grey wolf, 
 prairie wolf; nut pine, yellow pine, etc. This is one step in classifica- 
 tion, and the only one commonly taken. This natural plan of double 
 names was adopted by the great naturalist, Linnaeus, who gave names to 
 most European plants, as well as to many of this continent. He wisely 
 gave the Latin form to his names, since that language (being the base of 
 most languages spoken in civilized countries) is the natural source of cos- 
 mopolitan names those truly common to all people. Botanical names, 
 then, differ from Bo-called common names principally in form, and they 
 have these decided advantages: they more exactly represent the rela- 
 tions between kinds of plants, and they are names that are common to 
 people of all languages. In short, they are the true common names. 
 
 It is not true that botanical names are harder than local names. The most com- 
 mon of our ornamental plants are well known by their scientific names. No one thinks 
 of calling the following botanical names hard : Geranium; Aster; Verbena; Petunia; Por. 
 tulaca; Crocus; Phlox; Fuchsia; Iris; Magnolia; Oxalis; Azalea; Dahlia; Lobelia; Ar- 
 nica, etc. Most people talk familiarly of Camellias, Callas, Begonias, Acacias; etc. : 
 while our beautiful California plants, Clarkia, Collinsia, Eschscholtzia Nemophila, etc., 
 are well known by their proper names at least, in other countries. 
 
 Generic Names correspond to the second parts of the compound com- 
 mon names, as oak, pine, rose, etc. Some of these are the old Greek or 
 Latin names of the plant. Most generic names are either derived from 
 Greek or Latin words descriptive of some peculiarity of the plant, or they 
 are commemorative of some botanist, as Thysanocarpus, from Greek 
 words meaning fringe and pod; Kelloggia, in honor of Dr. A. Kellogg, a 
 veteran botanist of this coast. Sometimes genera are named in honor of 
 those who are not botanists, as Fremontia, Hollisteria, etc. 
 
2 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 Fpf.cific Names are adjectives corresponding to the first parts of com- 
 mon names. They are usually descriptive of some characteristic of the 
 plant, as Gilia liniflora, Flax-flowered Gilia. Frequently a species is 
 named for the discoverer, as Gilia Bolanderi, Bolander's Gilia; often for the 
 country where it was first found, or where it abounds, as Ranunculus Call- 
 fornicus, California Buttercup. Sometimes there are varieties of a species 
 as Trifolium barbigerum, Var. Andrewsii, Andrews' Bearded-Clover. 
 
 Orders and Classes. Genera are grouped in Orders or Families, 
 and these in Classes. There are two classes of flowering plants, Exogens 
 and Endoyens. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 
 
 This whole matter of naming and classifying can be well under- 
 stood only after you have analyzed many plants; i. e., you must have 
 carefully examined them part by part, and patiently compared their pecul- 
 iarities with the descriptions in the Flora until you have determined 
 their names. In the beginning there will be many failures; but do not 
 allow them to discourage you, for each victory will make the way easier 
 to other conquests. 
 
 Choose for your first studies plants with large flowers. Do not 
 attempt to determine the name of a plant unless you have specimens 
 which show the kind of inflorescence and the arrangement of the leaves 
 on the stem. If possible, secure specimens of the fruit and the roots. 
 If in any plant you cannot readily distinguish the parts of the flower and 
 their relations to each other, lay it aside until the study of easier plants 
 has given you more skill. 
 
 The first thing to be determined in analyzing a plant is the Class; 
 i. e., you must decide whether it is an Exogen or an Endogen. You have 
 learned in the preceding lessons how the seeds and stems of these two 
 Classes of Flowering Plants differ. Usually, however, the leaves and 
 flowers sufficiently distinguish the class. In our plants, if the leaves are 
 parallel-veined; or, if the parts of the flower are in threes the plant is an 
 endogen. In other words, if there is no network of intersecting fibers 
 between the ribs of the leaves the plant is an endogen; if the flower has 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 three sepals and three petals (i. e., a perianth of six leaves or lobes), three 
 or six stamens and three or six pistils (generally united to form a compound 
 pistil with a three or six-celled ovary) the plant is an endogen. When 
 the leaves are netted-veined, and the parts of the flower are not all iu 
 threes, the plant is an exogen. 
 
 It is a good plan to write out a description of a plant before 
 attempting to ascertain its name. The parts may be described in this 
 order: Boots, Stems, Leaves, Flowers, Fruit. 
 
 You may find a smooth plant bearing a loose raceme of red flowers, 
 one of which is represented in Fig. 57. The 
 floral leaves are all colored, but there are 
 evidently two sets; viz.: a calyx of 5 sepals 
 inclosing a corolla of 4 petals. The parts of 
 the flower, then, are not in threes; and, since 
 the palmately lobed leaves are netted-veined 
 the plant must be an exogen. Turning to 
 the key, we proceed as follows : 
 
 The plant must belong in " DIVISION 1," since by carefully removing the sepals 
 and petals we find that the latter are separate from each other. It must be found under 
 "A," for there are many stamens. The stamens are free from the calyx and corolla, i. e., 
 they are hypogynous; so we read the next line: " Pistils, few to many distinct carpels, 
 rarely one." Our flower has three distinct carpels, therefore we feel sure that it must 
 be sought under one of the next five equal lines beginning with "Calyx." As the 
 calyx is easily shaken off from the older flowers we decide that it is deciduous. The 
 juice is colorless also. We turn, therefore, to RANUNCULACE^], p. 16. The description 
 of the order is satisfactory. The key to the genera begins with the heading " * Flowers 
 regular" Ours is not, for the upper sepal is unlike the others. " ** Flowers irregular; 
 colored sepals conspicuous," is right. We now choose between "Upper sepal spurred,' 
 
 and ' ' Upper sepal hooded. " Evidently the first 
 is right, and the genus is Delphinium. We find 
 that the generic description on p. 18 fits our 
 plant. The last species being the only one with 
 red flowers, we decide that our plant is Del- 
 phinium nudicaule, or the Naked-stemmed Lark- 
 spur. 
 
 The order Leguminosae, or the 
 Pea Family, is one that you will soon 
 
4 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 learn, since its characteristics are well marked. We will suppose that 
 you have before you a very common blue-flowered shrubby plant belong- 
 ing to that order, a single flower of which is shown in Fig. 58. Knowing 
 the order, you turn at once to p. 38, and begin to use the key to the 
 genera. 
 
 Carefully removing all the petals, the stamens and pistil appear as in a, Fig. 59. 
 The filaments are united for the greater part of their length into a tube which incloses 
 the ovary as a sheath does a knife. Of the three sections in the key, then, it is evident 
 that the second is to be taken. Since some of the anthers have shed their pollen, and 
 others have not, it is safe to say they are of two kinds a bud will show the difference 
 better (b, Fig. 59.) Moreover the leaves are digitate, and have more than three leaflets 
 We therefore conclude that the third genus is the one. Our plant is slightly shrubby, 
 so we pass over the first heading in the synopsis of species. Of the second and third 
 headings the last seems the most likely to lead us aright. Our flower is blue, so \ve have- 
 to choose between the second and third species. The words " Slightly woody at the 
 base," decide us in favor of Lupinus Douglam, though we should examine more speci- 
 mens before being quite positive. 
 
 Fig. GO represents a flower of a plant 
 common in the Redwood forests. Three or 
 more of the dull-colored flowers grow in an 
 umbel on a very short scape between a pair of 
 spreading radical leaves. Since the leaves have 
 parallel veins, and the parts of the flower are 
 in threes, we must use the Analytical Key 
 for Endogens, p. 13. You will have no diffi- 
 culty in referring the plant to the ORDER LILIA- 
 CE^:. To make the analysis of a plant in that 60. riowemf s-oiiopiw. a, ono 
 
 of the stamens magnified, showing 
 
 large order easy, the genera are grouped in the bursting anther ceils. 
 three Series. Heading the characteristics of SERIES I, we find they do 
 not correspond with those of our plant, which has no floral bracts, which 
 has the stamens hypogynous instead of perigynous, the anthers extrorse 
 instead of introrse, etc. Comparing Series II with Series III, we decide 
 that our plant belongs in the former, since the perianth is not persistent, 
 and the flowers are not in racemes or panicles. 1, in Series II is wrong, 
 for our plant has no leafy stem. Since the perianth segments of our 
 flower are dissimilar we try 3, under which we refer our plant to the 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 genus tfcoliopus. Turning to the description of the only species de- 
 scribed, we lind it satisfactory. Upon referring to the Glossary of 
 Generic and Specific Names in the Lack part of the book, we find why 
 the plant was named Scollopus Biyelovii. 
 
 This picture represents part of a plant whose yellow 
 flowers 'are among the first to greet the new year. 
 It is shown as it would appear if cut down through 
 the center after removing most of the outer leaves. 
 The leaves and flowers all grow from the flat summit 
 of a thick root-stock. It will be noticed that the 
 buds are younger as the center is approached. Possi- 
 bly you have tried to analyze one of these flowers. 
 If so, you probably got on nicely till you tried to 
 find the ovary. I hope you kept searching and at 
 last felt the satisfaction which rewards the discoverer. 
 However, you can determine the name, and thus 
 have the book tell you where the ovary is. The 
 poorest eyes can see that the leaves are all radical; 
 that the four divisions of the calyx are refiexed; that 
 four broad petals and eight stamens grow upon it; 
 and that there is one pistil- whose slender style bears 
 a globose stigma. You can not doubt that the plant 
 is to be sought under B., in Division 1, but you are 
 unable to say whether the ovary is superior or not. 
 In such a case, search first for the order under tko 
 head " OVARY SUPERIOR;" and, if not satisfied 
 there, try the head "OVARY AND FRUIT INFERIOR." 
 Since there is but one pistil, you look under " * * Pis- 
 til only one." The plant is not a shrub, so you next 
 stop at "ft Herbs." The first division under this i3 
 the only one admissible, because the leaves are all 
 radical. But in no case under this head is the num- 
 ber of stamens eight. We therefore try the sub- 
 head "2. OVARY AND FRUIT INFERIOR," etc. It is 
 evident that the descriptive line, "Parts of the flower 
 mostly in 4's," etc., is the only one that fits our 
 plant, so we turn to p. 59, where we find nothing in 
 the description of the order Onagracea? to rule our 
 plant out. The lines descriptive of the genera are 
 all nnsoited to our plant, except one, which refers us to the genus (Eiiotkera, the de- 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 Fig. A. Clarliia elegans; a, in- 
 ferior, sessile ovary of the axil- 
 lary flow r er. Fig.B. Boisduvalla 
 densiflora; c, inferior ovary, ses- 
 sile in the axil of a br..ct. Fig. 
 C. Capsule of Godetia; b, cross 
 section of the same. Fig. D. 
 Epilobium paniculatum; /;, in- 
 ferior ovary; /, a crown capsule; 
 g, tube of calyx above Ihe ovary; 
 e, one of the bifid petals; t, one 
 cf the seeds bearing a tuft of 
 Silken hairs. 
 
 The figure on the right rep- 
 resents Cardamine paucisecta, 
 a pod of which is represented at 
 e on the opposite page. 
 
 scription of which (p. 60) is satisfactory. Our plant is acaulcscent or stemless; therefore, 
 according to the book, the calyx tube is filiform (slender) above the underground ovary. 
 This being verified by examination, there can be little doubt that the plant is (Enothera 
 ovata. You now see that the flowers, instead of growing upon scapes, are sessile upon 
 the end of a root-stock. The apparent flower stem is the slender calyx tube and style 
 consolidated. When you plucked the flower, the ovary was left under the ground. No 
 wonder you could not find it. Later in the season you will find other plants belonging 
 to this order; then the figures above will help you. 
 
 The figure at the right above represents the upper part of a plant which usually grows 
 in moist places. The white flowers have four separate sepals; four petals; six stamens in 
 two sets, two being shorter and otherwise different from the other four, and one pistil. 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 These characters lead you in the key to the Older Cruciferoe, but it is not easy to decide 
 farther, because you have not the fruit. Look for the pods a few weeks later, and you 
 
 will find them long and flat, as represented in the 
 figure at e on the left. You can then determine 
 the name of the plant. The seed pods here 
 figured will help you in determining some of the 
 plants in this order. 
 
 The curious flower depicted below is another 
 early bloomer. You must cat the flower open 
 and study it carefully. The four sometimes 
 five petals are joined together, and bear upon 
 the short tube the four stamens which hug the 
 pistil tightly and form a beak like that of a bird. 
 The ovary does not adhere to the calyx, and if a 
 seed pod is partly grown, it will be easy to see 
 that the seeds grow upon a central placenta. 
 Turning to the key you are called upon to de- 
 cide whether the stamens are opposite the lobes 
 of the corolla or not. They certainly are op- 
 posite, so the order Primulaceae is evidently 
 where our plant belongs. The pretty little for- 
 eigner Anagallis is here figured, and it will be 
 
 UPPER FIG. a, indehiscent 
 pod of Eaphanus Raphanis- 
 trum; b, pod (fdlicle) of Cap- 
 sella Bursa-pastoris; c, pod oi' 
 Capsella divaricata; d, pod 
 (silique) of Tropidocarpum, 
 flattened contrary to the parti- 
 tion; e, pod of Cardamine pau- 
 
 ci.-ecta, flattened parallel with the partition (septum);/, two pods teilicle) 
 of Lepidium nitidum, and two partitions from which the valves have fallen, 
 showing that there was one seed in each cell; g, pod of LcpiJium latipesi 
 showing the broad pedicel which suggested the specific name; h, a branch 
 of Thysanocarpus pusillus, with four of its 1-seeded pods; i, one of 
 the pods magnified to show the hooked hairs; j, pod of Thysanocarpus 
 curvipes. 
 
 LOWER FIQ. c, reflexed petals of Dodecatheon Meadia; /, filaments; a, * 
 
 anthers; s, stigma (not always protruding); i, involucre; p, sjape (radical a 
 
 peduncle). The horizontal figure represents a rather small branch of Ana- S 
 
 gallisarveusls. 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 \vcll to read the description cf 
 Trientalis, that you may know it 
 when found. 
 
 When you get a head of the 
 purple-blue flower; of Brodi<m, 
 capitata, figured on page xxiv of 
 this book, it will be the proper 
 time to study the figures on this 
 page, and what is here said about 
 the genus they illustrate. 
 
 Upon p. 113 you will find the 
 species grouped under three sub-genera, Or sections. 
 Figures a, d, and e illustrate the first, c the sec- 
 ond, and b the third. The species belonging to 
 the first section are arranged under two headj 
 marked by asterisks, and those under the first head 
 are under subheads marked by daggers. Species 4 
 and 5 closely resemble number 6, which is put un- 
 der a different head, because it has six true or 
 anther- bearing stamens instead of three stamens 
 and three staminodia. Fig. a shows that three of 
 the filaments came near being antherless. Petaloid 
 a. Perianth of Brodirca capitata laid staminodia lace these small stamenR in spec i e s 
 op.n, with pi.-_til and section of mature L 
 
 capsule. 5. Two segments of the perianth 4 and 5 ' and the fertlle stamens are without the 
 cf.B.lactea and the pistil, c. Perianth and winglike appendages shown in Fig. a. Observe 
 pistil of B. laxa. d. Bud and flower of B. that the staminodia in one of these species are 
 to restris. e. Same with perianth laid c i e f t- The first three species have flowers resem- 
 open. /. The pistil. bling the Qne ghown in Figg> d ^ ^ ^ whk . h 
 
 the staminodia (opposite the outer segments of the perianth) are not petaloid, but 
 resemble true stamens. Observe that the first species is distinguished by staminodia not 
 notched at the top as shown in the figure. The species in Seubertia resemble the first 
 three in general appearance, but the stamens and pistils are very different, as is shown, 
 by Fig. c. Observe that the stamens have versatile instead of basifixed anthers ; and the 
 ovary is upon a stipe, instead of being sessile. Douglas' Brodicea, of Oregon, is like 
 Fig. c, only the base of the perianth is broader, the upper row of stamens have broad 
 bases, the stipe is shorter and the flowers are on short pedicels, so as to form a sub- 
 capitate umbel. The most common species of the third section is the "White Broditea. 
 Fig. b shows a part of the flower. 
 
 The middle figure on the next page represents a plant, the curious cup-like leaves of 
 which must have attracted your attention. The leaf cups are frequently much larger than 
 here shown, and borne upon stems a foot or more in height. Though the flowers are small, 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 9 
 
 you readily decide that the sepals are two, and 
 that there are five petals and five stamens. The 
 seed pods shew that there is but one pistil, and 
 that the calyx does not adhere to the ovary; that 
 is, the ovary is superior. Armed with this in- 
 formation, you turn to the key where you search 
 under "B. STAMENS 10 or less." Evidently the 
 correct subheads are: "1.. Ovary, or ovaries, supe- 
 rior," etc.; "* * Pistil only one;" "f T Herb. ;'' 
 "J Leaves mostly radical;" "Stamens 5, opposite the 
 petals; sepals 2; style 3-cleft Portulacacese, 29." 
 Turning to p. 29 you find that Claytonia is the 
 only genus having 5 stamens, and that this plant 
 must be Claytonia perfoliata. 
 
 The little plant figured above (a) evidently an- 
 swers to the description of the Var. cxiyua, which 
 is now considered by the best authority to be a 
 distinct species. The stem leaves are sometimes 
 broad and united at the base. The radical leaves 
 are nearly terete, as shown in the figure. This 
 species is most obviously distinguished from the 
 two varieties of the Cup-leaved Claytonia, by its 
 glaucous leaves. The plants are often smaller 
 than here represented, and rarely much larger. 
 
 Kellogg's Lavatera, or Tree Mallows, an ever- 
 blooming shrub, common in cultivation, is a con- 
 stant source of material with which to illustrate 
 the Mallows Family. The figure at the bottom cf 
 the page represents one of the flowers cut through 
 the center, so as to show the structure. The fruit 
 of a very common weed of the same family is also 
 shown. The most common native plant is Sidalcea 
 humilis, described on page 32. Hollyhock, cotton, 
 okra and Abutilon are foreign plants of this order, 
 common in cultivation. The latter is a shrub with 
 drooping flowers; the petals incurved, and the 
 stamens sticking out (exserted). 
 
 UPPER FIG. a. Claj tonia exigua (entire plant) . />. Clay- 
 tonia perfoliata. 
 
 LOWER FIG. a. Fruit of JIalva rotunclifolia. 6. Same, 
 showing the bracts of the persistent calyx, c. 
 Lavatera. (L. assurgentiflora.) 
 
10 
 
 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 You may recognize in the picture on this page the 
 likeness of one of our most troublesome native 
 weeds. The yellow flowers are often smaller than 
 here represented, and the upper leaves are generally 
 narrower. Indeed, this plant, along with many 
 others of this coast, is provokingly variable in its 
 appearance. Pull off a corolla, and a single un- 
 divided style is uncovered. Follow this down into 
 the calyx, and you discover that it grows from be- 
 tween four seed-like ovaries. These are more easily 
 seen in an older calyx, as shown at . Xow it hap- 
 pens that this peculiar compound ovary, together 
 with the coiled inflorescence, belongs only to plants 
 of the order Borraginacece. A coiled inflorescence 
 and a pistil with a divided style is found only in 
 plants of the order Hydrophyllaceoe. Any plant 
 with a four-parted ovary and regular flowers may 
 be sought under the former order. Creeping Helio- 
 trope or Blue Weed (IltHotroplum (Jura^avicinn) is 
 a Borragiiiaceous plant with ovaries merely 4-lobed. 
 The Mint Family has fruit similar to that of the 
 Borrages (see d and e in the figure on p. 11), but the 
 flowers are irregular. The Verbenas are distin- 
 guished from the Mints by nearly regular flowers 
 and a 4-lobed ovary, which does not split into parts 
 Tintil quite ripe. (See a in the left-hand figure on page 11.) 
 
 The plant figured at the top of the opposite page is common in open woods throughout 
 tlie Coast Ranges and the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. The flowers are white, tinged 
 with purple. Each of the three incurved petals is covered with hairs on the inner side, 
 and is marked near the base by a depression which is seen upon the outside as a project- 
 ing boss. This is called a gland, and is one of the characteristic marks of the genus. 
 Since the three-cornered ovary is superior, w T e at once refer the plant to the order 
 LiliaceTe, where we again read the characters given in each of the three series. The 
 stamens in this plant are hypogynous, not perigynous, and the anthers are extrorse. 
 Therefore, SERIES I is passed. SERIES III is excluded, because the anthers in this plant 
 are not versatile. Evidently the name is to be sought under SERIES II, which is divided 
 into three sections. You now see why you should have dug up one of the plants. How- 
 ever, you can decide the genus without knowing that the plant is bulbous. It can not 
 belong to 3, since one of the two genera under it has umbellate flowers, and the other 
 solitary flowers. In 2, the perianth segments are similar. Our plant then must be sought 
 in 1, and under the head "* * Perianth segments unlike," which leads to Calochortus, 
 
 Amsinckia lycopsoides. a. Calyx spread 
 apart to fcliow the ripe akenes. 
 
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 
 
 11 
 
 UPPEB FIG. Flower and 
 buds of Oal^chortus albus, 
 and the three-winged fruit 
 outlined. 
 
 RIGHT- H \ND FIG. a. Flower 
 of Sphaceleciilycina. b. Same 
 with corolla cut to show sta- 
 mens, pistil, and hairy ring 
 inside, e. Fruit (4 globular 
 akenes; of the same, lying in 
 the bottom of the calyx, c. 
 Flower and buds, showing in- 
 florescence of Trichostenja 
 lanceolatum. d. Kipe fruit of 
 the same (4 triangular akenes 
 in the persistent calyx) . 
 
 LEFT-HAND FIG. Verbena 
 hastata (ppikcs and bracts). 
 a. Kipe fruit removed from 
 the calyx (natural eize and 
 magnified) . 
 
 p. 117. The subglobose 
 and nodding flowers place 
 it in the first division of 
 
 1, Eucalycliortus. Our plant is the white species. The 
 yellow species has larger flowers. The stiffly erect, open 
 flowers of 2 of this genus have a markedly different ap- 
 pearance from the species here figured; yet their struc- 
 ture is similar. The spots upon the petals cause them to 
 
 resemble the wings of butterflies; hence the common name Butterfly Tulip, and the sec- 
 tion name ^Jan^osa. 
 
 a 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 OF THE NAMES OP AUTHORS CITED IN THIS BOOK. 
 
 %* The names (or abbreviations) following botanical names indicate the botanists wbc 
 Darned the plants. 
 
 A. DC., A. De Candolle. 
 
 Arn., Arnott. 
 
 Asch., Ascherson. 
 
 Benth., Bentliam. 
 
 Borkh., BorJchatisen. 
 
 Brew., Brewer. 
 
 Cav., Cavanilles. 
 
 Cham., Chamisso. 
 
 DC., De Candolle. 
 
 Desf . , Desfontaines. 
 
 Dougl., Douglas. 
 
 Endl., Endllcher. 
 
 Engl., Engelmann. 
 
 Esch., Eschscholtz. 
 
 Fisch., FiscJier. 
 
 Gr., Gray. 
 
 Grise., Grisebach. 
 
 HBK., Ilumboldt, Bonpland & Kuntli. 
 
 Hook., IF. J. Hooker. 
 
 Horn., Hornemann. 
 
 L., Linnaeus. 
 
 Lag., Layasca. 
 
 Ledeb., Ledebour. 
 Lehm., Lelimann. 
 L'Her., L* fferitler. 
 Lindl., Lindley. 
 Magn., Magnus. 
 Mey., Meyer. 
 Menz., Menzies. 
 Michx., Michaux. 
 Moc., Mocino. 
 Muhl., Muhlenberg. 
 Nutt., Nuttall 
 R Br., Robert Brown. 
 Reichenb., Reichenbach. 
 Ikem., Iiosmer. 
 Sch., Schlechtendal. 
 Schw., Kchweinitz. 
 Scop., ticopoli. 
 Steud., Steudel. 
 Torr., Torrcrj. 
 Tourn., Tournefort. 
 Wai p., Walpers. 
 Willd., Willdenow. 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 The calyx and corolla together of either more or less than six parts* CLASS I 
 
 The calyx and corolla together of 6 parts: 
 
 Stamens 6 or less CLASS II 
 
 Stamens 9; Umbellularia, p. 106, or Eriogonum, 105 
 
 Stamens 10; united sepals 5 Leguminosse, 38 
 
 Stamens many; caducous sepals 2 Fapaveraceae, 20 
 
 Stamens many; sepals 3 Sagittaria, 122 
 
 CLASS I. EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Calyx and corolla both present. 
 
 Petals not united (free) Division 1 
 
 Petals more or less united (cohering) Division 2 
 
 Corolla wanting; calyx often petaloid, sometimes wanting Division 3 
 
 DIVISION L POLYPETAL^. 
 
 A, Stamens more than 10 and more than double the number of 
 petals. 
 
 1. HYPOGYNOUS, i. e., on the receptacle (not adhering to the sepals or petals). 
 * Pistils few to many distinct carpels, rarely one. 
 
 Calyx deciduous, sepals 5 Rammculaceee, 16 
 
 Calyx caducous, sepals 2 or 3 Papaveraceas, 20 
 
 Calyx persistent, sepals 3 or 4; aquatic plants Nymphseacese, 20 
 
 Calyx persistent; leaves all radical Rosacese, 49 
 
 Calyx petaloid; corolla wanting Rammculacea3, 16 
 
 * * Pistil one and compound, as shown by two or more stigmas, or more than one cell in the 
 
 ovary. 
 Petals more numerous than the sepals. 
 
 Indefinitely numerous, slender, persistent; aquatic plants Nymphaeace33, 20 
 
 Just twice as many (4-6); sepals caducous Papaveraceae, 20 
 
 Five to sixteen; sepals persistent; fleshy herbs Portulacaceae, 29 
 
 * Maianthemum (seep. 115) has a 4- parted perianth; 4 stamens and 2 or 3 parallel veiued leaves. 
 
14 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 Petals of the same number (5) as the persistent sepals, yellow. 
 
 Leaves opposite; sepals equal Hypericacese, 30 
 
 Leaves alternate; 2 outer sepals smaller Cistaceae, 25 
 
 2. PERIGYNOUS or EPIGYNOUS (on the free or adnate calyx). 
 
 Leaves opposite, simple; fleshy herbs Ficoideae, 63 
 
 Shrubs. Sepals and petals numerous Calycanthaceae, 55 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5 Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Leaves alternate, with stipules Rosaceae, 49 
 
 Without stipules; rough herbs Loasaceae, 62 
 
 3. ON THE CLAWS OP THE PETALS. 
 
 Stamens free; calyx a cap; petals 4 Papaveracese, 20 
 
 Stamens many united to form a tube; petals 5 Malvaceae, 31 
 
 Stamens 10 to 16 united for half the length; petals 5-8 Styracaceae, 20 
 
 B. Stamens 10 or less. 
 
 1. OVARY or OVARIES SUPERIOR (free from the calyx), or mainly so, but 
 sometimes included in the calyx-tube. 
 
 * Pistils more than one and distinct (not united). 
 Pistils of the same number, as petals and the sepals. 
 
 Leaves simple entire, fleshy Crassulaceae, 58 
 
 Leaves pinnate; styles united Geraniaceae, 33 
 
 Pistils not corresponding in number with the petals and sepals. 
 
 Two, united at the base. Trees with compound leaves Sapindace 33, 37 
 
 Herbs with simple leaves Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Many. Stamens on the receptacle Ranuiiculaceae, 16 
 
 Stamens on the calyx Rosaceae, 49 
 
 * * Pistil only one. 
 
 t Shrubs or trees. 
 Style and stigma one. 
 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens 6 each, in 3's opposite each other. .Berberidaceas, 19 
 
 4 to 5 each; leaves 3-foliolate, alternate . . Rutaceae, 34 
 
 5 each; leaves simple, opposite Celastraceas, 35 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped; petals unequal; stamens 5-8, exserted Sapindaceae, 37 
 
 Calyx 4-toothed; petals 2; stamens 2-4; fruit a samara Oleaceas, 73 
 
 Styles or stigmas more than one. 
 
 Styles 2; leaves opposite; fruit 2-winged Sapindaceae, 37 
 
 Style 3-cleft; stamens 5, opposite the small petals Rhamuaceae, 35 
 
 Stigmas 3; leaves alternate 3-foliolate Anacardiaceas, 38 
 
 Stigma 5-lobed; a small shrub with opposite or whorled leaves Ericaceae, 68 
 
J^x^ 
 
 or THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 1 1 Herbs. 
 
 J Leaves mostly radical. 
 
 Stamens 5, anthers united; lower petal spurred; style 1 Violaceae, 25 
 
 Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Sepals 2; style 3-cleft Portulacaceae, 29 
 
 Sepals united; styles 5 Plumbaginaceae, 71 
 
 Stamens 10, on the receptacle; stigma 5-lobed Ericaceae, 68 
 
 Stamens 10, on the calyx; styles 2 Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Stamens 6, in 3's; sepals 2; petals 4, in pairs Fumariaceae. 22 
 
 J J Leaves alternate. 
 
 Corolla regular. 
 
 Stigma one, often 2-lobed; stamens 6 (2 and 4) Cruciferae, 22 
 
 Stigma 1, calyx a striated tube bearing 6 petals Lythraceae, 59 
 
 Stigmas 5; sepals and petals 5 each; stamens 5-10 Geraniaceae, 33 
 
 Styles 3-5; sepals and petals 5 each; stamens 5 Linaceae, 32 
 
 Style 3-cleft; sepals 2; petals 5; fleshy herbs Fortulacaceae, 29 
 
 Corolla irregular; style one. 
 
 Stamens 10; fruit a legume Leguminosce, 38 
 
 Stamens 5; anthers united; lower petal spurred Violaceae, 25 
 
 Stamens 6. in 2 sets; stigma 2-lobed Fumariaceae, 22 
 
 Stamens 6-8, united; ovary 2-celled Folygalacese, 27 
 
 + + + Leaves opposite or wliorled. 
 
 Styles 2-5; fruit a 1 -celled capsule; stamens 10 or 5 Caryophyllaceae, 27 
 
 Styles 3; flowers sessile; stamens 4 to 7 Frankeniaceae, 20 
 
 Styles or stigmas 5; fruit 5 akenes Geraniaceae, 33 
 
 Small white flowers clustered on terminal peduncles Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Leaves in 3's; white flowers; petals 6 in 2 sets Fapaveraceas, 20 
 
 Leaves a single pair on the stems; fleshy Fortulacaceae, 29 
 
 2. OVARY AND FRUIT INFERIOR (adherent to the calyx), or mainly so. 
 
 Shrubs; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4-5; leaves simple. 
 
 Stamens opposite the clawed petals; style 3 cleft Rhamnaceae, 35 
 
 Sepals petaloid; ovary globose; styles 2, or 2-cleft Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Leaves opposite; flowers in heads with petaloid involucre or in \ 
 cymes; the sepals, petals, and stamens 4 each ) 
 
 Herbs. Sepals and petals each 5; styles distinct; leaves simple Saxifragaceae, 55 
 
 Parts of the flower mostly in 4's (rarely in 2's or 6's) Onagraceae, 59 
 
 Tendril-bearing vines, with prickly fruit Cucurbitaceae, 63 
 
 Flowers in umbels; styles 2 Umbelliforaa, 63 
 
14b ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL^. 
 
 A. Ovary Inferior (adherent to the calyx) or largely so. 
 
 Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10. 
 
 Distinct and free from it, or nearly so Ericaceae, 63 
 
 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla (5, rarely 4), united into a tube. 
 
 Flowers in an involucrate head, resembling a single blossom CompositaB, 66 
 
 Flowers separate in racemes or spikes; ovary slender Lobeliaceas, G7 
 
 Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, distinct. 
 
 Nearly or quite free; leaves alternate, no stipules Camparmlaceas, 67 
 
 Inserted on the corolla; leaves opposite or whorled. 
 
 "With stipules, or in whorls, entire Riibiacese, 65 
 
 Without stipules, opposite. Calyx with minute lobes. . . Caprifoliaceee, 64 
 
 Prostrate herbs. Abronia in Nyctaginacece, 104 
 
 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 
 
 Leaves opposite; stamens distinct; flowers minute Valerianaceee, 66 
 
 Leaves alternate; stamens united; fruit prickly Cucurbitaces3, 63 
 
 B. Ovary Superior (free from the calyx) or nearly so. 
 1. FLOWERS REGULAR or nearly so. 
 
 * Stamens, twice as many as the lobes of the corolla. 
 
 Stamens 8-10, distinct; corolla campanulate or ovoid ,- , Ericaceae, G8 
 
 Filaments united for half their length; corolla nearly polypetalous Styrax, 20 
 
 Pistils or styles as many as the petals; fleshy herbs Crassulaceas, 58 
 
 * * Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 
 
 Styles 5; long-clawed petals, scarcely united Flumbaginacese, 71 
 
 Style 1 ; corolla lobes, reflexed or rotate Friinulaceas, 72 
 
 * * * Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. 
 
 Style and stigma one, leaves entire (lobed in the first). 
 
 Leaves mostly radical; flowers on a scape Romanzoffia in Hydrophyllaceae, 80 
 
 Leaves all radical; flowers in a spike; 4-lobed corolla scarious Flantaginacece, 103 
 
 Leaves alternate; flowers mostly in coiled spikes; ovary 4-lobed Borraginaceas, 83 
 
 Leaves alternate; flowers rotate to funnelform; ovary 2-celled Solanacese, 88 
 
 Leaves opposite; flowers in cymes; ovaries 2 Apocynaceas, 73 
 
 Leaves opposite or whorled; flowers in umbels; ovaries 2 Asclepiadaceae, 73 
 
 Style 1 or none, stigmas 2. 
 
 Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, entire, or ) Gentianacee ^ 4 
 
 Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, on a creeping rootstock ) 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY. 14c 
 
 Leaves alternate; twining vines; flowers funnelform, axillary Convolvulaceae, 86 
 
 Leaves alternate; flowers not axillary Hydrophyllaceae, 80 
 
 Leaves alternate; flowers in a head, with acerose bracts Gilla, 5, 78 
 
 Style 2-cleft Hydrophyllaceae, 80 
 
 Style 3-cleft, or stigmas 3 Folemoniaceae, 75 
 
 Style 2; leaves simple or none. 
 
 Flowers solitary in the axils of small leaves j Conyolvul 88 
 
 Flowers clustered on nliiorm parasitic stems ) 
 
 Flowers in naked cy mose clusters ; shrubs Hydrophyllaceae, 80 
 
 * * * * Stamens fewer than the lobes of the slightly irregular corolla. 
 Limosella or Veronica in Scrophulariaceae, 93 
 
 2. FLOWERS IRREGULAR. Stamens with anthers 4 in pairs or 2; style 1; 
 leaves opposite or none, except in some of tiie Scrophulariacese. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled; corolla curved; leafless root parasites Orobaiichaceae, 96 
 
 Ovary 2-celled Scrophulariacese, 89 
 
 Ovary 4 parted, forming in fruit 4 seedlike nutlets Labiatae, 97 
 
 Ovary 4-lobed; fruit splitting into 4 nutlets Verbenaceae, 102 
 
 DIVISION, 3. APETAL^E. 
 
 A. Ovary inferior (calyx adherent) or apparently so. 
 
 Leaves cordate; calyx 3-lobed; capsule 6-celled Aristolochiaceae, 104 
 
 Leaves opposite; calyx salver-form; ovary 1 -seeded Nyctaginaceee, 104 
 
 Leaves opposite; calyx inconspicuous; corolla tubular Caprifoliaceae, 64 
 
 B, Ovary superior (free from the calyx). 
 
 * Herbs; leaves alternate. 
 
 Petaloid calyx withering-persistent; akene 3-cornered or flat Polygonaceae, 105 
 
 Petaloid sepals deciduous; carpels several Ranunculaceae, 16 
 
 Sepals 4, green, deciduous; small pods 2-celled Cruciferae, 22 
 
 Flowers asepalous in a spike, with a petaloid involucre Anemopsis, 106 
 
 * * Herbs; leaves opposite, entire. 
 Capsule 1-celled; style and stigma 1; leaves fleshy. 
 
 Stems prostrate; flowers in involucrate heads Nyctaginaceae, 104 
 
 Stems erect; flowers axillary Glaux in Frimulaceae, 73 
 
 Capsule 1 -celled ; style or stigmas, 3 or more Caryophyllaceae, 27 
 
 Capsule 3-5-celled; flowers axillary Alollugo in Ficoideee, 63 
 
ANALYTICAL KEY. 
 
 * Shrubs or trees; leaves alternate, entire (except in the last}. 
 
 Calyx tubular, bearing the stamens; akene tailed Rosaceae, 49 
 
 Calyx 6-parted, yellowish; leaves aromatic Lauracese, 106 
 
 Calyx 4-5-cleft, greenish; fruit cherry-like Rhamiiaceae, 35 
 
 Calyx 3-4-cleft, yellowish; stamens 6-8 Thymelacese, 107 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, bright yellow; stamens 5, united Sterculiaceae, 20 
 
 * * * * Trees ; leaves opposite, pinnate. 
 
 Fruit a slender samara OleaceEe, 73 
 
 Fruit a double samara SapimlacecS, 37 
 
 ***** A half -woody climber; leaves opposite. Clematis, 16. 
 CLASS II. ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 A. Perianth adherent to the ovary (ovary inferior). 
 
 Flowers irregular. Anthers 1 or 2 on the pistil OrchidaceEe, 108 
 
 Flowers regular. Stamens 3, anthers extrorse Iridaceae. 110 
 
 B. Perianth free (ovary superior). 
 
 Flowers in whorls. Carpels 8 to many Alismaceae, 108 
 
 Pistil 3-celled; stamens 3 to 6 Liliace^, 110 
 
 Flowers greenish in a spiko , Trljhchin in Alismaceae, 108 
 
 Perianth 4-parted; stamens 4. Stein 2-3-leaved MaiantJiemum, 115 
 
 Pistil 2-celled; red flowers in an umbel Clintonia, 1 19 
 
BOTANY 
 
 OP 
 
 WEST-CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. 
 
 SERIES I. 
 FLOWERING- OR PH^NOGAMOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Plants producing flowers and seeds ; the former consisting, at least, of stamens and 
 pistils, which may be together in the same flower, or they may separately form staminate 
 and pistillate flowers growing on the same individual, or different individuals of cue 
 species ; the latter containing a germ, or embryo. 
 
 CLASS I. P^XOGEXS on DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Stems consisting of pith in the center, bark on the outside, and between these, fibrous 
 or woody tissue, which, in perennial stems, increases from year to year by the addition of 
 layers on the outside next the bark. Embryo usually of two opposite cotyledons, or rarely 
 with several in a whorl. 
 
 I. ANGIOSPERMS. 
 Pistil consisting of a closed ovary which forms the fruit. Cotyledons two. 
 
16 BANUNOULACE^;. (dlOWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 DIVISION I. POLYPETAL^. 
 
 ORDER 1. RANUNCULACE.ZE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice; foliage various; stipules none; organs of the 
 flower free and distinct; sepals, petals, and pistils few or many; stamens numerous; petals 
 sometimes wanting, then the sepals are usually petaloid; anthers short and aduate; seeds 
 with minute embryos in fleshy albumen. 
 
 * Flowers regular. 
 
 Petals none; shrubby climbers .-> Clematis. 1 
 
 Petals none; small herbs ,. Anemone. 2 
 
 Petals 5 or more; carpels numerous Ranunculus. 3 
 
 Petals 5, spurred; carpels 5. .' Aquilegia. 4 
 
 jft 
 * * Flowers irregular; colored sepals conspicuous. 
 
 Upper sepal spurred Delphinium. 5 
 
 Upper sepal hooded. Aconitum. 6 
 
 * * * Sepals large, leaf-like, persistent. 
 Flowers large Feeonia. 7 
 
 1. CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN'S BOWER. 
 
 Sepals 4, colored and petal-like, valvate in the bud. Pistils numerous; styles persistent, 
 becoming long feathery tails in fruit. Ilalf-woody climbers or perennial herbs, with 
 opposite leaves. 
 
 1. C. ligusticifolia, Nutt. Stems climbing by the petioles of the 5-foliolate leaves; 
 leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1^ to 3 inches long, acute or acuminate, 3-lobed and 
 coarsely toothed, rarely entire or 3-parted. Flowers direcious, paniculate; sepals thin, 
 silky, white, 4 to C lines long; akenes pubescent; tails 1 to 2 inches long. 
 
 Var. Californica, "Watson. Leaves silky-tomentose beneath, often small. 
 
 2. C. lasiantha, Nutt. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, 1 to 1 inches long, acute, 
 coarsely toothed or 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted. Flowers solitary on 1-2-bractcd 
 peduncles; sepals obtuse, thick, 6 to 10 lines long. 
 
 2. ANEMONE, L. 
 
 Sepals 4 to 20, colored and petal-like, imbricated in the bud. Petals none. Pistils 
 cumeroxis; style short; stigma lateral; akenes compressed, pointed, in a head. Erect 
 perennial herbs, with lobed or divided leaves, which are radical, except those which form 
 an involucre below the flower. 
 
EANUNCULACEJE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 17 
 
 1. A. nexnorosa, L. (Wooo ANEMONE.) Smooth or somewhat villous; sterna 
 from a slender rootstock, 3 to 12 inches high, without radical leaves, one-flowered; invo- 
 lucre of 3 petioled ternate leaves, the divisions cuneate-oblong to ovate, incisely toothed 
 or lobed, or the lateral ones 2-parted, about an inch long; the 4 to 7 sepals pinkish or 
 white; akenes 12 to 20, oblong, with a hooked beak. 
 
 Here belongs Thalictrum Fendleri, Englm. A smooth apetalous dioecious herb; also, 
 Myosurus minimus, L. A very small herb, with a tuft of linear or spatulate entire 
 radical leaves, and solitary flowers on simple scapes; called Mouse-tally from its long, 
 narrow receptacle, densely covered with small akenes. 
 
 3. RANUNCULUS, L. BUTTERCUP. 
 
 Sepals usually 5. Petals 3 to 18. Pistils numerous. Akenes in a head, usually flat- 
 tened, beaked with the persistent style. 
 
 1. Aquatic herbs; petals white, with a pit at the base, the claw yellow; akenes trans- 
 versely wrinkled. 
 
 1. R. hederaceus, L., var. Glabrous; stems 6 to 12 inches long, floating; leaves 
 commonly all floating, 3 to 8 lines wide, deeply 3-lobed, truncate or cordate at the base; 
 the lobes equal, oval or oblong, the lateral ones usually with a broad notch in the apex; 
 submersed leaves none or rudimentary and resembling adventitious roots; peduncles 
 opposite the upper leaves, thicker than the petiole, 6 to 8 lines long; sepals a line long; 
 petals 2 lines long, obovate oblong; stamens 5 to 9; akenes 4 to 6. 
 
 2. R. aquatilis, L., var. tricophyllus, Chaix. Stems long, filiform; leaves all 
 submersed and cut into numerous capillary segments, which are 4 to 10 lines long; flowers 
 3 to 5 lines in diameter; akenes numerous in a globular head. 
 
 2. Terrestrial herbs, but often growing in wet places; sepals green; petals yellow, with 
 a scale at the base; akenes neither wrinkled nor hispid. 
 
 * All the leaves undivided, the margins entire. 
 
 3. R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Gr. Glabrous throughout; stems filiform, creep- 
 ing and rooting at the joints, 4 to 10 inches long; leaves mostly lanceolate and acute at 
 each end, entire; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; petals broadly obovate, one half longer 
 than the sepals; akenes few, in a small globular head, plump, smooth; beak very short 
 and curved. 
 
 4. R. alismsefolius, Geyer. Similar to the last species, but with stoutish, erect 
 stems, longer flowers and obtuse leaves; akenes straight-beaked. 
 
 * * Some or all the leaves ternately compound. 
 
 5. R. Californicus, Benth. More or less hairy; stems erect, or nearly so, 12 to 18 
 inches high; radical leaves, commonly pinnately ternate, the leaves laciniately cut into 
 3 to 7 parts, which are usually linear; flowers bright yellow, 5 to 10 lines in diameter; 
 
18 KAUNCULACE2E. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 
 
 petals 10 to 14, narrowly obovate; sepals shorter than the petals, reflexcd; akenes nearly 
 2 lines long, flat, with sharp edges; beak short and curved; heads compact, ovato or 
 globular. 
 
 This is by far the most common species, and usually the only one collected by begin- 
 ners. It varies greatly. The leaves are sometimes simply three lobed and sometimes 
 much cut up. [R. Bloomeri, Wat., belongs here. See p. 122.] 
 
 G. R. macrantkus, Scheele. Stems stout, 2 to 5 ft. high; flowers 14 to 18 lines in 
 diameter; petals commonly 5 or G, broadly obovate, shining yellow. 
 
 3. Akenes roucjli; otherwise as in 2. 
 
 7. R. hebe carpus, Hook. & Arn. Rather slender, more or less hairy; flowers 
 minute; petals 5, not more than a line long; sepals hairy, about equaling the petals. 
 
 8. R. muricatus, L. Smooth; flowers 5 or more lines in diameter; akenes large 
 and rough, with recurved Jbeaks. Introduced from Europe. 
 
 4. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. COLUMBINE. 
 
 Sepals 5, regular, colored and petal-like; petals 5, produced backward (upward) into a 
 long tubular spur; stamens numerous, exserted, the inner ones reduced to thin scales; 
 pistils 5; styles slender. Flowers nodding, showy, terminating the branches. 
 
 1. A. truncata, Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers usually red, tinged 
 with orange or yeUowj leaves usually ternately compound, leaflets lobed. 
 
 5. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LARKSPUR. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular, the upper one prolonged backwards at 
 the base into a long spur, which (in our species) contains spur-like prolongations of the 
 upper pair of petals. Petals 4, small and irregular. Stamens many. Pistils 1 to 5. Erect 
 herbs, with palmately-cleft, lobed, or dissected leaves, and racemose flowers. 
 
 1. D. simplex, Dougl. Canescent throughout, with a fine, short, somewhat woolly 
 pubescence, rarely smooth; stem stout and strict, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy; leaves all much 
 dissected with linear obtuse lobes, on stout, erect petioles; racemes usually dense and 
 many-flowered, the pedicels often short and nearly erect; flowers small, blue, varying to 
 nearly white or yellowish; sepals 4 or 5 lines long, about equaling the stout, straight 
 spur; ovaries and capsule pubescent. 
 
 2. D. variegatum, Torr. & Gr. Foliage similar to the last, but the flowers much 
 larger, on longer pedicels, forming a short, open raceme; ovary and capsule pubescent. 
 
 3. D. decorum. Fisch. & May. Lower leaves 5-lobed, sparingly toothed, the upper 
 with narrow divisions. Flowers similar to the last, but the spur is usually longer, and 
 the ovary and capsule smooth. 
 
 4. D. Californicum, Torr. & Gr. Stems stout, 2 to 7 ft. high; leaves large, 3 to 
 
BERBERID AGILE. (BARBERRY FAMILY.) 19 
 
 5 cleft, the divisions variously lobcd; pedicels and dull bluish flowers densely velvety 
 pubescent. '**"*"*", > 
 
 D. nudicaule, Torr. & Gr. Distinguished by its red flowers. 
 
 6. ACONITUM, Tourn. MONKSHOOD. 
 
 Sepals 5, colored and petal-like, very irregular; the upper one arched into a hood or 
 helmet, which conceals the spur-like blades ol the upper pair of petals. General appear- 
 auce similar to Delphinium. 
 
 1. A. Columbianum, Nutt. Sufficiently characterized by the generic description. 
 Rare. 
 
 7. P2BONIA, L. 
 
 Sepals 5, herbaceous. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens inserted on a fleshy disk. Pistila 
 2 to 5. Fruit leathery follicles. Perennial herbs with compound leaves. 
 
 1. P. Brownii, Dougl. Leaves thick, 1-2-tcmately compound, the leaflets ternately 
 and pinnately lobed, glaucous; petals leathery, dull, dark red, about equaling the sepals. 
 
 ORDER 2. BERBERIDACEJE. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, with compound alternate exstipulate leaves; flowers remarkable for 
 having the bracts, sepals, petals and stamens before each other, instead of alternating. 
 
 Low shrubs, with rigid pinnate leaves and small yellow flowers Berberis. 1 
 
 A fern-like herb, with white flowers , Vancouveria. 2 
 
 1. BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY. 
 
 Sepals, petals, and stamens C each, with 3 or 6 bractlets. Carpel 1, forming a berry. 
 Smooth shrubs, with yellow wood, and yellow flowers in bracteate racemes. 
 
 * Lea/lets pinnately veined. 
 
 1. B. repens, Lindl. Less than a foot high; leaflets 3 to 7, ovate, acute, 1 to 2J 
 inches long, not shiny above; short racemes terminating the stems. 
 
 2. B. Aquifolium, Pursh. 2 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 or more, the lower pair distant 
 from the stem, 1^ to 4 inches long, shining above, spiny; racemes chiefly clustered in 
 subterminal axils. 
 
 3. B. pinnata, Lag. Like the last species, but the leaves more crowded, and the 
 lower pair of leaflets near the base of the petiole; usually 5 to 7 leaflets. 
 
 * * Leaflets palmately nerved. 
 
 4. B. nervosa, Pursh. Simple stems but a few inches high; leaves 1 to 2 ft long, 
 of 11 to 17 leaflets. 
 
20 PAPAVERACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 
 
 2. VANCOUVERIA, Morren & Decaisne. 
 
 Sepals and petals 6 each, reflexed, with 6 to 9 bractlets. Stamens 6. Carpel 1 ; the 
 stigma cup-shaped. A slender perennial herb, with radical 2-3-ternately compound 
 leaves, and the open paniculate raceme upon a naked scape. 
 
 V. hexandra, Morr. & Dec. The long petioled leaves rising like the fronds of a 
 fern, leaflets 1 to 2 inches broad, petiolulate, obtusely 3-lobed, the margin thickened; 
 the minute flowers on a scape exceeding the leaves. 
 
 ORDER 3. NYMPH^ACE^E. 
 
 Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or deeply cordate leaves; solitary axillary perfect 
 flowers on long peduncles. Stamens numerous. 
 
 Water-Shield. (Brasenia peltata, Pursh.) May be found in ponds. Its elliptical, pel- 
 tate, floating leaves (green above and brownish-red beneath) and its jelly-coated sterna 
 characterize it quite well enough. 
 
 The Yellow Pond-Lily (Nuphar polysepalum, Engl. ) is more common. 
 
 The Order Sarraceniaceee is represented by the remarkable Darlmgtonia Calif omica, 
 or California Pitcher Plant, which grows in cold swamps in the northern part of the 
 State, from Mount Shasta to near the coast. 
 
 Franlcenia yrandifolia grows in saline soils, and may be known by its opposite sessile, 
 obovate, or linear oblanceolate, small leaves, with revolute margins; and by its small, 
 pink flowers. It may be distinguished from a Silene, which at first it seems to be, by its 
 fewer (4 to 7) stamens and sessile flowers. 
 
 The Order Frankeniaceae should come next to Caryophyllacem. Frenumtia Califor- 
 nica, belonging to the Order Sterculiacese, which is allied to the Malvaceae, is most 
 conveniently described here also. It is a small tree, bearing conspicuous yellow flowers 
 in the axils of usually broadly cordate, lobed leaves. The apetalous flowers are some- 
 times 2 or 3 inches across. 
 
 The Order Capparidaceae is represented in Santa Barbara County, and southward, by 
 Isomeris arborea, a low shrub, bearing bracteate racemes of yellow flowers, the pistils 
 conspicuous on account of their long stipes. The flowers of this plant are apparently 
 like those of the Cruciferse, and its proper place is next to that order. Capers are ob- 
 tained from a cultivated plant of this order. 
 
 The Order Styracaceae is represented by Styrax Californica, a pretty shrub, bearing 
 clusters of nearly rotate white flowers, in which the gamopetalous corolla is cut down to 
 the short tube which is adnate to the tube formed by the stamens: Calyx truncate. 
 
PAPAVERACE^E. 'POPPY. FAMILY.) 
 
 20a 
 
 ORDER 4. PAP AVERAGES 
 
 On the left above is represented 
 an opening bud of Eschscholtzia. 
 
 I The cap-like calyx has been split at 
 
 the bottom and shoved upward by 
 the expanding petals. Next to this 
 bud is an open flower of Meconopsis and one of its nodding buds. Behind the flower, 
 and projecting above it to the right, is a stem from which the petals have just fallen. 
 The slender filaments bending to one side, as they often do, show the curious pistil 
 which in time becomes the pretty fluted capsule seen below. To the right of the Meco- 
 nopsis pod is the three-sided capsule of Platystigma lineare. The stem should have a 
 few hairs upon it. The two flowers with hairy stems, the nodding buds below, and the 
 rough seed pod above, belong to Platystemon. Observe the three caducous sepals, just 
 ready to drop from the opening bud. The smooth plant on the right is Platystigma 
 Californicum. If you choose you may call this the Smooth Platystigma, and the other 
 species, with the triangular pod, Hairy Platystigma. The exceedingly prickly Bristly 
 Argemone is represented 011 the right, below, by a bud and a couple of bracts. A pistil 
 with its white prickles is imperfectly shown against one of the bracts. 
 The Order Papaveraceas is characterized by flowers with 2 or 3 caducous sepals, 
 
20b PAPAVERACEJE, ( POPPY FAMILY.) 
 
 twice as many free petals in two sets, indefinite, usually numerous, free stamens, and a 
 compound pistil. In Eschscholtzia the sepals are united, and the stamens adhere to the 
 claws oi the petals. 
 
 This small but interesting order of plants, with the exception of one species, is con- 
 fined to the northern hemisphere. Fifteen species, belonging to eleven genera, are natives 
 of the United States, and several European species have become naturalized. Esch- 
 scholtzia and Platystemon are the most widely distributed of the California genera. 
 
 Romnf.ya Coulteri is a half shrubby plant, with smooth pinnatifid leaves and very large white flowers 
 (3, 4, or even 6 inches across) , a native of the coast from San Diego to Santa Barbara County. 
 
 Arctomecon is another white-flowered plant, with somewhat hairy, nearly entire leaves; the petals 
 persistent; found in south Kevada arid Utah. 
 
 Canbya, a recently discovered plant of south-east California, is the smallest of the order, being 
 scarcely an inch in height. The small white petals are persistent. 
 
 Papaver Sormiiferum, a native of Asia, furnishes opium, which is the dried juice of the plant. A 
 variety of this species is cultivated in this State for the seeds, from which is expressed poppy oil, used 
 by artists. This oil is also used as a substitute for olive oil in the preparation of salads, etc. 
 
 * Herbs wlih entire leaves, the uppermost whorled or opposite, sepals 3. 
 
 Filiform stigmas 6 to many (pistil hollow) .Platystemon. 1 
 
 Flat stigmas 3 Platystigma. 2 
 
 * * Herbs with divided or lobed leaves. 
 
 Slightly lobed stigma, style distinct; sepals 2 Meconopsis. 3 
 
 Filiform stigmas unequal; sepals united to form a conical cap Eschscholtzia. 4 
 
 Entire plant bristly with prickles; sepals 3, each with a horn Argemone. la 
 
 ^j&^LS^Shrub with entire leaves. 
 Buds globular; stigmas 2 f. Dendromecon. 5 
 
 la. ARGEMONE, L. 
 
 Sepals 2 or 3, spinosely beaked. Petals 4 or G. Stamens numerous, with linear 
 anthers. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid, prickly toothed. 
 
 1. A. hispida, Or. (Chicalote). Erect, armed with rigid bristles and prickles; leaves 
 3 to 6 inches long; flowers, nearly white, 2 to 4 inches in diameter; capsule 1-^ inches 
 long. 
 
 1. PLATYSTEMO1T, Benth. CREAM-CUPS. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 6. Stamens many, with flattened filaments and linear anthers. 
 Torulose carpels at first united; stigmas free. 
 
 1. P. Californicus, Benth. Slender, branching, 6 to 12 inches high; villous, with 
 spreading hairs; leaves 2 to 4 inches long, sessile or clasping, broadly linear, obtuse, 
 
PAPAVERACE<3E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 
 
 palc-grecn. Sepals hairy; petals pale-yellow, shading to orange in the center, 3 to 3 
 lines long. <?/< ** c^, 
 
 2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. 
 
 Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens few or many, with narrow filaments. Ovary 
 3-angled, oblong or linear; stigmas 3, ovate to linear. Low, slender annuals, resembling 
 Platyxtemon in habit, with pale-green, entire, opposite or verticillate leaves and long- 
 peduncled pale-yellow or creamy- white flowers. 
 
 1. P. lineare, Benth. Hairy, short-stemmed; stamens many, with dilated fila- 
 ments; stigmas broad; capsule ovate. 
 
 2. P. Californicum, Benth. & Hook. Smooth, long-stemmed; stamens few (10 to 
 12) with filiform filaments; stigmas narrow; capsule linear. 
 
 3. MBCONOPSIS, Viguier. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with filiform filaments and oblong anthers. 
 Style distinct; stigma 4-8-lobed. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. M. heterophylla, Benth. Annual, smooth, slender, 1 to 2 ft. high; lower leaves 
 long petioled, pinnately divided, the segments oval to linear and 2 to 12 lines long; upper 
 leaves sessile; flowers scarlet to orange, the petals 2 to 12 lines long; peduncles elongated. 
 Very variable. 
 
 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Chamisso. 
 
 Sepals coherent into a narrow pointed hood, which drops off from the top shaped torus 
 when the flower opens. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and long 
 anthers. Smooth annuals, with colorless, bitter juice; finely dissected, pale-green alter- 
 nate petioled leaves, and bright orange or yellow (rarely white) flowers. 
 
 1. E. Californica, Cham. Has stout branching steins, 1 to 1J ft. high; flowers 2 
 to 4 inches in diameter, brilliant orange toward the center; capsule 2^ inches long, curved. 
 
 Var. Douglasii, Gr. More slender; flowers yellow. 
 
 Var. caespitosa, Brewer. Scape-like peduncles; small yellow flowers. 
 
 5. DENDROMECON, Benth. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers. 
 Ovary linear; style short; stigmas 2, short and erect. The many seeded capsule dehis- 
 cent the whole length by 2 valves separating from the placental ribs. A smooth 
 branching shrub, with alternate vertical entire thick and rigid leaves and showy yellow 
 flowers. The only true woody plant belonging to the order. 
 
 1. D. rigidum, Benth. A shrub 2 to 8 ft. high, with slender branches and whitish 
 bark; leaves ovate to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, very acute or mucronatc, 
 sessile or nearly so, twisted into a vertical position, margin rough or denticulate. 
 
22 CRUCIFERJS. (MUSTARD FAMILY.) 
 
 ORDER 5. FUMARIACEJE. 
 
 Tender herbs with dissected compound leaves, and irregular hypogynous flowers, the 
 parts in twos, except the 6 diadelphous stamens. 
 
 1. DICBNTRA, Borkh. 
 
 Sepals 2, small and scale-like, sometimes caducous. Corolla of two pairs of petals, 
 flattened and cordate; the outer pair the larger and sacked at the base, the tips spreading; 
 tho inner, spoon-shaped, lightly united at the apex, inclosing the anthers and stigma. 
 Stamens in two sets, 3 before each of the outer petals, filaments slightly cohering. 
 Style slender; stigma 2-lobed, each lobe sometimes 2-crested. 
 
 1. D. formosa, DC. Leaves radical, and the compound racemes of rose-colored 
 flowers borne on naked scapes. 
 
 2. D. chrysantba, Hook. & Am. The flowers in long terminal paniculate racemes 
 on leafy stems; corolla narrow, scarcely cordate, golden yellow. 
 
 ORDER 6. CRUCIFER^E. 
 
 Herbs with pungent watery juice. Sepals 4. Petals 4, with blade narrowed into a 
 claw, the lamina spreading to form a cross, rarely wanting. Stamens 6, two of them 
 inserted lower down on the receptacle and shorter than the other four. Ovary 2-celled 
 by a thin partition, rarely 1-celled. Leaves alternate, and flowers usually in racemes 
 without bracts. 
 
 Since a careful examination of the fruit is usually necessary for the determination of 
 Bpecies in this difficult order, only such plants as have large flowers or remarkable fruit 
 are here described. 
 
 1. Pod dehiscent, 2-valved. 
 
 * Pod elongated, compressed parallel with the partition; seeds flat. 
 
 Pctioled leaves, lobed or divided; root tuberous Cardamine. 1 
 
 Stem leaves sessile, entire; root perpendicular. 
 
 Flowers purple '. Arabis. 2 
 
 Flowers orange Choiranthus. 3 
 
 Flowers yellowish. Erysimum. 4 
 
 * * Pod terete; seeds globose. 
 Flowers Yellow. Brassica. 5 
 
 * * * Pod flattened contrary to the partition. 
 
 Pod linear; flowers axillary, yellow Tropidocarptim. 6 
 
 Pod obcordate; flowers minute Capsella. 7 
 
 Pod obovate, 2-winged at the top Lopidium. 8 
 
CRUCIFEKJS. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) 23 
 
 2. Pod indehiscent, 1-celled. 
 
 Pod orbicular, winged with a thin broad margin; flowers minute. ..Thysanocarpus. 9 
 Pod long, pithy; seeds large; flowers large, veiny - - . . Raphauus. 10 
 
 1. CARDAMINE, L. 
 
 Pod linear, with somewhat thickened margins, merely pointed or beaked above; valves 
 flat, nerveless. Seeds in one row somewhat flattened, wingless; cotyledons flat, accum- 
 bent. Sepals equal. Petals white or pinkish. 
 
 1. C. paucisecta, Benth. Stems from small deep-seated tubers, erect, 8 to 18 inches 
 high; leaves various; the upper deeply lobed or parted, the lower often simple; petals 
 6 to 9 lines long; pods 1 to 1^ inches long. 
 
 2. ARABIS. L. 
 
 Pod linear; valves 1-nerved, not strongly. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, flattened; cotyledons 
 accumbeiit. Sepals short or narrow, rarely colored. Petals with a narrow claw, white, 
 rose-colored, or purple. 
 
 1. A. blepharophylla, Hook. & Am. Stems often tufted 4 to 12 inches high; 
 leaves strongly ciliate, sometimes sparingly sinuate- toothed, the lower obovate or broadly 
 epatulate, the cauline oblong, sessile; petals bright purple, C to 9 lines long. 
 
 2. A. Breweri, Wat. Cespitose, canescent, with dense stellate pubescence; stems 2 to 
 10 inches high; petals 1 to 4 lines long, deep rose-color; sepals purplish; pods spreading 
 or recurved. 
 
 3. CHEIRANTHTJS, L. 
 
 Pod elongated, compressed; valves 1-nerved or carinate. Seeds in one row, flattened, 
 not winged; cotyledons accumbent, or rarely oblique. Calyx not colored, the outer sepals 
 strongly gibbous. Stigma with two spreading lobes. 
 
 1. C. asper, Cham. & Sch. Rather sparingly pubescent with appressed 2-parted 
 hairs; stem simple erect, leafy, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower 
 long petioled, entire or sinuate-toothed; sepals broad 4 to 6 lines long, half the length 
 of the bright yellow or orange petals; pods 1 J to 2 inches long. 
 
 4. ERYSIMTJM, L. 
 
 Pod 4-angled by the prominent mid-nerve of the valves, not stipitate; cotyledons 
 incumbent or oblique. Sepals, petals and stigma like the last. 
 
 1. E. asperum, DC. Similar to the last; sepals narrower; petals usually creamy 
 white to yellow. 
 
 5. BRASSICA, L. MUSTARD. 
 
 Pod nearly terete or somewhat 4-sided, pointed with a long conical beak. Seeds in 
 
24: CRUCIFEB2E. (MUSTAED FAMILY.) 
 
 one row globose; cotyledons infolding the radical. Lateral sepals usually gibbous. 
 Petals yellow. 
 
 1. B. campestris, L. Smooth; lower leaves pinnately divided, with a large ter- 
 minal lobe; the upper leaves oblong or lanceolate, with a broad clasping base; pods 2 
 inches long or more. 
 
 2. B. nigra, Boiss. Larger; leaves all petioled; pods less than an inch long. 
 
 Not to be confounded with Sisymbrium ofBcinale, Scop., which has runcinately 
 pinnatilid leaves, small yellow flowers and closely appressed, subulate sessile pods half 
 an inch long; or, with S. acutangulum, DC., similar to the last, but the pods on short 
 pedicels, erect and over an inch long. The last are called Hedge Mustards. 
 
 6. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hook 
 
 Pod linear, flattened, often 1 -celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition. 
 Seeds in two rows, minute; cotyledons incumbent. A low hirsute branching annual, 
 with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow, solitary axillary flowers. 
 
 1. T. gracile, Hook. Stems weak; petals 1 to 3 lines long, broad; pods C to 20 
 lines long, pointed at both ends. 
 
 7. CAPSELLA, Mosnch. SHEPHERD'S PURSE. 
 
 Pod obcordate, much flattened, many-seeded; cotyledons incumbent. Slender and 
 mostly smooth annuals, with minute flowers. 
 
 1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Somewhat hirsute at base; radical leaves mostly 
 runcinate-pinnatifid, the cauline lanceolate, clasping. 
 
 2. C. divaricata, Walp. Very slender; pods elliptic-oblong; is more rare. 
 
 8. LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERGRASS. 
 
 Pod orbicular or obovate, emarginately 2-winged at the summit; the cells 1-seeded. 
 Low herbs, with pinnatifid or toothed leaves, and small white flowers; the petals in 
 some species wanting, and the stamens only 2 or 4. 
 
 1. L. latipes, Hook. Stems stout, simple 1 to 3 inches high, surpassed by the 
 irregularly and coarsely pinnatifid leaves; racemes capitate, in fruit an inch long or less; 
 Bcpals very unequal; pod strongly reticulated, the acute wings nearly as long. 
 
 2. L. oxycarpum, Torr. & Gr. Stems simple or branched 3 to 6 inches high; 
 smooth; raceme lax, elongated; pod smooth, rounded, nodding, the broad acute teeth 
 short and divergent; petals none. 
 
 3. L. nitidum, Nutt. Similar to the last, but larger; petals present; pods smooth 
 and shining, acutely margined. 
 
 4. L. Menziesii, DC. Hispid; petals none; pods not margined, except by the 
 very short teeth at the summit. 
 
VIOLACE.E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 25 
 
 Var. (?) strictmn, Wat. Sepals green, persistent; fruiting racemes crowded cylin- 
 dric-capitate, the pedicels erect, low and spreading. This plant seems to be a separate 
 epecies. It has been found in San Francisco, by Miss Annie Hughes. 
 
 9. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook. 
 
 Pod 1 -celled, 1 -seeded, plano-convex, mostly pendulous on slender pedicels. Flowers 
 minute, white or rose-colored. 
 
 1. T. curvipes, Hook. Six inches to two feet high; the upper leaves clasping by a 
 broad auricled base; pods densely tomentose or smooth, 2 to 4 lines in diameter, the wing 
 entire or crenate, veined and often perforate, emarginate at the top and tipped with the 
 purple style. The perforate-wing form called Lace-pod. 
 
 2. T. laciniatus, Nutt. Smaller and more slender; the cauline leaves scarcely 
 auricled at the base; pods obovate, cuneate at the base, 2 to 3 lines long. 
 
 Var. crenatus, Brewer. The broader wing deeply crenate or fringed. Fringe-pod. 
 
 3. T. radians, Benth. Pods round, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, scarcely emarginate, 
 with a broad entire translucent wing conspicuously marked by radiating nerves. 
 
 4. T. pusillus, Hook. May be known by its minute pods hirsute with hooked hairs. 
 
 10. RAFHANUS, L. RADISH. 
 Coarse introduced annuals. 
 
 1. R. sativus, L., has a pointed 2-seeded pod. 
 
 2. R. Raphanistrum, L., has a necklace-shaped pod, long beaked, 1-9-seeded 
 
 ORDER 7. CISTACE^S. 
 
 Flowers perfect and regular. Sepals 5, persistent; and two of them smaller, wholly 
 exterior, and bract-like. Petals 5, usually ephemeral. Stamens indefinite, with filiform 
 filaments; anthers short. Style one. Capsule 3-valved. 
 
 1. HBLIANTHEMUM, Tourn. 
 
 Petals broad. Stamens numerous (about 20). Style short; stigma 3-lobed. Low 
 branching herbs, or somewhat woody; flowers yellow, opening only once, in sunshine. 
 
 1. H. scoparium, Nutt. Much branched, hairy or smooth, about a foot high; leaves 
 narrow, 4 to 12 lines long, alternate; flowers on slender pedicels, one or several termin- 
 ating the branches; petals 4 lines long. 
 
 ORDER 8. VIOLACE^E. 
 
 Herbs distinguished by the irregular one-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens, aclnate 
 introse anthers conniving over the pistil, which has a club-shaped style with a one sided 
 
26 VIOLACE2E. (VIOLET FAMILY.) 
 
 Btigma, a one celled ovary, forming a capsule, which splits at maturity into three parts. 
 Represented only by the familiar genus 
 
 1. VIOLA, L. 
 
 Sepals unequal, auricled at the base. Petals unequal, lower one spurred. Anthers 
 nearly sessile, often coherent, the connectives of the two lower bearing spurs which are 
 inclosed by the spur of the petal. (See ADDENDA. ) 
 
 * Leaves undivided. 
 
 4- Flowers not yellow, or orange. 
 
 1. V. canina, L., var. adunca, Gr. Flowers violet or purple. Low stems sending 
 out runners; leaves ovate, often somewhat cordate at the base, obscurely crenate; stipules 
 foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, lacerately toothed; spur as long as the sepals, curved; 
 lateral petals bearded. 
 
 Var. lougipes, Wat. The obtuse spur straight. 
 
 2. V. ocellata, Torr. & Gr. Stems nearly erect, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves cordate 
 to cordate-ovate, acutish, conspicuously crenate; stipules small, scarious; upper petals 
 white within, purple-brown without, the others pale-yellow veined with purple. 
 
 Flowers yellow, tinged with purple. 
 
 3. V. pedunculata, Torr. & Gr. Stems with a decumbent or procumbent base; 
 leaves rombic-cordate, with truncate or abruptly cuneate base, obtuse, coarsely crenate; 
 stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, entire or gashed; showy flowers on peduncles 
 exceeding the leaves; petals 6 to 9 lines long, the upper tinged with brown on the outside, 
 the others veined with deep purple; lateral petals bearded; capsule smooth. 
 
 4. V. aurea, Kellogg. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, cuneate or sometimes truncate 
 at base, obtuse, coarsely crenate; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, laciniate; peduncle but 
 little longer than the leaves; petals 4 to 6 lines long, as in the last, but lighter yellow; 
 capsule pubescent. 
 
 5. V. Nuttallii, Pursh. Leaves oblong-ovate to oblong, attenuate into a long 
 petiole, entire, or obscurely ainuate; stipules entire; peduncles usually shorter than tho 
 leaves. 
 
 4-4-4- Flowers yellow. 
 
 6. V. sarmentosa, Dougl. Leaves rounded-cordate, reniform, or sometimes ovate, 
 finely crenate, usually punctate with dark dots. Flowers small. 
 
 * * Leaves divided or lobed; flowers yellow, tinged with brown-purple. 
 
 7. V. lobata, Benth. Distinguished by its stout stems and large palmately 5 to 
 9-lobed leaves. Flowers large. 
 
 8. V. chrysantha, Hook. Stems short; leaves bipinnatifid, with narrow seg- 
 ments. Flowers large, like V. pedunculata, but the lateral petals are not bearded. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE2E. (PINK FAMILY.) 
 
 ORDER 9. POLYGALACE^E. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with simple entire exstipulate leaves, remarkable for the papilio- 
 naceous-looking flowers. In our genus the ovary is 2-celled. 
 
 1. FOLYGALA, Tourn. 
 
 Sepals 5, very unequal, the 2 lateral ones large and petal-like. Petals 3, united to 
 each other and to the stamen-tube, the middle one hooded and often crested or beaked. 
 Stamens G to 8, the filaments united below into a split sheath, adnate at the base to the 
 petals. The 2-celled ovary forms a capsule flattened contrary to the partition, notched 
 or retuse above. 
 
 1. P. cucullata, Benth. Stems slender from a woody base, 2 to 8 inches high; leaves 
 Bmooth, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptical, \ to 1 inch long, short petioled; flowers 
 rose-color; outer sepals 2 lines long, rounded-saccate at the base; the wings broadly 
 Bpatulate, 4 to 6 lines long. 
 
 2. P. Californica, Nutt. Stouter; flowers greenish white. 
 
 ORDER 10. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 
 
 Herbs with regular and mostly perfect flowers, persistent calyx, its parts and the petals 
 4 or 5 and imbricated or the latter sometimes convolute in the bud, the distinct stamens 
 commonly twice as many as the petals, ovary 1 -celled with a free central placenta. Stems 
 usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite, often united at the base by a transverse 
 line, in one group with interposed scarious stipules. Styles 2 to 5, mostly distinct. 
 Fruit a capsule opening by valves, or by teeth at the summit. Flowers terminal, or in 
 the forks, or in cymes. 
 
 Many species in this order are difficult to determine. 
 
 * Sepals united into a 4-5-toothed calyx. Petals long-clawed. 
 Petals with bifid appendages Silene. 1 
 
 * * Sepals distinct; petals without claws. 
 
 Petals bifid; capsule cylindric Cerastium. 2 
 
 Petals bifid capsule globose Stellaria. 3 
 
 Petals entire; capsule globose Arenaria. 4 
 
 Stipules present; styles 5 Spergula. 5 
 
 Stipules present; styles 3 Lepigonum. 6 
 
 1. SILENE, L. 
 
 Calyx tubular, cylindrical to campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Petals 5, with nar- 
 
28 CAKYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 
 
 row claws; the blade mostly bifid or many-cleft and usually crowned with 2 scales at 
 the base. Stamens 10; styles 3, erect. Capsule dehiscent by G, rarely 3 teeth. 
 
 1. S. Gallica, L. Hairy; leaves spatulate, 1 to 1J inches long; calyx oblong- 
 cylindric, becoming expanded by the growth of the ovoid capsule; flowers small, rose- 
 colored, in one-sided close racemes; petals entire, slightly twisted. 
 
 2. S. Californica, Durand. Glandular-pubescent; stems 6 inches to 3 ft. high, 
 lax, leafy; flowers large, deep scarlet, few at the ends of the branches; calyx 7 to 10 lines 
 long; petals deeply parted with bifid segments, the lobes 2-3-toothed or entire, with 
 often a lateral one. 
 
 3. S. Douglasii, Hook. Stems simple few-flowered; leaves narrowly oblanceolate 
 to linear, an inch or two long; calyx oblong-cylindric, often inflated, 5 to 7 lines long; 
 petals rose-color or nearly white; 8 to 1.0 lines long, bifid with broad obtuse lobes; claw 
 broadly auricled; capsule oblong-ovate, long stiped. 
 
 2. CERASTITJM, L. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, emarginate or bifid. Stamens 10. Styles 5, rarely less. The 
 curved capsule dehiscing by twice as many teeth as there are styles. Flowers white. 
 
 1. C, pilosum, Ledeb. Erect, rather stout, more or less densely pilose; leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, \ to an inch or more long, acute, almost sheathing at the base; flowers 
 from \ to 1 inch in diameter. 
 
 C. AEVENSE, L., has downy acute leaves. 
 
 C. VULGATUM, L., has ovate or obovate obtuse leaves; flowers clustered. 
 
 3. STELIiARIA, L. CHICKWEED. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-cleft. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Low 
 herbs with minute white flowers and 4-angled stems. 
 
 1. S. media, L. Weak and spreading, rooting at the lower joints; the ovate leaves 
 less than an inch long on hairy petioles, or the upper ones sessile; stamens 3 to 10. 
 
 Introduced from Europe. 
 
 2. S. nitens. Nutt., has small sessile lanceolate leaves and narrow shining sepals 
 surpassing the minute petals. 
 
 3. S. littoralis, Torr., is rather a stout hairy plant, with ovate leaves; flowers in 
 a terminal cyme. May be found on the sea-shore. 
 
 4. ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT. 
 
 Distinguished chiefly from Stellaria by the entire petals and usually by the tuftefl 
 stems and subulate rigid leaves. In our species the 3 valves of the capsule are entire; 
 bracts foliaceous. , 
 
 1. A. Douglasii, Torr. & Gr. Slender, much branched, 3 to 6 inches high; leaves 
 
PORTULACACE^E. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 
 
 filiform, 3 to 12 lines long; flowers on long slender pedicels; sepals 3-nerved; petals obovate, 
 2 lines long or more; longer than the sepals. 
 
 2. A. Californica, Brew. Leaves lanceolate, 1 or 2 lines long; flowers smaller than 
 the last; petals spatulate. 
 
 3. A. palustris, Wat. Stems weak, 4 to 8 inches high; leaves linear, flaccid, 6 to 
 12 lines long; flowers few on long pedicels; petals 3 or 4 lines long. In swamps. 
 
 5. SPERGULA, L. CORN-SPURRY. 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10, rarely 5. Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovuled; 
 styles 5, alternate with the sepals. Annuals dichotomously branched, with awl-shaped 
 apparently whorled leaves (fascicled). 
 
 1. S. arvensis, L. The almost filiform leaves 1 or 2 inches long; flowers white, the 
 Jong pedicels at length reflexed. Naturalized. 
 
 6. LEFIGONTJM, Fries. SAND-SPURRY. 
 
 t 
 
 Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, rarely fewer. Stamens 10, or fewer by abortion. Ovary 
 1-celled, many ovuled; styles 3, or rarely 5. Low herbs, with setaceous or linear fascicled 
 leaves; flowers white or pink, pediceled. 
 
 1. L. macrothecum, Fisch. & Mey. Rather stout, often a foot high; leaves fleshy 
 | to 2 inches long, with large ovate stipules; pedicels becoming reflexed; sepals 3 or 
 more lines long, equaling the pinkish petals. In salt-marshes. 
 
 2. L. medium, Fries. More slender than the last, with smaller flowers on shorter 
 pedicels. 
 
 ORDER 11. PORTULACACEJE. 
 
 Succulent herbs, with simple and entire leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical perfect 
 flowers; the sepals only 2, the petals 2 to 5 or more; the stamens opposite the petals 
 When of the same number; the ovary 1-celled. Stamens sometimes indefinitely numerous, 
 commonly adhering to the base of the petals, these sometimes united at the base. Style 
 2 to S-cleft. Stipules none. 
 
 * Sepals 2, distinct, persistent. 
 
 Stamens more than 5 Calandrinia. 1 
 
 Stamens 5 Clay tonia. 2 
 
 * * Sepals 4 to 8 Lewisia. 3 
 
 1. CALANDRINIA, H B K. 
 
 Petals mostly 5 (3 to 10). Stamens 5 to 15. Ovary free, many-ovuled; style 3-cleft, 
 short. Capsule globose or ovoid, 3-valved. Seeds shining-black. L^>w succulent herbs 
 with alternate leaves. 
 
30 HYPERICACEJ2. (ST. JOHN^S-WORT FAMILY.) 
 
 1. C. Menziesii, Hook. Smooth, branching from the base, the stems ascending; 
 leaves linear to oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long, the lower on slender petioles; sepals 
 keeled, the calyx 4-angled in the bud; petals broadly obovate, red to purple, 2 to C lines 
 long. One of the most abundant of open ground early flowers. 
 
 , L. 
 
 Petals 5, equal. Stamens 5. Style 3-cleft. Capsule and seeds as in Calandrinia. 
 Radical leaves numerous; cauline perfoliate, or a pair. 
 
 1. C. perfoliata, Donn. Stems 2 to 12 inches high; radical leaves long-petioled, 
 broadly rhomboidal, or deltoid, or deltoid-cordate, ^ to 3 inches broad, obtuse; the cauline 
 pair usually united to form an almost orbicular perfoliate leaf, concave above; the lax 
 raceme of small pinkish flowers nearly sessile in the leaf-cup. 
 
 Var. parvifloia, Torr. Radical leaves linear, or linear-spatulate. 
 
 Var. spathulata, Torr. Radical leaves linear; the cauline pair distinct or partly 
 united on one side, ovate to lanceolate. Low and slender. 
 
 Var. exigua, Torr. Low, radical leaves narrowly linear or filiform; the cauline 
 distinct, linear. 
 
 2. C. Siberica, L. Stems 6 to 15 inches high; radical leaves lanceolate to rombic- 
 ovate or nearly orbicular, long-petioled; the cauline pair ovate or varying from lanceolate 
 to spatulate-obovate, sessile, distinct; raceme loose; the rose-colored or white petals 2 to 
 4 lines long. 
 
 3. LEWISIA, Pursh. 
 
 Petals 8 to 16, large and showy, rose-colored. Stamens numerous (40 or more). Styla 
 3 to 8-parted nearly to the base. Low acaulescent fleshy perennials-, with fusiform roots, 
 and short 1 -flowered scapes. 
 
 1. L. rediviva, Pursh. Leaves densely clustered, linear-oblong, subterete, 1 or 2 
 inches long, smooth and glaucous; scape jointed in the middle, bearing on the joint 5 to 
 7 subulate verticillate bracts; petals sometimes white, 8 to 16 lines long. 
 
 ORDER 12. HYPERICACEJE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire punctate leaves, no stipules and perfect flowers 
 with 4 or 5 petals and numerous stamens, the fruit a septicidal many-seeded capsule. 
 Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent sepals. Filaments mostly in 3 sets. Styles 2 to 5, usually 
 distinct. 
 
 1. HTTPERICUM, L. ST. JOHN'S-WORT. 
 
 Sepals and petals 5. The numerous stamens in three bundles. Ovary 1 to 3-celled, 
 the ovules growing on the parietal placentae. Flowers cymose, yellow. 
 
MALVACE.E. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 31 
 
 ' 
 
 1. H. Scouleri. Hook. Stems erect from a running rootstock ^ to 2 feet high, 
 terete, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves ovate to oblong, clasping, an inch or less 
 long ; petals punctate, 3 to 5 lines long; capsule 3-celled. 
 
 2. H. concinmim, Benth. Stems from a woody base, 3 to 6 inches high; leaves 
 from oblong to linear, acute, an inch long or less, not clasping, usually folded. 
 
 3. H. anagalloides, Cham & Schleeht. Stems numerous, weak, rooting at the 
 lower joints, 1 to 10 inches long; leaves broadly ovate or elliptical, 2 to C inches long, 
 obtuse, clasping; sepals exceeding the petals; capsule 1-celled. 
 
 ORDER 13. MALVACEJE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves; distinguished by the valvate calyx, 
 convolute petals, their bases or short claws united with the base of a column of many 
 united stamens, these with reniform anthers. Calyx 5-cleft or parted, persistent, with 
 sometimes a calyx-like involucel of bracts. Petals 5, usually withering without 
 falling off. Pistil usually either a ring of ovaries around a projecting receptacle or a 
 3-10-celled ovary; styles united at least at the base. Leaves usually palmately ribbed. 
 Flowers axillary. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 1. LAVATERA, L. TREE MALLOW. 
 
 Involucel 3 to 6-cleft. Stamineal column divided into numerous filaments. Styles 
 filiform. Fruit depressed ; the several carpels separating from the prominent axis, 
 1 -seeded. 
 
 1. L. assurgentiflora, Kellogg. A shrub 6 to 15 ft. high; flowers 1 to 4 in the 
 axils on drooping pedicels; petals rose-purple, 1 to H inches long, with a broad truncato 
 limb and narrow claws having a pair of dense hairy tufts at the base. Commonly culti- 
 vated, but a native (?) of this State. 
 
 2. MALVA, L. MALLOW. 
 
 Involucel 3-leaved. Petals obcordate, small. Herbaceous. Otherwise as Lavatera. 
 
 M. borealis, Wallman. Annual; leaves round-cordate, crenate, 5-7-lobed; peduncles 
 Bhort; petals pinkish- white, 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 Distinguished from the biennial If. rotundifolia by its short pedunceles, small flowers 
 and rugose carpels. 
 
 3. SIDALCBA, GR. 
 
 Involucel none. Stamineal column double; the filaments of the outer series usually 
 united into 5 sets, opposite the petals. Flowers in a terminal raceme or spike. Herbs. 
 
 *Perennial. 
 1. S. malvaeflora, Gr. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves on elongated petioles, 
 
32 LINAGES. (FLAX FAMILY.) 
 
 orbicular to semi-circular in outline; the lower toothed or cleft, the upper more narrowly 
 and deeply, 5 to 9-lobed or parted; the segments sparingly toothed, often linear and 
 entire; flowers in naked elongated racemes; bractlets small, lanceolate; pedicels short, 
 naked; calyx often tomentose; petals emarginate, 6 to 12 lines long, purple; carpels 
 smooth. 
 
 2. S. humilis, Gr. Much resembling the last, but lower, and often decumbent at 
 the base; leaves smaller; flowers fewer and more scattered; calyx larger, 3 to G lines 
 long; carpels reticulated and pubescent. 
 
 * * Annual. 
 
 3. S. diploscypha, Gr. Pubescent wtth long spreading hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high; 
 leaves deeply 5-9-cleft with lobed segments; bractlets conspicuous, 5 to 7-parted, hispid; 
 flowers nearly sessile in close 3 to 5-flowered clusters; petals 6 to 12 lines long, broad and 
 emarginate. 
 
 4. S. malacliroides, Gr. Stout, hirsute, 3 to 6 ft. high, tufted; leaves large; flowers 
 small, white or purplish, nearly sessile in close terminal heads on the short leafy branches; 
 petals narrowly obcordate; sets of stamens indistinct. 
 
 ORDER 14. LINAGE M. 
 
 A small order represented and characterized by the one genus 
 
 1. LINUM, L. FLAX. 
 
 Parts of the flower 5, except sometimes in the pistil. Filaments united at the base 
 with commonly alternating teeth. Styles 5, or sometimes only 2 or 3, distinct or united. 
 Stigmas capitate or oblong; ovary globose. Seeds twice as many as the styles. Herbs 
 with sessile entire leaves without stipules, and cymose or panicled flowers. 
 
 1. Styles 5. Flowers blue. 
 
 1. L. perenne, L. Smooth, 1 to 2J ft. high, branching above, leafy; leaves linear 
 to linear-lanceolate, 3 to 18 lines long, acute; stipular glands none; flowers on slender 
 pedicels, scattered, large. 
 
 2. Styles 3; petals appendarjed at base, with a tooth on each side and a third adnate 
 to the inner face of the claw. 
 
 * Flowers yellow; pedicels short. 
 
 2. L. Breweri, Gr. Smooth, slender, 3 to 8 inches high or more, few flowered at 
 the summit; leaves linear-setaceous, 6 to 8 lines long; stipular glands conspicuous; petals 
 
 3 or more lines long. 
 
 * * Flowers rose-purple to white. 
 
 3. L. congestum, Gr. Nearly smooth, excepting the calyx, about a foot high; 
 
GERANIACE.3E. (GEEAXIUM FAMILY.) 33 
 
 etipular glands very small; flowers in close terminal clusters; petals about 3 lines long; 
 capsule globose. 
 
 4. L, Californicum, Gr. Smooth, glaucous, G to 18 inches high; stipular glands 
 conspicuous; flowers in small cymes or the lower solitary; petals 4 lines long, capsule 
 acute, shorter than the calyx. 
 
 5. S. spergulinum, Gr. Smooth, 6 to 15 inches high; leaves without stipular 
 glands; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, and mostly solitary; sepals slightly glandular, minute; 
 capsule obtuse, exceeding the calyx slightly. 
 
 OEDEK 15. GERANIACEJE. 
 
 Flowers perfect on axillary peduncles, regular (in our species) and symmetrical, the 
 parts in fives. Stamens mostly in two sets, those alternate with the petals sometimes 
 sterile. Ovary deeply 5-lobed, with a prolonged axis, or 5-celled. 
 
 1. Carpels 5, one-seeded, separating at maturity from the long central axis; the styles 
 
 forming long twisted tails. 
 
 Fertile stamens 10; tails of the carpels not bearded Geranium. 1 
 
 Fertile stamens 5; tails of the carpels bearded Erodium. 2 
 
 2. Carpels 5, one-seeded, fleshy, distinct Limnanthes. 3 
 
 3. Carpels combined into a 5-celled ovary. Oxalis. 4 
 
 1. GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL. 
 
 Stamens 10 with anthers, a gland behind the base of each of the shorter 5; filaments 
 bearded at the base. Ovary 5-lobed; style 5-lobed at the top; the roundish-oblong carpels 
 splitting away from the persistent beaked axis. Leaves palmately lobed and mostly 
 opposite, scarious stipules; swollen- jointed stems. 
 
 1. G, Carolinianum, L. Diffusely branched, pubescent; leaves 1 to 2J inches in 
 diameter, palmately 5-7-parted, the divisions cleft into linear lobes; petals rose-colored 
 equaling the awned sepals, 2 or 3 lines long; carpels hairy; tails half an inch long. 
 
 G. incisum, Nutt. , with large purple flowers, grows in the Sierra Nevada, and in 
 Humboldt County. 
 
 2. ERODIUM, L'Her. 
 
 Characters as in the last; but the filaments dilated, the 5 opposite to the petals sterile 
 and scale-like; carpels attenuate to a sharp bearded base; the tails long bearded on the 
 inner side. Leaves commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed; peduncles 
 umbellately 2-several-flowered with a 4-bracted involucre at the base of the pedicels; 
 flowers small. 
 
 1. E. cicutarium, L'Her. (FILARIA OR PIN-CLOVER. ) Hairy, much branched, 
 
34: RUTACE^. (ORANGE FAMILY.) 
 
 decumbent; leaves pinnate the leaflets laciniately pinnatifid with narrow acute lobes, 
 the opposite leaves unequal; the long peduncles in the axils of the smaller leaves bearing 
 4 to 8-flowered umbels; the slender pedicels at length reflexed, the fruit still erect; the 
 bearded carpels with spirally twisted tails. 
 
 2. E. moschatum, L'Her. (MusKY FILARIA.) Similar to the last but of a lighter 
 green and the leaflets unequally and doubly serrate, not pinnatifid. Gives out a musky 
 odor when wilted. 
 
 3. E. macrophyllum, Hook. & Arn. Leaves renifonn-cordate, 1 to 3 inches 
 broad; sepals broad, 5 to 6 lines long. 
 
 3. LIMNANTHES, E. Br. 
 
 Glands 5, alternating with the petals. Stamens 10. Style 5-cleft at the apex. An- 
 nual low diffuse herbs, with pungent juice, growing in wet places; leaves pinnate, 
 without stipules; flowers yellowish-white or rose-colored, solitary on axillary peduncles. 
 
 1. L. Douglasii, R. Br. Glabrous, yellowish green, weak and succulent stems; 
 leaflets incisely lobed; peduncles at length 2 to 4 inches long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4 
 lines long, half the length of the oblong or obovate, emarginate or truncate petals. 
 
 Var alba, Hartweg. Villous sepals; shorter, white petals. 
 
 4. OXALIS, L. 
 
 The parts of the flower in fives. Stamens 10; the filaments dilated and united below. 
 Capsule columnar or ovoid, beaked with the short style. Low herbs with sour watery 
 juice; leaves alternate or radical, digitately trifoliolate, leaflets obcordate. 
 
 1. O. Oregana, Nutt. (RED WOOD SORREL. ) Acaulescent, rusty- villous; rootstock 
 creeping; leaflets broadly obcordate, 1 to 1 J inches broad; petioles 2 to 8 inches long; 
 scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves, mostly 1-flowered; petals 6 to 12 lines long, white 
 or rose-colored, often veined with purple. 
 
 2. O. corniculata, L. (YELLOW SORREL.) Distinguished by its slender branching 
 stems, and smaller yellow flowers. 
 
 ORDER 16. RUTACE^J. 
 
 Pellucid or glandular-dotted aromatic leaves, along with definite hypogynous stamens 
 and definite seeds characterize this order, although some of the orange-tribe have many 
 stamens. 
 
 1. PTELEA, L. HOP-TREE. 
 Flowera polygamous. Sepals, petals and stamens 4 or 5; ovary with a short, thick 
 
EHAMNACEiE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 35 
 
 etipe, 2-celled; style short; fruit a broadly winged orbicular samara, 2-seeded. Flowers 
 email, greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs. 
 
 1. P. angustifolia, Benth. A shrub 5 to 25 ft. high, with chestnut colored punc- 
 tate bark; leaves 3-foliolate. 
 
 ORDER 17. CELASTRACE^]. 
 
 Sufficiently characterized by the genus 
 
 1. EUONYMT7S, Tourn. 
 
 Sepals and petals 4 or 5, widely spreading; Stamens as many very short on an angled 
 disk; ovary immersed in the disk, 3-5-valved, colored, often warty. Fruit a red aril. 
 Shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite petioled exstipulate serrate smooth leaves, and 
 flowers in loose cymes on axillary peduncles. 
 
 1. E. occidentalis, Nutt. 7 to 15 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrulate, 2 to 4 inches long; peduncles 1-4-flowered; flowers dark reddish- 
 brown, 4 to 6 lines in diameter, the parts in fives. 
 
 ORDER 18. RHAMNACEJE. 
 
 Shrubs or small trees, with simple undivided leaves, small and often caducous stipules, 
 and small regular flowers, the stamens borne on the calyx and alternate with its lobes; 
 ovary 2 to 4-celled. Flowers often apetalous; a conspicuous disk adnate to the short tube 
 of the calyx; petals often clawed; style or stigma 2-4-lobed; fruit berry-like or dry, con- 
 taining 2 to 4 seed-like nutlets. 
 
 Calyx and disk free from the ovary; filaments short; fruit berry -like Rhamnus. 1 
 
 Calyx and disk adherent to the ovary; filaments long; fruit dry Ceanothus. 2 
 
 1. RHAMNUS, L. 
 
 Small greenish flowers; calyx 4-5-cleft, with erect or spreading lobes, the campanulate 
 tube persistent; petals 4 or 5 or none, on the margin of the disk; claws short; stamens 4 
 or 5; leaves evergreen. 
 
 1. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, solitary or fascicled in the axils. 
 
 1. R. crocea, Nutt. Much branched, 3 to 15 ft. high; leaves coriaceous, oblong 
 or obovate to obicular, 3 to 18 lines long, acutely denticulate, usually yellowish brown or 
 copier-colored beneath; fruit red. 
 
 2. Flowers mostly perfect in pedunculate cymes. 
 
 2. R. Californica, Esch. Spreading 4 to 18 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong to ellip- 
 
36 KHAMNACE2E. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 
 
 tical, 1 to 4 inches long, denticulate or nearly entire; petals very small, broadly ovate, 
 emarginate; fruit blackish-purple. 
 
 2. CSANOTHUS, L. 
 
 Cal} T x 5-cleft; the lobes acute; disk thick adhering to the tube and to the ovary; petals 
 on long claws, hooded; stamens 5; filaments long-exserted; ovary 3-lobed; style short, 
 3- cleft. The small flowers are in showy thyrsoid orcymose clusters. Species difficult. 
 
 1. Leaves 3-nerved. 
 
 1. C. thyrsiflonis, Esch. (CALIFORNIA LILAC. ) Smooth, G to 15 ft. high; branches 
 strongly angled; leaves rather thick, oblong to oblong-ovate, 1 to 1^ inches long, usually 
 smooth and shining above, canescent beneath; flowers bright blue in dense compound 
 racemes, terminating the long and somewhat leafy peduncles. 
 
 2. C. integerrimus, Hook & Arn. Slender, 2 or 3 ft. high; branches round, usually 
 warty; leaves thin, bright green, ovate to ovate-oblong, 1 to 3 inches long; thyrse large, 
 white-flowered. 
 
 3. C. dentatus, Torr & Gr. Low, not rigid; leaves small glandular-serrate, 
 fascicled, the margin strongly undulate or re volute, somewhat resinous; flowers blue, in 
 small roundish clusters. 
 
 4. C. sorediatus, Hook & Arn. Rigid; inflorescence pubescent; leaves silky orj 
 the nerves, \ to \\ inches long; flowers blue in shortly peduncled simple racemes to 2 
 inches long. 
 
 5. C. divaricatus, !Nutt. Grayish, usually spinose; leaves small, not tomentosa 
 beneath; flowers light blue or white, in nearly simple often elongated racemes, 1 to 4 
 inches long; fruit resinous. 
 
 G. C. incarms, Torr & Gr. Spinose; leaves hoary beneath with a very minuta 
 tomentum, cuneate to cordate at base; flowers in short racemes, white; fruit resinously 
 warty. A straggling shrub along creeks. 
 
 2. Leaves pinnately veined. 
 
 7. C. papillosus, Torr. & Gr. More or less hispidly villous or tomentosc, 4 to 6 
 ft. high; leaves glandular-serrulate, and the upper surface glandular-papillose, narrowly 
 oblong, 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles; flowers blue, in close clusters or short 
 racemes, terminating slender naked peduncles; fruit not resinous. 
 
 3. Leaves small, often opposite, very thick, with numerous straight lateral veins; stipule* 
 mostly large and warty; flowers in sessile or shortly peduncled axillary clusters; fruit 
 larger, ivith 3 horn-like or warty prominences below the summit. 
 
 8. C. crassifolius, Torr. Erect 4 to 12 ft. high, the young branches white with a 
 villous tomentum; leaves somewhat spinosely-toothed or rarely entire and revolutely 
 margined; flowers light blue or white, in. dense clusters. 
 
SAPINDACEJE. (BUCKEYE FAMILY.) 37 
 
 9. C. cuneatus, Nutt. Similar to the last, but less tomentose; leaves cuneate- 
 obovate or oblong, retuse above, on slender petioles; flowers in looser clusters. 
 
 10. C. rigidus, Nutt. Erect, 5 ft. high, the branchlets tomentose; leaves 2 to 5 
 lines long, cuneate-oblong or broadly obovate, few toothed above, very shortly petioled; 
 flowers bright blue. 
 
 ORDER VITACE-SJ has but one representative; the well-known California wild grape, 
 Vitis Calif ornica, Benth., which is common on the woody banks of streams. 
 
 OKDER 19. SAPINDACE^E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, mostly with compound or lobed leaves, with unsymmetrical or irregular 
 flowers; the order best characterized under its suborders. 
 Under the order proper belongs 
 
 1. .23SCULUS, L. BUCKEYE. 
 
 Leaves opposite, palmately 4-7-foliolate. Calyx tubular, unequally 5-toothed. Petals 
 4 or 5, unequal, with claws. Stamens 5 to 7, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 
 3-celled; style long. Fruit a large leathery 3-valved pod. 
 
 1. 2B. Californica, Nutt. Leaflets, usually 5, smooth, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 obtuse at base, slenderly petiolulate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long; flowers in a close 
 finely pubescent thyrse which is 6 to 12 inches long; calyx 2-lobed, the lobes scarcely 
 toothed; petals white or pale rose, half an inch long or more; stamens 5 to 7; anthers 
 orange colored. Fruit pear-shaped, 1J to 2 inches long, containing, usually, one seed. 
 
 SUB-ORDER. ACERINE-SJ. 
 
 Flowers polygamous or dioecious, regular, often apetalous. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, 
 each 1 -seeded cell producing a wing. Leaves opposite without stipules. 
 
 2. ACER, Tourn. MAPLE. 
 
 Leaves palmately lobed. Calyx colored. Petals, usually 5. Stamens 3 to 12 inserted 
 with the petals on a lobed disk. Styles 2. Fruit divaricately 2-winged. 
 
 1. A. macrophyllum, Pursh. (LARGE-LEAFED MAPLE.) A tree 2 or 3 feet in 
 diameter; leaves 6 to 10 inches in diameter, deeply 3-5-cleft; flowers fragrant, yellow, 
 in crowded pendulous racemes; fruit densely hairy; the smooth wings 1^ inches long. 
 
 2. A. circinatum, Pursh. (VINE-MAPLE.) A shrub or small tree; leaves 3 to 5 
 inches broad, 7-9-lobed, lobes sharply serrate; flowers in corymbs loosely 10-20-flowered, 
 on slender 2-leaved branchlets; sepals red or purple, exceeding the greenish petals; fruit 
 smooth. 
 
38 
 
 LEGUMINOS^:. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 3. NEGUNDO, Mcench. BOX-ELDER. 
 
 Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petals and disk none. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 
 and fruit as in Acer. Trees; leaves pinnate; sterile flowers on clustered capillary pedi- 
 cels, the fertile in drooping racemes. 
 
 1. N. Californicum, Torr. & Gr. Usually a small tree; leaves 3-foliolate, villous; 
 leaflets ovate or oblong, acute, 3 or 4 inches long, the terminal largest and 3-5-lobed or 
 coarsely serrate, -the lateral ones coarsely serrate; fruit pubescent; wings slightly 
 spreading. 
 
 In the figure a represents the fruit of Acer ma- 
 ll crophyllum, b the wider spreading samara of Acer 
 circinatum, and c the closer wings of Neyundo 
 Californicum. The first has hairy carpels; the 
 second is smooth, and the last slightly hairy. 
 
 ORDER ANACARDIACE-Sl is represented 
 by the well-known Poison Oak or fihus dive.rsiloba, 
 a slender, sometimes climbing, shrub, resembling 
 the eastern lihus toxicodendron, which is also often 
 called Poison Oak, but is more commonly known 
 as Poison Ivy. The eastern Sumac belongs to the 
 same genus. There are three other species of 
 Rlius in the State. The Pepper tree (Schinus 
 molle), so commonly cultivated as an ornamental 
 shade tree, belongs to this order. 
 
 ORDER 20. LEGUMINOSJE. 
 
 The single and simple free pistil becoming a legume in fruit, the alternate leaves with 
 stipules, and in our genera, the papillionaceous corolla with 10 stamens, mark this order, 
 one of the largest and most important in the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 Flowers irregular. Calyx 3-5-cleft or toothed, persistent. Corolla of 5 petals, the 
 tipper larger and always external, covering the lateral pair in the bud, and these cover- 
 ing the lower pair, which are more or less united, forming a keel which encloses the 
 stamens and pistil. Filaments 10, rarely 5, commonly united around the pistil, either 
 all united or nine and the upper one free. Ovary forming a pod with a single row of 
 seeds attached to one side; style usually inflexed or curved. In Cercts the upper petal is 
 small and enclosed by the wings. In AmorpJia, there is but one petal. 
 
 Suborder Ccesalpmeae is marked by the upper petal enclosed, and distinct stamens. 
 
 Suborder Mimoseae has regular flowers and usually many conspicuous stamens. 
 
LEGUMINOS.E. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 38a 
 
 Fig. A. On the left is Ilosaclda. sub' 
 pinnata, showing a full grown pod 
 and a flower as seen from above. Oa 
 the right is a pod and flowers of 
 Hosackia Purshiana. At a is a single 
 flower with its bract as seen from the 
 front. The lower leaves and bracts 
 are larger. 
 
 Fig. B. A head of Trifolium fuca- 
 
 A turn, with all but three of the flowers 
 
 removed, showing the common receptacle and the involucre. 
 
 Fig. C. An axillary spike of Astragalus didymocarpus, with ripe fruit. Below is 
 one of the pods magnified. 
 
 This order is remarkable for the number of useful and beautiful plants 
 which belong to it. Pease, beans, lentils, peanuts, clover, alfalfa, etc., 
 furnish food for man and domestic animals. Tropical plants of this 
 order supply, among others, the following articles of commerce: Gum 
 arabic, gum Senegal, gum copal, dragon's-blood, indigo, logwood, brazil- 
 wood, rosewood, tamarind. Many species have medical value, as senna, 
 catchu, copaiba, etc. 
 
 There are over 6,000 species of leguminous plants, mostly tropical. 
 About 350 species are natives of the United States, more than half of 
 which are found in California. Only 4 or 5 species are common to this 
 coast and the Atlantic States, and these have forms peculiar to each, 
 coast. Our 180 species are grouped under 14 genera, while the 150 species 
 of the East (i. e., the Mississippi States and eastward to the Atlantic), 
 represent 50 genera. There are about 40 species of lupine, and the same 
 number belonging to the genus Astragalus, growing within the limits of 
 this State. Only two kinds of the former and 4 of the latter grow east 
 of the Mississippi. The latter is the largest American genus of the 
 
38b LEGUMINOS^. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 Fig. A. At a is seen a single flower of Lupinus Dou~ 
 glasii; b, the same with the upper and Bide petals re- 
 moved, showing the united pair of long-clawed, lower 
 petals and the base of the stamineal tube. 
 
 Fig. B. a. The same flower with all the petals re- 
 moved, showing the united stamens, 5 of which have 
 shed the pollen and crinkled down. 6. The btameus as 
 they appear in abud. The shorter stamens of the bud 
 become the longer stamens of the flower, c. Anther of 
 a long stamen in a magnified, d. Anther of a long 
 stamen in & (short in a) magnified. 
 
 order, the species within the United States numbering about 150, nearly all of which 
 belong west of the Rocky Mountains. We have about 25 kinds of clover; only 3 or 4 
 species are natives of the East. Hosackia, numbering 28 species in our whole country, 
 25 of which grow here, is not represented in the East at all. On the other hand, the 
 large genus Desmodium, numbering in the East 19 species, has no representative west of 
 the Rocky Mountains. Pickeringia is probably not found beyond the boundary of Cali- 
 fornia. The great Australian genus Acacia, numbering there nearly 300 species, is 
 represented in Southern California by a small tree (A. Gregtjii), and in the East by an 
 herb. Possibly 30 species are cultivated for shade trees. Honey Mesquit, or Algaroba 
 (Prosopis julijlora] and Screw-pod Mesquit, or Tornilla (P. pubescens), are small trees of 
 Southern California. Prosopis and Acacia belong to the Suborder Mimoseas. All the 
 plants here described (except Cercis) belong to the Suborder Papilionacea3, which is dis- 
 tinguished by flowers, like those of the pea, as before described. 
 
 Cercis, which, by mistake, is not described in the proper place, belongs to the Sub- 
 order Caesalpineee, in which the side petals enclose the upper one and the stamens are free. 
 
 1. Stamens distinct. 
 
 Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Herbs; yellow flowers Thermopsis. 1 
 
 Shrub; purple flowers Fickerinsia. 2 
 
 Leaves unequally pinnate; shrubby; 1 petal Amorpha. 9 
 
 2. Stamens all united into a sheath. 
 
 Anthers of two forms; leaves digitate, more than three leaflets Lupimis. 3 
 
 Anthers all alike; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate Psoralea. 8 
 
 3. Stamens diadelphous (2 sets, 9 and 1). 
 * Leaves 3-foliolate; pods small. 
 
 Flowers capitate. Corolla persistent Trifolium. 4 
 
 Flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. Pod globular, wrinkled Melilotus. 5 
 
 Flowers in axillary spikes. Pod one-seeded Psoralea. 8 
 
 Pod spirally coiled or reniform Medicago. 6 
 
(PEA FAMILY.) 39 
 
 * * Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets entire; no tendril. 
 
 Flowers umbellate or solitary, axillary Hosackia. 7 
 
 Flowers white or pinkish. Pod short, prickly Glycyrrhiza. 10 
 
 Pods mostly inflated or nearly 2-celled Astragalus. 11 
 
 * * * Leaves terminated by a tendril or bristle or an imperfect leaflet. 
 
 Style filiform, hairy around the apex Vicia. 12 
 
 Style flattened dorsally toward the apex, hairy on the inner side, usually 
 
 twisted half round Lathyrus. 13 
 
 1. THERMOPSIS, R. Br. 
 
 Calyx companulate, cleft to the middle. Standard roundish, shorter than the oblong 
 wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, its petals somewhat united, equalling the 
 wings. Perennial herbs with the aspect of Lupine; leaflets entire; stipules foliaceous; 
 flowers large in long terminal racemes, with persistent bracts. 
 
 1. T. Califoruica, Wat. Woolly -tomentose; stipules lanceolate; leaflets obovate to 
 oblanceolate, an inch or two long; bracts ovate; pod hairy. 
 
 2. PICKERINGIA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, turbinate at the base, repandly 4-toothed. Petals equal; standard 
 orbicular, the sides reflexed; wings oblong; keel petals oblong, distinct, straight, obtuse. 
 A low stout much branched spinose shrub; leaves evergreen, small, nearly sessile, 
 1-3-foliolate, without stipules; flowers large, solitary, axillary, nearly sessile. 
 
 1. P. montana, Nutt. Spreading, densely branched, 4 to 7ft. high, silky-tomentose 
 or smooth; leaflets 3 to 9 lines long; flowers from light cinnamon-red to purple, 7 to 9 
 lines long; stamens persistent. 
 
 3. LTJFINUS, L. LUPINE. 
 
 Calyx deeply bilabiate, bibracteolate. Standard broad, the sides reflexed; wings united 
 at the ends, enclosing the incurved beaked keel. Stipules adnate to the petioles; leaflets 
 entire. Flowers in terminal racemes, verticillate or scattered, bracteate. 
 
 A large and difficult genus. 
 
 * Annuals. 
 
 Ovules 2; bracts persistent; flowers in whorls; leaves long petioled, approximate; stout. 
 
 Long-villous; flowers mostly purple L. microcarpus. 15 
 
 Smoother; flowers yellow to white L. densiflorus. 16 
 
 Ovules several; bracts deciduous; flowers in whorls; petioles 1 to 3 times the length of 
 the leaflets. 
 Puberulent; leaflets broad, smoother above; bracts short L. aGnis. 8 
 
40 LEGtrMiNos^:. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 Villous; leaflets narrow, both sides pubescent. 
 
 Bracts elongated; flowers rather large L. nanus. 9 
 
 Bracts short; flowers small, narrow L. micranthus. 10 
 
 Ovules several; bracts somewhat persistent; flowera scattered; petioles 1 to 4 times 
 the length of the leaflets. 
 
 Slender; leaflets smooth above; bracts long. L. leptophyllus. 11 
 
 Slender; leaflets linear; bracts short L. sparsiflorus. 12 
 
 Stout; leaflets truncate; bracts short L. truncatus. 13 
 
 Stouter; leaflets broad; bracts short; very hispid L. hirsutissimus. 14 
 
 * * Perennials; herbaceous, tall; flowers large; ovules 8 to 12. 
 
 Stout; long petioles; leaflets 10 to 16, very large L. polyphyllus. 4 
 
 Stout; short petioles; leaflets 7 to 10, large L. rivularis. 5 
 
 Slender, decumbent; short petioles; leaflets small L. littoralJs. 6 
 
 Stoutish, erect; short petioles; keel narrow, falcate L. albicaulis. 7 
 
 * Perennials; shrubby, leafy, silky -pubescent. 
 
 Leaflets narrowly lanceolate; flowers yellow L. arborens. 1 
 
 Densely silky -pubescent; flowers blue to white L. Chamissoiiis. 2 
 
 Pubescence short, tomentose; shrubby at the base L. Douglasii. 3 
 
 1. L. arboreus, Sims. Often 4 to 8 ft. high; sulphur-yellow, fragrant flowers, ver- 
 ticillate in a loose raceme; pods large, pubescent, 10-12-seeded. 
 
 2. L. Chaniissonis. Esch. Less shrubby, 1 to 4 ft. high; leaflets 7 to 9, cuneate 
 obovate, a half to an inch long, very silky on both sides; bracts lanceolate, shorter than 
 the calyx; flowers sub-verticillate, blue, violet, rarely white. A variety about San 
 Francisco with long bracts. 
 
 3. L. Douglasii, Agardh. Slightly woody at base; pubescence short, tomentose or 
 silky; leaflets 7 to 9, oblanceolate to cuneate-oblong, 1 to 1^ inches long, pubescent on 
 both sides; bracts linear-setaceous, exceeding the calyx; flowers, blue or purple; calyx 
 with long setaceous bractlets. 
 
 4. L. polyphyllus, Lindl. Stout, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous; stipules 
 large, triangular to subulate; leaves distant, long petioled; leaflets 2 to 6 inches long; 
 racemes a foot or two long; flowers mostly scattered on long pedicels, blue, purple or 
 white; bracts oblanceolate, equaling or shorter than the calyx; keel naked. 
 
 5. L. rivularis, Dougl. Stout, erect, 2 to C. ft. high, nearly smooth; stipules subu- 
 late or setaceous; leaflets 7 to 10, about equaling the petioles, ^ to 5 inches long; raceme 
 often 1 tc 2 ft. long; bracts setaceous, exceeding the calyx; flowers purple or rarely 
 white; keel slightly ciliate. 
 
 6. L. littoralis, Dougl. Stems slender decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 ft. long; 
 leaflets a half to an inch long, at least half as long as the petioles; flowers blue or violet, 
 with some yellow, in short racemes; keel ciliate; calyx large, with small bractlets. 
 
LE&UMINOSJE. (PEA FAMILY.) 41 
 
 7. albicaulis, Dougl. Distinguished by its flowers; which are light-blue to white, 
 the standard strongly reflexed, the margins cohering near the apex, naked, acute; the 
 narrow keel very strongly falcate. 
 
 8. L. affinis, Agardh. Stem a foot high; leaflets broadly wedge-obovate, emargin- 
 ate or obtuse, an inch long or more; the petioles twice longer; petals 5 lines long; the 
 keel usually naked; bracts short. 
 
 9. L. nanus, Dougl. Slender stem 6 inches to a foot high, villous, often branching 
 from the base; leaflets linear to oblanceolate, half to an inch long, the petioles 1 to 3 
 times longer; bracts exceeding the calyx; petals very broad, 5 to 6 lines long, bluish- 
 purple, or at first nearly white; the standard shorter and usually marked with purple 
 lines. 
 
 10. L. micrantlius, Dougl. Similar to the last, but the flowers smaller, in usually 
 shorter more dense racemes; bracts shorter than the calyx; petals 2 to 3 lines long, 
 narrow. 
 
 Var. microphyllus, Wat. The lower and more hirsute form, with leaflets but 3 to 
 G lines long. 
 
 Var. bicolor, "Wat. Flowers larger, more like L. Nanus. 
 
 Var. trifidus, Wat. Very hairy; lower lip of the calyx 3-parted. 
 
 11. L. leptophyllus, Benth. Barely branched, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous; leaflets 
 narrowly linear on slender petioles; smooth above; bracts setaceous, much exceeding tho 
 calyx; petals 5 or 6 lines long, bluish-lilac, with a deep crimson spot upon the standard. 
 
 12. L. sparsiflorus, Benth. Very slender, sparingly branched, 1 to 1 ft. high, vil- 
 lous, with spreading hairs; upper leaves very small; leaflets 5 to 9, linear, to 1 inch 
 long; petals violet, 5 lines long, the standard shorter; pod half an inch long. 
 
 13. L. truncatus, Nutt. Stout, branched, 1 to 2ft. high; leaflets linear, narrowed 
 from the truncate or somewhat 3-toothed apex to the base, smooth above, f to 1^ inches 
 long, nearly equaling the petiole; petals deep-purple, 4 or 5 lines long, the standard 
 shorter; pod about an inch long. 
 
 Here belongs L. STIVEBI, Kellogg. A beautiful species of the Sierra Nevada, with yellow standard 
 and rose- colored wings. 
 
 14. L. hirsutissimus, Benth. A foot high or more, very hispid, with spreading 
 straight and viscid stinging hairs; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate, obtuse or retuse, 
 rarely acute, mucronulate; flowers in loose racemes, reddish-purple, large. 
 
 15. L. microcarpus, Sims. Villous, with long ffairs, 6 to 18 inches high; leaves 
 approximate on long petioles; leaflets usually 9, cuneate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 
 smooth above, 1 to 2 inches long; calyx densely villous, large; petals purple to white, 
 C or 7 lines long; the hairy 1-2-seeded pods 8 lines long. 
 
 16. L. densiflorus, Benth. Much resembling the last; calyx smooth or finely 
 pubescent; petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely white or pink. 
 
 L. luteolus, Kellogg, may be found, distinguished by its more slender habit, smaller 
 and fewer leaflets, and bracts exceeding the calyx. 
 
42 LEGUMINOSJ2. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 4. TRIFOLIUM, L. CLOVER. 
 
 Calyx 5 cleft with nearly equal teeth, persistent. Corolla withering, persistent; winga 
 narrow, keel short obtuse. Stamens usually diadelphous. Style filiform. Pod small 
 and usually inclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent or dehiscent at the ventral 
 suture, 1 to 6-seeded. Herbs with leaves palmately 3 or rarely 5-7-foliolate; stipules 
 adnato to the petiole; flowers in capitate racemes, spikes or umbels, rarely few or solitary; 
 peduncles axillary or only apparently terminal. 
 
 All our species annual. 
 
 1. Heads not involucrate; ovules 2. 
 
 * Heads apparently terminal; floiuers sessile, not reflexed; calyx teeth plumose, filiform. 
 
 1. T. Macraei, Hook. & Arn. Somewhat villous, erect, 6 to 12 inches high; sti- 
 pules ovate to lanceolate; leaflets obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, 
 about half an inch long; flowers dark purple, 3 lines long, in dense ovate long peduncied 
 heads; calyx very villous; the straight teeth as long as the petals, often tinged A'ith 
 purple; pod 1 -seeded. 
 
 Var. dichotomum, Brew. A taller and stouter form, with larger flowers in heads 
 nearly an inch long; corolla more conspicuous, tipped with white. 
 
 * * Heads axillary, small; flowers on short pedicels, at length re/lexed; calyx teeth subu- 
 
 late; mostly smooth. 
 
 2. T. ciliatum, Nutt. Erect," often 1 to 2 ft. high; leaflets similar to the last; 
 corolla white or purplish, little exserted, 3 lines long; calyx tube campanulate; the 
 lanceolate teeth very acute, rigid, the scarious margin rigidly ciliate. 
 
 3. T. gracilentum, Torr. Gr. Erect, slender, a foot high or less; stipules lanceo- 
 late; leaflets cuneate oblong to ovate or obcordate, retuse, about half an inch long, 
 serrulate; flowers pale rose-color or purplish on pedicels a line long or less; calyx cam- 
 panulate, the subulate teeth nearly equaling the corolla. 
 
 4. bifidum, Gr. Exactly like the last, but the leaflets narrow, the sides sparingly 
 toothed or entire, and all deeply notched or cleft at the apex. 
 
 2. Heads subtended by an involucre; peduncles axillary; flowers sessile, not re/lexed. 
 
 * Involucre not membranaceous, deeply lobed, and the lobes laciniately and sharply toothed; 
 
 corolla not becoming inflated. 
 
 5. T. invohicratum, "\Villd. Smooth; stems ascending, often a span high or more; 
 leaflets mostly oblanceolate and acute at each end, a half to an inch long; flowers half an 
 inch long, in close heads, purple or rose-colored; the narrow calyx teeth all entire; ovules 
 mostly 5 or 6. 
 
 Var. heterodon, "Wat. Heads larger and leaflets broader; some of the calyx teeth 
 setaciously cleft. 
 
 6. tridentatum, Lindl. Smooth or glandular-puberulent, slender and usually erect, 
 
LEGUMINOS2E. (PEA FAMILY.) 4.3 
 
 a half to two feet high; leaflets linear to narrowly lanceolate, sharply serrate; heads 
 rather large, the flowers 6 to 8 lines long, purple, often tipped with white; calyx strongly 
 nerved; the rigid teeth usually shorter than the tube, abruptly narrowed into the spiuu- 
 lose apex, often with a stout tooth on each side; ovules usually 2. 
 
 Var. obtusiflorum, Wat. Stouter and often glandular-puberulent, with broader 
 leaflets and larger flowers; calyx teeth entire. 
 
 7. T. pauciflorum, Nutt. Smooth, very slender; stems ascending or decumbent; 
 leaflets obovate to oblanceolate or sometimes linear, half an inch long or less, serrulate; 
 heads few flowered; involucre small; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, not much exceeding the 
 calyx; deep purple to light rose-colored; calyx teeth subulate, entire; pod 2-seeded. 
 
 * * Involucre membranaceous, at least at the base, less deeply lobed; corolla not inflated. 
 
 8. T. microcephalum, Pursh. Villous, with soft hairs, slender, erect or decum- 
 bent; stems often a foot or two long; leaflets oblanceolate to obovate, usually retuse, 
 senr'ate; heads small, dense; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes acuminate 3-nerved, 
 entire ; calyx hairy, nearly equaling the white or light rose-colored corolla; ovules 2; 
 pod 1 -seeded. 
 
 9. T. microdon, Hook & Arn. Resembling the last; involucre broader, nearly 
 inclosing the head; its lobes about 3-toothed; calyx smooth. 
 
 * * * Standard becoming conspicuously inflated and inclosing the rest of the flower; invo- 
 lucre nearly obsolete in No. 22. 
 
 10. T. barbigerum, Torr. Somewhat pubescent; stems rather stout, decumbent 
 or ascending, a span high or less; stipules scarious; involucre as broad as the heads, 
 shortly lobed; calyx-tube short, membranaceous; its teeth setaciously awned, plumose, 
 the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla, sometimes 3-parted; pod 2-seeded. 
 
 Var. Andrewsii, Gr. A stout villous form, the heads sometimes an inch broad; 
 calyx teeth very long. 
 
 11. T. fucatum, Lindl. Smooth; stems stout and succulent, a foot or two high; 
 stipules large and scarious, usually very broad and entire; leaflets obovate, ^ to 1^ inches 
 long; heads large; involucre broad, deeply cleft; flowers often an inch long, pale rose- 
 colored or purplish; 2-G-seeded. 
 
 12. T. depauperatum, Desv. Smooth, low, slender; heads only 3-10-flowered; 
 involucre scarcely more than a scarious ring. 
 
 13. T. amplectans, Torr & Gr. Like the last; the involucre larger. Probably 
 only a variety. 
 
 5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. SWEET CLOVER. 
 
 Flowers as in Trifolium, except that the petals are free from the stamens and decidu- 
 ous. Pod 2-seeded. 
 
 1. M. parviflora. Desf. Annual, smooth, erect, often 2 or 3 ft. high; leaflets 
 
44: LEGUMINOSJS. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 mostly cuncate, oblong, obtuse, denticulate, an inch long or less; flowers yellow, a line 
 long, in slender axillary pedunculate racemes; pedicels a line long. 
 
 6. MEDICAGO, L. 
 
 Characters nearly as the last; style subulate; pod compressed, falcate, incurved or 
 Bpirally coiled. 
 
 1. M. sativa, L. (LUCERN-, ALFALFA.) Stems erect, 1 to 4ft. high; from a deep 
 perennial root, smooth; leaflets cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, toothed above; flowers 3 
 or 4 lines long, racemed; pods numerous, spirally twisted, veined, smooth. 
 
 2. M. denticulata, Willd. BUR-CLOVER. Annual, nearly smooth, prostrate or 
 ascending; leaflets cuneate-obovate or obcordate, toothed above; flowers small, yellow, 
 usually 3 to 8 in an axillary cluster; pods spiral, armed with a double row of hooked 
 prickles. 
 
 3. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent, procumbent; flowers very small, yellow, in short 
 spikes; pods smooth, reniform, 1-seeded. 
 
 7. HOSACKIA. Douglas. 
 
 Calyx teeth nearly equal, usually shorter than the tube. Petals free from the stamens, 
 nearly equal; standard ovate or roundish, the claw often remote from the others; winga 
 obovate or oblong; keel somewhat incurved. Style incurved. Pod linear, sessile, several- 
 seeded, partitioned between the seeds. Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent; leaves 
 
 pinnate, 2-many-foliolate; stipules minute and gland-like, rarely scarious or foliaceous; 
 flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels. 
 
 The flowers usually change to reddish or reddish-brown in drying. Matured pods are 
 necessary for the determination of species. 
 
 1. Pod shortly acute, linear and many-seeded, straight, smooth; seeds suborbicular; 
 
 flowers and fruit not refiexed; peduncles long; keel broad above mostly obtuse. 
 
 Stipules large, foliaceous; villous, viscid H. stipularis. 1 
 
 Stipules scarious; smooth. 
 
 Bract small or none; wings usually white H. bicolor. 2 
 
 Bract 1-3-foliolate, at the umbel; keel and wings purplish H. gracilis. 3 
 
 Stipules reduced to blackish glands. 
 
 Appressed-pubescent; tall, stout; pod long, smooth H. grandiflora. 4 
 
 Flowers very small, solitary H. parviflora. 5 
 
 2. Pod shortly acute, 3-7-seeded, straight; flowers small, mostly solitary; Jceel acute; 
 
 stipules gland-like; villous. 
 
 Blade of the standard cordate; leaflets 3 to 5; nearly smooth H, parviflora. 5 
 
LEGUMINOSJ3. (PEA FAMILY.) 45 
 
 Flowers pcduiicled; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; leaves nearly 
 
 sessile, 1-3-f oliolate H. Purshiana. 6 
 
 Flowers nearly sessile, not bracteate; corolla larger; leaves petioled, 3-5-f oliolate; low. 
 
 Calyx-teeth about equaling the tube, pod 5-seeded H. subpinnata. 7 
 
 Teeth much longer than the tube; pod 2-4-seeded H. brachycarpa. C 
 
 3. Pod long -attenuate upward, incurved, pubescent; stipules gland-like; leaflets 3 to 7; 
 seeds 1 or 2; peduncles short or none; flowers and fruit reflexed. 
 
 Somewhat woody; nearly smooth; stems angled; leaflets mostly 3, oblong to linear. 
 
 Umbels sessile; teeth narrow, erect .glabra. 9 
 
 Peduncles short or nearly wanting; teeth usually recurved H. cytisoides. 10 
 
 Peduncles shorter; teeth short and blunt H. juncea. 11 
 
 Very silky-pubescent or tomentose; stems herbaceous: pod pubescent, short; umbels 
 on short peduncles. 
 
 Very pubescent throughout; flowers 3 or 4 lines long H. tonientosa. 12 
 
 Less pubescent; stem smooth; flowers smaller H. Heermanni. 13 
 
 1. H. stipularis, Benth. Rather tall, stout, two feet high or more, glandular; leaf- 
 lets 15 to 21, obovate oblong, acute and inucronate, a half to an inch long; stipules large 
 ovate; often fragrant. 
 
 2. H. bicolor, Dougl. Smooth, erect and stout; leaflets 5 to 9, obovate or oblong, a 
 half to an inch long; stipules rather large; peduncles longer than the leaves, 3-7-flowered, 
 naked or sometimes with a small 1-3-foliolate bract at the summit; flowers nearly sessile 
 yellow, the wings often white; pod slender nearly 2 inches long. 
 
 3. H. gracilis, Benth. Much like the last; usually low and slender, the weak stems 
 a span high or more; umbel with a petioled 1-3-foliolate bract; flowers yellow, keel and 
 wings purplish. 
 
 4. H. grandiflora, Benth. Stout, 1 to 5 ft. high, more or less appressed silky- 
 pubescent; leaflets 5 to 7 on an elongated rachis, G to 9 lines long; peduncles elongated; 
 umbel 3-8-flowered, usually subtended by a single leaflet; flowers nearly sessile, G to 11 
 lines long, yellowish or greenish white, often tinged with purple, pod slender, smooth. 
 
 5. H. parviflora, Benth. Smooth or nearly so, stems slender, ascending, a span 
 high or less; leaflets 3 to 5, obovate and very small to narrowly oblong and G to 8 lines 
 long; bract 1-3-foliolate; flowers about 2 lines long, yellow. 
 
 H. Purshiana, Benth. Silky-villous, rarely smooth, often a foot high or more; 
 leaflets varying from ovato to lanceolate, 3 to 9 lines long; peduncles usually exceeding 
 the leaves; the solitary flowers 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 7. H. subpinnata, Torr. & Gr. Villous or smooth, decumbent, a span high or less, 
 leaflets half an inch long or less; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; pod linear oblong, about 
 5-seeded. 
 
4:6 LEGUMINOS2E. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 8. H. brachycarpa, Benth. Resembling the last; softly villous; pod vill 
 2-4-seeded. 
 
 9. H. glabra, Torr. Very nearly smooth; stems woody at base, 2 to 8 ft. long, 
 erect or decumbent; leaflets oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to lines long; umbels numerous, 
 Bessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; seeds 2. 
 
 10. H. cytisoides, Benth. Resembling the last; peduncles equaling or exceeding 
 the leaves, or sometimes very short, usually with a 1-3-foliolate bract at the top; calyx- 
 teeth attenuate, mostly recurved, 
 
 11. H. jtmcea, Benth. Somewhat shrubby, erect; leaflets obovate to oblong, 2 to 
 4 lines long; umbels on very short peduncles or sessile; flowers about 3 lines long; calyx 
 2 lines long or less; teeth short and blunt. 
 
 . 12. . H. tomentosa, Hook & Arn. Very pubescent, weak and flexuose, prostrate or 
 ascending, a foot or more long; leaflets 5 to 7, cuneate-oblong to obovate, acute, 3 to G 
 lines long; umbels on short bracteolate peduncles, or the uppermost sessile; flowers 3 or 4 
 lines long; alyx half as long or more, very villous. 
 
 13. H. Heermannii, Durand & Hilgard. Less pubescent, much branched and 
 spreading; leaflets smaller; flowers smaller. 
 
 8. PSORALEA, L. 
 
 Calyx lobes nearly equal, or the lower one longer; the two upper often connate. Keel 
 broad and obtuse above, united with the wings. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. 
 Pod ovate, indehiscent, 1 -seeded, thick, sessile. Perennial herbs punctate with dark 
 glandular dots. Leaves pinnately 3-foiiolate. Stipules free. 
 
 * Stems prostrate, creeping; leaves orbicular. 
 
 1. P. orbicularis, Lindl. Petioles 6 to 12 inches long; the leaflets 2 to 4 inches 
 across, slightly cuneate at the base; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, bearing 
 a close villous spike of large flowers; the lower tooth of the calyx much the longest and 
 about equaling the purplish corolla; stamens diadelphous. 
 
 * * Stems erect. 
 
 2. P. strobilina, Hook & Arn. Two or three feet high; petioles 3 or 4 inches 
 long; leaflets rombic ovate, softly pubescent beneath, about 2 inches long; stipules large, 
 membranaceous; flowers in short oblong spikes, smaller than the last; stamens monadel- 
 phous. 
 
 3. P. macrostachya, DC. .Three to even twelve feet high; leaflets ovate-lance- 
 olate, an inch or two long or more; peduncles much exceeding the leaves; spikes cylin- 
 drical, silky villous, the hairs often blackish; the lower tooth of the calyx but little tno 
 longest, scarcely eqiialing the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free. 
 
 4. P. pliysod.es, Dougl. A foot or two high, nearly smooth, slender; leaflets 
 
LEGUMIXOSJ3. (PEA FAMILY.) 47 
 
 ovate, mostly acute, about an inch long ; the white or purplish flowers in short, closo 
 racemes; calyx at length inflated; stamens monadelphous. 
 
 9. AMORPHA, L. 
 
 Calyx obconical, nearly equally 5-toothed; wings and keel wanting; the standard erect, 
 folded together. Stamens slightly united at the base, exserted. Pod 1-2-seeded. Shrubs, 
 glandular-punctate; the unequally pinnate leaves with the leaflets stipellate; flowers 
 purple or violet in dense clustered terminal spikes. 
 
 1. A. Californica, Nutt. Three to eight feet high, puberulent; leaflets 5 to 7 
 pairs, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronulate, an inch long; spikes 1 to 6 inches long. 
 
 10. GLYCYRRHIZA, L. LIQUORICE. 
 
 Flowers nearly as in Astragalus. Erect perennial herbs, glandular viscid; leaves une- 
 qually pinnate; stipules deciduous; flowers in dense axillary pedunculate spikes; root 
 large and sweet. 
 
 1. G. lepidota, Nutt., var. glutinosa,Wat. Two or three feet high; flowers yellow- 
 ish white or pinkish; the short peduncles covered with stout viscid hairs. Bare; on 
 water courses. 
 
 ^.jjl. ASTRAGALUS, Tourn. RATTLE-WEED. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla and its slender clawed petals usually narrow; keel obtuse. 
 Stamens diadelphous. Legume very various, commonly turgid or inflated, one or both 
 sutures usually projecting inward, frequently so much as to divide the cell into two. 
 Seeds few or many on slender stalks, generally small for the size of the pod. Herbs, or 
 a few woody at the base; with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers, chiefly in 
 simple spikes or racemes from the axils. 
 
 A vast genus of five or six hundred species; about fifty on the Pacific coast. The fruit 
 is needed for the determination of the species. 
 
 * Root annual; pod not inflated, 2-celled. 
 
 Pod wrinkled, 2-lobed, 2-seeded A. didymocarpus. 1 
 
 Pod not wrinkled, several-seeded A. tener. 2 
 
 * * Hoot perennial; pod bladdery-inflated, 1-celled. 
 
 Stipe a little exceeding the calyx; pod with pointed ends A. oxyphysus. 3 
 
 Stipe much exceeding the calyx; pod obtuse, one-sided A. leucophyllus. 4 
 
 Stipe, none; pod large and very bladdery, many seeded; leaflets mostly in many pairs; 
 spike or raceme many flowered. 
 
 Stipules distinct; pod rather firm walled A. Crotalariae. 5 
 
 Stipules united; pod thin A. Menziesii. G 
 
 Stipules membraiiaceous; corolla yellowish A. Douglasii. 7 
 
48 LEGUMINOS.E. (PEA FAMILY.) 
 
 1. A. didyino carpus, Hook. & Arn. Slender from 3 inches to a foot high; leaflets 
 9 to 15, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less cuneate, deeply notched at the apex; 
 small flowers white and violet; pod not over two lines long, short oval and deeply 2-lobed 
 lengthwise. 
 
 2. A. tener. Gr. A span or so in Light; leaflets similar to the last, not so deeply 
 notched or entire; pod about half an inch long, 5-10-seeded; corolla 4 or 5 lines long, 
 bright violet to pale and violet-tipped. 
 
 3. A. oxyphysus, Gr. Canescent with very soft silky pubescence; stem erect, 2 
 to 3 ft. high; leaflets oblong an inch or less in length; peduncles much exceeding the 
 leaves; corolla greenish-white 8 lines long; bladdery pod acuminate and tapering into the 
 recurved stipe which a little exceeds the calyx. 
 
 4. A. Isucophyllus, Torr. & Gr. Less canescent than the last; flowers about half 
 an inch long; corolla yellowish-white; the thin pod unequal-sided, an inch and a half 
 long on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length. 
 
 5. A. CrotalariaD, Gr., var. virgatus, Gr. Smooth or the young parts villous; sterna 
 2 or 3 ft. high, stout; stipules scarious, triangular or subulate, distinct; peduncles elon- 
 gated; racemes virgate and loose, 4 to 10 inches long; the white flowers soon deflexed. 
 
 C. A. Menziesii, Gr. Villous with whitish hairs or soon green and almost smooth; 
 stems sometimes decumbent, 1 to 4 ft. high; the lower stipules united opposite the leaf; 
 inflorescence similar to the last but more dense; pod larger (an inch and a half or more 
 long) and more bladdery. 
 
 7. A. Douglasii, Gr. Cinereous-puberulent, almost smooth in age, stems ascend- 
 ing, a foot or so in height; leaflets in numerous pairs; linear or linear-oblong, 4 to 9 lines 
 long; spike, half to an inch long; 10-20-flowered; pod gibbous-ovoid, 1 J to 2 inches long. 
 
 /* 
 
 &J VICIA, Tourn. VETCH. TARE. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed or cleft, usually unequally. Wings adherent to the middle of the 
 short keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style filiform, inflexed, the apex sur- 
 rounded by hairs or hairy upon the back. Pod flat 2-valved, shortly stipitate. Herbs, 
 with angular stems climbing by branched tendrils terminating the pinnate leaves; leaflets 
 entire or toothed at the apex; stipules semi-sagittate; flowers solitary or in loose axillary 
 racemes. 
 
 * Perennials; flowers in pedunculate, racemes. 
 
 1. V. gigantea, Hook. Stout and tall, climbing several feet high; leaflets 10 to 15 
 pairs, oblong, obtuse, mucronate, an inch or two long; stipules large; peduncles 
 5-18-flowered; corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale purple; pod broadly oblong, \\ inches long 
 or more, smooth 3-4-seeded. 
 
 The seeds are large and edible; blackens in drying. 
 
 2. V. Americana, MuLL Usually rather stout, 1 to 4 ft. high, smooth : leaflets 4 
 to 8 pairs, variable, linear to ovate-oblong, truncate to acute, \ to 2 inches long; pedun- 
 
ROSACEJE. (ROSE FAMILY.) 49 
 
 clea 4-S-flowered; flowers purplish, G to 9 lines long; style very villous at the top; pods 
 an inch long or more, 3-G-seeded. 
 
 Var. truncata, Brewer. Somewhat pubescent; leaflets truncate and often 3-5-toothed 
 at the apex. 
 
 Var. linearis, Watson. Leaves all linear. Only the varieties are likely to be found. 
 
 * * Slender annuals; flowers mostly solitary. 
 
 3. V. ezigua, Nutt. A span to two feet high, somewhat pubescent; leaflets about 
 4 pairs, linear, acute, a half to an inch long; peduncles usually short, rarely 2-flowered; 
 flowers 3 lines long, purplish; pod about G-seeded. 
 
 4. V. sativa, L. Rather stout, somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, obovate- 
 oblong to linear, retuse, long-mucronate; flowers nearly sessile, an inch long, violet- 
 purple. The common tare of Europe. Introduced. 
 
 ft 
 
 12. LATHYRUS, L. 
 
 Style dorsally flattened toward the top, and usually twisted, hairy on the inner side. 
 Peduncles usually equaling or exceeding the leaves and several flowered. 
 
 * Rachis of the leaves tendril bearing; pod sessile; racemes several flowered. 
 
 1. L. venosus, MuhL, var. Calif ornicus, Watson. Very stout, several feet high; 
 Btems often strongly winged; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute; flowers nearly or quite an inch 
 long, purple; pod about 2 inches long. 
 
 2. L. vestitus, Nutt. Slender, a foot to G or 10 feet high; stems not winged; 
 stipules narrow, often small; flowers pale rose-color or violet, usually 7 to 10 lines long; 
 ovary pubescent. 
 
 3. L. palustris, L. Slender, a foot or two high; stem often winged; leaflets nar- 
 rowly oblong to linear, acute, an inch or two long; flowers purplish, half an inch long. 
 
 Var. myrtifolius, Gr. Stipules broader; leaflets ovate to oblong, shorter. 
 
 * Rachis of the leaves not tendril bearing, or rarely so; pod shortly stipulate, peduncles 
 
 lon<j; %-6-flowered. 
 
 4. L. littoralis, Endl. Densely silky- villous throughout; stems numerous, from 
 creeping root-stocks, stout, decumbent or ascending, ^ to 2 ft. high; leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, 
 with a small linear or oblong terminal one; calyx teeth nearly equal; standard bright 
 purple, G to 8 lines long, exceeding the paler wings and keel; pod villous, an inch long. 
 
 ORDER 21. ROSACE-ffi. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, usually evident stipules, mostly numer- 
 ous stamens borne on the calyx; distinct free pistils from one to many, or in one sub- 
 
50 EOSACE2E. (HOSE FAMILY.) 
 
 order few and coherent with each other and adherent to the calyx forming a 2-scveral 
 celled inferior ovary. 
 Nearly all the cultivated fruits of the temperate zones belong to this order. 
 
 SUB-ORDER 1. AMYGDALE.S. 
 
 Carpels solitary, or rarely 5, becoming drupes, entirely free from the calyx, this or its 
 
 lobes deciduous. Trees or shrubs with bark and seeds tasting and smelling like those 
 
 of the peach or cherry. Stipules few, deciduous. 
 
 Flowers perfect; carpel solitary Primus. 1 
 
 Flowers not all perfect; carpels 5 Nuttallia. 2 
 
 SUB-ORDER 2. ROSACE-2S PROPER. 
 Carpels free from the persistent calyx becoming akenes, follicles or berries. 
 
 1. Carpels few, becoming follicles; calyx open. 
 
 Shrubs; follicles 2 to 8 ; flowers minute, in panicles Spiraea. 3 
 
 Shrubs; follicles 1 to 5; flowers larger, in corymbs Neiliia. 4 
 
 2. Carpels several or numerous, on a spongy receptacle, forming a compound 
 
 berry Rubus. 5 
 
 3. Carpels one or many, becoming dry aJcenes. 
 
 Shrubs; solitary, axillary apetalous flowers Cercocarpus. 6 
 
 Herbs; carpels many, on a fleshy receptacle Fragaria. 7 
 
 Herbs; carpels many, on a dry receptacle 
 
 Stamens 20 to 25 Potentilla. 8 
 
 Stamens 10 > Horkelia. 9 
 
 Shrub: heath-like, with subulate fascicled leaves Adenostoma. 10 
 
 4. Erect shrubs; showy Jlowers Rosa. 11 
 
 SUB-ORDER 3. POMEJE. 
 
 Carpels 2 to 5, inclosed in and mostly adnate to the fleshy calyx-tube, in fruit becoming 
 a berry-like pome. Trees or shrubs, with free stipules. 
 
 Stamens 10, in pairs; fruit red Heteromeles. 12 
 
 Stamens 20; fruit black Amelanchier. 13 
 
 1. PRUNUS, Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC. 
 Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15 to 25, inserted with the 
 
(ROSE FAMILY.) 51 
 
 petals. Ovary solitary, free, with two pendulous ovules; style terminal. Fruit a drupe, 
 with usually a long stone containing one seed. 
 Deciduous; flowers white. 
 
 Corymbose; appearing before or with the leaves P. emarginata. 1 
 
 Racemose; appearing after the leaves P. demissa. 2 
 
 Evergreen; leafless racemes axillary P. ilicifolia. 3 
 
 1. P. emarginata, Walp. Four to eight feet high, with bark like the ordinary 
 cherry tree, and chestnut- brown very slender branches; leaves oblong-obovate to obiau- 
 ceolate, obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole; corymb 6-12-flowered, shorter than the 
 leaves; flowers 4 to 6 lines broad; fruit globose, black; stone with a thick grooved ridge 
 Upon one side. 
 
 2. P. demissa. Walp. (WILD CHERRY.) Slender, 2 to 12 ft. high; leaves ovate to 
 oblong-ovate, abruptly acuminate, mostly rounded or somewhat cordate at the base; 
 racemes 3 or 4 inches long; fruit purplish-black or red, edible but astringent. 
 
 3. P. ilicifolia, Walp. (EVERGREEN CHERRY.) Much branched, 8 to 12 ft. high, 
 with grayish-brown bark; leaves thick and rigid, shining above, broadly ovate to ovate- 
 lanceolate, spinosely toothed; flowers small in racemes ^ to 2 inches long; fruit red or 
 dark purple, half an inch or more thick. 
 
 2. NUTTALLIA, Torr. & Gr. Oso BERRY. 
 
 Petals 5, broadly spatulate, erect. Stamens 15 in two rows, 10 inserted with the 
 petals, and 5 lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube, filaments very short, the 
 lower declined. Carpels 5, inserted on the persistent base of the calyx-tube, free, smooth. 
 
 1. N. cerasiformis, Torr. & Gr. A shrub 2 to 15 ft. high; leaves rather broadly 
 oblanceolate, short petioled; racemes of greenish white flowers, appearing with the 
 branchlets from the same bud; drupes blue-black; with a slight furrow on the inner side, 
 6 to 8 lines long, bitter. 
 
 3. SPIR-2BA, L. 
 
 Calyx persistent, 5-lobed. Petals 5, rounded, nearly sessile. Stamens 20 or more, 
 inserted with the petals. Carpels distinct and sessile, becoming several-seeded follicles. 
 
 1. S. discolor, Pursh. A diffuse shrub, 4 ft. high or more with grayish brown bark, 
 pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate at base or cuneate into a slender petiole, pin- 
 nately toothed or lobed, the lobes often dentate; panicle of dingy white flowers much 
 branched, tomentose. 
 
 Var. ariaefolia, Wat. Taller, 5 to 15 ft. high, leaves 2 or 3 inches long, panicle larger. 
 
 Yar. dumosa, Wat. Only 1 or 2 ft. high, leaves an inch long or less, cuneate into a 
 short margined petiole. 
 
 4. NEILLIA, Don. NINE-BARK. 
 Carpels 1 to 5, inflated and divergent; flowers large, white, in simple corymbs. 
 
52 ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 
 
 1. W. opulifolia, Benth. & Hook. A shrub 3 to 10 ft. high, with slender spreading 
 or recurved branches and ash-colored shreddy bark; leaves ovate to cordate, 3-lobed and 
 toothed, 1 to 3 inches long. 
 
 5. RUBUS, L. 
 
 Calyx persistent 5-lobed. Petals 5, conspicuous. Stamens numerous. Carpels numer- 
 ous, on a convex receptacle, becoming small globose 1 -seeded drupes, forming a com- 
 pound berry. Fruit edible. 
 
 1. Fruit ivith a bloom, separating from the receptacle when ripe. 
 
 Leaves simple, palmately lobed; stem soft, woody Nutkanus. 1 
 
 Leaves 3-foliolate, or on the flowering branches simple, rarely 5-foliolate; stems soft, 
 woody, prickly 
 
 Flowers large, red spectabilis. 2 
 
 Flowers white leucoderniis. 3 
 
 Stems herbaceous, trailing unarmed pedatus. 4 
 
 2. Fruit persistent, black and shining; stems prickly, flowers white ursinus. 5 
 
 1. R. Nutkanus, Moc. (THIMBLE-BERRY.) Stems erect, 3 to 8 ft. high; older bark 
 shreddy, no prickles; leaves 4 to 12 inches broad; flowers large white, rarely rose- col- 
 ored, an inch or more across; fruit red, large. 
 
 2. R. spectabilis, Pursh. (SALMON-BERRY. ) Stems 5 to 10 ft. high, similar to the 
 last, but armed with a few prickles. Distinguished by its large red flowers and cylin- 
 drical-ovoid yellow or purplish berries. 
 
 Var. Menaiesii, Wat. Densely tomentose and silky. 
 
 3. R. leucodermis, Dougl. (RASPBERRY.) Maybe known by its leaflets, white, 
 tomentose beneath, prickly stem, white flowers, and its yellowish red white-bloomed 
 fruit. 
 
 4. R. pedatus, Smith. Stems slender pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, an inch 
 or less in length; flowers white; the at length reflexed sepals exceeding the petals; berry 
 of only 3 to G large red pulpy drupelets. 
 
 5. R. ursinus, Cham. & Schl. (BLACKBERRY. ) Stems weak or trailing, 5 to 20 ft. 
 long; fruit oblong. 
 
 6. CERCOCARPUS, HBK. 
 
 Calyx narrow, tubular, the campanulate 5-lobed limb deciduous. Petals none. Sta- 
 mens in 2 or 3 rows on the limb of the calyx. Carpels solitary. Fruit a villous akene, 
 included in the enlarged calyx-tube, tailed with the elongated exserted plumose twisted 
 style. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees. C. ledifolius, Nutt. is the MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY of 
 the Sierra Nevada. The following is found in the Coast Range. 
 
ROSACES. (ROSE FAMILY.) 53 
 
 1. C. parvifolius, Nutt. A shrub 2 to 10 ft. high, or rarely a tree, branching from 
 a thick base. Tails of the fruit often 4 inches long. 
 
 7. FRAGARIA. Tourn. STRAWBERRY. 
 
 Calyx persistent; limb 5-toothed, with 5 alternate bractlets. Petals white, spreading. 
 Stamens in one row. Carpels numerous, smooth; styles lateral short. Receptacle much 
 enlarged in fruit, conical, scarlet, bearing the small akenes on its surface. 
 
 1. F. Chilensis, Ehrh. Densely villous, with silky hairs; leaflets thick, smooth 
 above; flowers often an inch broad; fruit ovate; akenes deeply pitted. 
 
 2. F. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat villous; leaves thin, veiny; fruit 
 Email; akenes not in pits. 
 
 8. FOTENTILLA, L. 
 
 Calyx as in Fragaria. Petals yellow, rarely white. Stamens 20 to 50, marginal in 1 
 to 3 rows. Carpels numerous. Akenes small, on a dry receptacle. 
 
 1. P. glandulosa, Lindl. Perennial, erect, a foot or more high; leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets 5 to 9, rounded, ovate, coarsely serrate; flowers cymose; calyx 4 to G lines long, 
 usually villous, with coarse hairs ; bractlets shorter than the lobes; petals not exceeding 
 the calyx; stamens 25 in one row. 
 
 2. P. Anserina, L. (SILVER- WEED.) White tomentose and silky -villous leaves, all 
 radical, often a foot long or more; leaflets 3 to 10 pairs, with smaller ones interposed, 
 oblong, sharply serrate, tomentose, at least beneath; flowers yellow, solitary, on scape- 
 like peduncles. 
 
 9. HORKELIA, Cham. & Schl. 
 
 Petals obovate to linear, often clawed, white or pink. Stamens 10, in two rows; fila- 
 ments more or less dilated; those opposite to the sepals broadest. Flowers cymose. 
 
 * Bractlets nearly as broad as the calyx-lobes. 
 
 1. H. Californica, Cham. & Schl. Glandular-pubescent; stems a foot high or 
 more; leaflets 5 to 10 pairs, 3 to 8 lines long; calyx about equaling the epatulate petals. 
 
 Var. sericea, Gr. Canescent throughout, with a dense, silky pubescence; leaf- 
 lets larger. 
 
 * * Bractlets much narrower than the calyx-lobes. 
 
 2. H. tenuiloba, Gr. Canescently villous, a foot high; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, deeply 
 incised, 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 3. H. Bolandcri, Gr. Densely hoary-pubescent, cespitose, the stems 3 or 4 inches 
 high, the numerous leaflets minute, with rounded lobes. 
 
 10. ADENOSTOMA, Hook & Arn. CIIAMISO. 
 Calyx persistent, 5-lobed; tube obconical, 10-ribbed; lobes membranaceous, broad. 
 
54 HOSACE2E. (HOSE FAMLY.) 
 
 Petals 5, orbicular, spreading. Stamens 10 to 15, usually 2 or 3 together between the 
 petals. Fruit a membranaceous akene, included in the indurated calyx-tube. Ever- 
 green shrubs, somewhat resinous; flowers small, white, in terminal, racemose panicles. 
 
 1. A. fasciculatum, Hook & Arn, A diffusely branching shrub, 2 to 20 ft. high, 
 with reddish virgate branches and grayish shreddy bark; leaves fascicled, linear subulate, 
 2 to 4 lines long, usually channeled on one side, smooth. 
 
 Alchemilla arveiisis, Scop. , belongs here. Its minute, greenish, apetalous flowers 
 are fascicled in the axils of the small leaves and inclosed by the cleft stipules. A small 
 under herb, growing on sandy hillsides. 
 
 Acaeiia trifida, E,. & Pav. Is another apetalous herb, with silky, villous leaves and 
 stem rising from a woody caudex; 3 to 15 inches high. The leaves are pinnate, the leaf- 
 lets pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments. The greenish flowers with purple stamens are 
 in a crowded terminal spike. Habitat similar to the last. 
 
 11. ROSA, Tourn. ROSE. 
 
 It is not necessary to here characterize this well-known genus. 
 
 1. R. California a, Cham. & Schl. Erect, 2 to 8 ft. high, sparingly armed with 
 usually recurved prickles, tomentose; leaflets 2 or 3 pairs; calyx lobes tomentose, often 
 glandular leafy; petals 6 to 9 lines long; fruit globose. 
 
 2. R. gymnocarpa, Nutt. Slender, 1 to 4 ft. high, armed with straight slender 
 prickles or unarmed, smooth; leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, glandular; flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 
 3, rarely an inch in diameter; calyx lobes at length deciduous; fruit small, ovate or pear- 
 shaped. 
 
 12. HETEROMELES, J. Rcemer. PHOTINIA. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens in pairs, opposite the calyx-teeth. 
 
 Fruit red, berry-like. An evergreen shrub or small tree, with coriaceous, simple, 
 
 eharply serrate leaves. Flowers white in terminal panicles. 
 
 1. H. arbutifolia, Hoem. Leaves dark green above, lighter beneath, narrowly to 
 oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, 2 to 4 inches long, on short petioles, slightly revo- 
 lute margins; fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter. 
 
 Pirus rivularis, Dougl., the Oregon Crab- Apple, may be found in Sonoma County. 
 
 13. AMELANCHIER, Med. SERVICE-BERRY. 
 
 Calyx-tube campanulate; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, ascending. 
 Stamens 20, short. Carpels 3 to 5 inferior, becoming membranaceous and partially 2- 
 celled; styles united below or distinct. Fruit berry like, globose. Shrubs or small 
 trees; leaves simple, serrate; flowers white, racemose; fruit purplish, edible. 
 
 1. A. alnifolia, Nutt. A shrub 3 to 8 ft. high; leaves broadly ovate, sometimes 
 cordate at the base, serrate only toward the summit, % to 
 
SAXIFBAGACKZE. (SAXIFEAGE FAMILY.) 55 
 
 ORDER CALYCANTHACE2EI, is represented by Calycanikus octidcntaUs, Hook. 
 & Arn., an erect shrub 6 to 12 ft. high, with opposite entire lanceolate leaves, 3 to 6 
 inches long and large solitary livid or purplish red flowers; sepals and petals numerous, 
 linear-spatulate. The common name of the Eastern species Sweet- Scented Shrub is 
 scarcely applicable to our species. 
 
 OEDEB 22. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, distinguished from Rosacece by albuminous seeds; usually 
 by definite stamens, not more than twice the number of the calyx-lobes; commonly by 
 the want of stipules; sometimes by the leaves being opposite; and in most by the partial 
 or complete union of the 2 to 5 carpels into a compound ovary. Seeds usually indefinite 
 or numerous. Petals and stamens on the calyx. Styles inclined to be distinct. Only 
 the Jlydrangiece have many stamens. 
 
 Tribe 1. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs, leaves mostly alternate and without distinct 
 stipules. Styles or tips of the carpels distinct. Fruit capsular or follicular. 
 
 * Ovary with 2 or rarely more cells, or of as many distinct carpels. 
 
 Stamens 10, rarely more Saxifraga. 1 
 
 Stamens 5 Boy kinia. 2 
 
 * * Ovary 1-celled. 
 
 Stamens 10, included Tellima. 3 
 
 Stamens 10, exserted Tiarella. 4 
 
 Stamens 5, and styles 2 Heuchera. 5 
 
 Tribe 2. HYDRANGI3ZEJ. Shrubs, leaves opposite, simple, no stipules. Fruit 
 
 capsular. 
 
 A tall shrub. Large white flowers Philadelphus. G 
 
 Low, scarcely shrubby. Small flowers Whipplea. 7 
 
 Tribe 3. GROSSULARIE-SJ. Shrubs, leaves alternate with stipules adnate to the 
 
 petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry. 
 Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary Ribes. 8 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA, L. SAXIFEAGE. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, free, or its tube coherent with the lower part of the ovary. Petals 5. 
 Fruit of 2 follicles, or a 2-lobed capsule. In our species stemless; flowers white. 
 
 1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Leaves thickish, oblong-ovate to spatulate-obovate, 
 coarsely toothed or almost entire, an inch or two long and the margined petiole often as 
 long; scape viscid pubescent, 4 to 12 inches high, at length -loosely many flowered in a 
 paniculate cyme; flowers, small white. 
 
 ?S3;t 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
56 SAXIFRAGACES. ( SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 2. S. integrifolia, Hooker. Larger; leaves shorter petioled; flowers in a thyrsiform 
 panicle; calyx lobes reflexed. 
 
 3. S. Mertensiana, Bong. Scape and leaves from a scaly granulate bulb; leaves 
 rounded and cordate on long naked petioles; crenately or incisely lobed, the lobes often 
 3-toothed at the end; 2 to 4 inches across; calyx free. 
 
 2. BOYKINIA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Petals 5, entire, closed. Stamens alternating 
 with the petals. Ovary and capsr.le 2-celled. Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks, 
 simple leafy stems; the leaves alternate, round-reniform, palmately lobed and incised or 
 toothed, the teeth with callous-glandular tips, and the petioles mostly with stipule-like 
 appendages at the base. 
 
 1. B. occidentalis, Torr. & Gr. Smoothish, or with some rusty hairs; a foot or 
 two high; leaves thin-membranaceous, 3-7-lobed; petals white, 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 3. TELLIMA, II. Br. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or turbinate, 5-lobed; the base coherent with the lower part of the 
 ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat or sinuses of the calyx, laciniate-pinnatifid, 
 3-7-lobed, or entire. Stamens 10, short. Ovary short, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal 
 placentae; styles 2 or 3, very short; stigmas capitate. Capsule conical, slightly 2-3- 
 beaked. Perennials, with round-cordate and toothed or palmately divided chiefly alter- 
 nate leaves, few on simple stems, their petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base, 
 and the flowers in a simple terminal raceme; petals white or pinkish. 
 
 Petals laciniate-pinnatifid T. grandiflora. 1 
 
 Petals entire, spatulate-obovate T. Cymbalaria. 2 
 
 Petals entire; pedicels very short T. Bolanderi. 3 
 
 Petals obtusely 3-lobed T. heterophylla. 4 
 
 Petals acutely 3-lobed , T. affinis. 5 
 
 1. T. grandiflora, Dougl. A foot or more high, from short stout tufted rootstocks, 
 hirsute or pubescent; leaves lobed, 2 to 4 inches in diameter; flowers dull-colored. 
 
 2. T. Cymbalaria, Gr. Stem or scape filiform, 4 to 12 inches high, bearing mostly 
 a pair of opposite 3-lobed or parted leaves; radical leaves somewhat 3-5-lobed, half an 
 inch across, flowers few and slender pediceled, white. 
 
 3. T. Bolanderi, Gr. Stems a foot or two high, 1^-leaved; radical and lower 
 leaves lobed, the upper 3-5-parted; petals rarely with a small tootli on each side, white. 
 
 4. T. heterophylla, Hook. & Arn. Stems slender, a foot or less in height 1-3- 
 leaved; leaves similar to the last, but smaller; flowers fewer and smaller, sometimes 
 flesh-colored. 
 
 5. T. affinis, Gr. Hougher-pubescent; stem and leaves similar to the last; calyx 
 densely rough glandular-pubescent; petals 4 or 5 lines long, white or flesh-colored. 
 
SAXIFEAGACE2E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 57 
 
 4. TIARELLA, L. 
 
 Distinguished by the minute, slender petals, long exserted stamens, and the very une- 
 qual horns of the 2-carpeled ovary. 
 
 1. T. unifoliata, Hook. Somewhat hairy; flowering stems 4 to 15 inches high, 1-3- 
 leaved; leaves thin, cordate, 3-5-lobed, crenate-toothed; flowers small, panicled. 
 
 5. HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT. 
 
 Calyx tube coherent with the lower half of the ovary. Petals small, entire, clawed. 
 Ovary more or less 2-beakedj the beaks tapering into either filiform long, or subulate 
 shorter styles. Herbs with small, dull-colored paniculate flowers. Scarious stipules 
 aclnate or distinct. Leaves round-cordate, obtusely lobed, crenate-toothed. 
 
 1. H. micrautha, Dougl. Scape, or few leaved flowering stems, a foot or two 
 high; leaves 2 to 4 inches in diameter; calyx acute at the base, lobes erect; styles 
 Blender. 
 
 2. H. pilosissima, Fisch. & Mey. Very villous-pubescent or hirsute, with viscid 
 hairs; calyx rounded or obtuse at the base, the broad, short lobes incurving, densely 
 hairy; styles short. 
 
 6. PHILADELPHTJS, L. MOCK ORANGE. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the ovary nearly or quite to the summit, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, 
 large, obovate or roundish. Stamens 20 to 40. Styles 3 to 5, united at the base or 
 nearly to the top. Shrubs with opposite leaves and showy white flowers. 
 
 1. P. Gordoaiaiius, LindL Six to twelve feet high; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 
 mostly coarsly-serrate, 2 to 4 inches long; flowers in loose clusters, which are leafy at the 
 base; petals frequently an inch long. 
 
 7. WHIFFLEA, Torr. 
 
 Calyx lobes thin, white or whitish. Petals ovate or oblong. Ovary 3 to 5-celled. 
 Styles distinct, subulate. Small, trailing or diffuse, ours half shrubby plants, with 
 opposite, short petioled, 3-ribbed leaves, no stipules and small white cymose-clustered 
 flowers; peduncles naked, terminal. 
 
 1. W. xnodesta, Torr. Leaves membranaceous, ovate or oval, obtusely few-toothed 
 or entire, an inch or less long. Flower 2 lines long, clusters close-flowered, fragrant. 
 
 8. RISES, L. 
 
 Calyx tube adnate to the globose ovary and extended beyond it, the limb commonly 
 petaloid. Petals erect, mostly smaller than the calyx-lobes. Stamens alternate with 
 the petals. Berry crowned by the withered remains of the flower. Shrubs with 
 alternate palmately lobed leaves. 
 
53 CRASSULACE.E. (STONE-CROP FAMILY.) 
 
 1. Thorny under the fascicles. GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Berry prickly R. Menziesii. 3, 
 
 Berry smooth R. divaricatum. 2 
 
 Berry dry; flowers large, bright-red R. speciosuni. 3 
 
 2. 'Thornless and priceless. CURRANTS. 
 
 Flowers rose-red to white . . . . R. sanguineum. 4 
 
 Flowers golden yellow R. aureum. 5 
 
 1. R. Menziesii, Pursh. Calyx about half an inch long, purplish red; its oblong 
 lobes spreading or recurved, longer than the funnelform tube, hardly longer than the 
 stamens which surpass the whitish, petals; berry thickly covered with prickles. 
 
 2. R. divaricatum, Dougl. Flowers one-third of an inch long; calyx livid-pur- 
 plish or greenish- white; its lobes about twice as long as the fan-shaped white petals, 
 these only one-third as long as the stamens and villous 2-cleft style. 
 
 3. R. speciosum, Pursh. Very tall; flowers 2 to 5 on a bristly-glandular peduncle, 
 drooping, fuchsia-like, almost an inch long and stamens as much longer. 
 
 4. R. sanguineum, Pursh. Racemes drooping, many flowered; calyx prolonged 
 beyond the ovary into a campanulate tube 2 or 3 lines long, about equaling the lobes. 
 Runs into indefinite varieties. 
 
 5. R. aureum, Pursh. Flowers golden yellow, spicy-fragrant, in 5-10-flowered, 
 leafy-bracted racemes. 
 
 ORDER 23. CRASSULACE.2E2. 
 
 Succulent or fleshy plants, with completely symmetrical as well as regular flowers. 
 
 Parts of the flower each 4 to 7; stamens twice as many. Petals distinct. . . . Sedum. 1 
 Petals somewhat united Cotyledon. 2 
 
 1. SEDTJM, L. STONE-CROP. 
 
 Sepals 4 or 5 united at the base. Carpels distinct or rarely connate at the base. 
 
 1. S. spathulifolium, Hook. Stems ascending from a branched rooting caudex, 4 
 to 6 inches high; leaves obovate or spatulate, flat, 6 to 10 lines long; flowers secund in 
 a forked cyme, nearly sessile, 3 lines long; petals yellow, lanceolate acute. 
 
 2. COTYLEDON, L. 
 
 Petals united into a 5-lobed pitcher-shaped or cylindrical corolla. Stamens 10, in- 
 serted on the corolla-tube. Carpels usually distinct. 
 
 1. C. farinosa, Benth. & Hook. Acaulescent, more or less mealy-pulverulent; 
 rosulate leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones 2 to 4 inches long; flowering 
 branches a span high with scattered broadly ovate to lanceolate clasping leaves. Flowers 
 yellow. 
 
ONAGRACE2E. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 59 
 
 2. C. casspitosa, Hawworth. Similar to the last; smooth glaucous-green; flowering 
 branches 6 to 12 inches high, with broadly triangular-ovate clasping leaves. The most 
 common species. 
 
 TILLsEA MINIMA, Miers., a small herb 1 to 3 inches high with clusters of minute -white flow- 
 ers iu the axils of the opposite leaves is a common under-herb in moist places; as is also T. an^w^i- 
 folia, Nutt., only an inch high with solitary flowers. 
 
 ORDER LYTHRACS.S3 is represented by Lytlirum alatum, Pursh., var. Unearifollum, 
 Gr. An herb a foot or two high with angled stemes and small deep purple C-petalcd 
 flowers solitary in the axils of the entire sessile leaves. 
 
 ORDER 24. ONAGRACEJE. 
 
 Herbs (snrubby exotics), with the parts of the flowers in fours, the calyx tube adnate 
 to the ovary, the petals borne on its throat, and the stamens as many or twice as many. 
 Style always single. 
 
 Aquatic stems creeping Jussicea. 1 
 
 Flowers scarlet, fuchsia-like Zauschneria. 2 
 
 Flowers small, purplish, leaves mostly opposite Epilobium. 3 
 
 Anthers attached near the center CEnothera. 4 
 
 Flowers purple, calyx lobes reflexed Godetia. 5 
 
 Petals clawed, calyx-tube short Clarkia. 6 
 
 Petals clawed, calyx-tube filiform Eucharidium. 7 
 
 Flowers purple in leafy spikes Boisduvalia. 
 
 Flowers minute, white, parts in twos Circeea. 9 
 
 1. JUSSL2EA, L. 
 
 The 4 to 6 herbaceous lobes of the calyx persistent. Petals as many, obovate, spread- 
 ing, yellow. Stamens twice as many. Capsule clavate. 
 
 1. J. repens, L., Var. Californica, Wat. Characterized sufficiently by its 
 creeping stems and its solitary axillary flowers nearly an inch in diameter. 
 
 2. ZAUSCHNERIA, Presl. 
 
 Tube of the calyx much prolonged beyond the linear ovary, colored, the 4-lobed 
 limb with 8 small deciduous scales, 4 erect and 4 deflexed. Stamens 8, exserted. 
 
 1. Z. Californica, Presl. The scarlet fuchsia-like flowers over an inch long cannot 
 be mistaken. 
 
 3. EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB. 
 
 The seeds tufted with silky hairs in linear 4-sided, 4-valved capsules best mark this 
 difficult genus. 
 
CO ONAGEACE2E. (EVENING PRIMROSE FA3HLY.) 
 
 4. CBNOTHERA, L. 
 
 Calyx tube more or less prolonged beyond the ovary; segments reflexed. Petals 4; in 
 our species yellow. Stamens 8, equal, or those opposite to the petals shorter. Style 
 filiform; stigma 4-lobed or capitate. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 * Acaulescent. Calyx-tube filiform above the under-ground ovary. 
 
 Leaves ovate to lanceolate CB. ovata. 1 
 
 Leaves linear CE. graciliflora. 2 
 
 * * Caulescent. Calyx-tube obconic; capsule sessile, linear. 
 
 Leaves thick; flowers small; capsule thick CB. cueirantaifolia. 3 
 
 Flowers large; petals with a spot at the base CB. bistorta. 4 
 
 Flowers small; capsule contorted CS. micrantha. 5 
 
 Slender, leafy annuals; leaves linear; flowers small; capsule narrowly linear. 
 
 Flowers rarely reddening CD. dentata. 6 
 
 Flowers usually reddening CS. stri^ulosa. 7 
 
 1. CB. ovata, Nutt. The radical leaves 4 to 6 inches long; calyx-tube scape-like, 
 1 to 4 inches long. y - 
 
 2. CB. graciliflora, Hook & Arn. Canescently villous; calyx-tube equaling the 
 leaves, 6 to 18 lines long; petals obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long, smaller than the last. 
 
 3. CB. cheirantliifolia, Horn. Canescently pubescent; stems decumbent or ascend- 
 ing, 2 ft. long or more; leaves oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, sometimes broadly ovate 
 or cordate, \ to 2^ inches long, mostly entire, the lower petioled, the upper often clasp- 
 ing; ovary and calyx villous; flowers 2 to 5 lines in diameter; capsule 4 to 8 lines long. 
 Near the sea on drifting sands. 
 
 4. CB. bistorta, Nutt. Less common than the last; distinguished by its petals, 4 
 to 6 lines long, usually with a brown spot. 
 
 5. CB. micrantha, Horn. A variable species distinguished from the last by its 
 flowers, only 2 to 4 lines in diameter, with the petals sometimes 3-lobed; and by the con- 
 torted slender capsules, 8 to 18 lines long. 
 
 G. CB. dentata, Cav. A span high or less; leaves linear, sessile, denticulate, G to 
 IS lines long; petals rounded, 2 to 4 lines long; capsule slender, attenuate, an inch long 
 or more. 
 
 7. CB. strigulosa, Torr. & Gr. Like the last; the capsule obtuse, scarcely attenu- 
 ate. More common than the last. 
 
 CSaothera, biennis, L., the Evening Primrose if found, may be known by its tall, 
 erect stem and large flowers. 
 
ONAGRACE.E. (EVENING PKIMEOSE FAMILY.) Cl 
 
 5. GODETIA, Spach. 
 Distinguished from GEJnothera by the anthers not versatile, and flowers not yellow. 
 
 * Flowers in a strict, mostly compact spike; capsule ovate to oblong; stems leafy. 
 
 Petals deep purple G. purpurea. 1 
 
 Petals rose-colored with a spot G. lepida. 2 
 
 Petals bluish-purple, 3 to 5 lines long G. albescens. 3 
 
 * * Flowers in usually a loose spike or raceme, mostly nodding in the bud; capsule linear; 
 
 leaves distant. 
 4- Capsule sessile; stigma-lobes purplish. 
 
 Ovary and capsule short, villous, 2-costate G. quadrivulnera. 4 
 
 Capsule puberulent, not costate G. tenella. 5 
 
 4- +- Capsule pedicellate, not costate, stigma-lobes mostly yellow G. amcsna. G 
 
 Small, hispid G. hispidula. 7 
 
 Small, petals 2-lobed G. biloba. 8 
 
 1. G. purpurea, "Wat. Mostly very leafy, a foot or two high, puberulent, the 
 ovary densely villous; leaves oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, an inch or two long, entire, 
 sessile; flowers mostly in a leafy terminal cluster; petals 4 to C lines long; style shorter 
 than the stamens; stigma-lobes very short, purple; capsule 6 to 9 lines long, not costate. 
 
 2. G. lepida, Lindl. Canescently puberulent, the stem usually white and shining. 
 Easily distinguished by its flowers; the rose-colored petals with a dark spot near the top 
 9 to 12 lines long. 
 
 3. G. albescens, Lindl. Smaller leaves than the last, and much smaller almost 
 blue flowers. Rare. 
 
 4. G. quadiivulnera, Spach. Puberulent, ovary and capsule more or less villous; 
 stems usually slender, a foot or two high; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, sessile or 
 attenuate to a short petiole, entire or slightly denticulate, an inch or more long; petals 
 deep-purple or purplish, 3 to 6 lines long; stigma-lobes short, purple. 
 
 5. G. tenella, Wat. Chiefly distinguished from the last by the capsule, which is 
 8 to 14 lines long, with nearly flat sides. 
 
 G. G. amcena, Lilja. Petals and purple anthers, frequently rather villous, varying 
 from nearly white to rose-color, with more or less of purple, 8 to 15 lines long; capsule 
 attenuate at each end. 
 
 7. G. hispidula, Wat. Is about a span high, often but 1-flowered; leaves narrowly 
 linear; purple petals, C to 12 lines long. 
 
 8. G. biloba, Wat. Petals 2-lobed. Foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 6. CLARKIA, Pursh. 
 Petals 4, with claws, entire, purple. Stamens 8. Stigma with 4, at length spreading, 
 
G2 LOASACEJE. (MENTZELIA FAMILY.) 
 
 aoraetimes unequal lobes. Capsule linear, 4-angled. Annuals, with erect brittle stems 
 and alternate leaves on short petioles. 
 
 1. C. elegans, Dougl. Stems from 6 inches to 6 feet high; leaves broadly ovate to 
 linear, repandly toothed; petals rhomboidal; stigma-lobes equal; capsule nearly sessile. 
 
 2. C. rliomboidea, Dougl. Is smaller; leaves petioled; claws of the petals 
 toothed; capsule short, pediceled. 
 
 7. EUCHARIDIUM, Fisch. & Mey. 
 
 Distinguished from Clarkia by the filiform calyx tube prolonged above the ovary, and 
 stamens only 4. 
 
 1. E. concinnum, Tisch. & Mey. Closely resembles Clarkia, rliomboidea in habit 
 and foliage, calyx-tube an inch long; petals 3-lobed. Common. 
 
 8. BOISDUVALIA, Spach. 
 
 Petals 4, obovate-cuniform, sessile, 2-lobed, purple to white. Anthers not versatile. 
 Leaves alternate, simple, sessile; the small flowers in leafy spikes; our species villous. 
 
 1. B. densiflora, Wat. Canescent; 6 inches to 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to 
 linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate, 1 to 3 inches long; the floral leaves usually short 
 and broad ; flowers in uuially a close terminal leafy spike or numerous short lateral spike- 
 lets; petals 3 to 6 lines long. 
 
 2. B. Torreyi, Wat. Rather slender, a span or two high; leaves 4 to 9 lines long; 
 the floral leaves scarcely smaller; flowers very small. 
 
 9. Circaea, Pacifica, Asch. & Magn. In moist woods. Distinguished by its small 
 indehiscent pear-shaped fruit covered with bristles and thin ovate opposite leaves. 
 
 ORDER 25. LOASACE^S. 
 
 Herbaceous plants with either stinging or jointed and rough-barbed hairs; no stipules, 
 calyx tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens usually very numerous. 
 
 1. MENTZBLIA, L. 
 
 Calyx cylindrical to ovoid; the persistent limb 5-toothed. Petals 5 or 10. Stamens 
 numerous, inserted below the petals on the throat of the calyx; filaments free or in clus- 
 ters opposite the petals, filiform or the outer petaloid. Style 3-cleft, the lobes often 
 twisted. The leaves are alternate, mostly coarsely-toothed or pinnatifid; flowers white 
 to yellow or orange. (See ADDEXDA.) 
 
 1. M. albicaulis, Dougl. Slender, 6 to 12 inches high or more; leaves linear-lance- 
 olate, pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, the upper leaves broader and often lobed 
 
CORNACE.E. (DOGWOOD FAMILY.) 63 
 
 at the base only; flowers near the ends of the branches; petals 5, spatulate or obovate 2 
 to 3 lines long; capsule 6 to 9 lines long. 
 
 2. M. gracilenta, Torr. & Gr. Stems similar to the last; petals obovate, abruptly 
 acuminate, an inch long; capsule 12 to 15 lines long. 
 
 3. M. Isevicaulis, Torr. & Gr. Stout 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate 2 to 8 inches 
 long; flowers sessile on short branches, very large, light yellow; petals acute, 2 to 2^ 
 inches long. 
 
 ORDER CUCTJRBITACE-aB is represented by Megarrliiza Marah, Wat. (Bio- 
 ROOT). The cucumber- like vines, often 10 or even 30 ft. long; the sterile flowers white 
 in racemes 4 to 12 inches long; the fruit ovate oblong, more or less covered with weak 
 spines inclosing several nut-like seeds. M. Californica, Torr., has stiffer spines on 
 smaller fruit; the fertile flowers without abortive stamens. 
 
 ORDER FICOIDE.S! is represented by Mesembryanthemum asquilaterale, Haw., 
 a very fleshy herb, with opposite three sided leaves 1 to 3 inches long and solitary red 
 flowers; the petals numerous, linear. On the sea shore Mollugo verticellata, L., will 
 scarcely be noticed. 
 
 ORDER 2G. UMBELLIFERJE. 
 
 Herbs with small flowers in umbels, stamens and petals 5, borne on a 2-celled ovary 
 which in fruit splits into a pair of dry usually flat indehiscent carpels. Since the generic 
 distinctions depend upon characters of fruit and seed difficult of determination, the plants 
 of this order are not here described. 
 
 ORDER ARALIACEJE is represented by Aralia Californica, Wat. (SPIKENARD.) 
 Grows in woods, along streams. Herbaceous stems, 8 to 10 ft. high; the white flowers 
 in panicles a foot or two long and more. 
 
 ORDER 27. CORJNTACEJE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with simple entire mainly opposite leaves, no stipules, 
 and flowers in cymes, capitate clusters or spikes; the petals and stamens 4, epigynous; 
 calyx adnate to the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a drupe or berry. 
 
 1. CORNTTS, L. 
 
 Flowers perfect. Calyx minutely 4-toothed. Petals 4, oblong or ovate. Stamens 4, 
 with slender filaments. Style slender; stigma capitate or truncate. Fruit ovoid or 
 oblong. 
 
 * Flowers greenish, in a dose head, surrounded l>y an involucre, of 4 to 6 large, white, petal- 
 like bracts. 
 
 1. C. Nuttallii, Audubon. Usually a small tree; the involucre of yellowish or 
 
G4 CAPEIFOLIACE2E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 
 
 white, often reddish bracts, 1^ to 3 inches long, abruptly acute. Fruit a large cluster of 
 crimson berries. 
 
 2. C. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, herbaceous, 3 to 8 inches high; leaves in a 
 whorl of 6 at the top, and a pair below; the 4 bracts 4 to 8 lines long. 
 
 * * Flowers white or cream colored, cymose, not involucrate. 
 
 3. C. Californica, C. A. Meyer. A shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, with smooth, purplish 
 branches; leaves ovate acute, obtuse at the base, 2 to 4 inches long, lighter colored 
 beneath, with loose, silky hairs; flowers in small, dense, round-topped cymes. 
 
 4. C. glabrata, Benth. Bark gray; leaves oblong to narrowly ovate, acute at each 
 end, alike green on both sides; flowers in open, flat cymes. 
 
 GARRY A ELLIPTIC A, Dougl. and G. Fremontii, Torr., dioecious shrubs, belong here. The ever- 
 green coriaceous leaves are opposite on the 4-angled branchlets, the short petioles connate; the ap, ta- 
 Iocs flowers in axillary amenta. Leaves of the former elliptical, undulate margins; the staininate 
 ainents long; leaves of the latter ovate to oblong, not undulate, lighter green. 
 
 DIVISION 2. GAMOPETAL^E. 
 
 OKDEB 28. CAPEIFOLIACEJS. 
 
 In our species shrubs with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx adherent to the 
 2 -5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the rotate or tubular corolla. 
 Corolla rotate, regularly 5-lobed; white .............................. , Sambucus. 1 
 
 Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4-5-lobed, pinkish ................ Symphoricarpus. 2 
 
 Corolla tubular, irregular ............................................. Lonicera. 3 
 
 1. SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELDER. 
 
 Calyx teeth corolla lobes and stamens 5. Stigmas 3 to 5. Berries really drupes. - 
 Shrubs whose rank shoots are filled with a pith, half an inch in diameter. Leaves 
 pinnately 5-11-foliolate. Flowers small, in large compound cymes. 
 
 1. S. glauca, Nutt. Cyme flat, 5-parted; fruit black, with a white bloom. 
 
 2. S. racemosa, L. Cyme ovate or pear-shaped; fruit bright red. Hare. 
 
 2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, occasionally 4-toothed, persistent. Corolla nearly or quite regular, 
 from open campanulate to salver-form, 5-4-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
 corolla, inserted on its throat. Fruit globular, white. Low shrubs, with oval or ob- 
 
(MADDER FAMILY.) 65 
 
 long leaves, mostly entire; and 2-bracteoLv* flowers in axillary and terminal clusters; 
 rarely solitary. 
 
 1. S. racemosus, Mich. Erect, smooth; corolla very villous within. 
 
 2. S. niollis, Nutt. Low, diffuse or decumbent, softly pubescent; leaves small; 
 Corolla slightly villous. 
 
 2. LONICERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE. 
 
 Corolla tubular, the tube commonly gibbous at the base and irregularly lobed. Stamens 
 5 inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style filiform; stigma capitate. 
 
 1. L. hispidula, Dougl. Stems disposed to twine; leaves mostly oval, the lower 
 short petioled, the upper pairs commonly connate; foliaceous stipule-like appendages 
 between the leaves common; flowers sessile in a terminal head, pink or yellowish; berries 
 red or orange. Variable. 
 
 2. L. iavolucrata, Banks. An erect shrub, 4 to 10 ft. high; leaves ovate-oblong 
 to broadly lanceolate, short-petioled ; flowers a pair on axillary peduncles; below them a 
 conspicuous involucre of 4 bracts, tinged with red or yellow; berries purple-black. 
 
 ORDER 29. RUBIACEJE. 
 
 Known by having opposite entire leaves with intervening stipules, or whorled leaves 
 without stipules, along with an inferior ovary and regular 4-5-merous flowers; the teeth 
 of the calyx sometimes wanting. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla and 
 borne on its tube, distinct. 
 
 1. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTON-BUSH. 
 
 Flowers in a dense spherical head. Calyx inversely pyramidal, 4-5-toothed. Corolla 
 with a long, slender tube and a small 4-cleft limb. Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the 
 corolla, short. Style very long and slender. Shrub with opposite leaves and stipules, 
 or in whorls of 3 or 4. Peduncles axillary; flowers white. 
 
 1. C. occidentalis, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long; flower heads 
 an inch in diameter. 
 
 2. GALXUM, L. CLEAVERS. 
 
 Limb of the calyx obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-parted, rarely 3-parted. Styles 2. 
 Ovary 2-lobed. Frait twin, biglobular. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with 
 square stems, whorled leaves and minute flowers. 
 
 Leaves in fours, hispid, ovate G. Californicum. 1 
 
 Leaves in fours and pairs, smooth G. Nuttallii. 2 
 
 Leaves mostly in whorls of eight G. Aparino, 3 
 
C6 COMPOSITE. (ASTER FAMILY.) 
 
 Leaves in fives and sixes; fruit hairy G. triflorum. 4 
 
 Leaves 4, 5 or 6 in a whorl; flowers white G. triiidum. 5 
 
 Leaves in fours, 3-nerved, lanceolate G. boreale. 9 
 
 1. G. Californicum, Hook and Arn. Low, branching; sterile flowers terminal, in 
 threes, corolla yellowish; fertile ones solitary, recurved in fruit; fruit purple. 
 
 2. G. Nuttallii, Gr. Leaves 2 to 5 lines long, thickish, varying from ovate-oblong 
 to linear-lanceolate, margins ciliate; flowers solitary. 
 
 3. G. Aparine, L. The margins midrib, and angles of the branches armed with 
 spinulose bristles; peduncles 1-2-flowered; fruit large, white. (?) 
 
 4. G. triflorum, Michx. Bright green, nearly smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, the margins and midrib often beset with hooked bristles; peduncles 
 once or twice 3-forked; with hooked bristles. 
 
 5. G. trifidum, L. Nearly smooth, except the roughened angles of the slender 
 B terns; leaves 3 to 9 lines long; lobes of the white corolla often only three; fruit smooth. 
 
 C. G. boreale, L. Cymes many flowered, in a thyrsiform panicle. 
 
 ORDER 30. VALERIANACEJK 
 
 Herbs with opposite leaves, no stipules; the distinct stamens fewer than the lobes of 
 the corolla, and borne on its tube; the inferior ovary with two empty cells, and one con- 
 taining a solitary ovule, ripening into a kind of akene. 
 
 1. PLECTRITIS, (Lindl.) DC. 
 
 Limb of the calyx obsolete. Tube of the corolla very gibbous, spurred at the base; 
 the short limb bilabiate; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fruit winged by the open 
 sterile cells. Flowers white, small. 
 
 1. P. congesta, DC. Corolla about 3 lines long; its spur much shorter than the 
 tube. 
 
 2. P. macrocera, Torr. & Gr. Corolla smaller; its thick spur about the length of 
 the body. 
 
 ORDER 31. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Flowers, usually many in a dense head, sessile, on a common receptacle, surrounded 
 by a calyx-like involucre; the calyx reduced to hairs or scales, or obsolete; the corolla 
 tubular, equally lobed, ligulate or bilabiate, the 5 stamens united by their anthers into a 
 tube inclosing the 2-parted style; the ovary inferior forming in fruit an akene which is 
 usually crowned with the persistent calyx (pappus). 
 
 This the largest of all the orders, is represented in California by over 500 species, 140 
 
CAMPANULACE.E. (BELLFLOWEK FAMILY.) G7 
 
 of which grow within the limits of this Flora. Although the flower heads are frequently 
 large, the separate flowers, with but few exceptions, are too small to be examined with- 
 out the aid of a microscope skillfully used. The order is, therefore, far too difficult for 
 the beginner. 
 
 ORDER LOBELIACEJ3. Downinqia elegans, Torr., and D. puldtdla, Torr., are two beautiful plants 
 (the flowers resembling the cultivated Lobelias) sometimes cultivated under the name Clintonia, which 
 properly belongs to an endogenous herb. The former has light blue flowers; the latter, deep azure- 
 blue; both with white or yellowish centers. May be found in wet places. 
 
 ORDER 32. CAMPANULACEJE. 
 
 Herbs with alternate leaves without stipules and regular flowers, having the calyx 
 adnate to the ovary, distinct stamens (5, rarely 4) inserted with the corolla, alternate 
 with its lobes. Calyx persistent. Stamens with introse anthers, opening in the bud. 
 Style single, its upper portion beset with hairs which collect the pollen, its summit 2-5- 
 
 lobed or cleft. 
 
 * Ovary and capsule long and narrow. 
 
 Capsule opening at the top; calyx-lobes long Githopsis. 1 
 
 Capsule opening by 2 or 3 holes on the sides Specularia. 2 
 
 * * Ovary and capsule short and broad, or globular. 
 
 Capsule bursting indefinitely; calyx-lobes broad Heterocodon. 3 
 
 Capsule opening on the sides by 3 to 5 holes; calyx-lobes narrow Campanula. 4 
 
 1. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. 
 
 Flowers all alike. Calyx with a clavate 10-ribbed tube, and 5 long and narrow folia- 
 ceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base. 
 Ovary 3-celled; stigmas 3. Capsule strongly ribbed, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes 
 of its own length or longer, opening between them by a round hole. 
 
 1. G. specularioides, Nutt. An inch to a span high; leaves lanceolate-oblong or 
 linear, sessile, coarsely toothed; flowers erect, deep blue, usually with a white center; 
 the ovate lobes of the corolla about equaling the rigid calyx-lobes. 
 
 2. SPECULARIA. Heister. 
 
 Flowers in our species of two kinds; the lower and earlier usually with no corolla, 
 Calyx-tube prismatic or elongated-obconical ; the lobes 5, narrow: Corolla short and 
 broad, rotate when fully expanded, 5-lobed. Stigmas 3 or 2. Capsule opening by round 
 holes on the sides. 
 
 1. S. biflora, Gr. Stems slender; leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, crenately toothed, the 
 upper reduced to lanceolate bracts; flowers 1, rarely 2, in each axil, nearly sessile; the 
 
C8 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.) 
 
 lower mostly apetalous, with 3 or 4 short calyx-lobes; the upper with 5 longer calyx- 
 lobes, which are shorter than the blue or purple corolla. Capsule with openings near 
 the top. 
 
 2. S. psrfoliata, A. DC. Stouter, with clasping cordate leaves, 
 
 8 HETEROCQDON, Nutt. 
 
 Flowers of two sorts. Stamens and styles as in Campanula. Capsule 3-angled. 
 Otherwise sufficiently characterized in the synopsis. 
 
 1. H. rariflorum, Nutt. A delicate annual, with leafy filiform stems, diffusely 
 branching; the thin leaves clasping by cordate bases, coarsely toothed. Corolla blue. 
 
 4. CAMPANULA. Tourn. BELLFLOWER. 
 
 Flowers all alike. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla campanulate or near it, 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5; filaments dilated at the base. Capsule 3-5-celled, opening on the bides or 
 near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifting valves leaving round holes. 
 
 1. C. prenanthoides, Dur. A foot or two high; stems several-flowered; leaves 
 ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate, sessile, or the lower short-petioled; lobes of 
 the blue corolla narrowly lanceolate, widely spreading; style long exserted; capsule 
 5-ribbed. 
 
 ORDER 33. ERICACE23. 
 
 Woody plants or perennial herbs, with symmetrical and mostly regular flowers; the 
 stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and inserted with 
 but rarely upon it; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells opening by a terminal pore; the 
 ovary with as many cells as the divisions of the corolla or calyx; the seeds small. Corolla 
 generally gamopetalous, sometimes of distinct petals, the insertion and that of the sta- 
 mens hypogynous, or when the calyx is adnate epigynous around an annular disk. Style 
 single. Leaves simple. 
 
 SUB-ORDER 1. VACCINHLZB. 
 
 Shrubs. Ovary wholly or partly inferior. Fruit a berry, crowned with 
 
 the vestiges of the calyx-teeth Vacciniusx 1 
 
 SUB-ORDER 2. ERICINEZ3. 
 
 Shrubs or trees. Calyx free. Corolla gamopetalous (in our own species). Stamens 
 hypogynous. Anthers introse in the bud. 
 
ERICACE2E. (HEATH FAMILY.) G9 
 
 * Fruit a lerry, or berry-like drupe; corolla-tube inflated or urn-shaped, 5-toothed. 
 
 Evergreen. 
 
 Tree; ovary 5-celled; berry many-seeded Arbutus. 
 
 Shrub; ovary 5-10-celled; drupe few-seeded Arctostaphylos. 3 
 
 Shrub; low; berry purple-black Gaultheria. 4 
 
 * * Fruit a naked capsule; corolla funnelform or campanulate, large, 5-loled. 
 Shrubs, with showy flowers Rhododendron. 5 
 
 SUB-ORDER 3. FYROLEJ3. 
 
 Calyx free. Corolla of 5 (rarely 4) separate petals. Anthers extrose in the bud, the 
 pores downward; iutrose (by bending downward on the end of the filament) in the open 
 flower, the pores upward. 
 
 Stem woody, leaves whorled. Cliimaphila. 6 
 
 Flowers on a scape Pyrola. 7 
 
 SUB-ORDER 4. MONOTROPE.2I. 
 
 Root-parasitic, scaly-bracted herbs, wholly destitute of green foliage. 
 Flowers racemose, corolla globular-ovate Fterospora. 8 
 
 1. VACCINXUM, L. BLUEBERRY, BILBERRY, ETC. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-toothed on the summit of the ovary. Corolla various. Stamens 8 to 10; 
 the anthers with the two cells separate, tapering upward into a tube opening at the top. 
 Style long. 
 
 1. V. ovatum, Pursh. (CALIFORNIA HUCKLEBERRY). Shrub, erect, 3 to 5 ft high; 
 evergreen; leaves thick, shining, ovate, acute, serrate; flowers with the parts in fives, 
 stamens 10; corolla carnpanulate, pink; berries purple-black. 
 
 2. ARBUTUS, Tourn. MADRONO. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; the teeth recurved. Stamens 10, included; 
 anthers flattened, furnished with a pair of reflexed awns. Style rather long; berry 
 with a rough surface. 
 
 1. A. Menziesii, Pursh. A handsome tree, with smooth bark turning brownish- 
 red, which exfoliates except on the trunks of the larger trees; corolla white; berries 
 deep orange. 
 
 3. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adan. MANZANITA. 
 
 Flowers like those of Arbutus (but occasionally 4-merous and 8-androus), except that 
 the 5 to 10 cells of the ovary contain each a single ovule, and the berry-like fruit has 5 
 
70 ERICACE^:. (HEATH FAMILY.) 
 
 to 10 bony seeds. The white or rose-colored flowers in terminal racemes; the bark smooth, 
 
 exfoliating. 
 
 * Ovary and depressed-globose fruit more or less pubescent; branchlets often hispid. 
 
 1. A. Andersonii, Gr. Erect, 6 or 10 ft. high; branchlets minutely tomentose, 
 hispid with long, white, bristly hairs; leaves thin-coriaceous, green, lanceolate-oblong or 
 ovate lanceolate, with a strongly sagittate-cordate base, sessile or nearly eo, mostly 
 epinulose-serrulate; fruit nearly or quite half an inch in diameter, with viscid bristles. 
 
 2. A. tomentosa, Dougl. Leaves thick and very rigid -coriaceous, varying from oblong- 
 lanceolate to ovate and even cordate, entire or rarely serrulate, usually becoming verti- 
 cal, smaller than the last; flowers in very short clustered racemes; fruit not viscid. 
 
 * * Ovary glabrous; no hispid hairs on the branches and petioles. 
 
 3. A. punnla, Nutt. Erect, dwarf, less than a foot high, tufted; leaves broadest 
 near the apex, less than an inch long. 
 
 4. A. puugens, HBK. Leaves commonly becoming vertical by a twist of the dis- 
 tinct or pretty long petiole, very rigid, often glaucous or pale, entire or with a few teeth, 
 varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval; flowers on smooth pedicels; filaments ciiiate, 
 bearded; fruit yellowish, turning dull red. Very variable. 
 
 A. GLAUCA, Lindl., if found, may be recognized by its large fruit, -with the seeds consolidated 
 into one woody stone, half an inch in diameter. A. bicolor, Gr., is smaller and has small apparently 
 one-seeded berries. 
 
 4. GAULTHBRIA, L. WINTERGREEN. SALAL. 
 
 Calyx 5- cleft, generally colored like the corolla. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 
 included, similar to those of Arbutus. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded, inclosed 
 in the calyx, which enlarges and makes a juicy berry -like fruit. 
 
 1. G. Shallon, Pursh. Shrubby, stems ascending a foot or two in height; leaves 
 ovate or slightly cordate, 2 to 4 inches long, finely serrate, shining; flowers white or rose- 
 colored, in glandular-viscid racemes. 
 
 5. RHODODENDRON, L. 
 
 Calyx very small. Corolla often slightly irregular. Stamens 5 to 10; filaments fili- 
 form. Style long, commonly declined or incurved. Shrubs with alternate, entire leaves, 
 usually crowded on the flowering branchlets; the showy flowers in. terminal umbels or 
 corymbs from ample scaly buds. 
 
 1. R. oocidentale, Gr. (AZALEA.) A deciduous shrub, 2 to C ft. high; leaves 
 obovate-oblong, bright green and shining above; corolla minutely viscid-pubescent out- 
 side, white, the upper lobe yellowish inside; the narrow funnel-form tube equaling the 
 deeply 5-cleft slightly irregular limb; stamens and style much exserted, curved. The 
 showy fragrant flowers are sometimes nearly three inches long; rarely pinkish. 
 
 R. CALIFOENICUM, Hook., is a larger evergreen shrub, with large bell-shaped rose-purple flowers 1 
 a true Rhododendron, probably no* found south of Mendocino County. 
 
PLUMBAGINACE.E. (LEADWORT FAMILY.) 71 
 
 6. CHIMAPHILA, Pursli. PIPSISSEWA. 
 
 Corolla of rotately spreading, orbicular and concave petals. Stamens 10. Style very 
 short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed ovary; stigma broad, its border 
 somewhat 5-crenate. 
 
 C. umbellata, Nutt. A nearly herbaceous evergreen, 6 to 18 inches high; the usually 
 whorled leaves oblanceolate, bright green; peduncle bearing 3 to 7 white or flesh-colored, 
 waxy flowers. Mt. St. Helena, Miss E. Swett. 
 
 7. FYROLA, Tourn. 
 
 Corolla of 5 concave and converging petals. Stamens as in ChimapJiila. Style gen- 
 erally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Low and smooth perennial herbs, with broad 
 and petioled leaves, close to the ground, and more or less scaly-bracted scape bearing a 
 simple raceme of white, greenish or rose-colored, nodding flowers. 
 
 1. P rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, varying to round-obovate or round-reni- 
 form, on slender, naked petioles; scape 6 to 14 inches high; probably our plants are of the 
 Var. bracteata, Gr. A large form, with leaves 2 or 3 inches long; scape often over a 
 foot high. 
 
 2. P. picta, Smith. Leaves thick, coriaceous; pale, sometimes purplish below; com- 
 monly blotched with white, ovate to obovate and lanceolate-oblong, on short petioles, 1 
 to 2 inches long; smaller than the last. 
 
 8. PTBROSPORA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, short, persistent. Corolla withering-persistent, globular-ovate, 
 with contracted mouth; the 5 very short lobes, recurved. Stamens 10, included, short; 
 stigma 5-lobed. 
 
 1. P. andromedea, Nutt. A stout, purplish -brown or chestnut-colored and 
 clammy-pubescent herb, 1 to 3 ft. high; raceme long, many-flowered; corolla white, 3 
 lines long. 
 
 BARCODES SANGUINEA, Torr. The SNOW PLANT of the Sierra Nevada belongs here. 
 
 ORDER 34. PLUMBAGINACE.S]. 
 
 Chiefly maritime herbs, with regular flowers, the parts in fives; the stamens opposite 
 the petals. Calyx tubular or funnel-form, 5-plaited, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla in 
 our genera with the long-clawed petals scarcely united. Stamens adnate to the base of 
 the petals. 
 
 Flowers in a globose head on a simple scape Armeria. 1 
 
 Flowers on a branching scape Gtatice. 2 
 
7-2 PRIMULACE.E. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 
 
 1. ARIv^ERIA, Willd. THRIFT. 
 
 Calyx scarions, funnel-form. Styles 5, filiform. Stemless perennials, with linear 
 grass-like leaves in close tufts, the naked scape bearing a head of rose-colored flowers. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Scapes a foot or two high. On sandy hills along the 
 coast. 
 
 2. STATICS, L. MARSH-ROSEMARY. 
 
 Flowers in small spikes or clusters, crowded at the extremities of a branching scape; 
 their structure nearly as in Armeria. Leaves commonly with a broad blade, tapering 
 into a petiole. 
 
 1. G. Limonium, L. Leaves obovate-oblong ; spikelets 2-3-flowercd. Salt 
 marshes. 
 
 ORDER 35. 
 
 Herbs, with perfect, regular flowers, well marked, by having the stamens as long as 
 the lobes of the corolla, and opposite to them, inserted on its tube, a single entire style 
 and stigma, a one-celled ovary, and capsular fruit. Calyx 4-S-cleft, commonly 5-cleft, 
 hypogynous. Leaves simple; stipules none. In Glaux the corolla is wanting; stamens 
 on the calyx alternate with its lobes. 
 
 * Flowers umbellate on a naked scape. 
 
 Corolla deeply 4-5-parted, the lobes reflexed ....................... Dodecatheon. 1 
 
 * * Flowers axillary, on leafy stems. 
 
 Corolla 5-9-parted, rotate ............................................ Trientalis. 2 
 
 Corolla 5-parted; prostrate stems ......... , ...................... ...... Anagallis. 3 
 
 Corolla wanting; calyx colored .......................................... Glaus. 4 
 
 I. DODECATHEON. L. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed in the flower, afterwards erect over the 
 ovate or oblong capsule. Corolla with a very short tube, a dilated, thickened throat and 
 an abruptly reflexed 4-5-parted limb; its divisions long and narrow, entire. Stamens 
 inserted in the throat of the corolla, erect, cohering around the slender exserted style. 
 Acaulescent perennial smooth herbs, with a tuft of radical leaves. Corolla purple, pink, 
 or rarely white. Frequently the parts are in fours. 
 
 1. D. Meadia, L. Leaves varying from obovate to lanceolate, entire or toothed; 
 scape 3 to 15 inches high; umbel, 2-20-flowered. A variable species. Ours is chiefly 
 the 
 
 Var. brcvifolium, with leaves round-obovate or spatulate, less than an inch to an 
 inch and a half long. 
 
ASCLEPIADACE2E. ( MILKWEED FAINTLY.) 73 
 
 2. TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER. 
 
 Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla about 7-parted. Filaments slender, spreading. Low 
 and glabrous perennials, with simple steins, which bear a whorl of leaves at the summit, 
 m their axils slender peduncles supporting star-shaped, white or pinkish flowers. 
 
 1. T. Europasa, L., Var. latifolia, Torr. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, springing 
 from a little tuber. 
 
 3. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. 
 
 Divisions of the rotate 5-parted corolla broad. Capsule globose. Spreading, prostrate 
 herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 1. A. arvensis, L. Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles, sometimes in 
 threes; flowers scarlet, purple, or nearly salmon-colored, rarely blue. 
 
 4. GLAUX, L. SEA MILKWORT. 
 
 Cdyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes ovate, petal-like. Filaments rather shorter than 
 the calyx. Style filiform; stigma capitate. 
 
 1. G. maritima, L. Low, glabrous; branching stems 3 to 9 inches high, leafy to 
 the top; leaves commonly opposite, fleshy, oblong, half an inch or less long, minutely 
 dotted; flowers axillary, almost sessile, white or purplish. 
 
 ORDER OLBACE-ZE3 is represented by Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt., the OREGON ASH. 
 
 ORDER APOCYNACS-ZE! is represented by Apocynum cannabinum, L. (INDIAN 
 HEMP.) An herb with milky juice, tough bark, opposite entire exstipulate leaves, regular 
 noweio, the sepals, petals and stamens five, the latter borne on the corolla alternate with 
 its lobes and conniving around the stigma. The commonly sessile, oblong leaves often 3 
 or 4 inches long. The greenish- white small flowers in close cymes. A. androscemifoliiLm, 
 L., has smaller ovate leaves, conspicuously petioled; flowers rose-colored. 
 
 ORDER 36. ASCLEPIADACE-ffil. 
 
 Herbs with milky juice, no stipules, and regular flowers, with the parts in fives, except 
 that there are two carpels with distinct ovaries and a common stigma to which the sta- 
 mens are attached; the latter (in our genera) with hood-like appendages. Leaves entire, 
 generally opposite, sometimes whorled. Flowers usually in simple umbels. Fruit a 
 pair of follicles. Seeds almost always with a coma of silky down. 
 
 1. ASCLEPIAS, L. MILKWEED. 
 
 The calyx and corolla deeply 5-parted; the small divisions reflexed; filaments short, 
 crowned behind each anther with a conspicuous hood from the cavity of which 
 rises the subulate and usually falcate hern; anthers with thin scarious tips inflexod 
 
74 GENTIANACE^:. ( GENTIAN FAMILY. ) 
 
 over the truncate summit of the stigma, their wing-like edges meeting and projecting 
 between the hoods; pollen in 10 wax-like masses. Follicles ovate or lanceolate. Seeds 
 numerous, flat, downwardly imbricated all over the large, soon detached placenta; the 
 upper end with a long tuft of down (coma). Hoods in our species erect and not exceed- 
 ing the stamens and stigma. 
 
 1. A. fascicularis, Decaisne. Smooth, slender, 1 to 5 ft. high; leaves in whorls of 
 3 to 5, or some in pairs, linear and linear-lanceolate; flowers white or whitish; horns 
 longer than the hoods. 
 
 2. A. vestita, Hook & Arn. White-woolly; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or 
 oblong-lanceolate, almost sessile; umbels almost sessile; flowers about half an inch long, 
 the hoods flesh-colored. 
 
 2. GOMPHO CARPUS, R. Br. 
 No horn to the hood of the stamens; otherwise as Asclepias. 
 
 1. Hoods saccate, pointless, lower than the anthers, opening down the back, as if 2-valved. 
 
 1. G. tomentosus, Gr. White-tomentose, closely resembling Asclepias vistitia; 
 stern acutely angled; leaves ovate or oblong (about 4 inches long); corolla greenish-white 
 or purplish. 
 
 2. G. purpurascens, Gr. Canescently puberulent; stems 4 to 12 inches high; 
 leaves ovate and somewhat cordate, an inch or two long; flowers small; the corolla red- 
 purple; the hoods white. 
 
 2. Hoods erect, open down the front, somewhat surpassing the anthers. 
 
 3. G. cordifolius, Benth. Green and smooth, 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, with cordate clasping base, opposite, rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long; 
 flowers large; corolla dark red-purple; the hoods purplish. 
 
 ORDER 37. GENTIANACEJE. 
 
 Glabrous herbs, with colorless, bitter juice, entire opposite and sessile leaves, no sti- 
 pules, perfect and regular flowers, stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate 
 with them, inserted on the tube, the anthers free from the stigma; ovary 1-celled; style 
 one or none; the stigmas commonly two. Calyx persistent. 
 
 1. Corolla withering-persistent. Leaves opposite or tchorled, entire, sessile. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, red; calyx 5-parted Erythraea. 1 
 
 Corolla short, salver-form, yellow; caylx 4-toothed Microcala. 2 
 
 Corolla funnel-form, blue Gentiaiia, 3 
 
 2. Corolla deciduous. Leaves alternate, with sheathing petioles. 
 Flowers borne on a naked scape Menyanthes. 4 
 
POLEMOXIACE2E. (GILIA FAMILY.) ^3 
 
 1. ERYTKR2SA, Pers. 
 
 Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla; filaments slender; anthers oblong or 
 linear, twisting spirally after shedding the pollen. Style filiform; stigma wedge-shaped 
 or fan-like. Capsule oblong, tapering upward. Corolla occasionally only 4-parted. 
 
 1. E. trichantha, Grise. A span or less high, branched; lobes of the rose-red corolla 
 lanceolate, fully half the length of the tube at the time of expansion, 3 or 4 lines long; 
 calyx-lobes filiform, 3-angled. 
 
 2. E. Muhlenbergii, Grise. Two inches to a span high, simple or branched; leaves 
 oblong, half an inch long; lobes of the corolla oval, very obtuse, becoming oblong, 
 
 rose-red, 
 
 2. MICROCALA, Link. 
 
 Anthers round-cordate. Stigma peltate-dilated, at length separating or separable into 
 2 plates. 
 
 1. M. quadrangularis, Grise. An inch or two high, filiform, simple and lflowered, 
 or branched at the base, with 1 to 3 pairs of minute oval or oblong leaves; peduncles 
 naked, square; calyx short, square; corolla saffron-yellow. 
 
 3. GENTIANA, L. GENTIAN. 
 
 Calyx 4-5-toothed or cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, often with plaited and toothed folds in 
 the sinuses. Stamens included; anthers sometimes cohering. Style none or very short; 
 stigmas 2, thin and flat. 
 
 1. G. affinis, Grise., var. ovata, Gr. A span to a footer two high; leaves ovate 
 or oblong; flowers mostly 5 or more, in a leafy thyrsus; corolla blue, an inch or more in 
 length; appendages mostly 2-cleft or 2-4- cuspidate, shorter than the round-ovate lobes. 
 
 4. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. 
 
 The campanulate corolla densely white-bearded on the upper surface, the lobes with 
 the margins turned inward in the bud. 
 
 1. M. trifoliata, L. The alternate leaves long petioled, 3-foliolate; scape termi- 
 nated by a short raceme of white or pinkish flowers; anthers dark-brown, sagittate. In 
 shallow water or on wet ground. 
 
 ORDER 38. POLEMONIACE^E. 
 
 Chiefly herbs with simple or divided leaves, and no stipules; all the parts of the regu- 
 lar flower five, except the pistil, which has a 3-celled ovary and a 3-lobed style. Calyx 
 imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla convolute in the bud. Stamens on the corolla 
 alternate with its lobes distinct; anthers introse. In Gilia the cells of the ovary and the 
 stigmas arc occasionally reduced to two. 
 
76 POLEMONIACE2S. (&ILJA FAMILY.) 
 
 Leaves various but never simply pinnate with entire leaflets Gilia. 1 
 
 Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets linear to ovate; corolla short Polemonium. 2 
 
 1. GILIA. Ruiz Pav. 
 
 Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or sometimes short-campanulate or rotate, regular. 
 A polymorphous genus, the sections having almost generic differences. 
 
 SERIES I. Stamens attached to the corolla at unequal heights. 
 
 Mostly viscid-pubescent or glandular; all but some of the lower leaves alternate; sta- 
 mens exserted. Gollomia. 
 
 .SEUIES II. Stamens equally inserted, but sometimes with unequal filaments. 
 
 * All of the leaves opposite, at least on the main stems, sessile and palmately parted or 
 
 rarely entire. (Seeds mucilaginous in water. } 
 
 Corolla from short funnel-form to almost rotate; the lobes obovate; filaments slender; 
 
 anthers oval. Low or slender, loosely and mostly small flowered annuals; the leaves 
 
 \vith filiform or setaceous divisions, appearing as if whorled. In ours, the flowers on 
 
 filiform pedicels, loosely paniculate. 1. Dactylophyllum. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, but the tube shorter than the calyx, the broad cuneate-obovate 
 
 lobes slightly crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud; stamens inserted low on the 
 
 corolla tube, included; erect, smooth; leaves entire or 3-5-divided. 2. Linanthus. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, with usually a filiform elongated tube, and the throat sometimes 
 
 abruptly dilated; stamens inserted in the throat; anthers short. Erect annuals, with 
 
 leaves as in the last, and the flowers in a terminal capitate cluster. 3. Leptosiphon. 
 
 * * All the, leaves alternate, and palmately parted. 
 
 Corolla similar to 3. Stems woody; leaves much fascicled in the axils, 3-7 parted, 
 rigid; flowers sessile, solitary or few at the ends of short branches. 4. Leptodactijlon. 
 
 * * * All, or all but the loivest leaves alternate and pinnately compound, deft or toothed, 
 
 or rarely entire. 
 
 Flowers capitate-glomerate or densely clustered, leafy-bracted; bracts and calyx-lobes 
 often laciniate, rigid acerose or spinulose-tipped. Corolla slender tubular-funnelforrn, 
 with small oblong lobes; cells of the ovary and stigmas sometimes only 2. Annuals, 
 mostly viscid-pubescent, never white-woolly, with once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their 
 lobes commonly pungent; the bracts sometimes palmately cleft. 5. Navarreiia. 
 
 Flowers, inflorescence, etc., nearly as in 5; but the anthers always exserted; corolla 
 salver-form, more conspicuous; plants all white-woolly, not viscid. 6. Hucjelia. 
 
 Flowers capitate-glomerate, or panicled, or scattered, usually bractless; corolla (blue, 
 
POLEMONIACE2E. (GUJA FAMILY.) 77 
 
 purple or violet) from funnel-form to campanulate or almost rotate; stamens included or 
 not surpassing the corolla lobes; leaves most pinnately incised. 7. Euqilia. 
 
 Collomia. [See p. 138.] 
 * Leaves simple, sessile, entire, lower ones often opposite. 
 
 la. G. grandiflora, Gr. Erect, a foot or two high; leaves linear to lance-ovate; 
 calyx-lobes broad and obtuse; corolla buff or salmon-color, narrow-funnel-form, an inch 
 long. The showy flowers are in leafy-bracted heads. Sonoma County, Lake County, 
 E. Brooks. Collomia grandiflora, Dougl. of 4th Ed. 
 
 1&. G. gracilis, Gray. A span or two high, in age much branched; the flowers at 
 length somewhat scattered; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oval or obolate, 
 an inch or less long; corolla rose-purple, turning bluish, less than half an inch long, 
 narrow. Collomia gracilis, Dougl. of previous editions. 
 
 * Leaves, deeply cleft or compound, the lower petioled; stems loosely branched. 
 
 Ic. G. divaricata, Nutt. A span to 3 ft. high; lower leaves simply pinnately parted 
 into linear lateral lobes, or the terminal lobe oblong and toothed, upper leaves 3-5- 
 divided; corolla pink or purplish, its slender tube about half an inch long, twice or 
 thrice the length of the calyx; capsule globular, 3-seeded. Collomia gilioides, Benth. 
 
 Id. G. Sessei, Don. A span or two liigh, diffuse; leaves mostly pinnately parted or 
 the upper pinnatifid, and the lobes incised or cleft; the upper most often entire and 
 broader, subtending the capitate-clustered flowers; corolla purplish, half an inch long; 
 stamens very unequally inserted. Collomia heterophylla, Hook. 
 
 1. Dactylophyllum. Benth. 
 
 1. G. liniflora, Benth. From a few inches to over a foot high; leaves with nearly 
 filiform divisions an inch long; corolla white, rotate, when fully open, 10 to 6 lines across, 
 5-parted down to the very short tube. 
 
 Var. pharnaceoides, Gr., is similar but smaller; the (sometimes pinkish) corolla half 
 an inch across, or less. 
 
 2. G. pusilla Benth. Small, 2 to 6 inches high; leaves less than half an inch long, 
 shorter than the scattered pedicels; corolla nearly white, or purplish with a yellow 
 throat, 1^ to 2 lines long, little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 Var. Californica, Gr., has a corolla 3 lines long, twice the length of the calyx; the 
 throat often brownish. The most frequent form. 
 
 3. G. Bolanderi, Gr. Very like the last, but the tube of the blue or purple tinged 
 corolla longer and narrower (3 or 4 lines long). 
 
 4. G. aurea, Nutt. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high; divisions of roughish leaves nar- 
 rowly linear, 3 lines long; peduncles shorter or but little longer than the flowers; corolla 
 usually yellow, short, funnel-form half an inch or less across; the roundish-obovate lobes 
 about the length of the obconical throat and the short proper tube. 
 
78 POLEMONIACKE. (GILIA FAMILT.) 
 
 Var. decora, Gr. Corolla white or pale violet, with or without a brown-purple 
 throat; peduncles longer. 
 
 2. Linanthus, Endl. 
 
 5. G. dichotoma, Benth. A span to a foot high, remotely leaved; flowers nearly 
 sessile in the forks, or terminating the branches; calyx-tube white scarious; the teeth 
 green; corolla white; the lobes from half to nearly an inch long; the tube sometimes 
 purplish. 
 
 3. Leptosiphon, Endl. 
 
 6. G. densiflora, Benth. A span to 2 ft. high; leaves in somewhat distant apparent 
 whorls; tube of the white or rose-purple corolla about equaling the villous-hirsute bracts 
 and calyx; its lobes nearly half an inch long, obovate. 
 
 7. G. androsacea, Steud. Erect or spreading, 3 to 12 inches high; corolla lilac, 
 rose, pink or almost white, with a yellow or dark throat; its tube about an inch long. 
 
 Var. rosacea, Gr., is a dwarf tufted form with many rose-red flowers. 
 
 8. G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, about a span high; tube of the corolla very 
 slender, 9 to 18 lines long; the lobes 2 or 3 lines long, from yellow to cream color and pale 
 purple, or whitish. 
 
 9. G. tenella, Benth. Low and mostly depressed; tube of the corolla 6 to 9 lines 
 long, the rose colored or pink lobes barely a line and a half long, the throat yellow; 
 bracts and leaves hispidulous-ciliate. 
 
 10. G. ciliata, Benth. More rigid and hirsute than the preceding, a span to a foot 
 high; tube of the rose-colored or piirple, or in age whitish corolla, little if at all exserted 
 beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, the lobes only a 
 line and a half long. 
 
 4. Leptodactylon, Hook & Aim. 
 
 11. G. Californica, Benth. Two or three feet high, with spreading rigid branches; 
 corolla rose-color or lilac, an inch and a half in diameter. 
 
 5. Navarretia, Gr. 
 * Stamens included in the throat of the corolla. 
 
 12. G. quarrosa, Hook & Arn. Rigid, rather stout, becoming much branched, 
 very glandular- viscid, fetid with the odor of a skunk; upper leaves and bracts spinescent; 
 corolla blue, 4 or 5 lines long. 
 
 * * Stamens more or less exserted; corolla slender, 3 to 5 lines long. Leaves twice pinnati/id. 
 
 13. G. cotulaefolia Steud. Rather stout and rigid, a foot or much less in height; 
 villous pubescent and minutely glandular; upper bracts spinescent; tube of the violet or 
 whitish corolla hardly longer than the calyx; capsule usually 1-seeded. Exhales the 
 odor of Anthemis cotula (MAYWEED). 
 
 14. G. intertexta, Steud. At length diffusely much branched, a span high, neither 
 
POLEMOXIACE.2E. (GILIA FAMILY.) 79 
 
 viscid nor glandular; stems retrorsely pubescent; leaves mainly smooth, scarcely bipin- 
 natifid; base of the bracts and tube of the calyx densely white- villous; corolla white. 
 
 15. G. leucocephala, Gr. A span high, rather slender, loosely branched, smooth, 
 except a little woolliness at the top; leaves soft; bracts hardly pungent; heads dense; 
 corolla white, longer than the calyx. 
 
 * * * Stamens ex^erted; leaves only once pinnatifid, rigid, linear; corolla, violet or purple, 
 
 barely half an inch long, about twice the length of the pungent calyx-lobes. 
 
 16. G. viscidula, Gr. A span high or less, at length much branched, viscid-pu- 
 bescent; bracts palmately cleft. 
 
 17. G. atiactyloides, Steud. Much more rigid than the last; leaves broader, the 
 floral ovate, all with subulate spiny lobes; few flowered. 
 
 6. Hugelia, Benth. 
 * Root perennial; sterns woody at the base. 
 
 IS. G, densifolia, Benth. A foot or two high; stems leafy, leaves linear, rigid, the 
 short lobes subulate; flowers numerous in a compact head; corolla over half an inch 
 long, violet blue, exceeding the calyx, the lobes 3 lines long; anthers sagittate. 
 
 * * Hoot annual, stems slender, afoot or less in height; leaves and tlieir few (if any) 
 
 divisions filiform. 
 
 19. G. virgata, Steud. Tube of the blue corolla longer than the calyx; anthers 
 sagittate. 
 
 Var. floribtmda, Gr. Low and rather stout; even tbe upper leaves pinnately3-7-parted; 
 the numerous heads and flowers as large as G. densifolia. 
 
 7. Eugilia, Benth. 
 
 * Flowers numerous in dense head-like clusters on long naked peduncles; stems erect; stamens 
 
 inserted in the very minuses of the short and broad corolla; leaves twice or thrice pin- 
 nately dissected into linear divisions. 
 
 20. G. capitata, Dougl. Mostly smooth; stem slender, loosely branched above, a 
 foot or two high; lobes of the light blue (rarely white) corolla narrowly oblong, 2 lines 
 long. 
 
 21. G. achillesefolia, Benth. Stouter and lower than the last, often glandular; 
 the capitate clusters and flowers larger; calyx woolly; lobes of the deeper blue corolla 
 broad. 
 
 * Flowers in small, rather loose clusters, or scattered in an open panicle. 
 
 22. G. multicaulis, Benth. A span to a foot high, simple in early plants, loosely 
 branched in later; flowers few in a cluster terminating the slender naked peduncles, 
 almost sessile; the violet corolla 4 lines long, tube shorter than the viscid calyx; throat 
 funnel-form; capsule ovoid. 
 
80 HYDROPHYLLACE^:. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 
 
 * 
 
 Var. tsnera, Gr., is a depauperate form; frequently the peduncles only 1 -flowered. 
 
 23. -G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, in age diffusely branched; 
 flowers few, in loose, rather short peduncled clusters; corolla with a very short proper 
 tube and an ample campanulate throat which is pale yellow or orange below, dark pur- 
 ple above; the lilac or violet lobes longer than the stamens. 
 
 24. G. inconspicua, Dougl. A span to a foot high, somewhat viscid or glandular; 
 corolla violet-purple or bluish, twice or thrice the length of the calyx, but small, the 
 lobes only a line long. It passes by gradation into 
 
 Var. sinuata, Gr., with the tube of the corolla more slender and exserted and the 
 lobes often 2 lines long. 
 
 2. POLEMONIUM. Tourn. 
 
 Flowers as in Gllia, Euyilia, but the corolla short and broad, the stamens somewhat 
 declined, the filaments hairy appendagecl at the base. Calyx herbaceous, its divisions 
 and those of the pinnate leaves pointless. 
 
 1. P. caeruleum, L. (GREEK VALERIAN. ) Smooth or viscid-pubescent, 2 or 3 ft. 
 high, leafy, usually bearing numerous flowers; corolla an inch or more across, bright blue 
 varying to white; stamens and style exserted. [See bottom of p. 122.] 
 
 ORDER 39. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 
 
 Inflorescence usually scorpioid; flowers perfect, regular, 5-androus, the two styles dis- 
 tinct at least at the apex; stigmas terminal, small, capitate. Only in Romanzofjia are 
 the stigmas as well as the styles united. Ovary commonly hispid or hirsute, at least at 
 the top. Mostly herbs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves and no stipules. 
 
 Tribe 1. HYDROFHYLLE^J. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Style 2-cleft. 
 Corolla almost always convolute in the bud. Herbs. 
 
 Flowers solitary or loosely racemose. 
 
 Calyx with reflexed appendages Nemophila. 1 
 
 Calyx naked at the sinuses Ellisia. 2 
 
 Tribe 2. PHACELIE.S. Ovary 1-2-celled. Style 1-2-cleft. Corolla imbricated in 
 the bud. Calyx naked at the sinuses. Herbs. 
 
 Corolla not yellow, deciduous Phacelia. 3 
 
 Corolla yellow, persistent Emmeuanthe, 4 
 
 Style and stigma entire Romanzoffia. 5 
 
 Tribe 3. NAME2S. Ovary, capsule, dehiscence, etc., nearly of Phaceliece. Styles 
 
 distinct to the base, stigmas capitate. 
 Lowshrubs.. Eriodictyon. 6 
 
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. (WATERLEAE FAMILY.) 81 
 
 | 
 1. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed, the throat appepdaged 
 With 10 internal plates or scales. Tender herbs with diffuse and procumbent stems, and 
 pinnately lobed or divided leaves, more or less hirsute. 
 
 * Leaves mostly alternate; stems long and weak, beset with stiff reftexed bristles. 
 
 1. N. aurita, Lindl. Leaves large, with auriculate dilated and clasping base or 
 winged petiole deeply pinnatifid into 5 to 9 retrorse lobes; corolla violet, 5 to 12 lines in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 * * Leaves opposite not aurided at base. 
 
 2. N. maculata, Benth, Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the 
 Uppermost only 3-lobed; corolla white, with a violet spot at the top of each lobe, over 
 an inch across. 
 
 3. W. insignis, Dougl. Leaves similar to the last; corolla bright blue, its scales 
 Bhort and roundish, partly free. 
 
 4. N. Menziesii, Hook & Arn. Leaves less divided than the last; corolla from 
 light blue to white and sprinkled with dots toward the center, its scales narrow and ad- 
 herent by one edge. 
 
 * * * Upper leaves often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, and slender-petioled, 
 many only 3-5-lobed, one-sided. 
 
 5. N. parviflora, Dougl. Slender and weak; corolla 2 to 5 lines across, light blue 
 or white. 
 
 2. ELLISIA, L. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla campanulate, short in proportion to the calyx; scales minute 
 or obsolete. Stamens and style not exserted. 
 
 1. B, chrysanthemifolia, Benth. Stem 1 or 2 ft. high, erect, branched; leaves dis- 
 sected into very many small and short divisions; flowers, small, white; capsule remark- 
 able, viz. : the mostly four ordinary rough seeds enclosed between the placentae, while, 
 between each placenta and the valve which it lines, is hidden a single thin, meniscoidal, 
 smooth seed. 
 
 3. PHACELIA, Juss. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted, the divisions usually narrow and similar; corolla from almost 
 rotate to narrow- funnelform; commonly with appendages upon the inside of the tube in 
 the form of 10 vertical plates, approximate in pairs between the bases of the filaments, 
 or adnate to the filaments, one on each side. Stamens equally inserted low down or at 
 the base of the corolla. Herbs, mostly hirsute or hispid and branched from the base; 
 with simple or compound alternate leaves, or the lower opposite and more or less scor- 
 pioid infloresence. Corolla never yellow except in the throat. Ovules and seeds 4 in all 
 except the last species. (See ADDENDA. ) 
 
82 EYDROPHYLLACE.E . (WATEELEAF FAMILY.) 
 
 * Leaves simple and entire, or with a pair or two of similar and smaller leaflets or lobes. 
 
 1. P. circinata, Jacq. f. A span to a foot or two high from a stout root, hispid and 
 the foliage strigose, either green, grayish or canescent, with a soft pubescence; leaves 
 from lanceolate to ovate, acute, the lower tapering into a petiole and some bearing lateral 
 leaflets; inflorescence in dense scorpioid hispid spikes, crowded; corolla dull or bluish 
 white; filaments much exserted. A very variable species; usually many stems from one 
 root; some with large entire, ovate green leaves only. 
 
 2. P. Breweri, Gr. Foliage and habit similar to the last, but smaller and more 
 slender, from an annual root; leaves seldom an inch long, many of them 3-5-parted, the 
 lanceolate lateral lobes ascending; corolla smaller (scarcely 3 lines long), blue or violet; 
 filaments not exserted. 
 
 * * Leaves simple, rounded, cordate, lobed and serrate. 
 
 3. P. malv^folia, Cham. Stout, loosely branching, hispid with stinging hairs; 
 leaves 2 inches or more in diameter; spikes solitary, or in pairs; corolla 3 to 6 lines long, 
 dull white or bluish; stamens much exserted. 
 
 * Leaves once to thrice pinnatifid or pinnately compound, oblong in general outline. 
 Calyx Iristly hispid, its lobes not rarely unequal. Annuals, the species difficult to dis- 
 criminate. 
 
 4. P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, roughish, hirsute or hispid; 
 leaves 9-17-divided in narrow once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile 
 or nearly so; the scorpioid spikes clustered; the short pedicels erect or ascending; corolla 
 usually of a dirty mottled white or bluish; stamens and style much exserted; calyx lobes 
 not twice the length of the capsule. 
 
 5. P. ramosissima, Dougl. Straggling, somewhat viscid above; leaves pinnately 
 5-7-divided or parted into linear pinnatifid-incised divisions; the short pedicels soon 
 horizontal; stamens and style moderately exserted; calyx lobes more than twice the 
 length of the globular capsule; flowers bluish. 
 
 6. P. ciliata, Benth. A span to a foot high; leaves rarely divided but incised or 
 cleft and toothed; spikes simple or in pairs; stamens usually not surpassing the open 
 corolla; calyx lobes ciliate with glandular bristles; corolla blue. 
 
 * * * * Leaves entire, or the lower 1-2-lobed, not cordate, the veins parallel or converging, as 
 in P. circinata; no glandular pubescence ; calyx with long hairs; seeds more than 4- 
 
 7. P. divaricata, Gr. Diffusely spreading, a span or more in height; leaves ovate 
 or oblong; style 2-cleft at the apex only; corolla violet, about 10 lines in diameter. 
 
 4. EMMENANTHB, Benth. 
 Distinguished from Phacelia by the persistent yellow or cream-colored corolla. 
 
BORRAGINACE2E. (BORRAGE FAMILY.) 83 
 
 1. E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high; somewhat viscid; leaves pinna* 
 tifid; pedicels filiform, abont half an inch long, equaling the nodding corolla. 
 
 5. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. 
 
 Stamens unequal; style filiform. Low perennial herbs, with the aspect of saxifrages; 
 the leaves mainly radical, round-cordate, or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long petioled. 
 
 1. R. Sitchensis, Bong. Scapes weak, a span long, bearing several pink or pur- 
 ple, varying to white flowers; corolla veiny. 
 
 6. ERIODICTYON, Benth. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form to salver-form. Stamens included. Low 
 ehrubs; the leaves alternate, of rigid coriaceous texture, the finely reticulated veinleta 
 conspicuous on a fine woolly ground, at least underneath, their margins beset with rigid 
 teeth. 
 
 1. E. glutinosum, Benth. (MOUNTAIN BALM, or YERBA SANTA.) Smooth, glu- 
 tinous with a resinous exudation, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long; 
 cymes in a naked panicle; corolla tubular, funnel-form, violet or nearly white, half an 
 inch long. 
 
 E. tomentosum, Benth., grows farther down the coast. It is larger with smaller almost salver-form, 
 flowers; densely villous. 
 
 ORDER 40. BORRAGINACKZE. 
 
 Mostly roughly pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves without stipules, scor- 
 pioid inflorescence, and perfectly regular 5-androus flowers; the ovary of 4 lobes or 
 divisions around a central style, ripening into seed-like nutlets. Calyx free, 5-parted 
 or 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla with a 5-lobed limb, commonly imbricated in the bud. 
 Stamens distinct, inserted in the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with its lobes. 
 The one-sided and coiled apparent spikes or racemes straighten as the blossoms develop. 
 
 All our species except the first belong to the true Borrage Tribe. 
 
 * Fruit not prickly. 
 
 Corolla with plaited sinuses; stigma sessili Heliotropium. 1 
 
 Corolla yellow. Bristly-hispid plants Amsinckia. 3 
 
 Corolla white Eritrichium. 3 
 
 * * The nutlets prickly, bur-like. 
 
 Flowers sky-blue (rarely white) in bracteate racemes Echinospennum. 4 
 
 Flower purple, blue and violet in a peduncled raceme Cynoglossum. 5 
 
 Flowers minute; nutlets winged, or boat-shaped Pectocarya. 6 
 
84 BORKAGINACE^E. (BORRAGE FAMILY.) 
 
 1. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. 
 
 Corolla with plaited sinuses. Filaments short or none; anthers connivent and some- 
 times cohering. Style entire or none; stigma a fleshy ring or the edge of a peltate or 
 umbrella-shaped disk. Fruit dry, splitting into 4 nutlets. 
 
 1. II. Curassavicum, L. A smooth and somewhat glaucous succulent herb with 
 spreading or prostrate stems; leaves oblanceolate, an inch or two long; flowers crowded, 
 white or blue; stigma sessile, flat- topped. Blackens in drying. 
 
 2. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. 
 
 Corolla salver-form, or somewhat funnel-form, more or less plaited in the bud at the 
 sinuses, with the tube exceeding the calyx, lobes rounded. Filaments short. Style fili- 
 form; stigma capitate-2-lobed. Nutlets ovate-triangular. Hispid annuals with oblong' 
 ovate to linear leaves, and yellow flowers in at length loose scorpioid spikes or racemes, 
 without bracts, except sometimes the lowest. 
 
 * Nutlets rough, the back convex. 
 
 1. A. spectabilis, Fisch. &Mey. Erect, a span to a foot high; leaves mostly linear; 
 tube of the bright orange-yellow corolla, two or three times the length of the linear, 
 rusty-hispid calyx, nearly half an inch long; the throat enlarged, and the expanded limb 
 a third to half an inch in diameter. 
 
 2. A. intermedia, Fisch. & Mey. Erect, usually a foot or two high; leaves linear 
 or only the lower lanceolate; corolla bright yellow, 3 or 4 lines long; its tube a little 
 surpassing the calyx-lobes; the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter. 
 
 3. A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decum- 
 bent, sparsely hispid with bristles, which on the leaves have conspicuous pustulate bases; 
 leaves from lanceolate to ovate, the margins usually undulate; upper flowers mostly 
 bractless; corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long; the throat little enlarged; the limb 2 
 or 3 lines in diameter. Passes into 
 
 Var. bracteosa, Gr., a smaller-flowered decumbent form, with most of the flowers 
 bracteate. 
 
 * * Nutlets nearly fiat on the back, coarsely granulate. 
 
 4. A. tessellata, Gr. About a foot high, rather stout, coarsely hispid, the bris- 
 tles of the calyx rusty; corolla orange-yellow, 3 or 4 lines long, the throat plaited, the 
 tube rather longer than the obtuse calyx-lobes; nutlets broadly ovate, thickly covered 
 with warty granulations closely fitting like the blocks of a pavement. 
 
 * * * Nutlets at maturity, whitish, smooth and polished. 
 
 5. A. vernicosa, Hook & Arn. Sparsely bristly; leaves linear to ovate-lanceolate; 
 corolla light yellow, 4 or 5 lines long, and the limb narrow; nutlets shaped like a grain 
 of buckwheat. 
 
BORRAGINACE.E. (BOKRAGE FAMILY.) 85 
 
 Var. grandiflora, Or. Robust, more hispid and large flowered, the limbs broader) 
 calyx lobes often combined, so as to appear as 3 or 4. 
 
 3, ERITRICHIUM, Schr. 
 
 Most obviously distinguished from Amsinckia and the nearer Echinospermum by its 
 Usually smaller white flowers, with shorter corolla tube. The species difficult of deter- 
 mination. 
 
 1. E. California urn, DC. The slender stems decumbent, a span or more long; 
 the leaves narrowly linear; stems flowering from near the base; flowers almost sessile, 
 mostly with leaves or bracts, at length scattered; the corolla only a line long; calyx open 
 in fruit. Passes into 
 
 Var. subglocliidiatuxn, Gr. Slightly succulent; lower leaves inclined to spatulate, 
 nutlets somewhat barbed. Wet ground. 
 
 2. E. Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, erect a span to a foot high; leaves narrowly linear 
 (1 or 2 inches long); flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes, 
 most of them bractless; pedicels not more than a line long; calyx erect in fruit; corolla 
 surpassing the calyx, the limb almost rotate, 2 to 5 lines in diameter. Seems to pass 
 into the next. 
 
 3. E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon spreading or decumbent; larger leaves, 
 2 to 4 inches long; flowers in lax, usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy-bracted; 
 pedicels sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long; corolla more funnel-form, its limb 3 
 to 5 lines in diameter. This may be a wet ground form of the last, which grows on dry 
 ground. 
 
 4. E. fulvum, A. DC. A span to a foot high, slender branched from a leafy base, 
 pubescent; leaves linear, or the lower lanceolate or spatulate; spikes at maturity nearly 
 filiform, bracteate only at the base; calyx, etc., densely clothed with rusty or fulvous 
 hairs; calyx deciduous, only the lower part remaining under the fruit; corolla limb 2 
 lines across. 
 
 5. E. canescens, Gr. Stouter and larger than the last; the pubescence whitish, 
 not rusty; leaves linear; calyx hardly deciduous. 
 
 6. E. oxycaryum, Gr. May be known by the solitary ovate-acuminate, smooth, 
 Bhining nutlet enclosed in the persistent bur-like calyx; corolla 2 lines wide. 
 
 4. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. 
 
 Calyx lobes spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla short, salver-form, and with con- 
 spicuous arching crests at the throat. Short filaments, style, etc., as in Entricliium. 
 Nutlets with barbed prickles. 
 
 1. E. floribundum, Lehm. Hather strict, 2 ft. or more high, or sometimes smaller; 
 leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate; racemes numerous, usually geminate; the tri- 
 
83 CONVOLVULACE2E. (MORNING GLORY FAMILY.) 
 
 angular nutlets armed with prickles on the margins; limb of the rotate corolla 2 to 5 
 lines in diameter, blue, rarely white. 
 
 5. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. 
 
 Chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the broad large leaves, the bractlesa 
 racemes and the nutlets clothed over the whole back with stout barbed prickles. 
 
 1. C. grande, Dougl. About 2 ft. high, pubescence soft; radical and lower stem 
 leaves ovate oblong, usually rounded or cordate at the base, long petioled; panicled 
 racemes or cymes small, on a long naked terminal peduncle; corolla tube exceeding the 
 calyx; its limb blue to violet, with usually purple crests; 3 to 5 lines wide. 
 
 6. FECTOCARYA, DC. 
 
 Structure of the minute white flowers similar to the preceding; nutlets widely spread- 
 ing in pairs, horizontal, oblong or almost linear, surrounded by an incurved wing-like 
 border which is toothed, the apex beset with hooked bristles. 
 
 1. P. penicillata, A. DC. Very slender, diffusely branching, spreading, with nar- 
 row linear leaves, and small flowers scattered the whole length of the stem, on very short 
 pedicels; nutlets only a line long. 
 
 ORDER 41. CONVOLVULACEJE. 
 
 Herbs, usually twining or trailing, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular perfect 
 flowers; the stamens as many as the lobes or angles of the corolla and alternate with 
 them (5, rarely 4); the free persistent calyx of mostly distinct imbricated sepals; ovary 
 2-3-celled; capsules generally globular; seeds 1 to 4. Inflorescence axillary. 
 
 Corolla plaited in the bud; style single Convolvulus. 1 
 
 Corolla 5-cleft; styles 2 Cressa. 2 
 
 Twining parasites, leafless, yellowish Cuscuta. 3 
 
 1. CONVOLVULUS, L. 
 
 Corolla campanulate or short and open funnel-form, with a 5-angulate or obscurely 
 5-lobed border, deeply plaited down the sinuses in the bud. Stamens included. Stj la 
 filiform; stigmas 2, in ours flat, from linear to oval. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 * A pair of bracts close to the calyx, enveloping it. 
 
 1. C. Soldanella, L. Maritime, low, smooth; stems a foot or less in length, trail- 
 ing; leaves reniform entire or obscurely angulate-lobed, an inch or two broad, long 
 petioled; corolla pink, purplish, or nearly white. 
 
CONVOLVULACEJE. (MORNING GLORY FAMILY.) 87 
 
 2. C. occidentalis, Gr. Mostly smooth; stems twining several feet high; leaves 
 from broadly ovate-triangular with a deep and narrow basal sinus to narrowly lanceolate- 
 hastate; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed; peduncle elongated, not rarely 2-flowered 
 within the bracts; these ovate or rarely oblong, commonly surpassing the enclosed calyx; 
 corolla white or pinkish, 1 to 1^ inches broad; stigmas linear. 
 
 3. C. Californicus, Choi. Minutely and rather densely pubescent, a span or less 
 high, or with trailing stems a foot long; leaves from ovate or obovate and obscurely 
 hastate to triangular-hastate, the basal lobes sometimes 1-2-toothed, long-petioled; pe- 
 duncles shorter than the petiole; bracts oblong or oval, about equaling the sepals, or 
 Bhorter; corolla white, cream-color or flesh-color, 1^ to 2 inches long. 
 
 4. C. villosus, Gr. Densely silky- villous or woolly; corolla cream colored, an inch 
 long. 
 
 * * No calyx-Wee bracts; sometimes a pair of leaves close under the flower or a pair of 
 "bracts at some distance below it. 
 
 5. C. luteolus, Gr. Stems twining several feet long; leaves triangular-hastate or 
 sagittate, the basal lobes sometimes 2-lobed; peduncles bearing a pair of linear or lan- 
 ceolate entire bracts, a little below the flower; a second flower occasionally from the 
 axil of one of them; corolla pale yellow or purplish, an inch or more in length; stigmas 
 linear. 
 
 2. CRESSA, L. 
 
 Corolla deeply 5-cleft; the oblong or ovate lobes more than half the length of the 
 somewhat campanulate tube. Stamens and the 2 distinct styles exserted. Stigmas 
 capitate. 
 
 1. C. Cretica, L. A span or two high, silky-villous and hoary ; leaves very 
 numerous, 2 to 4 lines long, almost sessile; flowers sessile or nearly so in the upper axils; 
 corolla 2 or 3 lines long, white. On saline or alkaline soil. 
 
 3. CUSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER. 
 
 Calyx 5-4-cleft or parted. Corolla campanulate or short-tubular, the spreading limb 
 5-4-parted. Styles in our species 2, distinct. Seeds germinating in the soil, but the 
 thread-like, branching, leafless, yellowish or reddish twining stems becoming parasitic on 
 the bark of herbs or small shrubs; being attached by means of suckers. Flowers small, 
 cymose or densely clustered, white or whitish. 
 
 * Capsule depressed-globose. 
 
 1. C. Californica, Choisy. Flowers pedicelled in loose few-flowered cymes; lobes of 
 the calyx acute; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-subulate, delicate white; no scales below 
 the stamens. 
 
 Var. breviflora, Engel. Flowers scarcely over a line long; calyx lobes equaling the 
 corolla-tube. 
 
SOLANACEJL. (POTATO FAMILY.) 
 
 Yar. longiloba, Engel. Flowers 1 to 2J lines long; calyx-lobes often with recurved 
 tips; capsule mostly only 1 -seeded, enveloped by the withered corolla. 
 
 * Capsule pointed, capped or enveloped by the withered corolla. 
 
 2. C. salina, Engel. Flowers 1J to 2J lines long delicate white; corolla lobes often 
 overlapping, denticulate; capsule surrounded but not capped by the corolla, usually 
 1-seeded. Growing in saline marshes, usually on Salicornia. 
 
 3. C. subinclusa, Dur. & Hilg. Flowers sessile or nearly so (at length in large 
 clusters), 2 to 4 lines long; lobes of the corolla short, the tube somewhat urn-shaped, 
 only partly covered by the fleshy, usually reddish calyx. The most common species 
 growing on coarse herbs and shrubs. 
 
 ORDER 42. SOLANACEJE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers on 
 bractless pedicels, a single style and a 2-celled ovary; the fruit a many-seeded berry or 
 capsule. 
 
 This small order of, perhaps, not more than a dozen species west of the Sierra Nevada, 
 and less than 70 in North America, is remarkable for the diversity of properties exhibited 
 by its members, and the almost universal use by man of several of its species. At first 
 view, the classification seems absurd which puts fiery Cayenne pepper and insipid egg 
 plants, the wholesome tomato and deatlly night-shade, nutritious potatoes and poisonous 
 tobacco together in one family. A careful examination shows that these seemingly very 
 different plants are much alike after all. The four most important plants of this order 
 potato, tobacco, red or Cayenne pepper, and tomato are natives of tropical America, 
 and were consequently not used in the Old World before the sixteenth century. The 
 following ornamental plants of the order are common in cultivation: Jerusalem Cherry 
 (Solanum Pseudo-Capsicum], a small shrub, with red berries; Jasmine Solanum (S. Jas- 
 minoides), a shrubby climber, with a profusion of nearly white blossoms a little smaller 
 than those of the potato; the well-known Matrimony Vine (Lycium vulgare}; Tree 
 Datura or Stramonium (Datura arborea), with hanging flowers six or seven inches in 
 length; Cestrum, a shrub with drooping tubular red flowers in terminal bunches; and 
 Petunia, with funnel-form corollas of various colors. 
 
 Solanum Xanti, Gray, grows along the coast from Santa Barbara southward, and has been reported 
 from Lake County. It is more herbaceous than S. umbelliferum, and may be distinguished with the aid 
 of a lens by its simple glandular hairs, instead of the branching hairs of the latter species. 
 
 Pliysalis or Ground Cherry may be found in cultivated ground. Its berries are enclosed by an 
 inflated calyx. 
 
 Datura MeteloirJes, DC., grows on the Salinas River and southward. The flowers are white or violet 
 tinged, and 6 to 8 inches long, with a wide border; the capsule nodding. 
 
SOLANACEJS. (POTATO FAMILY.) 88a 
 
 Corolla rotate; fruit a berry Solanum. 1 
 
 Corolla funnel-form; capsule large, spiny Datura. 2 
 
 Corolla funuel-form; capsule smooth Nicotiana. 3 
 
 1. SOLANUM, Tourn. 
 
 Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Filaments short; anthers usually conniving. 
 Style elongated. 
 
 * Corolla small white; deeply 5-cleft. 
 
 1. S. nigrum, L. (BLACK NIGHTSHADE.) Widely branching; leaves usually ovate 
 and sinuate toothed; flowers in umbellate clusters; berries black. Variable. 
 
 Var. Douglasii, Gr. Leaves apt to be coarsely toothed; flowers sometimes half an 
 inch broad. 
 
 * * Corolla large, blue, 5-angled. 
 
 2. S. umbelliferum, Esch. Somewhat shrubby; flowers in umbel-like clusters, 
 violet-blue to rarely white, about 9 lines broad. A variable species similar to S. Xanti, 
 which is less shrubby and has larger flowers, a common species farther south. 
 
 2. DATURA, L. STRAMONIUM. 
 
 Calyx prismatic, partly deciduous. Corolla with ample 5-pointed limb. Style long; 
 stigma 2-lipped. Capsule spiny. 
 
 1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth, green; corolla white, about 3 inches long; cap- 
 sule beset with short, stout prickles, the lower shorter. 
 
 2. D. Tatula, L. Stem reddish-purple; corolla pale violet; prickles about equal. 
 
 3. D. quercifolia, HBK. Green ; corolla violet-tinged; prickles flattened, unequal, 
 some an inch long. Lower Russian River. 
 
 3. NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO. 
 
 Calyx campanulate or oblong, persistent. Corolla commonly funnel-form, the limb 
 plaited. Style long; stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Very viscid herbs. 
 
 1. N. rustica, L. Leaves petioled, ovate, or the lower slightly cordate; corolla 
 short and broad, dull white, less than an inch long. 
 
 2. N. Bigelovii, Wat. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, only the lower ones 
 petioled, these scarcely exceeding 6 inches long; corolla nearly salver-form with tube 1 
 inches long, the limb an inch or more wide, its lobes acute. 
 
 3. N. attenuata, Torr. (SLENDER TOBACCO.) Leaves petioled, the lower ovate or 
 oblong, the upper lanceolate to linear lanceolate; calyx teeth short; corolla greenish 
 white, salver-form, an inch or more long, and a half an inch or less across. Slender 
 plants 3 or 4 feet high in cultivated ground. 
 
 4. N. glauca, Graham. (TOBACCO TREE.) A small tree, commonly cultivated; 
 smooth, glaucous leaves long-petioled; tubular corolla greenish yellow, an inch or more 
 long. 
 
SSb 
 
 SCROPHULARIACE^E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 ORDER 2G. SCROPHULARIACEZS. 
 
 A corolla more or less bilabiate, with the lobes imbricated in the bud; didynamous or 
 diandrous stamens; a single style and a 2-celled ovary and capsule mark this large 
 order. In Pentstemon there is a fifth rudimentary stamen. Verbascum has five perfect 
 stamens. 
 
 CL 
 
 Mimulus glutinosus. 
 
 f 
 
 a. Ripe capsule of Mi- 
 mulus luteus. b. The 
 same seen edgewise burst- 
 ing open. c. A cross 
 section of the same, show- 
 ing the placenta; and 
 seeds, d. Pistil of Mi- 
 mulus luteus. e. Front 
 view of one of the an- 
 thers. /. Back view oi 
 
 the same. Above these are the stamens of Mi- 
 mulus glutinosus united in pairs. 
 
 a. Single flower and bract of Pedicularis densi- 
 flora (galea flattened laterally, the pistil protrud- 
 ing; the lower lip of 3 small lobes, 2 of which 
 are shown). b. A single flower of Castilleia. 
 
 c. Single floAver of Orthocarpus purpurascens. 
 
 d. Front view of the same, with calyx removed. 
 The lower lip (anterior or front part of the 
 flower) 3-lobed, the galea beaked and surpassing 
 
 This large order, numbering nearly 2,000 species, is remarkable for the great oeauty of 
 fts flowers, and for the impartial distribution of its species over the whole world. Over 
 300 species, belonging to 37 genera, are natives of the United States. About 75 species 
 grow east of the Mississippi, and about 100 west of the Sierra Nevada in this State. The 
 
SCEOPHULARIACE2E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 89 
 
 most important American genera aro Pentstemon, 75 species, found, with one exception, 
 only in North America, and mostly within the limits of the United States between the 
 Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada; Mimulus, represented in other countries, but 
 most largely in North America, where there are 30 species, about two thirds of which 
 grow in California, west of the Sierra Nevada, only 2 species reaching the Atlantic 
 States; Orthocarpus, 24 species, all North American, except one, and west of the 
 Mississippi, 16 belonging to California; Gerardia, 24 species, mostly in the Atlantic 
 States, and none reaching the Rocky Mountains; Castilleia, 23 species, 2 Asiatic, 3 in the 
 Atlantic States, and 8 or 9 in California; Pedicularis, a large genus, mostly in the arctic 
 regions and on high mountains of the temperate zone, 28 American species; Collinsia, 15 
 species, all Californian, except two, which grow in the Mississippi Valley. Several 
 showy species of shrubby Veronicas are cultivated. This large genus, numbering 40 
 species in New Zealand alone, *is represented in the United States by only a few obscure 
 herbs. Digitalis, commonly cultivated under the name of Foxglove, has run wild about 
 Humboldt Bay and in the Willamette Valley. 
 
 Many plants belonging to the genera Pentstemon, Collinsia, and Mimulus are culti- 
 vated on account of their beautiful flowers. Pentstemons are mostly confined to hilly or 
 mountainous districts. Collinsias grow everywhere. Most species of Mimulus prefer 
 moist places, but the only shrubby species, M. glutinosus, grows on dry, rocky hillsides. 
 
 Two species of Verbascum (Mullein) are found in the State, but probably not within our limits; V. 
 Thapsus, L., with woolly decurrent leaves and V. virgatum, Withe., distinguished by nearly smooth not 
 decurrent leaves and violet bearded filaments. 
 
 * Leaves mostly alternate; corolla personate. 
 
 Corolla spurred at base Linaria. 1 
 
 Corolla gibbous at base Antirrhinum. 2 
 
 * * Leaves opposite or whorled. 
 Corolla erect, the anterior lobe reflexed, the other 4 erect, a scale in the throat on 
 
 the upper side . Scrophularia. 3 
 
 Corolla declined, the middle lower lobe infolding the stamens and style . . . Collinsia. 4 
 
 Carolla with a fifth sterile filament on the upper side Pentstemon. 5 
 
 Stigma 2-lipped or disk-like Mimulus. 6 
 
 * * * Corolla rotate or short-campanulate. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla campanulate Limosella. 7 
 
 Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed, rotate Veronica. 8 
 
 * Corolla tubular; the upper Up erect or incurved, laterally compressed, usually en- 
 closing the ascending stamens. 
 
 Corolla narrow with almost obsolete lower lip Castilleia. 9 
 
 Corolla with saccate lower lip of 3 lobes Orthocarpus. 10 
 
90 SCROPHULARIACE2E. (riGWOET FAMILY.) 
 
 Lips of corolla, both short; the lower 3-crenulate Cordylanthus. 11 
 
 Upper lip of the corolla arched; many large radical leaves Pedicularis. 12 
 
 1, LINARIA, Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with the throat nearly closed; the base in front (below) pro- 
 longed into a spur. 
 
 1. L. Canadensis, Dum. (ToAD FLAX.) Smooth; leaves linear, alternate on the 
 erect flowering stems, but smaller and broader ones often opposite or whorled on the 
 procumbent shoots; flowers blue in a terminal raceme. 
 
 2. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON. 
 
 Like Linaria, except that the corolla has a saccate protuberance instead of a spur. In 
 ours the upper lip is spreading and the lower lobes deflexed. 
 
 1. A. glandulosum, Lindl. Glandular and viscid; leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile; 
 flowers in a dense spike or raceme, half an inch or more long, pink with yellowish 
 palate. 
 
 2. A. vagans, Gr. Very diffuse, often glandular, branchlets frequently prehensile; 
 leaves short, lanceolate to ovate; flowers scattered, purplish blue, half an inch long. 
 
 Var. Bolaiideri, Gr. Has broader and thinner leaves, those on the prehensile branch- 
 lets orbicular. 
 
 3. A. Breweri, Gr. Has smaller flowers, only 3 lines long; style strongly deflexed. 
 
 3. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lobes broad. Corolla short, with an oblong tube unequally 
 5-lobod, 4 erect, the two upper the longer. Stamens 4, inserted in pairs, low down on 
 the corolla tube, a rudiment of the fifth stamen in the form of a scale above. Coarse 
 herbs, with inconspicuous flowers. 
 
 I. S. Californica, Cham. Nearly smooth, 2 to 6 ft. high, with deltoid or truncate- 
 ovate doubly toothed opposite leaves; flowers small greenish or lurid red (rarely yellow) 
 in a terminal thyrsus. 
 
 4. COLLINSIA, Nutt. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with the tube gibbous or saccate on the upper side, 
 commonly declined, conspicuously bilabiate; the upper lip 2-cleft, and its lobes recurv- 
 ing; the lower 3-lobed and larger, its side lobes pendulous-spreading, the middle one 
 folded into a keel-shaped sac and including the declined stamens and style. Stamens in 
 pairs, with long filaments, anthers round-reniform. A gland at the base of the corolla on 
 the upper side answers to the fifth stamen. Beautiful annuals with simple opposite or 
 whorled leaves, all but the lower sessile; pedicels solitary or whorled in the axils of leaves 
 which diminish to small bracts above. 
 
SCROPHULAKIACE^]. (riGWOET FAMILY.) 91 
 
 * Flowers short-pediceled or nearly sessile, verticillate. 
 
 1. C. bicolor, Benth. A foot or more high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the upper 
 usually ovate-lanceolate and sessile by a nervose veined base; pedicels shorter than the 
 acute lobes of the calyx; the lower lip or the corolla violet or rose-purple and the upper 
 paler to nearly white; the saccate throat very oblique to the true tube, fully as broad as 
 long; gland short. The most showy species, with flowers nearly an inch long. 
 
 2. C. tinctoria, Hartw. Foliage, etc., like the preceding; generally more viscid- 
 pubescent; flowers almost sessile; corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with 
 purple dots or lines; upper lip very short. East side of Sacramento Valley. 
 
 3. C. bartsisefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular; leaves from ovate- 
 oblong to linear; flower-whorls 2 to 5, rarely only one; the lateral lobes of the lower lip 
 emarginate or obcordate; gland elongated. Flowers nearly as large as the preceding, 
 purplish, pale violet, or whitish; upper lip with a transverse callosity at the origin of tha 
 limb. 
 
 4. C, Greenei, Gr. Upper lip of the violet purple corolla about half the length o| 
 the lower, crested below with a pair of callous teeth on each side connected by a ridge. 
 Corolla 5 lines long. Lake County. 
 
 * Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or umbellate-whorled. 
 
 6. C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Mey. Slender; upper leaves linear-oblong or linear- 
 lanceolate, merely opposite or the upper minute floral bracts in threes; pedicels solitary 
 in the axils, longer or shorter than the flower which is 4 to 8 lines long; corolla mostly 
 violet; the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower commonly yellowish and purple- 
 dotted; calyx usually purple- tinged. 
 
 7. C. parviflora, Dougl. Low, at length diffuse about a span high; the blue, or 
 partly white flowers solitary or 2 to 5 in a whorl, 2 to 4 lines long; stigma cleft, gland 
 capitate, short-stipitate. 
 
 5. PENTSTEMON, Mitch. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a conspicuous mostly elongated or ventricose tube; the 
 limb more or less bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed; the lower 3-cleft, recurved or spreading. 
 The conspicuous sterile filament strongly marks the genus, remarkable for its many beau- 
 tiful species. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 1. P. Menziesii, Hook. Tufted at the woody base, a span to a foot high; leaves oval 
 or ovate, a half to an inch long; corolla about an inch long, pink-red; anthers with the 
 diverging cells long- woolly. Mt. St. Helena, Mrs. M. L. Swe.it. 
 
 2. P. corymbosus, Benth. A foot or two high, soft-pubescent or nearly smooth, 
 leafy to the tip; corolla scarlet, an inch long; anthers smooth; steril filament, bearded 
 down one side. 
 
 3. P. breviflorus, Lindl. 3 to 6 ft. high, with long, slender, flowering branches; 
 corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half an inch long; the 
 Upper lip beset with long viscid hairs; sterile filament naked. 
 
92 SCEOPHULAEIACE^, (FIG WORT FAMILY.) 
 
 4. P. Leinmoni, Gr. Is smaller and may be distinguished from the last by its 
 yellow bearded sterile filament. 
 
 5. P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Stems 1 to 5 ft. high from a woody base; leaves lan- 
 ceolate or linear; corolla an inch or more in length, ventricose, rose-purple or pink chang- 
 ing to violet, an inch or more in length. Difficult to distinguish from the next. Coast 
 llange. 
 
 6. P. azureus, Benth. Usually smaller than the last; the larger corolla azure blue 
 changing to violet; the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an. inch 
 broad. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 6. MIMULUS, L. 1 
 
 Calyx mostly plicately o-angled. Corolla funnel-form, with the included or rarely 
 exserted tube bilabiately 5-lobed; the lobes roundish, more or less spreading or the 
 upper turned back; a pair of ridges running down the lower side of the throat. The 
 anthers often approximate in pairs, their cells divergent. The lobes of the stigma com- 
 monly petaloid-dilated or peltate-funnelform. Flowers axillary on simple peduncles; 
 commonly showy. 
 
 1. M. tricolor, Lindl. Stem, when beginning to flower, only a quarter of an inch 
 high, at length 3 inches. Corolla about 1^ inches long, with a long exserted slender 
 tube, a short funnelform throat, and similar nearly equal lobes; pink, with a crimson 
 spot on the base of each lobe, a yellow stain along the lower lip. Leaves sessile. 
 
 2. M. Douglasii, Gr. Similar to the last; leaves contracted into a petiole; lower 
 lip of the corolla much shorter than the erect upper one or even obsolete; the throat 
 more ample. Stem from a to 6 inches high. 
 
 3. M. glutinosus, Wendl. A brittle-stemmed shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high, with thick 
 glutinous-sticky leaves and mostly buff or salmon-colored flowers, but running into 
 varieties with red, red-brown, or scarlet flowers. 
 
 4. M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous, with viscid hairs; the large leaves ovate, the 
 upper often connate; corolla frequently 2 inches long; the tube hardly exceeding the long 
 calyx, the limb very oblique, scarlet. Along water courses. 
 
 5. M. luteus, L. Mostly smooth, varying greatly in size from a foot to even 4 ft. 
 high; leaves ovate oval or cordate; corolla deep yellow, usually spotted within, and 
 the base of the lower lip blotched with brown-purple, from 1 to 2 inches long. Moist 
 ground. 
 
 G. M. inconspicuus, Gr. Smooth, 2 to 7 inches high; the ovate or lanceolate 
 leaves sessile, a half inch or less long; corolla 5 lines long, yellow or rose-color; calyx 
 teeth very short. 
 
 7. M. moschatus, Dougl. (MusK PLANT.) Very villous and usually musk-scented; 
 stems spreading and creeping; flowers yellow. Our form is chiefly 
 
 Var. loiigiflorus, Gr., with very clammy leaves and flowers an inch long, scarcely 
 musky. 
 
SCROPHULARIACE.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 93 
 
 8. M. pilosus, Wat. A span to a foot high, much branched, soft, villous and 
 Blight ly viscid, many flowered from near the base; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 
 sessile, entire; calyx tube not prismatic; corolla yellow, obscurely bilabiate, 3 or 4 lines 
 long, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on the lower lobe. 
 
 7. LIMOSELLA, L. MUDWORT. 
 
 Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate, nearly regular. Style short; stigma 
 thickish. Diminutive annuals, with narrow fleshy leaves in clusters around the 1 -flow- 
 ered scapes. Flower small, white or purplish. 
 
 1. L. aquatica, L. An inch to a span high, growing in brackish mud or in fresh 
 water. 
 
 8. VERONICA, L. 
 
 The lower lobe and sometimes the lateral ones of the rotate corolla sometimes smaller 
 than the others. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper lobe of the corolla. Cap- 
 sules compressed. Flowers small (a line or two broad), in racemes or spikes, or solitary 
 in the axils; blue, purplish, or white. 
 
 1. V. Americana, Schw. Stems a span to two feet long; leaves ovate or oblong, 
 eerrate, rather succulent, short-petioled, an inch or two long, opposite. Flowers in axil- 
 lary racemes, bluish, with purple stripes. Common in damp places. 
 
 2. V. peregrina, L. A span or more high, all the upper leaves alternate, linear- 
 oblong; flowers minute, in the axils of the leaves, and mostly narrow bracts; capsule 
 obcordate. 
 
 9. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. 
 
 Calyx tubular, more or less cleft in front or behind, or both; the lobes 2 and lateral, or 
 4. Corolla tubular, laterally compressed, especially the long upper lip (galea); the lower 
 lip very short or minute, 3- toothed, and somewhat saccate below the short teeth; tha 
 tube usually inclosed in the calyx. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galea; anthers 2-celled, 
 the long cells unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner ones smaller, pendulous. 
 Style long; the capitate stigma sometimes 2-lobed. Herbs, sometimes woody at the base, 
 with mostly alternate, sessile leaves, the floral ones or their tips, as well as the calyx 
 lobes, commonly petaloid and colored red, yellow, or white. Flowers in terminal, simple, 
 leafy spikes. 
 
 1. C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. Annual; a foot or two high; leaves narrowly lanceo- 
 late, entire; the upper floral bracts usually broader, the apex toothed, red; spike with 
 scattered, frequently pedicellate flowers below; calyx red; an inch long, its front fissure 
 hardly twice as deep as the back one, the narrow lobes acutely 2-cleft; corolla 1 to 1 J 
 inches long, exserted so as to expose the callous lip; the galea about equal to the tube, 
 yellowish or tipped with red. 
 
 2. C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. Perennial (as are all the following); branching from 
 
94 SCKOPHULARIACE2E. (jTIGWORT FAMILY.) 
 
 the base, 1 or 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute and viscid; leaves oval, obtuse, half an inch or 
 more long, some above 3-5-lobed and red; calyx 2-cleft to the middle, the lobes entire or 
 emarginate, almost equaling the corolla; corolla 8 lines long, the short teeth of the lip 
 inflexed. 
 
 3. C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 ft. high, villous-hirsute above; leaves variously 
 cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline are mainly entire and nar- 
 row; calyx lobes oblong and 2-cleft at the apex or to below the middle; corolla an inch or 
 less long; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted A variable species. As in 
 the preceding species, the bracts and calyx are usually colored red or crimson, but some- 
 times varying to yellow or even white. 
 
 4. C. miniata, Dougl. Commonly 2 ft. high, strict, often slender; leaves lanceolate 
 or linear-lanceolate, almost always entire, the broad floral ones of the close spike some- 
 times incised or 3-cleft, usually bright red, rarely whitish; calyx lobes lanceolate, acutely 
 2-cleft; corolla over an inch long, exserted, exposing the short ovate teeth of the lip. 
 
 5. C. f oliolosa, Hook. & Arn. Densely white- woolly, the matted hairs loosened with 
 age; many-stemmed from a woody base; leaves narrowly linear, an inch or less long, 
 crowded below and fascicled in the axils. 
 
 10. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. 
 
 Chiefly distinguished from Castilleia by the upper lip of the corolla (galea) which but 
 little, if at all, surpasses the usually more conspicuous and inflated 1-3-saccate lower 
 lip. 
 
 1. C-ASTiLLEioiDES, Gr. Lower lip of the corolla simply or somewhat triply saccate, and 
 bearing 3 conspicuous teeth; the galea Itroadish or narrow; stigma capitate; anthers all 
 2-celled; bracts with colored tips. 
 
 * Filaments smooth; galea straight or nearly so, naked, narrow; the lip moderately 
 
 ventricose ; its teeth erect. 
 
 1. O. attenuatus, Gr. Slender, strict, a span or two high, mostly simple; leaves 
 linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes; spike slender; lower flowers 
 scattered; bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped; corolla narrow, half an inch 
 long, white or whitish; narrow teeth of the purple-spotted lip nearly equaling the galea. 
 
 2. O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from the base G to 12 inches 
 high; spike dense, many flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers rather distant; 
 bracts 3-cleft, about equaling the flowers, their linear lobes purple and white; corolla 
 from 8 to 12 lines long, the tips usually purplish, the teeth of the lip shorter than the 
 galea. 
 
 3. O. castilleioides, Benth. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched ; leaves from 
 lanceolate to oblong, usually laciniate; the upper and the bracts cuneate-dilated and 
 incisely cleft, green or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish; spikes dense, short and thick: 
 corolla nearly an inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped; lip ventricose-dilated. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEJE. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 95 
 
 * * Filaments pubescent ; galea densely red-bearded ; the obtuse tip incurved. 
 
 4. O. purpurascens, Benth. Bracts and corolla usually crimson to rose-color. 
 Distinguished by the bearded, hooked galea, and large stigma. 
 
 2. TRIPHYSARIA, Benth. Lower lip of the corolla conspicuously 3-saccate, and very much 
 larger than the slender galea, its teeth small, the tube filiform; stigma capitate, some- 
 times %-lobed; bracts like the leaves and not colored. 
 
 5. O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, 3 or 4 
 inches high; leaves 1-2-pinnatifid, and bracts 3-5-parted into filiform divisions; flowers 
 Bcattered, inconspicuous, shorter than the bracts; corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; lip 
 moderately 3-lobed; galea soon exposing the stamens. 
 
 6. O. floribundus, Benth. Slender, erect, 4 to 12 inches high; spike many-flowered, 
 dense above; corolla white or cream-color, half an inch long; the tube twice the length 
 of the calyx; stamens about the length of the soon open galea; the lip with 3 divergent 
 oval sacs, their scarious teeth erect. 
 
 7. O. erianthus, Benth. Erect, a span or more high, much branched, pubescent; 
 corolla sulphur-yellow, with the slightly falcate galea brown-purple; tube 6 to 8 lines 
 long, filiform, densely pubescent, thrice the length of the calyx; the lip of 3 globular- 
 inflated sacs, 1 to 2 lines long; the galea subulate, inclosing the stamens more strictly 
 than the preceding. 
 
 Var. roseus, Gr. Corolla rose-purple, shorter. 
 
 8. O. faucibarbatus, Gr. Nearly smooth, less branched, and leaves with coarser 
 divisions than the last; corolla with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; the 
 straight galea pale. 
 
 9. O. litnospermoides, Benth. Hirsute above; stem 4 to 12 inches high, strict, 
 mostly simple, very leafy; bracts of the dense many-flowered spike about equaling tho 
 flowers; corolla an inch or less long, cream-color, often turning pale rose-color; sacs 3 
 lines deep; the teeth inconspicuous; anthers 2-celled. 
 
 11. CORDYLANTHUS. Nutt. 
 
 Calyx of an anterior and a posterior leaf -like division, or the former wanting. Corolla 
 tubular, a little enlarging upward; the lips short and of nearly equal length; the lower 
 very obtusely and crenulately 3-toothed; the upper straight and compressed, with the 
 apex incurved. Style mostly hooked at the tip. Branching annuals with alternate nar- 
 row leaves either entire or 3-5-parted; the floral ones not brightly colored. Flowers one 
 to each bract, dull-colored, yellowish or purplish; the corolla not much exceeding the 
 calyx. 
 
 1. ADENOSTEGIA, Gr. Calyx 2-leaied; flowers short pediceled or nearly sessile, sub- 
 tended by 2 to 4 bractlets; floral leaves and bracts tipped with a gland. 
 1. C. filifolius, Nutt. A foot or two high; leaves filiform; the lower entire, tho 
 
96 OKOBANCHACEJE. (BROOM-EAPE FAMILY.) 
 
 upper 3-5-parted, the floral with cuneate base and ciliatc margins; corolla purplish, G to 
 9 lines long. 
 
 2. C. pilosus, Gr. Larger, soft-villous and hoary; the floral leaves 3-toothed at the 
 tip; corolla yellowish with some purple, less than an inch long. 
 
 2. HEMISTEGIA, Gr. Calyx 1-leaved; flowers without bractlets, each sessile in the axil 
 of a claspiny bract; no glands at the tips of the leaves. 
 
 3. C. maritimus, Nutt. Leaves smooth, somewhat fleshy, all entire; flowers in a 
 capitate spike; corolla dull-purplish; pairs of filaments very unequal. In salt marshes. 
 
 4. C. mollis, Gr. Stamens only 2, with smooth filaments; the upper leaves toothed 
 or pinnatifid. Salt marshes. 
 
 12. FEDICULARIS, Tourn. 
 
 Calyx 2-5-toothed, irregular. Corolla strongly bilabiate; the galea arched and laterally 
 compressed; the lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, inclosed in the galea; anthers 
 transverse, equally 2-celled. 
 
 1. P. densiflora, Benth. Nearly smooth, stout, becoming a foot or more high; 
 leaves broad -lanceolate in outline, twice-pinnatifid or pinnatcly parted, and the divisions 
 irregularly and sharply incised or toothed; the upper bracts of the dense elongated spike 
 or raceme simpler; calyx-teeth, 5; corolla red or scarlet. 
 
 OBDEB 44. OROBANCHACEJE. 
 
 Boot-parasitic herbs, destitute of leaves and green color. Distinguished from Scroph- 
 ulariacece by the 1-celled ovary. 
 
 1. AFHYLLON, Mitch. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-parted, regular or nearly so. Corolla tubular and curved, almost 
 regular, or bilabiate. Stamens included; cells of the anthers deeply separated from below 
 upward, mucronate at base. Stigma peltate or bilamellar. Low pale or brownish herbs; 
 the flowers yellowish or purplish. 
 
 * Scapes or peduncles naked; corolla with an almost regular 5-lobed border. 
 
 1. A. uniflorum, Gr. Coralla about an inch long, bluish purple, violet-scented. 
 
 2. A. fasciculatum, Gr. Scaly stem rising out of the ground 2 or 3 inches, bearing 
 many peduncles; lobes of the calyx not longer than the tube; flowers dull yellow or 
 purplish. 
 
 * Stems rising above the ground; flowers bracteate; corolla plainly bilabiate. 
 
 3. A. cornosum, Gr. Low, branching at or near the surface of the ground; flowers 
 
LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 97 
 
 on slender pedicles in a corymb or short raceme; corolla rose-purple or purple, an inch 
 or more long, or twice the length of the deeply parted calyx; anthers woolly. 
 
 4. A. Californicum, Gr. Flowers crowded in an oblong thyrsus or raceme; calyx 
 lobes nearly equaling the tube of the yellowish or purplish corolla; anthers smooth or 
 nearly so. 
 
 5. A. tuberosurn, G. Flowers small, sessile in a compact cluster; yellowish. 
 Bosclmidkia strobilacea, Gr., if found may bo known by its resemblance to a spruce cone, 3 or 4 
 
 inches long, the flowers striped with white and brownish red; scale-like bracts brown. 
 
 ORDER 45. LABIATES. 
 
 Chiefly aromatic herbs with square stems, opposite simple leaves, and no stipules, 
 bilabiate corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a 4-lobed ovary with a single 
 style, forming seed-like nutlets in the bottom of the persistent calyx. Flowers perfect, 
 axillary. Calyx 3-5-toothed or cleft, or bilabiate. Stamens on the tubes of the corolla. 
 Style, 2-cleft at the apex; often unequally so, or one of the lobes obsolete; stigmas 
 minute. 
 
 Tribe 1. SATUREIB2B. Stamens erect or ascending; the posterior pair shorter 
 or wanting; anthers 2-celled, and the short lobes never far separated, sometimes partly 
 confhicut but not blended. Upper lip of the corolla never hooded; all the lobes flat or 
 nearly so. 
 
 * The small corolla about equally 4-lobed; tube naked within. 
 
 Stamens 4, nearly equal Mentha. 1 
 
 Stamens 2, with anthers; posterior pair sterile or wanting Lycopus. 2 
 
 * * Corolla bilabiate; no hairy ring within the base of the tube. 
 -J- Calyx about equally 5-toothed and 23-nerved; style beardless. 
 Flowers glomerate-capitate. Stamens 4, straight. 
 
 Stamens distant and divergent Pycnantliemuni. 3 
 
 Stamens exserted Monardella. 4 
 
 Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils. 
 Stamens 4, curving, shorter than the corolla Micromeria, 5 
 
 4- -*- Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft, mostly 15-nerved; style bearded above. 
 Stamens 4, sometimes the upper pair sterile Pogogyne. G 
 
 * * * Corolla not manifestly bilabiate; a hairy ring at the base of the tube within. 
 Shrubby. Flowers large, campanulate Sphacele. 7 
 
 Tribe 2. MONAEDE^L Stamens only 2, fertile, the upper pair rudimentary or want- 
 ing; anthers apparently or really of a single linear-oblong cell, or of 2 cells widely sep- 
 arated upon the ends of a filament-like connective. 
 
98 LABIAT2E. (MINT FAMILY.) 
 
 Connective longer than the filament itself, which it strides, a narrow anther- 
 cell at its upper end, a smaller one or a long process at the lower Salvia. 8 
 
 Connective much shorter than the slender filament and continuous or barely 
 articulated with its apex, or apparently none; anther 1-celled, no rudi- 
 ment of the second cell below Audibertia. 9 
 
 Tribe 3. STACHYDE^E. Stamens 4, with anthers, ascending and parallel under the 
 concave or galeate upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 5-10-nervcd. Herbage less aromatic 
 than the preceding tribes. 
 
 Calyx with a projection on the upper side, casque-shaped Scutellaria. 10 
 
 Calyx bilabiate. Filaments 2-forked, one fork bearing the anther Bnmella. 11 
 
 Calyx 5-10-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed Stachys. 12 
 
 Tribe 4. AJUGOIDILE. Stamens parallel, and protruding from the cleft on the upper 
 side of the corolla; the anterior longer. 
 Corolla with 5 similar oblong lobes Trichostema. 13 
 
 1. MENTHA, L. MINT. 
 
 Calyx about equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a short included tube, and a campanulate 
 border; the upper lobe broadest, entire or emarginate. Odorous herbs, with very small 
 flowers in dense clusters forming an apparent whorl in the axils or spikate at the tops of 
 the branches. 
 
 1. M. Canadensis, L. Leaves from oblong-ovate to almost lanceolate, sharply ser- 
 rate, acute, short-petioled; flowers all in axillary clusters, whitish or purplish. 
 
 2. IT5TCOPU3, Tourn. WATER HOEEHOUND. 
 
 Chiefly distinguished from Meiitha by the stamens. Flowers white, in false whorls. 
 1. L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gr. The subterranean runners producing 
 tubers; leaves lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so. 
 
 3. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. 
 
 Corolla short, with tube hardly exceeding the calyx. Anther-cells close and parallel. 
 Perennial erect herbs with small flowers. 
 
 1. P. Calif ornic urn, Torr. About 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, sweet-odor- 
 ous, whitened with soft pubescence, or in age smoothish: leaves from ovate to ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, closely sessile by a slightly cordate or roundish base, sparingly denticulate or 
 entire; heads of flowers very dense at the summit, white-villous; flowers whitish. 
 
 4. MONAKDELLA, Benth. 
 
 Marked by the flowers compacted in terminal heads involucrate with bracts, flesh-color 
 or purple. 
 
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 99 
 
 * Perennial, in tufts from a procumbent and almost woody base. 
 
 1. M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous a foot or two high; leaves ovate, 
 often with a few obtuse teeth, being 6 to 10 lines long, petioled. Sometimes nearly 
 smooth. 
 
 * * Annual; leaves entire or undulate. 
 
 2. M. undulata, Benth. A span to a foot or more high; leaves from oblong 
 Bpatulate to nearly linear with a narrowed base, obtuse, undulate-margined, about an inch 
 long; bracts and calyx villous; corolla rose-color. Has the odor of Peppermint. 
 
 3. M. Breweri, Gr. A span or more high; leaves oblong or ovate, pinnately veined, 
 the larger an inch long; bracts broadly ovate, cuspidate, whitish-scarious, the outer 
 pinnately and the inner nervosely 7-9-ribbed; corolla rose-purple. 
 
 4. M. Douglasii, Benth. Loosely branched; leaves lanceolate, an inch long, taper- 
 ing into the petiole; the silvery white or purple-tinged bracts mostly transparent, with a 
 strong marginal vein connected with the midrib by pinnate veins. Strong-scented; co- 
 rolla deep rose-color. 
 
 5. MICROMERIA, Benth. 
 
 Calyx not gibbous. Corolla short; upper lip erect, flattish, entire or exnarginate; 
 lower spreading, 3-parted. Low plants, sweet-odorous, with small axillary flowers. 
 
 1. M. Douglasii, Benth. YERBA BUENA. Perennial herb, with long slender creep- 
 ing and trailing stems; leaves round-ovate, thin, sparingly toothed, short petioled, an 
 inch long or less; flowers mostly solitary on a long filiform 2-bracteolate peduncle; co- 
 rolla purplish or white, 4 lines long. 
 
 2. M. purpurea, Gr. Erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely 
 Berrate; flowers in umbel-like clusters; corolla purple-blue, 2 lines long. 
 
 6. FOGOGYNE, Benth. 
 
 Calyx cleft to below the middle; the 2 lower teeth longer; corolla straight, tubular- 
 funnelform, with short lips; the erect and entire upper lip and the three lobes of the 
 spreading lower one oval and somewhat alike. Stamens with the upper shorter pair 
 sometimes sterile; the anther cells parallel and pointless. Style somewhat exserted, 
 bearded above. Low annuals, sweet-aromatic; with oblong or oblanceolated leaves nar- 
 rowed into a petiole; flowers mostly crowded and interrupted spicate; bracts and calyx 
 hirsute-ciliate; the corolla blue or purplish. 
 
 * Stamens all four with anthers; style conspicuously bearded above, and its subulate lobes 
 almost equal; corolla 6 to D lines long; Jlowers densely crowded into an oblong cylindri- 
 cal spike, which is conspicuously white-hirsute with the long, stiff, ciliate hairs of the 
 calyx. 
 1. P. Douglasii, Benth. Hather stout, a span to a foot high; leaves veiny, some- 
 
100 LABIATJE. (MINT FAMILY.) 
 
 times sparingly toothed; bracts linear, acute; lower lobes of the calyx much longer than 
 the others. 
 
 2. P. parviflora, Benth. Smaller; bracts mostly obtuse; corolla 5 or 6 lines long. 
 
 * * Upper stamens sterile; style sparingly hairy, its lobes very unequal; flowers barely 2 lines 
 
 long. 
 
 3. P. serpplloides, Gr. Stems 3 to G inches high; leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 
 2 or 3 lines long; lower flowers remote and of ten solitary; the upper usually interruptedly 
 spicate. 
 
 7. SPHACBLB, Benth. 
 
 Calyx thin, membranaceous and reticulated. Corolla with 5 broad, rather erect lobes, 
 the lower one longest. Anther cells diverging. Somewhat shrubby, veiny-leaved. 
 
 S. calycina, Benth. Villous-pubescent or tomentose, leafy, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves 2 
 to 4 inches long, ovate or oblong crenate or serrate, or almost entire; the floral, ovate- 
 lanceolate, sessile; flowers an inch long, mostly solitary in the upper axils, purplish or 
 lead- color. 
 
 8. SAL VIA, L. SAGE. 
 
 Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, straight or falcate, 
 2-lobed, the lower spreading or drooping, its middle lobe sometimes notched or obcor- 
 date. In our species the upper lip of the calyx is longer than the lower, 3-2-toothed; the 
 lower 2- parted; the teeth spinulose; corolla ringent. 
 
 1. S. carduacea, Benth. White- woolly witli cobwebby hairs; stems nearly naked, 
 Burrounded at the base with thistle-like leaves; head-like false whorls 1 to 4, an inch or 
 more in diameter, about equaling the involucre of spiny-toothed bracts; corolla 10 to 12 
 lines long, blue or purple. 
 
 2. G. Columbaria), Benth. (CniA.) Soft pubescent; flower whorls lor 2; involu- 
 crate bracts, sometimes purplish; corolla 3 or 4 lines long, blue; leaves not spinescent. 
 
 9. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. 
 
 Sufficiently distinguished from Salvia in the synopsis. Mostly hoary perennials, her- 
 baceous or shrubby; with rugose-veiny, crenulate, sage-like leaves, and densely capitate- 
 glomerate flowers. 
 
 1. A. grandiflora, Benth. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a somewhat woody base; 
 lower leaves 3 to 8 inches long; floral ones broadly ovate and membranaceous; corolla an 
 inch and a half long; purple-crimson; stamens much exserted. 
 
 2. A. Iiumilis, Benth. A span high, cespitose; leaves mainly radical; spike of 3 or 
 4 small, sessile, head-like clusters; corolla half an inch longer less, bluish purple. 
 
 3. A. stachyoides, Benth. Shrubby, 3 to 8 feet high; style and stamens little 
 exserted; corolla about as the last. 
 
LABIATE. (MINT FAMILY.) 101 
 
 10. SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP. 
 
 Calyx, with two entire lips and a gibbous projection on tlie back, closed after flower- 
 ing. Corolla, with an elongated and curved ascending tube, a dilated throat, an erect 
 arched or galeate upper lip, with which the lateral lobes appear to be connected; the 
 anterior lobe appearing to form the whole lower lip. Herbs, not aromatic; with single 
 axillary, rather conspicuous flowers. 
 
 1. S. angustifolia, Pursh. A span to a foot high; leaves about an inch long; the 
 radical ones often roundish or even cordate; corolla blue or violet, an inch long, with a 
 Blender tube; lower lobe villous inside. Ours is mainly 
 
 Var. canescens, Gr. A form with soft, hoary pubescence, and the tube of the 
 corolla bent so as to throw the upper part backward. 
 
 2. S. California a, Gr. Puberulent; stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender; leaves 
 from lanceolate-oblong to oval-ovate; the lower an inch or more long, often serrate; upper 
 gradually reduced to half an inch or less; lips of the yellowish corolla about equal. 
 
 3. S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft, pubescent or villous; stems slender, erect and short, 
 or trailing a foot in length; the filiform subterranean shoots bearing tubers; leaves mostly 
 ovate, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed or entire, 5 to 18 lines long; corolla deep blue 
 or violet. 
 
 11. BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. 
 
 Calyx-lips closed in fruit. Corolla with ascending tube, open lips, and slightly-con- 
 tracted orifice; upper lip arched and entire; lower 3-lobed, its middle lobe drooping, 
 rounded, concave, denticulate. Low perennials, the flowers crowded in a terminal ob- 
 long or cylindraceous head or spike. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, L. A span to a foot or more in height; leaves ovate or oblong, slen- 
 der-petioled; corolla violet, purple, or rarely white; calyx purplish. 
 
 12. STACHYS, L. 
 
 Corolla with cylindrical tube not dilated at the throat; the upper lip erect and concave 
 or arched; the lower spreading, its middle lobe larger. Stamens ascending under the 
 upper lip; filaments naked; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled. Herbs, not aro- 
 matic, with flowers clustered, capitate, or scattered, often spicate at the end of the 
 branches; flowers sessile or nearly so. 
 
 * Corolla white or whitish; the upper Up bearded or woolly on the tack; herbage tomentose 
 
 or soft hairy. 
 
 1. S. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high; silky -villous with whitish hairs; 
 leaves oblong, very obtuse, crenatcly serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, the upper sessile; flow- 
 ers about 3 in the axils of the distant upper leaves, and loosely leafy-spicate at the sum. 
 mit. Moist ground. 
 
102 VEKBENACEJE. (VERVAIN FAMILT.) 
 
 2. S. albens, Gr. Soft-tomentose with whitish wool, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves mostly 
 cordate at base, obtuse, crenate, 2 or 3 inches long; flowers several or many in capitate 
 clusters which usually exceed the small floral leaves and form an interrupted spike; corolla 
 white with purple dots on the lower lip. 
 
 3. S. pycnantha, Benth. Very hirsute, with long and mostly soft spreading hairs, 
 not white, two feet high or more; flowers in a dense cylindraceous naked spike (an inch 
 or two long), exceeding the small bract-like floral leaves except in the lowest and some- 
 times rather distant clusters; corolla white or cream-color, with purple on the lower lip. (?) 
 
 * * Corolla purple, the upper lip hairy on the lack; pubescence someichat hispid; notomentum. 
 
 4. S. bullata, Benth. Stem retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles, 1 to 3 ft. 
 high; leaves somewhat rugose, nearly all petioled, 1 to 2 inches long; flowers usually 6 in 
 the false whorls, these rather distant, forming a narrow interrupted spike; lower lip of 
 the corolla fully as long as the tube, 4 or 5 lines long, the upper half as long. Variable. 
 
 * * * Tube of the rose-red corolla twice as long as the calyx, 6 to 9 lines long. 
 
 5. S. Chamissonis, Benth. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high, stout, mostly rough-hispid, with 
 retrorse rigid bristles; leaves 2 to 5 inches long; lips of the corolla pubescent outside. 
 Wet ground. 
 
 13. TRICHOSTEMA, L. BLUE-CURLS. 
 
 Calyx campanulate and almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with short or slender tube and 
 an almost equally 5-parted limb. Stamens with long capillary curved filaments, some- 
 times cohering at the base. Strong scented herbs; with entire leaves, and blue or purple 
 corolla and stamens. In ours the flowers are in cymose axillary clusters, somewhat 
 raceme-like in age; the corolla about 5 lines long, and the stamens twice as long or more. 
 
 1. T. laxum, Gr. Minutely soft pubescent, about a foot high, simple or loosely 
 branched from the base; leaves rather distant, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
 into a petiole at the base; flower clusters distinctly peduncled, usually forked and in 
 age equaling the leaves; corolla almost smooth. 
 
 2. T. lanceolatum, Benth. Leafy; leaves much longer than the internodes, lance- 
 olate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a broad base, 3-5-nerved, an inch or less long; flower 
 clusters nearly sessile, short, one-sided; corolla somewhat pubescent. Its odor sicken- 
 ing, tarry. 
 
 ORDER 46. VEKBENACEJE. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs differing from Labiatce mainly in the ovary and fruit, which is undi- 
 vided and 2-4-celled, at maturity either dry and splitting into as many 1 -seeded nutlets, 
 or drupaceous, containing as many little stones. 
 
PL ANT AGIN ACE JS. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 103 
 
 1. VERBENA, L. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed, one tooth often shorter. Corolla salver-form, the limb unequally 
 5-cleft. Stamens included, the upper pair sometimes sterile. Stigma unequally lobed. 
 Ovary 4-celled. Herbs with small flowers, ours about 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 1. V. officinalis, L. Some of the lower leaves pinnatifid; spikes mostly solitary, 
 filiform; corolla purple or lilac, 2 or more lines in diameter. 
 
 2. V. hastata, L. Stouter and taller, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves serrate or incised, the 
 lower hastate-3-lobed; spikes panicled, densely flowered; corolla blue, 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 3. V. prostrata, R. Br. Soft hirsute, diffuse, a foot highj villous spikes long; 
 corolla violet or blue. 
 
 OKDER 47. PL ANT AGIN ACE M. 
 
 Stemless herbs with flowers in spikes, the 4-cleft regular corolla dry and scarioua. 
 
 1. PLANTAGO, L. PLANTAIN. 
 
 Flowers in spikes or heads, bracteate. Calyx of 4 persistent sepals free from the ovary. 
 Stamens 2 or 4 on the corolla alternate with its lobes, anthers versatile. Style filiform, 
 bearded above. Stemless herbs with nerved or ribbed radical leaves and naked scapes of 
 small greenish flowers. 
 
 * Flowers with 4 stamens. 
 
 1. P. major, L. Mostly smooth; leaves ovate or broadly oblong, abruptly con- 
 tracted into a channeled petiole, 5-7-ribbed; spike long and slender; capsule 7-16-seeded. 
 
 2. P. hirtella, HBK. Leaves smooth, rather fleshy, oblanceolate to obovate, 3-7- 
 ribbed, tapering into a narrow base or wing-margined petiole; scape 1 to 3 ft. high; 
 flowers large. 
 
 3. P. lanceolata, L. Mostly hairy; leaves lanceolate, 3-5-ribbed; scape deeply 
 grooved. 
 
 4. P. maritima, L. Leaves linear, fleshy; scapes usually short. 
 
 5. P. Fatagonica, Jacq. Leaves linear to filiform, thin, usually silky- woolly. Dry 
 ground. 
 
 * * Flowers with 2 stamens. 
 
 6. P, Bigelovii Or. Leaves linear; small Salt marshes. 
 
104 NYCTAGINACE-2E. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 
 
 DIVISION 3. APETAL^E. 
 
 ORDER 48. ARISTOLOCHIACEJE. 
 
 Twining shrubs or low herbs with perfect flowers, the conspicuous lurid calyx valvate 
 in the bud and coherent with the 6-celled ovary, which forms a many-seeded 6-celled, 
 pod or berry in fruit. Stamens 6-12, more or less united with the style; anthers adnate, 
 extrorse. Leaves petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Gray's Manual. 
 
 1. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. 
 
 Calyx tubular, inflated above the ovary. Stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the 
 short stigma. 
 
 1. A. Californica, Gr. (Pipe-Vine.) A twining shrub with large cordate leaves, 
 flowers curved like a Dutch pipe, greenish, marked with brown or purple. 
 
 2. ASARUM, Tourn. 
 
 Calyx regular, 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments; 
 their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a point. Stemless herbs with creep- 
 ing rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then one or two leaves, and terminated by a short 
 peduncled-flower close to the ground. 
 
 1. A. caudatum, Lindl. (Wild Ginger.) The smooth broadly cordate leaves 
 usually mottled with white; calyx bell-shaped, the acuminate lobes spreading, brownish 
 purple. Common in forests; the flowers likely to be hidden under leaves. 
 
 ORDER 49. NYCT AGIN ACE M. 
 
 Herbs with mostly opposite and entire leaves, stems swollen at the joints, the tubular 
 calyx corolla-like, its persistent base contracted, inclosing the 1 -celled 1 -seeded ovary, 
 and becoming a sort of indehiscent pod. 
 
 1. ABRONIA, Juss. 
 
 Calyx salverform, with obcordate lobes. Stamens 5, included, adnate to the tube. 
 Style included; stigma, capitate or clavate. Fruit 5-winged. Embryo by abortion mono- 
 cotyledonous, enfolding mealy albumen. Low herbs, with the opposite thick petioled 
 leaves unequal, and the flowers in iuvolucrate heads. Common on sandy sea beaches. 
 A viscid exudation causes sand to stick to every part of the plants. 
 
 1. A. latifolia, Esch. (Yellow Sand- Verbena. ) Root perennial; stems procum- 
 bent; leaves very thick, sub-cordate to reniform, on thick petioles; flowers orange-yel 
 low, fragrant. 
 
POLYGONACE2E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 105 
 
 2. A. umbeUata, Lamb. (Pink Sand-Verbena.) Annual; stems decumbent, leaves 
 oblong or ovate, attenuate at base into slender petioles; flowers pink. 
 
 3. A. maritima, Nutt. (Red Sand -Verbena. ) Stouter than the last; leaves broader 
 with shorter petioles; involucral bracts ovate; flowers bright red. From Santa Barbara 
 southward. 
 
 4. A. fragrans, Nutt, of the Columbia River, has white flowers. 
 
 Five other species belonging to this western genus are found east of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 ORDER 50. POLYGONACE^3. 
 
 Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and stipules in the form of sheaths, or obsolete, 
 above the swollen joints of the stem; the flowers mostly perfect, with a more or less per- 
 sistent calyx, a 1 -celled ovary, bearing 2 or 4 styles or stigmas, and a single seed. 
 Stamens 4-12 inserted on the base of the 3-C-cleft calyx. 
 
 1. FOLYGONUM, L. 
 
 Calyx 5 parted; the divisions petal-like, persistent in fruit, and surrounding the 
 usually 3- angled akene. Stamens 3 to 8. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Herbs with small 
 flowers 011 jointed pedicels. 
 
 Knot-weed or Yard-grass and Smart-weed belong to this genus. About 20 species are 
 found in California, of which 2 or 3 are probably introduced weeds. 
 
 2. RUMEX, L. 
 
 Calyx of 6 sepals; the three outer herbaceous, spreading in fruit; the three inner 
 larger somewhat petaloid, covering the akene in fruit (then called valves), and often 
 bearing grainlike appendages on the outside. Stamens 6. Styles 3; stigmas tufted. 
 Introduced weeds with small greenish flowers crowded and whorled in panicled racemes. 
 
 The Docks and Sheep-sorrel are examples of this genus. Of the dozen species on 
 this coast, half are introduced weeds. 
 
 3. ERIOGONUM, Michx. 
 
 Flowers borne in a many-to-few-flowered calyx-like involucre of united bracts; the 
 pedicels exserted, jointed to the flower, with bractlets at the base. Calyx corolla-like; 
 C-parted or deeply 6-cleft. Stamens 9. Akene triangular. Herbaceous or somewhat 
 woody plants, usually with a woolly or scurfy pubescence; the entire leaves without 
 stipules and mostly radical; juice frequently acid. Over 80 species grow west of the 
 Mississippi, of which 50 are Californian, mostly Alpine. 
 
 Chorizanthe is a similar genus, in which the involucres are 1-flowered and rigid. 
 
 Orders AmarantacecE and Chenopodiacece are represented by homely introduced ana native weeds. Many 
 of the latter order belong to the genus Chenopodium, viz.. Goosefoot, Lamb's-quarters, Pigweed, Jerusalem 
 
106 PIPERACE.E. (PEPPER FAMILY.) 
 
 Oak, Wormsr.ed, etc. Salicornia (Glasswort) grows in salt marshes, and may be known by its Sc-shy leaf- 
 less jointed stems, with opposite branches. The garden Beet belongs to this order. 
 
 ORDER 61. PIPERACE^E. 
 
 Herbs with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves and perfect flowers in spikes, en- 
 tirely destitute of floral envelopes. 
 
 1. ANEMOPSIS, Hook. 
 
 Flowers in a simple conical spadix, which is surrounded by a 5-8-leaved persistent 
 colored involucre, each flower subtended by a free colored bract. Stamens 6 to 8, free, 
 growing upon the immersed ovary. 
 
 1. A. Californica, Hook. Stem simple, erect, 3 to 15 inches high, with a single 
 broad clasping leaf in the middle, and an axillary branchlet reduced to 1 or more petioled 
 leaves; radical leaves oblong-oval, cordate at base, 2 to 6 inches long; involucre 1 to 1^ 
 inches broad, white, becoming brown. Used medicinally by the Mexicans, who call it 
 
 Yerba, Mansa. 
 
 APETALOUS TREES. 
 
 The Order Betulaceae (BIRCH FAMILY) is represented in California by two Birches, 
 which scarcely attain to the dignity of trees, and are confined to the high Sierras, and 
 four Alders, two of which grow in the central part of the State, viz. : 
 
 Alnus rubra, Bong. (Red Alder), and the more common 
 
 Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt (White Alder), which may be distinguished by its thinner 
 leaves, not rusty beneath, and more slender branches not so distinctly dotted with white. 
 
 Myrica Californica, Cham. (Bayberry), representing the Order Myricacese grows in 
 moist places, and may be known by its thick oblanceolate serrate evergreen leaves and 
 dense clusters of small fruit, whitened by a coat of wax. 
 
 Umbellularia Californica, Nutt (Order Lauracese), is the well-known Laurel. 
 
 Platauus racemosa, Nutt, is the California Sycamore. 
 
 The Order Salicaceae is represented by 4 or 5 Willows; large enough to be called 
 trees, and 3 Poplars, viz. : 
 
 Populus tremuloides, Michx. (Quaking Asp), a small tree, with whitish bark 
 and round ovate leaves. In the high Sierra. The only Californian tree, except one or 
 two willows, found east of the llocky Mountains. 
 
 P. trichacarpa, Torr. & Gr. (Cottonwood.) Petioles round; young bark brownish. 
 
 P. Fremont!, Wat. (Fremont's Cottonwood. ) Petioles flattened; young bark yellowish. 
 
 The WALNUT FAMILY is represented by Juglans Californica, the California Black 
 Walnut. 
 
 Ten kinds of Oak Trees, and several shrubs of the same genus, with the chestnut-like 
 Chinquapin, represent the Order Cupuliferse. The following, inhabiting the foot-hills 
 and valleys, may be distinguished: 
 
CUPULIFERZE. (OAK FAMILY.) 107 
 
 * Deciduous trees; acorns maturing the first season. 
 
 t Bark whitish gray. White Oaks. 
 
 Quercus lobata, Nee. Branches slender, often drooping; acorns tapering, in a deep 
 rough cup. The most common valley oak. 
 
 Q. Garry ana, Dougl. Branches coarser j bark thinner j acorns obtuse, in a shallow 
 cup; winter buds large. 
 
 Q. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. (Mountain White Oak or Blue Oak.) Leaves smaller, 
 less deeply lobed or entire, bluish green; acorn tapering, about an inch long. 
 
 1 1 Bark dark colored, rough; large leaves sharply labed. 
 
 Q. Kelloggii, Newberry. (Kellogg's Black Oak.) Acorns large, obtuse, very hairy 
 inside. Common in the Coast Ranges and foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 * * Evergreen trees; acorns maturing the second season. Live Oaks. 
 
 Q. chrysolepis, Liebm. Bark ash-gray; acorns obtuse; cup tawny or yellow. 
 
 Q. Wislizenii, A. DC. Bark black; acorns slender, tapering. 
 
 Q. densiflora, Hook. & Arn. (Chestnut Oak.) Differing from all other oaks in hav- 
 ing erect aments. Acorns large, obtuse, in thick cups, which are covered with slender, 
 rigid, recurved scales. 
 
 * * * Evergreen trees; acorns maturing the first season. 
 
 Q. agrifolia, Nee. Chiefly distinguished from Q. Wislizenii by its annual acorns. 
 Order Thymeleaceae is represented by Dlrca occidentalis or Leatherwood, a branching 
 shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, with flowers in axillary clusters of 3 or 4. 
 
108 ORCHIDACEJE. (OECHIS FAMILY.) 
 
 CLASS II. ENDOGENS OB MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Stems consisting of woody tissue and cellular tissue (pith) intermixed. Embryo 
 monocotyledonous. 
 
 ORDER 52. ALISMACE.S. 
 
 Marsh herbs, with leaves all radical, scape-like flowering stems, and (in our species) 
 perfect flowers. Sepals and petals each three and distinct. Ovaries 3 to many; distinct, 
 or, at least, separating at maturity, forming 1-2-seeded pods. Stamens from 6 to many; 
 anthers extrorse, 2-celled. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 * Calyx and corolla colored alike, deciduous. Carpels 6, united. Leaves rush-like. 
 
 1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. ARROW-GRASS. 
 
 Flowers small, sessile, on a naked scape. Sepals and petals ovate, greenish-white. 
 Stamens 6, filaments short. Stigmas sessile. 
 
 1. T. maritimum, L. Fruit ovoid-oblong, grooved, separating into 6 linear carpels; 
 scape surpassing the leaves, angled In salt marshes. 
 
 * Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Carpels many, distinct (Alisma}, 
 
 or 8 to 10 cohering (Damsonium). Leaves long-jjetioled, with broad Hade. 
 
 2. ALISMA, L. WATER-PLANTAIN. 
 
 Flowers small, verticillate, in a panicle on a scape. The numerous ovaries becoming 
 flattened akenes, arranged in a somewhat three-sided whorl. 
 
 1. A. plantago, L. , var. Amsricanum, Gr. Leaves longpetioled ovate or oblong, 
 often cordate at the base, 3-9-nerved; scapes 1 to 4 feet high; the white or pinkish 
 petals entire, broadly-elliptical; carpels 15 to 20, obliquely obovate, channeled around the 
 outer end. 
 
 2. DAMSONIUM. 
 
 Distinguished from Alisma chiefly by the 8 to 10 long-beaked carpels cohering by their 
 inner edges in a stellate whorl. 
 
 1. D. Californicum, Torr. Leaves on long petioles, oblong or lanceolate, with 
 obtuse or cordate base, 2 or 3 inches long; whorls distant, G-9-flowered, on scapes 12 to 
 18 inches high; flowers twice as large as those of Alisma plantago; the petals incisely 
 cut at the apex; akenes 4 or 5 lines long. 
 
 ORDER 53. ORCHID ACE-ffiJ. 
 
 Hnrbs with irregular 6-merous perianth adnate to the 1-celled ovary; the ovules innu- 
 merable on 3 parietal placentae, becoming fino sawdust-like seeds. One petal, called the 
 lip, is unlike the other two. Stamens consolidated with the style forming the Column. 
 
ORCHID ACE2E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 109 
 
 * Anther one (but distinctly 2-celled.} 
 
 Anther adnate to the face of the stigma . . . v Kabenaria. 1 
 
 Anther adnate to the back of the stigma. 
 
 Lip free from the column Epipactis. 2 
 
 Lip adherent to the base of the column Spiranthes. 3 
 
 Anther like a lid over the stigma. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 Lip with a spur adherent to the ovary Corallorhiza,, 4 
 
 * * Anthers two, one on each side of the column. 
 Lip a conspicuous inflated sac Cypripedium. 5 
 
 1. H ABENAKI A, Willd., R. Br. REIN ORCHIS. 
 Flowers ringent; the sepals and petals similar; lip spmiike; ovary twisted. Swamps. 
 
 1. II. elegans, Lindl. The greenish flowers in a dense spike; spur filiform. 
 
 2. H. leucostaciiys. Stems 1 to 3 feet high; spikes 4 to 18 inches long; flowers 
 largo, greenish, the spur longer than the entire lip, 6 to 9 lines long. 
 
 2. EPIPACTIS, Hall. 
 
 Petals and sepals similar, spreading, nearly equal. Lip oblong, the upper portion con- 
 cave and fleshy, the lower petaloid, undivided. Stigma square, projecting downward. 
 
 1. E. gigautea, Dougl. Leaves plicate; flowers brownish or purplish, pediceled in 
 a spicate raceme, pubescent. Borders of streams. 
 
 3. SPIRANTHES, Richard. LADIES' TRESSES. 
 
 Flower oblique on the ovary, the 3 upper segments erect, and more or less cohering, 
 the bases of the lip covered by the remaining two segments, and bearing a pair of callosi- 
 ties. Flowers in a twisted spike, small, green or greenish white. 
 
 S. Romaiizoffiana, Cham. Smooth, 4 to 18 inches high, leafy; dense spike 3-ranked, 
 bracteate; perianth, white, 4 lines long; petals and sepals incurved; callosities small and 
 smooth. 
 
 S. porrifolia, Lindl. Similar; flowers smaller, callosities larger. 
 
 4. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. CORAL-ROOT. 
 
 Perianth-segments nearly equal, the lower one (lip) bearing at the base a pair of pro- 
 jecting ridges. Brownish or yellowish, leafless herbs with sheathing bracts; flowers in 
 spiked racemes. 
 
 1. C. Eigelovii, Wat. Plant purplish, simple stems 12 to 18 inches high, bearing 20 
 or 30 flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels; perianth-segments 4 to 6 lines 
 long, marked with 3 dark stripes; capsules reflexed. 
 
 5. CYPRIFEDIUM, L. LADY'S SLIPPER. 
 
 Sepals spreading, distinct, or two lower united. Petals resembling the sepals. Lip a 
 large inflated sac. Style bearing on each side a short stamen, the stigma covered by a 
 triangular petal-like sterile stamen, which bends down over it. 
 
110 LILIACEJL (LILY FAMILY.) 
 
 1. C. Californicum, Gr. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, bearing several to twenty or more 
 flowers; lip nearly white, 5 to 7 lines long. Cool swamps. 
 
 2. C. montanuni, Dougl. Stems shorter; flowers rarely more than 2 or 3; lip much 
 larger, white marked with yellow and purple. Forests. 
 
 ORDER 54. IRDDACE^l. 
 
 Herbs with 2-ranked leaves, the flower buds inclosed by bracts. Perianth adherent 
 to the ovary, segments in two, often unequal, sets. Stamens 3, anthers extrorse. Ovary 
 3-celled, style 1, stigmas 3, often petaloid. 
 
 1. IRIS, L. FLAG. 
 
 Outer segments of the perianth spreading or reflexed and larger than the erect or 
 incurving petals. Stamens distinct, covered by the petaloid stigmas. Plants springing 
 from thickened rootstocks, with sword-shaped leaves and showy flowers. 
 
 1. I. longipetala has large, light blue flowers, with rather slender petals. Grows 
 in masses on moist hill sides. 
 
 2. I. Douglasiana has (usually) light yellow flowers, with the tube of the perianth 
 prolonged considerably beyond the ovary. Open woods. 
 
 3. I. macrosiphon. Torr. Stems very short from a slender rootstock; leaves 
 slender; flowers bright purple; perianth tube very long and slender; ovary tapering to 
 a short peduncle. 
 
 2. SISYRINCHIUM, L. 
 
 Flowers small; the segments of the perianth flat, equal. Stamens united. Stigma 3- 
 cleft. Grass-like plants, with winged scapes. 
 
 1. S. bellum, Wat. Flowers blue; ovary globular. Hillsides. 
 
 2. S. Californicum, Ait. f. Flowers yellow, larger; ovary nearly ovoid. Swamps. 
 
 ORDER 55. L.ILIACEJS. 
 
 Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical flowers; the perianth free 
 from the chiefly 3-celled ovary, with the divisions all petaloid (except in Trillium and 
 Calochortus), the stamens opposite the divisions of the perianth (in some Urodiwa, 3 
 alternating with 3 staminodia), with 2-celled anthers; fruit a few-many-seeded pod or 
 berry; the seeds with copious albumen. 
 
 SERIES I. Floral bracts present and more or less scarious. Perianth persistent; 
 segments 1-several-nerved. Stamens perigynous; anthers introrse. Style undivided, 
 persistent (except in Chlorogalum}. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with black seeds (except 
 in Smilaclna and Maianthemum). See Leucocrinum at the end. 
 
 1. Inflorescence umbellate, upon a naked scape arising from a corm or bulb. 
 * Bracts 2 (sometimes 4), broad and spathaceous; capsule lobed Aliium. 1 
 
LILIACEJE. (LILY FAMILY.) Ill 
 
 * * Bracts several, not spathaceous, distinct; capsule not loled. 
 
 4- Perianth parted to the base or nearly so; segments spreading, closely 2-3-nerved; 
 stamens in one row at the base; anthers versatile; capsule obovoid or subglobose, sessile 
 or nearly so. 
 
 Flowers greenish-white; pedicels not jointed; leaves several Muilla. 2 
 
 Flowers yellow; pedicels jointed; leaf solitary Bloomeria. 3 
 
 4- 4- Perianth with segments more or less united and the stamens on the throat; 
 pedicels jointed. 
 
 Perianth funnel- form, not saccate at the base, blue-purple, white or yellow . . Brodiaea. 4 
 Perianth tube 6-saccate at base, deep scarlet Brevoortia. 5 
 
 2. Inflorescence racemose or paniculate. 
 Flowers on a scape, blue Caxnassia. 6 
 
 Flowers on a leafy stem, white. 
 
 Stem from a large densely fibrous-coated bulb Chlorogalum. 7 
 
 Stem from a creeping rootstock; leaves cordate to lanceolate. 
 
 Leaves many, sessile. Flowers 3-merous Smilacina. 8 
 
 Leaves 2 or 3, mostly petiolate. Flowers 2-merous Maiantliemum. 9 
 
 Stem stout, with rigid sheathing bracts Yucca. 10 
 
 SERIES II. Floral bracts none or foliaceous. Perianth deciduous (except in Trillium}', 
 segments distinct. Stamens hypogynous or at the very base; anthers more or less extrorse 
 (introrse in Trillium}. Styles deciduous (or sessile stigmas persistent). Flowers mostly 
 large and showy. (See ADDENDA.) 
 
 1. Stern more or less leafy from a bulb or corm. Fruit capsular. 
 
 * Perianth segments similar. 
 
 Anthers distinctly versatile; style undivided Lilium. 11 
 
 Anthers obscurely versatile; style divided to the middle Fritillaria. 12 
 
 * * Perianth segments unlike. 
 
 Anthers basifixed; stigmas sessile Calochortus. 13 
 
 2. Stem from a rootstock. Perianth segments similar. Fruit a berry. 
 
 Flowers apparently axillary on leafy branches. Streptopus. 14 
 
 Flowers terminating the leafy branches Frosartes. 15 
 
 Flowers on a scape-like peduncle Clintonia. 16 
 
 3. Stem from a thick rootstock. Perianth segments dissimilar. 
 
 Flowers umbellate subtended by a pair of radical leaves Scoliopus, 17 
 
 Flowers solitary subtended by a cauline whorl of 3 leaves Trillium. 18 
 
 SERIES III. Perianth persistent; segments distinct. Stamens at the base of the perianth; 
 anthers extrorse, versatile, small, distinctly 2-celled (except in Veratrum}. Styles distinct. 
 Flowers in simple racemes or panicles. 
 
112 LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 
 
 Stem from a thick rootstick; leaves broad and sheathing Veratrum. 19 
 
 Stem from a bulb; leaves narrow Zygadenus. 20 
 
 Stem covered with rigid bracts; leaves grass-like Xerophyllum. 21 
 
 1. ALLIUM, L. ONION. LEEK. GARLIC. 
 
 Flowers deep rose-color to white. Capsule sub-globose or obovoid, inclosing the base 
 of the style between the lobes; the filiform style jointed upon the short axis. Fila- 
 ments tapering upward from the dilated bases. Leaves one to several. Scape from a 
 coated bulb or corm. 
 
 1. Bulbs globose to ovoid, mostly solitary; leaves narrowly linear, 2 to 4, shorter than or 
 
 equaling the scape. 
 
 1. A. attenuifolium, Kellogg. Leaves channeled; slender scape 6 to 15 inches high, 
 leafy below; spathe-valves short and abruptly acute; umbel usually dense; perianth 
 segments 3 or 4 lines long, oblong lanceolate, nearly white. 
 
 2. A. serratum, Wat. Resembling the last; leaves very narrow; spathe-valves 
 narrowly acuminate; the deep rose-colored perianth segments 4 to 6 lines long, broadly 
 ovate-lanceolate and rather rigid. 
 
 3. A. bisceptmm, Wat. Bulbs light-colored; leaves of ten 2 or 3 lines broad; scapes 
 frequently in pairs; flowers few to many, rose-colored, 3 or 4 lines long, segments oblong- 
 lanceolate; the alternate filaments with a broad deltoid base; the thin crests of the ovary 
 conspicuous. 
 
 4. A. lacunosum, Wat. Flowers similar to the last, usually few (5 to 20) on pedi- 
 cels 3 to 5 lines long; filaments all narrowly deltoid at base; ovary scarcely crested. 
 
 2. Bulbs ovoid; leaves 3, broadly linear, fiat and falcate, thick; scape stout, much com- 
 pressed and 2-winged, mostly shorter than the, leaves; spathe 2-valved ; rose-colored 
 Jlowers. 
 
 5. A. falcifolium, Hook & Arn. Scape 2 or 3 inches high; the spreading segments 
 of the perianth 4 to 6 lines long, nearly twice longer than the stamens and style, min- 
 utely glandular-serrate; capsule acute with 3 short narrow central crests. 
 
 6. A. Breweri, Wat. Segments of the perianth nearly erect, not serrulate, a third 
 longer than the stamens; ovary with a thick slightly-lobed crest at the apex of each cell. 
 
 3. Bulb an ovoid corm propagating by an offshoot from the lower part of the tall terete 
 
 scape ; capsule not crested. 
 
 7. A. unifolium, Kellogg. Scape a foot or two high; flowers bright rose-color, 5 
 to 7 lines long, on pedicels an inch long or more. 
 
 2. MUILLA, Watson. 
 Sufficiently characterized in the synopsis and by the solitary species. 
 
LILIACKE. (LILY FAMILY.) 113 
 
 M. maritima, Wat. Corm small; leaves scabrous, a line wide or less; the slei>,ler 
 scabrous scape 2 to 6 inches high, with 4 to 6 linear bracts; perianth subrotate, the seg- 
 oients 2 or 3 lines long. In saline localities. 
 
 3. BLOOMERIA, Kellogg. 
 
 Filaments free, surrounded by a somewhat cap-shaped and winged appendage. One 
 species only. 
 
 B. aurea, Kellogg. Corm small, leaf 3 to 6 lines broad; scabrous scape 6 to 18 
 inches high; flowers numerous on slender pedicels, subrotate, the segments 4 to 6 lines* 
 long; appendages of the filaments nearly a line long, with a terminal cusp. 
 
 4. BRODLSA, Smith. 
 
 Perianth more or less narrowly funnel-form, not contracted at the throat. Stamens 6 
 in one, or two rows with winged or naked filaments, or 3 and alternate, with as many 
 staminodia. Capsule ovoid to oblong. 
 
 Stamens in one row on the throat; anthers basifixed; purplish perianth mostly broadly 
 funnel-form, the tube shorter than the limb. 1. Eubrodicea. 
 
 Stamens in two rows (except in B. Bridgesii), with more or less distinctly versatile 
 anthers and naked filaments; capsule stipitate; perianth segments equaling or shorter 
 than the mostly narrow tube. 2. Seubertia. 
 
 Stamens in one row, with deltoid or wing dilated filaments and versatile anthers; cap- 
 sule stipitate; perianth segment twice longer than the turbinate tube. 3. Calliprora. 
 
 1. Eubrodicea. 
 
 * Stamens 3, opposite the inner segments, and alternate with as many staminodia; seg- 
 ments 2 or 3 times as long as the tube. 
 
 I- Pedicels (usually few) more or less elongated. 
 
 1. B. grandiflora, Smith. Leaves a line broad, subterete; scape 4 to 10 inches high; 
 flowers an inch long; staminodia entire, obtuse, about equaling the linear anthers; fila- 
 ments H lines long or more; capsule oblong, narrowed at base; cells 6-8-seeded; seeds a 
 line long. 
 
 Var. major, Benth. Leaves flattened broader; scape stouter, a foot or two high; 
 pedicels more numerous and longer; capsules with usually a broader base; seeds larger. 
 
 2. B. minor, Wat. Scape very slender, 3 to 6 inches high; flowers a half to an 
 inch long; staminodia broad and usually emarginate, longer than the oblong anthers; 
 capsule obovoid. acute, 3 lines long; cells 3-seeded. 
 
 3. B. terrestris, Kellogg. Leaves nearly terete; scape very short; pedicels very 
 slender, 3 or 4 inches long; flowers 8 or 10 lines long; staminodia emarginate, yellow, 
 exceeding the oblong sagittate anthers; capsule acute at base, a half inch long; cells G-8- 
 eeedcd. 
 
114 LILIACE.E. (LILY FAMILY.) 
 
 4- 4- Flowers subcapitate. 
 
 4. B. congesta, Smith. Corm often deep-seated; scape 2 to 4 ft. high, smooth; 
 umbel often produced into a short dense raceme; flowers about 9 lines long; staminodia 
 deeply cleft, exceeding the nearly sessile emarginate anthers; capsule ovoid; seeds usually 
 solitary, 2 lines long. 
 
 5. B. multiflora, Benth. Corm less deeply seated; scape 1 or 2 ft. high, some- 
 what scabrous; umbel not produced; staminodia broad, entire, obtuse, about equaling 
 the anthers; seeds several in each cell. 
 
 * * Stamens 6, those opposite the inner perianth segments with their short filaments con- 
 
 spicuously wing-appendayed; segments little longer than the tube; flowers subcapitate. 
 
 6. B. capitata, Benth. Scape usually 1 or 2 ft. high; flowers 6 to 10 lines long; 
 outer filaments dilated at the base; inner anthers linear, little shorter than the oblong- 
 lanceolate wings; ovoid capsule 3 lines long. 
 
 2. Seubertia. 
 
 * Perianth more or less attenuate at base; umbel open; flowers blue or purplish, rarelij 
 
 white. 
 
 7. B. Bridges!!, Wat. Scape a foot high or more; flowers 12 to 15 lines long, the 
 very narrow tube exceeding the segments; filaments deltoid in one row on the throat; 
 anthers linear, 2 lines long; capsule ovoid shorter than the stipe, beaked by the very 
 slender style; seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. 
 
 8. B. laxa, Wat. Scape 6 inches to 2 ft. high, smooth or scabrous; flowers few to 
 many, 12 to 20 lines long, the very narrow tube equaling or exceeding the segments; 
 filaments very slender, the upper on the throat opposite the inner segments; capsule 
 oblong, long-stipitate; style rather short; seeds several. 
 
 9. B. peduncularis, Wat. Scape 1 or 2 ft. high, smooth; flowers 6 to 9 lines long, 
 on very slender pedicels, the segments a little longer than the turbinate tube; lower 
 anthers sessile, the upper on short filaments; stipe 1 or 2 lines long. 
 
 B. crocea Wat. and B. gracilis, Wat., with yellow flowers, grow in the northern counties. The latter 
 only 2 to 4 inches high; leaf solitary. 
 
 3. Calliprora. 
 
 10. B. ixioides, Wat. Scape 3 inches to 2 ft. high, usually scabrous; flowers 
 yellow, more or less tinged with purple or nearly white (the brown mid- vein often double 
 or triple), 5 to 10 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 4 inches long; filaments winged their whole 
 length, bicuspidate above; capsule ovoid-oblong. 
 
 11. B. lactea, Wat. Scape usually 1 or 2 ft. high, smoother scabrous; flowers white, 
 with green mid-veins or sometimes purplish, 4 or 5 lines long on slender pedicels; filaments 
 deltoid, a line long; capsule subglobose. A stouter form north. 
 
 Stropholirion Californicuni, Torr., may be distinguished from Brodicea by its rose- 
 
(LILY FAMILY.) 115 
 
 colored saccate perianth, and lax often twining scape. The short perianth tube contracted 
 at the throat and the nearly sessile ovary separates it from Brevoortia. 
 
 5. BREVOORTIA, Wood. 
 
 Perianth-tube broad, 6-saccate at base, deep scarlet, several times longer than the short 
 erect or reflexed yellowish limb. Stamens 3, alternate with three broad truncate stam- 
 tnodia; anthers basifixed, nearly sessile. Capsule long-stipitate. 
 
 1. B. coccinea, Wat. Scape erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, with reddish bracts; pedicels G 
 to 15, an inch long or less; flowers 12 to 16 lines long. Sometimes called Vegetable Fire 
 Cracker. 
 
 6. CAMASSIA, Lindl. 
 
 Perianth-segments narrow, widely spreading, mostly deciduous. Style thread-like, 
 the base persistent. Flowers in a loose raceme. 
 
 1. C. esculenta, Lindl. (Wild Hyacinth or Camass). Scape stout, 1 to 2 ft. 
 high; leaves flat, 3 to 8 lines broad; pedicels mostly shorter than the dark-blue (rarely 
 white) flowers; the perianth-segments 7 to 15 lines long, a little exceeding the stamens. 
 
 The tunicated bulb is an article of food among the Indians. 
 
 7. CHLOROGALUM, Kunth. 
 
 Flowers white or pinkish, in loose paniculate racemes; bulbs with membranous 01 
 densely fibrous coats. 
 
 G. pomeridianum, Kunth. (Soap Root.) Bulb large, thickly coated with coarse 
 brown fibers; stem and spreading panicle 1 to 3 ft. high. Flowers purple- veined, 8 to 10 
 lines long on spreading pedicels 2 to 9 lines long. 
 
 C. augustifolium, Kellogg. Bulb-coat, thin; flowers smaller, greenish-veined. 
 
 8. SMILACINA, Desf. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. 
 
 Flowers small white, trimerous, with minute scarious bracts, in a racemose panicle or 
 simple raceme on an erect leafy stem. Stamens at the base; filaments subulate; the 
 Bhort anthers versatile. Style short, persistent; stigma 3-lobed. 
 
 1. S. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Leaves pubescent, ovate to lanceolate, rarely at all 
 acuminate, mostly clasping at base; the close raceme compound, berries reddish. 
 
 2. S. stellata, Desf. Leaves smooth or pubescent, lanceolate, acutish, closely 
 clasping, usually ascending and folded; raceme simple, few-flowered, about an inch long; 
 perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long exceeding the pedicels; berry 3 lines broad, blue- 
 black. 
 
 3. S. sessilifolia, Nutt. Taller than the last (a foot or two high) leaves acumi- 
 nate, usually flat and spreading; raceme larger, the pedicels 2 to 7 lines long; berry 3 to 
 5 lines in diameter, blue-black. 
 
 9. MAI ANTHEM UM, Weber. 
 
 Flowers white, in a simple narrow raceme; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4. Leaves 2 
 or 3, with cordate base. Berry red. Otherwise as Smilacina. 
 
116 LILIACE^. (LILY FAMILLY.) 
 
 M. bifolium, DC. Somewhat pubescent; about six inches high; leaves ovate-cor- 
 date with a broad sinus; style long and slender; berry 2 lines in diameter. 
 
 10. YUCCA, L. 
 
 Perianth campanulate, white or whitish; segments ovate-lanceolate, many nerved, 
 Filaments clavate; anthers small. Style stout and persistent (or none); the emarginate 
 stigmas connate into a stigmatic tube. 
 
 1. IT. Wkipplel, Torr. Caudex none or short; leaves rigid, serrulate, smooth, 
 ending in a brown spine; scape 4 to 12 ft. high with imbricated sheathing bracts; panicle 
 narrow and spike-like, dense; greenish-white flowers sub-rotate; segments oblong, 
 lanceolate, ,1 or 2 inches long; stigma slightly 3-lobed, 
 
 11. LILIT7M, Tourn. LILT. 
 
 Perianth-segments spreading or recurved, with a honey-bearing furrow at the base. 
 Anthers linear, distinctly versatile. Style long; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule not sharply 
 angled; seeds flat. Stem simple, bearing many whorled or scattered sessile leaves and 
 one to many showy flowers. 
 
 * Perianth-segments narrowing gradually into a claw. 
 
 1. L. rubescens, Wat. Leaves oblanceolate more or less verticillate; flowers 
 ascending or nearly erect, usually 1^ or 2 inches long, with re volute segments, pale 
 lilac or nearly white, becoming rose-purple; anthers 2 or 3 lines long. 
 
 L. Washingtonianum, Kellogg, of the northern counties, is much larger, the 
 fragrant white flowers 3 or 4 inches long. 
 
 * * Perianth-segments oblanceolate, yellow or orange, coarsely spotted with brown. 
 
 2. L. maritinmm. Kellogg. Stem rather low; leaves usually scattered; narrow, 
 often obtuse; flowers solitary or few, horizontal, l to 2 inches long, deep reddish- 
 orange. Style and stamens short, anthers 2 lines long. 
 
 3. L. parclalinum, Kellogg (Tiger Lily). Rhizome thick and branching; scales 
 jointed below; leaves flat, smooth, narrowly lanceolate to linear, the middle in whorls of 
 9 to 15; flowers bright orange red, lighter to yellow in the center, 2 or 3 inches long; 
 segments strongly re volute; anthers 4 or 5 lines long. 
 
 L. PARRTI, WAT., of San Bernadino Co., has pale yellow flowers. 
 
 L. PARVTJM KELLOGG, of the Sierra Nevada, has small yellow cr orange flowers on large stems from 
 
 rhizomatous bulb. 
 L. OOLUMCIANUM, HANSON, of the northern Sierra Nevada, resembles L. PARDALINUM; but the bulb 
 
 is small , not rhizomatous. 
 L. HUMBOLDTII, closely resembles the last, but has a large bulb, 10 to 20 leaves in a whorl, larger 
 
 flowers and an obovoid capsule. 
 
 12. FHITILLARIA, L. 
 
 Perianth segments mostly broader than in Lilium and concave; the anthers more 
 obscurely versatile. Nectary a shallow pit. Styles united to the middle in our species. 
 
LiLiACE.32. (LILY FAMILY.) 117 
 
 Bulb-scales mostly short, very thick; the flowers 18 lines or less in length; frequently 
 
 mottled. 
 
 * Capsule rather obtusely angled; bulb-scales 3 or 4 lines long. 
 
 1. P. recurva, Benth. Bulb-scales numerous and thick; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 mostly in two whorls near the middle of the stem; flowers 1 to 7, tinged or blotched 
 with light purple or scarlet, 12 to 18 lines long; segments narrowly oblanceolate with 
 recurved tips; stamens shorter, equaling the very slender style. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 2. F. liliacea, Lindl. (Green Lily.) Bulb-scales few, very thick; leaves oblan- 
 ceolate to linear, approximate or whorled near the base; flowers 1 to 5 greenish white 
 (not blotched), 8 to 12 lines long, segments oblanceolate, spreading; style stout. 
 
 3. F. biflora, Lindl. Usually low; bulb-scales few, ovoid, often tipped with a 
 small scarious blade; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, few, scattered or 
 somewhat whorled near the base: flowers 1 to 3, dark brownish or greenish purple, seg- 
 ments widely spreading; capsule broadly obovoid. 
 
 * * Capsule acutely angled or winged; bulb-scales thicJc, about 6 lines long. 
 
 4. F. lanceolata, Pursh. Leaves in 1 to 3 whorls above the middle of the stem; 
 flowers 1 or 2, brownish purple mottled with greenish yellow; segments narrowly oblan- 
 ceolate; stamens G or 8 lines long. 
 
 Var. floribunda, Benth. Flowers 4 to 8, or rarely fewer, greenish yellow blotched 
 with purple; segments 4 to 6 lines broad, strongly arched with broad nectaries, acute; 
 lower pedicels an inch long or more. 
 
 Var. gracilis, Wat. Flowers smaller than the last, with narrow segments. 
 
 5. F. parviflora, Torr. Leaves linear, whorled; flowers small on short recurved 
 pedicels, yellowish, tinged with purple. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 F. plurifloia, Torr., with styles united to the summit, a tall species with reddish 
 purple flowers, grows in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 13. CALOCHORTUS, Pursh. 
 
 Flowers mostly large and showy, broadly campanulate; the outer segments sepaloid, 
 the inner dilated and mostly with pitted and boarded or crested glands. Stigmas sessile, 
 distinct, recurved, persistent. Capsule usually deeply triquetrous. Stem usually 
 branched and lax or flexuous, from a coated corm, sparingly leafy; leaves with transverse 
 veinlets. 
 
 Inner perianth-segments strongly arched and broadly pitted, the gland usually with r, 
 transverse scale or fringe; flowers or fruit more or less nodding, and stem usually lax. 
 1. Eucali/chortus. 
 
 Flowers open-campanulate with usually densely hairy glands without scales; outer seg- 
 ments often hairy or glandular within; pedicels stout, erect; stems stouter. 2. Hari- 
 posa. 
 
 1. Eucalyckortus. 
 
 * Flowers subglobose, nodding ; stem usually tall and branching. 
 
118 LILIACEJS. (LILY FAMILY.) 
 
 1. C. albus, Dougl. (Snowy Lily- Bell.) Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; flowers white with 
 purplish base; petals acutish, an inch long; bearded and eiliate; gland lunate, with four 
 transverse imbricate fringed scales. 
 
 2. C. pulchellus, Dougl. (Golden Lily-Bell. ) Stem usually a foot high or more; 
 flowers yellow or orange; petals eiliate and bearded with glandular tipped hairs, deeply 
 pitted, the gland covered by the reflexed stiff hairs of its upper margin. Coast Range. 
 
 * * Flowers campanulate, erect when open; pedicels becoming recurved; stem mostly low 
 and flowers often subumbellate. 
 
 3. C. Benthami, Baker. Resembling the last; stem low and leaves narrow; tha 
 yellow flowers nearly erect, petals 6 lines long, mostly obtuse, often deep brown at base. 
 Sierra Nevada. 
 
 4. C. Maweanus, Leichtlin. Low, usually branched; bracts an inch long or more; 
 petals white, purplish at base, hairy, 6 to 8 lines long, somewhat pitted, the gland cov- 
 ered by a broad semicircular scale. Coast Range. 
 
 5. C. caeruleus, Wat. Low, umbellately 2-5-flowered; pedicels very slender, 
 petals 6 or 7 lines long, hairy, lilac dotted and lined with blue, the gland covered by a 
 fringed scale; capsule orbicular or nearly so, C lines long. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 6. C. midus, Wat. Low; leaf solitary, 3 to 10 lines broad; bracts rarely an inch 
 long; flowers 1 to C in an umbel; petals 4 to 10 lines long, white or pale lilac, without 
 hairs, denticulate. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 7. C. lilacinus, Kellogg. Stem bulbiferous near the base, with broad leaves and 
 long conspicuous bracts; flowers 4 to 10, on long pedicels in 1 to 3 umbels; petals pale 
 lilac with purplish claw, 6 to 12 lines long; somewhat hairy below the middle; gland 
 ciliate-margined, scale narrow; capsule elliptical, an inch long. Coast Range. 
 
 8. C. uniflorus, Hook & Arn. Stem very short, bulbiferous, 1-2-flowered; petals 
 lilac with purplish claw, the lower half hairy above the small purple densely hairy 
 gland. Coast Range. 
 
 2. Mariposa. Butterfly Lily. 
 
 * Flowers yellow or orange, marked with brown or purple. 
 
 9. C. Weedii, Wood. Corm fibrous coated; stem leafy, 1-3-flowered; leaves con- 
 volute; sepals with a slightly hairy brown spot; petals deep yellow, dotted and often 
 margined with purple, covered with slender hairs and eiliate an inch long or more; gland 
 small, densely hairy. Coast Range. 
 
 10. C. luteus, Dougl. Stem bulbiferous near the base, 1-6-flowered; leaves nar- 
 row; sepals narrowly lanceolate with a brown spot; petals an inch or two long, yellow to 
 deep orange, lined with brownish purple especially on the middle where it is slightly 
 hairy; claw purplish; gland round or somewhat lunate, densely covered with ascending 
 hairs. Variable in color and markings, perhaps running into C. venustus. Coast and 
 Sierra Nevada. 
 
LILIACE.E. (LILY FA!\IILY.) 119 
 
 11. C. venustus, Benth. Petals white or pale lilac, with a more or less conspicu- 
 ous reddish spot at top, a brownish yellow-bordered center, and a brownish base; gland 
 large, oblong, usually densely hairy. Var. purpurascens has deep lilac or purplish petals. 
 Coast Range. 
 
 14. STREPTOPUS, Michx. 
 
 The pendulous flowers solitary or in pairs, on thread-like peduncles, which bend 
 around from nearly opposite the leaves so as to appear axillary. Anthers sagittate. 
 
 1. S. amplexifolius, DC. (Twisted Stalk.) Leaves very smooth, strongly clasp- 
 ing; flowers greenish white, half an inch long; fruit a slightly 3-lobed reddish berry. 
 
 15. PRO3ARTES, D. Don. 
 
 Flowers in fascicles or solitary terminating the branches, white or greenish, sub-erect 
 or pendulous; segments acute or acuminate. Anthers on slender filaments, oblong, 
 obtuse, dehiscing laterally. Styles united. Fruit a somewhat fleshy, obtusely-lobed 
 reddish berry. Leaves with reticulated veinlets. 
 
 1. P. Hookeri, Torr. More or less rough-pubescent, with short usually spreading 
 hairs; leaves ovate or sometimes oblong, cordate-clasping base, acute or shortly acuminate; 
 perianth usually rather broad at base, spreading segments acute, 5 or 6 lines long, about 
 equaling the stamens; ovary pubescent, stigma entire; fruit obovoid, obtuse. Coast 
 Range. 
 
 2. P. trachyandra, Torr. Resembling the last; leaves less deeply cordate and 
 broader toward the apex; stamens a third shorter than the perianth; ovary smooth; fruit 
 beaked. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 P. Menziesii, Don., of the northern coast has ovate leaves and a 3-cleft stigma. 
 
 16. CLINTONIA, Raf. 
 
 Flowers in our species umbellate upon a scape-like peduncle, rose-colored. Ovary 
 2-celled; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Fruit a deep-blue berry. Leaves radical; large oblan- 
 ccolate, sheathing, ciliate. 
 
 1. C. Andre wsiana, Torr. Scape a foot or two high, usually with a foliaceous 
 bract and one or more few-flowered lateral fascicles; inflorescence more or less pubescent; 
 flowers suberect, deep rose-color, the oblanceolate segments gibbous at base, 4 to 7 lines 
 long, exceeding the stamens and style. 
 
 C. uniflora, Kunth., has a large solitary white flower on a short scape. Sierra Nevada and North 
 Coast. 
 
 17. SCOLIOPUS, Torr. 
 
 Flowers purplish, on slender flexuose pedicels; outer segments lanceolate, inner nar- 
 rowly linear. Anthers oblong; filaments short. Style short; stigmas recurved. Fruit 
 triquetrous. Whole plant brown -punctate, smooth. 
 
 1. S. Bigelovii, Torr. Leaves oval-elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 4 to 15 inches 
 long; pedicels 3 to 12, 3 to 8 inches long. 
 
120 LILIACES. (LILY FAMILY.) 
 
 13. TRILLIUM, L. THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE. 
 
 Flowers white to purple; outer segments green, inner petaloid. Anthers adnate 
 introrse. Stigmas linear, sessile. Stem bearing at the top a single whorl of 3 broad 
 net ted- veined leaves. 
 
 1. T. cessilo, L. var. Californicum, Wat. The sessile leaves broadly rhombic- 
 ovate, 3 to 6 inches long; flower sessile, petals oblanceolate to rhombic-ovate, 1 to 4 
 inches long, purple or rose-color or white. 
 
 2. T. ovaturn, Pursh. (Wake Robin.) Leaves similar to the last, smaller; flower 
 on a pedicel, white, turning rose-color. 
 
 19. VERATHUM, Tourn. FALSE HELEBORE. 
 
 Perianth , slightly adherent to tho ovary. Anthers cordate or reniform, peltate after 
 opening. Capsule membranous, 3-beaked. Stems stout and leafy from thick rootstocks. 
 
 1. V. Californicum, Durand. Stem several feet high; lower leaves broad -elliptical, 
 upper leaves lanceolate; bracts usually exceeding the pedicels; perianth-segments broadly 
 oblanceolate, whitish with greener base, often denticulate, 3 to 8 lines long; capsule an 
 inch long. Moist places. 
 
 2. V. ilmbriatum, Gr. Leaves narrowed at base, 6 to 18 inches long, 2 to G inches 
 wide, acute or acuminate; perianth-segments rhombic-ovate 3 to 5 lines long: capsule 
 4 lines long. Swamps. 
 
 20. ZYGADENUS, Michx. 
 
 Flowers white or greenish, erect in paniculate or simple racemes. Perianth-segments 
 oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly glandular and. somewhat narrowed at base. 
 
 1. Z. Fromontii, Torr. Stem 6 inches to 3 ft. high; leaves glaucous, an inch broad, 
 or less; bracts mostly green; perianth 3 to 7 lines long, gland irregular and notched on 
 its upper margin. Flowers perfect. 
 
 2. Z. venenosus, Wat. Stem slender, 6 inches to 2 ft. high; leaves rarely over 2 
 or 3 lines broad, scabrous; raceme simple, rarely compound, short, with narrow scarioua 
 bracts; perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long. Flowers polygamous. 
 
 21. XSROPHYLLUM, Michx. 
 
 Flowers white, in a sub-pyramidal many -flowered raceme. Styles reflexed or recoiled, 
 Btigmatic down the inner side. Cauline leaves numerous, setaceous. 
 
 1. X. tenax, Nutt. Stem 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves about 2 lines broad, often 2 or 3 
 ft. long; raceme becoming a foot or more long; perianth-segments oblong, 4 or 5 lines 
 long, scarcely equaling the stamens. 
 
 LEUCOCRINUM MONTANTTM, Nutt., is an acaulesoent plant which produces 4 to 8 fragrant -white 
 flowers on short perlicela arising from a subterranean stem; the slender tube of the saiver-forin perianth 
 an inch or two long. Sandy valleys. 
 
 Order ARACE.3D is represented by SYMJ T.OCARPUS KAMTSCHATICTT9 Bong. (Skunk Tabbnpo) a 
 inarth plant \\ith large erect leaves, the liesny spudix becomiug aa oblong-ovoid fruit two or threa 
 inches in length. 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 [To PAGE CO.] 
 
 CBnothera albicaulis, Nutt. Steins white, erect, \ to 4 ft. high; leaves linear to 
 oblong-lanceolate, entire or repand-denticulate or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base, 1 to 
 3 inches long; flowers axillary, white becoming pinkish, 1 to 2 inches in diameter; calyx 
 tube an inch long or less; capsule an inch or two long. Sand hills near Antioch. 
 
 [To PAGE C2.] 
 
 Mentsolia Lindleyi, Torr. & Gr. Slender, 1 to 3 ft. high, branched; leaves ovate 
 to narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, pectinately pinnatifid, or coarsely sinuate- 
 toothed; flowers axillary and terminal; calyx lobes 5 to 9 lines long, lanceolate; petals 
 obovate, abruptly acuminate, an inch long. Corral Hollow, Mt. Hamilton. 
 
 [To PAGE 82.] 
 
 Pliacelia Douglasii, Torr. Pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; 
 leaves elongated-oblong or linear, pinnatifid, or pinnately parted into pairs of lobes, the 
 terminal lobo hardly longer than the others; flowers loosely racemose, long-pecliceled; 
 calyx lobes spatulate. Low spreading stems with blue flowers resembling NemopJiila 
 
 insignis. Autioch, A. A. Bailey. 
 
 [To PAGE 80.] 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis, L. (Bindweed. ) Stems procumbent and twining from deep 
 rootstocks; leaves hastate to sagittate, to 1J inches long; peduncles mostly 1 -flowered, 
 with a pair of minute bracts near the center; corolla a half to nearly an inch long, white, 
 tinged with brownish red. A troublesome weed now abundant in San Jose, Stockton, 
 Oakland, etc. The flowers appear late in the dry season. 
 
 [To PAGE 88.} 
 
 Solanum Carolinenss, L. (Horse Nettle.) Stems prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, 
 sinuate-toothed, rough with stellate hairs, yellow prickles along the midrib, and on the 
 calyx; flowers pale blue or white, large; berries globular, orange-yellow. Introduced at 
 Vallejo, C. B. Towle. 
 
 [To PAGE 91.] 
 
 Tonella Collinsioidos, Nutt. A slender plant distinguished from Collinsia by the 
 leaves, some of them being 3-parted. Flowers minute, the tube slightly gibbous; 
 stamens free from the lower lobe of the limb; capsule considerably exceeding the calyx. 
 Mariii Co., Mrs Oaldey. 
 
 [To PAGE 91.] 
 
 Pentstemon centrantliifolius, Benth. Glaucous, strict and virgate, leafy 1 to 3 ft. 
 high; leaves thick, ovate-lanceolate, sessile; corolla deep and bright red, tubular, an 
 inch or more long, the lobes nearly equal, very short; sterile filament naked. A showy 
 species well worth cultivating for its deep vermilion flowers. Very abundant on the 
 sand-hills near Antioch. A. A. Bailey. 
 
122 ADDENDA. 
 
 [To PAGE 26.] 
 
 Viola glabslla, Nutt. Stems 5 to 12 inches high, from a creeping root-stock, erect, 
 leafy above, with a few bracts below; leaves cordate to reniform, acute, serrate or creuate; 
 flowers yellow, veined with purple. Redwoods. 
 
 [To PAGE 31.] 
 
 Eida hederacea, Torr. .Stems decumbent; leaves reniform, one-sided, irregularly 
 crenate or dentate; flowers solitary or clustered in the axils, half an inch long, yellowish; 
 calyx with one or two slender bractlets. 
 
 [To PAGE 105.] 
 
 Folygonum Paronychia, Cham. & Schlecht. Stems woody, prostrate, leafy; leave? 
 linear, revolute, the midrib channeled, and each side ciliolate; the pinkish flowers in 
 dense spikes. Common near the coast. 
 
 [To PAGE 108.] 
 
 Bagittaria variabilis, Engelm (?). Flowers in whorls of three on an angled scape, 
 one to several feet high, the upper flowers on longer pedicels and steril; calyx green; 
 petals broad, 3 or 4 lines long, white; stamens many; ovaries forming a head of beaked 
 achenia. A marsh herb, with obtuse, sagittate leaves, or some (without a true blade) 
 linear. 
 
 [To PAGE 109.] 
 
 Calypso borealis, Salisb. Bulb globular, solid, bearing a 1 -flowered scape, 5 or 6 
 inches in height, and a solitary ovate leaf; sepals and petals linear, pinkish, the lip slip- 
 per-shaped, 2-pointed underneath the apex, an inch long, variegated purple and yellow. 
 Moist woods, Duncan's Mill, Russian Paver. Miss Wood. 
 
 [To PAGE 111.] 
 
 Erythronium graiidiflorum, Pursh. Var. (?) Scape arising from an oblong corm, 
 which bears a pair of broad leaves; flowers lily-like, racemose or solitary, yellowish, an 
 inch or two long. Healdsburg, 7?. 77. Thomson. Cloverdale. 
 
 E. Hartwegi, Wat., has usually mottled leaves, the flowers solitary, or two or three 
 in a sessile umbel. Yuba Co., E. K. Hill. 
 
 E. purpurasceiis, Wat., may be known by its large bulb, undulate leaves and purple 
 tinged flowers. Sierra Nevada. 
 
 [To PAGE 18.] 
 
 Ranunculus Bloomeri, Wat. Very smooth; hollow stems a foot high; leaves 3- 
 foliolate or entire, leaflets entire or nearly so; petals 5, mostly cuneate-oblong, emar- 
 ginate, veiny; carpels straight-beaked. Wet ground about San Francisco Bay. Vallejo, 
 C. B. Towle. West Berkley; Baden; San Pvafael, etc. 
 
 [To PAGE 80.] 
 
 Polemonium carneum, Gr. Branches 3-5-flowered; corolla salmon-color or flesh- 
 color sometimes an inch and a half across; stamens and style not longer than the corolla. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 ABORTION, the imperfect formation or ab- 
 sence of a part. 
 
 ABRUPT, ending suddenly. 
 
 ACAULESCENT, apparently stemless. 
 
 ACCUMBENT, the radicle lying against the 
 edges of the cotyledons. 
 
 ACEROSE, needle-shaped, like pine leaves. 
 
 ACUMINATE, ending in a tapering point. 
 
 ACUTE, merely sharp-pointed. 
 
 ADNATE, growing fast to. "When the an- 
 ther seems to be attached by its whole 
 length to the filament. 
 
 AGGREGATE, crowded into a cluster. 
 
 AKENE, a 1 -seeded seed-like fruit. 
 
 ALBUMEN, nourishment in the seed not 
 forming part of the embryo. 
 
 ANDROUS, refers to stamens. 
 
 ANTERIOR, on the side of the flower next 
 the bract. 
 
 APETALOUS, without petals. 
 
 APPRESSED, lying flat, or close together. 
 
 ASCENDING, rising obliquely. 
 
 ATTENUATE, tapering gradually. 
 
 AURICULATE, ear-like lobes at the base. 
 
 AWN, an appendage like the beard of barley. 
 
 AXIL, the angle between leaf and stem. 
 
 BIFID, 2-cleft to about the middle. 
 
 BILABIATE, 2-lipped. 
 
 BLADE, the broad portion of a leaf 
 
 BRACT, the leaf which subtends the flower. 
 BRACTLET, a bract on a pedicel. 
 
 CADUCOUS, falling off at the time of ex- 
 pansion. 
 
 CAMPANULATE, bell-shaped. 
 
 CANESCENT, whitened with fine close pu- 
 bescence. 
 
 CAPILLARY, like a hair. 
 
 CAPITATE, having a head, or collected into 
 a head. 
 
 CAPSULE, any compound dehiscent fruit. 
 
 CARPEL, a simple pistil, or element of a 
 compound one. 
 
 CAUDATE, tailed. 
 
 CAULESCENT, having an obvious stem. 
 
 CAULINE, relating to a stem. 
 
 CILIATE, fringed with hairs. 
 
 CLAVATE, club-shaped. 
 
 CLAW, the narrowed base of a petaL 
 
 CLEFT, cut to about the middle. 
 
 COHESION, the union of like organs. 
 
 CONFLUENT, running together, or blending, 
 
 CONGLOMERATE, thickly clustered. 
 
 CONNATE, united from the first. 
 
 CONNECTIVE, the part of an anther con 
 necting the cells. 
 
 CONNIVENT, coming together or meeting. 
 
 CONVOLUTE, rolled up. 
 
 CORDATE, heart-shaped with the> point up. 
 
124 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 CORYMB, a flat-topped flower cluster, the 
 
 pedicels unequal. 
 COSTATE, ribbed. 
 
 COTYLEDONS, the leaves of the embryo. 
 CREEPING, running on the ground and 
 
 rooting. 
 
 CRENATE, the margin scolloped. 
 CUNEATE, wedge-shaped. 
 CUSPIDATE, tipped with a rigid point. 
 CYME, a flower cluster in which the oldest 
 
 flowers are in the center. 
 
 DECIDUOUS, falling off before withering; or, 
 if leaves, before winter. 
 
 DECLINED, turned to one side. 
 
 DECUMBENT, reclining on the ground, the 
 end rising. 
 
 DEFLEXED, bent downwards. 
 
 DEHISCENT FRUITS, etc. , open by 
 
 DEIIISCENCE, splitting as pods do. 
 
 DENTATE, toothed, the teeth pointing di- 
 rectly away from the margin. 
 
 DEPRESSED, flattened from above. 
 
 DIADELPIIOUS, stamens united by the fila- 
 ments in two sets. 
 
 DICHOTOMOUS, forking into two branches. 
 
 DICOTYLEDENOUS, having two seed leaves. 
 
 DIFFUSE, widely and loosely spreading. 
 
 DIGITATE, compound with the parts arising 
 at one point. 
 
 DKECIOUS, with stamens and pistils in 
 separate blossoms on different indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 DISSECTED, cut into pieces, or nearly so. 
 
 DISTINCT, when parts of the same name do 
 not cohere. 
 
 DIVARICATE, separating widely. 
 
 DIVERGENT, the summits inclined from each 
 other. 
 
 DRUPE, a stone fruit, (like a cherry). 
 
 EMBRYO, the rudimentary plant in a seed. 
 ENTIRE, the margin whole and even, not 
 
 lobed or toothed. 
 
 EPIGYNOUS, growing on the ovary. 
 EROSE, irregularly notched as if gnawed. 
 EXSERTED, protruding beyond other organs. 
 EXSTIPULATE, without stipules. 
 EXTRORSE, turned outward. 
 
 FASCICLE, a close cyme, a bundle of leaves. 
 
 FERTILE FLOWER, one having pistils. 
 
 FILAMENT, the stalk of an anther. 
 
 FILIFORM, like a thread. 
 
 FOLIACEOUS, like a leaf. 
 
 FOLIOLATE, consisting of leaflets (5-folio- 
 
 late means with five leaflets). 
 FOLLICLE, a simple pod opening down one 
 
 side. 
 FRUIT, the seed and all that belong to it. 
 
 GLAUCOUS, covered with a whitish bloom 
 which rubs off, as the surface of a 
 cabbage leaf, or a plum. 
 
 GLOMERATE, clustered into a ball. 
 
 GLOMERULE, a capitate cyme. 
 
 HASTATE, with a spreading lobe at the base 
 on each side. 
 
 HIRSUTE, clothed with coarse hairs. 
 
 HISPID, beset with bristly hairs. 
 
 HOARY, grayish white from a white pubes- 
 cence. 
 
 HYPOGYNOUS, growing under the pistil, 
 free from the calyx and corolla. 
 
 INCUMBENT, when the radicle lies against 
 
 the back of one of the cotyledons. 
 INFERIOR, underneath or anterior. 
 INNATE, borne on the apex or end. 
 INTRORSE, turned inward. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 125 
 
 INVOLUCRE, a set of bracts surrounding a 
 
 flower cluster. 
 INVOLUTE, rolled inward. 
 IRREGULAR, unequal in size or shape. 
 
 LACINIATE, cut into narrow incisions. 
 LAMINA, blade of a leaf or petal. 
 LATERAL, pertaining to the side. 
 LEGUME, fruit like a pea-pod. 
 LIME, the exposed part of a corolla, calyx, 
 
 etc., or the blade of a petal, etc. 
 LINE, the twelfth of an inch. 
 LINEAR, narrow and much longer than 
 
 wide, the margins parallel. 
 LOBE, any division or projecting part. 
 
 MEROUS, the parts of a flower (5-merous, 
 
 the parts in fives). 
 MUCRONATE, abruptly tipped with -a short 
 
 point. 
 
 NERVES, parallel and simple veins. 
 NODDING, the apex or top pointing down- 
 ward. 
 
 OB-, prefixed means reverse of; as, ob-cord- 
 ate, inverted heart-shaped, t. e. t the 
 stem attached to the apex. 
 
 OBLIQUE, one-sided. 
 
 OBLONG, long-elliptical. 
 
 OCHROLEUCOUS, pale dull yellow. 
 
 OVAL, broadly elliptical. 
 
 OVARY, that portion of the pistil which 
 becomes the seed vessel. 
 
 OVATE, like the longitudinal section of an 
 
 egg- 
 OVOID, egg-shaped. 
 
 PALMATE, lobed so that the lobes point 
 away from the end of the petiole, as 
 in an ivy or a maple leaf. 
 
 PANICLE, a raceme branching irregularly. 
 PARTED, cut almost through. 
 PECTINATE, like the teeth of a comb. 
 PEDICEL, the stalk of a single blossom in a 
 
 cluster. 
 PEDUNCLE, the stalk of a cluster or of a 
 
 solitary flower. 
 PERFOLIATE, when the stern seems to pass 
 
 through the leaf. 
 
 PERFORATE, with holes or transparent dots. 
 PERIGYNOUS, borne on the calyx. 
 PERSISTENT, remaining until the fruit has 
 
 grown. 
 
 PETIOLE, the leaf stem. 
 PETIOLULE, the stem of a leaflet. 
 PILOSE, with distinct straight hairs. 
 PINNATE, a compound leaf with the leaflets 
 
 along the side of a common petiole. 
 
 PlNNATELY CLEFT, LOBED, etc., With the 
 
 lobes along the sides of a long leaf. 
 PLACENTA, the part of the ovary which 
 
 bears the seeds. 
 POD, a dry dehiscent fruit. 
 POME, a fruit like a pear or apple. 
 POSTERIOR, next the stem. 
 PROCUMBENT, lying along the ground. 
 PROSTRATE, lying flat like a melon- vine, 
 PUBESCENT, with soft or downy hairs. 
 PUNCTATE, dotted as if by holes. 
 PUNGENT, rigid sharp-pointed. 
 
 RACEME, elongated flower bunches, with 
 the oldest flowers below and on ped- 
 icels. 
 
 HADICAL, coming from the root (apparently). 
 
 RADICLE, the stem of an embryo. 
 
 RENIFORM, kidney-shaped. 
 
 REPAND, the margin slightly wavy. 
 
 RETRORSE, directed backward. 
 
 RETUSE, slightly notched at a rounded apex. 
 
126 
 
 GLOSSARY. 
 
 REVOLUTE, rolled backward. 
 
 RACHIS, the main stem in a spike, etc. 
 
 ROOTSTOCK, an underground stem. 
 
 ROTATE, wheel-shaped. 
 
 RUNCINATE, teeth pointing backward. 
 
 SAGITTATE, like an arrow-head. 
 
 SALVER-SHAPED, tubular, the border spread- 
 ing at right angles to the tube. 
 
 SCAPE, a flower-stalk rising from the ground 
 or near it. 
 
 SCORPIOID, coiled round like a scorpion. 
 
 SECUND, all turned to one side. 
 
 SERRATE, with teeth like a saw. 
 
 SETACEOUS, like a bristle. 
 
 SPATULATE, like a druggist's spatula. 
 
 SPIKE, a long inflorescence of sessile flowers. 
 
 STELLATE, star-shaped. 
 
 STIGMA, the part of a pistil which receives 
 the pollen. 
 
 STIPE, the stalk of an ovary. 
 
 STIPEL, the stipule of a leaflet. 
 
 STIPELLATE, having stipels. 
 
 STIPITATE, having a stipe. 
 
 STIPULE, appendage on each side at the 
 base of a leaf. 
 
 STRICT, very straight or close or upright. 
 
 STRIGOSE, clothed with close-pressed stout- 
 sharp hairs or scale-like bristles. 
 
 STYLE, the slender part of a pistil. 
 
 SUBULATE, tapering to a sharp rigid point. 
 
 SUFFRUTESCENT, or suffruticose, shrubby at 
 the base. 
 
 TERETE, cylindrical, long and round. 
 TERMINAL, at the end or summit. 
 TIIYRSE, a thick panicle (Lilac blossoms). 
 TOMENTOSE, clothed with a close and mat- 
 ted down. 
 
 TORULOSE, swollen at intervals. 
 TRUNCATE, as if cut off at the end. 
 
 UMBEL, umbrella-like inflorescence. 
 
 VERTICILLATE, whorled, forming a ring 
 
 around the stem. 
 VILLOUS, with long soft hairs. 
 VISCID, sticky. 
 
 ADDITIONAL WORDS. 
 
 ADVENTITIOUS, out of the usual place; as 
 
 roots on stems. 
 
 CAUDEX, an iipright rootstock. 
 CUSP, a spear-like point. 
 DELTOID, triangular. 
 
 FLACCID, soft, weak, drooping. 
 
 FUSIFORM, spindle-shaped. 
 
 GLABROUS, smooth. 
 
 INVOLUCRATE, provided with an involucre. 
 
 LOCULICIDAL, splitting down the middle of 
 
 the back of a cell. 
 LUNATE, crescent-shaped. 
 MUCRONULATE, tipped with a minute point. 
 
 PAPILIONACEOUS, like the corolla of a pea. 
 PERIANTH, calyx and corolla together. 
 
 RETICULATED, netted-veined. 
 
 RUGOSE, wrinkled, rough with wrinkles. 
 
 SACCATE, with sacks or pouches. 
 
 SCABROUS, rough or harsh. 
 
 SCARIOUS, thin, dry, membranous. 
 
 SEPTICIDAL, splitting between the cells. 
 
 SPADIX, a fleshy spike of flowers. 
 
 SPATHE, a bract which inwraps flowers. 
 
 SUCCULENT, fleshy, juicy. 
 
 STAMINODIA, Sterile stamens or bodies like 
 
 stamens. 
 TURBINATE, top-shaped, an inverted cone. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 OF 
 
 GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 All the generic and specific names found in this work are here defined except a few 
 of obscure or unknown meaning and some which have undoubtedly been overlooked. 
 Commemorative names are followed by the names when known to me of those thus 
 honored. Specific names are given sometimes in one gender, sometimes in another. The 
 learner must know that, as a rule, if a specific name ends in us, a, or urn, it may end in 
 either of the other two to correspond with the gender of the generic name; as, Convol- 
 vulus Californicus (Masculine), Polygala Caltfornica (Feminine), Galium Cal/fornlcum 
 (Neuter). Or, the specific name may end in is or e, the former agreeing with masculine 
 and feminine generic names, the latter with neuter names. The meaning of each name, 
 where possible, is given in a form suitable for a common or English name of the plant. 
 
 ACHILLE^EFOLIA, Yarrow-leaved. 
 ACOXITUM, the ancient name. 
 ADENOSTOMA, glandular stoma (breathing 
 
 pores). 
 
 AFFINIS, near, or related to. 
 AJUGOTDES, Ajuga-like; *. e. , liko Bugle, a 
 
 labiate plant. 
 ALBENS, white. 
 ALBESCENS, becoming white. 
 ALBICAULIS, white-stemmed. 
 ALCHEMILLA, the Arabic name. 
 ALISSLEFOLIUS, Alisma-leavcd, i. c., leaves 
 
 like those of Water Plantain. 
 ALLIUM, the Latin name of Garlic. 
 ALNIFOLIA, Alder-leaved. 
 AMELANCHIER, the French name. 
 AMERICANA, American. 
 AMCENA, charming. 
 AMORPHA, without form, (flower wanting 
 
 four petals). 
 
 AMPLECTANS, twining or embracing. 
 
 AMPLEXICAULIS, stem-encircled, i. e., by 
 embracing leaves. 
 
 AMSINCKIA, William Amsinck, of Ham- 
 burg. 
 
 ANAGALLIS, from a Greek word meaning 
 to laugh. 
 
 ANAGALLOEDES, Anagallis-likc; like Pim- 
 pernel. 
 
 ANDERSOXI, Dr. C. L. Anderson, a Califor- 
 nia botanist. 
 
 ANDREWSIANA, Dr. Andrews, a pioneer 
 botanist. 
 
 ANDREWSII, Dr. Andrews, a pioneer bot- 
 anist. 
 
 ANDROMEDIA, in honor of the goddess of 
 that name. 
 
 ANEMONE, from Greek for wind. 
 
 ANGUSTIFOLIA, narrow-leaved. 
 
 ANSERINA, from the Latin for goose. 
 
128 
 
 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 APARIXE, the Greek name. 
 
 APOCYXUM, clog-bane; dog-poison. 
 
 AQUATALIS, aquatic; \vater. 
 
 AQUIFOLICJM, Holly-leaved. 
 
 AQUILEGIA, from Latin for eagle (the 
 petals like eagles' claws). 
 
 ARABIS, from Arabia. 
 
 ARENARIA, sand, belonging in sand. 
 
 ARBOREUS, tree-like. 
 
 ARBUTIFOLIA, Arbutus-leaved. 
 
 ARBUTUS, the ancient name. 
 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Bearberry. 
 
 ARI^EFOLIA, Aria-leaved. 
 
 ARMERIA, the Monkish Latin for the Pink. 
 
 AROMATICA, aromatic. 
 
 ARVENSIS, field (growing in cultivated 
 fields). 
 
 ASCLEPIAS, Esculapius, God of Medicine. 
 
 ASPER, rough. 
 
 ASPERUM, rough. 
 
 ASSURGENTIFLORA, flowers bending up- 
 ward. 
 
 ATTENUATUS, slender. 
 
 ATTENUIFOLIUM. slender-leaved. 
 
 AUDIBERTIA, M. Audibert, a Frenchman. 
 
 AUREA, golden. 
 
 AURITA, little- eared (referring to the 
 leaves). 
 
 AZUREUS, blue. 
 
 BARBIGERTJM, bearded. 
 BARTSI^EFOLIA, Bartsia-leaved. 
 
 BERBERIS, the Arabic name for the Bar- 
 berry. 
 
 BICOLOR, two-colored. 
 
 BIENNIS, biennial (i. e., flowering the sec- 
 ond year and then dying). 
 
 BIFIDUM, bifid, divided. 
 
 BIFLORA, two-flowered. 
 
 BIFOLIUM, two-leaved. 
 
 BIGELOVIT, Dr. J. M. Bigelow, a pioneer 
 botanist. 
 
 BILOBA, two-lobed. 
 
 BISCEPTRUM, two-stemmed, e. e.,twoscapcs, 
 
 BISTORTA, twice-twisted. 
 
 BLEPHAROPHYLLA, eyelash-leaved. 
 
 BLOOMERIA, H. G. Bloomer, a pioneer bot- 
 anist. 
 
 BOLANDERI, H. N. Bolander, a well-known 
 botanist of this coast. 
 
 BOREALIS, northern. 
 
 BOSCHNIAKIA, Boschniaki, a Prussian. 
 
 BOYKINIA, Dr. Boykin, of Georgia, 
 
 BRACHYCARPA, short-pod. 
 
 BRACTEATA, bracted. 
 
 BRACTEOSA, bracted. 
 
 BRASSICA, old name for cabbage. 
 
 BREVIFLORA, short-flowered. 
 
 BREVIFOLIUM, short-leaved. 
 
 BREWERI, Win. H. Brewer, Botanist of the 
 California Geological Survey. 
 
 BRUNELLA, from German name of a throat 
 disease which this plant was supposed 
 to cure. 
 
 BULLATA, jeweled; blistered. 
 
 BURSA-PASTORIS, shepherd's purse. 
 
 C^RULEUS, deep blue. 
 C^ESPITOSA, tufted. 
 CALIFORNICA, California. 
 CALOCHORTUS, beautiful grass. 
 CALYCANTHUS, cup-flower. 
 CALYCINA, cup-like. 
 CAMPANULA, bell. 
 CAMPESTRIS, field (uncultivated). 
 CANADENSIS, Canadian. 
 CANESCENS, white-haired; hoary. 
 CANINA, dog. 
 CANNABINUM, hemp-like. 
 CAPITATA, capitate (bearing a head of 
 flowers). 
 
GLOSSARY OF GENERIC! AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 129 
 
 CAPSELLA, little-pod. 
 
 CARDAMINE, heart-care. 
 
 CARDINALIS, cardinal; chief. 
 
 CARDUACEA, thistle-like. 
 
 CAROLINENSE, Carolina. 
 
 CAROLIXIANUM, Carolina. 
 
 CASTILLEIA, Castillejo, a Spanish botanist. 
 
 CASTILLEIOIDES, Castilleia-like. 
 
 CEANOTHUS, old name. 
 
 CENTRANTHIFOLIUS, Centranthus-leaved. 
 
 CERASIFORMIS, cherry-like. 
 
 CERASTIUM, from Greek for a horn (refer- 
 ring to the horn-shaped pods). 
 
 CERCOCARPUS, tailed-fruit. 
 
 CHAMMISSONTS, A. von Chamisso, a poet 
 and botanist who visited this coast 
 with Eschscholtz early in this century. 
 
 CHEIRANTHIFOLIA, wallflower-leaved. 
 
 CHEIRANTIIUS, Arabic name. 
 
 CUILEXSIS, Chili. 
 
 CHIMAPIIILA, winter-lover. 
 
 CHLOROGALUM, greenish milk. 
 
 CJIRYSANTHEMIFOLIA, Crysanthemum- 
 leaved. 
 
 CIIRYSANTHA, golden-flowered. 
 
 CILIATA, hair-fringed. 
 
 CIRC^GA, Circe, the enchantress. 
 
 CIRCINATA, coiled; crosier-like. 
 
 CLARKIA, General Wm. Clarke, who 
 crossed the continent in 1803-1808. 
 
 CLAYTONIA, Dr. John Clayton, an early 
 botanist of Virginia. 
 
 CLEMATIS, ancient name of a climbing 
 plant. 
 
 CLINTONIA, Governor De Witt Clinton, of 
 New York. 
 
 COLLINSIA, Zaccheus Collins, of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 COLLINSIOIDES, Collinsia-likc. 
 
 COLLOMIA, from Greek for glue, on account 
 of the mucilaginous seeds. 
 
 COMOSUM, hair-tufted. 
 CONCINNUM, beautiful. 
 CONGESTA, bunched. 
 CORDIFOLITJS, heart-leaved. 
 CORDYLANTHUS, club-flower. 
 CORYMBOSUS, corymbose (flowers in a cor- 
 
 ymb). 
 
 COTUL^EFOLIA, Cotula-leaved. 
 CRASSIFOLIA, thick-leaved. 
 CRENATUS, crenate. 
 CRESSA, Cretan woman. 
 CRETICA, Cretan. 
 CROCEA, yellow; saffron-colored. 
 CROTELLARDE, rattle -pod. 
 CUNEATUS, wedge-shaped. 
 CURVIPES, curved-pedicel. 
 CYNOGLOSSUM, hound's-tongue. 
 CYPRIPEDIUM, Venus's slipper. 
 CVTISOIDES, like snail-clover. 
 
 DATURA, an altered Arabic name. 
 DECORUM, comely; pretty. 
 DELPHINIUM, dolphin. 
 DEMISSA, lowly; humble. 
 DENDROMECON, tree-poppy. 
 DENSIFLORUS, dense-flowering. 
 DENSIFOLIA, densely-leaved. 
 DENTATA, dentate; notched. 
 DENTICULATA, denticulate; finely toothed. 
 DICENTRA, twice-spurred; two spurs. 
 DICHOTOMU-S, two-forked. 
 DISCOLOR, variable (as to color or form). 
 DIVARICATA, spreading. 
 DODECATHEON, twelve gods. 
 DOUGLASII, David Douglas, a Scottish ex- 
 plorer of the Botany of this coast. 
 DUMOSA, bushy. 
 
 ECHINOSPERMUM, hedgehog-seed. 
 ELEGAXS, elegant; beautiful. 
 ELLISIA, John Ellis, an English botanist. 
 , emarginate; notched. 
 
130 
 
 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 EMMENANTHE, persistent-flower. 
 
 EPILOBIUM, a violet on a pod. 
 
 ERIANTHUS, woolly-flowered. 
 
 ERIODYCTYON, a network of wool (on the 
 leaves). 
 
 ERITRICHIUM, woolly-hair. 
 
 ERODITJM, from Greek for heron (the fruit 
 like the bill of a heron). 
 
 ERYSIMUM, from a word meaning to blister. 
 
 ERYTHR^SA, from a word meaning red. 
 
 ESCHSCHOLTZTA, J. F. Eschscholtz, a Ger- 
 man botanist, who visited California 
 early in this century. 
 
 EUBRODL&LA., true Brodioea. 
 
 FALCIFOLIUM, falchion-leaved. 
 
 FARIXOSA, starchy. 
 
 FASCICULATA, fascicled (referring to the 
 
 leaves). 
 
 FAUCTBAREATUS, beard-throat. 
 FILIFOLIA, thread-leaved. 
 FLAMMULA, a little banner or flame. 
 FLORIBUNDA, many-flowered. 
 FOLIOLOSA, leafy. 
 FORMOSA, beautifully formed. 
 FRAGARIA, fragrance. 
 FRAXINUS, from a Latin word meaning 
 
 easily split. 
 FRITILLARIA, from Latin for checker-board, 
 
 the petals of the first-named species 
 
 being checkered. 
 FUCATA, colored, 
 FULVUM, tawny; yellow. 
 
 GALLICA, Gallic (French). 
 
 GAULTHERIA, Dr. Gaulthier, of Quebec. 
 
 GENTIANA, Gentius, king of Illyria. 
 
 GIGANTEA. gigantic; huge. 
 
 GILEA, Philip Gil. 
 
 GITHOPSIS, resembling Gith (Corn-cockle). 
 
 GLABRUS, smooth. 
 
 GLABRATUS, smooth. 
 
 GLANDULOSUS, glandular. 
 
 GLAUCUS, bluish-gray, or with a bloom. 
 
 GLAUX, from Greek for sea-green. 
 
 GLUTINOSUS, glutinous; sticky. 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZA, sweet-root. 
 
 GODETIA, Dr. Godet. 
 
 GOMPHOCARPUS, nail-pod. 
 
 GRACILE, slender. 
 
 GRACILEXTUS, slender. 
 
 GRACILIFLORUS, slender-flowered. 
 
 GRANDIFLORA, grand-flowered. 
 
 GREENEI, Rev. E. L. Greene, who has dili- 
 gently explored the Botany of this 
 State. 
 
 GYMXOCARPUS, naked-fruited; naked-pod. 
 
 HASTATUS, spear-bearing. 
 
 HEBECARPUS, blunt-pod (?) 
 
 HEDERACEUS, Ivy-like. 
 
 HELIOTROPIUM, from Greek for sun and 
 turn. 
 
 HETEROPHYLLUS, variously leaved. 
 
 HEUCHERA, J. H. Heucher, a German bot- 
 anist. 
 
 HEXANDRA, six-stamened. 
 
 HIRSCTTISSIMUS, bristly, or very hairy. 
 
 HISPIDULA, bristly; prickly. 
 
 HUMILIS, low; small. 
 
 HYPERICUM, the Greek name. 
 
 ILICIFOLTUS, Holly-leaved. 
 IXCANUS, gray; hoary. 
 ICISUM, incised; cut. 
 INCONSPICUUS, inconspicuous. 
 IXSIGNIS, remarkable; marked. 
 INTEGERRIMUS, most vigorous. 
 INTEGRIFOLIA, entire-leaved. 
 INTERMEDIUS, intermediate. 
 INTERTEXTUS, intertwined. 
 INVOLUCRATUS, involucrate. 
 
GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 131 
 
 IRIS, rainbow. 
 IXIOIDES, Ixia-like. 
 
 JUXCEA, rush-like. 
 
 JDSSMA, Bernard de Jussieu, founder of 
 the Natural System. 
 
 LABIATE, from labia, a lip. 
 
 LACINATUS, laqiniate. 
 
 LACTEA, milk-white. 
 
 LuEViCAULis, smooth-stemmed. 
 
 LACTTNOSUM, pitted. 
 
 LANCEOLATUS, lanceolate. 
 
 LATIFOLIUS, broad-leaved. 
 
 LATHYRUS, the Greek name of a similar 
 
 plant. 
 
 LATIPES, broad-pediceled. 
 LAXUS, loose. 
 LEPIGONUM, scaly-joint. 
 LEPIDIUM, scale-pod. 
 LEPTOPHYLLUS, slender-leaved. 
 LEPIDOTDS, scaly (?) 
 LEPIDUS, charming. 
 LEPTOSIPHON, slender-tubed. 
 LEMMONI, J. G. Lemmon, a very successful 
 
 California botanist. 
 LEUCODERMIS, white-skinned. 
 LEUCOCEPHALUS, white-headed. 
 LEUCOCRINUM, white-lily. 
 LEUCOPHYLLUS, white-leaved. 
 LEWISIA, Capt. M. Lewis, who crossed the 
 
 continent with Clarke in 1803-1806. 
 LIGUSTICIFOLIUS, Lovage-leaved. 
 LILIACEUS, lily-like. 
 LIMNANTHES, pond-flower. 
 LIMONIUM, mud-plant (an old generic 
 
 name. ) 
 
 LIMOSELLA, from limus, mud. 
 LINARIA, from Linum, the botanical name 
 
 of Flax. 
 LINEARIFOLIUM, narrow-leaved. 
 
 LINIFLORA, flax-flowered; the Latin name 
 
 Linum. 
 
 LITHOSPERMOIDES, like Lithospermum. 
 LITTORALIS, sea-beach. 
 LOBATUS, lobed. 
 LOXGIFLORUS, long-flowered. 
 LONGILOBA, long lobed. 
 LONGIPES, long-pediceled. 
 LUTEOLUS, yellowish. 
 LUTEUS, yellow. 
 LUPINUS, wolf. 
 LUPULINUS, hop-like. 
 LUCIDTJS, bright, transparent. 
 LYCOPUS, wolf-foot. 
 LYCOPSOIDES, Lycopus-like. 
 LYTHRUM, from Greek for blood. 
 
 MACRANTHUS, large -flowered. 
 
 MACROCERA, large-horned. 
 
 MACROCARPA, large-fruited. 
 
 MACROSTACHYA, large-spiked. 
 
 MACROTHECUM, large-anthered. 
 
 MACULATUS, spotted. 
 
 MAIANTHEMUM, mountain nymph. 
 
 MAJOR, greater; larger. 
 
 MALVA, from a word meaning soft. 
 
 MALV^KTLORUS, Mallows-flowered. 
 
 MALV^EFOLIUS, Mallows-leaved. 
 
 MARIPOSA, butterfly. 
 
 MARITIMUM, coast. 
 
 MEADIA, Dr. Mead, of Illinois. 
 
 MECONOPSIS, Poppy-like. 
 
 MEDICAGO, from Media, its native country. 
 
 MEDIUS, middle. 
 
 MEGARRHIZA, big-root. 
 
 MELILOTUS, honey-flower. 
 
 MENTHA, from the name of a Nymph fa- 
 bled to have been changed to mint. 
 
 MENYANTHES, month-flower. 
 
 MENZIESII, Dr. Archibald Menzies, a com- 
 panion of Vancouver. 
 
132 
 
 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AXD SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 MENTZELIA, Dr. C. Mentzel. 
 
 MERTEXSIA, Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bre- 
 men. 
 
 MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, midday-flower. 
 
 MICRAXTIIUS, small-flowered. 
 
 MICROCEPHALUM, small -headed. 
 
 MICROCAKPUS, small-fruited. 
 
 MICROMERIA, small-part. 
 
 MlMULUS, ape; mimic. 
 
 MINEATUS, vermilion-colored. 
 
 MINIMUS, smallest. 
 
 MINOR, smaller. 
 
 MODESTUS, modest. 
 
 MOLLUGO, the Latin name. 
 
 MONTAXUS, mountain. 
 
 MOXARDELLA, little Monarda, a genus 
 named for Nicholas Monardes, a writer 
 on medicinal plants. 
 
 MOSCHATUS, musky. 
 
 MUHLENBERGII, Dr. H. Muhlenberg, an 
 American botanist. 
 
 MUILLA, Allium reversed. 
 
 MULTICAULIS, many-stemmed. 
 
 MURICATUS, rough, with hard points. 
 
 MYRTIFOLIUS, myrtle-leaved. 
 
 NAXUS, dwarf. 
 
 NEMEROSA, wood; forest. 
 
 NEMOPIIILA, grove-lover. 
 
 NICOTIAXA, John Nicot, who introduced 
 
 tobacco into Europe. 
 NITEUS, beautiful; bright. 
 NrriDUif, shining. 
 NUDICAULE, naked-stemmed. 
 NUDUS, naked. 
 NUTTALLIA, Thomas Nuttall, botanist and 
 
 ornithologist. 
 
 OBTUSIFOLIA, blunt-leaved. 
 OCELLATA, spotted with little eyes. 
 OCCIDEXTALIS, western,. 
 
 (ENOTHERA, wine - sucker (roots cause 
 
 thirst). 
 
 OFFICIXALIS, medicinal. 
 ORBICULARIS, round. 
 OREGAXA, Oregon. 
 ORTIIOCARPUS, erect-fruit. 
 OVATA, egg-shaped (leaves). 
 OXYCARPUM, sharp-fruited. 
 OXYCARYUM, sharp-nut. * 
 
 the ancient name. 
 PACIFICA, Pacific. 
 PALUSTRIS, swamp; marsh. 
 PAPILLOSUS, warty. 
 PARVIFLORUS, small-flowered. 
 PARVIFOLIUS, small-leaved. 
 PATAGONICA, Patagonian. 
 PAUCISECTA, few-lobed. 
 PECTOCARYA, comb-toothed nut. 
 PEDATUS, foot-shaped. 
 PEDICULARIS, from pediculus, a louse. 
 PELTATUM, shield; shield-shaped. 
 PEXDULIFLORA, hanging flower; drooping- 
 
 flower. 
 PENICILLATA, brush-like. (Stigma with a 
 
 tuft of hairs). 
 PENTSTEMON, five stamens. 
 PERFOLIATA, perfoliate (the stem growing 
 
 through the leaf). 
 PHARNACEOIDES, Ginseng-like. 
 PHILADELPHIA, Philadelphus, a King of 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 PICTA, painted; colored. 
 PILOSISSIMA, most-hairy. 
 PINXATA, pinnate; feather-like. 
 PIRUS, old Latin name of the pear tree. 
 PLATYSTEMON, flat-stamen. 
 PLATYSTIGMA, flat- stigma. 
 PLURIFLORA, many-flowered. 
 POGOGYXE, bearded-pistil. 
 
GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 133 
 
 POLYGALA, much milk (said to increase 
 
 secretion of milk). 
 POLTSSPALUK, many-sepaled 
 POMEUIDIANUM, after-noon. 
 PRENANTIIOIDES, Prenanthus-like. 
 PROSARTES, from Greek to hang. 
 PROSTATA, prostrate. 
 PSORALIA, scurf. 
 FTEUOSPORA, wing-seed. 
 PTELEA, Greek for elm. 
 PULCHELLA, beautiful. 
 PUMILA, dwarf; little. 
 PUNGENS, pungent; biting. 
 PURPURASCENS, growing purple; purplish. 
 PYCNANTHEMUM, dense-flowers. 
 PYCNANTHA, dense-flowering. 
 
 QUERCIFOLIA, oak-leaved 
 QUADRANGULARIS, four-sided. 
 
 RACEMOSA, racemose; raceme-bearing. 
 
 RADICALS, rooting. 
 
 RAMOSISSIMA, branching; full of branches. 
 
 RANUNCULUS, from Latin for frog (some, 
 of the species aquatic). 
 
 RAPIIANUS, quick-grower. 
 
 RARIFLORUM, seldom-flowering. 
 
 RECURVA, recurved. 
 
 REDIVIVA, reviving. 
 
 RIIOMBOIDEA, rhomboidal. 
 
 Runs, red (the prevailing color of the 
 plentiful fruit in the genus). 
 
 RIBES, the Arabic name. 
 
 RIGIDUS, stiff; rigid. 
 
 RIVULARIS, river. 
 
 ROSIANZOFFIA, Nicholas Romanzoff, a Rus- 
 sian nobleman, who early in this cen- 
 tury sent Kotzebue (accompanied by 
 Chamisso and Eschscholtz) to this 
 coast. 
 
 ROSA, the ancient name. 
 
 ROSEUS, rosy. 
 
 ROTUNDIFOLIA, round-leaved. 
 RUBESCENS, reddening; reddish. 
 RUBUS, red (the color of the fruit). 
 RUSTICA, country; rustic. 
 
 SALVIA, from a Latin word meaning to 
 save. 
 
 SAMBUCUS, from the name of an ancient 
 musical instrument, said to have been 
 made of Elder. 
 
 SANGUINEA, bloody. 
 
 SARCODES, from the Greek for flesh. 
 
 SARMENTOSA, running (as strawberries). 
 
 SATIVA, cultivated; tame. 
 
 SAXIFRAGA, rock-breaker. 
 
 SCOLIOPUS, worm-peduncle. 
 
 SCROPHULARIA, scrofula cure. 
 
 SCUTELLARIA, from scutella, a dish (be- 
 cause of the calyx). 
 
 SERPYLLOIDES, Thyme-like. 
 
 SERRATUM, serrate; toothed 
 
 SESSILE, sessile; stemless. 
 
 SESSILIFOLIA, sessile-leaved. 
 
 SHALLON, the Indian name. 
 
 SIDALCIA. 
 
 SILENE, from a Greek word meaning saliva. 
 
 SIMPLEX, simple. 
 
 SITCHENSIS, Sitka. 
 
 SOLDANELLA, the generic name of another 
 plant. 
 
 SOREDIATUS, covered with granules. 
 
 SPARSIFLORUS, sparse-flowered. 
 
 SPATHULATA, spatulate. 
 
 SPECIOSUS, showy. 
 
 SPECTABILIS, notable; admirable. 
 
 SPECULARIA, from speculum, a looking- 
 glass. 
 
 SPIRAEA, old name of Meadow Sweet. 
 
 STACUYS, the ancient name. 
 
 STACIIYOIDES, Stachys-like. 
 
134 
 
 GLOSSARY OF GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 STATICE, the ancient name. 
 STELLARIA, from stelta, a star. 
 STELLATA, starry; star-like. 
 STIPULARIS, stipulate. 
 STIVERI, C. H. Stivers 
 STRICT UM, upright. 
 STRIGULOSUS, bristly. 
 STROBILACEA, cone-like (a pine cone). 
 STROBILINA, little cone. 
 STROPHOLIRION, twisted-lily. 
 SUBPINNATA, nearly-pinnate. 
 SYMPIIORICARPUS, cluster-fruit. 
 SYMPLOCARPUS, united-fruit. 
 
 TAXACETIFOLIUS, Tansy-leaved. 
 TATULA, an old generic name (?). 
 TELLIMA, anagram of Mitella. 
 TENAX, tough. 
 TENELLA, tender; delicate. 
 TENER, soft, tender. 
 TENUILOBA, slender-lobed. 
 TENUIFOLIUS, thin-leaved. 
 TESSELLATA, checkered (seeds). 
 THYSANOCARPUS, fringe-pod. 
 THYRSIFLORTJS, thyrse-flowered. 
 TIARELLA, a little mitre (the pod). 
 TINCTORIA, useful as a dye. 
 TOMENTOSUS, woolly; tomentose. 
 TRACHYANDRA, rough anther. 
 TRIDENTATUS, three - toothed; three- 
 
 pronged. 
 
 TRICIIANTHA, hair-flowered. 
 TRICHOPHYLLUS, hair-leaved. 
 TRICOLOR, three-colored. 
 TRIFIDUM, three-parted. 
 TRIFLORUS, three-flowered. 
 TRIFOLTATA, three-leaved. 
 TRIFOLIUM, three-leaves. 
 
 TRILLIUM, triple (leaves, petals, etc., in 
 
 threes). 
 
 TRTJNCATA, truncate. 
 TUBEROSA, tuber-bearing. 
 
 UMBELLATA, umbellate. 
 UMBELLIFERUM, umbel-bearing. 
 UNDULATA, wavy. 
 UNIFLORUS, one -flowering. 
 UNIFOLIATA, one-leaved. 
 URSINUS, bear. 
 
 VACCINNIUM, the ancient name. 
 VAGANS, wandering; spreading. 
 VANCOUVERIA, Capt. George Vancouver, 
 who explored this coast in 1792-1794. 
 VENENOSUS, deadly-poisonous. 
 VENOSUS, veiny. 
 VENUSTUS, beautiful. 
 VESTITA. clothed; covered. 
 VERXICOSA, varnished. 
 VERONICA, for St. Veronica (?). 
 VERTICILLATA, whorled, 
 VILLOSUS, hairy. 
 VISCLDULA, sticky. 
 VIRGINIENSIS, Virginian. 
 VITIS, the ancient name. 
 VULGARIS, common. 
 
 WHIPPLEA, Gen. A. "VV. Whipple, who 
 visited this coast in 1849, in command 
 of a Government Survey Party. 
 
 XEROPHYLLUM, dry-leaf. 
 YUCCA, the Indian name. 
 
 ZAUSCHNERIA, M. Zauschner, a Bohemian 
 
 botanist. 
 ZYGADENUS, yoked-glands. 
 
INDEX OF GENERIC AND COMMON NAMES. 
 
 %* The names of orders are in capitals. Figures following names in parentheses 
 denote the numbers of the species to which the common names apply; e. g., Baby -Eyes 
 is the common name of the third species of Nemophila. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abronia 104 
 
 Acaena 64 
 
 Acer 37 
 
 Aconite (A couitum) 19 
 
 Adenostoma 63 
 
 JEsculus 87 
 
 Alchcmilla 64 
 
 Alfalfa 44 
 
 Alnlaria (Erodium) 33 
 
 Alfillarilla (Erodium) 33 
 
 Al.ium 112 
 
 ALISMACE2E . . , 108 
 
 Alisrua 108 
 
 Alum-root 57 
 
 Amelanchier 54 
 
 Amorplia 47 
 
 Amsinckia 84 
 
 ANACARDIACKE 38 
 
 AuagaLis 73 
 
 Aneinopsis 107 
 
 Anemone 16 
 
 Antirrhinum 90 
 
 Aphyllon 96 
 
 APOCYNACE^S 73 
 
 Apocynum 73 
 
 Aquilegia 18 
 
 Arabia 23 
 
 ARACEJ2 120 
 
 Aralia C3 
 
 ARAIJACKZE 63 
 
 Arbutus 69 
 
 Arctostaphylos 63 
 
 A-enaria 28 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIACEJa 104 
 
 Aristolochia 104 
 
 Armcria 72 
 
 Arrow-grass 108 
 
 Asurum 104 
 
 ASCLtPIADACEJi 73 
 
 Asclepias 73 
 
 Ash 73 
 
 Astragalus 47 
 
 Audibertia 100 
 
 Azalia 70 
 
 PAGE 
 Baby-Eyes (Nemophila, 3) . . 81 
 
 Barberry...' 19 
 
 Beard-tongue (Pentstemon) . 91 
 
 Bedstraw (GaliumJ 65 
 
 Bellflower 68 
 
 BERBL.RIDACE2E 19 
 
 Berberis 19 
 
 Big-Root ... 63 
 
 Bind- weed 121 
 
 Blackberry 62 
 
 Bleeding-Heart (Dicentra, 1) 22 
 
 Bloimeria 113 
 
 Blue-curls 102 
 
 Blue-eyed Grass 110 
 
 Boisduvalia 62 
 
 BORRAGINACKZE 83 
 
 Boschniakia 97 
 
 Box-Elder 38 
 
 Boykinia 66 
 
 Brasenia 20 
 
 Brassica 23 
 
 Brevcortia 115 
 
 Brodiaea 113 
 
 Brunella 101 
 
 iiuckbean 75 
 
 Buckeye 37 
 
 Bur-Clover 44 
 
 Burning bush (Euonymus) . . 35 
 
 Buttercup 17 
 
 Butterfly Lily 118 
 
 Button-bush 65 
 
 Calandrinia 29 
 
 California Holly (Hetero- 
 
 mcles 64 
 
 California Lilac 36 
 
 California Poppy (Esch- 
 
 B^holtzla 21 
 
 Calliprora 114 
 
 Calochortus 117 
 
 CALYCANTHACE/E 55 
 
 Calycanthus 53 
 
 Campanula 68 
 
 CAMPANULACE2E 67 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Camassia 115 
 
 CAPRIFOLIAClYE Gt 
 
 CapseUa 21 
 
 Cardamine 23 
 
 Carpet-Weed (Mollugo) c,3 
 
 CARYOPHYLLAuEzE 27 
 
 Castilleia 9J 
 
 Catchfly (Silene) 27 
 
 Ceanotaua 3G 
 
 CELASTRACE.23 35 
 
 Cephalanthus 65 
 
 Cerastium 28 
 
 Cercocarpus C2 
 
 Chamiso 53 
 
 Cheiranthus 9.3 
 
 CHENOi'ODIACE^E 105 
 
 Chenopodiuin 105 
 
 Cherry.. 51 
 
 Chia 100 
 
 Chickweed v8 
 
 Chimaphila 71 
 
 Chlorogalum 11 > 
 
 Chorizanthe 103 
 
 Circaaa 62 
 
 CISTACE/E 25 
 
 Clarkia 61 
 
 Claytonia 33 
 
 Cleavers 65 
 
 Clematis 1G 
 
 Clintonia (07) 119 
 
 Clover 42 
 
 Coffee-Tree (Rhamnus, 2) .... S3 
 
 Co:linsia 80 
 
 Collomia 7G 
 
 Columbine 13 
 
 COMPOSITE 60 
 
 CONVOLVULACEJS 8G 
 
 Convolvulus 121-83 
 
 Corallorhiza 109 
 
 Coral-Root 109 
 
 Cordylanthus 95 
 
 CORNACE/H 63 
 
 Comus C3 
 
 Coru-Spurry , 29 
 
136 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cotyledon 58 
 
 Cranesbill 33 
 
 C^IASSULACE^E 68 
 
 Creain-Cups 20 
 
 Cres-sa 87 
 
 CRUCIFEU2E 22 
 
 CUCUHBITACE^i; 63 
 
 Currant, 58 
 
 Cuscuti 87 
 
 Cynoglossurn 86 
 
 Damsonium 108 
 
 Datura 
 
 Delphinium 
 
 Den:lromecon., 
 
 Dkeutra 
 
 Dirca 
 
 Dock 
 
 Dodecutheon. ., 
 
 Dodder 
 
 Dogwood (Cornus, 1) 
 
 .. 88 
 
 .. 18 
 
 .. 21 
 
 .. 22 
 
 .. 103 
 
 .. 105 
 
 '.'. 87 
 ..63 
 Dowuingia C7 
 
 Ear-Drops (Dicentra) 22 
 
 Echiuospermum 85 
 
 Elder 64 
 
 EJlisin 81 
 
 Einmenanthe 82 
 
 Enchanter's Nightshade (Cir- 
 
 caea) G2 
 
 Epilobium GO 
 
 Lpipactis 109 
 
 ERIOACE2E 63 
 
 Eriodictyou 83 
 
 Eriogonum 105 
 
 Eritrichiuni 8,3 
 
 Erodium 33 
 
 Erysimum 23 
 
 Erythrsea 75 
 
 L'schscholtzw , 21 
 
 Eucharidium , 62 
 
 Euonyrnus 33 
 
 Evening Primrose GO 
 
 Feverwort (Scrophularia) . .. 90 
 FICOlDEJL 63 
 
 Figwort , 
 
 Filaria (Filaree)... 
 
 Flag 
 
 Max 
 
 Fragaria 
 
 Fraxinus 
 
 Fringe-pod 
 
 Fritillaria... 
 
 .... 90 
 
 ... 33 
 
 .... 110 
 
 .... 32 
 
 53 
 
 73 
 
 .... 25 
 
 .... 110 
 
 FUMAUIAJE^S 22 
 
 Galium 65 
 
 Garlic 112 
 
 Garrya 04 
 
 Gaultheria 70 
 
 Geutiana 75 
 
 Gentian..- 75 
 
 GE.,TIANACE2E 74 
 
 GERANIACKZE 33 
 
 Geranium.... 33 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gilia 70 
 
 Ginger 104 
 
 Githopsis 67 
 
 Glasswoit 105 
 
 Glaux 73 
 
 Glycyrrhiza 47 
 
 Godetia Gl 
 
 Gomphocarpus 74 
 
 Gooseberry 58 
 
 Goo>efoot 105 
 
 Grape 37 
 
 Greek Valerian 80 
 
 Green Lily 117 
 
 Habenaria 109 
 
 Hedge Mustard 24 
 
 Hedge Nettle ( Stachys) 101 
 
 Helianthemum 25 
 
 Heliotrope 84 
 
 lleliotropium 84 
 
 Hemp 73 
 
 Heron's 13111 (Erodium) 33 
 
 Heterocodon G8 
 
 Heterorneles 54 
 
 Heuchera 57 
 
 Honeysuckle (Aquilegia) 18 
 
 Honeysuckle 65 
 
 Horkelia 53 
 
 Hop-Tree 34 
 
 Horse Nettle 121 
 
 Hosackia 44 
 
 Hound's - tongue ( Cynoglos- 
 
 BUUI) 8G 
 
 Huckleberry 69 
 
 Hyacinth 115 
 
 HYDROPHYLLACE2E 80 
 
 I1YPERICACE33 30 
 
 Hypericum 30 
 
 Indian Hemp 73 
 
 Indian Lettuce (Ciaytonia, 1) . 30 
 
 IRIDACE^E 110 
 
 Iris 110 
 
 Jamestown-Weed (Datura) ... 88 
 
 Jerusalem Oak 105 
 
 Jussiaea 59 
 
 Knot-Grass 105 
 
 LABIATES 97 
 
 Lace-pod 25 
 
 Ladies' Tresses 109 
 
 Lady's-mantle (Alchemilla).. 54 
 
 Lady's-slipper 109 
 
 Lanib's-quarters 105 
 
 Larkspur 18 
 
 Lathyrus 49 
 
 LAUIIACE2E 106 
 
 Laurel 10G 
 
 Lavatera 31 
 
 Leatherwood 106 
 
 Leek , 112 
 
 LEGUMINOS^: 38 
 
 Lepidium..... 24 
 
 PAGE 
 Lepigonum ................. 29 
 
 Lcucocrinum 
 
 Lewisia 
 
 Lilac 
 
 120 
 30 
 
 110 
 11(5 
 110 
 118 
 
 Li.iurn 
 
 Lily 
 
 Lily-Bell 
 
 Liinosclla ...... .......... 93 
 
 Limnanthes ................ 34 
 
 LINAGES .................. 3-1 
 
 Linaria .................... 90 
 
 Linum... . 32 
 
 47 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 LOASACE2E 6J 
 
 LOBEL1AOE2E 07 
 
 Lonicera C5 
 
 LouFewort ( 1-edicularis) 93 
 
 Lovegrove (Neniophila, 1) ... 81 
 
 Litceru 44 
 
 Lupine 39 
 
 Lupiuus 39 
 
 Lycopus 93 
 
 LYTHRACE^E 59 
 
 Lythrum 59 
 
 Madrono 
 
 Mahonia (Berberia) 
 
 Maianthemum 
 
 Mallow 
 
 Malva 
 
 MALVACE2E 
 
 Manzauita 
 
 Maple 
 
 Marsh Rosemary * 
 
 Meadow-Rue (Thahctruni)... 
 
 Meconopsis 
 
 Medicugo 
 
 Megarrhiza 
 
 Mclilotus 
 
 Mcntha 
 
 Mentzelia 62, 
 
 Menyanthes 
 
 Mesembryanthemum 
 
 Microcala 
 
 Micromeria 
 
 Milkweed 
 
 Miinulus 
 
 Mint 
 
 Mock-Orange 
 
 Mollugo 
 
 Monardella 
 
 Monkey-flower (Mimulus) ... 
 
 Monk'.s Hood 
 
 Morning - Glory (Convolvu- 
 lus) 
 
 MoS(iuito-Biils(Dodecatheou) 
 
 Mountain-Balm 
 
 Mountain Mahogany 
 
 Mouse-tail 
 
 Mudwort 
 
 Muilla 
 
 Mullein 
 
 Musk-Hant 
 
 Mustard 
 
 69 
 L9 
 
 J 1 ."> 
 31 
 31 
 81 
 69 
 37 
 73 
 17 
 
 'J. I 
 
 98 
 121 
 
 r i ~> 
 G3 
 ( 5 
 99 
 7.) 
 92 
 '.8 
 67 
 63 
 '. S 
 93 
 19 
 
 86 
 
 72 
 83 
 63 
 
 17 
 93 
 
 1 i-J 
 
 8.) 
 
 93 
 
INDEX, 
 
 137 
 
 PAGE 
 Myosurus ................... 17 
 
 Negundo .................... 38 
 
 Keiiiia ..... , ................ 61 
 
 Neinoj'hila .................. 81 
 
 Nicotiaua. .................. 89 
 
 Nightshade .................. 83 
 
 Nliic-Bark ................... 51 
 
 Nuphur .................... 20 
 
 Nuttalia .................... 51 
 
 NYCTAGINACE2E ........... 101 
 
 2J 
 
 (Enothera ................ CO, 121 
 
 OJ,EACi;2E .................. 73 
 
 ON \GRACEJ2 ............... 59 
 
 Onion .......... ......... 112 
 
 ORCHID ACE^J ............. 103 
 
 Oregon-Crabapple ........... 54 
 
 Oregon Grape (Berberis, 2) .. 
 
 Oreodaphne ...... ........... 100 
 
 OROBANCHACEJE .......... 9G 
 
 Orthoc.irpus. .............. 91 
 
 Oso Lerry ................... 51 
 
 Oxalis ....................... 34 
 
 Paeonia ....... 
 
 Paeony 
 Painted-cup 
 Pansy (Viola) 
 
 Pea-Vino (Vicia) ............ 
 
 Pectocarya.' ................. 
 
 Peppergrass ................ 
 
 Pedicularla .................. 
 
 Pcntstemon .............. 91, 
 
 Phacelia ............ ,....81, 
 
 Phihdelphus ................ 
 
 Photinia .................... 
 
 Pickcriugia ................. 
 
 Pigweed .................... 
 
 Pin-Clover .................. 
 
 Pimpernel .................. 
 
 Pipe-Vine .................. 
 
 Pipsissewa .................. 
 
 Pirns ........................ 
 
 PLANTAGINACE.E ....... ,. 
 
 Plantago .................... 
 
 Plantain .................... 
 
 PLtystemon ................ 
 
 Platystigma ................. 
 
 Plectritis .................... 
 
 PLUMBAGINACE^E ......... 
 
 Pogogyno ................... 
 
 Poison Oak .................. 
 
 POLEMONIACE/E ........... 
 
 Polcmoniura ................ 
 
 Polygala .................... 
 
 POI-YGALACE2E. ........... 
 
 POLYGONACILE ............ 
 
 Polygonuin .................. 
 
 Pond-Lily ................. 
 
 Poor - man's Weather - glass 
 (Anagullis) ................ 
 
 PORTULACACE2E ........... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Potentilla 53 
 
 PRIMULACKE 72 
 
 Prosartes 119 
 
 Prince's-Pine (Chimaphila).. 71 
 
 Pranus 60 
 
 Psoralea 4(j 
 
 Ptelea 34 
 
 I'terospora 71 
 
 Pterostegia 100 
 
 Pycuauthemum 98 
 
 Pyrola 71 
 
 Radish 25 
 
 RANUNCULACEJ3 ID 
 
 Ranunculus 1C 
 
 Raphanus 25 
 
 Uasi jberry 52 
 
 Rattle-weed 47 
 
 RHAMNACE^ 35 
 
 Rhamnus 35 
 
 Rhododendron 70 
 
 Runs 33 
 
 Ribes 67 
 
 liib-grass (Plantago) 103 
 
 Romanzoffiu, 83 
 
 ROSACES 49 
 
 Roca 54 
 
 Rose 54 
 
 RUBIACEJ3...- 65 
 
 Rubus 62 
 
 Rurnex 105 
 
 EUTACEJE... . 34 
 
 Sage 
 
 Salal 
 
 Salicornia 
 
 Salmon Berry.., 
 Sulvia 
 
 100 
 
 70 
 
 1C5 
 
 52 
 
 100 
 
 Sambncus 64 
 
 Sand Sparry 29 
 
 SandVerbena 104 
 
 Sandwort 23 
 
 SAPINDACKE 37 
 
 Sarcodes.... 71 
 
 SUJRURACKZE .. 107 
 
 Saxifraga 55 
 
 SAXIFRAGACKE 55 
 
 Saxifrage 55 
 
 Scolipus 119 
 
 Scrop&ulaTia 90 
 
 SCROPHULARIACE2E 89 
 
 ScutoWaria 101 
 
 SeaMilkwort. 73 
 
 Sedum 68 
 
 Self-heal 101 
 
 Service-Berry 54 
 
 Seubertia 114 
 
 Miad-Uerry 54 
 
 Sheep Sorrel 105 
 
 Shepherd's Purse 24 
 
 Shooting-Star (Dodecatheon). 72 
 
 Sidalcia 31 
 
 Silene . . . 27 
 
 Silver- weed 53 
 
 Sisymbrium 24 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sisyrinchiurn 110 
 
 S'lull-cap 101 
 
 Skunk-Cabbage 120 
 
 Skunk-weed (G. squarrosa) .. IS 
 
 Smartweed 105 
 
 Sinilacina 115 
 
 Snapdragon 90 
 
 Snow-Berry 04 
 
 Snow-Plant 71 
 
 Soap-Root 115 
 
 SOL \NACE.E b8 
 
 Solanum 88, 121 
 
 Solomon's Seal 115 
 
 Sorrel 34 
 
 Specularia 07 
 
 Spergula 29- 
 
 Spikenard (ij 
 
 Spiraea 51 
 
 Si iranthes 109 
 
 Sphacele 100 
 
 Squash Fam. (Cucurbitaceao) . G3 
 
 Spurry 29 
 
 Squirrel's Grandfather (Bos- 
 
 chuiakiaj 97 
 
 Stachys lol 
 
 Star-Flower 73 
 
 Statice 72 
 
 Stellaria 'J3 
 
 St. John's-wort iii) 
 
 Stick-seed (Echinospermuin) 83 
 
 Stone-crop 53 
 
 Stramonium 83 
 
 Strawberry 5 J 
 
 Strawberry Tree (Arbutus).. CD 
 
 Strept ipus Hi) 
 
 Sun- Dial (Lupinus) 33 
 
 Swei't-clover 43 
 
 Sweet-scented Shrub 55 
 
 Symphoricarpus (U 
 
 Syniplocarpus J20 
 
 Tare 43 
 
 Tellima 53 
 
 Tha ictrum 17 
 
 Thermopsis 33 
 
 Thimble-berry 5 J 
 
 Three-leaved Nightshade ICO 
 
 Tlirift 7J 
 
 THYMELACE/E 105 
 
 Thysanocarpus 25 
 
 Tiarella 5f 
 
 Tiger Li y 11(3 
 
 Ti.tea ', 5'J 
 
 Toad-Flax ( .:0 
 
 Tobacco 8'J 
 
 To.lon (Heteromeles) Hi 
 
 Tonclla 1'JL 
 
 Tree Mallow 31 
 
 Trichostema 1 1 
 
 Tricntalis 7 \ 
 
 Trifolium 42 
 
 Tri-lochin 108 
 
 irillium 12.) 
 
 Tropidocarpum -' I 
 
 TwistetUStalk US) 
 
138 [Total pp. 176] 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Umbellaria 
 
 UAIBELLIFER^ , 
 
 PAGE 
 
 .. 106 
 
 . G3 
 
 07 
 
 Vaccinum , 
 
 VALERIANACEJ2 
 
 Vancouveria 
 
 Venus Looking-glass (Specu 
 
 laria) 
 
 Verbascum 89 
 
 VERBENACEJE 102 
 
 Veratrum 120 
 
 Verbena 103 
 
 Veronica 93 
 
 Vetch 49 
 
 Vicia 48 
 
 PAGE 
 
 VineMaple 37 
 
 Viola 20 
 
 VIOL\OE/E 25 
 
 Violet 26 
 
 Virgin's Bower 16 
 
 VITACE^ 37 
 
 Vitis 37 
 
 Wall-flower (Cheiranthus) .. 23 
 
 Water Plantain 108 
 
 Water Horehuund 98 
 
 Watershield 20 
 
 Wheat-Thief ( Amsinckia) ... 84 
 
 Whipplea 67 
 
 PAGE 
 White Forget-me-not (Eri- 
 
 trichium) 85 
 
 Wild Hyacinth 115 
 
 Willow-herb 59 
 
 Wintercreen (Pyrola).. ..70 (71) 
 
 Wood Anemone 17 
 
 Wormseed 105 
 
 Xerophyllum 120 
 
 Yerba Bnena 99 
 
 Yerba Santa 83 
 
 Yucca 116 
 
 Zauschneria 59 
 
 Zygadenus 120 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Acacia 38b 
 
 Alder 106 
 
 Alnus 106 
 
 Arnarantaceae 103 
 
 Arctomecon 2ob 
 
 Argemone 20b 
 
 Bayberry 106 
 
 Betulaceae 106 
 
 Birch 106 
 
 Canbya 20b 
 
 Cercis 38b 
 
 Chicalote 20b 
 
 Chinquapin 106 
 
 Cottouwood 106 
 
 ADDITIONAL NAMES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Darlingtonia 20 
 
 Digitalis 88b 
 
 Foxglove 88b 
 
 Fran s enia 20 
 
 Isomeris 20 
 
 Juglans , 106 
 
 Mesquit 38b 
 
 Myrica , 106 
 
 Oak 106 
 
 Pepper 88 
 
 PepperTree 33 
 
 Piperacess 10.5 
 
 Platanus 106 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Poplar 106 
 
 PotHto 83 
 
 Prickly Poppy 20b 
 
 Quaking Asp 105 
 
 Quercus 106 
 
 Romneya 20b 
 
 Salicaceaa 106 
 
 Styrax 20 
 
 Sycamore 106 
 
 Umbellularia 106 
 
 Walnut 106 
 
 Willow 106 
 
 Yerba Mausa 106 
 
 [NOTE TO PAGE 76.] 
 
 "It has at length become evident that the unequal insertion of the stamens will nc 
 longer serve to distinguish Collomia from Gilia. Transitions occur in the same species 
 from very unequal to equal insertion, or nearer to equality than in some Gilias besides 
 those of the Navarretia section. The character of solitary ovules having also failed, noth- 
 ing remains but to remand Nuttall's genus Collomia to the already large and much diver- 
 sified genus Gilia. Collomia gracilis becomes Gilia gradlis, Hook. ; C. gilioides is G. di- 
 varicata, Nutt. ; C. heterophylla is G. Sessei, Don." Dr. Asa Gray in Proceedings of the 
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, June, 1882. 
 
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