i J\,S.BAKHESfcC0. New York ^Chicago. Lk. - // THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES P f»» ^ v> ^ / ^ ' 'inxy^A ^-^ '^y - lu^ ^ ^ S ^^^a Kj y y / ' { / '--^ ^ \ r / --^ to ITT? THK INDEPEli«rD^NT COURSE CO .^ ^ G) REHENSIVE ^ N LOCAL, J\£A. TIIL!M:JL TICjLL, Q^IIirSICA.L, COMFARA TJVL, . Peoria *Ji'i. Snrlngflelil. ••i"> Bioomington. 14. 11. 11. II', I .r:l-^ \'alU'v \all,-jo.... " l."> .\n"eles Mary^vflle ,. Peta'luma . . Nevada CONNECTICUT. New Haven llartlord BildKeport . N'orwich . . . Ni)r\valk \Vatrrbur>'-- ■ Stamfunl ' . . . New Biiuin . ;JT.1*> ••ii,(«l(l I6,avi i4,ir.i lil.H-J'i 9.714 9,4!«) COLORADO. Denver (Vutral City. . 4,7ai \uri>ni. l;.>.kfonl . .. '■ • ilesbun; ■lacksonville, Mtnn Ik'lleville . . . R(H-k li>land. . Freoport . . . . Oitaiva .loliel Decatur (ialena IVkin K. St. lyi.ni^ . 1^1 Salle Ktinkakce. D.mvill.-. ... Monmouth. . . Waukegan . . Mfiline Dixon StcrliD!; Lilchfleld . . . . Warsaw Mi'ndota Canton Cairo ElL-in IOWA .••."4.SI0 ■ Ti'ai I'laquemines. '.;. S .Naichiti>che» •16.450,""""'° uncll BlutTK 10.()*1i MAINE. .Mu-ialine .. 6,718(porllanil .. . »4.4-» 6.1*39, Bangor . . . 5.'>40|Lc\vi«ton . VJW Buldeford 5.ai4 .Angiisla . 4,:i:i7:|i:it1i. ... 4.*t5|i{ocklana. 4.0MH,. Auburn... 1.47"J Monroe., l.tiio Marvliall. 1.401 Pontiac . Clint Cedar Kapid Iowa City. . . OttnlDwa . . . Waterloo , . Mt. Pleasant Lyoiif Fort Madi,.~.vj .-.,7+1 a,.'j75 Cuinl>crland.. DELAWARE. Wilmington.. .30.S41 Smyrna. ... '2,110 New CaJtle . . 1,916 Dover 1,906 DIST. COLOMBIA. Washington. li^.l'-Kl (R'orgetown. 11. .'^1 FLORIDA. Jac'ksonvill.- '11.000 Pensacola •3,347 TaUaluasee... •-2,534 INDIANA. Indianapoli KvansviUc, .. Fort Wayne. . « Terre Hanle . < New Albany . Ijifavettc . . Mu.lison ... ' Kirhmond I.ogans[iori . .r'Aerscinville Siitith I<<'iiil La Porte Michigan City ' 'eru •IB 21 '•i.: •19 1". 1,1 •11 ft, 8.'. 7,; *"*?llHager-iown |™l.*nn.,,ol,- \-^^ MASSACHUSETTS. '"■ Boston •:M1,919 KANSAS. Worcesti'r Le.ivenworth. 17.87:i Camliridge Lawrence . . 8.:«) F.nll Kivc-r .Vtchison 7,(&4 Lawrence. ToiK'ka 5,790 Lvnn Fort Scott 4.174 Springfleld Ottawa 2,941 Salem ... Wvandotte. . . 2.910 New Bedforil. •23,876 Emporia 2.ia8 Som.Tville. •21.s<;s Chelsea KENTUCKY. Tatmto,.^ Lonisyille...^l20.noo Holyoke . 24,3ur, Newton . 15.0*7 Haverhill 14,801 Newbnryport>13.,t» . 6.86()!Fitchbnrg. •12,289 5.39()|Pitts«cld, 4,7(bJ MICHIGAN. •49,» .•4».2,:isi; '7,IM 5,080 4.ir^5 4.867 4,6:» 4,:)K1 :t.,jis :<.:m ■.>.7;il 2.IK*) l.7:«) 1.772 l.ii7 NEBRASKA. SuratoLTi Spr. Omaha 16,083 i^;;" "^''■•'"°n Nebraska . NEVADA. «'Si Kingston .... *■'*' Flus-hing Longis Cily 7.516 7.495 6,31:. 6.22:1 3 867 MINNESOTA. St. Paul •is.u; Minneapolis . 13.06li \N'inolia St, Anthony Red Wing Stilhvate Kochester. Mankato . . Hastings. Duluth Faribault . . St. Cloud .. St. Peter Owatonna , Au8tin. 10.743 5.013 4.2WJ 4,IJ4 :).^1.>1 .■!.iS2 3.4.-W 3.131 3.IH5 2, 161 2,124 2.070 2.(1.39 Virginia 7,048 NORTH CAROLINA. i;"lM,' .1 ■ i-nW Wilmin^on 1.3,446 1 amnion ».aj: Raleigh ... . 7,7W Favetieville. 4,6«ii NEW HAMPSHIRE. Ch^irlotte.... 4,47:1 Mauch.>l.-[ .. 21,5.36 _..._ CoiKcml .... 12,2411 OHIO- ^"a'l""> '"•M'S Ciuciiinali . •26(i Dover 9,291 Cleveland Poriamouth.. 9.21 1 Tgi^do. . . Columbus NEW JERSEY. IMyion . . ur..iB9 g«i"lu^lty 116.(100 :i:j57!i Norrlatown . Altoona. , Wilkcsliarre Titueville Danville Meadville... L4>ckhaven. PiltI*tOD Lebanon Carlisle Columbia .. Carbundale . Newark. •lersey Cit I'aterson . Trenton Klizabeth lloboken. Camden. ShakopeeCily 1,:J4" MISSISSIPPI Viek-biiri: Natchez .... Columbus.. . .Taekson .... Molly Spruigs .Vberdeen tirenada 12.+1.1 9,057 4,H12 4.2:n 2.022 1.887 < )ninge , , . Bridgetoil , Rjihway Millvilfe... Burlington Plainlleld . Tnion Harrison.. 2.>l .206 ,581 ,!M5 ,617 CrawrordavUle 3,701 HopkinsvlUc. .3,1.36 .lackson Danville 2,542 E. Saginaw . . Shelbyrillo... 2,180 .\drian I Kalamazoo . . .^..lAiAbiA Saginaw LOUISIANA. Ann Arbor. New ()rl.:in-.*2n3.l:illliv City Baton Knuge. 6.!M8 Miiskegon . Sbreveport. . . 4,60T Port Ilnron. . Monroe l.!M9 Battle Creek . Tliib,Mleani. . l.'J22 Ypsilanti . , .. ll,«7 ll.:l")l 8.4:h 9.1 SI l.ixingtci t'hiUicolhe Macon . Louisiana. 1611 Cape Girardeau :i..'vC 24,432 20..">77 10,125 5,570 s.seo 4.560 4,120 ■l.:!73 3,;t7s 3.6T8 3.6:!!l ^ S|)ringfleld.. ^ .jiiamilton , . .s) J-'( Portsmouth. Sis:« '^'""^^'> •"'■ •ki-jo- Akron .i"S-'''ii"i':othc.. N Brunswick 15.I6S ^ "' ,°"„, ,,, 6.258 fi.lOl 5.811 Miinnfield . . I Newark Xenia Piaua. 5'^IPnmeroy 4,129 Ironton Delaware . . Brooklyn. Buffalo . . . Albany . . Rochester Syracuse Tr 1-^6 U.'i.lK) •54,100 •42,71,-7 30.473 13,000 12.652 11.081 10,5!ri 10.011 10.006 8,920 8.li6l> S.107 8.07.) S,02!i 6.098 6,sn 5,967 5,824 5,086 5.611 5,455 5,419 5,407 5,21s 10,753 VERMC'NT. J{5-?i? Burlington... 14,887 '"•"J Rutland 9.8S4 '•™ Bennington.. 2,801 7'lu;) ^i^rg^uues... 6*986 IJrattleboro . . «^"«» VIRGIN 6. '27 Richmond .. •-•^ Norfolk 6. 101 ivtersbnrg. . . 6,:)'.':i Alexandria... Chamhersburg 6,:»< I>ort^ mouth. New Castle.. 6.161 i.ynrlibnrg 6,02X \V'im,heslel^ 5,'.«iOi.-rt.,|,.ricksliurg4.048 5.726 Danville 3.463 I>."1 ' Lexington . 2.878 S.Wlciiariunesvillc 2,838 Johnstown Tamaqua'. . . St. Clair. .. Ashland ... Westchester 4,988 A. 51.038 19.299 18,930 43,570 10.492 6,K25 4,477 Malianoy 5.5:« M„,„.in.g„.r 2.Sm Hampton ... 2,300 RHODE ISLAND. Ilamsonburg 2.086 Providence •100,675 Newport 12,521 WASHINGTON TER. Walla Walla. 1,394 SOUTH CAROLINA, oi.vnpia 1.203 Charl.-t.m.. an ..-w. ^'■'"'^ '•'« ('••iiiinbia. . . « ;rrcii\ ilk* . , (Jeori^etown 48/ WEST VIRGINIA. TENNESSEE. Wheeling. . . . Parkersburg. .MartiDsburg . Charleston. . . Memphis 40.2,11 Nashville . . . .•27,:«J Granon NEW YORK. if,r;;-n;-. New York M,24'.l,868 CirclcvUle •483.252|Mariella.. •i:«,288| •8I153J OREGON ^maS Ponland S-'^^B .::,'-S Oregon City. 1,382 .383 942 922 861 7.1IH ".lUi-l 6.l«r,> 5, 2.603 2.554 Troy *«•''« DalK." ^ U'f 1 ;;;;''if2,For..st Orove gsw;s;;:::;.:i!;S:Kugencci,y. Elmfm "■."•. •■^Mw! PEMSYLVANIA, Auburn.. .. 'r.i.UK Philadilphia'SOO.O" Y'onkers 'WarJiPittsburg .. . . 86,07' Xewburg . 17,0U I Allegheny . "' Binghamtoii . •15.486, Scrahton Schenectady. '13.171 Reading 12,426 llnrrisburg . 11,00ft: Lancaster. . . 10.09:!, Erie Knoxville. Chattanooga . •lackeon Mnrfreesboro ClarksviUe. Colnmbia Brownsville. . 19,2a) 5.546 4.M63 3,162 1,'.«7 1,500 8',6.*^ Moundsville 6",09:) 4,119 WISCONSIN. 3.200 Milwaukee. ., „,, Fond du Ijic ;-5?.' Oshkosh. *''*°'lRacine Madison — TEXAS. 'Janesvilic. OalyestoD,... 13,818'La *-'">"'<'•■ San AntoDlo. i2,256'\\»'ert<'»T Houston 9.382 Sheboygan . Brownsville.. 4,905 Manitowoc , Jefferson, Victoria . . Brenham.. Laredo Austin 4,'l90 ';n Bay . Lockport . Rome West Troy.. Rondont Ogdeiisbnrg. WalerloHii . Hudson ilthaca 10.114 10.076 9.336 •8,7»4 5.1 ISO :»,0»2| 33,933 23,l»t 20.233 19.646 Salt Lake City 12.SM Ripon. UTAH. 2!5.M Appleton 2 221 Befoil 2;(>46 K«"«*'"' 4.42--|P<"''»«'> I Monroe Mineral Point Biviver Dam. . Williamsporl 16,030 Ogden 8,127 Berlin .\llontown . . 13.t«4 Provo 2,384 Prairie dnC Pottsville.... 12..384 Logan 1.757 Neeuab . . York 11,00;) Mt. Pleasant. 1,.346 fJconio.. .. Easton ia,987.Brigham City 1,315. Waukesha •10O.77.-, 12.761 12,633 , 9,880 , 9,176 , 8,789 •10,596 7,550 5,310 6,188 4.066 4.618 4,396 4..309 8,»16 8,408 8;ns iJtB 2,9!» 2,TT7 ICD2.700 . 2.(HS . 2.6.'i5 . 2,633 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OP THE UNITED STATES, 1870. STATES * TERBITOBIM. ^™Um. ToUl United Sute« . 8,603,884 Population 1870. I Wheal. Rye Com. Potatoes, while. I StuMf. Btuhth. BmheU. Buthdt. BiuheU. 38,925,508 »7,0e7,656 16,918,793 ' 700,944,619 j 282,107,157 143,837,473 Alabama Arkansas CalifomU Connccticat Delaware Florida Georgia lUinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine M:irvlind M.1--1, i.iisetto... M:, lr_-. • .Mnin,,-,,r-i MW-is-ippi Missouri ', . Nebraska Nevada.. . New Hampahlre , New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Oregon Peniir-vlvania Rh.xle' Island.. .. South Carolina. . Tennessee . . . . Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia... Wieconsin The Territories.. 50,788 58,198 188.981 4,750 8.180 60.868 58,000 55,410 :|3,809 55,045 81 ..318 37,680 41,346 86,000 11,184 7,800 .',6.451 8:i,.',.31 ' 47.156 ik->,3.W 75,!I95 lfM.185 9,830 8.320 47,0(10 50,7(M .39,964 loo.aio 46.000 l.:«6 .•M.noO 45.600 274.866 10,212 38.M3 a.floo 53.9!M 1,619,353 1»6.998 484,4n 582.031 587,464 185,016 188.848 1. 184. 109 2,539.891 l,6S0,6:r7 1,194,320 378,299 1,3814)11 •857.0K9 ffi6,9l5 780.8!M 1,457.351 •1,344,031 446,066 827,'>22 1.721.295 129,322 58,711 318,300 906,096 •4,916,6M 1,071.:!61 2.665.260 101,883 3,522.()50 •858.23!) 103,606 1.258,520 818,899 :).30.531 1.225.111) 443.014 •1,207,021 780,000 1,066,>«8 741,736 16,676,708 38,144 895,477 I 2,187.017 .30.1-28.4d5 87,747,222 89.433.602 8,390,298 6,788,701 9.906 278,70) 6.774,5113 »»,<>4.| 16.26.1.77:) 18.866.07:) 274.479 14.315,926 2,125.086 238.866 193.621 2,301,433 12.178.4ta 2.159.870 27,8ffi,159 8310,746 19,878,967 7¥t4 783.610 6,I,'«.916 11.-1.112 I.M.7I0 7.:j!lf.7S7 2.483.34.3 25,606,»46 1.846,164 18,977 87.645 86,875 889,057 10,888 646 83,619 2,456.578 457,468 505 807 85,207 1,108,933 9»1 .•M.115 307,089 239,227 144,.')0R 78.0*1 14,852 .Vi9.5.32 13,5.32 310 47,480 566,775 2.47S.125 :)52,006 fM«,890 3,890 3..577,6J1 20.214 .•)6.1lo 223,.335 2S,.-,21 7I.:)4(1 .Va.26l 277,746 1.825,2>« 17,663 16,977,943 13,388,143 1.221,282 .1,670,364 3.010,390 ; 8.885,066 I 17,646,439 189.981,395 51,094,638 ! 68,936,063 17,085,685 60,091,006 7,.')96.628 1.089,888 11.701.817 1,397.807 14.086.238 4.74.3.117 15,637,316 66.flC»4,075 4.736.n0 9.660 1,877.768 8,745.384 16 462,823 18.4*1.215 67,501,144 72,138 34,702.006 311.957 7.1.14.207 ll.:H3.'!14 20..V>1..V!S 1 .69l<.l«2 17.649.:)m 8.197.865 15.0:)3.99S 1,189,335 770,866 588,777 1,787.607 1,I14,6«I5 664,388 114,801 1.904,601 42,780.851 8,590,409 81,005,148 4,097,923 6,620,103 17.782 2.351, ,^>^ 3,221.ti43 797,6 2.413.749 20.180.016 1,093,857 188.6U 428,196 8.0(9,887 8,789^4 362,784 10,818 197,101 10,944,790 5,899,044 6,914,820 8,348,988 2,391,068 67.695 7.771.009 1.6.32.203 3,025.446 10,318.799 1.943,003 214,189 4,838.361 739,9M 189.849 4,515,419 4,7(e,439 28.M7..393 738303 11,192314 481,710 18,889,367 669,408 83.252 1.184.3*7 208,383 5.1.37,428 1.2!«,8o3 1,053,507 6,646,129 963,666 Tobacco. Ck>lton. Poundt. 862,736,841 I BaU$, 8,011,996 1371,860 890,681 908,088 887 86,809 789,466 8.681,668 388.611 150.705 .34,293 49,.'i83 803,114 1,023,706 .3.'V4 218.706 917 3,651 I..5!M 1.743.482 241,263 762 160 1.550,784 10.656 3,071,840 230,2% 1,970 131.572 142 1,342.163 1.2a3.(,83 2.18S.041 96 865,882 46.984 2,220 664 188,748 SM386 68,809, 8,8»,798 860 I 15T,40S 2»S..Vli, 5.'.'I'.i,j:i 9.:)-r..:sr.' 71,792 38.841 r 105,306.869 1.3,M1 15 1.3,785.339 7.812,885 5,385 , 8.847 61,018 18.380,483 5,988 25 1.W,.334 4f).871 2,3(9.798 11.1.30,087 IS. 741. 97;) 3.8.17 3.467..3.3!l 7! 16 .34.8f(5 21.465.4.V2 50.706 72.671 ¥7,086.364 2,0)6,498 960318 i 11360 I 429,488 847,968 34 Wool Bntler, Pounit. Poundt. 100,108,887 614,098,688 39,780 I73.'.»4 465 3 7 ■ 1,080 .i30332 664,938; 1,846 1 106 144,935 2S4,.3nO 181,842 .130,(88 ira 8 881 381,253 214,784 11,301,743 254,129 56,316 37,668 846,947 6,739,249 5,089.023 8,967.013 336,005 2,234,450 140,488 I 1,774,168 435,813 306,659 8,726,146 401,185 888,285, 8,649,390' 74,655 27,089 1,129,442 336.609 10.699.225 799.667 80.539.643 1.080.63s 6.561.728 77,.328 156..314 i,389.7@ 1.251.388 3,1(K.137 877,110 1,593,541 4,090,670 I 1,804,690 1 Haj. 3,813,753 8.753,931 7,969,744 6,716,007 1,171,963 100,989 4,499,572 .36.083,405 22,915..385 27,612,179 5,082,758 11,874,978 388,406 11,636,488 5,014,789 6,599,161 24,400,1F5 9,522.010 8.613,521 14.456.885 1.639,636 110380 5.965.080 8,286,083 107.147.526 4.297.834 .30.266,.373 | 1,418,.373 1 60334.644 Ml, 199 1,461.980 ! 9,671,069 I 3.712.747 17,844,396 6,979.269 5,044.476 I 22,473.086 1,854,7681 Ton*. 87,316,048 10.613 6.839 661,773 (68,828 41380 17 10.518 2,747.3 1.076.768 1.777.Si 490,21 201,399 8,776 1,063,416 288.119 697.465 1.290,983 696,068 838* 616,611 169,854 83,866 618,648 681 jns 6,614,206 88,1540 8,S8»,6«S 76357 3.848.219 89.046 10,666 116588 18,982 1.020.669 199,883 224,164 1,887,651 86,668 For Physical and Commercial Chart of thi» World, sec page So- '^^. UBMRt UttlBl DEFINITIONS. 1. GEOGRAPHY is a description of the Earth. It com- prises Physical, Political, and Astronomical Geography. 2. Physical Geography describes the luiul and water di- visions of the Earth, the climates, productions, and their effects upon mankind. 3. Political or Civil Geography describes the divisions which are formed for the purposes of government ; as Republics, Kingdoms, States, etc. 4. Astronomical Geography refers to the Earth as one of the planets or bodies which revolve around the sun, and to the positions of places on the Earth's surface. 5. The Earth Tvas made as a home f(jr mankind. People live upon its surface. 1/ you stand on the shore ana notice vessels coming in from sea^ the sails o/ those most distant luill appear to touch the water, the body being hidden by tht cur-re o/ the Earth's surface. 6. The shape of the Earth is round, like a ball; we know this because navigators have sailed around it, and as ships come in from sea, their topmasts and sails appear first. 7. The Earth is best represented by a globe or sphere. One-half of a sphere is a hemisphere. The Earth's surface is usually represented by a map of the Eastern and Western Hem- ispheres, and sometimes by a map of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres-. •8. The Earth's surface consists of land and water; one- fonrth beuig land, and three-fourths water. 9. The natural divisions of the land are continents, islands, and iieninsulas. whioli ;nv diversified by mountains, plains, and valleys. 10. Continents and Islands are entirely surrounded by 24. water. A Continent is lai'ger than an island. point. 11. There are two Continents, the Eastern and the Western. 12. The Eastern Continent, called the Old World, comprises Europe, Asia, and Africa ; it is on the Eastern Hemisphere. The Western Continent, called the New World, comprises North and South America ; it is on the Western Hemisphere. Each of these divisions is sometimes called a Continent ; as the Continent, or main land of Eurojrc. .\ustralia, on account of its size, |is also some- times called a Continent. i;5. There is more land on tlie Eastern Hemisphere than on the Western ; and more in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern. 14. In the Center of all the land are the Britisli Isles; in the center of the Water Hemisphere is New Zealand. (See maps of Land and Water Hemispheres on page 14.) 1.5. The largest division of the Continents is Asia, and tile smallest is Europe. North America is about twice as large as Europe, and Asia is nearly twice as large as North America. IG. Gr.wd Dr\nsioxs. .-Vrea ix Squake Milss. Asia 16,400,000 Africa 11,550,000 North America 9,000,000 South America 6,900,000 Europe .3,800,000 17. The shape of the Grand Divisions is tri- angular. 18. The division -which has the longest coast line, in proportion to its area, is Europe; -Vfrica has the shortest. Upon this depends much of the development of a country and the prosperity of the inhabitants. 19. A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. South America, Lower Cal- ifornia, and Italy are Peninsulas. 20. An Isthmus (isfmus) is a neck of land joining two larger portions of land. The Isthmue of Panama joms North and South America. 21. A Cape is a point of land e.xtending into the water. 22. A Promontory is a high, or mountainous, cape. Cape Horn is a Promontory. nsive forests and pasture lands, and their streams afford water-power for mills and manufactories. Therefore the chief occupa- tions of the inhabitants of mountainous dis- tricts are mining, manufacturing, grazing, and lumbering. 30. A mountain pass is a low part of a range, where travelers cross. 31. A Volcano is a mountain, whence issue fire, smoke, ashes, lava and steam. The open- ing is called a crater. 32. The most celebrated volcanoes are Vesuvius, in lial\ : Etna, in Sicily; lleela, in Iceland ; and Cotopaxi (ko-to-pax'-e), in South America. 33. Most of the volcanoes on the globe are on the coasts and islands of the Pacific Ocean. The most remarkable volcanic region is in Malaysia. 34. A valley is laud between hiUs or mountains. A vale is a small valle)'. 35. Valleys are lovsr as comi)ared with ihe hills or niountains which surround them. Ill mountainous districts, the valleys are con- siderably elevated above the sea level. Those of the Caspian, Aral and Dead Seas are below the level of the sea. 3G. The soil of valleys is usually fer- tile. 37. A Plain is a level tract of land. I'he grassy and treeless j)lains of North America are called prairies or savannahs; of South Anur- ica. llanos (li/ah'-nnre) and pampas; of Russia, stepjies (slep.i). 38. The forest or -wooded plains of South America are called .silvas. A swamp, marsh, moor, or fen, is land which is usually or occasionally covered with water. 39. Plains cover about two-thirds of the surface of the Western Continent. Note. — The paragraphs in fine type need not be committed to memory ; they are designed to suggest remarks and explanations. JIfl. HecltL, Iceland.— Point te the yoUano. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. The Coast 0/ Asia Minor.— Point to the Bay— The Cafe.— The Coast.— The Strait. 40. Plateaus are elevated tracts of land comparatively level. The highest plateaus are in Asia. Their elevation is about 15,000 feet. The Himalaya mountains rest upon them. Nearly the whole of Mexico is a plateau, which has an elevation of more than 7,000 feet. The City of Mexico is 7,400 feet abore the level of the sea. 41. A Desert is a barren region of country: its barrenness proceeds, mainly, from lack of rain. Some deserts are sandy, as in Africa ; some are salt, as in Persia ; and others are stony, as in Arabia. 42. An Oasis is a fertile spot in a desert, where trees and grass abound ; its fertility is due to springs. 43. An Ocean is the largest division of water ; there are five oceans — the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic. The oceans, considered together, are called the sea. 44. The large arms of the ocean are called seas, gulfs, and bays. 45. The largest ocean is the Pacific ; but the most import- ant to America and Europe is the Atlantic. 4f). The principal arms of the Atlantic Ocean are the Mediterranean. Baltic. North and Caribbe'an Seas, the Gulfs of Mexico and St. Law- rence, the Bay of Biscay, and the English Chan- nel. The area of the Pacific is greater than that of all the land on the globe ; its islands are numerous, and its inlets are mainly on the coast of Asia. Its inlets on the Pacific coast of America are few, owing to the high mountains n?ar it. 47. The vrater of the sea is salt. Fresh water is that ■which has been raised from the ocean by evaporation and returned to the land in the form of rain or snow. 48. The depth of the sea is greatest in the Torrid Zone — about six miles. 49. The movements of the water of the ocean are three : waves, tides, and curreutji. Waves are caused by winds and tides ; tides, by the influence of the moon and sun ; and oceanic currents, by the combined action of the wind, the daily revolu- tion of tlie earth, and differences in the temperature of the water. 50. The currents cause a constant inter- change of the waters between the hot and the cold regions. 51. The ■warm currents are the Equa- torial Current, the Jajtau Current, and the Gulf Stream; the Arctic and Antarctic Currents are cold. 5-). Without the warming influence of the Gulf Stream, Great Britain and Ireland would be as cold and unproductive as Labrador and Newfoundland. 53. The warm current of the Pacific Ocean washes the western coast of North America, and gives to Cali- fornia and Oregon a much milder climate than that of the Atlantic States in the same latitude. Ea^ and west of Greenland, cold currents flow southerly, and bring icebergs as far as Newfoundland, where they are melted by the warm water of the Gulf Stream. The ocean is essential to the life of mai^l Ind ; its vapors supply rain, springs, and streams ; it tempers the climate, and furnishes easy communica- tion between nations. 54. A Strait is a passage of water connecting two large bodies of water. The Strait of Gibraltar connects the .Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. 55. A Sound is a shallow channel or bay. 56. A E.i'ver is a stream of water flowing through the land. Its head is where it rises; its mouth is where it flows into another river or body of water. 57. A River is formed by springs, or is the outlet of a lake. A spring u rain or simw- water coming out of the ground. 58. Rivers are useful ;i.> a means of communication between different parts of a couutiT. From them cities and towns are sup- plied with fresh water, and mills and manufactories with water- power. Tlie most important river in North America is the Mississippi. The water of some rivers, like the Nile, flowing through dry countries, is used for water- ing and fertilizing the soil. The Atlantic cables between Ireland and Newfoundland lie on the bottom, at a depth of two miles. The riain of Laneucdoc, Frama.—Tlu Pyrnett.— Point to Iht Pt4um.~fk* Mtumtaimt. 8 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. Tht Water/alt of Staubbtuh, i:t.'._.' 'f.-.r'. A t -r-.o rn the I'ctlUy of LauterbrunMen^ looking south, fn tht distance is the high mountain called the yung/rau, which is coz'ered with perpetual snoTV for a considerable distance beloiv its summii. A boy blowing an Alpine Horn. 59. The right bank of a river is on your right hand as you descend the rivi-r. lis upper course begins at its source, and passes over that portion of its bed which is most inclined; this part usually contains rapids and waterfalls. Some rivers, like the Nik- and the Mississippi, empty through several mouth-i ; tlie land enclosed by those mouths is called a delta. 60. Up a river is toward its source ; down a river, toward its mouth, or witli the stream. 61. The Basin of a river comprises all tlie laud drained by it and its brandies. The basin of the Mississippi covers an area of 1,000,000 square miles; that of the Amazon is twice as larfje. 6>'. A Watershed is the ridge of land which smrounds a river ))asin, or the place where waters separate. 63. The CoTirse or direction of a river is always governed by the sloi)es of iIk' himl over which it flows. 64. The deepest part of a stream is called the channel e.'). A Cascade, Waterfall, or Cataract, is a stream dadi- ing down a precipice. Niagara Falls are celebrated for their mass of water ; the Tosemite Falls, in California, for their great height— 2,600 feet. The waterfalls of Europe are numerous and pictiiresaoh, in Switzerland, are 800 feet high. 66. Rapids are water rushing down an inclined bed. 67. A Confluence is where two or more rivers meet. Afflu- ents and tributaries of a river are the streams which flow into it. 68. A Canon (kan'yon) is a gorge between high steep banks, worn by a stream. Mont Blanc : \'alley of Chaiitoutti : .i glucior extending from the region o/ /'erfietual sno^u do7vn to the valley. The River Arve^ which empties into the Rhone near Genez'a. 60. An Estuary, Frith, or Firth, is a narrow and deep inlet of llic .:i X:'^^! Th /u";/ r /.,->, «/,• ■ i:. On tliis or another circle mark the small circles. Tlien the Zones, as shown opposite paragraph 18. Between what circles is the Torrid Zone'? TTie North Temperate ? Tlie South Temiierate Zone '>. A line drawn through the center of the Sun and Earth will represent the plane of tlie Ecliptic or the Earth's orbit. Draw a circle to represent the Earth, then the axis on the 21st of June, as shown at head of the i)age. Wliich Pole leans toward the Sun at that time '' Draw an upright line, as here shown, to separate day from night, Tlie top and bottom of this line fix the Arctic and Antarctic Circles ; and the two point* where the Ecliptic here appears to intersect the surface fix the Tropics. Tlie teacher can easily explain from the illustration above the cause of long days and nights at the Poles ; as the pupils ■^^^ll readily see that every revolution of the Earth on its axis does not bring day and night to places that are near the Poles, as it does to other parts of the Earth's surface. I MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. Oceanic Currents. CLIMATES AND THEIR EFFECTS. 1. Climate is the condition of a place or conntry in relation to the temjjerature and moisture of its atmosj)here. 2. It depends upon the latitude, (^.evation, winds, oceanic currents, and mountain ranges. 3. Moisture is vapor which rises fi-om the ocean and other bodies of water on the Earth's surface. It is carried over the laud , by the wind, and when it enters cold air, it becomes rain or j snow. 4. More rain falls on the coasts than in the interior of a continent ; and more on that side of a continent or mountain chain against which the prevailing winds blow. 1 5. The Zone in which the most rain falls is the Torrid. ! 6. On the Western Continent, the greatest amount of I rain falls in South America, between the Andes Mountains and the eastern coast, where the prevailing winds are from the east. 7. In the Temperate Zones, the winds blow from the west or southwest ; therefore much rain falls on the western coasts of North Ameiica and Europe. 8. The great rainless regions are in the interior of Africa and Asia. A region without moisture is a desert. 9. The heat diminishes as yon leave the Torrid Zone and travel toward either Pole, or as you ascend a high mountain. From the Equator toward the North Pole, the tem])erature diminishes about 1' for every 100 miles ; and from the level of the sea to the summit of a mountain, the temperature diminishes about 1" for every 350 feet. 10. Coasts that are washed by warm oceanic currents have a warmer climate than other parts of a continent in the same lat- itude. 11. The western coast of Europe is washed by the Gulf Stream, a warm current which, with tlie aid of the westerly or southwesterly winds, gives to that part of Europe a climate ci'le- i bi-ated for its mildness and moisture, while that of the eastern part is very cold in winter and very hot in simimer. 13. The western coast of the United States is washed by a warm cun-ent of the Pacific Ocean, giving to California. Oregon, and Washington Territory, a climate similar to that of Western Europe. The land is warmer in summer and colder in winter than the ocean ; conse- quently, winds which blow over the ocean are more even in temperature than those which blow over the land. \ 13. Climates produce important effects upon the vege- [ tation of different countries and upon the condition and pm-suits of the inhabitants. 14. Vegetation is most luxuriant in the Torrid Zone; tliis is due to the great heat and moisture of that region. 12 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. MANKIND. Th€ Caucasian Race: £^ptiif ihiiartt Ettrc>pean. 1. Mankind is divided into tive general classes or races: (Ir- Caucasian, or white race; the Mongolian, or yellow race; the Malay, or brown race ; the American Indian, or red race ; and the Ethiopian, or black race. 'i. The races are distinguished from each other by the fonn of the head and face, the kind of hair, and the color of the skin. ) 3. In the Caucasian race tl-.e head is almost round, the nose narrow and jironiinent, the mouth small, and the hair long. Although the skin is mostly white, or of a light shade, yet suma ('auca,sians arc quit( dark. k 4. The Caucasians include most Euroi)eaffi and their descendants, besides the inhabitants of Western Asia and Northern Africa. The Egyptians, Moors, Berbers and Arabs are of a dark color, and the Abyssinians are black; they nevertheless belong to this nice. 5. The Caucasian is the most enterprising and enlightened race, especially the inhabitants of the Nortli Temperate Zone. Mi'Hgvhan or Yellow Race : EsquimauA ...... v......j.. G. The Mongolians include the Chinese, Japanese and Es- quimaux. They are short in stature, and have broad faces, low forehead?: \vid«-. small noses; coar.^ The Malay Race ; Sandtuich htandi-n and New Zealanders. 10. The American Indians are copper-colored, and tall in stature. They have prominent cheek bones, and long, straight hair. American Indians^ or Red Race. 11. The Black Race includes the inhabitants of nearly all that part of Africa which is south of the Great Desert, besides large numbers in North and South America and the West Indies. The nose of this race is broad: li))s. thick ; and hair, woolly. The Black Race : Caffres^ and Natives o/ Western A/rica MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 13 12. People diflFer in their conditions and occupations. 13. Savages live by hunting and fishing. Hall' civilized tribes own cattle, horses, and sheep, and move their tents from place to place to find pasture. The chief occupations of ci\ihzed nations are agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and commerce. 14. Agriculttire is conducted by the farmer; mining, by the miner; manufacturing, by the manufacturer; and commerce or trade, by the merchant. 15. Mining is digging for metals or other minerals, as gold, silver, lead, iron, coal, and salt. Quarrying is taking out building stone, as granite, marble, etc. 16. Commerce is the exchange of products between different countries or states. The goods or products sent from a country are exports ; those brought into it, imports. Foreign commerce is conducted between different countries; domestic commerce, be- tween different parts of the same country. Products are conveyed on the sea. rivers, canals, and railroads. 17. The Political Divisions of the world include Republics, Empires, Kingdoms, States, etc. 18- A Republic is a country or nation whose laws are made and executed by men elected by the people ; as the United States, Peru, and Switzerland. 19. An Empire is a region compnsing several countries gov- erned by an Emperor; as Eussia, Germany, and the Chinese Empire. 20- A Kingdom is a country governed by a King or a Queen ; as Italy, Spain, and Denmark. 21. A Monarchy is a government in which the supreme power belongs to one person, called a monarch, who inherits tlie office. 22. A Limited or Constitutional Monarchy is a gov- ernment in which the powei of the monarch is limited by law ; aa Great Britain, Prussia, and Brazil. 23. In an Absolute Monarchy or Despotism the power of the ruler is unlimited ; as iu Russia and the Chinese Empire. 24. The governments of Ihe Old World are mostly mon- archies ; of the New World, republics. The Emperor of Russia is called the Czar; of Turkey, the Sultan or Caliph ; tlie King of Egypt, who is subject to the Sultan, is called the Khedive. KaUer, in Germany, Emperor. 25. Federal Republics are composed of states which are independent in tlie management of their l(;cal affairs, but united under one general government. 26. States are divided into counties, which contain cities, towns, and villages. 27. A Village is a small collection of houses and inhabitants ; towns are larger than villages ; cities are large towns having spe- cial privileges. 28. The Capital of a statt or country is the city in which the laws are madt?, and where the chief officer resides. 29. The Metropolis, or chief c\U, is that which contains the largest number of inhabitants. 30. A city, town, or village, is generally located with reference to some nat- ural features, such as, on a bay or harlK>r, where ships may anchor safely ; on a navigable river; at the junction of two rivers; where water-power can be obtained for mUls and manufactories ; near mines or quarries ; or at the end of a lake. -t«x=»C€>^>S«=»=<>- HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. Adam and Eve were placed in the Garden of Eden (B. C. 4004). Eden was probably situated in the western part of Asia. 2. About 2000 years after, their descendants were de- stroyed by the flood, except only Xoah and his sons and their wives. 3. Some time after the flood, Noah's descendants were scattered; those of his son Shem settled in Asia; of Ham, in Africa ; and of Japheth, iu Europe. 4. The first inhabitants of America were, proliably, ad- venturers from Asia, across Behriiig Strait. 5. The ancient Egyptians were celebrated for their civili- zation and learning ; and the Pheniciaus, for their skill in naviga- tion and commerce. 6. The Phenicians, or Canaanites, inhabited the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, and explored all the coast of that sea, besides the western shores of Europe and Africa (800 B. C). 7. The great monarchies of ancient times were As- syria and Babylon. Persia. (Jreece, and Rome. 8. Rome -was most po-werful about the beginning of the Christian era ; among its most celebrated rulers were Julius Cwsar and Augustus Csesar. 9. The Middle or Dark Ages were from the fifth to the fifteenth century. Identified with them were the rise and progress of Mohammedanism, the Feudal System, and the Crusades. 10. The Turks having conquered Syria, were very cruel to Ihe Chris- tian pilgrims who visited Palestine ; consequently, many thousand Christians throughout Europe left their homes for that distant land, to drive out the Turks. Although great numbers perished on the way, the Christians were successful. These expeditions, which occurred in the 11th. 12th, and 13th centuries, were called the Crusades, Tlie Turks again obtained imssessioii of Palestine, and have held it ever since. 11. The 15th centviry "was remarkable for important discoveries; anionsr tlieiu \\as tiiat of America, by Columbus. 12. In the 16th century the English and Dutch made efforts to reach India by a northwest passage around the northern i part of America. 13. Among the celebrated explorers of that route were Frobisher, Davis. Iludsiin, and Baffin. 14. The first voyage around the globe was made by j Magellan, in the ItUh century ; and anotlur by Captain Cook, in the 18th century, who made known the great length of the Arctic coast of North America. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 15 THE HEMISPHERES. LESSON I. 1. The Eastern Hemisphere contains Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 3. The Western Hemisphere contains North and South America ; a small portion of Asia is in this Hemisphere. 3. The Northern Hemisphere is that half of the Earth whicli is north of the Equator ; the North Pole is its center. 4. It contains North America, Europe, Asia, the greater part of Africa, and the nortlieni part of Soutli America. 5. The Southern Hemisphere is that half of the Earth which is south of the Equator; the South Pole is its cen- ter. 6. It contains the greater part of South America, the south- ern part of Africa, and the whole of Australia. 7. The Land Hemisphere contains all the continents ex- cept the southern part of South America; Europe is in its center. 8. The Water Hemisphere contains Australia and the southern part of South America; New Zealand is its center. 9. The longest straight line that can he drawn on the land surface of the Earth is from the western part of Africa to the northeastern part of Asia, about 11,000 miles. 10. The highest Mountains and table-lands are in Asia and South America. GENERi^L QUESTIONS. I LS220II IL L Which Hemisphere contains the more land, the Eastern or the Western 1 The Northern or the Southern ? Which division of land extends furthest north ? Which extends furthest south ? What three divisions arc wholly in the Northern Hemisphere ? Which are partly in the Nortlieru and partlj' in the Stiithern ? Is the greater part of South America in the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere ? Is the greater part, of Africa in the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere ? What large island is in the Southern Hemisphere ? What two large Islands are crossed hy the Equator? In what Zone is the greater part of South America ? Africa ? North Amer- ica ? Europe ? Asia ? What part of North America i.s in the Torrid Zone ? What part of Asia? Is any part of Europe in the Torrid Zone? In what three Zones is North America ? Asia ? Africa ? In what two Zones is South America? Europe? Australia? Which is the largest of the Grand Divisions? The smallest? REVIEW QUESTIONS. LESSOIi IV. )f 'here are they ? The Grand Divisions :— North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa. Islands :— New'foundland, The British Isles, Greenland, The West Indies, The .Japan Islands, Madagascar New Zealand, Australia, Borneo. Mountains :— Rocky, Andes, Himalaya, Atlas, Ural, Snow. Rivers : — Mississippi, Amazon, Nile, Parana', Cambodia, Yaiig-tse Kiang. Obi. Ni"er. Seas, Gulfs, and Bays :— Caribbean Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediten-aneau Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Arabian Sea, China Sea, Gulf of Mexico, G. of Guinea, Hudson Bay, Baffin B. Capes :— Horn, Farewell, Good Hope, Verd, St. Roque, Nortli. HOW TO nESCJtTTIE r«f they flow ? .Stan fiiitfx, ric. : In what direction from the Continent, or Country whose sliores they wash ? .\rm of what larger hody of water? Cn/ifn.- From what part of what land do they project, and into what water? /Viii »-«»/««.• From what part of what Continent or Ccmntry do they project, and hetween or into what waters ? Tnlhtniisrs nnil strnils.- Connect what? Separate what? T,n1;fit : By what land surrounded? Outlet of each? riiirn anil Towns. ■ In what part of what Country, or State ? On or near what water ? LS2S0N IIL What two straits in the Western Hemisphero are crossed by the Arctic Circle? What gulf in the Western and two seas in the Eastern Hemisphere are crossed by the Tropic of Cancer? What two large island.^ in the Eastern Hemisphere are crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn ? What Mountains in North America ? In South America ? In Africa V In Asia '! Between Europe and Asia ? What Rivers in North America ? In South America? In Africa? In Asia? What Gulfs and Bays in North America? What Sea north of South America ? Between Europe and Africa ? What two between Europe and Asia? South of Asia? What sea northwest of Europe ? Wliat Cape on the northern coast of South America ? On the eastern ? On the southern? On the western? On the southern coast of Africa? On the western coast of Africa ? On the northern coast of Europe ? On the southern coast of Asia ? SEA VOYAGES. Memenibei' that all meridians run north and south, and all parallels of latitude, east and west. Observe that Greenland points to the south, not southeast, and that Cape Farewell is nearly due north of Cape St. Roque. A globe should be here shown ; also chart on page 89. On what waters and In what directions would you sail from New York to Cuba? Cape St. Roque ? Newfoundland? Baffin Bay? Rio Janeiro? Brit- ish Islands? Mediterranean Sea ? Cape of Good Hope ? Cape Horn? What is the shortest route by water from New York to Asia ? i What directions would you take, and what capes would you pass, in a voy- ■ age from New York to Australia? To New Zealand ? To Iceland ? To Nova I Zenibla? To the Japan Islands? To San Francisco ? What is the shortest route from New York to San Francisco? AriJi. By raitro draw the Gulf of St. Luwrenre and Xora Scotia, and complete the eastern coast. From B measure 5 ms. to H, and draw the islands along the Arctic coast. From G, measure north S ms., and mark San Francisco : and a little to the north, Cape : Jiejif/ociHO, the western cape of California; oppo- site.;. draw Tancoiircr's I:iland : at 5, Queen Cliarlotte's Island. 7 is near the northeastern coast of Alaska. From E toward F, mark the points 1, 2, and 3, ' and draw the Gulf and Penin^iula of Califor- nia and Cape St. Lucas. Complete the south- em coast of the continent. Dnw James Bay, Hudson Bay, Great Slare Lake, and Mackenzie River, according to the line I J, and complete the northern part of the continent. When the lx>undarios are drawn, add the mountains, rivers, countries, bays aud gulfs, ca|)es, islands, and cities ; then the section from Cape Hatteras t<« the Pacific Ocean, showing elevations above the level of the sea. 18 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. REVIEW QUESTIONS, LS2S0N YIL >t 'Aerr ore Ihry '/ Mountains : — Rocky, Alleghany, Sierra Nevada, St. Elia.<. Rivers : — Mississippi, Atbabiisca, Missouri, Rio Grande, St. Lawrence, Colorado, Mackenzie, - Columbia, Yukon. Gulfs and Bays : — Gulf of St. Ijawrencc, Bay of Campeachy, IJiiy iif lldiuluias. Gulf of Mexico, Hudson Bay, Fox Channel, Baffin Bay, James Bay. Straits : — Iludson, Davis, Behring, Florida. LSSSON YIII. U 'here tire Ihey '/ Lakes : — Superior, Great Slave, (ircat Bear, Winnipeg, Erie, Huron. Islands : — Newfoundland, Vancouver's, Queen Charlotte's, Jamaica, Bermuda Islands, Iceland, Michigan, Ontario, Hayti (hayle), Anticosti, Cuba. Capes : — Farewell, Race, Sable (two capes), Mendocino, Hatteras, FlatterA', St. Lucas. The pupils mar also point out these places on the Relief Map below. PFIYSICj^L 4ND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. A'«'^'. The Climates of North America are of every variety ; tropical in the south, frigid in the north, and temperate in the middle. 17. The climate of the Pacific Coast, in the United States, Bririsli America, and Alaska, is much milder than that of the Atlantic coast, in corresponding latitudes. (See p. 11, par. 11.) 18. What countries of Europe are in the same latitude as Labrador — (see margins of the map) — as Newfoundland and Canada ? Which extends furthest nortli. Lake Superior, New Brunswick, or France'? At wliat part of the Old World would rou arrive by sailing eastwardly from Halifax V From Cape May ? From Savannah '! From Florida Strait ? What empires of Asia are directly west of San Francisco ? 10. Winds partake of the temperatnre of the surface over which they blow. The land is warmer in summer and colder in winter than the ocean ; that is, the temperature of the ocean is more uniform throughout the year than that of the land. And as the prevailina; winds in the Temperate Zone are from the west, their temperature will be milder on the Pacific than on the Atlantic coast. 20. The Rain of the Pacific coast is supplied by vapor which rises from the Pacitic Ocean. 21. On the Pacific coast of the United States the rain falls between that coast and the Sierra Nevada mountains, l>ecause the vaiK)r is condensed before passing: over the cold peaks of that high range, thus leaving a vast elevated region east of the Sierra Nevadas, from the Columbia to the Colorado river, destitute of rain. (See jiage 7, paragraph 41.) * Mt. Whitney Uas nearly the same elevaiion as Mt. Blanc, the highest monntain in Europe. Mt. Mitchell is the highest peak of the .Appalachian Moantains. 22. The rain of the Atlantic Slope is supplied from the Gulf ot Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. 23. In the cold or northern regions the vegetation is very scanty, while in the hot or tropical regions it is very dense, owing to the excessive heat and moisture. 24. The principal animals of t]» north are the white bear, reindeer, whale, walrus, and seal, in the south, alligators, turtles, and rattlesnakes are numerous : and among the wild animals of the temperate regions are bears, bufialoes, deer, and wolves. 25. The Inhabitants of the Arctic coasts are dwarfed in body aud mind ; in the tropical regions the inhabitants are ener- vated by the heat ; but in the temperate climate maii attains the highest degree of civilization. 26. Greenland is a cold, barren region, inhabited chiefly by Esquimaux, whose occupations are fishing and seal-h tinting. 27. Its European settlements are on the western coast. Its eastern coast is constantly iuclo-scd by ice. 28. British America. — Its northeastern half is covered with ice and snow nearly all the year. Its remaining part contains vast forests and j)i-airies, where the bufifalo, elk, deer, beaver, mink, and other auimals, are hunted for their furs. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. LESSOM XL 1. America vras discovered by Christopher Columbus, in 1492 (Oclolier 12th). He landed on a small island, which he named San Salvador; and thinking it one of the islands of India, he called the natives Indians. 2. Columbus was an Italian ; but he sailed under the orders of the King and Queen of Spain. 3. In the 9th century, Northtnon from Norway colonized Iceland ; and in the following century, Greenland was settled by Norwegian Icelanders. 4. The mainland of North America was discovered by John Cabot and his son, who sailed in the service of England, in 1497. The next year, his son conducted a voyage and explored the coast from Labrador to the Delaware Bay. 5. America received its name from Amerigo Vespucci {ah-may-re (JO ves-puf-che). who visited South America, in 1499. 6. Accounts of his voyages to the New World were published in Europe, and he acquired the reputation of beinji the first discoverer. 7. Among the navigators of the 16th century were Ponce de Leon, who explored Florida in search of a fountain which, accord- ing to a report, could restore youth to the aged : Cortes, who entered Mexico, which he found rich in gold and silver, and whose inhabit- ants (Aztecs) practiced many of the arts of civilization ; and Balboa, who, from the Isthmus of Panama, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 8. In the 17th century. Ilenn- Hudson, with the hope of reaciiing Asia, enfrrod the bay which now l>ears his name. 0. Among the celebrated voyagers in the Arctic regions were Cook, Fox, Ross, Barrow, Parry, Sir John Franklin, and Kane ; the most recent are Hall aud Hayes. 10. Nearly the -whole of the New World came into the possession of Spain and England, by right of discovery ; but changes have been made liy iwolntioji. conquest, aud treaties. ' 11. Greenland and Icjland belong to Denmark. 12. Mexico and Central America formerly belonged to Spain, but they jire now independent. CO UJ t-J § shown in dotted lines represents the size and shape of Kansas. 1: li 1 1 north to south New Brunswick is the same as Kansas — 200 miles ; i u B tti C e3 tween the western of Cape Breton Island (See p. Sa) CO UJ --^_^>l ? ]] H >- ■ ^; — yi •x/ "' ■S 1 h- %• "t "V '• ■< ,\ V iS' az X s *t I oi i^ ♦. a j>: ■< c S ^ ii "^A"^ li> O ^^-^T T^ V V 2 = CJ ?-X \ L...P .. A c •" / s 5 )X^ r^ pa S J ^,2 ^ i-^ <~ -1 1 ^ •B»I!• i Tf, 0*1/: -< CQ pL, ;-. CO s o- a i5 2 § o ^ ;.: ■^* •— p. S 2 c § 1— CO O c« 'it. i •<■'■ i 2 1 UJ :=> OP r 5 4S III 3 2 s o ^ « oT o 1 H ^■ ij ^ ." J, t^ s i UJ 1 -3 so •O z s i — ^ 9 fl o fa g ^ OS B K is e9 Ul t-^ A >> O . E E 1 1^ q: 1 H 5 5 PI 5 .s n 1 "* H ^ ^ ©"a p w o & tl '^ ^ ;3 a O 55 « n o Q2 1 A J£..2 p= is S 1- .& pa tf) ca .5 c CO c c 1 s e3 1 1 |-c2 s t £ = C u 5 "f ^ ~ ^.s o t^ ^ 9 J n J\a Quebec- "Tke St, Lawnncc River. — I'iew /'rom J^oinl Lcvi^ looking north, 11. Quebec, situated on the top and at the foot of a promontoiy, is the most strongly fortified city in America, and the outlet for the products of Canada. 12. Halifax has one of the finest harbors in the world, and is a station for steamers sailing between Boston and England. 13. British Pbotinces. Capitu.s. Cbibf Cime. Ontario Tonrnto Toronto. Quebec Quebec Montreal. Nov.v ScOTi.v Halifax Halifax. New Brunswick Frederickton St. John. Newfoundl.\nd Si. John's. St. JohW* Prince Edw.vrd's Island. . C/iarlottetown Charlottetown. British Columbia Victoria Victoria. Manitoba. Winnipeg. Winnipeg. HISTORICi^L CEOGRAPp. 1. Canada was colonized by the French, ' under Cartier (in l.">41). 2. The Indians were friendly until the French carried otf one of their kings. 3. Upper and Lower Canada, now the Provinces of Ontari further north than ^i^JJ Quebec. Maine, uad MlchijK'uu? What citieii in the United States are in. or nearly in, the some latitude as Lisbon? Cairo? PekinT NaplM? Nice? Rome? What capital cities are onornear the parullpl of 40 north latitude? When it U noon at London, what o'clock ia it at New Orleans ? Savannah ? Woah- ingtoii? New York? Boeton? Wliat is the difference in time between rhicago and 8aa Francisco? (niicago ond Now York T Portland in Maine and Portland in Unngun? 2^ MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. ^''>-#^f„7/^#' Agriculture on the prairies. Pl^YSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. THE UNITED STATES :ire situated in the North TemiK'nite Zone, in the central part of North America, and between the same parallels of latitude as Southern Europe, the Mediterra- nean Sea, Northern Africa, Central Asia, and Japan. ParaUel 49°. United States. Southern Europe. Mediterranean Sea. Northern Africa. Central Asia. Japan. ParaUelSS'. 2. In the middle of the North Temperate Zone of North America is Minnesota, which is equally distant from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 3. The most northern part of the United States is on the parallel of 49 degrees, between Lake Superior and the Pacific i Ocean. I 4. The most southern parts are in Florida and Texas. .'). The surface is divided by the Rocky and the Alleghany Mountains into three great sections: the Pacific Slope, west of the Rocky Mountains; the Atlantic Slope, east of the AUeghanies; and the Mississippi Basin, between them. Besides these, are the Gulf Slope, the basin of the great lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and the basin of the Red River of the North. 6. The ■western half of the United States comprises high mountains and [)lains ; the eastern half is mostly level or undulating, except the Appalachian System of Mountains, extending from Georgia to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 7. The two high ranges arc the Rocky and the Sierra Ne- vada, between which are extensive table-lands remarkable for their aridity and barrenness. Elevation of liighest peaks, about 15,000 feet ; of tablo-lands, 4,000 to 6,000 feet. 8. This country possesses nearly every variety of climate, owing to its great extent, its position on the globe, and differences in elevation. 9. Climate varies according to latitude, elevation, and the influences of the ocean, winds, and mountain ranges. 10. In the north and northeast, the winters are long and severe; the summer.-;, short and hoi. 11. In the south, the summers are long and hot; and the winters, mild. 12. Ascending the high peaks of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nuvadiis, the traveler finds the cold to increase, and reaches the limit of jieqietual snow. (See page 11, paragraph 9.) 13. Compared -with Western Europe, the climate of the greater jiart of the United States is warmer in summer, colder in whiter, and dryer. 14. Sain is well distributed over the States. The largest quan- tity falls on the Pacific, the tiulf, and the Atlantic States; and the .ist,on the great table-lands which extend from the Sien-a Is'evadas . .i.-twardly into Western Kansas and Northern Texas. 15. Snow lies from three to five months in the most northern States, but it seldom falls south of Virginia, except among the mountains. 10. The States remarkable for their agricultural products ai'e those in the eastern half of the Union ; grain, fruits, and vege- tables in the north, and cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar in the south. 17. The prairie land of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Nebraska, is re- markable for its fertility. These include most of the Central and Lake States. 18. Celebrated for -wheat, corn, and wool, are the Lake and C'eiilral States, and Calitbrnia. Cotton, the South Atlantic and the Gulf States. Tobacco, the Central States. Cane Sugar, Louisiana. Rice, South Carolina. 19. The States and Territories remarkable for pre- cious metals are between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. Gold, C'alifornia, Colorado, Montana, and Idaho. Silver, Nevada. Quicksilver, California. 20. Coal and the useful metals abound in many of the States and 'I'eiTitories which lie between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. 21. Celebrated for coal and iron is the region of the Alleghany Mountains. 22. Coal and iron are extensively mined in Pennsylvania ; Lead, in Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa; Iron and lead, in Missouri. CuttivatioH o/ the sugar-cane in Louisiana MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 25 Interior o/ a cotton-mitl. — In the distance are seen steamships engaged in cotnmerce. 23. The leading manufacturing States are in the north- eastern part of the Union. 24. The principal manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, flour, machinery, iron and steel ware, boots, shoes, and leather. 25. The cotton and ■woolen manufactures of all the New England States, except Vermont, are very extensive. 26. Floiir and lumber are largely produced in nearly every State in the Union. 27. The commerce of the United States is very important. 28. The principal commercial States are New York and Massachusetts. 29. The principal ports of foreign commerce are New York and Boston in the north, Xew Orleans in the south, and San Fran- cisco in the west ; of inland commerce, are St. Louis, Chicago, Cin- cinnati, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and Milwaukee. HISTORICAL GEOGRi^PHY. 1. The first settlements in the United States were formed about a century and a quarter after the discovery of America. 2. A Spanish colony, St. Augustine, was founded in Florida, in 15(55. 3. English colonies were founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and at Plymouth. Massachusetts, in 1620. 4. A Dutch colony w;is founded on Manhattan Island, now the city of New York, in 1(313. 5. A Swedish colony was founded in Delaware in 1638. G. These settlements came gradually under the control of the English, who organized the Thirteen Colonies of NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYUND, VIRGINIA, GEORGIA NORTH CAROLINA, AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 7. "When the English had governed the colonies about a century and a quartt^r, the colonists declared themselves free and independent, on the Fourth of July, 1776. 8. The war of the Revolution, which began in 1775, arose chiefly from unjust taxation of the American colonies by England. 9. The government of this coimtry, under its Constitution and its first President George Washington, began in 1789, since which Florida and all the land west of the Mississippi River have li it-n acquired by the United States. 10. The North-west Territory in 1787 comprised Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 11. The governments in this Republic comprise the gen- eral, State, and Territorial governments. 12. Each comprises three branches — the legislative, execu- tive, and judicial. 13. The legislative pO"wer of the general government is vested in Congress ; the executive power, in the President ; and the judicial power, in the Supreme and certain other courts. 14. Congress is composed of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives. 15. The Senate is composed of two Senators from each State, elected for six years. 16. The House of Representatives is composed of mem- bers elected every two years from the several States, according to the population. 17. The Vice-President presides over the Senate, and in the event of liie President's deatii, resignation, or removal, he becomes President. 18. The Constitution provides that representation and direct taxati(ju shall be in proportion to the number of the inhabit- ants of the several States. 19. Every bill, to become a law, must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the President : if he disapprove, the bill must be reconsidered and passed liy two-thirds of each house. 20. The United States shall g^iarantee to every State a republican form i if government, and protect each from invasion. 21. Amendments to the Constitution may be made on application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the States, and when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. 22. Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- ment of religion, or itrohibiting the free exercise thereof. Tke United SteUtji Semaie. '1 Loijiritii'l.' Wfst To fn.m (Jii ■ iiwi. li 44 M.pjjS , Quebec* Q U Richmond Mi iter "M /?^Pf ^-ifflft* ,-■■7 jU'H^t ! LiRttton, Havethilf 6 Hanpy.fi/ f Lebanon 'Saddle! EK? Sp'<>ih<^(fd ^3K Ja <5«''««*»5^*i' Well. WHj<>ngnaifr| ioNcoRtfV / Dover VJi- J BEX K? . i \ iW < . '\r*:,^AY«'i ^^ \ S ^ / V V Jf Portsnio,i(Jh^'3r"«'> K ^\ i$.Aa; O tAMCHESTERfg Exete]/ /V •••• ,, „i«',et>0'0r the names of tboee cities and tovnis represented on the maps by nambers, eee paee 103. MoDteith'e Comp. Oeog., p- 1& MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 27 LESSON XIX. THE NEW ENGLAND STATES 1. The Ne^v England States are situated near the central part of the North Temperate Zone — in the northeastern part of the United States — and in the same latitude as Italy, the northern part of the Chinese Empire, Oregon and Michigan. 2. Their area is about equal to that of Missouri 3. Three of the six border on Canada, and all but one have sea-coast GENERAL QUESTIONS. In New England, wliat range of mountains ? What group of mountains 1 WHch is the largest river ? Between what two and tlirough what two States does it flow 1 What rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean ? Into Long Island Sound ? What large lake west of Vermont '? ^Vllat lake in Xew Hampshire ? \Miat Is the outlet of Lake Champlahi '? What rivers flow into Lake Champlain ? What countries in Europe are directly east of the New England States '? (See margin of large map.) What Western States are directly west ? Bound Maine. What is its capital? Its metropolis? (See "Cities and Towns," ^vith note in "Review.") What are its sear-ports? Bound New Hampshire What is its capital? Its metropolis? Its leading sea^port? Bound Massachusetts. Whai city is its capital and metropolis ? ^^Tiat are its sea-ports? Bound Rhode Island. \^liat are its capitals ? Its sea-ports ? A\Tiat is its metropolis ? Bound Connecticut. What are its capitals ? Its sea-ports ? What is its metropolis ? Bound Vermont. What is its capital ' its metropo- lis ? Has Vermont any sea^porte ? LESSON XX, DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING THE STATES. All the States are drawn on the same Unit of MeiMure. Each measure represents 200 miles. Mark all names which appear in large type. TO DRAW MAINE, Q Make a scale like the one shown below, on a sBp of stifTpaper ; and by it, draw maps of all the States, as directed. Draw no lines except honndaries. Commence at A, draw Pdssfiiiin- qunildij Jidj/, and locate Edsfport. Measure west, on the 45° of latitude, one meastire to B ; thence J m. to L, the northeast comer of ^V. II., and i m. to H, the north- east comer of Vt. Prom B measure \ m. to the Salmon Falls Hirer at F, and draw the western boundary. From F measure i m. to G, and draw the Salmon Falls Hirer, a part of the Merrimac Hirer, and the coast line. From the point C, a little less than J m. east of B, measure I m. to D, the most northern point of Mr. ; thence h m. towards H to K, and complete the northwestern boundary of the State. SCALE FOR DRAW- ING ALL THE STATES. From A measure 3 m. toward D, to E, and diKvr Grand Lake and St. Croix Hirer. From E measure north to I } m., and draw the eastern boundary line and the Hirei' St. Joint. Next, draw from the large map, in the following order, with their names : the mountains, — the rivers, — the bays, — the capes, — the cities and towns — (mark those only which appear on the large map in black letters) ; then mark the railroads. In drawing a map of your own State, mark all the cities and towns. \A'rite in each State, its principal products, or the leading occupations of its Inhabitants. REVIEW QUESTIONS. /« tfhnl part of the Slate is each of i/ie follmring P Mountains :— :Mt. Katah'din, Saddleback Jit, Chase's Mt Rivers : — Penobscot, St Croix (Jcroy), Androscoggin, Kennebec, Aroos'took, Woolastook, Saco {saw'ko). Lakes : — Moosehead, Chesun'cook, Schoodic, Umba'gog, Grand. Bays : — Penolj.scot, Casco, Fundy, Frenchman's. Cities : — Portland, Bangor, Lewiston, Biddeford, Augusta, Bath, Note. — The metropolis or largest city in tbe State is at the head of the list, and the capital is in capital letters. A fine /errest in Maim. 1. Maine is situated exactly niidway between the Equator and the North Pole. 2. In size it is equal to Scotland, or to the five other States of New England. 3. It is noted for its broken coast line, ragged surfece, vast ever- green forest.s, numerous lakes and streams, long and severe winters. 4. It excels every other State in shipbuilding. 5. Its principal cities and towns are in the sonthem part of the State. Portland is its largest and chief commercial city. Bangor carries on a flourishing trade in lumber. 6. Its principal slope is soutliward to the Atlantic cooet Larger maps may be drawn easily by increasing the length of the meas- 28 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. Tkt nkitt Mountains o/ Nrw Hamfshirt. LESSON XXL NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT. MAP-DRAWING. Tlio measurements for the eastern boundary of New Hampsliire are the same as those for the western boun- dary of Maine. Make a scale like the one given at the foot of page 27. Begin at A, measure i m. north to B, i m. south to J, \ m. from J to L, and i ra. east from L to K. Complete the eastern boundary of the State, drawing Salmon Vails JBei;eJ", the A flan tie Coast, and Cape Ann. Measure i m. from L to H, and | m. from H to C. Draw ^Icrrhnac River, and complete the southern boundary of the States. From A, measure i m. west to C, i m. from C to E, 1 m. from E south to F, and J m. from F to G. Draw Lahe Cluiinplain, Connecticut River, the Green and Uliite Mountains. Complete the drawing by adding, from the large map, the rivers, — the bays, — the capes, — the cities and towns, — the railroads. Note. — Here the drawings will be examined by the teacher, or the pupils will draw the map on the blackboard, each doing a part. REVIEW QUESTIONS. }f^a/ if the tihiation of each of ihe fottotringP Mountains : — Oi-een, ^liitc, Mt Washington, Mt Mansfield. Rivers : — Connecticut, Merrimac, Otter Creek, Onion or Winooski. Salmon Falls. Lakes : — Champlain, Winnipiseogee {-saw'ke), Memphremagog. CITIES AND TOWNS. Note. — The Metropolis of each State stands first ; the Capital is in capital letters. New Hampshire. Maucliustcr, CONCOED, Nashua, Portsmouth, Dover- Vermont. ]5iirliiigton, MONTPELIER. COMPARATIVE SIZES, UTITUDES, ETC. IK ABEA. Vermont and New Hampshire, same as Greece, 19,000 square miles. IN POPULATION. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut, combined, same as London, 3^ millions. IN LATITUDE. Concord, .«ame as Marseilles (France) .... 43° IN HEIGHT. Mt.Washington (6,400 ft,), less than one-half of Mt Blanc (15,000 ft.). LESSON XXIL Mi^SSj^CpSEHS, CONNECTICUT, pD RHODE ISLAND MAP-DRAWING. Begin at H, and measure \ m. to G and \ m. to K, and draw the northern boundary of tlie State, tlie Mcrrinmc RirrraniX Capr Ann, Draw the western boundsp ry, i m. from G to P. From ^ P, measure J m. a little west J^*^^ of soutli to R, and draw the western boundary of Con- nevtii-iit and the western end of Ijony Islanil. From P, measure J in. to N, i m. from N to M, •, m. from M to L, J m. from L to 0,und i ra. from Bouth to S. Draw the northern boundary of Connect iriit and liliode Island ; Pli/niontli Hay, Cape Coil, Cape Coil Hai/, and the eastern coast of Massachusetts ; Martha's Vineyard awA Nan- tllrhef. Draw the boundary line between Connecticut and Rhode Island, \m., a little west of N. Draw the northern shore of Long Island Sound, Narrayansett Ray, and Buzzard's Bay, Complete these States by adding the mountains, rivers, principal towns, and railroads. Draw Tjong Island, obser^-ing that its eastern extremity extends to a point directly south of the eastern boundary of Connecticut. AAHiat is the length, in miles, of the western boundary of Rhode Island? Of the western boundary of Ma.ssachusetts? If the teacher wish, the pui>ils will now draw the six Eastern States together. REVIEW QUESTIONS. ifTiere are ihey ? Mountains: — Hoosic, Saddle, Everett, Holyoke, Wachu'sett Rivers : — Blackstonc, Housatonic {hoo-m-ton' ilc), Thames (temz). Bays : — Cape Cod, Biuzard'.s, Narragansett CITIES AND TOWNS. Lawrence, Rhode Island. Lyun, Pkovidexce, Massachusetts. Bo.^TON, Worcester, Lowell, Cambridge, New Bedford, Fall River, Springfield. Newport. Connecticut. New Haven, Hartford, Bridgeport, Norwich, Norwalk, Waterbury. COMPARATIVE SIZES AND LATITUDES. IN AREA AND POPULATION. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, together, are the same as Switzerland, 14,000 .^q. m.,— 2,300,000 inhabitants. IN LATITUDE. Phinouth, same as Rome (Italy) .... 42° 400 milee. Observe the shape of Kansas, and that its length is twice its width— 200 by 400 miles. It will aid you to remember the sizes of the other States. (See next page.) MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 29 "Bt Pl^YSlC^L pD DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPliY. LESSON XXIIL Ne-w HampsMre is celebrated for the beautiful scenery of its mountains, lakes, streams, and waterfalls. The White Moun- tains are visited by summer tourists from every part of the Unit- ed States. Their peaks are covered with snow during the greater part of the year, hence their name. The highest peak is Mt. Washington, whose summit is over €400 ft. above the level of the sea. In what part of the State are the White Moun- tains ? What rivers havetheir sources in them ? What large river of Maine flows past Reiie/ Map shotuing the face o/ the country — the mountains^ rivers, river valleys, and loiv coast land, — Point out the mountains — lakts What large — capes. FoiloTs) the course of each of the large rivers from the m ygp riseS in the source to the mouth, , ^ i, northern part ot New Hampshire ? What can you say of the Connecticut ? An%. It is the largest river in New England. New Hampshire is one of the leading States in the manu- facture of cotton and woolen goods. The three large cities of New Hampshire are Manchester, Concord, and Nashua. Concord is noted for the manufacture of carriages and the quarrying of granite. Vermont is also remarkable for its mountains, fine scenery, and evergreen forests. Its valleys are fertile; and its hills afford excellent pasture for sheep, horses, and cattle. It produces large quantities of wool, butter, cheese, and maple sugar. Its largest city is Burlington, which is noted for its beauti- ful situation and its facilities for trade. Where is it situated ? Massachusetts excels every other State in the Union, in the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, leather, boots and shoes. Its eastern part is celebrated for large manufacturing towns; and its western, for the delightful summer resorts among its hills and valleys. Mention eight of the largest cities in Massachusetts, and give the situation of each. (See List of Cities on page 4.) What range of mountains in the western part of the State ? The highest peak in the State is in the north- west — what is its name ? What other peaks in the State ? Boston is one of the leading commercial cities in the Union, and has an excellent system of Public Schools. Harvard Uni- versity is in Cambridge. y^i-^J^ On the Merrimac River, both in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, are large manufacturing cities: mention them. Connecticut is also largely engaged in manufactures, especially those of woolen and cotton goods and hardware. It excels every other State in the Union in the manufacture of silk goods, India- rubber goods, fire-arms, and sewing machines. Its surface slopes toward the south, and its rivers flow into Long Island Sound. Its river valleys are celebrated for their fertility and beauty. Mention its principal river. What river in the western part of the State ? Eastern '; Mention the largest cities in Connecticut. (See page 4.) New Haven, eaUed the " City of Elms," is one of the hand- somest cities iu the Union. Next in rank are Hartford, the cap- ital, and Bridgeport, an important manufacturing city. Yale Col- lege is in New Haven. In what part of the State is New Haven ? Hartford ? Bridgeport t Rhode Island, the smallest State in the Union, manufactures more cotton goods than any other State, except Massachusetts. Its capitals are Providence and Newport, which are also the largest cities in the State. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. LESSON XXIY. 1. The first permanent settlement in New England was made at Plymouth, Massachusetts, by the Pilgiim Fathers (Eng- lish), December 2'->, 1020. 3. The colonists suffered much from cold, hunger, and the hostility of the Indians. 3. The English colonies in America belonged to Great Britain for more than a century, or until the Revolutionary wai-. which began in 1775 ; the cause of the war was taxation, without representation. 4. The first skirmish occurred at Lexington. Massachusetts, between the colonists and the British troops (April, 1775). 5. The first important battle in the Revolution was that of Bunker Hill, which occurred on the 17th of June, 1775. 6. Among the first thirteen States were Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island ; the first added to the original thirteen States was Vermont. 7. The soldiers of Vermont who fought in the Revolution were called the Green Mountain Boys. 8. The people of New England are mostly of English descent 900 miles 1 / !( r- * / -1 .. o / 1 1 1 1 u, / ui 1 L/i 1 ^\' J ] \\ 1 w /a s s. / f '.i \ K 1 zatKn. «47 Aji P^ U' ""^ 1 1 "i 1 K, + 1 L. J To impress more firmly up- on the mind the Compar- ative Sizes of the States, all are dra^vn upon Kantiax as a Coiiinioii ^eatt- nre. Observe that five of the New England States may be drawn inside of Kansas, that the width of Maine is the same as that of Ka !!.•<».•) — 200 miles ; and that J fa. tan - ch usett.'i, from east to west, is almost 200 milea. » lion^tiHl<- "W'fst 79 trotn Grt'enwtcU 4« \ K £ JV r A R .i^ ^»«^ .^«^ Lowvilio'a ho f^ u ■fochester/ *-»' ^i'l ^^,Wettfialdv \ HornolUvilla 'en / Cleveland. I/O 4. RpGJON , ^ FtaXklin ?>Jaw Cartl^ 'Nswariii jeOLUMBus Be Aver i . Bre WSBurgysy I ^Wash1wJonV,'#fe' lEELINQ^ g-y Mounds V. is -"o \anaivine Naw>M«rtinsvi'l| > ) Parko iBatH tVVatk(nal ^Paljited P^. ^ _ Owogo, E|miL_ "Ti 44 ~ ^^J 'Mlfski -!,• \Boonavllia SagavjIJ in / ^ v-u>5^ -^_ Blouburg Willia JB. ''^» Havet ji>rta ^.-fe °^^». Montrose :^C7>^ «^toe'! - ■„ „ ^ „„,„- ';^x ;^/'•'A^ ."c/T tf tinsbu Mo CM «, TT' S- \^ Be/(M ^^^S!^?*]t~rOI!A»Ltrr'',:-$? 1 / PPv C r7 A-''■'V^•/>/„'^>' ^ (Arracorm 'mh t ^Salisbury Bagk s O " y^^CnartottetvilJe Liberty o\i - \ M •! BurkaivHIeV Halifax /» JarksviTiiS .^'f-A >-H Vor the names of places represented by Dombcre. see o. 108. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 31 THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. LESSON XXY. 1. Tlic Middle States comprise New York, Virginia, and the intervening States. 2. They lie between the parallels 36^° and 45° north latitude, and are in the North Temperate Zone. 3. The northern boundary oLNew York is exactly mid- way lietweeii the Equator and the Xorin Pole. 4. The principal v/atershed is formed by the Alleghany and Adirondack Mountains. East of it the rivers flow toward the Ocean ; west of it, into the Great Lakes, the Ohio and St. LawTence Rivers. GENERAL QUESTIONS. Name the States on tliis map. ^^^licU of them border on the Atlantic Ocean ? On Lake Erie "! Which one on Lake Ontario ? What Lake northeast of New Tork ? What two largo bays extend into tliese States ? What large river empties into the head of Delaware Bay? Of Chesapeake Bay? What two capes at the mouth of Delaware Bay? Of Chesapeake Bay? Wliat mountain ranges in New York ? Pennsylvania ? Virginia and Maryland? In what direction do they extend? In what direction does the coast extend ? TO DRJ^W NEW YORK. (For scale, see foot of page 37.) Begin at E, measure \ m. south to F, J^ m. from F to G, m. from G to P, and 5 m. a little west of south to R. Draw Ldke Chdinplaht, the eastern boundary of the State, Loni/ IxUtiid, Loiif/ Jslinid Soiniil, Staten IslitiKl, Stindi/ Hook, and the southern extremity of Iliidson liivcr. Locate Xeiv York, Jivookli/n, and iJei-sei/ City. From P measure i m. west to B. From B measure \ m. toward R and draw a part of Dclawiire Hirer and the northern boundary of yew fTersri/ \ m. From B measure a little more than 11 m. west to K, i m. north from K to L, and i m. east from L to M, nnd draw the northern boundary of Pfiiiisi/l- vania and the eastern extremity of Luke Erie. Locate Hiiffulo and yiagara Falls. From L measure J m. north to N, and 1 m. east from N. Draw lAike Ontario, observing that it is J m. wide. From E measure i m. west to D.and \ m. from D, toward K,ti> S,and draw St. Lawrence Hirer. Complete the State by marking the mountains, rivers, cities, railroads, and the Erie Canal. LESSOH XXYL REVIEW QUESTIONS. What rivers flow into the St. I..awrence River ? Into Lake Ontario ? What is the outlet of the lakes in thectnterof the State? \Miat lake in tlie eastern part of the State empties into Lake Champlain ? Into what does Lake Cham- plain empty V In what mountains does the Hudson rise ? Mention the principal cities and towns in the northern part of the State of New York — in' the eastern — in the western — in the central part. Bound New York. ffTiere are they? (See Note, page 15.) Mountains : — Adirondack, Catskill, Highlands, Mt. Marcy. Rivers : — Hudson, Mohawk, Genesee, Chenango. Black, Lakes : — Ontario, Oneida, Cities : -New York, Rochester, Racket, Erie, Cayuga, Brooklyn, Troy, Oswego, Champlain, .Seneca'. Buffalo, Syracuse, Saranac. George, Otsego. Albaxt, Utica. Pl^YSICi^L pO DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRi^PHY, 1. NEW YORK is in the middle of the North Temperate Zone, and in the same latitude as Oregon and Southern France. 2. In the east and southeast are mountains with rich valleys and pasture lands; in. the centre and west, the land is mostly level and very productive. A Relief-map. skovting ike face of the country. 3. The Adirondack region is wild and un- cultivated. ( ^, 4. The mountains form a part of the Appa- ^^^^ lachian system. Mt. >[arcy, the highest jwak in New York, is about 5,000 feet high. Tlie heights given in this liook mean the distances above the level of the sea. The surface of Lake Ontario is 2.30 feet aliove the level of the ocean. 5. Celebrated for beautiful scenery are its lakes and rivers, and the Thousand Islands in the St. Lawrence. The Falls of Niacara are noted for their gnuideur. 6. Nevr York, called the Empire State, excels in population, wealth, and commerce. 32 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY LESSON XXYII. 7. The largest city in the Western Con- tinent is New York, wliich is admirably sit- uated for commerce. 8. Among its advantages are its fine harbor, and its cuuimiuiicatioiis with other States, by rivers, railroads, and canals. 9. Its population is about one million, and is e(iual to that of Constantinople, or one- half that of Paris, or one-third that of London. Philadi'lphia and St. Petersburg have each a popu- laUou of over 800.000 . Cities which have about 400,000 inhabitants are Brooklyn, St. Louis, Chicago, Naples (the largest in Italy), and Kio Janeiro (the largest in South America). 10. Brooklyn is the third city in the Union, in pu]nilati(iii. 11. Finely situated for mannfactnres and inland trade are Bulfalo, at the eastern extrem- ity of Lake Erie ; Rochester, at the falls in the Genesee River; and Oswego, at the mouth of the Oswep) River. 12. Troy is at the head of steamboat navi gation on the Hudson. 13. Syracuse has valuable salt works. COMPARATIVE SIZES, ETC. New York State is the same, in area, as Portugal and Belgium combined, — 47,000 scjuare miles. New York State has the same population as Sweden — over 4 millions. Hudson River (300 miles) is in length ^ that of the Rhine. New York City is in the same latitude as Naples, — almost 41°. Draw a circle around Albany, at a distance from it of 100 miles, and observe that it passes near New Haven and Rome, and exactly over the northern point of New Jersey. l^ISTORICJ^L GEOGRJ^PI^Y. 1. "When Ne-w York -was first entered by white men, it was occupied by warlike tribes of Indians, called the Five Nations. 2. Champlain, a French nadgator, first entered the State from Canada, by way of the lake which bears his name (1609). 3. Henry Hudson, an Enghsh navigator, discovered New York Bay, and entered the river which received his name (1609). He was in search of a passage across the continent (See page 19, paragraph 8.) 4. The land •which Hudson discovered was claimed by Holland, and named New Netherlands, because lie was in the em- ploy of the Dutch East India Company. 5. The first settlements foi-med by the Dutch were at Fort Orange, now Albanv. and New Amsterdam, now New York City. G. The right of the Dutch to New Netherlands was dis- puted by the English, because of the prior discover}- by Cabot, (See page 19, paragraph 4.) 7. New Netherlands was captured by the English, who changed the name to New York (1664), after tlie Duke of York. --t»=o=aG=0*^»G^g>©«=*><>- Ibr Map Draieino Scale, tee foot of p. W LESSOH XXYIII. PENNSYLVANIA pD NEW JERSEY. MAP-DRAWI NG. Begin at B, measure \\ m. west to A, and a little less than J m. from A to K. Draw the northern boundary line, and a part of the shore of Lake Krie, lyocat* Krir Citi/. From A, measure south J m. to D, and draw a part of the Ohio Jiirrr, near F, 1 m. south of A. Measure 1 ■, m. ea-st from D to E, and draw the southern boundary line of Pcniistflrania. including the northern line of Delaicare. Complete the outline of the State by drawing the Dehiuurre liirer. Locate the northern comer of XfW Jersei/, \ m. from B towards R, at U. Locate Brool,fi/n. ': m. from B. at R. Draw S.'nten Islnml. Locate Jefseif f'iti/ and Xew York. Draw a part of Ifiulson Itirer and the northern boundary of \fiv .fern/i/, \ m. Measure J m. south of to H, and draw the eastern shore-line of the State and Dr/n ira re Hay. Draw the mountains and rivers. Local* the principal capes, cities, towns, and railroads. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 33 REVIEW QUESTIONS, Name the largest river? in these two States. In what States are their sources? Into what does each empty? What two meet and form the Ohio River ? What two cities at tlieir j unction ? On what two rivers is Philadelphia ? In what part of Peimsylvania is the coal region ? The oil region ? What is the southern cape of New Jersey 1 Mention the principal cities in New Jersey. Mention those in Pennsylvania which are between the Dela- ware and Susquehanna. Mention those in the western part of Pennsylvania. Bound Pennsylvania — New Jersey. J'fi H'hul part of l/ie Slale we ihey? Rivers : — Susquehanna, Delaware, ilonongahela, Alleghany, Cities : — Philadelphia, Newark, Pittsburgh, Allegheny, Scranton, Harrisbueg, Schuylkill, Juniata. Jersey City, Trenton. LE2S0H XXIX. PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPIjY. 1. PENNSYLVANIA was settled by the Swedes and Finns (natives of Sweden and Finland) in 1C43, and afterward by Wil- ham Penn and other Quakers from England. {Sylva, a wood.) 2. Unlike other colonies, it was long free from trouble with the Indians, owing to the just treatment which they received. 3. Memorable events which occurred in Pennsylvania are the defeat of Braddock, near Pittsburgh during tiie P>ench and Indian war; the battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the winter encampment at Valley Forge, and the meeting of the first Congress, during the Eevolution. 4. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in Philadelphia. July -Ith. IT TO. 5. NEW JERSEY was first settled by the Dutch (1620), and, with New Amsterdam and Delaware, passed under the control of the English (1604). 6. Important victories were won in New Jersey by the Americans during the Eevolution, at Trenton, Princeton, and Monmouth. Relief Map of Fe vani^, sh&iuing the fiicc of the country. 1. PENNSYLVANIA is remarkable for its moun- tains and the alntndance of its coal, iron, and rock-oil. 2. Its mountain ranges and valleys extend in a northeasterly direction. 3. Its manufactures are numerous, especially those of iron, cotton, and wool. 4. The soil of its valleys is very productive. 5. Philadelphia, the largest city in the State, is the most important manufacturing city in the Union. 6. Pittsbxirgh is celebrated for its iron works and coal trade. 7. NEW JERSEY is level in the south and center, and hilly and mountainous in the north. 8. The soil, except in the south and east, is well adapted to grazing and agriculture. 9. New^ark. the metropolis of New Jersey, is a flourishing manufacturing city ; it is on the Relief Map of New PaSSaic RivCr. Jersey. . COMPARATIVE SIZES, ETC. New Jersey, same area as the Kingdom of Wurtemberg (Germany), 8,000 square miles. Pennsylvania, same population as Holland (3i millions). Pittsburg, same latitude as Madrid (Spain). 40j°. Draw a circle around Philadelphia, having a radius of 100 miles. It will pass over the northern point of New Jersey and near the southern boundary of Delaware. Over or near what cities ^vill it pass t LHSSOH XXX. VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA, Mj^RYL^ND, AND DELAWARE. . MAP-DRAWINP. Begin at D and measure \ m. north to F, and draw the Pnn Handle, Locate H'heeliiif/. Measure from D to E, and draw tl>e northern bounda- ries of West J'irf/inia, .Mfiri/lmid, und De/fi irti rr. Next, draw the western and southern boundaries of Defaicare i m. from V to G and i m. from G to H. Draw I>ctairare Bay and locate Dover, Caprs Ma;/ and Henlopeii. Mark A i m. east of D, and draw the western boundaiy of Maryland i m. from A to B. Next mark the point P H m. aonth of E, and draw Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River. Locate Washington and Baltimore, Capes Charles and Henry. Draw the southern boundary line of Virginia Ij m. from P to N, and i Ej. from N to M. From M measure i m. northeast to L, and draw the Ciim- berlainl Mountains. Measure north J m. from L to K, and draw the Big Sandy Hirer. Draw the Ohio Hirer from F to K. Complete the eastern boundary of IFest 1'irginia. oh^ervrng that the southern point of the State is at W i m. southeast of L ; that the breadth of the State is 5 m. from to R ; and that tlie point S is t m. cast of B. Complete the map by marking the -Mountains, Sivers. etc. 34 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. LESSON XXXI. REVIEW QUESTIONS. Name the rivere of Virginia— of West Virginia. In what directions do they flow'? Wliich nreboundiirj- rivers? Name the ohipf cities in Virginia — in Wpat \'irginia — in Maryland — in Delaware. Bound Delaware— Marj-land — Virginia — West Virginia. In what direction from Washington is Richmond '! Baltimore t MTieel- ingt Oswego? What large cities are almost in a straight line between Washington and New Ilnven ? WTiat capes at tlie mouth of Chesapeake Bay? Delaware Bay? V/icrc fire they tiiuiiled? Rivers; — Potomac, MnnoiigalK-la, Great Kanawha, James, Shenandoah, Rapj)ahaiinock, Little Kanawlia. Cities : — Baltimore, 'Washinqton, Richmond, Wilmington, Petersburg, Norfolk, Wheelixo, t'iiarleston. Pl^YSICi^L 4ND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRi^PHY. 1. DELAWARE is level; its principal agricultural produc- tions ai>' wheat :iii(l peaches. 2. Its chief city is Wilmington, which is celebrated for its manufactures; its car-works are the largest in the United States. 3. MARYLAND is level in the 6afit, and mouBtainous in the west. 4. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, on the Maryland shore of the Potomac, contains Washington, the capital of the United States. 5. VIRGINIA is mountainous in the west; its surface slopes toward the Chesa])eake Bay : its valleys, especially that of the Shen- aiuloali. are noted for their fertility. 6. WEST VIRGINIA is mountainous in thfeeast; its sur- face slopes toward the Ohio Eiver. 7. The principal products of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia are coal, iron, toliacc", and grain; and their chief cities — Baltimore, Richmond, and Wlieeling — are celebrated for their mannfacturea and commerce. Baltimore is one of the largest cities in the Union. COMPARATIVE SIZES, ETC. Virginia is a little larger than Portugal. Richmond has about the same population as Quet)ec, 52,000. If you draw a circle of 100 miles radius around Washington, over or near what three large cities will it pass ? IjISTORlCJ^L GEOGR^PI^Y. 1. The first English settlement in the United States was Jamestown, in \'irginia (ItJOTj. 2. The settlers suffered much from famine, disease, and the hostilities of the Indians. 3. In the French and Indian war, Washington, then a young man, distinguished himself; by his skill a:ul bravery, he saved Braddock's army (Enghsh) from ruin (175.5). 4. In the Revolution, Virginia contributed largely to the success of the iimcrican Union. 5. The Presidents of the United States who were natives of Virginia were Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, IJarrison, Tyler, and Taylor. 6. West Virginia formed a part of Virginia until 18G3. 7. Maryland was settled by emigrants from England (1634) ; Delaware, by Swedes and Finns (1638). Ohservp that New York, in extent from east to west, is the same as Kan- sas — 100 miles ; and that the distance from its northern boundary to Penn- sylvania and Connecticut is equal to the width of Kansas — 200 miles. 49fi niiU-^. or Itt hoare bv railroad. ;l 1 l_ Observe that Pennsyh-ania is abont ^00 miles from east to west ; that in extent from north to south Pennsylvania and New Jersey are equal to each other, and both together are almost the same as Kansas — ^300 miles. Observe that the width of Virginia, from north to south, is the same a.s that of Kansas — 200 miles ; and that the length of Virginia is but little more than that of Kansas — 400 miles. Sfff^es compared nith each other, by ptacinff f/iem on KAJVSAS, AS A COMMOJV MBASU^I^ OH I'HA.Mi:. which is tiere represe?ited by the oblonffs enclosed in dotted lines. {See foot of page 29.) Observe that the distance between the eastern part of Deleware and the western part of West Virginia is e<)ua] to the length of Kansas — 400 miles ; and that the length of Chesapeake Bay is a little less than the width of Kansas — 200 miles. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 35 RELIEF MAP Of a part of the ITnited States, showi7ig the Jace of the country between the Mississippi Hirer and the Atlantic Ocean — the Appalachian Mountain System, the Atla?itic Slope, and part of the Mississippi Sasin, The ptipila wifl jMihit to llie mountain ranges whicli com- pose the Appalachian system, and trace each large river from its source to its month, observing the valley which is drained by it. Obsett'e the slope from the moontains to the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and the low, Bwampy laud near the coasts ; also, that midway between the mountains and the coast there is a sudden descent of the surface. At this line are waterfalls in the rivers, also the head of naviga- tion ; consequently, cities and towns were built here on account of manufacturing and commercial facilities. On this line are Richmond. Peters- burg, Weldon, Baleigh, Colombia, and Augusta. Uoateith'a Como. Geog.. p. 36. -13 ~ a "2 3 o 2 o to a a a> Si m 1 'i 3 1 o :3 1 -= 4 43 X a a ^ 3 s 3 d Cj r o .= "2 ri o O o o o _r >> E o C3 a ~ . ARKANSAS is rich in mmerals, timber, and prairie lands. by way of th.- lakes, tbe Ohio River, eamds and railroads, 8, They produce com, wheat, hay, and wool, in abniidnuce, 3, KENTUCKY is high in tbe southeast, and low in the north and west. It .jxcels every other .State in the culture of tobacco. *■ Its forests produce excellent timber; and on its grassy bacte, horses, mules, and cattle are extensively raised. 5, Coal is abundant in Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. iJ. The largest cities in these States are t-'iuciunati, Louis- ville, and Cleveland, all admii-ably situated for trade. Cincinnati, Uke Chicago, has an extensive pork trade. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPIjY. 1. KENTUCKT, at first a part of the Territory of Virginia, was explored liy Daniel Bonne, just before the Revolution, t. OHIO and INDIANA were first explored and claimed by the French, 3. The first white inhabitants of these three States were greatly annoyed by tbe Inilians. 4, Victories over the Indians were won by Generals Wayne and Hanisou. COMPARATIVE SIZES. Indiana is a little lar^ than Ireland. Cincinnati hits a larger ' popalation than Hamburg i (Cermauyj— 2lH),00y. From Cincinnati a3 a centre, describe a cinde of 100 inllee ra- dius ; it will i>as8 through Colum- bus and Indianapolis, and very near Louisville. (tbserve that Ohio and Kan- sa-s. f[>>to north to south, are tlio j. same — 200 miles ; that Ohio and 1 Indiana together are nearly the .1 L- OS Kansa-s in extent from *^ ■ ost to west — iOO miles. ftbuerre that Kentucky is the Hanie in length as Kansas, and al- .list the same in width. MAP-DRAWI NG. r Mill, !./■ /Iti(io(<, jJli«."i Frcufh. and afterward by the English. 8. MICHIGAN suffered much from incursions and massacres by the Indians. In the second war Detroit fell into the hands of the British (1812) ; but both the Indians and British were soon after defeated by General Harrison. COMPARATIVE SIZES. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota have an area almost equal to that of the Gennan Empire. They are in the same latitude as France. ^•nniMrs cnifartd with Kaiuat. (See /'gri s8 and 7g.^ Oh.tirrc that Minnesota, Michigan, and Kansas are the same in length — 400 miles ; that the extreme breadth of Michigan is 400 miles ; and that the breadth of the southern peninsula is the same as that of Kansas — 200 miles. Ni.3 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 45 i o ° -a ~ s^ a c ^ ». oj a "5 "^ S ^ 2 ? 2 > a c o CO CD a S •^ .2 C3 o o 2; ^ g - a^;5 ^ . 5 !>; ? :3 K a; ^ r^ ^ < CO K -=£^ a CO 2: -< i< H -af tad CO -4^ a s S • DQ >1 o 5 ■a ."^ a a ? P 3 w t- o ~ "" ^i^ = a ^ S ,-, -r ^ a •'t :3^S i 3 cs" : UJ >- "2= ^ CD =! a ^ 0/ ^ d K cu ? ii 25 CO UJ o CJ 03 o 3 C be o W £ 'J o i Cm O 9 J5 " J O "5 I— I y § HI _2 -« C ^ ^ c .^ — ^ CO ^ ^ a. O s « o ~ -a 7 -^ OJ .^ 3 s .a !► ° S ■*^ 1^5^ w ° -J = « fr- Q :S^ ^ u I o 0) A o bc - '^ -J •- o ~ to ^ = ^1 .3 li H «. - H -^ to M eS ® u _ q3 - O tii £ t3- ■520- =-, CD "' rn — M= H O 10 2 o "o o ^ -= - O o ^ ^ o cc o n 7* a ,_o fe on BO r? < E m -* be fc — <: " ^ M eg Tl '■^ C6 i-H co' a "0 00 I-H f/) .— < - ■/) P5 pq - _I >i t- u o u ^ ^ eu S .-s OJ - i- .= K^ be 3 a 2 a i. i. s — 02 P. C5 V ;; ^ 31 *^ i ° a CO o 2I 53 .i =« rr! o p O s CO §; I X Q: UJ Q < •^ S 2 -" ti a ^ -=3 0) W a a ^ > .^ t." .. S «-■ o S C " -3 .^ O ^ 2 ii -^ a o %^ a 2 _(K '5 "5 ^ -^ -1?- -= ■=- CO 1 2 il _£ C 0) c XI -g p. -- o CO a . •a- - a g .a d m o - S ^ CO' P. CO a ^ a a a — So •S .^ 5 ^ » . V ** § ^ J " ^ 'S. H « 5 UJ CC c 5 OS (D 6 < o s OS ; h- q: CJ> CO UJ Q C_J CO a. 't; >- - m 2 O (D beq "ci ^• J I "" 3 02 a 1 - H.S p •ft o •iH O CI c3 1=5 TO of tf S3 * •3 c o o - ft y. ''I cc CD UJ C3 o i^ £ S S ^ CS £-2 " So £ -^ S =3 3 o o =3 "S S •» S -2 ^ -5 ^' 5 I -S V- ?^ '"^ -^ c* ^ bC^ ^ o .2 X ■-? 2i 5 o S d i- = .2 .=§s 13 £ 'T3 Q^ »-H *=5 S CO r-« ^ -t^ -S « (.; 5 -^ 3* Zr >- oc -= ^ Is a; a i; ^— ' tie- = C :; rS ii ci B _2 a < c^ 00 S -s .^ .1^ .^ O -:; a § I I 2^ rt ^ M vT ^ -? ^ «1 I— » « U -z It O 5 ® =' u 2 £ s S g o a _o 3 -5 "" S - O ? — ts - - o S ^ o -S o . ^ s ^ J •? s ^ * 02 C3 « w" -3 a i25 5 H ^ (ffl ,■ .a i I" jA cS a 2 >-■ s o 'a'lS C3 CO [i- a g - 1-1 ^ I-H o -a -I ^ c3 ^ O -a 02 a .cs t! c/l ill £ oi T^ 4J a 7i Pl ;^ c/J S >> -3 ,M T' -•— 1;^, .pi c o o^ o ^ 0> 00 ?i •iH y "-I s (D a .2 CIS ^ a > 5 -§ £ s o > rS a TS :, fa (3) CJ CO £ **! 2 6 " 5? J £ -. 5 -a a •A - ■ 6 ■r: .-I -3 b3 ^ S 'S '^ .£2 C3 w &;S S = C H ^ ci P o -a o as eS — ® ft? -P 2 (D - 60 :i ^ 2 S O IgH -rH -53 '.£ '3 g =^ ^ a oj o 5.^^10 bo -^ 2 ''C.a aj f^ a ^ o ."t; o a > ~ icFC "" a tx3 ^ _^ — ._. ^ OS '-< g g Cq >>„ca Ch o • — ^ OQ O C5 PJ •- ii o ^ ^ g > ^ a.s i 1 O P t- — P t- E ^ ■ = o = .0 -:: ■^ S 2 ^ 3 S ^ eS P O a .a . .a 'S „ 1-3 _^ CO 2: o CO UJ CS" ■a cs « .^ .a 'c a ^- t; t. g a ■r oj «.> C rt +j a J- n c^ X 0) ^ s a ^ s ■H -3 S5 be a a § a^ p >» (?- tL a a S « 1a . 'a £■2 T3 o 3 J * ^ - ^ X c: '^ ^ c c S Z cs c o -~ fi = J o J o t: - =3 — c- .-^ S .a 5 2 a 09 -5 a a p .J. S 5 -S .2 .3 -5 P 2 :- w ■♦* *J -M ^ CD '^ 5 '■' <*« gC — • S- c o ;? -^ ^ 5 •o ? -a r^ — s 5 ?J •^ S o « C < g o a. ■5 « a .a CS r^ _--. X f^ a I — •a X -3 J £ ^' . a^2^a"_xc,- ■5 2 — E "S " ~ ^ B~ ici2 i So X ■" 2 > ~ :5 g .1 & * "5 *- as aa 3 .s -c -2522; - ■« -E £■ -c c 2 ■3 ~ 1- *- ^ i '-« «" -a 5 § p 2 « <» "^ a— ^ ■= -2 ^ g a ^ "•5 5 .« '= i p lu -r 10 o «o o 03 2 P 2 3 e CO C ^ ^ tn 1- -5 ^ '-s S ^ 5 t g ?0 - tt »"= — =■• = -_ g U « ^ 3 > -^ 'H — > r ^ — — -^ ^ "o ► ^ -^ r. ^ :: d ^ t- J ^ ^ a- ,. -'Ms ♦J c^ ^' !^ ^ .- S " _ 8 g "■==-£ = '^ a .a *r; r> co II I is- £ = " C -S 9 S ^ S tS *-». - S - a -g P 2 5 >. s I: 46 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 47 MONTEITH'S RELIEF MAP Of tlie UNITED STATES PACIFIC OCEAN MISSISSIP PI RIVER. c Obxervv tlmt ibe Ilockj- MounUiiiia aluioat midway lictweon tho Pacific Coast and the Mississippi Hiver, ftnd (hat far up their Bidea are the sources of niiiuepaus streama and rivors. The wat«ra of some of these rivers find their way to the Gulf of Meiico ; and of otliers. to the Pacific Oceau. For aMtfvra to iheae question*, reftr to the Relief Map, and to the Map of the United States. Mention the largest rivers which flow toward theOulf.— towarf the Pacific. Mention the largest river which rises in the Hoclty Mountains. Menti-m (he largest tributaries of the if the Ctdumbia. Obscri^e. that the sources of these two rivers are very near each other. \\'lmt very high peak near the center of Colorado? What is the height of Pike's Peak? 14,500 feet above the tetel of (he xea. What high peak in the western part of Wyoming? In the northern part of Col- oradu? In what part of Dakota ' and Wyoming are the Black aais ? Where are the Sie^ Itt Nevadas ? What 18 the height of the Sierra Nevadaa t Ass. About 15j)00 feet ahope thf letd of the taa. What is the high(^ peak of these niountuins T Ans. Mount Whitney. What is the bi^^he-st moun- tain in the United States! Am8. Mount WhUnef/. Where is Mt. Whitney ? What is ita eleva- tion above the level of the sea V Ams. ]f.,oSGfeet. Where is Mount Shasta? Mt. Hood? Where is the Cos- cade Uange ? Mount St. Helens ? Which of the States repre-iented on tliis Belief Map I are best supplied with lakes? j Wliat and where is the largest lake west of the Rocky Mountains ? What important city near It? What railruod passes Oreut Salt Lake? Mention some of the lakes which have no outlets. What small valley <)r gorge In the eastern part of Call- fomia ? For what ia Tosemite Val- ley celebrated? A»b ^«" Ou grandeur of it* mtMry. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 51 j3 O s c a o - «J S o c /: "* c i -" s - i y "s c i. = ^ ■s •? ^ ?^ ?; -= t 2 S W C =3 -■ V ^ 2 - ? -■ -S 0) V o £. a g s 8 II § 5 1.2 ^ « ^ i erg w O « >- 3 - .* t C S s ^ I - "■ = 55 ■a - - -^ ** ■• X .^ Q 5 UJ * ^ t- •2 "? 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C M ji .« S d ss = * s-s — "a ^ — •- •^ a ^ 2 "3 a 5 ffl S ~ c S^ » J c " ^ -5 - ^ a e : * f s i£ .= - S i •=. a 5 sj — - c S -.5 -" ^ -E .2S ** •■ ^ .2 .fi CS ^ •* .= X .= = ? 5 ^ i ^ £ = ? € o aa fc, a a P 5 32 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 'TV'^'*^- Kjranu i t Pl^YSlCAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. The characteristics of Mexico are its great mountain chain, liigh plateaus, volearioes, sliort rivei-s, silver mines, and tropi- cal products. 2. Its climate and productions vary with the elevation. (See page G, paragraph 28.) 3. Along the coasts, the climate is hot and pestilential ; and on the high grounds, temperate and cold. 4. The products of the trojiical regions are indigo, sugar, cot- ton, tobacco, orange:;, etc. ; and of the temperate region.s, corn and wheat Cochineal is an important article of export 5. The seasons in the southern half of Mexico are two — ^the rainy (in summer), and the dry (in winter). 0. The inhabitants are Indians, Creoles, and mixed races. Note.— The population of Mexico is 9,000,000, oue-lialf ofwhom are In- dians or native Mexiran.i. The Creoles are native whites of Spanish descent ; they t.re chc wealthy and influential class, and fomi one-sixth of the popula- tion. They inhabit the table-lands. They liavc a dark complexion, black hair and eyes. The Indians constitute the laboring class. 7. The Government, which is repubhcan, is very unsettled, owing to revolutions. 8. Education of the masses has long been neglected, but is now receiving more attention. 9. The better classes are verj' gay ; and all, male and female, are fond of sinokiiig. 10. The ■wild animals of the hot region are the jaguar {jag-v-ahr') and puma; and on the northern plains, roam im- mense numbers of bison, cattle, and horses. a, .i./.j, I ,i.>u-.i' iJt itttd f^oixrnmcnt buildings. 11. The City of Mexico, the capital, is situated on a jjlateau more than 7,000 feet alxive the level of tiie .sea. It is tlie largest city in the country, and has a population about equal to that of Cincinnati or New Orleans (200,000). ] 2. Central America resembles Mexico in its characteristics and inhabitants. 13. It comprises five republics — tiuatemala, San Salvador, ilonduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPI^Y. 1. MEXICO vras discovered by Cordova, in 1.517 ; and two years afterward it was con(H ered Ijy Cortez, and remained in pos- session of the Spaniards about 300 years, or until it became a republic (in 1821). 2. Many other Spaniards afterward entered Mexico, and acquired great wialtli iVoin ll)c gold and silver mines. 3. The natives were well advanced in the arts of civilization. 4. Mexico formerly extended north to Oregon, and east to Louisiana. ."). Texas declared itself free from Mexico, and was after^vard admitted into the Union. War between the United States and Mexico soon followed. The Americans were commanded by Gen- eral Scott, and the Mexicans by General Santa Anna ; tlie lurnier were victorious, and Mexico ceded to the United States, California, Nevada. Utah, and New Mexico, for |il5,000,000. 0. Mexico was invaded by the French army in 18C3, and Maximilian, of Austria, became emperor. He was soon taken and shot, and the republic was re-established. ..tl^^l -/ -3. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 53 Providence Islandy is the seat of government of the Bahamas, and a heaith/ui climate. It belongs to Great Britain. THE WEST INDIES. Name the largest of the West Indies. What group north of Cuba V East of tlie Carihbe'an Sea ? In what zone is Cuba? What water between Cuba and Yuca- tan ? Cuba and Harti ? Hayti and Porto Kico ? Into what two parts is Hayti divided V What is tlie capital of Cuba? Of the Republic of Hayti? Of the Kei)ublic of Dominica? Of Jamaica? Mention some of tlie Bahamas, — the Car ibbee Island;^ PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPI^Y, 1 . The WEST INDIES include :i!l i\w islands which extend from Florida, southeast- wardly to South America. 2. The largest are Cuba, Hayti (hay'te). Jamaica, and Porto Rico {meaning rich port). 3. The West Indies are celebrated for their JKjt climate, destructive liui-ricanes and earthquakes. ^^^^„^ „ ^^„ ^ ^^ Note. — Hurricanes are most frequent in August, September, and October. The Great Antilles {ahn-teei) comprise Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, and Porto Riso. 4. The climate is dry in winter ; rainy and unhealt'hftii in summer, when yelldW fever is prevalent; snow is unknown. 5. The productions, which are abundant, include sugar, coffee, toljacco, cotton, corn, mahogany, dye-woods, drugs, pine- apples, oranges, and bananas. The soil is cultivated by negroes. 6. The inhabitants are whites, negi-oes, and mulattoes, and the languages spoken, Spanish, French, and English. 7. Fish, turtles, parrots, reptiles, and insects are numerous. 8. The most important city is Havana, which is noted for its exportation of sugar, molasses, tobacco, and cigars. 9. The population of Cuba is equal to that of Massachu- setts (about 1,400,000). The whites are of Spanish descent. 10. To Great Britain belong Jamaica, the Baliamas, Barbae does, St. Vincent, Trinidad, and Antigua. 11. To Spain belong Culia, Porto Rico, and the Isle of Pines. 12. To France lielong Guadaloupe and Martinique. 13. To Denmark belong St. Thomas, St. John's, and Santa Cruz. A circle of 700 miles raduis drawn around New Orleans would pass near Havana, Tampico, Charleston, Cincinnati, and Kansas City. Ohsfri'f that the Island of Hayti is almost as long- as Kansas, and that Cuba is twice the length of Ilayti. (See page 98.) I^ISTORICAL GEOGRAPp. 1. The WEST INDIES were discovered in 149^ (See page 19, Lesson XI.) 2. The natives hved in bark huts, and obtained their food by hunting and lishing. They were nearly all killed or driven from the island.s by the Spaniards. 3. Slavery has been abolished, except in the Spanish possessions. 4. Cviba lias belonged to Spain ever since its discoveiy by Columbu.s. 5. On the Island of Hayti or San Domingo was founded the first Spanish colony in America. G. That Island now comprises two republics, whose in- habitants are mostly negroes and mulattoes. The repultlic of Havti occupies the western part, where the French language is spoken, and Dominica the remaining part, where Spanish is sjioken. // Aas a good harbaf TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY. Note. — These exercises may be used orally or made the subjects for com- position ; and, if the teacher wi.sh, he may require the pupils to draw the State on the blackboard, and, in turn, to mark the places when tliey are mentioned. These questions may also be ap))lied to any other State. The State j'ou live in : — Between what parallels of latitade is it ? What are its boundaries ? What can you say of its size ? Its shape ? Surface ? Productions? Manufactures? Rivers? Principal cities? History? NoRTu America. — In what zones ? Mention its countries— capes— in- lets — lakes — principal rivers. What can you say of its mountains— sur- face — climates — r.ain— dry regions— frozen regions — agricultural products — mining— fisheries ? Which coast is best adapted to commerce ? Wiy ? Mention its largest cities. AVhich are noted for commerce ? Manufactures? What parts of North America are noted for cotton — oranges and lemons — gold and silver? What State is especially rich in grain, gold, and quick- silver ? In silver ? What States are noted for copper ? Lead ? Coal and iron ? Lumber ? Corn anti wheat ? What State excels in shipbuilding ? Commerce? Wliat Territories abound in gold and silver? What two cities are noted for their trade in grain and pork ? What can you say of the people of the different countries— their color. habits, dress, language, and occupations ? Of the goveniment and history of each country ? What animals are in the northern regions? The temperate? The tropical ? ■\Vliat and why is the difierence between the climates of the Pacific coast and those of the Atlantic coast of the United States and British America? What State is celebrated for great trees? What is the princi- pal seaport on the Atlantic coast ? On the Pacific coast ; What are some of the advantages of their situation ? How does New York compare in population with London ? With Berlin ? Why is the Pacific coast of the United States so well watered? Why is the land east of;'; • Sierra Nevada dry and barren? From what States and islands do we get sugar ? What city is noted for its export of sugar and cigars ? Of gold ? Of cotton ? What part of Jlexico is healthy ? Unhealthy ? Why ? Where are its cities— on the highljiml or lowland? What season is the best in which to visit the West Indies ? Why ? What parts of North America belong to Great Britain? To Denmark? What islands belong to Spain ? Wlicrc are seals, turtles, cod, and mackerel caught ? What do you know of them .ind their uses? Wliat advantages for trade have Chicago and Buffalo ? What three Atlantic States have no mountains ? What Gulf States bare no moiuitains ? MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 5S SOdTH AMERICA 1. SOUTH AMERICA lies chiefly in the Torrid Zone. Its southern part is in the South Temperate. 2. Its area is equal to three-fourths that of North America. 3. Its eastern point is due south of Cape FareweU. 4. Its western point is directly south of Cape Sable (Florida), and its northern cajie is west of the central point of Africa. 5. Its shape is triangular; its widest part being from Cape SL Eo(/ie to the northwestern part of Peru. GENERAL QUESTIONS What coiintriea are crossed by the Equator? By the Tropic of Capricorn ? What countries are wholly within the Torrid Zone? Within the South Temperate Zone 1 What is the direction of the coast from its northern to its eastern cape? From its eastern to its southern cape V By what oceans and sea is South America surrounded ? What mountains extend along the Pacific coast? The Atlantic coast? What mountains south of Venezuela ? In the western part of Brazil '! Wliat volcanoes in Ecuador? Between Chili and Argentine Republic? Into what ocean do nearly all the rivers flow? Xame the largest rivers. Name the largest three tributaries of the Amazon ? Wliat large tributary has the Parana ? What country is embraced between the Parana and Para- guay rivers ; What large rivers of Brazil flow into the Atlantic Ocean ? Name the northern cape — the eastern — the southern. WTiat lake west of Bolivia ? In Venezuela ? What strait between Patagonia and Terra del Puego? What countries border on the Atlantic? On the Pacific? On the Carib- bean Sea? Wnat country has no sea-coast? To what three nations does Guiana belong? Bound Colombia, — Vene- zuela, — Guiaua, — Brazil, — Ecuador, — Peru, — Bolivia, — Paraguay, — Argentine Republic, — Uruguay, — Cliih, — Patagonia. AVliat is the capital of each ? On a voyage from the West Indies to Rio Janeiro, what countries and prominent capes would you pass? In what directions would you sail on a voyage from Rio Janeiro to Valparaiso ? From Valparaiso to Panama ? What large island at the mouth of the Amazon ? Give the situation of the principal seaports of South America, — Rin Janeiro, — Bahia, — La Guayra, — Valparaiso, — Callao, — Guayaquil, — Pauaifla — llaranhao. DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING SOUTl^ AMERICA. [See " Generai, Directions " on Page 17.] Commence at A, and measure 5^ ms. north, and mark Cape St. Roqiie. Measure to C, 7i ms. ; thence west to D, Si ms. At 4 ms. from C, mark Cajte Gallinas and Lake Maracaybo. From 51, at C'djte Sf. Boqtie, toward 4 on the line C D, mark the points, 1, near the mouth of the Amazon River ; 2, opposite Georgetoivn ; and, 3, near Caracas. Complete the coast line. From A, toward the west, mark the points 4 and 5i at B. From 4, west of A, toward Cape St. Roque, mark 1, near the Gulf of St. ifeorfjc; 3, opposite St. Matthias' Bay ; 3, near the mouth of the Rio lie La Plata ; and 6, opposite the Bay of All Saints. Complete the coast line. Prom 4, west of A, measure 4 ms. north, and draw the coast south to Terra del Fiieyo and Cape Horn. North of B, mark the points 5\, 6, 7, and draw the Gulf of Darien, Istlnniis of Panama, &nd Cape Blanco. Complete the drawing by marking the mountains, rivers, countries, bays, gulfs, capes, cities, etc., writing t\ie full name of each outside the map. REVIEW QUESTIONS, hTiere nie lliey:' (Sec Note, p. 18.) Mountains : — Andes, Pacaraima, Parimc, or Parima, Geral, Vol. Co'topasi, Vol. Aconcagua. Vol. Pichincha {pe-chee7i'chah), Mt. Chimborazo {rah'zo). Rivers : — Amazon, Orinoco, Uruguay, Negro, La Plata, Paraguay, Parana, St, Francisco. Gulfs and Bays : — Darien, Panama, San Matias, or Venezuela, St. George, St. Matthias. Islands : — Terra del Fuego, Marajo, or Joannes. Trinidad, Chiloe [che-h-ay'), Chonos Arch., Falkland. Capes : — Gallinas {gal-Je'-nan). St. Roque, Horn. Parina. Cities : — Rio Janeiro, Buenos Ayres, Valparaiso, Quito. Bahia (bah-e'a), Lima, Santiago, Cuzco, Montevideo, Bogota'. Pernambuco, La Paz. 56 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGR)^PHY. 1. South America is celebrated tor its great inountaiii (.liain. iiniiic'iijo plains and rivei's, tnipical climate, and the abundance of ita vege- table and nuinial litV. 2. Its three mountain systems are in the west, ea.-Iain, drained by the Amazon, the Orinoco, and the La Plata rivers. 0. The plain of the Amazon is noted for its dense forests, called silvas, which are the abode of Siivages, monkeys, alligators, serpents, and in- sects, besides birds of wonderful beauty and variety. 10. In the forests are trees from which cocoa, India-nibber, Peruvian or quinine bark, cabinet and dye- woods aro obtained. 11. The lowlands of the Ori- noco, called llanos (I'yah'noce), and those of the La Plata, called pampas, are covered with gi-ass in the wet sea- son, from November to May ; but in the dry season, from May to Novem- ber, they resemble a desert. 12. The llanos and pampas afford pasture to vast numbers of cattle, horses, and sheep. The wild cattle are caught by means of the lasso, a long leathern rope. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 57 13. The chief exports from Uruguay and the Argentine Republic are tallow, liides, horns, liair, wool, and dried beef; from Bolivia and Pern, silver, guano, and nitre. 14. Brazil produces mon' than half the coffee used in the world. 15. The principal productions of nearly all the countries are coffee, sugar, cotton, ti>bacco, cocoa, and tropical fruits. IG. Among^ the animals are the jaguar (jag-u-ahr') or American tiger, tapir, puma, ant-eater, sloth, alpaca, and armadillo. Mules and llamas are used as beasts of burden. The condor, the largest bird of flight, has its home in the Andes. 17. The precious and useful metals are found in the Andes ; diamcjnds and other precious stones, in Brazil. 18. The inhabitants of South America comprise whites, Indians, negi-oes, and mixed races. The whites are in a small minority. In Colombia and Venezuela, only one-fourth are white. 19. The white inhabitants of Brazil are of Portuguese de- scent, and of the other countries, Spanish ; in Brazil they live near the coast, while in the interior some of the native tribes are can- nibals. 20. Brazil is an empire. 21. Brazil is nearly as large as the United States ; and UrugTuiv, the smallest country in South America, is larger than the six New England States combined. 22. In the Torrid Zone is all that part of South Ameiica which lies north of the Argentine Repubhc, or about three-fourths of the whole division. section of Scut k America. — Rain brjug,.^i >,,.;>. ike Ailaniic Ocean.- The Great Plains. • T/te .4 ndes.- 23. In the tropical countries of South America, the winds blow from tlie Atlantic Ocean, and supply the vast plains with abundant rain. The moisture carried by these winds is condensed before passing the snow-covered peaks of the Andes; hence the rainless districts between the Andes and the Pacific. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. SOUTH AMERICA was discovered by Columbus, at the mouth of the Orinoco (in 1498). I 2. Brazil was settled by Portuguese, in the early part of the I 16th century. It declared itself free from Portugal (in 1822) and became an empire. The P(5rtuguese language is spoken there. 3. The Pacific Ocean w^as discovered by Balboa, who crossed the Isthmus of Panama (in 1513) ; and soon after, by Magellan, who entered the Paeilic through the strait which bears his name, and thus made the first voyage around the globe. 4. Balboa was followed by I'izarro, a cruel Spaniard who con- quered Peru, which then included nearly the whole of the western part of South America and was inhabited by a powerful and civiUzed race. -.ruiv -t.j j' 'ij:/ Natural bridges in Colombia^ ipo /eet above tke tttrreni at the bottom. Note. — The Peruvians — native Indians — had been governed by the Incas for centuries. They worshiped the sun, and believed their rulers, the Incas, tn be its descendants. Tlieir knowledge of architecture and sculpture is shown by the remains of ])alaces, ai|ueducts, and temples. Tli<^ magnificent " Temple of the Sun " was richly ornamented with gold and jewels. 5. Peru was held by Spain for about three hundred years, and in the early part of the pi-esent century all the Spanish colonies, from Venezuela to Chili, inclusive, became independent. 6. Guiana belongs partly to Great Britain, France, and Hol- land; and Patagonia is claimed by Chili and the Argentine Ke- pubhc. All the other countries are repubUcs, except BraziL 7. The South American republics, like Mexico, have suf- fered much from revolutions. Note. — The Republic of Colombia, which continued for several years pre- vious to 1831, comprised New (tranada, Ecuador, and Venezuela, now three separate republics. New Granada is now known as the United States of Colombia. TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY. (To be used as a RE^^EW or as Subjects for Compobition.) South Axierica :— What can you say of its position on the globe ? Its shape and measurements ? Its mountain ranges, volcanoes, and plateaus J Its climates ? Rains and drouths, and their effects ? Vegetable products ? Jlinerals ? Exports ? ;\jiimals ? Inhabitants, oiiginnl antl present ? Gov ernments ? Discovery and history ? If the winds of the tropical countries blew from the Pacific instead of the Atlantic, would Brazil have abundant rains, large rivers, and dense forests? AMiy ? Would it, in that case, be wet or dn,- on the west side of the Andes? Where, then, would be the rainless districts? If the Andes were along the Atlantic coast, instead of the Pacific, what would be the effect? In Patagonia and southern Chili, the winds blow from the Pacific ; on which side of the Andes, in those countries, does the most rain fall ? Where. are their i-ainless districts ? vs. O I #y /•s N n a 8 'N /'d M V H -N /ssyw/-a 3§'r -n/ •a V3-N \.-Cv VV MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 59 §2 OS p 6a a -, IS ^oT i 3 -^ ^ c2 CO CO o? >■ UJ ^ O M O Si..- o p oS # ~ "r O a = GO ^ S > g H ►i5S g p H^ cc S s o tc P. 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O a: ID o (/) UJ CE z o o H -5 e '^ E i I "s ^ - 1 s S5 5 C ^ eg I I 5| §g P El « ;■ 5 ►.- «■ - 5 w . £ !^ < M •< ;§£ £8 I ttl s; a; S5 s ? s e -?,.'; E ; t 1 ^- 't *■ " Ti '■■ S e « £ i= ,= i= B j; d. m A t* 6 @ t @ I t o <0 I 3 .5 C3 a O 3 ;. :^ o 1 o P^ o '^~' -^ 55 c ClJ = Cm O ^ -3 o "tS ft • ■r (Q ^ ;^ — . (4 > 3 6c- •M h ^ C 2 H 2 ^ -r ^ "E S H ^ .E 12 5 ^ *^ — ^ fl ^ §^- o 5 Si to s; ,=! ;. -« S A I "o U — -J tf i -^ E 5i < o o s rfl -^ J a n o Ci 7J ^ S 3 - S := a S 5- 5 o a o o 3 t^ =5 _2 .:: _m ^ Piss _ ^ a o a a 3 — o d ^ ^1 of "^ .2 => ■So-? p I— I 1, O i 5 -3 3 i-< = '3 eS 3 cu ft •/: •iH — « = >- .S :^' 2 ft - ^ sn e3 '^ +> O *" M , O ■ o 2 CO o S « 43 62 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. -^SfnnH'.w MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 63 ■S E?' C3 O « 3 ^^ J^—.^- J' cr: -kS ^ 03 = .= C3 "d 1 3 ■;, 1 o '6 o 'c a CD M JS UJ a C2_ t^ d ^ o s GQ 00 "S .S bt ,S3 J: S-. •^ r^ O © c ® c 0) . H - EH S CO -p m — ~ 1-1 — •- "C ?, --< ^ m rA.^ ^i m SM!H x\" 5,4 sko ■>' > Ir^- -f. 5 < Vt^ K i'/f's i'i »-«^^-y \-->- =-T'.v. "■ll/iV'^i /"^^^ -'^c kJ^ w.. ^.k V^1P§^ -^4-?^=fei ^ / > ;j-.^: X J< - a s 3" 6 J ^ -s -5 *S C3 X a? ,:5 -c a i ^ - 13 S S .- :5 ^ II 1 r ^ ^ Si" 64 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. LonKtiuilv WmI i^ front Rrronwlcb IRELANB3>oo.,r„^,„4 hP^OfOj ®CAV«lJ- S^*-^ ""^YJ^ '^. °•i*^i^J«g' T E R b» Ouiu'jj B. IfAenry C L »^? i&cU,^' ^''r?''"ric°''/i VlLKEM rAurt«s I Co«/^ rilkit Ruifrll GENERAL QUESTIONS. What parallels of latitude pass over Ireland ? Over what parts of North Anieriea do those parallels pass '! (See p. 16.) In what direction is Ireland from the United States? (See page 89.) Wliat ocean north and west of Ireland V \Vliat sea east '.' A\'liat channel southeast Y Northeast '! WTiat is its northern head or cape ? Southern ? WTiat city and bay in the middle of the eastern coast ? What city and bay on the western side nearly west of Dublin 1 Which is the most northern of its four pro\ince3? Southern ? Eastern ? WMtem ? What louph or lake in the nortlieastem part of Ire- land? What small lakes in the soutli western part ? In what jiart of Ireland is Belfast (celebrated for its linen and cotton factories ? Cork (manufactures, ship- building, and fine harbor) ? Limerick ? Waterford ? Londonderry ? Galway ? Donegal ? Sligo ? Obserre that Ireland is about the game in width a.>5 Kansas — 200 miles, and that Kansas has a greater area tlian Ireland, Sardinia, and the peninsula of Den- mark, combined. Ireland, Portugal, and the State of Indiana are about the same in area. PFIYSICAL PD DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPl^Y. 1. IRELAND i.** generally level, with mountains along tile coast. 2. Its climate is mild and moist, and the people are chiefly engaged in grazing and agriculture. 3. The principal products are grain, potatoes, hay, and Ua.x ; live stock and linen are largely exported to England and Scotland. 4. Its rivers and lakes are numerous; Lough Neagh {loh-naij) is the largest lake in Ireland, and the Lakes of Killarney are celelirated for their lieautifiil scenery. 5. The principal cities are Dulijin, Belfast, and Cork; Dubhn is one of the finest cities in Europe. Dublin is in the same latitude as the southern point of Alaska. Dublin and Cork together have a population about equal to that of Boston. Ireland, with one ninth the area of the six Oulf States, has a larger population (5,402,000). 6. Bog-peat is extensively used for fuel; coal, which is imported from Great Britain, is used only in the towns. l^ISTORICi^L GE0GR)^P1^Y, 1. The name of Ireland was originally Ir or Erin ; it was called Iliheniia by the Romans. It is sometimes called the Emerald Lsle, because of the freshness of its verdure. 2. Ireland was long governed by its own kings, princes, or chieftains; its four i)rovinces, Ulster, Leinster, Munster, and Connauglit. were former kingdoms. 3. From the 3d to the 10th century it was ruled by a tribe called the Scots, who called it Scotia, but aftenvai'ds transferred the name to Scotland. (See page 63, iiaragrajih 2 of ITi.storical Oeography.) 4. Invasions and insurrections were frequent, and the country finally fell into the hands of the English. .5. The people belong chiefly to the Celtic race ; they are active, industrious, warm-hearted, and impulsive. View in Ireland.— Peasantry and city gentry.~-An Irish jaunting-car. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY, Longitude West FRANCE. What par- allels of latitude pass over France in this map? Over what parts of North America do these parallels pass '; (See p. 16.) AVhat ocean west of France? What sea south- east? What bay west ? A\liat channel northwest? What strait north 1 What country is separated from France by the Strait of Dover? What countries border on the northeast ? East ? ^Vhat mountains east ? Mention the four large rivers of France. Into what does each empty ? What large island in the Mediterranean Sea belongs to France? Ang. Corgiea. 1. FRANCE is most- ly level, with high moun- tains on the east and south. In the east are Mt. Blanc, the highest mountain in Eu- rope, and Mt. Cenis {seh-ne), through which is a tunnel nearly eight miles in length, connecting France and Italy. 2. Its climate, ex- cept in the northeast, is mild. Its southeastern coast is a fayorite winter resort for invalids from Europe and tlie United States. 3. The leading agricultural products are grain and grapes, besides olives, orauge.s, and lemons in the south. Around Lyons, the second city, in size, in France, mulberry trees are exten- sively cultivated for the support of the silk-worm. 4. Among the exports are silk, woolen, linen, and cotton goods, wine, brandy, jewelry, and fancy articles. 5. Paris is, next to London and Pekin, the largest city in the world. The most important seaport in France is Marseilles. 6. The French are remarkable for politeness, activity, and honesty; they are gay, impulsive, and' fond of military distinction. 7. France, although smaller than Texas, has a population almost as large as that of the United States. Population of France, 36,000,000 ; I'nited States, about 40,000,000. 8. Its foreign possessions comprise Algeria, French Gui- ana, besides parts of India, Western Africa, and several islands in ' Oceanica and the West Indies. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPl^Y. 1. FRANCE, with Holland, Belgium, and Western Germany, was formerly called Gaul; the inhabitants were called Gauls or Celts. 2. It "was conquered by Julius Caesar and annexed to the Eoman Empire (51 B. C). 3. It received its name from the Franks, German invaders, who afterward:^ i:[adrid? PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRi^Pl^Y. 1. The surface is a table-land, on which are five chains of mountains, extending from east to west; between these chains run the principal rivers. 2. The interior i.s high, dry^ and treeless ; its summers are hot and its winters cold; while in Portugal rain is abundant, and along the coast of the Mediterranean perjietual spring prevails. 3. The chief exports are wine, olive oil. wool, quicksilver, oranges, lenions, raisins, almonds, corks, and licorice. 4 The useful metals are found in the north; silver and quicksilver, in the ,=outh. 5. The Spaniards and Portuguese have dark eyes and L ■ -A/'JfA Observe that each of the three oblong frames in dotted lines represents Kansas. Is Portugal larger or smaller than Kansa,s ? What is the length of the northern boundary of Spain ? are of a dark complexion. The Spaniards are proud and revenge- ful, and very fond of music, dancing, Ijull-fights, and other sports. 6. The inhabitants are descended from the Iberians and Celts, intermingled with Carfhagenian, Roman, Gothic, and Moor- ish blood. (See Ancient Geognijihy, Jiage 90.) 7. The Spanish and Portuguese languages, although differinu fmni eaeh other, are both derived from the Latin. 8. Education and agriculture are in a verj* backward condition ; scarcely one-tenth of the inhabitants of Spain being able to read and write. 9. The most populous provinces are in the south. 10. Andorra is a small rejiublic in the Pyrenees, inhabited by shepherds. (Area, 149 square mUes; population, 12,000.) Population of Spain, 16,500,000 ; of Portugal, 4,000,000. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, 1. The peninsula -was originally peopled by the Iber- ians, a tierce race. On its coasts, colonies were established by the Phoenicians about 1000 B. C. It was subdued by the Carthagcni- ans. and afterwards by the Romans, who held it at the beginning of the Christian era. 2. At the fall of the Roman Empire, tribes from Germany and France took possession ; but these were succeeded by the Moors, or Ai'abs from Northern Africa (in the 8th century). The Moors were driven out by the Spaniards, under Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain (1492), the same year in which Spain came into possession of large portions of North and South America, by right of discovery. Spain became a republic in 1873. ."5. The Portuguese, in the 15th and 10th centuries, were among the most enlightened and enterprising people of Europe ; their colonies along the coasts of South America, .Africa, and Asia were very important. (See page 57, paragraph 2.) MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 67 HOLLAND, OR THE NETHER- LANDS, is i m. wide by 1 m. long (100 x 200 miles). By what is it bounded on the north and west? On the east? South? ^^^lat sea or zee in Holland ? What is the largest river fio^^ang through Holland? Does the Rhine empty through one or several mouths ? A^Tiat grand duchy southeast of Belgium belongs ^o Holland? (A grand duchy is governed by a grand duke.) \\^lat branch of the Rhine bounds Luxemburg on the southeast ? Are there any mountains in Holland or Belgium? Bound Belgium. 'VATiat rivers flow through Belgium? Amsterdam, the metro] olis, is one of flie most im- portant commercial cities in Europe. It is built on Tif Mong frame sko-.u! wooden piles driven into swampy ground. M'liere is thcUngtk andhreadthof it situated? Rotterdam, the second city of Holland, Aa,wai (300x400 »»V«). jg_ jiijg Amsterdam, intersected by numerous canals. Where is it ? The Hague {meadow) is the capital. Where Is it? Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is celebrated for lace and carpets, print- ing, pulilishing, and trade. Where is it? Ghent is the second city in Bel gium, and is celebrated for its cotton manufactures. WHiere is it? iVntwerp (meaning nddeil, because built on successive deposits from the river) com- mands the commerce of Belgium. Where is it situated? Holland. — Skating seene^ COI^Pi^R^TIVE GEOGRi^PHY. Belgium, with one-fourth the area of New Tork State, has a larger population. Zuider Zee (meaning South Sea) is in the same latitude as James' Bay. PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPljY. 1. The "words Holland and Netherlands signify a flat, low, marshy country. A considerable portion of the surfece of Holland and Belgium is more than twenty feet below tide water. Inundation is pre- vented by dikes or mounds. 2. The lo'w land is drained by means of its numerous canals, \\hich are between high banks, and into which the water is raised by windmills and steam- engines. 3. The leading occupations in Holland are commerce and dairy-farming. 4. The climate is moist and disagreeable. 5. Belgium is noted for its dense population, whose employ- ments are chiefly in agriculture and manufactures. 6. The Dutch and Belgians are noted for their industry and cleanliness. Low-Dutch i.s spoken in Holland; Flemish (re- sembling Dutch) and EVench, in Belgium. 7. Population of Belgium, 5,000,000 ; Holland, 3,900,000. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. Holland and Belgium, at the beginning of the Christian em, were subject to Rome. In the 8th century, they formed part of the dominions of Charlemagne; and afterwards, of Austria and Spain. 2. Holland became independent and very pro.^porous in the 17tli century, and her foreign possessions comprised .Sumatra, Java, and several other Asiatic islands, besides Dutch Guiana. ;3. Both countries were afterward incorporated with PVance ; but in 181.1, they were joined together as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. 4. They have been separate kingdoms since 1831. ^/ 68 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. THE GERMAN EMPIRE. Whatsea uorth of (icriiiany ? North- west ? Whut two gulfs open into tlie Baltic Sea? What countries bound Germany on tlio west and northwest? On the south ? On the east ? What four large rivers flow through (ierniany? In what direction do they flow? Into what do they empty? In what part is Hhenish Prussia ? Westphalia? Pomcrania? Schleswig and Holstein 1 Hanover? Prussian Saxony? Silesia? Brandenljurg? In what direction does the surface of Prussia slope ? Where and on what river is Berlin (the capital and largest city)? Hanil)urg (the chief commercial city in Germany)? Breslau (celebrated for its linen trade)? Dresden (works of art)? Cologne (cologne- water)? Franlifort (inland trade and banking business) ? Bremen (2d commercial city) ? Posen ? Hanover ? Population of German Em- pire, about 4n,000,000. 9. Tlie Germans are thrifty, industrious, of a calm temper, and fond of music, biioks, and study. 10. Parents pay great attention to the discipline and amusement of their cliildren. and the love of home is a national characteristic. loo of Lorraine bcra ahown, wew eetied by Franc« lo Gemuaj, In 1871. PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. THE GERMAN EMPIRE com- prises Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtembero;. Baden, Saxony, and other states, besides free cities. 2. Prussia is mostly low and level, with mountains in tlie south. The winters on its northern plain are severe. 3. The mineral products include coal, salt, and the useful metals. 4. Grain and grapes are extensively culti- vated throughout Germany. 5. Merino sheep, valuable for their wool, are raised in great numbers. 6. The forests are extensive. 7. Prussia excels every other country in its national system of education. Attend- ance at school between the ages of five and fifteen is required by law. Schools, universi- ties, academies, and pnbhc libraries are numer- ous throughout Germany. 8. The kingdoms in Germany are Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Saxony. A Vineymrd in Germany.— Gatkering Grapts. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 69 A view of the Rhine^ — Ruins of an ancient castle. 10. The Rhine is one of the most important rivers in Europe for navigation and trade. 11. It is celebrated for the beauty of its scenery, and for its liistoiy and legends. Its banks are covered ^vith vineyards, many of its mountains and crags are crowned 'nith ancient castles, and close to the river nestle picturesque towns and villages. 12. The scenerr most admired is between Mayence, or Mainz, and Cob- lentz, a distance of about 50 miles, a part of wliicU is seen in the picture. 13. The population of the German Empire is the sj\me as that nf the United States — about 40,000.000 ; and its area is the same as that of the four States, Michigan, Wisconsin, lUinois, and Indiana. 1-1. Berlin, the capital and largest city, has about the same population as Philadelphia which is more than SOO.OOO. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1. GERMANY formed a part of the Empire of the West under Charlemagne, who was the first of a line of emperors extending througli a thousjind years ending A. I). 1800. 2. The early inhabitants were of a warlike nature ; hence their name, German, which means war-man. 3. The Germanic Confederation of 1815 consisted of the several kin,sd(ini.<, dnchus. ami IV.v ciiies in Germany. 4. By the war between Prussia and Austria (in 1866), Austria was compelled to withdraw fivm the confederation. Prussia also anuex.'d the Danish j>rovinces t)f Schleswig. Holstein, and the German States Hanover, Xassau, Hesso Cassel. and the free city of Frankfort. The North German Confederation was then formed, consisting of all (he States north of Frankfort. X War between Praissia and France was declared by Napoleon III (in 1870), who was defeated and taken prisoner. All the German States were then united to form the German Empire, with Prussia as the leading power. 6. Poland (meaning Plat Land), once a flourishing kingdom, now forms part of Prussia, Russia, and Austria. 70 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. AUSTRIA. What countries north of Austria? East? twuth? West? South- west ? WHiat sea southwest ? Wliicli is tlie most western provinrc? Northwestern? Xorllicnstern ? Southeastern ? Wliicli is tlie largest division of Austria? Which is tlio prinripiil river? Name its branches. Through what jjrovinccs does the Danube flow? What river on the northern border? On the soutliern ? Where are the Carpathian Mountains? What river flows through Bohemia ? Where is Vienna (the capi- tal and largest city) ? Prague (the seat of Bohemian mauu factures of glas.s, jewelrj-, etc.)? Pesth? Trieste (the great seaport of Austria)? Cracow (the ancient capital of Poland, and near extensive salt mines. Tlie area of Austria is about three times that of Kansas. (See page 98.) In population, Austria is nearly equal to the United States. M 'LonsUude Eait M of GrteLwlch n PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. AUSTRIA is a mountainous country, with the great plain of Hungary in the center and south. 2. Austria is rich in agricultural and mineral products. 3. The Hungarian provinces comprise Hungary and Transylvania, and those south of Hungary. Tir City of Buda, or O/tn, is on tie Ufi o/ the picture, and the City 0/ Pesth on the right, ieoking n^rth. — Faint to these cities on the map. 4. The German provinces are between Hungary and the western boundary of Austria. Name them- 5. The Polish province is Galicia. 0. The pvecious metals are found in Hungary, Transylvania, and Bohe- mia; quicksilver and tin in the southwest; coal, iron, copper, and salt, in nearly all the provinces. 7. Its exports are of great variety ; they include grain, cattle, wine, wool, salt, linen and leather goods, glass-ware, wooden-ware, gloves, instruments, and machines. 8. The salt mines in the north are the most cclc'liratc'd in the world. '.1. The races and languages are various. Population of Austria, 36,000,000 IJISTORICi^L GEOGRi^PHY. 1. The ■word Austria, which signifies eaKfern .'state, originally referred to what is now the provinces of Upper and Lower Austria, when they formed the eastern part of the do- minions of Charlemagne. '■!. Austria has, at various times, held and lost important pos,sessions in Europe. 3. It retains the kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, and the province of Galicia which formed part of the Kingdom of Poland until it was seized by Austria, Prussia, and Eu.ssia. 4. In the ■war of 1806, Austria was de- feated by Prussia and Italy, compelled to give up Venetia to Italy, and to withdraw from the Germanic Confederation. -View Of the Danube, MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 71 SWITZERLAND. What grand duchy north? What Austrian province east? What Italian Btates south? What country west? Wliat lakes on the boundary of Swit- zerland ? Wliat largo river flows through Lake Constance ? Through Lake Geneva? In what part of Switzerland do they both rise ? Name the largest lakes in Switzerland. What river with its branches drains the greater part of Switzerland ? What moun- tains in the south? In the northwest? Center? East? Geneva, the largest city, is celebrated for watches, jewel- ry, and music-boxes. Where is it? Bern is the capital. Where is it ? Where is Basel (baJi/zel), or Basle (haM)1 Lau- sanne ? Zurich (zoo'rik) 1 Fri- bourg? Neuchatel (nushrah- tel') 1 Lucerne ? Switzerland, like Holland, is abou*i 1 m. long and i m. broad (100 x 200 miles). PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. Switzerland is the most mountainous country in Europe. Its highest peaks are covered with perpetual snow. 2. The scenery of its mountains, glaciers {gla'seers), valleys, lakes, and waterfalls is grand and picturesque. (See illustrations on pages 6 and 8.) 3. The highest peaks are Mt. Rosa and Mt. Cervin, which are about 15,000 feet above the level of the sea. Mt. Blanc, the highest in Europe, is in France. Fribourg or Freybonrg^ Svjitzerland, — SusftnsioH Bridge ever tht Saane or Sarine Rivev. 4. The climate is subject to gi-eat extremes of heat and cold. 5. The Swiss are hardy, industrious, and brave. 6. They are employed chiefly in dairy-farming and manu- facturing. Cows, goats, and sheep constitute the wealth of the peasantry. 7. The manufactures consist chiefly of watches, jewelry, silk and cotton goods, and can-ed wood. 8. The language sjioken in the central and northeastern cantons is German ; in the western, French ; and in the southern, Italian. 9. Education is general and com- pulsory ; nearly every boy and girl can read and write. 10. Switzerland is a republic com- [TOsed of cantons or states. 11. Population of Switzerland, 3,670,000— about the same as Illinois. IjISTORlCi^L GEOGRi^PHY. 1. At the beginning of the Christian era, tho inhabitants, the Helvetians, wore subdued by the Eomans, and in the 6th century by the Franks. 2. The name Switzerland is derived from that of the canton Schw}-tz. be- cause its inhabitants distinguished them- selves in securing the freedom of the countrs- from Austria (14th century). 3. The confederation then com- prised 1iut three states, now in the cen- tral part of the Republic. 72 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. swilrx t:n L A -v p ITT ITALY-H" Sulo of Miles HAO-l.'Mf'Nfcllj k Tc, 0:k4re. ITALY is a peninsula. Tlie distance from Mt. Blanc, on the northwest, to the Strait of Messina, on the south, is 700 miles — about the same in length as the State of California. What count rj- north of Italy? Northeast? North- west? What mountains on tlie northern border? N'orthcastem? Northwestern? What chain in the penin.sula? Ant. The Apennines. What sea. east? West? Southeast? \Miat gulf southeast? Northwest? What is the most southern cape? Name the northern di\-isionB, — the central and south- ern. What two large islands west of Italy ? Which belongs to Prance? Wliat British island south of Sicily? On what coast is Naples? Oen'oa? Where are the Lipari Is. {lipa-rc) ? ^Vllere is Rome, the most celebrated city in Europe ? Jlilan ? Genoa, the birthplace of Columbus? Venice? Naples, the largest city in Italy? Florence, celebrated for its val- uable collections of sculptures and paintings? Leg- horn, an important rommercial city in Italy? Obseri-e that Mt. Blanc, Genoa, Rome, and Najiles are nearly in a line with each other, and that the city of Naples is in the same latitude as New York. The population of Naples is about half that of New York. Population of Italy, 27,000,000. PI^YSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPl^Y, 1. ITALY is cilcbratcd for it.s mild winters, clear sky, and due scenery, its volcanoes, ancient ruins, and works of art. 2. Tlie three famous volcanoes of Italy are Vesuvius, Etna, and Strom l«)li. Tell where each is situated. 3. The north is inclosed by several di\'isionB Oi" the Ali)s, whose higii summits are covered with perpetual snow. 4. The Apennines begin at the Maritime Alps, near Genoa, and extend through the peninsula. 5. On account of its shape and the positions of ita mountain chains, Italy has liut one large river, the Po, wliich drains the rich and populous plains of Piedmont and Lombardy. 0. The Po River has numerous branches on its northern side, many of which drain lakes remarkable for I he beauty of their scenery. 1. The principal lakes in the north are Garda, Como, and Maggiore (mahd-jo'ra). 8. The ■western coast, for a considerable dis- tance north and .south of Itome, is low and very un- healthy. 9. The mildness of the winters of Central and Southern Italy is chiefly due to the influence of the winds which blow over the waters of the Mediter- ranean Sea. J U. The products include grain, ailk, wine, olive- oU, fruits, marble, and sulphur. 11. The Italians are a mi.xed race, from the Greeks, Gauls, Goths, Germans, and Arabs. They have a dark complexion, black hair and eyes. Many are refined and well educated. Schools, academies, universities, and libraries are numerous. 12. San Marino, a small republic, is northeast of Flor- ence. Romt.— Tke Tiber jVjtv/-, iM^i/i^ ajiun tJu: i£r<;aia.—Si. I'tUrs Catludral and CaitU of St, Angela. A view HISTORICAL GEOGRAPFIY. 1. ITALY was settled by Greeks in llie eio^hth century, B. G. P'or a long time its cities liad sei)arate governments, but all came under the dominion of Eome. (For Ancient Geography and maps, see pages 90 and 91.) 2. Rome, according to tradition, was founded by Romulus, about twenty- six centuries ago. It was a kingdom about 300 years, then a republic about 500 years, ami became an empire in the year .S"), B. C. 3. The first Emperor after Ceesar, wiis Augustus, who the beginning of the Christian era, when Rome was most celebrated for its wealth, power, sjilcndor. and learning. Its dominion extended over nearly the whole of Europe. Westi'rn and Southwestern Asia, and \orthcm Africa. 4. Constantine was the first emperor who was converted from paganism to Christianity (:!0(). A. D.l. 5. The States of Italy have at times been under the dominion of France and Austria, but all are now joined together, forming the Kingdom of Italy. 6. Pom.peii (pom-pat/ e) and Ilerculaneum, ancient cities near Naples, were buried under the ashes sent out from Vesuvius during an eruption (in 79, A. D.). A view in the city of Naples. The streets are narr^ islands. '^ '■' -."/-'^x. interior T'trw of a fishermafCs cotlagt in LaptamL 7. At Hammerfest, the most northern town in Europe, the sun in summer is seen untU midnight. 8. The established religion in these three countries is Lutheran. Their languages are different, although derived from the same language, which is still spoken in Iceland. 9. The Laplanders live in the most northern parts of Europe ; they are copper-colored and short, the men being less than five feet in height. They wear furs, live in huts which resemble bakers' ovens, and subsist on the milk and flesh of reindeer, which consti- tute their entire wealth. 1 0. Population ' 1,800,000. )f Sweden, 4,000,000 ; of Norway, 1,700,000 ; of Denmark, tohsters^ dried and sotted Jiih (chiejly herring and cod)^ are carried en. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1 . The early history of these three countries is obscure. 2. The people were converted from paganism to Christi- anity about till' 10th century, and were sometimes allied and some- times at war with each other. 3. The most celebrated sovereign of Sweden was Gus- tavus Adolphus, who reigned in the early part of the 17th centurj'. 4. Norw^ay was joined to Sweden in 1814. 5. Denmark extend- ed south to the Elbe until 1864, when the duchies of Sleswick, Ilolstein, and Lauen- burg were taken by Prussia. 0. The Danes were long noted for their dar- ing, csijecially on the .sea; and, in the 11th century, they held Eng- land and a part of Scot- land in subjection. (See page 62, paragraph 6.) hipbuilding and an export trade in lumber^ MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 75 A'uidta and t/td Kussiuns. RUSSIA, TURKEY, ^ND GREECE. What five countries of Europe border on Russia V What ocean and sea north? Three seas south? Sea and three gulfs west? 'What mountains and rivers on its boundary ? What rivers in Russia flow north ? Southeast ? South? West? Between what gulf and lake is St. Petersburg? What peninsula in the north ? South? Where is Moscow ? Warsaw? Archangel? Ooessa ? Bound Turkey. Mention its capital, — its mountains, — its rivers. What straits connect the Sea of Marmora with the Black Sea and Archipelago ? Bound Greece. What islands near it ? What peninsula in the south ? PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRi^PHY. 1. The characteristics of RUSSIA are its vast plains, forests, and marshes; cold and barren in the north, but highly productive of grain in the center and south. 2. The animals comprise horses, cattle, sheep, goats, bears, and beavers, besides reindeer in the north, and camels in the south. 3. The exports include leather, hemp, flax, tallow, timl)er. and furs. 4. The Russians are generally uneducated. They are stout and strong, and have brown or sandy hair ; their houses, which are built of wood, lack comfort and cleanliness. The Eussians and Turks are civil and veiy grave in manner. 5. The TURKISH or OTTOMAN EM- PIRE has ])ossessioiis in Europe, Asia, and AlVic-n. 6. Turkey in Europe consists of moun- tains, valleys. ;iih1 jilains. The forests arc extensive. T. Among the leading exports are grain. wiiiil. cotton, goats' hair, and opium. 8. The people are of different races. The Mohauiinedans, who are the ruling class, consti- tute one-third of the population, and .«i)eak the Arabic language. 9. The Turks are proud, hospitable, and in- dolent, spending much of their time in smoking long pipes and sipping coffee. The women of the upper classes, when they appear in the streets, have their faces closely veDed. 10. In Turkey and Greece the schools are attended chiefly by boys. Constantinople, which was founded by Constantine, the first Chrisitian em- peror of Rome, is the third city in size in Europe, ha\-ing about the same population as Xew York. What cities in Europe are larger? 11. GREECE is the most southeastern country in Europe. VZ. Its characteristics are its mountainous suriace, beautiful scenery, mQd climate, and ruins of ancient art. 13. Its exports comprise currants, lead, silk, figs, olive-oil, wine, bees-was, and tropical fruits. 14. The Greeks are active and gay ; they have dark eyes and hair and an olive-colored complexion. They are largely engaged in agriculture and pasturage. Their principal crop is currants. 15. The government is a constitutional monarchy (see page 13, paragraph 32.) The language resembles the ancient Greek. 16. The p&ople of these three countries are mostly members of the Greek church (Christians). Pop. of Russia in Europe, 70,000,000 ; Turkey, 18,000,000; Greece, 1,460,000. I^ISTORICJ^L GEOGRi^PHY. 1, GREECE was the first civilized nation in Europe. (See p. 91,) It was in the height of its power in the ith and 5th cen- turies, B. C, when its famous battles were fought, and its cele- brated poets, philosophers, orators, and sculptors appeared. Wealth, luxury, jealousies, decay, and subjugation followed in turn. It was taken by the Romans in the 2d century, B. C, and by the Turks in the 15th century, A. D. It became again indejjendeut in 1829, A. D. 2, The most celebrated ruler of Russia was Peter the Great, who founded St, Petersbm-gh nearly 200 years ago. 3, Moscow was captured by Xa|)oleon (in 1812), but the city was set on fire, and the French compelled to retreat with great loss. 4, The ■war between Russia and Turkey (in 1854-'5) was caused by the invasion of Turkey by the Russians, who were de- feated. The Turks were aided bv Fi-auce, England, and Sardinia. -iS^tlk" - '-"l Athens^ tke capitai of Greece. On the height , called the AcropciU ar citadtl^ are the mint o/ the Parthtmon and other heathen temples^ which were built about t/n years B. C. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 77 T3 "^ ^ ^ s ^ = e^ »- ■^ -^ -• 5" .2 < IS n S £ "5 >. 's js g •? ►^ c- 7 f^ >■ 1 ■? C" s^ 1 „ V. 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' t S .3 3 11^ S _ -- = =3 a S .5 12 O i: > > t-i ^ S a 3 c5 a a -=? = « ■ ■ — © O a - ■ -2 : S- c :? .S .« -3 •= OS < a a .s « = 9 » a C X tl a - a; S "3 ^ .a e o o ^ a o o p o o .2 -OS *^ & a> b d si £ - ti L 2 •= H - -a c a ~ a a -s f - "^ £ -S 'f - 3 = .i - c ^ S « :k h3 W CD -5 — = ^ — — » -^ =3 e. =5 — 1^ f^ -^ S#1 ^ ^ OQ i ^ • a "5 ado C'^ ?:- 5 5 - ' S t: -s ^ _ c o a a O — T t.l ' -S 3 "■".OS cy ! ^^-i: 3 3 :> ^. O ^ ^ o _ a a j PQ > - 1 = si s-i* §. « CQ I ? ^ i '^ 5 rt "^ ^ .= 1^ 6 »— a: ^ y t a — 2 a "H B a ^ S 3 3 < 5- ." •= ^ 3 -: ii X ^ - a "^ lit 5 " *^ ^ i ? = - ^ S uu :S 3 o ■3 - & ua ; — -5 2 .2 ■^ X J- — a ■« X M 5 5 = ii " ■= E-i a f: a r . a « X — ti -^ s > - •E > d 3^- ^ q ,4 a: S 2 H o I -I 78 MONTEI'lH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1. Northern Asia, or Siberia, is rumarkuble for its great lowland plains, which slope grad- ually from south to north. -'. Its great plains contain uxtcnsivi' fiavsl.s 8tepj)es or jjrairies, marsli- I'S, fro.-ii ami s;ilt luki-s. I 3. In the south ar. nioiuitains and valleys. 4. The winters are long and intensely cold ; I the summers are short and ' hot. 5. In the northern part of Siberia the soil three feet below the sur- face is i)er|xjtually frozen. 0. Yakoutsk, on the , Lena liiver, the center of j the fur-trade of Eastern Siberia, is the coldest city ^^:^^^ A virw in Ntjrtkern Asia. — TAe Steppts or I'rairies of Siberia. in the world, and Mecca, in Arabia, is the hottest. T. Siberia is rich in metals, precious stones, and fur-bearing animals — sable, ermine, marten, beaver, bear. etc. 8. The white inhab- itants are ciiielly Rus- sian settlers, crimin.ils, and exiles from Hussia. '•. The natives are idolators and very de- graded ; they have no set- tled habitations, subsisU ing chiefly by fishing and hunting. In winter they live in huts under grinind. 10. Siberia is a part of the Kussian Empire, whose capital is St Pe- tersburg, in Europe. 1 . India, what rivers in Hindoostan ? In Farther India ? Where is Bengal '.' Sinde? Puiijaubv Binnali? Siam ? Anam '( Nepaul ? BfiotanV Calcutta'.' MiidratiV Bombay? Cashmere? Mandelay'; Bang- kok V Hue? Oulf of Tonquin? O. ofSiamK 0. ofCambay? G. ofCutchV 2. India is remarkable for its hot, wet, and unhealthy cli- mate, anil tile richness (if its productions. .3. Its surface consists of mountains, pla- teaus, and lowlands. 4. In the Himalayas are tlie sources of the (fanges, Indus, and Rrahmaiiutra. 5. British India includes Hin- dix)stan and the east coast of the / Bay of Bengal. G. The lowlands are chiefly in the valleys of the Ganges and In- dus Rivers. 7. The rain -fall is immense on the west- ern coast and along the Brahmaputra. 8. The Valley of the Ganges is celebrated for its fertile soil and dense population. 9. The trees of In- dia comprise the teak, the cocoanut, bamlwo. banyan, tamarind, and palm. 10. Teak wcid is valu- able for shipbuilding, and the cocoanut is useful in many ways; of its leaves A Virut in Southern Asia. — India. — The Himalayas^ the highest mountains on the Gtob£. — Sourt^c of the Ganges River. the natives thatch their houses ; its fibres are made into matting, brooms, and baskets ; its sap is used for drink, and its nut for food. 11. The chief exports are cotton, opium, dyes, drugs, spices, rice, silk, carpets, and shawls. 12. The wild animals are numerous; they include the ele- phant, rhinoceros, buUalo, lion, bear, tiger, panther, leopard, and monkey. Crocodiles and serpents also abound. 13. The Hindoos are of a dark complexion and have straight black hair; they belong to the Caucasian race. 14. Their religion is Brah- minism, a form of idolatry. 15. The population is over four times that of the United States. 10. Calcutta, the cajiital, is the chief commercial city in Asia. 17. The term In- dia often refers to Brit- ish India alone. Cash- mere, Xepaul, and Boo- tau, are independent, 1 s. Farther India, or Indo-China, is com- posed chiefly of the in- dependent governments of Birmah, Siam, and Anam ; its western )>art belongs to Great Britain. The Malay Peninsula is the most southern part of Asia. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 79 I. SOUTHWESTERN ASIA (comprising Ai-abia, Turkey, Persia, Turkestau', AfgliauisUin', and Beloochis- tan') is remarkable for its plateaus, deserts, and hot sum- mers. Questions on the Map of Asia. — Bound Turkey in Asia. What is that part called which is east of the Mediterranean Sea ? East of the Red Sea ? Describe its two large rivers. Where is Smyrna? Jerusalem? Mt. Sinai? The island of Cyprus ? Bound Arabia. Wliere is the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb ? Strait of Orm us? Mocha? Muscat? Sana («aA-?ja/t') ? Bound Persia. Where is Teheran {teh-her-ahn), its capital? Mt. Ararat? Where are the Elburz Mountains? Has Persia any large rivers ? Is th« surface of Persia high or low ? (See Relief Map of Asia.) What and where is the capital of Afghanistan ? Beloochistan ? 3. The rainless or desert region of Asia ex- tends from the Eed Sea to the northeastern part of the Chinese Empire. Where is the Desert of Gobi, or Gobi ? 3. The tribes and languages of these countries are numerous ; their governments are despotic, and the pre- vaihng religion is Mohammedanism. The languages most in u.se are the Arabian and Persian. 4. Many of the inhabitants are a wandering peo- ple, whose property consists of sheep, goats, horses, and camels. 5. Inland trade is largely carried on by means cf camels in large companies, called caravans; but between Persia and Russia, it is by way of the Caspian Sea. 6. The chief exports are silk fabrics, shawls, car- pets, fruits, wool, hides, etc. Besides these, Arabia pro- duces coffee, grain, dates, and medicines, and in Persia are large deposits of salt. 7. The chiefs of nomadic (wandering) tribes are called sheiks ; the sovereign of Persia is called the shah. 8. The Afghans are warlike and semi-barbarous. 9. The Bedouins are fierce, warlike, dishonest, and revengeful ; they dwell in tents, and move from place to place to find pasture for their flocks and herds. 10. The inhabitants of Western Asia are chiefly of a brown complexion, yet they belong to the Caucasian race. The men wear long gowns or mantles. The women are made to work hard, and are but little respected. II. The largest cities in Western Asia are Smyrna, Tabriz, and Damascus. Where are they ? 12. Turkestan is chiefly under the dominion of Eussia* 13. Damascus is the oldest city in the world ; it was formerly celebrated for the manufacture of sword-blades. 14. Mecca is the birth-place of Mohammed, and is considered holy by his followers. The creed of the Mohammedans or Moslems is called Is'lamism. It claims that Mohammed was God's prophet, and requires washings, fastings, almsgiv- ing, sobriety, pilgrimage to Mecca, and praying five times every day with the face toward Mecca. 15. Mocha is celebrated for coffee. Where is Mocha ? Mecca ? 16. Arabia comprises desert tracts, with rich oases, some of which yield luxuriant vegetation and support crowded popula- tions. 17. The population of the Wahabee empire, in Central Arabia, is more than a million. Its capital is Ri'ad. PALESTINE ScalinfMIJei PALESTINE. What were its foar diviaiona? What sea west? What is the largest river ? Through what aea does the Jordan flow 1 Into what sea does it empty ? What large city in the northern part of Judea ? ^Vhat city south of Jeru- salem V Wliat mount and village east ? (See corner of map.) Where is the site of Jericho ? \Vliat city on the northwest coast ? Name the principal places in Samaria. In what part of Galilee is Nazareth? Mt. Tabor? Mt. QUboa? Mt. Car- mel? Tiberias? The site of Capernaum ? Eadesh? 18. Palestine, the southern part of Syria, is under the dominion of Turkey. It is but little larger than Vermont 19. The surface is level in the west, and high in the center. The Dead Sea and the lower valley of the Jordan are more than 1300 feet below the level of the Mediterranean Sea, and the climate of that region is intensely hot. 20. The plains of Sharon and Esdrae'lon arc very fertile, pro- ducing gi'aiu, gi-ass. and tropical fi-uits; but the hills of Judea and eastward to the Dead Sea are mostly barren and rocky. The gov- ernment is inefiicieut, crops and other property are insecure, and agri- culture is in a backward state. In some places, shepherds and trav- elers must be armed for protection against the attacks of Bedouins. 80 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. I- ii^ilude East from Oryanwlch U4 CnrsA AND Jap.vk: — What are tho boundaries of Cliinov Wlint moun- tains in Cliina? What seas east? Wlmt two large rivers flow through China ? Into what do they empty? What islands east of the Sea of Japan ? East of Cliina ? South and south- east of China ? What desert in the northern part of the Cliinese Empire? What peninsula ill the east ? Where is Pekin? Canton? Nankin? King- tetching ? Changchow ? Tientsin ? Soochow ? Amoy ? Shanghai 7 Mention the Japan Islands. Whirh is the largest ? \Vliere is To'kio ? Wliat strait between Hondo and Yezo (or Jesso) ? What channel s. w. 1 In what part of Japan is Yokohama, its chief seaport? Nagasaki? Kioto? Hakodate? Ozaka? What cities in the United States are in the same latitude as the northern part of Japan ? (See margins.) ^Miat ))arts of Asia and what cities in North America are between the par- allels of 40 and 50' north latitude? {See Maps of Asia and Xorth America.) What parts of America, Europe, and Asia are between the parattels of oO° and 60 north latitude ? The parallel of 30', which passes over New Orleans, passes over what parts of Asia? 1. THE CHINESE EMPIRE contains about onc-tliird the population of the Globe. 'i. In its northern part is a vast rainless region, the desert of Gobi or Gobi ; but in Mantehooria and in the northwest thefe are large fertile tracts. 3. China proper forms one-third of the Empire. Its surface is high on the west and north, with rich and highly-cultivated plains in the center. 4. The agricultural products are tea, rice, cotton, sugar, grain, and fruits. In the south, oHves, oranges, and pineapples are raised, and the mulberry tree is cultivated for the support of the silkworm. 5. Its manufactures comprise silk goods and porcelain ware. 6. The mineral products inc hide gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, and cnnl. 7. The climate is colder in winter and wanner in summer than in corresponding latitudes in California and "R'estem Europe. Why ? (See p. 11.) In summer the heat is intense, v'ith hurricanes, typhoons, and thiiiulerstorms. 8. The Chinese, Japanese, and Tibetans belong to the Mon- golian race, and are very singular in their appearance. They are small in stature. Their color is dark yellow, their eyes black, small, and obliquely set, and their dress, habits, and modes of agriculture and manufiicture are similar to what tliey were thousands of years ago. They are industrious, peaceful, and have great respect for the aged, and veneration for the dead. The Japanese have adopted the European, or American, style of dress. The heads of Chinamen are shaven, except a long lock called a queue {qu), and the upper classes usually appear with umbrella and fan. 0. The religions of China are those of Buddha, Confucius, and Tao. Buddhism, which is the most prevalent, is now a kind of paganism. 10. The people are gradually changing their cu *;om8, owing to their intercourse with Americans and Europeans. 11. The Chinese are addicted to the use of opium, which is largely imjiorted from Hindoostan and Asia Minor. 12. The great w^all on the north was built for protection from their enemies, the Tartars (3d century, B. C). 13. Pekin, the capital, is one of the four largest cities in the world ; London, Paris, Pekin, and New Ygrk. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 81 14. Canton, with a population equal to that of New York (1,000,000), is the chief commercial city ui the empire. It exDorts tea, silk, precious metals, sugar, and porcelain. 15. TIBET, or THIBET, is very high and dry. Vegetation and fuel are scarce. ' 16. It manufactures considerable cloth for China. 17. THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN or NIPPON is com- posed of islands, the largest of which are Hondo {hone do), Yezo or Jesso, Kiushiu (ke-oo's/ie-oo'), and Shikoku. 18. Its area is about the same as that of California, which lies due eiist, and its population (33,000,000) is nearly equal to that of the United States. Its capital is Tokio {lo'ke-o), formerly called Yedo. 19. The climate is tropical in the south, temperate and cold in the north. 20. Japan contains many mountains and active volcanoes. 21. Agriculture receives great attention. Most of the hills are cultivated to their summits. The products comprise grain, tea, cotton, sugar-cane, and tobacco, besides camphor and varnish. 22. The principal food of the inhabitants of Farther India, Japan, and the Philippine Islands consists of rice and fish. 23. The mineral products are gold, silver, copper, and coal. 24. The islands are remarkable for the frequency of heavy rains, fearful hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanic erup- tions. 25. The Japanese and Chinese belong to the Mongolian race. 26. The Japanese manufactures which are celebrated in- clude sword-blades, watches, silk goods, camphor, varnish, porce- lain, lacquer and japanned ware; in the latter, excelling every other nation in the world. 27. The first treaty between Japan and the United States was concluded by Com. Perry (18.54). 28. The earliest authentic accounts of China and Japan published in Eurojx; were given liy Marco Polo, a celebrated trav- eler of the 13th century. 29. Education in China and Japan is encouraged and well re- warded. 30. The Chinese language is the oldest spoken language in the world. 31. The Philippine Islands (fil'ip-pin) belong to Spain. They export sugar, toliacco, hemp, and rope. 32. The people are chiefly Malays, many of whom are intelli- gent mechanics. 33. Manilla is the capital and chief seaport of the Phihppines. TOPICAL GEOGRAPHY. EUROPE. Wliere is Europe situated ? What is its comparative extent ? Where are its great plains ? Its high mountains ? Mention its principal rivers. \Vliat can you say of the Rhine ? What countries have a cold climate ? A warm climate ? A moist climate ? Ask the following questions about each of the countries in Europe : ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, IKELAMD, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL, BELGIUM, HOLLAND, PRUSSIA, GERMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SWEDEN, NORWAY, RUSSIA, TURKEY, GREECE. What is its latitude or position on the Globe? What can you say of its size? Surface ? Climate? Products and exports? Manufactures? Inhabitants? Occupations of the inhabit- ants? / History? ASIA. What can you say of its size ? Position on the Globe ? Where are its great mountains ? Plains ? Deserts ? What is the climate of Northern Asia ? Southern Asia 8 W\.\aX can you say of the inhabitants of Siberia t What are exported from Siberia ? Name the coldest city in the world. Where is it ? Which is the hottest city in the world ? Where is it ? What can you say of the climate of India ? What are its principal pro- ducts? Trees? Manufactures? Wild animals? Its inhabitants? In what occupation are many of the inhabitants of Western Asia engaged ? To what race do the people of Southwestern Asia belong? What is their complexion ? Are their languages few or many? What is the style of their dress ? What are the leading exports from the southwestern countries of i Asia? What arc the people of Afghanistan railed ? %Vliat can you say of the Afghans? Of the Bedouins? Uuder what government is Palestine or the Holy Land ? VThat are the largest and most celebrated cities in Western Asia ? \Miat can you say of Arabia ? Of the Valley of the .Tordan ? \\liat three countries in Asia are under Euro]>ean governments? Mention the principal agricultural products of Eastern and Southeastern Asia, — manufactures Which of the Asiatics belong to the Mongolian race ? What can you say of the size of those people ? Their color ? Dress ? Food? Disposition? Religions? I k-IHplr ^V.'«l ai 10 LnnKltudo X Eut from 80 Orecowlch » -i ao U r 10 B I. ccv \. \ W AZORES pn vWESTEftftlS. / 8»r. 4 ^ ^kfl^^^o \ Palm Oil PRINCIPAL N>g^ cTaiJrz'; ^ . — =f s o\ u T ■■» U; ANZIBAR T.ft OiMaruru L 1^ 'i; ■tJdJjSuI^C.Oelgado I ' ■*''--^( S..O ^ V V CAilbia yaife^i^ C '0'*l/ OCn xY;, CAPETOWN»L C.of Good Hope" K J_^_^ // f :jz CSt.Mary liafu -,* I. r C eI A N \ ST LougltuUe 97 East from 107 Waslilngton 117 Sli'Aving the cniir'c of the Congo or Lnalaba. discovered by Stanley in 1S77. •Source of the Nile, discovered hy Stanley, 1875. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 83 i>^ ^ AFRICA. 1. AFRICA is the hottest and most central division of the Earth ; the Equator passes almost through its center. - 3. It is remarkable for its high surface, extensive deserts, and hot climate. 3. Its coasts are low and unhealthy, but the interior consists of high table-lands. Africa is deficient in gulfs, bays, and other indentations of the coast. Compare the coasts of Europe and the United States with those of Africa. 4. Its northern part is directly east of the Southern States. 5. Its principal mountain chains are near the coast. GENERAL QUESTIONS. By what is Africa bounded on the north? East? South ? West? What cape at its nortliern extremity V Southern? Eastern? We.stem ? What large island southeast ? \Vhat channel between it and the main land ? What strait at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea ? At the en- trance to the Red Sea? What gulf and island near Cape Guardafui (girnr- dfih-ficee')1 \^Tiat group of islands west of CapeVerdV Cwpe Verd IsUiniU. What groups northwest of Africa ? What two higli mountains south of the Equator? Wliat range in Northern Africa? What other ranges in Africa? What lakes near the Equator ? Wliat great rivers di'aiu them ? What large river in Western A f rica ? What desert in the north ? What countries border on the Mediterranean Sea? On the Red Sea? On the Gulf of Guinea? What countries between the Equator and the Tropic of Capri- corn? What countries south of that tropic? What city in the United States is in the same latitude as Cairo, the capi- tal of Egypt? (See page 23.) What city in Africa is in the same latitude as Charleston ? Over what part of Africa does the Equator pass? The Tropic of Cancer? The Tropic of Capricorn ? In what zone is the greater part of Africa? What countries are in the North Tem- perate Zone? The Soutli Temperate Zone? Bound Egypt. On what river is its capital'.' What city near the western moutli of the Nile V What town at the head of the Red Sea? At the junction of the Blue and the AVhite Nile? In Fezzan ? What are the capi- tals of Morocco (or Marocco)? What is the Capital of Algeria? Tunis? Ashantee ? Dah'omey ? Cape Colony ? What town and cape on the coast of Liberia? \Vhat town on the coast of Sierra Leone (se-er'rah la-o'na) 1 What canal connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas ? Ans. The Suez Canal. By what two routes can you sail from Spain to the Indian Ocean ? Wliat village on the eastern side of Lake Tanganyika ? For Map l>r awing see p. tf 7. REVIEW QUESTIONS. IVkere are thty f Mountains :— Atlas, Kong, Cameroons, Mt. Kilimandjaro. Rivers : — Nile, Niger, Zambeze, Orange, Senegal, Blue, Capes : — Bon, Agulhas, Good Hope, Guardafui (fwee'), Verd, Blanco, Frio (/re'o), Palmas. Islands : — Madagascar, Com'oro Is., Socotra, St. Helena, Azore Is., Madeira Is., Canary Is., Zanzibar. Mt. Kenia, Congo, Coanza. Observe that the mountain ranges lie in the same general direction as the coasts, which are near them ; that the highest mountains and lakes are on the eastern side, and near the Equator; that the sources of the Nile, Zambezi, and Congo Rivers are on the great table-lands of the interior, which are very high and abundantly supplied with rain ; and that north of the central part of Nubia the Nile flows through a long, narrow valley, with- out receiving a single tributary. \> < i RELIEF MAP OK AFRICA jt>^ r4^rr re 84 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. A vinv in Northern Africa. — Tangier^ a town in Mtrocco^ near the entrance to the AFRICA. 1. AFRICA is chiefly a great table- land ; its rainless or des- ert region is Sahara, in the north. South of the center, rain is abund- ant, supplj-ing the Nile, Zambezi, Congo, and other rivers, besides ex- tensive lakes. 2. The principal lakes in Central Af- rica are Victoria, Al- bert, Tanganyika, and Tchad. 3. The produc- tions of Africa com- prise grain, cotton, sugjir, coffee, tobacco, indigo, ivory, ebony, ostrich feathers, palm oil, and tropical fruits. 4. The -wild ani- mals arc Very numer- ous ; they comprise the lion, elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, leopard, giraffe, zebra, and monkey. The gorilla is found in the Equatorial regions, and the crocodile in the rivers. 5. The Barbary States are in the north. They comprise Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. Barca and Fezzan belong to Tripoli. These countries are inhabited by Moors, Berbers, Aralis, and Turks— all Mohammedans and Caucasians, with straight black hair and of a dark complexion. (See page 66, Historical Geography, paragraph 'l^ 6. Cattle, horses, and goats are numerous. 7. Rains are frt-queut in winter, but seldom seen in summer. 8. The principal products of Barbary arc leather, wool, grain, and olive oU, with dates, olives, and other fruits. 9. Morocco is an empire ; Algeria belongs to France ; Tunis (ancient Carthage) and Tripoli are each governed by a Bey, who is subject to the Sultan of Turkey. 10. Egypt is in the same latitude as Florida. It has hot sum- mers, mild winters, no snow, and but little rain. 11. The Valley of the Nile is celebrated for its fertility, due to the annual rise of the river Nile. 12. In Egypt, the river is inclosed between high banks, through which the water is conducted in narrow channels, and allowed to cover the land, leaving a rich sediment. 13. The rise of the water' caused by the abundant rains on the highlands of Eastern and Central Africa, begins at Cairo in June, and conrinues until September. "Without the Nile, Egypt would l)e a desert. 14. Considerable trade between Europe and India is carried on through Egyjtt, by way of the canal and railroad which extend from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. 1.5. The inhabitants of Egypt comprise Fellahs, Copts, Arabs, and Turks. The Fellahs are tiie peasants and laborers, and the X tops o/ tkt kouus^ which are Jiat^ are the popular resort in the coot 0/ the evening. Turks are the mUng class. All are Moham- medans, except the Copts, who are Chris- tians. Besides these, many Eurojx^ans, Jews, and Syrians hve in Egvpt. 16. The language of the Egyptians is Arabic ; their com- jilexion is a brown- ish yellow. They be- long to the Caucasian race. 1 7. Cairo is the cap- ital and largest city. Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Creat, is the principal sea- port 18. Egypt is cel- ebrated fur its niag- nilicent pyramids, tem- ples, obelisks, statues, and tombs built more than 4000 years ago. Cheops (ke'ops), the great pyramid, is over 450 feet high, and its base covers an area of twelve acres. 19. Nubia is a desert, except the valley of the Nile and its southern or rainy section, where vegetation is abundant. It is under the dominion of Egypt, and its inhabitants are Arabs and blacks, all Mohammedans. 20. Abyssinia is noted for its high mountains and plateaus, hot valleys, and heavy rains in summer. 21. The forests and pastures are extensive, tropical pro- ductions abuiulant, and wild animals numerous. 22. Abyssinia is divided into states, which are despotically governed by chiefs. C:^ > iiitar. A view in Abyssinia.- -A ck ief and k is tva rrioTs : fruit. servant-maids bringing MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 85 23. The Abyssinians profess Christianity, but are very su- perstitious. 24. Sahara is the largest desert in the world. It is nearly as large as the United States. It is a table-land, consisting of vast sandy flats and dry barren rocks. 25. The oases are fertile places, where springs of water, trees, and grass are found. 26. Soudan, or Nigritia, comprises a number of independent states. Its principal place is Timbuctoo (Where is it?), important for its trade between Guinea, Sentgambia, and the Barbary States. 27. The climate is intensely hot, and in the rainy season, large tracts of land in Central Africa are inundated ; it is, therefore, very unhealthy in summer. 28. The Negroes inhabit Soudan, Central and Southern Africa. They are chiefly pagans, and many are barbarous ; but in Soudan the Negroes are largely engaged in agriculture. 29. Liberia is a republic of American Xegroes. 30. Sierra Leone is a British colony. 31. The British, French, and Portuguese have settle- ments along the western coast. 32. Cape Colony, Natal, and Kaflfraria are British colonies. Where are they ? 33. The white inhabitants of Southern Africa are chiefly British and the descendants of early Dutch settlers. The latter rule in the Orange Kiver Free State and the Transvaal Republic. Where are these countries ? 3-1. The Kafl^rs are a pastoral people, but brave and warhke. The tribes are governed by chiefs. Inttrior o/ a Ntgro ViOagt. Moors o/ Northern Africa. — Moorish Architecture, 35. The climate of Southern Africa is delightful. Cape Good Hope and Cape Hatteras (Where are they ?) are the same distance from the Equator, one in north, and the other in south, latitude ; and when it is midwinter at one, it is midsummer at the other. 36. Important discoveries of diamonds have been made in Southern Africa. Ivory and gold-dust are export- ed from Southern and Eastern Africa. 37. Sofala and Mo zambique belong to the Portuguese, and Zangne- bar to the Arabs. 38. The countries in Eastern Africa, between the Equator and Abys- sinia, are inhabited by savage tribes. 3!^". Among the cel- ebrated explorers of Africa are Barth. Du Chaillu, Grant, Speke, Baker, Livingstone, and Stanley. 40. Madagascar is a monarchy of greater area than France. The inliah- itants are chiefly employed in rearing cattle. 41. The ancient Egyptians and Carthage- nians were powerful na- tions. 42. Egypt was ciril- ized when Europe was in j a state of barbarism. 86 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY 88 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 1 7. The islands of r Malaysia are nokd lor tlair hut, moist cli- mate, luxuriant vegeta- tion, numerous volca- noes, and frequciii earthquakes. 18. The most im- portant islands an Borneo, .Suuiatni, Java, Celebes, the Philippine, and Spice Islands. 19. The products include cbouy, jruttu- percha, cloves, nut- megs, pepiier, ginger, cinnamon, rice, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar, fruit-s bamboos, and rattans. :..;,.. : ., 20. From the bamboo, the natives make houses, beds, bridges, baskets, eta 'i\. The animals of Malaysia are the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, paiitlnr. and monkeys. 22. Orang-outangs are found in Borneo and Sumatnu 2:]. Birds of Paradise, parrots, and other beautiful birds are very numerous. 24. The inhabit- ants are ilalays and Papuan Negroes, be- ■^ides Dutch, English, aud Chinese settlers. v'"> Many of the Malays are ijoid and piratical. 20. Java is remark- '■'•■ for active volca- . Its area is nearly 1 (jual to that cf Eng- land. ^r. The Sandwich Islands are in the route of vessels trading lietween the United States and China, Ju- lian, and Australia. 28. They are re- 1. markable for the mildness of their climate, for earthquakes, and 1 the volcano, Mauna Loa, on Hawaii (hah-wi'e), the largest island of the group. , 29. The inhabitants, chiefly of the Malay race, are rapidly t advancing in civilization. 30. The government of the Sandwich Islands is a kingdom, i the capital of which is Honolulu. GENERAL EXERCISES IN Pl^YSICAL GEOGRAPHY. (See Charts on pages 89 and 11.) On which side of the Equator is the most land 1 The most water? \Miat grand divisions and what islands are crossed by tlip Ekiuator? What part of South America is crossed by the Rjuator ? ^Vhat part of Africa 1 What countries are crossed by the Tropicof Cancer? By the Arctic Circle? Observe that certain coast-lines are parallel, or nearly parallel, with each other. Extending from northeast to southwest are the eastern coasts of Asia, Africa, Soutli America, the United States, ant" Greenland, the western coast of Europe, and the northwestern coast of Africa. Obsei-re that a line drawn northeasterly from the Strait of Magellan to Xortli Cape of Europe would almost coincide with the ea.st roast of South America, the northwest coast of Africa, and the west coast of Eurf)pe. ■V^'here are the narrowest parts of the Atlantic Ocean ? Where is the nar- rowest part of the Western Continent ? Name '.'le Oceanic currents. Which is in the Torrid or hot Zone ? In what direction does the Equatorial current in the Atlantic flow? I What warm current or stream proceeding from the Equatorial current begins at the Oiilf of Mexico and flows northeastwardly ? \\niat coasts of Europe are wa.shed by the water of the Gulf Stream ? How far north does the northeast branch extend ? L What effect has the Gulf Stream upon the climates of Western Eu- rope* What similar current east of Asia ? How far north is the vine cultivated? Wheat? Observe that between the North American coast and the Gulf Stream is a cold current from the north. Wheri' is the whale found? The seal ? Where is cotton cultivated T Famous for gold mines are the United States and Australia: for tin, lead, iron, and coal, is Great Britain. Mention some of the mineral prmlucts of North America, — South America, — Asia, — Australia. 77w viokI famous sUctr mines are in Mexico. Mention some of the vegetable products of South America, — of Asia, — of Africa, — of Arabia, — of India. Where is wool largely produced? Rice? Besides Louisiana, what parts of the earth produce sugar ? Where does coffee grow? Tea? Where is silk obtained ? Wine? Cinnamon? Pepper? Palm Oil? Opium? India-rubber? Peruvian Bark? Indigo? Ivory? Guano? Fur? Where are diamonds obtained ? Hides and Tallow? In what direction woTild yon sail from the United States to the British Isles? Would you then sail with or against the Gulf Stream? ^T^^ich is the most numerous of the five races ? Aria. The Mmngolian. Nnmb~r of Hiles in a Degree of Longitude. S I ^ f I I I I ■d < "W Longest Day and Night at different Latitudes. cai wT bT C3I Hi 90 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. I. The first settled parts of the earth were in southwestern I Asia and nortlieastern Africa. I 2. The Garden of Eden, it is supposed, was situated near i the Tigris Hivrr. I 3. The Deluge, mentioned in the Old Testament, occurred I more than 4,000 years ago ; the ark in which Noah and his family were saved rested on Mount Ararat, in Armenia. (See page 13, I Historical Geography.) 4. Babylon, founded about 150 years after the Deluge, was celebrated lor its magnificence. 5. Nebuchadnezzar was king of Babylon in the year 600, I B. C. He concjuered Palestine and Egypt, and returned to Baby- I Ion ; but giving himself over to pride and idolatry, he was driven I from his kingdom. i 6. About this time occurred the events recorded in the Old ! Testament, concerning Daniel and the fall of Babylon. 7. Baby loiv was taken by Cyrus, king of Persia. It is now desolate. 8. It is believed by many that the building of the tower of Babel was begun here. 9. The Persian Empire was founded by Cjrrus, who united Persia and Media. 10. Wliat two rivers unite and flow into the Persian Oulf? Between those two rivers was once a fertile and populous region, which is now a desert. Mention it. II. On what river was the ancient city of Babylon? What region lay- south of Babylon? What empire was e&si of Mesopotamia? What cities in Syria ? What city at the moutli of the Nile? Where were Thebes and Memphis, the ancient capitals of Egypt ? \Vhat city now stands on the Xile nearly opposite the site of Memphis ? Am. Cairo. What region west of Egypt? What parts of Africa were south of the Mediterranean Sea ? I'i. What was France formerly called ? Tlie Strait of Gibraltar ? The Bay of Biscay? England? Scotland? Ireland? In what part of Europe was Dacia ? Thrace ? Sarmatia f Macedonia ? 13. The great empires of antiquity were Assyria, Babylon. Persia, Greece, and Rome. 14. Rome was founded by Romulus more than 700 years B. C-, but its tarly liistory is not authentic. 15. Its territory, for several centuries, was of limited extent ; but about the beginning of the Christian era, it ruled over .nearly the whole of the world then known to the Romans. 16. Its greatness continued until about the 4th century, A. D., when it began to fall. 17. Rome was first a kingdom, then a republic, and aftenvards an empire. 18. The most celebrated Roman was Julius Casar. He was noted as a general, statesman, orator, and author. He made important conquests in Europe, Asia, and Afi-ica; but soon after he became dictator, he was assassinated. 19. Julius Csesar was succeeded by Augustus, who became emperor. 20. During the first century Rome had successively thir- teen emperors, the most noted of whom were Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, and Trajan. 21. Augustus promoted peace, literature, and the arts, and by his orders, maguiiicent temples, aqueducts, canals, and baths were built. 22. He "was emperor of Rome about forty years, including the first ten years of the Christian era. 23. The first Christian emperor was Constantine, who removed the capital from Rome to Byzantium, named from him Constantinople, about 300 A. D. 24. Ancient Italy : — Mention its northern divisions, — southern, — central. AVhere is the Rubicon River, celebrated on account of its passage by Csesar, who thus declared war against the republic. A\niere were Pompeii {pom-pay'e) and Herculaneum, cities destroyed by an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius ? Wlicre was the Sicilian (now Messina) Strait ? The whirlpool Chaiybdis (ka^rH/dis) 1 The rock Scylla ? 1. ANCIENT GREECE. Wliat country was north of Ancient Greece ? What sea east ? West ? WHiat gulf extends nearly across '? 'VMiat two divisions of Greece ir. the north? What mountain on the northern boundary ? West of Thessaly ? 2. The most pow^erful states of Greece were Athens and Sparta. Wliere is Athens ? Wliere was Sparta situated? 3. Northeast of Athens is tlie plain of Marathon, celebrated for the victory of Miltiades over King Dariu-s, snccessor of Cyrus (B. C. 490). Where is the pass of ThennopylsB, celebrated for the battle in whicli Leo- nidas and 300 Spartans perished in defending Greece against the invasion of Xerxes, the successor of Darius? 4. Xerxes destroyed Athens, but as his navi^ was soon after de- feated near Sal'a-mis, he was compelled to return to Persia (B. C. •480) Where is the island of Salamis ? What ancient town, near Mt. Parnassus, was famous for its oracle of Apollo? Where was Olympia, celebrated for its temples and the Olympian games? Wliere is Corinth, once the richest and most flourishing city in Greece? 5. Corinth \va.< destroyed by the Romans (B. C. 146). 6. The Athenians and Corinthians were long celebrated for their learning, refinement, and wealth. (See page 75.) 7. The Qreeks received their knowledge of the arts, etc., origi- nally from till' EgA|)tians and Phcenicians. 8. The climate of Southern Europe was formerly not so warm as it is now. 9. Greece w^as taken by Philip of Macedon in the 4th cen- tury, B. C. He wiis succeeded by his son, Alexander the Great, who fought many bittles and captured Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Egj-pt, Persia, Media, and part-; of India. 10. After the death of Alexander the Great, his empire was divided. Egypt and Palestine parsing under the rule of Ptolemy, whose dynasty lasted about 300 years. 11. The last of this line of rulers was Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who conmiitted suicide. r i L ROUTES OF TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES. Mfl*ne.-What city te tie principal railroad center m Maine ? Tl.n^mgh wbat city wnuld you paaa in going by raU- load from Portland to Bangor V WTiat places on the railroad between Pnrtlaod and Boston? Portland and Montreal? Port- land and Quebec? Portland and Newport? Neiv Hatupsliire.—What railroad beginB at Portland and passes through New Hampshire and Vermont? Aru. Oriind TrunA BaUroad. At what place on that road would you stop to viflitMt. Washington? AtM. O&rham. By what routes can you go from Concord to Montreal t Fermow/. — What places on the routes between Ijake Champlain and Boston ? Burlington and Albany ? Burlington and Hartford? Jlf«»sffc/iMScW*.—Wliicli lathe principal railroad center? Throogh what places would you passon the Boeton and Albany Railroad? Between Boston and New York, by way of Spring- field? By way of the Connecticut Shore? Connccficw*.— Which is the principal railroad center? What places on the route between New Haven and Boston? New iven and Quebec? New Haven and Montreal ? Xew York.—WliEt railroad runs east and west throogh the center of the State? Through the Bouthem part? Men- tion some of the places on the New Tork Central road. On the Erie road. WTiat railroad rone along the east bant of the Hodson River? .47i«. Hitdson Miner RaUroad. Mention some of the places on the Hudson River Railroad. On the railroad between Albany and Ogdensburg. Between Watertown and Lake Champlain. Between Albany and OBwego. By what routes can you go from New York to BufiuliiJ and Suspension Bridge? Penttfif/h-anin. — Mention the principal railroad centers. What city is almost equally distant from Pliiladelpliia, Harris- burg, and Eaaton? What places on the Penueylvania Central Railroad? On the load between Harrisburg and Buflalo? Harrieburg and Erie? Harrinburg and Eaaton ? Ifew Jentey. — "What city ia about one-third the diatanoe from Philadelphia to New York? What city on the Dela- ware River opposite Philadelphia? With what places on the coaat is Camden connected by railroad ? Delaware. — What large city in Delaware on the route between Philadelphia and Baltimore? By what other route can you go from Philadelphia to Baltimore? On what waters would you sail from Philadelphia to Baltimore ? Philadelphia to New Tork? Maryland. — Which Is the chief city and railroad center in Maryland? In what direction must you go from Baltimore to Pliiladelphia ? To Washington ? To Annapolia ? To Har- riaburg? To Harper's Ferry? Vit'ffitiia. — What places on the railroad between Wash- ington and Goldsboro, North C'aroUna? Between Washington and Knoxville, Tennesaee? Norfolk and Lynchburg? Ohio. — Where is the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad? Through what places would you paaa in going from Cinciimati to Columbus? Columbus to Cleveland? Cincinnati to Sandusky? Cincinnati to ^Vheeling? Indiana. — Meutiou the principal railroad centers. What places on the route from Indianapolie to St. Louis t To Cincinnati ? Logansport to Detroit ? Fort Wayne to Milwaukee? Iltinois. — Through what places would you pass on your way from Chicago to St. LouiB? St. Louis northeast to Terre Haute? Aurora west to Rock Island V Springfield northeaat to Logansport, Indiana ? Chicago southwest to Quincy ? MfC/i/f/rtH.— Mention the different routes from Detroit to Grand Haven. What places on the Michigan Central Railroad? WTiat places on the route from Detroit northwest to Saginaw? W7(«co(tsi«.— Which is the chief city in Wisconsin? What places on the lallpoad from Milwaukee to Chicago? To La Crosse? To Prairie du Cbien 7 Minnenota.—What railroads cross the State from east to west? Wliat Places on the railroad which runs southwesterly from St. Paul? Southerly?' Southeasterly? Iotva.~Ai what city in Nebraska does the Union Pacific Railroad beginj Ana. Om.ahn. What railroad extends from Council BlufFa to Chicago ? Am- (M-, caffo, Rockhland, and Pacific Raiiroad. Mention some of the places in Iowa on tills road. — on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, — on the Illinois Central road,— on the BurlingtOQ and Missouri River Rjiilrofni, Mention some of the places on the route from Burlington to St. Paul, Minm-sota. Mittsoiiri. — Which is the principal railroad center In the eastern part of the State? Northwestern? Wlmt railroad runs siuithwesterly from St. Lnuis? \^ cst- erly? What j.laces on that mud? What places on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad ? What places on the northern route between St. Louis and Kansas City? ire«f«eA[/.— "Wliut places on the route from Louisville to Cincinnati? Louis- ^■ille southwest to Peducah? How would you go from Louisville to Frankfort? To Nashville? REVIEW QUESTIONS. What citiee would you pass through nn your way from New Vork to Boston? New York to Montreal? New York to Buffalo? New Tork to Pittsburg? New York to Washington? Wlmt place.s would yon paaa through on jonrway from Boston to Oswego? Boston to Cleveland to (liicago? Chicago to Na.«hvil]e? Wliich is the most importont railroad in Canada ? How fnr noi it extend? What places on the Grand Trunk Railr.^>ad are on Lake Ontai St. Lawrence River? Cleveland to Cincinnati? Cleveland MiC^.-8teamboaU can saS dotm tJu- St. Lawrmce River. b«t on a^rount qf the rapids above or muthirext of Montreal, thf}/ return by canal. By what route would you go from Montreal to Toronto? To St. Paul? With what railroad in Canada does the New Tork Central connect at 8u.^n. .ion Bridge? Where d.^es the Great Western Railroad of ^"-"d- ™-^p^J,f, theOrand Tnmk Railroad? What is the shortest mute from Roche. ter to Detroit? Wurh are the two principal routes between New Tork and Toron'oT Bv way of .vhat large dtics would you go from Detroit to Oncmnat ? FJom iPitta'hurg to Ix>uisvin.? From BnfTalo to St. Ws? From ^'^^^'^'l^^^^ ,rth and east does cinnati? Fr.n. Cincinnati to Pl.iladelphh? IT^^^^'XI^^^ On From Philadelplm. tn White Sulphur Sprmga. West Virginia? From Lmcago I Omaha ? From Boston to Norfolk ? 94 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. A TOUR IN EUROPE. .EAVINO NEW YORE in a steamer, you sail in a southerly direction — through New York Bay and the Narrows, to the Atlantic Ocean ; then, sailing in an east northeasterly direc- tion for nine or ten days, you arrive at Brest, the nearest iM)rt of France, having sailed the distance of 3000 miles. Here you leave the steamer and begin your tour in Europe. i. Too could luve renuined in the steamer UDtil its arrival, the next da;, at Havre. Steamers of other lines leave New York for Liverpool, Qlae- guw, Bremen, and Hamburg. 8. If you leave home on a cold day in autumn, you would, on entering Brest be surprised at the mildness and moisture of its climate, and to see Howers blooming in the open air. You would wonder to see its narrow streets and odd-looking houses, and the peculiar dress of the people. Many of the women wear high white caps, instead of hats or bonnets, and aa they walk, their loose wooden shoes make a continual clatter. 4. At Hrest you take the cars for Pari.x, and ride first through the rough and barren province of Brittany, and afterward through a beautiful and well- cultivated part of France. A ride of sixteen hours brings you to the gayest city in the world. 5. Ooitiff throuffh Paris, you remark the politeness and animation of the people who crowd its broad b<5ulevards and its numerous caft'.-i and restau- rants. Y'ou notice also the large handsome buildings, showy store-windows, its small parks and plazas, its fountains, columns, and triiunphal arches. C. Anioiiff the plftri:s of' interest which you visit in Paris are the Palace of the Louvre, with its famous museum of paintings, frescoes, sculp- ture, and antiquities ; the Palais Royal, with its garden and shops ; the Cathe- dral of Notre Dame ; the Church of the Madeleine ; the Bois du Bologne (a park) ; and the Palace of Versailles, twelve miles from Paris. 7. The Palace of the Tnlleries was burned by the Communists in 1871. It was* founded more than 300 years ago, and became the residence or the French monarchs. Napoleon III greatly Improved it and connected it nith the Palace of the Louvre. 8. As Paris is the Qreat railroad renter of France, you can go by the cars in every direction ; north, to Calais or Boulogne, thence by steam- I)oat to England ; northea.st, to Belgium ; east, through Cliampaigne, cele- brated for its fine wines, to Germany ; southwest, to Spain, by way of the city of Bt>rdeaui, celebrated for its extensive wine trade ; or southeast, to Switzerland and Italy. 9. Taking a southeasterli/ tlirection, you pass through the fa- mous wine-growing district of Burgundy, where the plains and hills are cov- ered with vines. (See illustration on page 68.) 10. Crossinff the Cote rifi ; mark 7 ms. and draw Siif/liaHfii Is.; mark 8 ms. and draw KtimtsrhHlhd, and !) ms.,and draw the coast to Behriny Strait. 3. Mark the point D 3.J ms. west of A, and I 1 m. west of H. North of D, towards I, mark 1 m., 2 ms., 3 ms , and draw Sumatra, the Mahiy Pen- ittsiila, the Gulf of Tonquiii and Hainan Island. Mark '> ms. and draw the Yellow Sea, 7 ms. and 8 ms., and draw the Sfd of OKliofsk. Southeast of Sfif/lialien Is. and Corra draw the •Jtipan Islands. Between Formosa and A, draw the Philijtpiue Islands. 3. Connect 3 ms. north of A with 3 ms. nortli of G, and mark tlie measure- ment points 0, P, and R. Between A and G mark t}ie points C, D. E, and F. Mark the measnrement points from C to P, and draw the northeast coast of the Bay of Benyal. JIark the points from F to 0, and complete the coast line to Cape Comorin ; then draw Ceylon. Mark the points from E to R, and draw the east coast of the Arabian Sea, locating the (Inlfs of Camltay and Catch. Mark Sim. west of R, and the points from 1 m. north of G to R, and draw the northern coast of the Arabian Sen, the Strait of Ormus, the Persian Gulf, the coast of .Irtibia, the Strait of Babel Mandeb, Cape Guardafui (fwee), and a part of the coast of Africa. 4. Mark the point 4 ms. nortli of G, and draw the Red Sea. Mark 6 ms. at U, and T 3 ms. north of S, and draw the eastern part of the Meiliter- ranean Sea, the Bltick Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. 5. Mark the points west of H to J, and the points from T to J, and draw the I'riil Mts., Gulf of Obi, \ora Zenibla, Sea of Kara, y'orth- Eust Cape, and the north coast line to Behriny Strait. 6. Draw the Mountains. 7. Draw the Birers, commencing at the source of each. 8. Indicate by dotted lines the boundaries of the Countries. 9. Mark all the Peninsulas, Islands, Seas, Guffs, Bays, Capes, Cities, and Towns. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY The Gr&nd Divisions of the Earth. Grand Divisions. Area. Population. Asia 16,415,758 11,556,650 9,059,927 6,954,131 4,388,025 3,830,357 751,062.475 Africa 191,000.000 North America...... Soath America Oceaoica 59,5.39.474 27,592,600 30,248.383 301,753,419 Total 52,204,848 1,361,196,351 Countries, Where situated? Area in Sq. Mi. Popula- tions. Govern- ment. Austria 240,319 Argeotine Repablic. 879,800 Afahanistan 258,500 Andorra 149 Arabia ,1,026,640 Balize I 14,000 Brazil 3,2.30,000 Belgiam 11,.313 Bavaria 29,.373 Baden 5,712 Bolivia 5.35,000 Chinese Empire 4, 700,000 Chili 250.000 Colombia, V. S. of . . 357,000; CostaRica 21,500 Denmark 14,734 Ecaador 218,000 France, inc. Corsica. 204.079 Gt. Britain and Irel'U 122.550 Germany 210,776 Greece 19M1 Guatemala 44,780 Hlndoostan 1,500,000 Holland, inc. Lox'g. 13,890 Honduras 47.092 Italy (inc. Islands).. 114,3<)8 Japan 149.39^ Mexico 712,850 Monaco. 6 Nicaragua : 58,169 Prussia ' 135,806 Persia 510,000 Paraguay 68.000 Patagonia 210,000 Pern 508,000 Portugal 36,510 Russian Empire,... 8,012,955 San Marino 24 Sweden and Norway 292,000 Spain 195,000 Switzerland 15,r22 Saxony 6,777 Siam 309,000 San Salvador 7,-335 Turkey in Europe / oca ofut & Turkey in Asia f ««*.*« United States 3,446,187 Urugnay 66.0fl«i Venezuela 368,000, Wnrtemberg 7,53a| 36.000,000 1.812.000 4,000,000 12,000 4,000,000' 10,000! 11,780,000' 5,087,105 -1.861.402 1,461,428 1.990.000 44i;,000,000 2.000,000 3,000,000 1.35,000 1,784.741 1,371,(X)0 36.102,821 -31.817.108 41,058,196 1.457,894 1.180,000 180,500.0001 3.915,956 350,000; a),7.s9,036 &3.000.000 9,000,000 1,877 400.000 24.69:3.066 5,000,000 1.U20.000 liO.OOO 2,500,000 3,995.1.53 82,159,6.30 7.303 5,957,107 16,565,000 2,669,147 2,556.244 6,300.000 600,000 .31,550,000 38,925,-598 350.000 2,200,000 1,818,541 Empire Republic Sepublic Empire Kinfjflom Kihqdtnii O. fjuchij Rtpufjlic Empire Republic Republic Republic Kingdom Republic Republic Kingdom, Empire Kingdom Republic Kingdom Republic Kingdom Empire Republic Pnncip^y Republic Kingdom Kingdom Republic No Gov't Republic Kingdom Empire Republic Kingdom Republic Kingdom Kingdom Republic Empire Republic Republic Republic Kingdom POPULATION or LAEGEST CITIES AMERICA AND EUROPE. IN 1, London Where ij it f 2, Paris 3, Constantinople 4 New York 5. Berlin 6. Philadelphia 7. St Petersburg 8. Vienna 9. Liverpool 10. Manchester 11. Glasgow 12. Naples 13. Rio Janeiro 14. Moscow 15. Brooklyn 16. Birminirham 17. Madrid. 18. Lyons 19. St. Louis (Mo.) 20. Marseilles 21. Chicago 22. Baltimore 23. Amsterdam 24. Leeds 25. Warsaw 26. Boston 27. Dublin 28. Rome (Italy) 29. Sheffield 30. Hamburg 31. Lisbon 32. Palermo 33. Cincinnati 34. Turin 35. Breslau 38, Havana 37. Pesth 38. Milan 39. Edinburgh. 40. Bordeaux 41. New Orleans 42. Bristol (Eng.) 43. Barcelona 44. Dresden 45. Belfast 46. Brussels On what water ! 3,262,000 " 1,825.000 " 1,075.000 " 1,249,868 " 825,000 " 674,000 " 667,000 " 607,000 " 493,000 " 480,000 " 477,000 " 449,000 " 420,000 " 399.000 " 483,252 •' 34,3,(»0 " 332,000 •• 324,000 " •414,393 " 300.000 " •395,408 " 267,000 " 265,000 " 259,000 " 252,000 " 341,919 " 246,000 " 'iM,000 " ^40,000 " aio.ooo " 224,000 " 219,000 " •266,000 " 208,000 " 208,000 " 805,000 " 202,000 " 199.000 " 196,000 " 1*1,000 " •203.439 " 182,000 " 180,000 " 177,000 " 174,000 " in.ooo DIRECTIONS FOR DRAWING AFRICA. Begin at E, measure north 8 ms., marking the points l\-i, .',, 4>2, and 5J-3. From E measure west to F, 7 ms., marking the points %, 2, and 3. From % on this line, through l^-i, north of E, measure 3 ms., and draw the island of Mmlagaffiar. F^om 2 ms. west of E, through Jf north of E, measure G ms. to Cape Guar- dafiii, and draw the south-eastern coast line. From Hi north of E, measure west 7 ms., and mark Ji ms. 5 ms, and >i ms. From 3 west of E, at Cape of Good Hope, measure to A, marking the measurement, dis- tances, and draw the coast line. From cS' north of E measure west S ms., marking 2 ms. at B, and 4 ms. at C. At 1 m. north of C mark the point D. Measure from 5V^ north of E to B, and thence from B to D, and draw the Hed Sea and the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Connect G ms. north of F with D, mark the meastirement distances, and complete the coast lines of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Then from the Map on page 82 mark the capes with their names ; also the islands, the moimtains. the large lakes ; the principal rivers ; the Great Desert ; nest, the countries which borotr on the Mediterranean Sea. on the Red Sea, on the Indian Ocean and Mozambique Channel, on the .Vtlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. Locate the capital of each country. 47. Munich-.Where isitr OnwhatwattrJ 169.000 48. Florence " 167,000 49. Copenhagen " 162,000 50. Prague '• 157,000 51. Lille (France) .... " 155,000 52. Bahia " 152,000 5.3. Adrianople " 150.000 54. San Francisco " 149.000 55. Bradford (Eng.) .. " 145,000 56. Stockholm " 138,000 57. Genoa. .Whereisil! tawhtlwatfr! 130.000 58. Cologne " 129,000 59. Venice " 129,000 60. Newcastle " 138,000 61. Toulouse " 127,000 62. Antwerp " 128.000 63. Lima " 121,000 64. Buenos Ayres.. " 178,000 65. Odessa " 121.000 66. Hull (Eng.) " 121,000 67. Dnndee..'h«'«'«i' 68. Buffalo 69. Seville 70. Bologna 71. Rotterdam 72. Santiago 73. Nantes 74. Messina 75. Leipsic 76. Montreal ! Od what water 7 119,000 " •134,000 " 118.000 " 118,000 i " 116.000 ; " 115.000 ' " 112.000 " 112,000 " 107.000 " 107,000 I 98 MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. COMPARATIVE SIZES. Uac/i oblong frame here represe/tls Nte Slate of Kansas— 200 miles wide by iOO miles long. The stales, countries, etc., being drawn on the same scale as Kansas, their sizes are easily remembered . Mississippi is the same in width as Kan- sas ; and the distance /rom the north- ern boundary of Mississifypi to the south- ern boundary o/ Louisiana is equal to Austria is about three times as large as Kansas. {See also pages 20, 28, 29, 34, 37. 41, The Island 0/ Hayti is Hearty as long a. Kansas. ,/,, length 0/ Kansas— ^oo mites. 42. 43. 63. 64. ^6. 67. COMPARATIVE SHAPES A lizard. Turkey. A turkey. Nrw Guinea A Guinea hen. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 99 (^ Ironunciation of Geographical wames. Aar, ahr- Abaco, ah'bah-ko. Ab-bi tib'b.'. Abnuiey, ab-o-may', Aboukir, ab-bon-keer'. Ab-se'ciim. Abyios. ah-biMo8. Acapuico, ab-kab-pool'ko. Ac-co-inac'. Acliet-n, iitcb-een'. Aconcagua, ab-koa-kah'gwah. Acquia, a-kwi'.'L Ac'ia. Acre. abTtPr. Adalia, ah-dahle-ah. A-d.-i; AMi-n. A'i'iLTe, (ir aUMe-jo. Ad'r;iun'[ile. Arra, ahn-dor'rah. An'dover. Anglfsea, anp'glea-a. Anticos'ti. Autictam, an-te'tam. Antigua, an-te'ga. Antilles, alin-teel'. Antisana, ahn-te-sali'nah. Antiicct, ahu-tuo'ko. Ant'werp. Ap:iclies, ah-pah'chayz. Ap'en-nint'S. Appalacb'ee. Appalacbico'la. Apurimae, ab-poo-rc-mahk'. Ar-a-ciin'. Ar'al. Ar'a-rat. Arebangel, ark-an'trol. Arcbi[>elai.''>, ark-o-pol'ab-irn. Ardennes, ar'di'U. nr ar-den'. Arequipa, ali-ra-ke'pali. Argentine, alir'gen-tine. Aiica, ab-re'kah. Arkan'sas. Annagli, ar-inab'. Arnhciiii, abrn'hiiii& Aroos'took. Arrap'u-boe. Artois, ahr-twah . Asban'tee, (ir ahsh-an-t«'. Asia, a'>ho-a. As-saiii'. As-sin'ni-b(iin. Astraklian, ahs-trah-kabn'. Atacama, ali-tab-kah'mali. Atcliafalayii, atch-af-a-H'a. Atb-a-bas'ca. Ath'eiis. At-lan'ta. Aubignv, o-hcon-ye'. Augustine, St., scnt-aw'giis-toen. Australi-t, aws-tray'Ie-a. Auvorgne, o-varne'. Aux Oayes, o-kay'. Avignon, ab-veeii-yong'. Avon (Ent;.), a'von. Avon (Fr), ah-von. Ayr, air. Az'ov, Az'of, or Az'oph. A zores', or a-zo'rcz. B. Baalbec, or lialbec, bald-bok'. Bab-el-man'deb. Badajos, bad'a-hose'. Bad'en, or bah'den, Bahia, bah-e'a. Baikal, bi'kabl. Balaklava, bal-a-klab'vah Bal-e-ar'ic. Balize, bah-leez'. Balkan, babl-kahn'. Bftl-tnur'al. B:il-zae, bahl-zabk'. Bankok', or Bangkok'. Barba'does, or Barba'doa. Bar-ne-gat'. Karn'sta-ble Basle, bald. liath'urst Baton Ronge, bat'nn roozb. Bayonne, b&li-yon'. Bayou, bi'oo. Beaufort (Br. Dominions), bo'furt. Beaufr.rt (S. C), bu'furt. Beaufnrt (France), bo.f..r'. Bedunin. bed'o-in. Becrslieba. be-er'sbe-ba. Behrings, beer'ingb. lie^le-fon-taine'. Belfast' (Ireland); Bel'fast (Maine). Bel-grade'. Beloocbi&tan'. Benares, bcn-ah'rez. Bengal, ben-gawl'. Bengazi. ben-gah'ze. Benin, ben-een'. Ben Lo'inond. Ber'bera. Bermudas, ber-raoo'dafc Bexar, ba-habr'. Bevrriut. bay'root. Biafra, bf-afrah. Bilbao, bil-baU'o. Bing'en. Bistinoan, bls-te-no'. Blenheim, blen'im. B()gota, bo-go-tah'. Bokhara, bo-kah'rab. Htdogna, b«-lone'yah. Bomarsund, bo'mar-soond. Bombay'. Bonifaccio, bo-ne-fab'tcho. Bon Homme, bo-nom'. Bonita, bo-ne'tah. Boo-tan'. Hnothia, boo-tlie'ah. Bordeaux, bor-du', Borgne, born. BoH'dino, bor-o-de'no. Bos'po-rus, or Bos'pho-ma, lioulocne, boo-lono'. Bourbon, boor'bon. Bowdoin, bo'den. Bowling Green, boling, Brali-nm-pu'tra. Bras dX'r, brah-dore'. Itrasb'ear. Brazil, brah-zeeT. Brazos, brah'zos. Broni'cn, or bray'men. Breton, brit'on, Bucharest, boo-kah-rost'. Huenaventura,bway'nnb-ren-too'rah. Biiena Vislii, bway'nah-vis'lab. liuenos Ayres, bo'nus a'riz. Bulgaria, 'bool-gay're-ah, Bur'gun-dy. Bus'so-rab. c. Ca-bool'. Cadiz, kay'diz. Caen, kon, Caermarthen, ker-mnr'tben. Caernarvon, ker-nar'von. Casliari, kahl'yah-re. Cahawba. ka-naw'bab. Caicos, ki'kose. Cairo (Egypt), ki'rn ; (U. S.), kay'ro. Calabar, kah-lah-bar'. Calais, kal'is. Calcasieu, kahl'ka-shu. Callao, kalil-lah'o. or kahl-yab'n. Cambridge, kamc'brij. Campagna, kahm-pahn'yah. Canajobarie, knn-a-jo-bar're. Canandaigua, kan-an-da'gwa. Can-av'er-al. (^andahar'. C6n-ton'(CbinA); Can'ton (U, 8.) Cape Olrardean. je-rar-do'. Cape Ilaytien, hay'te-en. Cap'u-a. or kah'poo-ah. Caquita, kah-kay'tah. Caracas, kah-mh'kas. Car'de-nas, or kar'day-D»8. Caribbe'un. Car'ibbee. Carlscroiia, karls-kroo'na. Carlsrube. karls'roo. Carthagena, kar-ta-je'nah. Cash gar'. Cashmere'. Castiglione, kahs-teel'yo'nay. Catoche, kab-to-chay'. Cat'te-gat Cau'casua Cayenne, kl-en Cayman, kl-man'- Celebes, sel'e-beea. Cerigo. cher'e-go. Cevennes, sa-ven', Cey'loD. Chagres, shah'grea. Chaleur, shah-loor'. Cbapultepec, cbah-pool-ta-pok'. Chateaugiiy, sbat'o-gay. Chaudiere, sho-de-air', Chaumont, sho-rnong', or flho-m(/, Chatauqua, slia-taw'qwa. Chemung, she-mung. Cherburg, sher'burg. Che-sun'cook. Cheviot, cliiv'e-ut. Cheyenne, she-en'. Chicago, sbe-kaw'go. Chick-a-mau'ga. Chick'a-saw <'hicopee, chik-o-pe'. Chihuahua, che-wah'wah. Chili, cbil'le. Chii-li-coth'e. Chiloe, che-lo-ay'. Chimboiazo, ehim-bo-rah'zo. Chincba, cbin'cbah. Chinchilla, cbin-cliecl'yah. Cbincoteague, ehin-ko-teeg'. Chiriqui, cbe-ro-ke'. Choco, eho'ko. Chovran, cho-wawn', Chuquisaca, choo-ke-sah'kah. ( icnfuegos, sc-en-fway'gos. Cincinnati, t-in-sin-nab'te. Ciudad Real, .'^c-oo-dad' r.i-ahT. Civita Vecchia, che've-tah vek'he-ah. Cler-mont'. Coahutia, ko-ah-welah. Coatzacoalcos. ko-alit-sah-kwahl'koce Cobija, ko-be'liab. Cognac, kon-yak'. Cohahuiia, ko-ub-welah. Cohoes'. Cole-raine'. Colima, ko-lo'mab. Cologne, ko-lone'. Colora. Comayagiia, ko-mi-ah'gwab. Com'o-rin. Com'o-ro. Concha, kon'chah. Concord, konk'nrd. Congaree, kong-ga-re'. Con-hoc 'ton. Connanght, kon'naTvt. Connecticut, ktm-net'e-kut. Contrera-s kon-tray'ras. Coquimbo, ko-keem'bo. Coralline, kor'al-lin. Cor'do-va. Cor-fu', or kor-foo', Cor'inth. Cor'ri-en'tes, Coleau desPrairieR,ko-to'day-pray-re' Cotopaxi, ko-to-paks'e. Coupee, koo-pay'. ('oxsackie, kook'-saw'ke. Cracow, kray'ko. Croatia, kro-a'sho-a. Croix, St.. krol. Cuenca, kwen'kah. Cumana, koo-mah-nah Curacoa, ku-ra-so'. Cuyalioga, ki-a-hc/ga. Cusco, koos'ko. Cy-re'ne. D. Bahompy, dah-ho'may. Dalboui^ie, dal-lioo'zo. Palmatia. dal-niay'ahe-ah. Dalton. dawl'ton. Dantzic, dant'sik. Dan'ube. Dauphin, daw'fin. Del Fuorte, del fwer'tay. Dcl-bi'. or del'le. Deni'be-a. Demerara, dem-e-rah'rah. Derne. der'aeli. Des'er-et. Des Moines, de-moin'. Des Plaines, day-plane'. Dhawalaghiri, dah-wah-law-gher're. Diarbekif, de-ar-bay-keer'. Dnieper, ni'per. Dniester, nees'ter. Dominicn, dom-c-ne'ka. Donegal, don-e-gawl'. Dongola, dong'go-la. Dor'ch ester. Dorilogne. dor-done'. Drogheda, droh'he-da. Dubuque, du-biihk'. Dadro« doo-ay'ro. Dun-dalk'. Dun'ktrk. D'Urban, dtir^an. K Echelles, Les. layz-a-«heK. Ecuador', or Equador' Edfou, ed'foo. Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-rah. Ed'isto. Kider, i'der. Elboorz'. El Dorado, do-rah'do. Eleuthera, e-loo'thd-rah. Elgin, el'ghin. El I'aso del Norte. el-pah'so del nor'ta. Encland, ing'lanquimaux, es'ke-mo. Etienne. ay-te-en'. Et'o-wali. Euphrates, u-fray'teer. Eureka, yoo-re'kali. Eutaw, yoo'taw. Euxine, yux'in. Ev'er-est. Exuma, ex-oo'mah. F. Faaborg. fo'borg, Falkland, fawk'land. Falmouth, fal'muth. Faroe, fay'ro. Fauquier, faw-keor' Fayal, fi-awl'. Fay'etteville. Fee'jee. Ferrol, fer-iole'. Fez-zan'. Fitcbtelgebirge, fik-tel-ga-beer'ga. Finisterre. fin-is-tare'. Fiord, fe-ord'. Flamborougb, flam'bur-ruh, Flo'res. Foggia, fod'iah. Fond du L.nc, fond-. hav'er-il. Havre de Grace, bav'er-ile-graat, Hawaii, hah-wi'e. Hayti. bay'te. Haytien, hay'te-en. Fleidelborg.hi'del-berg. Herat, her-aht'. Hiawatha, hi-ah-wah'thah. Himalay'a. HfndoosLan'. Ho-ang'Ho. Ho'bo-ken, Holstein. hol'stlne. Hondo, bone'do, Honolulu. Hnusat-mic, hoo-ita-tOB'Ik. Hue, hoo-ay'. Hu'ron. Hy-der-a-bad'. I'^aho. Illimani, eel-yah-mah'no. Illinois, ll-lin'-oy'. Indies, ii/diz. Indighirca, in-de'gblr'kah. Innspruck, ins'prook. Inverness'. I'owa. Irkoutsk'. Iroquois, ir-o-kwoy<. Ir'tysh. Iser. ee'zer. Ispahan'. I^ca, e-ve'sah. Jalana, bali-lah'pah. Jeddo, yed'do. Jes.so. yos'so. Properly Tezo. Jorull", ho-ro(d'yo. Jucgfnin. ynnng'frow. Juotata, joM-cc-ah'tah. Kal -a* ma-Zoo'. Kamt-schatka, kam-ohafka. Kanagawa, kan-a-gaii'wab. Kanawha, ka-naw'wa. Kankakee'. Kara, kah'rab. Ka-tah'din. Kehl, kail Kelat'. Ken-ne-bec'. Ke'o-kuk. Khartoom'. Khiva, kee'vah. Khokan, ko-kahn'. Kiank-ku, ke-aDg-k*w'. Kickapoo'. Kiel. keel. Kiushio, ke-oo'she-oo'. Kuko-Nor'. Kordofan, kor-do-fahn'. Kuen-Lun, kwen-Ioon'. L. Lab-ra-dor'. Lachine, iah-shcen'. Lftdakh. lab-dnkh. Lago Ma^iore. lah'g" mahd-jt/ra. La Guayra, lab gwi'rah. Lahore'. Lanc'asUr. Languedoc. lon-geh-*Iok'. La. or loo'e. Loiiisiade. loo-e-ze-ahd'. Louisville, UK>'i»-vil. Lowell, lo'el. Lucayos loo-ki'os. Lapata, lu-pnh'tah. Luzon. Irto-ione'. Lyonnais, le-on-nay'. Macao, mah-kah'o, ormah-kow'. Hack'inaw. Madeira, ma-di'rab. Madras'. M»'1Hr1'(l^9.): nuh-drewl' (Sp.) Ma. i-trt'tn. rniiyr»truin. \| V-. f,, itiiu;Vr-> M liTK'i T.-. nm»i-lj..'r». Mttl'aira, or iPfthlah-gah. Mii-Ifiv'. MalMiveJ Maniu^uii, mnh-naK'jrwah. Manttouwoc, nmntj-l<»«»-wok'. Mao'tii-a. Minzanttln. in»hn-»ah>noel'7o. Mii|><>cli<>, rn;ih-|nt'clio. Marftciybn. iiiab-rali-kito. .\r;.r;U>JiHril'. M ira'L.n. mab-rahn-yon'. M.r' -r-L M v.'-aha, M M -r,d'. M , ■ j ;. , tiiiir-li-noct'. M . ■ . 7.1V M it- rl.-'. iti.il5-fnl'. M.nK-li riiimk. iimwk-cbunk'. Maiiritiu». inaw-rt.thVua. M.ivsl. ml'.-*'. M.»i:iil;iti'. M..lin;i, nio-.U''nah. M.-liTN tih-;:z. Mi-tnani, tiia-e-nam'. Mi'lbiiurrit^ nu-rburn. Menat. iiien'U or m^n'mj. Mc-nan'. Mt-ntUtcinn, inen--««'no. Monoiii'uncc. ^i^■(lllmt■z, mckl-nri. M rlilii, tiior'c-'lah M.rt!i> r Tv.lv il. incr'ther Ud'nL M<»iu;i.«iic.s-se'nah. Mizriir, rm r-ano', Miako.iiK'-ab'ko. Micl/i-k'an. Mtcliiliuiacklnac.ml.sh-ll-o-mak'o-iuiw Mii'un, or nii-UIin'. Mille Lacs incet-laLk'. Minalil'lan. Minoio. iiiln'lclio, Minilatiao, tnin-ilah-nab'o. Mmn.^lialia. iiiin-ne-hah'hah. MiraTiiachve, iiiir-ft>in&-Qbe»'. M"*-iIv. ino-liecl'. Mro'. MuIinn.iUl-ll<*y, mo-ld'no-del-raf. M'tm-|KH. rnoni-poh'. Monaco. iivtu'nli-ko. Mon-ch"-bo'. Montana, iimn-tah'nah. Mont Ulanc, nion-ttloii. Mont tVnI.H, peh-n»?'. Montenegro. tiion-t*-nay'^o. Mont*:rev. iii.>n-ta-ray'. Monte Vi'leo. inon-ta-ve'Ja-o. M-mtserrat'. Moscow, iiiosTto. SloSt'llr, nio-Zi-I'. >Ionrzouk, moor-zook'. Munich, inoo'nik. Mil -cat'. Muscatine, mus-ka-teen', Miisco'et'f, ff hard. Muskc'gon. N. Nabant'. Naoaaaki, nab(t-tra-sah'k& Nankin'. Napo. nab'iH). Na«b'ua. NauviK/. NavariDo, nah-vah-re'no. Neairb, nay. Neernp.nt, Bay'gro-ponL Nep'is-slng. Neufcbatel. niifb-ab-lel'. Nevada, nny-v ;iUMah. New'foiiri-bar. Niger, nil^r. Nip|H)n, nip'on- Nord, nor. Nottingbani, Dottlng*«iL Norfolk. norTok. Norwicb iKDg.J, nor'rij ; (U.B.>, oor- rich. Novgorod'. Nueces, nway'MS. NiievitaA, nway-Te'Ua. Nyas;-], nyabb'w. 0. Oftbu, wah'hoo. (Va-sfa. Oaxaea« wah-bab'kAh. ObU (/be. Obidoa« u-be'doa. Ocmul'gett, a hard. Oco'nee. O'crocoke, Oceo'cbee. O-kec-cbo'boa, O-ke-fln-oTtfl. 0-ki'e*cho'be«. OkbotAk. o-kot-^k'. Omaba, o'ma-baw. OnL'id.i, o nl'dn. Ononilapa, on-nn-ilaw'ea. Ontonagon. »n-too-ah'R<*tt- Opelousa-s op-o-!oo'^aA. Orizaba, o-ro-sab'bab. Or'le-ans. Ortegal. or-tc-gahK. Osh'kosh. Otaheito. o-tAb-bi/ta. Oade, oo«!. Oase. ooz. Ovledcs o-ve-ay'do. Owyhee, o-wi'o. O-iark'. p. Padua, pad'yu-ah. Pata'Icy. Pal'ea-tino. Palo A1U\ nahlo ablto, Paloa, pahnoc.-. Panama, pab-nab-mah'. PaoU. pa-o'lo. Pap'ia. jtap'on-x Para, pab-rali'. Parana, pab*rab-nah'. Paria, pab'rc-ali. Parirna, pab-ro'inah. Paso, pab'so. I'atos, pab'tnce. Pa*. La, lah-pahx. Pe-cbe-lce'. Pecos, pay'koceL Peeks'kill. Pegu, po-goo', Petbo, pay'bo. I'elpnft, pay'e-pua. Pekin'. Pelce, peh-lay'. Peiew, pe-l(K<'. Pt-liine, pay-lung'. Petii'blna. Pepin, plpln. Perdido, p«r-e-roest Petcbefee'. Petch'ora. Philippine, fllln-pln. Pirbincb.a, iH.-ctiecn'chah. PIcton. pik-tou'. Pied'iiionu Pierre, pe-air*. Pilcoinayo, nll-ko-ml'o. Pinas pe'nans. Pisa, pe'sah. Pissah, piz'L'ah. Plata. La. plab'Lab. Plateau du Oiteau,plab-to'dQ ko-to'. Pocotallco. Point Coupee, koo-pce'. Poliirnar. po-lcen-yabk'. Pomic'ii, j»om-pay'e. Pondicberry, pon-de-sher're. Pontchartriin, p«-*n.»har-tr»in'. Popayan, jto-pi-ahn'. Po-po-cat-a-petl'. Porto Praya, pri'ab. Porlo Bico, re'kt». INiri Paix, por-pay'. Pottwi. po-li-'w. Pougbkeer^le, po-klp'M Pow-liaUn'. Prairie dn Chien. du Aheen. PrcAque Isle, [>re»k-vel'. Puebla. pwtb'lab Puerto }'rlnci|K'. pwer'topreeo'se>pay< PueeU pii'jfL Pulaski, pu-las'ko. Punjaub'. Pntumayo, poo-tou-okl'o. Pyr'enew. a Que lie c'. Quillou. keel-yo'tah. Quiloa. kueHu'a, Qiiin-t-baiig'. Quito, keo'to. Quogue, kw6g. R. Racine. RiLs-scon'. Rabway. raw'way. Raleigb, raw'le. Kaniroon, rahn-go«i'. Rapldan'. Raven'nn. Reading, rcl'lng. Rejrsio. red^o. Reikiavik, rl'ke-a-vlk. Helms, or Ubetms reemx. Reoaselaer. ren'sc-ler. Be»acado la Palma, ra-sablah da lab pnl'mab. Restlgoucbe, res-to-goo-shay'. Reus ray'oocc. RcviIIafflgcdo,ray-Tcel-yah-h»-h»y'do Reyes, ray'es. Rbaetian, ro'.sbun. Rhea, ray. Ricbelieii, rc-sbc-loi/. Rldeau, re-di/. Riesengebirgo^ re'sen-ga-boeKgeh. Rl'pa. or re'ga. Rio Dulce, re'o-dool'sa. Rio Grande, re'o-crahn'day. Rio Janeiro, re'o-Ja-ne'ro. iiistogoucbe, ris-to-gow'sha. Rochelle, ro-sbell'. Roiiiagna, ro-mabn'ya. Rouen, roo'en. Russia, rusb'e-a, or roo'sba-k Byswick, rlz'wlk. s. Saar'dain. Sabine, aab-been'. Sac, sawk. Sackatoo, sabk-kab-too'. Saco, saWko. Saghallen, 5ab-Kah1e-en. Sagliano, nahl-yab'no. 9agua-la-Grande, &ab'gwahdah- grabn'day. tfaguenay, sAc-eh-nay'. Sahara, sa-hali'rab. Saigon, ^1-gon', Saiacio, sab-lab'ilo. Salisbury, sawtz'bcr-e. Salonlca! sab-lo-nc'kah. Saltillo, Mhl-teel'yo. Salvador'. 8a man a, sah-mab-nab'. Bainarcand'. Sana, sab-nab'. San Bernardino, pabn bor-nar-dc'no. San Bias, san blnhh'. San Diego, san de-ay'go, San Felipe, fa-le'pay. Saniramon. Sane'ca-inon. San Joaquin, wah-keen'. San Jose, bo-iay'. San Juan, boo-abn'. San Sal-va-dnr'. I Santa Cruz. Mlm'ta-krooz. I Santa Fe, fav. Santa Margarita, mabr-gah-ree'tah, Santiago, sahn-te-ab'go. Saor ', soDe. Saratof. ba&-katch'a-wao. Saugatuck.' Saugerties, saw'gor'teea, Scbeldt, «lab'dab. Teacuco, tea-ktx/kou Thalu, tuh'leh. Thami-\ tvuiz. Thels.s Use. Tbes-fra-lo-nl'ca. Thibet, tlb'eL Ticini», te-chee'no. Tientsin, le-eiit'seoa. Tim-buc'Uw. Timor, to-more'. Titicac^L, tlt-e-kab'kah. Tivoli. ilv'o-le. ~ Tokio. u.'ke-o. Tonqutn. toa-kocn'. To-pe'ka. Toulon'. Toulouse, too-looft''. Tmf-cl-gar'. Trcb'i-zond. Tre-rab'gWfc Tu'rin, or tu-rin'. tTcayale, oo-kl-ablay. 1 jije. ...>.J,-'je. I'nndllla, yo<» burn. Finisterro. enio>, thanks to Ooot or the mountain. Polvnesia. many islands. San' Domingo, holy Sabbath. S-in Salv.-wlor, holy Saviour. SanU Cruz or Croix, holy cross. Santa Fe, holy faith. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 101 ILLINOIS, IOWA, pD IVIISSOURI, MAP-DRAWI NG. ( To precede the Questions on page 42. ) Draw the eastern boundary line of Illinois, the same as the western boundary line of Indiaiui, 3 m. from Lake Michigan to Wabash River. From F, measure { m. north and { m. west to A, and draw the southern coast of Luke Micliii/du. Locate ('liic(tf/(>. Mark the northern boundary } m. from A to B. Locate Cairo IJ m. south of the line A B. Meas- ure the extreme breadth of the State li m. on the line V U, and draw the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wdbdsli Rivers. Complete drawing of State. Next draw Iowa, commencing with its north- em boundary 13 m. from C to D, and ^ m. north of the northern boundary of Illinois. Observe the measurements, and complete the drawing of Iowa. Complete 3Iissouri, by commencing at K and measuring i m. east and i m. south to Kansas Citij. Mark its southern boundary IJ m. south of its northern, \\ m. in length from N to T, and \ m. from T to S. The green tint shows what was acquired from Great Britain ; the iromn from Fnnce ; the rei/, from Spain ; and Ibcyti/ota, from Mexico. 102 MONTEITHS COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. HEIGHTS OP MOUNTAINS. Mountains* Mt. Ercrosl ASIA. E Situation. ( In the Hlmalayn Cfutln, Ou highett I ■ ) point on Ihf glfthf ) .. in t/u Oimalas/a CuHn levation n feet. 89.000 28.000 23.a» 20,S30 W.OOO 18,000 n.aio 15,703 14,700 13,000 12,000 12.000 10,300 10,000 10,000 7,497 Ml. Eanchinglnn... . Ml I)hau-ala.g. '•enle'i on th" Dombert. Nile Niger . . . . Zamlwze . .4,000 .2.700 ..1,150 map Dy 1 Troy. 2 Dyersbnrg. 3 Paris. 4 Huntingdon. 5 Dover. 6 Waverly. 7 Ashland. 8 Smllhville. 9 LivingsioD. 10 JaiTieslown. 11 Hunl>ville. 12 Ma\-nnrdsville. 13 Tazewell. 1 1 Rogersville. 1.". Tnylorsville. 16 Elizabelhtown. 17 Kiligslon. 18 Madisonville. 10 .\lhens. 20 Dccalur. 21 Dunlnp. 22 McMinnville. 23 Manchester. 24 Wn\-nesboro. 25 DecalurviUe. 26 Savannah. 27 Purdy. 58 Bolivar. MONTEITH'S COMPREHENSIVE GEOGRAPHY. 103 CaMES of iSlTIES AND f OWNS REPRESENTED ON THE |IaPS BY NUMBERS. AlABAUA. 1 Tascnmbia. ■J RussellvUle. 3 MouJton. 4 Bellefonte. 5 Lebanon. 6 BloonUviile. 1 Center. 8 Jackson rille. 9 Ashville. 10 Jasper. 11 Pikevilte. 13 FavettevUle. 13 Ashland. 14 W'edowee. l.'> Uockford. Ifi Marion. 17 Linden. 18 Crawford. 19 Butler. 20 Grove Hill. 21 St. Stephens. 22 Monroevilie. 23 Troy. '<4 Rutledge. •,5 Ozark. 3U Elba. 27 .Newton. 2-4 .\nda)n8ia. 2 1 Sparta. ASK&NS&S. I IJeiiionWUe. a Carrollton. 3 Jasper. 4 Lebanon. 5 Slierman. 6 Pilot Hill. 7 Smithville. 8 Mt. Olive. 9 Gainesville. 10 Osceola. 11 Joneriboro. 13 Harrisburtr. 13 liatesville. 14 Jack-»onport 15 Clinton. 10 Ozark. 17 ClarksviUe. 18 Dover. la Lewisbnrg. 20 .lugusta. 21 Marion. 22 Ml Vernon. '.(3 Clarendon. 21 De Witt. i5 Brownsville. 26 PerryvUle. 27 Danville. 23 Lit. Ida. 29 Djilas. 311 Benton. 31 Rockport. .33 Princeton. .3.3 .\rkansas Post :i4 Napoleon. 33 Monticelhj. 3lj Lake Villaj^. 37 Hamburg. .38 Hampton. 39 El Dorado. 40 Calhoun. 41 Lew'-^ville. 43 Washington. 4J Locksburg. CONN. 1 SiillieUl. 2 Vernon. 3 Colchester. 4 Windham. 5 Putnam. 6 Woodstock. 7 Derby. 8 Branford. 9Qniirord. CALIFOENIA. 1 Santa Ciuz. 2 Euruka. 3 Napa City. 4 Gilroy. .5 Brooklyn. 6 Placcrv Ule. 7 Oroville. 8 Sonora. 9 WatsonviUe. 10 Columbia. II Monterey. 12 San Pablo. 13 Yreka City. 14 Column. 15 Orleans Bar. Ifi Weaverville. 17 Shasta City. 18 SnsanviUe. 11) Quincv. 20 Ri'd Blutr. 21 Downi.'ville. 22 Laktport. 2:) Mariposa. ■ 24 Snelling. I 25 Millerton. 26KevsviUe. 27 HaVilah. I BAXOTA. , 1 Medary. 2 Maxwell. 3 Sivan Lake, 4 Sioux FaUs. 5 Bon Homme. Vermilion. 7 Elk River. FIOBISA. 1 Uchee .\nna. 2 Cerro Gordo. 3 Holmes Valley. 4 Marianna. Newport. tl Newnansville. 7 Wacasassa. 8 .\damsville. 9 Ba>'port. 10 Enterprise. 11 Tampa. 12 Manatee. 13 Si. Lncie. 14 Key Biscayne. GEORGIA. 1 Trenton. 3 Ringgold. 3 La F.iyette. 4 Summerville. 5 Moreanton. 6 Blairsville. 7 Dahlonega. 8 Clarksvirie. 9 Caraesville. 10 Gainesville. n Lawrenceville. 13 Jefferson. 13 Elberton. 14 Lincolnton. 15 Lexintrton. 16 Washington. 17 Watkinsville. 13 Monroe. 19 Tallapoosa. 20 Camphellton. 21 Carrollton. 23 Franklin. 23 McDonongh. 24 Covinirton 25 Greensboro. 3^j Warrenton. 27 Eatonton. 3H Jackson. 29 Thomaston. 30 Hamilton. 31 Talbotton. 3i Sandersville. ;ij Louisville. 34 Waynesboro. .35 Sylvania. :W Statesboro. 37 Reidsville. .38 Mt. Vernon. 39 Uawkinsvilje. 40 Jacksonville 41 Holiues^ille. 43 Irwinville. 43 Bi-nnswick. 44 Waresborn. 4'> Magnolia. 46 Nashville. 47 Troupville. 48 Moultrie. 49 .Mbanv. 50 Camilla. 51 Bainbridgc. .2 Colquit. 53 Blakely. W Cedartown. ILLINOIS, 1 Belvidere. 3 Woodstock. 3 Mt. Carroll. 4 Oregon. 5 Sycamore. 6 Geneva. 7 Napierville. 8 YorkviU,.. 9 Morris. 10 Keithsburg. 11 Oqiiawka. 13 KnoxviUe. 13 Toulon. 14 Hennepin. 15 Lacon. Hi Metamora. ir Pomiac, 1-f Carthage r.l Macoml). 3.1 Lewistou. 21 Havana. 33 Lincoln. 33 Clinton. 24 MonticeUo. 25 Paxton. 26 Mt. Sterling. 27 Rushvillc 2x B.-ardstown. 29 Petersburg. 30 Pittsfleld. 31 Winchester. S3 Taylcrsville. 3:) Sullivan. 34 Tuscola. 35 Carrollton 30 Hardin. 37 JerseyvUle. 38 Hillsboro, :j9 Windsor, 40 Greenup, 41 Marshall. 42 Edwardsville, 43 Greenville. 44 Vandalia. 45 Effingham. 46 Newton. 47 Robinson. 48 Carlyle, 49 Salem. 50 Lewisville. 51 Waterloo. 53 Nashville. 53 Mt. Vernon. 51 Fairfield. .") .\Ibion. .50 Mi. Carmel. 57 Chester, 38 Pinkney^ille, 59 Benton. 60 McLeaneboro. 61 Murphysboro. 62 Marion. 63 Harrisbnrg. 64 Jonesboro. 65 Vienna. 66 Golconda. 67 Elizabeth. 6S Thebes. 69 Caledonia. 70 Metropolis. INDIANA. 1 Crown Point. 2 Valparaiso. 3 La Grange. 4 .-Vngola. 5 Knox. 6 Plyiaouth. 7 V.'arsaw. 8 Albion. 9 ..Vubum. 10 lienssclaer, 11 Winamac. 13 Rochester. 13 Columbia. 14 Kent. 15 MonticeUo. 16 Wabash. 17 Huntington. 18 Bluffton. I'j Decatur. 20 Oxford. 21 Delphi 23 Kokoma, '£i Jlariou, 24 Hartford, 25 Portland. 26 Williamsport. 27 Covington. 2S Franklbrt. 29 Tipton. 30 .-Vuderson. 31 Wincheeter. 33 Lebanon. a3 Newcastle. 34 .Vewport. .■J5 Danvillt" 3li Grecnflold. 37 Centreville. 38 Rockville, 39 BowlingGreen 40 Snencer. 41 Martinsville. 43 Franklin. 43 Shelbvville, 44 Rushville, 45 Connorsville. 46 Liberty. 47 Sullivan. 48 Bloomfleld, 49 Blooroington. 50 Nashville 51 Grecnsbnrg, 63 Brookville. 53 Washington, I 54 Dover Ilill. [ 55 Bedford. j 56 Brownstown, I 57 Vernon. 58 Versiiilles. 59 Princeton. 60 Petersburg. 61 .Jasper. 63 I^oli. 6.3 Salem. 64 Lexington. 65 Vevay. 66 Rising San. 67 Mt. \'emon. &S Booneville. 69 Rockport. 70 Rome. 71 Fredonia. 73 Corj'don. 73 Charleston. IOWA. 1 EstheniUe. 2 Forest City. 3 Mitchell. 4 Cresco, 5 Waterman. 6 Emmettsburg ''i Ljiper Grove. 8 Mason City. 9 Charles City. 10 Bradford. 11 West Union. 13 El Kader. 13 Spencer. 14 Rolfe. 15 Dakota. 16 Ontario. 17 Hampton. 18 ClarksvUle. 19 Melbourne. 20 Ida. 21 Sac City. 22 Lake City. 2:3 Webster. 21 Eldora. 25 Grundy 26 Delhi. 27 Carrollton. 28 Jefferson. 29 Boonesboro. 30 Nevada. 31 Toledo. 32 Vmton. 33 Marion. 31 Bellevue. 35 Ma^olia. 30 Harlan. 37 Exira. as Panora. 39 .\del. 40 Newton. 41 Montezuma. 42 Marengo. 43 Tipton. •44 Lewis. 45 Fontanelle. 46 Winterset. 47 ludianola. 48 Pclla. 49 sigoumey. 60 Red Oak. 51 Qumcy. 52 Afton. 5.3 Osceola. .M Alhia. 55 Fairfield. .56 Wapello. 57 Sidney. 58 Clarinda. 59 Bedford. 60 Mt. Ayr. 61 Leon. 62 Corvdon. 63 Centreville. 64 Bloomflnld. 65 Keosauque. KANSAS, 1 Kirwin, 2 Gaylord, 3 BeUevillo. 4 Washington. 5 Marysville. 6 Seneca. 7 Hiawatha. 8 Troy. 9 Bcloit. 10 Clay Centre. 11 Louisville. 13 Holton. 13 Manhattan. 14 Oskaloosa, 15 Hays. 10 Russell. 17 Salina. 18 Abilene. 19 .\Uua. 20 Burlingame. 21 Marion. 22 CottonwdF'ls ■33 Mound City. 24 Eldorado. 25 Eureka. 36 Sumner. 27 Winfleld. 28 Fredonia. 29 Girard. 30 Peru. 31 Independence. KENTTTCKY. 1 Burlington. 3 Independence. 3 Alexandria, 4 Warsaw, 5 Williamstown 6 Falmouth. 7 Washington. 8 C larksburg. 9 Greenupsb"g. 10 Bedford. 11 Carrollton. 12 Owenton. 13 Cynthiana. 14 Carlisle. 15 Flemingsborg 10 Morehead. 17 Grayson. 18 Catlettsburg. 19 Taylorsville. 30 La\vrenceburg 31 (ieorgetown. 32 Wincnester. 33 Mt. Sterling. 24 Owingsville. 25 West Liberty. 26 Lonisa. 27 Hardinsbnrg. 28 Bardstown. j 29 Springfield. 30 Harrodsburg. 31 Nichohisville. 32 Richmond. 33 Irvine. ai Salversville. 35 Paintville. 36 Morganfield. 37 Dixon. 38 Calhoun. 39 Hartford. 40 Litchfield. 41 Ilodginville. 42 Lebanon. 43 Stanford. 44 Lancaster. 45 McKee. 46 Booneville. 47 Jackson. 48 Prestonburg. 49 Piketon. 50 Blandville. 51 Smithland. 52 Mari3n. 53 EddyvUle. 54 Princeton. 55 Madisonville. 56 Green\ ille. 57 Morgantowa. 58 Brownsville. 59 Mnnf 'dsville. 60 Greensbnri:. 61 Liberty. 63 Mt. Vernon. 63 London. 64 Manchester. 65 Hazard. 06 Whitesbnrg. 67 Clinton. 68 Ma\-field. 69 Murray. 70 Cadiz. 71 Elkton. 73 Franklin. 7:3Scottsville. 74Tompkins\'le. 7.") Glasgow. 76 Bnrkesville. 77 Columbia. 7S Jamestown. 79 .\lbany. 80 MonticeUo. 81 Somerset. 8 J Williamsburg. ' 8.3 Barboursville. M Mt. Pleasant. LOinSIANA, 1 Belleview. 2 Homer. 3 FarmersviUe. 4 Bastrop. 5 Providence. 6 Richmond. 7 Winnsboro'. 8 Columbii. j 9 Vernon. , 10 Winfleld. 1 11 Mansfield. ■ 13 Grand Cane. 13 Manny. 14 Harrisonburg. 15 St. Joseph. 16 Vidalia 17 .\lexandria. IS Marksrille 19 Poiat Couiiee. 20 W.TOtoii R'ge 31 Lake Charles. 22 Houma. 2:J Covington. 24 Fraiik^inton. 3."> Greensburg. ■3ij Clinton I 27 St.Franci8T'le HAIHZ. 1 Machias. 3 Princeton. 3 Matlawamk'g. 4 Steuben. 5 Enfield./ 6 Dover. 7 Frankfort. 8 Liucolnville. 9 Bloomfield. 10 Newport. 11 Readfleld. 12 Jay. 13 Bethel. 14 Paris. MAEYLAND. 1 Westminster. 2 Elkton. 3 Chestertown. 4 Rockville. 5 Pr. Fred'kton. 6 Port ''"obacco. 7 Cambndge. 8 Leonardtown . MASS. 1 Brockton. 2 Chicopee. 3 Milford. 4 Weymouth. 5 Attleboro'. 6 Wobum. 7 Westfleld. MICHIGAN. 1 Houghton. 2 rroseville. 3 .-Vlpena. 4 Sherman. 5 Midland. 6 Vassar. 7 Lexington. 8 St. John. 9 Corunna. 10 Allegan. 11 Hastings. 12 Charlotte. 13 Mason. 14 Howell. 15 Pawpaw. 16 Berrien. 17 Cassopolis. 18 Centri-ville. MINNESOTA. 1 OttertailCity. 2 Long Prairie. 3 Little FaUs 4 Hanover. 5 Brunswick. 6 Forttma. 7 Twin Lakes. 8 .Mexandria. 9 Winthrop. 10 Sauk Centre. 11 Watab. 12 Cambridge. 13 Chengsvatana. 14 Harrison. 15 Forest City. 16 MonticeUo. 17 Orono. 18 Taylor's FaUs. 19 tilencoe, 30 Chaska. 21 Beaver. 22 New nm. 2 i Le Sueur. 24 Watonwan. 33 Madelia. 26 Wilton. 37 MantorvUle. 38 Gretchtown. 39 -tackson. ."10 Fairmount. 31 .\lbert Lea, 32 Caledonia. MISSISSIPPI. 1 Hernando. 2 .\ustin. 3 Ripley. 4 Fulton. 5 Pontotoc. 6 CoflfeeviUe. 7 Charleston. 8 Friar's Point. 9 Bolivar. 10 McNutt. n Carrollton. 13 t'ire'^nsboro'. 13 Starkville. 14 Kosciusko. 15 l.exinuton. 16 Macon. 17 De Kalh. 18 Philadelphia. 19 Yazoo City. 20 Brandon. I 21 Raleigh. I 22 Paulding. I 23 Quitman. 24 Winchester. •.!5 EUi>ville. , 26 WUIiameburg I 27 Gallatin. 28 Port Gibson. 29 WoodviUe. 3) Liberty. 31 Hohnesville. 32 An^sta. 83 Leaks^-ille. 34 Mississip'iCy. MISSOUBI. 1 Rockport. 2 Maryville. 3 Grant City. 4 Albany. 5 Bethany. 6 Princeton. 7 L'nionville. >^ Lancaster. 9 Memphis. In Waterloo. 11 MaysviUe. 13 Trenton. ISMUan, 14 KirksviUe. 15 Edina. 16 MonticeUo. 17 Kingston. 18 Linhens. 19 Bloomiugton. 20 ShelbyviUe. 21 Palmyra. 22 CarroUtou. 23 Hnntfrille. !M Paris. 25 New London. 2ti BowlingGreen 27 Marshall 28 Favette. 29 Columbia. 30 Fnlton. 31 DaiivtUe. :J2 Warrenton. .« Troy. S4 HarrisonviUc. ;J5 Warsaw. 36 VersaiUes. 37 Tuscumbia. 38 Union. 3!i Hillsboro. 40 Osceola. 41 Hermitage. 43 Lmn Creek. 4:i Rolla. 44 StcelviUe. 45 Farmington. 41) St. Genevieve. 47 PerryviUe. 48 Lamar. 49 Stockton. .V) Bolivar. 51 Bufliilo. .53 \Vavi;esvilIe. S3 Salem. !A I./esterviHe, 5'> Frederickto'n. .56 Jackson. 57 t arthage. 58 Mt. Vernon. Sit Ozark. 60 Marshfleld. 61 Uartville. 62 Houston. 63 Eminence. 61 Greenville. t» Benton. 66 PineviUe. 67 Cassville. 68 Galena. 69 Forsvth 70 Vera Cruz., 71 CtoinesviUe. 73 West Plains. 73 Tnmasville. • 74 Poplar Blttfl'. *l 75 Bloomfield. 76 Charleston. 77 New Madrid. NEBBASKA. 1 St. James. 2 Ponca. 3 .\ntelope. 4 Pierce. 5 La Porte. 6 Clinton. 7 West Point. 8Tekatna. 9 Schnyler 10 Savannah. 11 Osceola. 12 Ashland. 13 Bellevue. 11 OrrviUe. 15 York. 16 Henry. 17 Pleaaant HUL 18 Hebron. 19 Tecnmseb. 20 Pawnee City. NEVADA. 1 SliUwater. 2 La Plata. 3 .Aurora. 4 Hiko 5 Humboldt. 6 B<-lmont, NEWHAMP. 1 Gorbam. 2 Milford. 3 Conway. 4 Monlto'riboro'. 5 Orford. 6 Wilton. 7 Franklin. 8 Farmington. 9 Amherst. NEW JEBSET. 1 Newton. 2 Somervllle. 3 Flemington. 4 Freehold. 5 Mt. Holly. 6 Tom's River. 7 Woodbnrv. 8 Belvidere' 9 Salem. NEW YOBK, 1 Malone, 2 MayviUe, 3 Little VaUey, 4 Warsaw, 5 Sandy HiU 6 MonticeUo. 7 Goshen. 8 Clarkstown. 9 Tarrytown. N. CABOLINA. '1 .Ii fferson. 3 Bposite direction to Green Bay. It is navigable by the aid of slack-water improvements to the Portage, where a canal con- nects it with the Wisconsin, making it possible for steamboats to pass from Lake Michigan into the Mississippi. The Chippewa is navigable to Eau Claire ; the Wolf, to Xew London, and by small steamboats to Shawano; the St. Croix, to St. Croix Falls. Lake Winnebago is the largest lake lying wholly within any State east of the Rocky Mountains. It is 28 miles long and 10 miles wide. Jjsike Poygan. a little to the west of Lake Winnebago, is the second in size within the State. * GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN. 3 Next in order are Lake Koshkonong, on Rock River; Lake Mendota, near Madl:;«n; and Green Lake, near the Upper Fox River. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi River. It is about 20 miles lonjf and three miles wide. Geneva Lake, near the southern line ot the State, is one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the world. It is a popular place of suiiiuier re- sort, as are also Green Lake, Elkhart Lake, and the numerous charming lit- tle lakes of Waukesha County. The northi'iii and unsettled portion of Wisconsin is thickly studded with lako^, the mosi iniiiortant of which are Lakes Shawano, Court Oreille, Namekagon, and Vieux Desert. What was formerly Lake Horicon, l.j miles long and next to Lake Win- nebago in size, has been drained by the removal of the Uoricon dam, and is now only a marsh. Scenery. — A\'i.ortions of the State. The Waukesha stone is especially noted. The beautiful cream-colored brick made at Milwaukee and many other places is widely known throughout the cotintr}-. Mineral Springs, valued for their medicinal properties, are found in many places. The Ijetlies4la Spring at Waukesha is perhaps the most celebrated. The Artesian Wella at Sparta, Prairie du Cbien, Fond du Lac, Sheboy- gan, etc., have also a wide reputation. Timber is the most important indigenous vegetable product. Extensive forests of i)ine mingled with other trees, and known as the ■' Pineries," lie in the central and northern portions of tlie State. The greater part of southern Wisconsin is either prairie or •■ openings,"' over which burr-oak and white-oak trees are scattered with varying abundance, with often a thick undergrowth of young black-oaks interspersed with pojilar. etc. The hazel is also widely found. Black-oaks, gray and "jack" pines, are almost the only vegetation of the more sterile portions of the tandy area of central Wisconsin, though such tracts are much more limited than is often represented. Extensive swamps or marshes, covered with long grass, and sometimes with cranberry •viiK-. are also frequent in the sandstone belt. • To the north nearly tiie wiiole surface is covered with dense forests of whitf and Norway pine, maple, oak, elm. ash. basswood. hemlock, cedar, poplar, tamarack, etc. Beech, birch, hickory, ironwood, black-walnut, butternut, cherry, spruce, and balsam fir are iilto found in many places. Of the trees just named, nearly all the deciduous varieties are found in the limited belts or islands of thick timber scattered about in soiUlieru Wisoun- sin, and also in a continuous tract of timber on the Lake MichiglRlisloi)e. Hay marshes ire found in nearly all portions of the St;ite. Wild rice abounds in shallow lakes and along many streams. Cranberries, blaeberries, and other wild fruits fonn a considerable arti- ; cle of export from the central and northwestern parts, es[)ecially from the i s;indstone belt. i The great abundance of wild flowers everywhere found in southern Wis- j consiu Wiis a matter of frequent remark by the early settlers and explorers. The wild animals comprise the red-deer, black bear, wild j cat, gray wolf, j)iaiiie wolf, red fox, raccoon, and porcupine, all I of which are common in the more unsettled regions, and the elk, which is soinetimos met with, though not so often as formerly. Fur-bearing animals, ;is the otter, mink, and muskrat, are i (|uite plentiful. The beaver is now but rarely found, except in the northern forests. The wooilehiu-k, skunk, rabbit, gt>pher, chipmunk, red, pray, and fox squirrels are common nearly everywhere. Black and flying squirrels and the weasel are sometimes found. The badger, once so common as to give Wisconsin the name, "the Badger State,'" seems, with the buffalo and wild turkey, to have retreated before the march of civilization. ' Birds. — The golden and bald eagle, great white owl, and i>fli- caii are often seen iu the northern parts ; the loon is common oii j GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN. I Jill iiiJiuKl lakes; the great saud-hill cniue and the biticrn aio I fouml in the swamps. Tlie most important game-birds arc the wild jroose, mallard, caiivivs-back, and olhcr ducks, pinnated grouse (prairie chicken), partndiro. f|n;iil. wiKidcuck, snipo. and wild pigeon. Lake Koshkoimng is a fuvorito fooiling-pluco of tlio "canvas-buck." Fish. — In Lukes Michigan and Superior, whitefish and Macki- naw tr.iut arc taken in largo quantities. In the inland ■waiezs are fouml Bturgeon, catfish, muskallongc, pike, pick- ! Orel, pcrcli, biiss, nmcl "suckers," ami in tlio norlheru streams, the dainty siwcklrtl Irout and grayling. Oeneva Lake is noted for a sinuU fisli culled the Cisco. In addition to these native fishes, ninny of .the lakes are being stocked with otlii-r varieties by the State Fish Connaission. Farmings is the leading pnrsiiii. and the State ranks high in the list of agrieidtural States. Although Ijth in population, Wisconsin, according to the 17. S. census of 1870, ranks 10th in tlio value of all fiirm prmlucts, 11th in value of all Uve stock, 8th in the production of wtKil, 7lh in amount of dairy products, Cth in oats, liarley, and poUilocs, 5lh in wheat, 4th in rj'c, and 2d in hops. In 1875, Wisconsin was reported as 4th in the list of whcat-pi-oducing States. While the grain product has steadily increased for m;iny years at an aver- age rate of 2.000,UOO bush, yearly, attention has of late been largely directed toward dairying and the raising ol cattle, hogs, and horses. At theCentennial Exposition, Wisconsin carried off 25 awards for butter ; and cheese, out of 07 given to the whole United States — over one-third of the whole numtnT. Wisconsni is not so well adapted to fruit-growing as some other .States, though ajiplcs an.l all small fruits are protluced abundantly in the older por- tions of the .State. Table of AoEicfLTURAi. Prouccts, 1873. Wheat (bushels) eo,200,Ut)0 llojjs (1870), (pounds) 4,(500,153 Corn " 15,000,000 Tobacco " 2,500,000 Outs " 2ti,(>00,000 Wo<.l (1870) " 4,090,070 JlilchCows 474,000 Other Cattle 448,900 Hogs 540,700 Sheep 1,100,800 Horses 850.100 Barley " 2,000,000 Rye " ....' 1,340,000 Uay (tons) 1,400,000 PoUitoes (bushels) 7,000,000 Buckwheat " 911,000 Liunbering is in the northern half of the State the principal pioilucii\e interest, owing to the presence of large tracts of ])ine and of numberless streams well adapted to logging iind milling purposes. The pineries of the Chippewa, Wolf, and Upper Wisconsin Rivers and their tributaries are the most imijortunt : though the St. Croix. Block, Ocon- to, and Peshtigo Rivei-s have all extensive lumbering interests. The amount of lumber Siiwed in 1875 was 1,097.443,081 feet, besides an immense U \< !■ •\'<''\ -irci- tliat time. The principal manufactured products (aside from lum- ber, already discussed) are Hour, iron products, machinery and agricultural implements, building materials, woollen and cotton fabrics, leather and leather ])roducts, wooden ware, furniture, paper, and malt liquors. The total value ol manufuctores (excluding lumber, cheese, and packed meats, etc.) in the year 1870 was #77,214.o2C. There are Iron Furnaces at Milwaukee, Green Bay, Depere, Applelon, Iron Riilge, Mayvillc, Ironton. ( azenovia. Black River Falls, and extensive roUing- mills at Riy V'iiw. near Milwaukee. Woolen Mills arc located at Racine, Waukesha, Beaver Dam, Watertown, .lelToi-son, .Tan6S\"ille, Barabmx and .Montello. Paper Mills are operated at Beloit, Neenah. Menasha, Whitewater, Sparta, and Fond du Lac. There is a largo Cotton Factory nt .Tanesville. Glass of an excellent cpialiiy is manufactured at Omro. Mining is conflucd, at present, to that of lead and zinc in the southwest, and of iron in Dodge and Sauk counties, the mines in tiie iiorih being as yet nndeveloped. Wisconsin ranks first among all the States in its lead inn- diiii, and cu\enlli in that of iron. Fishing is earned on to a considerable .extent at Green Uay, Maniiowoe, Two Rivers, and other points on the two great lakes. Transportation. — Its large extent of lake and river coast places navigation and ship-building among the industries of AVis- consin ; yet its ship])ing interests liave become, of late years, far less important than its railroads. There were in operation Jan. 1, 1877, about 2,030 miles of railroad within the State. The principal railroad systems are tliosenf ilie Chicago, Milwaukee A. St. I'aul, the t'liicago & Xorthwcstern. and (he Wisconsin Central companies. The first railroad in the State was the old Milwaukee & Missis.-ippi II. II.. now the rrairif da C'hien division of the C, M. & St. 1'. IJ. R. Table op Railroads i.v Wisconsi.s. J^ame of Company. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system. Chicago & Northwestern system. Wisconsin Central system. . Termini. MiJwfiuTcee, Chicago, Prairie duChien Jlonroe. La Crosse, Berlin. Winneconne, Oshkosli. and Neeedah. Ch icago, Milwaukee, Cireen Bay, Marinette, Fond du Lue, Elroy, AVinona, and Geneva Luke. Mihrauhf. Green Bay and Asliland. , Stevens Point tc | in Wis. 085 500 411 Green Bay & Minnesota. West Wisconsin A, Nortli Wisconsin . Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western. Wisconsin Valley Western Union Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Mineral Point Portage. Green liaij, Winona and La Crosse. I Elroy, •J ITuflson and / Xew Richmond, i Mihraukee, Aiipliton and f 'two Rivers. J Tomah and i Wausjiu. ( Racine, \ Beloit and ( Eagle. j Sheboygan and ( Princeton. Warren, 111., Mineral Point and Platteville. Madison and Portage. 217 10 V'.) ' T<1 49 j Chippewa Falls ( Madison & Portage Chippewa Falls A. Western ^ and'^au cfai"re! Narrow-Gauge Roads. Galena & Southern Wisconsin Pine River Valley & Ste-'ens Point. Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria ( Galena and ( ( Platteville. f ( Lone Rook and ( { Richland Centre, s j Fond du Lac and / j Iron Ridge. )' 39 10 20 10 28 J GEOGRAPHY OF WISCONSIN. L' The canals in the State, for purposes of transportation, are tliu one at Portage, connecting tlie Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, and the Sturgeon Bay ship-canal, now in jirocess of construction, whicii will greatly sliorten the water-route between Milwaukee and Green Bay. There is also a short canal around the rapids in the Fox River at tJie foot of Lake Winnebago. The Population of Wisconsin, according to the census of 1870, was l,ii54.G70 ; according to the State census of 1875 it was 1,230,729, a gain in the five years of 17]^ i)er cont. The most rapid rate of increase was in Barron. Clark, and Chippewa counties. With respect to nativity this population is quite divei'se. Of the whole, nearly 35 per cent, are of foreign birth, and, of course, a still larger share are of foreign parentage. Of the 35 per cent, who were born in foreign countries, IGJ^ per cent, are Germans ; 5 per cent. Scandinavians ; 4}2 per cent. Irish ; 4'2 per cent. English and Scotch ; S'^ per cent, natives of British America ; 1 per cent. Bohemians, and the rest ol quite various nationality. Milwaukee. Ozaukee, Washin^on. Manitowoc, Marathon, Shawano, and Sheboygan counties are Jarccly occupied by Germans, as are also portions of Kewaunee, Calumet, Dodge, Buffalo, and Jefferson counties. Brown and Kewaunee counties contain set'Jements of French, Belgians, and Bohemians. There are colonics of Poles in Milwaukee and Mani- towoc. Norwegian settlements are found in various parts of the State, but especially in Dane. Eau Claire, Dunn, and Chippewa countiei^. Indians. Included in the census as native-bom, are about 1,200 civil- ised Indians, a large share of whom reside in Calumet Co., under the name of the Brothertowu Indians. Besides these, there were in Wisconsin in 1875 over 8,000 tribal Indians, eompii.sing 4,-).5-i Chippewas, 1,3"23 Menomonees, 1,333 Oneidas, 650 Winne- bagoes, and liy Stockbridges. There are five Indian reservations, \iz. : 1. Oneida Reserve, in Brown and Outagamie Co* 2. Mcnomouee Reserve, in Shawano Co. 3. Flambeau Reserve, in Lincoln Co. 4. Bad River Reserv.', in Asliland Co. 5. Lake Court Oreille Reserve, in Chippewa Co. 1. Milwaukee (pop. 100,77o), on Lake Michigan, is the com- mercial metropolis of Wisconsin, and the gi-eatest primary wheat market of the world. Its receipts by rail for the year 1874 were 27,000,000 bushels. Twelve railways centre here, and several lines of lake steamers. It has large manufactui-es of iron, flour, machinery, lager-beer, brick, and leather. The ])iicking of salt meats is also an important brancli of business. The city has an immense trade in lumber and general merchandise. The National Asylum for Invalid Soldiers and the Forest Home Cemetery are among the attractions in its vicinity. 2. Oshkosh (pop. lT.ol-"i). on Lake Winnebago at the mouth of the Upper Fox, is the second city in size. It is important for its manufacture of lum- ber, it having 40 steam saw and shingle mills and 12 sash and lilind factories. The Third State Normal School is located here, and near by is the North- ern Hospital for the Insane. 3. Fond du Lao (pop. 1.5,308) is situated at the head of Ijake Winnebago. It is largely engaged in the lumber traflic. The extensive car-shops of the C. & N. W. R. R. are located here. The city is also noted for its Artesian Wells, of which it is said to have about 1,000. \ 4. Racine (p<:)p. 13.274) is a beautiful city on the lake shore south of Mil- waukee. It is noted for its extensive manufacture of threshing-macliines. It has also i'.n excellent woolli-n mill, .in extensive wagon factory, and an establishment for the making of silver-plated ware. i 5. La Crosse (pop. 11.012) is situated on the Mississippi, at the mouth of | the Black River. It has extensive lumbering interests and a large wholesale trade with southern Minnesota. 6. Janesville (pop. 10.115), on Rock River, is situated in the midst of a rich farming region. It has an excellent water-power, and the only cotton factory in the State. It has extensive reaper-works, and factories for the manufacture of cotton batting, boots and shoes, and wooUcn cloths, with several large flouring mills. The Wisconsin Institute for the Blind is located here. 7. Madison (pop. 10,093) is the capital of the State. It is beautifully situated between Lakes Meudota and Monona, and is a favorite summer re- sort. The State University and the Wisconsin Hospital for the Insane are located here, on the shores of Lake Mendota. Among the other attractions is the library of the State Historical Society, one of the best in the United States. 8. Watertown (pop. 9,524), on Rock River, is located in the midst of a fine farniiiig region. It has an extensive nianiLfacture of flour and brick. I 9. Eau Claire (pop. 8,440) is a flourishing lumbering town at the jtmction of the Eau Claire and Chippewa Rivere. 10. Green Bay (jwp. 8,037) occupies an important commercial position at the mouth of the Low^er Pox. It b the oldest town in the State, having l)een founded by the French in 1745. A large porliun of its people ar^ of French descent. It has a large exfwrt of shingles, staves, etc., and is cxlftn- sively engaged in the whitefisli and trout fisheries. Fort Howard, just across the river, has an additional population of 3,U10. 11. Sheboygan (pop. 6,828) is a port on Lake Michigan, north of Milwau- kee. 12. Appleton (pop. 0,730), on the Lower Fox, has an immense water- power, with a constant fall of 49 feet. It has an iron furnace, and various manufactures, including a factory for making poplar wood into pulp for paper. It is the scat of Lawrence University. 13. Manitowoc (pop. 5, 725) is a port on Lake Michigan. It has a ship- yard and a good harbor. 14. Chippewa Falls (pop. 5,050), on the Chippewa River. 12 miles above Eau Claire, is a busy lumbering town, with a good water-power. 15. Kenosha (iK)p. 4,959), situated on Lake Michigan, near the Illinois line, is one of the oldest towns in the SUite. 10. Beloit (pop. 4,(>0.5) is situated on Rock River, at the southern line of the State. It has extensive and varied manufactures, including windmills, water-wheels, shoes, and a great variety of paper products. Beloit College ranks among the very best of Western colleges. 17. Portage (pop. 4,.337), at the great bend of the Wisconsin, is an im- portant railroad centre. The old Fort Winnebago was located on the Fox River at this jwint. 18. Neenah (pop. 4,023), and Menasha(pop. 3, 170) are thriving manufac- turing towns at the foot of Lake Winncl>ago. The two towns touch each other, dinding Doty's Islaml, in the Fox River, between them. The former is noted for its great number of flouring and paper mills ; the ktter for its manufaci ure of wootlen-ware. 19. Whitewater, a beautiful Aillage in Walworth Co., has a large manufac- ture of wagon.s, reapers and other farm machinery, coffins and jiajwr. It is the scat of the Second State Normal School. 20. Menomonee, on the Red Cedar River, in Dunn Co., is an im|x>rtant luml)cring town. It has the largest single saw-mill in the world. It uses3(J5 saws, and can saw 2.5(1.0(111 feet of lumber in twelve hours. Waukesha, Sparta, Geneva, and Oconomowoc are villages possessing great attractions as summer resorts. Mineral Point, one of the oldest towns in the State, is the natural centre of the lead region. It has two furnaces for smelting Icati, and one for anc. Prairie du Chien, at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, is one of the old French settlements. It has one of the finest artesian wells in the world, and a pontoon bridge across the Mississippi for the passjigc of railroad trains. ' Beaver Oam, the county scat of Dodge Co., has excellent woollen mills. The system of public education is supported iu part by ', local taxation, and in part by the proceeds of huids granted by the I U. S. general Government. ' It comprises, besides the district schools, of which there were nearly 6,000 in 1870, a State rniversitv, four Normal Schools, and a largo number of citv and town liiffh-schools. The Wisconsin State University is located at Madison. | It had for the school year 187t;-7, 27 instructors and 31C student^ in all departments. The only professional schools yet develojicd are those of law and engineering. The Normal Schools are located at Platteville, Whitewater, i Oshkosh, and IJiver Falls. They are liberally furnished with I buildings, apparatus, etc., and are wholly supported b\ ilio pn>- cceds of public lands. 6 GEOGHAPHY OF WISCONSIN. They uggrcgaloil for tho your 1870-7, 40 toachere niid 1,81)1 stiulcnls in all iKpartiucnI.s of wliicli numbor 1,108 belonged to the normal departments proper. An extensive and well-organized system of Teachers' lustilutcs exist-; in coiino<-tion willi the normal schools. High-Schools uf wide lepiUatioii have long been cstiiblislK'il iit Ujicine, Kenojlia. Beloit, Janesvillc, Madison. .Sjjarta, Mil- waukee, Oslikosli, La Crosse, Monroe, Fort Atkinson, (irccn Bay, I anil many other places. An att of the legislature in 1875, providing for a system of township high- sdiools, has fended to increase tho number and ellieieucy of schools where higher instruction is given. Private Schools. — Many e.xtellcnt corporated .schools were eaily esialilislied in the .State. In llie (irst grade of these may be mentioned Beloit College, Racine College, Lawrence Univer- sity at Ajipleton, ^[ilton College, and IJipoii ('"liege. Other academic institutions are the .Milwaukee Female College, Wisconsin Female College at Fox Lake, Wayluiid Institute at Beaver Dam, Carroll College at AVaukesha. Kemper Hall at Kenosha, Xortliwestern University at Watertown, Galesville Uni- versity, and the Milwaukee Academy. The Roman Catholics have many schools in the State, of all giades, iiieliuliug iiriniary instruction. Among their higher institutions are the theological seminary (St. Francis of Sales), the college (Pio Xono), and the normal school (Holy Family Teachers' .Seminary) at St. Francis, near Milwaukee: St. John's College at Prairie du Ciiien, and St. Clara Academy at Sinsiniwa .M.amd. The State benevolent and reformatory institutions are located as follows: Institute for the Blind, at Janesville. Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, at Delavan. State Industrial School for Boys, at Waukesha. Wlsi'Oiisin Hospital for the Insane, near Madison. Xorthem Hospital for the Insane, near Oshkosh. Sliilc Prison, at Waupun. The Legislature consists of a Senate of .33 members, and an Assembly of 100 members, and meets annually on the second Wednesday in January. The senators are elected for two yetirs, one-half annually; the assemblymen, for one year. The Executive and administrative officers are a governor, lieiiienaiii-goxenior, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney-general, and superintendent of public instruction, each elected for a term «)f two years. The State Judiciary eompriscs a supreme court of three judges, elected for six years, and 13 circuit courts of one judge each, also elected for six years. There is in each county a county judge, with probate powers, elected once in four years : and there are municipal courts in some of tho cities. Justices of the peace are elected in each town for a term of two years. Local Government —The State is divided into 00* counties (1877), each of which has a board of supervisors, a sheriff, treasurer, disfrict-altornev, register of deeds, county clerk, clerk of tho circuit court, and superinten- dent of schools, all, except the supervisors, being elected for a term of two years. Rich county is composed of several towns. Each town has three super- visors, one of whom, tho chairman, is a member also of the county board, an assessor, a treasurer, a town clerk, three justices, and three constables, all these, except the justices, being elected each year. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY. Early Inhabitants. — Wisconsin has from time unknown been thickly inhabited. It was a favorite abode of the mound- • For work npon the counties see map questions at tlie end of the book. builders, whose works are to be found in nearly every portion of i I the State, smd tilso of the Indians at u later time. The Indian ' i tribes most prominent in its early history were the Sioux. Chip- I jiewas, Silts and Foxes, Wiunebagoes, Menomonees, and Potta- I ! waltomies. The first white man to set foot on Wisconsin soil was Jean Nicollet, who in lti3'.», or earlier, i)assed up the Fox Kiver and down the Wiseoiisin to some distance. The Mission of St. Esprit wtis founded at La Poinie. on ' Lake Suprriiir, in ]73 by James Marquette and Louis Joliei, who went by way of the J'"ox and Wisconsin IJivcrs from Green Bay. La Salle and llenne])in also passed through Wisconsin in urdiT to their explorations of the Mississippi valley. 1 Nicholas Perrot w:a3 the first commandant in Wisconsin, coming in 1089. A post WMsesliiblished in 1002 at Cue;;oiiuei;.)U Poiul. Expeditions wrrr sent from Canada against tho Foxes, who hindered the free passage of the I Fox and Wiscousiu Rivers, under De Louvigiiy in 1710, Du Lignerio in 1728, De Villiei-s in 17o0, and Jlarin in 1740, at which time the Foxes were ' nearly cxtorminal5 led a bund of Indians from tho Wisconsin to tlie Ohio cciiinlry, and assisted at "Braddock's Deloat."' He afterwards led the sanus dusky bands to Canada, and shared in tho defeat of iluutcalm on the Plains of Abraham. lie died at Green Bay in 1800. I After the surrender of Canada to (jeii. Amherst in \'i<'-cr.— Wool. — Minerals.— Manufactures. — Commerce.— Rrilroads.— llarboi-s. —Government.— ICduoation.— Schools. — rolleLres.— Distinguishid Men of (he State.— Principal Events.— Milwaukee.— Madison.— The City, town, or village you live in or near. ^ v"^ *^1 ^■^ -^i. 'fr-^ > \ >- /. '1"-y- '<,' f ' ^ V ■a i*-, l A^ m -. '^.,