THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 RIVERSIDE 
 
 Kx Libra 
 C. K. OGDEN
 

 
 NOTE -BOOK 
 
 OF AN 
 
 AMATEUE GEOLOGIST
 
 LOSPOS : PUrXTRD 11T 
 
 *rOTTISWOOI>R AND CO., NRW-STItKST RQCABK 
 AND PARLIAMENT STBEKT
 
 O 
 
 NOTE -BOOK 
 
 OF AN 
 
 AMATEUR GEOLOGIST 
 
 JOHN EDWARD LEE 
 
 F.G.S., F.S.A. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 LONGMANS, GEEEN, AND CO. 
 1881 
 
 Alt rights referred
 
 GIEA3
 
 TO HIS WIFE 
 
 WHO WHEN IN BETTER HEALTH 
 ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED HIM IN HIS VARIOUS WANDERINGS 
 
 THIS LITTLE VOLUME 
 
 IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF MANY HAPPY HOURS 
 
 SPENT TOGETHER IN ADMIRING NATURE 
 
 IS INSCRIBED BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
 VILLA SYUACUSA 
 TORQUAY 
 
 10M Feb. 1881
 
 PBEFACE. 
 
 FOE many years it has been my custom to keep a note- 
 book, in which anything bearing either on geology or 
 archaeology might be entered. Being equally interested in 
 both pursuits, the same note-book answered for both, one 
 end of the book being devoted to geology, and the other 
 to antiquities. The late lamented Professor Phillips had 
 often asked me what was going to be done with all 
 these books (for as they are marked by the letters of the 
 alphabet, and the first is consequently A, that now in use 
 is marked I). At that time I could only answer that they 
 were merely to assist my memory. Lately, however, other 
 friends have put the same question to me, and on again 
 looking them over it seemed rather desirable that so 
 many notes, taken through a long series of years, should 
 not be entirely lost, and I therefore determined, if the 
 cost were not too great, to publish all of the more inter- 
 esting sketches and notes. But here I may perhaps be 
 allowed to remark that in no one instance, except per- 
 haps in the case of the last two or three sketches, were 
 they taken with the view of publication : they were simply 
 intended as an aid to memory, and they represent exactly 
 what was actually seen at the time the sketch or diagram 
 was taken : there is not a single theoretical diagram 
 amongst them. I am quite aware of the risk which is 
 run by a publication of this nature. In many cases it 
 a
 
 iv PEEPACE. 
 
 may lay bare all the crude thoughts on geology which 
 have passed through the mind many years ago, before this 
 science took its present stand; and I have no doubt that 
 if geologists condescend to notice this work at all, it will 
 be found to contain numerous errors and shortcomings. 
 But it matters not : my firm conviction is that, after 
 deducting all the probable errors and faults to be found 
 in it, there still will remain ample interest in the sketches 
 and sections to justify the publication. Besides which, I 
 am not ashamed to confess that if I am wrong in any 
 case I am desirous of being put right : and I hope to be 
 a learner to my dying day. I will merely add that as 
 nothing is further from my intention than to write a 
 treatise on geology, it will be my endeavour to make the 
 description of the sections and sketches as short as pos- 
 sible in fact, to let the sketches as far as may be speak 
 for themselves: any one with a geological eye will at 
 once see why the sketch or section was drawn. 
 
 One word more as to the mode in which these short 
 descriptions have been made. As there is the greatest 
 objection in my mind to the excessive use of the first 
 personal pronoun, especially in the singular number, and 
 the temptation would be great to a wandering geologist 
 to become egotistical, it has been my endeavour through- 
 out the book never to use this personal pronoun in the 
 text. But although an amateur geologist cannot expect 
 much interest to be taken in his small adventures, there 
 may be cases in which his proceedings when associated 
 with others may be of considerable interest, and therefore, 
 when this appears to occur, they are put into the notes in 
 small type, so that they may be readily passed over by 
 the reader if such is his pleasure. There are, however, but 
 few cases of this kind in the volume.
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 It may be well to mention that the whole of the 
 sketches and diagrams were made by me in my note- 
 book on the spot; a large number of them I have 
 individually copied by the new chalk-paper lithographic 
 process ; very many were drawn for me by my friend Dr. 
 Hounsell, of Torquay, to whom I beg to tender my best 
 thanks. Several were also copied by my daughter. 
 Professional assistance was obtained for the remainder. 
 
 It was my intention at first to have included the 
 archaeological sketches, which probably are quite as in- 
 teresting as the geological, if not more so ; but the volume 
 would have been very bulky and expensive, as the geology 
 alone requires such a large number of illustrations. But 
 the idea is not entirely given up. If, by any chance, 
 the present volume, contrary to my expectation, should be 
 well received, so that the loss attending its publication is 
 not too large, a second volume, containing the notes on 
 archaeology, will probably appear, if life and health are 
 still bestowed upon me ; and in that case new title-pages 
 will be given for both volumes, as the work would then be 
 called, ' Note-book of an Amateur Geologist and Archaeo- 
 logist'; but I do not expect ever to be called on to 
 complete it.
 
 NOTE-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 BETWEEN fifty and sixty years ago (or, to speak a little 
 more definitely, about the years 1824 and 1825), it was a 
 common thing in the larger towns of the north of England 
 for well-known scientific men to deliver courses of lectures 
 on natural philosophy and science. These lectures were 
 in general well attended, not only by the younger learners, 
 but by the older and the wealthier classes, who at that 
 time, perhaps, more than at present, considered it essential 
 to increase their stores of knowledge. Amongst these 
 lecturers may be mentioned the names of Dr. Harwood, 
 Mr. Adams, and, last not least, two lecturers on what was 
 then considered the new science of geology. These two 
 lecturers were Mr. Smith, afterwards Dr. Smith (who has 
 gone by the name of the father of English geology), and 
 his nephew, Mr. John Phillips, so well known in after 
 years as the bland and hard-working Professor John 
 Phillips, of Oxford. The lectures given by these two 
 gentlemen were taken alternately by the uncle and nephew. 
 Dr. Smith spoke with authority he described things 
 which he had actually seen, and he enunciated laws 
 which he had actually discovered ; but unfortunately, he 
 was not a fluent speaker, his manner was heavy, and he 
 had no great power of language. His nephew, John 
 Phillips, on the contrary, had just the reverse a ready,
 
 2 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 bright, and clear mode of expression. Whatever he ad- 
 vanced was intelligible even to the youngest of his audi- 
 ence. His lectures were extempore. He has been heard 
 to say that he had never written a lecture in his life, and 
 his fluency in speaking was extraordinary. He studied 
 not only geology, but, as a good geologist ought to do, he 
 paid attention to every department of natural history : he 
 has frequently been seen walking through the streets of 
 York in the company of half a dozen entomologists, with 
 an insect-net over his shoulder. But he was more at 
 home with a hammer in his hand, and he studied the 
 other departments of nature with a view especially to 
 their bearing on his favourite science. 
 
 Almost every large town in the kingdom had at that 
 time formed a small society of naturalists, generally under 
 the title of the Literary and Philosophical Society, and 
 these associations have been of very great value in spread- 
 ing a taste for natural history. Mr. Phillips became so 
 well known as a student of nature, that he was asked to 
 take charge of the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical 
 Society at York, and from that day he took his stand 
 amongst the scientific men of the day. His well-known 
 work on the geology of the Yorkshire coast was not 
 actually published till 1829 ; but for several years before he 
 had been hard at work collecting materials, and correlating 
 the coast beds with those in the interior of the county. 
 Together with the Rev. William Vernon Harcourt, the son 
 of the Archbishop of York, and the president of the York- 
 shire Philosophical Society, he published in one of the 
 magazines of the dn,y a paper on the geology of Cave. A 
 map was given of the district, showing that many of the 
 beds there were the same as those on the coast. This 
 paper had the effect of drawing the attention of many of 
 the younger men to what at that time was almost the new 
 science of geology, and Mr. Phillips was always ready to 
 give copies of his coast section to any student of his
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 3 
 
 favourite science. More than one individual could be 
 named, whose delight was great at finding the Kelloway's 
 rock of Cave undoubtedly to be recognised in the rocks 
 under Scarborough Castle. 
 
 In the year 1831, the first meeting of the British 
 Association for the advancement of science was held at 
 York, under the presidency of the Lord Milton of that 
 day. It is almost needless to say that this society origi- 
 nated chiefly with John Phillips, assisted by the Rev. W. 
 Vernon Harcourt and Dr. Brewster. It must be confessed 
 that before the day of meeting some doubts were ex- 
 pressed as to the success of the scheme ; but these doubts 
 were soon dispelled on the first day. The writer well 
 remembers the consultations held by the three notable 
 men just mentioned, and the labour attending many of 
 the arrangements. Once, and only once, he remembers 
 Mr. Phillips almost in despair, when in one of the small 
 underground rooms of the society he heard the continuous 
 tramp of feet on the stairs above echoing along the pas- 
 sages. * What are we to do with all these people ? ' was 
 his question, but this anxiety was only momentary ; the 
 success was certain, and the association has regularly 
 grown and spread its net over almost every scientific sub- 
 ject. It has been of immense benefit in fostering a taste 
 for natural science throughout the kingdom. 
 
 These few words will, it is hoped, not be deemed out 
 of place as an introduction to some brief notices explan- 
 atory of the rude sketches and diagrams in the present 
 volume. The writer is indebted to the late Professor 
 Phillips for all the taste for geology, and much of the 
 information which he possesses, and he cannot resist 
 adding that he owes to his late friend many of the hap- 
 piest hours of his life. 
 
 B 2
 
 4 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. (the upper portion) represents the view of 
 Culver cliff in the Isle of Wight, taken from Shanklin, 
 en route for Paris. An exact copy is given of the 
 sketch made on the spot in 1829 ; and as it is very pos- 
 sible that modern geologists may smile at such a section 
 being drawn at the present day, it may not be amiss to 
 state that the earlier plates, I. to VII., may be considered 
 more curious (when the dates are taken into considera- 
 tion) than of any intrinsic value. 
 
 The figure 1 represents the chalk. 
 
 The figure 2 represents the red-ochre coloured sand, 
 alternating with dark coloured harder sandstone, con- 
 taining near Shanklin casts of nucula, &c. 
 
 The figure 3 represents the greyish-coloured sand and 
 sandstone. 
 
 These two last beds form what is now called the upper 
 greensand. 
 
 The lower diagram on Plate I. is the section of the 
 * Meuliere ' or bed from which the millstone boulders are 
 procured. It is well seen at Mont Calvaire, near Paris. 
 The present section was taken during an excursion with 
 thirty or forty students of the ( Ecole des Mines,' under 
 the guidance of M. Elie de Beaumont. 1 
 
 The bed a consists of whitish and reddish sand. 
 & white marl. 
 c a bed like a. 
 d white marl in patches. 
 red, white, and pink sand, 
 
 variously shaded. 
 The burr stones at this locality are very small, and in 
 
 1 Between the Isle of Wight and Paris several very interesting places 
 were visited, such as the upper greensand of Cap la Heve, near Havre de 
 Grace, and the quarries of chalk marl or uppermost greensand at Rouen.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 5 
 
 fact, as a general rule, are not found in beds, but as con- 
 cretions or irregular masses scattered through the beds of 
 sand and marl indiscriminately. 
 
 PLATES II. and III. are merely curious as being the 
 fac-similes of directions given by the famous fossil botanist 
 M. Adolphe Brogniart for a geological tour near Paris. 
 
 PLATE IV. gives the section of the beds above the 
 well-known gypsum quarries at Montmartre : 
 
 a represents the gypsum, with remains of bones. 
 
 b alternations of ochry, lead-coloured, 
 
 brownish, and yellowish shale, with 
 
 harder beds of the same colours, 
 c calcareous shale, chiefly whitish, but 
 
 sometimes rather blue. 
 
 d dark-coloured shale, with selenite. 
 e alternations of lighter shales of different 
 
 colours. 
 
 / sandy-coloured shale. 
 g lead-coloured shale. 
 h white shale, with shells (like chalk in 
 
 appearance) . 
 i dark blue shale. 
 
 PLATES V. VI. and VII. represent the actual section 
 at that day of the coast near Boulogne, chiefly consisting 
 of what the French call their * Formation d'Ostrea vir- 
 gula,' nearly equivalent to our own Kimmeridge clay. 
 The section was taken in 1829, on the return journey 
 from Paris, and is merely here reproduced as an old 
 section. Of course, many of the later sections are much 
 more accurate, but still a comparison of the old with the 
 new ones may be of some interest. It must be borne in 
 
 Most beautiful fossils were obtained at both of these localities; but as no 
 actual sections were drawn at either place, they may consequently be 
 passed over in silence.
 
 6 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 mind that the few notes made on the section date almost 
 from the time when geology was in its infancy. 
 
 Nos. 1 and 2 are probably the same bed. 
 
 No. 3 is shaly clay, with ostrea deltoidea (our Kim- 
 meridge clay). 
 
 No. 4. Loose rubbly oolite. 
 
 No. 5. Shale under rubbly oolite. 
 
 No. 6. Sandy beds, in some cases hard, in others 
 soft. (This appears to be what Eozet calls ' Pre- 
 miere etage de la formation du gryphsea virgula.') 
 
 No. 7. Shale, with nearly the same fossils as No. 6, 
 and occasionally saurian vertebrae, ammonites, &c. 
 PLATE VIII. is a little geological map of Nettleton 
 Vale in Lincolnshire, and may be taken in connection 
 with IX. and X., which are sections in the same neighbour- 
 hood. The map and sections were the result of numerous 
 visits to the district, and the space represented, which is 
 about four miles long by three miles broad, was accurately 
 surveyed, and the heights of the hills were taken by more 
 than a hundred observations, with the old-fashioned 
 mountain barometer (before the days of aneroids). A 
 model of the district also was made to scale in plaster-of- 
 Paris, and casts were sent to the Geological Society of 
 London, to the Literary and Philosophical Society of 
 Hull, and to the Leeds Philosophical Institution. Unfor- 
 tunately, the colours used for painting the plaster did not 
 stand well, so that if these models are still in existence, it 
 is doubtful whether at this distance of time more remains 
 of them than the mere contours of the hills. 
 
 A paper describing the district was published in the 
 'Magazine of Natural History ' for November 1837, and 
 probably it will be well to reproduce it here, premising 
 that, though the paper bears the names of two authors, it 
 was actually written only by the latter, the former merely 
 acting as critic in one or two instances. 
 
 As a proof that the district is a curious one, it may be
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 7 
 
 mentioned that Mr. Phillips more than once, when lectur- 
 ing at Hull, accompanied the explorers and expressed 
 himself highly interested with the result. 1 The following 
 is a copy of the paper referred to : 
 
 ' Outlines of the Geology of Nettleton Hill, Lincoln- 
 shire. By Wm. Hey Dikes, F.G.S., and John Edwd. Lee, 
 one of the Secretaries of the Hull Literary and Philoso- 
 phical Society. 
 
 1 In the following attempt to give some idea of the 
 modifications of greensand which appear in the north- 
 west of Lincolnshire, it will be our endeavour to describe, 
 as accurately as possible, a small tract of country which 
 contains numerous sections of all the beds, from the chalk 
 to the Kimmeridge clay inclusive. The neighbourhood 
 of Nettleton, a small village near the market town of 
 Caistor, is what has been selected for this purpose. The 
 accompanying map (Plate VIII.) will give a general notion 
 of the geological nature of the country. The space left 
 white represents the chalk and chalk-marl ; the two light 
 lines following the course of the lower beds are the red 
 chalk ; the black line is what, for the sake of distinction, 
 we will call Thoresway sand ; the horizontal lines signify 
 what is provincially called "greystone"; the diagonal 
 
 1 As the present volume is merely the retrospect of a life's work in 
 geology, and not a treatise on the science, the following remarks will, it is 
 hoped, not be taken amiss by Professor Judd. Some years afterwards, 
 when Professor Phillips was the President of the Geological Society, he had 
 agreed with me that in the following summer we would join together hi a 
 thorough examination of the beds under the chalk in Lincolnshire. The 
 reader may imagine my surprise when, the day after one of the meetings 
 in London, Professor Phillips wrote a characteristic note of little more than 
 half a dozen lines, saying that at the meeting an unknown (!) young man 
 of the name of Judd read an excellent paper on the Lincolnshire beds, and 
 that consequently ' our work was done, as he had worked it far better 
 than we should have done it.' It is needless to say that our excursion was 
 given up, and that the unknown (!) young man is now Professor Judd. 
 The reader who wishes for further information is referred to his admirable 
 paper on this district in the Geological Quarterly Journal for 1867, p. 227, 
 in which every bed is fully described.
 
 8 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 lines are greensand and sandstone ; and the space covered 
 with dotted horizontal lines represents the Kimmeridge 
 clay. 
 
 Chalk and Chalk Marl The edge of the chalk in this 
 district, instead of forming large rounded prominent hills, 
 as in Yorkshire and several parts of Lincolnshire, appears 
 as a thin, nearly horizontal bed, spread over the inferior 
 strata and capping the hills, of which it forms but an 
 inconsiderable portion. For the distance of about a mile 
 or a mile and a half from the outcrop it forms a platform 
 nearly horizontal, running north and south, from which 
 on each side a series of valleys run east and west. Those 
 on the eastern side extend in a ramified form to the rise 
 of the chalk, at the distance of about seven miles. In 
 several of them, for a considerable distance, the chalk has 
 been denuded and the bottom is formed by the inferior 
 strata. In these cases the valley loses its usual rounded 
 appearance, becoming generally more level where the 
 chalk joins the inferior beds. In Thoresway valley the 
 red chalk, sand, and greystone may be traced to nearly 
 four miles to the eastward, after which they are again 
 covered up by the white chalk. The valley, however, con- 
 tinues gradually to descend, which is rendered evident by 
 the fact that the water from Thoresway spring, which 
 rises at the junction of the sand and greystone, instead of 
 running to the outcrop of the chalk, which is about two 
 miles distant, runs eastward a course of six miles to the 
 alluvial flat between the Wolds and the Humber. 
 
 ' The chalk and chalk marl appear in mineralogical 
 character to pass into one another. In general, however, 
 the higher beds are whiter, harder, and contain a few 
 flints ; and the lower are softer, without flints, and of a 
 dead white colour. 
 
 ' The upper beds are remarkably destitute of organic 
 remains. From the lower beds we obtained the following 
 fossils :
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 9 
 
 Remains of fislies. Inoceramus Cuvieri. 
 
 Turrilites undulata? Pecten quinquecostata ? 
 Terebratula subundata. Ostrea semiplana. 
 Inoceramus cordiformis ? 
 
 * The Red Chalk is very similar to that found at the base 
 of the Yorkshire wolds. In the district represented by 
 the map, the average thickness will not exceed 6 feet ; but 
 at a hill near Stenigott, a few miles further south, it 
 appears as a bed of some importance, and cannot be less 
 than 30 feet thick. The upper bed is generally of a 
 lighter or yellowish red, and the lower of an even dull 
 red colour. These subdivisions are generally very dis- 
 tinct, but the fossils are the same in both. A few of the 
 quartz pebbles of the inferior sands are scattered through 
 both beds. On the roadside at the western extremity of 
 Thoresway Valley the following section is seen : 
 
 White chalk marl. 
 Light red coloured chalk, 1 foot. 
 Deep red chalk, 4 feet. 
 Thoresway sand. 
 
 ' The fossils we obtained from the red chalk were : 
 Inoceramus. Terebratula biplicata. 
 
 Terebratula subundata. Belemnites Listeri 
 
 in abundance. 
 
 ' The Thoresway Sand has been so denominated because 
 it is shown most distinctly in Thoresway Valley. It may 
 be traced beneath the red chalk near Eothwell, and 
 through all the ramifications of Nettleton Vale, as will be 
 seen on reference to the map, Plate VIII. The best idea 
 of its composition will, however, be given by examining 
 Plate IX., which is a section at Thoresway springs. 
 
 * Wherever any good section of this bed has been 
 obtained, it uniformly is observed to retain the same 
 characters. In Nettleton Valley it becomes very thin, and 
 in some places it is almost lost. No traces of fossils have yet 
 been found in it, though we examined it very carefully.
 
 10 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 * Greystone is the term which has been provincially 
 given to the bed which underlies the Thoresway sand ; 
 and the name has been retained for want of a better. It 
 will be seen from the map that it forms the brow of 
 Nettleton Hill, and may be seen under the sand through 
 the whole eastern side of the valley beneath. It also 
 forms the bottom of Thoresway and Eothwell Vales. It 
 is well exposed in various places on the brow of Nettleton 
 Hill. One of the best sections is given Plate X. The 
 stone from the lowest of these beds is occasionally burnt 
 for lime, and is very generally used for building. 
 
 ' The following is a list of organic remains : 
 
 Enoploclytia (MacCoy) 
 
 (see Appendix, PL CCV.) 
 Serpula plexus. 
 Serpula antiquata. 
 
 Serpula, sp. 
 
 Vermicularia, 
 
 Lutraria gibbosa. 
 
 Lutraria ambigua. 
 
 Lutraria, sp. 
 
 Pecten orbicularis. 
 
 Pecten cinctus. This appears 
 to be a very characteristic 
 shell; we have not observed 
 it in any other bed. There 
 are specimens in the museum 
 of the Hull Literary and Philo- 
 sophical Society more than 
 double the size of Mr. Sowerby's 
 plate 
 
 Pecten, sp. 
 
 Ostrea carinata. 
 
 Ostrea edulina jun. ? 
 
 Plagiostoma rigidum jun. 
 
 Plagiostoma, sp. 
 
 Dianchora striata. 
 
 Exogyra laevigata. 
 
 Exogyra lasvigata, var, ? 
 
 Ghyphoa sinuata. 
 
 Trigonia, sp. 
 
 a large species, agreeing in 
 many of its characters with 
 T. angulata, but without a 
 crenulated line. 
 
 Trigonia, nearly approaching to 
 T. gibbosa. 
 
 Venus, sp. 
 
 Terebratula media. 
 globata. 
 obtusa. 
 
 Belemnites fusiformis. 
 
 Belenmites, a large species, re- 
 markably flattened on one side. 
 
 Ammonites Lewesiensis 
 
 Ammonites, sp. : very similar to 
 A. Beudanti, Cuvier and Brog- 
 niart, vii. 2, but more de- 
 pressed and covered with 
 waved ribs, one long, and from 
 two to five short. 
 
 A fragment of a large shell which 
 appears to belong to the genus 
 Malleus of Lamarck. 
 
 Clypeus, sp. 
 
 Large masses of wood are occa- 
 sionally found by the workmen 
 in the lower part of this bed.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 11 
 
 ' The Greensand and Sandstone are composed of grains 
 of quartz of various sizes, mixed with abundance of green 
 specks. Sometimes this sand is cemented together, and 
 forms a very hard sandstone. The general colour of the 
 bed is greenish, but sometimes the cementing matter is 
 ferruginous, which, of course, alters the appearance. 
 This is peculiarly the case with a bed which was dis- 
 covered by Mr. Dikes in a late excursion to this neigh- 
 bourhood. At first sight, the stone in this locality 
 appears like an oolite, but on closer examination it is 
 merely a mass of small globular shining grains, of a dark 
 brown colour, cemented together by ferruginous matter. 
 It occurs in the higher part of the bed, nearly at its junc- 
 tion with the grey stone, and possibly ought to have been 
 classed with it. 
 
 * The whole thickness may be taken at from 30 to 40 
 feet. 
 
 ' Organic remains are rare in the greenish beds ; or, at 
 least, they are confined to few species. We only met 
 with Pecten orbicularis, and Beleinnites, similar to B. 
 mucronatus. 
 
 ' In the ferruginous stratum mentioned above, Mr. Dikes 
 obtained the following fossils: 
 
 Trochus monilifer ? Mytilus edentulus. 
 
 Trochus, sp. Exogyra conica. 
 
 Gryphsea nana. Exogyra plicata. 
 
 Astarte lineata. Trigonia clavellata. 
 
 Astarte formosa, Fitton, Plagiostoma ovalis. 
 
 Geo. Tr. xvi. 16. Terebratula striatula. 
 
 Lucina crassa. Ammonites circularis, 
 
 Cucullsea, sp. Fitton, Geo. Tr. xi. 
 
 Venus submersa, Fitton, 20. 
 Geo. Tr. xvii. 1. 
 
 * The Kimmeridge Clay extends over a large tract of land 
 in the north of Lincolnshire. It is the substratum of the 
 whole plain at the foot of Nettleton Hill, and even forms
 
 12 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 a large portion of the hill itself. This will be more appa- 
 rent if the annexed woodcut is examined. It represents 
 a section taken from west to east across the hill and the 
 valley, a stands for the white chalk and chalk marl, 
 I the red chalk, c the Thoresway sand, d the greystone, 
 e the greensand, and / the Kimmeridge clay. This bed 
 principally consists of a dark blue clay adapted to the 
 brickyards ; but occasionally beds of shale are met with, 
 called by the brickinakers ' dice,' from falling into squares 
 when wefc. This shale is entirely useless. Septaria occur 
 in some places in tolerable abundance. The thickness 
 must be considerable, for the junction of the greensand 
 and clay on the slope of the hill is about 165 feet above 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 the plain below. No very good sections occur on the hill- 
 side, but the numerous brickyards at its foot afford an 
 opportunity of examining the organic remains ; we met 
 with the following species : 
 
 Ostrea deltoidea. Turritella muricata. 
 
 Crassina minima. Ammonites mutabilis. 
 
 Phillips, ix. 23. Ammonites, sp. 
 
 Trigonia clavellata. Patella latissima. 
 
 Nucula, sp. 
 
 * Wood sometimes occurs, but not in large masses, and 
 bones of the Ichthyosaurus (?) are also occasionally 
 found.' 
 
 PLATE XI. The next plate will probably be best 
 described by the reproduction of a paper published in the 
 ' Magazine of Natural History ' for January 1839. It 
 may however be well to state that at the present day 
 fossils are by no means determined, as they were at that
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 13 
 
 time, by the outward appearance. There can, however, be 
 very little doubt that amongst the specimens drawn there 
 are several genera, and probably many more in the large 
 cabinet containing the allied fossils from this locality. It 
 must be consequently understood that in reproducing this 
 paper the names are only given provisionally : there are 
 sufficient varieties in the cabinet referred to, to occupy the 
 attention of an ' expert ' in sponges for a length of time. 
 It is to be hoped that Mr. Sollas or Dr. Carter may be in- 
 duced to give us a systematic description of all the British 
 fossil sponges. Having made these few qualifications, the 
 paper will now be copied verbatim, with the sole exception 
 of the last-described species, which was manifestly erro- 
 neous, and which consequently has been omitted. 
 
 ' Professor Phillips, in his " Illustrations of the Geo- 
 logy of the Yorkshire Coast," has observed that the in- 
 teresting remains of Spongice are nowhere so well developed 
 as in England, and perhaps nowhere in England so well 
 as in Yorkshire. On the shore near Bridlington they lie 
 exposed in the cliffs and scars, and, being seldom inclosed 
 in flint, allow their organisation to be studied with the 
 greatest advantage. 
 
 * The locality, however, does not seem to have attracted 
 the attention it deserves. The chalk cliffs from Sewerby 
 to the Danes' Dike on the south of Flamborough Head 
 abound in zoophytes, and a diligent collector will not be 
 long in obtaining an extensive suite of specimens. 
 
 ' The chalk is of such a nature as to admit of being 
 easily worked, so that the fossils may be cleared without 
 much difficulty, and their characters properly exposed. 
 The labour, however, has only commenced ; the varieties 
 in form, and the gradations from one to another, are 
 almost endless, and the difficulty in determining species is 
 so great that it almost operates as a bar to the study of 
 these remains. Still, as every additional fact respecting 
 them must be of some value, where so little comparatively
 
 14 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 is known, I shall endeavour to give a description of 
 several species which appear to me to be new; and should 
 it afterwards prove that I have been mistaken, they can 
 then be referred to their proper situations. Two of the 
 species described seem to be Siphonics ; and four, or 
 perhaps five, may for the present be considered as 
 sponges. 
 
 * It is a curious fact, that though the locality from 
 which these fossils were obtained is extremely rich in 
 zoophytes, yet the rest of the Yorkshire chalk is compara- 
 tively barren. This is particularly the case with the 
 southern part of the range. T have sought almost in vain 
 for any specimens worthy of preservation in the numerous 
 chalk pits from Market Weighton to Hessle. 
 
 * The kind most abundant near Bridliiigton is the 
 Spongia radiciformis of Phillips. Numbers of this species 
 lie in all directions in the cliff below Sewerby, both 
 parallel with and across the direction of the strata. Many 
 specimens appear to have been a good deal worn before 
 they were imbedded, while others, particularly those of 
 the cup-shaped form, are perfect, even to the finest fibres 
 of the root. In some cases, these latter have disappeared, 
 but are shown very beautifully by the hollows in the chalk 
 they once filled, being coloured by ochreous matter. 
 
 ' I have never yet observed the root of any sponge 
 attached to any of the other fossil bodies which are found 
 in the chalk. This fact appears singular, since the fine 
 fibres of the root are in many cases perfectly preserved. 
 About two years ago, however, I obtained a specimen of a 
 variety of Spongia radiciformis (or perhaps a new species), 
 in which the short thick fibres of the root appear attached 
 to the head of another individual of the same species. 
 
 'The variety in outward form has been already referred to. 
 The internal structure also exhibits very great irregularity 
 of character. For instance, it has been generally believed 
 that the root-shaped sponges had a central cylindrical
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 15 
 
 cavity extending downwards to the stem. Fig. 1, 
 Plate XI., however, shows that this character is not con- 
 stant it is a magnified representation of a section of one 
 of these fossil bodies. The specimen when obtained was 
 broken in two or three places. In the lower part of the 
 stem there was a simple circular perforation, but about 
 an inch higher this cavity had assumed a quadrangular 
 appearance, and other circular canals were visible on each 
 side, two of which were of much larger size than the 
 others. At first sight, it appeared to connect the Siphonice 
 with the Choanites of Mantell ; and being very anxious to 
 obtain further specimens, I examined with great care the 
 neighbourhood of the spot where this fossil was procured. 
 From that day to this, however, I have never been able to 
 find another instance of such a conformation, and at 
 length I have come to the conclusion that these charac- 
 ters must be considered as merely accidental. 
 
 ' The young Spongice are very abundant along the whole 
 face of the cliff. A great variety of globular specimens 
 may be obtained, from the size of a small pea to that of a 
 common nut ; the form then becomes rather conical, and 
 there are often appearances of a process of attachment. 
 As they increase in size, the specific characters gradually 
 develop themselves, but the young specimens as well as 
 the old are subject to great variety in character. 
 
 ' Some of the cup-shaped sponges attain a large size. 
 I have one which measures twelve inches in diameter. 
 
 * Many specimens in my possession exhibit characters 
 which apparently indicate new species besides those about 
 to be described. I have, however, thought it best only to 
 give an account of such as are sufficiently perfect to afford 
 a distinct idea of the character. 
 
 ' SIPHONIA. Sip h. clava. Club-shaped, gradually in- 
 creasing in size till very near the crown ; the larger canals, 
 after spreading widely in the substance of the body, are 
 crowded together at the top.
 
 16 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 The shape of this species is very regular. The speci- 
 men drawn in the figure under fig. 1 (unfortunately, not 
 numbered on the plate) is seven inches in length. The 
 stem is pierced by a single canal for about an inch and a 
 half from the bottom ; about an inch higher four or five 
 principal canals and several smaller ones show themselves 
 (see fig. 2, which is drawn of the natural size). Still 
 higher the canals increase in number, and are consider- 
 ably spread in the body of the fossil, and at the crown 
 there seems to be a still greater number, and they are 
 so crowded as almost to resemble a honeycomb. Fig. 3, 
 which is drawn of the natural size from a specimen a little 
 ground down at the top, will give some idea of this 
 arrangement. 
 
 * In specimens which have been rolled on the beach, 
 and which are consequently without the external cover- 
 ing, the whole surface appears studded with minute 
 pores ; these are the orifices of small radiating tubes 
 which communicate with the larger canals. This species 
 does not appear to be very rare. 
 
 * Siphonia anguilla. Elongated, cylindrical, nearly of 
 an equal size throughout length equal to eight or more 
 times the breadth, larger canals not crowded at the summit. 
 
 * Fig. 4, which is reduced from a specimen thirteen 
 inches in length, will show the general form of this 
 species. The bottom is pierced by a single canal, which 
 about an inch and a half higher appears divided into 
 eight or ten ; this number is not materially increased at 
 the top, where the canals are scattered over the surface, 
 and not crowded together as in the last species. Fig. 5, 
 drawn of the natural size, shows the appearance of the 
 summit. It will be seen that the highest part is of a less 
 size than the rest of the fossil, and forms a sort of crown. 
 The specimen figured is considerably compressed, so that 
 in the sketch it appears broader in proportion to its 
 length than it would have done had it been of its natural 
 form.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 17 
 
 ' This species is rare. Besides the specimen from which 
 the above description was taken, I have only met with 
 two or three fragments. 
 
 ' SPONGIA. Spongia catablastes. Inversely conical, with 
 a considerable depression at the crown ; from ten to fifteen 
 arms projecting downwards from the lower part of the body. 
 * Of this beautiful fossil (fig. 6) only one specimen 
 has as yet been discovered ; but, as the characters are very 
 well marked, it will probably not be thought premature 
 to consider it a new species. Nothing can be said respect- 
 ing the length of the stem, as it had unfortunately been 
 lost when the specimen was taken from the face of the 
 cliff. The whole body is covered with irregular depres- 
 sions, which on the superior surface and in the neighbour- 
 hood of the side arms take a flexuous appearance ; neither 
 the stem nor the side arms appear to have had any central 
 perforation. The original is nearly six inches in length. 
 
 ' Spongia fastigiata. The lower part funnel shaped, 
 inflated ; the upper part alone rising from a slight depres- 
 sion. This fossil is not by any means common. Only two 
 specimens are known, the most perfect of which is drawn 
 (fig. 8). The inferior part is surrounded by depressed 
 undulations, some of which run diagonally ; the terminat- 
 ing cone is small, and not by any means proportionate to 
 the inflated appearance of the lower part; the central 
 cavity seems to be very small indeed. 
 
 * Spongia sepiaformis. Irregularly funnel shaped ; 
 marked externally with a few scattered elevated orifices ; 
 from eight to ten arms rising upwards from the superior 
 edge ; one or more additional branches rising from the 
 same root. 
 
 ' This beautiful species appears to be extremely rare. 
 Besides the specimen drawn (fig. 7), only two or three 
 fragments have been met with; which, however, were 
 sufficient to show that the above characters were not 
 accidental. The length of the fossil from the root to 
 c
 
 18 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 the extremity of what remains of the longest arm is 
 about eight inches ; there is an appearance of one small 
 side arm thrown off downwards, but most probably this 
 is not a constant character. The root is somewhat fibrous. 
 
 'Spongia ampulla. Bladder-shaped, covered with ir- 
 regular depressions ; stem equal to the body in length ; 
 fibres of the root short and thick ; central cavity cylindrical, 
 half the depth of the body. 
 
 * This species is not so rare as the preceding one, but 
 is seldom met with in such complete preservation as the 
 specimen drawn (fig. 10) ; the greater number of those 
 which have been found are compressed and distorted. 
 Two or three weathered specimens show very clearly that 
 the central cavity is in the shape of a short thick cylinder 
 suddenly terminating about the middle of the body. The 
 length of the specimen figured is about nine inches and a 
 half. 
 
 ' Spongia spinosa. Globular, unattached, covered partly 
 with notched plates overlying each other, partly rough, 
 covered with irregular depressions; armed with from 
 eighteen to twenty spines; internal structure fibrous, 
 radiating from a point in the circumference ; spines vary- 
 ing much in size, hollow, covered with an appearance of 
 pointed scales overlying one another. 
 
 ' This most singular fossil has, so far as we know, only 
 been found in two localites ; one of which is the cliff about a 
 hundred yards west of the Danes' Dike, and the other a 
 quarry north of Marton, probably where the same bed 
 appears on the surface. It is rare : when this paper was 
 published, only five specimens had been found ; since then 
 three or four more have come to light. A fossil in Mr. 
 Bowerbank's collection may probably be the same species, 
 but this is uncertain. 
 
 ' The general appearance, when most perfect, is that of 
 a small cidaris with the spines attached; when imperfect 
 it would probably be taken for one of the small globular 
 sponges so common in the chalk near Bridlington, which
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 19 
 
 rnay perhaps account for its not having been before 
 noticed. Fig. 11 will give some idea of its general 
 form. The specimen drawn (fig. 12) is one which was 
 found on the scar, and, having been water- worn and 
 weathered, shows the internal structure. The figure, 
 which is a little magnified, displays the fibrous struc- 
 ture rather more plainly than is seen by the naked eye. 
 Another specimen, which has been cut and polished, 
 shows it still more distinctly. 
 
 * The structure of the spines is very singular ; at the 
 base they seem composed of an aggregation of little 
 spiculse, which afterwards are so arranged as to give the 
 appearance of a series of furrowed pointed scales. Fig. 9 
 represents the lower part of one of the spines very highly 
 magnified. The covering of the body is of a peculiar 
 character. In some places it appears similar to that of 
 many other sponges, marked with indefinite depressions ; in 
 others, there are very decided oval, notched, or jagged 
 plates, most of which overlie one another. This arrange- 
 ment is generally seen most distinctly in the neighbourhood 
 of the spines. Fig. 13 represents a portion of the cover- 
 ing very highly magnified. From the singularity of this 
 appearance the animal might almost be supposed to belong 
 to a very different class from that of the sponges and the 
 associated genera. One of the specimens was therefore cut 
 through just below the plates figured No. 13, when an 
 irregular fibrous structure became visible similar to that 
 shown in fig. 12, with the exception of the radiated appear- 
 ance ; this difference, however, may be accounted for by its 
 being a cross section. Under these circumstances, as the 
 spongy structure appears to be constant, while the plated 
 appearance is not so, it has been placed amongst the 
 sponges till some more experienced naturalist has examined 
 it, and determined its proper position.' 
 
 In the ' Magazine of Natural History ' for September 
 1839 there appeared a short notice of that singular fossil 
 c2
 
 20 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 now called sphceronites or echinospherites. 1 As it appears 
 still to be little known, a copy of this paper is here repro- 
 duced : 
 
 ' Last winter I took no little trouble to procure speci- 
 mens of the singular fossil, of which a figure is given by 
 Mr. De la Beche in the " Geological Transactions " as hav- 
 ing been found in this neighbourhood. At that time all 
 my endeavours were unsuccessful. The very first visit 
 which I paid this winter to a quarry at Barton, near Mary- 
 church, I procured two fragments, one of which ap- 
 parently shows the internal structure, but still so obscurely 
 that I do not think it worth while to send you a sketch. 
 My friend Dr. Battersby, however, in the course of the past 
 summer obtained three specimens from a quarry near 
 Newton Bushel, which, being " weathered," show some- 
 thing of the interior surface. As it is mentioned in a note 
 to De la Beche's paper that a recent specimen allied to the 
 fossil is deposited in the museum of the Zoological Society, 
 presented by an officer of the navy, you will probably be 
 glad to have a sketch of the interior surface of the fossil 
 to compare with the recent specimen. 2 The plates when 
 most perfect are hexagonal, and radiated on the outside 
 (see woodcut). The interior is divided into a number of 
 little squares by raised lines; those running in one direction 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 always pass over those in the contrary direction, and the 
 point of crossing is always immediately underneath the 
 raised dots in the centres of the plates on the outside.' 
 
 1 May not this fossil be allied to the Ischadites or Receptaculites, 
 Plates ccviii. and ccix. ? 
 
 1 On inquiring at the museum of the Zoological Society we could not meet 
 with or obtain any information respecting the above specimen. ED. Cf.M.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 21 
 
 In the year 1840 a voyage was taken to the Baltic. 
 At first the intention was to go to Petersburg, and to 
 travel by land to Moscow ; but, as the sea voyage did not 
 suit the health of the writer, the plan was consequently 
 changed, and he landed at Elsinore, and spent some time 
 in Denmark and Sweden. He was hospitably received by 
 the Danish geologists ; but, as his intention was to visit 
 Stockholm, he soon left Copenhagen and went by Elsinore 
 and Helsingborg to Gothenburg. What is called the 
 boulder formation on the Swedish coast greatly interested 
 him. Unfortunately no sketch was taken, but the impres- 
 sion on his memory cannot be obliterated. The whole 
 shore looked as if some huge giant had been playing at 
 marbles. The formation has been well described by Dr. 
 Forchhammer. Some of the boulders or rounded masses 
 of stone are as large as a small cottage, and were all 
 originally deposited in beds of silt or sand. 
 
 Near Helsingborg is a bed of sandstone, now called 
 Ehsetic by the Swedish geologists. It is Said to contain 
 Amphidesma and Avicula inequivalvis ; but unfortunately 
 the weather was unpropitious, and no specimens were 
 obtained. 
 
 The country is very uninteresting between Helsing 
 borg and Gothenburg; about Warberg the small, low, 
 rounded rocky islets, so characteristic of the Swedish 
 coast, begin to appear. They gradually increase in height 
 on approaching Gothenburg. They seem generally com- 
 posed of gneiss. 
 
 At Zaroe, near Gothenburg, there is a deposit of 
 broken shells somewhat similar to the celebrated one at 
 Udevalla, but the shells are more broken and mixed with 
 silt; they are not in a nook, but on the gentle slope of a 
 low island. The famous falls of Trollhatte were of course 
 visited. They are described in every guide-book of Sweden, 
 and, as the present volume is only intended to illustrate 
 scenery as connected with geology, they need not be fur- 
 ther mentioned here. It may be well, however, merely
 
 22 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 to say that they are rather rapids than falls ; and though, 
 in the quantity of water which is poured down, they may 
 take the first rank amongst European waterfalls, yet the 
 effect produced by them is perhaps less than would be 
 expected. A small island in the middle cuts the fall or 
 rapid in two, which is the case also with the falls at 
 Schaffhausen and Niagara, and probably with many others 
 also. Some idea may be formed respecting the quantity 
 of water poured down the falls when it is remembered 
 that they are the outlet or overflow of two of the largest 
 lakes in Sweden. 
 
 The annexed woodcut will give some faint idea of 
 these rapids. 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 
 Near Trollhatte are the mountains called ' Huneberg 
 and Halleberg ' ; they are composed of Silurian or Cam- 
 brian shale, with nodules and tabular masses of limestone 
 filled with numerous trilobites. 
 
 The town of Udevalla is on the flat of a fiord ; the
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUB GEOLOGIST. 
 
 23 
 
 road to Gustafsberg leads over a kind of nook on one 
 side of the valley, and here the famous shell deposit is 
 found. At a small opening on the roadside, but very 
 few feet above the present level of the fiord, we observed 
 numerous shells, and obtained good specimens of several 
 delicate species ; we also found Pecten islandicus. On 
 rising higher, the hills are covered with, or rather almost 
 composed of shells and clay, till, on reaching nearly to the 
 summit, a flat small plain made its appearance, which has 
 been largely dug as a substitute for gravel. The material 
 is entirely composed of shells and fragments of shells, in 
 some places mixed with a little sand or clay ; but in 
 general the broken shells form the bulk. The species 
 found here are saxicava, my a, astarte, tellina, and balanus ; 
 we found also pholas, littorina, rostellaria, Pecten islan- 
 dicus, and some remains of echinus. The saxicava, astarte, 
 and tellina are occasionally found double; this occurs 
 chiefly where clay forms a portion of the deposit. The 
 shells may be seen lying immediately on the round knolls 
 of gneiss. For miles round Udevalla the roads are entirely 
 mended with them. The annexed woodcut will give a general 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 section of the deposit; and here it may be remarked 
 that the shells found towards the bottom, or near the 
 letter b, have a much more * recent ' appearance than those 
 at the top of the flat, where they seem, as it were, bleached. 
 It is, from the rounded form of the subjacent gneiss, 
 somewhat difficult to estimate the thickness of the shell
 
 24 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 deposit ; but probably a line drawn from a to 6 would 
 represent its greatest thickness, and it may be estimated at 
 about fifty or sixty feet. At the bottom of a little ravine 
 which runs through the deposit, there appears to be a bed 
 of pure silt tilted up at a high angle corresponding with 
 that of the gneiss, while the regular shell beds are nearly 
 horizontal. 
 
 The road to the mountain of Kinekulla runs through 
 Lidkoping, from which place the ground gradually rises 
 to the first terrace. About an English mile and a half from 
 Wester Plauen is a small opening for shale and limestone, 
 which in mineralogical characters at least resembles the 
 shale and limestone of Huneberg and Halleberg. The 
 shale apparently contains few or no fossils, but the large 
 tabular masses of limestone were perfectly full of small 
 trilobites. The annexed woodcut will show the relative 
 position of these tabular masses : 
 FIG. 5. 
 
 a represents the shale. 
 
 6, 6 represents the nodules of hard blue limestone in 
 parallel layers. 
 
 c, c represents the dark lead-coloured spar surrounding 
 the nodules. 
 
 There is here no regular bed of hard blue limestone 
 at the top, as at Nygard in the Halleberg Mountain. 
 
 The next escarpment is formed by the beds of hard
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 25 
 
 blue and red limestone, well known in many parts of 
 Sweden, and which contains such immense numbers of 
 large orthocerata and huge trilobites. 
 
 The lower part of the mountain consists chiefly of 
 whitish sandstone ; fossils are found in it, but we were 
 not successful. 
 
 At the new burying ground near the Nor Tull of 
 Stockholm (probably two English miles from the centre 
 of the city), there is a bed with shells somewhat like that 
 at Udevalla. Some of the layers consisted almost entirely 
 of shells, chiefly where the strata are silty. Where there 
 is any quantity of large stones, the shells had dis- 
 appeared, probably from being ground to powder. The 
 shells were chiefly cardium, tellina, neretina, and littorina. 
 It was very singular to find the specimens of cardium 
 both thin and small, though certainly of the same species 
 as that of Udevalla ; it seems evident that they have 
 been dwarfed by the brackish nature of the water. The 
 height above the level of the sea is not by any means to 
 be compared with that of the highest of the Udevalla 
 beds. Probably these beds near Stockholm may be from 
 forty to forty-five feet above the sea level. 
 
 At Upsala the greater part of the town is built on sand 
 and gravel hills, not very high, but which appear so from 
 the fact of their overlooking an extensive plain. At a 
 large pit on the side of the hill on which the castle stands, 
 
 FIG 6. 
 
 the section represented in the annexed woodcut ma,y be 
 seen ; a is a bed of fine sand ; &, clay beds finely marked
 
 26 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 in some places with concentric rings and figures of dif- 
 ferent colours ; c is a small bed of wood, almost in a state 
 of charcoal; d, sandbeds unconformable to those below; 
 e, e, e, sand and gravel beds forming the mass of the hill. 
 In these beds Professor Wahlenberg stated that sea shells 
 have been found; patches of clay are found irregularly in 
 the sand beds, and the shells are found in the clay. 
 
 On leaving Upsala the chief object, in a geological 
 point of view, was the Silurian or Cambrian district of 
 Kinekulla in the distance. The annexed woodcut gives 
 
 FIG. 7. 
 
 an outline of the flattened appearance of the hill as seen 
 rising out of a long plane country. 
 
 When returning home by Helsingborg, the famous 
 coal mines of Hoganaes were visited ; but as these beds, 
 which are considered Bhsetic by the Swedish geologists, 
 have lately been so well described by Dr. A. Nathorst, of 
 the Swedish Geological Survey, and no sections were ob- 
 tained there, this passing notice of them will be suflicient. 
 The famous pits of Faxoe, in Denmark, were also examined, 
 but better sections were obtained of them many years 
 after, which are given in the present volume. 1 In return- 
 ing to England through Germany, several formations 
 were examined ; one of the most singular was a chalk 
 quarry between Bielefeld and Lippstadt, where the rock 
 
 1 Although only indirectly connected with geology, it cannot do any 
 harm to mention that this visit to Sweden forty years ago gave a totally 
 different idea of the country from that which was obtained on a second 
 visit two or three years ago. The earlier journey to Sweden and Denmark 
 seems almost a connecting link with a past generation when one recalls a 
 long conversation with Berzelius on the state of English education, and 
 when one remembers Thorwaldsen with his flowing white hair in his studio 
 at Copenhagen, directing one of his lady pupils how to mould a statue.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 27 
 
 appears like a kind of chalk marl, and is peculiar for its 
 knotty or luinpy appearance, somewhat like the annexed 
 woodcut. Maestricht was examined; but this place has 
 been described repeatedly, so that it FIG. 8. 
 
 may be passed over. 
 
 Years now passed on without a 
 geological sketch, till at length, in 
 July 1845, the mountain limestone 
 district of Yorkshire was visited, 
 and several peculiar scenes in 
 this neighbourhood were examined. 
 The two annexed woodcuts of the 
 singular chasm called Gordale Scar, 
 and of the stream of water issuing 
 from a hole at one side, will recall 
 the idea of many of the smooth 
 channels found so commonly in limestone rocks, evidently
 
 28 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 caused in previous ages by running water. The lover of 
 scenery will find liere ample scope for his pencil. 
 
 Bat probably the most singular locality in all the 
 mountain limestone district of Yorkshire is that which 
 goes by the name of Malham Cove; it is, in fact, an 
 enormous semicircular wall of rock, said to be about 
 285 feet high, which, when seen in front, appears nearly 
 perpendicular; but on a nearer approach is not exactly so, 
 
 FIG. 10. 
 
 for there are projecting portions or ledges, many of which 
 run round a considerable portion of the curve, and which 
 may be walked on without danger. One of the most 
 singular facts is that a small stream at the very top of 
 this amphitheatre sinks down, and is apparently lost ; but 
 this is not actually the case, for it appears again in the 
 level turf at the very bottom of this singular cliff, and it
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 29 
 
 forms in fact the source of one of the Yorkshire rivers, the 
 Aire. None but a first-rate draftsman ought ever to attempt 
 to give the peculiar character of this scene, but still a 
 woodcut like that annexed may possibly afford some idea 
 of the place. 
 
 Fio. 11. 
 
 In the year 1842 a paper was sent to the * Annals and 
 Magazine of Natural History,' but was not inserted till 
 1843 on account of the peculiar circumstances attaching 
 to it. The subject of the paper was a ' Notice of some 
 Dermal Plates of Saurian Character from the Wealden of 
 the Isle of Wight.' A drawing of the most singular of these 
 scutes was sent with the paper; and a correspondence 
 ensued with one of the editors, who said that the subject 
 of it was most interesting, and that, if the scale were sent 
 up to his care, a careful drawing of it should be made for 
 the plate. This was done ; but month after month passed 
 over without the insertion of the paper, and it was not till
 
 30 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR, GEOLOGIST. 
 
 some time after that the editor expressed his great regret 
 that the paper, the drawings, and the specimen itselfh&d been 
 lost in a public conveyance on the way to the lithographer ! 
 Very great exertions were used both by the editor and 
 by the owner, together with his friends, to recover this 
 all but unique specimen, but they were ineffectual ; the 
 specimen was lost. Most fortunately, however, a rough 
 drawing had some time previously been sent to Mr. 
 Charlesworth, who kindly returned it, so that the drawing 
 (rough as it was) in the magazine may be depended on 
 as an actual drawing from the object itself; and from this 
 plate of the magazine the annexed woodcut has been 
 
 FIG. 12. 
 
 taken. The following is a copy of the paper referred to, 
 page 5 :
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 31 
 
 * It is well known that the chief interest of the Wealden 
 formation arises from the number of its saurian remains. 
 Few beds contain so many genera; and at no other geological 
 period (perhaps) did there exist reptiles of such enormous 
 magnitude. The distribution of these fossils is in general 
 extremely local, and they seldom occur in any other form 
 than as detached bones. All these circumstances render 
 the determination of any new remains a matter of diffi- 
 culty ; and this remark applies very forcibly to three fossils 
 which were found in the Hastings sands of Sandown Bay, 
 in the Isle of Wight, and which evidently appear to be the 
 dermal plates of some of the saurians found in this 
 formation. 
 
 'The first, and most perfect of the three, is represented 
 of the natural size in the annexed woodcut ; it is of an irre- 
 gularly oval shape. In the centre of the upper side is a 
 deep oval depression, within which is a prominence rising 
 gradually to the summit, which is eccentric. The space 
 around the depressed part is slightly concave, and is 
 intersected by deep furrows, which are so arranged that 
 the whole of this space might be said to consist of a 
 number of obscurely pentagonal or hexagonal promin- 
 ences, the surfaces of which are flattened, and in some 
 cases slightly concave. The lower side of the scale is 
 convex. A general idea of the proportion may perhaps be 
 better obtained by the lower figure, which represents a 
 section from a to b. The fibrous, bony structure is very 
 apparent at the sides of both this scale and that next to be 
 described, and the whole surface of both of them is covered 
 with small pores, some of which, particularly on the central 
 prominence, run together and form minute furrows. 
 
 ' The second scale is more irregular in its form ; but the 
 general characters are so similar to those of the former, 
 that it most probably belonged to an animal of the same 
 species. There is the same central depression; the same 
 prominence within it and the outer space is divided in a
 
 32 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 similar manner by furrows ; but all these characters are far 
 more obscure than in the other; the form also is not 
 oval, but approaches to a square, with one or two of the 
 corners broken off, and both the upper and under sides 
 are nearly flat and parallel. 
 
 * The third dermal plate is not sufficiently perfect to 
 admit of a drawing; but the characters, as far as they can 
 be distinguished, are rather different from those of the 
 other two. Like the first, the figure is oval and the under 
 side convex ; but the upper side is chiefly occupied with 
 three ridges, rising gradually from the circumference to 
 an eccentric summit. There is not the same appearance 
 of porosity as on the surface of the other two ; but the 
 structure is decidedly bony. The general appearance 
 bears some resemblance, on a large scale, to the plates 
 which ornament the head of the recent iguana ; and it is 
 only to be regretted that a specimen of this nature had 
 not been secured before it became waterworn, as it might 
 have afforded another link to connect the iguanodon with 
 the recent iguana. 
 
 ' With respect to the other two scales, there do not 
 appear to be any characters to connect them with the 
 iguauodon by a comparison with the living iguana. The 
 common crocodile is furnished with large and strong 
 plates, which in some parts of the body are oval ; but, as 
 far as I am aware, neither the scales of the crocodile, nor 
 those of any other recent reptile, have exactly the same 
 characters as the fossil plates. 
 
 * But little assistance can be derived in their determi- 
 nation from the associated fossils. In the same locality 
 were found the teeth of the crocodile and of the iguanodon ; 
 and gigantic bones, which have usually been considered 
 as those of the latter saurian. One vertebra from San- 
 down Bay weighs above 14 Ibs., and a portion of one 
 of the bones of the leg is 26 inches in length. In the 
 same formation, at Brixton Bay, the bones are still more
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 33 
 
 gigantic ; the upper part of a femur was obtained there 
 which measures 13 inches from the outer side of the head 
 to the point of the trochanter. Fragments of bones of 
 these dimensions are not uncommon in the Isle of Wight, 
 so that it appears singular, if these scales belonged to the 
 iguanodoii, that they should not have been before noticed ; 
 besides which, there is nothing like them in the covering 
 of the recent iguana. And they appear almost too small 
 for a saurian of the size of the iguanodon. Again, if we 
 consider them as the scales of the wealden crocodile, the 
 analogy with the recent animal certainly in a measure 
 favours the idea ; but still the question may very naturally 
 be asked What has become of the scales of all the 
 crocodiles from which the innumerable teeth in the Sussex 
 beds are derived ? None but those who have personally 
 examined these beds can have any idea of the immense 
 number of teeth and bones which they contain; it cannot 
 be argued that they have perished, for the most delicate 
 bones are preserved, as well as the finest scales of the 
 Lepidosteus; so that, to say the least, there certainly 
 appears to be a difficulty in referring them to the cro- 
 codile. 
 
 * There are other genera the remains of which are 
 found in the wealden formation, but very little is known 
 respecting them, and it would be hardly better than con- 
 jecture to refer the scales in question to the megalosaurus 
 or the phytosaurus because there were difficulties in 
 referring them to the crocodile or the iguanodon. Before 
 long it may be hoped that other specimens will be found 
 under more favourable circumstances with respect to their 
 determination.' 
 
 Since this paper was published no other scute exactly 
 similar to the first-drawn has been discovered, but there 
 are in the British Museum one or two scales which are 
 said to belong to the hylseosaurus ; and as they bear some 
 resemblance to the third scale spoken of in the preceding 
 D
 
 34 
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 paper, an exact drawing of it has been given in Plate 
 
 CCVII. 
 
 The number and variety of saurian teeth in the wealden 
 is somewhat astonishing ; the ' Tilgate grit ' in a small 
 quarry north of Battle, and now closed and built over, 
 was almost a mass of teeth, bones, and scales. Amongst 
 
 FIG. 13. 
 
 FIG. 14. 
 
 them were several teeth of a peculiar character. And 
 though they have already been published in one of the 
 magazines, yet, as the wealden is now under consideration 
 in connection with its saurian remains, it may be advisable 
 here to give sketches of two of the more remarkable teeth. 
 The annexed woodcuts give a fair representation of them : 
 they probably belong to the Polyptychodon. 
 
 Near Newport, Monmouthshire, there are several 
 junctions of the lower beds of the Lias and the Old Eed 
 Sandstone, well exposed. The Ammonites planorbis beds, 
 or, as they are called by the workmen, the ' sarpent stone,' 
 are very well seen in the large quarries at Liswerry. One 
 of the junctions of these two beds is given PLATE XII. 
 This was taken on the west side of a cutting made to
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 35 
 
 form a road to the limekilns ; probably a more detailed 
 section might be obtained on the opposite, or eastern, side. 
 The peculiar bed called provincially the ' beef bed ' may 
 occasionally be noticed, and (in patches, not exactly in a 
 regular bed) the bone bed. These patches contain the 
 regular scales and teeth, and one portion of an ichthyo- 
 dorulite which corresponds exactly with that figured in 
 Quenstedt's 'Jura,' Table II. fig. 13a, under the name of 
 Desmacanthus cloacinus. 
 
 PLATE XIII. takes us to a different country. One of 
 the excursions from Chamounix is to the top of the Bre- 
 vent. Before the new road was made it was usual to 
 ascend by La Cheminee, which is a fissure about fifty feet 
 high, and not very easy of access. When at the top, the 
 temptation was irresistible to go further and to descend 
 by Servoz. During this excursion the rough sketch on 
 Plate XIII. was taken, and it may give some faint idea of 
 the magnificence of the scene. The rocks immediately in 
 front are the Rochers de Fiz ; the upper part of them con- 
 sists of what has been called ' black chalk,' which is the 
 equivalent, or nearly so, of the English gault and upper 
 green sand ; the characteristic fossils, turrilites, and 
 inoceramus sulcatus are frequently found here, besides 
 numerous other species. The snow plain behind, marked 
 a on the sketch, adds to the beauty of the view. 
 
 PLATE XIV. merely gives a section of one of the quar- 
 ries of great oolite at Minchenhampton : some of the 
 peculiarities are mentioned on the plate. 
 
 PLATE XV. gives a section of the Wenlock limestone 
 at Cilorgyr, in Monmouthshire ; the irregular, rubbly bed 
 at the top seems in this district to be very characteristic 
 of this formation. 
 
 The next eight plates are sketches taken during an 
 excursion to the north of Ireland, to examine the effect of 
 trap on chalk and lias. 
 
 PLATE XVI. is a sketch at Portrush, where the trap has 
 
 D 2
 
 36 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 so baked ' the lias that some pieces will actually scratch 
 glass. In this particular locality the trap appears to be 
 under the lias ; in PLATE XVII. it seems rather to take 
 the form of a large vein. In the upper section drawn 
 PLATE XVIII., the trap and the lias seem to alternate, and 
 this is also the case with the lower diagram; although 
 the upper bed of trap seems uncommonly thin, only seven 
 or eight inches in thickness. 
 
 PLATE XIX. is the sketch of a cleft in the chalk, once 
 entirely, and still partially, filled with trap. 
 
 PLATE XX. is a diagram, taken very accurately, of a 
 chalk cliff, in the middle of which appears a mass of trap, 
 apparently entirely unconnected with any other trap ; it 
 probably is the end of a vein or run of trap. 
 
 PLATES XXI. and XXII. are sketches showing how the 
 trap and chalk are intermixed on the north Irish coast. 
 
 PLATE XXIII. is rather a picturesque view, showing 
 how the trap in certain localities lies on the chalk. The 
 rock in front is chalk, with the exception of the small boss 
 of trap at the top; just under the boat the larger rock 
 behind is chalk below and trap above the grassy slope 
 which surrounds it. If we believe (and we must be- 
 lieve) that the small boss of trap belongs to the same 
 age as the mass of trap at the top of the larger middle 
 cliff, what an amount of denudation must have taken place ! 
 The next four plates illustrate the structure of the 
 Giant's Causeway. 
 
 PLATE XXIV. shows a section where non-columnar 
 trap lies upon what is, or may be called, columnar. There 
 are other sections where the trap can hardly be said to be 
 either, but something between the two. Where this is 
 the case, the cracks dividing the commencement of the 
 columns take somewhat the form indicated by the letter a. 
 In some cases, as in that shown PLATE XXV., the pillars 
 seem converging. It must be borne in mind that the 
 whole of the sketches and diagrams in the present volume
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 37 
 
 are taken precisely as they are seen, so that some things 
 may be drawn which are difficult of explanation, but that 
 is not the fault of the note-book. The same remark may 
 probably apply to the next Plate (XXVI.), which speaks 
 for itself, though it is difficult to imagine how the peculiar 
 form of one of the beds can have originated. 
 
 PLATE XXVII. shows a series of small columns above 
 a number of larger ones. 
 
 PLATE XXVIII. shows the relation of chalk with trap 
 near Ballycastle harbour. 
 
 PLATE XXIX. shows the same at Eed Bay. 
 
 Although so much has been written on the Giant's 
 Causeway, it may perhaps be well to add one or two short 
 notes. The columns have chiefly five or six sides, but 
 they are occasionally found to have four. The horizontal 
 cracks are sometimes convex and sometimes concave. 
 One of the concavities, it was said, would probably 
 contain two gallons of water. On some few of the 
 surfaces there appears a very indistinct radiation. The 
 concavity is very small where the column is fifteen or 
 sixteen inches in diameter; the raised part would probably 
 be one eighth or one half of an inch high. There appears 
 to be no regular rule as to the convexities and concavities. 
 Sometimes they are found alternating in the same 
 pillar. Some of the prisms are very small ; a few were 
 found not more than three inches in length. One or 
 two beds of ' brown coal ' occur lying between the beds 
 of trap. 
 
 PLATE XXX. brings us back to Devonshire. It merely 
 shows some strangely contorted limestone near the Eaised 
 Beach Cove : the cracks a a a are very numerous, as the 
 limestone is so much bent some of them are only an inch 
 apart. 
 
 PLATE XXXI. is a diagram showing the Eaised Beach 
 itself. At the bottom is a bed of large stones ; above this 
 the beds consist of sand and gravel with remains of shells ;
 
 38 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 some of the sand beds are cemented together into a 
 regular sandstone, in others the sand is quite loose. 
 
 PLATE XXXII. merely shows a singular mass of con- 
 torted limestone near Hope's Nose, near Torquay, the 
 thinner beds, such as those at a, being much more bent 
 than the thicker ones. 
 
 PLATE XXXIII. is a sketch showing how the trap 
 composing Black Head, near Hope's Nose, weathers into 
 points. 
 
 PLATE XXXIV. shows the peculiar box -like joints 
 or cracks in the Exeter conglomerate of Babbacombe 
 Sands. 
 
 PLATE XXXV. is more of a diagram than a sketch of 
 the Pfaffenkaul, or extinct crater on the dolomite hill, 
 opposite Gerolstein, in the Eifel the little plain at the 
 bottom is cultivated. A section of the bed of lapilli, 
 ashes, &c., which are quarried at the edge of the crater, is 
 given PLATE CLXXV. 
 
 PLATE XXXVI. is a little sketch of the Auburg,'an 
 isolated dolomite mass of rock, some little distance from 
 the regular dolomitic limestone seen to the right of the 
 sketch, in which is situated the crater of the Pfaffenkaul. 
 Around the Auburg is a slope of earth cultivated and 
 apparently fruitful ; it is also very productive of the re- 
 gular Eifel fossils, which are found loose in the cultivated 
 ground. 
 
 Plate XXXVII. is a sketch of the crater lake, called 
 the Weinfelder Maar, near Daun in the Eifel. 
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. is a sketch of the crater lake, of 
 the Pulver Maar, near Gillenfeld, in the Eifel. As these 
 crater lakes have been well described, little need be said 
 respecting them. 
 
 PLATE XXXIX. is a sketch of what is called the 
 ' cheese grotto ' of Bertrich, in the Eifel. It receives this 
 name from the rock weathering into rounded masses, 
 somewhat like Dutch cheeses, piled one over the other.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 39 
 
 No imagination was used in this sketch, as it was taken 
 by the camera lucida, and every stone is drawn exactly as 
 it was seen. 
 
 PLATE XL. is copied from some hasty memoranda, 
 taken at Volkenburg, near the Drachenfels on the Rhine 
 (not at Trachyte Volkenburg, as the sketch has been 
 called in error) . The stone is a rather soft trachyte, and, 
 as the weathering seemed somewhat peculiar, a rough 
 sketch was taken. The quarry is probably 90 or 100 feet 
 high, and as the sides wear away they break down into 
 pillars or columns; these, when they fall, break into shorter 
 pieces, which frequently on further weathering again 
 divide, chiefly lengthwise, and disclose a globular or ovoid 
 form inside, like many other kinds of volcanic rocks. 
 
 PLATE XLI. contains three diagrams : the upper one 
 is taken near the lake of (Eschinen in Switzerland, and 
 is merely curious from its showing in some of the upper 
 beds a very sharp contortion, while the beds immediately 
 below are nearly horizontal. It has been before mentioned 
 that the present volume is not intended as a geological 
 treatise, but simply as a record of geological sections and 
 facts ; it is therefore left to others to explain this peculiar 
 bend. 
 
 The middle sketch was obtained under peculiar cir- 
 cumstances. When at Zermatt, the guide having taken 
 us in front of the Gorner glacier, the weather suddenly 
 became rainy, so that we took shelter under one of the 
 houses for storing hay frequently used in Switzerland. 
 These houses are built of wood, and are raised from the 
 ground by posts, so that the under part forms a very con- 
 venient shelter in a sudden shower. The rain however 
 continued, and we looked about for something to do. It 
 should have been mentioned that the hay huts are gener- 
 ally built on some of the rounded bosses of stone (called 
 roclies moutonnees) so common in the neighbourhood of 
 the glaciers, and this was the case with ours; but the
 
 40 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 rock was covered with a thin overgrowth of turf. On 
 pulling up some of this turf we were delighted to find 
 that the whole surface of the rock underneath, a hard 
 blue or green schist, was beautifully polished, with the 
 exception of numerous scratches, evidently caused by ice- 
 borne stones. The middle diagram shows a few of these 
 scratches, and there are one or two of the lines which 
 perhaps require a word of explanation. Those referred to 
 are lines made up of a series of cross lines, but the com- 
 pound lines (if they may be so called) always run some- 
 what in the same direction as the single ones, and have 
 probably been caused by some stone, which though below 
 the ice, and moving in the same direction, was not firmly 
 fixed in it, and consequently ' wobbled,' as a workman 
 would call it. There are other modes of accounting for 
 these compound lines, but this seems the most probable. 
 
 The lowest diagram on this plate represents one of the 
 well-known earth pillars near Stalden, in the valley lead- 
 ing up to Zermatt. These are formed somewhat in the 
 same manner as the glacier-tables on the glaciers a large 
 rock falls on the ice but it is too large to be heated 
 through by the sun's rays, which melt the ice all round, 
 leaving the rock mounted on a kind of neck. Just in the 
 same manner a huge rock is deposited in a deep bed of clay 
 or earth on the sides of the Alps, and when the heavy Alpine 
 rains descend they wash away the clay round the rock, but 
 leave that which is immediately under the rock untouched, 
 in the shape of a neck or kind of support ; this is the 
 case with respect to the earth- pillar in the sketch. Occa- 
 sionally the rock drops down, and then the earth-pillar is 
 washed by the rains without any protection, and becomes 
 very much the shape of a common extinguisher. Several 
 of these sharp-pointed pillars were seen near the one here 
 drawn. 
 
 PLATE XLII. will give some little idea of the mode of 
 formation of the moraines on glaciers. The view was taken
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 41 
 
 on a misty morning, when the Gorner glacier was clear ; 
 but heavy clouds shut out the view of the higher moun- 
 tains. It need not be mentioned here that the glaciers as 
 they advance rub off the sides of the rocks, and thus carry 
 with them lines of stones. When a rocky point is left 
 behind, the line of stones still continues to advance. And 
 thus the number of lines seen may prove an indication of 
 the number of rocky straits through which the glacier has 
 passed. Having premised these few remarks, it only re- 
 mains to explain the letters on the plate, a is a mass of 
 snow forming the Weiss Thor, being, in fact, the upper 
 part of the Gorner glacier; b and c are glaciers which 
 descend from Monte Rosa ; d is the glacier descending 
 from the hills called Castor and Pollux ; e is not glacier,* 
 but merely snow or nevee from the Breithorn ; / and g 
 have no especial names ; h is a small tarn on the glacier, 
 brilliantly blue, and reflecting the sky. Across the glacier 
 may be noticed crevasses chiefly filled with snow; and 
 where the edges of the glacier are seen these cracks, in a 
 curved line, descend to the bottom of the ice, as is repre- 
 sented more distinctly in Plate OIL, in the glacier of St. 
 Theodule. 
 
 Probably this is the proper place for recording a few 
 observations respecting the neighbourhood of Zermatt, 
 which are not illustrated by diagrams. The Gorner 
 glacier is now actually advancing. A visit was paid to its 
 front or termination, where the ground is perfectly even 
 and covered with a fine sod. In front of the glacier was 
 a huge rock, about twelve feet high, which the ice was 
 pushing forward so as to cut up the ground as with a huge 
 ploughshare. A stake was driven into the turf in front, 
 precisely 4 feet from the rock ; this distance was mea- 
 sured at noon on July 3, 1857. On July 5, at six in the 
 evening, it was again measured, and in fifty-four hours the 
 distance was as nearly as possible f-inch short, thus giving 
 the monthly advance of this huge rock at about ten inches.
 
 42 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Of course the glacier, in all probability, moves much faster 
 than the rock; but there were not equal facilities for 
 measuring the advance of the ice. 
 
 It has often been said that the mariner's compass would 
 not act on the Riffelberg, probably from the quantity of 
 iron in the mountain. When on the Riffelhiigel, on the 
 way to Rothenbogen, it happened to be precisely noon 
 when we examined our compasses, and the shadow thrown 
 by the sun appeared to point due north, not allowing any- 
 thing for variation ; so that there can be no doubt about 
 the truth of the assertion that on the Eiffel there must be 
 something which makes the compass incorrect. 
 
 The temperature of the stream opposite Zermatt at 
 half past seven in the evening was 38 ; two or three obser- 
 vations gave the same result, but the day had been exceed- 
 ingly hot. In front of the Gorner glacier, in a little hollow 
 where water was running down, the thermometer stood at 
 32. In a rill not twenty yards off the temperature was 
 34. Vegetation goes on very rapidly near the glacier ; in 
 a place where there was said to be deep snow four weeks 
 previously, we gathered a dandelion stalk 2 ft. 1 in. long. 
 On July 6, 1857, the temperature of the stream opposite 
 Zermatt at half past five in the morning was 35^ ; the 
 same day, at 3 P.M., half an hour's walk below St. 
 Nicholas, it was 47; and at Stalden it was 49 at half 
 past five. 
 
 On July 8 the stream of the Rhone glacier at its source 
 was exactly 32. At the small bridge, near the little inn, 
 it was 33, having risen a degree and a half in a few 
 hundred yards. The Grimsel lake, near the Spital, was 
 46 or 47 about 5 P.M. ; the temperature of the air 47, 
 but when the clouds came down, 45. 
 
 PLATE XLIII. is a sketch of the Stein glacier, on the 
 Susten Pass, a route which is seldom visited. 1 This glacier 
 
 1 This may perhaps be better imagined when it is stated that at the little 
 inn where we slept, very near the glacier, we had to go to our bedroom by a
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 43 
 
 is peculiar ; its character may be summed up in one word 
 loneliness. 
 
 PLATE XLIV. shows the junction of the Old Red Sand- 
 stone and what probably may represent the Mayo beds, 
 near Eisca. These beds want further examination. 
 
 PLATE XLV. is a diagram, showing the junction of 
 the trap and red sandstone at Salisbury Crags. The sand- 
 stone is evidently much harder and more fragile near the 
 trap. 
 
 PLATE XLVI. is a very interesting diagram at least, 
 it is so to any one who has been at the locality. Ardtun 
 Head is not very easy of access. We had, in the first 
 place, to cross the whole of the island of Mull, in a fierce 
 rain, and slept at Bunessan. Early the next morning the 
 walk from this place to Ardtun Head was anything but 
 pleasant, from the immense quantity of water which had 
 fallen and thoroughly soaked the moorland district. Still, 
 it was accomplished by the aid of Mr. McQuarrie of Bunes- 
 san, who very kindly guided us to the spot. The only way 
 of examining the section was by descending a sort of 
 crack or chink, which was not particularly agreeable, with 
 the roaring waves in sight below, but, nevertheless, it 
 was accomplished, and amply repaid the trouble and risk. 
 Only two beds of leaves are represented in the sketch, for, 
 as before mentioned, the object of the present volume is 
 simple truth that is, a description or sketch of what 
 was actually seen, not of what ought to have been seen. 
 The rock itself, as shown on the diagram, is almost en- 
 tirely trap, which is columnar below and massive above. 
 The two leaf-beds seen on this occasion are each about two 
 feet in thickness, and are composed of hardened clay, 
 containing several species of plants, which, as is well 
 
 ladder, and in the sitting-room there was a print of Adam and Eve in 
 Paradise Adam with a bright blue dress coat and gilt buttons, and Eve in 
 a dress with short sleeves ' puffed,' and with a large Birmingham brooch 
 near the neck.
 
 44 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 known, have been described by the Duke of Argyll and 
 Professor E.Forbes in the seventh volume of the ' Quarterly 
 Journal of the Geological Society,' page 89. As a passing 
 remark, it may be mentioned that the basaltic columns of 
 some of the neighbouring rocks have a singular appear- 
 ance : they are curved, just as if they could not well carry 
 the superincumbent weight ! 
 
 PLATE XLYII. is a sketch of the island of Staffa, with 
 its long basaltic columns. This island is so well known 
 that it need not detain us further. 
 
 PLATES XLVIII. and XLIX. show the terraces one 
 on the right hand arid the other on the left hand of the 
 entrance to the Vale of Glenroy ; and PLATE L. is a sketch 
 of the 'roads' themselves. So much has been written about 
 these parallel roads that perhaps the less that is said of 
 them the better ; but it may not be amiss just to state 
 positively that any one who has not seen them cannot pos- 
 sibly have the slightest idea of what they are. We drove 
 there rather sceptically inclined, believing that the * roads ' 
 existed chiefly in the imagination of geologists ; but one 
 single glance was enough their excessive horizoutality 
 (if one may coin a word) was perfectly astonishing, and 
 the return drive was occupied not so much in admiring 
 the scenery as in speculating on the strange phantom-like 
 lines we had seen on the mountain sides. 
 
 PLATE LI. is a rude diagram of the Brora river, in the 
 north of Scotland. Sir R. Murchison's account of it, and 
 of the calcareous grit-beds found there, made it desirable 
 to see these beds, and to compare them with the well- 
 known similar beds under Scarborough Castle. Several 
 fossils of the same species as those of Scarborough were 
 found here, and the mineralogical characters of the two 
 are very much alike, except that the Brora beds may, 
 perhaps, be a little more sandy. 
 
 PLATE LII. is a section of the Old Eed Sandstone beds 
 at Carinylie Quarry.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 45 
 
 PLATE LIU. must not be passed over with such a short 
 notice. 
 
 A few miles north of Newcastle is a place called Coal 
 Hill Dike, where the large dike of * whinstone ' or trap 
 passes through the coal beds and materially alters the 
 nature of this mineral. The dike is about twenty-two feet 
 in width, and is quarried for road-stone, thus leaving the 
 coal standing, so as to be easily examined. That part of 
 the coal which actually touched the dike appears as it 
 were f used, while for about three feet on one side, and 
 four or five feet on the other, the bed of coal is changed 
 into actual coke ; and more than this, the coke is for some 
 inches made prismatic, the columns being horizontal, orat 
 right angles with the dike itself. In fact, where the 'fused ' 
 part had fallen off, the prisms, or rather the ends of 
 them, had a very singular appearance, and looked almost 
 like the well-filled shelves of a large pencil-maker's shop. 
 The other particulars required to understand this section 
 are given on the diagram itself. 
 
 PLATE LIV. gives a section of the Permian beds at 
 Humbleton. 
 
 It is perhaps hardly worth mentioning such a fact, but, 
 as it may possibly render some young geologist careful in 
 judging merely from mineralogical characters, it may be 
 stated that some parts of the Humbleton limestone so 
 exactly resemble in outward character some of the beds at 
 Faxoe in Denmark (uppermost chalk) that a well-known 
 geologist then resident in the district, and now living in 
 London, said, when he saw a Faxoe specimen with its 
 characteristic fossil, ' This would have puzzled some of our 
 people if they had found it in the quarry.' 
 
 PLATE LV. shows a section of lias upon Permian, in 
 Gl am or gan sh ire. 
 
 We now turn to the Silurian beds of Shropshire. 
 PLATE LVI. shows a section of what are called the Pas- 
 sage Beds, and PLATE LVII. gives two similar sections.
 
 46 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. gives a kind of diagram or sketch of the 
 Aymestry beds in Dowton Vale. These beds are said to 
 be characterised by an infinite number of small holes 
 (placed chiefly in lines), from which the fossils have dis- 
 appeared by weathering. 
 
 It was in this Shropshire excursion that under the 
 guidance of the late Mr. Lightbody, of Ludlow, the famous 
 quarry in the Lower Ludlow rocks, called the Starfish Quarry, 
 at Lentwardine, was visited. Here the writer was favoured 
 enough by fortune to find the remains of the earliest fish 
 known the Scaphaspis ludensis of Ray Lankester (Pa- 
 Iseontological Society, in the volume for 1869). It is 
 there figured, and it was also described by the late Mr. 
 Salter, in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 
 third series, vol. iv. p. 45. At Mr. Lightbody 's suggestion 
 this unique specimen was given to the Jermyn Street 
 Museum ; and as it has been already both figured and 
 described, it is needless again to draw it. 
 
 We now again turn to Scotland, and in PLATE LIX. 
 a diagram will be found of certain veins of granite 
 running into the gneiss of the neighbourhood of Loch 
 Eribol. 
 
 PLATE LX. gives a section of the Old Red Sandstone at 
 the famous locality of Scat Craig. 
 
 PLATE LXI. is also a section of the Old Red Sandstone 
 at Balruddery. 
 
 In the year 1860, on the route to Switzerland, St. 
 Acheul, near Amiens, was visited, and PLATE LXII. repre- 
 sents what was seen there. It need hardly be said that at 
 that time people (or at least some of them) were not so 
 perfectly convinced of the existence of flint implements in 
 the gravel as they are at the present day. It was, therefore, 
 with a little feeling of disappointment that on arriving at 
 the quarry this section was noticed, and the ends of the 
 Prankish graves which projected made us fear that there 
 had been some mistake. We soon found, however, that it
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN -AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 47 
 
 was we who had made the mistake, and that these more 
 modern graves had nothing to do with the question; for the 
 regular flint implements, of which some were procured 
 from the workmen and pronounced genuine by regular 
 ' experts,' were found lower than the point marked with 
 an asterisk, and most certainly this large body of gravel 
 had never been disturbed. 
 
 A much more doubtful sketch is given in the next 
 plate (LXIIL). It is very possible that some better 
 explanation can be given of it than the following, but 
 still this idea appears on the whole to be probable. Now, 
 any one who has walked on a rather flat, sandy shore, 
 backed by cliffs which have springs running from them, 
 must have noticed that when these little springs or water- 
 courses descend from the cliffs on the sand they do not 
 advance far, for though they often bring down some por- 
 tion of mud or clay, which forms by its deposit a kind of 
 basin or trough for the water to run in, yet the clay is 
 soon used up, and the little rills of water suddenly cease, 
 as they sink down the moment they pass the clay-lined 
 portion. If any one who has noticed this appearance 
 were to examine the marine molasse at Ebikon, near 
 Lucerne, he would find a number of little humps or pro- 
 jections exactly similar to the recent sandstream ' runs.' 
 And it is also very advisable to bear in mind that they 
 are closely associated with the 'ripple-mark' in the 
 molasse. This explanation may be altogether wrong, but 
 at the same time there seems to be some degree of prob- 
 ability in it. 
 
 The examination of fossil structure by the microscope, 
 and the comparison of it with that of the most nearly 
 approaching living organisms, is one of the most inter- 
 esting as well as useful departments of geology. In the 
 latter part of 1860 a short notice appeared in the ' Geo- 
 logist,' page 458, and etchings were given of two micro- 
 scopic slides, one being that of a scale of the recent
 
 48 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Lepidosteus or Garpike of the Mississippi, and the other 
 being that of a scale of the Lepidotus, an allied fish found 
 in the wealden. As the copperplate with the etching had 
 become useless, copies of these two sections have been 
 made from the original plate, and are given annexed ; the 
 upper one being that of the recent Garpike of the Missis- 
 sippi, the lower one that of the Lepidotus of the wealden. 
 The following is an extract from the notice above re- 
 ferred to : 
 
 * Few departments of palaeontology are of greater 
 interest than the microscopical examination of organic 
 structures ; and the interest is increased where a compa- 
 rison can be made between the organisation of fossil 
 specimens with that of recent beings of the same or allied 
 genera. The annexed cuts give an example of such a 
 comparison. It is well known that in the wealden beds 
 there are remains of a fresh-water fish called the Lepidotus ; 
 its scales are amongst the most frequent fossils of this 
 formation. It is also well known that an allied genus, the 
 Lepidosteus, or Garpike, which is one of the few hetero- 
 cercal fishes (or those which have the vertebrae prolonged 
 into the upper lobe of the tail), is now living in the rivers 
 of America. The figures give enlarged views of very thin 
 sections of scales from the two fishes, magnified about two 
 hundred and fifty times (first etched direct on the copper 
 by means of the camera lucida fitted to the eyepiece of 
 the microscope) and here copied in wood engraving. 
 
 The upper figure is from the recent Lepidosteus or 
 Garpike of the Mississippi. The lacunae and the canali- 
 culi ramifying from them are beautifully shown, and are 
 very characteristic; but the chief interest of the cuts 
 arises from the comparison of the structure of the upper 
 or recent specimen with that of the lower figure, which 
 represents a section of a scale from the fossil Lepidotus 
 found in the wealden formation of Sussex. The organisa- 
 tion seems to be almost identical, and if the two were
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 49 
 
 reversed, and the lettering erased, it would be difficult for 
 an unpractised eye to say which was the recent and which 
 the fossil scale. 
 
 FIG. 15.- Scale of the LepidosteuB or Garpike of the Mississippi. 
 
 __ 
 
 Jf^t 
 
 FIG. 16. Scale of the Lepidotus of the Wealden. 
 
 When we consider the immense lapse of ages which
 
 50 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 have intervened between the time when the wealden beds 
 were formed and the present hour, it certainly is an object 
 of no common interest to find almost the identical orga- 
 nisation in the two cases. 
 
 PLATE LXIV. is an exact copy of a piece of what the 
 Swiss call Hierogtyphenkalk (one of the cretaceous beds), 
 at Alpnach Lake ; the kalk itself is very hard, and though 
 the fossils are numerous it is almost impossible to detach 
 them. 
 
 We will now go back to our own country. PLATE LXV. 
 is a diagram of a large granite boulder, which evidently 
 must have been ice-borne, lying on the flat scar of Corrie 
 Gills, in the island of Arran; and PLATE LXVI. represents 
 two large granite boulders which are rather higher, as 
 they are on the hill above Corrie. 
 
 The whole of the flats of Corrie, called Corrie Gills, are 
 intersected with trap dikes, and some of them run up into 
 an ancient sea-cliff, which backs the Gills or flat shore. 
 The dikes are generally cracked across, and when seen in 
 the low cliffs of the ancient sea-shore they look exactly 
 like large ladders reared up against the cliff. The flats 
 or gills are composed of conglomerate sandstone, which oi 
 course weathers with the action of the sea. PLATE LXVII. 
 gives two remarkable dikes on this shore. In the upper 
 figure the dike itself has disappeared, or nearly so, but 
 when it was first intruded it had power enough to harden 
 the conglomerate on each side, so as to enable it the better 
 to resist the action of the waves, while the trap itself 
 weathered away ; the appearance consequently is that of 
 a deep hollow in the middle (once occupied by the dike), 
 with a hardened wall on each side, rising nearly a foot 
 above the flat of conglomerate sandstone, which in long 
 course of years has been lowered some inches by the action 
 of the sea. The lower figure represents the same sand- 
 stone flat, but in this case the trap dike had not hardened 
 the sandstone so as to enable it to resist * wear and tear,'
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 51 
 
 and at the same time the material forming the dike was 
 so much harder than the sandstone that it resisted the 
 wearing action of the sea better than the latter, and 
 consequently projected above it. Tnese two peculiar 
 dikes are not very far from each other the two sketches 
 were taken on the same day. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII. also refers to Arran. The upper 
 figure merely shows veins of fine-grained granite in con- 
 torted slate at Goat Fell, in the island of Arran. The 
 middle sketch is from Kildonan, the most southerly point 
 of the island. Ailsa Crag, many miles distant, to use a 
 sailor's expression, * looms large.' Several trap dikes 
 project from the shore, and some are of a peculiar struc- 
 ture ; the lower figure gives the ground plan of one which 
 consists of more than forty thin leaves or beds of trap. 
 
 Silurian Shropshire, again, claims our attention, and 
 PLATE LXIX. is a section of Whitcliff, just outside of 
 Ludlow. PLATE LXX. gives two sections also close to 
 Ludlow. PLATE LXXI. shows a rather curious appear- 
 ance (accurately copied) of some upper Llandovery beds 
 in Hope Dingle. 
 
 PLATE LXXII. is a sketch of the Stiper Stones from 
 the rocks called the ' Giant's Chair.' 
 
 PLATE LXXIII. is a section showing the characters 
 of the Wenlock limestone found at Penylan Quarry, in 
 Monmouthshire. The upper knubbly beds before referred 
 to are again found here. 
 
 The late Mr. Salter found a new Silurian locality at 
 Roath, or rather nearRhymney Bridge (not the Ehymney 
 Bridge above Cardiff, up in what are provincially called 
 the ' Hills,' but the bridge passed over on the road be- 
 tween Newport and Cardiff). He considered it to be 
 probably Ayniestry. The object, however, of the present 
 diagram, PLATE LXXIV., is merely to draw attention 
 to the peculiar form of weathering taken by the beds : in 
 many respects it resembles that of volcanic rocks. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 PLATES LXXV. and LXXVI. are two sketches showing 
 the effect on scenery caused by nearly vertical beds 
 of mountain limestone. LXXV. is a sketch at Oxwich 
 Bay, and LXXVI. is a natural arch near the same 
 locality. 
 
 PLATE LXXVIL is a section at the north end of White- 
 sand Bay, near St. David's, showing the junction of the 
 lingula flags with the black shales of the lower Llandeilo 
 beds. Two beds of trap or felspathic ash, like buff green- 
 stone in appearance, and both to a certain extent contorted, 
 may be seen in the Llandeilo shales one of them is 
 16 inches wide, and the other 27 or 28 inches. There 
 is a small triangular cave at the junction of the lingula 
 beds and Llandeilo. 
 
 PLATE LXXVIII. is a section of the black Llandeilo 
 shale, showing the beginning of a ' slip fault ' at a a. 
 
 PLATE LXXIX. is rather an interesting sketch, also 
 of a part of Whitesand Bay. A bed of trap is seen in the 
 foreground, of rather regular thickness, which when in- 
 truded had so half melted and hardened the black shale 
 near it that when the whole of the shale weathered, that 
 part which had been heated and so changed in minera- 
 logical character remained attached to the bed of trap, 
 like the edging of a ribbon, while the rest of the shale 
 weathered away and was carried off by the sea. 
 
 PLATE LXXX. contains three diagrams, or copies of 
 sections made in the note-book by the late Mr. Salter in 
 pencil, and afterwards inked in ; they need no explanation, 
 as all the beds are named on the plate. 
 
 PLATE LXXXI. represents the uppermost Ludlow beds 
 of Ty Captan Quarry, near Llaudewi, in Monmouthshire. 
 All the beds are described on the plate ; but perhaps this 
 is the place to mention that the uppermost Ludlow 
 beds in Monmouthshire change much in mineralogical 
 character within a very few miles. They are well exposed 
 near Llandewi church, and here they chiefly consist of
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 53 
 
 rotten ochry masses in regular beds. Whereas, north of 
 Usk, these beds contain the same fossils, but the colour 
 instead of being ochry is black or dark brown. 
 
 PLATE LXXXII. is a sketch of the natural arch at 
 Shrinkle Bay in South Wales. The place takes its cha- 
 racter from the vertical beds of mountain limestone. The 
 same may be said of Lydstep Cove, also in South Wales, 
 which is drawn in PLATE LXXXIII. 
 
 PLATE LXXXIV. is rather a curious section, taken at 
 Ferncliff Bay, near Tenby. It shows how thin or shaly 
 beds may be twisted at a high angle, while massive beds 
 (evidently from the same force) are only curved, or in 
 some cases broken. The rock here is carboniferous. We 
 now go to Scotland again. 
 
 PLATE LXXXV. has three or four sketches from the 
 classic district of Lesmahagow. Near this town there is a 
 hill called Nutberry Hill, on one side of which runs a 
 stream called the Nethan Water, and on the other another 
 stream called the Logan Water. Both the Silurian and 
 the trap beds are here very instructive. 
 
 In the Nethan Water there are beds of red conglomer- 
 ate, which as well as the Silurian have been much dis- 
 turbed by the intrusion of trap. In one part of this 
 conglomerate there are a number of large red quartz 
 boulders, some of which are 15 or 18 inches long, 
 and egg-shaped. Many of them seem to have been 
 broken and then joined again, but not always correctly ; 
 some of them appear, as it were, faulted. The fact is 
 given as it was seen ; but it is singular that this peculiarity 
 is confined to the south of Nutberry Hill : these faulted 
 boulders, according to Mr. Slimon, who was kind enough 
 to be our guide, are never found on the Logan Water, north 
 of the hill. In some cases the boulders have two cracks, 
 and the two ends seem to have remained stationary, while 
 the middle portion has been moved a little out of truth. 
 Figs. 1 and 2 represent two of these boulders. Fig. 3 is
 
 54 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 a trap dike running through Silurian beds ; the trap con- 
 sists of a bed about three yards wide, prismatic, with 
 the prisms at right angles to the course of the bed, but on 
 each side there is a bed of trap about eighteen inches 
 wide, made up of the globular masses which weather in 
 what is called the * onion-shaped ' form. Fig. 4 represents 
 a curious section on Nethan Water in which a bed of trap, 
 b b, cuts through both the Silurian beds, c, and also a bed 
 of regular felspathic ash, a a a. The bed of trap, b, is 
 about a foot thick, but in the middle there is a softer por- 
 tion (drawn in the sketch of a darker shade), about four, 
 five, or six inches wide. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVI. is a section at Nethan Water showing 
 two trap beds running diagonally through Silurian beds. 
 
 PLATE LXXXVII. is a trap dike at Nethan Water. 
 The sketch gives a view of the dike where it comes down to 
 the stream. It is curious to notice how these broad dikes of 
 trap may be traced running up the hill, simply by a differ- 
 ence in colour of the grass and heather. We now pass 
 again to Arran. PLATE LXXXVIII. is a drawing very 
 carefully taken of a natural Cyclopean wall of granite on 
 Goat Fell. (See Professor Earn say's ' Geology of Arran,' 
 p. 6.) 
 
 PLATE LXXXIX. is a sketch of Loch Ryan and Ailsa 
 Crag from the cemetery at Stranraer. The famous black 
 grapholite schists of Loch Eyan are in the hills to the 
 right of the view ; the fossils are found only in the thin 
 shale between the beds of limestone : the beds of limestone 
 may be searched for them in vain. 
 
 PLATE XC. takes us to Switzerland, and is the rough 
 drawing of a section at Binningen, near Basle. The lower 
 part is regular gravel, but a bed of ' loess ' at the top con- 
 tains helix, pupa, &c. 
 
 PLATE XCI. contains two sketches. The upper one, 
 which is that of a portion of the lower Grindelwald glacier, 
 shows the ribbed appearance of the ice after passing a
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 55 
 
 projecting corner of rock. The lower sketch is that of 
 a huge block of stone at present lying on masses of the 
 glacier ice, and slowly very slowly journeying to the 
 foot of the glacier. This mass of rock is about eighteen feet 
 in length. The guides here report that the block advances 
 about thirty feet in a year. 
 
 PLATE XCII. is a rough sketch of the Lungern lake, 
 which has been artificially drained, or rather has had the 
 water lowered by means of a tunnel. A kind of terrace is 
 very visible on the opposite side of the lake, exactly where 
 the surface of the water was before it was lowered. It is 
 also shown in the sketch, but perhaps hardly so distinctly as 
 in the actual lake. Possibly the fear of overdoing the 
 terrace has led the artist to give it a less marked cha- 
 racter than it ought to have. This, however, is on the 
 whole a good fault. 
 
 PLATE XCIII. is a sketch of the famous ' Pierre a bot ' 
 in a wood near Neufchatel. It is well known that this is 
 one of the huge masses of granite which has been brought 
 by ice from the high Alps, and which must have crossed 
 or passed the lake under very different circumstances from 
 the present. There would be no end of dissertation if the 
 pros and cons of every theory were here reproduced. The 
 sketch is a tolerably accurate one : the length of the rock 
 is, as nearly as can be measured, 50 feet. 
 
 PLATES XC1V. and XCV. are rough sketches of what 
 are generally considered to be ancient moraines in the 
 Rhone valley. In the first of these plates a huge rock 
 crowns one of the hills which form the moraine. One 
 peculiarity in these Rhone moraines ought, perhaps, to be 
 mentioned : they are frequently seen as a pair of rounded 
 hills, joined together by a piece of flat, generally well-cul- 
 tivated, land. The double hill may be partially seen in 
 Plate XCIV., but not the connecting flat ; this peculiarity 
 may, however, be frequently noticed along this route. 
 
 PLATES XCVI. and XCVII. are sketches of glaciers near
 
 56 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Zermatt : the first is the Corner glacier ; the latter, that 
 of Mont Cervin. The curious medial moraines are ver/ 
 visible in both. 
 
 PLATE XCVIII. shows the view on ascending to the 
 Eiffel; three glaciers are seen at once, viz. the Gorner, 
 the Mont Cervin, and the Zmutt glaciers. 
 
 PLATE XCIX. is a sketch of the glacier descending 
 from the mountains called Castor and Pollux. This view 
 very distinctly illustrates the way in which the medial 
 moraines are formed. 
 
 PLATE C., though a kind of sketch, really more re- 
 sembles a ground plan. It shows several of the medial 
 moraines and water streams on the glacier, arising from 
 melted ice. This water finds its way into the ' moulins,' of 
 which four are seen in the sketch ; they are generally of a 
 brilliant blue colour ; the crevasses and cracks are drawn 
 very carefully. 
 
 PLATE CI. is a sketch of Monte Eosa from the Gor- 
 nergrat. 
 
 PLATE CII. is a little sketch of some cross lines similar 
 to those given in the preceding plate. Their exceeding 
 regularity is peculiar; the lines here shown are on the 
 upper glacier of Saint Theodule, opposite the Eiffelhorn. 
 
 PLATE CITI. shows the termination of the Zmutt 
 glacier ; the ice here is almost in a regular slope. If it 
 were a little less steep it might be ascended on foot, but 
 the angle is too great for this, as is shown by the stones 
 from the medial moraine falling down and accumulating 
 at the foot. The cross lines are rather remarkable. 
 
 We now leave Switzerland, and return home through 
 France. 
 
 PLATE CIV. is the drawing of a curious trachytic hill 
 
 at Le Puy en Velay. Although the sketch is not wide 
 
 enough to show the position of the hill, it is nearly in the 
 
 centre of the town, and forms a very picturesque object. 
 
 PLATE CV. is a diagram representing the basaltic
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 57 
 
 pillars of a rock called ' Les Orgues d'Espailly,' near Le 
 Puy. The columns have sometimes four sides, but more 
 generally five or six, and there appear to be no regular 
 cross joints. Some of the columns seem to run the whole 
 height of the rock, which is about ninety- two feet high. 
 Sometimes when not columnar the trap appears to lie in 
 * tables,' as shown at a, and at other times, when imper- 
 fectly prismatic, the columns (if they can be called so) 
 alternately contract and expand, as shown at 6. 
 
 The two next plates refer to a rock in the neighbour- 
 hood called the Rocher Rouge, showing the junction of 
 granite and trap. 
 
 PLATE CVI. shows the junction in one place where 
 there is a thin irregular bed, apparently composed of dis- 
 integrated granite and trap, taking the form of a soft 
 sandstone approaching to conglomerate. In the trap itself 
 there are occasionally small masses of granite. 
 
 PLATE CVII. is a kind of * bird's-eye' view of the 
 junction of these two rocks, where the beds are very 
 well marked, but without any intermediate conglomerate. 
 This excursion to Le Puy en Velay was taken in the com- 
 pany of the late lamented Professor Phillips, who had 
 formerly gone over this ground himself, and so was well 
 able to direct us to all the more interesting localities. He 
 next led us to the neighbourhood of Clermont, and the 
 following plate (CVIII.) is the sketch of .an ancient lava 
 stream which in days gone by had descended from the 
 Puy de Dome. The lava stream will be easily distinguished 
 by its darker colour. 
 
 PLATE CIX. will at once show that the land of the 
 Puys or rounded hills has been reached. It is a sketch of 
 two of them, Puy de Goul and Puy Sarcoui. The present 
 road is cut through an ancient lava stream. One of the 
 peculiarities of these rounded mountains, which go by the 
 name of Puy, is that the herbage upon them takes a kind 
 of radiating form, the portion between the rays having
 
 58 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 probably been washed down by the rains. The Puy with 
 two birds above it is the Puy de Goul, and that with one 
 bird is the Puy Sarcoui. It is said that the entrance or 
 opening in the front of the latter has been used since the 
 Roman times. The stone is easily worked, and is well 
 adapted for tombstones. 
 
 PLATE CX. is a sketch of Puy Chopin. We now move 
 to another district. 
 
 PLATE CXI. is a diagram showing rather a curious bend 
 of trap beds under the conglomerated sandstone near Oban. 
 
 PLATE CXII. brings us to the south of Wales. It is a 
 diagram representing the junction of the Sutton and 
 Southerndown beds with those of the mountain limestone : 
 the Ammonites BucMandi beds are seen on the left. 
 
 PLATE CX1II. should, if correctly placed by time, have 
 been CXII., and is the ground plan of a trap dike in 
 Kerrera Sound, near Oban. 
 
 PLATE CXIV. is a diagram of the lias beds at Sandsend, 
 near Whitby. 
 
 PLATE CXV. is also a diagram of the lias at the point 
 south of Eunswick Bay, near Whitby. 
 
 PLATE CXVI. is a diagram (though rather a poor 
 one) of the classic ground at Kyson, near Ipswich. 
 
 PLATE CXVII. shows the crag beds with false bedding 
 at Sutton, and 
 
 PLATE CXVIII. shows the red crag lying on the coral- 
 line, or white crag. 
 
 PLATE CXIX. is a diagram of the false bedding of the 
 crag at Spottisham. One of the pits filled up with sand 
 called blowholes,' in the North Devon sandbeds, is also 
 visible. 
 
 PLATE CXX. shows some peculiar contortions in the 
 * Drift ' of the Norfolk coast, at a place called ' Old High/ 
 Some of the beds, chiefly those resting on what is called 
 ' Iron Cap,' are nearly horizontal, while a short distance 
 above, the beds of silt, gravel, and loam are curved in a
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 59 
 
 most singular manner, the cause of which, by some geo- 
 logists, is attributed entirely to the action of masses of 
 ice. This is not the place to enter into the discussion, but 
 it is possible that if a part of the curve were caused by a 
 large mass of ice pressing forward, the remainder of the 
 curve might be formed by the pressure of the side-beds 
 as the ice melted. However this may be, the diagram 
 represents the curves tolerably correctly, and the theory 
 must stand on its own -merits. 
 
 In the early part of the year 1868 an expedition was 
 taken in the company of the late Professor Phillips to 
 Vesuvius, and the next few plates refer entirely to Italy ; 
 but there is quite sufficient geological interest in that 
 country to justify the insertion of copies of the diagrams 
 and sketches. 
 
 PLATE CXXI. has not much of interest in it ; it merely 
 represents the contortions of the Apennine limestone, as 
 seen from the railroad. 
 
 PLATE CXXII. is the first view of Mount Soracte, on 
 the railway journey from Florence to Rome. 
 
 PLATE CXXII1. is a rough sketch of Vesuvius, taken 
 from near Pompeii ; the two smoke-jets below the crater 
 are what are called the fumerole, which we subsequently 
 examined. 
 
 PLATES CXXIV. and CXXV. are two views of the Lake 
 of Agnano, which, in fact, is the crater of an extinct vol- 
 cano, now turned into a lake. 
 
 PLATE CXXVI. is a sketch of the actual hollow of the 
 extinct crater of the Solfatara. The vapour, when we 
 visited it, was rushing out with some violence, and the 
 thermometer at once rose to 110 Fahr. just within the 
 hollow. 
 
 PLATE CXXVII. is a sketch of the whole crater of the 
 Solfatara ; the entire surface is covered with pits for wash- 
 ing the sulphur, &c., and with vegetation. 
 
 PLATE CXXVIII. is a sketch of Monte Nuovo from
 
 60 ttOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Pozzuoli (the Puteoli of St. Paul). It is well known that 
 this mountain was raised up in less than twenty-four 
 hours. The crater is said to be 419 feet deep, the cone 
 itself being about 440 feet high. An observation, or rather 
 a succession of observations, by the aneroid tended to con- 
 firm the truth of this measurement. PLATE CXXIX. is a 
 sketch of the crater itself. 
 
 PLATE CXXX. is a sketch of Lake Avernus; it is 
 somewhat difficult on a small page to give any idea of the 
 beauty of this view ; still it has been attempted, and may 
 possibly recall the place to those who have visited it. The 
 building with the single bird above it is what remains of 
 the temple of Pluto ; the two birds indicate part of the 
 Lucrine Lake ; three birds appear flying just above Baise ; 
 and four birds indicate the promontory of Misenum. This 
 sketch is taken from the road leading from Pozzuoli to 
 Cumse. Some of the beds here dip 15 S.E., and so not 
 into the crater, but as it were laterally. There can, how- 
 ever, be no doubt that the lake takes its form from having 
 anciently been a crater. 
 
 PLATE CXXXI. shows the appearance of the beds of 
 lava in the mountain of Somma, looking from the Atrio 
 del Cavallo towards Naples. The beds were measured by 
 the clinometer in three places, and were found all to dip 
 to the N.B. 29, 31, and 32. 
 
 PLATE CXXXII. is a diagram of some of the dikes in 
 the lava of Somma. This diagram gives one or two long 
 dikes ; two other sketches, taken very near to this one, 
 have the longer dikes broken up, as it were, into two or 
 three lengths, and what may be termed faulted. 
 
 PLATE CXXXIII. is a sketch of a bed of lava which 
 ran into the sea at Torre del Greco. Possibly from this 
 cause, but equally possibly from the nature of its composi- 
 tion, the lava has taken a columnar form, and in the sketch 
 can hardly be distinguished from regular basalt. 
 
 PLATE CXXXIV. represents an opening from which
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 61 
 
 lava flowed formerly ; it is now in a wood, and trees of 
 considerable size have grown upon it. It is large enough 
 for a middle-sized man to walk into it upright. The 
 general form is triangular, but one of the greatest peculi- 
 arities is the division of the lava sides into two or more 
 planes by cracks, which are partially filled p by needle- 
 like threads of lava, as if every flake of lava as it cooled 
 had fallen downwards a few inches, and the space 
 between it and the mass above became filled with lava- 
 threads. This is just what one would expect when the 
 lava was partially cooled, and of the consistence of treacle. 
 There appear to have been two or three repetitions of this 
 flaking off from the lava sides. Altogether the locality is 
 a very interesting one. By the aneroid this opening is 
 540 feet above the quay at Naples. 
 
 PLATE CXXXV. is a sketch of an opening of a similar 
 nature, but much smaller. It has fortunately been left 
 untouched in a wall, just to save trouble, and it has thus 
 been preserved for the use of the geologist. The needle- 
 like lines mentioned above may also be seen here. 
 
 PLATE CXXXVI. is a section of the gravel and sand 
 pit at Ponte Molle, near Rome. The whole section is about 
 sixty-three feet high, by estimation. The middle is com- 
 posed of sand, with a good deal of false bedding ; while 
 above and below there are pretty thick beds of gravel. It 
 is in the latter or lowest of these beds that most of the 
 bones of pachydermata are found, and also the greater 
 part of the flint implements. They are occasionally met 
 with in the upper gravel, but not in such abundance 
 as below. 
 
 PLATE CXXXVII. gives a farewell sketch of Mount 
 Soracte, taken from the first railway station going from 
 Rome to Florence. 
 
 PLATES CXXXVIIL and CXXXIX. are hasty sketches 
 of the Euganean Hills, the first taken from the railway 
 near Padua, and the second from the station of Este. The
 
 62 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 number of volcanic cones visible is somewhat extraordin- 
 ary. This ended our Italian excursion. 1 
 
 PLATE CXL. is a fac-simile of a geological diagram of 
 the valley of the Linth, in Switzerland, drawn in pencil 
 in the note-book and inked in immediately afterwards. It 
 was made by the late excellent Professor Escher von der 
 Linth (or, as he was called by some of his brother professors, 
 Linth-Escher). It may not be generally known that at 
 Zurich native titles have been abolished, but Professor 
 Escher rendered so much service to the owners of lands in 
 the Linth Valley that he was allowed to write his family 
 name Escher, coupled with that of the River Linth. 
 
 The diagram is given precisely as made by Professor 
 Escher, and the references by figures are in his hand- 
 writing. 1 represents the Jurassique ; 2, the Neocomian ; 
 3, Urgon et Aptien ; 4, Gault ; 5, Craie superieure ; and 
 6, Nummulitique (Eocaii). The two doubtful faults are 
 given precisely as laid down by Professor Escher. 
 
 PLATE CXLI. is the copy of a section in the middle 
 part of Headon Hill. It is given chiefly to draw atten- 
 tion to an irregular bed of lignite (or something approach- 
 ing to this mineral) which branches off, as it were, in one 
 or two places into the subjacent beds. 
 
 PLATES CXLII. and CXLIII. may be taken together. 
 The first is a perspective sketch, and the second a ground 
 plan of a singular place called the Gaercoed, near Usk, in 
 Monmouthshire. The rock here is Wenlock shale, and is 
 very rich in fossils. In this bed, just where the wood 
 drawn in CXLII. comes down to the water, the large 
 species of Hoinalonotus is obtained, and it seems almost 
 peculiar to this locality. Another fossil is also found 
 here, but it is very much rarer than the trilobite just 
 
 1 The extraordinary appearance of these Euganean Hills was such that 
 my friend Professor Phillips and I had arranged to visit them again and 
 examine the district thoroughly the following year a plan which, alas 1 it 
 is needless to say, was never accomplished.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 03 
 
 mentioned ; it is the Ischadites of Koenigii of Murchison. 
 To give an idea of its rarity, it may be mentioned that 
 this locality has been visited and well worked between 
 thirty and forty times, but only three or four specimens 
 of Ischadites were obtained. Plate CCVIII. is a careful 
 drawing of the best specimen obtained of this singular 
 fossil : some of the square divisions on its covering are 
 represented below very much magnified. It should be 
 borne in mind that though this fossil is from the upper 
 Silurian beds (the Wenlock shale), there is very singu- 
 larly a fossil from the Upper Devonian beds in Belgium, 
 which is nearly identical, and which is called Recep- 
 taculites by the foreign geologists. Several specimens 
 were obtained by us in the neighbourhood of Couvin, when 
 exploring under the guidance of Professor C. Malaise, of 
 Geuibloux. So similar, if not identical, are the characters 
 that Professor Nicholson, in his ' Manual of Palaeontology,' 
 second edition, p. 128, at the end of chap. vii. says, 'In 
 any case the Silurian genera described under the names of 
 Ischadites and Tetragonis are certainly the same as Recep- 
 taculites.' The sketches, however, are not given on this 
 account ; the beds consist of shale, interstratified with a 
 few solid beds of limestone. In the place sketched the 
 mass of the cliff behind is chiefly shale, apparently nearly 
 horizontal ; but the beds at the bottom, and just at the 
 surface of the water at its ordinary level, are of rather 
 solid limestone, and the effect apparently is that the mass 
 of cliff has weighed down the under bed of limestone so 
 as to form what seem like one or two separate pools in 
 the river. This peculiar conformation seems somewhat 
 difficult to explain, and the above idea may be fanciful ; 
 the sketches, however, are given exactly as they are seen, 
 and geologists will find the locality a very interesting one. 
 The fossils are numerous, and a considerable list of them 
 might be given. Only one, however, shall be mentioned. 
 In the little bank or scar of the river, where the wood is
 
 64 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 very thick and comes down nearly to the water, there is a 
 bed nearly full of what is now called Athyris tumida. This 
 expression is used advisedly, for in some parts the bed 
 seems hardly to contain anything else; it is, however, 
 very local. Some of these shells, when picked np, feel 
 uncommonly light, and when these light shells are care- 
 fully broken they disclose the spirals in beautiful preser- 
 vation, but frosted over with small crystals of carbonate 
 of lime. A section of the spiral when thus found is a 
 beautiful object for the microscope, and if highly mag- 
 nified would almost lead one to think that the spire 
 itself was hollow ; for there is a dark substance all round, 
 and the middle is clear. There is, however, a great deal of 
 what may prove deceptive in microscopic work, so that 
 the attention of geologists who have the opportunity of 
 examining this district is especially to be desired. 
 
 PLATE CXLIV. gives the forms of some peculiar cracks 
 in the flints of the old tower by the river at Norwich. It 
 is well known that many of the buildings in this town 
 are almost constructed of flints which were squared one or 
 two hundred years ago, and which, consequently, have been 
 long exposed to the alternations of heat and frost ; the 
 effect of this has been to widen or make visible certain 
 minute cracks which take the convolute forms given in the 
 upper diagram. A paper on this subject was read at the 
 meeting of the British Association at Norwich in 1868, 
 by 0. B. Rose, Esq., F.G.S., but only the title of the paper 
 is given in the printed volume. The bottom diagram 
 shows the outline of a peculiar form of flint, apparently 
 not found in the upper chalk, but confined to that from 
 the lower beds and green sand; at least no specimens 
 from the upper chalk have yet been noticed. The diagram 
 is a side view, and the form taken by the flint is that of 
 two portions of separate cones, one of which (the upper 
 one) is much less pointed than the other would have been. 
 These double cones (if they may be called so) have been
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUE GEOLOGIST. 65 
 
 met with at Norwich, at Sidmouth, and at Milber Down. 
 From memory also, it may be added, at the Isle of Wight 
 and the north of France, but so far they have not been 
 noticed in the upper chalk. 
 
 PLATE CXLV. gives a very good idea of some of the 
 best scenery in South Devon. The near ground is Devonian 
 limestone, but the middle ground is Devonian shale, and 
 the back ground is a portion of the granite mass of Dart- 
 moor. The rock from which this view was taken is very 
 near the most prolific quarry of the Favosites, commonly 
 called by the workmen ' the Feather.' 
 
 PLATE CXLVI. is a diagram of contorted limestone 
 and red shale at Silver Cove in Torbay. 
 
 The next three diagrams were taken during an excur- 
 sion to the south of Torbay, in company with Mr. Pengelly, 
 who kindly directed our attention to these localities. 
 
 PLATE CXLVII. is a rough sketch of Clennage Cave, 
 beyond Berry Head ; it is, in fact, a cave in the process of 
 formation. There is an opening from the sea in the lower 
 part of the cave, which unfortunately is not seen in the 
 sketch, but into which the waves rush, in an easterly 
 wind, with very great power ; one mass is brought down 
 after another and broken up, or rather worn away inside 
 the cave, which thus takes its present form. 
 
 The section drawn in PLATE CXLVII I. was noticed 
 in the same excursion with Mr. Pengelly. It is a little 
 beyond the old fortification on Berry Head, and is simply 
 a hollow in the Devonian limestone filled with trias, which 
 has thus been kept from denudation. 
 
 PLATE CXLIX. is a singular example of the alteration 
 of the angle in cleavage lines when passing through beds 
 of different densities. In this beautiful section there are, 
 if memory can be relied on, more than twenty-five or 
 thirty alternations of limestone and shale ; the plate only 
 gives two or three, in order to show more clearly the 
 change in the direction of the lines. 
 F
 
 66 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 The most interesting point in this excursion, however, 
 was the cross cracks or joints in the Devonian limestone, 
 some north and south and others east and west, filled 
 with trias evidently of different ag.es. A diagram, or 
 rather a ground plan, had been prepared, but on find- 
 ing that the place had been very fully described by 
 Mr. Pengelly in the first bound volume of the ' Trans- 
 actions of the Devonshire Association,' and also in the 
 ' Geological Magazine ' for 1866, p. 19, it was cancelled, 
 and the reader is referred to Mr. Pengelly 's papers for 
 full information. 
 
 It is a curious fact that in several places in this district 
 the cracks in the limestone are filled with trias, and in the 
 pretty little cove west of Brixham harbour there is another 
 peculiarity, which is that the sides of the cracks are not 
 only covered, as mentioned by Mr. Pengelly, with a coat- 
 ing of crystallised carbonate of lime, but outside this coat- 
 ing there are large crystals, some an inch long, so that 
 this speaks for the ages which had elapsed between the 
 time of the cracks and the infilling of the trias. 
 
 PLATE CL. shows rather a curious crossing of the lines 
 of bedding and cleavage in the cove under Daddy's Hole, 
 at Torquay. Most, but not all, of the lines of bedding dip 
 at an angle of 49, while here the lines of cleavage dip 
 44, W. by N.W. 
 
 PLATE CLI. is a sketch of the almost classic harbour 
 of Polperro. This is the place where the famous fish 
 remains were first found. Mr. Pengelly has already 
 fully described the locality, which is in fact at no great 
 distance from his native place, and therefore it will be 
 needless to say anything further, except to refer to his 
 papers. 
 
 PLATE CLII. is a very curious section. A new road 
 (or rather an improvement in the old one) was being made 
 near Llansor, the residence of John James, Esq. When 
 the road was first opened the junction of the Old Eed
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. G7 
 
 Sandstone and the Upper Silurian beds (or Lndlow) was 
 very marked, for within a distance of 3 feet species of 
 fishes belonging to the Old Eed could be found above, while 
 many of the characteristic fossils of the Upper Ludlow 
 might be secured below, such as Holopella, &c. At the 
 present moment the distinction is not so clear, as the ro3k 
 has weathered and broken down considerably; still, it is 
 to be observed on a close examination. 
 
 PLATE CLIII. is the ground plan of some very remark- 
 able ice^scratches at Port Madoc in North Wales. A short 
 notice of them was read at the meeting of the British 
 Association at Exeter, in 1869; but as no plan was given 
 it may be well to produce it here, more especially as the 
 place is now destroyed and built over. The surface was 
 not plane, but there were two or three shallow furrows 
 the whole of which were scratched evidently by ice, and 
 some of the scratches were from fifty to eighty feet in 
 length. One peculiarity was this : the slope of the ground 
 so scratched was not, as it would have been imagined, from 
 the high hills of the neighbourhood, but rather towards 
 them* The place was best observed by looking over a low 
 wall, and the higher hills might be seen without turning 
 the head, so that either the glacier which caused the 
 scratches must have curved somewhat like the modern 
 Gorner glacier in Switzerland, or there must have been 
 higher hills behind the spectator which have now sunk 
 down. 
 
 PLATE CLIV- is a section of the well-known beds at 
 Budleigh Salterton, as seen looking west. Tt is somewhat 
 difficult to account for the fact that the pebbles in the cliff 
 or those which have recently fallen from it, are almost 
 ovoid in form, while those which have been washed about 
 on the beach become a trifle more rounded. There can be 
 no doubt of the difference, but it is slight. 
 
 PLATE CLV. contains the diagrams of two sections. 
 Respecting the upper one, a notice has already appeared 
 
 r2
 
 G8 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 in the ' Geological Magazine' for September 1872, p. 387, 
 which is here copied entire. It is entitled, ' Notice of the 
 Occurrence of Cupressocrinus in a Quarry of Devonian 
 Limestone, near Kingsteignton.' 
 
 ' The genus Cupressocrinus is very characteristic of the 
 Devonian formation in Germany. In some parts of the 
 Eifel it may be called common ; and yet in England, 
 though equally characteristic of the same formation, and 
 though it has been found in several places, it is con- 
 sidered so rare that it is hardly mentioned by many of the 
 writers on the Devonian fossils. In Morris's Catalogue 
 the localities given are Plymouth and (somewhat strangely) 
 Collumpton, where there is no Devonian limestone. For 
 these reasons it may be worth recording that there is one 
 small and somewhat insignificant quarry between Newton 
 and Teignmouth where fossils of this genus occur in 
 abundance, though unfortunately generally in the state of 
 casts. 
 
 ' The quarry is about a hundred yards north of the road 
 which connects these two towns, near a farm called the 
 Lower Wear. This farm is between Kingsteignton and 
 Bishopsteignton. 
 
 ' A bed of trap here cuts off a small portion of what is 
 usually considered as Middle Devonian limestone, and has 
 so altered it near the junction that the stone has become 
 a reddish-coloured cinder. The crinoidal remains, con- 
 sisting chiefly but not entirely of Cupressocrinus, are here 
 very abundant, though in the adjacent unaltered lime- 
 stone, in which they are probably equally abundant, they 
 are much more difficult to be distinguished. 
 
 * The stems and joints of this genus are so very well 
 marked that almost the smallest fragment cannot be mis- 
 taken. Both the larger and smaller stems are subquad- 
 rangular, with a larger central perforation surrounded by 
 four smaller ones. In the specimens found in this quarry 
 most of them are in the shape of casts (or perhaps more
 
 NOTE- BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 correctly moulds) ; the fossil itself having entirely disap- 
 peared, and the perforations, and in some cases the divisions 
 of the joints, having been subsequently filled up, the effect 
 is frequently like that of a Norman pillar with small pillars 
 clustered round it, the thin plates representing the divi- 
 sions of the joints, looking like the layers of mortar be- 
 tween the beds of tooled stone in the "Norman pillar. (See 
 woodcut, figs. 3ct and 36.) 
 
 ' In some rare cases there are five pillars clustered round 
 the large one instead of four, though the stem is still of 
 rather a square form. These specimens are considered 
 by Quenstedt to belong to a distinct species, which he 
 calls Cup. pentamerus (" Handbuch der Petrefakterikunde," 
 p. 747, plate 71, figs. 14 and 15) ; probably, however, it 
 may be only a variety. 
 
 ' Besides these stems and joints, three or four fossils 
 were found associated with them in the same quarry, 
 which at first sight seemed 
 to be of very different charac- 
 ter, but which may probably 
 be portions of the heads of 
 Cnpressocrinus. They are 
 figured upon the accompany- 
 ing woodcut. (See figs. 1 
 and 2.) 
 
 ' These fossils are not 
 remarkable either for size 
 or beauty ; but, as they are 
 decidedly very characteristic 
 of the Devonian formation, 
 and have hitherto been con- 
 sidered rare in England, it T ,. , 
 
 Jbigs. 1 and 2, crinoidal remains as- 
 may be desirable to record sociated with Figs. 3a and 36, casts 
 
 their occurrence. In a small 
 
 specimen of the rock not three inches long there are five 
 
 well-marked examples very distinctly shown.'
 
 70 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 The lower figure of PLATE CLV. is merely a diagram 
 showing the culm beds of the estuary of the Teign lifted 
 up by two bosses of trap. 
 
 PLATE CLVI. is a diagram showing the contortions in 
 the culm limestone at Tew Trenchard. 
 
 PLATE CLVII. shows the culm limestone at Coryton, 
 with joints and small faults in it. There is also appar- 
 ent unconforinability, but this is probably only decep- 
 tive. 
 
 . PLATE CLVII I. is a sketch of what is called the Bock 
 Pillar, at Tiutagel. These pillars are not uncommon in 
 rocks of several ages, and yet there seems some little 
 difficulty in fully explaining them. There is a very curious 
 one in the oolitic beds of Leckhampton, near Cheltenham, 
 called the ' Devil's Chimney.' If caused entirely by de- 
 nudation of the surrounding rock, why were these ' pin- 
 nacles ' and ' chimneys ' the only parts undenuded ? 
 
 PLATE CLTX. is a rough sketch of the place called the 
 ' Devil's Jump/ near Bodmin two projecting rocks, one 
 on each side of a valley, have been left standing, while 
 the softer strata have been washed away. 
 
 PLATE CLX. is a sketch of the Logan or Rocking 
 Stone : it can easily be moved by a single person. 
 
 PLATE CLXI. is a sketch of the Land's End. The 
 columnar form sometimes taken by granite is distinctly 
 visible, and the diagram PLATE CLXII. gives rather a 
 clearer idea of this prismatic or columnar structure. 
 
 PLATE CLXIII. is a sketch of a natural arch in the 
 rocks near Land's End. 
 
 PLATE CLXTV. is from the same neighbourhood. It 
 shows a ' bloc perche,' which has weathered so much that 
 it is left standing on a kind of neck. The prismatic 
 jointed pillars of granite are very remarkable. 
 
 PLATE CLXV. is a sketch of the coast west of Gurnard's 
 Head, in Cornwall, 
 
 PLATE CLX VI. is the diagram of a granite vein, near
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 71 
 
 Gurnard's Head, which has caught up and inclosed a mass 
 of Devonian slate. 
 
 PLATE CLXVII. The contortions, in the Upper Devo- 
 nian at Watermouth, sketched in this plate are certainly 
 remarkable. At first sight they have somewhat the ap- 
 pearance of two or three boles of huge trees buried in the 
 rock. It has been said that these are almost the only 
 contortions known in the Upper Devonian beds of North 
 Devon. 
 
 Near Saunton, in North Devon, there are extensive 
 beds of blown sand, which formerly were considered as 
 raised beaches ; that opinion, however, has not lately kept 
 its ground. 
 
 PLATE CLXVIII. is a diagram of two appearances in 
 these sandbeds : the upper one represents what is pro- 
 vincially called a 'blowhole/ and the lower diagram, as 
 well as the under part of the upper one, shows regular 
 false bedding. There may be a doubt as to the origin of 
 the so-called ' blowholes,' but they probably were caused, 
 after the sandbeds had been formed, by the .drip of water, 
 or some small spring acting continuously year after year. 
 This theory may be questioned, but at the same time it 
 seems as probable an explanation as any which has been 
 given. Similar ' blowholes ' are found in the sandy crag- 
 beds of Norfolk and Suffolk. 
 
 PLATE CLXIX. is a rough sketch of the well-known 
 mass of red granite which was found in these sandbeds at 
 Saunton. It seems as if it had been moved from a hollow 
 in the sands, but it rests upon the Devonian limestone. A 
 great deal has been written respecting this stone, and a 
 very common opinion is that it came originally from a 
 peculiar bed in Lundy Island, and the question is, How ? 
 See Mr. Pengelly's paper in the ' Devonshire Transactions,' 
 vol. vi. p. 211, in which the question is fully discussed, 
 and very much information is given respecting it. 
 
 PLATE CLXX. is a diagram representing the extraor-
 
 72 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 dinary contortions in the culm limestone at Verm. The 
 limestone is in beds a few inches thick, separated from 
 each other by thin beds of a rather dark shale, full of 
 Posedonomya. Other fossils are rare. 
 
 PLATES CLXXI. and CLXXIL will give an idea of the 
 curious bone-bed on the scars at Goldcliffe, in Monmouth- 
 shire. At this place there is an outlier of lias, rising 
 into a small low hill, the greater part of which consists 
 of the Ammonites planorbis beds. The bone-bed has 
 evidently filled cracks or hollows in the ' bunter ' on the 
 scar below, and the latter, being softer than the bone-bed, 
 has been washed away by the waves and lowered decidedly, 
 leaving the bone-bed very much in its normal position : 
 at the present day it projects from the scar to the height 
 of several inches. One of the most striking peculiarities 
 is that some of these lines, or raised portions, pass under 
 one another as if they had no sort of connection. Is it 
 possible that these cracks may in ancient times have been 
 formed by small streams of water when the ' bunter ' was 
 soft? This might partly explain the curious conformation. 
 The bone-bed is filled with the usual teeth, scales, and 
 bones. 
 
 PLATE CLXXI. is a sketch of the place just below the 
 sea-wall, and PLATE CLXXIL gives the ground plan. 
 
 In the year 1873 a notice was sent to the 'Geological 
 Magazine,' p. 436, of the occurrence of a peculiar crenoid 
 in the Lower Devonian beds of Meadfoot, near Torquay. 
 It is here reproduced, together with a copy of the small 
 woodcut. 
 
 ' A high authority in the geological world has said 
 with respect to the Crinoidse, "It is perfectly useless to 
 do anything without the cups," and probably this ought 
 to have deterred me from sending you the inclosed rough 
 sketch of a fossil which is found, though somewhat rarely, 
 in the Lower Devonian shales of Meadfoot Sands, near 
 Torquay. The sketch is magnified three diameters, and,
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 73 
 
 though only known to us hitherto in the shape of impres- 
 sions, yet the characters are so very well marked, notwith- 
 standing the imperfect specimens hitherto found, FiQ 
 that I am tempted to send you a notice of its 
 occurrence, as it has, I believe, been so far 
 undescribed from the English Devonian. It is 
 apparently the Pentocrinites priscus of Goldfuss, 
 plate liii. fig. 7, a, 6, and the specific characters 
 he gives are very nearly the same as those of our spe- 
 cimens. 
 
 ' Column subpentagonal : joints either all of equal size, 
 or alternately larger and smaller. The joint-faces rather 
 hollow, with a rosette of five oval leaves, rather pointed 
 at the extremities (in the impression this rosette slightly 
 projects.) The radiating lines somewhat large but few in 
 number ; those between the leaves meeting each other in 
 angles, three or four between each pair of leaves ; those 
 towards the ends of the leaves going direct to the circum- 
 ference of the joint. 
 
 ' These fossils have been found hitherto almost exclu- 
 sively in sandy grit, not in limestone ; and in nearly every 
 case in the same beds with Pleurodictyum problematicum. 
 As they are only casts or impressions, it is difficult to say 
 whether the joints alternate in size or not, but from an 
 examination of several casts the former is probably 
 the case. 
 
 ' Some other species of Pentacrinus have the joint-faces 
 ornamented with lines placed somewhat in a similar manner; 
 as for instance the Pentacrinus lavigatus of the St. Cassiaii 
 beds (Laube, tab. viii. a, fig. 21 ), and joints are formed in the 
 greensand of Chute Farm, with ornamentation of the same 
 kind ; but in neither of these cases do the lines meet at 
 such a decided angle between the leaves as in the Devo- 
 nian specimens. 
 
 ' It would seem that in the fossil sketched one of the 
 leaves is imperfect.'
 
 74 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 PLATE CLXXIII. is a diagram of the ' false bedding ' 
 in the oolitic strata of Starveall Quarry, near Gloucester. 
 PLATE CLXXIV. carries us to the neighbourhood of 
 Cologne ; it consists of two diagrams, or views, of a 
 quarry of Devonian limestone at the village of Ueffrath, 
 near this city ; the cross in the lower diagram marks the 
 spot from which the section in the upper diagram was 
 taken. The chief peculiarity in both places is the broken 
 character of the limestone, in which are large cracks, 
 originally empty, but now filled with a substance like 
 burnt umber, probably the remains of organised matter. 
 This material is exactly similar to that found in the cracks 
 and hollows of ' Lanes ' Quarry, near Newton Abbot, in 
 Devonshire. 
 
 PLATE CLXXV. is a diagram of the beds of scoriae in 
 the side of the Pfaffenkaul, or extinct crater, near Gerol- 
 stein in the Eifel : these scoriae are now quarried for 
 ' road metal '; the whole of the nodules of limestone found 
 amongst them are altered by heat. 
 
 In the year 1876 an excursion was taken to Upper 
 Austria and the neighbouring district, which afforded 
 several sketches. 
 
 PLATE CLXXVI. is a part of a rather long panoramic 
 sketch of the dolomite mountains east of the Garda Thai. 
 The original sketch is about double the length of that 
 copied in the plate, and shows somewhat more clearly the 
 long range of columnar cliffs, only a part of which is given 
 in the present sketch. Still, even a part may give some 
 idea of the peculiarity of the view. The road through 
 this valley led to the village in the next sketch. 
 
 PLATE CLXXVII.isa sketch of the village of St. Cassian. 
 It is copied here, not for the especial beauty of the 
 scenery, but on account of the great interest, speaking 
 geologically, of the beds found there; they consist, it 
 need hardly be mentioned, of a modification of the trias 
 in which the old forms pass away, and new species appear
 
 NOTE-BOOK OP AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 75 
 
 for the first time. A very large number of specimens 
 were obtained here. So far as they have yet been examined, 
 at least three hundred species may be said to have been 
 the result of a day's work ; this, however, included 
 a large number bought from the children of the village. 
 It may, perhaps, be useful to any geologist who is tempted 
 to wander to this ' out of the world ' place to know that 
 the road to the village is somewhat difficult to find, and 
 that a guide is desirable. 
 
 PLATE CLXXVIII. is a little sketch of the small lake 
 nearly at the top of the Brenner Pass. The valley in which 
 it is situated is traversed both by the old carriage road and 
 also by the railroad, and is surrounded almost entirely by 
 snow mountains. It is said, however, to contain a number 
 of trout. 
 
 PLATE CLXXIX. brings us back again to England; it 
 is the sketch of the northern part of Saltern Cove, in 
 Torbay. There is nothing at all remarkable in the scenery, 
 but it is peculiar as being the first locality where appa- 
 rently Upper Devonian fossils were found in South Devon- 
 shire. A paper was. sent to the * Geological Magazine ' in 
 the year 1877, p. 100, Plate V., stating this fact, and 
 giving a list of the few fossils found there, which corre- 
 spond for the most part with those of the famous Upper 
 Devonian locality of Biidesheim, in the Eifel. As these 
 fossils have been copied in Plate CCIII. (amongst the 
 few fossils drawn in the present work), it is needless to 
 give any further particulars here, except to remark that 
 the so-called ' goniatite bed ' is extremely local ; the bed 
 containing these fossils is only a few yards distant from 
 the rocks shown in the rough sketch in the plate, and 
 evidently is of the same horizon, immediately under what 
 is called the Exeter conglomerate ; but it is remarkable 
 that though this northern side of the little bay has been 
 carefully searched by several diligent collectors, not a 
 single fossil has as yet rewarded their labours. It is,
 
 76 NOTE- BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 however, singular that on the north side of the little 
 headland given in the plate in fact, at the extreme 
 southern end of Godrington Sands a similar bed may be 
 seen, probably on the same horizon, and here may be 
 found large crinoidal plates, and one or two rather good 
 specimens of the Pleurodictyum problematicum were ob- 
 tained from this place. The bed at Saltern was formerly 
 called ' Old Eed Sandstone,' and it may possibly be its equi- 
 valent, but it is not Old Red Sandstone. Further parti- 
 culars will be found in the description of Plate CCIII. 
 
 PLATE CLXXX. carries us from Devonshire to the 
 Devonian beds of the Eifel district ; it is a sketch of one 
 of the crater lakes, called the Schalkenmehrer Maar, taken 
 from the ridge between it and the Weinfelder Maar. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXI. is a peculiar appearance on the inside 
 slope of this lake. We were unable to examine it carefully, 
 and the sketch is simply given here in the hope that any 
 geologist visiting that neighbourhood may be induced to 
 examine it accurately. It so exactly resembles the form 
 of some of the ancient outlets of lava from Vesuvius, that 
 we naturally arrived at the conclusion that it must have 
 a similar origin ; it is, however, rather singular that 
 it should be on the inside of the crater. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXIL is a sketch of the intersecting lines 
 of the glacier of Monte Cristallo, taken from the road over 
 the Stelvio Pass, very near the summit. When the top 
 was reached, it might be seen that what is sketched of the 
 glacier is its side, not, as it appeared from the road, its 
 termination. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXIII. is a sketch of the Upper Gosau Lake, 
 in Upper Austria ; the scenery is very wild and romantic. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXIV. is a sketch of the lake of Alt 
 Aussee ; the water here is excessively clear, and the lake 
 deep. The peculiar kind of trout called ' saibling,' so well 
 known to the epicures of Vienna, is found here ; it prob- 
 ably is only a variety, not a distinct species.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 77 
 
 PLATE CLXXXV. is a sketch of the village of Hof, 
 and the Schaf berg mountain. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXYI. is the sketch of a pinnacle of 
 Devonian limestone on the rocky islet called The Thatcher, 
 near Torquay; the rocks here, as will also be seen in 
 PLATE LXXXVIL, are extremely contorted, and this has 
 probably been the cause of the formation of this singular 
 pinnacle. 
 
 In the year 1878 an excursion was taken in the com- 
 pany of Professor Ferdinand Eoemer. of Breslau, to Den- 
 mark, Sweden, and the island of Gothland; several sketches 
 and sections were obtained during this journey. 
 
 PLATE CLXXXVIII. gives some idea of the famous 
 quarry of upper chalk at Faxoe, in Denmark. The country 
 for miles round this village is nearly a dead flat, but near 
 the village or hamlet the Faxoe beds, as well as the under- 
 lying white chalk, are forced up into a low dome-like 
 form. It need hardly be mentioned here that the Faxoe 
 beds almost entirely consist of a mass of corals with a few 
 Crustacea; the mineral character of some of the beds 
 strongly resembles very curiously the Permian limestone of 
 Humbleton Hill. 
 
 PLATES CLXXXIX and CXC. are two little sketches, 
 one looking to the south and the other to the north of 
 the chalk cliffs at Stevensklint, on the east shore of 
 Denmark ; it will be seen that the lower part of these 
 cliffs, being softer than the rest, has weathered away and 
 left the upper part overhanging. 
 
 PLATE CXCI. is a section of no little interest, although 
 by no means in a romantic locality ; it was first discovered 
 by Dr. Alfred G. Nathorst, the Spitzbergen explorer, and 
 who is now high in the Government Geological Survey of 
 Sweden. He was fortunately our guide, and he showed 
 us that in this locality, as in nearly the whole of Scania, 
 the beds for some depth below the soil are glacial that is, 
 they contain the remains of arctic or glacial plants, such
 
 78 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 
 
 as Betula nana> Salix polaris, and other similar species. 
 These arctic plants are not found in the upper bed of 
 vegetable mould. 
 
 PLATE CXCII. is a sketch of the Taberg mountain, 
 near Jonkoping, in Sweden. This is peculiar, inasmuch 
 as it is almost a solid mountain of iron ore ; there seems 
 to be one bed of gneiss, and several very thin beds or veins 
 of serpentine, otherwise the whole mountain, said to be 
 about sixteen hundred feet high, is one mass of ore. 
 There is a blast furnace, fast going to decay, as it is not 
 worked, probably from the depression of the times ; but 
 one would have imagined that such pure ore would have 
 repaid working. 
 
 PLATE CXCIII. is a sketch of the cliff called Hog 
 Klint, near Wisby, in the island of Gothland. This cliff 
 belongs to the Wenlock formation, and the pebbles on the 
 shore are full of fossils, more especially corals. Some of 
 the beds are very solid, while others are rather soft and 
 ehaly ; these last yield to the weather, and sometimes 
 take peculiar forms, as is shown by PLATE CXCIV., 
 although the weather in this case has probably been 
 assisted by the hands of the quarryman. 
 
 A rapid journey homeward by Denmark, Hamburg, 
 Berlin, and Zurich did not afford time for any sketches of 
 interest. 
 
 PLATE CXCV., however, shows that Switzerland had 
 its attractions the following year. It represents the upper 
 part of a valley very little known, although it may be 
 easily explored from Lucerne ; it is called Engelberg, and 
 is well worthy of a visit. In the sketch the Alps towards 
 the left hand are singularly pointed. We did not ascend 
 the mountain, but in the museum of the convent there 
 (which is still kept up very much as in olden time) we 
 saw several fossils precisely similar to those of the valley 
 of Glarus. Amongst others there was a good specimen of 
 the Ananchelum of Agassiz, so that it is very evident the 
 Led called Flysch by the Swiss is found here.
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 79 
 
 PLATE CXCVI. takes us to the west of Switzerland, 
 and is a rough sketch of the mountain called the Dent de 
 Midi and the neighbouring Alps taken from the pleasant 
 Hotel des Salines, at Bex ; the saltworks near the hotel 
 are well worthy of a visit. 
 
 PLATE CXCVII. is the sketch of another locality near 
 Bex. It is within a morning's drive, and certainly affords 
 splendid views of scenery. The mountains, which go by 
 the name of the Diablerets, are chiefly composed of the so- 
 called ' black chalk,' similar to that at the Eochers di Fiz, 
 and described under Plate XIII. Numbers of fossils may 
 be collected at the foot of these cliffs, chiefly, but not 
 entirely, belonging to this formation; one or two have 
 apparently a tertiary character. 
 
 PLATE CXCVIII. is a most interesting locality to a 
 student of Devonian rocks. 
 
 In the autumn of 1880 Professor Ferdinand Roemer of 
 Breslau, who is especially known as the Describer of the 
 Devonian Rocks of the Eifel, kindly undertook to be our 
 guide to one or two of the most notable Devonian localities 
 in Germany. Mr. Whidborne, F.G.S., of Torquay, also 
 accompanied us. One of the first places to which our 
 attention was directed by Professor Roemer was the 
 quarry at Adorf, in Waldeck, drawn in the plate under 
 consideration. The upper part, represented somewhat in 
 shade, consists of the regular * cypridina ' shale, full of these 
 little organisms ; then come a series of beds with Goniatites 
 intumescens, Cardum retrostriatum (palmatum), and other 
 fossils, characteristic of the Upper Devonian, amongst 
 which may be mentioned a most splendid head of the 
 Coccosteus, which had only been discovered the day before 
 our arrival, and also two beautiful plates of the same fish 
 covered with star-like studs. The manager of the quarry 
 had got a large collection from this locality, and we were 
 delighted to see a perfect Harpes, about an inch long. 
 The reader is requested to compare the memoranda here 
 given with those noted under Plate CCIL, as it appears
 
 80 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUB GEOLOGIST. 
 
 that there can be no possible doubt that the German 
 Devonian beds can be only correlated with those of 
 England, if the latter are ever properly investigated. It 
 may, perhaps, be well to mention that some years ago, 
 when visiting the Eifel with my friend Mr. Townshend 
 M. Hall, of Pilton, near Barnstaple, whose knowledge of 
 the North Devon beds is well known, we found that 
 the lower strata of the Devonian at Daleiden were rather 
 difficult of access, and we were obliged to make a consi- 
 derable circuit to reach this place. We slept at Diekirch, in 
 Luxembourg, and then took a carriage over a fine open 
 country to reach Daleiden. It was in the course of this 
 day's journey that Mr. Hall repeatedly examined the 
 fossils in the stone heaps by the roadside, and was much 
 struck by the identity, or nearly so, of the fossils, suite 
 after suite, with those of North Devon. Mr. Hall has 
 himself authorised the publication of this statement. 
 
 This seems the proper place to urge on English geo- 
 logists, especially the Devonian ones, to endeavour to 
 correlate the English and German beds. In Germany 
 and Belgium the series of Devonians and the associated 
 beds seems to be more complete than in England. Already 
 the Saltern beds all but appear to be proved identical with 
 those of Biidesheim, while those of Lower Dunscombe (see 
 Plate CCII.) have been determined by Professor F. Eoemer 
 to be the same as those found at Adorf . 
 
 The beds of culm associated with the Upper Devonian 
 are now under examination, and several of the fossils are 
 positively identical; but as this point has yet to be worked 
 out further, it may be well merely to express an opinion 
 that when the English beds about this horizon have been 
 fully investigated, it is probable that every bed now found 
 in Germany will be recognised in England. 
 
 PLATE CXCIX. is the rough sketch of a quarry of 
 Middle Devonian at Petigny, in the southern part of 
 Belgium; the beds are chiefly vertical, and contain the
 
 NOTE-BOOK OF AN AMATEUR GEOLOGIST. 81 
 
 regular well-known fossils of the English Devonian. 
 The neighbourhood of Couvin was strongly recommended 
 to us as our headquarters, by Professsor C. Malaise of 
 Gembloux, who kindly accompanied us. The Belgian 
 geologists divide the Devonian into numerous beds : the 
 following is a list of them taken from the very useful 
 volume lately published by Professor Malaise, entitled 
 ' Description de gites fossiliferes Devoniens, et d'affleure- 
 ments du terrain cretace,' Bruxelles 1879. 
 
 Upper Devonian. Psammites de Condroz and Montfort. Cu- 
 
 cullcea Hardingii. 
 Oligiste. 
 
 Schistes de Famenne. 
 Schistes tLcardium palmatum 
 Schistes de Frasne. Beceptaculites Nephmi 
 (See PL CCIX.) and Spirifer orbelianus. . 
 
 Middle Devonian. Calcaire de Givet. Stringocephalus Burtini. 
 Schistes et calcaire de Couvin. Calceola 
 
 sandalina. 
 
 Lower Devonian. Schistes a Spirifer cultrijugatus. Hierges. 
 Poudingne de Burnot. 
 Gres et schistes noiratres de Vireux. 
 Schistes a Leptcena Murchisoni. Houflalize. 
 Gres blanchatres d'Anor. 
 Schistes de Gedinne, arkose de Weismes et 
 de Dave, poudingue d'Ombret. 
 
 PLATE CC. is an attempt (perhaps without much 
 success) to give an idea of the enormous quarry of moun- 
 tain limestone at Tournay. The stone resembles that 
 found in other localities, but some of the fossils are extra- 
 ordinarily good. In one or two places there are patches 
 of other and higher formations, but this very large quarry 
 may be considered almost entirely to consist of mountain 
 limestone. Crinoidal heads of various genera are not 
 unusually found here.
 
 APPENDIX. 83 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 HAVING now brought down the Note-book to the present time, it 
 only remains to mention a few of the fossils in the collection at 
 Villa Syracusa, which are of peculiar interest. This collection 
 now contains fossils which may be said to represent nearly ten 
 thousand different species, and (if all the minute organisms 
 are counted) about double this number of specimens, so that it 
 would be manifestly impossible to illustrate it by drawings. 
 Still there are a few which may be worth especial notice, and 
 the frontispiece and the few plates above Plate CO. are devoted 
 to this purpose. 
 
 The Frontispiece represents the upper portion of the skull of 
 the cave bear, the Ursus spelceus, from a ' negative ' taken by my 
 friend A. R. Hunt, Esq., and printed by the new ' Woodbury 
 Permanent Photographic printing process.' For this splendid 
 specimen I am indebted to the kindness of my friend Professor 
 Ferdinand Roemer, of Breslau, who is now busily engaged in 
 exploring the bone- caves of Poland. A letter lately received 
 from him gives all the necessary particulars respecting it, and 
 with his permission an extract from it is here copied : 
 
 ' The skull of the cave bear Ursiis spelceus which I sent to 
 you is from a bone-cave near Ojcow, in Russian Poland, about 
 twelve English miles north of Crakow. This cave was explored 
 by myself two years ago, and partially emptied. It has yielded 
 bones of a number of extinct mammalia. Besides the cave bear, 
 bones and teeth of Felis spelcea, Elephas primigenius, Rhinoceros 
 tichorhinus, the reindeer Gervus tarandus, &c., were found ; also 
 flint and bone implements of prehistoric man. There are 
 several such caves in the neighbourhood. They are all situated 
 in a range of Jurassic hills, which extends from Crakow in a 
 north-west direction through a great part of Poland. I am pre- 
 paring a memoir on the results of my exploration of these caves.' 
 o2
 
 84 APPENDIX. 
 
 A small ivory foot-rule was placed just under the skull, when 
 it was photographed, in order to show the size ; the length of it 
 from one end to the other is between 20 and 21 inches. 
 
 PLATE CCI. is the reduced drawing of a very large head of 
 the Cephalaspis asterolepis (Zenaspis Salweyi, Ray Lankester, 
 Pal. Soc., 1868, p. 52), which was obtained by Mr. E. Y. Steele, 
 of Abergavenny, on the east side of the Skerrid Vawr, and which, 
 by his kindness, is now in the collection at Villa Syracnsa. This 
 specimen has been already photographed and published in the 
 Transactions of the Woolhope Club, together with a description 
 by the late Mr. Salter ; and, as his determinations are always 
 good, a copy is here made of his remarks. He says in the 
 Woolhope volume for 1868, p. 240: 'The surface is mostly 
 abraded, and the large tubercles of enamel only seen in parts ; 
 but the peculiar form of head, a broad and blunt-pointed Gothic 
 arch, is well preserved in this specimen, the largest known. The 
 eyes are small, placed more than half-way from the vertex 
 to the front, twice their own shorter diameter apart, a narrow 
 depression between them, with a tubercle behind it ; and then 
 a broad oblong flat space 1^ inch long by |- of an inch broad, 
 appears to have been bounded by low ridges of enamel. Pos- 
 terior to this the vertex rises to a sharp high ridge, more 
 elevated than in any other species, but, unfortunately, imperfect. 
 We do not know the cervical spine. The lateral cornua (do not, 
 or may not, belong to this identical specimen here figured : they 
 were found two years previously in the same quarry, by my 
 friend D. M. McCullough, Esq., M.D., of Larchfield, near Aber- 
 gavenny, and by his kind liberality they are now in the same 
 cabinet at Villa Syracusa as the Cephalaspis head : they) are 
 3 inches long, measuring from their contracted base, and are 
 both larger and more cylindrical and narrower than in the 
 typical C. Lyellii. The polygonal vascular areas which cover the 
 head are small in this species. On the under side the uncurved 
 bony margin is broad at the head angles, and as roughly tuber- 
 cular as on the upper surface. Round the front it becomes 
 semi-cylindrical. The enamel tubercles appear to have been one 
 on each polygonal area. On the spines they are clear, compressed, 
 and all but shortly spinose. The length is 6 inches, including the 
 extreme cervical point, which is lost in this magnificent specimen.' 
 
 PLATE CCII. is the reproduction, by the kindness of the editor 
 of the ' Geological Magazine,' of a plate in the April number of
 
 APPENDIX. 85 
 
 that journal for 1880, illustrative of Professor Ferdinand Roemer's 
 paper on the Upper Devonian beds near Chudleigh. The reader 
 is referred to this paper, as it it is extremely interesting, and 
 correlates many of the English and German Devonian beds. 
 
 The plate itself exhibits drawings of two specimens of the 
 Goniatites Sagittarius of Sandberger (G. multilobatus of Beyrich). 
 This species has not been previously found in Britain. 1 The two 
 specimens drawn are both imperfect at the edge better spe- 
 cimens have since been found in this respect, but unfortunately 
 they do not exhibit the numerous wavy septa, so well shown in 
 the drawings. The gilt block on the outside of the cover is the 
 restoration of a rather small specimen of Goniatites Sagittarius of 
 Sandberger (G. multilo'batus of Beyr.). The third figure in this 
 plate is also from the Upper Devonian of Lower Dunscombe ; it 
 is an undoubted plate of Coccosteus (said by the editor of 
 the ' Geological Magazine ' to be near to 0: oblongus of Agas- 
 siz) ; and this brings the German and the English Upper 
 Devonian beds still closer together. It may be remembered 
 in the description of Plate CXCVIII. that a splendid head, and 
 two large plates of Coccosteus had been found at Adorf, in 
 Waldeck, a day or two before our arrival there. Specimens of 
 this kind are, of course, rare, but still their occurrence at both 
 places, together with numerous Goniatites intumescens and other 
 fossils, shows very clearly the identity of the beds. 
 
 PLATE CCIII. is a rearranged copy of the plate in the ' Geo- 
 logical Magazine ' for 1877, referred to p. 75, and the following 
 is an extract from the paper, p. 101 in the Magazine, so as to 
 complete the notice : 
 
 ' All the old geological maps of the Torbay district colour a 
 portion of the ground near the middle of the bay as Old Red 
 Sandstone. Dr. Holl, in his amended map of 1868 (" Quarterly 
 Journal," November 1868) divides this " Old Red" into two parts, 
 the " Lower South Devon," or the slates, &c., under the middle 
 limestone, and the " Upper South Devon," or those above it ; and 
 he makes the first, or the Lower South Devon (of which the 
 mudstone shales are a type), to touch the shore near or in Saltern 
 Cove. These red shales are, however, tilted up at rather a sharp 
 angle, and are covered un conformably by the nearly horizontal 
 
 1 The Kev. J. F. Blake was the first to recognise this species, when 
 examining the collection of specimens from the quarry at Lower Duns- 
 combe.
 
 86 APPENDIX. 
 
 beds of Exeter conglomerate, so that this fact alone renders it 
 very improbable that they are the same as the mudstone shales, 
 and the following evidence from fossils seems to confirm this. 
 
 4 For some time Goniatites have been known to have occurred 
 here, but they are exceedingly local in fact, so much so that 
 notwithstanding repeated searches I never could discover them, 
 till my friend Captain (now Admiral) Bedford, R.N., of Paign- 
 ton, and a young geologist, a friend of his, directed me where to 
 look. The space where they are found appears very limited, but 
 still we soon secured a number of small Goniatites, and a few 
 other shells. From the very first the appearance of these Gonia- 
 tites reminded me strongly of those found in such abundance in 
 the well-known beds of shale at Biidesheim, in the Eifel, where a 
 friend and I had worked in 1875, and where in the course of a 
 few hours we were fortunate enough to secure a large number. 
 It need hardly be said with what pleasure we found at Saltern 
 the well-known minute shell Cardiumpalinatum ((7. retrostriatum) 
 almost, if not entirely, characteristic of the German shale at 
 Bfidesheim, and this discovery was followed by others, so that 
 before the day was finished we obtained from this very limited 
 locality some eight or ten species apparently identical with those 
 found at Biidesheim. I have determined the following species 
 as occuring at both places. See Plate CCIII. 1 
 
 Orthoceras Schlotheimi, Quenst. Goniatites Gerolsteinus, Stein. 
 Goniatites auris primordialis, Quenst. 
 
 retrorsus sp. (near to auris). 
 
 Ausavensis, Stein. Pleurotomaria turbinea, Stein. 
 
 Prumiensis ,, Cardium palmatum. 
 
 ' These facts appear to me of great interest, and though I dare 
 not say that the occurrence of these eight or ten species in the two 
 localities absolutely identify the beds of Saltern Cove 2 with those 
 
 1 Mr. Henry (now Dr.) Woodward, who has examined these specimens, 
 and compared them with those from Biidesheim, concurs in these deter- 
 minations. 
 
 2 In order to indicate the place more clearly, it may be well to state 
 that Saltern Cove consists of a large bay to the south, and a very small one 
 to the north. The place where these fossils are found is to the north of the 
 extreme point of the headland, dividing these two bays. (Since this was 
 written my friend Mr. A. R. Hunt, F.G.S., has discovered the same bed on 
 the southern face of the little headland.)
 
 APPENDIX. 87 
 
 of Biidesheim, yet the evidence goes a long way in this direction, 
 and a further close investigation is highly desirable. 
 
 EXPLANATION OP PLATE CCIEI. 
 Fig. From Saltern Cove. Fig. From Biidesheim. 
 
 1. Goniatites auris, Quenst. 7 and 10. Goniatites auris, Quenst. 
 
 2. retrorsus, Quenst. 8. Goniatites retrorsus, Quenst. 
 
 3. Gerolsteinus, Stein. 9. Ausavensis, Stein. 
 
 4. Ausavensis, Stein. 12. Orthoceras Schlotheimi, Quenst. 
 
 5. Prumiensis, Stein. 14. Pleurotomaria turbinea, Stein. 
 
 6. primordialis, Quenst. 17. Cardium palmatum 
 
 (nat. size) 
 
 11. Orthoceras Schlotheimi.Quenst. 
 1 3. Pleurotomaria turbinea, Stein. 
 
 15. Mytilus priscus, Stein. 
 
 16. Cardium palmatum 
 18. a b c, Crinoidal stems 
 
 ' All drawn twice the natural size except fig. 6.' 
 
 The fossils drawn in the two following plates (Plate CCIV. 
 and Plate CCV.) being crustaceans, have been laid before my 
 friend Mr. C. Spence Bate, F.B.S., who is describing the crus- 
 tacea of the Challenger Expedition, and who has kindly sent to 
 me for insertion notes on both of them. 
 
 'PLATE CCIV. Mecochims Pearcei (MacCoy). (Ammonicolax 
 longimanus : Pearce, " An. Nat. Hist." September 1842. Meco- 
 cliirus Pearcei : MacCoy, " An. Nat. Hist." 2nd ser. vol. iv. p. 172. 
 Megachirus Pearcei : Salter and Woodward's Chart.) 
 
 ' This specimen, I think, belongs to the species alluded to by 
 MacCoy, I. c. It is evidently not the Megachirus longimanus of 
 Miinster which Salter and Woodward have figured in their Chart 
 of Fossil Crustacea. 
 
 ' Mr. Pearce first described it under the name of Ammonicolax 
 longimanus, with the conviction that it was a genus of hermit 
 crab that inhabited the empty shells of an Ammonite, upon no 
 better reason apparently than that these Cephalopodes were found 
 common in the Oxford clay at Christian Malford, where this 
 Crustacea existed. This Professor MacCoy discredits, from the 
 circumstance of the well- developed body and tail fan ; which 
 latter is well shown in our specimen. Although Macrura have 
 been found with these parts well developed, belonging to species 
 that inhabit the dead shells of mollusca, yet they invariably offer 
 peculiarities of structure that demonstrate their habits in a
 
 88 APPENDIX. 
 
 living condition, which form of structure is wanting in our 
 specimens. 
 
 ' I have not seen a figure or specimen of Pearce's species from the 
 Oxford clay, but certainly it is not, judging by the figure, Miinster's 
 0. longimanus, from the Upper White Jura of Solenhofen. The 
 difference lies, in the form of the first somite of the pleon 
 as given in Salter and Woodward's Chart, and in the pointed 
 character of the second somite, as well as in the arrangement 
 of the tubercular ornamentation on the surface. In our speci- 
 men the pleon (body) is slightly compressed in the last two somites, 
 whereas the telson is flattened and compressed at the sides only. 
 On the dorsal surface of the pleon there is a longitudinal row of 
 minute tubercles in the median line, another row of similar cha- 
 racter on each side, and a third still more laterally situated corre- 
 sponds with the connection of the somite and the marginal (or 
 coxal) plate. These consist of six small tubercles on each somite, 
 three anterior and three posterior ; each arranged diagonally, so 
 that the first tubercle of the posterior row is above the last 
 tubercle of the anterior ; this is constant on the second and three 
 following somites, those on the first and sixth being less defined. 
 Each coxal plate carries near its centre a tubercle of larger size, 
 which becomes double on the second somite. 
 
 ' The Rhipidura, or tail-fan, is well developed, and is implanted 
 at the side rather than at the posterior angle of the sixth somite 
 of the pleon, and the external plates are compressed laterally, 
 much as we find them in Penceus. The extremities of the legs 
 are not present in our specimen, and we accept those as given by 
 Minister as being correct, which is corroborated in our specimen 
 as relates to the form of the second pair of perieopoda, of which 
 the dactylus alone is wanting. The anterior pair is long and 
 subchelate, the second is short and subchelate, the posterior three 
 pairs are simple and short, the last shortest. 
 
 ' From the Lower Grreensand at Atherfield.' (C. Spence Bate.) 
 
 ' PLATE CCV. Enoploclytia (MacCoy). The species to which 
 the specimen figured in the accompanying plate belongs I am 
 not able to determine positively. It may be E. sussexianis of 
 JDixon (" Geology of Sussex," t. 8, fig. 1). But our specimen 
 is very imperfect, one side of the carapace and part of the telson 
 being all that is preserved. But this is sufficient, I tbink, to 
 determine that it does not approach, as MacCoy says the 
 typical specimen of this genus does, the family of the Galatkeida 1 ;
 
 APPENDIX. 89 
 
 he being led chiefly in this idea by the spiny character of E. 
 leacUi (Mantell, " Geol. Sussex," PI. 29, figs. 1-4). Our specimen 
 cannot be E. brevimana of MacCoy (" An. Nat. Hist." 2nd ser. 
 vol. iv. p. 332), with which it agrees, excepting in the absence 
 of large scattered spires among the small tubercles that stud the 
 surface of the' carapace. 
 
 ' One prominent feature in our specimen is the position of the 
 second pair of antennae. Only in the family of the SYNAXID.E, which 
 contains the several genera allied to Palinurus, Synaxes and 
 Scyllarus, does the larger or second pair of antennas attain this 
 position among the Macrura. But want of specimens to guide 
 us precludes the desire to further speculation for the present, 
 although there are other features which, if retained in more 
 perfect specimens, will corroborate this hypothesis. 
 
 From the Neocomian (Grey Stone), Nettleton Hill, Lincoln- 
 shire.' (C. Spence Bate.) 
 
 * Figs. 1, Enoploclytia ? ; 2, telson of same, with posterior two 
 somites of the pleon. 
 
 PLATE CCVI. is the reproduction of a drawing made of a 
 microscopic section of one of the long bones of a small reptile, 
 found in what is called a ' trial ' for coal at Llantrissent in 
 Glamorganshire. Some other remains of the same reptile were 
 also obtained there, and the whole were described by Professor 
 Owen in the ' Geological Magazine ' for 1865, and the animal 
 was named by him Antlirakerpeton crassosteum. The reader is 
 referred to this paper for further information. He will find there 
 woodcuts and lithographic drawings of other portions of the 
 reptile; these, however, have not been reproduced here, not 
 being sufficiently distinct. 
 
 PLATE CCVII. is a good drawing of the third dermal scute 
 of a saurian from the wealden of Sandown, in the Isle of Wight, 
 and referred to page 32. 
 
 As this in its abraded state is a very difficult specimen to 
 represent, it has been laid before Mr. J. Hawkins, who is litho- 
 graphing the crustacean plates for the Challenger Expedition, 
 and he has certainly made a very careful and true drawing. It 
 will be noticed that from the highest point or protuberance, 
 which is a little eccentric and bluntly pointed, three ridges 
 descend towards the edge of the scale, but die away, or cease to 
 be ridges, before they reach it. Two of these ridges are in the 
 same line in the longer diameter of the scale, the third or shorter
 
 90 APPENDIX. 
 
 one descends from the highest point at right angles to the other 
 two. 
 
 It has been before mentioned that in the British Museum 
 there are one or two scales with somewhat similar characters 
 which are attributed to the Hylcsosaurus. 
 
 PLATE CCVIII. is a drawing by the same good "artist of two 
 specimens of the fossils referred to page 63, under the name of 
 Ischadites Koenigii (Murchison's ' Siluria,' 5th ed. plate 12, fig. 4). 
 They were found in the Wenlock shale of the Gaercoed near 
 Usk. They appear to come very near the fossil referred to in 
 this volume, page 20, which was found at Barton (or Lummaton), 
 near Torquay, in what has generally been considered Middle 
 Devonian limestone. It is also very near what the Germans and 
 French call Receptaculites, which is undoubtedly a Devonian 
 form. In the course of last autumn, when under the kind 
 guidance of Professor C. Malaise, of Gembloux, we obtained a 
 number of specimens from the neighbourhood of Couvin, in 
 Belgium, and as some paleontologists consider the Ischadites and 
 the Receptaculites to be nearly, if not entirely, identical, it has 
 been thought advisable to give a careful drawing of one of the 
 best specimens from Belgium. 
 
 PLATE CCIX. is a drawing of this specimen, Receptaculites 
 Neptuni: nearly a dozen were obtained in various degrees of 
 preservation, by three individuals, in an hour or two, so that 
 they cannot be said to be rare, although apparently confined to 
 one thin bed. 
 
 Magnified figures of some of the divisions have been added 
 in both of the last plates, so as to enable those who are studying 
 the structure of these singular fossils more carefully to compare 
 them. 
 
 Respecting these two genera (if indeed they are two), a re- 
 ference is advised to Professor F. Roemer's ' Lethea Palaeozoica,' 
 vol. i. p. 290; to Professor Nicholson's ' Paleeontology,' vol. 
 i. p. 127 ; and to Professor Zittel's ' Handbuch der Palaeon- 
 tology,' vol. i. p. 84 ; also to vol. iii. p. 282, of the ' Memoirs 
 of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.' 
 
 Spotlisiroodf & Co., Pi-inters, New-street Square, London.
 
 
 Si 

 
 PI. II. 
 
 FACSIMILE OF A PLAN FOR A GEOLOGICAL TOUR ROUND PARIS 
 MADE BV M. ADOLPHE BRONGNIART. MAV 1829.
 
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 PI. XIX, 
 
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 BANK OF STREAM, TIN MILL. 
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 IOT H MAY, 1859. 
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 TRAP DIKES ON CORRIE GILLS, ARRAN, 
 22ND APRIL, 1861.
 
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 23rd April, 18(U. 
 
 Pladda Lighthouse, Aiisa Crag, aud Imp Dike, Kildonan. 
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 RICK- LIKE SECTION OF THE UPPER LLANDOVERY BEDS 
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